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LIBRARY

OF THE

MASSACHUSETTS

AGRICULTURAL

COLLEGE

SOURCE.J^'la£§>.-.JAp_xT-..Soc.^

TRANSACTIONS

assacljusctts Porticiiltural ^ociets,

FOR THE YEAR 1876.

PART I.

BOSTON :

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY.
1876.

CHAPEL /?7t-17

The Committee on Publication and Discussion take this oppor-
tunity to repeat what the3'' have heretofore stated, that tlie Society
is not to be held responsible for the certainty of the statements or
the correctness of the opinions expressed in the papers and dis-
cussions now or before published, but undertakes only to present
these papers and discussions, or the substance of them, correctly.
The award of a prize for an Essay is not to be understood as
implying that the Committee approve it in every particular, but
only that they believe it calculated, on the lohole, to promote the
science or art of Horticulture.

William C. Strong, Chairman.

TRANSACTIONS

^MmtkuHiH ^§mim\inx»\ ^ami^.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, January 1, 1876.

A stated meeting, duly notified, was holden at 1 1 o'clock, Pres-
ident Parkman in the chair.

The President made no formal address, but congratulated the
Society that the Centennial year found it in so prosperous a condi-
tion, and that the harmony of feeling among the members had
never been greater.

William Gray, Jr., from the Committee appointed at the Octo-
ber meeting, reported the following vote :

Voted, That in the opinion of the Society it is inexpedient for
any member to hold office on more than one of the Standing
Committees as mentioned in Section III of the Constitution and
By-Laws.

The passage of this vote was advocated by Mr. Gray and
Edward S. Rand, Jr. It was opposed by Charles M. Hovey, who
approved the general principle, but deemed that in the present
condition of the Society, with the comparatively small number of
members taking an active part in its work, the passage of such a
vote might be found embarrassing in the selection of committees.
After considerable discussion the report was accepted and the vote
adopted.

6 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

William Gray, Jr. resigned as Chairman of the Garden Com-
mittee, and as member of the Committee of Arrangements and
the Committee for Establishing Prizes.

Edward S. Rand, Jr. resigned as a member of the Committee
on Publication and Discussion.

These several resignations were referred to the Executive Com-
mittee.

The amendment to the Constitution and By-Laws offered by
Marshall P. Wilder at the October meeting, and then entered upon
the records, came before the Society for action, but was withdrawn
by Mr. Wilder.

Voted, That the Recording Secretary be instructed to give the
necessary notice for an election of Recording Secretary on Satur-
day, February 5th.

Edward S. Rand, Jr. declined to allow his name to be used as
candidate for Recording Secretary, as business engagements ren-
dered his regular attendance at the meetings very uncertain.

William C. Strong, Chairman, read the annual report of the
Committee on Publication and Discussion.

The Editor, Robert Manning, read his annual report.

These several reports were accepted and referred to the Com-
mittee on Publication.

Further time was granted to the Finance Committee and the
Treasurer for their annual reports.

The following appropriations, having been voted by the Execu-
tive Committee, were made for the year 1876 :

For premiums on Flowers, $3,200

" " " Fruits, 2,100

" " " Vegetables, .... 1,200

" " " Gardens and Greenhouses, . 300

" the Committee on Publication and Discussion, 300

" the Library, . 300

The President communicated the appointment b}' the Executive
Committee of Edwin W. Buswell as Treasurer, and of Robert
Manning as Secretary, for the year 1876.

Joel F. Fales, of Walpole,
James H. Clapp, of Boston,
Edward B. Clapp, of Boston,
were elected to membership.

Adjourned to Saturday, January 8th.

GRAPE CULTURE.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, January 8, 1876.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock.
The President and Vice-Presidents being absent the meeting was
called to order by the Recording Secretary, and William C. Strong
was chosen President pro tern.

The Treasurer, Edwin W. Buswell, presented his annual report.

The Finance Committee presented their annual report.

These reports were severally accepted and referred to the Com-
mittee on Publication.

Caroline L. Tallant, of Roxbury,
was elected to membership.

Adjourned to Saturday, February 5.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

William C. Strong, Chairman of the Committee an Publication
and Discussion, presiding. The following essay, for which a
prize had been awarded, was read by the writer :

Grape Culture usf Gardens and on Buildings, with a List
OP Varieties best adapted to such Purposes.

BY WILLIAM N. BARNETT, WEST HAVEN, CONN.

The grape is the noblest fruit that the temperate zone produces.
Grain and grapes are royal productions and give to gold its value.
A prolonged famine of either would well nigh ruin France, and
draw more gold from it than Prussia did by the late war.

Grape culture has its history from the time of Noah : the history
of horticulture, therefore, commences at his vineyard. Asia and
Europe, in all ages, have devoted their best energies to cultivating
the vine and improving its varieties. These, in Europe, are all
derived, it is supposed, from the Vitis vinifer-a, and when trans-

8 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

planted to America prove, in the open air, a failure in southern
and central New England, and the corresponding vine region
westward.

These remarks, therefore, will specially apply to this region, but
may also be applicable to a narrow belt in proper situations even
north of it.

Several species are indigenous to this latitude, but the varieties
mostly cultivated are from the Vitis Labrusca, with a few known
as hybrids. With these specially in mind, a few general remarks
may not be irrelevant before proceeding to details ; and yet these
details must be brief and imperfect, for theory, argument, and fact,
all wanted to give it force, must be condensed in an essay like
this. But we will glance at the principles involved in the great
art of grape culture, the conditions upon which success depends,
and the practice best adapted to fulfil these conditions. We can
give the ground work to the amateur, and his interest may be en-
listed. If so, fascination soon follows and his study becomes a
pleasure, while his knowledge is increasing. The use that is made
of this knowledge is the key to his success.

The fruiting vine requires a warm, dry, and fertile soil, exposed
to sun and air, to rain and dew, and the best results are never
realized where any one of these requisites is wanting.

To ripen the fruit of most varieties, about a hundred days must
intervene from flowering to frost. Ripeness is indicated by ripe
seed ; not always by the color of the berry. Unlike the pear, it
never ripens after it is picked, nor will the cluster mature after the
foliage, at and beyond it, is destroyed. Frozen grapes are with-
out value. To protect the wood and fruit buds through the winter,
when the mercury falls much below zex'o, a slight covering is essen-
tial.

Large and delicious clusters for the table are productions of art,
and require, while growing, intelligent care and skilful handling ;
and these can only best be given when the vine is grown and
trained in such a way as to be readily accessible to the grower's
eye and hand. Not the branches only, but the roots also, should
be under his control. These must be drained or watered ; must be
duly fed and guarded from disease ; must be protected from
winter's cold, and warmed by the summer's sun, else uniform
success can never be expected in this latitude. It follows, there-
fore, that the most perfect system of grape growing calls for a

GRAPE CULTURE. 9

sheltered locality of moderate elevation ; a warm, moist soil with
suitable plant food in it, and a system of growth of root, stem,
arm, cane, shoot, and cluster, which shall throw the entire plant
under the control and management of the viticulturist.

The many treatises that have been published in this country
contain much that is valuable, but a good deal is omitted. It is
hardly possible to find in any one or in all, the requisites for
uniformly successful grape culture in the open air in New England,
Here, to mature the fruit, most vines need all the sunshine over
the roots that it is possible to give them, but no treatise directs
this, except for terraced localities. They need to be trained,
while growing, so that they can be readily laid down in winter,
but in most plans for training this is entirely ignored. They need
too, on the part of the cultivator, a system of thinning out of fruit
and checking of foliage, so that the smallest possible amount of
seed (for which alone all plants grow and expend their energies,
and thus exhaust themselves) is allowed to the greatest weight of
fruit ; so that no foliage is permitted but that wanted to matui'e the
fruit, and to form root, wood, and bud to carry the next year's
crop ; and yet what cultivator bestows on these essentials even a
passing thought?

We do not wonder then, when we look around and see, and read
in journals of failures everywhere. The ruin wrought by cold, by
insects, by mildew, and by untimely overbearing, may well be
charged to ignorance and sheer neglect, and the noble vine, the
first- known plant that received culture at the hand of man, en-
dowed with a constitution capable of flourishing for centuries,
comes thus to an untimely end. Abandoned often, it is extermi-
nated from the garden and plowed up in the vineyard ; or, what is
still worse, left standing as a monument to the memor^"^ of its
owner's stupidity — diseased, half lifeless, with perhaps here and
there a few scattered berries, never destined to mature.

I shall say little about propagation, only noting that plants
well grown in the open air are the most desirable, because acclima-
tized, and no cuttings can be better than those known as " root-
lings," because the white roots are in early spring drawn out from
the cutting without starting the leaf bud, and they are then in a
condition to be set out and to bud out as soon as spring opens,
with roots ready formed to sustain them. All vines require one
season's growth in the nursery before the final planting.

3

10 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

This essay must be too limited to detail the advantages and dis-
advantages of planting and training as practised in this and other
countries. On the writer's grounds are vines* grown on many of
the approved systems. The stool, the stake, the fan, and the
Thomery systems may each be suited to some localities. But after
years of study and personal attention he is convinced that in this
climate the following described plan has advantages possessed by
no others ; perfect in the garden and unequalled in the vineyard.

First: A vine bed f is prepared, of any desired length, on land
of moderate elevation and gentle grade. To do this a trench run-
ning northerly and southerly is excavated thirty inches deep by
ten feet wide. If gravel or sand is at the bottom, no draining is
needed ; but if the subsoil is retentive, tile, or other draining, must
be laid in the usual way. In this trench, the surface soil is re-
placed, incorporating with it all such fertilizers as form food for
the vine, and in such condition and quantity, especially the inor-
ganic parts, as may be supposed to last for an age — leather, hair,
horn piths, bones, spent lime, ashes, muck, leaf-mould, turf, etc.
Street scrapings and well rotted manure may also be added cau-
tiously ; but these should be excluded from contact with the roots
of the vine. When this is filled to the depth of twenty inches,
that is, ten inches below the surface, the young vines, of one j^ear's
growth in the nursery, or layers of the preceding season, are set
out in two rows ; each row three feet from the centre, and the
vines one foot | apart in the row A single cane is to be grown
from each vine, but two buds are allowed to start. When the
stronger has grown a foot, stop the weaker one by pinching, and
in the fall trim it off. These shoots as they grow should be tied
in pairs to a stake. When the canes reach six or more feet in
length, they are layered across the bed near to the opposite sides,
each row crossing the other, and are collected in sixes at a short
stake to the foot of which they are all secured, as shown in Fig. 1.

For each and every six vines thus collected in a hill by layer-
ing, a trellis is made thus : twent}^ feet from the centre of the bed

* About 12,000 vines in all, mostly planted since 1860.

t The writer has beds like this, aggregating in length 3,000 feet, with
6,000 fruiting vines on them, from five to twelve years planted.

X This distance is preferred to a greater one, say two feet, because the
vines are under better control.

GEAPE CULTURE.

11

a post is set out and another between that and the hill, fourteen
feet from tlie former and three feet from the hill, aM in one line, at
a right angle with the length of the bed. A simple trellis of two
wires * with a rail on top, five feet high by fourteen feet long,
with two feet of space between the ground and the lower wire, and
eighteen inches between the wires and the rail above. To the rail
and each wire two vines are trained, one on either side. The
vines are secured by four-inch pieces of small annealed wire, to
hold which on the sides of the rail, large tacks are driven. The
bending of these short wires is done much more quickly than

A a . jB A

Fig. 1.

A, the short stake to which the hill of vines is tied.

tying. The vines thus trained horizontally, and grown each in
one single stem and arm or cane, are from seventeen to twenty feet
long. On each vine, buds are allowed to grow ; the first two feet
from the ground, and others one foot apart the entire length ; the
rest are rubbed out. The shoot from each bud forms a spur on the
arm, and each spur is suffered to produce one or two clusters, not
more. No canes should be allowed to bear till the spurs are

* If preferred, four wires may be used, with one foot space and one
vine on each wire, leaving two vines for the rail. The writer prefers two
wives only.

12 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

formed. In autumn after the foliage has fallen, the shoots are
trimmed to spurs of one or more buds, one only to grow, and the
vines are laid down along the bed and covered slightly with turf,
sea-weed, straw, hay, or evergreen branches. After the vine is
laid down, the plow opens a furrow between the hill and the post,
which is three feet from it (the outer sides of the bed), followed by
a subsoil plow * which cuts off all roots straying outside of the
bed. In April, the covering is removed and the vines are lifted to
the trellis. Superfluous buds are rubbed off. The bed is gradually
filled till level with the contiguous ground. It is kept free from
weeds during the growing season, and is open to the direct rays oj
the siin during the best ^mrt of the day. This matures the fruit
from one to two weeks earlier than that on vines whose roots are
shaded, giving it a higher flavor and greater market value.

In a vineyard, these beds are ioviy feet apart from centre to
centre, and the trellis then is of double length, two sets of vines
from different beds meeting at the centre post. The intermediate
space of thirty feet between the beds may be cultivated or not. It
answers well for strawberries, one row under the trellis, and
another half way between the trellises, which are six feet apart.
The profit on these berries, with the writer, exceeds the cost of
working the entire vineyard.

In a small garden, a main walk through the centre of it, running
north and south, after excavating and filling as above directed,
might constitute the bed for the roots, the trellises running at right
angles on each side of the vine bed or walk.-j-

Vines on Buildings. — The root bed should be made as already
stated ; less width is needed for a few vines. It should be as
favorable as possible for the sun's rays, and away from the roots
and shade of trees. It is not necessary that it should be near the
building. The vines, with single canes, can be carried under walks

* Where the plow is an objection, as in a small garden, the sides of the
trench for a part of the depth may be curbed with a two-inch brick wall,
thin flag-stone, slate, or tile, or where the subsoil is gravel it could be
used with liquid water-cement ; the gravel held between two boards, as a
mould, one inch apart, and the cement puddled in, and boards removed,
which would harden and resist the roots if it stood the frost.

t In Fig. 2, A is the short stake to which the hill of vines is tied ; B,
vine bed in winter; C, vine bed in summer; D, vines in foliage; E, vines
pruned; F, trellis in winter; G, vines laid down and covered; H, line on
which the roots are pruned.

GKAPE CULTURE.

13

14 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and pavements, twenty or more feet, to a trellis constructed on the
east, south, and west sides of a building. This trellis should be a
few feet from the building and of any desired height, with hori-
zontal wires, three eighths of an inch in diameter and eighteen
inches apart, supported by uprights of wood or iron every two or
three feet. The vine should be conducted along the upright to the
wire upon which it is to be trained to grow and bear, the fruit
being produced on a single horizontal arm with spurs, as already
stated. As many vines should be planted as there are wires, and
these should be firm enough, like a ladder, to sustain the weight of
the person who has the care of them. All vines need weekly
attention.

Vines on Fences. — Space can be economized in a garden hav-
ing a fence on the east, north, and west sides of it, by preparing
beds of moderate extent, and planting vines one foot from the
fence and one or more feet apart. These can be trained horizon-
tally to wires near the fence. They can also be carried perpen-
dicularly to slats or wires, at right angles with the fence, seven
feet above the ground, to each of which two vines can be secured.
A pleasant walk in summer is under such vines, which with clus-
ters hanging have a most beautiful effect.

It cannot be expected that grapes on buildings will always
ripen as early as those in the open garden under the best exposure.
The richest fruit is that which grows under the most favorable
auspices. The warm and sloping sides of hills covered with cal-
careous and silicious soils, present great advantages, and are sur-
passed only by the vine beds in the plan here given ; where the
sun plays directly on the root bed * unshaded by leaf or cane, for
nearly six consecutive hours during the heat of the day, and on
alternate sides during the remainder ; where its roots are supplied
with all the food, organic and inorganic, which the vine requires ;
■where the trellis is so formed that every leaf has full exposure to
sun and air and dew, accessible by hand for pinching, training, and
guarding from disease and insects, and where the vine is so grown
that the single arm, more pliable with increasing age, can be laid
down and protected from the severities of winter.

Insects, Disease, and Frost are enemies to the growing vine,
and these claim notice. The cut-worm on the green shoot near

* When the fruit is coloring, the bed has a mean temperature of ten
degrees greater heat, four inches under ground, than at the shaded sides
under the trellises.

GRAPE CULTURE. 15

the ground, the mealy worm on the starting bud, and a few large
insects, are injurious and need watching. Thrips is a small insect,
wingless in spring, when it attacks the opening bud and blossom,
sucking the juices and thus checking the future growth of both
leaf and shoot, which soon have a blotched, rusty, and blasted look ;
later, with wings, it subsists on the leaf. A dry season and
shelter tend to increase the numbers, which are often so great as
to destroy the vine. They hybernate on the under side of fallen
grape leaves and in crevices in wood near by. The remedy is to
gather and destroy the fallen leaves when they are damp and cold ;
the insect then adheres to them. Crevices in wood should be
washed with kerosene and soft soap, rubbed together and diluted
with tobacco tea.

The root-louse, (Phylloxera) is another small insect that bur-
rows in the young roots, sucking nutriment therefrom. The roots
become bloated and finally die. The only feasible and effectual
remedy is to drown them out by flooding the roots. Any section
of a vine bed may be planked at the sides, and, when infested with
this insect, flooded for a few days and thus cleared of them.
Vines attacked by the phylloxera, when grown in beds like these,
have immense advantage over any others where the roots are not
under control. Our system here is invaluable.

The fungus known as mildew, (O'idmin) attacks feeble vines of
some varieties, first appearing in white patches on the under side
of the leaf in hot, moist days in June. The leaf soon turns brown
and drops ofl". Mildew also attacks the small green fruit, which
soon reddens and ceases to grow, and finally dries up. The
remedy is the sulphur bellows, freely used at the first appearance
of the disease. To protect the clusters, it is well to sulphur them
even before mildew shows itself. The remedy is easy and eflectual.

Frost in May often kills the opening bud, and in September the
leaf, ruining the ripening fruit. The May and September frosts
are usually light, and only a slight protection is wanted. On a
clear, still night when the thermometer at sunset falls below 50°,
direct radiation, the cause of cold, may be checked by the slightest
covering of muslin, fly-netting, or paper. A board one foot wide
placed on the top of the trellis is good. For want of these, a
smoke started in the garden on the windward side, and kept up at
night by brush, leaves, and sawdust, is often effectual.

Varieties, desirable are few in number. Were the Croton and
Allen (white), the lona and Agawam (red), and the Adirondack

16 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and Eumelan (black), varieties without defect, our list would be
more complete ; but " half hardy roots or canes," or " tender leaf,"
" subject to mildew," may be said of these and scores of other
varieties. The Delaware, for an early grape, and the Wilder for a
good keeper, are highly desirable, though the former is a slow
grower, and the latter not always proof against the severities of
the climate. The Herbert is a large black grape, making fine clus-
ters, early and sweet, and that and the Merrimack, equally hardy,
are quite desirable as thrifty and healthy growers, yielding fruit
that ripens well and keeps into winter. Rogers' No. 30 and Salem
are almost equally desirable ; the former, not yet honored with a
name, has proved the handsomest in cluster of any grown in this
section, while the beny is large, pulpless, and of pleasant flavor.
These are all better than the Concord and Martha, the Hartford,
the Ives, and the oft rejected Clinton ; and yet the Clinton, well
grown, is good, sprightl}^ sweet, and vinous, and the other four, as
well as it, are so thrifty, so healthy, so hardy, and mature so
early, that we must give them the preference as being the most
profitable for general cultivation, as well as best, adapted for gar-
dens and buildings. Where foliage more than fruit is sought for a
southerly shade or arbor, the King, or Golden Clinton, excels for
rapid growth, and has a rich and glossy leaf. The small clusters
of white fruit keep well into winter. After testing over sixty va-
rieties, and with an experience in handling thousands of fruiting
vines for many years, we regret our inability to furnish anything
more than such a list as one which advanced grape amateurs will
smile at when they see it. The Hartford, the Concord, and the
Martha (white), for the table and for market, and the Ives and
Clinton for wine, will yield, under ordinary care, abundance of
desirable fruit, though not of the choicest quality, and this is
more than can be said of most varieties. Varieties are increasing,
needing further trial before warranting, among which are Cam-
bridge and Cornucopia (black), Brighton and Challenge (red), and
Elvira and Lady (white), with many others.

Discussion.

Before the essayist had finished reading his paper a discussion
arose on the question, whether or not vines were injured by bleeding.

Mr. Barnett had not come to any conclusion, except that it may
retard the bud in early spring.

Marshall P. Wilder had caught three junk bottles of sap from

GRAPE CULTURE. 17

a single vine iu his greenhouse, but did not think bleeding
injurious.

Charles M. Hovey thought that it injured the vine, not by
exhaustion, but by keeping the young terminal buds moist and
in a condition unfavorable to free growth.

Dr. G. F. Waters knew a large, wild grape vine in Maine, three
inches in diameter, from which a branch an inch in diameter was
cut off early in spring, three or four feet from the main stem.
The vine bled profusely and never leaved out.

Mr. Hovey thought that this old vine might not have had latent
buds enough to start. He did not think that bleeding retarded
the budding out of the vine. He had never noticed much differ-
ence in the starting of growing vines after being headed down,
whether it was done early or late.

Robert Watt differed from Messrs. Wilder and Hovey. He
would prune vines in November or December — pruned later they
"would be injured b}' bleeding, and if not pruned until March the}'
would not bui'st an eye. They bled more from the canes of the
previous year than from older wood, more when pruned long
than when spurred, and more in wet weather than in dry. He
had lost vines as the result of bleeding ; they died down to the
last 3'ear's wood.

Mr. Hovey had had under his observation from two to four
thousand foreign vines every year, for many years, which had
been headed down in the spring to two or three eyes, and he had
never, to his knowledge, lost any vines from this cause.

Mr. Watt said that he never cut a vine when he planted it, but
set it out at full length, rubbed out all the eyes not wanted, and
cut off in June or July.

Josiah W. Talbot said that he pruned Concord and other native
grapes when convenient, and had never lost a vine from bleeding.

James Cruickshanks said that wherever there is late pruning
there will be bleeding, aiid asked if this did not weaken the vine.

Hervey Davis had pruned at all times and found no injury. He
had not noticed any weakening of the vine.

Mr Hovey said that though vines might not be injured by loss
of sap when pruned late, yet early pruning was altogether best.
The sap of trees is in motion all the time, as is shown by the fact
that the buds of maple and poplar trees swell gradually through
the winter. If the vine is pruned early the sap accumulates in

3

18 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the last bud, giving it additional force, and he would thei'efore
prune in autumn. Camellias or azaleas headed down in October
start stronglj^ but if cut back in April only a few of the top
buds break, and those more weakly.

Mr. Watt asked whether the vines which bled profusely had not
thrown out thin papery leaves and wiry shoots, and shown other
marks of weakness.

Mr. Hovey had noticed no such signs of injury, but believed
that an old vine with few buds might be injured bj^ heading down
— not, however, from loss of sap but from repletion.

John B. Moore had pruned at all times, and did not think that
it> made any perceptible difference with out-door grapes when they
were pruned. Still, he would rather not have his vines bleed.

Dr. Waters said that though he had stated a fact in regard to
the destruction of a large wild grape vine by bleeding, his practice
had been to prune when he could, but he preferred the fall for
old, and late spring for young vines.

Mr. Barnett exhibited pieces of the vine — arms of old wood —
amputated and coated with liquid rubber. From these, when cut
in the fall, gum exudes as shown in the specimens, to prevent
which the ends were covered by a cement made by dissolving
rubber, cut finel}', in benzine. He preferred it to liquid grafting
wax or dissolved shellac.

The reading of the essay was here resumed, and on its conclu-
sion discussions and inquiries followed.

Mr. Talbot asked whether the vines on the trellises, running
east and west, did not shade the ground from the sun.

Mr. Barnett replied that in his system it was immaterial whether
or not the ground under the trellis was shaded, because no roots
were there, but in the vine bed ; the object was to expose all the
foliage to the sun and the air.

Mr. Talbot wished to know whether the sun shone on the north
side of the vines in September, when the grapes were ripening.

Mr. Barnett replied that the direct action of the sun was
needed, not so much on the ripening fruit and wood, as upon the
leaf (the upper green surface), and that he believed his trellis ex
posed every leaf to the sun and air. He read the following
extract from Du Breuil :*

* Vineyard Culture, p. lOL

GRAPE CULTURE.

19

" We know that the direct action of the sun on the entire vine
and the soil which gives it nourishment, affects, in an important
degree, the quality and quantity of its produce."

He thought that his method hastened the time of ripening from
ten to twelve days. His fruit ripened and was sold before his
neighbors'. He marketed Concords on the 8th of September, and
at that time, and for two weeks after, he had the command of the
New Haven market. His idea is that the direct action of the sun
on the roots and foliage makes the fruit earlier and sweeter. He
did not mulch. On the 20th and 21st of August, when this
essay w^as written, his grapes were coloring, and the mercury in
the thermometer averaged, in the soil of the warm vine bed,
eleven degrees higher than in the shaded gi'ound at the sides of
it, thus giving him the benefit of a climate like that of Vineland,
N. J. He thoroughly ripened Concord grapes as early as the
middle of September the past season, which was about two weeks
later than usual, when most of the Concords in his vicinity failed
to ripen before October.

Mr. Hovey said that in 1854 Mr. Bull had Concord grapes fully
ripe September 7th, on a sandy sidehill. He thought it did not
matter much where the top of a grape vine was, if the roots were in
a warm place. He had known Clintons to ripen on top of a maple
tree fifty or sixty feet from the ground, when on low trellises they
were far from maturity. Mr. Barnett's success was owing to his
ground being exposed to the sun.

Mr. Davis thought thirty inches rather deep for the vine bed.

Mr. Barnett said that he began with soil on his land six inches
in depth and had been gradually deepening, and now it was mel-
low and rich down nearly two feet. While his neighbors' strawber-
ries suffered in dry seasons, those which he grew between the trel-
lises were fine, and brought him, at wholesale, thirty cents per
quart throughout the season. These retailed for thirty -five cents,
or about one cent apiece, being mostly Jucundas, which take
thirty to forty berries to make a quart.

Grape roots vary ; some, such as the Clinton, have fibrous roots
like the maple, while others, such as the Agawam and Catawba,
have finger roots, like the tulip tree. 'In his vine beds, thirty inches
deep, they never break down in time of drought, the larger roots-
sucking up moisture from below while the fibrous roots are feeding
near the surface.

20 MASSACIIUSKTTS TTORTICULTITRAL SOCIETY.

J. M. Merrick, Jr.,* bad recommended to plant grape vines,
twelve to fifteen feet apart every way, bnt Mr. Barnctt could not
concur in this, because the vines while young will run too much to
wood, and Mr. IMorrick found it so, for in the same article lie com-
plained that he did not get one-fourth the fruit he should, while
Mr. Harnett pinched off two-thirds from his as surplus clusters.

The plan of close planting and collecting six together is an in-
novation, but when it is followed and the roots confined to the
vine bed by root pruning, the vines are under control. He pinched
them once during the season, and after that they needed little
more pruning ; none, if the ej'cs beyond the cluster were dug out
or blinded. The small fibrous roots were mostly within six inches
of the surface, where surface fertilizers readily reach them. He
put muck at the bottom of the beds, and after tliat old turf, spent
lime, horn piths, etc., as stated in the essay. Thou, after the vines
are layered across and into hills, all the grape trimmings and other
refuse were put in to fill the bed up as high as the sides of it.

Mr. Hovey said that bringing the vines across the whole
breadth of the trench, afforded more exposure to the sun. Mr.
Barnett's plan was the same as Du Breuil's system of cordon train-
ing, and the old Thomer^^ system, under which the grapes were
excellent because the roots were exposed to the sun.

Ml". Barnett said that William Saunders, of the United States
Department of Agriculture, with his brother, who is also good
authority, said, when they visited his grounds, that he would raise
very large and fine clusters by the method pursued. He would
plant grapes where you can roast the roots, and sun and air the
tops. He had laid the tops down and carried them under ground to
buildings, as described in the essay. Dr. Frederick Mohr, one of
the best authorities in Germany, a friend of and co-worker with
Liebig, says that the sun eliminates oxj'gen from the leaves, leav-
ing carbon and water ; and that, without this action, there ai'e no
rich products stored up in the vine. The nourishment is taken by
the root and conducted to the leaf, where the carbonic acid is de-
composed by the sun acting on the leaf, eliminating oxygen and
leaving hydrates of carbon, such as grape sugar, starch, woody
fibre, and the other rich products of the vine, so that the root, the
leaf, and the sun must all work together to perfect the crop.

* Tiltou's Journal of Horticulture, Vol. IV, pp. 242—244.

GRAPE CULTURE. 21

In answer to an cnquir}' Mr. Barnett said that, after pinching,
the laterals do not grow long enough to be troublesome. lie
pinches the shoots two leaves be^'ond the cluster as soon as the
vine has done blossoming, and removes all but one cluster of fruit.
Dr. Waters asked what would be the effect if the leaves at and be-
yond the cluster were removed ; and Mr. Barnott's repl}' was that
if that took place before the fruit colored, it would be hard and
sour as vinegar.

Dr. Waters said that he could show bushels of Clintons grown
at the ends of the shoots, as sweet as ever Clintons were.

Mr. Barnett said that he could not agree with him from his own
experience, and referred to standard authorities to corroborate his
statement.* In reply to a question, Mr. Barnett said that he left
the end of the main shoot unpinched, for a safety-valve, and
sometimes another strong shoot where an arm was to be replaced
by a new one.

Mr. Hovey said that the immense bunches of grapes that have
been grown in Europe within the past few years, have been borne
mostly on long shoots. Every bit of growth that you can get at
the extremity adds so much to the strength of the vine.

Mr. Barnett exhibited a portion of a root which had had the
end cut off" in root pruning, showing that they do not extend much
beyond the beds. The laterals, which start after pinching, extend
about a foot from the trellis. In building the trellis, where there
are parallel vine beds, a large post is required in the centre, but
at the ends a fence picket three inches wide by six feet in length
is sufficient, as the vines brace the ends. He used old telegraph
wire, which he bought at a low price, preferring it to galvanized
wire, as less apt to burn the shoots, on account of its rust. He
estimated the cost of excavating, refilling, fertilizing, slocking
the vine bed, and trellising, at twenty-five cents per vine ; that the
value of the vines, if cultivated and uncropped, would increase to
double this cost, annually, for six years, and then might be suffered
to bear and produce annually three or four tons of grapes per acre,
equal to three or four hundred dollars at the present value, and that
there are one million acres of waste land in this State suitable for
the vine. As the trellis covers three-fourths of the land, the soil
from it, if not needed for other uses, might go into the vine beds

♦See Mohr on the Grape Vine, New York, 1867, pp, 30, 31.

22 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

on the remaining fourth. In order to awaken interest, the State
needed a sample vineyard, and a public teacher, as in France,
where one-fifth of the entire vine region is utilized in grape culture.
He exhibited pieces cf wire and rail from his trellis, showing its
simple construction and the facilities for attaching to and detach-
ing from it, the vines. He spoke of a horizontal or platform trellis
about two feet from the ground, with wires occupying all but a
two-feet walk, but he preferred the vertical one described in the
essay ; and hills of six, instead of hills containing three, or half the
number of vines, as by close planting he better controlled the
growth both of root and shoot. As for protection in winter the
single arm system best facilitates it ; the rest of the pruning — the
canes and spurs — is optional. A well developed bud on a long or
short spur will always fiuit if the wood is rightly grown. Mr.
Blanchard says he has raised clusters from sixteen to thirty ounces
in weight. Mr. Barnett had raised them as heavy as twenty
ounces, but a pound is large enough. He started on the two-armed
system, but could not lay the vines down, while the single arms
can be easily swung round and a little trash thrown over them.
Even perfectly ripened wood is better laid down, because if not
winter killed by exposure yet the buds make a better start iu
spring. He had lost buds and spurs on ripened wood by not lay-
ing down, and the expense was not five dollars per acre. The
vines should not be layered before they are long enough to reach
across to the hill, as it would otherwise produce confusion. All
shoots or suckers proceeding from the layered canes are cut ofi" in
hoeing, and all the prunings, leaves, etc., are placed in the trench.
Nothing is burned except for making smoke on frosty nights.

Mr. Moore said that in his experience it made no difference with
regard to the vines whether he pruned early or late, but if he
pruned early the work was out of the way. Bleeding, if it does
no harm, does no good. Deep borders certainly make the fruit
later. Of two Isabellas which he planted, one in a one foot and
the other in a three feet trench, the fruit of the latter was two
weeks later. In this latitude we must get our grapes ripe in less
than a hundred days from blooming. His grapes did not bloom un-
til the 23d of June, and he commonly got grapes fit for market the
middle of September. Mr. Barnett thought grapes would not ripen
as early when trained on a building as on a trellis, but Mr. Moore
said they would, if the border was on the south side of the house.

GRAPE CULTURE. 23

Mr. Barnett had recommended the Delavrare, Merrimack, Wilder,
and similar varieties, but he winds up by saying that none are relia-
ble but the Hartford, Concord, and Martha. Any system that will
give you a trellis of well ripened wood will give you grapes. Mr.
Moore did not believe in laying down and covering vines. Con-
cords with well ripened wood will stand 20° below zero. His vines
are not injured in the tops by such severe cold, but the roots are
killed. He thought sudden changes worse than extreme cold.
He finds that the fruit ripens earlier when the ground is mulched —
the gain by protecting the roots compensates for the loss of heat
in summer.

The native and foreign grapes are very different in habit — the
native will not stand severe pruning. In the Concord the base
bud is apt to be a leaf bud, and consequently the spurs should not
be pruned back to a single eye. He was surprised at Mr. Bar-
nett's statement that grapes would not ripen as early when trained
on buildings as on a trellis, and he had been astonished to find
grapes ripening earlier on stakes than on trellises, but he quickly
saw that the reason was that where they were tied to stakes more
sun was admitted to the ground. He took the premium on grapes
the 4th of September, less than seventy days from the time of
blooming, though we are a week or ten days later than at New
Haven.

Mr. Barnett replied that Mr. Moore had misunderstood his
statement in regard to the comparative earliness of grapes on build-
ings and on trellises, and referred to the essa}-, which reads thus
about " grapes on the east, south, and west sides " — " It cannot be
•expected that grapes on buildings will always ripen as early as
those in the open garden under the best exposure." "As to the time
required for the maturing of grapes, Mr. Moore had spoken of sev-
enty days from blooming, which would be grand if possible to fully
ripen them in that time, but Mr. Barnett assured him that what he
had said in the essay, viz., " about a hundred days must intervene
from flowering to frost " w^as strictly correct, and his own observa-
tions were confirmed by those of others, in support of which he
referred to the article, " Grape Statistics," at Newburg, N. Y., in
the " Horticulturist," Vol. XX, p. 23 ; which reads thus : " Any
one that will fully ripen, y^ax after year by the 2oth of September
is worthy of cultivation, say within one hundred days after bloom-
ing. The time varies from 90 to 122 days," "as shown in the

24 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

following table : — Allen 95, Catawba 102, Concord 96, Delaware
99, Hartford 90, Anna 122, Clinton 107, Diana 108, Isabella 105,
Northern Muscadine 93, Rebecca 97." "Blossoming averages
about the 15th of June."

Mr. Wilder said that though gentlemen may believe that well
ripened wood will never be injured, there will come a winter when
even the hardiest, Concords and all, will be injured if exposed.
Mr. Barnett had quoted Du Breuil and other foreign authors, to
which a gentleman had made exception, as inapplicable here.
But Mr. Wilder said that the laws of vegetable growth, as given
by those writers, were unchangeable, and applied as forcibly here
as in Europe. And he further remarked that the essay and its
discussion had proved a matter of much interest to him, for which
he made acknowledgment.

The essay was illustrated by diagrams on the blackboard,
and drawings on the cover, and the discussion was longer and
more animated than any previous one. The meeting adjourned
one week for further consideration of the same subject.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Saturday, January 15, 1876.

In the absence of the President and Vice-Presidents the chair
was again occupied by William C. Strong, Chairman of the Com-
mittee on Discussion, who called on John B. Moore to open the
discussion.

Mr. Moore said Mr. Barnett's essay was very well written, and
though he differed from many of the positions taken in it, he felt
much satisfaction in listening to it.

Mr. Barnett wanted a soil both warm and moist, which is an im-
possibility, for the effect of water is to make the soil cold, but
probably he did not mean a wet soil. He wanted a sheltered place
for his vines, which Mr. Moore agreed was desirable. He had the
vine bed filled with lasting fertilizers, forming almost such a
border as those formerly made for foreign vines in houses. Now

GRArE CULTURE. 25

a deep border means late ripening, and in this climate we cannot
spare a single day. If you require a longer season to ripen the
fruit, you must have the same for the wood. Mr. Moore again
spoke of the two Isabella vines to which he alluded at the previous
meeting. These both had a southern exposure ; the first one
planted had ver}^ little preparation, but in the hope to get finer
fruit from the second the border was made three feet deep, and to
his astonishment the fruit was ten days later than that of the first.
Mr. Moore did not believe we needed a border of greater depth
than that of ordinary plowing. Mr. Barnett's vine bed occupies
only one quarter of the ground ; that is, the roots of an acre of
vines are confined to a quarter of an acre. Under these circum-
stances the roots must fill the border as those of a plant fill a pot,
and the vines struggle one with another, and they are root pruned
besides. The vines are not allowed to have their own way, and
Mr. Moore had sometimes thought it desirable to let them have
their own way a little. Mr. Barnett, however, must crowd and
prune the roots of his vines because his border is so rich. Mr.
Moore had never seen any variety of Vitis Labrusca grown in this
way that did not lose its vigor. Perhaps under Mr. Barnett's
system, when the roots are in the same condition as those of a pot-
bound plant, it is necessary to make the border as rich as he does
and the moist soil, which is not generally desirable for vines, might
be proper where the roots of an acre of vines are confined to a
quarter of an acre.

Any vine started at an angle with the ground can be easily laid
down, whereas if grown upright it cannot be. Mr. Moore thought
it would be necessary to lay down vines grown in such a rich bor-
der, and he asked if it would not be better to grow them so as not
to need laying down. Although Mr. Barnett had a difl^erence of
two weeks in his favor, Mr. Moore found no difficulty in ripening
wood. Vines grown in soil rich enough to produce from forty to
fifty bushels of corn to the acre will ripen their wood, though
larger than that which Mr. Barnett exhibited here.

Mr. Moore regarded the method of pruning as of very little con-
sequence ; one might be more convenient than another, but the
object is to get grapes, and any method that would fill the trellis
with short jointed, well ripened wood will effect this. He had
tried many plans, including the renewal, under which you might
succeed for a year or two. He thought it desirable to prune in the

4

26 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

fall, as the most convenient time, but having left two rows, and
pruned them in March, he was surprised to find that they leaved
out earlier than those pruned in the autumn. He did not agree
with Mr. Hovey's view that when vines were pruned early the sap
would accumulate in the buds and perfect them. He would raise
well ripened wood and not lay it down.

Col. Wilder had said that however grape vines might escape in
ordinary seasons, once in a while there would come a winter when
they would be killed, and we should lay them down to insure
against such seasons. This might be true from his stand-point,
for his soil was rich and strong, and he did not get good grapes.
His soil is well suited to pears, but not fit to grow grapes on, and
Mr. Moore did not think his opinion on grapes as valuable as on
pears.

Mr. Barnett had condemned the Croton, Allen's Hybrid, lona,
Agawam, and others, and Mr. Moore agreed with him ; and though
Mr. Barnett thought better of the Wilder, Delaware, etc., he
■wound up by recommending the Hartford, Concord, and Martha,
for table, and the Ives and Clinton for wine. The Clinton can
only be grown on long canes, and if Mr. Barnett followed up his
system with the Concord, in a few years the}- would be a failure,
for the base buds would all be leaf buds. Every one would agree
with Mr. Barnett as to the necessit}- of sun on the border. Mr.
Moore said he would rather grow grapes on a trellis than on stakes,
but he had been forced to the conclusion that they would ripen a
few days earlier on stakes, though the idea was expressed in books
that they would ripen earlier when the vines were spread out on
trellises. Mr. Barnett had quoted Du Breuil as authority, but the
principles which he laid down applied only to the foreign grape,
and no more to our native grapes than to a shrub oak. Dr.
Warder, in editing the book, questioned many of the positions of
Du Breuil.

Robert Manning said that Mr. Moore was mistaken as to the
character of the soil where Mr. Wilder's grapes grew. It was
true that most of the soil where his dwarf and other pear trees
were planted was strong and moist, but the grapes grew on a slope
facing the southwest, where the soil was warm and but moderately
rich.

Charles M. Hovey thought Mr. Barnett's paper very good in-
deed. Outside of the regular cultivators of the grape there were

GRAPE CULTURE. 27

but few who know that the grape vine bears only on the young
wood, and but once on the same wood, and not, like a pear tree, on
the same branch or spur for an indefinite number of years. It is
information on such points as this that we want. As grapes are
commonly planted there is no need of the bed, but with Mr. Bar-
nett's system there is. At Thomery, near Paris, bunches of the
Golden Chasselas weighing about half a pound each are raised by
the ton and sent to the Paris and London markets, where they
have gained a high reputation.

The Thomery system is to plant the vine ten or more feet from
the wall or trellis, and to lay the vine under the soil until it reaches
the one or the other, thus supplying rooting surface, just as Mr.
Barnett does by his system. It is nothing new. In cultivating
the vine much depends on whether the object is grapes or wine.
A depth of thirty inches is not extravagant when the vine roots are
laid across the border as Mr. Barnett advises. We must guard
against the extremes of heat and aridity. At Rochester last fall,
he saw Catawbas in the grounds of Mr. Ericsson, where, under
good common culture, he raised them in perfection, and he had a
vineyard where he had raised fifty-two tons of Catawbas on thirteen
acres of and ; but perhaps the proximity to the lake made the
climate more favorable. In every system we can avoid what is
unprofitable and accept that which is suited to our needs. If we
understand the principles of cultivation we shall succeed ; if not we
shall fail. We require all the sun heat we can get, and should
prune so as to have as little two year old wood as possible, for
that is useless except as an extension of the vine.

Josiah W. Talbot, being called on bj' the Chair, said that the
question before us was of the profit we are to get from our vines.
Mr. Moore's remarks corresponded exactly with the views of Dr.
Fisher, of Fitchburg, who had been very successful in growing
native grapes. Horace Eaton, who had taken the prizes at our
exhibitions for Allen's Hybrid and grapes of similar character,
raisedf them on a heavy clay soil, thoroughly underdraiued. All
the merit he claims is in the simplicity of his culture. He lets no
vine grow above four feet high, and the same arms fruit for ten
years. Mr. Blanchard, of East Stoughton, prunes on precisely the
same system as Mr. Eaton, and raises bunches of a pound weight
each. His method of pruning and training is the same as Mr.
Eaton's ; he raises two arms twenty inches from the ground and

28 MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTURAL SOCIETY.

each four feet long, the ends being pinched off. These arms are
retained until old ; four or five laterals are allowed to grow on
each cane, making eight or ten in all. The laterals are pinched
off a first and second time, and never get above eighteen inches
long. He always saves the axillary bud, and sometimes two buds,
as one may dry up. He lets only one bunch of fruit grow on the
axillary bud and two on the other. After blooming he pinches off
the superfluous clusters and the end of the shoot, always leaving
one good leaf. He raises from twenty to twenty-five pounds of
the handsomest fruit on each vine. His land is no better than is
ordinarily planted with corn, and has not had manure enough to
raise a good crop of corn. The shoot from the axillary bud makes
the spur for the next year. He has never sheltered his grapes.

Mr. Talbot thought Mr. Moore right in regard to deep culture,
and such were also Dr. Fisher's views. When Mr. Barnett's vine
bed is filled level with the soil on each side, the roots will be four-
teen inches below the surface, which is eight inches too deep.
Mr. Blanchard sa^'s, " Never grow an inch of extra wood ; throw
the whole power of your vine into the fruit." No vine draws its
nourishment two years from the same place. Too much power is
wasted in growing extra wood. It is as easy to grow fruit as
wood. Dr. Fisher raises a new arm every year, removing the old
one, and this Mr. Talbot thought an instance of the waste of root
power.

Henry F. French said the question was whether we should prune
to close spurs or whether we should let our vines run more freely.
Many persons who set their vines near together with the idea of
pruning closely, had taken out half the number, to give the others
more room. He questioned the possibility of pruning so as to
throw what would otherwise be wood growth, into the fruit. It
was curious to see how the same questions in horticulture came
round in from twenty to fifty years. Mr. French here referred to
a copy of " Cobbett's American Gardener," published in 1821,
containing directions, with diagrams, for training and pruning the
grape on the renewal system, with two growing and two fruiting
branches trained horizontal!}' on each side, each vine occupying
sixteen feet of trellis. He said that when a boy, about fifty years
ago, he cultivated Catawbas according to these directions, on the
top of a hill in Chester, N. H., and they ripened two years out of
three. He had no difficulty in getting plenty of fruit, though the

GRAPE CULTURE. 29

system required more care than spur pruning. The Isabella is
still raised in Chester and sent to market ; they escape frosts there.
The Catawba ripened as early as the Isabella ; they were never
covered in winter and never killed.

Hervey Davis regretted that the essayist had not said more
about varieties and culture for amateurs. He had grown grapes
for fifteen or twent}^ years, and had never succeeded better than
when he trained them on stakes ; he thought they were then most
easily pruned and best exposed to the sun and air. His plan was
to take up three shoots to three stakes, and once in a few years,
when they needed renewal, to take up a new one. Pie would lay
down vines, and thought Mr. Moore might have saved his by
covering.

Mr. Moore said that he had never lost any vines by the tops
winter killing, but he had lost a solid half acre by the killing of
the roots. He mulches them now with three or four inches of
refuse bristles, and does not lose them. The temperature of the
ground does not rise so high as if they were not mulched, but, to
compensate, it never falls as low, and the mulching saves the
trouble of weeding. He has one vineyard where there has not
been a hoe, plough, or manure, for eight years, and it has contin-
ued to produce full crops of good fruit.

Mr. Davis remarked that while Mr. Barnett and Mr. Moore dis-
carded the lona, he had ripened it seven years out of eight, by
covering the vines during winter with straw or hay. It had the
same treatment as twelve other varieties that he cultivated.

The Chairman said all would agree that Mr, Barnett is a very
careful observer. He thought his sj'stem excellent in many re-
spects. Though the plan of crossing the roots and taking six
canes up one post was, in his opinion, objectionable, these were
not material parts of the system. There was no reason why we
should train two canes on one rod, and with one tier above another
the upper would be likely to shade the lower. He liked the plan
of allowing the laterals to arch over, without tying, as it checked
their growth and saved the need of so much pinching. The main
point brought out by Mr. Barnett was admirable — the carrying
the vines away from the roots, where they do not shade the ground.
He approved of root pruning, if the roots were inclined to run
under shade, and thought the pot-bound condition serviceable in
producing fruitfulness ; the roots are kept within bounds. He

30 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

had no doubt that when the Concord failed it was often caused by
planting too thickly and shading the ground. Keeping the roots
fully exposed to the sun is most important. He did not think that
Mr. Moore's mulching hindered the ripening of the grapes.

Mr. Moore asked what would be the effect on a plaut of being
pot-bound for years.

The Chairman replied that it would need to be fed more liberally,
and that was the reason why Mr. Barnett made his border so rich.
If well drained no ill results would follow from depth of border.

Robert Watt asked whether failures did not arise from close
root pruning. He thought they did, and also from not pruning the
tops closely enough. He alluded to a grower in Philadelphia, who
made a failure in growing grapes on the pot-bound system, and
said he agreed with Mr. Moore on this point. He had taken up
grape borders made with bones, horn piths, leather, etc., and never
found a root that had taken hold of either until the bones were so
deca3'ed that they would crumble when rubbed in the hand.

Mr. Talbot remarked that Mr. Blanchard never laid down his
Concord vines. Mr. Eaton always covered his lonas and similar
varieties.

James Cruickshanks said that those who had grown good fruit
had found a gain of a fortnight by covering Isabellas.

Mr. Talbot said that vines should alwaj^s be covered when the
wood is not ripened. He thought it possible that the wood might
ripen after covering.

Marshall P. Wilder differed from the last speaker in regard to
the ripening of the wood after being laid down. The functions of
the plant have ceased when the leaves have fallen, and there can
be no further ripening of the wood. As to pot-bound plants, the
Chinese will grow one in that condition for fifty years by proper
feeding. He was pleased with the sound physiological principles
laid down by Mr. Barnett, especially in regard to the exposure of
the leaves to the sun. Mr. Barnett showed that the roots had
been confined to the bed, where they had received constant nutri-
tion. Mr. Wilder thought the two great points were confining the
roots to a warm bed, and exposing the leaves to the sun. These
principles are so sound that they need not be discussed. There is
a difficulty, as Mr, Moore has said, in letting the roots run deep
in a cold, wet border. This can only be remedied by thorough
drainage, which is the first letter in the alphabet of good culture.

GRAPE CULTURE, 31

You might as well expect a man to thrive by eating a good dinner
with his feet in ice-water, as a vine to thrive, thougli well manured,
with its roots in a cold, wet soil.

Mr. Moore asked how a soil could be both warm and moist.

Mr. Wilder replied that he had a sand bed for striking cuttings,
and this year he had in it much coarser sand than usual. The
sand is moist, but warm, for the drainage is perfect, and his cut-
tings strike better than ever before.

The Chairman referred to Mr. Barnett's essay, and showed that
he had spoken of a warm, dry soil, as well as a warm, moist soil,
being required by the grape, and said that we must reconcile these
statements as we best could. He thought that in providing such
a depth of soil Mr. Barnett meant to have it moist.

Mr. French said that a thoroughly dried soil would absorb half
its weight of water. Soil that is drained will hold more moisture
than an undrained soil.

Mr. Moore asked, Is not the reason that Mr, Barnett wants a
moist soil, that he has got an acre of vines on a quarter of an
acre of gi'ound?

Mr. French said you cannot heat water from the surface, and it
is the same with soil. In a cold season the heat does not go down
in an undrained soil as in one that is drained.

James Murray remarked that there were exceptions to all rules,
and that he knew of a standard Lawrence pear tree which stood
on the banks of the Charles river, with the roots not more^than
two feet above the level of high water, where the ground in spring
is a perfect marsh This tree is every season loaded with the
finest fruit, so as always to excite his astonishment, but he would
not like to plant an orchard of pears on such soil.

Mr. Wilder added, as another apparent exception to a general
rule, that thougli the Beurre Bosc is commonly supposed to require
a warm soil, the tree which produces his best fruit of that variety
stands in a low, wet soil, where hundreds of dollars worth of trees
around it have been killed by standing water. Such instances,
however, do not invalidate the general principle.

James Cruickshanks would let vines have all the rain, but it has
generally been considered that dew is one of the worst things j^ou
can have on vines, causing mildew. William Saunders, of the
Agricultural Department at Washington, furnished his trellises
with copings to protect the native grapes from the fall of the dew.

32 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Talbot said he had a Delaware vine in a cold grapery where
it never had rain or dew, and it always bears fine fruit.

Mr. Moore said that where his vines wore mulched the ground
underneath was so full of roots that he could not plow it ; they are
within two inches of the surface. All he has to do is to tie up the
vines and pick the fruit. No weeds grow there, and the mud does
not spatter up on the fruit. He thought the average temperature
of the soil was higher than when it was not mulched.

Mr. Talbot said the fact that the roots come so near the surface
shows that they do not want to go deeper.

Mr. Wilder said we live at the northern limit of the grape
region — almost at the jumping oflE" place — and we cannot be cer-
tain of our crops without covering. He asked Mr. Moore whether
he had had any vines split open by the cold, and said that he had
alreadj' noticed trees cracked open by the cold in November and
December, and he believed that in spring vegetation would be
found much injured. It would save a great deal of trouble if we
could keep our vines up all winter, but every few years we have a
season which destroys all the wood, and the only sure way to pre-
vent it is to cover every winter.

Mr. Moore said he had no more doubt than he had of his own
existence, that on a warm, dry soil, with hardy varieties — not
hybrids — vines would ripen their wood as certainly as apple
trees. When vines are grown in rich soil and make coarse wood,
laying down is the only way you can save them.

Mr. French thought this was a very important matter, and that
if Mr. Moore had laid down the vines which were killed, he would
not have lost them. He covered his every winter, and even the
Isabellas were sure to live. By covering, j'^ou escape winter kill-
ing, which is nothing but the injury to unripe wood by changes of
temperature.

Mr. Moore said that the tops of his vines were not winter killed,
for cuttings from them grew, and the tops themselves grew two or
three inches. Vines'near by, which were mulched, were uninjured.
Vines with the best ripened wood would be liable to be killed by
the roots freezing, when the tops were not injured.

Mr. Wilder mentioned a case of injury to an orchard of dwarf
Beurre d'Anjou pear trees, which he saw at Lockport, N. Y., by
killing of the roots when the ground froze very deep. Another
square of standards adjoining was uninjured.

ORCHIDS. 33

Mr. Moore said that he had an Isabella vine split open, but he
did not consider it a hardy grape and would not cultivate it. It
must be laid down.

The Chairman remarked that we sometimes do have winters that
kill the tops and do not kill the roots.

Mr. Talbot said that, though the commonly received idea was
that plants were injured by freezing and thawing in sudden changes
of temperature, the winter of 1874-5 was all freezing and no thaw-
ing, and plants never were so much injured.

Mr. Davis thought that covering the tops would also benefit the
roots.

Mr, Talbot suggested the influence of the scion on the root as a
subject for discussion at a future meeting.

Mr. Davis suggested the best varieties of fi'uit for cultivation.

The Chairman remarked that he had been asked whether these
meetings were open to the public, and said that the Society, in
seeking to diffuse information on horticulture, did not intend to
confine it to the members alone, and that all interested in the sub-
jects discussed would be welcomed.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Saturday, January 22, 1876.

E. S. Rand, Jr., made some remarks on a fine specimen of
Lcelia anceps exhibited by him. It is a most beautiful genus and
this is one of the finest species. It is difficult to convey in words
an idea of the beaut}' of the delicate rosy purple petals and the
deep rich purple of the lip. The flowers are produced on long,
slender, gracefully drooping stems. The plant had five spikes,
bearing in all fourteen flowers. This species is a native of Mexico,
and was introduced into England in 1833, but its wants were not
understood, and for many years it was grown in a small and im-
perfect condition. The Cattleyas and Loelias are very closely
allied, the only distinction being in the number of pollen masses,
the former having four and the latter eight. In orchids the pollen
is held under the column, and they require the agency of insects in
fertilization. The flowers are very long lived ; those on the plant

34 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

exhibited had been in bloom for three weeks, and would probably
last two weeks longer. This long duration is due to the fact that
they are not fertilized ; like all other flowers, they decay imme-
diately after fertilization. This plant began to throw up its
flower spikes in August ; they had at the termination protuber-
ances which in November began to swell, and ultimatel}^ developed
into flower buds. The genus is one of the easiest to gi*ow ; it can
be cultivated in a common conservatory or greenhouse. West In-
dian and Mexican orchids dwindled and died under the treatment
formerly given them under the misapprehension that they required
the same culture as the East Indian species, Loelias require in sum-
mer only the ordinary temperature of a greenhouse, which in
winter may be allowed to fall to 45°. The plant is of elegant
habit with shining, dark green leaves, from one to three of which
are produced on each pseudobulb. Immediately after the flowers
have faded the roots will begin to protrude. An orchid will grow
indefinitel}'' in one direction if allowed, and the object of the cul-
tivator is to produce " back breaks."

Mr, Rand said tha4; he had been looking into the prices of
orchids to ascertain whether they were a profitable investment
from a pecuniary point of view, and had come to the conclusion
that they were. In England, single plants had sold as high as
two hundred and fifty guineas, though good specimens could be
obtained at reasonable prices ; that exhibited cost twenty-five
dollars two j^ears ago, and is probably worth three times as much
now. Like pictures by the old masters, a fine specimen will
always bring a good price. The colors of the LctiUas are white,
purple, and pink in different shades, and there is not a poor species
in the genus. He knew of no plant more desirable for cultiva-
tion, either by amateurs or for the sale of the flowers. He ex-
pected next Saturday to bring in a plant with a hundred flowers.

In answer to an inquiry, Mr. Rand said that back breaks were
made by cutting the running stalk about three-quarters through,
when a little bud would form at the base, which is afterwards
separated. This is the method adopted by nurserymen for propa-
gating. Another species is Lcelia albida, with white, fragrant
flowers. Mr. Rand had received from Hugh Low & Co., Upper
Clapton, England, ten plants of this species, the whole of which
would not fill an eight-inch pot.

Hybridization is easily effected ; the method is to lift up the top

WARDIAN CASES AND FERNERIES. 35

of the column, and with a pair of pincers place the pollen masses
on the stigma, when it instantly disappears. The orchids which
have been most extensively fertilized in cultivation, are Cypripe-
clium, Calantho, and Vanilla. The fruit of the last has been pro-
duced in considerable quantity at Kew Garden.

Mr. Rand had had some of his orchids fertilized, probably by in-
sects getting into the house, as very few fructify themselves. The
LcL'lia exhibited would require more moisture than is ordinarily
found in the air of a greenhouse. The best plan would be to
separate a portion of the greenhouse by a glass partition. His
orchid house, although but twenty-five feet square, contained two
hundred and fifty species.

Mr. Rand also exhibited a j)lant of Cirrliopetalum Medusce, the
generic name of which is derived from kirros, tawn}^, and petalon,
a petal. The flowers are small, but so numerous in the spike, and
two of the three sepals are so ver}'^ much lengthened, as to give the
spike the appearance of a head with long, dishevelled hair, whence
the specific name. The bud comes up in a small sheath like the bud
of a pink, and the flowers are twisted up very tightl3^ Being a
native of Singapore it requires a great deal of heat and moisture.
All orchids require good drainage and are impatient of sour soil.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Saturday, January 29, 1876,

The chair was filled bj' William C. Strong, Chairman of the
Committee on Publication and Discussion, and the following paper
on Wardian Cases was read by the writer.

Wardian Cases and Ferneries. I.

BY W. H. HALLIDAY.

Every one should have a hobby, says Prime in his preface to
" I Go a Fishing." Mine has been, for a dozen years, Wardian
Cases and Ferneries.

How I came by this hobby I am here at this time to tell you.
Several years ago, looking over some books on floriculture, I came

36 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

across, in a volume then recently published, the engraving of a
Wardian case. The description of this seemed to suit my fancy,
as I wished to grow some plants during the winter months, and
ray former efforts in that direction had not be6n attended with
very marked success. This seemed to promise better things, and
I determined to give it a trial. The case I soon constructed, in
the intervals of business, according to the book. This was my
first attempt. I have had many more elaborate and beautiful ones
since then, but this was the pet — the initial point, from which I
have received so much horticultural pleasure.

Man}' articles have been written on this subject, by eminent
English cultivators within four or five years, and it is now com-
paratively easy for a novice to gain all the information required,
provided he has determination enough for au}^ undertaking that
will bring an occasional disappointment. But the chances of
failure are so small, when one has started in the right direction,
and the satisfaction of growing, in your own home, plants whose
delicate forms and beautifully marked foliage are a wonder even in
a gi'eenhouse, is so great that it is surprising to me that all lovers
of plants do not possess one of these little tropical gardens instead
of the long drawn, sickl}' looking plants we see at windows, as we
pass along our streets, that cost so much time and trouble in their
cultivation. A Avell grown plant of Maranta zebrina is in itself
a perfect picture of form and color, and the easiest thing in the
world to grow in a Wardian case under proper conditions.
Years ago there was a case with a plant of this kind in a win-
dow at the South End. The plant filled nearly the whole case,
and looked so fresh and bright on a winter morning, that it
always compelled me to stop and admire its beautiful foliage.

I propose in this article, not to deal in generalities, but to give,
as nearly as my recollection will permit, a description of some of
the cases I have had, with the plants grown in them, and my
successes and failures during all these years, mentioning only the
names of plants which I have actually tested.

I had two large windows facing the south, but a building ob-
scured the raj's of the sun part of the time. In the windows I
placed two cases, each forty inches long, by eighteen inches wide ;
the box was six inches doep with an inner box fitting loosely to
receive the soil ; an inch moulding fitted around, projecting half an
inch above the box, to receive the sash. The sash was on two

WARDIAN CASES AND FERNERIES. 37

sides fourteen inches high, the ends solid, and the inside faced
with mirrors. You will readily see that I introduced the mirrors
to double the effect, and render the whole more beautiful. Upon
this sash was a top ten inches high, sloping on the two sides, which
fitted to and was kept in place by an inch moulding. This top
could be removed to reach the plants, or tilted up a little if venti-
lation was desired. One of these cases I devoted to native plants,
the other to exotics. I made man}' trips to the woods and my
case of natives was soon in a prosperous condition. I filled it
with all sorts of plants that happened in my way, among which I
remember the blood-root, hepatica, trailing arbutus, pitcher-plant,
13'copodium, MitclieUa repens, Polypodium vulgare, and Adiantum
pedatinn. All these did remarkably well, but I found when winter
came that many of them dropped off to sleep, and the curtain fell
for the season.

In the centre of the tropical case a Dieffenbachia picta was-
planted ; in one end Maranta zehrina, and at the other, Anan-
assa sativa var. These three plants, with some l^'copodium and
a few small ferns, soon filled the case, and it was quite successful.
Some of the smaller plants had to be removed, as they did not
thrive with the others. By the end of the summer the Maranta
had quite outgrown its quarters, and had to be replaced with a.
smaller plant, and the same was the case with the Dieffenbachia.
The latter seemed quite at home, each new leaf as it appeared
becoming more beautiful, till the white spots had nearly crowded
out the green, making a fine contrast with the 3faranta on one
side and the Ananassa on the other. This plant (Dieffenbachia
picta) has never failed me, and I deem it one of the very best
case plants. I noticed particularly the peculiar marking of the
foliage coming out much more distinctly and beautifully than in a
greenhouse. I cut this down when it had grown so large as to
crowd the case, making a new plant from the top. The Ananassa
proved itself a valuable acquisition, coming out in a beautiful rosy
pink — a perfect blaze of color. This was more distinct and brighter
than I htftve ever seen it since. As the winter approached, bring-
ing its season of rest, the color faded to its ordinary hue. The
next spring it again started with its rosy tint, and during the
season fruited, and that was the end of it.

Having had such good success with these cases, I thought I
would trj' one on a larger scale. The plan was soon in the hands

38 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of the cabinet-maker, and in due time, made and set up in its
allotted place. This was made very large, for an experimental
case. Many of 3'ou will remember it, as it was exhibited in this
hall four or five years ago, at the Annual Exhibition. It was
nearly four feet square and stood six feet high from the floor to
the top of the roof. The box stood two feet high, set on heavy
casters, and moving on a pivot, so that it could be readily turned
to the light as the plants required. The inner box was half an
inch smaller than the outside all round, eleven inches deep,
thoroughly covered with white lead paint, and perforated through
the bottom with inch holes for drainage. The glass case, thirty
inches high, fitted into a moulding projecting above and around
the top of the box. The sash was made very strong, with iron
braces set into each corner. Each of the four sides consisted of
two panes of glass, two panes on two sides serving as doors.
The roof was formed of four sloping sides, surmounted by a flat
cap of wood, twelve inches square, tapering upward, with a turned
point twelve inches high. This cap fitted on like a cover, and
could be easily removed if necessary. The case was thoroughly
painted with three coats of white lead, and cost, when completed,
seventy dollars. It was as tight as ordinar}^ fitting would make
it, and in this condition was first planted. It stood before a large
south window, receiving the sun several hours each day. In the
bottom of the soil box, I placed small pieces of charcoal two
inches deep ; this was lightly covered with old moss to keep the
drainage free ; then I filled up the box with a compost of peat,
loam, and sand. To give the case color, I placed in the centre a
large plant of Dracmna terminalis^ and near it good sized plants
of Pteris argyrcea, Pteris tremula^ Pandanus Javanicus var.,
Maranta zebrina, Maranta sanguinea, Dlefenbachia lyicta^ and
Sanseviera Zeylanica. This last named plant, I think, was the first
one of the kind brought to this city. Two plants were given me
by Mr. Irving, then gardener to Mr. Van Vorst, of Jersey City.
The other plant I gave to the Botanic Garden. Mr. Irving also
gave me a large plant of Pothos argyrcea, which was trained up the
sash and made a fine growth. A few small ferns and lycopods
were put in to fill up the spaces near the glass. Altogether, the
case made a fine appearance when planted, the color, form of
foliage, and habit of the plants blending and harmonizing well
together.

WARDIAN CASES AND FERNERIES. 39

But after a while, the case did not work as well as I expected.
The Draccuna grew brown on the ends of the leaves, and gradually
the whole leaf decayed. The ferns did not do well at all, but
damped off till I grew quite discouraged. I continued to replace
the decayed plants by others, with no better results. I thought
the trouble might be caused by want of heat, as the room at night
and on Sundaj-s, when I was not on hand to look after the fires,
might become quite cool. With this thougbt came the idea of
beating the case. I had made at the tinman's a small boiler hold-
ing a gallon of water ; behind the case near the floor, I placed a
gas jet, and over this the boiler, removing a panel from the box of
the case, then fitting it so that it could be opened or closed at
pleasure. The inner box, containing the soil, being eleven inches
deep, left a space of twelve inches underneath ; in this space 1
placed tubing enough to extend completely round the case, and to
connect with the boiler outside. All seemed to work like a charm ;
a regular flow of hot water circulated through the case, but the
gas was uncertain, having a strong inclination to go out occasion-
ally, leaving a leaking burner so near the case that the plants suf-
fered from it ; consequently this was abandoned. I then went to
work to ventilate the case, giving a little air at a time, till at last
I removed the square of wood from the roof, and replaced it with
a piece of plate glass, which I could remove wholly or in part, and
this, with the aid of the panel which was opened for heat, furnished
the means for ventilation. I soon saw that it was the one thing
needed ; everj'thing worked well from this time. Occasionally a
plant would become unsightly, and have to be removed ; but on
the whole it was a success. Maranta sanguinea became a beauti-
ful plant ; Dieffenhachia picta, a wonder in color ; Maranta ze-
hrina grew luxuriantly, its large velvety leaves attracting all who
cariae into the room. Sanseviera Zeylanica made considerable
growth, sending up several new shoots. Pandanus Javankus did
well through the summer and autumn, but damped ofl" considerably
in winter. My success with ferns was not so marked as in smaller
cases by themselves.

The experience with this case convinced me that Wardian cases
Should be treated as miniature greenhouses, and that close cases
might answer for some plants, but not as a rule to be generally
followed. I have made many cases since this, and always con-
structed them on this principle. I would not accept a case as

40 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

a gift, unless it was properly drained and ventilated. I should feel
quite sure of losing some valuable plant that might cause more
annoyance than the expense of a case properly constructed. I do
not think the shape matters much, solongasit suits the possessor,
but a medium size is better than a small one, and easier to manage
than a large one. Twenty inches by thirty, I think a very good
size ; not too large for most rooms, and large enough to grow good
sized plants. The case I last exhibited here is of that size, and
is my beau ideal of a perfect Wardian case. It is constructed of
the best seasoned material, and though it was made nearly two
years ago, and has since been in almost constant use, all the joints
are as perfect as when it came from the cabinet-maker.

The following are the dimensions of this Wardian case : depth
of table seven inches, made with an outside moulding to receive
the sash. The turned legs are so morticed into the box that
they are jjerfectly solid, and fastened into brass casters — the only
proper way of putting on casters. The table, with the casters,
stands twenty-eight inches high ; a zinc lining closely fits the
box, forming a lip round the moulding to receive the sash. This
prevents water that happens to drip from the glass, or when
watering the case, from coming in contact with the wood. A zinc
tube passes through the bottom of the case for the purpose of
drainage ; within this, and less all around by a quarter of an inch,
so that it can be easily removed, is a wooden box of half-inch stuff,
also lined with zinc and perforated through the bottom with an
inch hole. Across the outside of the bottom, on either end is a
narrow cleat half an inch thick, so that the water in passing
through can find ready means of escape through the tube. The
sash has a circular top, the extreme height, thirty-three inches,
coming on the side, instead of the end, producing a fine efi'ect when
the case is filled with plants. Each end of the top forms a quarter
circle, which is hinged from the top bar, and can be opened to
reach the plants, or to increase the ventilation. The corners of
the sash are firmly secured with brass braces, so that no amount of
dampness will affect it. In the bottom bar of each sash is fixed a
slide five inches long by one inch wide, which can be readily
opened when ventilation is necessary. There are six half-inch
holes in the top bar, which are never closed. The method of drain-
ing this case was the same as that of the other.

For soil, I prefer good leaf-mould, mixed with sand. Masons'

WARDIAN CASKS AND FERNERIES. 41

sand is best, as it is coarser than the sand generally used, and it is
more easil}'^ obtained. I use one-third sand and two-thirds leaf-
mould, adding a small quantity of fine charcoal. I add the char-
coal to keep the soil light and sweet. Peat is generally recom-
mended for cases, but a good quality of peat is difficult to ob-
tain, the article usually found being not much better than muck.
George Such, of South Amboy, N. J., has the best, but it is not
alwaj's easy to obtain it from him. My rule is, to mix the sand,
leaf-mould, and charcoal together with water, wetting them thor-
oughly, but not so as to cause the mixture to adhere to the hand.
When this is done the case is ready to receive the plants.

This case pleased me best when it was planted in the following
manner : Ncplirolepis exaltata, with its long, slender fronds occu-
pied the centre, and around it were ranged in order Pteris argyrcjea,
Maranta lyulcliella^ and Adiantum colijodes. This last is truly a
beautiful plant for the place, its long slender fronds giving it a
fairy-like appearance, and imparting grace and beauty to the whole
collection. A fine plant of Adiayitum formosum stood opposite A.
coljjodes, its fine fronds shooting above those around it, rendering
it conspicuous, and contrasting finely with the silver Pteris and
the more rigidly exalted Neplirolepis, A good sized plant of Fit-
tonia Pearcei, with its fine crimson markings, gave color on one
side, while its silver leafed brother, F. argyroneura, was equally
efi'ective on the other. Besides these there were Adiantum cunea-
tum, also a good plant ; Onychium Japonicum, when well grown,
surpassed by few ferns in beauty, and eminently fitted for the place ;
Selagindla Wildenovii, one of the best of its kind ; S. stolonifera,
also a good case plant; Maranta pidchella^ better than M. zebrina
for a medium sized case, being dwarf in its habit, though not so
finely marked, but forming a charming contrast to the delicate
ferns. This made eleven plants in all — just enough to fill the en-
tire case, while every plant showed its own peculiar form and
character, and did not appear at all crowded. The tendency is
generally to put in too many plants, giving the whole a heavy and
unsightly appearance. The majority of people do not consider a
case well tilled unless it is crowded, but I think the grace that
comes of lightness and individuality is much more attractive. In
describing the position of the plants, I forgot to mention the
cocoa-nut shell suspended from the top, containing Adiantum setu-
losum, giving completeness to the whole.

42 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

I have another case of smaller size, twenty-two inches by
fourteen, convenient and not expensive, to be placed on a stand.
This, in its genei'al characteristics, resembles the larger one just
described, having provision for complete ventilation and drainage,
and when filled with the following named plants, makes a charming
appearance : Maranta pulcliella, Adiantum cuneatum, A. setidosnm,
Pteris argyrcea, Onycliium Jajjonicum, Selaginella Wildenovii, S.
Stolonifera, Flttonia Pearcei, and Latania Borbonica. These
plants were taken from three and four inch pots, and were quite
large enough to commence growth in their new home.

Management of Wardian Cases. — This is the stumbling block
which many find 'in the way ; yet it is a very simple thing, pro-
vided the case is started rightly, -with the kinds of plants suited to
the season, and the position you intend the case to occupy.

We will here consider a case for winter decoration of a sitting
room, which we will suppose to be warm enough for comfort during
the day, and the fire not allowed to go wholly out during the night.
We will suppose the case to have been planted as early as the first
of September, so that the plants have had time to make consider-
able growth before the cold weather commences. All cases ought
to be planted as early as this for the winter. It is generally sup-
posed that Wardian cases require very little light ; on the contrary,
they need an abundance of it, but not necessarily the bright sun-
light. Place the case directly in front of a window. I should
prefer an eastern or southern exposure, as the sunlight is hardly
powerful enough during the short winter days to harm the plants.
We are now speaking of a ventilated case. When the case is ex-
posed to the sun the ventilators should be open. Water should be
given sparingly all through the winter. For this medium sized
case (twenty inches by thirty), if in a warm southern exposure,
use half a gallon of tepid water, once a month. If it has less heat
and sunlight it will be necessary to give only half this quantity.

Be sure the soil is never muddy or pasty. If in this condition
you will soon lose your plants. Look over the plants every three
or four weeks, removing all unsightly or decaying foliage, and look
carefully after tbe brown scale. This little pest has a particular
fondness for some of our choicest ferns, and would soon render
them unsightly if not removed. The slug is another source of
annoyance, but watchfulness will soon discover the thief. We are
almost certain to find him during the day under cover of some

WAKDIAN CASES AND FERNERIES. 43

leaf, coming out only at night, or during dark days. Some culti-
vators advise thoroughly saturating the soil with boiling water
before planting the case, thereby destroying all insect growth. I
have never resorted to this expedient, but think it would be advisa-
ble to do so.

In conclusion, to be successful in the management of our ivinter
garden (which I think is a more suitable term than Wardian case),
give plenty of light and heat during the day, the mercury ranging
from 60° upwards, and not falling below 40° during the night ;
ventilate an hour or more each day, and do not give too much
water, having it warm when applied. Much more might be said
on this subject if time would allow, and other examples might be
given of cases planted for summer culture. There is also much to
be said about the arrangement and management of Ferneries
which I hope to give at some time not far distant.

Discussion.

C. M. Hovey said that Mr. Halliday's paper was so full that it
was, perhaps, hardly worth while to go over the ground again. As
he says, the general management, in regard to air, watering, light,
etc., is of the highest importance. The question is'often asked of
dealers, by purchasers of plants, how often to water. Beginners
frequently water plants too little, merely sprinkling the surface of
the ground, and the plants damp off, not from too much moisture,
but from dryness ; the collar, which should be dry is kept wet.
Mr, Hovey hoped that Mr. Halliday's paper would lead to the cul-
tivation of the plants which he recommended. A mistake made
by novices in planting Wardian cases is to want them as full at
the start as they should be after six months' growth. They want
to see the ground covered immediately. Mr. Hovey said that he
had read nearly everything that had been published on Wardian
cases, and that this essa}' of Mr. Halliday's showed his familiarity^
with the subject.

The Chairman remarked that there were many beautiful plants
and flowers on exhibition ; among others, some forced lilacs, in
regard to which the question had been raised whether or not
they were the Persian lilac.

Mr. Hovey said that they were either the old lilac or some
hybrid, and not the Persian. Mr. Calder who brought those ex-

44 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

hibited, had three rows in his forcing house. There is a great
demand for forced lilac flowers. In Paris it is considered difficult
to produce them, and the same with the lily of the valley. Lilacs
require a very high temperature and darkness to bring them out
earl}''.

The Chairman said there were on the table some leaves of the
white spotted Bichardia, and asked whether it flowered as freely
as the plain variety, commonly known as the calla.

Mr. Hovey had not found it as vigorous and productive of
flowers as the common calla. It was valuable for planting out as
a variegated foliage plant in summer. It was a summer bloomer,
though not geuerall}^ known as such. It might be taken up in
autumn and treated like the dahlia, or it could be kept on growing
in the greenhouse.

John B. Moore, who exhibited the RicJiardia, said that the
flowers were about half as large as those of the common species,
with purple centres. Reasonably strong bulbs grew pretty well
with him- He was not aware that it was a summer bloomer, and
had treated it just as he would a common calla, and they flowered
freely. He turned them out of the pots and planted in a dry soil
in the garden, and thought they did better than when dried in
the pot.

Mr. Hovey said that the spotted variety has a greater tendency
to rest than the plain. Like many other bulbs, it may either be
kept in bloom or dried off.

Edward S. Rand, Jr. was called on for some information con-
cerning the orchids exhibited by himself and others. The first
of these was Cattleya amethystoglossn, and Mr. Rand said that this
genus is one of the easiest grown, while the fiowers are of brilliant
color, many of them delightfully fragrant, and the plants of neat
and compact habit. The species on exhibition is probably of Bra-
zilian origin and had never before been shown here. It sends up
a flower spike two feet or more in height ; the flowers are large, of
a rosy purple, spotted with dark purple and the lip of the same
color. The culture which it requires is to have heat while in
growth, to be kept rather dry, and to avoid wetting the leaves,
never syringing. jSaccohibiinn gigcmtenm, an East Indian species,
was also exhibited by Mr. Rand, the plant having two of its dense.

ORCHIDS FORCING LILACS. 45

drooping spikes of flowers, like beautiful wi-eaths. It had been in
bloom for ten weeks, having begun about Thanksgiving time. The
flowers are deliciously fragrant. The plants may be brought into
the house for decorating the hall or parlor, without injury. They
have no fleshy pseudobulb, and must never be allowed to dry up,
but require similar treatment to that of the Vandas and Aerides.

A fine plant of CymhkUum aloefolium was exhibited by .James
Comley. This is one of the oldest orchids in cultivation, having
been introduced from the East Indies in 1790. The Cymhidmms
are a very free flowering genus ; this species is sometimes fragrant.
Some of the species are very rare and costly, a hundred guineas
having been paid in England for C. ehurneum. Some cut spikes
of Dendrohimn nohile were also shown by Mr. Comley. This can
easily be grown in the warm end of a greenhouse, where it will
produce flowers by the hundred. The mode of propagation is to
lay the stems in the warm, moist moss. Young plants will then
form on the stems and can be separated and potted ; indeed, they
will often form on the stems when not laid down. It is also easily
propagated by division. Mr. Rand said that he had propagated
twenty or tbirty in this way. He had seen single plants producing
a thousand flowers each.

A. P. Calder, who exhibited the forced lilacs, having come in,
was asked to give some information as to the variet^y and culture.

Mr. Calder said that the flowers were all the common purple
lilac. Some of the bushes had been growing in his father's yard
twelve or fifteen years. He planted them on the benches in the
forcing house, some in the sun and some in the shade, just as it
happened. The shade makes some difference in the size and shape
of the flowers, but not in the color — more in the shape than in the
size. Some have full formed flowers, while others have the lobes
of the corolla narrow ; the latter grew in the shade. Mr. Calder
said he gave them a good deal of heat ; they must have steady heat —
if it falls they become checked and dwarfed. They must also have
plenty of moisture. These plants were dug up at Christmas time
and planted on the bench a week after. Last spring, after the
frost came out and the lilacs began to start, he took up a plant and
placed in heat, and in three days the flowers began to open. The
color changed like that of the flowers exhibited, and the change
was in both cases caused wholly by forcing.

46 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Hovey said, in regard to time, that it had been stated. that
a certain amount of heat is necessary for the germination of seed,
and if you distribute that amount over a long time you get no
more result than if the same amount is applied in a few days.
The lilac out doors begins to start about the first of April, and
flowers about the first of June, requiring sixt}^ days. Lilacs placed
in a temperature of from 50° to 70° remained in the same condition
for a long period. The eff"ect of ordinary temperature is nothing,
but 75 to 80° bottom heat, and a higher air temperature, would start
the growth, and a decline would check it. It is the same with the
lily of the valley ; if once checked they cannot be started again.
A temperature of 60^^ for thirty days makes a total of 1800°, and
if you can give this amount in less time you will produce the same
eflTect.

Marshall P. Wilder agreed with Mr. Hovey in his ideas of heat,
and asked what was the shortest time in which he had known cut-
tings to root.

Mr. Hovey said that he had placed verbena cuttings in wet sand
in a temperature of 80° or 90°, and they rooted immediately —
certainly by the next morning.

Mr. Wilder said that he had rooted verbena cuttings handsomely
in thirty-six hours, soon after hot water was first introduced for
propagating beds, but not many plants root so easily.

The Chairman asked whether the time would not depend some-
what on the condition of the cuttings.

Mr. Rand said that he had rooted vei'bena cuttings so as to be
fit to pot in three days, but, though this might be done in April, in
autumn it would require thirty days. The lilac is grown in Paris
in underground pits, in a great deal of heat. If we have two
warm days successively in winter, newspaper editors immediately
write on the danger of injury to the buds of trees, and friends are
sure to bring in some swollen lilac buds. The lilac makes all its
growth by the first of July, after which the buds for the next year's
growth form and do not begin to grow until spring, but when we
have two or three warm days in winter, the scales will swell and
the buds show a lighter color. When it becomes cold again the
buds return to their former condition. Plants know too much to
put out before spring. There is no record of injury to plants be-
fore the first of March, but if we have a long spell of warm
weather after that time, succeeded by severe cold, there is great

FORCING LILACS. 47

danger of injury. Mr. Rand thought the present winter, with tlie
ground bare of snow thus far, would be hard on herbaceous
plants. Many of that class which are tender here are hardy in
Canada, where the ground is covered with snow. Alpine plants,
which bloom on the edge of a snow bank, as soon as the snow has
melted away from them, are destroyed in more southern climates,
where they have not the protection of the snow.

Mr. Buswell asked whether the color of other flowers is affected
like that of the lilac by forcing.

Mr. Hovey said the daj's were six hours shorter when these
lilacs were forced than at the season when they bloom naturally,
and in ten days the}^ would then have sixty hours more sunshine
than at this period of the year. They have not time to get their
color in these short, dark days, but if grown slowly and if plenty
of air were given, they would soon have more or less color. The
same effect is produced by forcing on other plants ; the Bon Celine
rose, for instance, which, when forced at Christmas under a high
temperature is almost colorless, or at least ver}^ pale compared
with its brilliant tint in summer.

Mr. Wilder said that the whiteness of forced plants is owing to
the absence of light, as in the shoots of a potato grown in a dark
cellar.

Mr. Buswell remarked that the foliage of the lilacs on exhibi-
tion was of nearly as good color as if grown in the open air, and
wished to know why that should not be affected as well as the flowers.

The Chairman said that these were not healthy and normal
growths ; the flowers did not draw their strength from the soil.
The flowers resembled the Persian species.

Mr. Calder said that the lilac made no roots whatever in
forcing, and moi'e than two-thirds of the plants died after forcing.

Mr. Rand thought the plants died after forcing because no care
was taken of them.

Mr. Calder replied that last year, after forcing, he transplanted
nearly all his lilacs into the carnation house, and afterwards into
the open ground, but the great majority died.

The Chairman thought the lilacs were like hyacinths and other
bulbs that had been forced in water, sufficient vitality having been
stored up in the plant to develop the flowers under a favoring
atmosphere.

Mr. Hovey had never found any exhaustion of hyacinths by
ordinary forcing. They would grow well enough but not flower.

48 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

except when they had been forced m a high temperature, when
there was exhaustion because the foliage was not perfected. He
thought that if Mr. Calder could place his lilacs, after a due season
of rest, in a higher temperature than that in which they had been
forced, he could excite them to growth. Plants after re-potting
should be put into a bottom heat, and moderately watered and shaded
■ to cause them to make roots. Plants are not exhausted by flower-
ing, but by the high temperature, and it is so with the lily of the
valley ; he had planted them out, but found it difficult to get a
healthy growth.

C. M. Atkinson said that in 1850 he succeeded Oldaker, who
had been for twenty-five years gardener at Lord Sefton's, where
they forced lilacs, cabbage roses, Anna Boleyn and pheasant-eyed
pinks, etc. These lilacs had been there ever since Oldaker's time ;
some of them were grafted on ash and some on privet. They
were forced by plunging in a mixture of fermenting material, and
after forcing the old wood was cut back and they were planted
out. If plants are cared for after forcing they can be preserved
for many years.

The Chairman remarked that Mr. Hovey had said that the dis-
tribution of heat over a longer or shorter time in growing a plant
made no difference, and asked whether the lilac flowers on the
table indicated natural growth drawn from the soil, or from
strength stored up in the plant and unnaturally developed.

Mr. Atkinson thought it difficult to answer this question de-
cisivel}', but four weeks seemed to him a very short time to force
lilacs into bloom. The French dig up large plants and force
without foliage, and one would think this would injure them, but
thej' renew their strength so as to force them again the third year.

Mr. Hovey read from the " Gardener's Chronicle," for January
8, 1876, an account of some experiments by M. Alphonse de Can-
dolle, on the amount of heat required for the germination of seeds.
" Mustard {Sinapis alba), germinated below 32° on the seventeenth
day, and it is probable that this minimum might have been re-
duced still lower if it had been possible to keep liquid water around
the seeds at 31.1° or 30.2°. Between 32° and 41° and 51°, each
degree greatly accelerated the germination of Siyiajns. Thus at
35.6° fifteen days elapsed ; at 39.2° nine days. Afterwards the
advance was more regular, but the rate of progress decreased
gradually with each increment of temperature. Between 54°

HEAT REQUIRED FOR GERMINATION. 49

and 68° the seeds invariably came up the second day. At 69.8°
germination took place in less than a da}' — twenty-two hours.
This was the most rapid rate reached. At 77° the rate slightly
diminished, and at 82.4° only a small proportion of the seeds
sprouted, and those at the end of the third day. At 104° not a
single seed germinated.

The lowest temperature at which the seed of the Cantaloup
melon germinated, was about 61.5° to 62.5°, more than nine days
being required at this heat. From 66° the period was nearly uni-
form up to 75°, being three days. From 77° to 82.5° it slightly in-
creased, as the seeds did not germinate till the fourth day, and
this period was maintained with little vai'iation up to 104°. At
105° one seed came up in ninety-four hours, that is, four days less
two hours." The mustard and melon were quoted as examples of
plants requiring, one a low, and the other a high temperature.

" Many other species tried, exhibited the same rapid increase at
first, then uniformity during a long series of augmentations of
temperature, succeeded by longer periods until the upper limit was
reached. The seeds of Collomia coccinea offered a curious excep-
tion. They will germinate between 41° and 43°, but not readily
except between the narrow range of 48° to 62°. Above this the
heat becomes injurious to the species, and at 70° it took twentj'-
seven days, and with a greater heat the seeds did not germinate
at all."

Mr. Hovey thought this statement a most interesting one. Cali-
fornia seeds do not generally come up except in a temperature of
about 43°, and at a few degrees above or below that point they do
not germinate freely, corroborating the statement as regards the
Collomia. He thought the principle established by these experi-
ments would appl}' to plants as well as to seeds. If azaleas were
placed in a temperature of 40° thej^ wbuld show no movement, but
plants in a heat of from QS^ to 80° had already done blooming.
You will find that the amount of the temperature above 32° will
produce nearly the same effect whether applied in two weeks, or
distributed over two months.

The Chairman said that, admitting the correctness of Mr.
Hovey's concluding statement, the important question is whether
it is all the same to the plant.

James Cruickshanks related an instance which came under his
observation in England, where a gentlemen was about to give a

7

50 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

large party, for which he wanted a quantity of mustard and cress.
Two seed pans were sown at night and placed on the flue ; in the
morning the seeds were all started, and at night they had as much
of each as was required.

C. H. Brackett was called on to give an account of his method
of raising mushrooms, of which he had a fine dish on exhibition.
He said that he had had good luck and did not expect to do so
well again. He followed the directions given by Peter Henderson
in his " Gardening for Profit," except that he did not cover with
straw. He tried covering at first, but found that, in gathering, it
disturbed the mushrooms. His beds had not been lower than 60°
at night. Last year he attempted to raise them in a much higher
temperature, and got but few.

Mr. Hovey said that here was another point in relation to tem-
perature. He had also a dish of mushrooms on exhibition which
had been raised in a temperature of from 40° to 45°. If they had
had as much heat as Mr. Brackett's they would have been gathered
by the bushel instead of the dozen, weeks ago. The bed was
spawned October 2d ; since then a new boiler, affording more heat,
had been put into the house, and after that the mushrooms began
to make their appearance. This confirmed the principle to which
he had alluded. The more jou force a plant the more you injure
it for future usefulness. The lilacs mentioned by Mr. Atkinson
were in pots, and not dug up from the open ground. He had
forced the same deutzia plants successfully for seven years in suc-
cession, but not in a high temperature. The principle applies not
only to the undeveloped plant in the seed, but through the whole
of its life.

James Comley was asked to give his experience in raising mush-
rooms. He thought 60° to 70° the best temperature, with a bot-
tom heat of 65°. A good bed, well made, would last about six
weeks, but he thought them very uncertain. He had succeeded
only two years out of five. His failures were sometimes owing to
having poor spawn ; he had had the beds a mass of spawn, but the
mushrooms would not come for months. Last year he had four
beds, each six feet by forty, and no mushrooms ; other years he
had got three hundred dollars' worth. He used to be troubled a
great deal with insects, but watering with a weak solution of salt-
petre would destroy them.

CULTIVATION OF MUSHROOMS. 51

Mr. Hovey said the mushroom was " miffy." Fungi would grow
under certain conditions, but within very narrow limits as to heat
and cold, moisture and dryness. They will do pretty much as
they have a mind to. If you can get the right kind of manure
there is no need of spawn. He knew a gentleman who had fine
crops produced spontaneousl}'^ ; the experiment was tried in the
barn cellar, but one night the window was accidentally left open,
and the temperature fell to 35° and killed all the spawn. Mr.
Hovey said that he had raised mushrooms for six or seven years,
and never failed to have a larger or smaller crop. His first attempt
was most successful, as he had that 3'ear a large quantity of ma-
nure in good condition, from a large stable, which was much better
than when only a small quantity could be collected at a time.
Mushrooms cannot be raised very successfully in summer on ac-
count of the maggot ; no insect troubles them in winter, but they
are often eaten by the slug. He did not consider it on the whole
a profitable crop.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, February 5, 1876.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
Vice-President C. 0. Whitmore in the chair.

The Recording Secretary reported that the notice of election of
Recording Secretary, ordered for to-day, had been omitted by one
of the papers, and that therefore no election could be legally
holden to-day.

On motion of E, S. Rand, Jr., it was

Voted, That the Recording Secretary be ordered to give notice
of an election of Recording Secretary for Saturdaj^ March 4th.

The Committee appointed Dec. 19th, 1874, to obtain a portrait
of the President elect, Francis Parkman, reported as follows :

" That exercising the discretion given them by the vote, they
decided to obtain a bust rather than an oil painting, and accord-
ingly gave the commission to Martin Milmore. The result. of his

52 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

work is now here, awaiting your acceptance. Yonr Committee
desire to congratulate the Society on possessing so faithful a me-
morial of a gentleman whose merit as a historian is known to
thousands who are unaware of his valuable services to this Society,
which are in this manner acknowledged.

C. O. Whitmore, )

E. W. BuswELL, > Committee."

"William Gray, Jr., )

Charles M. Hovey announced to the Society the decease of
George W. Pratt, and offered the following resolutions :

The Massachusetts Horticultural Society having learned with
deep regret of the decease of their late member, George W. Pratt,
it is hereby

Hesolved, That in his death the Society has lost one of its ori-
ginal and oldest members, who not only was highly instrumental
in perfecting its organization, but continued for a long period to
act in various important official capacities, and particularly in the
labor of inaugurating Mount Auburn Cemetery.

Eesolved, That by the example of his personal efforts in the
cause of horticulture, in the introduction, cultivation, and exhibi-
tion of new plants for many years, he has left a record honorable
to himself and to our Society.

Resolved, That we tender to the family of the deceased our
sympathy in their great bereavement.

Resolved, That these resolutions be entered upon the records
and a copy sent to the family of the deceased.

Marshall P. Wilder, in seconding the resolutions, said that in
the death of Mr. Pratt we had the satisfaction of knowing that he
was not taken away prematurely, but like a shock of corn ripe for
the garner. He was naturall}'^ a lover of the fine arts, inheriting
his taster for horticulture from his father, whose garden, containing
Brown Beurre and other pear trees, which would be recollected by
many, was on the corner of Milk and Pearl streets, adjoining the
mansion, which was afterwards the Pearl Street House.

Mr. Hovey said that Mr. Pratt was the first person to cultivate
the dahlia in this country, when it was introduced in its single
form.

The resolutions were unanimously adopted.

CULTURE OF THE FOREIGN GRAPE. 53

The Executive Committee, to whom was referred the resigna-
tion of Edward S. Rand, Jr., from the Committee on Publication
and Discussion, reported, recommending its acceptance.

On motion, William C. Strong, D. T. Curtis, and Benjamin G.
Smith were appointed a committee to nominate a candidate to fill
the vacancy. The Committee reported the name of Rev. A. B.
Muzzey, and he was accordingly elected.

N, P. Russell, of Boston,

Mrs. S. a. Holt, of Winchester,
being recommended to the Society for membership by the Execu-
tive Committee, were on ballot elected.
Adjourned to Saturday,- March 4.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

A meeting for discussion was held immediately after the ad-
journment of the business meeting, William C. Strong, Chairman
of the Committee on Discussion, presiding. E. W. Wood read
the following essay, which was illustrated by a diagram of a
Ground Vinery, drawn on a scale of six inches to the foot.

Culture of the Foreign Grape in Cold Graperies.

BY E. W. V^OOD.

The vine is the oldest fruit bearing plant of which we have any
record. Frequent reference is made to it in Holy AVrit, and its
praises have been a prolific theme for writers through all time.
So frequent and instructive are the allusions to vine culture in the
classic poets that the college student, if he has scanned the subject,
as carefully as the measure, of his Latin text, can hardW fail to
possess an accurate knowledge of the peculiar soil, location, and
treatment necessary for the successful culture of the grape. The
vine is a plant of the greatest vitality ; while it responds quickly
and with great vigor to the careful and generous treatment of the
intelligent cultivator, its wonderful recuperative powers are liable

54 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

to deceive tlie more careless and negligent grower as to the abuse
it will endure, any injury not being readily perceived.

The grape is indigenous to this country, and in its wild state
grows vigorously, often covering the tops of large trees and pro-
ducing fruit abundantly ; yet it is keenly sensitive to cold, and
the wild fruit is not unfrequently destroyed by the September
frosts. Except in peculiarl}' favored locations we are situated
upon the northern limit where the grape can be successfully grown
without protection, and here the earlier and hardier varieties,
grown in vineyards selected with especial view to every advantage
which location and soil can give, frequently prove, as last year,
almost a total loss.

The frequent failures and disappointments with the grape in
open culture during the past few j'cars have led to a very general
inquiry, " How can we protect and grow successfully the better
varieties of grapes with the least care and expense ?"

The object of this paper will be to answer this inquiry by in-
viting discussion to the construction of cheaper houses, and to
less expensive management than is generally given to growing the
foreign or exotic grape. The cultivation of grapes under glass is
generally considered a work of much care and uncertainty, re-
quiring the services of a skilful gardener ; but I believe that from
the amount of labor and skill often given to out-door culture,
larger returns in both quantity and quality might reasonably be
expected under glass. The roots of the Hamburg vine will grow
in any place where those of the Concord will grow, and experience
proves that, for cold house culture, the roots of one require no more
protection during winter than those of the other. The tops only
require protection, and as it is necessary to retain the light and to
be able to increase and control the heat, houses constructed mostly
of glass must be used. Grapes may be grown under glass with an
aspect anywhere between east and west towards the south, but the
form of house and aspect most favorable, is the common lean-to,
facing south or southeast. As the heat in the house will be in-
creased from ten to twentj' degrees above that in the open air, it
is desirable that the temperature of the ground in which the roots
are growing should have a corresponding increase, and with a
house facing due south, the border will receive the rays of the sun
more directly and for a longer time, than in any other situation ;
while for the vines inside the house, the morning sun being more

CULTURE OF THE FOREIGN GRAPE. 55

desirable than the afternoon, a southeastern aspect would be pref-
erable. The cost of a house will be considerably less if placed
upon the south side of some building which may form the back
wall of the vinery. In the front wall there should be a row of
glass, in sashes from one to two feet in width, depending upon the
size of the house, hung upon hinges to give circulation of air when
the fruit begins to color. The roof should incline at an angle of
forty-five degrees and should be of fixed glass, except a row of
sashes at the top, the width to be in the proportion of one foot to
every six feet of fixed glass.

Having secured the necessary protection for the top of the vine,
in order to get the best results it will be necessary to prepare the
border so as not only to furnish all the nutriment the roots can
receive, but so that the soil and temperature shall be congenial and
excite the healthy and vigorous action of the roots. The width of
the border should equal the height of the front wall together with
the length of the rafter inside the house, which will allow the same
space to the roots that the tops are intended to occupy. The whole
border need not be prepared when the vines are put out, as eight
feet will be sufficient for the first two years, when more can be added
as required. The whole should be thoroughly drained so that there
will be no stagnant water either on the surface or in the soil. The
border should be two feet deep above the drainage and should be
composed of two-thirds partially decayed pasture turf and one-
third stable manure, with which may be mixed, as a more lasting
manure, broken bones and the hoof parings and filings from the
blacksmith's shop. Unless artificial heat is to be used to force the
vines the border should be entirely outside the front wall of the
house, and the vines taken through directly under the sill.

With a house and border thus arranged, a full average quantity of
Hamburg grapes, of superior quality, can be grown every year with
almost unfailing certainty, without using water either inside or out-
side of the house. The use of water inside the vinery under careful
direction in bright, sunny days, causing a warm, humid atmosphere,
will produce more vigorous action and larger bunches of fruit ; but
in proportion as the size of the bunches is increased, is the fruit
less evenly distributed over the vine, and, although by the use of
water it may be stimulated as long as the fruit continues to grow,
when it begins to take on color the water must be withheld, and
the lower ventilators opened, giving a free circulation of air. The

56 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

vine, no longer sustained by an artificial atmosphere, fails to fur-
nish sufficient saccharine matter to mature the fruit, and the result
is often seen in large, imperfectly ripened bunches, while the
smaller bunches upon the same vine will be well colored and of
much better quality. In a house without water the labor is very
much reduced and simplified, and the chance of failure very much
lessened, as the imprudent use of water, or its use when not fol-
lowed by sun heat, is liable to cause a sudden check to the tender
growth, which is often followed by mildew, doing serious injury to
both fruit and vines.

I need not stop to describe the internal arrangements of a house,
as they are given in detail by all writers upon this subject, and
substantially the same. The care given to the vines in a house
when water is not used, is almost precisely the same as that given
by amateurs in open culture, with the addition of giving air or
ventilation whenever the sun shines.

From the time the vines are taken up in the spring till the fruit
begins to color, air should be given by the upper windows only,
which should be opened on fair mornings as soon as the tempera-
ture has risen from five to ten degrees with sun heat, and if the
day continues bright they should be closed in season to retain a
genial warmth before sunset. No rule as to the time for opening
and closing a house can be given, as much will depend upon loca-
tion. A house facing southeast will need to be opened earlier in
the morning than one facing southwest, as the rays of the sun will
fall more directly upon the glass, and for the same reason a house
with a southwestern aspect will need to be kept open longer in the
afternoon.

In starting a house, strong healthy vines, one year old, with
tops at least six feet long, should be procured, and as soon as the
border is in suitable condition in the spring the roots should be
carefully shaken out from the soil and placed evenly on the border,
one foot from the front wall, and covered with four inches of soil,
and the vine passed through beneath the sill directly under the
rafter. The earth should be pressed firmly upon the roots with
the foot, and the tops tied up to or towards the rafter inside. If
the buds all break, rub off" all but the three lower ones. When
they have grown to the length of tw^o feet or more, and become
strong enough to bear bending into position without danger of
breaking, select the strongest and tie it to the wire under the

CULTURE OF THE FOKEIGN GRAPE. 57

rafter. If the remaining shoots are below the one selected, tie
them out to the side wires and cut them off twelve or fifteen inches
from the cane. Cut off the old cane two inches above the base of
the new growth, and two or three weeks later cut the snag away
smoothly at its junction with the new growth. Tie the new cane
to the wire loosely, allowing for future growth. Cut back the lat-
erals, as they continue to grow, to the first leaf, saving two at the
top in case of accident to the leader. The temperature of the
house may be allowed to rise to 95° or 100°. With fair success
the vines will make from twenty to twenty-five feet growth by the
middle of September, whe^ they may be cut back one-fourth their
length, to ripen the lower portion of the cane. When the leaves
have fallen, cut the canes back to three eyes, and before severe cold
weather cover the small portion left with a piece of cloth or mat.
Open the upper ventilators every day during winter when the sun
shines ; and during March and April, until the buds begin to break,
open the house at top and bottom on bright days, keeping it as
cool as possible. After the buds break keep the lower portion of
the house closed. As the buds push select the strongest shoot, and
when hard enough to bend without danger of breaking, tie loosely
to the central wire, and if the other shoots are below the one selected
tie them to the side wires and cut them off at twelve or fifteen
inches from the cane. These laterals will show fruit, one bunch of
which may be allowed to grow. The care the second season is the
same as the first, with the addition of thinning the fruit, and as
there is supposed to be but one bunch on each vine it will not be
a labor requiring much time, but it will afford an opportunity for
experience and observation, which, if improved, will be useful in
the future. No rule can be given for thinning the bunches, as
much will depend upon the varieties and the weather when the
fruit is forming.

When the grapes are of the size of ordinary peas there will be
more or less of them smaller than the average. Let these be re-
moved first ; then thin from the inside, preserving the full size and
form of the bunch. When the bunches are large the shoulders may
be tied at right angles with the bunch. It is desirable in thinning
to leave just as many of the largest berries, evenly distributed, as
will, when fully grown, fill the bunch out to its full size and make it
suflSciently solid, without pressing, to retain its perfect form when
cut and placed upon the table.

58 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

At the end of the second year the vines should be trimmed and
cut back, leaving them one-third the length of the rafter. After
this is done let them remain a few days, until the wounds caused
in trimming become dry and hard, when they may be bent down
in front of the sill, tied together and covered carefully with cloths
or mats to shade them from the sun and protect them from extreme
cold. Continue to keep the house well aired ; open the upper
ventilators whenever the sun shines during winter; and, towards
spring, as the sun heat becomes stronger, give more air by open-
ing the lower windows and the doors.

When the buds begin to push the vines should be taken up, tied
to the rafter near the front wall, and the ends bent down near the
floor, to check the flow of sap to the top and cause the buds to
break evenly near the base. Let there be care and no haste in tying
out the laterals to the side wires, as the tender growth is easily
broken from the cane. When the woody fibre is formed and firmly
attached they may be fastened looselj' at right angles to the cane,
and cut off from twelve to fifteen inches from the cane, according
to the space between the rafters. If the vines are in good condi-
tion they may each be allowed to carry ten pounds of fruit. Train
the leading shoot to the central wire as before. As soon as the
fruit is formed remove all superfluous bunches, never leaving more
than one bunch upon a single shoot. Cut in the side branches
every two weeks, and when the fruit begins to color commence
giving air at the lower windows, a little at first, inci'easing moder-
ately as the berries make their last and most rapid growth, and
when this is completed a free circulation of air may be given in
bright days. At the end of the season the vines should be cut
back, leaving tliem two-thirds the length of the rafters, and treat-
ing them as before during winter. The fourth year, if the vines
are in good condition, they may be allowed to bear fifteen pounds
of fruit each, and at the end of the season may be cut off at the
full length.

To prove that a full average quantity of fruit, of more than
average quality can be grown in the manner which I have briefly
and imperfectly described, I will refer to a vinery upon the place
owned and occupied by Mrs. Charles B. Shaw, in Dedham. This
house, which is of unusual height, the rafters being twenty-four
feet in length, was built, and the vines were planted in 1851. It
contains eighteen vines, mostly Black Hamburg, Victoria Ham-

CULTURE OF THE FOREIGN GRAPE. 59

burg, and Wilmot's No. 16. The amount of fruit in this house
from 1855 to 1875, has averaged between five and six hundred
pounds, never in anj' year having fallen below the smaller amount,
and in some j-ears having exceeded the larger quantity. Fruit
from this house was once shown at one of our exhibitions and re-
ceived the Society's Silver Medal. This house was built by, and
for twenty-four years has been under the care of Robert Watt, of
West Roxbury, who has taken the vines up every season, tied out
the side branches and kept them properly trimmed, thinned the
fruit, trimmed the vines in the fall, and covered them for winter,
at an average expense of less than twenty -five dollars per year.-
The only additional labor connected with the house has been to
open and shut the windows, which has been done by the help em-
ployed upon the place. No water has ever been used in this house.
No protection has 'been given to the border except to spread upon
it a top dressing of manure after the ground had frozen in winter.
I might refer to other houses in this immediate vicinity, conducted
upon the same plan, with equal success, but the one at Dedham is
the oldest of which I have any knowledge. For the benefit and
encouragement of the ladies who may wish to engage in grape cul-
ture under glass, I am permitted to copy a few lines from a let-
ter recently received from a lady in Portsmouth, N. H., who, having
heard of Mr. Watt's simple plan of growing grapes, employed him,
in 1867, to construct a house, prepare the border, and plant the
vines. He recently wrote her, making some inquiries as to her
success, and from her reply, I quote the following :

" In answer to your inquiries about my grapery, I am happy to
tell you that the vines were planted eight years ago last spring,
and I think I have had great success in growing grapes. They
have been fairer and larger than any raised in town, gentlemen
who have graperies being astonished at the size and flavor of mine.
I lost no vines last winter ; I have never used water in my grapery ;
I have never had any mildew."

I have endeavored to show that the care of a vinery may be
made very simple, and that the labor can be properly done by any
help competent to grow successfully the various fruits in the gar-
den, and it may be claimed that if properly treated, no fruit can
be more confidently relied upon for an annual crop. Yet no
experienced grower ever uncovers his vines in the spring without
a nervous fear that he may find a part or all of them winter killed,

60 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and this fear is increased by the fact that the cause of the destruc-
tion is not well understood, some attributing it to extreme cold ;
others to the wood of the previous year not having been thoroughly
ripened, and still others claiming that it is because the borders are
not sufficiently protected, A sufficient answer to the last men-
tioned reason would seem to be the fact that the tops only are in-
jured, the roots sending forth a new cane of strong and vigorous
growth from below the sill. That it cannot be caused by extreme
cold would seem to be shown by the fact that a greater loss does
not occur in winters of extreme cold. A few years since, the
thermometer in some places in this vicinity, dropped to twenty-six
degrees below zero, yet there were very few if any vines killed
that winter, while in the winter of 1874-5, without an extreme de-
gree of cold, probably more vines were killed than ever before in
any one year in this vicinity. "Without presuming upon a knowl-
edge which my limited experience would not warrant, I may give
the results of my observations the past winter in my own neigh-
borhood.

In the spring of 1871, three vineries were started, all near to-
gether. The vines were all planted by, and have been under the
care of the same man during summer ; they have had a uniform
growth and appearance up to the time they were trimmed and laid
down in the fall of 1874. In one of the houses the ventilators
were occasionally opened during winter, and irregularly opened
through March. In another the upper ventilators were opened
every day while the sun was shining. In the third house the
upper windows were opened every bright day in the earlier part of
the winter, and after the middle of February, when the days were
bright and warm, the lower windows and the door were opened.
Upon taking up the vines in the spring every vine in the first
house, eighteen in all, was killed down to the sill. Out of twenty
in the second house, seven were killed, while not one of eighteen
vines was injured in the third house.

This would indicate as the cause, the sudden changes of tempera-
ture, and especially would these be dangerous in the latter part of
the season, when we have, as last j^ear, an unusual number of
bright, sunny days followed by cold freezing nights, and it would
suggest as a remedy the careful covering of the vines, rendering
them less liable to be affected by either heat or cold, and keeping
the temperature of the house cool, and as even as possible.

CULTURE OF THE FOREIGN GRAPE. 61

To those who have limited grounds and cannot afford the room
necessary for a house and border, or to others who cannot afford
the expense necessary in the construction of a house, but who
still desire to cultivate foreign grapes, the ground vineries afford
an opportunity at an expense scarcely greater than that given to
more hardy kinds in ordinary garden culture. These vineries, in
substantially their present form, were introduced in England in
1860, by Thomas Rivers. They are miniature span-roof houses,
those first used by Mr. Rivers being seven feet long, thirty inches
wide, slope of roof twenty inches, and depth from centre of roof
sixteen inches. These were placed upon a row of bricks upon
each side for a foundation, and ventilation was given by leaving
open spaces between the bricks ; also by small openings in the ends
near the ridge of the roof. The roots of the vine were planted at
the end of the house and the top taken in between the bricks.
Mr. Rivers soon found, as the vines gained in size and strength,
that by leaving out the ends and connecting one house with an-
other he could extend his vines indefinitely. After five years'
experience he writes as follows, under date of September 8th,
1865 : " A fine vine here of the Trentham Black Grape, occupies
five seven feet lengths, and is of course thirty-five feet long. This
is bearing fifty nice sized bunches of grapes, now fully ripe. An-
other vine, the Black Hamburg, is also bearing a fine crop of sixty-
three medium sized bunches, the grapes full sized, finely colored,
and fast approaching to ripeness. There seems to be a most
agreeable and animating prospect of these neat looking and most
useful structures occupying thousands of small gardens, and giving
the luxury of fine, ripe grapes to many who are capable of appre-
ciating and enjoying them."

These vineries have come into very general use in England, and
I believe are even better adapted to use here than they are there,
as the larger proportion of bright sunny days with us would be
especially favorable for ripening the fruit in this class of houses.
A neighbor of mine had some houses of this kind built in 1871.
They were of the following dimensions : six feet long, four feet
wide, slope of roof three feet, and depth in centre two feet four
inches. The order for these houses was given to a carpenter who
had had no experience in this work, and they were furnished at a
cost of six dollars and seventy-five cents each. If any considera-
ble number were wanted now they could probably be supplied for

62 MASSACHUSETTS HOETI CULTURAL SOCIETY.

five dollars each, and perhaps for less. ' These houses were put to
different uses. In some were early vegetables, in others bedding
plants, and in one were put two Black Hamburg vines. The house
was placed in the vegetable garden, with one end towards the
south, and the soil underneath and at the south end enriched with
stable manure. The roots of the vines were placed in the soil out-
side the house, and the vines taken in and trained one upon each
side of the house. They grew rapidly, but the house being so
situated that it was inconvenient to join another to it, it became
necessary to cut the vines off in the fall at the length of six feet.
Before the ground froze the house was removed to the stable, and
the vines covered with eight or ten inches of soil. They were
found in good condition in the spring and were allowed to produce
five pounds of fruit the second year ; the third year fifteen pounds
and ten ounces ; and the fourth year fourteen pounds and two
ounces. The same gentleman started several houses the past
year with the intention of joining two together, allowing the vines
to grow to the length of twelve feet instead of six, being fully
convinced that this plan offers the quickest, safest, and most eco-
nomical way of growing Hamburg grapes.

If a more general use of these houses fulfils the expectations
which a limited experience seems to warrant, it will go far towards
answering the question, " How can we grow successfully, with the
least care and expense, the foreign grape ?" It is a subject which
interests every family, as there are few things that add more to
the attractions or enjoyment of our homes than a liberal supply of
the various fruits in their season.

Discussion.

Marshall P. Wilder said he was at Mr. Rivers' grounds in
1867 and had ocular demonstration of the usefulness of the
ground vineries. The world ov/es a great debt of gratitude to
him for this invention. Mr. Rivers, who is now more than eighty
years old, has done more than any other man in England, for
fruit culture.

The Chairman asked what objection there was to leaving cold
graperies open all winter. His experience was that it might be
safely done except in snow storms.

Henry F. French asked why it would not be beneficial to cover
the vines with mats more closely than is usually done.

CULTURE OF THE FOREIGN GRAPE. G3

Mr. Wood replied to the Chairman that if it was certain the
house would be closed in a storm it might be safe to leave it open
at all other times, but one could only be sure this would be done
by attending to it himself. If help were directed to close the
house whenever the weather was cloudy they would do it, but if
left to their discretion, it would be very likely to go wrong.

E. S. Rand, Jr., said that he had listened with great interest to
Mr. "Wood's paper, on a subject concerning which there had been a
great deal of ignorance. He believed the cause of winter killing
to be cold, dead air ; it is almost impossible to heat it. The sex-
tons of churches find it impossible to warm them, after they have
been closed nearly a week, without opening the windows freely.
There seems to be some peculiar property in confined air that
causes winter killing in houses. He had given directions to have
his grapery opened every sunny day, but not to let the air play
through when severely cold.

P. Brown Hovey said his experience had been that there is no
certainty in keeping grape vines over winter but by covering with
soil. He would not have front ventilators. He had a house with
front lights two or three feet high, which were opened in summer,
and always had mildew there in spite of using the solution of lime
and sulphur which was recommended as an infallible preventive.
As the house grew old it settled, so that the front lights could not
be opened, and after that he had no mildew, and found that it was
caused by currents of air. He thought it begt to keep the house
dry and not to be always syringing, but would give plenty of air
at the top.

Mr. Wood said that he did not open his front ventilators until
the fruit had begun to color.

Mr. Wilder said that there was no danger of mildew after the
leaf and wood had attained nearly to maturity.

Robert Watt said that he had been growing grape vines in this
country since 1844, and though he lost some by bleeding, he had
had none killed by cold until 1868. He had adopted the plan of
leaving the borders uncovered until after they were frozen. He
thought the winter killing was caused by the houses not being ven-
tilated. Thomas Barrows' house was not opened from December
to the end of March, and every vine was killed down to the sills.
Thomas Liversedge had one house all killed and half of another
owi ; neither of these houses was opened. Judge Reed's was

64 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

badly killed ; Col. Lyman's and Mr. Stone's were all killed.
Charles B. Shaw's, Ira Cleveland's, John Emmons' and Jeremiah
Pritchard's houses (the last a span roof of one hundred feet in
length), were properly aired and not a vine was killed. In 1875
nearly the same, and in some cases worse, results followed ; H. A.
Gane's, Mr. Barrows' and Mr. Stone's were all killed ; Mr. Pritch-
ard's were badly killed ; Mr. Liversedge had one house killed
and another not. It has been said by some that this winter kill-
ing was caused by badly-drained borders, but Mr. Liversedge's
border was made by David Haggerston, and the vines were planted
by him and Messrs. Quant and McLennan, and everything was
done in the most thorough manner. No vines were killed there
until 1868 ; and last year, when he was sick and unable to attend
to the ventilation of the houses, more were killed. There was no
indication of injury to the roots.

Mr. Watt said that he had made twenty-eight borders, and to
show the manner in which they were drained, instanced Mr. Bar-
rows', which was on a sidehill. Stones were placed under the
border to the depth of from two and a half to three feet, to bring it
to a level ; then a covering of fresh turf with the green side down ;
then three feet of the top spit of a pasture, thoroughly mixed with
one-fourth part of manure. The border was made in the fall, and
in the spring the whole was turned and the vines planted.

Mr. Watt added that the later vines could be kept back in the
spring the better. The earliest date at which he had commenced
thinning was the 19th of June, and the latest the 14th of July.
He had used no water in vineries for twenty-five years, though be-
fore he came to this country he never thought he could raise
grapes without water. He used very little sulphur, and gave very
little air. Mr. Rand's house had the least water of any house he
ever saw, yet there was an entire absence of sunburnt leaves,
which he had never known before. He agreed with Mr. Wood
that the help must air the house, as the owners could not always
be at home to attend to it. Mr. Watt spoke of a house in New
York which was used as a greenhouse in winter and a vinery in
summer, and answered admirably.

The Chairman said that he formerly had three vineries, each
two hundred feet in length, which he threw wide open in fall, and
left them so except in severe storms, the vines being covered with
mats.

CULTURE OF THE FOKEFGN GRAPE. 65

Charles M. Hovey expressed his dissent from Mr. Rand's views
of the cause of winter killing, and said he would not like to have it
go out from this Societj^ that vines were killed by dead air. He
asked whether the houses mentioned by Mr. Watt were treated the
same in 1867 as in 1868, and if they were, why the vines were
not killed in 1867 as well as in 1868.

Mr. Watt replied that the houses received the same treatment in
both years.

C. M. Hove^^ said the vines were not killed by cold but by heat.
Long continued sunny weather, when the house was closed, started
the vines, Jiquifj-ing the starch and sugar stored up in the wood ;
then very cold weather set in again, and two or three such changes
killed the vines. It is well known that pelargoniums and many
other tender plants will stand a single frost without much injury",
but repeated two or three times it will certainly destroy them. Mr.
Luke, a neighbor of his, who has a small grapery, always lowers
two or three of the sashes of his vinery after pruning and laying
down in autumn, and leaves them open all Avinter, keeping the
house at a cool and even temperature, and he alwaj^s has good
grapes, as many can testify who have seen them exhibited on our
tables. We have made no improvement, so far as good culture
goes, in ventilation, over the old sliding sashes used in Speechly's
time.

Eliphalet Stone said that the point we wish to ascertain is the
cause of the loss of so manj' vines. Many of the houses men-
tioned by Mr. Watt were known to him. Mr. Hovey was right
when he said that it was not heat or cold that injured vines, but
the changes, and Mr. Strong was right in leaving his houses open.
A cold grapery needs ventilation in winter as well as in summer.
We trim our vines in autumn and lay them down to protect them
from heat. Herbaceous plants out doors are destroyed by the heat
of the sun in winter. Glass gives a tremendous heat in winter ;
four weeks ago a closed grapery would have been up to 125°.
These vines are almost human, with every bud having a distinct
individuality, and the heat of the sun sets the buds and the fertili-
zers at work. The tree is made up of cells filled with water and
air ; heating expands the cells and the vines are split. The re-
action from heat to cold is the cause of the whole trouble. If you
will ventilate your house in winter 3'our vines will be safe.

Benjamin G. Smith said he had a duplicate of Mr. Luke's

66 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

vinery, and Mr. Luke had been his instructor in its management.
From the 20th of June to the first or middle of August, he keeps
the ventilators open day and night, excepting in heavy easterly
storms. In winter he airs the house thoroughly, always keeping
the ventilators down in the day time, except during severe storms.
His house has no ventilators at the base. He covers the vines
with mats.

C. M. Hovey said that Mr. Luke had never had a hired man to
look after his house, though he is away at his business during the
day, yet he raises good grapes. His house is no trouble whatever,
for six months in winter. He agreed with P. B. Hovey, in regard
to ventilation. He had been asked hundreds of times how to pre-
vent mildew, and he answered that the house must not have a draft
through it. The vines do not want to be in a draft any more than
a man does. It is a very simple thing to raise good grapes, but it
requires great care and skill to produce superior fruit, or such
clusters as have been lately shown at Edinburgh and « London, the
Black Hamburg weighing twenty-one pounds, aud being well
colored, and the bunches of ten different varieties exhibited aver-
aging seven pounds each. The Raisin de Calabre weighed twenty-
six pounds and four ounces, and the vine produced another bunch
of eighteen pounds, and two more of six pounds each. The White
Nice weighed twenty-five pounds and fifteen ounces. These were
forced grapes. The lai'gest bunch ever raised in this country, so far
as he could remember, weighed about seven pounds. Some of the
best grapes he had ever seen raised in this country, were produced
by Mr. Haggerston, when gardener at Mr. Cushing's, Belmont, and
by J. W. Russell, gardener to the late Mr. Lemist, of Rox-
bury. He had seen these houses full of Muscat of Alexandria,
Hamburg, and Syrian grapes, averaging two and a half pounds to
the bunch.

The Chairman differed from Mr. IIove3^ and did not regard
these great bunches as results of the highest culture. He wished
to hear from Mr. Watt concerning the quality of such grapes.

Mr. Watt replied that he would prefer bunches of from a pound
to a pound and a half in weight to those of two pounds. He had
never been able to color large bunches as well as small ones. The
weather when grapes blossom makes a great diff"erence. He
would like dull weather for Hamburgs and fine for Muscats. He
seldom saw a bunch with four seeds to a berry,, and you cannot

CULTURE OF THE FOREIGN GRAPE. 67

get a large bunch without good seeds. He questioned whether the
exhibitors at our shows could duplicate their bunches.

C. M. Hovey alluded to the bunch of grapes brought by the
spies from the Promised Land, requiring two men to carry it.
He did not believe they had a very dry climate where these were
found. Grapes require water, but it must be given with judgment,
and at the right time. When he read the account of the grapes of
Eshcol he thought there might have been cultivators at that period
who were in advance of some of those of our day.

Mr. Watt said that he had been at the horticultural exhibitions
at Edinburgh, Glasgow, etc., and had seen as poor bunches shown
there, even by Charles M'Intosh, as he ever had in this country.
He had seen little stones hung to the ends of bunches to draw out
their length. He had seen better grapes grown here than in the
old country. And yet here we dig out a hole and fill with fertil-
izers for a grape border, while in the old country the graperies are
built in the middle of the garden, where the roots can ramify at
pleasure. The famous Hampton Court vine is believed to have
sent its I'oots into the common sewer, and he had himself seen an
instance when the roots of a vine had left the border and travelled
through six feet of garden walk and seven feet of cobble stones,
to feed on the decomposed manure of a hot-bed. If we made our
borders wider and not so deep we should be more successful.

E. H. Luke said that he left his house open at the top, from the
middle of June until the grapes were pretty nearly ripe, except in
foggy weather. He had three lights down now, and they had been
so all winter.

The Chairman remarked that Mr. Luke's and Mr. Smith's method
of throwing the house open was almost as simple as out-door
culture.

Hervey Davis said that he cultivated a grapery from 18G2 to
1872, and never opened it in winter, and never lost a vine. They
were laid down and covered with straw.

Mr. Wood said, in regard to ground vineries, that the vines in
them required no more care than if trained on stakes in the open
air. The vines are supported on crotched sticks, and the vineries
are ventilated by a small triangular opening at the top of each
end as well as by openings at the sides. Mr. Frost has had them
in use for four years and has never had any mildew.

The Chairman said that the question is whether the ground

68 MAeSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

vinery or the common lean-to is the most economical. He thought
a cheap lean-to would be, but Mr. Wood thought the ground
vinery cheapest.

James Cruickshanks remarked that a good deal had been said
about giving air in vineries in winter, and he regarded the prac-
tice as correct. He had always seen peach houses as well as
grape houses left open after the fruit was gathered, and had
shovelled out snow before preparing for forcing.

John B, Moore said that Mr. Frost began by making his ground
vinery out of two hot-bed sashes, each six feet by three, such as
are within reach of every one. They were fastened together at
the ridge by hooks, and when the grapes had ripened could be
piled away like any sashes, occupying very little room. Mr.
Hovey had alluded to the improved methods of ventilation as
being no better than the old, but Mr. Watt would tell us to use
the modern style. To give it up and go back to the sliding venti-
lators would be like giving up the horse rake and going back to
the hand rake. We must consider the great saving of labor.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Saturday, February' 12, 1876.

William C. Strong, Chairman of the Committee on Publication
and Discussion, presiding.

The Chairman remarked that in some respects it was unfortu-
nate that our exhibitions had increased to such an extent that we
lost their inspiring presence here, and yet he could not but con-
gratulate the Society that the shows had grown beyond the limits
of the Library Room. The display on this occasion was un-
doubtedly the finest ever made by the Society at this season of the
year. Among plants particularly worthy of mention were the
fine specimen azaleas shown by J. F. Rogers, Mr. Rand's display
of orchids, C. B. Gardiner's prize cyclamens, and James O'Brien's
beautiful table design.

The Chairman then called on Dr. G. F. Waters to read the fol-
lowing paper which he had prepared for this meeting, a portion
of which, relating to his experiments in the improvement of corn

ACCLIMATING PLANTS. 69

and the production of seedling peaches, is here presented in a con-
densed form.

Acclimating Plants.

BY G. F. WATERS.

It is well known that plants — I particularly refer to fruits,
grains, and vegetables — have spread over the earth, and become
able to endure great ranges of temperature, from circumscribed
local beginnings. How that has been brought about is, with man}',
a mooted point. It was early observed that habits of growth cor-
responded with local conditions, and that those habits appeared to
be fixed in each peculiar case. Improvement seemed for a long
time to be the result of accident, or of culture applied for some
other purpose. Very gradually, the food plants of the semi-
tropical regions became inured to the temperate climates, changing
their habits with changing conditions, until to-day the food plants
of southern Europe are perfected in our less genial climate. When
it was observed that nature gave to the seed of a plant wliich had
been removed to a climate more or less favorable for its develop-
ment, the power of imitating one whose period of growth would be
somewhat conformed to the changed conditions, and that succes-
sive plantings secured perfect acclimation, a new impetus was
given to acclimation, and change of aspect was soon found to
be almost, if not quite, the equivalent of change of climate. When
the causes operating to produce such results were considered, they
were ascribed to the accidental sporting of seeds under improved
culture, — to the tendency of vegetable life to be more excitable,
and to come earlier into activity in a cold climate, — to a natural ten-
dency of plants to adapt their habits or qualities to every climate
in which art or accident might place them, — to the modifying power
of climate over transmitted qualities or hereditary tendency, — to
the tendency of a prolonged season to give more complete matura-
tion ; and, as the process of maturation must be reversed before
germination can begin, it follows that those seeds which are
gathered before they are quite ripe, will, when planted under
favorable circumstances, germinate quicker than more thoroughly
ripened seeds. It was also noticed that seeds planted as soon as
rine, germinate quicker than if allowed to dry before planting.

70 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Whilst residing in Waterville, Me,, I developed a variety of sweet
corn, which acquired a very early habit. I commenced my experi-
ments in the spring of 1855, on a lot which had been for two
generations a garden, but for a few years previous had been aban-
doned to weeds. The soil was black and unctuous, consisting of
decomposed slate, mixed with road wash. A dyke of hard slate,
wilh a vertical dip, crossed diagonally from northeast to southwest,
two feet below the surface, serving to warm and enrich the soil.
The surface sloped gently to the southeast from the crown of the
ledge, and was level north of it. A row of maples on the north
side, and some large apple trees on the south, gave shelter. The
ground was ploughed about the first of June, and a variety of sweet
corn ftom the Patent Office, with large, shrivelled kernels, was
planted just over the ledge. It received no dressing, nor any care
beyond keeping down the weeds, and grew slowly until the last of
June, when it took a start and grew with great luxuriance, bearing
two or three ears to a stalk, and remaining green until the middle
of October, at which time the kernels were very small and imma-
ture, but very sweet. The germinal part, the chit or embr30, was
better developed than the food sac or endosperm, the kernels small,
and the cob enormous. Being struck b}^ hard frost, it was cut up
and housed the third week in October. There were many stalks
from nine to twelve feet high. The ears reserved for seed were
hung away, and the remainder seemed to fill out after it was
housed, so that the last cooking was better than the first.

The second year it was planted in well prepared soil, about the
middle of May, a succession being sown until the first of June.
After coming up a dressing of unleached hard wood ashes was
given, and later an occasional application of liquid manure made
from hen dung, between the rows. It was cut up the middle of
September, four or five weeks earlier than the previous year, and
found to be better filled out, and as it was planted only three
weeks earlier, it had shortened its period of growth more than
three weeks. Some which had been transplanted was much in ad-
vance of the rest and gave the first corn for the table. The ears
marked for seed, by some mischance got into the pot, and the loss
was not observed until killing frosts came, when the most promis-
ing of the second planting were selected. The kernels of this
planting were not so well filled as the year before, and it ofteuer
had twelve or fourteen rows than sixteen.

ACCLIMATING PLANTS. 71

The next spring, 1857, some of the corn was sown in pots, to
test its vitality, and about the third week in May transplanted to
the warm soil over the ledge. A severe northeast storm checked
it, but it recovered and spindled before the middle of June. The
pollen was shaken over the silk many times daily. The cobs were
short, ten rowed, and only fruited midway between the ends,
giving a hint to take seed in future from the middle of the ear ;
indeed this course had been pursued in this year's planting. By
the middle of July, it was fit for the table. The second planting
ripened fully, and was used for seed. the next year, because it had
a shorter period from seed to harvest.

The next year the first planting was made the second week in
Ma}' and was fit for the table the first week in August. The ears
that first showed silk, where two grew on a stalk, were mariTed for
seed. Few ears had more than ten rows, and many but eight.

The practice after this was to sow according to the Indian rule,
when the leaves of the white oak were as large as a squirrel's ear,
"dressing the ground with hard wood ashes before planting, and
during the growing season with the liquid hen manure. Soon
after 1860 I left Waterville, and discontinued my experiments,
which had resulted in producing an earlier variety than the
early yellow Canada. This earliness was gained partly at the ex-
pense of size and quantity. In five yeai's it shrank from sixteen
to eight rows, while its period of growth was shortened from four
and a half months to less than two and a quarter, and it has fre-
quently been gathered for the table in sixty days from planting.

In 1866 I tried an experiment at Newton, Mass., in producing
seedling peaches, from a small, hard, green, late, bitter A^ariety,
using chance fallen fruit that had been exposed to the frosts all
winter ; seven out of nine in the first generation bore fruit of fine
quality, ripening early in August. Some peaches from one of
these seedlings were presented at the exhibition of the Society on
the 13th of August, 1870, and received the commendation of the
Fruit Committee. The stones of these peaches were all small and
without germinal parts.

It is understood that, in the germination of grain or seed, the
food stored in the endosperm or cotyledons, for the young embryo
to start with, must, if fully matured, undergo a change, the re-
verse of ripening, wherebj^ it is rendered again soluble, and capa-
ble of being transported by the sap to the growing parts of the

72 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

young plant. It is also generally understood that lieat and fer-
ments produce this change. I think it may also be shown that
frost assists, if it does not, in some cases, cause the change. It is
not uncommon, in cold countries for the early snows to remain all
winter, thereby preserving the ground from deep freezing, and
from the effects of frequent thaws. Such a condition obtained
with me one winter, while living in Waterville, Me., and a potato
of the Peach Blow variety, that had been overlooked in the fall
harvest, wintered in the ground and began to grow in the spring,
breaking ground a week or more before it was thought proper to
put in seeds. This plant grew more stocky and thrifty, than any
potato I ever raised, of that variety, yielding many large tubers,
much earlier than usual. It suggested an experiment, tried by
me the next fall, with the Chenango. Preparing a trench, ten
inches wide, by eight in depth, I put in the potatoes, covering five
or six inches with earth, filling up the trench with corn stalks, and
also making quite a pile of them above the surface of the ground.
Late and light snows, frequent thaws and hard freezing, the mer-
cury going far below zero many times that winter, wrought mis-
chief with my experiment. As soon as the danger of hard frost
had passed, I opened one end of the trench, to see how the potatoes
had wintered. The}' were all soft and rotten. It being too cold
to plant, the ground was left to dry and warm up. A few days
after, I observed near this place, a hen pecking at something white
as marble. I deprived her of her treasure, and taking some from
tlie point of my knife, found it sweet like grape sugar, dissolving
readily in the saliva, and seeming to leave behind no insoluble
residuum. It was one of my fall planted Chenangoes, and its con-
tents, starch, gum, cellulose, and water, had turned in the depth
of winter, apparently, to glucose. But how ? My mind went to
work on the problem. It could not have been caused by heat, and,
without that, ferment seemed out of the question. What other
agent had been at work there? Frost, undoubtedly, had been
there many times during the winter, but frost had no reputation
for such work. It then occurred to me that potatoes cooked after
freezing are sweet — sweeter than old, sprouted potatoes. After a
second freezing, though said to be spoiled, they are sweeter and
more glutinous. B3' a long application of heat, with acid or fer-
ment, there is no difficulty in turning the entire potato to glucose,
except perhaps, a portion of the water and the sulphur, phosphorus.

ACCLIMATING PLANTS. 73

potash, and lime ; the first two pass off mostly as odorous gases.
How is it possible for frost to do this ? Boiling with sulphuric
acid at 213° ruptures the starch cells, sunders their contents,
which changes to dextrine, and then to sugar. The same results are
obtained by fermentation. We know that frost sunders the starch
cells. The wilted condition of the once frozen potato evinces
this, before we examine its contents. Who ever saw a mealy
potato, when it had been frozen before boiling ? It presents some-
what the appearance of one that has begun to sprout, but is
sweeter and less firm, showing the effect produced upon the starch.
Have we an}^ other example of such work b}"^ frost? 1 recalled to
mind that some seeds are said to germinate better, after exposure
to frost, and that some will not germinate without such exposure.
It is said that the oflflce of frost, in these cases, is to rupture or
soften the dry, hard pericarp, whose obduracy resists the warm
rains and moist earth, sometimes for more than a year. But let
the frost once exert its influence, and then, under a proper degree
of warmth and moisture, the seeds show a celerit}' of movement
only excelled by the progenitors of that troublesome insect the can-
ker worm, under like influence. I had tapped my maples for sap,
and the sugar came to mind, heretofore ascribed to the change in
cellulose, starch, and gum by dextrine, heat, and ferment. But
the sugar from the maple differs from the sugar of the potato, by
the equivalent of one half molecule of water, and the potato has
sixt^'-five per cent, of water to thirty-three or less, in the maple.
Would that account for the difference in the sugars? " The first
run of sap is sweetest." "The nearer the bark, the sweeter the
sap." " The farther from the ground, the sweeter the sap."
" Successive freezings give continuous supplies of sweet sap." All
these aphorisms of the sugar camp went through my mind. But
they proved nothing. They were only suggestive, and the con-
clusion was that frost at least assists, even tliough dextrine and
ferment get the credit. A hard frost in the fall, by checking the
process of maturation, if it does not turn back the starch and cel-
lulose to dextrine and sugar, at least affects them in such a way
that less work has to be done in the preparation for germination in
the spring, so that the young plant comes earlier into activity, and
with a richer or denser sap. A statement in one of the magazines,
that frost killed some plants sooner than others, because of the
difference in their density, due to the difference in the size of their

10

74 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

cells, set a young friend of mine, up in the hills of New Hamp-
shire to thinking that, possibly, densit}^ of sap or cell contents
would do as well, and he tried this experiment. In the fall, when
the prospect was rain, with a strong probability that it would be
followed by hard frost, he scattered over the ground, about some
hills of potatoes, some soluble salts. In a few days came a rain,
and that was followed in a couple of days by a frost that killed
down all the potatoes, except those in the hills about which he
had scattered the salt. His father observed the fresh foliage of
these hills among the dead vines, and said he guessed they had
mixed the seed in planting. My young friend writes, " I did not
tell what I had done, fearing that the ultimate results of the appli-
cation might be worse than the frost, and as we had a hard frost
the next night, which they did not stand, I lost my experiment."
Was he not right in his speculation? Frost injures plants by rup-
turing the cells, in the crystallizing of the contained water. Salt
water, milk, and cider, do not freeze as soon as clear, fresh water ;
therefore, is it not reasonable to suppose that the young plant
whose germination began under such favorable auspices, will be
better able to resist the late spring frosts, and therefore to start
earlier, and will give to its progeny a like habit? It is of the first
importance that the young plant should be able to begin its work
early in the spring, Vv^hile light and heat are on the increase, as
plants appear to grow under an increase, and to mature under a
decrease, of light and heat. This influence, of increasing light
and heat, is what gives to the morning sun its reputed value over
the evening as a stimulant to plant growth. And that which is
true of the day, in respect to the sun's influence, is true of the
year. Hunt found by the use of glass of different colors, that cell
growth was stimulated under yellow light, as we see illustrated in
cloudy weather in the spring or summer ; functional activity under
red and blue, and maturation under viole't. Gen. Pleasonton's ex-
periments confirm Hunt's, particularly as to the value of the blue
and violet rays in development and maturation. The violet are
the most refrangible of the sun's rays, and the red the least.
Owing to this difference of refrangibility, the violet and the blue
rays strike the leaf more nearly vertically in the morning and even-
ing, than the red rays, and hence the plant is more under their in-
fluence at those seasons, and this is the case in the fall, winter,
and spring, for the entire day, while the sun is in low declination.

ACCLIMATING PLANTS. 75

Doubtless, artificial heat, skilfully applied, as it is in the raising
of plants under glass, may take the place of the less refrangible
heat rays, to some extent, but not enough to prevent the plants
from showing their appreciation of the increasing influence of the
sun, as he starts on his northward journey about the last of
December. The rigor of all northern climates prevent unprotected
plants from showing their appreciation of this gradually increasing
influence of the sun, till the amount of it has become sufficient to
prevent hard freezing at night, and just in proportion as they have
been prevented from yielding to that influence is their activitj'^
great ; so by late planting, greater activity in early life is obtained,
and the maturing elfect of the gradual withdrawing of the sun's
heat influence, and the increasing power of the violet raj'S bring
the plant sooner to maturity, thus shortening its period of growth,
and rendering its seed capable of coming earlier into activity, in
the spring. If, to the sun's influence, there should be super-
added that of the fall frost, checking maturation, and holding the
food elements of the embryo where they are best fitted to be taken
up in the spring, then we have seeds which will germinate still
earlier, and thus will be longer under the accelerating influence of
the increasing heat and light ra3^s of the sun, and so, will show bet-
ter development than their progenitors, and as short a jieriod.

Discussion.

Marshall P. Wilder asked whether Dr. Waters' improved varie-
ties were produced wholly by planting, or whether the scientific
principles referred to were taken into consideration.

Dr. Waters did not think that acclima,tion could be accomplished
with a single plant, but believed that it could be with a series, by
repeated sowings of seed.

Charles M. Hovey said that herhad been much interested in Dr.
Waters' recapitulation of facts, but did not see their application to
the acclimation of plants. There is much to be said on that point,
but the improvement of plants is quite another thing. A society
for the acclimation of animals and plants existed in Paris for many
3'ears, but still acclimation is a thing which has never been
accomplished. The English climate is not warm enough to ripen
Indian corn, tomatoes, squashes, melons, or cucumbers in the
open air, under ordinary conditions. Mrs. Marryatt's gardener
informed Mr. Hovey many years ago that he attempted the culti.

76 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

vation of Indian corn, near London, but without success. The
Rhododendron arboreum was introduced into England from Nepal
more than fifty years ago, and has been confined to greenhouse
culture ever since, repeated sowings having had no effect in ac-
climating it. But after a time it was hybridized with the hardy
American species introduced some 3'ears before, so that the pro-
gen}'' were half arboreum and half Cataivbiense, and these seedlings
were crossed again with the hardy species, making them one-fouvth
arboreum and three-fourths Cataivbiense. By this process the deep,
rich, superb colored flowers of the Indian species were finally com-
bined with the hardy constitution of our American shrub ; but the
hybrids were tender exactly in proportion to the amount of Indian
blood they retained. Canary birds have been bred here for many
generations without the slightest effect in acclimation. Our sum-
mers, as well as those of Canada are as much tropical as those of
New Orleans, enabling us to produce many tropical plants at that
season in perfection ; but this is not acclimation. Gladiolus bulbs
ma}' survive the winter when left deep in the ground, and covered
so thickly with snow that the frost does not reach them ; but they
do not become acclimated, or at least they have not so far. Mr.
Hovey agreed with Dr. Waters that frost has, to a great extent,
the same effect on plants as heat. Seeds which require much heat
to germinate will endure a temperature of — 20°. He had had
amaryllis seeds so exposed which came up better than those that
had not been subjected to frost. Acclimation has been pretty
thoroughly examined and discussed by scientific men, who have
considered it a failure.

Mr. Wilder said that the reason why seeds plucked early germi-
nate more freel}', is that the pericarp is not so hard. He had been
trying for forty-five years to believe in acclimation, and after
spending much time and money i^ importing plants and endeavor-
ing to adapt them to our climate, he had come to the full conclu-
sion that the acclimation of plants in places not naturally suited
to them is a chimera of the imagination. The human constitution
will frequently endure the change of country and climate, but the
extent to which plants can bear these changes is fixed by immu-
table laws, and all attempts to acclimate such as are not naturally
congenial, will fail in the end, except within very narrow limits.
Not, however, that a tree or plant may not sometimes endure
greater degrees of cold or heat than it is subject to in its native

ACCLIMATING PLANTS. 77

climate, bat this is merely an accidental test of its endurance, and
entirely distinct from what is commonly understood by acclima-
tion. No one should suppose that time will produce a physiolog-
ical or constitutional change in a plant. All the acclimation we
can ever arrive at we must produce by the sowing of seeds, hy-
bridized by the hand of man, or naturally cross-fertilized by in-
sects or the air. Seeds produce a new being, and it comes down
to this, that if we wish to acclimate we must do it by producing
this new being. Some of our most tender fruits are from cold
regions ; the Black Tartarian, one of the tenderest cherries, for
instance, came from the Crimea, while plants from warmer climates
sometimes prove hardy here. He had tried experiments in accli-
mating plants at the expense of thousands of dollars, but without
success.

Dr. Waters said it was hardlj' to be expected that the character
of plants could be changed more easily than that of animals. They
both begin life with certain tendencies, the development of which
may be retarded or accelerated. In the first volume of the
" Transactions of the London Horticultural Society," is an account
by Sir Joseph Banks, of a successful attempt to acclimate the
Zizania aqvatica in England. The seed was procured from Can-
ada, in 1791, and sown in a pond where it produced strong plants,
which ripened their seeds. These seeds A^egetated the next siDriug,
but the plants produced were weak, slender, not half so tall as
those of the first generation, and grew only in the shallowest
water. The seeds of these plants produced others the next year
sensibly stronger than their parents of the second year. In this
manner they proceeded, springing up every year from the seeds of
the preceding ; every year becoming visibly stronger and larger,
and rising from deeper parts of the pond, until 1804, when several
of the plants were six feet in height, and the whole pond was
covered thicklj'^ with them. In most cases where valuable results
have been secured in the way of acclimation, they have been acci-
dental. In England they do not attempt to produce Indian corn
from their own seed. There they have a large amount of yellow
rays, and the result is a great deal of coarse cell growth. If we
attempt too much in the way of improvement there will not be
time to develop seed from plants whose qualities were given in a
climate with a long even season ; the season with us is not long
enough, and consequently, while the germ and cotyledons mature,

78 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the fleshy envelop does not. If the germ is perfected you may,
from that, obtain a plant which will require a shorter season for
the perfection of its fruits.

Rev. A. B. Muzzey thought the Darwinian theory, though not
to his mind fully established, gave encouragement to attempt the
improvement of plants, and hoped that the remarks of the ex-
perienced horticulturists who had preceded him would not have the
effect to deter our younger friends from experimenting in the di-
rection indicated by the essayist. He thought there was much en-
couragement to do so, in the power possessed by the human race of
adapting itself to all climates, and asked if this principle could not
be carried over into the vegetable world, between which and the
animal so many links have been discovered. He hoped that our
friends would go on and experiment, and felt sure that, whether
they succeeded or failed in acclimating plants, their experiments
would shed valuable light on horticulture. Although it was con-
tended by some that the climate was less favorable now than for-
merly for horticulture, he believed that it was essentially un-
changed.

Mr. Hovey said he would not discourage young men from ex-
perimenting, but he had spent so many years in vain attempts at
acclimation, that he would not like to have others lose valuable
time in repeating them. It was well known that our cultivated
strawberries include five distinct species, among which are the
Fragaria grandijlora and Chili strawberry {F. Chilensis), natives
of Surinam and South America. Before the introduction of these
two species no very large strawberries were known, and it is their
blood, infused into the native kinds bj'^ fertilization, that has given
size to the large English strawberries, so well known, such as
Myatt's British Queen, which has been grown to weigh two ounces.
But this blood has given tender plants as well as large fruit, and
though the British Queen, and others of the same class, no further
removed by crossing, are still raised in England, they have all died
out in our northern climate. Mr. Hovey received from a friend
in Chili seeds of strawberries which he said were nearly two
inches in diameter, but the plants raised from them gradually
disappeared from the effects of our cold winters, until they were
all"'; dead. By repeated hybridizing this tenderness has been
worked out and the size retained ; but the acclimation of the
species, or even of one or two removes by fertilization, has been a
decided failure.

ACCLIMATING PLANTS. 79

Mr. Ilovey added that he imported many years ago, several dark
red rhododendrons for the purpose of hybridizing and securing
seed, but though they grew well enough in summer they died down
every winter. He protected some of them until large enough to
furnish seeds, but the plants raised from them all disappeared
after one of our very severe winters. He believed in selection and
improvement, and said that we must follow up improvement with
regard to earliness, hardiness, and foliage. The province of the
Society is to encourage improvement in the right directions, and
not to follow the fallacy of acclimation. We should keep quite
distinct the principles of improvement and acclimation.

The Chairman said that he had no facts to add to what had been
stated, but he was very glad to listen to the particulars of the
method by which Dr. Waters improved his corn. He did not
agree with the sweeping assertion that there is no such thing as
acclimation, and thought the orange tree and the Canary bird
did not prove it. It is bej^ond reason to expect that such tropical
products will ever adapt themselves to our climate. The question
is whether there has been the slightest improvement, and he saw
no reason why we might not witness some slight modification, as
in the human race. Some things that verge upon hardiness may
accommodate themselves to our climate.

Mr. Wilder thought that the progeny of species now verging on
hardiness might adapt themselves, but said that the Cryptomeria
Japonica and the Sequoia, which were almost hardy enough for our
climate, gradually died out. EUwanger and Barry had a clump of
the Sequoia which formed the only exception to his statement
with regard to that tree, that he knew of in the north. There are
very few in Europe, and those at Rochester barely escaped.

The Chairman said that a single instance of successful acclima-
tion would prove more than any number of failures.

Mr. Wilder had yet to learn of a single instance. If there had
been one effected by the Paris Garden of Acclimation, he had never
heard of it.

Edward S. Rand, Jr. said that his experience agreed entirely
with that of Mr. Wilder and Mr. Hovey. He never had a single
plant acclimated, and never knew the progeny of a tender plant
fertilized by itself prove hardy, but if we could hybridize a hardy
plant with a tender one, we should bend our efforts in that direc-
tion, and he cited as a most valuable result from such a union the

80 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

beautiful hybrid rhododendrons, which are perfectly hardy in New
England.

Mr. Rand went on to speak of an orchid exhibited by him,
which was received from Hugh Low & Co. for Cattleya Triance,
but which he thought probably a hybrid between that and Cattleya
Mossice, uniting the characteristics of these two beautiful species.
This was only an example of what might be expected when we
get to importing orchids in large quantities.

James Cruickshanks remarked that no one had yet succeeded in
making E^ngoea repens look well in cultivation. William Cobbett
went home with the idea that he should have no difficulty in the
cultivation of Indian corn in England, but though he started the
seed in a hot-bed he only got ears of the size of his finger.

Mr. Rand said that he had been successful in growing the
Epigoea repens in his rhododendron beds, but that Mr. Cruick-
shanks was right as to its culture in ordinary garden soils.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Saturday, February 19, 1876.

William C Strong, Chairman of the Committee on Publication
and Discussion, presiding.

The Chairman announced the offer of the following prizes, of
twenty-five dollars each. First, for the best Essay upon the Cul-
ture and Varieties of Roses. Second, for the best I]ssay upon the
Culture of Flowers and Foliage for Winter Decoration and for
Market, with a list of the most desirable varieties. Third, for
the best Essay upon the Culture of the Squash and Melon, with a
list of the best varieties. Fourth, for the best Essajj^ upon the
Ripening and Marketing of Pears. Fifth, for the best Essay
upon the Improvement and Ornamentation of Country Roads.

No paper was provided to open the meeting, but the Chairman
remarked that the many flowers on exhibition suggested much
that might be learned. In particular, the very fine hybrid per-
petual roses, exhibited by Mr. Comley, incited the wish to know

FORCING ROSES. 81

bow they were grown, and he called upon Mr. Hovey for some
remarks.

C. M. Hovey said that forcing this class of roses was no new
experiment here, though few had been exhibited until last year.
To force roses to advantage we must have plenty of room ; it can-
not be done successfully in the same house with a mixed collec-
tion of plants, though it may be with those which require a light
temperature. The first point is the preparation of the plants ; if
this is attended to, and a proper temperature maintained, there is
little danger of failure. Two essentials are plent}- of water and
manure. It may be said of roses, as a well-known English
rosarian said of strawberries, that what they need is the pump
and the manure pile. We have on exhibition to-day plants eight
months from the cutting, with only one bloom on each. But it
would hardly pay, in a commercial way, or scarcely in any way,
to grow a plant so long for a single flower. To be forced profit-
ably, or perhaps he should say to bloom profusely, the plants
should first be grown two or three years in the pot or open ground,
and they must have constant care, and never be neglected. They
should be plunged in the ground during the summer, and in
autumn taken up and the wood thoroughly ripened ; otherwise they
will not form their buds, but will run to foliage when planted in
the heat. If the plants are turned out in the ground, the destruc-
tion of the root in taking up is too great. When brought into the
house they must be kept in a low temperature at first, and not be
allowed to grow too rapidly ; a few degrees too much heat will
ruin all that has been done. They must have plenty of air and
water, and be kept free from all insects ; and great care must be
taken not to injure them in fumigating. They can be grown in
the low houses commonly used for forcing, but higher and more
airy houses are far better. Mr. Hovey said he knew a gardener,
who had been very successful in forcing La Reine and other
old varieties, who took up strong plants three or four years old,
put them in ten or twelve inch pots, and placed them in a cool
vinery, where the temperature fell nearly to freezing at night,
giving plenty of air. Here they remained until the young shoots
were two inches long, when they were removed to a warmer house
to bloom.

E. W. Buswell said that he did not see the necessity for a plant
to be two or three years old before forcing. He saw at Mr.
11

82 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Comley's, newly imported rose bushes which were cut back very
severely, potted, and placed in the potting shed. The next year
very fine flowers were shown from these plants.

Mr. Hovey said that the plants might be forced when younger,
or only one year old, but it would not be profitable to grow a plant
for a single bud. The one great object is to have plants with
many flowers, and this cannot be done on very young plants.

The Chairman remarked that the question was merely as to the
quantity of blooms from a plant. The commercial growers pot
their plants.

James Comle^^ said the plants referred to by Mr. Buswell were
one year old. Two year old plants would produce better flowers
than three year old, but not so many.

Edward S. Rand, Jr., said that he had been quite successful in
forcing roses, and that his method was very simple. He had a
row of Gen. Jacqueminot growing in the open ground, which at
Thanksgiving were taken up and put in his rhododendron cellar,
which is kept just below freezing. At Christmas they were brought
into the camellia house, and gradually to the warmest end of the
rose bed. The plants were now in full bloom ; he had had fifteen
flowers on one plant ; on larger plants he would get more bloom
but not better. The plants were now two years old. After forcing
he intended to take them up and plant out. He thought this the
best way, though Mr. Hovey 's might make better exhibition plants.

Dr. G. F. Waters said that the treatment of roses proposed is
on the natural order. Success is due to close observation of na-
ture. He had endeavored to set forth the natural method of for-
warding the growth of plants. We must make our steps gradual,
and, though we might make very little perceptible change, con-
tinued improvement would eventually give us a perfect plant.
The plant of this year is not the plant of last year, but we have a
new system built on the system of the previous year, just as in the
development of a coral reef the polyps on the top are new individ-
uals.

Mr. Hovey said that the great interest of these discussions is in
the development of the principles on which horticultural operations
are based. The Germans, who understand the principles of forc-
ing, always have three houses for the purpose ; the first kept at
nearly freezing temperature, say 34° to 40° ; the second interme-
diate, from 45° to 55°; and the third warmer, from 60° to 75°.

PHAL^NOPSIS SCIIILLERIANA. 83

Amateui's who have but one house do uot see the reasou why they
cannot grow plants as well as anybody. The secret of Mr. Rand's
success is in gradually introducing the plants to heat. If too
much heat is given at first the flowers will be small. These are
principles underlying all the operations of gardening, and if we
neglect them we shall fail of success. All forcing must be done
gradually ; the increase of temperature should be like the increase
of temperature in spring, and if we examine the table in " The
Garden Almanac," of the temperature of every day in the year, we
shall see how very gradual this increase is up to the period of mid-
summer, and how equally gradual is the fall to midwinter. We
must imitate this if we would not fail. We can cause melon seed
to germinate in five days, or we can spread out the same amount
of heat over ten days, or we can get a growth of cress in twenty-
four hours, as Mr. Cruickshanks recently told us he had done, but
the best results will be obtained by closely'' following nature.

Mr. Eand called attention to a plant of Plmloinopsis Scliil-
leriana exhibited by him, one of the rarest and most costly
orchids. It bore a fine spike of flowers, in shape resembling
butterflies (whence the generic name), and of a delicate lilac or
peach-bloom color. The genus includes eight or ten species,
among which are amabilis, grandiflora, grandijlora aiirea, rosea^
Lowii, Luddemanniana, etc., and is divided into two classes, the
large and the small flowered. The leaves of the species exhibited
are beautifully variegated with bars or spots of green and white,
the under side being of a dark purple. This was the first orchid,
with variegated foliage, known, except Cypripedium barbatum,
and is the only epiphytal orchid combining beauty of foliage with
beauty of flower. It makes two leaves a year ; difterent plants
vary in the marking of the leaves, and in purchasing a plant atten-
tion should be given to this point as well as to the flowers. The
flower stem shoots up rapidl^^ from the base of the plant. The
plant shown is the first that has flowered in New England, but
Gen. Rathbone, of Alban}^ has a plant five years old, with leaves
nearly a foot long, and which had, at one time, a hundred and
eightj'-two flowers. It is a native of Java and Manilla, and not
susceptible of cool cultivation. Many orchids, especially the
Phaloenopsids, keep on developing new branches from the flower
stem, but the ScJiiUeriana is an exception. It is very difficult to

84 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

increase, but Mr. Rand said that he should pin the flower stem
down round the basket in which it was growing, and possibly new
plants might develop from the nodes. Though the Phalaenopsids
are the most easily fertilized of all orchids, the attempts made in
England to produce seedlings have failed, but in their native
habitats they are produced so freely that the trees are covered
with their beautiful wreaths of flowers. Under cultivation great
care is required to see that the soil does not become sour. Mr.
Rand said that he lost a large plant of P. amabilis, from the water
lodging in the crown of the plant. The roots of P. Schilleriana
are flattened, while most of the other species have cylindrical
roots. Mr. Rand thought florists would find it profitable to grow
this orchid, as single flowers would add greatly to the effect of
bouquets. This plant had been in bloom for three weeks, and
would probably continue for six weeks longer. P. amabilis flowers
from November to May.

Mr. Hovey spoke of a plant of Phalcenopsis /Schilleriana which
he saw in the fine collection of the late Mr. Lieneau, of Jersey
City, with very beautifully variegated foliage, showing a great
variety in the marking of the leaves of this magnificent orchid.

The Chairman thought we ought to appreciate the services
rendered to horticulture by Mr. Rand in introducing and exhibit-
ing these rare orchids.

Marshall P. Wilder said that it had often been his lot to intro-
duce resolutions in honor of those whom we had loved in life, and
to-day, he wished to pay respect to the memory of the ancient
elm on the Common, prostrated bj' the gale on the evening of
Tuesday, the 15th. Though it had lived to a good old age it had
at last passed away, but if it could have spoken what tales it could
have told of love and patriotism, and of gratitude for the land
that we love !

Mr. Hovey said that the Old Elm Tree was associated with his
earliest recollections ; he remembered, when not more than eight
or ten years old, being taken on to the Common on election day,
and seeing the rows of booths, and crowds of people assembled,
on the holidaj's of the summer, under the shade of this great tree.
Before the young trees on the Common were so thickly planted he
had seen this old tree standing alone with a hundred cows resting
beneath its broad and shadowy branches. He had a great vener-

OLD ELM ON BOSTON COMMON. 85

ntion for beautiful trees, and though he had been obliged to cut
down a great many, he never laid the axe to one without a pang
of regret. Mr. Hovey alluded to the beautiful avenues of elms
planted in Cambridge before the revolution by Mr, Inman, under
which he had often reclined in a summer's day, and said that he
had a tree on his own grounds for which he felt a great veneration.
It was one of the only two living seedlings of the Charter Oak,
and was brought to him forty years ago by the late Dr. E. W.
Bull, of Hartford, in his carpet bag. If this veteran elm that has
just fallen, could only speak of all that it has witnessed for two
hundred or more years, what a record it would give ! The memo-
ries which its fall brought before him were more than he could
utter.

Mr. "Wilder said that there was a young tree growing very near
the roots of the great elm, and that it would be desirable to ascer-
tain whether it was a seedling or a sucker. He suggested the pro-
priety of planting, on this centennial year, a successor to the old
tree.

Mr. Hovey thought it would be well to procure a portion of the
old tree to make a chair for the president of the Society.

Ilervey Davis said he had been informed by the City Forester
that the young tree mentioned by Mr. Wilder is a sucker.

James Cruickshanks said that, though not to the manor born,
he had a great regard for anj'^thing associated, like this old tree,
with the history of the country. He lived in Hartford for three
years and he now had a highly prized relic of the Charter Oak,
and it was a remarkable coincidence that during the week when
it was blown down, an oak in which the Scottish hero, Sir Wil-
liam Wallace, had taken refuge, was also prostrated.

Dr. Waters said that the development of a tree depends some-
what on the length of the season. When a tree gets so large that
the sap has a great way to travel, the leaves at the ends of the
branches do not, in a short season, have time to perfect by their
absorbed and elaborated carbon a ground connection for the next
year's sap to flow up through, so that no sap goes to those parts
which have not had made for them such a connection, and conse-
quently they perish. He thought that if this old tree had been
headed in it might have endured for a century longer. Each
living bud on a tree is the result of forces of the previous year,
and is a possible tree. If the long, dying limbs are cut back to

8Q MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

where full, vigorous buds are developed, a new head will soon
crown the tree.

Josiah Newhall said that in his mind there were many associa-
tions connected with the old tree. Long years ago there met under
it some of the men who fought some of the hardest battles of the
revolution, and there the subject of a monument on Bunker Hill
was discussed. There he (Gen. Newhall) commanded one of the
finest regiments in the state, which was reviewed by Gen. La-
fayette. He hoped we might have some memento of the old tree.

Rev. A. B. Muzzey said that the loss of this old tree comes very
near to our hearts, as it touches our patriotism, and we should con-
sider, as a Society, whether we can do anything to preserve the
lives of such trees. The "Washington Elm, at Cambridge, lost a
large limb some years ago, and though it has sent out new shoots
its life is quite precarious. This tree is worth a great deal more
than the old elm on the common, for here "Washington first drew
his sword as commander in chief of the revolutionarj'^ army. Mr.
Muzzey said that he secured a portion of the broken limb, which
he regarded as among his most precious treasures. A few years
ago fears were entertained that the tree was near its end, and he
asked whether any one could do anything to extend the term of
its life.

Mr. Hovey did not agree with Dr. Waters in regard to lopping
off large limbs, to resuscitate an old tree. Artificial culture re-
quires the use of the knife, but it is a question whether all pruning
does not shorten the life of the tree.

The President had requested him to say something of the azalea,
of which we had many fine specimens exhibited. He called atten-
tion to a seedling of his own, a hybrid between Azalea amoena and
A. indica, of very dwarf habit, resembling A. amoena in that res-
pect. His object was to get a plant with the habit of A. amoena,
and flowers as large and finely striped as those of A. ludica.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Saturday, February 26, 1876.

Rev. A. B. Muzzey, of the Committee on Publication and Dis-
cussion presiding.

AZALEA INDICA SEEDLINGS. 87

The Chairman congratulated the meeting that, notwithstanding
the severe weather, we had to-day, as on previous occasions this
season, a very fine display of plants and flowers, and called on
exhibitors for some account of their various contributions, and
their methods of cultivation.

Marshall P. Wilder said that all his horticultural life he had been
hybridizing the azalea and camellia, in the hope of producing im-
proved varieties, and as he could not expect to remain here many
years, he had been desirous to bring his seedlings into flower in as
short a time as possible. Two years ago he promised to produce
seedling camellias and azaleas, from seed then germinating, some
of which should be in flower at this time, and now he exhibited
two grafted azaleas, one of which was in flower, and the other
would be abundantly in bloom another year, and an ungrafted
seedling camellia, of the same age, in bud, besides a grafted speci-
men. Whether or not it would pay to take so much trouble to
bloom seedlings early was not the question ; his purpose was to
show that it could be done. The stocks of the azaleas were the
common A. Phoenicea. The seed was sown December 11, 1873,
and came up in March, 1874, so that the flowers were produced in
less than two years. Mr. Wilder said that he visited his green-
house every morning, before coming into town, and again every
afternoon, and saw that the plants were regularly watered and
cared for. The cause of the early flowering is the grafting into
older stocks, the principle being the same as is applied to the
eai'ly production of new seedling fruits.

E. W. Buswell remarked that the Messrs. Clapp had caused
their new seedling pears to fruit much earlier than they would
otherwise have done, by inserting grafts from them in the branches
of old trees.

Charles M. Hovey said that in dealing with all horticultural
questions we must be governed by principles. It is not often that
we see seedling azaleas brought into bloom in two years. They
generally require from four to twenty years. He had a camellia
from fifteen to eighteen years old, which only flowered last year — a
very vigorous plant with fine foliage. He had raised a seedling
rose from Gen. Jacqueminot, sowing the seed in December, and
the plant flowering in May, though roses do not commonly flower
under one or two years. One of the first persons to experiment
in accelerating the production of seedling fruits and flowers was

88 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the late Thomas Andrew Knight. He has recorded an experiment
with a seedling camellia which grew very tall and vigorous without
blooming, and which he bent down and twisted, and inarched on
itself, for the purpose of bringing it into bloom, but without suc-
cess. All trees, said Mr. Hovey, require a certain period of time
to perfect a certain kind of sap. Some require more time than
others, the Bartlctt pear fruiting on young trees at four or five
years from the bud, and on grafts in old trees in two years, while
the Dix requires fifteen or twenty years to commence bearing, and
then gives onl}' a few pears from the top of the tree, and does not
come into full bearing until about five years later. The Harvard
requires about twenty j^ears, and the Urbaniste from fifteen to
twenty, except when grafted on the quince, which acts on it like
premature old age. The plan adopted by Col. Wilder was attended
with too much labor and expense to be carried out on a large scale.
It would not pay nurserymen to graft five hundred azaleas to ac-
celerate their bloom, the greater part of which must be thrown
away as worthless. His method was to winter the plants under
the greenhouse stage, placing them out doors in summer. Inarch-
ing requires much room and considerable care, and is now seldom
practised, grafting the young wood being substituted. When
plants are forced by using manures or fertilizers, in any consider-
able quantity, to accelerate the growth, the flowers are injured in
form and substance.

Mr. Wilder said that Mr. Hovey had stated very clearly the
principle that maturity is requisite to enable a plant to produce
flowers and fruit. Nevertheless, Mr. Knight was mistaken in the
opinion that a graft could not be made to produce fruit before the
seedling from which it was taken, as we have proved over and
over again. He agreed with Mr. Hovey as to the economical
principle involved in his experiments, but he was desirous to see,
as early as possible, whether he had among his seedlings anything
better than we previously possessed.

Mr. Hovey said it was well to bear in mind that it had been
taught that plants raised from cuttings, a process analogous to
grafting, would not produce flowers sooner than seedlings, but this
was disproved by Dr. Dix, who raised a double white camellia
from a cutting. Some of Mr. Hovey's seedling camellias, the
Anne Marie Hovey and C. M. Hovey for instance, were from five
to ten years old before flowering. The tops of the young plants

ODONTOGLOSSUM PULCIIELLUM, ETC. 89

man}^ years ago, when grafting was not as well understood as now —
before we had studied the works of the French, who have carried
the art to such perfection — were inarched on old plants. Now he
has cuttings blooming in from two to three years, as quickly as a
graft and even earlier. After a time, cuttings from old plants
seem to retain the properties of the old plants.

E. S. Eand, Jr., said that the only seedling azaleas he had raised
were hardy varieties, which flowered in eight years from the
seed.

Mr. Rand exhibited a plant of Odontoglossum pulchellum, and
said that the different species are natives of the cool slopes of the
Andes, where at night frost not unfrequently rests on the leaves,
some being found at an elevation of 10,000 feet. When first dis-
covered, the plants were carried to England by the ten thousand,
but probably not one of those imported from 1830 to 1835 is now
alive. They were destroj'ed by being subjected to the same heat
as East Indian orchids. The great difficulty in growing them here
will be the heat of our summers. They may be grown in a green-
house where the temperature falls to 45° at night, along with pan-
sies and camellias. As each pseudobulb, of the species exhibited,
annually produces two, it is rapidly propagated. Its season of
growth ends in August, when it should be kept dry until December
and afterwards kept cool. The plant shown had been in bloom
for five weeks, and had been kept in the hall of JNIr. Rand's
dwelling house, where the temperature fell to 45° at night. The
flowers are fragrant and graceful, and might be profitably culti-
vated by florists, as they can be grown as easily as the lily of the
valley.

Mr. Hovey exhibited specimens of the fruit of Eugenia myrti-
folia. He stated that it was a very ornamental plant belonging to
an important genus, of which the common allspice, JS . ^imenta,
is a species. The fruit is eatable and quite pleasant, forming an
agreeable variety for the table. The fruit of Eugenia Jambos is
larger and more eatable. All the species are beautiful plants,
nearly related to the myrtle, and resemble that genus both in
foliage and flower. The flowers of E. myrtifolia are borne in pro-
fusion all summer, and though it would require many plants to
produce any quantity of fruit for eating, it is borne so abundantly
as to be ver}' ornamental on the tree. When pinched into pyra-

12

90 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

midal form, like the azalea, it makes a very handsome plant, and
is so hardy that it might almost be kept over winter in the cellar.

The effect of the winter just past, on fruit and other trees, was
then brought up, and in answer to an inquiry whether any obser-
vations had been made on this point, Robert Manning stated that
he had examined some peach buds, which, near the base of the
shoots, appeared entirely uninjured. Those on the upper part of
the shoots exhibited a general discoloration, but none showed the
distinct black speck which is so well known as indicating the de-
struction of the embryo. Some persons held that whenever the
mercury fell to — 10° the peach buds were all destroyed, but though
his thermometer had marked — 12°, he thought a sufficient number
of the buds were uninjured to afford a good crop of fruit.

Henr3^ F. French said that A. J. Downing stated many years
ago that peach buds would be destroyed whenever the temperature
fell to — 10° or — 1 2°, but he had often observed that they survived a
cold of — 20° to — 25°. In a dry soil the growth stops earlier and the
wood ripens earlier, and hence is less liable to injury. Mr. French
asked whether any one could account for the bursting of apple
trees. He thought it might be caused by the freezing of sap. It
is well known to wood choppers that trees do freeze to the heart
in severe cold.

Mr. "Wilder said that fruit trees in his ground split open in con-
sequence of the severe cold the last of November, 1875.

Mr. Hovey said that in the winter of 185G and 1857 the ther-
mometer fell to — 20°, and pear trees were injured both in the bud
and wood, w^hile most peach buds were uninjured. Much depends
on the condition of the tree, as well as the severity of the cold,
both preceding and succeeding zero weather. When peach
buds are killed, the cause may be found in some peculiarity
of the winter. Trees will often resist a single freezing when they
cannot survive two or three. Azaleas when frozen may be recov-
ered by careful treatment, thawing slowly and in the dark, but if
frozen a second time the plant will be severely injured or destroyed.
Sometimes the temperature falls to — 15° or — 20°, followed b\'
a mild rain, and a second or third change to zero destroys the
fruit buds. The sap appears to be liquefied by the heat, and tlie
succeeding cold acts mechanically and splits the trees. Mr.
Hovey instanced a row of lime trees on Boston Common, which in

FLOW OF SAP IN WINTER. 91

winter crack open to the width of from a quarter to half an inch, but
close up again in summer. The wood of this tree has large, open
vessels. He had observed a remarkable difference between the
abele and the white maple during winter. While the buds of the
latter swell in warm weather and contract on the return of cold,
those of the former continue to grow larger and larger, indicating
continuous root action. We know that the catkins of the hazel
frequently appear in November. These facts indicate that some-
thing is obtained from the ground even during the most severe
weather. Mr. Hovey did not know why root action might not go
on even when the ground was frozen. It had been thought that
rhododendrons were injured by excessive evaporation during very
dV}' weather in March, accompanied by high winds when the
ground was frozen, so that the roots were unable to make good
the loss of moisture sustained b}^ the top. But this is merely sup-
position and has not been shown by careful experiment to be true.
There can be little doubt that there is a movement of sap through-
out the entire year.

The Chairman suggested the subject of Noxious Insects as im-
portant and interesting for discussion at a future meeting.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, March 4, 1876.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock.
President Parkman in the chair.

This being the time ordered for the election of Recording Sec-
retary, the Recording Secretary announced that the notice had
been duly given, and on motion the polls were opened at five min-
utes past eleven, to remain open thirty minutes.

The Executive Committee reported the acceptance of the resig-
nation of William Gray, Jr. as Chairman of the Committee on
Gardens. On motion C. M. Hovey, William Gray, Jr., and John
G. Barker were chosen a conamittee to nominate a candidate to fill
the vacanc}^ in the Garden Committee.

92 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Henry W. Putnam, of Salem,
Samuel W. Twombly, of Winchester,
D. L. MiLLiKEN, of Maplewood,
James Lawrence, of Groton,

being nominated to the Society by the Executive Committee, were
elected to membership.

The polls for the election of Recording Secretary were closed at
thirty-five minutes past eleven.

The Chair appointed C. M. Hovey, J. W. Manning, and William
H. Spooner a committee to count the votes. The Committee
reported the

Whole number of votes, . . 41

Robert Manning had ... 40
and was elected.

Marshall P. Wilder, Chairman of the Committee on the Centen-
nial Exhibition, reported that he had been in correspondence with
the authorities of the exhibition, to establish the number or quan-
tity of specimens which should be exhibited of the different kinds
of fruit, and that until this point was fixed, which he trusted would
be soon, the Committee would be unable to issue their circular
inviting contributions.

Meeting dissolved.

No separate meeting for discussion was formally organized, but
while waiting for the closing of the polls Charles M. Hovey exhib-
ited some seedling azaleas and made some remarks in continua-
tion of the subject discussed the previous week. One of the aza-
leas was a seedling six inches high and just two years old, showing
a single flower, while a smaller plant of Bijou de Paris was raised
from a cutting, and bore a flower. Mr. Hovey said that he com-
menced raising seedling azaleas in 1835, and since then had raised
them m large numbers, and that as a rule seedlings did not flower
near so early as grafts or cuttings. These azaleas were of the
Glechtanesii or lateritia t^'pe ; while those shown by Mr. Wilder,
the previous week, were of the Fhoenicea type. We can see no
reason why a seedling plant should not come up and bloom imme-
diately, but experience shows us that it must arrive at the age of
puberty, and that it requires the formation or storing up of a
peculiar kind of sap.

EAKLY FLOWERING OF PLANTS. 93

Mr. Hovey also exhibited a camellia cutting two years old, in
flower, taken from an old plant, and confirming the inference
drawn from the azalea cutting, that by propagating from cuttings
of old plants we can accelerate the production of flowers. It is a
great satisfaction when we can accelerate the flowering of seed-
ling plants, so as to judge of their merits earlier.

Marshall P. Wilder exhibited a flower of azalea Marie Le Febvre,
and said it was remarkable how from the original Azalea Indica
such large flowers as these were produced. The first importation
was A. Indica alba, and the wonderful development that had
resulted from it by hybridizing, was the strongest inducement to
continue the practice. We get such things by hybridizing, as
Nature herself never thought of. He did not believe that Adam
in Eden had such flowers as these. He began low down.

Mr. Hovey said that once in a while Nature steps in and pro-
duces something surpassing all that man can accomplish, and
instanced the Duchesse d' Angouleme pear, which was found
growing wild in a hedge in France. In such productions Nature
seems to surpass herself.

Mr. Wilder did not believe that the Duchesse d' Angouleme
pear grew up without being naturally impregnated by the bees or
wind, or that Van Mons could have practised on his own theory,
for natural impregnation would continually have interfered
with it.

Mr. Hovey remarked that Darwin was not the first to suggest
the theory of selection, for Dr. Van Mons' theory was essentially
a theory of evolution and development.

Dr. G. F. Waters expressed the opinion that the small size of
the pots had something to do with the early flowering of the
azalea and camellia exhibited.

Mr. Hovey said that the smaller the pot, consistently with the
health of the plant, the sooner the plant would bloom. To cramp
the roots, without stinting, brings early maturity, like the quince
stock, where the sap vessels are smaller than those of the pear
graft, causing an enlargement just above the point of union. Pre-
cisely the same efiect is produced by ringing, but he had noticed
that when a branch of the Dix pear, which is noted for its late
bearing, was girdled to cause it to produce fruit, it seemed to grow
over more rapidly than other varieties. In producing seedlings
he had always acted on the principle that checking the growth of

94 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the plants by keeping them in a small pot, has a tendency to cause
them to flower at an earlier period.

Mr. Hovey spoke of the clematis as deserving more attention
than it had received here, and alluded to the Jackmanni type and
other improved forms which have recently been produced in Eu-
rope. Clematis Fortu7iei, a double white variety, had flowered and
produced seed abundantly with him, and a specimen of the progeny
was exhibited. It had a lavender colored flower w^ith seven or
eight petals, resembling the original type. He thought we could
produce varieties here as good as the improved Europeau kinds,
such as Rubella, Jackmamii, Prince of Wales, etc.

In answer to an inquiry by Henry F. French, Mr. Hovey said
that the habit of the flower exhibited was the same as that of our
native species ; it is hardy and grows rapidly.

J. H. AVoodford asked how long the seed was in germinating.

Mr. Hovey replied that it was sowed as soon as ripe, in August,
and some germinated in January and February, while others laid
in the ground a year before the plants came up. It was planted
about three years ago.

President Parkman said that some species take longer to flower
than others. The specimen exhibited seemed to have returned to
the patens type, but to have inherited from its parent a tendency
to come double. He thought the single varieties more beautiful
than the double. He had raised a large number of seedlings, and
in England so many had been raised that the market was glutted,
a single nurseryman having received from the originators two
hundred new seedlings. Sometimes, however, we got something
so superior that it is worth while to attempt raising seedlings.
Clematis Jackmanni was a cross of C. lanuginosa and C. viticella —
the latter having a smaller flower with four petals, and in some of
the varieties being very dark colored. One of the best of these
varieties is Hendersoni, which blooms freely and is very hardy, and
was probably used by Mr. Jackman to cross C. latiuginosa. C.
Jackmanni sometimes comes with four petals like, C. viticella.

Mr. Hovey remarked that the varieties with but four petals,
though producing a fine effect in a mass, were not so beautiful as
individual flowers, and we should now, with improved sorts, reject
those with only four petals, unless remarkable for color, and retain
those with five, seven, eight, or nine petals, which are circular in
form, and beautiful as single flowers. He sowed the seeds in a

IMPKOVEMENT OF AZALEAS, ETC. 95

pot and placed them on a shelf in the propagating honse or under
the stage till they showed signs of growing. Many seeds were
ruined by alternate drying and watering, causing them to rot.
They should have moderate and even warmth, and never be very
wet or ver}^ dry. Seeds of lilies kept in an even temperature in
a cool shady place, come much better and more regular than when
exposed to alternations of heat and cold or wet and drought.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Saturday, March 11, 1876.

William C. Strong, Chairman of the Committee on Publication
and Discussion, presided, and congratulated the meeting on the
beautiful exhibition in the hall, which could not but be an incen-
tive to others to cultivate such flowers. He felt confident that the
public would catch the enthusiasm in floriculture, which led to
such increasingly beautiful exhibitions. In the absence of any
special essay, he called on the exhibitors to say something of their
various productions.

Marshall P. Wilder, alluded to the many beautiful azaleas ex-
hibited by himself and others, and said that perhaps no plant had
been improved more than this. The improvement was due to a
knowledge of cross fertilization, bringing together the best parents
so as to produce not only beautiful flowers but plants of good
habit. A plant with gross foliage and robust habit, but diminu-
tive flowers, presents an incongruous appearance. In crossing, we
should select varieties possessing the characteristics that we desire
to combine. The camellia has been equally improved with the
azalea. Mr. Wilder thought there was a point be^'ond which we
could not go in improvement, and that we should never see any finer
flowers of the camellia and azalea than now exist, but there were
a multitude of other things that could be brought up to the same
standard, and we may see other forms of flowers and expressions
of color in those species which have been most improved by art.

The Chairman said that the attention of every one entering the

96 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

hall would be arrested by the stand of perpetual roses exhibited by
James Coraley, and he had no doubt that it was in the mind of
many gentlemen that they would cultivate perpetual roses. So
many of the contributors of flowers remained in the hall that it be-
came a question whether we should not be obliged to follow the
exhibition to the other room. He wished that Mr. Comley were
present • to give us some information concerning his method of
forcing roses, but as he wq,s not he called upon C. M. Atkinson to
tell us something about a plant of Thyrsacanthus rutilans exhibited
by him.

Mr. Atkinson said this plant belonged to the order Acanthacece,
and was introduced from South America about twenty-five years
ago. It is a half shrubby plant, producing great numbers of bril-
liant crimson, tubular flowers, attached near the ends of long, slen-
der, branched, drooping flower stems, giving the plant a very grace-
ful appearance. It is propagated by cuttings, and is one of the
most easily cultivated of warm greenhouse plants. It requires a
temperature of about 50° at night, and plenty of water. He had
found it very useful for table decoration, the trusses of flowers
being so arranged as to droop from the cups of a branching flower
stand. The plant exhibited had been in flower for three weeks,
and would continue certainly a month longer. It was about
twelve months old and four feet high.

Mr. Atkinson also exhibited a branch of Pluladelphas coroyiarius,
in flower, from a plant which he had brought into the greenhouse
to make cuttings from, desiring to increase his stock so as to plant
a hedge. It was brought in at about the same time with the
deutzias, and the plant, which was three feet high, was now
covered with flowers. He thought it would be valuable for forcing
as a flowering plant.

Charles M. Hovey thought that it would require too much room
to force the Philadelphus; if, however, a gentleman had plenty of
space it would be desirable, but they could not be raised in the
low houses commonly built now for forcing. The weigelia and
similar shrubs, are also frequently forced, and are very beautiful.
It is considered by gardeners more of a feat to force some of these
things out of season than to grow tender plants in season. AH
these forced shrubs add variety, interest, and beauty to every
collection, but as a matter of profit, estimated by their money
value, there is little in it. This, however, should never be con-
nected with real art.

FORCING ROSES. 97

E. W. Buswell thought that more might be done in the way of
forcing hardy flowers than is now, and instanced some blooms of
Hemerocallis flava on exhibition. He believed that if more atten-
tion were given to ascertaining the adaptability of hardy things to
forcing, many beautiful flowers would be found eligible.

Mr. Hovey read from " The Garden," Vol. IX, p. 185 (February
19, 1876), in the weekly calendar of operations, directions to " in-
troduce into the forcing houses, from time to time, a few plants
of a hardy nature, such as rhododendrons, azaleas, deutzias, lilacs,
weigelias, sweetbriars," and plants of that class, showing that it
was a common thing in large private establishments. In England
these plants are considered more important and often more at-
tractive than others of far greater value.

Mr. Atkinson, being called on by the Chair to give some infor-
mation in regard to forcing roses, said that few of us had seen
better roses than those shown by Mr. Comley. The rose, or any
other plant, to be forced successfully, must be in condition^ which
means a great deal with plants, as well as with horses. The ob-
ject of the cultivator should be, by careful preparation to bring
them into proper condition for forcing. They should not be left
until they have to be pried out of the ground with a crow-bar. His
practice was, not to neglect the plants after forcing, but to look to
them carefully and keep up the growth, and if we do this there is
no reason why we should not have as good roses as Mr. Comley's.
The great drawback is that the wood does not ripen, and the car-
dinal point of success is to get the plant into good condition, with
well ripened wood. If you have a spare house, or a spare cold frame,
the best way is to bring them on gradually. He had a neighbor
who places them in a cold vinery, and whose plants were now a
solid sheet of bloom. He plants them out in summer and lifts
again in September, subjecting them to a little frost — just enough
to kill the foliage. The best soil is a heavy one ; not a clay, but
a good, stiff loam, with a little well rotted cow manure and a little
sand. The roses exhibited are called Hybrid Perpetuals, but the
Noisette, Bourbon, and China roses are so much mixed now, that
it is difficult to distinguish the blood of the different classes.

Mr. Hovey corroborated what had been said by Mr. Atkinson,
and added that it was of no use to undertake to cultivate such
plants in a mixed collection. The most careful preparation would

13

98 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

be of no avail if they were placed at once iu too much heat ; there
would be plenty of foliage and red spider, but few roses. He
would take up in September, place in a half shady situation, and
have them judicioush- watered, and then the foliage would assist
the growth of roots, Roses seldom lose their foliage until the last
of October, and we occasionally see a flower in November, and
when managed in this way the plants have two months to grow.
To be forced successfully there must be a cessation of growth and
a ripeness of the wood. As the nights become cool the loaves
turn yellow and the wood ripens gradually. The means of ripen-
ing are withholding heat and water. It would be foolish to leave
the plants in the ground until a crow-bar was required to dig them
up. You might as well attempt to force a crop of grapes by rais-
ing the temperature at once to 80°, as a crop of roses.

The Chairman said that the foliage, if sustained by showering
and keeping the plant close, certainly did encourage root action.
But the question to be decided was whether it was desirable to
submit the plant to the action of frost. Strawberries should be
exposed to frost before forcing, so as to cause vegetation to cease.
Mr. Hovey thought there was no necessity for exposing roses to
frost. It might not injure them, but it would not do them any
good. He would not subject even strawberry plants to frost. In
California, whei'e they never see frost at all — certainly nothing
more than white frost — the}^ have abundant crops of strawberries,
pears, and all other fruits.

John B. Moore did not believe that hardy roses could be forced
with the best success when planted in the ground in summer and
taken up in autumn, but would keep them in the pots. He had
exposed his to frost severe enough to burst some of the pots, and
now had plants with thirty buds on each. Thej^ were placed in a
cold frame and the pots covered with leaves to the depth of six
inches, and remained there until quite cool weather. Neither did
he believe that they needed a separate house, for he had grown
them in the same room with smilax, tea roses, pelargoniums, etc.
They could be grown as Mr. Hovey and Mr. Atkinson had stated.
Mr. Comley grew his in pots, and the tops had all been exposed to
frost. While he did not believe that freezing the soil in the pot
would do any good, in his own case it had certainly not done any
harm.

Mr. Atkinson said that Mr. Nelson, the neighbor of whom he

FORCING ROSES. 99

had previously spoken, had forced roses for fifteen or twenty
3'ears, and when turned out of the pots the roots are a mass of
fibres. He knew that they could be forced when turned out. He
knew a man who forced from five hundred to a thousand plants
yearly.

Mr. Hovey read the notes of his remarks at the meeting on the
19th of February, in which he stated that the plants should be
grown in pots to ensure the best success, and said that if they had
been planted in the ground and were to be taken up, it should be
done in September. Mr. Paul, the English rose grower, had shown
a plant with two hundred blooms, and he kept them for fifteen
years in pots. Undoubtedly they can be grown successfully by
potting in autumn. Mr. Nelson's plants were finer than any that
have been shown here, and he plants out. Mr. Hovey thought
that those who are not proficient would do better to plunge and
shift their plants, and bring on a perhaps premature ripeness of
the wood.

The Chairman asked, Why not ripen the wood earlier, by with-
holding water, so as to start them earlier? He had supposed that
frost was a more desirable element than the gentlemen who had
spoken appeared to think.

Mr. Atkinson said that ripeness of wood is an indispensable
condition. Drought and frost have the same effect. In California
the only way they can ripen their wood is by withholding water.
Cold and heat have the same eflect on vegetation. A rose which
has produced such flowers as are exhibited to-day, has made three-
fourths of its growth. He had roses with shoots fourteen or fifteen
inches long, and if these were not taken care of after flowering,
there would be but a small show of bloom another season. He
would say to any amateur beginning to force roses, that if he
did not get an abundance of flowers the first year he should not
be discouraged.

E. W. Buswell asked whether Deutzia gracilis could be forced
without being subjected to a season of frost.

Mr. Wilder said he had forced them when they had been only
subjected to a slight frost, but they would have done better if they
had been frozen thoroughly so as to put the plants entirely at rest.

Mr. Hovey thought the subject was somewhat in doubt. It is
very difficult to establish what is successful cultivation. He had
a hundred deutzias which had not been out of the pots for five

100 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

years, except to be repotted. They are placed out doors after
blooming, as soon as can be done with safety, and in August such
as need it are repotted and others are top dressed. They are only
exposed to frost enough to take off the leaves.

Mr. Buswell said that the point which he desired to ascertain
was whether hardy plants would not give more satisfactory results
when forced, if first subjected to such treatment in regard to
freezing as nature gives them.

Mr. Hovey thought that they would not. His plants begin to
lose their leaves early in September, and often have lost all their
foliage before severe frost. He would not subject them to frost
were it not to keep them back. Perhaps some of them got frozen
through, though he took especial pains that they should not, by
throwing a few leaves over them, as freezing hard would break the
pots, but he saw no difierence among them which he could attri-
bute to freezing. He never put a plant into the house that to Ms
knowledge had not been exposed to frost at all, but thought it
would neither injure nor benefit them.

Mr. Buswell was still of the opinion that plants would force
better if we could supply all the conditions under which they
naturall}^ grow.

Mr. Wilder thought frost for the tops was advantageous because
it puts the plants to rest.

Mr. Buswell said that there was more or less activity in the sap
in the roots of plants even when frozen, and asked whether the
activity might not be so great, when not frozen, as to interfere
with forcing.

Mr. Atkinson did not believe in frost ; he took up all his plants
while still in foliage, and syringed. Possibly they might have
got some frost. Every year as soon as they had ceased flowering
he took care to remove all the old wood.

The Chairman said that no gentleman had taken the position
that frost is absolutely necessary. In a cold climate, snow falls
early and the ground is not frozen. Yet it seemed to him that
there vs^as an advantage in a* moderate frost. It is a method
provided by nature for ripening the wood. We are obliged to
work in a short time, and the slight freezing gives us the desired
effect. He was engaged in some experiments which he hoped
would enable him to pronounce a positive judgment on the point.
He had taken plants that had been forced, and by artificial means

THE HERBARIA OF THE SOCIETY. 101

subjected them to frost in August, for the purpose of putting them
to sleep and giving a more perfect rest than by merely drying, so
as to force acfain in November or December.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Saturday, March 18, 1876.

W. C. Strong, Chairman of the Committee on Publication and
Discussion, presiding. The following paper was read by the Pro-
fessor of Botany :

The Herbaria of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

BY JOHN ROBINSON.

At previous meetings of this Society, the subject of forming an
Herbarium has been occasionally mentioned, and the hope ex-
pressed that at some future time such a collection would be made.
While looking over, this winter, the various dried plants that have
from time to time been presented to the Society, some members of
your Committee suggested the propriet)^ of having these collections
arranged and made available to the members for reference. It
was also thought desirable that a report should be prepared, stating
what these collections were, with suggestions as to their improve-
ment. I have carefully examined the several packages, with the
assistance of the Secretaiy, who has given me the names of the
donors and the dates of presentation, and iind them to be as fol-
lows : —

No. 1. From Giuseppe Monarchini, M. D., U. S. Consul,
Island of Crete, a Corresponding Member of the Society ; May 3,
1851. A collection of plants from Crete, consisting of some fifty
species, mounted on twenty sheets of paper partly, named, but not
systematically arranged.

No. 2. From " A Lady in Roxburjs" August 9, 1851, as well
as can be determined. This " collection of flowering plants and
grasses," as the report in the Transactions of the above date
designates them, consists of some ten sheets, arranged with a

102 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

greater view to the artistic effect than to their horticultural or
botanical use.

No. 3. From Mrs. Isaac Clements, Mechanicsville, Saratoga
Co., New York, March 1st, 1856. A collection of native plants, of
about sixty species, probably collected at the above mentioned
locality, mounted on small sized paper. The specimens, except
that in most cases they are fragmentary, are quite good. It
appears that the Society awarded Mrs. Clements a Silver Medal for
this collection.

No. 4. Three collections, made by Dennis Murray, of Roxbury,
a member of the Society and a frequent exhibitor of native plants
at its rooms, presented by his daughters, November 9, 18C4, after
his decease.

A. One of flowering plants, collected chiefly near Boston, of
about one hundred and twenty- five species, mostly in good order,
mounted on paper smaller than the usual size, of a quality' too
thin to be serviceable.

B. A collection of Vascular Cryptogams (Ferns, Equisetums,
Lycopods, and Selaginellas), about eighty species, and some dupli-
cates. These are froin America and Great Britain ; the American,
chiefly from New England and the Middle States. Many of the
species represented are quite rare, and the specimens are generally
good. They are not systematically arranged, are mounted on
paper above the usual size, and are adorned with various borders
of fancy and high colored paper, quite out of place in so excellent
a collection.

C. A collection of grasses, comprising some sixty of our native
and introduced species. The specimens, which are remarkably fine,
are mounted on various colored papers, but in such a manner that
they might be easily transferred to a paper of proper quality and
size. Most of the species are named and the place of collection
given.

No. 5. Donor and date of presentation unknown. A collec-
tion of about thirty native and garden species, mounted on some
twenty sheets ; the specimens are in fair condition.

No. 6. From George E. Davenport, June 5th, 1875, the collec-
tion of American Ferns, which was properly noticed under the
above date in the Transactions of the Society. Mr. Davenport
has since then added some new species and improved others, and,
as stated at the time of presentation, this is one of the best and
most complete collections of American ferns extant.

THE HERBARIA OF THE SOCIETY. 103

So far as I can learn, the above comprise all the collections of
dried plants that have ever been owned by the Society. At one
time some casts of fruit, which might be considered as coming
under the head of the Herbarium, were purchased, but proving
unsatisfactory and of little use, they were deposited elsewhere.

In order to form some idea of the expense of collecting and
caring for a collection of dried plants, I have obtained a few data
from those in charge of the C4ray Herbarium at the Cambridge
Botanic Garden. This collection, which is not j^et complete, com-
prises over 250,000 specimens of flowering plants, besides the
Sullivant collection of mosses and plants of some other orders. It
requires a room as large as the Library Room of this Society for
their proper arrangement, besides two or three smaller ones for
work-rooms. It requires the constant labor of about three per-
sons, one of whom must be an excellent descriptive botanist, and
the cost of the paper used would alone amount to a large sum,
which with salaries and contingent expenses, would be increased
to fully four thousand dollars a year. The collection of the
Boston Society of Natural Historj^, though very much smaller than
the Cambridge Herbarium, requires the work constantly of one
person. The herbarium at Kew, England, is the largest in the
world, and that at Cambridge the largest in America.

Every plant in an herbarium must be poisoned to prevent the
ravages of insects, attached to the paper upon which it is to be dis-
played, and the whole collection must be occasionally examined to
ascertain if free from insects and mould. After all this is accom-
plished, only such persons can be allowed to refer to the collection
as are familiar with the use of herbarium specimens, for the slight-
est carelessness in handling, or the disarrangement of the species,
gives endless trouble to those in charge to repair the damage to
the specimens or to rearrange the sheets.

We have very near at hand the extensive collection at Cam-
bridge and the somewhat smaller one of the Natural History
Society in this city. To these collections, through the kindness of
those in charge, the members of this Societ}'^ have often referred,
and without doubt can do so in the future. Inasmuch as this is
a society for the promotion of horticulture, and not, except where
the two studies intermingle, for botanical work, it would seem in-
expedient to undertake, with the present accommodations and re-
quirements of this Society, to collect a general herbarium, especiall}^

104 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

when we consider the great expense and the amount of room and
care required for its preservation.

The library contains works on nearly every family of plants
that is needed for reference, the plates, in most instances, being
better, on account of color and perspective, than the dried plants
themselves would be, for ordinary identification. The principal
needs seem to be works, as yet unpublished, on American Ferns,
Grasses, Willows, Asters, Golden-rods, and perhaps a few others
of the larger genera of native and foreign plants.

The Society has now a very complete collection of the American
Ferns in perfect order. Judging from the frequent reference made
to this collection, it seems to form a very valuable addition to the
library. It would appear desirable that a collection of native and
introduced grasses, for which there is already an excellent founda-
tion, the asters, golden-rods, and willovv^s should be formed. They
would occupy but little space, be easily taken care of when once
in order, and are all plants which may be readily collected. The
ferns and grasses are plants which, when dried, retain nearly all the
characters they possess when in a living state ; the others retain
their characters to a considerable extent, but not so remarkably as
the ferns and grasses. Very many plants, often whole families,
when prepared for the herbarium would scarcely be recognized by
the unpractised eye as being the same species when seen in the
living state.

Much has been written and said recently concerning the utility
of museums and collections, and the feeling is rapidlj^ gaining
ground that something more is necessary than a scientific name
attached to the specimen on exhibition. In Europe, according
to the reports of their museums, particularly the English, they do
not consider it beneath their dignity to place on the labels a full
account of the specimen, and at the great South Kensington
Museum, the money value of the article on exhibition may be
seen. Few of the institutions in this country have done much as
yet towards making their collections of educational value to the
public, but many are commencing illustrative collections in certain
departments, arranged and labelled in a manner to instruct the
visitors, even should they be entirely ignorant of scientific matters.
A horticultural society can be expected to do but little in this di-
rection, though descriptive labels could be placed on any new or
curious plants, particularly our native species when on exhibition,

THE HERBARIA OF THE SOCIETY. 105

but in an herbarium mucli might be clone toward this end. Sup-
pose the Society should form a complete collection of the native
and introduced grasses, arranged as specimens usually are in an
herbarium. Each label might state,

1. The scientific name, with the synonymes.

2. The best P2nglish name and the local synonymes.

3. Whether native or introduced.

4. Where it originated.

5. Whether annual, biennial, or perennial.

6. Whether of value as an agricultural or horticultural product.

7. District, climate, and soil best adapted to its growth.

8. If of horticultural value, its uses.

9. If of agricultural value its rate of production per acre.

10. An}^ other facts or information of value concerning the
species.

The following is an example of the label proposed :

1. Phleiim pratense, Linnaeus.

2. Timothy. (Erom Timothy Hanson, an early cultivator.)
2. Herd's Grass. (In New England and New York, not of

the South.)

2. Cat-Tail-Grass. (Of England.)

3, 4. So long under cultivation that the native habitat is in

doubt. Gray considering it introduced from Europe;
Pickering considering it an American species.

5. Perennial.

6. A valuable agricultural product.

7. " Thrives best on moist, peaty or loamy soil ; not suited

to sandy or light gravelly lands." Flint, " Grasses
and Forage Plants," 1874.
9. Yield of hay, two to four tons per acre ; of seed, ten to

thirty bushels per acre.
10. A coarse grass, not successful south ; very extensively
cultivated north.

A collection so arranged would give all the information that a
complete book on the subject could furnish. The same thing could
be done with other orders and genera where no works are published
describing the species. In this manner the herbarium would be
made an accessory to the library, rather than a separate depart-
ment, which, for a society like this, would seem to be the most
satisfactory arrangement, and certainly the least expensive.

14

106 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

In case this Society should be presented, which is not improba-
ble, with a collection of anj^ considerable size or value, an arrange-
ment might be made with one of the herbaria in this neighborhood,
to deposit it with their collection, thereby improving an herbarium
alread}' existing and provided with the proper means for carrying
it on. The members of this Societ}' could refer vexed questions to
those in charge of these collections, quite as readily" as to a par-
tially complete collection in the Society's rooms, and with much
more satisfactory results.

Discussion.

Leander Wetherell expressed himself as very much pleased with
the paper which had been read, both as to its suggestions and objec-
tions. If we should collect a general herbarium we should require
an additional building for its accommodation, and the expense
would be even greater than was estimated by Mr. Robinson. It is
ver}^ difficult for those unused to it, to identify plants by herbarium
specimens. Schleiden, in speaking of the errors made by British
writers on plants, said that any of the authors or editors were
competent to correct them if they had gone into the field instead of
to the dried specimens. As an illustration of the little knowledge
of ferns possessed even by educated persons, and the need of such
collections as that presented b}^ Mr. Davenport, Mr. Wetherell
said, that last summer he heard two graduates of Amherst speak-
ing of the flowers of ferns. He approved of the proposal that
we should complete the collection of grasses, of which we have so
good a nucleus, and also suggested a collection of heaths. He
had a small collection of grasses of his own, which he found very
useful in identifying those sent to him for name ; they are more
valuable than the best engravings. He knew of no department
of botany, concerning which there is so much need of informa-
tion among farmers, as on the grasses. The "blue grass" of
botanists is the Poa compressa, while the blue grass of agricul-
turists is the Poa pratensis. He went with a friend to Kentucky,
to see what the famous blue grass was, and found it the same as
the June grass of New England, but growing much more luxu-
riantly, one stalk being four feet seven and one-half inches in
height, while a plot averaged from three to three and a half feet.
Brutus J. Clay said the early emigrants were in the habit of stop-
ping at a place called " Blue Licks," and the farmers of Kentucky,

THE HERBARIA OF THE SOCIETY. 107

finding the grass which sprang up there an excellent pasture grass,
were in the habit of going thither to cut grass for seed, and hence
the name of " blue grass." The farmers frequently apply the
name of June grass to the Danthonia sjjicata (wild oat grass),
sometimes more aptly than correctly called " poverty grass," a
very worthless grass, and if we had specimens of both we should
see the difference. When the botanist is laughed at for the names
which unaccustomed tongues find so much diflflculty in pronounc-
ing, he knows that he cannot communicate with certainty what
is in his mind to another botanist, without these names.

Dr. W. P. Bolles said that he had been very much interested in
the subject before the meeting, and heartil}' concurred in the sug-
gestion to complete the collection of grasses, but would be very
sorry to see the Herbarium limited to these and the collection of
ferns. He thought the Umbellifera3, or Parsley family, was one
of which it was very desirable, on account of the difficulty expe-
rienced by beginners in distinguishing the species, that we should
have a standard series for consultation. He also suggested that
we should make an herbarium of native North American plants,
which are often known by different common names in different sec-
tions of the country. Specimens of even the most common weeds
would be very valuable for examination by farmers and horticul-
turists. He thought the notes of which Mr. Robinson had given
an example, ver}'^ desirable, and in addition to such as might be
made by the donors of specimens, would have others by competent
persons. He thought an herbarium of the flowering plants of North
America would not be be3-ond the limits of the room or means of
the Society. A hundred species, with genus covers, would occupy
only about six inches in height.

Edward S. Eand, Jr., thought we were under obligation to the
Professor of Botany for bringing the subject before the Society.
Though for many years one of the Library Committee, he did not
know that we had any specimens beyond the Davenport collection
of ferns. Although plates, either colored or plain, are in some
respects preferable to dried specimens, there is a knowledge to be
gained from the specimens which cannot be got from the plates.
Neither can take the place of the other. A small collection of the
most desirable plants would take but little room. Our book-shelves
are already overflowing, and more room must soon be provided,
and as a small collection of the most desirable plants would

108 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

occupy but little space, it should be considered in providing room
for the increase of the library. He suggested that the Chairman
of the meeting should bring the subject before the Society at a
business meeting.

Charles M. Hovey regretted that he was not present in season
to hear the report of the Professor of Botany, for he had not
missed a paper before since these discussions were commenced.
He liked to be progressive, and to do what we could for kindred
sciences, such as botany and entomology, but thought that if we
divided our energies among several branches of science we should
accomplish far less than if we concentrated them on the appro-
priate work of the Society. The London Horticultural Society is
now wrangling over the question whether or not it shall go out of
existence, and was long since obliged to sell its fine library and
herbarium to discharge its indebtedness. This embarrassment
Mr. Hovey attributed to the large amount of money (£30,000)
spent on its publications, and to its engaging in enterprises not
legitimate to the work for which it was established. Mr. Hovey
said we should soon have more botanical books than we could ac-
commodate ; he thought we had more now than we ought to have,
though he was as fond of books as anj^ member, and had more in
his library than he had space to accommodate. The Natural His-
tory Society had a large herbarium so near that it was not worth
while for us to undertake one, and though he would not refuse
specimens that might be presented, this branch should be made in-
cidental to the main work of the Society. He had an herbarium of
the plants of Cambridge, collected a great many years ago, which
he had not looked at for a long time. We should not go into those
things which will take up so much room or cost too much money.

Mr. Rand replied to Mr. Hovey, that he failed to see the pro-
priety of the argument drawn from the position of the London
Horticultural Society. It was only after the Society had spent too
much money for premiums and on their garden, that it went into the
projects of which Mr. Hovey complained, in the hope of thereby
retrieving its financial position. Mr. Rand diff"ered entirely
from Mr, Hovey in regard to the library — he thought we should
aim to secure for it every horticultural and botanical publication,
and should endeavor to make the herbarium equally complete. He
suggested that Mr. Hovey might make a good disposition of his
superfluity of books and herbarium specimens b^'^ adding to the
collection of the Society such as are not already in it.

THE HERBARIA OF THE SOCIETY. 109

Eober-t Manning thought that the value and importance of the
central location possessed by the Society were not appreciated by
all. Many persons would come here to consult an herbarium, who
would not go over to the Natural History Society's building or
to Cambridge for that purpose.

Mr. Wetherell added a word in regard to the importance of ac-
companying the specimens of grasses with such notes as were re-
commended by the Professor of Botany. In his view these notes
would be of great value, which he showed by reference to the Poa
nervata (now Glyceria nervata) or fowl meadow grass (confounded
with Poa serofina), and said that he went to Professor Gray with
specimens of each, and when he inquired in regard to their utility
and economical value as farm plants, Prof. Gray replied, that he
had no right to ask such a question of a botanist. This set him to
thinking which was more useful — the man who understood sys-
tematic botany, without any knowledge of the economical uses of
plants, or the man who knew the uses of plants but was ignorant
of systematic botany, and he concluded, from the practical stand-
point, that he would rather be the latter. Mr. Wetherell alluded
to the valuable results of the investigations into the utility and
cultivation of grasses by the Duke of Bedford, as recorded in the
" Hortus Gramineus Woburnensis." He did not agree with Mr.
Hovej^ in regard to books, for it is hard to draw the line between
horticultural and botanical works.

Mr, Hove}^ said, that we should never have had the valuable
"Catalogue of Fruits" of the London Horticultural Society, if
that society had not given its attention strictly to horticulture.
In regard to the library, he did not care how many horticultural
books we had. The Linnean Society of London never meddled
with horticulture, and he would confine the work of our Society
strictly to horticulture.

Dr. G. F. Waters remarked that a short time ago steps were
taken by the Boston Society of Natural History to organize a
botanical section, and he felt no doubt that at some future time all
the departments of that society would be in charge of separate
sections.

The Chairman said that so much interest had been awakened in
the subject, that, if no one else undertook it, he would bring it
to the attention of the Society at a business meeting.

110 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

E. W. Buswell mentioned that a plant of Phormium tenax varie-
gatum (New Zealand flax), was exhibited in flower to-day for the
first time, by Charles S. Sargent. Mr. Buswell also showed a
small mat, made from the fibre of this plant by the native Maoris
of New Zealand, prepared and woven with no apparatus but water
and stones. This was sent in by Miss Hannah E. Stevenson.

The Chairman remarked that the variegated form of the New
Zealand fiax was one of the most beautiful of all variegated plants.

Mr. Hovey said that the common green variety did not seem to
be very generally known. He alluded to Dr. Henry Perrin, who
lost his life while endeavoring to establish the cultivation of this
and other tropical plants in Florida, many of his letters having
been published in the " Magazine of Horticulture," nearly forty
years ago. The plant can be grown without protection, as far
north as Charleston, S. C, and also in Ireland, where it was grown
by a nurseryman for strings, which were made by merel}^ tearing
the leaves into strips. Mr. Hovey had used it in this way himself
in a half green state, and found it very strong. It might be grown
all through the Southern States. It does not require the protec-
tion of a greenhouse, but may be kept over winter in a cellar or
cold frame. The roots are fibrous, so that it need not be potted.
It has a fine efi'ect on the lawn, where it should be associated with
3'uccas, agaves, and similar plants. Although the variegated form
is very beautiful, it was a question whether, if all plants were varie-
gated, the green form would not be considered quite as beautiful.
It is novelty which gives value to many plants. The plain green
Phormium, with its tall, erect, sword-like leaves, is a grand sub-
tropical plant.

Mr. Buswell believed the public taste was running wild on varie-
gation. While some plants, from the breadth of their foliage and
distinctness of variegation, were objects of beaut}-, others were so
variegated as to appear at a little distance as if they were dying.

Mr. Robinson remarked that the Phormium belonged in the
Lily Family proper.

CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS. Ill

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Saturday, March 25, 1876.

W. C. Strong, Chairman of the Committee on Publication and
Discussion, in the chair. The meeting was opened by the reading
of the following paper :

Chemical Fertilizers.

BY HENRY F. FRENCH.

At the request of your Committee I have consented to read at
this meeting a paper on Chemical Fertilizers, a subject upon which
I claim to have no peculiar knowledge, beyond what may be ac-
quired by any careful observer and reader. I am no chemist, and
shall not attempt to speak with scientific exactness. There are
certain theories and conclusions, however, in which all modern
chemists agree, and which it is well for us to bear iij mind in this
discussion.

The third edition of " Liebig's Agricultural Chemistry," which I
happen to own, was published in 1843. At that time the analysis
of plants, and of soils, and of fertilizing agents, with reference to
supplying to the soil the elements of plant growth, seems to have
been a familiar subject of scientific research. Chemical analysis
had alread}^ shown clearly of what elements plants are constituted,
and that certain of these are derived in abundance from the at-
mosphere and water, and certain others are derived chiefly from
the soil. It had also been ascertained that most soils contained
inexhaustible supplies of some of these elements, as, for instance,
of silica ; and that most soils did not contain enough of certain
other elements, as potassa and phosphoric acid, to produce many
crops, without restoring, in some form, these essential elements.

It was also well understood that different plants contained these
essential elements in different proportions, and consequently that
the food furnished thend should contain these elements in the pro-
portions in which they were found by analysis to exist in the
plants. We find that this idea was so familiar that Liebig and the
men of his time, spoke of certain classes of plants as potash

112 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

plants, and of others as lime plants. Indeed special manuring, as
In the use of superphosphate of lime for the turnip crop has been
generally practised in Great Britain for a quarter of a century at
least.

Knowing what elements plants must derive from the soil, it was
natural enough that chemists- should attempt, by an analysis of the
soil, to ascertain whether those elements exist in the soil in pro-
portions sufficient to nourish the proposed crop. About twenty-
five years ago, in this country, the anal3^sis of soils for this pur-
pose, was advocated by Prof. Mapes, Dr. Lee, and others, as a
safe practical method of ascertaining what fertilizers were neces-
sary to be applied for a given crop.

In this direction, chemical science soon found a limitation, as
applied to practical agriculture. As an illustration, it was found
by actual analysis that a rich soil from the Scioto Valley, was
apparently no more fertile than a sterile soil from Massachusetts.
The chemist in his laboratory could extract in a single hour from
a granite pebble, or from sand, more potash than a plant could ex-
tract in a hundred years. It was soon found that, aside from the
practical difficulty of procuring for the chemist a fair specimen of
a field or a farm, it was necessary not only to consider the physical
condition of the soil, but also the condition, chemical or other-
wise, in which the fertilizing elements exist.

Equivalents in the chemical laboratory are found not to be always
equivalents as fertilizing agents. It seems to be generally con-
ceded that the mineral phosphates of lime, although by chemical
tests thej' appear to possess the same elements of plant food as the
animal phosphates found in bone, yet do not produce the same
valuable eff"ects upon our crops.

A theory advocated by Prof. Mapes, and supported by some
French chemists, is interesting in this connection. It is called
" The Progression of Primaries," and is based upon the idea that
the elements of plant food increase in value as they progress from
the mineral through the vegetable and the animal kingdom. The
particle of lime or potassa that is found in the rock is taken up by
some plant and becomes part of it. It is then devoured b}^ some
animal and becomes a part of the animal, and by and by returns
by decomposition to the soil. Having been thus many times
assimilated into the higher forms of life, it becomes better fitted
for its future round of service, and enters more readily into the

CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS. 113

organization of new plants. The theory is certainly plausible,
whether founded in truth or not.

Chemistry is indeed limited on every side, however important its
contributions to knowledge. The chemist can analyze the grain
of wheat and tell us precisely its component parts, but let him take
all the elements of wheat, and see whether, with all his science and
skill, he can make a grain of wheat, or a quantity of flour, or any
of its products. Why, if he know5 what wheat is composed of,
and the precise proportions of his elements, can he not form the
grains ; and why, when thus formed, will those grains not vegetate,
and grow, and bear fruit? The answer occurs to every reflecting
mind. The Omnipotence that formed the grain of wheat, and im-
planted in it a principle of life and growth and reproduction, is
not to be measured by the chemist.

The Life Principle, which guides and controls the plant, from its
germ, through ever}^ stage of growth, in leaf and stem and flower
and fruit, the chemist by subtlest analysis cannot reach. Science
cannot tell him why the acorn should always produce an oak,
and not a chestnut. No analysis, however minute, can give him a
hint even, of what gives its color to the rose, or its fragrance to
the violet ; or what imparts to one plant its deadly poison and to
another its medicinal power of healing. Why the same soil,
enriched by the same food, watered by the same dews and rains,
breathed on by the same air, and basking in the same sunshine,
should yield an infinite variety of form, of size, of color, of per-
fume, of taste and qualities, is yet beyond the scope of science.

There are certain habits and instincts in plants which to this
day find no explanation through science. I once asked a learned
professor why is it that the common hop always twines about the
pole which supports it, from east to west. Of the fact there is no
dispute. Among a million plants there is no exception. My
friend, after a little reflection, said he thought it might well
enough be accounted for by the attraction of the light of the sun.
As the sun rises the plant is attracted toward him, and follows his
course toward the west. I replied that his explanation seemed
reasonable, and I should like now to have him explain why the
bean always twines round the pole in the opposite direction,
which you know it always does. He said it was easier to deny
the fact than to explain it, and he did not believe a word of it.

What we call chemical affinities and chemical combinations, are

15

114 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

mere names for what we do not comprehend. Phosphoric acid
and lime will combine in two proportions only. Two atoms of
each form phosphate of lime. Three atoms of phosphoric acid and
one of lime form superphosphate. Nobody can tell why they may
not as well combine in other proportions. To change phosphate
of lime, which is said not to be readily soluble, into superphos-
phate, we make use of the chemical affinities of the substances.
We have seen that in phosphate of lime, the phosphoric acid and
lime are chemically combined in the proportion of two and two.
The}' form a sort of equal union or marriage — one bone if not one
flesh. Now to break up this union and entice away from the phos-
phoric acid the lime, which may be regarded as the weaker vessel,
we bring into her neighborhood an object of stronger affection or
affinity. Sulphuric acid and lime are found to have a stronger
affinity for each other than phosphoric acid and lime, and by add-
ing sulphuric acid, we entice away a portion of the lime, forming
the new combinations, sulphate of lime and superphosphate.
Why. these affinities exist, and why these new combinations are
formed, it is as difficult to explain, as why one young gentleman
and lady have a stronger affection for each other than for all the
world beside.

What new combinations take place in the soil after our fertilizers
are applied, we can only guess, and many substances produce
effects entirely beyond our comprehension. Two hundred pounds
of gypsum applied to an acre, ten inches in depth of which will
weigh two million pounds, have on some soils produced an almost
magical effect ; yet I suppose chemistry has thus far failed to solve
the mystery. It is thought that the elements that compose gyp-
sum do not enter into the composition of the plants, but its effect
is due to its chemical action upon other nutritive elements, proba-
bly potash and magnesia, rendering them available to the growing
crop. Liebig says that he found by experiment that a solution of
gypsum in contact with arable soils underwent decomposition, and
formed combinations quite contrary to the ordinary affinities as ob-
served in the laboratory.

Among the ideas most common with those who discuss the
growth and feeding of plants is this, that the roots can only take
up their food in a form in which it is dissolved in water, and the
word soluble is usually understood as meaning soluble in water.

Liebig's opinion seems to be this, and it appears to be entirely

CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS. 115

reasonable. The roots of land plants are in direct contact with
the particles of the soil. A quantity of moisture, but no more
than the soil holds by attraction, is essential to growth. The soil
holds the elements of food, whether conveyed to it in fluid or other
form, and the solution of the solid elements is eflfected in the
pores of the cell walls of the roots, whence they pass into the sys-
tem of the plant.

We know that stagnant water is injurious to land plants, and so
that only so much of the plant food as is not carried away b}'
watering is beneficial.

That the elements of fertility, such, for instance, as potash, may
be washed out of a soil in which they abound, as potash is washed
out of ashes, is well known, but it does not follow that the soil, if
of a fertile character, does not retain as much of these elements as is
good for the plant. If this is not so, why, in the daily watering of
plants in pots, is not all the fertilitj' washed out of the soil, so that
the plant should require daily fertilizing as well as watering.

Liebig cites, in support of his theory, the beautiful experiments
by Professor Nageli and Dr. Zoeller, in the Botanic Garden at
Munich, in which they grew these plants successfully in a soil con-
taining all the elements of their food in an insoluble state. It may
be interesting to observe that these experiments were conducted
with the three elements and those only, which Prof. Stockbridge
uses in his fertilizers, namely, nitrogen, potash, and phosphoric
acid, * Indeed Liebig ascribes to the soil itself a power which
seems to override and control the chemical combinations by which
we endeavor to accommodate what we deem to be the wants of the
plants. " The arable soil," he says,f " decomposes all salts of
potash, of ammonia, and the soluble phosphates ; and the potash,
ammonia, and phosphoric acid always take the same form in the
soil, no matter from what salt they are derived."

He maintains, as we have said, that plants are by no means
limited to such elements as are soluble in water, but that they
"possess the power of absorbing theirnecessary nutritive elements
from a soil in which they are present in physical combination, i. e.,
in a state wherein they have lost their solubility in water." J In
proof of this, he says a rye plant will yield a thousand fold in a
fertile soil, "yet this plant draws its mineral food from a volume

♦Natural Laws of Husbandry, page 114. f Ibid, p. 119. J Ibid, p. 118.

116 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of earth, from which the most persevering lixiviation with pure
water, or water containing carbonic acid, will not extract even the
one hundredth part of the phosphoric acid and nitrogen, nor the
fiftieth part of the potash and silicic acid, which the plant has
drawn from the soil," * And, what seems conclusive on this point,
he says that if plants did receive the food from a solution which
might change its place in the soil, the principle nutritive substances
must long ago have run away in the brooks and rivers. " For
thousands of years, all fields have been exposed to the lixiviating
action of rain water without losing their powers of fertility. In
all parts of the earth, where man for the first time draws fufrows
with the plow, he finds the arable crust, or top layer of the field,
richer and more fertile than the subsoil."! And although he ad-
mits that plants will grow in watery solutions of mineral elements,
yet he says they bear no comparison with plants grown in a fertile
soil.

Prof. Johnson, of Yale College, examining the statement of
Liebig and others, adopts the conclusion that water is capable of
dissolving from the soil all the substances that it contains which
serve as the food of plants, though I think a careful reading of his
discussion of the point leaves the question in great doubt. J

In another part of his treatise, he sa3^s the roots " supply the
plant with large quantities of water when the soil is so dry that it
has no visible moisture." § We may add that in California it is
not unusual to plant and harvest crops of grain without a drop of
rain in the whole season. And in the last page of his book. Prof.
Johnson as nearly gives up his position as could well be done,
without an absolute surrender. He says in italics, " Those bodies
which are most rare and precious to the growing plant, are by the
soil converted into, and retained in, a condition not of absolute,
but of relative insolubility, and are kept available to the plant by
the continual circulation in the soil of the more abundant saline
matters." ||

Enough has been said, in these mere suggestions of the embar-
rassments attending the investigation of the subject of chemical
fertilizers, to render us cautious in our examination of the claims
of any supposed new theory of chemical plant feeding. The at-
tention of the civilized world has for a generation, at least, been

* Natural Laws of Husbandry, page 109. flbid, p. 108. >

X How Crops Feed, p. 316. § Ibid, p. 212. || Ibid, p. 375.

CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS. 117

called to the subject, by men of the highest scientific attainments,
and careful and long continued experiments have been con-
ducted by those most capable of affording accurate results. In
our own State, we have at the present time, almost forced upon
our attention, the claims of a new series of fertilizers, to which
at the request of your Committee, I propose to giA^e some
attention.

The Stockbridge Fertilizers. — These fertilizers are offered to
the public under circumstances so extraordinary as to challenge
the attention of agriculturists everywhere. Mr. Stockbridge is
Professor of Agriculture in the Massachusetts Agricultural Col-
lege. His experiments have been conducted upon the college
farm, and his report on the subject occupies twenty-three of the
seventy-nine pages of the annual report of the college made to
the Legislature in January', 1876. The president of the college
alludes to the professor's valuable discoveries and says, " For
the continuation of his investigations the professor ought to have
Si, 000 per annum for ten years." Prof. Stockbridge announces in
the college report that he has " received a United States patent,
covering the right to manufacture and sell fertilizers prepared
according to these [his] formulas."

The new report of the Board of Agriculture, for 1875-6, con-
tains, in a lecture by Prof. Stockbridge, substantially what the Ag-
ricultural College report contains, and so at the public cost, if not
under the express sanction of that Board, the claims of the Pro-
fessor are laid before the people. It is due to the Board of Agri-
culture, and its learned Secretary, to say that their report shows
no official sanction of the claims of Prof. Stockbridge, nor indeed
any allusion to them, except that his lecture at a public meeting
forms a part of their report.

It is unfortunate that a patent has been taken for these formulas,
because, if it is valid, it prevents the use of them except by per-
mission of the patentee, and the payment of such royalties as he
may choose to exact, and, however fairl}'^ intended to prevent im-
position, gives the appearance of a pecuniary speculation to an en-
terprise emanating from a public institution, whose discoveries in
agriculture should be as free as air to all our citizens.

Professor Stockbridge's Theory and Claims. — The general
statement of the value and effects of these fertilizers may be
found in the advertisement of the person named by Prof. Stock-

118 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

bridge in the college report as his only authorized agent, as
follows :

" Stockbridge Fertilizers. These fertilizers are made for differ-
ent crops by formulas worked out by Prof. Stockbridge, of the
Massachusetts Agricultural College, and have given extraordinary
results, at small cost, producing, for example, from seventy-five to
one hundred bushels of corn to the acre, corresponding results
with other crops, without any manure^ at a cost of about twenty-
five dollars per acre, and without exhausting the soil, but leaving
it richer by actual test. That the farmer may get the right in-
gredients, separately, or properly compounded, we are entrusted
by Prof. Stockbridge as the only parties in the country to furnish
them under his name. Pamphlets, containing the formulas, and
other valuable information, sent free."

The general theory of Prof. Stockbridge has been, in most points,
familiar learning for a generation past, at least. It is that growing
plants are made up of certain elements which they obtain from the
soil, from the air, or from water ; that by chemical analysis it is
ascertained what those constituent elements are, and in what pro-
portion they exist in a given plant or crop ; that the elements fur-
nished by the soil ai*e nitrogen, potash, phosphoric acid, with lime,
soda, magnesia, silica, etc.

Prof. Stockbridge assumes that all the elements of plant food
are supplied in abundance by the air and water, and the natural
condition of ordinary soil, except three, nitrogen, potash, and phos-
phoric acid, and for the purposes of this discussion this assumption
is not questioned. Then, he says, apply to the soil these three
substances in the proportion in which they exist in the crop, and
this is the true manure to produce such a crop. And this is not
controverted, and is in theory correct.

Referring to his published formulas, we find them all to be in
this form : "To produce fifty bushels of the grain and its natural
proportion of stover to the acre more than the natural yield of the
soil, use " so many pounds of nitrogen, so many pounds of potash,
and so many pounds of phosphoric acid. To produce fifty bushels
more than this natural yield, he applies just as much nitrogen,
potash, and phosphoric acid as are found in fifty bushels of corn
and its stover.

Prof. Stockbridge says in the college report, " Allusion has
already been made to the curious form of the statement of the for-

CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS. 119

mulas. It is similar to one which might be made by a mechanic,
that to cover the side of a building thirty feet long and fifteen feet
high, it will require four hundred and fifty square feet of boards.
It would perhaps be preposterous to say, from our limited data,
that the statement of the formulas in results can compare in exact-
ness with that of the mechanic, but a few facts in the form of
figures will show that in a few years it might approximate it very
closely."

Instead of this illustration in mechanics, let us try the following :
I have a cow that gives daily, on ordinary feed, eight quarts of
milk, which may be called her natural yield. I wish to make her
give sixteen quarts per day, eight quarts more than her natural
yield, and to effect this I give her the constituent elements of
eight quarts of milk, and to be exact in quantity, I give her to
drink eight quarts of her own milk. Why should she not give six-
teen quarts the next day ?

Some of the reasons why we should not expect the application
to the soil of the elements of fifty bushels of corn, to add fifty
bushels of corn to the crop, readily occur to us all. We may esti-
mate ten inches of soil upon an acre, as I have said, to weigh a
thousand tons, or two million pounds. We apply to this, three
hundred or four hundred pounds of a fertilizer. It is manifestly
impossible so to incorporate this small amount with the soil, that
the roots of the corn shall find just as much more of each element
as we have added, and what the plant does not find is useless to it.
Again, the condition of the soil as respects drainage and pulveriza.
tion, and its density, are essential. In a soil filled with stagnant
water nothing but water-grass, and mud turtles can thrive, how-
ever fertile it may seem to the chemist, and a hard, compact sur-
face, like a roadway, however rich, can produce nothing.

*We are told to apply nitrogen, potash, and phosphoric acid, but
these are not articles of commerce, which a farmer is expected to
buy under those names at a reasonable price. The pamphlet re-
ferred to in the advertisement tells us in what form we can obtain
these elements, as follows :

" Commercial Sources of Nitrogen, Potash, and Phosphoric
Acid. Nitrogen. — From sulphate ammonia, Peruvian guano, dried
blood, common saltpetre, nitrate soda, fish guano. Potash. —
From muriate potash, sulphate potash, wood ashes, common
saltpetre, carbonate potash. Phosphoric Acid. — From dissolved

120 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

bones, dissolved bone black, dissolved burnt bone (bone ash),
dissolved South Carolina rock, dissolved Canadian apatite."

Certainly it needed no professor to tell us that Peruvian guano,
nitrate of soda, and wood ashes, are fertilizers, but it does need a
skilful chemist to give us the equivalents in these articles for the
constituents of the Stockbridge fertilizers. Prof. Stockbridge
says Mr. Judd spoiled his potatoes by using muriate of potash in-
stead of sulphate, and Mr. Fowler made a total failure because he
applied the fertilizer in a liquid form to " a coarse sand with a
gravel subsoil," so that the rains washed it away before it could
afford the crop much nutriment. In a printed statement, it
was said by Prof. Stockbridge himself, that he failed in an experi-
ment by using a quantity of the Stassfurth salts, which by a sub-
sequent analysis he found to be very poor in potash. These are
only illustrations of the difficulty of conducting experiments of this
kind, and of the small value of single instances, in arriving at
general conclusions.

The Theory contains a Manifest Fallacy. — The difficulties
suggested in the way of the practical working of the Stock-
bridge theories, are by no means the chief objection to them.
The system rests upon a fallacy, which is fatal to it. It is
a system of exhaustion and not of compensation, and a very
slight examination will demonstrate the truth of this statement.
To produce fifty bushels more of corn than the land will yield in
its present condition, you should apply the quantity of nitrogen,
potash, and phosphoric acid, that fifty bushels of corn contain.
If the land would have produced fifty bushels without the fertilizer,
it should now produce a hundred bushels. You have applied the
elements of fifty bushels and removed a hundred bushels. Where
did the crop find the elements of the fifty bushels which you did
not supply? It is part of the theory of Prof. Stockbridge, that
the three elements in question must come from the soil. Then you
have exhausted the soil to the extent of fifty bushels. You have
treated it precisely as if you had applied no fertilizer, and taken
off a crop of fifty bushels.

It seems so nearly incredible that such a system as this should
be gravely recommended to the public by our Agricultural College
that it will be proper to examine it more in detail. For conve-
nience, we will continue to use the formula for Indian corn. In
the college report it is in these words : " To produce fifty bushels

CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS. 121

of the grain and its natural proportion of stover to the acre more
than the natural yield of the soil, and in like proportion for other
quantities, use nitrogen sixty-four pounds, potash seventy-seven
pounds, phosphoric acid thirty-one pounds." The form in which
these elements may be found is stated, but is not material to this
point. Prof. Stockbridge assumes that fifty bushels of corn, with
its stover, contains the quantities of nitrogen, potash, and phos-
phoric acid above stated. To show that there is no mistake on this
point, I refer to the " Agriculture of Massachusetts," 1875-6, Fart
Second, p. 79, where, in an essay by Dr. Sturtevant, he gives, as an
average result, the quantities of nitrogen and phosphoric acid removed
from the soil by a crop of fifty bushels of corn and stover, within
a half pound of the amount assumed by Prof. Stockbridge, and the
potash precisely the same. And he adds, "The conclusion there-
fore is irresistible that if this table represents the amount of these
constituents removed from the soil by our crop, then this table
represents the actual exhaustion of the soil by the removal of our
crop."

Dr. Sturtevant gives the true theory of compensation, to supply
what 3"0ur crop removes. Prof. Stockbridge supplies fifty and re-
moves a hundred, and claims that " the soil is left in better con-
dition than it was before being cropped by this method." *

To illustrate : he has a measure of two gallons, which is half full
of a liquid. He puts into it another gallon which fills it. He
then pours out two gallons, and still has more than one gallon left
in it. The only parallel to this result is the instance of the poor
widow's cruse in the scriptures, and that supply was miraculous.

I give another statement from the college report : *

" A plot treated in the same way in 1874, produced one hundred
and four bushels of corn per acre. The normal capacity of the
land at that time, as proved by a crop on our unmanured plot, was
thirtj'-four bushels per acre. This manured plot was planted again
with corn in 1875, without manure, and its yield was sixty-four
bushels per acre, or thirty bushels per acre as the second result of
the manure applied in 1874."

The amount of fertilizer applied is not stated. According to
the theory, he put on the fertilizer to produce seventy bushels

* Thirteenth Annual Report of the Massachusetts Agricultural College,
page 41.

16

122 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

more than the land would produce without it, for that was the re-
sult. The next year he gained thirty bushels. The results are
these : Pie applies the elements of seventy bushels, and removes
one hundred and four, phis sixty-four, a total of one hundred and
sixty-eight bushels, or ninety-eight bushels more than he com-
pensated, and still the land improves in condition. If such a dis-
covery has reall}^ been made, the claim which the president of the
college makes in connection with it is very moderate " that the
money expended upon the college will yield a larger rate of interest
than any other investment which the State has ever made." *

All the formulas are given in what the professor calls this " curi-
ous form : " " to produce so much more than the natural j'ield of
the land." If vve could assume that each acre has a permanent
natural yield, which it can forever maintain without manure, then
we might apply fertilizers enough for the crop in excess of that
natural yield, and not exhaust the soil. If 3'our field will yield
fifty bushels, without manure, you may forever supply fifty and
remove a hundred, and not exhaust the soil, though it would still
be difficult to see how it could improve. It is enough to say that
we have no such soil, and nobody will contend that we have. In
all the experiments given, the " natural yield," as it is termed, is
found by observing what a portion of the field not manured that
year produced. Pi'of, Stockbridge in the statement last quoted,
says, the " capacity of the land at that time, etc., was thirty-four
bushels."

The following extract from the circular issued by Prof. Stock-
bridge's only authorized- agent shows that the common notion that
we must put on to the land as much as we take off is not contro-
verted :

" If fifty bushels of corn remove from the soil sixty-four pounds
of nitrogen, seventy-seven pounds of actual potash, and thirty-one
pounds of soluble phosphoric acid, we cannot raise many such crops
without exhausting the soil, unless we are sure we put back in
the form of manure, or fertilizers, as much as we take off in
the crops."!

This, it will be observed, is utterly inconsistent with the formu-

* Thirteenth Aunual Report of the Massachusetts Agricultural College,
page 15.

t The Stockbridge Fertilizers and Formulas, p. 5.

CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS. 123

las, which only require enough of the fertilizers to compensate for
what wc remove more than the natural 3'ield.

What is New in this System. — Reference has already been
made to the experiments of the two learned professors, at Munich,
given by Liebig in his " Natural Laws of Husbandry." They
used the same three elements, nitrogen, potash, and phosphoric
acid, which Prof. Stockbridge uses. They cultivated their plants in
pots filled with soil of the same kind, carefully prepared ; and ap-
plied the elements in different proportions and quantities. I can
only refer to the volume itself for the exceedingly interesting
account and discussion of these experiments. I am not able to
see that they do not include the whole ground covered by Prof.
Stockbridge in his experiments, and they show that the three ele-
ments used by him as the essentials of plant food, were at that
time familiarly known as such, and as the most essential.

In 1866 a translation was published in Boston, of a little book
entitled " High Farming without Manure ; six lectures on Agri-
culture, delivered at the experimental farm at Vincennes " (in
France), by M. George Ville, Professor of Vegetable Phj-siology
at the Museum of Natural History, Paris. In the college report
of 1875, Prof. Stockbridge speaks of this author and his experi-
ments, and says that it seemed proper to test the matter and as-
certain whether it was necessarj^ to supply the same elements in
this country that were found to be necessary in France. So far as
appears, he pursued the same system of experiments, with pots in
a plant house, to ascertain what elements were necessary to add to
the natural soils of that region to render them productive of given
crops. His conclusions I have already given you, that only three
elements, — nitrogen, potash, and phosphoric acid — need be sup-
plied, nature furnishing the rest.

M. Ville, at the opening of his last lecture says: "All that I
have stated to you previously ma}' be summed up in the two fol-
lowing propositions :

1st. There exist four regulating agents par excellence, in the pro-
duction of vegetables: nitrogenous matter, phosphate of lime,
potassa, and lime.

2d. To preserve to the earth its fertility, we must supply it
periodically with these four substances in quantities equal to those
removed by the crops.

You will observe that M. Ville supplies precisely the same three

124 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

elements that Prof. Stockbridge uses, and also lime. B}'^ turning
to his formula, I find that Ville uses one hundred and thirt^^-two
pounds of quicklime to the acre, a quantity so small and cheap as
to seem immaterial, and an amount more than supplied by the phos-
phates of lime in which the phosphoric acid of Prof. Stockbridge
is found. I am unable to discern any difference in the two sys-
tems, or in their application to practice. Each undertakes to re-
turn to the soil the proportion of the three essential elements re-
moved by the crop, and M. Ville adds, for P^rance, a veiy small
quantity of lime. If, however. Prof. Stockbridge really contends
that he can, year after 3' ear, remove from the soil twice as much of
these elements as he supplies, and constantly improve the soil, he
certainly makes a claim which is original.

The fertilizer recommended by M. Ville was fairly tried by my-
self and others on corn and other coarse crops ten 3'ears ago. It
proved successful in all respects, except that it was too expensive to
be economical.

My conclusions as to the Stockbridge Fertilizers, at present are
these :

That they contain nothing valuable in theory, that was not well
known and fully illustrated by Liebig, Ville, and others, long ago.

That the formulas, as given, involve a fallacy, and if followed
must either result in a failure of the crops or exhaustion of the
soil.

That an application of enough of the elements named to actually
produce a crop and maintain fertility, is too expensive for ordinary
use.

Discussion.

Marshall P. Wilder supposed that the eyes of the gentlemen
present would be turned to him as the representative of the Mas-
sachusetts Agricultural College, of which he was one of the found-
ers. The paper which had been read was full of information,
posting us up in regard to the history of the subject, and the
writer had not only come in as evidence, but had undertaken to
act as judicial authority. Mr. "Wilder regretted that Prof. Stock-
bridge had taken out a patent for the manufacture of fertilizers
according to his formulas, but the patent covers nothing except
the right to sell these mixtures under the name of the Stockbridge
fertilizers. The materials can be bought anywhere, and anybody

CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS. 125

can mix tl:^m. Judge French has told us thai plants are com-
posed of certain elements from the soil, and has mentioned the
experiments of Liebig, Ville, and others, and the doctrines drawn
from these experiments are now well established. Mr. Wilder
said that he was a man of progress, and he feared that the paper,
if read superficially by the public, would lead them to believe that
the whole matter of the application of special fertilizers is a hum-
bug. The question is, whether these fertilizers are capable of
doing what Prof. Stockbridge asserts they will do. Dr. Sturtevant,
Dr. Burnett, and E. F. Bowditch, tested them last year, with favor-
able impressions, and though one swallow does not make a sum-
mer, 3'et if the fertilizers will effect only half as much as is claimed
for them they will be worth more than all the agricultural colleges
in the country have cost.

Dr. E. L. Sturtevant said that all must have observed how a
stream that has been dammed rises gradually by retrogressions, the
wavelet at the bank being now higher than the flood, and now
lower, but the water continually deepening. So it is with the pro-
gress of human opinion ; now a wave of public excitement rises
into prominence at the apparent discovei-y of a truth, and then
retrogresses as an error is discovered ; yet new truths have been
added to the old, and the general progress has been advanced. It
is the advancing wave that fluctuates, but the larger water con-
tinually crowds towards the barriers. It is the advanced thinkers,
and the leaders of progress, who vibrate upon the borders of the
unknown, while the advance of the general public is steady. The
new truths, so called, are so mingled with errors, the necessities of
progress, that we must recognize in them the demands required by
progress, and overlook the minor variations brought about through
individual enthusiasm and one-sidedness.

He deemed Prof. Stockbridge and his formulas no exception to
this general rule, and he expected to find in them both truth and
error. The errors may be harmless to the wise public ; the truths
ma}^ be of vast importance. He did not desire to criticise the
originality which he claimed, or the methods whereby he had
brought his formulas before the public. His standing as an inves-
tigator and as a man of science, if such he has, should be discussed
before another tribunal than this. What concerns us as farmers, is
the value for manuring our fields, of the formulas to which he has
given his name, and Dr. S. but mentioned his claims in order that
an opinion may be expressed upon their use in farm practice.

126 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Dr. Sturtevant stated that Prof. Stockbridge claims that by sup-
plying to our fields the chemicals representing, in kind and amount,
the materials removed b}" our crop, we can invariably produce the
crop. That is to say, if we apply the potash, phosphoric acid, and
nitrogen, which anal3'sis shows fifty bushels of corn and its stover
to contain, then we shall expect to obtain a crop of fifty bushels.
He added that the mere mention of this claim brings into promi-
nence the enthusiasm which is possessed by its originator ; that his
claims are supported by too few facts to receive universal credence ;
but still, in the present state of American knowledge, the verdict
must be given " not proven,", only. He said American, because
the most of our experimental knowledge on the subject is from
English sources, and Americans have been always too ready to
use these for inferences, forgetting the differences in climate.
Thus, in old England, the winters are mild, and the rainfall, which
is large, passes down through the soil, and carries with it fertile
elements. In New England, as a rule, the winters are severe, the
ground is frozen deeply and the rain and snowfall passes off mostly
by flowing over the surface of the land. English experiments
justify the belief, for instance, that of the applied nitrogen, one-
third is taken up by the crop, one-third passes away in the drain-
age, and one-third remains in the land in an inert form. With our
different climatic conditions, does the same rule apply here? The
Doctor said that we have no evidence for or against, and conse-
quently cannot decide.

Dr. Sturtevant continued : Prof. Stockbridge fui'ther claims that
his yield is intended to be above the natural yield of the soil, and
defines the natural yield as being the product of an unmanured por-
tion of the field. Here he has made an evident miscalculation. For
instance, to a field which last year was excessively manured, I
apply his formula on one half, and no manure on the other half.
It is probable that there will be little difference between the two
yields to represent the efficacy of the fertilizer. What then is the
natural fertility ?

Every agricultural field on any farm contains two kinds of fer-
tility. The one is the surplus of the manure which has been ap-
plied in previous years, and which has not been removed either by
crops or other agencies ; the other is the natural fertility, or that
amount of fertility which is food to the plant by natural agencies
each year. We may measure this last fertility by a fallow yield.

CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS. 127

The fallow yield of a piece of laud is the practical measure of its
fertility'.

Let us apply this rule, continued the speaker, to our supposition.
We apply to our highly manured field a further amount of fertilizer —
say for twent3^-five bushels of corn — and we obtain seventy-five
bushels of crop. We claim, for this illustration, twenty-five bushels
for the effect of the fertilizer applied this year, forty bushels for the
effect of the manure which has been applied in past years, and of
which sufficient still remains* to produce this result, and ten bushels
for the natural fertility of the land : for if we take a plot which is
too barren to produce corn, and plough and grub and scarify for
one year, the next year it will produce some corn, and the amount
may be ten bushels.

Dr. Sturtevant said that he believed in the principle of the
Stockbridge formulas, because it is a system ; and a systematic
procedure always has an advantage over a hap-hazard procedure,
for it develops experience in its train. He thought it promised
great present benefit to the farmer, and very much prospective
benefit. Farm practice will soon remove it beyond its experi-
mental stage, and as its defects are brought to light, the experience
gained will stand ready as a corrective. He could not at present
endorse this system, for it is still in its experimental stage, but he
was willing to protect and cherish the chrysalis in the hopes and
strong expectation of the imago which might result.

He concluded by saying that the matter is now beyond the over-
sight of the Professor, and that it became us all, before criticising
too harshly, to give it an experimental trial, for it would take but
a short time to test it b}' numbers, and to observe whether it would
stand the test ; that truth was mighty and would prevail, and that
it was for the present generation to say whether progress should
be present with them, for their benefit, or whether it should be
embalmed for their successors. He urged not to despise the un-
tried, nor to be too tightly bound by our prejudices, but to give
the new a welcome according to its promise, and to test the
Ijromise by care-taking, cautious experiment.

Benjamin P. Ware said he had long been of the opinion that
farmers could not use the commercial fertilizers offered in 3'ears
past to advantage, and he had great hopes from the fertilizers
recommended by Prof. Stockbridge. There was one important
point omitted in Judge French's paper, and that is that nature has

128 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the means, from her own resources, to make a fertile soil. When
we get a fertile soil we find that it may be cropped for several
years without manure, but when it is depleted, the question arises
how to replace the deficient elements. A very large proportion of
the. substances necessary is obtained from the air, and farmers
should attempt to assist the crops in obtaining these elements from
the air. The difficulty presented in the discussion of the subject
is the question, suggested by Prof. Stockbridge's formulas : How
we can take away more than we put in, and still keep up or in-
crease the fertility of the soil? The answer is, that by the appli-
cation of fertilizers we aid nature in its work ; and besides the sub-
stances obtained by plants from the air, the disintegration of rocks
is constantly going on and adding to the fertility of the earth. It
"is not likely that any crop takes away all that we apply to it. He
had great hopes for the farmers of Massachusetts, from the appli-
cation of the principles enunciated by Prof. Stockbridge, for they
have great need of such assistance as is promised by them. Mr.
"Ware wished again to enforce the principle that farmers should
seek to aid their crops in obtaining nourishment from the air, and
concluded with the remark that Nature, or God, helps that man
most who most helps himself.

J. W. Talbot said that one of the greatest troubles with cultiva-
tors, in the use of fertilizers, was in not knowing what they wanted
or what they applied. He liked Mr. Ware's remarks, and thought
that we had overlooked the facts stated by him. We must keep
up the fertility of the soil by manure, but if we can, by adding
twenty-five dollars worth of manure, produce fifty bushels more of
corn, we reduce the cost of our corn per bushel. He had been
amused by the illustration drawn from the cow by the essayist, but
the cases are not parallel. If the cow is giving all that she is
capable of giving, the course suggested would be ridiculous, and
if the land is producing to its utmost capacity it would be useless
to add fertilizers, but the object of fertilizers is to bring it up to
its full capacity.

Charles M. Hovey said that it would be impossible to discuss
the subject fully in an hour. The subject has come up now be-
cause there is something apparently new in the formulas promulr
gated by Prof. Stockbridge. There is nothing new about them, and
there ought not to be any patent on the mixtures, to prevent our
cultivators from using them freely and giving them full trial.

CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS. 129

There was some reason for giving Morse and Howe patents for in-
ventions which they had labored dining a whole lifetime to perfect,
but to come forward and patent these old ideas was ridiculous, and
beneath the dignity of an institution endowed by the State for pro-
moting agriculture, and in which the patentee was a professor.
Why might we not apply the elements to produce a hundred and
fifty bushels; or even two hundred, as had been grown in South
Carolina ; or two hundred and sixty-three, as in Ohio? He did not
know that there was any limit to the amount that could be pro-
duced, if you once admit it can be increased exactl}^ fifty bushels.
He agreed with the gentleman w^ho had spoken of the large pro-
portion of plant food derived from the air. We cut down a wood
and burn it and get a large quantit}'- of charcoal ; does this ail come
from the fertilizer? A rich soil, if not ploughed more than three
inches deep, will not produce a good crop. Jethro TuU believed
that by thoroughly' and constantly stirring the soil, crops might be
produced continually, without the application of 'manure. The
statement made by Dr. Sturtevant in regard to the different efl["ects
of an P^nglish and a New England winter on the soil, explained
the general superiority of English lawns over our own.

Mr. Wilder thanked Mr. Hove}^ for what he had said. In the
remarks which he had himself previously made, he wished to disa-
buse the public mind of the idea that the Agricultural College had
any connection with these fertilizers.

Eobert Manning thought that while the fact remained that these
formulas were put forth b}' a professor in the Agricultural College,
and were the result of studies in the service of the college, the
public mind would not be reconciled to the idea of a patent for
them.

Leander Wetherell asked if the Agricultural College did not
indorse the Stockbridge fertilizers.

Mr. French replied by reading the following passage concerning
them, from the "• Thirteenth Annual Report of the Massachusetts
Agricultural College," page 15 : " If one-half of the apparent
results shall be substantiated by the future experience of the
farmers of the country, then the mone}^ expended upon the College
will yield a larger rate of interest than any other investment which
the State has ever made."

Mr. Wetherell deemed it fair to presume that the crop would
take up all the fertilizers put on to produce the additional fifty

17

130 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

bushels, as specified in the formula. The question of the soil
taking plant food from the air is an old one. If the plant depend
mainl}' on the atmosphere for nutrition, then, he asked, what is
the necessity of fertilizing the soil ? and called on Dr. Sturtevant
to answer this question. And whj' is it that a gravelly New Eng-
land soil will not produce as good a crop as the Scioto Valley ?
An atmosphere of the same quality hangs over both. Does not
Prof. Stockbridge represent that it will not pay to hire a man to
cart barnyard manure ? *

One farmer had spoken of Peruvian guano as supplanting barn-
yard manure. A Scotchman once said he had found out a new
fertilizer of which he could carry enough for an acre in his vest
pocket. Mr. Wetherell said that he would buy stable manure, and
take good care in purchasing fertilizers. He spoke of a farmer in
Westfield who got just enough more corn by applying guano, to
pay for the guano. All such attempts as that under discussion,
have only served to mislead farmers and cheat them out of their
money. He did not believe that we can say " so much nitrogen,
potash, and phosphoric acid, and so much corn." He intended,
nevertheless, to try the prescription for a crop of grass.

William H. Bowker said that the patent on Prof. Stockbridge's
formulas, about which so much has been said, was in effect a copy-
right, and should not be so severely criticised. The formulas of
Prof. Stockbridge have been printed and spread broadcast, and
the farmers can go where they choose to buy the materials used in
compounding. Prof. Stockbridge had for his object in obtaining
this patent the protection of his own name, and at the same time
the protection of the farmers against gross frauds, and he should
be praised rather than blamed for this course. Without the patent
or copyright, scores of parties all over the country would have set
up to compound these formulas, but what guarantee would Prof.
Stockbridge or the public have had that they were honestlj' or
properly prepared?

* See his " Experiments in Feeding Plants " in the Thirteenth Annual
Eeport of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, and in the Twenty-
third Annual Eeport of the Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of
Agriculture. ^

THE SOCIETY'S HERBARIUM, ETC. 131

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, April 1, 1876.

A duly notified stated meeting was holden at 11 o'clock, Presi-
dent Parkman in the chair.

On motion of W. C. Strong, Chairman of the Committee on
Publication and Discussion, it was

Voted, That a Committee of five be appointed to take into con-
sideration the recommendations concerning the Society's Herba-
rium, in the paper read by the Professor of Botany, at the Meeting
for Discussion on the 18th of March.

The Chair appointed W. C. Strong, C. M. Hovey, E. S. Rand,
Jr., E. H. Hitchings, and Waldo O. Ross. The Professor of
Botany, John Robinson, was, on motion, added to the Committee.

On the recommendation of the Executive Committee, it was
Voted, That the Treasurer be, and he is hereby directed to send
a certificate of Life Membership to George E. Davenport, as a
slight mark of the Society's appreciation of the extensive and
valuable collection of Ferns presented by him to the Society', and
that the usual fee be remitted.

The Executive Committee also recommended the appropriation
of a sum not exceeding one thousand dollars to defray the expense
of collecting and forwarding fruit and other horticultural products
to the Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia. The appropriation
was unanimously voted.

On motion of Marshall P. Wilder it was

Voted, That the thanks of the Society be presented to Edward
Sprague Rand, Jr., for his valuable and faithful services as Record-
ing Secretar}- of the Society for many years, and that a committee
of three be appointed to report what testimonial shall be made in
recognition of these services.

The Chair appointed Marshall P. Wilder, W. C. Strong, and
B. G. Smith.

A donation of seeds from the United States Agricultural Depart-
ment was placed in the hands of the Vegetable Committee for
distribution.

132 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Library Committee were autliorized to dispose of certain
water-color paintings of flowers.

The following preamble and resolutions were offered by Charles
M. Hovey :

The Massachusetts Horticultural Society haAnng learned, with
deep sorrow, of the death of Josiah Stickney, one of the Ex-
Presidents of the Society,

Resolved, That in his decease the Society has not only lost one
of its oldest and most honored members, but one who has aided
and counselled by his good judgment, and promoted its objects
by his many and frequent contributions of flowers and fruits.

Resolved, That we recall, at this time, the generous gift which
he bestowed upon the Society for the special purpose of increasing
our fund of valuable knowledge in all departments of horticulture,
and acknowledge with deep gratitude the rich and timely' aid
bestowed on a science which it was the pleasure of his life to
promote, and we rejoice that a kind Providence permitted him to
see the good results of his gift.

Resolved, That we desire to place on record our recognition of
the many and valuable services he has rendered, during a period of
nearly forty years ; our high esteem for the fidelity with which he
fulfilled the "duties of every office, and our admiration of his
sterling qualities as a man and a citizen.

Resolved, That we sympathize with his family in their great
bereavement, and offer our condolence.

Resolved, That these resolutions be entered on the records, and
a copy be sent to the family of the deceased.

Mr. Hovey spoke of Mr. Stickney as one who, until within a
few years, had been constantly with us, and equally constant in
his contributions to our exhibitions. His love for horticulture
grew out of a visit to one of the dahlia exhibitions of the Societ}^
then the most popular autumnal flower. He became a ver}' suc-
cessful cultivator, attending the meetings at which arrangements
were made for the grand dahlia exhibitions of that day, taking
part in the discussions of the properties of form, color, habit, etc.,
which go to make up a perfect flower, and in establishing rules for
the exhibitions. At that time he had only a small garden at his
residence on Tremont street, but his increasing interest in horti-
culture soon led to the purchase of the beautiful villa in Watertown,

DECEASE OF JOSIAH STICKNEY. 133

formerl}^ the Hunt estate, which was afterwards his home. Mr.
Hovey said that the circle to which Mr. Stickney belonged was
narrowing, and he wished to place on record his admiration for
so good a man.

Marshall P. Wilder said that he had been cognizant of Mr.
Stickney's life for many years, and that he was not only an
enthusiastic cultivator of the dahlia, but afterwards became equally
interested in the culture of fruit, especially the pear. In this
department he was a most careful observer, and a practical culti-
vator, continuing to ascend his trees after his friends thought it
imprudent, on account of his age. He had frequent consultations
with Mr. Wilder as to how he could best render material aid to
the objects of the Society, which resulted in putting into his will
a clause devising his beautiful estate in Watertown to the Society,
for an Experimental Garden, an object deemed of the first impor-
tance by the founders of the Society. This provision stood for
fifteen or twenty years, when Mr. Stickney became convinced that
it would be wiser to bestow the contemplated gift in aid of the
Library, and accordingly, in 1869, he established the "Stickney
Fund." At the time of his death he had attained a greater age
than any other member of the Society, except Dr. Jacob Bigelow
and Cheever Newhall.

The resolutions were unanimously adopted.

On recommendation of the Executive Committee,
Robert M. Barnard, of Everett,

was elected a Life Member, and the following named persons were
elected as Corresponding Members :

Dr. Joseph D. Hooker, Director of the Royal Botanic Garden,
Kew, England.

James McNab, Curator of the Botanic Garden, Edinburgh.

J. Li den, Ghent, Belgium.

Edouard Morren, Liege, Belgium.

Adjourned to Saturday, May 6.

134 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

W. H. Hallida}^ read the following paper in continuation of that
presented by him January 29th :

Wardian Cases and Ferneries. II.

BY W. H. HALLIDAY.

Plant cases, as we know them, are classed under two heads.
First, the Wardian case, in which are grown foliage plants,
ferns, etc. ; plants too large or too coarse to look well in a
small case. Although the first Ward's case was only a bottle, in
which by accident Mr. Ward discovered that plant life could be
sustained, from some cause or other we seem to have adopted the
name Fernery for cases that are covered with a glass shade, in
which only the more delicate or smaller varieties of ferns are cul-
tivated. The schedule of this Society limits the size of the fern-
case to fifteen inches iu diameter.

In drawing a line between the Wardian case and fernery, the
Flower Committee ruled out a case put up for competition, that
was filled mostly with foliage plants, deciding that such plants
were not admissible to a fernery, except when they were of such
size and character as would not interfere with the general beauty
and harmony of the whole, and then' only in a small proportion to
the number of plants used.

In this article I will endeavor to give some experience I have
had with cases varj'ing in size from four to fifteen inches in diam-
eter.

The case may be made of tin, earthenware, or wood ; it matters
not which, so long as proper regard is had to drainage. This, as
in Wardian cases, is of vital importance to the healthful growth of
plants under the fern shade. I say this is of the first importayice,
as many persons who have the management of ferneries, use so
little judgment in their care, that, without a proper outlet for water,
the cases soon become perfectly sodden. I have seen more plants
destroyed in cases, from the want of drainage and from over-
watering, than from any other cause. Most of the failures I have
met with have arisen from either too much water or too little light,

WARDIAN CASES AND FERNERIES. 135

and frequently both combined ; although the persons having them
in charge have strenuously denied that any more water had been
used than the plants required, and have insisted that they were
placed in a very light situation. The light situation is usually
quite a dark one ; generally a space between two windows, with a
dead wall back of it, or in a corner receiving a little light obliquely
from a window two or three feet distant. When the plants are
turned out, it is found that they have been treated as aquatics, and
kept fairly up to their knees in mud and water. Then people
wonder at their want of success.

The Hanging Fernery was my first attempt in this direction.
I designed it to take the place of the hanging basket, which so sel-
dom appears in good condition in the home. The case was turned
from walnut, several pieces being glued and nailed together to get
the proper depth, and also to keep the wood from warping. It
tapered to a point at the bottom, to give lightness to its appearance.
A zinc pan, with a rim to receive the shade, fitted the case loosely
enough to be readily removed when watering was necessary. This
case, as first constructed, was covered with a shade eight inches in
diameter and ten inches high, and was suspended b}' silvered cop-
per wire. The case first exhibited in this hall in June, 1871, had
a shade twelve inches in diameter and fourteen inches high ; was
elaborately turned from maple and walnut, ornamented with ebony
trimmings, and filled with the following named plants : — Onychium
Japonicum, Adiantum assimile, A. cuneatum, Selaginella Wilde-
novH, Panicum variegatum, Fittonia Pearcei, F. argyronetira, Ly-
copodium dentkulatum var., and Mitchella repens, some lichens and
wood mosses. It was awarded the Society's Silver Medal.

This case, when taken from the hall, was suspended in my win-
dow, where it received the morning sun for about an hour each
day, and was not disturbed again till January, excepting when it
was occasionally turned to the light. It was then a mass of green,
I noticed considerable soil on the glass, carried up by slugs in
their nocturnal rambles ; also some decayed fronds of the Adiantum.
Altogether it was as much of a success as a close case could be,
and would probably satisfy most people who grow plants for home
decoration.

There are some plants that seem better suited to a close case
than to any other situation. They are confined chiefly to the L}-
copods and Selaginellas. Many of them are very beautiful, rivalling,

136 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and in some cases closely resembling, their allies, the ferns, in
beauty of form and delicate, feathery appearance. They make
superb specimens, grown singly under a shade ; and I consider
this the most satisfactory way to grow them, having the case large
enough to fully develop their beauty of form and habit. Their
growth is generally quite rapid, and to any one who delights in a
well grown plant, the culture is worth trial. Selaginella Lyallii,
S. Africana, S. plumosa^ S. nmbrosa^ and S. triangularis^ make
quite large plants and are erect in habit. There are many others
usually found in plant catalogues, and as far as I have tested them
all are eminently fitted for close cases, and their growth is much
more rapid than when grown outside. I usuall^'^ combine them
with ferns in the arrangement of a case, and think the effect is
much better for the combination.

The Fittonias are another class of plants which are favorites
with me. Their bright crimson and silver veinings are a great
acquisition to the fernery, lighting it up wonderfully, and seem-
ingly never out of place, no matter what the size of the case may
be. They also make superb plants by themselves. I once had a
plant of F. gigantea which filled a shade twelve inches in diameter
and fourteen inches high. It was the finest plant of the kind I
ever met with. Its habit became erect, and the color of the foliage
seemed very much more brilliant than we ordinarily find it. But
the variety is too coarse to be grown satisfactorily with small ferns.
The Wardian case is the more suitable place for it. F. Pearcei is
the best for all purposes ; being a vigorous grower, a mere scrap
soon produces a good plant, and it will live under almost any
treatment in a close case. Its habit is not so recumbent as when
grown without. F. argyroneiira is ver}^ beautiful, but it has one
fault, — that of damping off when it is chilled, thus spoiling it for
winter use, unless in a very warm situation, but it is just the plant
for summer use. There are so few plants of a white or silvery ap-
pearance suitable for this purpose, that I use the Fittonia argyro-
neura as long as the foliage will hang together, and then replace
it with something else.

A few weeks since, I had the good fortune to be shown a plant
of Todea siiperha, growing in a Wardian case. The case was about
two feet square, and as many feet high, with a flat top. A pan
about eight inches in diameter, filled with this truly superb plant,
in vigorous growth, occupied the centre. Other film}'* ferns were

WARDIAN CASES AND FERNERIES. 137

planted out in the case, but this, the grand object of the whole,
was elevated several inches above the others, showing conspicu-
ously its full beauty. An English author says of it, '^ Delicate
and fragile, with its semi-transparent fronds, it looks like tufts of
the most beautiful sea-weed, plucked from the decorations of a
mermaid's ocean home." I have seen larger plants of this species,
but none in such fine condition. It was grown in a cool room,
near a west window, the light partly obscured by a drawn shade.
This plant is just the thing for a large fern shade, as it needs as
little air as the SelagineUas, very little light, and a cool situation,
and when once established needs but little attention. The filmy
ferns are eminently fitted for growing singly in cases by them-
selves. The only objection is the expense of many of them, but
I would rather have one plant of Todea saperha than dozens of
ordinary ferns.

The great difficulty I have always found in ferneries, is to
reach the plants after they have filled, or partly filled the
case. It is easy enough to remove the shade ; but to replace
it, so that the plants may retain their former position, is not
so easy. This is so with regard to delicate ferns ; the fronds
will tip about, look out of place, and otherwise mar the arrange-
ment. If you could only reach them from the top, all would be
remedied very quickly. Frequently I have been forced to allow a
large slug to have his own way, rather than disturb the shade
when the case was looking finely ; and in many instances, have
allowed deca3'ed fronds to remain, rather than run the risk of de-
stroying the arrangement by removing the shade. It was almost
as much on this account as for ventilation, that I constructed the
dome top or ventilated fern case, which is as easily managed as an
ordinarj^ Wardiau case. Lifting the dome does not disarrange
the plants, as they are all confined within the cylinder, which need
never be disturbed for this purpose. This case is constructed as
follows :

The case or stand is of wood, six inches deep, and resting upon
three small feet. There is a large opening underneath, covered
with a movable slide to admit or exclude the air. It has a zinc
pan one-half an inch less all round than the wooden case. This
half-inch space is covered all around at the top of the pan, which
leaves a fiat surface of zinc, one inch wide, with an outside rim to
receive the glass cylinder. This flat surface of zinc is pierced

138 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

with half.inch holes in its entire circumference about three inches
apart. When the glass cylinder is in place, the half-inch holes are
inside the case. The cylinder, of annealed glass, fits neatly into
the zinc rim, and is fifteen inches in diameter by fourteen inches
in height. Encircling the upper edge of the cylinder is a copper
rim, one inch wide, with edge turned downward on the outside, a
quarter of an inch wide, to fit on to the cylinder. The flat surface
of the rim is perforated with quarter-inch holes, and the inner
edge turns up a quarter of an inch, to receive the dome or cover,
which is eight inches high and twelve and a half inches in diame-
ter. The holes in this copper rim are on the outside, so that when
the valve in the bottom of the case is open, the air passes up
through the holes round the zinc pan, and out at the copper rim.
The whole case when complete stands twenty-nine inches high
from the table.

This case was first exhibited in 1873, and was filled at that time
with Onychium Jcqwnicuw, Adianhim cuneatum, A. assimile^ Pani-
cum variegatum, SelagineUa Wildenovii, S. stolonifera^ S. 3Iarten-
sii, Fittonia Pearcei, F. argyroneura, and Lycopodium denticulatum
var. A perforated cocoanut shell, filled with Adiantum assimile^
was suspended from the top, giving completeness to the whole.
This case is quite an expensive one, and can never become pop-
ular on that account ; but for convenience in the management and
culture of plants it has no rival. It received the Society's Silver
Medal at the time of the first exhibition.

Generally, too man}' and too large plants are crowded into the
fernery, giving it a heavy and unsightly appearance, and filling the
shade completely at the outset, without room for further growth.
Draccenas and other plants of this kind make a fine display in the
Wardian case, but are certainly out of place under a glass shade.
I know it is very diflacult even for those too who are not wanting
in taste in other matters to understand this.

There are very few foliage plants that can be introduced into
the fernery. I would recommend only plants of dwarf habit, such
as Beineckea carnea var., with grassy foliage, green and white;
Panicum variegatum, a very pretty grass, with pink, white,
and green foliage ; and a small variety of Bambusa. Cyperus
aUernifolius var. is quite pretty when a small plant, but the
growth is almost too rapid for a fern case of ordinary size. The
foliage is light and graceful and contrasts prettily with ferns. It
is a charming plant for the Wardian case.

WAEDIAN CASES AND FERNERIES. 139

Rockwork in a case of the size just described, has a very pretty
effect when well arranged. This is a difficult matter to accom-
plish and I generally prefer the case filled with plants rather
than rocks, though for variety I occasionally introduce them. 1
use coke and pumice stone soaked in water, and sprinkled with
cement to give color. These substances are very light and answer
the purpose well. Quite small plants only are fit to be used with
the rocks,

I have had this ventilated case filled with the following named
plants, and the effect was highly satisfactory : Neplirolepis exaltata,
Adiantum colpodes, OnycMmn Japonicum^ Selaginella umbrosa, S.
Wildenovii, Paniaim variegatum^ Lycopodium denticulatum var. ;
near the glass Fittonia Pearcei, F. argyroneara and Peperomia
maculosa, and suspended in the shell a plant of Selaginella ccesium.
This last is the prettiest basket plant I have ever used for summer
decoration.

Among our native plants are many charming ferns that will
soon accustom themselves to the confinement of the case. Asple-
niv.m ebeneum and A. trkhomanes are very pretty ferns for rock-
work ; Adiantum pedatum is a lovely fern for a case, but requires
rest in winter. Polyp)odium vidgare is pretty by contrast with
those more delicate. There are several Selaginellas which will
soon become quite at home in the fern case, and will be valuable
acquisitions. Equisetinns are prett}^, and so different in their
character and foliage from other plants, that one would hardly wish
to be without them. Almost anywhere in the woods and swamps,
beautiful and delicate plants may be found that will grace any
fernery. Many gems are often discovered in this way. A favorite
of mine is the 3Iitchella repens, or partridge berry vine, which takes
readily to the close case, its bright red berries remaining perfect
in their beauty for a long time. This plant alwaj^s produces a
wonderful effect, and there is nothing prettier for any case, no
matter with what else it may be filled.

Management. — In the selection of a fern case I should choose
one with an outlet for drainage. This I have already said is very
essential, especially for a novice. If there is no drainage, water
must be used very sparingly. Crocks and small pieces of char-
coal, covered lightly with old moss to keep the soil from sifting
down through, are the best for drainage. I prefer a case con-
structed of wood. For a case that will require a shade twelve or

140 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

fifteen inches in diameter, take three pieces of plank — walnut or
other hard wood — two inches thick ; fasten them securely together
with glue and screws, forming a solid piece of wood six inches
thick. The inside of this piece of solid wood is to be removed by
the saw, leaving only a rim to support the zinc pan which is to
contain the soil. This wooden rim, which is to be turned in finish-
ing, can be ornamented if you wish. The case when complete will
last for years. The heat and dampness will not affect it, provided
no water is thrown over it. A zinc pan, with an opening in the
bottom for drainage, fits into the wooden case. The pan is made
with a rim to receive the shade ; this will prevent water from com-
ing in contact with the wood. This wooden case will cost about
double the price of one made of earthen or lava ware ; but it
presents a better appearance in the room, and there is no trouble
from scaling off" or cracking, as is often the case with earthen
ware. Very few of the latter are properly constructed for drain-
age ; therefore I would recommend a wooden case. The larger
the case, the more satisfactory it will be. Frequently in selecting
a case one has to be guided by tlie space he can afford for it ; but
I should say the larger the case the better. I have had cases no
larger than four inches in diameter, but of course they were mere
toys, though better than none, if you have space for one no larger.

If you have a wooden case designed for a shade fifteen inches in
diameter, make it six inches deep. This will give you two inches
of drainage, and four inches of soil, in which can be grown any
plants suitable for a case of this size. Most of the earthen fern
cases are not more than four inches deep : this depth will answer
for those of small size, but it is not sufficient for larger ones.
The soil and method of planting recommended for Ward! an cases
are suitable for ferneries : also the same general treatment will
answer for a ventilated fern case.

A fern case for winter decoration ought to be filled in Augustj
or not later than the first of September. This will give the plants
time to get fairly established, and make new growth for the winter,
before the short, cold days commence. Cases filled later in the
autumn afford very little satisfaction or pleasure, as they rarely
get underway, or begin to make new growth, until spring, if they
do not wliolly die out during the winter. Were I intending to fill
a case for my own use I should certainly plant early.

For the close case, I should only use such plants as are suitable.

CHEMICAL FEETILIZERS. 141

Disturb the shade only when water is required, or signs of mould
are Tisible, or the plants damp off; then give air for a short time
each day, wiping out the glass when it is removed ; this will gen-
erally remedy the trouble when practised a few times. When the
plants are in vigorous growth, and during the warm weather, give
considerable water, but withhold it almost entirely during the
winter, and give plenty of light at all tjmes.

Discussion.

No discussion of Mr. Halliday's paper was held, but the subject
of the last meeting — chemical fertilizers — was again taken up.

John B. Moore said that the subject was a most important one
to farmers and market gardeners, and he thought Mr. French's
paper on the whole a very good one. Our main reliance must
always be on barnyard and stable manure ; the chemists will tell
us that that is the most perfect manure, and this will generally be
accepted. But, except in the neighborhood of large cities, no
market gardener who depends on this alone can raise his crops,
and consequently it must be supplemented with fertilizers, or we
cannot have the highest farming. All of us have used the so-called
superphosphates in years past, and all of us have been humbugged
with them. Their failure was due to two causes — improper manu-
facture and fraud. They are better now, for the law compels
every manufacturer to mark on his packages the quantity of each
of the ingredients, and this enables any man of common sense to
tell about what he ought to pay for the contents.

Professor Stockbridge's idea is almost the same as that of M.
Ville — if there is anything new it is the exact specification of
quantities. Prof. Stockbridge claims to raise a certain quantity of
corn and stover more than the natural product of the land, and he
assumes that the fertilizers which he applies to produce this result
will, almost to a certainty, be all taken up by the crop, but Mr.
Moore believed that, however carefully they were incorporated
with the soil, some of them would not be used by the plants. Prof.
Stockbridge claims also that the soil is left in better condition
after applying the fertilizers and taking off' the crop, but this
would seem absurd, unless the powerful salts used have liberated
fertilizing substances already contained in the soil. Mr. Moore
said that he had himself doubled a crop of rye by applying guano.

142 MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and it would seem that the land should have been growing better,
but it did not. Prof. Stockbridge would say that he had not put
In the proper substances, but if we take away seventy bushels
after applying only the necessarj^ food for fifty bushels, it would
seem strange that the soil should continue to grow better.

One of the worst things about these fertilizers was the patent,
and it could not be denied that the Agricultural College had indi-
rectly endorsed it. The speaker had the success of the college
much at heart, but it is not what it should be, and some of the
greatest injuries it has received have been at the hands of its
friends. Prof. Stockbridge, while in the service of the Agricultu-
ral College, has made experiments, for the results of which he
takes out a patent.

H. Weld Fuller said that he knew very little about the Stock-
bridge fertilizers, but he was a friend to fertilizers properly used ;
yet it appeared to him that there is a fallacy in these formulas.
They assume that all soils are alike, and are to be dosed alike for
the same result. The}?^ presume too, that the product will be just
in proportion to the fertilizers added. Now we know that soils
are not all alike ; that each soil has its own power of absorbing,
elaborating, and assimilating its food, and that the product is not
alwa3^s in proportion to the fertilizer. The plant therefore should
be supplied with the food which it needs for its special service.
Its growth is restricted to the mimnium of any one of its constitu-
ents. Any excess of other materials will not add to the product,
but may often do harm. We have long known what are the elements
of our different crops. Corn, cotton, potatoes, and tobacco have
been analysed a thousand times, and Liebig, Johnston, and several
others have told us what there is in oats, peas, beans, and barley ;
but who has told us just what our own particular soil contains,
and its power of absorbing and appropriating what we supply?
There, probably, is never any lack of nitrogen, for the air and
earth are full of it ; nor is carbon lacking — air, rain and dew, and
the processes of nature keep up an inexhaustible amount. Some
soils, however, cannot make it energetic, and even an inferior ma-
terial may increase the action in the soil ; yet here we have a set
formula to apply to every soil. By it you may add what you have
already in abundance or excess. If I owe a hundred dollars and
know that I have fifty dollars, it is a fair deduction that fifty are
wanted. But if I have a hundred dollars to pay, and know noth-

CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS. 143

ing of my resources, the Professor sa3S " provide the whole."
This process seems to be about what Prof. Stockbridge has pat-
ented. He does not tell us how much we have on hand or what
we are to expect from the operations of nature. The only thing
new in this patent seems to be its absurdity. Mr. Fuller said he
should be sorry to feel that President Clark had fully endorsed
these formulas, for he considered him one of the foremost men of
the State in agricultural pursuits, and his experiments on the flow
of sap and the power of plant-growth had given him a just fame,
and greatly elevated his college. He feared that, whatever may
have been the motive of Prof. Stockbridge in patenting these for-
mulas, they would not increase the popularity of that institution.
The constituents of plants are organic and inorganic ; all that
will not consume are inorganic, and it is only these that we under-
take to supply. Some soils have a great excess of some constitu-
ent. In Hungary, it is said, there are soils from which alternate
crops of cotton and tobacco have been taken for centuries, without
exhausting them. Prof. Stockbridge's formulas for these crops
contain the same ingredients as for others, with the addition of
lime and magnesia. The growth depends not so much upon what
goes into the soil and what is taken out, as upon the substances
which enable the plants to appropriate what is nutritive in the
soil. These substances must have a certain form and condition
and relation to each other, to become available. The inorganic
constituents of plants are but from one to fourteen per cent, of the
whole — commonly about five per cent. — and the air furnishes all the
carbon and all the residue. Moisture, warmth, and air — heat and
■ sunlight and chemical adaptations — are the conditions for develop-
ment. The physical condition of the soil — its pulverization and
exposure of parts — produce chemical changes, and are often very
essential to production. True art in agriculture appears to consist
in adopting proper means to make the most of what the soil con-
tains, and in enabling the elements of the soil to cooperate in as-
similating the food. Soils equally productive differ greatly in their
chemical composition. By an excess of any element you may
harm the plant. If, for example, there is too much of a soluble
salt in the soil, after a rain the plant will absorb so much that, in
case of hot weather following it, the evaporation from the leaves
will be more rapid than the assimilation, and a white crust or pow-
der is left on the surface and the plant sickens in consequence.

144 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

You may sometimes benefit the soil b}^ reducing its chemical ele-
ments, as when you mix carefully sand with clay ; and clay, merely
by calcination and separation, becomes energetic and productive.

In cultivated grounds, if we know what crops have been last
removed and what manures have been added, we can generally
tell what to apply. We must study well the natural characteristics
of the soil, and learn its composition, and find its wants. He did
not make these remarks in opposition to chemical fertilizers, for
he believed in them ; they will, if appropriately used, provide what
we need and cannot otherwise obtain.

William H. Bowker said that he wrote to Prof. Stockbridge to
enquire about the patent, and read the following extract from his
reply :

"Amherst, March 31, 1876.

W. H. Bowker:

Dear Sir, — * * * UnUi within the last four months the
thought of getting a patent never occurred to me. My only thought
was that if these things were absolute facts it would, in the matter
of artificial fertilizers, make the practical farmer independent of
the manufacturer and commercial dealer. He would be able to
purchase the substances and compound them by the formulas which
I had published, or given freely to every one who asked for them.
It was only when it was fully developed that farmers generally
would not pursue that course, but wanted the formulas compounded
ready for use, and that a score of individuals in different sections
were intending this year to engage in the manufacture and sale of
fertilizers by the Stockbridge formulas, that I felt it my duty (as
it was undoubtedly ni}^ light) to interfere, and by a patent retain
control of the matter for my own credit and the interest of the
great mass of farmers.

Now what is the patent ? An examiner in the Patent Office pre-
pared it for me, and in the manuscript he wrote 'manufacture, sale,
and use.' On reading it over I told him I did not wish to patent
the use — that should be left free. He took his pen and struck out
the word use. The document went through the necessary stages
in the office, and the patent Avas granted. When, however, I re-
ceived the ' Letters Patent ' I found it was headed in the set printed
form of the office and the word use was in it, and though I did not
want it, my patent is for the ' manufacture, sale, and use.' But I
declare that the use of these formulas is and shall be as free to the

CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS. 145

farmers of Massachusetts as the springs of their hills, and they
may go where they choose to buy their materials, and do their own
compounding. And with equal earnestness I declare, if there is
an}^ force in law, no man shall have the privilege of manufacturing
these fertilizers unless he is under m^'^ control, to the end that no
such fraud and scoundrelism shall be practised on farmers in this,
as have been practised in the case of some fertilizers.

Levi Stockbridge."

Mr. Bowker added that he did not assume to defend Prof. Stock-
bridge or his formulas. That the Professor was fully able to do.
He thought Mr. Moore's remarks very fair and candid, and fully
agreed with him that barn^'ard manure is the best of all fertilizers,
in that it seemed to be adapted to all plants, and also had a won-
derful mechanical and chemical effect upon the soil. But the sup-
ply is not equal to the demand, and the question is, how shall we
supplement it? It is impossible to know just what we have in our
soils, but Prof. Stockbridge assumes that they are barren, and ap-
plies what each crop requires, thus really feeding it as you feed
your animals. Is it not better, knowing what plants require, to
apply those substances, than to keep on in the hap-hazard course
which we have heretofore pursued, applying this thing and that,
regardless of their wants? The formulas do not pretend to be
infallible, and with further expedience will probably be modified.
With reference to Peruviau guano — that contains an excess of nitro-
gen and phosphoric acid, but only a small percentage of potash.
Is it not better, therefore, to apply a fertilizer containing all the
elements needed by plants, than a fertilizer deficient in either ?
The reason farmers have thought that fertilizers exhausted their
soils, is that they were deficient in one or more of the elements of
plant food, while containing an excess of others.

Marshall P. Wilder said that our motive in discussing this sub-
ject should be to treat it fairl}^ and he was very glad to hear Mr.
Bowker say that Capt. Moore had done so. He was at first dis-
pleased with the idea of patenting these fertilizers, believing that
the public were entitled to all the information that could be acquired
by the College, but on reflection he found that Prof. Stockbridge's
patent only precluded the selling of these fertilizers under his
name and as prepared by him, and that no one would be prevented
from buying the ingredients and mixing them for his own use.

19

146 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The question for us to solve is, how much each plant needs, and
how much we shall apply, and he hoped that every gentleman
present would apply these fertilizers which have been recommended
by Dr. Sturtevant, Dr. Burnett, and Mr. Bowditch, and report the
results. He believed Mr. Moore to be one of the firmest friends of
the Agricultural College. Notwithstanding its imperfections there
is not another institution of the kind on the continent that will com-
pare with it. If it has been drawn into the support of these
fertilizers it is very unfortunate.

Mr. Moore expressed the opinion that chemical analyses of soils
are extremely deceptive. With his powerful agents the chemist
will find potash in a soil when plants cannot possibly find it. If
a farmer has an analysis made of a sample of his soil he cannot
be sure that it is an average specimen, and if he takes a little here
and a little there how is he to make a prescription to suit the
different portions of his ground?

Leander Wetherell, alluding to the experiment in applying
guano to rye, mentioned by Mr. Moore in his previous remarks,
asked why, if the guano contained all the elements of the rye, it
did not continue to grow rye year after year?

Mr. Moore believed that there was something in the growth and
vital action of plants beyond the reach of anj' analysis that the
chemist had yet made.

Josiah W. Talbot remarked that all chemists acknowledge that
rye needs potash, and that probably the failure of Mr. Moore's
rye was owing to the fact tliat the guano supplied none. Prof.
Stockbridge puts in all the elements needed.

Mr. Moore asked how it would be supposing there was plenty
of potash in the soil.

Mr. Talbot replied that if there was plenty of potash, in a state
to be taken up by the roots of the plants, there would be no need
of adding it, but if he could get a crop of rye by applying potash
in addition to other elements, he would be the gainer. In regard
to the patent, it is only intended to prevent dishonest persons
from mixing up a lot of spurious substances and selling them as
the Stockbridge fertilizers ; that is all there is about it, The for-
mulas furnish what the people want, and though they may not be
new they are not the less valuable. Prof. Stockbridge says that
here are formulas which will produce certain definite effects, and in
ninety-six cases out of a hundred where they have been trild they

CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS. 147

have proved successful. He deemed their beneficial effects much
less dependent upon the character of the season than some of the
previous speakers thought. In an unfavorable season they would
give the plant a start which would be a great assistance in over-
coming injurious influences. He thought that the use of these
fertilizers would add twent3-five per cent, to the value of our poor
lands.

Mr. Fuller asked whether an}- one ever heard of a general pre-
scription for sick men, without regard to their condition or needs.
He did not think it practicable- for every farmer to employ a
chemist to analyze his soil ; even analysis would be defective and
only approximate the truth, because the nutritiA'e substances in
the soil, to be available and effective, must have certain relative
forms and conditions, still unknown. But every farmer knows, at
least, whether his soil is full of lime, or sand, or peat, or clay, and
whether it is wet or dry, and its common aspect. He can then
determine how to treat it. But is ft not a fallacy to assume, as
Prof. Stockbridge does, that all soils are barren? If all we need
for a clay field is tillage, sand, and air, why should we bu}' and put
into it all the elements he prescribes ? Chemical analysis shows
that pipe clay has all the elements of a fertile soil, and yet it is
one of the most barren, because it is too compact and has not the
capacity to take from the air the oxygen and carbonic acid needed
by plants, and to allow fine roots to penetrate it : but b}' calcina-
tion such soils become fertile. AVill his fertilizer effect this? And
ought we to waste our mone^' for things not needed ? All his for-
mulas embrace nitrogen, potash, and carbonic acid — excellent
things in their proper place ; but all of these cannot always be
wanted, nor can they be often wanted in such quantities as he has
prescribed, for all soils are not barren or alike.

Charles M. Hovey said that both Mr. Fuller and himself had
fallen into the same train of thought. He had discussed this sub-
ject many years ago in the "Magazine of Horticulture." He
thought a chemical analysis of a soil entirel}' unnecessary to a
man^of good judgment. Mr. French, in his paper, had stated that
the fertile soils of the Scioto valley, by analysis appeared scarcely
difierent from the fertile soils of New England. All cultivators
of plants in pots believe that a virgin loam is nccessar3' to success.
Much depends on the physical and mechanical condition of the
soil ; it must be aerated as well as enriched, and Mr. Hovey

148 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

thought Jethro Tnll, who believed that deep and thorough tilling
of the soil would supersede the necessity of manure, was nearer
the truth than some of our modern professors with their chemical
fertilizers. We have been told that only four persons failed out of
a hundred who used the Stockbridge fertilizers last season, but
those who did not fail have not told us what good, deep, thorough
tillage would do on the same soil without fertilizers. The pub-
lished experiments were, too many of them, ex parte.

Leander Wetherell read from an address by Prof. Stockbridge,
as given in the " Report of the Secretar3'' of the Massachusetts
Board of Agriculture for 1875-6," p. 23, and said that he could not
see in this anything short of rendering barnyard manure nearly
valueless. Prof. Stockbridge only uses three elements for all
crops, like the doctor who prescribed calomel and bleeding for all
his. patients. Mr. Wetherell also quoted from the " Scientific
Farmer " for December, an account of the application of the Stock-
bridge formula to a crop of gi'ass which produced 1,950 pounds per
acre more than the natural jield of the land. He had some land
just in condition to use this formula, and he intended to give it a
trial, though he had not much faith in it. Who can tell, when the
increase in the crop is attributed to the three ingredients named
in the formula, that it was not due to the sulphate of lime in the
superphosphate? He could tell a story of a much greater in-
crease in a crop of clover, than that in the " Scientific Farmer."
He knew a piece of land which had been ploughed for seventy
years, and was then sowed to clover, with gypsum, and produced
three tons of cured clover to the acre, while a corner left without
the gypsum produced only at the rate of one ton to the acre. It
is recommended in using the Stockbridge formulas to leave three
rows without the fertilizers, for comparison, but when the roots
are running all through the ground, how can we know that they
do not feed on the fertilizers? There is a looseness about these
experiments that brings them within the domain of doubt. Wheif
you have applied the fertilizers, are you sure that the plants
will take up every particle ?

The President announced that this would close the series of
meetings for discussion this season.

CONTENTS.

PAGE.

Prefatoky Note, ......... 3

Business Meeting, January 1, 1876; Plurality of Offices, p. 5; Resignations
of W. Gray, Jr., and E. S. Kand, Jr., G; Amendment to Constitution
withdrawn, 6; Election of Recording Secretary ordered, 6; Reports of
Committee on Publication and Editor read, 6; Appropriations, 6;
Appointment of Treasurer and of Secretaiy, 6 ; Election of MerAbers, 6

Business Meeting, January 8 ; Reports of Treasurer and Finance Com-
mittee presented, p. 7 ; Election of Member, . . .■ . 7

Meeting fob Discussion; Grape Culture, by W. N. Barnett, pp. 7-16;

Discussion, .......... 16-24

Meeting foe Discussion, January 15; Grape Culture, continued, . 24-33

Meeting fob Discussion, January 22; Oichids—Lcelia anceps,L. albida,

Clrrhopetalum Medusce, ....... 33-35

Meeting FOE Discussion, January 29; Wardian Cases and Ferneries, I,
by W. H. Halliday, pp. 35-43; Discussion, 43; Forcing Lilacs and other
plants, 43, 45-49; Rlchardla albo-maculata, 44; Orchids — Cattleya
amethystof/Iossa, Saccolabium gujanteuni, Cijmbidium aloefolium,
Dendrobium noblle, 44, 45 ; Culture of Mushrooms, . . . 50, 51

Business Meeting, February 5 ; Notice of Election again ordered, p. 51 ;
Bust of President Parkman, 51,52; Decease of George W. Pratt, 52;
Resignation of E. S. Rand, Jr., accepted, 53; Rev. A. B. Muzzey chosen
to fill vacancy, 53 ; Members elected, ...... 53

Meeting fob Discussion; Culture of the Foreign Grape, by E. W. Wood,

pp. 53-62 ; Discussion, ........ 62-68

Meeting for Discussion, February 12; Remarks on the Exhibition, p. 68;
Acclimating Plants, by G. F. Waters, 69-75; Discussion, 75-80; Hybrid
Cattleya, .......... 80

Meeting fob Discussion, February 19; Prizes for Essays announced,
p. 80; Discussion on Forcing Roses, 81-83; Phalcenopsis Schilleriana,
etc., 83, 84; Old Elm Tree on Boston Common, 84-86; Hybrid Azalea, . 86

Meeting for Discussion, February 26 ; Flowering Seedling Azaleas and
Camellias, pp. 87-89; Odontofjlossum pulchelhmi, 89; Eiujenia myr-
«i/o«m, 89; Effect of Cold on Trees, 90,91

Business Meeting, March 4; Election of Recording Secretary, pp. 91, 92;
Resignation of W. Gray, Jr., accepted, 91 ; Committee to make nomi-
nation for vacancy, 91 ; Election of Members, 92 ; Centennial Exhibition, 92

II.

CONTENTS.

Discussion; Seedling Azaleas, etc., pp. 92, 93; Improvement of the
Clematis, ..........

Meeting foe Discussion, March 11; Improvement of the Azalea and
Camellia, p. 95; Thyrsacanthus rutilans, 9G; Forcing riiUadelphus
coj'o?i«r/HS, etc., 96, 97; Forcing Roses, Deutzias, etc.,

Meeting foe Discussion, March 18; The Herbaria of the Society, by
John Robinson, pp. 101-106; Discussion, 106-109; Phovmlum tenax
var., ...... ....

Meeting foe Discussion, March 25; Chemical Fertilizers, by Henry F
French, pp. 111-124; Discussion, . .....

Business Meeting, April 1; The Society's Herbarium, p. 131 ; G. E. Dav
enport made Life Member, 131; Appropriation for Centennial, 131
Vote of Thanks to E. S. Rand, Jr., 131 ; Seeds from Department of Ag-
riculture, 131 ; Paintings of Flowers, 132; Decease of Josiah Stickney
132, 133; Election of Immediate and Corresponding Members,

Meeting foe Discussion; Wardian Cases and Ferneries, II, by AV. H
Halliday, pp. 134-141 ; Discussion on Chemical Fertilizers,

94, 95

133

TRANSACTIONS

!a$sacljuscits Jflillcultoral ^ocietg,

FOR THE YEAR 1876

PART 11.

BOSTON:
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY

1877.

TRANSACTIONS

^nssiacluiscttsi goilrnilttunl ^ocictg.

Saturday, May 6, 1876.

An adjourned meeting of the Societ}' was holden at 11 o'clock,
President Parkman in the chair.

The President read a letter addressed to him ])y William Gra}',
Jr., presenting to the Societ}' a cop^- of Alphand's " Les Prom-
enades de Paris," and stated that this was the most valuable single
work ever presented to the Society.

Voted, That the thanks of the Society be presented to Mr. Gray
for his generous gift.

On motion of the Chairman of the Library Committee, the Lil)ra-
rian was authorized to have the volumes presented by Mr. Gray,
bound.

The following named persons, having been recommended for mem-
bership by the Executive Committee, were severally elected :

Hugh Morrison, of Gloucester.
Thomas C. Thurlow, of Newburyport.
Aaron Davis Capen, of Mattapan.
John J. Richards, of Boston.
Leonard W. Weston, of Lincoln.
Frederick Marshall, of Everett.
Dr. Henry P. Walcott, of Cambridge.

The Secretary read a letter from Dr. Jared P. Kirtland, of East
Rockport, Ohio, an Honoraiy Member of the Society, giving an
account of a curious hybrid between the Western Shag-bark and the
Black Oak. The letter was referred to the Committee on Publica-
tion.

Adjourned to Saturday, June 3.

4 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, June 3, 1876.

An adjourned meeting of the Societ}^ was liolden at 1 1 o'clock,
President Paekman in the chair.

The Committee to nominate a candidate to fill the vacancy in the
Committee on Gardens, presented tlie name of James Cruickshanks,
and he was unanimously elected. It was voted that the Committee
on Gardens have leave to elect a Chairman.

The following named persons, having been recommended b}' the
Executive Committee were, on ballot, duly elected.
Fred W. Kelsey, of Waverly, N, Y.

MaHLON D. S PAULDING, of BostOll.

William Gray, 3d, of Boston.
Meeting dissolved.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, July 1, 1876.

A duly notified stated meeting was holden at 11 o'clock, Presi-
dent Parkman in the chair.

Hervey Davis, from the Committee on Gardens, announced that
that Committee had elected Joseph H. Woodford, Chairman.

Charles M. Hovey offered the following resolutions : —

The members of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society having
learned with deep regret of the decease of Louis Van Houtte, of
Ghent, Belgium, the eminent horticulturist, and a Corresponding
Member of the Society : therefore.

Resolved^ That in this event we recognize that overruling Power,
who lets not even a sparrow fall without his knowledge.

Resolved^ That the death of M. Van Houtte has left a void in
the ranks of horticulturists, which it will be difficult to fill.

Resolved, Tliat cultivators throughout the world recall with the
greatest pleasure the energetic efforts of M. Van Houtte in the
domain of horticulture ; that to his extensive knowledge of plants.

DECEASE OF LOUIS VAN HOUTTE. 5

his unreinitting labors in their cultnre, his entliusiasm in tlieir intro-
duction, his unceasing efforts in the production of new varieties,
and his earnest endeavors to popularize and render familiar a science
so deeply promotive of pleasure and refined culture, all lovers of
heautiful plants owe a debt of the deepest gratitude.

Resolved., That as a botanical traveller, as a zealous introducer
of new plants, as a skilftil cultivator, as the proprietor and director
of the most extensive collection of plants in Europe, and as the
author and editor of that most beautiful work, the " Flore des
Serres," M. Van Houtte has made rich use of his talents, for horti-
cultural advancement everywhere. As a patriotic citizen, and an
upright, honest, and sincere man, his death will carry grief to every
member of our association.

Resolved., That we tender to the family of the deceased our
s^'mpathies in their great bereavement.

Resolved., That these resolves be entered upon the records, and
that a copy, in French, be forwarded to the family of the deceased.

Mr. Hovey added that in his horticultural labors M. Van Houtte
was aided by the Belgian government in a manner entirely unknown
to nurserymen here, yet, even making ever}' allowance for this
assistance, his achievements were extraordinary. Ever3'thing new
seemed connected with him, — his was the great place from which
has emanated almost everything new, not only of his own intro-
duction, but everything originated or collected by others. It was
ver}' rarely that he sent out an^lhing not of value, and he sometimes
incurred the ill will of other nurserymen by condemning novelties
which did not come up to his high standard. His estalilishment
made Ghent a centre of horticultural interest. Mr. Hovey
alluded to the many eminent horticulturists who had passed away
since his recollection, — Knight, Van Mons, Loudon, and now Van
Houtte, who has added so much to our gardens and pleasure
grounds, — a man of rare talents, beloved by every one. In his
earl}' da3's, he was a botanical traveller in Brazil, and later he had
a share in the establishment of the present liberal and enlightened
government of Belgium. Mr. Hovey concluded by expressing his
regret that Col. Wilder, who visited M. Van Houtte's establishment
not many years ago, was not present to speak of him.

Edward S. Eand, Jr., in seconding Mr. Hovey's motion, said
that he had hoped some one personally acquainted with M. Van
Houtte would be present to perform that service. But though he

6 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

had not the pleasure of a personal acquaintance, he had had much
correspondence with M, Van Houtte, and his letters were extremely
interesting. Of late jeavs he had given special attention to raising
new varieties of gesneraceous plants, having acres of seedling
gloxinias, of which he did not expect more than one in a thousand,
or even one in ten thousand, to be of value. The last letter received
from him hy Mr. Eand, about two months previous, gave no pre-
monition of his approaching end. He was one of the judges at the
International Horticultural Exhibition which opened at Brussels on
the 30th of April, and, though in ill health, performed the duties of
that office. Mr. Eand concluded by presenting to the Society a
copy of the addresses delivered at the funeral of M. Van Houtte.

The resolutions were unanimously passed.

Adjourned to ^Saturday, August 5.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, August 5, 1876.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock.
President Parkman in the chair.

Agreeably to the Constitution and Bj'-Laws, the President ap-
pointed the following named gentlemen a committee to nominate
suitable candidates for the various offices of the Society : Wilham
C. Strong, Chairman, C. O. Whitmore, John G. Barker, John C.
Hovey, C. M. Atkinson, J. H. Woodford, Waldo O. Ross.

Amos Stone, of Everett,
was duly elected a member of the Society.

Adjourned to Saturday, September 2.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, September 2, 187G.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock.
The President and Vice Presidents being absent, Charles M.
Hovey was chosen President, pro tern.

ANNUAL ELECTION, ETC. 7

John G. Barker, from the Committee on Nominations, reported
a printed list of candidates for officers for the ensuing 3'ear.

Invitations were communicated, by the Secretary, from James H.
Ricketts, of Newburgh, N. Y., to visit and examine his new seedling
grai^es ; and from Alexander Whilldin, President of the Sea Grove
Association, to attend the National Forest Convention, under the
auspices of the American Forest Council, at Sea Grove, Cape May
Point, N. J., September 7th and 8th, 1876, for the promotion of
forest planting.

The thanks of the Society were voted for these invitations.

The following named persons, having been recommended by the
Executive Committee, as members of the Society, were on ballot
duly elected :

Mrs. J. W. Walcott, of Boston.
Charles J. Anderson, of Longwood.

Meeting dissolved.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, October 7, 1876.

A stated meeting of the Society, being the annual meeting for the
choice of officers, was holden at 11 o'clock, President Parkman in
the chair.

The Recording Secretary stated that due notice had been given
of the meeting, in accordance with the Constitution and B^'-Laws.
The President appointed E. W. BusweU, John G. Barker, and
•John C. Hovey, a Committee to receive, assort, and count the votes
given, and report the number. The polls were opened at ten
minutes past eleven.

The following named persons, having been recommended as
members by the Executive Committee, were on ballot duly elected :
D. R. Beckford, Jr., of Marblehead.
Alfred J. Edmonds, of North Easton.
Mrs. L. p. Weston, of Danvers.
O. B. Had WEN, of AVorcester.
H. A. LoTHROP, of Sharon.
Otis Hinman, of Chelsea.

8 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The polls, for the election of officers, were closed at ten minutes
past twelve. The Committee reported the whole number of votes
to be 93 ; necessary for a choice 47, and that all the gentlemen
named on the ticket presented by the Nominating Committee had
that number and were elected.

Adjourned to Saturday, November 4.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, November 4, 1876.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock.
President Paekman in the chair.

A letter was read from John C. Chaffin, conveying his declination
to serve on the Committee for Establishing Prizes, and C. M. Hovey,
W. C. Strong, and John Robinson, were appointed a Committee to
retire and report the name of a candidate for the vacancy, to be
voted for at this meeting. The Committee subsequently reported
the name of P. B. Hovej', who was unanimously elected.

The President, as Chairman of the Executive Committee, reported
a recommendation that the following named amounts be appropriated
as prizes for the 3'ear 1877, and stated that the reduction in the sums
was caused by a diminution in the income of the Societj" :

For Flowers, $3,000

Fruits, 1,900

Vegetables, 1,000

Gardens, 200

Total, $6,100

W. C. Strong, from the Committee to whom was referred the
subject of an award to Edward S. Rand, Jr., for his services to the
Society as Recording Secretary for the past eight years, reported,
recommending the presentation to Mr. Rand of a silver salver of
the value of one hundred dollars. The report Avas accepted.

Charles M. Ilovey presented the following resolutions in memory
of John Fisk Allen, and moved their adoption :

The Society have learned with deep regret of the decease of
John Fisk Allen, of Salem, a member of the Society: therefore,

liesolved, That b}' his death the members are reminded of the

DECEASE OF JOHN FISK ALLEN. 9

active labors of the old niemlters in the early days of the Society,
and particularly of those of Mr. Allen, who, in his specialty of
grape culture, was highly instrumental in encouraging and extending
the growth of fine grapes.

Resolved, That to his enthusiasm and labors we are indel)ted for
some of our best hybrid grapes, his exeilions in their production
stimulating others to like attempts, and we may date the interest
in the production of new grapes from his early eftbrts in that
direction.

Resolved, That as the first person to introduce and cultivate that
magnificent lily, the Victoria regia, in our State, he achieved the
highest success, and contributed both to the pleasure and instruc-
tion of the citizens of his native city, as well as to that of the
members of this Societ}', before whom it was exhibited, and to that
of the lovers of beautiful flowers ever}' where.

Resolved, That the sympathies of the members be extended to
the bereaved family, and that these resolutions be entered upon the
records of the Society.

Mr. Hovey remarked that the circle of cultivators contemporary
with Mr. Allen, was narrowing, and s})oke, also, of the folio volume,
illustrated with beautiful plates, in which the results of Mr. Allen's
culture of the Victoria regia were recorded, the copy of which, now
in the librar}' of the Society, was presented b}" the author.

Robert Manning seconded the resolutions, and spoke of the
liberal contributions made to the exhibitions of the Society, in years
past, by Mr. Allen, it being no unusual thing for him to place on
the tables, at one time, twenty or more varieties of grapes, and the
latest specimens from his retarding house being scarce^ gone before
those from the earliest forcing house came in. He also alluded to
Mr. Allen's continued interest in the Societ}', as manifested hj
occasional visits long after failing health precluded him from taking
an active part in its work. The last of these visits was on the 3 0th
of September, when he presented specimens of a seedling grape ;
and, in answer to an inquiry by Mr. Manning, stated that he had
tested in his houses four hundred varieties of the European grape,
which was believed to be a greater number than have been tested
under glas& b}' an}- other cultivator in the world.

John Robinson spoke of Mr. Allen's culture of the Victoria regia,
and of his vivid recollection, as a boy, of visiting the house where
that wonderful flower was growing.

10 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

William C. Strong remarked that at the time when Mr. Allen
was so largely engaged in fruit culture, a prize was offered by the
Society for the best display of fruit during the season, which was
taken year after year by Mr. Allen, who exhibited not only grapes
but forced cherries, peaches, and nectarines ; figs, pineapples, pears,
etc. Mr. Strong said that we have no such zealous cultivator of
the grape among us now, and that we have occasion to hold Mr.
Allen's memory in grateful remembrance.

James Cruickshanks. spoke of the time when he heard of Mr.
Allen's success in the cultivation of the Victoria regia, and went
down to Salem to see it, and said that he should never forget the
kindness and attention shown him by Mr. Allen.

The resolutions were unanimously adopted.

Adjourned to Saturday, December 2.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, December 2, 1876.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
President Parkman in the chair.

The part of the Schedule of Prizes relating to Flowers and Fruits
was presented b}- the Executive Committee. The part relating to
Vegetables and Gardens was not ready.

Hervey Davis, Chairman of the Committee for Establishing Prizes,
stated that a question had arisen in regard to the construction of
the words "• a public trial" in the offers of Prospective Prizes, and
asked the ruling of the Society thereon. The subject was fully
discussed l)y C. M. Hovey and John C-. Hovey, who argued that an
exhibition on the tables of the Society for the specified time would
meet the requirements of the rule ; and by W. C. Strong, P. B.
Hovey, J. II. Woodford, and F. W. Kelsey, who took the view that
new seedlings should be publicly distributed and tested b}' others
than the onginators before receiving a Prospective Prize. After
several motions had been submitted and withdrawn the subject was,
on motion of Mr. Davis, referred to the Executive Committee.

The Chairman of the Committee on Plants and Flowers was al-
lowed another week to complete his report.

PROSPECTIVE PRIZES, ETC. 11

J. II, Woodford, Chairman of the Committee on (Jardens. read
the Annual Report of that Committee.

Benjamin (J. Smith, of the Connnittee on Fruits, read tlie Annual
Report of that Committee.

C. H. B. Breck, Chairman of the Committee of Arrangements,
read the Report of that Committee.

Charles N. Brackett, Chairman of the Committee on ^>getal>les,
read the Annual Report of that Committee.

These reports were severally accepted and referred to the Com-
mittee on Publication.

Adjourned to Saturday, December 9.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, December 9, 187G,

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
President Parkman in the chair.

The President, as Chairman of the Executive Committee, re-
ported the Schedule of Prizes for 1877, with the approval of the
Committee.

Also, in regard to the subject referred to the Committee at the
last meeting of the Society, reported that it would be for the interest
of the Society that the strictest construction be placed upon the
words " a public trial," and that any product offered for a Prospec-
tive Prize should have been tested by the public.

W. C. Strong moved that the report be accepted and laid on the
table. The motion was seconded by C. M. Hovey, with the under-
standing that the construction reported by the Executive Committee
apply to the awards concerning which the question had arisen.

E. S. Rand, Jr. made a personal explanation of his position with
regard to the Prospective Prize awarded to him.

Mr. Strong declined to accept Mr. Hovey's amendment, and after
some remarks by J. B. Moore, J. G. Barker, and W. C. Strong,
the amendment was withdrawn, and Mr. Strong's motion was unani-
mously passed.

It was then voted to take up the question of confirming the
award of Prospective Prizes, by the Committee on Flowers.

12 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

It was moved by James Cruickshanks, and seconded by J. B.
Moore, that these awards be confirmed. The subject was discussed
by Messrs. Strong, Barker, C. M. Hove}', and N. B. White, and
the motion was carried.

John G. Barker, Chairman of the Committee on Plants and
Flowers, read the Annual Report of that Conniiittee.

Edward S. Rand, Jr., Chairman of the Committee on the Library,
read the Annual Report of that Committee.

These reports were severally accepted and referred to the Com-
mittee on Publication.

C. M. Hovey, Chairman, pro tern., of the Special Committee on the
exhibition of Massachusetts Fruits at the Centennial Exposition, pre-
sented the Report of that Committee, which was read b}^ the Secre-
tary. Permission was granted to the Committee to add to the
Report the list of awards to contributors from Massachusetts by
the Centennial Commission, when it should be received, and the
report was accepted and referred to the Committee on Publication.

The Report of the Committee on Publication and Discussion was,
at the request of the Chairman of that Committee, presented by the
Secretary, who also stated that his own report was read}'. The
reading of these reports was deferred until the next meeting.

The meeting was then dissolved.

REPORTS

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS,

For the Year 1876.

By JOHN G. BARKER, Chairman.

We present our report of the exhibitions with a feehng of satis-
faction that this department has been «o well sustained. . Those
who in past seasons have been regarded as regular contributors,
have continued to perform their part faithfully and well. The
impromptu exhibitions have been very interesting, and man}' objects
of special merit have been shown during the early months of the
year. We regret to report that the opening of the premiums to
aU has not resulted in the increased competition that was antici-
pated, and it is also with much regret that we have to report that
the special prizes offered for Pelargoniums have been withdrawn, for
the reason that there was but little or no competition for them.
The lilieral premiums offered by the Society will be continued as
heretofore, and we hope that another year ma}' witness increased
competition by the cultivators of this beautiful and useful plant.

The Rose Exhibition was a decided success ; at no time has
there been so fine a displa}' of the Queen of Flowers, as at the last
exhibition. The manner of showing the roses in boxes, instead of
bottles as heretofore, gave much satisfaction, the flowers showing
to greater advantage. We are glad to know that there is much
enthusiasm among the rose growers, and we have no doubt that the
coming season will witness a superior exhibition in every respect.

The weekl}^ exhibitions have been well attended and interesting,
and there has been a good competition for the various prizes offered
from week to week.

16 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Annual p]xhibition was also a veiy gratifving success ;
although there were not as many large plants as there have heen at
some of the exhibitions, they were uniisually good, and it is not
too much to say, that there was not a poor plant in the hall ; any
one selected from any of the collections would have made a good
specimen plant. It was ver}' gratifying to see the plants so well
furnished with good foliage, and void of long legs and injured
foliage. AVho would not prefer a small, handsome specimen, to one
that must be measured by the yard to get at its size ?

We were also glad to get back to our own hall again, and,
although some doubted very much the wisdom of the change of the
place for the plants, from so large a room as Music Hall to our own
Lower Hall, it seemed to give general satisfaction, particularlj' as
it saved the labor of carrying them up another long flight of stairs,
which was found a heavy task when the flower show was held in the
Upper Hall.

Cyclamens. — The exhibitors were C. B. Gardiner and James
O'Brien, l)ut, although good plants were shown, the}- were not
equal to those of the two previous seasons. It is hoped that so
beautiful a flower as the cyclamen may receive more attention from
our cultivators, it being not only verj^ useful to the florist, on
account of its free flowering properties, but ver}' valuable as a
decorative plant.

Camellias were not shown in as large quantities as last
season, but on the 11th of March, that being prize day, veiy fine
collections were shown by C. M. Atkinson, of well known standard
varieties, and bj' Hove}' & Co., who, besides well known varieties,
exhibited, also, the fine seedlings which have been described in
previous reports.

November 11th, Marshall P. A\^ilder exhibited a seedling camellia
in bloom, only two years and eight months from the germination of
the seed. This was shown as a proof of the correctness of the
belief expressed b}' Mr. Wilder, at one of our meetings for discus-
sion, about two years ago, that seedling camellias and azaleas
might, by grafting on older stocks, be caused to l)loom in much
less time than has generally been thought necessar}-.

Orchids have, as in past seasons, formed a very interesting and
attractive feature of the exhil)itions ; particularly noticeable were
the following named fine specimens from E. S. Kand, Jr. :

Cattleya amethystoglossa. — A magnificent species, blooming freel}'

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 17

from January to INIarch. The flowers are blush, spotted with rich
purple ; lip rich rosy violet. For rich color of lip, this plant has no
equal. This was the first time it had heen exhibited.

Cattleya pinvila. — A species of small growth. The plant shown
was grown on a block of wood, and was about four inches high,
with three floAvers of a beautiful rose color, the lip lieiug crisped,
and in color crimson, edged with white.

Cirrhopetalum Medicsce. — Of this singular plant Williams says :
' ' Amongst the strange and varied forms which the flowers of
orchids present, this is certainl}' one of the most remarkable. The
flowers, though not large, are very numerous, and part of the
sepals are very much lengthened, so that the spike looks like a
head with long hair hanging down, from which its name has been
derived. It is a dwarf growing plant, with thick, flesh}' leaves,
and should find a place in every collection for its unique appearance."
This was the first time it had l)een exhibited.

Ccelogyne cristata. — A nice plant, which was a fountain of snowy
white blossoms.

Cyjiripedium Harrisianum. — A fine cross between CypripecUum
villosum and C. barbatum, coml.)ining all the good qualities of both
species. Flowers large, shining, dark purple, brown, green and
yellow ; foliage long, mottled. This is a very free growing plant,
and will make a superl) specimen. It blooms freely from November
to March. We consider it one of the best of the family.

Cypripedium insigne. — Although an old species, this is one of the
best. The plant shown was in very fine condition, with thirty flowers.

Dendrobium Jenkinsii. — A fine dwarf evergreen species, about
two inches high. Flowers very large for the size of the plant ;
pale buft', edged with yellow. It blooms in midwinter and will
grow on a block of wood suspended from the roof,

Lcelia anceps. — A ver}- handsome orchid from Mexico. Perianth
lilac rose ; lip rich velvet}' purple outside, marked with crimson and
veined with yellow insitle.

La4ia p)eduncularis. — Flowers delicate rosy purple, with a deep
purple spot on the centre of the lip. A very neat growing, free
fiowering species.

Odontoglossum pulchellum. — Exhibited for the first time. A very
handsome plant with five spikes of pure white flowers, having the
crest of the lip crimson. The flowers are very fragrant and the
plant is of neat habit, and is one of the best cool house orchids.
,8

18 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Phalcenopsis SchiUericma. — Leaves very large, dark green,
mottled with gray or white. Flower stems from one to three feet
long, much branched, and covered with multitudes of lovely flow^ers
from two to three inches in diameter, of delicate shades of mauve,
edged with white, yellow toward the base, with reddish crimson
spots. It is one of the most beautiful of all the orchids, and the
specimen shown was the first exhibited here.

Saccolahium gigunteum. — A very beautiful species with luxuriant
foliage, producing long racemes of thickly set flowers. Sepals and
petals white, the latter spotted with lilac ; lip lilac and violet. The
flowers are very sweet and continue in bloom a long time.

March 11th being prize day for Winter Blooming Orchids, INIr.
Rand exhibited Dendroeliilum glumaceum^ Lycaste Skinner I, Cypri-
pedium villosum, and Dendrohium nobile, which were described in
our last report. Also the two following, both exhibited or the
flrst time.

Lcelia Jlava. — A ver}' pretty plant, l>earing in March a profusion
of bright canary-colored flowers. A desirable species, growing
freely and always giving good bloom.

Lycaste cruenta. — Perianth apple-green ; lip yellow, with dark
spot. Flowers ver}" freely in March and April, and is a desirable
species.

Mr. Rand has also exhibited at various times the following, —

Aerides Fieldingii, — One of the finest orchids in cultivation, com-
monly known as the Foxbrush Aerides. The plant grows three or
four feet high, and produces, in great profusion, long branching
spikes of white rosy-spotted flowers, often clear bright rose.

Saccolabmm retusum. — A stout growing species, producing in
early spring long spikes of white flowers, spotted with delicate rose.

Zygopetalum rostratum. — Perianth yelloM'ish green ; lip white,
varied with rose.

Chysis brnctescenff. — Flowers large, white, with a blotch of yellow
on the lip ; very fragrant. A l)eautiful and free growing species.

Saccolabium curvifolinm. — Very rare and shown for the flrst time.
Flowers bright vermilion, very rich. It is a charming Httle i)lant.

Vanda coerulesrens. — A littk' gem of a })lant. Foliage narrow ;
flowers on a very long spike, lihic bhie, with ricli deep ))lue lip.
Tlic iiidivi(hial flowers are small, but the spike is many flowered,
and the colors are very attractive. A veiy nice i)laiit with two
spikes of flowers was shown.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 19

Phalcenopsis Lnddemanniana. — A plant resembling P. rosea, but
with lighter foliage. Racemes al)out twelve inches long ; flowers
two inches across, blush, l)arred throughout with amber and ame-
thyst, var3'ing to a bright rose color. The plant exhibited was a
small one with two flowers, grown in a basket. It had never lieen
exhilnted here before.

Cypripedium nive%im. New.

July 22d being prize day for Summer Orchids, Mr. Kand ex-
hibited the six following named varieties.

Vanda suavis. — Perianth white outside, tinted with rosy car-
mine ; lip lilac, tipped with white ; flowers very fragrant. The
plant shown was a very beautiful specimen, and the species had
never been exhibited here before.

Oncidiuni Jlexuosuin.

Dendrohium calceolare.

Cattleya guttata Leopoldii.

Miltonia spectabilis.

Epidendrum ciliare.

Also, Dendrohium Devoniamim. — This species blooms along the
stem, which is often several feet long. The flowers measure two
inches across ; the ground color is white, the sepals tipped with
violet rose ; petals larger than the sepals, pink, with a vivid violet
spot at their base ; lip beautifully fringed, white, with two bright
yellow spots at the base, and a rich violet spot at the tip. This is
one of the best of the Dendrobiums.

Oncidium Limminghei. — A minute species resembling a Sojihro-
nitis; flowers large, bright golden, with crimson spotted lip. A
little gem of a plant.

"We desire to call particular attention to a fine new Cattleya ex-
hibited by Mr. Rand, February 12th. The plant was received from
Messrs. Hugh Low & Son, of Clapton nurseries, London, who sent
it to Mr. Rand to fill an order for six plants of Cattleya Triance,
writing that they preferred to send one very fine plant rather than
six small ones. It had just been received by Messrs. Low from
South America and had not bloomed in England. In habit the
plant appears to be a very strong growing C. Trianoi ; the leaves
are very long, thick, and very dark green ; the flowers (two to four
on a spike) very large, opening flat, five to six inches in diameter,
sepals blush white, petals pinkish amethyst ; lip very large, yellow
at base, shading to deep mauve at the tip ; beautifully frilled. The

20 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

flowers are exquisitely fragrant, and remain six weeks in perfec-
tion. The plant exhibited was two feet in diameter and bore six-
teen expanded flowers. It is doubtless a natural seedling hybridized
by insect agency from C. Trianoi, and has been named Cattleya
Triance Daisy. Mr. Rand also showed flowers of the tj^ie C. Tri-
anoe from a plant which came from Prof. Reichenbach, the greatest
living orchidologist.

F. L. Ames exhibited the following new and rare species.

Cypripedhim longifnlimn. — This is not a showy species, but it is
a desirable one, as it is said never to be out of flower. The flowers
are greenish white and brown, rnan^' on a spike ; foliage long, dark
green.

Cypripedium Dominianvm. — A cross between C. caricinmm and
C cmidatn7n. Spike three flowered ; petals 3'ellowish green, very
long ; lip purple, green, and yellow.

Dendrobium M'Carthice. — A ver}' beautiful plant, producing
bright cherry red flowers, which last long in perfection ; lip white
and purple. It is a free grower and produces abundance of flowers.

James Comley has also exhibited Cymbidium aloifolvam, a very
pretty orchid from the East Indies, and Aerides odoratum^ a very
interesting orchid from India.

Indian Azaleas. — The exhibition of Azaleas occurred on the
8th of April. The exhibitors were Marshall P. Wilder, J. B.
Moore and Hovey & Co., each of whom exhibited good collections
of plants. Although there have not been as many good specimen
plants exhibited as there were the preceding season, there were
many fine plants shown, most noticeable among them being the fol-
lowing varieties from Marshall P. Wilder, the descriptions of which
may be found in some of the leading catalogues.

Alba illustrata plena. M'lle Louise de Kerchove.

Baron de Vriere. Marie Le Febvre.

Bernhard Andrea. Neptune.

Bernhard Andrea alba. President Claeys.

Countess of Beaufort. Punctulata variegata.

Eugenie de Kerchove, Rachel von Varnhagen.

JuUette. Roi de Belgique.

La Victoire. Sigismond Rucker.

Madame Mendel. Souvenir de Maximilien.

The varieties from James Comley were mostly the same as those

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 21

shown h\ him last season, which were fully mentioned in our last
report ; the plants were small, but the varieties were showy and
distinct.

Hovey & Co. have exhibited from their extensive collection,
besides other varieties, plants of

Bijou de Paris. Mad. Vandercruyssen.

Constant van Keirsbilck. Monstrosa.

Flag of Truce. Souvenir de Maximilien.

La Victoire. WilHam Tell.

Mad. Marie Van Houtte.

No better plants have ever been exhibited than those from J. B.
Moore ; the varieties shown were Stella, a very fine specimen, three
feet high and very handsomel}' proportioned, also, Etoile de Flandre,
Mad. Marie Lefeb\Te, Marie Vervaene, Todmanii, Juliana, and La
Deesse.

February 12th, John F. Rogers exhibited a specimen plant of
Criterion, a well-known variety ; this plant was four feet high, four
in diameter and ten in circumference, and was in very fine condition.
.June 10th, another splendid specimen was shown b}' CM. Atkin-
son, the variety being Decora. The plant was six feet high, four in
diameter, and twelve in circumference, and was one of the Ijest
specimens ever exhibited. The contrast of the richly colored
flowers with the healthy foliage rendered it an object of great
beauty.

Hovey & Co. exhibited a seedling azalea, of which the Committee
have made the following description from notes furnished by C. M.
Hovey. It is a hji^rid raised a fcAv years since between Azalea
amoena and A. Indica, the object being to produce a variety as
dense and dwarf in growth as amoena, and flowering as freely and
as earl}', but with flowers of a brighter or lighter color. This object
has been partly accomplished, the habit of the seedling being even
more dense and dwarf than that of amoena, and it is also a more
profuse bloomer, while the flowers are somewhat larger, and single
like those of A. Indica, with a larger tube, which gives them a free
and loose appearance, unlike the stiff" set blooms of the female
parent. The color is a clear pale rc>Se, or rosy lilac, and the plant
when in full bloom is literally covered with flowers.

It is hardly possible, in a brief space, to do justice to a plant so
useful and ornamental as the azalea Nothing: can be grander than the

22 MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

superb specimens which have been shown at our exhibitions from year
to year, presenting the greatest variety of color, from crimson to the
purest white. Nor is it for exhibition purposes alone that it is
chiefly valuable ; for the amateur, who does not grow plants for ex-
hibition, but wishes to keep his greenhouse or conservatory blight
with flowers through winter and spring, nothing answers the pur-
pose so well as the azalea. With a little careful management, by
either forcing or retarding, it maj^ be had in bloom from January to
June. May we not hope that the many florists and amateurs who
are making a specialt}' of the azalea maj- be induced to contribute
even more liberally in the future than in the past to oin- exliibitions ?

Cinerarias. — The only exhibitor was C. M. Atkinson, who
brought six well grown specimen plants. It is surprising that such
beautiful and showy plants, which present a great variety- of color,
and so well repay the grower for the time and trouble taken to
produce them, should receive so little attention.

Polyanthus. — No better plants have ever been shown than tlie
six from C. M. Atkinson. The polyanthus is one of our best
spring flowering plants, and should be in ever}' collection.

Pansies — Six well gi'own pots were shown bj- C. M. Atkinson,
May 6th ; also dishes of Odier and French pansies by D. Zirngie-
bel, and several dishes by various other contributors.

Amaryllis. — The premiums offered have so far failed to draw
any competition, but at diflferent times during the early part of the
season some very fine plants, as well as cut flowers, were shown.
Francis Putnam, who is quite an enthusiast over this beautiful
plant, has exhibited a veiy good lot of seedlings, mostly varieties
of vittata. While all were worth}^ of cultivation veiy few were
distinct from the many named varieties we already have. One ex-
ception we must mention — a very fine seedling, exhibited b}- Mr.
Putnam on the 19th of Februar}- ; the flower was very large, color
cherry scarlet, veined with white, each petal having a broad white
stripe through the centre. It was awarded a First Class Certiflcate
of Merit. Mr. Putnam also exhibited Amar3ilis Baj-ard, Phoebus,
Mrs. Kimball, and Johnsonii.

From J. B. Moore we have had well grown plants of Ariemesia,
Cleopatra, Regina, Aurora, Bayard, and Halfordii.

Pelargoniums. — The special prize day was May 13th, and the
exhibition was one of the best ever made. Although the plants
were hardly equal to those shown last season, they still made a very

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 23

l)iilliaiit ilisplay. The exhibitors were Wm. Gray Jr., Ilovey &
( '(>. , and Jaines Comlej'. We omit the lists of names as the varieties
were ver}- much the same as those shown last year, of which full
lists were given.

At the Rose Exhibition, June 21st, H. H. Hunnewell exhibited
six very fine Variegated Zonales. The plants from Mr. Hunnewell
are always first-class in every respect, and at all times a great ad-
dition to the shows.

The Pelargonium Exhibition is one of the most important now
held by the vSociety, and for its success we are largely indebted to
that enthusiastic amateur, William Gray, Jr. As the plants are so
easil}' grown and there are man}' good collections in our vicinity,
we trust that the future exhibitions will show increased competition
over the successful ones already held.

Show and Faxcy Pelargoniums. — The only plant shown was a
very fine standard from C. M. Atkinson, on the 25th of March. It
was five feet high, with a well formed head ; the foliage was very
luxuriant, and was intermixed with an abundance of liloom. The
variety was Belle of Paris.

Spring Herbaceous Plants. — PL S. Rand, Jr., showed a very
fine collection of sixtj^-five species and varieties ; a list of them is
appended, and will prove a valuable help to those who are about
making up collections.

Anemone nemorosa. Hepatica acutiloba.

" "■ purpurea " triloba.

(English). Hoiistonia coerulea.

Aquilegia Canadensis. Iris pumila.

Asarum Canadense. Jeffersonia diphylla.

Corydalis aurea. Orohus vernus.

" nobilis. Pachysandra procumbens.

Dicentra Cucidlaria. " " variegata.

" eximia. Pceonia tenuifolia.

Epimedium sp. Phlox nivalis.

Erythronium albidum. " subidata, 2 var.

" Dens canis. Podophyllum peltatum.

Ficaria raminculoides. Polemoniiim reptans.

" " jl. pi. " Virginica.

Fragaria Virginiana. Potentilla snrmentosa.

Geum rivale. Primida veris.

Gnaphalium sp. " Polyanthus.

24 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Sanguinaria Canadensis. Viola blanda.

Saxifraga Virginica. " Canadensis.

Trillium erectum. " cucullata.

" grandijlorum. " odorata alba.

" sessile. " saggitata.

Uvidaria grandifiora, " tricolor^ 10 var.

" sessilifolia.

Calceolarias. — Six well grown plants were shown b}' C. M.
Atkinson. Perhaps no plant in cultivation possesses so much
richness and variety of color in its blossoms as the Calceolaria, and
when we consider the ease with Avhich it is cultivated, it is surpris-
ing that so few have been exhibited.

Tree Peonies were shown by Marshall P. Wilder and Hovey
& Co. The large collections grown by these gentlemen enable
them alwa3-s to make very fine displays.

Hardy Shrubs. — A veiy good collection of cut flowers was
shown b}^ Miss A. C. Kenrick, consisting of varieties of Azaleas,
Hawthorns, Spiraeas, Lilacs, Dutchman's Pipe, Weigelias, Calj^can-
thus, etc. Miss S. W. Story also had a small collection.

Rhododendrons. — June 3d being the regular prize da}-, E. S.
Rand, Jr., exhibited a very fine collection, the names of which are
given below. Considerable pains have been taken to prepare
these lists, and it is hoped that they may be useful to the members
of the Society, (h., hardy; h. h., half hard}' ; p. h., probabl}-
hard}'; t., tender.)

Album. — White ; h.

" elegans. — Blush white ; h.
Atrosanguineum. — Blood red ; h.
AucKboifolium. — Lilac ; h.
Bicolor. — Rose with white spot ; h.
Brayaniim. — Rosy scarlet ; t.
Candidissirmim. — White ; h. h.
Charles Dickens. — Dark scarlet ; p. h.
Congestum roseum. — Light rose.
Coriaceum. — Pure white ; h.
Cunningham's Dwarf White. — ;White ; h. h.
Delicatissimum. — Blush white ; h.
Ever est ianum. — Rosy lilac, fringed ; h.
Giganteum. — Bright rose ; h.

IIEPORT OF COMMITTER ON PLANTS AND B'LOWGUS. 25

Glennyanum. — Blush ; t.
Grandijlorum. — Rose ; h.
Hannibal. — Fine rose ; h.
Kettledrum. — Fine red.

Lady Armstrong. — Pale rose with dark spots ; p. h.
Lady Emily Peel. — Rose with chocolate spots ; t.
Lee's Dark Purple. — h.
Leopardi. — Rosy lilac, spotted ; h. h.
Limhatum. — White with crimsou edge ; t.
Londineyise. — Purple with light centre ; t.
Lucidum. — Purplish lilac ; t.
Marc Antony. — Lilac ; p. h.
Mrs. Milner. — Crimson ; very fine ; p. h,
Mt. Blanc. — ^White ; p. h.
Neige et Cerise. — White with crimson edge ; t.
Onslowianum. — Waxy blush with yellow eye ; t.
Perfection. — Blush with yellow eye ; t.
Perspicuum. — Blush ; t.
Purity. — White with yellow eye ; t.
, Purpureum elegans. — Fine purple ; h.

" grandijlorum. — Purple, large truss ; h.

Reedianum. — Cherry red ; t.
Rosabel. — Pale rose ; t.
Roseum elegans. — Rose ; h.

" grandijlorum. — Rose ; h.

" p)ictum. — Rose ; h. h.

" superbum. — Light rose ; h.
R. S. Field. — Fine scarlet ; t.
Sir Isaac Newtoyi. — Spotted purple ; h. h.
Splendens. — Rose ; h.

Stella. — Rose with chocolate marking ; p. h.
Sultana. — White with brown spots ; t.
Verschaffeltii. — Purplish blush ; t.
Victoria. — Deep claret color ; t.

On account of the lateness of the season, the Hunnewell Special
Prizes were not awarded until June 10th. The exhibitors were
E. S. Rand, Jr., and Joseph Clark. In addition to those alread}'
named, Mr. Rand exhibited very fine trusses of

Alarm. — Crimson and white ; t.

Archimedes. — Rosy crimson ; h. h,
4

26 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Bertie Parsons (Parsons). — White and mauve ; h.

Blandyanum. — Rosy crimson ; h. h.

Broughtoni. — Rosy crimson ; t.

Bylsianum — White and pink ; very fine ; t.

Garactacus. — Rich puiplish crimson ; h. h.

Charles Bagley. — Cherry red ; t.

Columbus. — Rosy purple ; h. h.

Crispijlorum (Parsons). — ^Purplish; h.

Cruentum. — Rich lake ; t.
Decorator. — Clear rose ; t.

Desdemona. — Blush ; t.

Duchess of Sutherland. — Ros}^ lilac ; t.

General Cabrera. — Crimson ; t.

Guido. — Crimson ; t.

H. H. Hunnewell. — Rich crimson ; h. h.

H. W. Sargent. — Crimson ; p. h.

James Bateman. — Rosy scarlet ; t.

John Waterer. — Dark crimson ; t.

Lady Clermont. — Rosy scarlet and black ; t.

Lady Godiva. — White and yellow ; t.

Lord Clyde. — Deep blood color ; t.

Lord John Bussell. — Red spotted ; t.

Magnum Bonum. — Ros}' lilac ; p. h.

Milnei. — Rosy crimson ; p. h.

Mrs. John Clutton. — White ; verj^ fine ; t.

Mrs. Thomas Wain. — Pale rose ; t.

Nigrescens. — Purple, almost black ; h. h.

Othello. — Crimson ; t.

Paxtoni. — Deep rose ; h. h.

Scipio. — Rose, linel}" spotted ; t.

Surprise. — Lilac ; t.

Sidney Herbert. — Crimson with dark spots ; t.

Titian. — Rosy scarlet ; fine ; t.

We are not able to give a list of the varieties shown by Mr.
Clark, as none was handed the Committee.

H. II. Hunnewell also exliibited a superb lot of rhododendrons,
but we have no list of the varieties. To Mr. Hunnewell, more
tlian to any other person, are we indebted for the increased interest
in the cultivation of the rhododendron.

(Jn Saturday, June 17th, Mr Rand again exhibited a very fine

REPOllT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 27

lot of rhododendrons, comprising, with others, many of the varieties
ah-eady named.

The disphiy of rhododendrons the present year has been remark-
abh' fine ; in size of truss, perfection of individual flowers, and
profusion of bloom it has never been surpassed. It is much to be
regretted that this plant, so ornamental in foliage and showy in
flower, is not generally grown. The hardy varieties, once well es-
tablished, require no care, and the tender are ver}' easily growai,
and only require winter protection.

The Committee have awarded to E. S. Rand, Jr., the 8ociet3''s
Prospective Prize, for the best Seedling Hardy Rhododendron,
for the variety named Daisy Rand, which has been shown at our
exhibitions for the last six years. The plant has been examined in
Mr. Rand's grounds, where it has stood in a most exposed situation,
wholly unprotected, for the last twelve ^ears. The following-
description has been made ly the Committee, from notes furnished
by Mr. Rand :

The plant is of dwarf habit, but ver}' spreading and short jointed ;
foliage very large, oval, bright polished green on the upper surface,
and ver}' white below. It is very floriferous, the smallest branches
carrying trusses of bloom, which are large, full, and globular. The
individual flowei's are of great substance, and last very long in per-
fection, as proved by the fact that trusses from the same plant were
shown this year at our exhibitions on three successive Saturday's.
The flower is rosv scarlet with light centre, the upper petals being
profusely spotted with chocolate. We regard this variety as a
most valuable addition to our shrubs.

Hakdy Azaleas. — E. S. Rand, Jr., E. Shepherd, and B. G.
Smith were the exhibitors, and the same remarks that we made in
regard to the rhododendron will appl}' equally to the azalea. The
collections exhibited "were unusually good, that of Mr. Rand being
the largest. We again express our hope that the very lilteral
premiums oftered by Mr. Ilunnewell for rhododendrons and azaleas,
will bring out a much larger competition tlian \\'e have had the
past season.

Roses. — As was predicted in our last report, the Rose Show was,
without doubt, the best ever held by the Society ; the Queen of
Flowers was present in her best attire. For the Society's prizes,
William Gray, Jr., James Comley, J. II. Woodford, J. B. Moore,
C. M. Atkinson, Francis Parkman, and Joseph Clark were the com-
petitors.

28 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

We append, for the benefit of those about making up a collection
of roses, a list of the best twenty-four varieties shown, and we feel
sure that no one will be disappointed in the selection, it being the
result of years of experience of one of the most enthusiastic of
amateurs, William Gray, Jr.

Alfred Colomb. — Bright, hght crimson ; large and full, fine fonii.

Baronne Prevost. — Pale rose ; very large and full.

Caroline de Sansal. — Clear flesh, blush edges ; large and full.

Comtesse d' Oxford. — Bright carmine red, shaded; large, full and
fine form.

Dupuy-Jamain. — Very bright cerise ; large, full and fine form ;
blooms freely.

Edouard Morren. — Glossy pink ; in the wa^^ of Jules Margottin,
l)ut of a fresher and iiwre delicate color ; of better form, and much
larger ; very fine.

Etienne Levet. — Carmine ; large ; full, fine form.

Felix Genero. — Beautiful violet ; large, full and globular form ;
one of the best.

Ferdinand de Lesseps. — Dark purple, shaded with violet ; large •
and fine.

Fisher Holmes. — Magnificent scarlet red ; imbricated, large and
full ; form like a camellia.

General Jacqueminot. — Brilliant scarlet crimson ; large and mag-
nificent.

John Hopper. — Rose, crimson centre ; large, full and good.

Jules Margottin. — Brilliant glossy pink ; flowers large, smooth
and cupped ; a superb rose.

La France. — Beautiful pale peach, rose centre ; ver}^ large and
full ; free bloomer, a good bedding and decorative rose.

La Reine. — Rosy pink, tinged with lilac ; very large.

Mad. Laurent. — Beautiful cherry red ; full, large, and very fine.

Mad. Marius Cote. — Clear red ; full ; a fine open flower.

Mad. Bothschild. — Beautiful bright rose, shaded with white ;
very large ; handsome foliage.

Mad. Victor Verdier. — Beautiful cherry rose ; large and full ;
form exquisitely cupped.

Marquis de Gastellane. — Bright clear rose ; large and full ; Ihie
form.

Mrs. Laing. — Bright carmine rose ; medium size ; free grower.

Paid Neron. — Dark rose ; extra large ; fine form and habit.

Paul Verdier. — Bright rose ; large, full, and (hicly iniliricated.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 29

Perfection de Lyon. — Bright rose, reverse of the petals lilac ; form
cupped, large and full.

The collections of twelve, six, and three, were all unusually
good, but not distinct enough from those already named to requke
special mention.

Moss Roses. — President Parkman has expressed our opinion of
the Moss Rose so well in his excellent " Book of Roses," that we
are sure he will pardon us if we give our ideas in his words :
"At the present day, when the annual progeny of new Perpetual
roses from the nurseries of France, with a humble reinforcement
from those of England, has eclipsed by numbers the old garden
favorites, the well-remembered roses of our infancy, the Moss alone
stands in tranquil defiance of this gay tide of innovation. Nothing
can eclipse and nothing can rival her. She is, and ever will be, the
favorite of poetry and art ; and the eloquence of her opening buds,
half wrapped in their mossy envelope, will remain, throughout all
generations, a chosen interpreter of the language of youth and
beauty."

We are glad to report that a very fine collection of Moss roses
was shown by C. M. Atkinson. The following is a list :

Celina Moss. Lanei Moss.

Common Moss. Marie de Blois.

Crested Moss. Mad. Albani.

Denis Hel^-e. Oscar Leclerc.

Glory of the Mosses. Princess Adelaide.

James Veitch.

Tender Roses. — The best twelve named varieties were shown
by James Comle}^ ; also the best twelve Marshal Niel, whicli were
exceedingly fine.

General Display. — The extent of this displaj^ was unusuall}^
large and fine. The names of Francis Parkman and Joseph Clark
are a sufficient warrant of the character of the flowers placed upon
the stands.

Hunnewell Special Prizes. — For the best six new varieties
sent out since 1872, William Graj-, Jr., contributed the following:

Captain Christy. — Dehcate flesh color, rose colored in the centre —
a very effective new color ; veiy large.

Etienne Levet. — Carmine ; large, full, fine form.

Francois Michelon. — Floriferous ; flowers large, full ; fine deep
red, reverse of petals, silvery.

30 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mad. Marius Cote. — Clear red, full.

May Turner.

Richard Wallace. — Flowers full, very well formed ; bright rose,
slightly edged white.

For the best six named varieties, William Grav, Jr., exhibited
Charles Lefebvre, La France, Marquise de Castellane, Mad. Roths-
child, Mad. Vidot, Victor Verdier.

From CM. Atkinson, came Duchess of Edinburgh, John Har-
rison, Madame Nachury, Miller Hayes, Mile. Dumaiue, Thomas
MiUs.

For the best twelve of any one variety, William Gra}^, Jr., exhib-
ited twelve fine specimens of Baronne Prevost.

Gray Special Prizes. — For the best twelve of any one variety,
J. C. Chaffln exhibited a superb stand of Victor Verdier.

For the best six of any one variety, James Comley had an equally
superb stand of Baronne de Rothschild.

For twelve named varieties, Francis Parkman exhibited the fol-
lowing named superb varieties, which were pronounced \>y all, the
best twelve roses ever on exhibition. The varieties were
Alfred Colomb. La France.

Annie Wood. Leopold Premier.

Ardoise de Lyon. Marechal Vaillant.

Charles Lefebvre. Marguerite Dombrain.

FeUx Genero. Paul Neron.

Glor}' of Waltham. Perfection de Lyon.

Comley Prize, for the best Single Flower. — There were
several contributors, the successful one being J. C. Chaffln, with a
very fine flower of Charles Lefebvre.

The Societ}- is to be congratulated on the success of this show,
and we trust that not only the exhibitors of the past season, but
other rose growers, will add their i)roductions to the future ex-
hibitions.

In addition to his display at the regular Rose Show, James Com-
ley has exhibited some very fine plants, grown in pots, of Hy])rid
Perpetuals, viz. :

Captain Christy.

Comtesse d' Oxford.

Elie Morel.

Mad. Larchanne. — White, very large, a first rate flowei-, the
finest of its class.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 31

Mad. Lefebvre Bernard. — Bright rose, tipped with white ; fine
l)looiner, very large.

Paid Neron.

Prince Paul Demidoff. — Fine clear carmine rose ; ver}' large, full,
fine form.

Princess Beatrice. — Light peach color ; fine form.

Rosa Bonheur.

Souvenir de Gen. Douai.

Mr. Comley has also shown the following new Tea roses :

Catherine Mermet. — Light flesh color, large ; a splendid rose.

La Jonquille. — Very yellow ; medium flower, and said to be a
good bloomer.

Mad. Charles. — Light yellow with salmon centre ; large and well
formed.

Triomphe de Rennes.

Marie Accary (Noisette).

From J. B. Moore we had fine plants of Hybrid Perpetual
roses Duke of Edinburgh and Mad. Lacharme. Both of these
t)lants were in admirable condition and full of fine flowers and buds.
Mr. Moore has also exhibited ver}- fine collections of cut flowers of
choice Hybrid Perpetual roses, which for size of flower and fine
form have seldom, if ever, been equalled. He has also shown the
new Tea rose, Cheshunt H3'brid, the color of which, cherry carmine,
is quite novel. It is a very fine rose.

W. IL Spooner and B. G. Smith, have each shown good collec-
tions of H3brid Perpetual roses ; L. H. Foster and Twombley &
Sons, Bon Silene and Saffrano rose buds, and E. S. Rand, Jr., very
fine dishes of Cherokee and Fortune's Double Banksia roses.

Gloxinias. — We regret to report that for the prizes offered there
was no competition, except for the single specimen, Joseph Clark
being the successful competitor with a fine plant.

J. B. Moore has shown some very good seedlings, making on the
•29th of April a good display under numbers. The Committee con-
sidered the following as worthy of note : No. 2 ; medium sized flow-
er, spotted throat, crimson lake, edge of petals faint lilac. No. 3 ;
large flower, color crimson with deeper velvety crimson tube, white
spotted throat. No. 5 ; large flower ; color deep purple, with hght
violet edges, white throat. On the 15th of April Mr. Moore pre-
sented another fine seedling, a good flower, of fine substance, large,
round, well opened ; white throat shading to a purphsh crimson,
with delicate pink edges.

32 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

From James Comley we had three new varieties, Rev. H. Dom-
brain, Julie, and Caroline.

Wardian Cases. — W. H. Halliday, Hovey & Co., A. Greenlaw,
and Carl Deeterich were the exhibitors. Mr. Halliday's cases are
so well known that no comment on them is necessary ; suffice it to
say they were fine specimens of neatness and good taste. If there
is any criticism at all to be made upon the others it is that the cases
were so elaborate as to distract attention from the plants growing
in them ; but they were ver^- handsome parlor ornaments.

Fern Cases were shown bj- W. H. Halhda}' , very neatlj-^ arranged
with choice ferns and lycopods.

Sweet Williams. — There were several collections shown, but the
best were from Joseph Clark and James Nugent, each having a
good stand of fine distinct varieties. Hunt's Auricula Flowered
largely predominating.

Summer Herbaceous Plants. — Francis Parkman and James
McTear were the exhibitors. The stand from Mr. Parkman was
an unusually good one, and contained a very choice collection of
named varieties ; the stand from Mr. McTear was also a very good
one.

Delphiniums. — Francis Parkman showed a very fine collection,
comprising some magnificent spikes of extremely rich and showy
flowers. No one has done as much as Mr. Parkman to improve
this valuable plant, and we are glad that his efforts are being re-
warded by the production of such beautiful flowers as were shown
on this occasion.

Late Phloxes. — A veiy fine display was made by several con-
tributors ; the best collections were from Francis Parkman and
Hovej^ & Co., and were undoubtedly the best ever exhibited.
Great improvement has been made in this valuable herbaceous
plant, which for late summer flowers has no equal.

For the best Seedling Late Phlox, the Silver Medal was awarded
to Francis Parkman, for a very fine flower marked No. 2 ; color
bright rose, with brilliant scarlet e3'e ; large and full. Mr. Parkman
has also sliown a very fine lot of seedlings in addition to the one
just mentioned ; particularly good were those marked F, — white with
deep crimson eye, heavily flamed with the same color. J, — bright
rose with scarlet eye ; and D, — white, with dark rose eye. James
Comley has also shown a very good lot of seedlings.

Petunias. — The best stands were those from E. W. AVood and

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS.

33

James Cartwright ; there were other contributors, and the disi)l;iy
this season was unusually good.

Native Ferns. — An excellent collection was shown by Mrs.
Horner, numbering some tifty species and varieties, all neatly and
correctly named, which added very much to the interest of the col-
lection. On the 27th of June, John Rolnnson exhibited thirty-
three species and varieties of hai'dy North American Ferns ; we
append the list with the notes as given by Mr. Robinson, which we
are sure will be of great interest to all. He says —

" These ferns have been grown in my garden for the ninnber of
years indicated by the figures placed against the names, without
special care, and without any other protection during winter than a
few leaves. Those marked with a star are ferns not yet fairly
tested in my garden, though perfectly hardy in certain other
localities.

Polypodium vulgare. 10.
Phegopteris Dryopteris. 10.

" polypodioides. 10.

StrutMopteris Germanica. .'">.
Pteris aquilina. 4.
Adiantam pedatum. 9.
Woodwardia angustifolia. 5.

* Camp)tosorus rhizophyllus. 2.
*Asp)lenium Ruta-muraria. 1 .

" Trichonianes. 5.

" eheneum. 5.
" *angustifolmm. 2.
" thelypteroides. 5.
" FUix-foemina. 10.
DicJcsonia pundilobula. ;>.

* Woodsia ohtusa. 3.
Cystop)tens fragilis. 10.

Cystopteris bidbifera. 5.
Aspidium Noveboracense. 5.

" spinulosum intermedi-
um. 10.
" " Boottii. 5.

" " dUatatum. 10.

" cristatum. 5.
" " CUntonianum. 2.

" Goldianum. 2.
'' marginale. 10.
" " elegans. 10.

" acrostichoides. 10.
Onodea sensibilis. 10.
Osmunda cinnamomea. 10.
" Claytoniana. 5.
" regalis. 10.
" " var. 10,"

On the 15th of July, George E. Davenport exhibited a very fine
collection of Native Ferns, a list of which, Avith notes, he has
prepared at our request.

" Polypodium vulgare, L. — A hardy evergreen species ; common.

'' incanum, Swz. — From Texas.

Gymnogramme triangidaris, Klf. — From California.

34 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Pellcea gracilis, Hook. — From Vermont ; hardy.

" atropurpurea, Liulv. — From S3'racuse, N. Y. ; hardy.
'' ornithojyus, Hook. — From Yuba Co., Cahforuia.
" brachyptera, Baker. — From Sierras, California.
Pteris aquiliyia, L. — Common brake ; hard3^

'^ aquiliyia, var. lanuginosa, Hook. — From Oregon. (Ex-
hibited for the first time.)
Lomaria Spicant, Desv. — From Oregon ; hardy ; evergreen.
Woodwardia Virginica, Smith. — Mass. ; hardy.

" angustifolia. Smith. — Mass ; not common ; hardy.

Scolopendrium vulgare, Smith. — From Owen Sound, Canada ;

hardy ; evergreen.
Camptosorus rhizophyllus, Link. — From Vermont ; hardy ; ever-
green.
Aspleniiim Trichomanes, L. — Mass. ; hardy ; evergreen.
" ebeneum, Aiton. " " "

" tlielypteroides, M. — Not common ; hardy.

" Filix-foemina, Bernh. — Mass. ; common ; hard}'.

Phegopteris polypodioides, Fee. — Essex Co., Mass. ; hardy.

" hexagonoptera, Fee — Medford, Mass. ; not common ;

hardy.
" Dryopteris, Fee — Berkshire Co., Mass. ; not com-

mon ; hardy.
Aspidium acrostichoides, Swz. — Mass. ; hardy ; evergreen.
'■'• aculeatum, var. Braimii, Doll. — Vermont; hardy.

" Thelypteris, Swz. — Mass.; common; hardy.

" Novehoracense, Swz. — Mass. " "

" patens, Swz. — From Texas.

" fragrans, Swz. — From Vermont.

" spinulosum, Swz. — Newton, Mass. ; hard}'.

" " var. intermedium. " "

" " " dilatatum, Gray. — Mass. ; hardy.

" '' , " Boottii, " " "

" cristatum, Swz. — Mass. ; hardy.

" " var. Clintonianum. — Berkshire Co.,

Mass. ; hardy.
'• Goldianum, Hook. — From Vermont ; hardy.

" FiUx-mas, Swz. — From Owen Sound, Canada ; hard3\

" marginale, Swz. — Mass.; hardy; evergreen.

Struthiopteris Oermanica, Willd. — Mass. ; luirdy ; not connnon.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 35

Onoclea sensibilis, L. — Mass. ; hardy.

Cystopteris fragilis, Bernh. — Mass. ; hardy.

" bulbifera, Bernh. — Sj'racuse, N. Y. ; liardy.

Wo'-Alsia Ilvensis, R. Br. — Mass. ; hardy.
" obtvsa Low. — Mass. ; hardy.

Dicksonia punctilobula. Kze. — Mass. ; hardy.

Osmunda regalis, L. — Mass. ; hard}'.

" Claytoniana, L. — Mass. ; hardy.
" cinnamomea, L. " "

Botrycliium ternatum, 8wz. — From Cahfornia ; hardy.
" Virginicum, Swz. — Mass. ; hardy.

Adiantum pedatum, L. — Mass. ; hardy.

" CapiUus- Veneris, L. — From Utah.

This exhibit was the result of my first season's cultivation of
ferns, the specimens having been all grown in my garden, under the
disadvantage of an unusually dry summer. Though by no means
so large or fine as I hope to show another season, they have
strengthened my convictions that our native ferns may be readily
cultivated and become permanent objects of beauty in our gardens."

Gladioli, as in seasons past, have been a very prominent fea-
ture of the exhibitions. J. S. Richards and George Craft have con-
tributed most frequently, and W. H. Spooner has sent some fine
English and French varieties. The prize day was Augiist 19th,
when J. S. Richards, J. B. Moore, George Craft, A. McLaren, and
Herbert Gle^ison, exhil)ited very fine stands of flowers. At the
annual exhibition, George Craft and A. McLaren exhibited fine
stands of almost every shade and color, and J. S. Richards a stand
of Ms fine seedlings.

Asters. — Unusually good collections were shown by C. M. Atkin-
son, J. B. Moore, J. A. Black, James Nugent and Hovey & Co.
The competition was unusually active, and the flowers, both as to
size and variety, were the best we have seen.

Lilies. — September 2, being prize day, W. H. Spooner, made a
very flue display' of Lilmm lancifolium, L. macirmthum, L. punc-
tatum. L. albxim, L. rubriim^ and L. monstrosum,. From Hovey &
Co. came lilies Melpomene, Thaha, and Clio. From C. M. Atkin-
son, three very fine pots of Lilmm longiflorum. From C. A. Put-
nam,^ i. Washingtonianum. From B. K. Bliss, L. avenaceum, L.
cordifolium, L. Krameri^ and //. Hansonii. From N. Hallock, L.
Leiclitlinii and L. tigrininn fl. pL From Francis Putnam. L. an-

3(i MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ratum^ and from James Comley, a very fine stand of L. Canadense.

The Committee have awarded the Prospective- Prize to Francis
Parkman for his Seedling Lily, to which the name of Lilium Parh-
manni, has been given in England. It first bloomed in 1869, and
has been shown nearly every year since. Last year it was exhibited
on the 5th of August, In England it has been pronounced the best
111}' ever raised. Four, if not more, engravings of it have been
printed, and it has excited a discussion in the journals and maga-
zines which still continues. No flower raised in this country has
ever created such a sensation abroad. We copy the following
account, by the originator, from the " Gardener's Chronicle :"

"It is a hybrid between Lilium auratum, and a deep colored
variety of L. speciosum. The latter was the female parent. Im-
pregnation took place readily, and the young bulbs were planted in
the open ground for the first time in the spring of 1869. There
were about fifty of them. Several, as they grew, shoAved the pecu-
liar spotted stem of the male parent, but when they set fiower buds,
as nearly all of them did in the same season, the features of L.
auratum could be distinguished in only one of them. The rest, in
bud and flower, appeared to be merely L. speciosum, quite un-
affected by the pollen of the male parent.

The one case alluded to was a remarkable exception. The flower
opened ten days earlier than any of the rest ; its color was a deep
red ; it had the fragrance of L. auratum and resembled it also in
form. This first flower measured nine and a half inches from tip to
tip of the petals. In the following year there were several flowers,
of which the largest measured eleven and a half inches. The bulb
was then in a pot ; as no special pains or skill was applied to its
cultivation, the flower might doubtless be grown to the diameter of
a foot.

This hybrid was the result of a great number of experiments in
the cross fertilization of lilies."

Messrs. Hove}' & Co. have also raised a new hybrid lily, which
they have oflTered for the Society's Prospective Prize. The follow-
ing description of it is by CM. Hovey :

'•'•Lilium speciosum Hovey i, is a seedling from L. Melpomene^
fertihzed with L. auratum. It was the first hybrid raised between
these two varieties, immediately after the latter was first exhil)ited.
It bloomed magnificently, and the plant, with twelve fully expanded
flowers was exhiliited before the Society in 18(;6, Init owing to an

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 37

iinlbrtuuate accident, the bulb was nearly lost, and has not Ijloonicd
Tuitil recently, and has not again been exhiliited until this year,
when flowers from 3'oung bull)s were shown in July.

It is a fine acquisition, and in its whole character shows the in-
fluence of each parent, and the valuable results to l)e obtained by
hyl)ridization. The flowers are very nearly of the form of L. sjyecio-
sum, and the colors similar, only more clear, better defined, and
deeper, as well as more brilliant. The foliage is also the same. In
the size of the flowers, however, it takes after L. auratum., even
excelling that large flower, being nearly or quite fourteen inches in
diameter in full sized blossoms, the bud measuring exactly seven
inches long just before opening ; the petals are three inches in
breadth. It also flowers about the same season, or a week or two
earlier than L. speciosmn.

Its remarkable qualities, aside from the size of its immense blos-
soms, are the clearness of its pure white petals, without any inter-
mixture of green, and the deep, rich, brilliant color of the broad
carmine band which runs through the centre of each, intensified by
conspicuous large, bold, crimson spots, and still darker blood-
colored papillae, with which the}' are thickly studded at the base.
The petals are also flat (not twisted) , and reflex with an evenness
and beauty rarely seen among the reflexed lilies. It is a remarkably
robust grower, attaining the height of from six to seven feet, with a
stem an inch in diameter. The plant produces from twelve to
twenty flowers."

Verbexas. — The show was unusually large, there being seven
contril>utors, and the varieties were much better than usual. E. C.
Smith and J. O'Brien were the successful competitors.

Native Plants have been shown by Mrs. C. N. S. Horner, E.
H. Ilitchings, and G. E. Davenport. This department is always
very interesting and the contributors have been indefatigable in their
labors to do their part well, Mrs. Horner's displa^^s having been
the largest. The plants have been neatl}' and correctly named,
which made them a very interesting feature of the exhibitions.
We notice as worthy of mention from Mr. Davenport, —

Arabia sp.

Cassandra calyculata.

Castilleia coccinea (Painted Cup).

Claytonia Virginka (Spring Beauty) . From Illinois.

CoUinsia verna.

38 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Dicentra CucuUaria (Dutchman's Breeches) .

Eriostemon a ng ust ifol ium .

Hepatica triloba^ a plant in a pot, showing the flowers transformed
into leaves.

Hottonia inflata (Water Violet), a very fine specimen.

Hydrophyllum apjiendiculatum. From Illinois.
" macrophyllum. u u

Mertensia Virginica (Virginian Cowslip or Lungwort) .

Pyxidanthera barbulata. From the pine woods of New Jersey.

Trillium erectum (Purple Trillium, Birthroot).
" grandiflormn (Large White Trillium).
" nivale (Dwarf White Trillium) .
"■ sessile.

Uvularia grandijiora (Large Flowered Bellwort) .

Viola rotundifolia.

ZantJioriza apiifolia (Shrub Yellow-root), from Concord, Mass.

July 22d, E. H. Hitchings exhibited a very interesting specimen of
the Nymphcea odorata (Water Lily), showing the roots, leaves, and
flow^ers, l)oth in the undeveloped and perfect state. Also, Utricu-
laria gibba (rare), Eriocaulon septangulare, Eindendrvni conop-
seuin, from Florida ; Habenaria blepliariglotlis., H. psychodes^ Cus-
cuta Gronovii, and other choice varieties.

Double Zinnias. — September 9th being prize day, very flue
stands were shown by George Craft, James Nugent, and others. It
is gratifying to see this useful annual coming into general cultiva-
tion. With its numerous varieties, of almost every shade of color
and lasting so long in perfection, no garden can well afford to be
without it.

Cut Flowers. — For the prizes for fifty named varieties of green-
house flowers, Hovey & Co., C. M. Atkinson, and James McTear,
have been the competitors ; of the fifty named AnnuaLs and Peren-
nials, Hovey & Co. have been the only contributors. We must
repeat what we stated in our last report — that the competition for
these prizes has not met the expectations of the Committee. It
was hoped that the premiums offered for named varieties of flowers
would incite a spirited competition, and that the collections ottered
would form a very instructive feature of the exliibitions, but so i'nr
they have been a failure.

Cut Flowers {\f)0 bottles). W. K. Wood and James Comley,
have contril)uted regularly to the weekly exliibitions, very handsome

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 39

stands of choice flowers. Hovey & Co. and Mrs. K. M. Gill have
been the next largest contributors, and J. B. Moore and J. O'Brien
have sent occasional contributions. Owing to the dr3'ness of the
season, the competition was probably' less than it otherwise would
have been, but those W'ho have contributed have done their part well,
and, as in all past seasons, have added very much to the appearance
of the Hall. At the Annual Exhibition, the display was unusually
good, and the stands were kept up with choice flowers through the
exhibition very much better than usual. The contrilnitors were
W. K. Wood, Hovey & Co., Mrs. E. M. Gill, W. C. Strong, J.
O'Brien, James Nugent, and A. H. Dunlap.

Greenhouse Plants. — April 8th, C. M. Atkinson, and E. S.
Rand, Jr. each exhibited six w^ell grown plants in fine healthy con-
dition.

June 28th, H. H. Hunnewell exhibited six fine greenhouse
Flowering plants, viz. : Azalea decora, A. Gledfitanesii, Rhyncho-
spermum jasminoides^ Fuchsia Avalanche, Anthurium Scherzerianum
and Trichiniam Manglesii. These were all well grown handsome
specimens.

E. S. Rand, Jr., exhibited Allamanda Schottii, Cattleya Mossim,
Dendrohium albo sangui7ieum, Saccoluhium retusnm, Vinca rosea,
and V. alba.

At the Annual Exhibition, F. L. Ames, Hovey & Co., and
William Gray, Jr., exhibited very fine collections of plants. At
no time has the Hall been graced with a collection superior to that
of F. L. Ames ; every plant was a clean, handsome specimen. The
species were as follows, —

Kentia Forsterkma, a new species of palm, introduced by
M. Linden, from Lord Howe Island, which lies between New
South Wales and New Zealand.

Areca rubra, a very graceful species, having light and feathery
foliage ; dark green color. It is suitable for table decorations, and
is one of the best for general stove purposes.

Areca lutescens, a fine palm for table decoration, being small and
dwarf; fronds graceful ; pale green. This species ought to be in
every collection.

Cocas Weddelliana, the most elegant species of this genus, with
gracefully spreading fronds. "V\Tien not more than four feet high,
3^oung plants of it have often as many as twelve and twenty fronds,
forming a plume of the most beautiful description.

40 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Geonoma Schottiana. — Fronds from two to four feet long, droop-
ing, slender. A truly elegant palm, of light feathery appearance,
not to l)e surpassed for decorative purposes.

Draccena amabilis.

Pandcmus Veitchii.

Beaucarnea recurvata. — A native of Mexico ; trunk reaching a
height of five to six feet, two to three inches thick ; leaves, one
hundred or more in a very dense rosette, recurved from the A^ery
base, three to five feet long, three-fourths of an inch to an inch
broad above the deltoid base.

Croton maximum. — The largest of the yellow leaved varieties ;
of strong roliust habit ; leaves of a rich golden color, marked on
each side of the midrib with dark olive green l)ands of irregular
form.

Splicer ogyne lati folia.

Curculigo recurvata variegata.

Hovey & Co. exhiljited the following :

Areca speciosa.

Chamoiropis excelsa.

Pritchardia Pacijica, with magnificent, large, fan like leaves.

Seaforthia robusta.

Phormium atropxirpureum^ a very distinct kind, of the habit of
P. tenox, lint with leaves of a beautiful reddish purple.

Phormium Veitchii var. — A highly ornamental and nol)le i)laiit
for the garden or conservatory.

Croton irregidare. — Very handsome, having long narrow leaves,
which are dark green, with a light red midrib ; highly decorative.

Dracaena Youngii, a bold, robust, spreading kind ; very fine.

Pandanus ornatus, with superb, long, green leaves.

Tucca quadricolor, with fine, narrow, drooping foliage ; green
ground, striped with yellow and crimson.

Paullinia thalictrifoUa, a lovely, half climbing plant, of slender
growth, producing very freely its beautifully cut leaves, which
resemble the fronds of a Maiden Hair fern.

Hovey & Co. have for many years l)een contributors to the exhi-
bitions, ])ut at no time have they shown a collection better than that
just named.

Si'KCiMKN Plants. — .lune 22(1, II. II. Ilunnewell ex]>il)ited a
si)l(Mi(lid plant of Pandanus Veitchii, one of the most beautiful
plants intrcxhiced by the Messrs. Veitch ; the leaves are light green,

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 41

beautifully striped with brofid bands and lines of pure white, and
are gracefully recurved. It is a superior plant for exhibition or
decorative purposes.

At the Annual Exhibition Hovey & Co. exhibited a splendid speci-
men of Pandanus rejlexus, a fine stove evergreen plant. William
Gray, Jr., showed a very fine specimen of Platycerium grande.
" This fine fern should be grown on a large block, upon which
it forms a beautiful coronet. The sterile fronds or shields are erect
and permanent, alternately overlapping each other, rounded on the
lower edge, the upper part much divided or forked. The fertile
fronds rise from the sinus of the sterile ones, are coriaceous in
texture, mau}^ times dichotomousty forked, and densely clothed
with white, stellate scales ; they measure from one to three feet
in length, and the sori foriu a dense, irregular patch near the
sinus of the first division. It requires a stove temperature. It is
a native of the Malay Islands, and of various parts of Australia."
" The Garden," Vol. Ill, p. 275, where it is also figured.

Specimen Flowering Plants. — Hove}- & Co. exhibited Lapa-
geria alba^ and AUamanda Schottii, and William Gray, Jr., Cypri
pjedium Roezlii. The last named is a native of New Grenada ; the
sepals of the flower are of a delicate pink color, streaked with red,
the greenish, attenuated petals being margined with bright pink or
red ; the lip is of a clear greenish yellow tint ; the leaves are glossy
bright green. We believe it is the first time it has been exhibited.

Variegated Leaved Plants were shown by Hovey & Co. and
William Gra} , Jr., and although there was nothing new in either
collection, the plants were well grown specimens of good standard
species and varieties.

Specimen Variegated Leaved Plants. — William Gray, Jr.,
exhibited a fine plant of Pliorviium Colensoi , and J. B. Moore, a
fine plant of Croton mterru2ytn7n.

Caladiums were shown by C. M. Atkinson, Hovey & Co., J. B.
Moore, and W. T. Andrews. The plants were not as large as
some that have been shown in former years, but the foliage was
particularly fine, and some of the varieties were verv showy, and
highly ornamental. The very fine collection from W. T. Andrews
was a great attraction ; the following named varieties were very
striking :

Barillet. Dr. Lindley.

De Ilinnboldt. Due de Morny.

6

42 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Flora. Mrs. Dombrain.

Gaerti. Princess of Teck.

Imperatrice Eugenie. Quadricolor.

Laingii. Triomphe de 1' Exposition.

Lepesehkinei. Vesta.

Ferns were exhibited b}- F. L. Ames, Hovey & Co., and J.
Warren Merrill. Those exhibited hy Mr. Ames were the handsomest
plants ever shown, and comprised the following fine varieties :
Adiantum amabile,
" assimile,
" conchimim latum,
••' cuneatum,
a charming group, all of them well adapted for specimen culture.

DavaUia Mooreana, described in the Transactions for 1875,
Part II, p. G9.

Gleichema Dicliotoma. — The Gleiclienias constitute one of the
most beautiful groups belonging to the whole family of Ferns, and
for decorative and exhibition purposes are among the ver}^ best.
An excellent article on the genus ma^^ be found in " The Garden,"
Vol. IX, p. 445.
Gleichenia spehmcm.

Gymnogramme Peruviana argyrophylla. — Silvery-grey on both
surfaces ; a splendid fern.

Platycerium alcicorne majus. — The habit of this fern is so curious,
that it is almost indispensable in every collection.
From Hovey & Co. came
Adiantum trapeziforme, DavaUia Tyermanni,

Alsophila australis, Hypolepis distans,

" Van Geerti, Lomaria gibba,

Asplenium Fabianum, Pteris scabenda,

DavaUia Mooreana,
which were well grown specimen plants.

Six Named New Varieties were shown by J. Warren Merrill.
They were Anemia adiantifolia, Clieilanthes Clevelandii, C. Alaba-
mensis, Aleuritopteris tricolor ( ?) , Dictyogramme Japionica variegata,
Gleichenia cirdnata glauca.

Adiantums. — IIov(;y & Co., were the onl}^ exhibitors, with A.
Farleyense, A. cmieatum, A. trapeziforme, A. decorum, A. concin-
num and A. concinnum latu7n, six line ferns.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 43

Tree Ferns. — Very fine specimens wei-e shown by J. Warren
Merrill and Hovey & Co.

March 25th, J. "Warren Merrill exhibited a fine plant of Athyrium
Goringianum pictum, a greenhouse fern from Japan, of very easy
culture, and said to be well adapted for ferneries, rooms, or table
ornaments. June 3d, AVilliam Gray, Jr., exhibited Polypodium
{Nlpliobolus) lingua corymbifera, a verj' rare fern from Japan.

At the Annual Exhibition, E. II. Ilitchings showed the following
named rare forms of BotrycMum ternatum :

No. 1 . " With the two lateral primary divisions of the sterile frond
changed into long-stalked fertile fronds." See " Gray's Manual."

Xo. 2. With three fertile fronds on the stem of the sterile frond.

No. 3. With two sterile, and two fertile fronds on the same stem.

Nos. 4 and 5. With sterile fronds, each bearing on its stem two
fertile fronds.

No. 6. "With double fertile frond.

Drac^nas were exhibited by Hove}' & Co. The plants were of
medium size, well grown, and in good order. The varieties w^ere
Youngii, Shepherdii, amabilis, imperialism Regina and stricta.

Palms. — A very fine pair were shown by William Gray, Jr. —
Livistonia Borbonica and Chamcedorea elegantissima. Ilove}'^ & Co.
also exhibited a pair.

Agaves. — Two good collections were shown by E. S. Eand, .Jr.,
who brought A. cocci7iea, A. viicracantha, A. Xalapensis, A. striata^
A. Antillarurii and A. Verscha.felti, and Hovey & Co., who exhibited
A. medio picta., A. cyanea, A. J^issonii, A. applanata, A. hetera-
rantha cwrulea, and A. Bessereriana. Candida. Of late years,
consideralile attention has been given to this fine class of ornamental
l)lants, which, for outside decoration, either in tubs or plunged in
beds, have scarcely an equal, and are quite as w'ell adapted foi-
conservatories and halls.

Cacti. — A very interesting collection was shown by John C.
Hove}', which were neatly and correctly labelled, and added much
to the interest of the exhibition. In the collection we noticed the
following species and varieties not mentioned in our last report :
Cereus Jamaicensis. Opuntia hystrix.

Ecliinopsis Scliethasii . " macrodasys minima.

Mammillaria bicolor. " speciosa.

"• sp. No. 1, New Mexico. " tenuispina.

Opuntia fragilis.

44 3IASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Succulents (other thau Agaves and Cacti) . The only exhibitor
was John C. Hovey, whose specimens were selected with mnch care,
and contained the following species and varieties not mentioned in
our last report :

Aloe albocincta. Hawortliia coarctata.

" liumilis. Hechtea GhiesbregJitii.

" rJiodacantha. Littma junci folia.

Grass^da perpossa. Mesembryanthemum echinatum.

G aster ia Bowieana. Rhipidodendron plicatile.

" maculata. Sempervivum dodrantale.

Best new Pot Plant. — F. L. Ames, exhibited Cypripedium
Sedeni.

Celosia Pyramidalis. — Four good plants were shown b}^ C. M.
Atkinson. In Europe these are largely grown in pots for exhibi-
tion, and also for table decoration ; they grow freely in the open
groiuid and are highly ornamental for borders, and very showy
when arranged with other plants.

Dahlias. — 8. G. Stone and C. M. Atkinson have been the only
contributors ; the display has been less than in previous seasons.

Bouquets. — Hovey & Co., James Nugent, Mrs. E. M. Gill, Mrs.
S. Joyce and James O'Brien have been the contributors. The
Hand Bouquets have been very good — indeed, they have been first
class all through the season, while on the other hand, the Parlor
Bouquets have been very poor. We hope another season to see a
great improvement in the latter.

Baskets of Floavers. — Hovey & Co., Mrs. A. D. Wood, Mrs.
S. Joyce and Mrs. E. M. Gill, have been the principal contributors.
As in past seasons, baskets have been quite a feature of the weekly
exhibitions, and the efforts of the contributors seem to be appreci-
ated by all.

Table Designs have been shown b^' Hovey & Co., Mrs. A. D.
Wood, Mrs. S. Joj^ce and Mrs. E. M. Gill. There has been much
sameness in ,the designs, and the Committee think that there is
room for improvement in this direction, and hope another season
will witness it.

Rustic Stands. — Two very fine stands, arranged in good taste
with choice plants, were shown by Hovey & Co. and W. J. Vass.

Evergreen Trees and Shrubs, were sliown by W. C. Strong
and J. W. Manning. The collection shown l»y Mr. Strong con-
tained fifty varieties of Coniferous Evergreens, most noticeal)le

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 45

among Avhk'h were Betinispora pisifera aurea, six feet high — a fine
specimen of uncommonly bright color ; S. ohtusa aurea ^ a dwarf
compact variety, also very golden ; several other Eetinisporas of
merit ; some fine new Spruces and Piceas, noticeable among which
was P. Nordmanniana ; also Thujas in variety, among which T.
occidenialis variegata was most conspicuous.

Chrysanthemums. — The exhibition was a decided success. At
no time have such good plants been shown as on this occasion ; the
specimens were full of vigor and health, and finety clothed with
flowers. The value of this flower for autumn decoration, yielding
as it does, a supply of flowers, when so many other things are fail-
ing, cannot be over estimated.

New and Eare, or Fine Specimen Plants. — William Gray,
Jr., brought a small plant of Cypripedmm niveum (Snow-white
Lady's Slipper). H. Noel Humphreys says, in "The Garden,"
Vol. IX, p. 525, " This is a little gem, and a general favorite
wherever it is grown. In habit it is so nearly- like C concolor that
Mr. Ellis, who obtained many of the first plants introduced, mis-
took it for C. concolor until it flowered. The foliage is, however, a
little longer, and rather deeper in color ; the flowers are borne on
one or two flowered scapes, which vary from three to six inches in
height, sometimes even higher ; the sepals are white in front, suf-
fused with delicate rose-flesh at the base, which gives them a charm-
ing opaline appearance, and at the back the}^ are suflTused with
green and blotched with dull purple ; the sepals are pure white,
nearly two inches long, and are dotted at the base with purple ; lip
oblong, shghtly pointed, not unlike a wren's egg, l)ut larger, pure
white, with minute purple dots."

Mr. Gray has also shown Gypripedium bijlorum, a handsome
species from India, in the way of C. b((rbntvm, but with more
variegated foliage. The blossoms are produced on a spike ; some-
times two flowers appear on one stem ; the top petal is very hand-
some, the upper part being of a beautiful white, the other part of
the flower purplish brown. It will keep for weeks in good con-
dition.

James Comley has shown,

Allamanda Weddelliana. — New and the first time exhibited.

Anthurium crysta,Uinum, a very rich ornamental plant ; leaves of a
rich, dark green color, the midrib and principal veins lieing bor-
dered on each side with a beautiful bright silver}- white band. The

46 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

young leaves are of a rich bronzy shade, formhig an effective con-
trast with the more mature fohage.

Anthurium Scherzerianum, a ver^- striking and attractive plant,
producing beautiful scarlet floral spathes, each of whicli remains a
long time fresh aud brilliant.

Bougainvillea glabra, a fine plant.

Draccena metallica. — This is considered one of the finest of the
dark leaved Draccenas, and is among the very best of decorative
plants. New, and now first shown.

Eriostemon hiixifolmm. — A very handsome New Holland shrub.

Fragaria variegata.

Hedychium jiavum.

Hibiscus Mosa-sinensis cruentus, a remarkabl}' fine and showy
stove plant ; flowers of moderate size, compact and double ; of. a
very rich crimson red.

Hydrangea OtaJcsa, a Japan species, very double ; with pink
flowers and blossoms in clusters. The plant exhilnted was a very
fine specimen with thirty-seven full heads of bloom.

Hydrangea stellata Jl. pi.

La^mgeria alba.

Rhododendron Aucklandi. — This is exceedingly rare, and one of
the handsomest of the Himalayan series ; its fine large white flowers
are sometimes from four to six inches in diameter. New, and now
first exhibited.

R. forviosum grand iflorum., a free blooming variety, with finely
formed, pure white flowers. A neat growing kind, and very useful
for conservator}' decoration.

R. Princess Alice. — A neat, dwarf, bushj- growing variety, of
the ciliatum type, with comparatively small leaves, and producing
clusters of cleliciously scented l)ell-shaped white flowers, flushed
with pink on the outer surface.

R. Princess Royal. — A handsome and distinct variety, of neat,
compact growth, with clusters of richly shaded rose colored, funnel-
shaped flower tubes.

Sempervivum arboreAim variegatum.

Edward S. Rand, Jr., has shown.

Aloe elegans tenuoir.

Aphelandra Fascinator, a fine species with veiy ornamental foli-
age as well as magnificent flowers ; the leaves are rich dark green,
beautifully banded with silvery white, and underneath of uniform

REPOUT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 47

purplish violet ; the spikes of bloom are very large and of a dazzling
vermilion color.

Cfpripedium niveum.

Lycopodium Japonicum (new) .

3Iandevillea suaveolens, a beautiful white flowering sweet scented
climber.

Narcissus Bulhocodium.

Rogiera cordata.

Tacsonia Biichanani.

Thunbergia Harrisi and T. laurifolia, two beautiful stove ever-
green climbers.

C. M. Atkinson has shown,

Anthurium /Scherzeriavum, a very handsome plant.

Bletia TankervilUce or Phaius grandifolius, a very fine plant with
twelve spikes of flowers and at least two hundred and fifty blooms.

Dioncea Muscipnla (Venus' Fl^'-trap) , a very interesting plant,
and the best specimen ever shown. A ver}^ excellent article on the
Dioncea ma}' be found in the " Gardener's Monthly," Vol. X,
p. 229.

Franciscea calycina major, a very handsome stove evergreen
shrub.

Rhododendron Mrs. Shuttleworth , also very fine.

Sarracenia Dnim^nondi, a very fine plant indeed. This is an
evergreen perennial from Florida, the leaves or pitchers of which
grow quite erect, and from a foot to two and a half feet high ; they
are of a bright green color, and at the upper expanded end are varie-
gated in a reticulated form with white, red, and green, the hood, or
lid, which is much undulated, being similarly marked ; the flower
is crimson purple.

/Sarracenia flava, an attractive species, also from Florida, with
erect leaves, about two feet high, and having at the apex a large
open throat, with a broad lid of a uniform bright green color. One
of the best.

Sarracenia varioJaris, a free growing erect plant, though not so
attractive as some others, but worthy of a place in ever}- collection.
The flowers are of an apple green tint.

These three plants were exceedingly interesting and attracted
much attention.

Toxicophlcea spectabilis.

Thyrsacantlms rutilans, a Aery handsome plant, in fine ])looni.

48 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

From Hovey & Co.,

Aloe sajyonaria, in bloom.

Bougainvillea spectahilis^ a splendid conservatoiy climber.

Clematis azurea grandiflora.
" floridafi. pi.
" Lord Londesboro'ugh.
" So])liiajl. 2)1-
" Stella.
" VeitcMi.

Epiphyllum Hoveyi, a fine seedling variety.

Monstrosa deliciosa, flower and leaf.

Ornitliogalum tliyrsoides cdba, a fine species, very ornamental.
The flowers are white, and appear in spikes from six to eight inches
long.

Pelargonumi Button-Jiole, recommended as a very desirable va-
riety.

Rudgea macrocejjhala (new) with pnre white flowers, and large
glossy foliage.

From C. S. Sargent, a ver}^ fine plant of Phormmm tenax varie-
gatum, in flower. This is a finely variegated form of the well
known New Zealand Flax ; of erect, stately growth, and very
ornamental, the fine broad leaves being ornamented with con-
spicuous broad stripes of creamy white, running their whole length,
and contrasting well with the light, shining green, ground color. It
is a noble plant, and well adapted for decorative purposes. This
was the first time that it had been shown in flower. A small mat,
made by the native Maoris of New Zealand from the filire of this
plant, was sent in by Miss H. E. Stevenson and exhibited at the
meeting of the Society, showing the character of the fibre. Mr.
Sargent also exhibited Proteinophallus Rivieri, a finely grown
specimen of a curious Aroid, of ver}' striking appearance.

From A. S. Lewis, a very fine seedling Primula, — flowers double
white ; large and fine ; in size quite equal to a large double daisy ;
fine stalk, well a])ove the foliage. It would be very valuable as a
florist's flower.

From J. II. Woodford, Veltheimia viridi folia ^ a Inilbous green-
house plant from the Cape of (iood IIo{)e. Also, the following
fine Clematis :

Miss Bateman. — White, with chocolate-red anthers.

Lord Londesborongh. — Rich mauve, with maroon stripes.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 49

Albert Victor. — Deep lavender, with pale bar.

John Gould Veitch. — Light blue ; flowers large and double.

Sophia. — Pale lavender.

From Joseph Clark, some magnificent flowers of Clematis Lucie
Lemoine., double white ; rosette formed ; very fine : John Gould
Veitch : Ilenryi, pure white or creamy white ; very fine indeed.

From II. Weld Fuller, Guzmannia picta, a prett}' species.

From Jackson Dawson, Calypso borealis, a small but extremely
prett}' plant, and deserving a place in every garden. Also, Xiphion
(^Iris) tingitaniim, and Fressia (Tritonia) Leichtliniana.

From Waldo O. Ross, Cereus roseus grandijiorus.

From J. F. Rogers, a very fine specimen plant of Rhynchosper-
mum jasminoides.

From the Perkins Institution for the Blind, a fine spike of flowers
of Crinum amabile.

From A. McLaren, a good plant of Tabernceraontana coronaria
jl. pi.

From Daniel Duff}', a very fine displa}' of Amaryllis Belladonna.

From A. McLaren, A. P. Calder, and J. G. Barker, magnificent
trusses of bloom of Hydrangea paniculata grandijlora, one of the
very best of hard}' shrubs.

From J. McTear, Campamda isophylla.

From M. H. Merriam, Lapageria alba.

From F. L. Andrews, Zephyranthes Candida., a xery pretty, white-
flowered bulbous plant.

From Francis Parkman, Pyrus mains baccatajl. pL, from Japan,
a beautiful variety with delicate pink flowers ; new and rare ; also,
very fine Clematis, and a magnificent display of Aquilegias, the
most beautiful varieties ever shown.

In conclusion, we call special attention to the new rnle of the
Flower Committee, No. 5, and to the change in the exhibitions for
the earlier months of the 3'ear, from the second to the first Saturday
of the month ; also, to the fact that all who wish to compete for
the Rose prizes must apply to the Superintendent for the boxes, on or
before M-Sij 1st. We hope all the exhibitors wiU give the Schedule
their most careful attention, and we again remind them that if the}'
wish a report of the plants and flowers exhibited, they must not
neglect to hand a list of the same to the Committee.
For the Committee.

JOHN G. BARKER, Chairman.

7

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR PLANTS
AND FLOWERS.

January 1.
Gratuities : —
To James O'Brien, for C^xlamen, .

James Comley, for Amaryllis Hejidersorii,
Miss S. W. Story, for Cut Flowers, .
James Comley, " " "
John B.Moore, " " "
Mrs. C. N. S. Horner, for Native Flowers,
W. E, Endicott, for UrceoUna pendula,
A. S. Lewis, for Seedling Primula,
Mrs. S. Jo3xe, for Dish of Flowers, .
Mrs. E. M. Gill, for Cut Flowers and Plant,
E. S. Rand, Jr., " rare Orchids, .
" " " " Th'imbergia Harrisi^

. $1 00

1 00

1 00

2 00

2 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

8 00

1 00

January 8.

Gratuities : —

To Mrs. A. D. Wood,

for Cut Flowers, . . . . 2 00

John B. Moore,

.1 ;; u

2 00

Mrs. S. Joyce,

ii. ii. a

2 00

James Comley,

u a u

2 00

Miss S. W. Story,

a a u

1 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill,

4; ii ii

2 00

John B. Moore, for Amar3^11is sp..

2 00

Twonibly & Sons,

for Rose Buds,

1 00

L. H. Foster,

a a a

1 00

E. S. Rand, Jr.,

'' Orchids,

2 00

January 15.
Gratuities : —
To James Comley, for Lycaste Skinneri,

E. S. Hand, Jr. , for Aphelandra Fascinator,

2 00
2-00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 51

To Miss S. W. Story, for Cut Flowers,
James McTear, " " "'
James Comley, " •■' "

Mrs. A. D. Wood,

John B. Moore,

Mrs. E. M. Gill,

Mrs. S. Joyce, " "

L. H. Foster, for Rose Buds,

" Amarj'llis Cleopatra,
'' Basket of Flowers,

$1 00

2 00

P) 00

2 00

2 00

2 00

2 00

2 00

1 00

Gratuities : —
To John B. Moore, for
James Comley, "

Mrs. E. M. cm, -

John B.Moore, "

James McTear, "

Mrs. A. D.Wood, "

Mrs. S. Joyce, "

Francis Putnam, "

B. G. Smith, "

E. S. Rand, Jr.. "

Januaky 22.

specimen Azalea,

3 00

Azalea, ....

1 00

Lily of the Valley, .

2 00

choice Cut Flowers, .

3 00

Cut Flowers,

2 00

" "

2 00

a it

2 00

;i u

2 00

U it,

2 00

Amaryllis fulgida,

1 00

" Seedlings,

1 00

Carnations,

1 00

Orchids, ....

5 00

Januaky 29.

Gratuities : —

To J. II. Woodford, for Veltheimia viridiflora^
James Comley, " Stand of Cut Flowers.

A. P. Calder. " Lily of the Valley,

B. G. Smith, " Carnations,
Mrs. E. M. Gill, for Cut Flowers,
James Comley, , '' " "
James McTear, '' " "
Mrs. A. D. Wood," " ''
MissS.W. Story. " " "
Mrs. S. Joyce, " "
John B. Moore, " " "
James C'0mle3% '• Cymbidium aloifolium,

1

00

3

00

3

00

1

00

1

00

2

00

2

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

52

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

To E. S. Rand, Jr., for Cattleya amethystoglossa,
J. F. Rogers, " Dendrohium nobile, .

C. M. Atkinson, " Plant and Violets,

February 5.

Gratuities : —
To A. P. Calder, for Forced Lilacs,
B. G. Smith, for Carnations,
Mrs. E. M. Gill, for Cut Flowers,
Mrs. S. Joyce, " "
Miss S. W. Story,
John B. Moore,
James Comley,
John B. Moore,
Francis Putnam,
Jackson Dawson,

' Amaryllis Ba3-ard,
' Seedling AmaryUis,
' Choice Flowers,

^5 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

2 00

2 00

1 00

1 00

2 00

February 12.
Cyclamens. — For the best six, in pots, to C. B. Gardiner,
Table Design. — For the best, other than a Basket of
Flowers, to James O'Brien, .
For the second best, to Mrs. S. Joyce,

Gratuities : —
ToE. S. Rand, Jr., for Orchids,
C. T. Hubbard, " "

Hovey & Co., " Plants,
James Comley, " "
John F. Rogers, " ''
Marshall P. Wilder, for Azaleas,
John B. Moore, for Amaryllis Aurora,
James Cartwright, for Ccelogyne cristata,
James Comley, for Cut Flowers,
Miss S. W. Story, "
Hovey & Co., " "

B. G. Smith, " "
L. H. Foster, for Roses, .

C. B. Gardiner, for Cyclamen, .
James O'Brien, " "
Francis Putnam, " Amaryllis, .
Mrs. A. D. Wood, for Vase of Flowers,

(> 00

.

5 00

4 00

7 00

1 00

2 00

3 00

8 00

2 00

1 00

1 00

4 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 53

February 19.

Gratuities : —
To Francis Putnam, for Amaryllis,

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " . •

John B. Moore, " " Regina,

"• " " " specimen Azalea,

Mrs. S. Joyce, " Basket of Flowers,
John B. Moore, " Cut Flowers,
Mrs. A. D. Wood, '' " .

B. G. Smith, " " .
Mrs. E. M. GiU, " '' .
James Comley, for Plants,

"■ "• " Hybrid Perpetual Roses,

E, S. Rand, Jr., for Phalcenopsis S chiller iana^
James O'Brien, " Cyclamen,

C. M. Atkinson, " Hyacinths,
" " "■ Pansies,

%2 00
1 00
1 00
3 00

00
00
00
00
00

3 00

4 00

2 00
1 00

3 00
1 00

February 26.
Gratuities : —
To E. S. Rand, Jr., for Odontoglossum pvlchellitm, .
John B. Moore, for Cut Flowers of Azaleas — twenty

six choice varieties, . ' .
Miss S. W. Story, for Cut Flowers,
Mrs. S. Joyce, " "• "

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " "
Mrs. A. D. Wood, " " "

James Comley, for Cut Flowers,
Francis Putnam, for Amarj'llis,

Hovey & Co.,
L. H. Foster,
James Comlej^,

Thomas Tapper,

Seedling Azalea

Rose Buds,

Roses in pots,

Hyacinths,

Erica Caveridishiana,

Cineraria,

March 4.
Gratuities : —
To James Comley, for choice Hybrid Perpetual Roses —
Cut Flowers, .......

2 00

3 00

1 00

2 00
2 00
2 00

4 00
2 00
2 00
1 00

10 00

1 00

2 00
1 00

4 00

54

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

To C. M. Atkinson, for Hyacinths,.

C. B. Gardiner, for specimen Cyclamen,

Mrs. C. N. S. Horner, for Native Plants,

James Comle^^, for Plants,

James Cartwright, for Lycaste Sldnneri,

John B. Moore, for specimen Azalea,

Marshall P. Wilder, for new Azaleas,

E. S. Rand, Jr., for Cherokee Rose. .

Hove}'' & Co., for Azalea ovata,

C. M. Atkinson, for Bletia Tankervillioi^

Francis Putnam, "
J. B. Moore, "
Mrs. E. M. GiU, "
Mrs. A. D.Wood, "
Mrs. S. Joyce, "
MissS.W. Story, ''
James Comle}^, "

Seedling Amaryllis, .
Cut Flowers and AmarvHis

4 00

1 00

2 00

•2 00

2 00

3 00

1 00

1 00

5 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

2 00

3 00

March 1 1 .

Camellias. — For the best display' of named varieties, Cut
Flowers, not less than twenty blooms, to C. M.
Atkinson, ........

For the second best, to Hovey & Co.,
Orchids — Winter Bloomixg. — For the best three va-
rieties, to E. S. Rand, Jr., .....

For the second best, to E. S. Rand, Jr.,
Parlor Bouquets. — For the best pair to James Nugent.

Gratuities : —
To James Comley, for Hyacinths, .

" " " Hybrid Perpetual Rose, in pot.

" " " Basket of Roses, .

Francis Putnam, " Seedling AmaryUis,
James Cartwright, for Lycaste Skinneri.
Mrs. S. Joyce, " Cut Flowers, .
E. S. Rand, Jr., " "
James Comlej^, " "• "
Hovey & Co., " " "

Miss S. W. Story, " '- "

6

00

5

00

10

00

8

00

o

00

2

00

2

00

4

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

2

00

3

00

1

00

2

00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 55

To Mrs. E. M. Gill, for Cut Flowers,
Mrs. A. D. Wood, " "
John B. Moore, " " "

"- " " " Azaleas,

M. P. Wilder,
J. F. Rogers, "

C.M.Atkinson, " Thyrsacanthus rutilans,

Miss M. B. Toliey, " Thimhergia Harrisi,

$2 00

2 00

3 00
3 00
5 00
3 00
2 00
1 00

March 18.

Gratuities:

To L. H. Foster, for Eose Buds, .

S. Neil, " ■" '' . . .

Mrs. C. N. S. Horner, for Native Flowers,
Mrs. A. D. Wood, " Vase of " .

Mrs. S. Joyce, ^' Dish of " .

James Coniley, for choice Cut Flowers,
E. S.Rand, Jr., " " "

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " "

John B.Moore, " " "

Miss S.W. Story, " "

James Comley,

John B. Moore,
D. Zirngiebel,

Plants,

Anthurium crystalUnum,

specimen Azaleas,

' ' Ilj^brid Peipeti
Pansies,

1 00

2 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

5 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

3 00

5 00

Rose

3 00

1 00

Gratuities : —
To James Comley,

March 25.

for Azaleas, .
" Cut Flowers,

Mrs. E. M. Gill, "

Miss S.W. Story, "
Mrs. S. Joyce, "
J.Warren Merrill, "
Hovey&Co., "
.John B. Moore, "

rare Fern,

Plants,

Hybrid Perpetual Roses-

line display of Cut Flowers,

a ver^^

2 00
2 00
1 00

00
00
00
00

2 00

56

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

To James Comley, for superb Basket of Roses,

John B. Moore,
CM. Atkinson,

Li Li

C. S. Sargent,
E. S. Rand, Jr.,
M. P. Wilder,

specimen Azaleas,
Trichopilia suavis,
specimen Pelargonium,
Proteinojoha Uus Riv ieri,
Cherokee Roses,
new Azaleas,

3 00

1 GO

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

April 1.
Gratuities : —
To John B. Moore, for Hybrid Perpetual Roses
Flowers, .....
Mrs. 8. Jo3'^ce, for Table Design,

-fine Cut

James Comley,
Miss S.W. Story,
Mrs. E. M. Gill,
Mrs. A. D.Wood,
L. H. Foster,
Hovey & Co.,

choice Cut Flowers,

(( u u

Cut Flowers,

Dish of Cut Flowers,

Stocks,

Plants,

3

00

1

00

4

00

1

00

1

00

2

00

1 00

2 00

AZALEA EXHIBITION.

April 8.

Indian Azaleas. — For the best six named varieties, in

pots, to Marshall P. Wilder, .... $25 00

For the best six named varieties, in eight inch pots, to

JohnB. Moore, . 15 00

For the second best, to Hovey & Co., . . . 10 00

For the best single specimen, to John B. Moore, . . 10 00

Greenhouse Plants. — For the best six, in bloom, to C.

M. Atkinson, , . 20 00

For second best, to E. S. Rand, Jr., . . . 15 00

Cinerarias. — For the best six varieties, in pots, to C. M.

Atkinson, ........ 8 00

Polyanthus. — For the best six, in pots, to C. M. Atkinson, 5 00
Spring Flowering Bulbs. — For the best collection, in

pots, the second prize, to Hovey & Co., . . 8 00
Hyacinths. — For the best nine, in pots, the second prize,

to Hovey & Co., 4 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 57

For the best six, in pots, the second prize to Hovey &

Co.,

For the best three, in pots, to Hovey & Co.,

For the best two, in pots, the second prize to Hovey &

Co.,

For the best single specimen, to Hovey & Co.,
Narcissus. — For the best six pots, three bulbs in a pot, to

Hovey & Co., .....
For the best three pots, the second prize to Hovey &

Co.,

Tulips. — For the best three pots, the second prize to

Hovey & Co., ......

Basket of Flowers. — For the best arranged, to Mi's. A

D. Wood,

For the second best, to Mrs. S. Joyce,

Oratuities : —

To George E. Davenport, for Native Flowers,

James Comley, " choice Cut Flowers,

" " " Aerides odoratum,

'' " " Azaleas, .

Mrs. E. M. Gill. " Cut Flowers. .

John B.Moore, " "

E. S. Eand, Jr., " " '^

L. H. Foster, " " "

E. S. Rand, Jr., " Orchid, .

J. F. Rogers, " collection of Plants,

D. Zirngiebel, " Pansies,

H. E. Smith, " Amaryllis,

Hovey & Co., " Bougainvillea spectabilis,

8 00

1 00
1 00

5 00

8 00

•2 00

4 00
3 00

1 00
4 00

3 00

2 00
2 00
2 00
1 00

1 00

2 00

4 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

April 15.
Gratuities : —
To E. S. Rand, Jr., for choice Cut Flowers,
James Comley, " " "

Mrs. S. Joyce, '' " "

Mrs. E. M. Gill, - " '^

Mrs. A.D.Wood, '^ " "

John B. Moore, '' Roses, " "
James Comle}', " Plants,
8

2

00

3

00

2

00

2

00

2

00

2

00

3

00

58

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

To H. "Weld Fuller, for Guzmannia picta,

George E. Davenport, for Native Flowers,
Mrs. C. N. S. Horner, " " . " .

Hovey «fe Co., " Hyacinths,

$1 00

1 00

2 00
1 00

April 22.

Gratuities : —
To E. S. Rand, Jr., for rare Orchids,

L. H. Foster,
James Coinle3%
John B. Moore,
Mrs. A.D.Wood,
Mrs. E. M. Gill,
Mrs. S. Joyce,
James Comley,

Rose Buds,
Cut Flowers,

Dish of "
Plants,

George E. Davenport, for Native Flowers,

April 29.
Gratuities : —
To James Comley, for choice Cut Flowers,
Mrs. A. D.Wood,''
Mrs. S. Joyce, " " "

Mrs. E. M. Gill, "
MissS.W. Story, " " "

George E. Davenport, for Native Plants,
Mrs. C. N. 8. Horner, " " "

James Comlej', " choice "

" " " Pansies,

B. G. Smith, " ''

John B. Moore, " Seedling Gloxinias,

E. 8. Rand, Jr., •' Orchids, .

May 6.
Gratuities : —
To E. S. Rand, Jr., for rare Orchid,
Norton Brothers, " Plants,
James Comle^^, " "

Mrs. E. M. Gin, " "
Edward B. Clapp, " Pansies,

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 59

To John B. Moore. for Gloxinias.

Norton Brothers.
C. M. Atkinson,

Gladiohis.
Ilj-acinths,

" " '' six fine pots of Pansies,

" '• " Anthurium Scherzerianum^

Geo. E. Davenport. '' Native Plants

E. S. Pand, Jr., " Cnt Flowers,

James Comley, " " "

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " "

Hovey & Co., " "

Mrs. A. D. Wood, " " "

Miss S. ^Y. Story, " " "

Mrs. S. Joyce, " " "

Miss A. C.Wheeler," " "

L. H. Foster, " " "

Si 00

1 00

2 00

3 00
5 00

1 00

2 00
00
00

00
00
00
00
00
00

PELARGONIUM EXHIBITION.

May 13.

PELARGONiTJMS.-^For the best six named Zonale varieties,
not variegated, to William Gray, Jr., .
For the second best, to " " " .
For the best six named variegated Zonale varieties, to
William Gray, Jr., ......

For the second best, to Hove^' & Co.,
For the best six named Double Zonale varieties, to
Hovey & Co., .......

For the second best, to James Comle}',

Sprixct Herbaceous Pla^v^ts (Open culture) . — For the best

display of named species and varieties, one bottle

of each variety, to E. S. Rand, Jr.,

Calceolarias. — For the best six varieties, in pots, to C.

M. Atkinson, .......

Table Design. — For the best, other than a Basket of
Flowers, to Mrs. S. Joyce, .....

For the second best, to Mrs. E. M. Gill,
Tulips. — For the best twenty-five named Flowers, to C.
M. Atkinson, .......

$15

00

10

00

15

00

10

00

15

00

10

00

6 00

10 00

4 00
3 00

5 00

60

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Special Prizes for Pelargonixims.

For the best six named Zonale varieties, not variegated,
to Hove}' & Co.,
For the second best, to Hove}' & Co.,
F^or the best six Zonale varieties, variegated, to Hovey

& Co.,

F'or the best specimen Zonale, variegated, to Flovey &
Co., ^ .

Gratuities : —
To Waldo O. Ross, for Cereus roseus grandiflorus,
George E. Davenport, for Native Flowers,
Mrs. C. N. S. Horner, " " "

John F. Rogers, for Rliyncospermum Jasminioides,
James Comley, '■' Plants,
John F^, Rogers, " "

John B. Moore, " Seedling Gloxinias,
Norton Brothers, for Gladiolus,
E. S. Rand, Jr., for choice Orchids, .
J. C. Hove}^, for Narcisszts bicolor,
C. M. Atkinson, for fine plants of Lilium longijlc
Mrs. Sherman, " Pelargonium,
J. S. Richards, " Tulips,
Miss A. C. Kenrick, for Magnolias, .
Joseph Clark, for Clematis,
.[. F". Rogers, for Hyacinths,
William Gray, Jr., for Pelargoniums,
James Comley, for Cut Flowers,
Miss A. C. Wheeler, for Cut Flowers,
John B. Moore, " " "

Miss S. W. Story, ^' " "

Mrs. A. D. Wood, *' " "

2o

ou

15

00

•25

00

10

00

1

00

1

00

2

00

5

00

4

00

4

00

2

1

00

1

1

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

12

00

4

00

1

00

9

00

1

00

00

May 20.
Gratuities : —
To Miss A. C. Kenrick, for Flowering Shrubs,

Francis Parkman, for Spring Flowering Plants, .
F^. S. Rand, Jr., for rare Orchid,
Miss S. W. Story, for Floral Star, .

1 00

2 00
2 00
2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 61

To Benjamin G. Smith, for Pansies,

William Gray, Jr., for Cattleya Mossice,
Mrs. S. Joyce, for stand of Cut Flowers, .
Miss A. C. "WTieeler, for Cut Flowers,
James Comley, u u a

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " " .

Mrs. A. D. Wood, " " " .
John B. Moore, '^ " " .

Institution for the Blind, for Crinnm amabile,
Geo. E. Davenport, for Native Flowers, .
E. H. Hitehings, " " "

•Tohn Robinson, " " "

2 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

3 00

3 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

3 00

Mat 27.
Gratuities : —
To Mrs. C. N. S. Horner, for Native Flowers,
George N. Smith, "

(xeorge E. Davenport, "
Miss C. L. Tallant, "
John B. Moore, for Plants,
Hovey&Co., " "
E. S. Rand, Jr., for Spring Herbaceous Plants,
Francis Parkman, for "• " "

Yj. S. Rand, -Jr., for Orchids,
Miss A. C. Wheeler, for Cut Flowers,
Mrs. E. M. Gill,
Miss S. W. Story, "
James Comley, "

Mrs. A. D. Wood, "
Mrs. S. Joyce, "

James Comley, for Veronica Blue Gem,
William Gray, Jr., for Cypripedium hiflorum
Miss A. C. Kenrick, for Flowering Shrubs,
B. G. Smith, for Pansies,
Mrs. L. P. Weston, for Pansies,

2 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

2 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

4 00

1 00

1 00

2 00

4 00

2 00

2 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

1 00

June 3.

Pelargoniums. — For the best six named show varieties,
in pots, the second prize to J. B. Moore,

H 00

62

MASSACHUiiETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Tkee Peonies. — For the best six named varieties, to

M. P. Wilder, $5 00

For the second best, to Hovej^ & Co., . . . 4 00
Cut Flowers. — For the best display, filUng 150 bottles,

to James Comley, . . . . . . 6 00

For the second best, to W. K. Wood, . . . 5 00
Table Design. ^ — For the best, other than a Basket of

Flowers, to Mrs. A. D. Wood, . . . . 4 00

For the second best, to Mrs. S. Joyce, . . . 3 00

Parlor Bouquets. — For the best pair, to James Nugent, 4 00

For the second best, to James O'Brien, . , . 3 00

Hand Bouquets. — For the best pair, to Mrs. E. M. Gill, 3 00

For the second best, to James Nugent, . . . 2 00

Hardy Shrubs. — For the best display, to Miss A. C.

Kenrick, . 5 00

Third prize, to Miss S. W. Story, . . . . 3 00
Rhododendrons. — For the best twelve named varieties,

one truss of each, to E. S. Rand, Jr. . . 10 00

Hunnewell Premiums.
Hardy Azaleas. — For the best display of named varie-
ties, to E. S. Rand, Jr.,
For the second best, to E. Shepherd,
For the third best, to B. G. Smith, .

Gratuities : —
To James Comle}', for Plants,

William Gray, Jr., for rare Fern,

Francis Parkmau,
William Richards,
James Comley,
John Robinson,
E. S. Rand, Jr.,

" ver}^ fine Aquilegias
' ' Cornus Jlorida ,
" Bouyainvillea glabra^
" Seedling Aloe,
" rare Orchids,
" " " Rhododendrons,

Eddie W. Mitchell, " Native Flowers,
Mrs. C. N. S. Horner, for Fernery, .
Marshall P. Wilder, for Pjeonies,
James Cruickshanks, for Cut Flowers,
John B. Moore, " " "

James Nugent, " " "

Miss A. C. Wheeler, " " "

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " "

,

20 00

10 00

5 00

3 00

2 00

s,

2 00

1 00

a.

4 00

1 00

8 00

3 00

1 00

1 00

5 00

1 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 63

JUXE 10.

Hunneioell Premiums.

Hakdy Riiododendkons. — For the best display of named
varieties, to E. S. Rand, Jr.,
Third prize, to Joseph Clark, .....

Gratuities : —

To James Comley, for Hibiscus crue7itas,
" " " choice Cut Flowers,

Miss A. C. Wheeler, for Cut Flowers,
Mrs. S. Joyce,
Mrs. A. D. Wood,
J. B. Moore,
HOA'C}^ & Co.,
Miss A. C. Kenrick,
Mrs. C.N. S.Horner,
C. M. Atkinson,
H. H. Hunnewell,
E. S. Rand, Jr.,
J. McTear,

George E.Davenport, '
J. H. Woodford,
Hovey & Co.,
M. W. Clark,
Joseph Clark,

Magnolias,
Native Flowers,
specimen Azalea,
Rhododendrons ,

Datura Knightii,

Iris,

Native Plants,

Clematis,

u

Myosotis,
Azaleas,

35

00

10

00

1

00

4

00

1

00

2

00

2

00

3

00

1

00

1

00

3

00

10

00

10

00

3

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

3

00

1

00

1

00

2

00

Gratuities : —

June 17.

To F. H. Gilson, for Native Plants,
E. S. Rand, Jr., " Rhododendrons, .
James Comley, " Roses,
Miss A. C. "VN^ieeler, for Cut Flowers,

3 00
5 00
3 00
1 00

10

00

8

00

5

00

4

00

2

00

64 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ROSE EXHIBITION.

June 21.

Hardy Perpetual Roses. — For the best twenty-four
distinct named varieties, three of each variety, to

William Gray, Jr., $20 00

For the best twelve distinct named varieties, to James
Comley, ........

For the second best, to J. H. Woodford,
For the best six distinct named varieties, to J. B.
Moore, ........

For the best three named varieties, to W. Gray, Jr., .
For the second best, to James Comley,
Moss Roses. — For the best twelve named varieties, to C.

M. Atkinson, 10 00

Tender Roses. — For the best twelve named varieties, to

James Comley, . . . . • . .10 00

For the best twelve Marechal Niel, to James Comley, . 5 00

General Display. — For the best, to Francis Parkman, 15 00

For the second best, to Joseph Clark, . . . 10 00

Hunnewell Special Prizes.
For the best six new varieties sent out since 1872, to

William Gray, Jr., 40 00

For the best six named varieties, to William Gray, Jr., . 20 00

For the second best, to C. M. Atkinson, ... 10 00

For the best twelve of any one variety, to WilUam Gray, Jr. , 20 00

Gray Special Prizes.

For the best twelve of any one variety, to J. C. Chaffin, 25 00

For the best six of any one variety, to James Comley, . 15 00

For the best twelve named varieties, to Francis Parkman, 25 00

Comley Special Prize.
For the best single flower of a Hybrid Perpetual Rose, to

J. C. Chaffin, ^ 00

Stove and Greenhouse Flowering Plants. — For the
best six distinct varieties in bloom, to II. H.

Hunnewell, 30 00

For the second best, to E. S. Rand, Jr., . . 20 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWEIIS.

Of)

Specimen Flantt. — Regard being had to new and rare
varieties. For the best specimen plant, of a kind
for which no special prize is offered, to II. IT.
Plunnewell, ........

Gloxinias. — For the best single specimen, to Joseph Clark,
Native Plants. — For the best displaj^ of named species
and varieties, one bottle of each, to Mrs. C N. S
Horner, .......

Wardian Case. — For the best specimen, to W. H
Halliday, .......

For the second best, to Ilovey & Co.,
Fern Case. — For the best, not to exceed fifteen inches in
diameter, to W. H. Halliday,
For the second best, to W. H. Halliday,
Sweet Williams. — For the best thirt}' trnsses, not less
than ten distinct varieties, to Joseph Clark,
For the second best, to James Nugent,
Summer Herbaceous Plants. — For the best display of
named species and varieties, to Francis Parkman
For the second best, to James McTear,
Cut Flowers. — For the best display, to Hove}' & Co.,
For the second best, to W. K. Wood,
For the third best, to James Comley,
Table Design. — For the best, other than a Basket of
Flowers, to Mrs. E. M. Gill,
For the second best, to Mrs. S. Joyce,
For the third best, to Mrs. A. D. Wood,
Hand Bouquets. — For the best pair, to Hovey & Co.,
For the second best, to Mrs. S. Joyce,

$10 00
3 00

.5 00

0

00

8

00

5

00

4

00

4 00

3 00

00
00
00
00
00

5 00
4 00
.3 00
4 00
3 00

Gratuities :
To H. H. Hunnewell, for a fine display of Cut Flowers,
Hovey & Co., for Seedling Pseonies,
E. S. Rand, Jr., for Cypripedium niveum.
Mrs. E. M. Gill. '' Cut Flowers. .

J. B. Moore,

MissS.W. Story,

E. S. Rand, Jr., '• ^' "

MissM.B.Tobey, ^' ''
E. H. Hitchings, •• Native "'
9

3 00
2 00

1 00
'2 00

2 00
2 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

66

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

To H. H. Hunnewell, for Tricolor Pelargoniums,
James Comley, "
Miss C.L. Tallant, "
C. M. Atkinson, "

A. McLaren, •'
Hovey & Co., ""
James Comlej', ''
Miss A. C. Wheeler
J. B. Moore,
J. S. Richards,
Mrs. J. W. Wilcox,
W. H. Spooner,
J. B. Moore,
CM. Atkinson,
Hovey & Co.,

B. G. Smith,
Miss E. FaiTington,
A. McLaren,

\

Hydrangea Otaksa,

4 00

Cypripediiim spectabile,

1 00

Sarracenias,

3 00

Taberncemontana,

2 GO

collection of Plants,

6 00

Pot Plants,

4 00

for Roses,

2 00
5 00

4 00

1 00
3 00

5 00

3 00

2 00
2 00

1 00

2 00

$6 00

Jimp: 24.
Gratuities : —
To Miss S. W. Story, for Cut Flowers,
E. S. Rand, Jr., " " . "
W. H. Spooner, for Roses,
B. G. Smith, " "
James Comle}', " '•

1 00

2 00
2 00
1 00
4 00

STRAWBERRY SHOW.
June 27.

Ci^T Flowers. — For the best display, filling 1 50 hottles,
to Hovey & Co., .....

For the second best, to Mrs. E. M. Gill,
For the third best, to Mrs. A. I). Wood,
Basket of Fi.oweks. — For the best arranged, to Hovej

& Co.,

For the second best, to Mrs. S. Joyce.
I'aim.ou Bouquets. — For the best pair, to James C*omley,

. $■)

00

4

00

3

00

V

3

00

2

00

3

00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 67

Gratuities : —

To William Gray, Jr.,

for Roses $2 00

James Comlej',
W. H. Spooner,
E. S. Raud, Jr..

'' Cut Flowers,

4 00
2 00
2 00

James Comley,
Miss A. C. Keurick,

a u a

1 00

1 00

Mrs. C. B. Chase,

U (( (i

1 00

Mrs. S. Joyce,

Ll. U il.

1 00

Harr}^ L. Rand,
J. S. Richards,

U 1.1. (.1.

1 00
3 00

Miss A. C. Wheeler,

'

1 00

Miss S. W. Story,

" Taberncemontana.

2 00

Mr s . C . N . S . Horner

, "■ Native Flowers,

2 00

E. H. Hitchings,

u ... a

3 00

George H. Smith,

u u a

2 00

Miss M. E. Carter,

u u u

1 00

July 1.
Delphiniums. — For the best ten named varieties, to
Francis Parkman, ......

Gratuities : —
To Francis Parkman. for Delphiniums, .
M. C. O'Shea,

James Comley, '• Rhododendron,
'' '" " Cnt Flowers. .

E. S. Rand, Jr., '' Stayihojjea Eticleri,
Miss S. W. Story, '• Lilies,
Miss A.C.Wheeler, " ''
Joseph Clark, " Sweet Williams,

Francis Parkman. '' Clematis.

4 00

3 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

July 8.
Cut Flow^ers. — For the best display, filling 150 bottles,
to Hove}' & Co., ......

For the second best, to James Comlej',
For the third best, to Mrs. E. M. Gill, .
Table Design. — For the best, other tlian a Basket of
Flowers, to Mrs. S. Joyce, .....

For the second best, to Mrs. A. D. Wood.

5

00

4

00

3

00

h

00

2

00

68

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Gratuities : —

To Edward S. Rand, Jr., for Vanda suavis,

Hovey & Co.,
C. T. Hubbard,
Miss S. W. Storj^
Geo. N. Smith,
Geo. E. Davenport, '
Mrs. C. N. S. Horner, '
Francis Putnam, '

J. S. Richards,
Miss A. C. Wheeler, '
Mrs. E. M. Gill,

" Phaius macv.latus,

' ' Oncidium jiexuosum ,

" Dish of Flowers,

" Native "

Cut

3 00

1 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

1 00

2 00

2 00

2 00

1 00

1 00

July 15.

C^UT Flowers. — For the best display, filling 150 bottles,
to Hovey & Co., ......

For the second best, to W. K. Wood,
For the third best, to Mrs. E. M. Gill, .
Table Design. — For the best, other than a Basket of
Flowers, to Mrs. S. Joyce, .....

For the second best, to Mrs. A. D. Wood,
Native Plants. — For the best display of named species
and varieties, to Mrs. C. N. S. Horner,
For the second best, to E. H. Hitchings,

Gratuities : —

To James Comley, for Plants and Flowers,

" " " Yucca aloifoUa, .

" " " Lilium, Canadense,

Calder & Wiswell, for Nymphoia odorata,

George E. Davenport, for Native Ferns,

Mrs. E. M. Gill,

Miss S. W. Story,
Francis Putnam,
James Nugent,
James Comley,
J. S. Richards,
Miss L. P. Weston,
Miss A. C. Wheeler,

Basket of Flowers,
Lilies,

" and Amaryllis.
(Alt Flowers,

00
00
00

00
00

00
00

2 00
4 00

3 00

00
00
00
00
00
00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 69

July 22,

()i{Ciiii>s. — For the best three varieties in bloom, to E.
S. Rand, Jr., .......

For the second best, to E. S. Rand, Jr.,
CvT Flowers. — For the best display, filling 150 bottles, to
Ilovey & Co., .......

For the second best, to W. K. Wood,
For the third best, to Mrs. E. M. Gill, .
Basket of Flowers. — For the best arranged, to Hovey

& Co.,

For the second best, to Mrs. S. Joyce,
Parlor Bouquets. — For the best pair, to James Comlej',
Hand Bouquets. — For the best pair, to James O'Brien,
For the second best, to Mrs. E. M. Gill,

Gratuities : —

To John B. Moore, for Caladium argyrites,
James Comley, " Ferns,
Hovey & Co., " Aloe saponaria, .
James O'Brien, " Hollyhocks,
E. S. Rand, Jr., " Ixora amdbilis,
E. H. Hitchings, " Nymphcea odorata,
Miss A. C. Wheeler, for Cut Flowers,
E. Shepherd, " " "

J. B. Moore, " " "

Mrs. A. D. Wood, " Dish of Flowers.

$10 00

8

00

5

00

4

00

3

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

1

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

2

00

July 29.

Cut Flowers. — For the best display, tilling 150 bottles,

to W. K. Wood,

For the second best, to James Comley,
For the third best, to Hovey & Co.,
P^or the best collection of fifty named varieties of
Greenhouse Flowers, to Ilovey & Co.,
I^ASKETS OF Flowers. — For the best arranged, to Hovey

& Co.,

For the second best, to Mrs. S. Joyce, - .

00
00

3 00

6 00

3 00
2 00

70

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Gratuities : —
To E. S. Rand, Jr., for Dendrobium Devonianum,
J. S. Richards, " Gladioli, .
W. K. Wood, " Fungi,
Mrs. E. M. GiU, '^ Basket of Native Flowers.
E. H. Hitehings, '^ " '^

Mrs. C. N. S. Horner, for '^

Miss A. C. ^\Tieeler, " Cut ''

James Nugent, " " "

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " "

George Craft, " " "

$2 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

1 00

3 00

1 00

August 5.

Balsams. — For the best twelve spikes, eight varieties, to

J. B. Moore,

For the second best, to Samuel Hartwell,
Hand Bouquets. — For the best pair, to J. O'Brien,

For the second best, to James Nugent,
Cut Flowers. — For the best displa}'. filling 150 bottles,
to J. Comley, .......

For the second best, to W. K. Wood,
For the third best, to Hovey & Co.,
For the best collection of fift}^ named varieties of An-
nuals and Perennials, to Hovey & Co.,
Table Design. — For the best, other than a Basket of
Flowers, to Hovey & Co.. .
For the second best, to Mrs. S. Joyce.

Gratuities : —
To Hovey & Co., for Monstrosa deliciosa,
J. 8. Richards, " Gladioli,
Mrs. E.M.Gill," Balsams,
Mrs. S. Joyce, " " .
Mrs. C. N. S. Horner, for Native Flowers
E. 11. Hitehings. •' " "

E. Sliephcrd, '• Cut "

J(jhn B. Moore, '' " "

E. A. Story, '' " "

James Nugent, '' Vase of

00
00
00
00

00
00

3 00

6 00

3 00

2 00

2 00

4 00

1 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS.

71

1\) Miss A. C. Wheeler, for Dish of Flowers, . . $1 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, u .. u u . ^ , 1 00

■' " ^^ '' stand of Cut Flowers, . 2 00

George Craft, '• " " " . . i oo

August 12.

Late Phloxes. — For the best ten distinct named varie
ties, to Francis Parkman, ....
For the second best, to Hove}' & Co.,
Petunias. — For the best collection of double and single
filhng 50 bottles, to E. W. Wood,
For the second best, to James Cartwright,
Cut Flowers. — For the best display', filling 150 bottles
to James Comle^^, .....
For the second best, to W. K. Wood,
For the third best, to Mrs. E. M. Gill,
For the best collection of fifty named varieties of Green
house Flowers, to C. M. Atkinson,
For the second best, to Hovey & Co.,
Baskets of Flowers. ^ — For the best arranged, to Hovey

& Co.,

For the second best, to Mrs. A. D. Wood,
Native Ferns. — For the best display of named species
and varieties, one bottle of each, to Mrs. C. N. S
Horner, .....

Gratuities :
To Daniel Dufty, for Amaryllis Belladonna,
J. S. Richards, for Gladioli,
C. L. Allen, " "
B. G. Smith, •' Phlox,
James Comley, " Seedling Phlox,
Mrs. S. Joyce, " Balsams,
W. J. Vass, " "

E. H. Hitchings, for Native Flowers,
George N. Smith, " '^ "
Mrs. C. N. S. Horner, '' "
Miss A. C. Wheeler, for Cut Flowers,
J. B. Moore, " " "

George Craft, " " "

4

00

3

00

4

00

3

00

5

00

4

00

3

00

6

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

5 00

5

00

5

00

1

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

2

00

2

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

2

00

72

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

To James Nugent, for Cut Flowers,
" " " Bouquet, .

Mrs. C. B. Chase, for Dish of Flowers,

$1 00
1 00
1 00

August 19.

Gladioli. — For the best twenty named varieties, to
J. S. Richards, ......

For the best ten named varieties, to J. B. Moore,
For the second best, to A. McLaren,
For the third best, to George Craft,
For the best display of named or unnamed varieties, to
J. S. Richards, ......

For the second best, to George Craft,
For the third best, to Herbert Gleason, . ^.
Cut Flowers. — For the best display, filling 150 bottles
to James Comley, .....

For the second best, to W. K. Wood,

For the third best, to Hovey & Co.,

For the best collection of fift}' named varieties of Annuals

and Perennials, to Hove}' & Co., . . . .

Bouquets. — For the best pair of Parlor Bouquets, to
James Nugent, .......

For the best pair of Hand Bouquets, to J. O'Brien,
For the second best, to Hovey & Co.,
Table Design. — For the best, other than a Basket of
Flowers, to Hovey & Co., .
For the second best, to Mrs. S. Jo3xe,

Gratuities : —

To H. E. Smith, for Amaryllis Smithii, .
Hove}' & Co., for Ixora, .
CM. Atkinson, for Eryngium platypliyllum,
Mrs. E. M. Gill, for Agapanthus,
Miss S. W. Story, for Lilies,
W. H. Spooner, " "
Mrs. E. M. Gill, for Balsams, .
Miss A. C. Wheeler, for Dish of Flowers,
James Nugent, for Vase of Flowers,
Mrs. A. D. Wood, for Basket of Flowers,

10

00

6

00

5

00

4

00

0

. 10

00

8

00

6

00

5

00

4

00

> 3

00

6 00

h

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

2

00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 73

To Mrs. C. N. S. Horner, for Native Flowers,

;. u t; u i. i. ii Ferns,

E. Shepherd, for Cut Flowers, .

^y. J. Vass, •' "

J. B. Moore, '' '' ^^ . .

John Vose, '» '^ '•

^2 00
1 00
1 00
3 00

1 00

2 00

August 26.

Asters. — For the best thirty flowers, not less than ten
A'arieties, to C. M. Atkinson, . . . .

For the second best, to J. B. Moore,

For the third best, to J. A. Black, . . . .

For the best twenty flowers, not less than six varieties,
to James Nugent, ......

For the second best, to Hovey & Co.,
Pompons. — For the best sixt}' blooms, not less than six
varieties, in bunches of three of the same variet}'^,
to J. B. Moore, .....

For the second best, to James Nugent,
Cut Flowers. — For the best display, filhng loO bottles

to J. B. Moore,

For the second best, to AV. K. Wood,
For the third best, to James Comley,
For the best fifty named varieties of Greenhouse Flowers
to Hove3' & Co., ......

For the second best, to C. M. Atkinson, .
Basket of Floavers. — For the best arranged, to Hove}

& Co.,

For the second best, to Mrs. A. D. Wood,

Gratuities : —
To W. H. Spooner, for Lilies, ....
" " '^ " Gladioli, ....

George Craft, '' ''

J. S. Richards, "'• ''

George E. Davenport, for Native Flowers,
A. McLaren, for Hydrangea paniculata grandiflora^
Hovey & Co., for Asters, .....
Mrs. S. Joj'ce, for Dish of Flowers, .
Miss A. C. Wheeler, for Dish of Flowers.
10

') 00
4 00
3 00

3 00
2 00

4 00

3 00

0 00

4 00

3 00

(5 00

4 00

3 00
2 00

00
0

00
00

4
4

1 00
1 00

1 00

2 00
1 00

74

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

To J. B. Moore, for Cut Flowers, .
Mrs. E. M. Gill, for Cut Flowers,

W. J. Vass, " " "

James Nugent, " " "

$\ 00
2 00
2 00
2 00

September 2.

Lilies. — For the best display of Liliiim lancifolium, cut
flowers, to W. H. Spooner, .
For the second best, to Hovey & Co.,
Verbenas. — For the best collection, filling 50 bottles, to
Edmund S. Smith, . ^ .
For the second best, to J. O'Brien, .
Cut Flowers. — For the best display, filling 150 bottles

to W. K. Wood,

For the second best, to J. O'Brien, .
For the third best, to J. Comley,
For the best collection of fift}^ named varieties of Annuals
and Perennials, to Hovey & Co.,
Baskets of Flowers. — For the best arranged, to Hovey

& Co.,

For the second best, to Mrs. A. D. Wood,
Native Plants. — For the best display of named species
and varieties, to Mrs. C. N. S. Horner,

Gratuities : —

To A. P. Calder, for Hydrangea paniculata grandiflora,
W. H. Spooner, for Gladioli,
J. S. Richards, " "
W. H. Spooner, for Asters,
E. R. Mudge, " "
Samuel G. Stone, for Dahlias,
Miss S. W. Story, for Lilies,
Mrs. E. M. Gill, for Cut Flowers,
James Nugent, " " "
W. J. Vass, " " '.'

J. B. Moore, " " "

Mrs. S. Joyce, " Basket of Flowers,
Miss A. C. Wheeler, for Dish of Flowers,

5

00

4

00

4

00

3

00

5

00

4

00

3

00

6 00

3 00
2 00

5 00

1 00

1

00

4

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

3

00

%

00

1

00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 75

Sei'tembeii 9.
Double Zinnias. — For the best thirty flowers, not less
than six varieties, to George Craft,
For the second best, to James Nugent, .
Cut Flowers. — For the best display, filling 1,')0 bottles

to W. K. Wood,

For the second best, to J. O'Brien. .
For the third best, to Mrs. E. M. C4ill, .
For the best collection of fifty named varieties of (4reen
house Flowers, to Hovey & Co., .
For the second best, to J. McTear, .
Basket of Flowers. — For the best arranged, to Hovey

& Co.,

For the second best, to Mrs. A. D. Wood,
Table Design. — For the best, other than a Basket of
Flowers, to Hovej^ & Co., .
For the second best, to Mrs. 8. Joyce,

Gratuities : —
To W. H. Spooner, for Lilies,

Miss S. W. Story, for Lilies, .

E. C. Smith, for Cockscombs, .

J. G. Barker, for Hydrangeas, .

George Craft, for Gladioli and Zinnias.

J. S. Richards, " " .

Hovey & Co., for Cypripedium,

Samuel G. Stone, for Dahlias. .

Miss A. C. Wheeler, for Dish of Flowers,

Mrs. C. B. Chase, " "

James Comley, for Cut Flowers.

J. B. Moore,
Hovev & Co..

Azaleas,

. u

00

3

00

5

00

4

00

;}

00

(i

00

4

00

8

00

2

00

8

00

2

00

'2

00

1

00

I

00

2

00

4

00

T)

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

3

00

ANNUAL EXHHUTIOX.

September 19, 20, 21, and 22.

Greenhouse Plants. — For the Ijest twelve greenhouse anrl

stove plants, of different vai'ieties, to F. L. Ames, $35 00
For the second best, to Hovey & Co 30 00

76

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Spp:cimen Plant. — For the best, not variegated, of a kind
for which no special prize is offered, to Hovey & Co.,
For the second best, to William Gray, Jr.,
Specimen Flowering Plant. — For the best, to Hovey

& Co.,

For the second best, to Hove}' & Co.,
Variegated Leaved Plants. — For the best six varieties,
not offered in the collection of greenhouse plants,
to Hovey & Co., .....

For the second best, to William Gray, Jr.,
For the best single specimen, not offered in any collec
tion, to William Gray, Jr., .
For the second best, to J. B. Moore,
Caladiums. — For the best six varieties, to C. M. Atkinson

For the second best, to Hove}' & Co.,
Ferns. — For the best nine named varieties, to F. L
Ames, .......

For the second best, to Hovey & Co.,

For the best six new varieties, to J. Warren Merrill,

Adiantums. — For the best six varieties, to Hovey & Co..

Tree Ferns. — For the best pair, to J. Warren Merrill.

Drac^nas. — For the best six named varieties, to Hove}'

& Co

Paljis. — For the best pair, to William Gray, Jr., .

For the second best, to Hovey & Co.,
Agaves. — For the best six distinct varieties, to Hovey

& Co.,

For the second best, to E. S. Rand, Jr., .

Cacti. — For the best twenty-five species and varieties, to

John C. Hovey, ......

Succulents. — For the best collection, (other than Agaves
and Cacti) , of twenty-five species and varieties, to
John C. Hovey, .......

Best "New Pot Plant, it having never before been shown

at any exhibition of the Society, to F. L. Ames,

the Society's Silver Medal.

Celosia Pyramidalis. — For the best foui-, to C. M.

Atkinson, ........

Gladioli. — For the best display and best kept during
the exhi])ition, of named or unnamed varieties, fill-
ing 200 bottles, to (leorge Craft,

$10 00
0 00

10 00
G 00

15 00
10 00

5 00

4 00

6 00

5 00

lo 00
10 00
10 00
10 00
la 00

10 00

10 00

G 00

15 00
10 00

10 00

15 00

5 00

10 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 77

For the second best, to A. McLaren,
For the third best, to J. 8. Richards,
Dahlias. — For the best twelve named varieties, to S. G
Stone, .......

For the best six named varieties, to C. M. Atkinson,
For the best single flower, to CM. Atkinson,
For the second best single flower, to S. G. Stone,
Lii-iPUTiAN. — For the best general display, filling 50 bot
ties, to S. G. Stone, .....

Parlor Bouquets. — For the best pair exhibited oi
Wednesday, to James O'Brien,
For the second best, to James Nugent,
Hand Bouquets. — For the best, to Mrs, E. M.-Gill,

For the second best, to James O'Brien,
Parlor Bouquets. — For the best pair exhibited on
Thursday, to James Nugent,
For the second best, to James O'Brien,
Hand Bouquets. — For the best, to Mrs. S. Joyce,

For the second best, to J. O'Brien,
Cut Flowers. — For the best display and best kept
through the exhibition, filling 100 bottles, to W
K. Wood, .......

For the second best, to Hovey & Co.,
For the third best, to Mrs. E. M. Gill, .
For the fourth best, to W. C. Strong,
For the fifth best, to J. O'Brien,
For the sixth best, to James Nugent,
For the seventh best, to A. H. Dunlap, .
Basket of Flowers. — For the best arranged, on Tues
day, to Hovey & Co., ....

For the second best, to Mrs. S. Joyce,
For the best arranged, on Thursday, to Mrs. S. Joyce
For the second best, to Hovey & Co.,
Rustic Stand. — For the best specimen, not less than
three feet in height, to Hovey & Co., .
For the second best, to W. J. Vass,
Table Design. — For the best, to be arranged without
fruit, and not to exceed four feet in height, to
Hovey & Co., .
For the second best, to Mrs. E. M. Gill,

$8 00
G 00

6 00
4 00
2 00
1 00

4 00

6

00

4

00

6

00

4

00

6

00

4

00

6

00

4

00

18

00

16

00

14

00

12

00

10

00

8

00

6

00

5

00

4

00

5

00

4

00

10

00

8

00

10

00

8

00

78

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Hunnewell Premiums.

Evergreen Trees and Shrubs. — For the best display
in pots, to "W. C. Strong, . . . . .
For the second best, to J. W. Manning, .

Gratuities : —
To E. S. Eand, Jr., for Lycopodium Japonicum,
M. H. Merriam, " Lapageria alba,
W. T. Andrews, " Zephyranthes Candida,
C. M. Atkinson, " DioncBa miiscipida,

E. H. Hitchings, " Botrychium ternatum,
Hovey & Co., " Yucca aloifolia,

F. L. Ames, " collection of Plants,
W. J. Vass, "
Wm. Gray, Jr., " "
E. S. Rand, Jr., '' "
Hovey & Co., "

W.T.Andrews," " Caladinms,

J. B. Moore, " "

J. Warren Merrill, for collection of Ferns,
J. W. Manning, for Evergreens,
Hovey & Co., " " . .

Miss S. W. Story, for Lilies, .

C. T. Smith, " Cockscombs, .
Samuel G. Stone, " Dahlias,
W. H. Spooner, " Gladioli,

D. R. Beckford, Jr. , " Native Flowers,
Mrs. C. N. S. Horner, for " "
Mrs. E. M. Gill, for Cut Flowers, .

C. M. Atkinson, " " "
W. C. Strong, " '^ "
George Craft, " '' "
J. B. Moore, " -^ •'
A. H. Dunlap,

Miss A. C. Wheeler, i'or Disli of Flowers,

Mrs. S. Joyce, " '^ "

.lames Nugent, " Large Bouquets,

Miss S. W. Story, " Design,

D. R. Beckford, Jr., '' Wardian Case,
W. H. Halliday,

$8 00
5 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS.

79

To A. Greenlaw, for Wardian Case,
Carl Deeterich, for " "

W. H. Halliday " Fern

^5 00

3 00

4 00

September 30.
Gratuities : —
To E. Shepherd, for Dahlias,

Mrs. C. N. S. Horner, for Native Flowers,
Mrs. S. Joyce, for Basket of "

1 00

2 00
2 00

October 7,

Table Design. — For the best, other than a Basket of

Flowers, to Mrs. S. Joyce, .
Parlor Bouquets. — For the best pair, to James Nugent,
Hand Bouquets. — For the best pair, to James O'Brien,
For the second best, to Mrs. S. Joyce,

Gratuities : —
To Mrs. S. Joyce, for Anemone Japonica alba,
Miss A. C. Wheeler, for Basket of Flowers,
Mrs. A. D. Wood, " " "

John B. Moore, for Cut Flowers,
James Nugent, " " " .
Mrs. C. N. S. Horner, for Native Flowers,
S. G. Stone, for Dahlias,
B. G. Smith, " " ...

E. Shepherd, " "
Hovey &Co., " " ...

" " " Plants, ....

3 00

agent

4 00

Brien

3 00

2 00

1 00

1 00

2 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

5 00

1 00

1 00

2 00

2 00

October 14.
Gratuities : —
To Mrs. A. D. Wood, for Basket of Flowers,
Mrs. S. Joyce, " " "

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " Cut Flowers,
Miss A. C. Wheeler, for Dahlias,
S. G. Stone, " "

Miss S. W. Story, " Grasses,

2

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

80

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

October 21.

Gratuities : —
To Mrs. E. M. Gill, for Basket of Flowers,
Mrs. S. Joyce, " " "

Mrs. C. N. S. Horner, for Native Flowers
Miss A. C. T\Tieeler, for Cut Flowers,
Miss S. W. Story, " " " .

$2 00
2 00
2 00
1 00
1 00

October 2H.

Gratuities: —

To Mrs. A. D. Wood, for Basket of Flowers,

2 00

Mrs. S. Joyce,

u ..

2 00

D. R. Beckford, Jr.,

for Dish of Flowers, .

1 00

Miss A. C. Wheeler.

'• Cut

1 00

Miss S. W. Story,

'• '• •' . .

1 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill,

.. .. ..

2 00

Hove}' & Co.,

'' Orchid,

1 00

H. Weld Fuller,

" Melocactus communis^

1 00

November 4.
Gratuities : —
To Miss A. C. Wheeler, for Cut Flowers,
Miss S. W. Story, '- - '^ .

Mrs. E. M. Gill, •• " " .

Mrs. S. Jo^'ce, '• Basket of Flowers,

Hovey & Co., for Epipliylluyn truncatum^ .
Mrs. C N. >S. Horner, for Native Ferns and Mosses

1 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00
2 00

CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW.
November 11.
Chrysaktiiemitms. — For the best six distinct Larg-e

Flowered varieties, to Joseph Clark,
For the second l)est, to C. M. Atkinson, .
For tlie best six distinct named Pompons, to

Chirk

Foi' tiie second best, to C. M. Atkinson, .

For tlie b(!st specimen plant, to Joseph Clai'k.

F(;r the second Ijest, to C. M. Atkinson.

Joseph

6

00

10

00

6

00

0

00

8

00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS.

81

For the best twelve named Large Flowered varieties,
Cut Specimens, to C. M. Atkinson,
For the second best, to Joseph Clark,
For the best twelve named Pompon varieties, Cut Speci
mens, to Joseph Clark, ....

For the second best, to James Nugent,
For the best General Display, named or unnamed va
rieties. Cut Specimens, to Joseph Clark,
For the second best, to E. Shepherd,
For the third best, to James Nugent,
Basket of Flowers. — For the best arranged, to Mrs. S
Joyce, .......

For the second best, to Ilovey & Co.,
Hand Bouquets. — For the best pair, to Mrs. E. M. Gill
For the second best, to James Nugent,

Gratuities : —
To CM. Atkinson, for Sarracenia Drummondi
B. G. Smith, " Chrysanthemums,
J. B. Moore, " Cut Flowers, .

Miss S. W. Story, " " "
Miss A. C. Wheeler, for Cut Flowers,
James Comley, " " "

. S3

00

2

00

-

3

00

2

00

i)

00

4

00

3

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

Mrs. E. M. Gill,
W. K. Wood,
Mrs. A. D. Wood,
Mrs. E. M. Gill,
Mrs. L. P. Weston,

Dish of Flowers,
Bouquet,

2 00
2 00
2 00

2

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

November 18.

Gratuities : —

To C. T. Hubbard, for Zygopetalum criniturn,
Miss S. W. Story, for Cut Flowers, .
James Comley, " t' a

Mrs. S. Joyce, " " " . .

Miss A. C. Wheeler, for Basket of Flowers,
Mrs. A. D. Wood, " " "
Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " "

Mrs. L. P. Weston, " " "
D. R. Beckford,*'., " " "

i$
II

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

82 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

November 25.

Gratuities : —

To James Comle^', for Cut Flowers, . . . . $1 00

Mrs. A. U. Wood, for Basket of Flowers, . . . 1 00

D.E.Beekford,Jr., '^ " '^ " . . . 1 00

Mrs. S. Joyce, ^' '' " ^- . . . 1 00

1)e< EMBER 2.

Gratuities : —
To Mrs. A. D.Wood, for Basket of Flowers, . . . 2 00

Mrs. 8. Joyce, u u ;4 .; _ ^ 1 „()

December i).

Gratuities : —

To James C'omley, for Cut Flowers, . . . . 1 00

C. T. Hubbard, for Oiipripedium insigne, ... 1 00

Miss S. W. Story, for Vase of Flowers, ... 1 00

Mrs. A. D. Wood, for Basket of Plowers. . . 1 00

The following Medals, Certificates of Merit, and Prospective
Prizes, have been awarded :

February 12. To John F. Rogers, for Specimen Azalea Crite-
rion, Silver INIedal.

February 19. To Francis Putnam, for Seedling Amar3'llis, First
Class Certificate of Merit.

March 18. To C. S. Sargent, for Pliorminm tenax variegatum^
in flower, Silver Medal.

April 15. To John H. Moore, for Seedling Gloxinia, First Class
Certificate of Merit.

May 20. To John Cadness, i'ov new Hydrangea, Thomas Hogg,
Silver Medal.

June 3. To Hovey & Co., for Epiphyllum Hoveyr, First Class
Certiticate of Merit.

June 10. To E. S. Hand, Jr., for Seedling Rhododendron, Daisy
!{and, the Prospective Prize of $40.

June 27. To John Robinson, for a choice collection of Native
Ferns, Silver Medal.

July S. 'I\) F. L. Ames, Cor new and rare Orchids, Silver
Medal.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 83

August 5. To Francis Parkman, for Lilium Parkmaimi, the
Prospective Prize of $40.

August 12. To Francis Parkman, for the best Seedling Late
Phlox,s Silver Medal.

Annual Exliibition. To F. L. Ames, for the best new pot plant.
Cy2^ripedmm Sedem\ Silver Medal.

The amount awarded to each contributor is as follows

C. L. Allen,
F. L. Ames,

F. W. Andrews. .
CM. Atkinson. .
J. G. Barker,

D. R. Beckford,Jr..
A. P. Calder,
Miss M. E. Carter
James Cartwright,
J. C. Chaffln, .
Mrs. C. B. Chase
Edward B. Clapp,
Joseph Clark,

M. W. Clark, .
James Comley, .
George Craft,
James Cruickshanks,
George E. Davenport,
Jackson Dawson.
Carl Deeterich, .
Daniel Dufty,
A. H. Dunlap, .
W. E. Endicott .
Miss E. Farrington,
L. H. Foster,
H. W. Fuller, .
C. B. Gardiner, .
Mrs. E. M. Gill, .
H. H. Gilson, .
H. Gleason,
W. Gray, Jr., .
W. Gray, 3d,

$1 00 A. Greenlaw,

54 00 W. H. Halliday, .

11 00 Samuel Hartwell,
179 00 E. H. Hitchings,

2 00 Mrs. C. N. S. Hornei

12 00 Hovey & Co., .
6 00 J. C. Hovey,
1 00 C. T. Hubbard, .
9 00 H. H. Hunnewell,

30 00 Institution for the Blind

3 00 Mrs. S. Joyce, .
1 00 Miss A. C. Kenrick,

68 00 A. S. Lewis,

1 00 J. ^Y. Manning, .

302 00 A. McLaren,

41 00 J. McTear,

1 00 M. H. Merriam, .
14 00 J. Warren Merrill,

2 00 Eddie W. Mitchell,

3 00 J. B. Moore,

5 00 E. R. Mudge, .
9 00 Norton Brothers,
1 00 James Nugent, .

1 00 J. O'Brien,
8 00 M. C. O'Shea, .

2 00 Francis Parkman,
11 00 Francis Putnam,

132 00 E. S. Rand, Jr.,

3 00 Harry S. Rand, .

6 00 J. S. Richards, .
200 00 John Robinson, .

4 00 John F. Rogers, .

. $5

00

. 28

00

3

00

10

00

61

00

. 513

00

. 26

00

4

00

. 59

00

id, 1

00

. 119

00

11

00

2

00

10

00

18

00

16

00

2

00

37

00

1

00

. 179

00

1

00

5

00

. 75

00

. 65

00

1

00

. 103

00

13

00

. 300

00

1

00

63

00

6

00

. 26

00

84

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Waldo 0. Ross, .

$1

00

Miss M. B. Tobey,

$1 00

C. S. Sargent,' .

2

00

Twombley & Sons,

1 00

E. Shepherd,

18

00

W. J. Vass,

26 00

Mrs. Sherman, .

1

00

John Vose,

2 00

Benj. G-. Smith, .

20

00

Mrs. L. P. Weston,

4 00

Edmnud S. Smith,

7

00

Miss A. C. Wheeler,

28 00

George N. Smith,

6

00

J. W. Wilcox, .

1 00

H. E. Smith,

2

00

Marshall P. Wilder,

48 00

W. H. Spooner, .

21

00

Mrs. A. D. Wood,

83 00

Samnel Gr. Stone,

23

00

E. W. Wood, .

4 00

Miss S. W. Story,

48

00

W. K. Wood, .

74 00

W. C. Strong, .

21

00

J. H. Woodford,

11 00

Miss C. L. Tallant,

2

00

D. Zirngiebel,

2 00

Thomas Tapper,

1

00

Amount approp

riated.

$3,200

00

" awarde

d,

-

- 3,023

00

Balance,

77 00

Amount awarded for Hunnewell Special Prizes, $183 00
" " " Gray " " 140 00

u u u Comley " " 5 00

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON FRUITS

For the Year 1876.

By HERVEY DAVIS, Chairman.

As the swift and fleeting hours of time pass, and another
fruit season draws to a close, it becomes our dut}^ to examiiie and
report upon the past, present, and future condition and prospects of
the supply and demand for fruits in Massachusetts. In relation to
the past, we have to acknowledge a great change. In going hack
but a few j'ears, we notice a marked difference in the supply of
strawberries. It is but a short time since our strawberry season
lasted only from the 15th of June to the 10th of July ; but now,
owing to the improTcd facilities of transportation, our markets are
supplied with this very desirable fruit from about the 1st of May
until the 10th of Juty, and at a much less price than formerly.
The same rule will apply to almost all kinds of fruits, as regards
the increased length of time, and the prices we have to pa}'.

Besides the strawberry, a very striking instance may be found in
the grape. It is but a very few years since, that almost the onl}^
varieties of gi'apes we had were the Isabella and Concord, and
those in \evy limited quantities ; but now we are supplied with this
fruit, from the South and West, from early in August until late in
the season, when California comes in with her abundant crops, and
continues the season of this desirable fruit until mid-winter. With
this great increase of fruits from the South and West, and the
great interest taken in the Eastern States, with their innumerable
varieties of the different kinds of fruit now grown, and the equally
great interest shown in raising new hybrid and other seedlings, we
should have no fear for the present and future supply of all kinds
of fruit, covering nearly the entire year, from January to December.

S6 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The season of 1876 was void of extremes, in either moisture or
dryness, heat or cold ; and, owing to this favorable condition of the
season, we have been blessed with an abundant crop of almost
every kind of fruit, and at very moderate prices, which has con-
tributed much to supply the wants and comforts of all classes of
our citizens, the poor as well as the rich, in this year of great
depression and want.

Stkawberries. — The only exhibitions of forced strawberries were
from R. Oldreive, March 4th, and George Cruickshanks, March
25th, and these in ver^^ limited quantities. Strawberries grown in
frames under glass were exhibited by Charles Garfield, May 27th
and June 3d, 10th, and 17th; by Marshall P. Wilder, June 10th,
and b}^ C. E. Grant, June 17th. The crop of strawberries was in-
jured in some places b}- the vines being winter-killed, but not to
any great extent. The exhibition of this fruit has been above the
average of seasons, but not as good as last year.

The first prize for the best four quarts, at the Rose Show, June
21st, was awarded to John B. Moore, for his seedling. General
Sherman. Mr. Moore makes the strawberry a specialty on his
farm, and it will be noticed by reference to the list of awards that
he has received a large proportion of the prizes for this fruit. We
wish to call particular attention to his collection, as it will be seen
that he has been interested in raising seedlings, and ver}' successful.
Among those raised by him and put upon the market, are the Gen-
eral Sherman, a very large and handsome berry, and of good qual-
ity. Caroline, a description of which has been given in a previous
report, is also a large and handsome berry ; quality first rate, and a
very abundant bearer. We have seen it growing in abundance on
Mr. Moore's grounds in Concord in 1875 and 1876, and consider it
the l)est and most valuable seedling originated by him. Grace,
another of his seedlings, is l)y some considered the best in quality
of any he has raised ; but in other respects not as valuable. The
Committee having visited Mr. Moore's grounds, in the last straw-
berry season, found the same order and neatness in his beds, and
extending to every part of his farm, as was noticed in a previous
visit. These points are worthy of imitation ly all who desire to
grow small fruits with success.

June 27th, at the Strawberry Show, the first prize for the best
four quarts, was awarded to Horace Eaton, for President Wilder,
and this was considered one of the handsomest baskets of straw-

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FRUITS. 87

Itcrries ever exhibited by any member of tlie Society. There were
other baskets of this variety which were very handsome, as also of
otlier varieties. This exhibition was not as large in quantity as
some of previous years, but in the size, beauty, and quality of the
fruit, it was quite up to the average of past seasons.

July 1st, E. P. Richardson exhibited a very fine collection (^f
strawberries. July 8th, he received the first prize for late straw-
berries, for La Constante, and the second prize, for Kentucky. lie
also exhibited a collection of strawberries on the loth of July.

Seedhngs have been exhibited as follows: July 17th, Moore's
seedling xso. 20. Large, generally conical, but irregular in foran ;
color deep brilliant scarlet, but coloring somewhat irregularly, the
tips of some remaining white ; flesh white, tinged with red next the
outside ; hollow at core ; flesh fimi, qualit}' good. Nos. 27 and 28
correspond so nearly with No. 26 in size, color, and quality, that
an}- other description is considered unnecessar3^ The Crescent
seedling was shown by H. H. Smith, of West Haven, Conn., June
27th. Large ; deep, brilliant, glossy scarlet ; obtuse conical or
wedge shape, >vith a suture at the apex ; flesh, orange scarlet, solid
at centre, pretty soft, of rather harsh acid. A truss of fruit showed
a disposition to ripen' evenly and bring all to good size. June 24th.
N. B. White exhibited trusses of eight varieties of seedlings, con-
taining ripe and green fruit. From their appearance we should
judge some might be- very prolific, but we cannot say much about
the quality, as there were but few ripe berries of each variety.

July 22d, Marshall P. Wilder was awarded the Prospective Prize
for the best Seedling Strawberry, after a public trial of three years,
for his seedling. President Wilder, for its size, beauty, and quality.
This seedling was produced in 1861, and put upon the market in
August, 1869. It is considered a valuable acquisition, more par-
ticularly by amateur growers for home consumption, as its quality
is fully equal to any other variety. By some it is said to be an
abundant bearer, and it also succeeds well in frames under glass.

Cherries. — We have nothing new to report upon in the line of
cherries. The old varieties have been shoM'n, in about the same
amount and by the same persons as for the past few years. C. E.
Grant exhibited Elton, May Bigarreau, Black Tartarian and Black
Eagle ; Isaac P. Langworthy, Knight's Early Black ; B. B. Davis,
Black Eagle ; C. N. Brackett, Black Bigarrreau ; Frank M. Gilley
and Charles F. Curtis, Downer's Late. All of these were fine
specimens.

88 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

J. H. Fenno exhibited his seedling, Norfolk, July 15th, and was
awarded the Society's Silver Medal. This seedhng is considered a
valuable acquisition ; it is a late variety, and in quality first rate.

CuRKANTS. — The season has been favorable for this fruit, and
the crop was good. B. G. Smith exhibited fine (Specimens of Black
Naples, Versaillaise, Dana's White, and Cherry ; J. H. Fenno, Eed
Dutch, Cherry, Dana's White, and Versaillaise ; and Amos Bates and
Mrs. E. M. Gill, Versaillaise. Many other persons showed the same
varieties, and most of the fruit was very fine — much superior to
that of last year.

Gooseberries. — We have nothing new to report, in relation to
this fruit. July 22d, the first prize was awarded for Downing, and
the second for AVellington's Glory. August 5th, the Downing re-
ceived the first prize for the best native variety, and Bang-up the
first prize for foreign. All the above fruit was good, and the
Bang-up, exhibited by B. G. Smith, which took the first prize for
foreign varieties, was an extra fine basket of fruit, and worthy of
particular notice.

Raspberries. — The exhibition of this fruit, this season was
much below the average. Jn\j 8th, the first prize was awarded to
B. G. Smith, for Franconia, and the second to J. H. Fenno, for
American Black Cap. July 15th, the first prize for the best col-
lection was awarded for Hornet, Saunders, Herstine, Philadelphia,
and American Black Cap, and the first prize for the. best two quarts
of any variety for Herstine. The above named varieties, comprised
all shown, no new kinds having been ottered.

Blackberries. — We are sorry to be again obliged to make an
unfavorable report on this valuable fruit. The small crop is prob-
ably owing to the cold winter of 1874-5, which killed many of the
canes and injured others. July 22d, the first prize was given to the
Dorchester, and also on July 29th, and August 5th and 12th, show-
ing that this old variety maintains its former reputation for hardi-
ness, and for the size and quality of its fruit.

Plums. — We have no improvement to report of this fruit.
August 19th, the first premium was awarded to J. H. Fenno, for
Washington. August 26th, the first prize for the l)est collection
was given to Amos Bates, and for the best dish of any variety, to
the same, for Green Gage. At the Annual Exhibition, September
19th, the first prize for a colloction, was awarded to Horace Eaton ;
and for the best dish to the same, for Heine Claude de Bavay.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FRUITS. 89

Nectarines. — Of this fruit, the only dish offered was one at
the Annual Exhibition, of Rivers' Victoria, grown in tlie orchard-
house, by John Falconer. He was awarded the first prize.

Figs. — August 19th, the first prize was awarded for Brown
Turkey, and the second for Purple Ischia. Figs were also exhibited,
August 26th, by J. H. Fenno, and Mrs. S. Joyce.

Peaches. — Of forced peaches, we have but little to report.
May 27th, James Comley exhibited a peach tree in a twelve inch
pot, bearing thirty-eight peaches, nearly" all well ripened. At the
Strawberry Show, June 27th, R. W. Turner exhibited some very
fine specimens of George the Fourth and Late Crawford. August
19th, John Falconer made a very fine display of peaches, of orchard-
house culture. C. D. Kingman exhibited some very fine Early
Crawfords, Arthur W. Felton good specimens of River's Earlj^ and
J. L. D. Sullivan a fine dish of Hale's Early. The exhibition of
out-door peaches was much inferior to that of last year ; none of
the premiums for a collection were awarded. The second pjize for
a single dish was awarded for the Foster peach ; the first prize for
the best dish of orchard-house culture, to John Falconer, for Lord
Palmerston, and the second to John Kelley, for Late Crawford.
There have been several new seedlings oftered, but none worthy of
any particular notice.

Apples. — The exhibition of this fruit during the season has
been veiy fine — much above the average of past seasons. Almost
every year is noted for its superior specimens of some varieties of
all kinds of fruit, and this rule applies especially to apples. This
season, among earl}- apples, the Sweet Boughs were very fine, and
much above the average in size and beauty. The Williams were
remarkable for size, beauty, and soundness ; it is very seldom we see
so many fine dishes of any variety as have been shown of the W il-
liams this year. The Gravenstein is another variety that has been
remarkably large, handsome, and sound, and has attracted much at-
tention at all weekly and annual shows. The Garden Ro^al has
also been very fine, and exhibited much more than in former years,
and was ver}^ welcome, as we consider that it stands in the same
position among apples, as the Seckel or Dana's Hovej' occupies
among Pears. There have been man}?^ other varieties shown during
the season, that have attracted much attention, February 5th,
Benjamin P. Ware, of Marblehead, exhibited a dish of the Pickman
Pippin, a very handsome apple, and highly prized for cooking, but
12

90 MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

not of value as an eating apple. It commands a good price when
well known, for cooking purposes. April loth, J. H. Fenno exhibited
a dish of Hubbardston Nonsuch, which were sound, but consider-
abl}^ shrivelled ; the flavor was good for so late in the season. May
13th, B. G. Smith exhibited a very fine dish of Roxbury Russets, in
excellent condition. August 12th, very fine Large Yellow Boughs
were shown b}' Warren Heustis, John Fillebrown, B. B. Davis, and
others ; Williams, by Samuel Hartwell, Asa Clement, and George
Hill. September 2d, the prizes for the best of any variety, were
awarded as follows : the first for Gravenstein, the second for Found-
ling, the third for Porter, and the fourth for Garden Royal. Sep-
tember 9th, the first prize for any other variety than those named,
was given for Garden Roval, second for Holden Pippin, third for
Summer Pippin.

At the Annual Show, there were no prizes offered for collections,
as has been the practice in past years, but all prizes were offered
for single dishes. In making out the Schedule, the Committee
selected all the varieties that were grown to any extent, and
offered prizes for thirty-eight different kinds, proportioning the
number of prizes to the value of the variety for all purposes ac-
cording to their best judgment, — to the best and most valuable,
four prizes, and to those of the least value, two prizes. The Com-
mittee are aware that this was a greai change, but believe it was for
the best interests of the Society, and also of the exhibitor, and
think that it has given general satisfaction. The following is the
number of dishes of the difljerent varieties, at the Annual Exhibi-
tion:

Alexander,

1

Golden Russet, .

1

American Beauty,

1

Gravenstein,

14

Baldwin, .

13

Holden Pippin, .

7

Blue Pearmain, .

4

Hubbardston, .

20

Cogswell, .

2

Hunt Russet,

7

Danvers Winter Sweet,

6

King of Tompkins Count}^

7

Duchess of Oldenburg,

3

Ladies' Sweet, .

5

Dutch Codlin, .

2

Ly scorn, .

2

Esopns Spitzenburg, .

. 1

Maiden's Blush,

4

Fall Pippin,

1

Minister, .

3

Fameuse, .

3

Mother, .

6

Foundling,

. 5

Northern Spy, .

. 7

Garden Royal, .

1

Orange Sweet, .

. 4

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FRUITS. 91

Porter, . . . .11 Sudbury Sweet, . . 2

Pumpkin Sweet, . . 3 Twenty Ounce, ... 1

R. I. Greening, . .11 Washington Strawberry, . 2

Roxbury Russet, . .13 Yellow Bellflower, . . 3

Dr. Charles C. Hamilton, of Cornwallis, Nova Scotia, a Cor-
i-esponding Member of the Society, desirous of promoting its
interests, forwarded a collection of thirt^^-two varieties of apples,
which were exhibited on the 16th of December. Perhaps the finest
specimens were the Broadwell, a sweet apple, of excellent quality,
originated in Ohio, which deserves to be tested here. The Bald-
wins, though not large, were the highest colored we have ever seen.
The Gravensteins also were not large, but were handsome and in
excellent preservation. This is not the first time that Dr. Hamilton
has laid the Society under obligation for a similar favor.

On the day last mentioned, O. B. Hadwen, of Worcester, exhib-
ited several apples more generally grown in Worcester county than
in the eastern part of the State, but which appear deserving of
more extensive trial, first of which we would mention the Washing-
ton Royal or Palmer Greening — a handsome yellow apple of medium
size and the highest quality, both for table and cooking. The tree
is of vigorous grow^th and good habit, and bears annual crops. It
originated on the farm of Joseph P. Hayward, in Sterling. The
Leicester Winter Sweet is of large size, yellow, and fine for table or
baking. Baylies' Winter Sweet is of medium size, striped with
purplish crimson, and has much saccharine matter. Excel is a
Connecticut apple of medium size, somewhat conical in form, skin
yellow but nearly covered with bright red ; juicy, and of brisk but
pleasant subacid flavor. McClellan is of medium size, flattened,
striped with red, of mild subacid flavor, and thought b}' the Com-
mittee to be one of the best of the collection. We have several
times during the season been indebted to Mr. Hadwen for interest-
ing exhibitions of apples, and we wash that more of the apple grow-
ers in central and western Massachusetts, where that fruit flourishes
better than on the seacoast, might be induced to follow his example.

August 19th, C. F. Gerry, of Dorchester, exhibited a seedling,
which he has named Gerry's Sweeting ; medium size, round, slightly
pearmain shaped, a little angular in transverse section ; skin dull
greenish yellow, striped with pinkish red, which, towards the sun, is
continuous, excepting that it is dotted with white ; juicy, sweet ;
good to very good. This seedling resembles Sweet Romanite,

92 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

described at page 377, of " Downing's Fruits and Fruit Trees of
America." September 19tli, H. A. Lothrop, of Sharon, exhibited
the following named seedlings: No. 1. — Large, greenish yellow,
striped with red ; a bright red cheek next the sun, not unlike
the Hubbardston Nonsuch in its general appearance. No. 2. —
Medium size ; pearmain shape ; bright red ; quite a handsome
apple. No. 3. — Large, greenish, striped with red; very much like
No. 1. No. 4. — Large, greenish yellow ; not unlike Gloria Mundi.
No. 5. — Small, green, sweet ; claimed to be a very valuable variet}^,
owing tp its keeping until late in winter or spring, and to be very
good for baking. These varieties all appear to be very late, none
of them being in condition to test their qualities for eating. They
are all said to be chance seedlings, springing up near a cider mill,
and from cider apples.

Peaks. — The season has been very favorable for this fruit, and
the exhibitions during the season have been superior to the average
of the last few 3'ears. The change in the otfers of prizes, from col-
lections to single dishes, as spoken of in apples, has been appKedto
pears ; and we think it a great improvement, as the dishes of each
variety are arranged together, and if a person comes to get any in-
formation in relation to any particular variety, he can see for him-
self how it succeeds in Cambridge, Worcester, Concord, Eevere,
or any other part of the State, and judge what variety will do best
in his location. Another reason for the change is that it gives the
Committee a better opportunity to judge correctly of the different
varieties. As remarked in connection with apples, so also with
pears — different seasons suit different varieties. Last 3'ear the
Beurre Hardy was remarkably large and handsome ; this season
the Beurre Bosc and Beurre d'Anjou show the most marked in-
crease, in size and beauty, over other varieties.

Januar}^ 22d, J. H. Fenno exhibited fine dishes of Beurre Lan-
gelier, Easter Beurre, and Josephine de Malines ; John L. Bird,
Winter Nelis, and Charles Bird, extra fine Beurre d'Anjou.
March 11th, Aaron D. Capen showed Beurre d'Aremberg, and
.J. H. Fenno, Josephine de Malines, and on the 18th, Aaron D.
Capen, Winter Nelis. April 1st, F. & L. Clapp showed their
seedling No. 2. This is a very handsome pear, not first rate in
quality, but will be valuable for its beauty and late keeping. April
ir>th, J. IL Fenno brought very fine Easter Beurres, and on the
22(1, F. & L. Clapp their seedling No. G4. The specimens of this

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FRUITS. 93

variet}' were not quite equal to those shown in 1875, but were very
handsome, and of better quality than No. 2.

July 29th, Doyenne d'Ete pears were shown by J. H. Fenno,
Warren Heustis, Frank M. Gilley, and B. G. Smith. August 5th,
Warren Heustis, W. S. Janvrin, and John McClure had fine speci-
mens of Beurre Giffard. August 12th, the first prize for any other
variety than Beurre Giffard, was awarded for Supreme de Quimper.
August 19th was premium day for Clapp's Favorite ; and this was
one of the best weekly exhibitions during the year. The season
was suited to this variety, and the display, not only on this, but on
other days, was remarkably fine. August 26th, being prize day for
Bartlett and several other varieties, we had a very fine exhibition.
The competition on Bartlett was very spirited, and some of the
dishes shown were very large and handsome. The first piizfe was
awarded to John McClure, and the first premium for any other va-
riet}^ than those specified, was given to Hovey & Co., for Omer
Pasha. September 2d was another premium day for Bartlett, and
the competition was again very large. The first prize was awarded
to John McClure ; the first prize for any other variety, to B. G.
Smith, for Duchesse de Berri, and the second to R. Manning, for
Ott. September 9th, fine specimens of Andrews pears were shown
by C. N. Brackett, John L. Bird, and C. E. Grant, and of Doyenne
Boussock by E. W. Wood, Hovey & Co., and Charles Bird. The
first prize for any other variety than these or Flemish Beauty was
given for Belle Lucrative.

The display of pears at the Anniial Exhibition was not as large as
on some former occasions, but we think that, considering the quahty
of all the fruit on exhibition, it was one of the best, if not the best
ever made by this Society. The new rule of offering prizes only
for single dishes, is probably one reason for there being so little in-
ferior fruit. The most remarkable pears at this exhibition were the
Beurre Bosc and Beurre d'Anjou of W. R. Austin, the former weigh-
ing nine pounds, seven and' three-quarters ounces. Mr. Austin's
Duchesse d'Angoulemes weighed eleven pounds, three and one-half
ounces. The Beurre Hardy of C. F. Curtis were very fine, but not
so large as some shown last year. There were many other very
fine specimens of different varieties ; but it would require too much
space to mention them all. Premiums were offered for forty difter-
ent varieties, and the following are the number of dishes shown of
each:

94

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Adams, ....

1

Fulton .

7

Andrews,

8

Glout Morceau,

9

Bartlett, ....

23

Goodale,

5

Belle Lucrative,

22

Howell, .

15

Beurre d'Anjou,

26

Lawrence,

11

Beurre Bosc, .

26

Louise Bonne of Jersey,

24

Beurre Clairgeau,

11

Marie Louise, .

5

Beurre Diel,

9

Merriam,

11

Beurre Gris d'Hiver Nouveau,

8

Mount Vernon,

5

Beurre Hardy,

10

Paradis dAutomne, .

8

Beurre Langelier,

11

Pratt,

3

Beurre Superfin,

14

Seckel, .

28

Buffum, ....

9

Sheldon, .

23

Caen du France,

4

Souvenir du Congres,

1

Dana's Hovey,

13

St. Michael Archangel,

9

De Tongres,

9

Swan's Orange,

10

Doyenne Boussock, .

13

Urbaniste,

15

Doyenne du Cornice,

8

Vicar of Winkfield, .

11

Duchesse d'Angouleme,

16

Winter Nells, .

12

Flemish Beauty,

6

At the show on the 7th of October, the varieties worthy of par-
ticular notice were the same as at the Annual Exhibition. The
dish of Beurre Bosc of S. C. Perkins, we think was the largest and
handsomest of this variety ever on exhibition. They were very
uniform in shape and size, and of fine russet color, and we believe
we are justified in saying it was a perfect dish of pears. The weight
was ten pounds and two ounces. The Beurre Boscs of W. R. Aus-
tin were also very handsome, and the Beurre Diels of T. M. Davis
were very good, as were most of the pears at this exliibition.

October 28th, F. & L. Clapp exhibited their seedhng, Frederick
Clapp, which has been mentioned several times in previous reports
as No. 22. It still maintains its reputation for its quality, which is
first rate. The specimens were not quite as large as some shown
two 3'ears ago, but were very good. Messrs. Clapp also exhibited
No. 17, or Nicholas, which is likewise a very fine pear. At the
exhil)itiou of November 11th, the most worthy of note were a very
fine dish of Beurre d'Anjou from W. R. Austin, Dana's Hovey from
Hovey & Co., Lawrence from J. H. Fenno, and Winter Nelis from
John L. Bird.

Through the kindness of Marsliall 1*. Wilder we were favored

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FRUITS. 95

with an opportuuit}' to test two seedlings raised by B. S. Fox of
San Jose, Cal., some of whose seedlings were noticed in our last
report. The Wilder is large, oblong ovate pyriform ; dull, greenish
yellow, with greenish dots and tracings of russet ; very sweet and
rich. Barry is larger than the preceding, irregular oblong p3'riform,
resembling an obtuse Vicar of Wiukfield, with a suture, and the eye
towards one side, as often found in that variety ; skin orange yel-
low, nearly covered with russet in large patches and rich tracings ;
flesh exceedingly melting and juicy and very sweet and rich, but
without high flavor. Both of these varieties were tested the latter
part of December. It is noticed that our finest pears when culti-
vated in C'alifornia lose the flavor which distinguishes them here, but
gain in sweetness, and it will be of much interest to ascertain
whether these very sweet varieties, of California origin, will acquire
flavor when grown here.

Native Grapes. — The season has been very favorable for this
fruit, and the exhibitions have been very good. September 2d,
good specimens of Moore's Early, Israella, and Hartford Prolific
were shown. The first prize was awarded for Moore's Early. Sep-
tember 9th, Moore's Early, Norwood, Norfolk Muscat, and Dela-
ware, were the four varieties receiving the prizes, and in the order
named.

At the Annual Show nearly all of the premiums were awarded,
and most of the fruit was above the average of the last few years.
The dish most worthy of special notice, was the Concord shown by
Nathan Blanchard. The bunches were very large, well shouldered ;
berries of good size, well ripened, and covered with a heavy bloom.
The Committee unanimously, and with much pleasure, awarded to
this dish the first prize for the best Concord. At this exhibition
the first prize for ' ' any other variety " was awarded for Moore's
Early. The exhibition of late varieties, on the 7th of October, was
very good — much better than the previous ^ear. On this day, Na-
than Blanchard again exhibited some of his extra fine Concords,
and received the first prize ; the six bunches on this day weighed
six pounds and four ounces, and were equal in all respects to those
shown at the Annual Exhibition. Mr. Blanchard said that last
year he picked from twenty-five to thirty pounds from one vine,
and that weight in twenty bunches ; but this season the bunches
were smaller in consequence of the early freeze, and consequent un-
ripeness of the wood and buds, of the autumn of 1875. The bunches

96 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

that we have described above, he calls small bunches. We hope to
have the pleasure next season of reporting on some of his large
bunches.

The most remarkable coEection of seedlings ever shown at any of
the exhibitions of this Society, was by James H. Ricketts, of New-
burgh, N. Y., at the Annual Exhibition. It consisted of sixty-five
varieties, of different colors, that would rank from good to very
good, and quite a number that must be called first rate, in qualit3^
The most remarkable thing connected with this collection, and the
most difficult to be explained, was that many of the varieties are
from seed of the Clinton, which is a small berry, and generalh- makes
but a smaU bunch, yet most of these seedlings have large bunches
and berries. It is true that they are all h^'brids, and the parentage
on the opposite side might have been from larger tmit. The Com-
mittee tested nearly aU of the different varieties, and made notes of
most of them, as to quality, color, and size of bunch and berry,
which it may at some time be thought best to publish, but the^^ de-
sire at present to be cautious, and not to mislead the public in rela-
tion to this fine collection. The probabilities are that most of the
varieties would not do as well with us as where they were raised,
and Mr. Ricketts concurs in this opinion ; but it is to be hoped that
some of them may prove hardy and suited to our climate.

N. B. White, exhibited the following named varieties of seed-
lings : August Giant. — Small bunch, large berry, thick skin, hard
pulp, quality fair. Norfolk Muscat. — Medium sized bunch and
berry ; chestnut color ; fiavor of the Frontignan, quality good.
Black Madeira and Amber Queen have been spoken of in previous
reports. No. 6. — Good sized bunch and berry, of fair quality;
exhibited October 7th.

September 2d, E. W. Bull had in his collection of seedlings, the
following: No. 51. — Large sized bunch and berry, color black.
No. 4. — Good sized bunch and berry ; color black. Rosalie has
been described in previous reports. Nos. 1 and 3 were both black,
with good sized bunch and berry. No. 27. — Medium sized bunch
and berry. None of these were ripe enough to give an opinion as
to quality.

October 7th, J. B. Moore exhibited his Seedling No. 31, a white
grape, with medium sized bunch and berry, and quality first rate.
It has been spoken of in previous reports with much favor, and we
have no reason to change our first impressions. We think it may
prove a valuable variety.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FRUITS. 97

Foreign Grapes. — We regret very much not being able to re-
port sucli bunches of Black Hamburg and other varieties at our ex-
hibitions, as have been shown in England. We have read of bunches
weighing twenty-five pounds or more, and here, for the last two years
we have offered a premium for the largest bunch, not less than five
pounds in weight, and have not had an opportunity to award it.
At the Annual Exhibition, the display was as good as the average of
the last few years. C. M. Atkinson had in his collection, some very
fine bunches. E. H. Luke also had a fine collection of forced
varieties, and his fruit was well ripened, and the bunches were very
handsome but not large. E. W. Wood, and B. G. Smith's col-
lections contained some very fine fruit. E. W. Wood received the
special premium offered by Peter Smith, for the largest and hand-
somest bunch of black grapes, for Black Hamburg, and for the
largest and handsomest white grape, for Golden Hamburg.

Oranges, etc. — January 29th, superior oranges were exhibited
by E. R. Chadwick, of San Mateo, Putnam _ County, Florida.
This fruit was raised on trees of seven years' growth, which came
into bearing the sixth year. The yield of two hundred and fifty
trees, the sixth year, was twenty-three barrels ; the seventh year,
one hundi-ed and fifteen barrels. The weight of twelve oranges
was six and a half pounds. March 4th, CM. Atkinson exhibited
oranges and lemons. March 25th, John Cummings showed very
good specimens of bananas, well ripened, and of good flavor.
This is the first fruit ever shown, by any member of this Society,
that was grown in this State. CD. Kingman exhibited oranges on
the same day. June 3d, J. Fisk Allen showed a very handsome
dish of oranges, part of which were grown on a tree that has been
in bearing forty years.

By invitation of Joseph H. Fenno, the Committee visited his
grounds twice during the season. On the first visit, June 14th,
his orchard was found in good order, everything about it being
neat and well cared for ; the fruit was well set, the trees were all
health}' and in fine condition. One particular feature was, his
keeping the trees weU headed in. The orchard contains about
three acres ; the trees are set in rows, thirty feet apart, and fifteen
feet in the rows. Mr. Fenno has a heav}' clay sub-soil, well luider-
drained. He said he never used any manure or fertilizer, excepting
beach sand ; and thought that by this method he got less growth of
wood, and more and better fruit. Your Committee could hardly
13

98 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

agree with him on this point, but beUeved that the trees would be
much benefited and improved in tlieir thriftiuess, and in the size
and quantity of fruit, if he should use a liberal amount of manure.
On their second visit, the last of August, the Committee found the
trees well loaded with fine fruit, and many of the varieties ripe,
giving them an opportunity of testing them, which they did not
refuse. The grounds on this visit, as well as on the first one, were
in fine condition, free from weeds, and in first-rate order. Besides
tree fruits, Mr. Fenno raises many small fruits with success, such as
currants, strawberries, raspberries, and gooseberries ; they were all
in fine order.

The Fruit Committee wish to express their thanlvs to Peter Smith
for his liberal donation of fifty dollars, for premiums, to be awarded
for fruits, fiowers, and vegetables. The amount of twenty dollars
was allotted to this Committee, which was all awarded for objects
of merit.

At the Aianual Exhibition, the number of dishes of Pears ex-
hibited was ........ 565

Number of dishes of Apples, . ' . . 258

" " Foreign Grapes, . . 44

" " Native " . . 79

Eickett's Seedling Grapes, .... 65

Making in all, 1,011 dishes, of all varieties of fruit.

Premiums and Gratuities have been awarded to one hundred and
fifty- three different persons. Last year the number was one
hundred and forty. The annexed list of awards, shows the amount
of prizes to be, $1,473 ; gratuities, $527 ; total, $2,000 ; balance
unexpended, $100. Included in the above mentioned amount of
premiums is the Prospective Prize of $50, awarded to Marshall P.
Wilder, for his Seedling Strawberry, President Wilder.

All of wliich is respectfully submitted.

Hertey Davis,

P. B. HOVEY,

Ben J. G. Smith,
John B. Moore,
E. W. Wood,

Fruit
Committee.

PEIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR FRUITS.

January 22.

Winter Pears. — For the best Beurre Langelier, to J. H
Fenno, .......

For the best Easter Beurre, to J. H. Fenno,

For the best Josephine de Malines, to J. H. Fenno,

For the best Vicar of Winkfleld, to J. L. Bird, .

For the second best, to J. H. Fenno,
For the best Winter Nelis, to J. L. Bird,

For the second best, to C. E. 6^rant,
For the best cooking pears of any variet}^ to J. H
Fenno, for Uvedale's St. Gerr^ain,
For the second best, to C. E. Grant, for Catillac,

Gratuities : —
To J. H. Fenno, for collection of Apples,

Charles Bird, for ver}' fine Beurre d'Anjou Pears,

J. H. Fenno, for collection of Pears,

C. E. Grant, " " " " . .

. ^2

00

'. 2

00

2

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

3

00

3

00

3

00

January 29.
Gratuity : —
To E. R. Chadwick, San Mateo, Florida, for superior
Oranges, ........

3 00

February 5.
Gratuity : —
To Benjamin P. Ware, for Pickuian Pippin Apples,

March 4.
Gi'atuities : —
To R. Oldreive, for Strawberries, ...
C. M. Atkinson, for Lemons and Oranges,

2 00

1 00

2 00

100 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

March 11.
Gratuities : —
To Aaron D. Capen, for Bevirre d'Aremberg Pears, . ^2 00

Joseph H. Fenno, for Josephine de Malmes Pears, . 2 00

March 18.
Gratuity : —
To Aaron D. Capen, for Winter Nelis Pears, . 1 00

March 25.

Gratuities : —

To John Ciimmings, for Bananas, . . . . 3 00

C. D. Kingman, for Oranges, . . . . . 2 00

George Cruickshanks , for Strawberries, . . . 1 00

Enoch Pillsbury, for Roxbury Russet Apples, . . 1 00

April 1.
Gratuity : —
To F. & L. Clapp, for Seedhng Pear, No. 2, . . . 3 00

April 15.
Gratuity : —
To J. H. Fenno, for Pears and Apples, . ... . 3 00

Afhil 22.
Grattdty : —
To F. & L. Clapp, for Seedling Pear, No. 64, . . 3 00

May 13.
Gratuity : —
To B. G. Smith, for very fine Roxbury Russet Apples, . 1 00

May 27.
Gratuities : —
To Charles Garfield, for Strawberries, . . . . 1 00
James Comley, for Peach Tree in twelve-inch pot, with

thirty-eiglit Peaches, 5 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS. 101

June 3.

Strawbekries. — Third prize, for a quart grown in frames

under glass, to Charles Garfield, . . . . $3 00

Gratuity : —
To John Fisk Allen, for a very handsome dish of Oranges, 5 00

June 10.
Ghratuities : —

To Marshall P. "Wilder, for President Wilder Strawber-
ries, 2 00

Charles Garfield, for Triomphe de Gand Strawberries, 3 00

June 17.

Gratuities : —

To John B. Moore, for Jenny Lind Strawberries, . . 3 00

B. G. Smith, " " " " . . 2 00
Joseph H. Fenno, for Brighton Pine Strawbemes, . 2 00
Charles Garfield, for Triomphe de Gand Strawberries, 3 00

C. E. Grant, " " " " . 2 00

ROSE SHOW.
June 21.

Early Strawberries. — For the best four quarts, to John

B. Moore, for Gen. Sherman, . . . . $8 00
For the second best, to Charles Garfield, for Triomphe

de Gand, 6 00

For the thu'd best, to John B. M"oore, for Grace, . 4 00
For the best two quarts, to William C. Child, for

Jucunda, ........ 4 00

For the second best, to J. B. Moore, for Hovej^'s

Seedhng, 3 00

For the third best, to Hovey & Co., for Champion, 2 00

Gratuities : —

To James Comle}', for Peaches, 3 00

T. W. Walker, for Figs, 2 00

B. G. Smith,. for Strawberries, . . . . . 2 00

J. B.. Moore, for Seedling Strawberries, . . . 3 00

1^02

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

June 24.

Gratuities : —

To Charles GarfieM, for Strawberries,
Benj. G. Smith, " "

C. E. Grant, "

$2 00
4 00
1 00

STRAWBERRY SHOW.

June 27.

Strawberries. — For the best four quarts, to Horace
Eaton, for President Wilder, ....

For the second best, to John B. Moore, for Caroline,

For the third best, to John B. Moore, for President

Wilder,

For the best two quarts of Agriculturist, to H. C
Bowers, .......

For the best Caroline, to John B. Moore,
For the best Champion, to John C. Park,

For the second best, to Hovey «fc Co.,
For the best Charles Downing, to Warren Heustis,

For the second best, to Aaron D. Capen,
For the best Col. Cheney, to Warren Heustis,
For the best Hovey's Seedling, to John B. Moore,

For the second best, to Hovej' «& Co.,

For the third best, to B. G. Smith,
For the best Jucuuda, to Charles W. Shepard,

For the second best, to Charles Garfield,

For the third best, to B. G. Smith. .
For the best Lady of the Lake, to John B. Moore,

For the second best, to B. G. Smith,
For the best Late Prolific, to John B. Moore,

For the second best, to Hovey «fe Co.,
For the best President Wilder, to George N. Noyes,

For the second best, to John B. Moore, .

For the third best, to Marshall P. Wilder,
For the best Seth Boy den, to John C. Park,-

For the second best, to John B. Moore, .
For the best Wilson, to G. W. Pierce,

;15 00
10 00

5 00

4 00

4 00

3 00

2 00

3 00

2 00

4 00

4 00

3 00

2 00

4 00

3 00

2 00

3 00

00

3 00

2 00

4 00

3 00

2 00

3 00

2 00

4 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS. 103

Cherries. — For the best four varieties, to C. E. Grant,
for Elton, Napoleon Bigarreau, Black Tartarian and

Black Eagle, $6 00

For the best two quarts, to Isaac P. Langworthy, for

Knight's Early Black, 4 00

For the second best, to C. E. Grant, for Black Tar-
tarian, ........ 3 00

For the third best, to Benjamin B. Davis, for Black

Eagle, 2 00

Peaches. — For the best twelve specimens, to R. W.

Turner, for George the Fourth, . . . . 8 00

For the second best, to R. W. Turner, for Crawford's

Late, 6 00

Gratuities : —

To Frank M. Gilley, for collection of Cherries, . . 2 00

Benj. B. Davis, for Elton Cherries, . . . . 1 00

Horace Eaton, for Monarch of the West Strawberries, 1 00

H. H. Smith, for Crescent Seedling Strawberries, . 2 00

Wilbur F. Newhall, for Jucunda Strawberries, . . 2 00

J. R. Fisher, for Kentucky Strawberries, . . . 1 00

G. W. Pierce, for collection of Strawberries, . . 4 00

Daniel Weston, for Seedling Strawberries, . . 1 00

John B. Moore, for collection of Seedling Strawberries, 5 00

N. B. White, " " " " . 2 00

July 1.

Gratuities : —

To E. P. Richardson, for collection of Strawberries, . 3 00
John B. Moore, for a very fine collection of Straw-
berries, . . . . . . . . 10 00

George N. Noyes, for Strawberries, . . . . 1 00

G. W. Pierce, for Cherries, . . . ' . . 2 00

C. E. Grant, for Black Eagle Cherries, ... 2 00

July 8.
Cherries. — For the best two quarts, to C. N. Brackett,

for Black Bigarreau, . . . . . . 4 00

For the second best, to Frank M. Gilley, for

Downer's Late, ....... 3 00

For the third best, to C. F. Curtis, for Downer's Late, 2 00

104

IVIASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Raspberries. — For the best two quarts, to B. G. Smith,

for Franconia, . . . . . . . $4 00

For the second best, to J. H. Fenno, for American

Black Cap, 3 00

For the third best, to B. G. Smith, for American

White, 2 00

Strawberries. — For the best two quarts, to E. P. Rich-
ardson, for La Constante, . . . . . 4 00

For the second best, to E. P. Richardson, for Ken-
tucky, 3 00

For the third best, to John B. Moore, for Belle, . 2 00

Gratuities : —

To Wilham C. Child, for collection, . . . . 1 00

C. E. Grant, for Currants and Cherries, . . . 3 00

Frank M. Gilley, for Cherries, . . . . 1 00

W. K. Wood, for Currants, 3 00

J. H. Fenno, " " 2 00

B. G. Smith, " " 3 00

G. M. Mellen, " " ... . 1 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, for Grapes and Raspberries, . . 3 00

Benj. B. Davis, for Gooseberries, . . . . 2 00

July 15.

Currants. — For the best four quarts of Red, to Amos

Bates, for La Versaillaise, ....
For the second best, to B. G. Smith, for La Versail

laise, ........

For the third best, to C. M. Atkinson, for La Ver

saillaise, .......

For the best four quarts of White, to J. H. Fenno, for

Dana's White, ......

For the second best, to Frederick Gould, for Dana's

White,

Raspberries. — For the best collection, to Joseph H

Fenno, for Hornet, Saunders, Herstine, Philadel

phia, and American Black, ....
F'or the second best, to John B. Moore, for Hornet

Herstine, Clarke, and Saunders, .

4 00

_

3 00

2 00

r

3 00

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2 00

-

5 00

1

3 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

105

For the best two quarts, to Joseph H. Fenno, for Her-
stme, ........

For the second best, to John B. Moore, for Hornet,
For the thn-d best, to John B. Moore, for Saunders,

Gratuities : —
To Charles Garfield, for collection,
Joseph H. Fenno, " "
Edward M. Mitchell, for Currants,
John Irvin, " "

George W. Pierce, " "
James Nugent, " "

Amos Bates, " "

B. G. Smith, " "

D. B. Flint, for Currants and Raspberries,

E. P. Richardson, for Strawberries and Raspberries,
Robert Manning, for Cherries, ....

July 22.
Currants. — For the best collection, to B. G. Smith, for
Black Naples, Versaillaise, Dana's New White,
and Cherry, .......

For the second best, to J. H. Fenno, for Red Dutch,

Cherry, Dana's "White and Versaillaise,

For the best two quarts, to Amos Bates, for Versaillaise,

For the second best, to B. G. Smith, for Versaillaise,

For the third best, to Mrs. E. M. Gill, for Versail-

'laise, .........

Blackbekkies. — For the best two quarts, to Benjamin B.
Davis, for Dorchester, .....

Gooseberries. — For the best two quarts, to Horace
Eaton, for Downing, ......

For the second best, to B. G. Smith, for Welhngton's

Glory,

For the third liest, to B. G. Smith, for Smith's Seed-
ling,

Gratuities : —
To Mrs. E. M. Gill, for collection, ....

Joseph H. Fenno, " "

John B. Moore, "■ "

U

$4 00
3 00
2 00

2 00
2 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
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00

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106

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

July 29.

Blackberries. — For the best two quarts, to James Nugent,
for Dorchester, .......

For the second best, to Benj. B. Davis, for Dorchester,
Pears. — For the best Doj-enne d' Ete, to Joseph H
Fenno, .......

For the second best, to Warren Heustis .
For the third best, to Frank M. Gilley, .
For the fourth best, to Benj. G. Smith, .

Gratuities : —

To Charles Garfield, for Gooseberries and Blackberries,
H. M. Wiswall, for Blackberries,
G. F. Waters, " " ...

Benj. G. Smith, for Gooseberries,
Joseph H. Fenno, for Apples, Pears, and Raspberries
Benj. B. Davis, for Large Yellow Bough Apples,
N. B. White, for Red Astrachan Apples, .
C. N. Brackett, for collection of Apples (July Pear

main. Summer Rose, and Red Astrachan), .
E. W. Wood, for Apples, ....
A. S. M'Intosh, for Doyenne d' Ete Pears,
Mrs. E. M. Gill, for collection,

$3 00
2 00

August 5.

Pears. — For the best Beurre Giffard, to Warren Heustis,
For the second best, to W. S. Janvrin, .
For the third best, to John McClure,
For the best Bloodgood, to T. M. Davis,

For the second best, to Asa Clement,
For the best Doj^enne d' Ete, to Jose])h II. Fenno
For the l)est Madeleine, to J. S. Richards, .
For the second best, to Joseph H. Fenno,
Apples. — For the best Large Yellow Bough, to B. B
Davis, ......

For the second best, to Warren Heustis, .
For the l)est Williams, to Samuel Ilartwell,
For the second best, to Asa Clement,

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

107

liLACKRERRiES. — Fov the bost, to James Nugent, for Dor-
chester, ........

For the second best, to Josiah Crosby, for Kittatinii}',

For the third best, to G. F. Waters, for Kittatinn}^,

For the fourth best, to C. Garfiekl, for Kittatinii}^, .

GoosEBERKiES. — For the best two quarts of Native, to B.

G. Smith, for Downing, .....

For the second best, to Joseph H. Fenno, for
Houghton's Seedling, ......

For the best two quarts of Foreign, to B. G. Smith,
for Bang-up, .......

For the second best, to C. Garfield, for Crown Bob,

Gratuities : —

To N. B. White, for Apples,

Frank M. Gilley, for Apples, ....

Edwin Fletcher, for collection of Apples, .
Samuel Hartwell, for Eed Astrachan Apples,
James Comle}', " " " "

Asa Clement, " Early Harvest Apples,

John B. Moore, for Apples and Raspberries,
C. N. Braekett, " " " Pears,
H. M. Wiswall, " Large Yellow Bough Apples and
Blackberries, ......

G. N. Noyes, for Apples, Gooseberries, and Black
berries, . . . .

Charles Bird, for Benrre Ciiti'ard Pears,

Benj. G. Smith, for Pears, ....

Mrs. E. M. Gill, for Gooseberries, .

Amos Bates, for collection, ....

$4 00
3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

3 00
2 00

2 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

1 00

2 00
1 00

2 00

00
00

1 00

00
00

August 12.

Apples. — For the best Early Harvest, to J. H. Fenuo,
For the second best, to Asa Clement,
For the best Large Yellow Bough, to Warren Heustis,
For the second best, to John Fillebrown,
For the third best, to Benj. B. Davis,
For the best Eed Astrachan, to Warren Heustis,
For the second best, to Edwin Fletcher, .
For the third best, to Frank M. Gilley, .

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108

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTCRAL SOCIETY.

For the best Williams, to Samuel Hartwell,
For the second best, to Asa Clement,
For the third best, to George Hill, ....
For the best of any other yariety, to Joseph H. Fenno,
for American Summer Pearmain,
For the second best, to Asa Clement, for Earl}* Joe,
For the third best, to T. M. Davis, for Summer Har-
vey, • .

Peaks. — For the best Beurre Giffard, to Charles Bird,
For the second best, to Warren Heustis, .
For the third best, to W. S. Janvrin,
For the best of any other variety, to Hovey & Co., for
Supreme de Quimper, ......

For the second best, to J. McClure, for Osband's
Summer, ........

For the third best, to Hovey & Co., for Manning's
Elizabeth, ........

Blackberries. — For the best, to James Nugent, for Dor-
chester, ........

For the second best, to Charles Garfield, for Kitta-
tinny, ........

Gratuities : —

To Edwin Fletcher, for Williams Apples,

Lewis Slack, for Large Yellow Bough Apples, .

N. B. "V^liite, for Red Astrachan Apples, .

C. N. Brackett, for WilUams and River Apples,

G. N. Noyes, for collection of Apples,

Joseph H. Fenno, for Apples, ....

John B. Moore, for collection of Apples and Raspber
ries, ........

J. T. Foster, for Apples and Peaches,

Charles Bird, for Beurre Giffard Pears,

J. McClure, " " " "

Mrs. E. M. Gill, for Foreign Grapes and Pears,

C. D. Kingman, for Foreign Grapes and Peaches,

Mrs. Benjamin Fobes, for Figs,

Charles Garfield, for Franconia Rasi)berries,

$3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00
1 00

4 00

3 00

00
00
00
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PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

109

August 19.

Tlums. — For the best disli, to Joseph 11. Fenno, for Wash-
ington, ........

For the second best, to Amos Bates, for Green C4age,

For the thh-d best, to Amos Bates, for Smith's Or-
leans, ........

Pears. — For the best Clapp's Favorite, to F. & L. Clapp,

For the second best, to Joseph H. Fenno,

For the third best, to John Fillebrown,

For the fourth best, to Horace Eaton,
For the best of any other variety, to Charles Bird, for
Dearborn's Seedling, ......

For the second best, to C. N. Brackett, for Brandy-
wine, .........

For the third best, to Hove^^ & Co., for Brand3'wine,

For the fourth best, to J. H. Fenno, for Rostiezer, .
Peaches. — For the best of cold house or pot culture, to
CD. Kingman, for Early Crawford, .

For the second best, to John Falconer, for Rivers'
Early,

For the third best, to Arthur W. Felton, for Rivers'

Early,

Figs. — P"'or the best, to Mrs. Benjamin Fobes, for Brown
Turkey,

For the second best, to T. W. Walker, for Purple
Ischia, ........

^3 00

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Gratuities .

To C. F. Gerry, for new Seedling Apple, Gerry's Sweet

iiig.

N. B. White, for Red Astrachan Apples,
Walter Russell, for Williams Apples,
Warren Heustis, " " '-'

John Fillebrown, " " "

John Cummings, " " "

Edwin Fletcher, for collection of Apples,
Samuel Hartwell " " "

Joseph H. Fenno, for Apples, .
Joseph B. Eaton, " "

1

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110

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

To John B. Moore, for Apples and Pears,

C. N. Brackett, " " " .

D. B. Flint, " " " . .
Warren Heustis, for Clapp's Favorite Pears,
C. F. Curtis, " " " "
J. McCliire, for Pears, ....
C. E. Grant, " " ....
J. L. D. Sullivan, for Hale's Early Peaches,
John Falconer, for Peaches, Pears, and Plums,
CD. Kingman, for Foreign Grapes,
John B. Moore, for Moore's Early Grapes,
James Nugent, for Dorchester Blackberries and Pears,

August 26.

Pears. — For the best Bartlett, to John McClure,
For the second best, to Charles F. Curtis,
For the third best, to Horace Eaton,
For the fourth best, to Hovey & Co.,
For the best Manning's Elizalieth, to Joseph H. Fenno

For the second best, to Hovey & Co.,
For the best Pinneo, or Boston, to Hovey & Co.,

For the second best, to J. H. Fenno,
For the best Eostiezer, to M. W. Chadbourne,
For the second best, to G. M. Mellen,
For the third best, to Joseph H. Fenno, .
For the best Tj-son, to A. S. M'Intosh,
For the second best, to Charles Bird,
For the third best, to Joseph H. Fenno, .
For the best of any other variety, to Hovey & Co., for
Omer Pasha, ......

For the second best, to John Cummings, for Brando-
wine, . . . . . . .

For the third best, to Hovey & Co., for Sterling,
Plums. — For the best collection, to Amos Bates,
For the second best, to Horace Eaton,
For the best dish, to Amos Bates, for Green Gage,
For the second best, to II. M. Wiswall, for Brad
shaw, .'......

For the third best, to Amos Bates, for Smith's Or
leans, .......

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

Ill

Peaches. — For the best dish of Peaches, to J. A. J. Wil
cox, for Seedling, ......

For the second best, to J. T. Foster, for Laura,

Gratuities : —
To Mrs. E. M. Gill, for Clapp's Favorite Pears,
J. McClure, ^^ " " "

F. & L. Clapp, ^' " "

Charles Bird, '' " " "

eTohn Fillebrown, " " " "

Mrs. S. Joyce, for Pears and Figs, .
E. W. Wood, for Pears and Apples,
John Cummings, for Apples and Pears,
C. N. Brackett " " " .

George Hill, for Williams Apples,
O. B. Hadwen, for Duchess of Oldenburg Apples,
Joseph H. Fenno, for Apples and Figs,
Edwin Fletcher, for collection of Apples, .
Samuel Hartwell " " "

George Craft, for collection of Crab Apples,
C. D. Kingman, for Grapes and Peaches, .

S4 00
3 00

00
00
00
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00

1 00
00
00

1 00

1 00

2 00
2 00
1 00

1 00

2 00

September 2.

Apples. — For the best of any variety, to Samuel Hart
well, for Gravenstein, .....

For the second best, to Edwin Fletcher, for Foundling,
For the third best, to John Cummings, for Porter,
For the fourth best, to Edwin Fletcher, for Garden
Ro^'al, .......

Pears. — For the best Bartlett, to J. McClure,
For the second best, to W. S. Janvrin, .
For the third best, to Hovey & Co.,
For the fourth best, to Charles Bird,
For the best of anj^ other variety, to Benjamin G. Smith
for Duchesse de Berri, ....

For the second best, to R. Manning, for Ott, .

For the third best, to Hove}' & Co., for Wheeler,

For the fourth best, to Hovey & Co., for Hannas,

Native Grapes. — For the best of any variety, to John

B. Moore, for Moore's Early, . . . .

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112

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

For the secoud best, to John B. Moore, for Hartford
Prolific, ........

For the third best, to Eben Snow, for Israella,
For the fourth best, to P^lien Snow, for Hartford Pro-
lific, .........

Gratuities : —
To Edwin Fletcher, for Apples, ....
M. W. Chadbourne, for Apples and Pears,
Warren Heustis, " " "

John Cummings, for collection of Apples and Pears,
G-. N. Noyes, " " " "

C. N. Brackett, " " " "

O. B. Hadwen, " Pears and Apples,
J. S. Richards, " collection of Pears,
C. E. Grant, for Pears and Foreign Grapes,
George W. Stevens, for Crawford's Early Peaches,
H. W. "Wilson, for Stump the World Peaches, .
B. G. Smith, for collection, ....
CD. Kingman, for Peaches and Foreign Grapes,

$3 00
2 00

1 00

September 9.

Apples. — For the best Foundling, to Samuel Hartwell,
For the second best, to Edwin Fletcher, .
For the third best, to Asa Clement,
For the best Gravenstein, to Josiah Crosby,
For the second best, to F. & L. Clapp,
For the third best, to Samuel Hartwell, .
For the best Porter, to John Cummings,
For the second best, to Samuel Hartwell,
For the third best, to C. S. Williams,
For the best of any other vai-iety, to Edwin Fletcher
for Garden Royal, .....

F'or the second best, to Samuel Hartwell, for Holden
Pippin, .......

For the third best, to Joseph H. Fenno, for Summer
Pippin, .......

Pears. — For the best Andrews, to C. N. Brackett,
For the second best, to John L. Bird,
For the thiixl best, to C. E. Grant, . .

PRIZEg AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

113

For the best Dojenne Boussock, to F.. W. ^\'oocl,
For the second best, to Ilovey & Co.,
For the third best, to Charles Bird,
For the best Flemish Beauty, to Joseph H. Fenuo,

For the second best, to C. K. (Irant,
For the best of an}^ other variety, to J. B. Moore, for
BeUe Lucrative, .......

For the second best, to C. E. Cirant. for Belle Lu-
crative, ........

For the third best, to J. H. Fenno, for Golden Beurre,

Native Grapes. — For the l)est of an}' variety, to J. B.

Moore, for Moore's Early, .....

For the second best, to J. AV. Talliot, for Norwood,
For the third best, to N. B. ^^'hite, for Norfolk Mus-
cat, .........

For the fourth best, to C. E. Grant, for Delaware, .

Peaches. — For the best of am^ variety, to J. T. Foster,

for Foster, .......

For the second best, to Samuel Hartwell, for Early
Crawford, ........

For the third best, to Miss A. C. Wheeler, for Cath-
erine, ........

For the fourth best, to J. H. Fenno, for Seedling, .

Gratuities : —

To F. R. Shattuck, for Apples,
JohnCummings, " "
Asa Clement, for collection of Apples,
C. N. Brackett, for Apples and Pears,
Benj. T. Hunt, Jr., for Grapes, Pears, and Apples,
John Fillebrown, for Clapp's Favorite Pears,
William A. Coolidge, for Pears,
A. S. M'Intosh, " "

Horace Partridge, for Grapes and Pears,
Stiles Frost, for collection of Plums,
J. H. Woodford, for Green Gage Plums,
C. M. Atkinson, for Peaches, .

^3 00

2 OU

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15

114

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

ANNUAL EXHIBITION.

September 19, 20, 21, and 22.

Special Prizes offered by Peter Smith.

Apples. — For the largest and handsomest dish, to Charles

Stearns, for Gravenstein, . . . . . $5 00

Pears. — For the largest and handsomest dish, to WilUam

T. Hall, for Beurre Clairgeau, . . . . 5 00

Foreign Grapes. — For the largest and handsomest bnnch

of Black, to E. W. Wood, for Black Hamburg, . 5 00
For the largest and handsomest bunch of White, to

E. W. Wood, for Golden Hamburg, . . . 5 00

Society's Prizes.

Apples. — For the best Alexander, to Joseph H. Fenno,
For the best American Beauty, to Edwin Fletcher
For the best Baldwin, to T. M. Davis,

For the second best, to Warren Heustis,

For the third best, to Samuel Hartwell,

For the fourth best, to John Cummings,
For the best Blue Pearmain, to Samuel Hartwell,

For the second best, to C. N. Brackett, .
For the best Cogswell, to John Cummings, .

For the second best, to Asa Clement,
For the best Danvers Winter Sweet, to John Cummings

For the second best, toC. N. Brackett, .

For the third best, to Asa Clement, ,

For the best Duchess of Oldenburg, to F. P. Fisher,

For the second best, to 0. B. Hadwen, .
For the best Dutch Codlin, to Mrs. C. N. S. Horner,

For the second best, to Joseph II. Fenno,
For the best Esopus Spitzenburg, to O. B, Hadwen,
For the best Holden Pippin, to Samuel Hartwell,

For the second best, to C. N. Brackett,

For the third best, to John Cummings,
For the best Fall Pippin, to Asa Clement,
For the best Fameuse, to Asa Clement,

For the second best, to E. W. Wood,

3 00

00
00
00
00
00
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00

3 QO

2 00

3 00

2 00

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3 00
3 00

2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

115

For the best Foundling, to Edwin Fletcher,

For the second best, to Samuel Ilartwell,

For the third best, to J. W. Manning,

For the fourth best, to Asa Clement,
For the best Garden Royal, to Edwin Fletcher,
For the best Golden Russet, to Joseph H. Fenno
For the best Gravensteiu, to S. G. Damon,

For the second best, to Warren Heustis, .

For the third best, to Josiah Crosby,

For the fourth best, to Samuel Hartwell, .
For the best Hubbardstou Nonsuch, to M. W. Chad
bourne, ......

For the second best, to John Fillebrown,

For the third best, to George N. Noyes, .

For the fourth best, to Edwin Fletcher,
For the best Hunt Russet, to Samuel Hartwell,

For the second best, to Asa Clement,

For the third best, to D. W. Lothrop,

For the fourth best, to J. B. Moore,
For the best King of Tompkins Count}', to Edwin
Fletcher,

For the second best, to Asa Clement,

For the third best, to C. N. Brackett,
For the best Ladies' Sweet, to Edwin Fletcher,

For the second best, to J . W . Manning, .

For the third best, to C. N. Brackett,
For the best Lyscom, to Asa Clement,

For the second best, to Samuel Hartwell,
For the best Maiden's Blush, to Joseph H. Fenno

For the second best, to John Cumraings,

For the third best, to J. W. Manning,
For the best Minister, to Asa Clement,

For the second best, to Wilham T. Hall.
For the best Mother, to Edwin Fletcher,

For the second best, to John Cummings,

For the third best, to E. W. Wood.

For the fourth best, to O. B. Hadwen,
For the best Northern Spy, to John Cummings,

For the second l^est, to A. G. Bettison,

For the third best, to Asa Clement,

$A 00

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116

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

For the fourth best, to W. T. Hall,
For the best Orange Sweet, to S. G. Damon,

For the second best, to John Fillebrown,
For the best Porter, to Elisha Tower,

For the second best, to John C'uinmings, .
For the third best, to Charles Bird,
For the fourth best, to S. G. Damon,
For the best Pumpkin Sweet, to Charles Stearns,
For the second best, to Asa Clement,
For the third best, to John Cummings,
For the fourth best, to George H. Stevens,
For the best Rhode Island Greening, to E. W. Wood,
For the second best, to C. N. Brackett, .
For the third best, to Charles Bird,
For the fourth best, to W. A. Craft,
For the best Roxbur}^ Russet, to Warren Ileustis,
For the second best, to John L. De Wolf,
For the third best, to John Cummings,
For the fourth best, to John L. Bird,
For the best Sudbury Sweet, to Edwin Fletcher, .

For the second best, to John Cummings,
For the best Twenty Ounce, to O. B. Iladwen, .
For the best Washington Strawberry, to J. H. Fenno,
For the best Yellow BeMower, to F. B. Flayes, .

For the second best, to Asa Clement,
Second prize for Crab Apples, to Benj. F. Hunt, for
Transcendent, ......

Third prize, to Horace Partridge, for Transcendent
Fourth Prize, to J. E. Hoar, ....

Pears. — For the best Adams, to Hovey & Co.,
For the best Andrews, to Jesse Haley,
For the second best, to Horace Partridge,
For the third best, to B. G. Smith,
For the best Bartlett, to John McC'lure,
For the second best, to AVilliam R. Austin,
For the third best, to Hovey & Co.,
For the fourth best, to Charles Bird,
For the best Belle Lucrative, to Horace Eaton, .
For the second best, to Horace Partridge,
For the third best, to C. N. Brackett, . . .

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

117

For the fourth best, to J. C. Park, .
For the best Beurre d'Anjou, to W. R. Austin,

For the second best, to J. McChire,

For the thiixl best, to J. H. Fenno,

For the fourth best, to W. P. Walker,
For the best Beurre Bosc, to ^\'. R. Austin,

For the second best, to John L. Bird,

For the third best, to AV. T. Andrews,

For the fourth best, to Joseph H. Fenno,
For the best Beurre Clairgeau, to Joseph H. Fenno

For the second best, to Horace Partridge,

For the third best, to John Fillebrown,

For the fourth best, to Ciiarles Bird,
For the'best Beurre Diel, to A. McDermott,

For the second best, to W. S. Janvrin,

For the third best, to W. C. Strong,
For the best Beurre Gris d' Hiver Nouveau, to Hovey
& Co.,

For the second best, to C. E. Grant,

For the third best, to E. W. Wood,
For the best Beurre Hard}-, to C. F. Curtis,

For the second best, to AV. R. Austin,

For the third best, to Mrs. H. P. Kendrick,

For the fourth best, to W. P. Walker,
VoY the best Beurre Langeher, to John L. Bird,

For the second best, to C. E. Grant,

For the third best, to W. R. Austin,
For the best Beurre Superfin, to J. C. Park,

For the second best, to Hovey & Co.,

For the third best, to Joseph H. Fenno, .

For the fourth best, to John L. Bird,
For the best Buffum, to Mrs. H. P. Kendrick,

For the second best, to C. N. Brackett, .

For the third best, to Marshall P. Wilder,
For the best Caen du France, to Hovey & Co.,

For the second best, to Marshall P. Wilder,

For the third best, to C. E. Grant, .
For the best Dana's Hovey, to Eben Snow,

For the second best, to Hovey & Co.,

For the third best, to E. W. Wood,

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118

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

For the best De Tongres, to C. E. Grant, .

For the second best, to S. G. Damon,

For the third best, to T. M. Davis, .
For the best Doyenne Boussoek, to Marshall P. Wilder

For the second best, to Hovey & Co.,

For the third best, to E. W. Wood,
For the best Doj^enne du Cornice, to Marshall P. Wilder

For the second best, to John C. Park,

For the third best, to Joseph H. Fenno, .

For the fourth best, to Hovey & Co.,
For the best Duchesse d' Angouleme, to W. R. Austin

For the second best, to J. McClure,

For the third best, to Mrs. H. P. Kendrick,

For the fourth best, to Joseph H. Fenno,
Second prize for Flemish Beauty, to Joseph H. Fenno

Third prize, to J. Cruickshanks, ...
For the best Fulton, to Charles F. Curtis, .

For the second best, to C. N. Brackett, .

For the third best, to J. C. Park,
For the best Glout Morceau, to W. P. Walker, .

For the second best, to John L. DeWolf.

For the third best, to Mrs. H. P. Kendrick,
P^or the best Goodale, to W. R. Austin,

For the second best, to Joseph H. Fenno.

For the third best, to Marshall P. Wilder,
For the best Howell, to W. S. Janvrin.

For the second best, to Jesse Haley,

For the third best, to Mrs. H. P. Kendrick, .

For the fourth best, to S. G. Damon,
For the best Lawrence, to Horace Partridge,

For the second best, to John McClure,

For the third best, to John B. Moore,
'For the best Louise Bonne of Jersey, to William T. Hall

For the second best, to Alexander Dickinson, .

For the third best, to Charles Bird,

For the fourth best, to T. M. Davis,
For the best Marie Louise, to Alexander Dickinson,

For the second best, to John L. DeW^olf,

For the third best, to Hovey & Co.,

For the fourth best, to Marshall P. Wilder,

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

119

For the best Merriam, to Marshall P. Wilder,

For the second best, to Hovey & Co.,

For the tMrd best, to George B. Cutter, .

For the fourth best, to John L. DeWolf, .
For the best Moore's Pound, to Hovey & Co.,
For the best Mount Vernon, to Walker & Co.,

For the second best, to A. McDermott, .

P^or the third best, to Charles Bird,
For the best Onondaga or Swan's Orange, to A
McDermott,

For the second best, to W. P. Walker, .

For the third best, to Charles Bird, .

For the fourth best, to Horace Partridge,
For the best Paradis d' Automne, to Marshall P. Wilder

For the second best, to Hovey & Co.,

For the third best, to John L. Bird,

For the fourth best, to C. N. Brackett,
For the best Pratt, to Lewis Hall,

For the second best, to Hovey & Co.,

For the third best, to Marshall P. Wilder,
For the best Seckel, to John L. Bird, .

For the second best, to Lewis Hall,

For the third best, to C. E. Grant, .

For the fourth best, to Horace Partridge,
For the best Sheldon, to J. McClure, .

For the second best, to George ,S. Harwood,

For the third best, to C. F. Curtis, .

For the fourth best, to AV. A. Craft,
For the best Souvenir de Congres, to Marshall P. Wilder
For the best St. Michael Archangel, to Jesse Haley,

For the second best, to T. M. Davis,

For the third best, to Marshall P. Wilder,

For the fourth best, to Alexander Dickinson,
For the best Urbaniste, to J. C. Park,

For the second best, to John B. Moore, .

For the third best, to E. W. Wood,

For the fourth best, to Hovey & Co.,
For the best Vicar of Winkfield, to Horace Eaton

For the second best, to Charles Bird,

For the third best, to Joseph H. J'enno, .

$4 00
3 00

00
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00

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3 00

2 00
1 00

4 00

3 00

00
00
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00
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4 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

4 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

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2 00
1 00

120

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

For the best Winter Nelis, to John L. Bird,
For the second best, to W. P. Walker, .
For the third best, to W. A. Crafts,
Peaches. — Second prize for the best dish, to J. T. Foster,
for Foster, ........

Third prize, to Samuel Hartwell, for Earl^^ Crawford,

For the best dish of Orchard House Culture, to John

Falconer, for Lord Palmerston, . . . ,

For the second best, to John Kelly, for Late Crawford,

For the third best, to John Falconer, for Late Crawford,

For the fourth best, to John Falconer, for Princess

of Wales, .....

Nectarines. — For the best dish, to John Falconer, for
Rivers' Victoria, .....

Plums. — For the best collection, to Horace Eaton,

For the best dish, to Horace Eaton, for Peine Claude
de Bavay, .....

For the second best, to J. M. Codman,
For the third best, to H. V. Draper, for Coe's Golden
Drop, .....

Native GtKApes. — For the best six launches Adirondac, to
Horace Eaton, ......

For the second best, to S. G . Damon,
For the best six bunches Concord, to Nathan Blanchard
For the second best, to E. P. Richardson,
For the third best, to S. G. Damon,
For the best Delaware, to AV. IL Wilcox,
For the second best, to S. G. Damon,
For the third best, to F. & L. Clapp,
For the best Hartford, to Horace Eaton,
For the second best, to S. G. Damon,
For the third best, to W. T. Andrews,
For the best Israella, to S. G. Damon,
For the second best, to J. L. Bird, .
For the third best, to Horace Eaton,
For the best of any other variety, to John B. Moore
for Moore's Early,
For the second best, to Horace Eaton, for Eumelan
For the third best, to J. B. Moore, for IMiddlesex,
Foreign Grapes. — For the best six varieties, to C. M
Atkinson, .......

$3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

5 00

4 00

3 00

2 00

4 00

5 00

3 00
2 00

1 00

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PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

121

For the second best, to E. II. Luke,
For the third best, to B. G. Smith,
For the best four A^arieties, to E. ^X. Wood,

Second prize for three varieties, to E. S. Rand, Jr.,
Third prize for two bundles of any Black Grape,

to E. S. Rand Jr., ......

Third prize for two bunches of any White Grape,

to E. S. Rand, Jr.,

10

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3

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3

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Gratuities for Ap]}les : —

To Elisha Tower, for Queen of tlie Orchard,
J. H. Fenno, for Orange Sweet,
Francis Marsh, for Rome Beauty,
Samuel Hartwell, for twenty -three varieties of Apples
Mrs. C. N. S. Horner, for collection,
A. G. Bettison, "• "

O. B. Hadwen, " "

Josiah Newhall, " "

Francis Marsh, for Apples,
Asa Clement, " "

J. H. Fenno, for collection of Apples and Pears
John Cummings, for " " "

D.N. Stowers, for Apples and Pears,
W. C. Strong, for Crab Apples,

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Gratuities for Pears :-

To James Cruickshanks, for collection.

3 00

Horace Partridge, " "

2 GO

Benjamin F. Hunt, '• "

2 00

Lewis Hall, " "

2 00

C. E. Grant,

2 00

S. A. Merrill, " "

2 00

F. B. Hayes, " "

2 00

S. S. Getchell,

1 00

Geo. W. Ireland, " "

2 00

John B. Moore, " "

2 00

W. R. Austin, for Clapp's Favorite Pears,

1 00

F. & L. Clapp, for Seedhng Pears (Harris),

2 00

16

122

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Gratuities for Foreign Grapes : —
To E. S. Rand, Jr., for collection, .
B. G. Smith, " '' . .

Gratuities for Native Grapes, etc. : —
To S. G. Damon, for Delaware,
W. T. Andrews, for collection,
Jonathan Mann,
Amos Bates, ....

E.Myrick, ....

N. B. White, ....

James H. Ricketts, for sixty-five varieties of Seedlinj
Grapes, .......

John Falconer, for Peaches, orchard-house cultvu'e,
W. S. Janvrin, for Quinces, ....

Miss A. C. Wheeler, for Basket of Fruit,

$3 00
1 00

September 30.
Gratuities : —
To C. N. Brackett, for Pears,
C. E. Grant, for Seckel Pears,
F. «fe L. Clapp, for Seedling Pears, . . .
J. Fisk Allen, for Native Grapes,
E. P. Richardson, for collection of Grapes,
M. W. Chadbourne, for Apples,

October 7.

Pears. — For the best Beurre Bosc, to S. C. Perkins,
For the second best, to W. R. Austin,
For the third best, to J. V. Wellington, .

For the best Beurre Clairgeau, to W. T. Hall,
For the second best, to John Fillebrown,
For the third best, to Joseph H. Fenno, .

For the best Beurre Diel, to T. M. Davis, .
For the second best, to W. S. Janvrin, .
For the third best, to Daniel Cross,

For the best Duchesse d'Angouleme, to John McC'lure
For the second best, to W. R. Austin,
For the third best, to John C. Park,

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

123

For the best Louise Bonne of Jersey', to W. T. Hall,
For the second best, to T. M. Davis,
For the third best, to Joseph H. Fenno,
P'or the best Urbaniste, to Benj. B. Davis,
For the second best, to John B. Moore,
For the third best, to Joseph H. Fenno,
Apples. — ■ For the best Alexander, to Joseph H. Fenno
For the best Fall Orange, to Samuel Hartwell,

For the second best, to 0. B. Hadwen,
For the best Gravenstein, to Samuel Hartwell,

For the second best, to S. G. Damon,
For the best Orange Sweet, to S. G. Damon,
For the second best, to Edwin Fletcher, .
For the best Porter, to S. G. Damon,

For the second best, to John Cummings,
For the best Twenty Ounce, to O. B. Hadwen,
Native Grapes. — For the best six bunches Catawba, to
C. E. Grant, .....

For the second best, to Miss A. C. Wheeler
For the best six bunches Concord, to Nathan Blanchard

For the second best, to J. W. Talbot,
For the best six bunches Creveling, to S. G. Damon,

For the second best, to Horace Eaton,
For the best six bunches Diana, to Horace Partridge,

For the second best, to William H. Wilcox,
For the best six bunches lona, to Eben Snow,

For the second best, to S. G. Damon,
For the best six bunches Isabella, to J. X. Wellington
For the second best, to Horace Partridge,
Second prize for Wilder (No. 4) to S, G. Damon,
Foreign Grapes. — Por the best three varieties, two
bunches each, to Benj. G. Smith, for Muscat Ham-
burg, Golden Hamburg, and Wilmot's New Black
Hamburg, ........

For the second best, to E. W. Wood, for Wilmot's Ham-
burg, Black Hamburg, and Victoria Hamburg,
For the best two bunches of any variety, to E. W.
Wood, for Wilmot's Hamburg, ....

For the second best, to B. G. Smith, for Golden
Hamburg, . . " .

<ff-t
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3

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3

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124

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Quinces. — For the l)est dish of any variety, to Charles
Bird, for Orange Quince,

For the second best, to W. S. Janvrin

Quince,
For the third best, to Frank M. Gilley,

Quince,
Gratuities : —
To Horace Partridge, for Pears,
Frank M. Gilley,
John Capen,
Charles Bird,

F. Hunt, Jr.,
Robert Manning,
.John McClure,
Joseph Parker,
John L. Bird,
J. Cruickshanks,
J. W. Talbot,

. J. C. Park,
Hovey & Co.,
Lewis Slack,
Josiah Crosb}',
Miss H. M. Young,
C. N. Brackett, for collection of Pears,

G. M. Mellen, " " "
S. G. Damon, for Sheldon Pears,
Miss Sarah W. Story, for Apples,
O. B. Hadwen, " "

W. W. Winkley, " "

EUsha Tower, " "

Edwin Fletcher, for collection of Apples,
Samuel Hartwell " " "

John Cummings, for Apples and Pears,
T. M. Davis, " " " "

Augustus Torrey, "
Charles Garfield, "
George Frazier, ' '
Joseph H. Fenno, "
S. N. Gaut,
C. E. Grant, "

for
for (

AppL
)range

collection of Apples and Pears,

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

125

To li. G. Smith, for Apples and Quinces,

John B. Moore, for collection of Grapes, .

Horace Eaton, for Grapes,

E. H. Hitchings, for Isabella Grapes,

B. G. Smith, for collection of Foreign Grapes,

$1 00
2 GO
1 00

1 00

2 00

October 14.
Gratuities : —

To W. E. Coffin, for Pears,

C. E. Grant, for Gooclale Pears,
A. H. Safford, for Duchesse d' Angonleme Pears,
E. Faxon, for Beurre Diel Pears, . " .
Miss A. C. Wheeler, for Grapes,

00

00

00

00

00

October 21.

Gratuities : —

To John E. Hopkins, for Baldwin Apples,

M. W. Chadbourue, for Blue Pearmain Apples,
Mrs. C. N. S. Horner, for Pears and Apples,
O. B. Hadwen, " " " "

Miss A. C. Wheeler, " " " "
G. M. Mellen, " " " "

1

00

1

00

2

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

October 28.
Gratuities : —
To Charles L. Fowle, for Apples, .
F. & L. Clapp, for Seedling Pears,
Benj. G. Smith, for Muscat Hamburg Grapes,

1 00

2 00
1 00

November 4.

Gratuities : —

To Jesse Haley, for Pears, ....
A. S. MTntosh, for collection of Pears,
M. W. Chadbourue, for Apples,
C. N. Brackett, " " .

O. B. Hadwen, " " .

Horace Partridge, for collection of Apples,
Josiah Newhall, " " " .

Asa Clement, " " " .

1 00

3 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

2 00

2 00

126

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

To William T. Hall, for Apples and Pears,
J. T. Foster,
A. J, Dean,
D. B. Flint,
S. N. Gaut,
T. M. Davis,

NOYEMBEK 1 1 ,

Peaes. — For the best Beurre d' Anjoii, U) W. R. Austin,

For the second best, to Joseph H. Fenuo,
For the best Dana's Hovey, to Hovey & Co.,

For the second best, to T. M. Davis,
For the best Easter Beurre, to Alexander Dickinson,

For the second best, to Joseph II. Fenno,
For the best Glout Morceau, to A. S. M'Intosh, .

For the second best, to W. P. Walker, .
For the best Lawrence, to Joseph H. Fenno,

For the second best, to John McClure,
For the best Winter Nelis, to John L. Bird,

For the second best, to W. P. Walker,

French Premiums.
Winter Apples. — For the best Baldwin, to John Cum-
mings, ........

For the second best, to J. T. Foster,
For the best Hubbardston Nonsuch, to John B. Moore,

For the second best, to Joseph H. Fenno,
For the best King of Tompkins County, to Asa Clement,

For the second best, to Edwin Ftetcher, .
For the best Northern Spy, to S. N. Gaut, .

For the second best, to W. T. Hall,
For the best Ehode Island Greening, to Frank M. Gilley,

For the second best, to E. W. Wood,
For the best Roxbury Russet, to John Cummings,
For the second best, to Joseph H. Fenno,

Gratuities : —
To John L. Bird, for Beurre d'Aremberg Pears,
J. C. Park, for Doyenne du Cornice Pears,
J. Cruickshanks, for Beurre d'Anjou Pears,
W. P. Walker, for Vicar of Winklield Pears, .

$1 00
2 00

1 00

2 00
2 00
2 00

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

3

00

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2

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3

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2

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1

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1

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1

00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

127

1

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1

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1

00

To Alexander Dickinson, for Pears,
T. M. Davis, u u

S. N. Gaut, " "

JohnMcClure, u u

C. E. Grant, for collection of Pears, .
B. G. Smith, " •' "

Edwin Fletcher, for collection of Apples,
Asa Clement, " " "

Moses Taylor, " " "

Samuel Hartwell," " "

John Cnmmings, for collection of Apples and Pears,
Joseph H, Fenno, " " "

Miss A. C. Wlieeler, for collection, .
James Nugent, for Oranges, ....

The Societj^'s Silver Medal was awarded to J. H. Fenno, for
Seedling Cherry, Norfolk.

The Prospective Prize of fifty dollars was awarded to Marshall
P. "Wilder, for the best Seedling Strawberry, after a public trial of
three years, the President Wilder, for its size, beauty, and quality.

The amount awarded to each contributor is as follows :

9

1

1

3

9

2

1

6

65

15

2

39

20

26

1

9

12

1

Allen, John Fisk

16

Coffin, William E. .

Andrews, W. T.

4

Comley, James

Atkinson, CM.

. 17

Cooledge, W. D.

Austin, W. R.

32

Craft, George .

Bates, Amos .

23

Crafts, Wilham A. .

Bettison, A. G.

4

Crosby, Josiah

Bird, Charles .

34

Cross, Daniel .

Bird, John L. .

31

Cruickshanks, George

Blanchard, Nathan .

7

Cruickshanks, James

Bowers, H. C.

4

Cummings, John

Brackett, C. N.

44

Curtis, Charles F. .

Capen, Aaron D.

5

Cutter, George B. .

Capen, John .

1

Damon, S. G. .

Chadbourne, M. W.

11

Davis, B. B. .

Chadwick, E. R.

3

Davis, T. M. .

CMld, William C. .

5

Dean, A. J. .

Clapp, F & L.

20

DeWolf, John L. .

Clement, Asa .

50

Dickinson, Alexandei

Codman, J. M.

2

Draper, H. V.

128

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Eaton, Horace,

$53

Ireland, George W.

Eaton, Joseph B.

1

Irvin, John

Falconer, John

26

Janvrin, W. S.

Faxon, E.

1

Joyce, Mrs. S.

Felton, A. W. .

3

Kelley, John .

Fenno, J. H. .

151

Kendrick, Mrs. H. F

Fillebrown, John

17

Kingman, CD.

Fisher, J. R. .

1

Langworthy, I. P.

Fisher, F. P. .

3

Lothrop, D. W.

Fletcher, Edwin

52

Luke, E. H. .

Flint, D. B. .

5

Mann, Jonathan

Fobes, Mrs. B.

4

Manning, J. W.

Foster, J. T. .

15

Manning, Robert

Fowle, Charles L. .

1

Marsh, Francis

Fraizer, George

2

McClure, John

Frost, Stiles

2

McDermott, A.

Garfield, Charles

33

Mellen, G. M.

Gaut, S. N. .

8

Merrill, S. A. .

Gerry, C. F. .

1

M'Intosh, A. S.

Getchell, S. S.

1

Mitchell, E. M.

Gill, Mrs. E. M.

14

Moore, JohnB.

Gille}', Frank M.

17

My rick, E.

Gould, Frederick

2

Newhall, Josiah

Grant, C. E. .

53

Newhall, Wilbur T.

Hadwen, 0. B.

25

Noyes, George N.

Hale}^, Jesse .

12

Nugent, James

Hall, Lewis

,8

Oldreive, R.

Hall, WiUiam T.

23

Park, John C. .

Hartwell, Samuel

59

Parker, Joseph

Harwood, G. S.

3

Partridge, Horace

Hayes, F. B. .

5

Perkins, S. C. .

Heustis, Warren

36

Pierce, George W.

Hill, George .

2

Pillsbury, Enoch

Hitchings, E. H.

1

Rand, E. S., Jr.

Hoar, J. E. .

1

Richards, J. S.

Hodgkins, John E. .

1

Richardson, C. E.

Horner, Mrs. C. N. S.

8

Richardson, E. P.

Hovey «fe Co. .

70

Ricketts, J. H.

Hunt, B. F. .

6

Russell, Walter

Hunt, F., Jr. .

1

Safford, A. H.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

129

Shattuck, F. R.

$1

Walker & CJo. .

$3

Shepherd, C. W.

4

Ware, Benj. P.

2

Slack, Lewis .

2

Waters, G. F.

3

Smith, B. G. .

78

Welhngton, J. V.

5

Smith, II. II. .

2

Weston, Daniel,

1

Snow, Eben

9

Wheeler, Miss A. C

10

Stevens, Charles

9

White, N. B. .

10

Stevens, George M.

3

Wilcox, J. A. J.

4

Story, Sarah W.

1

Wilcox, WiUiam H.

5

Stowers, D. W.

1

Wilder, Marshall P.

80

Strong, W. C.

1

Williams, C. S.

1

Sullivan, J. L. D.

2

Wilson, H. W.

1

Talbot, J. W.

6

Winkley, W. W.

1

Taylor, Moses

2

Wiswali, H. M.

5

Torrey, Augustus

1

Wood, E. W. .

45

Tower, Elisha

6

Wood, W. K. .

3

Turner, R. W.

14

Woodford, J. H.

2

Walker, T. W.

4

Young, H. M.

1

Walker, W. P.

15

Amount of Appropri

ation,

$2,100

Amount of Peter Smith fu

nd.

i

20

^2,120

Prizes awarded.

.

$1,423

Prospective Prize to Mars

hall P.

Wilder, . 50

Smith Prizes,

.

20

Gratuities awarded.

•

•

5

27

2,020

Balance not awarded,

17

$100

REPORT

OF THE

Committee on Vegetables,

For the Year 1876.

By C. N. BRACKETT, Chairman.

The Committee on Vegetables present to the Society the follow-
ing brief report of their doings for the year 1876.

The general impression that we derive from the exhibitions of
the 3^ear is, that, taken as a whole, those of the past season have
been, beyond dispnte, the best ever made in this department
since the organization of the Society. The number, qualit}^, and
variety of specimens on exhibition have furnished pleasing proofs
of the higli state of cultivation in this vicinity, and have shown
that our leading cultivators are striving, in honorable competition,
to bring to perfection the various products of the field and garden.
The weekly exhibitions have been much in advance of those of
last year, and if we take into consideration the near approach of
many of the specimens offered, to the desired standard of excellence,
togetlier with the constantly increasing competition in this depart-
ment of the Society's exhibitions, we are led to remark, that a
spirit of enterprise is abroad, which is not only encouraging, but
gives the fairest promise for the future. Every cultivator who
desires to be successful, or who expects to realize a profit from his
crops, should keep a two-fold purpose in view, in respect to the
qualit}^ of the various productions he raises : first, never to allow
any good thing to deteriorate on his hands ; and second, to be con-
stantl}^ taxing the forces of nature to produce a better than the
best product yet known. It is an established fact in vegetable life,
that deterioration is quite as possible as improvement. It is not

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES. 131

enough to have " the earth yield her increase" in abundance ; that
increase should be made better in quality, and more desirable year
by year.

Much of the improvement noticed in some of the leading-
varieties of vegetables during the past few 3'ears, is due to the
increased appreciation by cultivators of the importance of pure and
reliable seeds. This is a matter which we are convinced is receiving-
more attention than formerly. Some of the best specimens seen on
our tables, and which have taken first prizes the past season, have
been found in the collections of those contributors w^ho grow their
own seed, and in some instances make a specialty of some par-
ticular object, as the cauliflower, cabbage, melon, squash, celery,
onion, etc., or some one of the various root crops. Year after
3'ear, liy constant care in their selection, and by saving from only the
earliest and most perfect specimens, their stock of seeds has been
improved to such an extent as to be sought after from far and near,
and to command almost faljulous prices, if they should chance to
have a surplus to dispose of. Hence, it requires very little common
sense to perceive that a cultivator who is satisfied to gather his
seed carelessly and promiscuously, cannot successfully compete with
his more careful and prudent neighbor, either in the prices which
he receives for his products in the market, or in taking first i)rizes
at exhibitions.

The occasional exhiliition of Lettuce, Cucumbers, Mushrooms,
Radishes, Dandelions, and other forced vegetables, previous to the
opening- exhiljition, were made in the Library Eoom of the Societ}'',
and assisted to make the weekly shows interesting during the
late winter and early spring months. For these contributions we are
mainly indebted to Josiah Crosby. Hovey & Co., James Comley,
Walter Kussell, and George Hill.

At the Azalea Exhibition, April 8th, the display of forced vege-
tables was not so large as on some former occasions, but what was
wanting in quantity was more than made up in the superior qualit}-
of the specimens offered. At this exhibition, C. M. Atkinson
show^ed specimens of a new and very beautiful variety of Parsley,
distinct and very ornamental, and which j'our Committee consider a
decided acquisition. June 3d, we were favored with some very fine
samples of Asparagus, from John B. Moore and Samuel Hartwell,
INIr. Moore, as usual, taking the first prize. Large and superior
collections were also shown at this time by Josiah Crosb}^, AValter

132 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Russell, M. W. Chadboiirne, and others. On June 27th and July 8th,
the exhibitions were unusully fine, and the different varieties shown
bore ample evidence of care and skill in their cultivation. July 15th,
some exceeding!}^ fine and well grown specimens of the Black Pekin
Egg Plant were exhibited b}^ James Bard, gardener to Harvey D.
Parker, who also showed fine specimens of Boston Market and
Canada Victor Tomatoes.

The Emery Tomato, of which favorable mention was made in
our report for 1875, was again on exhibition during the past
season. It is a valuable acquisition, and bids fair, in the opinion
of your Committee, to rival man}' long established favorites. The
specimens of Pekin and Large Purple Egg Plant, shown at the ex-
hibition on the 12th of August, were the largest and most perfectly
grown your Committee have ever seen. The contributors were
George Hill, Josiah Crosby, Walter Russell, and George W. Pierce.
August 26th, and again at the Annual Exhibition, C. M. Atkinson
exhibited a tomato under the name of the " Kelly." It is a large,
smooth, solid, and remarkabty handsome variety. Mr. Atkinson
speaks very highly of its merits, and considers it superior to some
of the older sorts, and worthy of trial.

Established varieties of potatoes have taken the lead this season
for nearl}'^ all the prizes at the Annual Show. No large collections
were on exhibition, and no new varieties, except a seedling from
L. W. Weston, which he enters for the Societ^^'s Prospective Prize.
No description of this seedling has been furnished your Committee.

It has not escaped the attention of cultivators, that insects
destructive to vegetation are alarmingl}' on the increase. If we
may be allowed to judge from the experience of the past season,
' ' eternal vigilance " is to be the price of potatoes next year. A
neighbor showed us his field the past summer, which was literally
alive with that new pest, the Colorado beetle, and, very naturallj',
inquired how to exterminate them. This is a question perhaps not
very easily answered, but it is one which every cultivator must
look squarel}' in the face, and it presents a wide and open field
for experiment.

The display of vegetables at the Annual Exhibition was pro-
iiounced the ])est ever made. There was no part of the vegetable
garden left unrepresented at this season. Among the largest con-
tributors were Walter Russell, John Cummings, S. A. Merrill, and
Mrs. M. T. Goddard, whose collections were much admired.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES. 133

The special prizes offered for Celery, from the fiind donated by
Peter Smith, were awarded to George Hill for the best six roots,
and Josiah Crosby for the second best.

In conclusion, your committee would signify their entire satisfac-
tion with the results of the past year's exhibitions. The improve-
ment witnessed in this department is full of promise, and should
encourage us to greater perseverance in the future. The attention
of contributors is called to important changes in the Schedule of
Prizes for the coming year. Also to Rule 4, page 29.

The annexed list shows the amount of prizes and gratuities
awarded by your Committee the past year.

All of which is respectfully submitted.

C. N. Bkackett,
Walter Russell,
George Hill,
George W. Pierce,
John Fillebrovtn,
Josiah Crosby,
Anthony Hatch,

Vegetable
Committee.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

December 18, 1875.
Gratuity : —
To Walter Russell, for Cauliflowers $2 00

January 1, 1876.
Gratuity : —
To C. H. Bracket!, for Mushrooms, . . . . 1 00

January 8.
Gratuities : —
To Twombly & Son, for Dandelions, . . . . 1 00

C. H. Brackett, for Mushrooms, . . . . 1 00

January 15.
Gratuity : —
To James Comle}^ for Rhubarb, . . . . . 2 00

January 22.

Gratuities : —

To Josiah Crosby, for Celery, . . . . . 2 00

James Corale}^, " Rhuliarb, . . . . . 2 00

C. H. Brackett, " Mushrooms, . . . . 1 00

January 29.
Gratuities : —
'Vo C. IT. Brackett, for Mushrooms, . . . . 1 00
Ilovey & Co., " " 1 00

February 5.
Gratuity : —
'J'o James Comley, for Rliul)arl», ......'} 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

February 12,
Grattdties : —
To C. TI. Bracket!, for Mushrooms and Rhubarb, .
James Comley, for Rhubarb, ....
George W. Pierce, for Tennisball Lettuce,

February 19,
Gratuity : —
To Walter Russell, for Tennisball Lettuce,

135

$3 00
2 00
2 00

2 00

March 4.

Gratiuty : —

To James Comley, for Rhubarb,

2 00

March 11.

Gratxdties : —

To W. Russell, for collection.

4 00

J. Crosbj^ " "

4 00

George W. Pierce, for Lettuce,

2 00

George Hill, " " .

2 00

James Comlej' , for Mushrooms,

2 00

March IS.

Gratuities : —

To W. Russell, for collection,

George Hill, ^' Tennisball Lettuce,
J. Comley, " Mushrooms,

3 00
2 00
2 00

March '2i).

Gratuities : —

To W, Russell, for collection,

George F. Stone, for Tennisball Lettuce,
George Hill, " " "

4 00
2 00
2 00

March 25.

Grattdties : —

To James Comley, for Mushrooms,
Josiah Crosby, for Lettuce,

3 00
2 00

136

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

AZALEA EXHIBITION.

April 8.

Parsley. — For the best dish, of two quarts, to C. M
Atkinson, .......

Lettuce. — For the best four heads of Tennisball, to
Josiah Crosby, ......

For the second best, to George F. Stone,
For the third best, to W. T. Andrews,
Radishes. — For the best four bunches of Long Scarlet
to Walter Russell, .....

For the second best, to J. Crosby, .
For the third best, to C. W. Chamberlain,
For the best Turnip Rooted, to W. Russell,
Rhubarb. — For the best twelve stalks, to James Comley,
Cucumbers. — For the best pair, to J. W. Twombly &

Son,

Mushrooms. — For the best dish, to Hove}' & Co.,

Gratuities : —

To W. Russell, for collection,

C. W. Chamberlain, for Lettuce, . . . .

$4 00

4 00
3 00
2 00

00
00
00
00
00

00
00

2 00
2 00

April 22.

Gratuity : —
To G. F. Stone, for Lettuce,

2 00

May 6.

Gratuity : — .
To W. Russell, for collection.

4 00

May

13.

Gratuities : —

To W. Russell, for collection,

• • •

4 00

J. Crosby, " Radishes,

.

1 00

J. B. Moore, " Asparagus,

.

2 00

B. G. Smith "

.

1 00

C. M. Atkinson, for Turnip Greens, .

1 00

M. W. Chadbourne, for Rhubarb,

2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

137

May 20.

Gratuities : —

W. Russell, for collection,

. $3 00

M. W. Chadbourne, foi* Asparagus, .

2 00

13. G. Smith, tt u _

1 00

J. B. Moore, " "

2 00

Charles Garfield, for Lettuce,

2 00

Alexander Anderson, for Rhubarb, .

2 00

May 27.
Gratuities : —
To J. B. Moore, for Asparagus,

Alexander Anderson, for Rhubarb,
Mrs. E. M. Gill,

2 00
2 00
1 00

June 3.

Asparagus. — For the best four bunches, to J, B. Moore, 4 00

For the second best, to Samuel Hartwell, . . 3 00

For the third best, to M. W. Ghadbourne, . . 2 00

Cucumbers. — For the best pair, to J. Crosby, . . 4 00

For the second best, to W. Russell, . . . 3 00

Rhubarb. — For the best twelve stalks, to Alexander

Dickinson, ........ 4 00

For the second best, to C. F. Curtis, . . . 3 00

For the third best, to S. Hartwell, . . . . 2 00

Radishes. — For the best Long Scarlet, to J. Crosby, . 4 00

For the second best, to W. Russell, . . . 3 00

For the best Turnip Rooted, to W. Russell, . . 4 00

Lettuce. — For the best four heads, to Josiah Crosby, for

All the Year Round, 4 00

For the second best, to Josiah Crosby, for Tennisball, 3 00

For the third best, to Charles Garfield, . . . 2 00

Carrots. — For the best twelve Short Scarlet, to J. Crosby, 4 00

Gratuities : —

To Josiah Crosby, for Egj^^tian Beets, . . . . 2 00

Walter Russell, for collection, 2 00

E. W. Whitney, for Asparagus, . . . . 1 00

A. D. Capen, for Rhubarb, 1 00

18

138 5IASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

June 10.

Gratuity : —

To A. S. MTntosh, for Artichokes,

June 17.

Gratuity : —

To M. AV. Cbadbourne, for Hill's Early Peas,

June 21.

Gratuities : —

$1 00

3 00

To M. ^y. Cbadbourne, for collection, .

4 00

Walter Russell, u u _ _

6 00

C. N. Brackett, for Lettuce,

2 00

C. E. Grant, for collection of Peas,

3 00

Charles Garfield, for Peas,

1 00

W. C. Child, for Early Dexter Peas,

2 00

June 24.

Gratuities : —

To M. W. Chadbourne, for collection of Peas,

1 00

G. M. Mellen, "

2 00

STRAWBERRY SHOW.

June 27.

Peas. — For the best peck, to W. C. Child, for Advancer,

For the second best, to Walter Russell, for Alpha,

For the third best, to G. M. Mellen,
Beets. — For the best Turnip Rooted, to J. Crosby,

For the second best, to W. Russell,

For the third best, to George W. Pierce, .
For the best Egyptian, to J. Crosby, .

For the second best, to G. W. Pierce,
Cucumbers. — For the best pair, to AYalter Russell,

For the second l)est, to J. Crosb}', .

For the third best, to George W. Pierce, .
Lettuce. — For the best, of any variety, to G. W. Pierce

For the second best, to W. Russell,

For the tlnrd best, to C. N. Brackett,

$4 00

3 00

2 00

4 00

3 00
2 00

00
00
00
00
00
00

3 00
2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

139

Carrots. — For the best twelve Short Scarlet, to J. Crosby, $4 00

Onions. — For the best twelve, to J. Crosby, . . . 4 00
Potatoes. — P'or the best peck, to C. D. Kingman, for

Alpha, 4 00

Gratuities : —

To Josiah Crosby, for Tailby's Hybrid Cucumbers, . . 2 00

George W. Pierce, for collection, . . . . 3 00

Walter Russell, " " . . . . 2 00

Josiah Crosby, " " . . . . 4 00

July 1.

Gratuity : —
To W. C. Child, for Advancer Peas,

2 00

July 8.

Beans. — For the best peck of Cranberry, to Josiah Crosln',

For the second best, to Walter Russell, .

For the third best, to Walter Russell, for Horticultural,

Squashes. — For the best four Summer, to Walter Russell,

Peas. — For the best peck, to G. M. Mellen, for Advancer,

Onions. — For the best twelve specimens, to Josiah Crosby,

Cabbages. — For the best four, to Walter Russell, for

W^'man, ........

For the second best, to J. Crosb}', for Wyman,
For the third best, to J. Crosby, for Wakefield,
Tomatoes. — For the best twelve, to J. Crosby, for Canada
Victor, ........

For the second best, to George W. Pierce, for Emerv,

Gratuities : —

To CD. Kingman, for Wax Beans,
W. C. Child, " "
W. Russell, " " "

W. K. Wood, " " "
C. N. Brackett, for Dwarf Egg Plant,
Joseph Tailliy, for collection of New Peas,
George W. Pierce, for collection.

4

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

4

00

4

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

4

00

3

00

00

00

00

00

00

3

00

1

00

140

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

July 15.

Tomatoes. — For the best twelve, to W. Russell, for Boston

Market, $4 00

For the second best, to James Bard, for Boston

Market, 3 00

J'or the third best, to George W. Pierce, for Gen.

Grant, 2 00

Corn. — For the best twelve ears of Sweet, to W. C. Child, 4 00

Gratuities : —

To James Bard, for Black Pekin Egg Plant, . . . 2 00

E. W. Wood, for Tom Thumb Corn, . . . 1 00

Josiah Crosby, for Early Rose Potatoes, . . . 2 00

C. N. Brackett, for collection, a 00

W. C. Child, " " . . . . . 1 00

July 22.

Squashes. — For the best four Marrow, to Josiah Crosby, 4 00
Cabbages. — P^or the best Drumhead to W. Russell, . 4 00

Tomatoes. — For the best twelve, to George Hill, for

Emery, 4 00

For the second best, to C. N. Brackett, for Gen.
Grant, .......

For the third best, to C. N. Brackett, for Emery,

Gratuities : —
To George Hill, for Egg Plant and Corn,
C. E. Grant, for Corn,
W. K. Wood, for Wax Beans,
L. W. Weston, for collection,
W. Russell, " "

W. C. Child,

July 29.

Tomatoes. — For the best twelve, to C. N. Brackett, for

Gen. Grant, 4 00

For the second best, to George Hill," for Emery, . 3 00

For the third best, to C. N. Brackett, for Emery, . 2 00
For the fourth best, to George Hill, for Boston

Market, 1 00

3

00

2

00

3

00

1

00

1

00

3

00

4

00

3

00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

141

Corn. — For the best twelve ears of Sweet, to W. Russell, $4 00
For the second best, to S. Hartwell, . . . 3 00

For the third best, to C. N. Brackett, . . . 2 00

i Pekin,

July 29.
Egg Plant. — For the best four specimens of Black
to Josiah Crosb}^, ....

For the second best, to James Bard,
For the third best, to G. W. Pierce,

Gratuities : —
To Josiah Crosby, for Onions,

W. C. Child," for Sieva Beans, .

G. M. Mellen, for collection,

C. E. Grant, " " ...

Walter Russell, for Purple Egg Plant,

" " " collection of Tomatoes, thr

rieties, ......

George W. Pierce, for Emery Tomatoes, .

August 5.
Sweet Corn. — For the l^est Early Crosby, to Samuel
Hartwell, .......

For the second best, to M. W. Chadbourne,
For the third best, to C. E. Grant,
For the best of any other variety, to Samuel Hartwell
for Burr's, .......

For the second best, to John B. Moore, for Early
Concord, .......

For the third best, to C. N. Brackett, for Triumph,
Squashes. — For the best four Marrow, to Walter Russell

For the second best, to Josiah Crosby,
Tomatoes. — For the best twelve specimens of Gen. Grant

to C. N. Brackett,

For the second best, to Walter Russell, .
For the third best, to James Bard, .
For the best twelve specimens of Boston Market, to
George Hill, ......

For the second best, to Walter Russell, .
For the third best, to George W. Pierce,

4 00

3 00

•

2 00

1 00

.

1 00

.

1 00

.

2 00

.

3 00

ee va-

.

2 00

1 00

4 00

3 00
2 00

4 00

3

00

2

00

4

00

3

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

4

00

3

00

2 00

142

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

For the best of any other variet^' , to C. N. Brackett,
for Emery, ......

For the second best, to G. W. Pierce, for Emer^^,
For the third best, to George Hill, for Emery,

Gratuities : —
To C. M. Atkinson, for collection,

Walter Russell, for Egg Plant and Cabbages,
N. B. White, for Early Rose Potatoes,

C. N. Brackett, for Crosby Corn and Egg Plant,

D. B. Flint, for Lima Beans, ....
C. E. Grant, " " " ....

S4 00

3

00

2

00

4

00

3

00

1

00

2

00

2

00

2

00

August 12.

Egg Plant. — For the best four specimens of Black Pekin,
to Josiah Crosbj^, .....

For the second best, to G. W. Pierce,
For the best Large Round Purple, to George Hill,
For the second best, to Walter Russell, .
For the third best, to Josiah Crosby,
Gkeenflesh Melons. — For the best four specimens, to
George Hill, ......

or the second best, to Walter Russell, .
For the third best, to Josiah Crosby, .
MusKMELONS. — FoT the best four specimens, to George

Hill,

For the second best, to Josiah Crosby,
Tomatoes. — For the best twelve of any variety, to C. N
Brackett, for Emer}^, ....

For the second best, to C. N. Brackett, for Gen
Grant, .......

For the third best, to George W. Pierce, for Emer^^
Beans. — F'or the best two cjuarts of Large Lima, to C
E. Grant, .......

For the second best, to D. B. Fhnt,

For the third best, to B. G. Smith, . . '

Gratuities : —
To (jl. W. Pierce, for Texan Egg Plant,

Hovey & Co., for New Zeuhind Spinach, .

4

00

3

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

4

00

3

00

4 00

3

00

2

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

143

To Samuel Hartwell, for Burr's Coru,

W. Russell, for Stowell's EA-ergreen Corn,
C. N. Brackett, for Triumph Corn, .

$1 00
1 00
1 00

August 19.
Greenflesh Meloxs. — For the best four of any variety,
to Walter Bussell, ......

For the second best, to George Hill,
MusKMELONS. — For the best four, to George Hill, .
Egg Plant. — For the best four specimens of Large
Round Purple, to W. Russell, ....

For the second best, to George W. Pierce,

For the third best, to George Hill, ....

For the best Black Pekin, to George W. Pierce, .

Gratuities : —
To John Cummings, for collection,
C. N. Brackett,

C. E. Grant,
W. RusseU,
Samuel Hartwell,
H. C. Bowers,
Joseph Tailby,

D. B. Flint,
George Craft,

Moore's Vegetable Cream Squash,
Sieva Beans,
Burr's Corn,

4

00

3

00

4

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

4

00

3

00

3

00

2

00

2

00

00

00

00

00

00

August 26.
Potatoes. — For the best peck of any variety, to Mrs.

M. T. Goddard, for Early Rose, . . . 4 00

For the second best, to L. M. Weston, for Snow

Flake, 3 00

For the third best, to J. Cummings, for Snow Flake, 2 00
Beans. — For the best two quarts of Large Lima, to B.

G. Smith, ........ 4

For the second best, to C. E. Grant, ... 3
For the third best, to Mrs. E. M. Gill, ... 2
Peppers. — For the best twelve specimens, to Josiah

Crosby, ........ 4

For the second best, to C. N. Brackett, ... 3
For the third best, to Walter Russell, ... 2

00
00
00

00
00
00

144

MASSACHUSETTS HOKTECULTURAL SOCIETY.

Gratuities : —
To John Fillebrown, for Greenflesh Melons,
Miss Sabra Carter, for Melons,
CM. Atkinson, for Kelly Tomatoes,
J. B. Moore, for Cauliflowers, .
Mrs. M. T. Goddard, for collection,
Walter Eussell, " "

John Cummings, " "

George Craft, " "

C. N. Brackett, " "

$1 00
1 00

1 00

2 00
2 00
2 00
4 00

1 00

2 00

September 2.

Beans. — For the best two quarts of Large Lima, to

C. E. Grant,

For the second best, to B. G. Smith,
For the third best, to Mrs. E. M. Gill, .
Watermelons. — For the best pair, to Samuel Hartwell,
for Black Spanish, ......

For the second best, to J. S. Richards, for Moun-
tain Sprout, .......

For the third best, to Samuel Hartwell, for Mountain
Sweet, ........

Greenflesh Melons. — For the best four specimens, to
George Russell, .......

For the second best, to George W. Pierce,
For the third best, to Walter Russell,
Celery. — For the best four roots, to Josiah Crosby,
Peppers. — For the best twelve, to Josiah Crosby, .
For the second best, to C. N. Brackett, .
For the third best, to Walter Russell,

Gratuities : —
To John Cummings, for collection, ....

GeorgeW. Pierce, " " . . . . .

4

00

3

00

2

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

4

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

4

00

2

00

September 9.

Celery. — For the best four roots, to Josiah Crosby, . 4 00

Salsify. — For the best twelve specimens, to George W.

Pierce, . . . . . . . . 4 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

145

For the second best, to Josiah Crosby, . . . $3 00

For the third best, to Walter Russell, . . . 2 00

Cauliflowers. — For the best four, to John B. Moore, . 4 00

For the second best, to John Cummings, . . 3 00

Gratuity : —

To John Cummings, for collection, . . . . 2 00

ANNUAL EXHIBITION.

September 19, 20, 21, and 22.

Special Prize offered by Peter Smith.

Celery. — For the best six roots, to George Hill,
For the second best, to Josiah Crosby,

Society's Prizes.

Beets. — For the best Turnip Rooted, twelve specimens,
to George F. Stone, .....

For the second best, to Mrs. M. T. Goddard, .
For the third best, to John Fillebrown,
For the best Long Blood, to Josiah Crosby,
For the second best, to Walter RusseU, .
For the third best, to Mrs. M. T. Goddard, .
Carrots. — For the best Short Scarlet, twelve specimens
to W. RusseU, ......

For the second best, to George W. Pierce,
For the third best, to Mrs. M. T. Goddard, .
For the best Long Orange, to Walter Russell,
For the second best, to J. Crosby, .
For the third best, to Mrs. M. T. Goddard,
For the best Intermediate, to John Fillebrown,
For the second best, to Josiah Crosby,
For the third best, to John Cummings,
Corn. — For the best Sweet, twelve ears, to J. Cummings
For the second best, to Walter Russell,
For the third best, to S. A. Memll,
For the best Field Corn, twenty-five ears, to Mrs. M.T
Goddard, .......

For the second best, to J. B, Moore,
For the third best, to A. T. Brown,
19

$8 00
5 00

4 00

3 00

2 00

4 00

3 00

2 00

4 00

3 00

2 00

4 00

3 00

2 00

4 00

3 00

2 00

4 00

3 00

2 00

4 00

3 00

2 00

146

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Cauliflowers. — For the best four, to Mrs. M. T. Goddard,
For the second best, to J. B. Moore,
For the third best, to J. Cummings,,
Brussells Sprouts. — For the best two quarts, to Mrs. M
T. Goddard, ......

Celery. — For the best four roots, to George Hill, .
For the second best, to J. Crosby, .
For the third best, to J. Fillebrown, ,
Tomatoes. — For the best three varieties, to J. Cummings
For the second best, to C. N. Brackett, .
For the third best, to J. J. H. Gi-egory, •
For the best Arlington, twelve specimens, to J
Cummings, ......

For the best Boston Market, to J. J. H. Gregory,
For the best Canada Victor, to J. Cummings,
For the best Gen. Grant, to C. N. Brackett,
For the best of any other variety, to C. M. Atkinson,
for Kelly, .......

For the best twenty-four specimens, to J. J. H. Gregory
for Paragon, ......

For the second best, to J. Cummings, for Canada
Victor, .......

For the third best, to J. J. H. Gregory, for Trophy
OioiA. — For the best twenty-four specunens, to Mrs. M

T. Goddard,

For the second best, to A. T. Brown,
For the third best, to "Walter Russell,
Marttnias. — For the Best twenty-four specimens, to
George W. Pierce, .....
For the second best, to Mrs M. T. Goddard, .
For the third best, to Walter Russell,
Cranberries. — For the best half peck, to S. N. Gifford
For the second best, to O. M. Holmes,
For the third best, to C. N. Brackett,
Greenplesh Melons. — For the best four specimens, to
George W. Pierce, .....
For the second best, to Edward Lawrence,
Muskmelons. — For the best four specimens, to S. A

MeiTill,

Watermelons. — For the best pair, to Edward Sumner,

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

147

For the secdnd best, to Samuel Pratt,
For the third best, to Samuel Hartwell, .
Lima Beans. — For the best two quarts, to C. M. Atkinson
For the second best, to B. G. Smith,
For the third best, to Josiah Crosb}',
Parsnips. — For the best twelve, to Walter Eussell,
For the second best, to W. W. Rawson, .
For the third best, to Josiah Crosby,
Potatoes. — For the best four varieties, to Walter Russell
For the second best, to Mrs. M. T. Goddard, .
For the third best, to J. Cummiugs,
For the best peck of Bresee's Prohfic, to J. Cummings
For the best Brownell's Beauty, to J. Cummings,
For the best Early Rose, to Mrs. M. T. Goddard,
For the best Jackson White, to C. N. Brackett, .
For the best Snow Flake, to Walter Russell,
For the best of an}- other variety, to J. Cummings, for
Eureka, .......

Salsify. — For the best twelve specimens, to W. A. Crafts
For the second best, to W. Russell,
For the third best, to George W. Pierce,
Squashes. — For the best Canada, four specimens, to
Josiah Pratt, .....

For the second best, to Walter Russell, .

For the third best, to Mrs. M. T. Goddard,

For the best Hubbard, to J. J. H. Gregoiy,

For the second best, to George Hill,

For the third best, to Seth W. Hathaway,

For the best Marblehead, to J. J. H. Gregory,

For the second best, to Seth W. Hathaway,

For the third best, to J. Cummings,

For the best Marrow, to George Hill, .

For the second best, to J. Cummings,

For the third best, to John Fillebrown,

For the best Turban, to J. Cummings,

For the second best, to John B. Moore,

For the third best, to Seth W. Hathaway

For the largest and best Mammoth, not less than 100

lbs., the Society's Bronze Medal, to Anthony Hatch.

Turnips. — For the best twelve specimens, to J. Fillebrown,

$a 00

2 00
4 00

3 00

2 00

4 00

3 00
2 00
6 00

00
00
00
00
00
00

3 00

3 00

4 00

3 00

2 00

4 00

3 00
2
4
3
2
4
3
2
4
3
2

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

4 00
3 00
2 00

3 00

148

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

For the second best, to W. Russell,

For the third best, to Anthon^^ Hatch,

For the best Swedish Turnips, twelve specimens, to

Mrs. M. T. Goddard, .

For the second best, to A. T. Brown,

For the third best, to J. Cummings,

Cabbages. — For the best Drumhead, three specimens, to

Seth W. Hathaway, ....

For the second best, to J. Cummings,
For the third best, to Mrs. M. T. Goddard,
For the best single specimen, to J. Cummings,
For the best Red, to George F. Stone,
For the second best, to Anthony Hatch,
For the third best, to J. Cummings,
For the best Savoy, to J. Cummings, .
For the second best, to S. A. Merrill,
For the third best, to Mrs. M. T. Goddard,
Horseradish. — For the best six roots, to W. W. Rawson
For the second best, to John Fillebrown,
For the third best, to Walter Russell,
Peppers. — For the best peck, to C. N. Brackett, .
For the second best, to Charles Stearns, .
For the third best, to George F. Stone, .
Onions. — For the best peck, of an}- variet}' , to Edward
Sumner, .......

For the second best, to J. B. Moore,
For the third best, to George W. Pierce,
For the best three varieties, one peck each, to J. J. H

Gregory,

For the second best, to J. Cummings,
For the third best, to Josiah Crosby.,
Egg Plants. — For the best Black Pekin, four specimens
to Josiah Crosb}', ...
For the second best, to George W. Pierce,
For the best Large Purple, to George Hill, .
For the second best, to W. W. Rawson, .
For the third best, to Walter Russell,
Pumpkins. — For the best four specimens, not less than
twenty pounds each, to A. T. Brown,
For the second best, to W. W. Rawson,
Endive. — For the best four specimens, to Walter Russell,

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

149

Gratuities : —

To C. E. Richardson, for Squashes,

W. P. Walker, for collection of Squashes,

Anthon}^ Hatch, for Pumpkins,

Josiah Newhall, for collection of Gourds,

Harry L. Rand, " " " "

George W. Pierce, for Texan Egg Plant,

Samuel G. Stone, for Lima Beans,

George W. Pierce, for Onions,

S. A. Merrill, for collection,

W. Russell, " " of Lettuce,

W. W. Parsons, for Cranberries,

E. H. Hitchings, for Barberries,

%l 00

1'

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

October 7.

Cauliflowers. — For the best four, to J. Cummings,

For the second best, to J. B. Moore,
Celery. — For the best four roots, to Josiah Crosby,
For the second best, to John Fillebrown,
For the third best, to C. W. Chamberlain,
Cabbages. — For the best Drumhead, three specimens, to
J. Cummings, ....
For the best Red, to J. Cummings,

For the second best, to Anthony Hatch,
For the best Savoy, to J. Cummings,
For the second best, to C. M. Atkinson,
Salsify. — For the best twelve specimens, to G. W
Pierce, .....
For the second best, to W. Russell,
Horseradish. — For the best six roots, to W. Russell,
For the second best, to J. Fillebrown,

Gratuities : —
To George Dorr, for Burr's Corn, .

John Cummings, for Hanson Lettuce,
Samuel G. Stone, for Lima Beans,
Stiles Frost, for White Wax Beans, .
John Fillebrown, for collection,
C. E. Grant, " "

4

00

3

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

4

00

4

00

3

00

4

00

3

00

4

00

3

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

3

00

1

00

150

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

November 4.

CAtHLiFLOWEKS. — For the best fovir, to Josiah Crosby,

For the second best, to J. Cummings,
Celery. — For the best four roots, to Josiah Crosby,
Cabbages. — For the. best Red, three spechnens, to J
Cummings, ......

For the best Savoy, to J. Cummings,

Gratuities : —
To C. M. Atkinson, for collection,

Josiah Crosby, for Salsify, ....

$4 00

3 00

4 00

00
00

2 00
1 00

November 11.
Gratuities : —
To Josiah Crosby, for Cauliflowers and Celery,
C. M. Atkinson, for Cauliflowers and Cabbage,
C. W. Chamberlain, for Celery, . . .

The amount awarded to each contributor is as follows

Alexander Anderson
"W. T. Andrews
CM. Atkinson
James Bard .
H. C. Bowers
C. H. Brackett
C. N. Brackett
A. T. Brown
A. D. Capeu .
Miss Sabra Carter
M. W. Chadbourne
C. W. Chamberlain
W. C. Child .
James Comley
George Craft .
W. A. Crafts
Josiah Crosby
John Cummings
C. T. Curtis .
Alexander Dickinson

$4 George Dorr .

2 John Fillebrown,

25 D. B. Flint .

10 Stiles Frost .

1 Charles Garfield

7 S. N. Giff-ord

68 Mrs. E. M. Gill .

10 Mrs. Mary T. Goddard

1 C. E. Grant .

1 J. J. H. Gregor}^ .

17 Samuel Ilartwell

6 Anthony Hatch, Bronze

18 Medal and .
22 Seth W. Hathaway

2 George Hill .
4 E. H. Hitchings .

173 0. M. Holmes

107 Hovey & Co.

3 CD. Kingman

4 Edward Lawrence .

4 00
3 00
2 00

26

6

1

6

4

5

51

24

25

26

11
67
1
3
6
5
3

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

151

G. M. Mellen

$9

Walter Russell,

$198

S. A. Merrill

13

B. G. Smith .

14

A. S. M'lntosh

1

Charles Stearns

3

John B. Moore

34

George F. Stone

17

Josiah Newhall

1

S. G. Stone .

2

W. W. Parsons

1

Edward Sumner

8

George W. Pierce .

78

Joseph Tailby

4

Josiah Pratt .

4

J. W. Twombly & Son

5

Samuel Pratt .

3

W. P. Walker

1

Harry L. Rand

1

L. W. Weston

6

W. W. Rawson

12

N. B. White .

2

J. S. Richards

3

E. M. Whitney

1

C. E. Richardson .

1

E. W. Wood,

1

George Russell

4

W. K. Wood,

2

Amount appropriated,

.

. $1,200 00

Prizes and Gratuities aw

arded,

1.

180 00

Balance unexpended,

$20 00

REPORT

OF THE

Committee on Gardens,

For the Year 1876.

By JOSEPH H. WOODFORD, Chairman.

The Garden Committee, in making their report, would call the
attention of members to the fact that active competition has a great
deal to do with the success of any society, but more particularly in
such an one as ours ; and it is desirable that more members enter
places for the inspection of the Committee, thereby fostering the
interests of the Society and stimulating 3'our Committee to greater
exertions.

Edward S. Rand, Jr.'s Greenhouse and Grapery.

The first visit this year was to Glen Ridge, in May, to inspect
Edward S. Rand, Jr.'s Greenhouse and Grapery. The Greenhouse
is one hundred and thirty-five feet by twenty, and is divided into four
compartments to accommodate the plants from various countries.
The principal attraction at this time was the Stove, which was well
filled with costly orchids, handsomelj'^ interspersed with ferns,
giving the house a much more elegant appearance than either would
alone. Some of the most beautiful of the orchids in bloom were
Cattleyas of various species, Oncidiums, Vafidas, Dendrohiums^ etc.
The other compartments of the house were well filled with plants,
generally in good health and very well grown, especially the Agaves
and other succulents, which were in robust health and presented a
very fine appearance.

On the second visit to Glen Ridge, which occurred in September,
your Committeo noticed a much smaller collection of orchids and a
less amount of l»looni ; but the house was very clean and neat, and
the other pliiuts were hooking finely, but more particularly the

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 153

Agaves, some of which were used to decorate the grounds about the
mansion.

We award Mr. Rand the second prize of thirt}' dollars for his
Greenhouse.

Your Committee also in Ma}' visited Mr. Rand's Cold Grapery.
This consists of a house one hundred feet hy twentj'-five, with cur-
vilinear roof, having no inside supports, and well filled with sixty
\ines of the best kinds of foreign Grapes. At this visit Robert Watt
was training the vines, which gave promise of an abundant crop of
grapes late in the season. On our second visit, which occurred
September 7th, the expectations of the spring were realized, for at
this time we were regaled with well ripened grapes of a dozen or
more kinds. The bunches were not extra large, but were well
ripened and of delicious flavor.

We award Mr. Rand the first prize of fifty dollars, for his
Grapery.

John B. Moore's Greenhouse.

In June your Committee visited John B. Moore's Greenhouses
at Concord, and also in September. On both visits the Committee
were particularly struck with the neatness of the houses and the
cleanness of the plants. The plants grown by Mr. Moore being
almost entirely for sale or for producing flowers for the florist,
were noticeable as being the best varieties for those purposes.
Thej' were very thrift}' and in handsome foliage, and the net result
at the end of the year, from the exhibit, was very gratifying. Mr.
Moore's manner of keeping over Azaleas, Hardy Roses, etc.,
was commended by your Committee, and we cannot do less than to
bring it to the attention of the Societ3^ The pots were plunged in
coal ashes in cold frames, and kept in robust health by judicious
watering and assiduous care. The stove presented a very hand-
some appearance, being filled with well grown 3'oung and thrift}'
Caladiums, Draccenas, Crotons, etc., of vigorous growth and splen-
did foliage, giving evidence of econom}^ in management and general
thrift in result.

We award Mr. Moore the first prize of fifty dollars for his Green-
house.

For the Committee,

J. H. WOODFORD, Chairman. '
20

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION AND DISCUSSION.

As the results of the work under the supervision of this Com-
mittee appear in the published Transactions of the Society, it
would seem scarcely necessary to make an annual report. Very
briefly, we may say, that the discussions have been maintained
with increasing interest. They have been practical in their character,
and there can be no doubt that this free interchange of experience
by practical men, will prove to be of great value to our members.
It seems to your Committee to be desirable to preserve this char-
acteristic ; to encourage discussions upon subjects connected with
the exhibitions ; to draw out the methods of our most successful
cultivators, and, in a generous way, to compare notes, with a
purpose to mutual help. But, while our main reliance is upon
such eminently practical methods as exhibitions, and discussions
connected with them, it is also well for us to consider whether we
should not, to some extent, seek for help from deeper scientific
investigation upon themes connected with our art. We are full}'
persuaded of the invaluable service which science has rendered to
horticulture. Our Society has wealth and position ; shall it not, to
some extent, become the patron of science, and encourage investiga-
tion in directions where information seems most needed? Indirectly,
this may be done, by establisliing occasional lectures upon scientific
subjects, and thus striving to make the Society the channel, through
its publications, of disseminating the results of the latest research.
All will admit the advantage of keeping abreast with modern dis-
covery, in every branch of our art ; and, if we add to this considera-
tion tlie honor and increased influence which will accrue to the
Society by thus publishing knowledge in our department, we shall
agree that we can scarcely pay too high a price for the attainment
of this end. It will therefore be the aim of the Committee during
the coming year, to secure an occasional lecture, more strictly

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION, ETC. 155

scientific than we have had in the past. And we trust and beheve
that the funds of the Society, to the moderate extent which may
be needed for this purpose, will not be wanting. At the present
time your Committee ask for the appropriation of $250 for the
coming year, to meet the expense of prizes and other incidentals.

The following prizes have been awarded for Essays, which will
be read during the coming season :

For the best Essay upon the Culture of the Squash and
Melon, with a hst of the best varieties, to J. W.
Pierce, the prize of . . . . . . $25 00

For the best Essay upon the Improvement and Ornamenta-
tion of Suburban and Country Roads, to Daniel
Denison Slade, the prize of . . . . . 25 00

For the Committee,

WILLIAM C. STRONG, Chairman.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

The duties of the Secretary during the past year have been so
similar to those described in my last report, as Editor, that any
particular mention of them would be but a repetition of that. The
chief difference has been the addition of the duties of Recording
Secretary and of Secretary of the Executive Committee. As Sec-
retary of the Committee on exhibiting Massachusetts Fruits at the
Centennial Exposition, much time was consumed in making the
preliminary arrangements, and in answering inquiries concerning
them, both personally and by letter, as well as in arranging (with
the other members of the Committee) the fruit in the Exposition.

When my last report was made, I hoped and expected that
by this time I should be able to report the completion of the
History of the Society. The review of all the exhibitions of the
Society from the beginning — in some respects the most important
part of the history, as describing the chief means by which the
Societ}^ has directly promoted the advancement of horticulture —
has occupied more time than was anticipated. This portion of the
history has been divided into three parts — the first from the founda-
tion of the Society in 1829, to the occupation of the first Horticul-
tural Hall in 1845 ; the second from that time to the building of the
present Hall in 1865 ; and the third from that time onward. The
history of the first two of these periods has been completed, but
for the reasons before mentioned, and the many calls on my time,
my hope of completing the whole has been disappointed.

ROBERT MANNING, Secretary.

REPORT

OF THE.

COMMITTEE OF ARRANGEMENTS,

For the Year 1876.

The Chairman of the Committee of Arrangements, agreeably to
a vote of the Society, passed at the regular meeting in January,
1876, would respectfully submit the following report.

For a number of years past a report has not been made, owing,
perhaps, to the reports of the various committees, required by the
By-Laws, seeming to obviate tlie necessity of one from the Commit-
tee of Arrangements, supplying as they do, a record of all the essen-
tial doings of the last named committee, with the exception of minor
details, such as printing tickets, advertising, engaging music, and
approving bills contracted for necessities required for the exhibitions.
The Committee is divided into Sub-Committees, consisting of mem-
bers of the Fruit, Flower, and Vegetable Committees, who have
charge of the arrangement of the tables for the exhibition of the
Fruits, Flowers, and Vegetables, and to whose careful supervision is
owing the success of the Eose Show in June, and the Annual Ex-
hibition in September.

The Committee has been called together at such times during the
year as was deemed necessary, to consult upon matters of business
concerning the exhibitions, so that they might prove successful,
and worthy of the Society. The meetings have at all times been
well attended ; every member has had the interests of the Society
fully at heart in all the discussions of such subjects as they have
been called together to act upon, and it has been no fault of theirs
if the exhibitions have not proved so remunerative as we could
have wished. In point of excellence they have seldom, if ever,
been surpassed. The Rose Exhibition in June was universally ad-
mitted to be far superior to any previous one, and was free to the
public.

158 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Annual Exhibition, notwithstanding the extremel}^ hot, dry
weather of Summer, and other drawbacks discouraging to the
cultivator, was one of which the Society may justly feel proud.
It is not necessary to enter into its details here, as they will be
found in the full and able reports of the Fruit, Flower, and Vegeta-
ble Committees. It was opened on the 19th of September, with an
admission fee of twenty-five cents, and was continued four days.
The weather was stormy for most of the time, notwithstanding
which the attendance was very large, although the receipts were
small, amounting to only $450.70, the complimentary tickets
having, as usual, been pretty freelj^ distributed to members
and such persons as the Committee thought best to send them
to. No pains were spared on the part of the Committee to
render it attractive ; as proof that they succeeded in doing so,
all who attended will attest its having been one of the best
arranged and most attractive exhibitions ever held by the Societ}'.
We wish the receipts could have been larger, and an interest taken
out of the Society, such as has been shown in other cities, where
the general public seem to be more appreciative of the labors of
the horticulturist than in Boston. One reason for this lack of
enthusiasm is, perhaps, our excellent weekly exhibitions, which
have always been open to the public free of expense. One
would think that these generous ertorts to promote the cause of
horticulture, by offering such delightful and interesting displays
of Fruits, Flowers, and Vegetables, every Saturday throughout the
season, would awaken an interest in the public for the welfare of
the Society, livel^^ and deep enough to make it liberal once in the
year, thereby cheering the hearts and strengthening the hands of
those who have devoted their time and energies to produce exliibi-
tions so attractive, and which never fail to reward with pleasure
and instruction those who visit them.

For the Committee,

C. H. B. BRECK, Chairman.

REPORT

OF THE

LIBRARY COMMITTEE

By EDWARD S. RAND, Jr., Chairman.

The steady growth of the Library has continued during the past
3^ear. Many new and valuable books have been added, some of
which have for years been on the list of desiderata.

The creation of a horticultural library is not the work of a few
years, nor can it be accomplished without a liberal expenditure of
money. For many years your Committee have labored assiduously
to make the Library of this Society the most complete horticultural
library in the country. It has been a work requiring untiring
attention, a knowledge of the value of books, and a constant
acquaintance with the sales of libraries on both sides of the
Atlantic.

Botanical books are printed in small editions, soon go out of
print, and are absorbed by collections, and then rarely come to
sale ; thus, the watching of the market to secure choice books as
they ma}^, from time to time, be offered for sale, is a most
important duty of the Committee.

From the small beginnings of the year 1856, when the Library
was contained in one case, and was composed of books of but
little value, up to 1869, the growth of the Library, though steady,
was not rapid. During those years the funds at the disposal of
the Committee were not sufficiently large to allow the purchase of
ver^^ expensive works, and it was deemed advisable to add to the
library cultural works, few of which were, individually, of great
pecuniar}' value. By the addition of these, however, the usefulness
of the librar}' was greatlj^ increased, and each year the members of
the Society more fully appreciated and availed themselves of its
advantages.

160 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

In the year 1869, by the liberality of Ex-President Josiah
Stickney, whose decease the Societ}- has, the past year, been
called upon to mourn, the funds in the hands of the Committee were
so increased as to admit of the purchase, from time to time, of manj'
rare and very expensive works. The possession of such volumes as
Sibthorp's Flora Grseca, Flora Danica, Redoute's Liliacees, Bate-
man's Orchidacese of Mexico and Guatemala, Burj'^'s Hexandrian
Plants, Wallich's Plantue Asiatictti, Roxburgh's Flora Indica, and
Roxburgh's Coromandel Plants, is, of itself, sufficient to give
importance to the library. And when we look over the Catalogue
and see the titles of hundreds of books, of which probably the
only copy in this countr}^ is found in our library, the Society has
great cause for congratulation. Already, ours is the most complete
and valuable horticultural librar}" in the countr}', and the past year
has added largely to its treasures, as will be seen by a perusal of
the lists annexed to this report.

Your Committee regret that the}^ have been able to add so few
works on Pomolog3^ There are comparatively few illustrated works
on fruit ; all that were attainable have been purchased, and all
cultural works on this subject are upon the library shelves. Your
Committee would ask members of the Society to call attention to
an}" deficienc}' of the library in this branch of horticulture ; or, in
fact, upon any subject connected with horticulture.

The want of room for the library is seriously felt ; and, although
additional space has been provided, it cannot be many years before
a reconstruction of the librar}' room will be imperativel}' demanded.
Accommodations are greatly needed for pamphlets, of which the
library contains a very valuable collection, but which, in their
present condition are not available for ready reference. The
want of a catalogue, arranged on slips, as in use in all large
libraries, is beginning to be felt.

Your Committee would report that the appropriation of the
Society has been chiefl}'- expended for periodicals and binding, and
would ask an appropriation of the same amount ($300) for the
3^ear 1877. The income of the Stickney Fund has been wholly
expended in the purchase of rare books. Some valuable works
have been presented to the library-, among which your Committee
would especially mention two copies of Les Promenades de Paris,
par A. Alphand, Paris, 1868, a magnificent work, respectively given
l)y William Gray, Jr., and Francis L. Lee.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. IGl

For full information as to the volumes presented, the additions
to the li))rarj during the past year, and the pei'iodicals subscribed
for by the Society, reference may be had to the lists accompanying
this report. 'Your Committee refer with great pleasure to the
assistance that has been derived from the constant attention of the
Librarian, Edwin ^Y. Buswell, to all matters appertaining to the
library. It is owing to his uniform courtesy that the library is
made so accessible and useful to the members, and his constant
attention to the wants of those visiting the library room in search
of botanical information conduces much to the usefulness of the
Society.

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS IN 1876.
Books Puuciiased.

Duhamel du Monceau. Traite des Arbres et Arbustes. 2d edi-
tion. 7 vols, folio, 488 colored plates. Paris : 1801-19.

St. Hilaire, Jaume. La Flore et la Pomone Fran9aises. 6 vols,
roj-al 4to., 544 colored plates. Paris : 1828-33.

Pfeiffer, L. Nomenclator Botanicus. 4 vols. 8vo. Cassellis :
1873-4.

Lawson's Pinetum Britannicum. Folio. Nos. 34 and 35, to com-
plete the work.

Boott, Francis, M. D. Illustrations of the Genus Carex. 4 vols,
folio, 600 plates. London : 1858-67.

Tulasne, Louis-Rene and Charles. Fungi Hj^pogsei. Histoire et
Monographic des Champignons Hypoges. Folio, 21 plates,
partly colored. Paris: 1851.

Endlicher, Stephanus. Genera Plantarum. Royal 8vo. Vindo-
bonte: 1836-40.

. Synopsis Coniferarum. 8vo, Sangalli : 1847.

United States and Mexican Boundary Surve}'. 3 vols. 4to. Man}'
plates. Washington: 1857-59,

Fliickiger, Friedrich A. and Daniel Hanbury. Pharmacographia :
A History of the principal Drugs of Vegetable Origin in
Great Britain and British India. 8vo. London : 1874.

Hassard, Annie. Floral Decorations for the Dwelling-house. 12mo.
New York: 1876.

Say, Thomas. American Entomology. Vol. 1, to complete the
set. 8vo., 18 colored plates. Philadelphia: 1824.
21

162 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Sullivant, William S. Icones Muscorum : Supplement. Royal 8vo. ,
81 plates. Cambridge, Mass., and London : 1874.

Mohr, Frederick. The Grape Vine, its Management, etc. Trans-
lated by Charles Siedhof. 12mo. New York: 1867.

Bentham, George, and J. D. Hooker. Genera Plantarum ad Exem-
plaria imprimis in Herbariis Kewensibus servata definita.
Vols. 1 and 2, royal 8vo. London: 1862-1876.

. Review of the Order of Hj^drophyllese. 4to.

pamphlet, plate. 1834.

. On the Heliamphora Nutans. 4to. pamphlet. 1840.

. On African Anonacese. 4to. pamphlet, 5 plates.

1862.
Brewer, W. H., Sereno Watson, and Asa Gray. Botany of Cali-
fornia. Vol. 1. Uniform with the publications of the Geo-
logical Surve}' of California. 4to. Cambridge: 1876.
Koch, K. Dendrologie. 2 vols. 8 vo. Erlangen: 1869-1872.
Beddome, R. H. Icones Plantarum Indite Orientahs, or New and

Rare Plants from Southern India and Ceylon. Vol. 1, 4to.,

300 colored plates. Madras : 1874.
. Ferns of Southern India. 4to., 271 plates.

Madras: 1873.
Lettsom, J. C. Natural History of the Tea Tree. 4to. London:,

1799.
Pallas, P. S. Illustrationes Plantarum. Folio, 59 colored plates.

Lipsiae: 1803.
Masson, F. Stapeliaj Novje. 4to., 41 colored plates. London:

1796.
Lunan, John. Hortus Jamaicensis. 2 vols. 4to. St. Jago de la

Vega: 1814.
Oliver, Daniel. Illustrations of the Vegetable Kingdom. Oblong

4to., 109 plates. London: 1874.
Decaisne, J. Le Jardin Fruitier du Museum. Parts 101-121, in

continuation. Imperial 8vo. Paris.
Hooker, J. D. Flora of British India. Vol. 1, 8vo. London:

1875.
Saunders, Wilson W. Refugium Botanicum. Vol. 1, Parts 1-3;

Vol. 2, Part 1 ; Vol. 3, Parts 1-3 ; Vol. 4, Parts 1-3 ; Vol.

5, Parts 1, 2; "all published." 8vo., many plates, parti}!-
• colored. London: 1868-72.
Seeman, Berthold. Journal of Botany, British and Foreign. 12

vols. 8vo. London : 1863-74.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 163

Cavanilles, Ant. Josephus. Icoues et Descriptiones Plantarum in

Hispania Crescunt. 6 vols, folio, 600 plates. Matriti :

1791-1801.
Trew, C. J., G. D. Ehret and B. C. Vogel. Plautic Selected Lon-

dini in Hortis. 100 colored plates. Nuremberg: 1750-73.

Also, Plantoe et Papiliones rariores : 18 colored plates, by

G. D. Ehret. Heidelberg: 1748. 1 vol. folio.
Catesby, Mark. Natural History of Carolina, Florida, and the

Bahama Islands, with descriptions in English and French.

2 vols., folio, 220 colored plates. London : 1771.
Rand, Edward S., Jr, Orchids, a description of the Species and

Varieties grown at Glen Ridge, with lists of other desirable

kinds. 8vo. New York : 1876.
Roosevelt, Robert B. Five Acres Too Much. 12mo. New York :

1869.
Johnson, Joseph Forsyth. The Natural Principles of Landscape

Gardening. Royal 8 vo., 10 plates. Belfast: 1874.
Baltet, Charles. The Art of Grafting and Budding. Small 8vo.,

many wood-cuts. London: 1873.
Alcock, Randal H. Botanical Names for English Readers. 8vo.

London: 1876.
Descourtilz, M. E. Flore Pittoresque et Medicale des Antilles,

etc. 8 vols. 8vo., 600 colored plates. Paris: 1827-33.
Baillon, H. Histoire des Plantes. 8vo. Parts 48-53, in continua-
tion.
Candolle, Alph. de. Geographic Botanique. 2 vols., 8vo. Paris

et Geneve : 1855.
Salm-Dyck, Jos. de. Monographia generum Aloes et Mesembr}--

anthemi. 3 vols. 4to., manj' plates. Bonute : 1836-63.
. Hortus Djxkensis. 8vo., 3 plates. Dusseldorf:

1834.
. Cactse in Horto Dyckensi cultse anno 1849.

8vo. Bonnse: 1850.
Jacquin, Nicolaus Josephus. Plantarum Rariorum Horte Ct^saiei

Schoenbrunnensis. 4 vols, in 3, folio, 500 colored plates.

Viennae: 1797-1804.
. Genitalia Asclepiadearum Controversa. Small

8vo. Viennte: 1811.
Cooke, M. C. A. Manual of Structural Botanj-. 16mo., 215 wood

cuts. London: 1870.

164 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

Green, Francis H., and Joseph W. Congdon. Analytical Class

Book of Botany. Small 4to., many wood-cuts. New York

and London : 1859.
United States Exploring Expedition under Charles Wilkes in 1838-

1842. Vol.15. The Geographical Distribution of Animals

and Plants, by Charles Pickering, M. D. Part 1. — History

of the Introduction of Animals and Plants. Royal 4to.

Boston and London : 1863.
Pickering, Charles. The Geographical Distribution of Animals and

Plants. Part 2.— Plants in their Wild State. Royal 4to.

Salem : 1876.
Journal of the Ro^al Agricultural Society for 1876. Second Series,

vol. 12, 8vo. London: 1876.
Du Breuil, A. Vine3^ard Culture, with notes b}- J. A. Warder.

12mo., 144 wood-cuts. Cincinnati: 1867.
Morren, Charles and Edouard. Belgique Horticole. 25 vols. 8vo.,

many colored and other plates. Liege: 1851-75. Still

publishing.
Darwin, Charles. The Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants.

12mo. New York: 1876.
Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. Vols. 1 and

2, 8vo., plates. St. Louis: 1857-68.
Eraser, Hugh. Handy Book of Ornamental Conifers, Rhododen-
drons, etc. Small 8vo. London: 1875.
Brown, James. The Forester. 2d ed., enlarged. 8vo. London:

1851.
Sinclair, George. Hortus Gramineus Woburnensis. 3d ed., large

8vo., man}^ colored plates. London: 1826.
Brandis, Dietrich. The Forest Flora of North-west and Central

India. 8vo. London : 1874.
Baker, J. G. Elementary Lessons in Botanical Geograph3^ 12mo.

London: 1875.
Murray, Andrew. The Pines and Firs of Japan. 8vo., 224 wood-
cuts. London : 1863.
Just, Dr. Leopold. Botanischer Jahresbericht. Zweiter Jahrgang

(1874), Zweite Abtheilung. 8vo. Berlin : 1875.
Hooker, J. D. Flora of Australia, an Introductory Essay to the

Flora of Tasmania. 4to. pamphlet. London:' 1859.
Lubbock, Sir John. On the Origin and Metamorphoses of Insects.

Small 8vo., many woo<l-cuts. (Nature Series.) London:

1874.

KEPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 165

Lubbock, Sir John. On British Wild Flowers, considered in relation

to Insects. Small 8vo., many wood-cuts. (Nature Series.)

London: 1875.
Smith, C. Roach. The Rural Life of Shakspeare as illustrated by

his works. Svo. pamphlet, 2d ed. London : 1874.
Horsfield, Thomas. J. J. Bennett and R. Brown. Plantae Javan-

icse rariores. Folio, 50 colored plates. London : 1838.
Hortus Collinsonianus. An account of the Plants cultivated by

the late Peter CoUinson. 8 vo. pamphlet. Swansea : 1843.
Hogg, Robert. The Dahlia. Svo. pamphlet, 9 colored plates.

London : 1853.
Balfour, Edward. The Influence of Trees in producing rain, etc.

8vo. pamphlet, pp. 401-474. [Madras : 1849 ?]
Brooke, James & Co. The Fairfield Onjhids. 8vo. London :

1872.
Zuccarini, Dr., Prof. Grisebach, Carl Nageli, and H. F. Link.

Reports and Papers on Botany. 8vo., 7 plates. Printed

for the Ray Society. London : 1846.
Pinacese : a Handbook of the Firs and Pines. B}' " Johannes Se-
nilis." 8vo. London: 1866.
Reichenbach, Prof. H. G. Enumeration of Orchids collected in

the neighborhood of Mouhneiu: 4to. pamphlet, 6 plates.

1873.
Memoirs of the Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture.

5 vols. 8vo. Philadelphia: 1815-1826.
Swartz, Olai. Synopsis Filicum. Adjectis Lycopodineis. 8vo., 5

plates. Kiliae : 1806.
Pinetum Woburnense : a Catalogue of Coniferous Plants in the

collection of the Duke of Bedford at Woburn Abbe}'. Im-
perial 8 vo., 67 colored plates. 1839. [Not published.]
Brownius, Robertus. Prodromus Florae Novae-Hollandiae et

insulae Van-Diemen. Small 4to. Norimbergae : 1827.
Duhal, Mich. Fehx. Histoire Naturelle, Medicale, et Economique

des Solanum, etc. 4to., 26 plates. Paris: 18,13.
Hussey, Mrs. T. J. Illustrations of British Mycology. 4to.,

90 colored plates. Loudon : 1847. Second series, 50

colored plates. London : 1855.
Lindley, John. The Genera and Species of Orchideous Plants,

with drawings by Francis Bauer. 4to., 24 colored and 10

uncolored plates. London : 1830-38.

166 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Lindley , John. Sertum Orchidaeeum, aWreath of the most beautiful

Orchidaceous Flowers. Folio, 50 colored plates. London :

1838.
Martius, Carol. Frid. Phil. de. Ilistoria Naturalis Palmarum.

2 vols, large folio. Vol. 1, text ; vol. 2, 238 colored plates.

Lipsiae: 1823-1848.
Bentley, Robert, and Henry Trimen. Medicinal Plants. 15 parts,

8 vo., colored plates. London : 1875-6. To be completed.
Lea, Rev. William. Small Farms for Fruit Growing. 16mo.

London: 1872,
Scott, John. The Orchardist, or Catalogue of Fruits cultivated

at Merriott, Somerset. 8vo. London : no date.
Coultas, Harland. What may be learned, from a Tree. 8vo.

New York and'London : 1860.

The following named books have been ordered, but were not

received at the time of printing this report :

Balfour. Timber Trees, Timber, and Fancy Woods ; also. The
Forests of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia.

Forbes. Hortus Ericaceus Woburnensis.

Bentham. New species of Tropical Leguminosse.

Lindley. List of the Orchidaceous Plants of East Cuba.

. Contributions to the Orchidology of India.

Tracts : on Transplanting Evergreens and Large Deciduous Trees,
by Stuart ; Canker in Fruit Trees ; Diseases of Plants ; Use
of Salt as a Manure, etc, bound in one volume.

Transactions of the Scottish Arboricultural Society of Edinburgh.

WiUiams' Stove and Greenhouse Plants. New edition.

Bos son. Les Plantes Bulbeuses.

Piper, R. U. The Trees of America.

Fowler, J. H. Orange Culture.

Morren, Prof. Directory of Botanists.

Hooker, W. J. Jungermannise.

' Books and Pamphlets Presented.
Alphand, A. Les Promenades de Paris : Bois de Boulogne et de
Vincennes, Champs Elys6es, Pares, Squares, Boulevards,
Places Plantees. 2 vols., large folio, 487 wood cuts, 80 steel
plates, and 23 chromoliths. Paris: 1868-72. William
Gray, Jr.
Another copy from Francis L. Lee.

KEPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 167

Major, Joshua. The Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening,
4to., plates and cuts. London: 1852. E. H. Hitchings.

Busby, James. Grapes and Wine. A Visit to the principal Vine-
3'ards of Spain and France. 12mo. New York: 1848.
E. H. Hitchings.

Bulletin de la Societe Centrale d' Horticulture du Department de
la Seine-Inferieur. Tome 18, Parts 1 and 2, 8vo. pam-
phlets. Rouen: 1876. The Society.

Transactions of the Worcester County Horticultural Society for
1875. 8vo. pamphlet. John C. Newton, Librarian and
Treasurer.

Proceedings of the New Jersey State Horticultural Society at its
Annual Meeting held in New Brunswick, January 20th and
21st, 1876. 8vo. pamphlet. E. Williams, Recording Secre-
tary.

Transactions of the Wisconsin State Horticultural Society. Vol.
6, 8vo. 1876. F. W. Case, Secretary.

Downing, Charles. Second Appendix to the Second Revised Edi-
tion of the Fruits and Fruit Trees of America. 8vo. pam-
phlet. New York: 1876. The Author.

Bivort, Alexander, Les Fruits du Jardin Van Mons. 8vo.
Bruxelles : 1868. The Author.

Proceedings of the Fifteenth Session of the American Pomological
Society held in Chicago, 111., September, 1875. 4to. pam-
phlet. 4 copies. Marshall P. Wilder, President.

Third Annual Report of the Maine State Pomological Society for
1875. 8vo. pamphlet. George B. Sawyer, Secretary.

Report of the Pennsylvania Fruit Growers' Society for 1875. 8vo.
pamphlet. E. B. Engle, Secretary.

Fruit List of the Province of Quebec, by the Fruit Growers' Asso-
ciation of Abbotsford. 8vo. pamphlet. J. D. Gibb.

First Report of the Fruit Committee of the Montreal Agricultural
and Horticultural Society, June, 1876. The Society.

Thirteenth, Fourteenth, Fifteenth, and Sixteenth Annual Reports of
the Baltimore Park Commission. 4 pamphlets, 8vo., with
map. Baltimore: 1873-76. The Commission.

Report on the Establishment of a Public Park. 8vo. pamphlet.
Boston: 1874. William Gray, Jr., Commissioner.

First, Second, and Third Reports of the Board of Commissioners
of the Department of Parks for the City of Boston. 8vo.,
with maps. 1876. William Gray, Jr., Commissioner.

168 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Report of the South Park Commissioners, Chicago, for the year 187;").
Acts of the Assembly, etc., relating to South Park, 1869, 1875.
Sidway, L. B., Chairman of the Horticultural Department of South

Park Commission. Report for five years ending March 31st,

1876. 3 pamphlets, 8 vo. II. W. Harmon, Secretary of the

Commission.
Second Annual Report of the Commissioners of Central Park, New

York. 1859.
Eleventh Annual Report of the same. 1868. 2 pamphlets, 8vo.

W. O. Ross.
Report of the United States Department of Agriculture for 1874.

8vo. The Department.
List of the Agricultural and Horticultural Societies, Farmers' Clubs

and Agricultural Colleges on the books of the Department

of Agriculture, Jul}' 4, 1876. 8 vo. pamphlet. AYashington :

1876. The Department.
Report of the Board of Commissioners on the Irrigation of the San

Joaquin, Tulare, and Sacramento Yalle3's of California.

8vo., with maps. Washington: 1874. Hon. R. S. Frost.
Colman, Henry. Fourth Report on the Agriculture of Massachu-
setts. 8vo. 1841. Edward S. Davis.
Twenty-third Report of the Secretary of the Massachusetts Board

of Agriculture for 1875. 8vo. C. L. Flint, Secretary.
Ninth Annual Report of the Connecticut Board of Agriculture,

1875-6. 8vo. T. S. Gold, Secretary.
Fourth Annual Report of the State Board of Agriculture of Kansas

for 1875. 8vo. Alfred Gray, Secretary,
Massachusetts Agricultural Repository', Yol. 10, Parts 3 and 4, to

complete the set. 2 pamphlets, 8vo. Boston: 1H31.

Bussey Institute.
Transactions of the New York State Agricultural Society, Yol. 1 ,

for the year 1841, to complete the set. 8vo. Albany- : 1842.

The Busse}' Institute.
Proceedings at the First Annual Convention of the New York State

Dairymen's Association, 1872. 8vo. pamphlet. 1873. L.

Wetherell.
Transactions of the Wisconsin State Agricultural Society, Yol. 14,

1875-6. 8vo. W. W. Field, Secretary.
Transactions of the Hingham Agricultural and Horticultural Society

for the year 1875. 8vo. pamphlet. Fearing Burr, Corres-
ponding Secretary.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. ] 69

Transactions of the Rhode Island Societj' for the Encouragement of

Domestic Industr3^ 1874. 8 vo. pamphlet. Joseph S, Pit-
man, Secretary.
Bulletin of the Busse}' Institution. Part 5, to complete Vol. 1.

8vo. pamphlet. F. H. Appleton, Librarian.
Thirteenth Annual Report of the Massachusetts Agi-icultural College.

8vo. pamphlet. W. S. Clark, President.
Report of the Curators of the University of Missouri, etc., for

1875. 8vo. pamphlet. G. C. Swallow.
Report of the New Hampshire College of Agriculture and the

Mechanic Arts, for 1875.
Catalogue of Dartmouth College, 1875-6. 2 pamphlets, 8 vo. Rev.

A. D. Smith, President.
French, J. D. W., Editor. The Aj'rshire Record. New Series.

Vol. 1. American and Canadian Aj-rshire Herd Record.

Old Series, vol. 5. 8vo. Boston: 1876. The Editor.
Veasey, George A. Catalogue of the Trees of the United States

which usually attain a height of sixteen feet or more.

8vo. pamphlet. Washington : 1867. Donor unknown.
Sargent, C. S. A few suggestions on Tree Planting. 8vo. pam-
phlet. The Author.
Davenport, George E. Flora of Medford, with a full account of

the Ferns of Massachusetts. 1875-76. The Author.
Robinson, John. Check List of the Ferns of North America north

of Mexico. 2d ed. 8vo. pamphlet. Salem: 1876. 2

copies. The Author.
Aughe}', Samuel. Catalogue of the Flora of Nebraska.
. The Superficial Deposits of Nebraska. 2 pamphlets.

8vo. T. H. Leavitt.
Riley, Charles V., State Entomologist. Eighth Annual Report on

the Noxious, Beneficial, and other Insects of the State of

Missouri, made to the State Board of AgTiculture. 8vo.

pamphlet. Jefferson City : 1876. John Monteith, Secretary.

Blanchdre H. de la. Les Ravageurs des Vergers et des Vignes.

160 wood-cuts. Paris: 1876.

. Les Ravageurs des Forets et des Arbres d'

Alignment. 162 wood-cuts, 2 vols., 16mo. Paris: 1876.
J. Rothschild.
Cornu, Maxime, et P. Mouillefert. Experiences faites a la Station
Viticolede Cognac, pour combattrele Phylloxera. Paris: 1876.

22

170 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Rapport sur les Mesures Administratives a prendre, pour preserver

les Territoires menaces par le Phylloxera. Paris : 1874.
Balbiani, M. Sur la Parthenogen^se du Phylloxera. 3 pamphlets.

4to. Paris: 1876. Asa Gray.
Boston Society of Natural Histor3^ Memoirs. Vol. 2, Part 4,

Nos. 2 and 3. 2 pamphlets, 4to. Proceedings, Vol. 17,

Parts 1 and 4. Vol. 18, Part 1. 3 pamphlets, 8vo. The

Society.
Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. Vol. 3,

Nos. 1, 2, 3. 8vo. pamphlets. St. Louis: 1873, 75, 76.

C. V. Kiley, Secretary.
Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society. Nos. 65 and

66. 2 pamphlets, 8vo. The Society.
Wilder, Marshall P., President. Address at the Annual Meeting

of the New England Historic Genealogical Society, January

5, 1876. 8vo. pamphlet. Boston : 1876. The Author.
Radlkofer, L. von. Anhang zur Monographic der Gattung Ser-

janie. Mtinchen : 1874.
. Conspectus Sectionum Specierumque Generis Ser-

janiere. Monachii : 1874. 2 pamphlets, 4to. F. Parkman.
Morren, Edward. Liste des Jardins, des Chaires, et des Musees

Botanique du Monde. Liege : 1876.
. Charles de L' Escluse : sa Vie et ses CEeuvres,

1526-1609. Liege: 1875.
. Mathias de L' Obel : sa Vie et ses CEuvres, 1538-

1616. Liege: 1875.
. La Question des Examens L^niversitaires. Bnixelles :

1876.
. Note Sur le Drosera Binata, Labill. : sa Structure

et ses Proc^d^s Insecticides. 5 pamphlets, 8vo. Bruxelles :

1875. E. S. Rand, Jr.
Discours Prononces le 12 Mai, 1876, aux Funerailles de Monsieur

Louis Van Houtte. 8vo. pamphlet. Gand : 1876. E. S.

Hand, Jr.
Bureau of Education : Public Libraries of the United States,

their History, Condition, and Management. Special Report.

Part 1, pp. 11H7. Part 2, pp. 89. 2 pamphlets, 8vo.

Washington : 1H76. John Eaton, Commissioner.
Report of the Astor Library- for 1876. 8vo. pamphlet. S. B.

Ruggles, Secretary.

KEPOKT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 171

Periodicals Taken.

Encjlish. — Gardener's Chronicle.
" Magazine.

Journal of Horticulture and Cottage Gardeiiei

The Garden.

Curtis' Botanical Magazine.

Floral M agaz iue .

Florist and Pomologist.

Floral World.

Journal of the Linnean Society.

Journal of Botau}'.

Farmer's Magazine.

Countr}' Gentleman's Magazine.

Journal of the Ro^^al Agricultural Society.
Fkekch. — Revue Horticole.
B E LGi AN . — Illustration Horticole .

Flore des Serres.

Belgique Horticole.
A MEKiCAN. — California Horticulturist.

American Agriculturist.

Country Gentleman.

Rural Carolinian.

American Farmer.

Silliman's Journal.

American Naturalist.

Periodicals Presented.
New England Farmer.
Massachusetts Ploughman.
Boston Cultivator.
Scientific Farmer.
Gardener's Monthly.
American Rural Home.
Maine Farmer.
Canada Farmer.
Prairie Farmer.
Mainland Farmer.
Rural Southerner.
Semi-Tropical.

172 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Western Agriculturist.

Center Union Agriculturist.

Monthly Report of the Department of Agriculture.

Bulletin of the Essex Institute.

Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club.

Patent Right Gazette.

New York Semi- Weekly Tribune.

Rhode Island Press.

Boston Evening Transcript.

Boston Daily Globe.

Daily Evening Traveller.

Boston Morning Journal.

The Nursery.

The Cottage Hearth.

TREASURER'S REPORT,

rOK THE TEAR 1876.

ITEMS OF INCOME.

Balance of Cash on hand, ...... $416 64

Eeceived of William Gray, Jr., to pay prizes for 1875, 85 00

" from Rent of Stores, 12,433 28

" " " Halls, 5,563 60

" " Admissions and Assessments, . . 1,332 00

Gross Receipts of Annual Exhibition, . .. . 450 75

Borrowed on caU, ....... 11,00000

Sundries, ......... 30 50

S31,311 77

ITEMS OF EXPENDITURE

Salaries of Treasurer, Secretary, and Chair-
men of Committees,
Librar}^ Accessions,

Heating and "Water, less paid by tenants,
Stationery, Postage, and Printing,
Alterations and Repairs on Building,
Gas, ......

New Furniture and Repairs,
Expenses of Annual Exhibition,
Expenses of Rose Show, .
Taxes, ......

Interest, ......

Insurance, .....

Bust of President Parkman,

Portrait of Dr. Bigelow,

Expenses of Centennial Exhibition, .

Balance of Prizes for 1875, #*

Deposited to pa}- Prizes of 1876,

Incidental Expenses,

Balance carried to new account.

. $3,400

00

765

80

477

52

. 1,632

24

550

78

987

04

315

90

956

13

73

15

. 3,429

00

. 3,087

08

. 1,517

25

200

00

580

00

340

81

. 4,733

50

. 6,000

00

. 2,035

68

229

S9

,^,^1 Q1 1 77

«JPOX,OXX t i

174 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Boston, January 5, 1877.

We have examined the foregoing account and found it correct,
and the balance of cash on hand, two hundred and twenty-nine
dollars and eighty-nine cents, as stated.

[Signed] C. 0. Whitmore,

H. H. Hdnnewell,
B. P. Cheney,

Finance
Committee.

ASSETS AND LIABILITIES.

Assets.

Real Estate, Furniture, and Exhibition Ware, costing $256,415 51
Add for Rose Boxes and Card Clasps, 170 05

$256,585 56

Library, last year $14,795 60

Paid this year, .... 765 80

15,561 40

Bonds of C, B. & Q. R. R., par value, . . . 1,500 00

Total, $273,646 96

Liabilities.

Mortgage debt at 5^ per cent., payable Sep-
tember, 1883, .... $60,000 00

Loan without interest, payable to Harvard

College in 1899, .... 12,000 00

Floating Debt, 11,000 00

$83,000 00

Balance of assets over liabilities, . . $190,646 96

TREASURER'S REPORT. 175

63- last 3-ear's Report our membership numbered . . 1,036
Of these were Life Members, . 577

Added by election, . . . 18

Added b}^ commutation, . . 2

597
Deceased, . . . . . 10

587

Annual Members, 482

Added, 11

493

Commuted, ... 2

Deceased, . . .10

Discontinued for non-payment, 55
Withdrawn, ... 5

72

421

1,008

Income from the above :

18 Life $540 00

11 Annual, . . . . 110 00

2 Commuted, ... 40 00

321 Subscriptions, ... 642 00

$1,332 00

The foregoing requires a few words of explanation. The hard
times so long dreaded, culminating in a reduction of rents, and no
income from Mount Auburn Cemetery, have lessened our resources,
while our expenditures have not been correspondingly reduced. We
have not only paid a balance of over five thousand dollars of prizes
awarded in 1875, Imt have fully provided for those of this year,
necessitating a loan on call of eleven thousand dollars. I beheve
this to be only a temporary- condition of affairs. Present indications
point to a better financial condition in the coming year.

The causes before named have also affected our membership.
A larger number than ever before of our subscription members
have been discontinued for non-payment, and a few have withdrawn
honorably. Our ranks are kept full by the addition of life members.
kSo much as Treasurer.

As Librarian and Superintendent, a few words. T would add to

176 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETT.

what has been said in the report of the Library Committee, that
although the expenditure is not equal to the appropriation, the
books pm-chased to arrive will make that account all right next
year. I only wish the library could be made more valuable by
more frequent and constant use. It is to-day the best of its kind
in the world, but is beneficial only in proportion as it is consulted.

Our stores are as desirable as ever, and our halls have lost noth-
ing of their prestige. •.

The visitors to our rooms for the use of the hbrary and for mu-
tual intercourse, increase in numbers year by j^ear to a degTee truly
encouraging. Friends of horticulture abroad will please accept an
invitation to make our rooms their headquarters while in this city.
Our members, of course, need no invitation.

E. W. BUSWELL, Treasurer.

MOUNT AUBURN CEMETERY.

The following accounts between the Society and the Proprietors
of the Cemetery of Mount Auburn are printed as presented by the
Treasurer of the latter corporation.
23

178

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

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MOUNT AUBURN CEMETERY. 179

Mount Aubuux Cemetery Corporation,

Office, No. 10 Pembeuton Square.

Boston, January 1, 1877.

To the Finance Committee of tlie Mass. Hort. Society :

Gentlemen, — Herevvitli please find account for the year 187C, showing a
balance to the debit of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society of
.$2,.5y0.31.

To account for this unusual result you have only to refer to the sales
for the past year, which have been very much less than previous years ;
and on the opposite side of the account you will observe we have ex-
pended on the new receiving tomb $9,539.93, and in grading the " Stone
Farm" and preparing land for sale, $8,643.65, besides the amount paid the
Town of Watertowu for the right of using lands for burial purposes.

These expenditures have had the unanimous approval of the Board of
Trustees, as matters of necessity and conducive to the best interest of all
concerned.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

H. B. Mackintosh, Treasurer.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society,

To the Proprietors of the Cemetery of Mount Auburn, Dr.

For one-fourth {I) part of the following expenditures for grading lands
and building New Receiving Tomb, during 1876 :

June 30. Grading, between Althea and Clethra Paths.

116^ days, man's labor, $217 97

58 " man and horse, 203 00

June 30. Grading, between Spruce and Mound Avenues.

74| days, man's labor, 140 16

23| " man and horse, 83 12

July 31. Grading, near Halcyon Lake.

248i days, man's labor, 465 94

48i " man and horse, 169 75

Dec. 26. Grading, on Fountain Avenue near Lime.

442 days, man's labor, 828 75

151i " man and horse, 530 25

$420 97

223 28

635 69

1,359 00

Amount carried forward, $2,638 94

180

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Amount bronr/ht forward,

Grading land on Stone Farm, and filling large hollow
on line of Old Stockade Fence.
March 31.
James Brown's bill, hauling and filling 740 yards,
S. Dunwoody's " " " " 2,4;?2 "

Dec. 16.

1,914 days, man's labor,
1,2G3 " man and horse,

$2,038 1)4

New Beceiving Tomb.
at $20 per M,

Dec. 26.

6,000 face brick,

144,500 hard brick, " 8 " "

100 soft brick, " 7 " "

105^ tons granite foundation stone, at .f2 per ton,

195 bbls. cement, at $1.50,

14i " lime, " 1.10,

91 loads sand, " .60,

Cook, Rymes & Co.'s bill, iron gates,

Bowker, Torrey & Co.'s bill, marble doors

(catacombs),
Blessington & Co.'s bill, granite curbing,
Smith & Lovett's bill, ventilators and expressage,
W. J. McPherson & Co.'s bill, stained window,
T. r. McGann's bill, brass handles,
Parkei's & Barnes' bill, asphalt and labor,
N. W. Turner & Co.'s bill, gas fixtures,
Cambridge Gas Light Co. 's bill, piping from street,
G. F. Dickson's bill, gas fitting,
Morse & Whyte's bill, brass wire netting,
25,260 square feet of sods, at 2| cts. per ft.

Of cords manure, at $10.00 per cord,

1.144 lbs. of lead, " .07^ " lb.

26| lbs. brass wire, 3-16, " .42 " "
Brass for washers to handles.
Rubber fenders for gates, and hardware,
Padlock,

Bolts, screws, keys, and hardware,
12 feet brass chain (window),
M. C. Warren's bill, 1 brass pulley,

1 keg nails for centres, and 20 lbs. wro't nails,

2 bars iron, 14x5-16, 47 lbs. ; and 72 lbs. % in.,
A. S. Triei-'s bill, hardware,

Kohr & Ripley's bill, iron grating and express,
A. McDonald's bill, marble and stone cutting,

Amounts carried forward,

$148

00

486

40

3,588

75

4,420

50

120

00

1,156

00

70

211

50

292

50

15

95

54

60

492

00

659

60

75

00

55

75

50

50

140

00

131

14

110

00

161

30

32

76

8

00

, 568

35

93

75

82

94

11

24

1

24

1

94

1

87

2

95

1

50

42

4

70

2

94

99

20

85

116

36

8,(543 65

1,679 34 $11,282 59

MOUNT AUBURN CEMETERY. 181

Amounts brought foncard, $4,679 34 $11,282 .')!»

Dec. 26.
J. W. Grigg's hill, 810 feet slate fronts, and

2, .^78. 5 square feet slate shelves, 1,248 49

Lumber for centres, frames, etc. :
2,208 ft. pl'd boards, .$55.20; 40.3 ft. spruce, $6.45,
851 " sheathing, )S;34.24; 1,609 ft. pl'd pine bd's,

$38.62 ; 142 ft. 2x8 spruce, .$2.27 ; 259 ft. spruce,

$4.15; 59 ft, 4x6 spruce, $1; 119 ft. spruce,

$1.76; 401 ft. hard pine, sawed, $21.85; 51 ft.

spruce, .82; 91 ft. 3 in. plank, $4.85; 405 ft.

pl'd boards, $8.91; sawing, 30c., 180 42

Sherburne & Co., bill for lights, 5 00

Hutchinson & Rogers, bill for canvas, 43 85

R. & W. Sherburne's bill for glass, 5 68

Paints and Oils :
7 lbs. Paris Green, .$2.94; spirits turp'e, benzine,

&c., $2.25 ; 2 galls, alcohol, $6 ; 2 galls, linseed

oil, $1.25; 60 lbs. mixed red paint, $12,
23| days carpenter on centres, window, &c..

617i

" masons,

52i

" man, tending.

485

" painting and cleanin.

384 i

" labor,

156

" man and horse,

24 44

$2.75,

63 94

2.87i,

1,774 59

2.87^,

150 21

2.00,

97 50

l.87h,

720 47

3.50,

546 00

9,539 93

$20,822 52

Total amount for 1876,

One-fourth is $5,205 63

Mt. Auburn, Dec. 30, 1876.

J. W. LoVEPvING, Sup't.

I certify the foregoing to be a true copy of accounts of improvements
for the year 1876, rendered by the Superintendent.

'' H. B. Mackintosh, Treasurer.

[copy.]

Watertown, Feb. 4, 1876.

Proprietors of the Cemetery of Mount Auburn.

To Town of Watertown.
Williams Lot.

Taxes and expenses of sale for 1872, $90 85

Interest to date, 14 77

Recording deed, $1.15; drawing release, $2, 3 15

Taxes for 1873, and interest to date, 133 90

" " 1874, " " " 135 67

Amount carried forward, . $378 34

182 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Amount brought forward, .$378 34

Chant Lot.
Taxes for 1874, and interest to date,
Taxes on Williams and Chant Lots for 1875, and interest.

38

47

152

49

$569

20

25

00

Add h. charges of E. R. Hoar, Referee,

Total, $594 20

Rec'd Pay't, Town of Walertown.

By John B. Goodrich,

Att'y for Town.
Approved :

I. M. Spelman, Fres't.

[copy.]
Know all Men by these Presents, that the Town of Watertown, by its
Selectmen, thereto duly authorized by vote passed at a town meeting held
on the sixth day of March, 187G, in consideration of the sum of twenty-
five hundred dollars (.$2500), to it paid by the Proprietors of the Cemetery
of Mount Aubui-n, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, hereby
permits the use for the purposes of burial of all the lands in said Town,
included within the present enclosure of the Cemetery of said Corpora-
tion. A plan of the lands referred to has been filed in the Registry of
Deeds of the County of Middlesex, Southern District.
Dated this ninth day of June, 1876.

The Town of Watertown by its Selectmen.

W. H. Ingraham.
Oliver Shaw.
H. W. Macrudy.
N. C. Sanger.
Ward M. Otis.
Approved for $2500.

I. M. Spelman, Pres't.

[copy.]

Boston, April 13, 1876.

Proprietors ok the Cemetery of Mount Auburn.

To H. W. Paine, Dr.

To services in the matter between you and Watertown, before

Judge Hoar, Referee, $40 00

Approved :

I. M. Spelman, Pres't.

REPORT

COMMITTEE ON THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION.

The Committee appointed to co-operate in the International Ex-
position at Philadelphia, report as follows :

Early in the season a circular was prepared by the Committee
setting forth the object of their appointment, and soliciting contri-
butions of fruit to be sent to the Society's Hall, to be foi'warded
thence to the Centenuial Exposition and displayed at the expense
of the Societ}'. Copies of this circular were sent freely to every
Agricultural and Horticultural Society and Farmers' Club through-
out the State, and also to Agricultural and Horticultural Journals
and individuals interested in fruit growing. The response to this
circular was not equal to the hopes of the Committee, but a single
Society — the influential and active Worcester County Horticultural
Society — and a few individuals outside of the regular contributors
to our own exhibitions, taking part in the Exposition. As soon
as the possibility of this result was foreseen, increased exertions
were made to secure contributions from those who could be reached
b}' personal application, and the display finally made was agreed by
all, especially when the predominance of the manufacturing and
commercial interests are taken into consideration, to be highly
creditable to the State. The number of dishes of pears exhibited
was 863, apples 214, grapes 18, making a total of 1095 dishes — a
much larger number than were shown at our own Annual Exhibition.
The Committee were surprised to find the number of dishes of
pears from Massachusetts greater than from all the other States
together, aflfording new proof that no part of our country is more
faA^orable for the growth of this fruit than Eastern Massachusetts.

The Committee congratulate the Society and the State on the
commendable exhibit the}^ made in the great Exposition, sliowing
the ver}- deep interest felt in Pomology, and particularly in the
growth of the pear. Undoubtedly the show of apples would have

184 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

beeu hardl}^ less extensive than that of pears, had the Western
parts of the State contributed as hberally as the Eastern, where the
apple is not so extensively cultivated. As an exposition of the
pomological products of our State, your Committee feel that the
part taken by our Society has resulted in bringing out a much
greater show than would probabl}- have been gathered together
without its aid.

The exhibition, as a whole, though certainly not all that it might
have been, has probably never been equalled in extent in any
country. The whole number of dishes of fruit shown was fifteen
thousand. The largest similar exhibition previously made in this
country was that of the American Pomological Society at Chicago,
in 1875, when about six thousand dishes were shown. The most
prominent feature of the exhibition was the profuse display of
apples from Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, and other Western States,
Kansas making also a grand exhibition of fruit in the State building.
The collection of fifty-six varieties of plums from Ellwanger & Barry,
of Rochester, N. Y., was such as is not often seen in these days.
The only place beyond the limits of the United States from which
fruit was sent was Canada. The Canadian crab and other apples were
remarkable for high color, and the show of plums was also exten-
sive and beautiful. The largest show of peaches was from Michigan.
Some idea of the exhibition may be formed by those who witnessed
the show made here in 1873 by the American Pomological Society,
and bearing in mind that the Pomological Building at the Centennial
was nearly two hundred feet square, covering four-fifths of an
acre — about eight times the area of our larger hall — and that the
greater part of the sixty tables which filled this immense space
were crowded with fruit.

The whole amount expended out of the appropriation of $1,000
is $340.81.

The names of the contributors from Massachusetts, with the
number of dishes of apples, pears, and grapes exhibited b}^ each,
are as follows :

Marshall P. Wilder, Boston, .

Hovey & Co., Cambridge,

C. E. Richardson, Cambridge, . ' .

Joseph II. Fenno, Revere,

Benjamin («. Smith, Cambridge,

Alexander Dickinson, Cambridgeport,

300 pears.

175 "

20 "

44 "

42 apples

47 "

27 "

50 "

REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMITTEE.

185

John C'ummings, Woburn,
J. W. Manning, Reading,
Simon Laniprell, Marblebead, .
C. E, Grant, Boston Highlands,
Griffin & Dolan, Cambridgeport,
A. S. M'Intosh, Boston Highlands,
Charles F. Curtis, Jamaica Plain,
Josiah Newhall, Lynnfield,
F. & L. Clapp, Dorchester,
Amos Bates, Hingham, .
Mrs. Sarah D. Fisk, Hingham,
Samuel HartweU, Lincoln,
Robert Manning, Salem, .
Charles H. Allen, Salem, Orange

pears from'a tree 235 j^ears old,
William Endicott, Danversport, Endi-

cott pears, from the tree planted b}'

his ancestor, Governor Endicott in

1630,

John Pickering, Salem, Warden pears,

from a tree grafted April 19, 1775,
Ezeldel Doane, Eastham, Fall pears,

from the tree planted by Governor

Prince, as early as 1650,
Jacob Steigleder, Shelburne Falls. .

33 pears. 27 apples.

3

(I

24

9

.s

3

16

ti

17

30
13
10

35

15

18

1 "
18 grapes.

The following were collected b}- the Worcester County Horti-
•ultural Society.

O. B. Hadwen, Worcester,

Isaac Mills, "

Henry Phelps, "

William G. May nard, "

Mrs. G. A. Chamberlain, "

Edward S. Howes, "

Stephen Salisbury, "

Alfred Davis, "

William H. Earle, "

John C. Newton, "

Edward W. Lincoln, "•

Mrs. Francis O. Eastman, "

2 pears.

15

apples.

3 "

9

li

7 "

1 "

2

2 "

6
4

5 "

5
2

6 ••

1 "

2 "

1

i i

24

180

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

H. O. Western, Worcester, . 1 pears.

Charles Nasli, •' . 1 apples.

Moses Church, " . 2

F. M. Marble, " . 1

W. T. Merrifield, " . 2

Lorin Goes, " . 2

Newell Wood, Millbmy, . . . 1 " S "

Joseph C. Lovell, AVest Bo3^1ston, . 3 " 3 "

Mrs. Sarah D. ShafF, Leicester, . 2 "

Permission was granted by the Society to add to this report the
awards made by the Centennial Commission, when received. These
awards are understood to consist of a medal, and a statement b}'
the judges of the merits of the object exhibited, the latter being
the essential part. Every effort has been made hy the Committee
to procure a cop}^ of these statements, but without success. They
can only say, therefore, that an award has beeii made to the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society for a large collection of Apples,
and another for Pears ; one to the Worcester County Horticultural
Societ}', for Apples, and another for Pears ; and awards to Messrs.
Wilder, Hovey & Co., Fenno, Smith, Dickinson, Griffin & Dolan,
Curtis, Clapp, Bates, R. Manning, Hadwen, Earle, Newton, and
Lincoln, and Mrs. Chamberlain, for Pears ; and to Messrs. Fenno,
Smith, Cummings, J. W. Manning, and Hartwell, for Apples.

Marshall P. Wilder,
C. M. HovEY,
Benjamin G-. Smith,
John C. Hovey,
Robert Manning,

E. W. Bus WELL,

Hekvey Davis,

Committee.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society

OFFICERS AND STANDING COMMITTEES FOR 1877,

, President.
FRANCIS PARKMAN, of Boston.

Vice-Presidents.

CHARLES O. WHITMORE, of Boston. H. WELD FULLER, of Boston.

WILLIAM GRAY, Jk., of Boston. C. H. B. BRECK, of Brighton.

Treasurer.
EDWIN W. BUSWELL, of Boston.

Secretary.
ROBERT MANNING, of Salem.

Recording Secretary.
ROBERT MANNING, of Salem.

Professor of Botany and Vegetable Physiology.
JOHN ROBINSON, of Salem.

^ tai^ dii| ^ d oii|ii)itte e^ :

Executive.

The President, FRANCIS PARKMAN, Chaiuman.

The Ex-Pbesidents, MARSHALL P. WILDER, CHARLES M. HOVEY,

.TAMES F. C. HYDE, W. C. STRONG; Chairman of Finance Committee,

C. O. WHITMORE; WILLIAM GRAY, Jr., FEARING BURR,

JOSEPH BURNETT, A. T. PERKINS.

Finance.

CHARLES O. WHITMORE, Chairman.
H. HOLLIS HUXNEWELL. BENJAMIN P. CHENEY.

Publication and Discussion.

WILLIAM C. STRONG, Chaiuman.
A. B. MUZZEY. E. LEWIS STURTEVANT.

188

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Establishing Prizes.

CHAIRMAN OF COMMITTEE ON FRUITS, Chairman.

CHAIRMEN OF COMMITTEES ON FLOWERS, VEGETABLES, AND GARDENS.

C. M. ATKINSON, P. B. HOVEY. E. F. WASHBURN.

Library.

WALDO O. ROSS, Chairman.
CHARLES S. SARGENT. HENRY P. WALCOTT.

WILLIAM E. ENDICOTT. J. D. W. FRENCH.

THE PROFESSOR OF BOTANY AND HORTICULTURAL PHYSIOLOGY.

Gardens.

JOSEPH H. WOODFORD, Chairman.

CHAIRMEN OF COMMITTEES ON FRUITS, FLOWERS, AND VEGETABLES,

JAMES CRUICKSHANKS. HENRY A. GANE. C. A. PUTNAM.

P. BROWN HOVEY.
DANIEL T. CURTIS.

Fruit.

HERVEY DAVIS, Chairman.
JOHN B. MOORE.
E. W. WOOD.

BENJAMIN G. SMITH.
CHARLES F. CURTIS.

JOHN C. HOVEY.
WM. H. HALLIDAY.

Plants and Flowers.

JOHN G. BARKER, Chairman.
GEORGE EVERETT.
W. H. SPOONER.

E. H. HITCHINGS.
PATRICK NORTON.

JOSIAH CROSBY.
WALTER RUSSELL.

Vegetables.

CHARLES N. BRACKETT, Chairman.

JOHN FILLEBROWN. ANTHONY HATCH,

GEORGE W. PIERCE. SAMUEL HARTWELL.

Committee of Arrangements.

CHARLES H. B. BRECK, Chairman.
GEORGE W. PIERCE. GEORGE HILL. CHARLES F. CURTIS,

CHAS. N. BRACKETT. W. H. SPOONER. E. F. WASHBURN.

J. G. BARKER. HERVEY DAVIS. C. M. ATKINSON.

J. H. WOODFORD. JOHN C. HOVEY. JAMES COMLEY.

HONORARY MEMBERS.

A * denotes the member deceased.

♦Benjamin Abbott, LL. D., Exeter, N. H.

John Abbott, Brunswick, Me.

*HoN. John Quincy Adams, LL. D., late President of the United States.
*Prof. Louis Agassiz, Cambridge.
*WiLLiAM T. AiTON, late Curator of the Royal Gardens, Kew.

Thomas Allen, President of the St. Louis Horticultural Society.
*HoN. Samuel Appleton, Boston.
*HoN. James Arnold, New Bedford.

*Edward Nathaniel Bancroft, M. D., late President of the Horticul-
tural and Agricultural Society of Jamaica.
*HoN. Philip P. Barbour, Virginia.
*Robert Barclay, Bury Hill, Dorking, Surrey, England.
*James Beekman, New York.

L'Abbe Berlese, Paris.
♦Nicholas Biddle, Philadelphia.

Dr. Jacob Bigelow, Boston.
*Mrs. Bigelow, Medford.

♦Le Chevalier Soulange Bodin, late Secretaire-General de la Societe
d'Horticulture de Paris.

Hon. George S. Boutwell, Groton.
♦Josiah Bradlee, Boston.
♦Hon. George N. Briggs, Pittsfield.

♦Hon. James Buchanan, late President of the United States.
♦Jesse Buel, late President of the Albany Horticultural Society.
♦Hon. Edmund Burke, late Commissioner of Patents, Washington, D. C.
♦Augustin Pyramus de Candolle, Geneva.

Hon. Horace Capron, Ex-U. S. Commissioner of Agriculture, Japan.
♦Isaac Chauncy, U. S. Navy, Brooklyn, N. Y.
♦Lewis Clapier, Philadelphia.
♦Hon. Henry Clay, Kentucky.

H. W. S. Cleveland, Chicago, 111.
♦Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin, Bart., England.

♦Zaccheus Collins, late President of the Pennsylvania Horticultural
Society, Philadelphia.

Roswell L. Colt, Paterson, N. J.

Caleb Cope, Ex-President of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society,

Philadelphia. t

♦William Coxe, Burlington, N. J.

190 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

*JoHN P. CusniNG, Watertown.
*Charles W. Dabney, late U. S. Consul, Fayal.
*HoN. John Davis, LL. D., Boston.
*SiR Humphrey Davy, London.
*Gen. H. a. S. Dearborn, Roxbury.

*James Dickson, late Vice-President of the London Horticultural Society.
*Mrs. Dorothy Dix, Boston.
*Capt. Jesse D. Elliot, U. S. Navy.
*HoN. Stephen Elliot, LL. D., Charleston, S. C.
Allyn Charles Evanson, St. John, N. B., Secretary of the King's

County Agricultural Society.
*HoN. Edward Everett, LL. D., Boston.
*HoN. Horace Everett, Vermont.
*F. Falderman, late Curator of the Imperial Botanic Garden, St.

Petersburg.
*HoN. Millard Fillmore, late President of the United States.
*Dr. F. E. Fischer, late Professor of Botany at the Imperial Garden,

St. Petersburg.
*HoN. Theodore Frelinghuysen, late President of the American

Agricultural Society.

* Joseph Gales, Jr., Washington.
*George Gibbs, New York.
♦Stephen Girard, Philadelphia.

*HoN. Robert H. Goldsborough, Talbot County, Marjiand.
*Ephraim Goodale, South Orrington, Maine.
*Mrs. Rebecca Gore, Waltham.
John Greig, President of the Domestic Horticultural Society, Geneva,

N. Y.
Mrs. Mary Griffith, Charlies Hope, N. J.

*Gen. William Henry Harrison, late President of the United States.
*S. P. HiLDRETH, M. D., Marietta, O.
Thomas Hopkirk, President of the Glasgow Horticultural Society.
*David Hosack, M. D., late President of the New York Horticultural

Society.
Lewis Hunts, Huntsburg, O.
*JoSEPH R. Ingersoll, late President of the Pennsylvania Horticultural

Society, Philadelphia.
*Gen. Andrew Jackson, late President of the United States.
*Mrs. Martha Johonnot, Salem.
Jared Potter Kirtland, LL.D., East Rockport, O.
♦Thomas Andrew Knight, late President of the London Horticultural

Society.
*Gen. La Fayette, La Grange, France.
Le Comte de Lasteyrie, Vice-President of the Horticultural Society of

Paris.
A. II. Latour, M. p., Montreal.

* Baron Justus Liebig, Giesscn, Germany.

HONORARY MEMBERS. 191

*Prof. John Lindley, late Secretary of the Loudon Horticultural Society.

Franklin Litchfield, Puerto Cabello.
*JosHUA LoNGSTKETH, Philadelphia.
♦Nicholas Longworth, Cincinnati.

*Jacob Lorillard, late President of the New York Horticultural Society.
*John C. Loudon, London.

John A. Lowell, Boston.

*Baron H. Carol Von Ludwig, Cape Town, Cape of Good Hope.
♦Hon. Theodore Lyman, Brookline.

CoL. Theodore Lyman, Brookline.
*HoN. James Madison, late President of the United States.
*Mks. Charlotte Marryatt, Wimbledon, near London.

Joseph Maxwell, Rio Janeiro.

D. S. McCauley, Tripoli.
*HoN. Isaac McKim, late President of the Horticultural Society of
Maryland.

Rev. James H. Means, Dorchester, Mass.
* James Mease, M. D., Philadelphia.
♦Lewis John Mente;ns, Brussels.
♦Hon. Charles F. Mercer, Virginia.
♦FRAN901S Andre Michaux, Paris.

Donald G. Mitchell, New Haven, Ct.
♦Samuel L. Mitchill, LL.D., New York.
♦Hon. James Monroe, late President of the United States.

A. W. Moria, Montreal.

MossELMANN, Antwerp.

♦Alfred Munson, M. D., late President of the New Haven Horticultural
Society.

Baron Ottenfels, Austrian Minister to the Ottoman Porte.

John Palmer, Calcutta.
♦Hon. Joel Parker, LL.D., Cambridge.

Samuel B. Parsons, Flushing, N. Y.
♦Hon. Thomas H. Perkins, Brookline.

A. Poiteau, Professor in the Institut Horticole de Fromont.
♦Hon. James K. Polk, late President of the United States,
♦John H. Powell, Powellton, Pa.
♦Henry Pratt, Philadelphia.
♦William Prince, Flushing, N. Y.

Rev. George Putnam, D. D., Roxbury.
♦Joel Rathbone, President of the Albany and Rensselaer Horticultural

Society, Albany.
-^Archibald John, Earl of Roseberry, late President of the Caledonian

Horticultural Society.
♦Joseph Sabine, late Secretary of the London Horticultural Society.
♦Don Ramon, de la Sagra, Cuba.

Henry Winthrop Sargent, Fishkill, N. Y.
♦Sir Walter Scott.

192 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

♦William Shaw, New York.

*JoHN Shepherd, late Curator of the Botauic Garden, Liverpool.

*JoHN S. Skinner, Baltimore.

George W. Smith, Boston.
♦Stephen H. Smith, late President of the Rhode Island Horticultural

Society.
♦Judge E. B. Strong, Rochester.
*HoN. Charles Sumner, Boston.

*Gen. Zachary Taylor, late President of the United States.
*HoN. John Taliaferro, Virginia.
*Gen. James Tallmadge, late President of the American Institute, New

York.
♦James Thacher, M. D., Plymouth.

John J. Thomas, Union Springs, N. Y.
*James W. Thompson, M. D., Wilmington, Del.
♦Grant Thorburn, New York.
♦M. Du Petit Thouars, Paris, late President of the Institut Horticole

de Fromout.
*Le Vicomte Hericart de Thury, late President of the Horticultural
Society of Paris.

MoNS. TouGARD, President of the Horticultural Society of Rouen, France.

Nathaniel Towson, Washington, D. C.

Col. W. Towson, President of the Agricultural Society, Washington,
D. C.

John Turner, Assistant Secretary of the London Horticultural Society.
♦Hon. John Tyler, late President of the United States.
♦Rev. Joseph Tyso, Wallingford, England.
♦Hon. Martin Van Buren, late Presideift of the United States.

Federal Vanderburg, M. D., New York.
♦Jean Baptiste Van Mons, M. D., Brussels.
♦Gen. Stephen Van Rensselaer, Albany, N. Y.

Joseph R. Van Zandt, Albany, N. Y.
♦Benjamin Vaughan, Hallowell, Me.
*Petty Vaughan, London.
♦Rev. N. Villeneuve, Montreal.
♦Pierre Philippe Andre Vilmorin, Paris.
♦J^mes Wadsworth, Geneseo, N. Y.
♦Frederick Walcott, Litchfield, Conn.
♦Nathaniel Wallich, M. D., late Curator of the Botanic Garden,

Calcutta.
♦Malthus a. Ward, late Professor in Franklin College, Athens, Ga.
♦Hon. Daniel Webster, Marshticld.
♦Hon. John Welles, Boston.

Jeremiah Wilkinson, Cumberland, R. I.

Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, Boston.

♦Lawrence Young, late President of the Kentucky Horticultural Society,
Louisville.

Ashton Yates, Liverpool.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

A * denotes the member deceased.

♦John Adlum, Georj?etown, D. C.

Moxs. Alfroy, Lieusaint, France.

A. B. Allen, New York.

Thomas A. Allen, President of the Nebraska State Horticultural Society.

Rev. Thomas D. Anderson, New York.

Thomas Appleton, U. S. Consul, Leghorn.

Don Francisco Aquilar, of Maldonado, in the Banda Oriental.
♦Thomas Aspinwall, Brookline.

p. M. Augur, State Pomologist, Middlefleld, Conn.
*I8AAC Cox Barnet, late U. S. Consul, Paris.

Patrick Barry, Chairman of the General Fruit Committee of the Ameri-
can Pomological Society, Rochester, N. Y.

Augustine Baumann, Bolwiller, France.

Eugene Achille Baumann, Bolwiller, France.

Joseph Bernard Baumann, Bolwiller, France.

Napoleon Baumann, Bolwiller, France.

D. W. Beadle, St. Catherines, Canada West.

W. J. Beal, Lansing, Michigan.
*NoEL J. Becar, Brooklyn, N. Y.
*Edward Beck, Worton College, Isleworth, near London.

Rev. Henry Ward Beecher, Peekskill, N. Y.

Louis Edouard Berckmans, Rome, Ga.

Prosper J. Berckmans, Augusta, Georgia.
♦Alexandre Bivort, late Secretaire General de la Societe Van Mons,
Fleurus, Belgique.

Mons. Tripet Le Blanc, Paris.
♦Charles D. Bragdon, Pulaski, Oswego Co., N. Y.
♦William D. Buinckle, M. D., Philadelphia.

John W. Brown, Fort Gaines, Ga.

Dr. Nehemiah Brush, East Florida.

Arthur Bryant, Sr., Ex-President of the Illinois State Horticultural
Society, Princeton, 111.

Robert Buist, Philadelphia.
*E. W. Bull, Hartford, Conn.

Rev. Robert Burnet, President of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Associa-
tion, Hamilto.n, Canada West.

Alexander Burtou, Cadiz.

George W. Campbell, Delaware, Ohio.
• 25

194 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Francis G. Carnes, New York.
♦Robert Cakr, Philadelphia.

James Coi.vill, Chelsea, England.
*Rev. Henry Colman, Boston.

Benjamin E. Cotting, M. D., Boston.
*S. l: Dana, M. D., Lowell.

J. Decaisne, Professeur de Culture au Museum d' Histoire Naturelle,
Jardin des Plantes, Paris.

James Deering, Portland, Me.

*H. F. DiCKEHUT.

*Sir C. Wentworth Pilke, Bart., London.

Hon. Allen W. Dodge, Hamilton, Mass.

Rev. H. Honywood Dombrain, A. B., 3 Adelphi Terrace, Strand, W. C,
London.

Charles Downing^ Newburg, N. Y.

Parker Earle, South Pass, 111.

F. R. Elliott, Ex-Secretary of the American Pomological Society,
Cleveland, Ohio.

Hon. Henry L. Ellsworth, Washington.

George Ellwanger, Rochester, N. Y.

George B. Emerson, LL. D., Winthrop.

Ebenezer Emmons, M. D., Williamstown.
*A. H. Ernst, Cincinnati.
♦Nathaniel Fellows, Cuba.
♦Henry J. Finn, Newport, R. I.

W. C. Flagg, Ex-President of the Illinois State Horticultural Society,
Moro, 111.
♦Michael Floy, late Vice-President of the New York Horticultural
Society, New York City.

William R. Foster, Baltimore.

John Fox, Washington, D. C.
♦Hon. Russell Freeman, Sandwich.

Andrew S. Fuller, Ridgewood, N. J.

Henry Weld Fuller, Roxbury.

R. W. Furnas, Ex-President of the Nebraska State Horticultural So-
ciety, Brownsville, Neb.

Augustus Gande, President of the Horticultural Society, Department
of Sarthe.
♦Robert H. Gardiner, Gardiner, Me.
♦Benjamin Gardner, late U. S. Consul at Palermo.
♦Capt. James P. Gerry, U. S. Navy.

♦Abraham P. Gibson, late U. S. Counsul at St. Petersburg.
♦R. Glendenning, Chiswick, near London.

Prof. Asa Gray, Cambridge.

O. B. Hadwen, Ex-President of the Worcester County Horticultural
Society, Worcester.
♦Charles Henry Hall, New York.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS. 195

♦Abraham Halsey, New York.

Dr. Charles C. Hamilton, President of the Fruit Growers' Association
and International Show Society of Nova Scotia, Cornwallis.
*Rev. Thaddeus Mason Harris, D. D., Dorchester.
*Thaddeus William Harris. M. D., Cambridge.
*JoHN Hay, Architect of the Caledonian Horticultural Society.
*Isaac Heap, Cincinnati.

Bernard Henry, Philadelphia.

.Shirley Hibberd, Editor of the Gardeners' Magazine, London.

J. J. Hitchcock, Baltimore.

Robert Hogg, L.L. D., Editor of tlie Journal of Hoi'ticulture, London.
♦Thomas PIogg, New York,

Thomas Hogg, New York.

J. C. Holding, Ex-Treasurer and Secretary of the Cape of Good Hope
Agricultural Society, Cape Town, Africa.

Rev. S. Reynolds Hole, Caunton Manor, Newark, Nottinghamshire,
England.

Fisher "Holmes.

JosiAii Hoopes, West Chester, Pa.

Prof. E. N. Horseord, Cambridge.

Sankord Howard, Chicago, 111.

Dr. William M. Howsley, President of the Kansas State Horticultural
Society, Leavenworth.

Isaac Hunter, Baltimore.

Isaac Hurd, Cincinnati, Ohio.

George Husmann, Hermann, Mo.

Thomas P. James, Cambridge.
♦Edward Jarvis, M. D., Dorchester.

William J. Johnson, M. D., Fort Gaines, Ga.

Dr. Edward Jones, Louisville, Ky.

Samuel Kneeland, M. D., Boston.

MoNS. Laffay, Bellevue, near Paris, France.

David Landreth, Ex-Corresponding Secretary of the Pennsylvania
Horticultural Society, Bristol, Pa.

C. C. Langdon, Mobile, Alabama.

Dr. William Le Baron, State Entomologist, Geneva, 111.

G. F. B. Leighton, President of the Norfolk Horticultural and Potuo-

logical Society, Norfolk, Va.
*E. S. H. Leonard, M. D., Providence.
♦Andre Leroy, Author of the Dictionnaire de Pomologie, Angers, France.

Hon. George Lunt, Boston.
♦F. W. Macondray, San Francisco, Cal.
♦James J. Mapes, LL. D., Newark, N. J.

♦A. Mas, late President of the Horticultural Society, Bourg-en-Bresse,
France.

Dr. Maxwell T. Masters, Editor of the Gardener's Chronicle, London.
♦James Maury, late U. S. Consul, Liverpool.

196 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

T. C. Maxwell, Geneva, N. Y.

Thomas Meehan, Editor of the Gardener's Monthly, Germantown, Pa.
*Allen Melville, New York.

John Miller, M. D., Secretary of the Horticultural and Agricultural
Society of Jamaica.

Stephen Mills, Flushing, N. Y.
*Charles M'Intosh, Dalkeith Palace, near Edinburg.

J. E. Mitchell, Philadelphia.

William S. M'Lean, New York.

Guiseppe Monarchxni, M. D., Isle of Candia.
♦Horatio Newhall, M. J)., Galena, 111.
*David W. Offley, U. S. Agent, Smyrna.

James Ombrosi, U. S. Consul, Florence.

John J. Palmer, New York.

Victor Paquet, Paris.
*John W. Parker, late U. S. Consul, Amsterdam.
♦Andrew Parmentier, Brooklyn, N. Y.

William Paul, Waltham Cross, London, N.
*SiR Joseph Paxton, M. P., Chatsworth, England.
*JoHN L. Payson, late U. S. Consul, Messina.
*CoM. M. C. Perry, U. S- Navy.

*David Porter, late U. S. Charge d' Affaires at the Ottoman Porte.
♦Alferd S. Prince, Flushing, N. Y.
♦William R. Prince, Flushing, N. Y.

P. T. QuiNN, Newark, N. J.

Rev. Rushton Rapclyffe.
♦William Foster Redding, Baltimore.

Dr. D. Redmond, Pass Christian, Miss.

M. D. Reynolds, Schenectady, N. Y.
*JoHN H. Richards, M. D., Illinois.

Charles V. Riley, State Entomologist, St. Louis, Mo.
♦MoNS. J. RiNZ, Jr., Frankfort-on-the-Main.

Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, Herts, England.

William Robinson, Editor of The Garden, London.

Dr. J. Smyth Rogers, Hartford, Conn.

Capt. William S. Rogers, U. S. Navy.

Bernard Rosier, M. D., Athens, Greece.
♦Thomas Rotch, Philadelphia.
♦George R. Russell, Roxbury.

John B. Russell, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
♦Rev. John Lewis Russell, Salem.

William Saunders, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
♦William Siialer, late U. S. Consul-General, Havana, Cuba.

William Shaw, New York.
♦Caleb R. Smith, New Jersey.

Daniel D. Smith, Burlington, N. J.
♦Gideon B. Smith, late Editor of the American Farmer, Baltimore.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS. 197

*HoRATio Sprague, late U. S. Consul, Gibraltar.

Robert W. Starr, Cornwallis, Nova Scotia, Secretary of the Fruit
Growers' Association and International Show Society, Halifax.

Dr. John Stayman, Leavenworth Kansas.
♦Thomas H. Stevens, U. S. Navy, Middletown, Conn.

WU.LIAM F. Strangeway, British Secretary of Legation at Naples.

Dr. J. Strentzel, Martinez, Cal.
* James P. Sturgis, Canton.

William Summer, Pomaria, S. C.

Francis Summerest.

*Prof. Tenore, late Director of the Botanic Garden at Naples.
*J. E. Teschemacher, Boston.
♦Robert Thompson, London.
*George C. Thorburn, New York.

Prof. George Thurber, Editor of the American Agriculturist, New
York.

John Tillson, Jr., Illinois.

Cav. Doct. Vincent Tinio, Director of the Botanic Garden at Palermo.
*Luther Tucker, Editor of the Cultivator, Albany, N. Y.

Gary Tyso, Wallingford, England.
*Louis Van Houtte, Ghent, Belgium.
♦Alexandre Vattemare, Paris.

Emilien de Wael, Antwerp, Belgium.

John A. Warder, M. D., President of the Ohio State Horticultural
Society, Cleves, O.

Anthony Waterer, Knapp Hill, near Woking, Surrey, England.

J. Ambrose Wight, Editor of the Prairie Farmer, Chicago, 111.

Benjamin Samuel Williams, Holloway, London, N.

Prof. John Wilson, Agricultural College, Cirencester, England.
♦William Wilson, New York.

J. F. Wingate, Bath, Me.

Joshua Wingate, Portland.

Joseph A. Winthrop, South Carolina.

MEMBERS FOR LIFE.

Change of residence, or any inaccuracies, should be promptly reported to the Secretary.

Adams, George E.,
Albro, Charles,
Alger, R. F.,
Ames, F. L.,
Ames, F. M.,
Ames, George,
Ames, P. A.,
Amory, Charles,
Amory, Frederick,
Amory, James S.,
Andrews, Charles L.
Andrews, Frank W.,
Andrews, W. T.,
Andros, Milton,
Appleton, Edward,
Appleton, Francis H,
Appleton, Wm. S.,
Atkins, Elisha,
Austin, William R.,
Avery, Edwai'd.
Ayer, Adams,
Ayling, Isaac,

Bacon, George,
Bailey, Edwin C,
Baker, Wm. E.,
Bancroft, J. C,
Banfield, F. L.,
Barnard, Rev. C. F.,
Barnard, James M.,
Barnard, R. M.,
Barnes, Walter S.,
Barnes, Wm. II.,
Barney, Levi C,
Barratt, James,
Barrett, Aaron,
Barrows, Thomas,
Bartlett, E.,

Medford.

Taunton.

Dedham.

Easton.

Canton.

Boston.

Brookline.
Boston.
,Swampscott.
Boston.

Brookline.
Reading.
,,West Peabody
Boston.
Belmont.
Dorchester.
Boston.

Brookline.
Boston.

((

Milton.
Boston.

Everett.

iSomerville.

Boston.

Cambridge.
Maiden.
Dedham.
Kewburyport.

Bates, Amos, Hingham.

Bates, Caleb, Kingston.

Bayley, John P., Boston.

Beal, Alexander, Dorchester.
Beckford, D. R., Jr., Marblehead.

Bell, Joseph H., Philadelphia.

Bemis, Emery, Cambridge.

Berry, James, Boston.
Bickford, Weare D., Allston.

Birchard, Charles, Arlington.

Black, J. W., Boston.

Blagg, Samuel, Newbern, N. C.

Blanchard, J. W., Boston.

Blaney, Henry, Brookline.

Blinn, R. D., Lexington.

Bocher, F., Boston.

Bockus, C. E., Dorchester.

Bond, George W., Boston.
Boi-land, J. N., "

Botume, John, Stoneham.

Bouve, Thomas T., Boston.

Bowditch, A. C, Somerville.
Bowditch,J.IngersollBoston.

Brighton.

Newton.

Boston.

Mattapan.

Lancaster.

Lynn,

Hortonville, Vt.

Brackett, C. H.,

Brackett, C. N.,

Bradish, L. J.,

Bragg, S. A. B.,

Breed, Andrews,

Breed, Henry A.,

Bresee, Albert,

Brewer, John Reed, Boston.

Brewer, Otis, "

Brigham.W. T.,

Bright, Jona. B.,

Bright, William E.,

Brimmer, Martin,

Rrintnall, Benj., "

Brooks, Francis, Medford.

Waltham.

Boston.

MEMBERS FOR LIFE.

199

Brooks, J. W.,
Brooks, Peter C,
Brown, Charles E.,
Brown, Edward J.,
Brown, G. Barnard,
Brown, George B.,
Brown, Jacob,
Brownell, E. S.,
Bruce, N. F.,
Buckminster, W. J.,
Bollard, Wm. S.,
Burnham, T. O. H. P.,
Burnett, Joseph,
Burr, Fearing,
Burr, Matthew H.,
Buswell, E. W.,
Buswell, Mrs. E. W.,
Buswell, Frank E.,
Butler, Aaron, Jr.,
Butterfleld, Wm.P.,

Cadness, John,
Cains, William,
Calder, A. P.,
Capen, John,
Carlton, Samuel A.,
Carruth, Charles,
Carruth, Nathan,
Carter, Miss Sabra,
Chamberlain, C. W.,
Chandler, J. G.,
Chapin, N. G.,
Chapman, Edward,
Chase, A. J.,
Chase, Daniel E.,
Chase, Hezekiah S.,
Chase, William M.,
Cheney, B. P.,
Child, F. J.,
Child, Wm. C,
Childs, Francis,
Childs, N. R.,
Claflin, Henry,
Claflin, Wm.,
Clapp, Edward B.,
Clapp, E. W.,
Clapp, J. H.,

Milton.
Boston.
Yarmouth, N.S
Brookline.
Boston.
(<

Woburn.
Essex June, Vt.
Stoneham.
Maiden.
Boston.

Southborough.
Hingham.

Boston.

Clapp, Lemuel,
Clapp, Wm. C,
Clark, Orus,
Clark, W. L.,
Clark, Wm. S.,

Dorchester.
i<

Boston.

Neponset.

Amherst.

Wakefield.
Arlington.

Flushing, N.Y,
South Boston.
Boston.

Somerville.

Boston.

Dorchester.

Wilmington.

Arlington.

S. Lancaster.

Brookline.

Arlington.

Lynn.

Somerville.

Boston.

Worcester.

Boston.

Cambridge.

Medford.

Charlestown.

Dorchester.

Brighton.

Newton.

Boston.

Walpole.

Boston.

Clarke, Miss Cora H., Jamaica Plain.
Clay, Henry, Dorchester.

Cleary, Lawrence, West Roxbury.
Clement, Asa, Dracut.

Cleveland, Ira, Dedham.

Cobb, Albert A., Brookline.
Coburn, Isaac E., Everett.
Codman, James M., Brookline.
Codman, Ogden, Lincoln.
Coffin, G. Winthrop, West Roxbury.
Coffin, Wm. E., Boston.

Comer, G. N., Dedham.

Converse, E. S., Maiden.
Coolidge, Joshua, Watertown.
Copeland, Franklin, West Dedham.
Courtis, William, Marblehead.
Cox, George P., Maiden.

Coy, Samuel I., Boston.

Craft, George, Brookline.

Crocker, Uriel, Boston. •

Crosby, Josiah, Arlington.

Crowell, Philander, Chelsea.
Crowell, R. H.,
Cruickshanks, James, "
Cummings, John, Woburn.
Curtis, Chas. F., West Roxbury.
Curtis, George S., Jamaica Plain.
Gushing, J. G., Boston.

Gushing, R. M., "

Daggett, H. C,
Damon, Samuel G.,
Dana, Charles B.,
Darling, Charles K.,
Davenport, Edward,
Davenport, Henry,
Davis, Curtis,
Davis, Hervey,
Dawson, Jackson,
Deblois, S. G.,
Denny, C. H.,
Denny, R. S.,

Boston.

Arlington.

Brookline.

Boston.

Dorchester.

Boston.

Cambridge.

Cambridgeport.

West Roxbury.

Boston.

n

Dorchester.

200

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Denton, Eben,
DeWolf, John L.,
Dewson, F. A.,
Dexter, F. Gordon,
Dickerman, Geo. H.,
Dickinson, Alex.,
Dike, Charles C,
Dix, Joseph,
Dorr, George,
Dove, George W. W.
Downer, Samuel,
Durant, H. F.,
Durant, William,
Durfee, Mrs. F, B.,
Durfee, George B.,

Eaton, Horace,
Elflridge, E. H.,
Ellicott, J. P.,
Endicott, Wm. E.,
Everett, George,
Everett, Otis,
Everett, William,

Farlow, John S.,
Faxon, John,
Fay, Mrs. 11. L.,
Fenno, J. B.,
Fenno, Joseph H.,
Feukes, Edwin,
Fillebrown, John,
Fisher, James,
Fisher, Warren,
Flagg, Augustus,
Fleming, Edwin,
Fleming, William,
Fletcher, J. W.,
Flint, Charles L.,
Flint, D. B.,
Flyut, William N.,
Foster, John H.,
Foster, J. W.,
Fowle, W. B.,
Freeland, Chas.Wm.
Freeman, Abraham,
French, Jonathan,
French, J. D. W.,
Fuller, Ilenrj' Weld

Braintree.

Boston.

Boston.

Somerville.

Cambridgeport

Stoneham.

Boston.

Dorchester.

lAndover.

Dorchester.

Boston.

Fall River.

Quincy.

Boston.

Jamaica Plain.

Canton.

Concord.

Boston.

Newton.

Quincy.

Chelsea.

Boston.

Revere.

Ipswich.

Arlington.

Boston.

West Newton.

Chelsea.
Boston.
Watertown.
Monson.
Boston.
Dorchester.
Auburndale.
,Boston.
Dorchester.
Boston.

Galvin, John,
Gardner, Henry N.,
Gibbs, Wolcott,
Gilkey, R. F.,
Gillard, William,
Gilson, F. Howard,
Glover, Albert,
Glover, Joseph B.,
Goddard, A. Warren
Goddard, Mrs. M. T.
Gorham, J. L.,
Gould, Francis,
Gould, Samuel,
Gray, James,
Gregory, J. J. H.,
Greig, George,
Grinnell, Joseph,
Groom, Thomas,
Grundel, H.,
Guild, J. Anson,

Hadwen, O. B.,
Hall, Edwin A.,
Hall, George A.,
Hall, George R.,
Hall, John R.,
Hall, Lewis,
Hall, Stephen A.,
Hall, William F.,
Halliday, W. H.,
Hammond, Gard. G.,
Hammond, Samuel,
Harding, C. L.,
Harding, G. W.,
Harding, L. B.,
Harding, W. C,
Hardy, F. D., Jr.,
Harris, Charles,
Hastings, Edm. T.,
Hathaway, Seth W.,
Hatch, Anthony,
Haughtou, James,
Ilayden, A. W.,
Hayes, Daniel F.,
Hayes, Frauds B.,
Hazeltiue, H.,
Head, Charles D.,
Hillbourn, A. J.,

West Roxbury.

Belmont.

Cambridge.

Watertown.

Boston.

Reading.

Boston.

, Brookline.
, Newton.

Jamaica Plain.

Arlington.

Boston.

Wellesley.

Marblehead.

Newton.

New Bedford.

Dorchester.

Brookline.

Worcester.
Cambridgeport.
Chelsea.
Boston.

Cambridge.
Revere.
Brookline.
Boston.

Cambridge.
Dorchester.
Boston.

Cambridgeport.

Cambridge.

Boston.

Marblehead.

Cliftondale.

Boston.

Portsm'th, N.H.

Exeter, N. H.

Boston.

Rrookline.
Chelsea.

MEMBERS FOR LIFE.

201

Hill, George,
Hill, John,
Hitchiiigs, E. H.,
Hodgkins, John E.,
Hollis, J. W.,
Holt, Mrs. S. A.,
Hooper, F. A.,
Hooper, Robert C,
Hooper, Thomas,
Horner, Mrs. C.N.S.,
Hovey, C. H.,
Hovey, C. M.,
Hovej% John C,
Hovey, P. B.,
Howe, George,
Hovvland, John, Jr.,
Hubbard, Charles T.,
Hubbard, G. G.,
Hubbard, J. C,
Hubbard, W. J.,
Huckius, J. W.,
Humphrey, F. J.,
Hunueman, Jos. H.,
Huunewell, H. H.,
Hunt, Franklin,
Hunt, Moses,
Hyde, J. F. C.,

Arlington.

Stoneham.

Boston.

Chelsea.

Brighton.

Winchester.

Marblehead.

Boston.

Bridgewater.

Georgetown.

Cambridge.

Cambridgeport

Boston.
New Bedford.
Boston.
Cambridge.
Boston.

Dorchester.
Boston.
Wellesley.
Boston.

Newton.

Inches, Henderson, Boston.
Inches, Herman B., "

Jackson, Abraham, Boston.

Janvrin, W. S., Revere.

• Jeffries, John, Jr., Boston.
Jenks, C. W.,

Johnson, Francis M., Newton Centre

Joyce, Mrs. Samuel, Medford.

Kakas, Edward,
Kelley, E. G.,
Kendall, D. S.,
Kendall, Edward,
Kendall, J. R.,
Kendrick, Mrs. H. P.
Kennedy, G. G. ,
Kenuey, John M.,
Kent, John,

26

Medford.
Newburyport.
Woodst'k, Out.
Cambridgeport
Woburn.
, AUstou.
Boston.
Wareham.
Charlestown.

Keyes, E. W.,
Keyes, George,
Kidder, H. P.,
Kimball, A. P.,
King, Franklin,
King, William S.,
Kingman, A. A.,
Kingman, C. D.,
Kinsley, Lyman,
Kittredge, E. A.,

Lamb, Thomas,
.Lancaster, C. B.,
Lawrence, Amos A.,
Lawrence, Edward,
Lawrence, James,
Lawrence, James,
Lawrence, John,
Lawson, Peter,
Leavens, S. Davis,
Lee, Henry,
Lemme, Frederick,
Leuchars, R. B.,
Lewis, A. S.,
Lewis, William G.,
Lincoln, D. Waldo,
Lincoln, George,
Locke, W. H.,
Lodge, Giles H.,
Loftus, John P.,
Looniis, J. B.,
Lord, George C,
Loriug, Alfred,
Loring, C. W.,
Lothrop, Eben W.,
.Lovett, G. L.,
Low, Ariel,
Lowder, John,
Lowell, Augustus,
Luke, Elijah H.,
Lumb, Wra.,
Lunt, C. IL,
Lyman, Theodore,
Lyon, Henry,

Mahoney, John,
Maloon, William,

Denver, Col.

Concord.

Boston.

Dorchester.

Boston.

Brookline.

Middleborough.

Cambridgeport.

Boston.

Boston.

Newton.

Brookline.

Charlestown.

Boston.

Groton.

Boston.

Lowell.

Boston.

u

No. Cambridge.

Boston.

Framingham.

Worcester.

Hingham.

Belmont.

Swampscott.

Boston.

Chelsea.

Newton.

South Hingham.

Boston.

Chelsea.

Boston.

Watertown.

Boston.

Cambridgeport.

Boston.

Jamaica Plain.

Brookline.

Charlestown.

Boston.
Salem.

202

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mann, James F.,
Mann, Jonathan,
Manning, J. W.,
Manning, Mrs. L. B.,
Manning, Robert,
Mansfield, H. S.,
Marland, A.,
Marsli, Francis,
Marsliall, Frederick,
Martin, D. A.,
Martin, J. S.,
Mason, R. M.,
Mattliews, Nathan,
McCarthy, T.,
McCliire, John,
Merriam, M. H.,
Merrifleld, W. T ,
Miller, E. D.,
Millmore, M.,
Mills, Charles H.,
Milton, W. H.,
Minott, Charles,
Minton, James,
Mixter, Charles,
Moore, John B.,
Morrill, Joseph, Jr.,
Morse, S. B..
Morse, Samuel F.,
Motley, Thomas,
Mudge, E. E.,
Mudge, George A ,
Mudge, Geo. W.,
Munroe, Otis,
Munroe, William,

Cambridge.

n

Reading.

Salem.

Blacks tone.

Andover.

Dedham.

Everett.

Chelsea.

Boston.

Revere.

Lexington.

Worcester.

Dorchester.

Boston.

Somerville.

Dorchester.

Boston.

Concord.

Boston.

West Roxbury

Svvampscott.

Brookline.

Lynn.

Boston.

Needham, Daniel,
Newhall, Cheever,
Newhall, George,
Newhall, Josiah,
Newman, J. R.,
Newton, W. W.,
Nichols, Mrs. F.,
Nourse, Benjamin F.
Nourse, B, F.,

Groton.
Dorchester.

Lynnfleld.
Winchester.
Brookline.
Dorchester.
, Cambridgeport
Boston.

Osgood, Jas. Ripley, Boston.

Otis, T. C,

Oxnard, George D., "

Packer, C. H.,
Page, Thomas,
Paine, Robert T.,
Palmer, J. P.,
Park, J. C,
Parker, Augustus,
Parker, James,
Parker, William A,,
Parkman, Francis,
Partridge, Henry,
Partridge, Horace,
Pearce, John,
Peck, O. H.,
Peck, W. G.,
Peuniman, A. P.,
Perkins, AugiistusT.,
Perkins, Edward N.,
Perkins, William P.,
Perry, George W.,
Philbrick,WilliamD.,
Pierce, George W.,
Pierce, Henry L.,
Pierce, S. B.,
Poole, Benjamin C,
Poor, John R.,
Pope, Alexander,
Potter, Joseph S.,
Prang, L..
•Pratt, Robert M.,
Pratt, William,
Pray, Mark W.,
Prescott, C. H.,
Prescott, Eben C,
Prescott, W. G.,
Prescott, William G.,
Preston, George H.,
Preston, John,
Pringle, C. G.,
Proctor, Thos. P.,
Prouty, Gardner,
Putnam, Joshua IL,

.Ramsay, A. H.,
Rand, Miss E. L.,
Rand, E. S.,
Rand, E. S., Jr.,
Rand, Oliver J.,
Rawson, W. W.,

Boston.

Milwaukee.

Boston.

Somei'ville.
Boston.

Jamaica Plain.
Dunkirk, N. Y.
Somerville.
West Roxbury.
Franklin.
Arlington.
Waltham.
, Boston.
Brookline.

Maiden.

Newton Centre.
Everett.
Dorchester.

u

Chelsea.

Somerville.

Dorchester.

Arlington.

Boston.

Winchester.

Maiden.

Cornwallis,N.S.

Boston.

Boston.

Quincy.

Boston.

Dorchester.

Charlotte, Vt.

West Roxbury.

Littleton.

Brookline.

Cambridge.

Newton.

Boston.

Dedham.

Cambridgeport.

Arlington.

MEMBERS FOR LIFE.

203

Rayner, John J.,
Reed, George W.,
Richards, John J.,
Richards, William B.,
Richardson, C. E.,
Richardson, Geo. C,
Robbins, Nathan,
Robeson, W. R.,
Robinson, John,
Robinson, J. H.,
Rogers, John H.,
Ross, Henry,
Ross, M. D.,
Ross, Waldo O.,
Russell, George,
Russell, N. P.,
Russell, Walter,

Sampson, G. R.,
Sanborn, Amos C,
Sandford, O. S.,
Sargent, Charles S.
Sargent, Ignatius,
Sargent, Turner,
Saville, R. L.,
Sawyer, E. H.,
Sawyer, Timothy T
Scott, Charles,
Scudder, C. W.,
Seaver, Nathaniel,
Seaver, Robert,
Shaw, C. C,
vShaw, S. P.,
Sheafe, Charles C,
Sheafe, William,
Sheldon, 0. S.,
Shiramin, Charles F
Shorey, John L.,
Skinner, Francis,
Slack, Chas. W.,
Slack, Lewis,
Smith, Benjamin G.
Smith, Charles A.,
Smith, Charles H.,
Smith, Chauncy,
Smith, E. N.,
Smith, Ge:)rge 0.,

Lexington.

Boston.

Boston.

Cambridge.

Arlington.

Boston.

Salem.

Dorchester.

Boston.

Newton.

Boston.

W. Somerville.

Boston.

Arlington.

New York.
Cambridgeport
Cordaville.
, Brookline.

Boston.

Brookline.

Easthampton.
,, Charlestown.

Newton.

Brookline.

East Boston.

Jamaica Plain.

Boston.

Cambridge.

Boston.

Brookline.

Milton.
,, Boston.

Lynn.

Boston.

n

Brookline.
, Cambridge.
Boston.
Jamaica Plain.
Cambridge.
Boston.

Smith, James H.,
Smith, Joshua B.,
Smith, Peter,
Smith, W. B.,
Snow, Eben,
Southmayd, John K.,
Sparhawk, Edwd. C,
Sparhawk, Geo.,
Spaulding, Edward,
Spaulding, M. D.,
Speare, Alden,
Springall, George,
Springer, John,
Stetson, James A.,
Stetson, Nahum,
Stickney, Rufus B.,
Stimpson, George,
Stimpson, H. H.,
Stone, Amos,
.Stone, G. F.,
Stone, Phiueas J.,
Story, E. A.,
Strong, William C,
Sturgis, John H.,
Sturgis, Russell, Jr.,
Sturtevaut, E. Lewis,
Sumner, Edward,
Surette, L. A.,
Swain, Charles D.,

Taft, John B.,
Tappau, Charles,
Taylor, Horace B.,
Thacher, Alfred C,
Thayer, Henry,
Thayer, Nathaniel,
Thompson, S.Benton
Thorndike, John H.,
Thurlow, T. C,
Tilton Stephen W.,
Todd, John,
Tolman, Benj.,
Tolman, Miss H. S.,
Torrey, Everett,
Turner, J. M.,
Turner, R. W.,
Turner, Royal W.,

Needham.

Cambridgeport.

Andover.

Boston.

Cambridge.

Boston.

Brighton.

Lexington.

Jamaica Plain.

Boston.

Newton Centre.

Maiden.

Sterling.

Quincy.

Bridgewater.

Somerville.

New York.

Cambridge.

Everett.

Newton.

Charlestown.

Brighton.

Boston.

S.Framingham.
Dedham.
Concord.
Roxbury.

Boston.

Dorchester.
N. Cambridge.
Boston.
(Lexington.
Boston.
Newburyport.
Boston.
Hingham.
Concord.
Boston.
Charlestown.
Dorchester.
Newton.
Randolph.

204

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Underwood, Guy C,
Upham, Heury,

Vinton, A. H.,D.D.,
Vose, B. C,

Wainwright, Peter,
Wainwright, Wm. L.
Wakefield, E. H.,
Walcott, Edward,
Walcott, Henry P.,
Walker, Edw.C.E.,
Walker, Samuel A.,
Walker, T. W.,
Waliey, Mrs. W. P.,
Ward, John,
Wardwell, W. H.,
Ware, Benjamin P.,
Warren, G. W.,
Wason, E.,
Waters, Edwin F.,
Waters, George F.,
Watts, Isaac,
Webber, A. D.,
Weld, Aaron D.,
Weld, Dr. M. W.,
Weld, Richard H.,
Weld, W. G.,
Weston, Seth,
Wetherell, Leander,
Wheelwright, A. C,

Boston.
Brookline.

Boston.
Hyde Park.

Boston.
,Braintree.
Chelsea.
Pawtucket.
Cambridge.
Boston.
((

Waltham.

Boston.

Newton.

Newton Centre

Marblehead.

Boston.

Brookline.

Newton Centre

Newton.

Belmont.

Boston.

West Roxbury.

Boston.

Brookline.

Revere.

Boston.

Whipple, John A.,
Whitcomb, Wm. B.,
White, B. C,
White, Edward A.,
White, Francis A.,
Whiteley, Edward,
Whiting, Nathaniel,
Whitraore, C. O.,
Whitney, Luther F.,
Whittle, George W.,
Whytal, Thomas G.,
Wilbur, G. B.,
Wilcutt, Levi L.,
Wilder, Henry A.,
Wilder, Marshall P.,
Williams, Aaron D.,
Williams, Benj. B.,
Williams, Philander,
Willis, George W.,
Willis, J. C,
Wilson, Henry W.,
Winship, F. Lyman,
Winship, Herman,
Woerd, C. V.,
Woerd, C. V., Jr.,
Wood, L. H.,
Wood, R. W.,
Wood, Wm. K.,
Woodward, Royal,
Wright, George C,
Wrislejs Frank,

Boston.

Medford.

Boston.

Brookline.

Cambridge.

Brookline.

Boston.

Charlestovvn.

Somerville.

West Roxbury.

Watertown.

West Roxbury.

Boston.

Dorchester.

Boston.

Taunton.
Chelsea.
Boston.
South Boston.
Brighton.

Waltham.

Marlborough.
Jamaica Plain.
West Newton.
Brookline.
West Acton.
New York.

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

Abbott, S. L., M. 1).,
Adams, Chas. F.,
Adams, C. S.,
Allen, Abbot,
Allen, Andrew F.,
Allen, Calvin,
Allen, E. L.,
Allen, Nathaniel T.,
Allen, W. H.,
Alley, Franklin,
Ames, R. W.,
Anderson, C. J.,
Anthony, John G.,
Atkinson, Chas. M.,
Atkinson, Edward,
Atkinson, John,
Atkinson, W. B.,

Batchelder, Samuel,
Bacon, Augustus,
Bacon, William,
Baker, W. P.,
Bard, James,
Barker, John G.,
Barnard, Mrs. Joel,
Barnes, Parker,
Bates, Henry M.,
Bayley, Dudley H.,
Becker, Frank,
Bird, Charles,
Bird, John L.,
Black, John A.,
Blaney, David H.,
Bliss, B. K.,
Bolles, Matthew,
Bolles, William P.,
Bolton, John B.,
Boot, William,
Bouve, Ephraim W.,

Boston.
Quincy.
Framingham.
Arlington.

Boston.

u

West Newton.

Dedham.

Marblehead.

Boston.

Longwood.

Cambridge.

Brookline.

West New^ton.
Newburyport.

Cambridge.
Boston.

Quincy.

Framingham.

Lynn.

Arlington H'ts.

Dorchester.

Boston.

Belmont.
Revere.
Dorchester.
Boston.

New York.
West Roxbury.
Boston.
Somerville.
Boston.

Bowditch, W. I.,
Brackett, E. A.,
Bradford, Chas. F.,
Bradlee, John D.,
Bradlee, J. T.,
Breck, C. H.,
Breck, C. H. B.,
Brewer, Thomas M,
Briggs, Richard,
Brooks, George,
Brown, A. S.,
Brown, Atherton T.
Brown, Jona., Jr.,
Brown, Joseph T.,
Bryant, G. J. F.,
Bull, E. W.,
Bollard, Calvin,
Burley, Edward,
Burr, Charles C,
Bush, J. P.,
Butler, Edward,

Cabot, Edward C,
Capen, Aaron D.,
Carter, Maria E.,
Cartwright, James,
Chadbourne, M. W.,
Chaffin, John C,
Chapin, George H.,
Chase, Mrs. C. B.,
Chase, Henry L.,
Cheney, A. P.,
Chilson, G.,
Clark, James W.,
Clark, Joseph,
Clark, Joseph W.,
Cobb, Edward W.,
Cobb, Jonathan H.,
Coe, Henry F.,

Brookline.

Winchester.

Boston.

Milton.

Boston.

Brighton.

, Boston.
Brookline.

Jamaica Plain.
, Boston.
Somerville.
Boston.

Concord.

Boston.

Beverly.

Newton.

Boston.

Wellesley.

Brookline.

Mattapan.

Woburn.

Wellesley.

Watertown.

Newton.

Maiden.

Medford.

Lynn.

Natick.

Boston.

Framingham.

Canton.

Dedham.

Boston.

Dedham.

West Roxbury.

206

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Colby, E. P.,
Cole, H. Hammond,
Comins, Linus B.,
Comley, James,
Converse, Parker L.,
Corey, E. W.,
Cowles, W. W.,
Cox, James F.,
Crafts, W. A.,
Cruickshank, J. T.,
Curtis, D. T..
Curtis, Joseph H.,
Cutter, Geo. B.,

Dana, Luther,
Darling, Moses, Jr.,
Davenport, Geo. E.,
Davis, Benjamin B.,
Davis, Frederick,
Davis, James,
Davis, Thomas M.,
Davis, W. H.,
Day, George B.,
Dean, A. J.,
Denison, J. N.,
Dike, Geo. W.,
Dillaway, Chas. K.,
Doogue, William,
Downe, Sumner,
Downes, Mrs. S. M.,
Dupee, James A.,
Dwight, David F.,
Dyer, Mrs. E. D.,

Eaton, Jacob,
Eaton, Russell P.,
Edgar, William,
Elliott, C. D.,
Eustis, James,
Ewings, L. B.,

Falconer, James,
Falconer, .John,
Farrar, Abijali W.,
Farrier, Amasa,
Farrier, Mrs. C,
Fay, Henry G.,

Wakefield.

Chelsea.

Boston.

Lexington.

, Woburn.

Arlington.

Boston.

Abingtou.

Boston.

Natick.

Boston.

Weston.

New^ton.

South Boston.

Boston.

Brookline.

Newton.

Boston.

Felton, A. W.,
Fenno, Thomas L.,
Fletcher, Edwin,
Foley, Bernard,
Foster, Joshua T.,
Foster, Nath'l, Jr.,
Fowle, H. D.,
French, Asa,
French, Henry F.,
French, W. E.,
Frost, George,
Frost, Rufus S.,
Frost, Stiles,
Frothingham, I. H.,
Fuller, W. G.,
Furneaux, Charles,

Gage, Edmund,
Gage, Edwin V.,
Gane, Henry A.,

Cambridgeport.Gardiner,ClaudiusB.
Milton. Gardner, John,

Boston. Garfield, Charles,

" Gaut, S. N.,

" Gay, Samuel S.,

Stoneham. Gerry, Charles F.,

Boston. Gilbert, John,

" Gilbert, Samuel,

Maiden. Gilbert, W. A.,

Andover. Gill, Mrs. E. M.,

Brookline. Gleason, C. W.,

Boston. Gleason, Herbert,

Eyota, Minn. Godbold, G. A.,

Goddard, Thomas,
Cambridgeport. Goodwin, Lester,
Dorchester. Gove, George G.,
Newton ville. Grant, Charles E.,
West Newton. Graves, Frank H.,

Wakefield.
Boston.

Boston.
Rochester.
Boston.
Stoneham.

Brookline.

Gray, Edward,
Gray, John C,
Gray, Wm., Jr.,
Gray, Wm., 3d.,
Greenwood, E. H.,
Grew, Henry,
Guerineau, Louis,

Hadley, T. B.,

West Newton.

Somcrville.

Acton.

Boston.

Medford.

Belmont.

Boston.

Braintree.

Boston.

West Newton.

Chelsea.

West Newton.

Dorchester.

Stoneham.

Melrose.

Bradford.

West Newton.
,West Newbury.
Dedham.
Medford.
Somerville.
Boston.
Hyde Park.
Boston.

Neponset.
Medford.

oston.
Maiden.
Chelsea.
Boston.
Brighton.
Cambridge.
Boston.
West Newton.
Boston.
((

Dorchester.

if

Newton Centre,

Dorchester.

Maiden.

Stoneham.

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

207

Haines, Robert J.,
Haley, Jesse,
Hall, H. H.,
Hall, William T.,
Hamlin, D. A.,
Harris, Miss Ellen M.
Harris, F. L.,
Hartwell, Samuel,
Harwood, Geo. 8.,
Haskell, Edward,
Hatch, Samuel,
Hayes, John L.,
Hay ward Geo. P.,
Hay ward, James T.,
Hazelton, H. L.,
Heath, Geo. W.,
Heustis, Warren,
Hews, Albert H.,
Higbee, C. H.,
Hill, Benj. D.,
Hill, Henry Y.,
Hilliard, George S.,
Hinckley, Mrs. D.F.
Hittinger,Miss M.E.
Hodgdon, R. L.,
Holmes, G. W.,
Howe, Estes,
Howe, Rufus,
Hubbard, J. W.,
Humphrey, G. W.,
Humphrej^ John,
Hj'de, George,

Boston.
Cambridgeport
Lawrence.
Revere.
South Boston.
, Jamaica Plain.
West Needham,
Lincoln.
Newton.
New Bedford.
Boston.
Cambridge.
Hiugham.
Boston.

Melrose.

Belmont.

No. Cambridge.

Salem.

PeabodJ^

Belmont.

Boston.
, Chelsea.
, Belmont.

Arlington.

Boston.

Cambridge.

Marlboro'.

Boston.

Dedham.

Dover.

Charlestowu.

Lang, John H. B.,
.Langworthy, I. P.,
Law, G. A.,
Leavens, E. W.,
Lee, Francis H.,
Lee, Francis L.,
Leeds, Samuel,
Leonard, Joseph,
Lincoln, Calvin A.,
Lincoln, F. W., Jr.,
Livermore, Isaac,

Dorchester.

Chelsea.

Roslindale.

Maiden.

Salem.

Brookline.

South Boston.

Boston.

Hingham.

Boston.

Cambridgeport-

Livermore,Miss Maria, Mt. Auburn.
Locke, B. D., Arlington.

Loring, Charles G., Boston.
Loring, John A., "

Lothrop, D. W., West Medford.
Lothrop, H. A., Sharon.

Lothrop, Thornton K., Boston.
Lowell, John, Newton.

Ireland, George W., Somerville.

Jameson, G. W.,
Johnson, H. A.,
Jones, George H.,
Jones, Moses,
Jordan, Samuel,

East Lexington
Jamaica Plain.
Newton.
Brookline.
Yarmouth.

Kelsey, Fred W., Waverly, N. Y.

Kendall, Jonas, Framingham.

Kennard, Chas. W., Boston.

Kennard, M. P., Brookline.

Kenrick, Miss A. C, Newton.

Kingman, Abuer, Boston.

Lamprell, Simon, Marblehead.

Markoe, G. F. II.,
May, F. W. G.,
McDermott, Andrew
McGee, James B.,
Mclntire, Joseph,
Mclntyre, James,
McLaren, Anthony,
McTear, James,
Mellen, George M.,
Merriam, Galen,
Merriam, Herbert,
Merrick, John M.,
Merrill, J. Warren,
Merrill, S. A.,
Millar, John L.,
• Miller, David,
Mills, William,
Miuot, G. R.,
Minot, William, Jr.,
Mlnton, P. J.,
MTntosh, A. S.,
Morandi, Francis,
Morris, Thomas D.,
Morrison, Hugh,
Morse, E. R.,
Morse, W. A.,
Morton, J. H.,
Murray, Daniel C,

Boston.

Peabod}'.

Melrose.

Maiden.

Forest Hills.

Boston.

Brookline.

West Newton.

Weston.

Walpole.

Cambridgeport.

Danvers.

Boston.

((

Somerville.
Boston.

u

Forest Hills.

Boston.

Maiden.

Boston.

Gloucester.

Somerville.

Boston.

Brookline.

208

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Muzzey, A. B.,

Nichols, B. W.,
Nichols, J. R.,
Northey, Williara,
Norton, P.,
Noyes, George N.,
Nugent, James,

O'Brien, James,
Odiorne, F. H.,
Oldreive, Richard,
Olney, Richard,
Owen, John,

Paine, Benjamin F.,
Palmer, Stevens G.,
Parker, Charles E.,
Parker, Harvey D.,
Parker, James M.,
Parker, John,
Parsons, William,
Parsons, William B.,
Patterson, James,
Payson, Samuel R.,
Perkins, S. C.,
Pettingill, Thos. S.,
Philbrick, Edward S.
Phillips, Nathaniel,
Phjpps, Samuel, Jr.,
Pillsbury, H. H.,
Plimpton, W. P.,
Power, Charles J.,
Pratt, L. G..
Pratt, Samuel,
Preston, Jonathan,
Prince, F. O.,
Putnam, C. A.,
Putnam, Francis,
Putnam, H. W.,

Rand. George C,
Randall, Maccy,
Ranlett, Charles A.,
Ranlett, S. A.,
Ray, Edwin,
Rico, George W.,
Richards, Francis,

Cambridge. Richards, John S., Brookline.
Richardson, E. P., Lawrence.
West Roxbury. Richai'dson, Horace, Framingham.

Haverhill.

Medford.

Boston.

Auburndale.

Boston.

Roberts, Edward,
Rogers, John F.,
Russell, George,

Hyde Park.
Cambridge.
Boston.

Sargent, Wingate P., Melrose.
Saunders, Miss M.T., Salem.

Jamaica Plain. Saville, George,
Maiden. Sawteli, J. M.,

Newton. Schlegel, Adam,

West Roxbury. Scott, A. E.,
Cambridge.

Quincy.

Fitchburg.

Boston.

Lexington.

Allston.

Boston.

Scott, George H.,
Shattuck, F. R.,
Shaughnessy, J. J., "
Shedd, Abraham B., Lexington.
Shedd, Arthur B., "

Shepherd, C. W., West Newton.
Shepherd, Edwin, Lowell.
Sherman, Japhet, Medford.
Simpson, Michael H.,Saxonville.
Sleeper, J. S., Boston.

Smallwood, Thomas, Newton.
Smith, Edmund, Cambridge.
Snow, E. A., Melrose.

Southworth, Edward, Quincy.
Spooner, W. H., West Roxbury.
Sprague, Charles J., Boston.
Squire, J. P., Arlington.

Stanwood, E. How"d,Grantville.

Boston.

a

Auburndale.
Boston.
Charlestown.
Boston.

Rockport.

Cambridge.

Boston.

Dorchester.

Brookline.

, Boston.

Dorchester.

Boston.

Medford.

Wfcst Newton. Starbird, Louis D.

S. Framingham. Stearns, Charles,

West Newton. Stone, Eliphalet,
Stone, Milton J.,
Stone, Samuel G.,

Chelsea.
Boston.
Winchester
Salem.

Maiden.

Brookline.

Dedhara.

Brookline.

Charlestown.

Story, Miss Sarah W., Brighton.

Sullivan, J. L. D.
Swan, C. W.,

Tailby, Joseph,
Newton Centre. Tainter, A. E.,

Sharon.
Billerica.

Melrose.
Boston.

Talbot, Josiah W.,
Tallant, Miss C. L.
Tapper, Thomas,
Taylor. Moses,
Thatcher, L. P.,
Thompson, G. M.,

Somerville.
Boston.

Wellesley.

Medford.

Norwood.

Roxbury.

Canton.

Acton.

Middleboro'.

Waltham.

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

200

Tobey, Miss M. B., Brookline.

Todd, Jacob, Boston.

Torrey, Augustus, Beverly.

Tower, Elisha, Lexingtou.

Trautraan, Martin, Boston.
Tucker, E. G., •'

Turner, N. W., Everett.

Underwood, Wm. J., Belmont.

Vandine, Henry, Cambridgeport
Van Voorhies, H.W., Everett.
Vinton, Mrs. C. A., Boston.

Walker, Charles H.,
Walker, Joseph T.,
Walker, Wm. P.,
Wallis, M. L.,
Wallis, William,
Walsh, M. H.,
Waltham, George,
Ward, Edward A.,
Warren, Samuel D.,
Washburn, E. F.,
Washburn, G.W. C,
Watson, B. M.,
Watson, David,
Webster, J. R.,
Webster, John,
Wellington, Chas. A.

Chelsea.

Boston.

Somerville.

West Koxbury.

Boston.

Brighton.

Nahant.

Cambridge.

Waltham.

Neponset.

Boston.

Plymouth.

Maiden.

Boston.

Salem.

,E. Lexington.

Wellington, Jos. V.,
Wells, Benjamin T.,
Weston, Mrs. L. P.,
Wetherell, John G.,
Wheatland, Henry,
Wheeler,MissAnn C.
Wheildon, Wm. W.,
White, N. B.,
White, T. C,
Whitney, Joel,
Williams, Dudley,
Williams, H. W.,
Williams, Stephen,
Wilmarth, H. D.,
Wilson, B. 0.,
Wilson, Geo. W.,
Wis wall, Artemas,
Wiswall, Henry M.,
Wolcott, Mrs, J. W.,
Wood, Mrs. Anna D.,
Wood, Miss C. S.,
Wood, Edmund M.,
Wood, E. W.,
Woodbury, Chas.,
Woodford, Jos. H.,

Young, Thos., Jr.,
Young, William,

Zirngiebel, D.,

Cambridge.
Boston.
Danvers.
Boston.
Salem.

, Cambridgeport.
Concord.
Norwood.
Charlestown.
Winchester.
Jamaica Plain.
Boston.

Jamaica Plain.

Watertown.

Maiden.

Newton.

Watertown.

Boston.

West Newton.

Boston.
West Newton.
Beverly.
Newton.

Somerville.
Fall River.

Needham.

EXTRACTS FKOM THE BY-LAWS

SECTION XXVI.— Life Members.

The payment of thirty dollars shall constitute a Life Membership, and
exempt the member from all future assessments ; and any member, having
once paid an admission fee, may become a Life Member by the payment
of twenty dollars in addition thereto.

SECTION XXVII. — Admission Fee^Ind Annual Assessment.

Every subscription member, before he receives his Diploma, or exer-
cises the privileges of a member, shall pay the sum of ten dollars as an

210 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

admission fee, and shall be subject afterwards to an annual assessment of
two dollars.

SECTION XXIX. — Discontinuance of Membership.

Any member who shall neglect for the space of two years to pay his
annual assessment shall cease to be a member of the Society ; and the
Treasurer shall erase his name from the List of Members.

The attention of Annual Members is particularly called to Section
XXIX.

CONTENTS.

Business Meeting, May 6, 1876; Present from W. Gray, Jr., p. 3; Election

of Members, 3; Letter from Dr. Kirtland, ....
Business Meeting, June 3; Committee on Gardens, p. 4; Election of

Members, .........

Business Meeting, July 1 ; Decease of L. Van Houtte,

Business Meeting, August 5; Committee on Nominations, .

Business Meeting, September 2; Invitations to the Society, i>. 7; Election

of Members, ........

Business Meeting, October 7; Annual Election, pp. 7, 8; Election of

Members, .........

Business Meeting, November 4; Committee for Establishing Prizes, p. 8

Appropriatioi^ recommended, 8; Testimonial to E. S. Rand, Jr., 8

Decease of John Eisk Allen, ......

Business Meeting, December 2; Prospective Prizes, p. 10; Reports of

Committees read, ........

Business Meeting, December 9; Reports of Executive Committee, p. 11

Prospective Prizes, 11, 12; Reports of Committees read, .
Report OF THE Committee on Plants and Flowers, p. 15; Prizes and

Gratuities awarded, .......

Report of the Committee on Fruits, p. 85; Prizes and Gratuities

awarded, .........

Report of the Committee on Vegetables, p. 130; Prizes and Gra

tuities awarded, ........

Report of the Comotttee on Gardens, ....

Report of the Committee on Publication and Discussion, .
Report of the Secretary, ......

Report of the Committee op Arrangements,

Report of the Library Committee, p. 159; Library Accessions,

Report of the Treasurer, ......

Report of the Finance Committee, .....

Mount Auburn Cemetery, ......

Report of the Committee on the Centennial,

Officers and Standing Committees for 1877,

Members of the Society; Honorary, p. 189; Corresponding, 193; For

Life, 198; Annual, ........

Page.

4

4—6

6

99

134
152
154
156
157
161
173
174
177
183
187

205

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

Passacl^tts Jor&ttltaral ^addi

FOR THE YEAR 1877.

PART I.

BOSTON :
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY,

1877

The Committee on Publication and Discussion take this oppor-
tunity to repeat what they have heretofore stated, that the Society
is not to be held responsible for the certainty of the statements or
the correctness of the opinions expressed in the papers and dis-
cussions now or before published, but undertakes only to present
these papers and discussions, or the substance of them, correctly.
The award of a prize for an Essay is not to be understood as
implying that the Committee approve it in every particular, but
only that they believe it calculated, on the whole, to promote the
science or art of Horticulture.

William C. Strong, Chairman.

TRANSACTIONS

^^mutlnmiH "§mtm\tm^\ ^o(utj».

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, January 6, 1877.

A duly notified stated meeting was holden at 1 1 o'clock, President
Parkman in the chair.

The President read the following address.

Address of President Parkman.

During the last year the working of the body of laws, adopted
in the year that preceded, has been put to the test. The result
has been all that could be wished. The new order of things seems
to have given universal satisfaction. The advantages of the most
important change, that affecting the powers and functions of the
Executive Committee, are beginning, at length, to be recognized.
This Committee, composed, in part, of persons in whom the
Society has placed its highest confidence, and on whom it has
conferred its highest offices ; and in part of persons chosen by it
for this special purpose, and subject to removal by its annual vote,
supphes a want which has long been felt. The duty of the Com-
mittee is not only to watch over the interests of the Society, and
make such suggestions as its welfare may seem to require, but also
to receive the complaints of members, consider all causes of dis-
satisfaction which may be brought before it, and take such action
as may best promote general harmony and good feeling. It provides
members with a source of relief from grievances which hitherto
have had no means of redress.

6 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Another important change embodied in the new By-Laws is that
which opens the prizes of the Society to general competition. The
result of this provision has been precisely what was expected by its
originators. No perceptible change has taken place in the distri-
bution of prizes. Now, as heretofore, they are won by our own
members ; and they will continue to be so ; for with us the admis-
sion to membership is so easy, and its burdens so light, that those
who have the inclination to compete for our prizes will soon seek
to enroll themselves among us. At the same time, the stigma of
illiberality, which a Society endowed like ours can ill atford to bear,
has been completely removed.

During the ten years past we have made a growth as rapid as it
is healthy, and we still continue to make it. The discussions on
horticultural subjects, which are one of its most marked indications,
have never been better attended, or more interesting than during
the last winter and spring, and their value has been widely recog-
nized in this and in other countries. A conspicuous improvement
has taken place in our winter exhibitions, which a few years ago
could hardl}'' be said to exist. Display's were made last winter so
admirable that they might almost dispute the palm with those of
summer ; and they had the advantage of being accessible to a class
of persons who are apt to be absent from town during the usual
exhibition season. The summer displays, in spite of the heat and
drought, were fully equal to those of former years ; and at some
points they were superior. The show of specimen roses, in par-
ticular, was never before so fine ; and the show of fruit was, in
some departments, unusually good.

In the autumn of 1875, an experiment was tried with results so
unsatisfactory that it was not thought expedient to repeat it. All
our members, with their families, were invited to join in a dinner,
the cost of which was borne mainly by the Society, the guests
contributing but a fraction. To make it wholly free to so many
persons would have involved an unsupportable expense ; so few,
however, applied for the tickets that a failure would have taken
place had not a considerable number been purchased and distributed
gratuitously by a few individual members. In view of this imperfect
success, the annual entertainment of last autumn was restricted to
the usual simple dinner to those who had given time and labor to
the official work of the year.

Our general prosperity is not without one shadow. The report

PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS REPORTS MADE. 7

of the Treasurer will show a deficit, arising parti}' from the general
depression of business, causing a serious reduction in the rents of
our halls, and partly from the entire failure of the dividend from
Mount Auburn, which was once the main source of our income.
Such failure has never happened before, and let us hope that it will
not happen again. The reduction of our income is not relatively
greater than that of many other institutions, and it is far less than
that of some. Meanwhile, we can comfort ourselves with the
assurance that we are in a condition to bear it better than any
other horticultural society in America, if we but recognize the
inevitable fact, and adapt ourselves to it by careful husbanding of
the resources which remain.

The following appropriations, recommended by the Executive
Committee, were voted :

For Prizes for Plants and Flowers, .... $3,000

" " " Fruits, 1,900

" " " Vegetables, 1,000

" " " Gardens, 200

$6,100
For Testimonial to Edward S. Rand, Jr., Ex-Recording
Secretary, agreeably' to the report of the Special
Committee on that subject, ..... 100

For the Library Committee, for the purchase of magazines
and newspapers, binding of books, and incidental
expenses of the Committee, .... 300

For the Conunittee on Publication and Discussion, . . 250

E. W. Buswell read his Annual Report as Treasurer, including
the Report of the Finance Coimnittee, which was accepted and
referred to the Committee on Publication.

William C. Strong, Chairman of the Committee on Publication
and Discussion, read the Annual Report of that Conunittee, which
was accejited and referred back to the Committee. Messrs. Strong
and Muzzey, of the Committee, also announced the arrangements
for the Meetings for Discussion, during the winter, including lectures
by Prof. George L. Goodale, of Harvard University, who kindly
volunteered his services, and several other scientific gentlemen.

Robert Manning read his Annual Report as Secretary, which
was accepted and referred to the Committee on Publication.

8 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

On motion of E, S. Rand, Jr., it was voted to postpone the
consideration of the offers of Prospective Prizes for one week.

W. C. Strong, Chairman of the Committee on Publication and
Discussion, announced that a meeting would be held on the next
Saturday, at 12 o'clock, when it was expected that a Prize Essay
on the Culture of the Melon and Squash would be read.

Adjourned to Saturday, January 13.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, January 13, 1877.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock.
The President and Vice-Presidents being absent, William C. Strong
was chosen President pro tern.

Mr. Strong, as Chairman of the Committee appointed April 1,
1876, to take into consideration the recommendations concerning
the Society's Herbarium, in the paper read by the Professor of
Botany, reported that while the Committee appreciated the remarks
of the gentlemen who spoke in favor of these recommendations,
they were of the opinion that in the present financial condition of
the Society it was inexpedient to take any action, and asked to be
discharged. The report was accepted, and the Committee was
discharged.

It was then voted to take up the matter of Prospective Prizes,
and after a full discussion by C. M. Hovey, J. B. Moore, E. S. Rand,
Jr., W. C. Strong, N. B. White, William Gray, Jr., M. H. Merriam,
R. Manning, and F. W. Kelsey, the following votes were passed :

Voted, That it is the sense of the Societ}^ that in the offer of
Prospective Prizes, the words "a public trial of three [or five]
years" should be changed to "atrial satisfactory to the several
committees."

Voted, That as the Schedule of Prizes for 1877 is already
published, this construction shall be applied to the present 3'^ear.

Voted, That the respective committees be instructed to recom-
mend all awards of Prospective Prizes to the Society, for approval,
on the first Saturday in December, of each year, and that all such

SQUASH AND MELON CULTUIIE. 9

awards shall be made b}^ the several committees subject to such
approval.

Adjourned to the first Saturday in February.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

The Chairman uitroduced J. W. Pierce, of West Millbury, Mass.,
who read the following Essay, for which a prize had been awaixled
b}' the Committee on Discussion :

Squash and Melon Culture.

BY J. W. PIERCE.

Squashes.

The squash is one of the most important of our garden vegetables.
It has been greatly improved within a few 3'ears, and is rapidly
gaining in public favor. In old times the common pumpkin was
used where squashes are now. Then not onl^^ pies were made of
pumpkins, but they were boiled and served for the table ; but how
they must have tasted compared with the Hubbard or Butman squash
of to-day ! I do not know of any plant which will produce so much
good, wholesome food for man or beast from an acre of land as the
squash, unless we except the cabbage, and b}^ the American people
the former is deemed vastly superior for the table.

The origin and early history of the squash seem to be shrouded
in mystery, mainly owing to the readiness with which the different
varieties intermix with each other and with the pumpkin. Indeed
the distinction between a squash and a pumpkin is very indefinite ;
we all know a squash from a pumpkin, yet it is difficult to define
the diflJerence, and reall}^ there is more difference in flavor and looks
between different varieties of squashes than between some kinds of
squashes and some kinds of pumpkins. The squash belongs to the
same family with the pumpkin, watermelon, cucumber, and musk-
melon. These are all annual plants of the natural order, Cucurbi-
tacece, or Gourd family, which is of a tropical or subtropical origin.
2

10 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Different varieties of squashes and pumpkins seem to come from
different countries, yet, with a few exceptions of recent introduction,
we know very little about their origin. Prof. Asa Gray, says :
" The pumpkin was cultivated by the North American Indians, be-
fore the coming of the whites." He also says : " The orange and
egg gourd grows wild in Texas, and is probably the original of all
this group."

It seems to me that the pumpkin might have originated from the
gourd, and the squash from the pumpkin. The fact that the gourd
is more vigorous and productive than the pumpkin, and that the
pumpkin is more vigorous than the squash, seems to indicate this
order of improvement. It is a well established fact that the farther
from the original an animal or plant is carried by domestication and
improvement, the less vigor it has, and certainl}^ our best squashes
have less constitution and vigor than the pumpkin, and the pump-
kin less than the wild gourd.

Selecting the Soil. The first step in order to raise a paying crop
of squashes, is to select a soil suited to the crop, for without the
right soil it is useless to waste time, seed, and manure. The squash
requires a rich, warm soil, — such a soil as will- produce seventy-
five bushels of corn per acre. It should be a strong loam, without
too much sand, or too heavy with clay, yet it would be better to be
quite light than heavy and cold. As a general rule squashes grown
on light, warm land are not so large, but are more solid, keep
better, and are of better flavor than those grown on low or cold
land. A side-hill with a southern aspect is preferable, especially
when one's land is late and cold. It is useless to attempt to grow
squashes on cold or wet land, for, like corn, they are very sensitive
to cold, and will not grow in the shade, or where the land is satu-
rated with water. Squashes may be grown either on inverted sods,
or on old tillage land, but I prefer the sod land, because it is freer
from weeds and bugs than old land.

Preparing the Soil. Having selected a suitable soil, how shall
we prepare it for planting? If old tillage land, I would plough it
in the fall, and again in the spring plough and harrow just before
planting ; but if green sward is to be planted, plough and harrow
late in May, as near planting time as possible, so as to avoid the
weeds, which will start before the squashes, if the land lies un-
worked long before planting. Then again by ploughing grass just
before planting, we turn under a light crop of green grass which

SQUASH AND MELON CULTURE. 11

will help to rot the sod aud make the soil hght and porous ; this I
consider very desirable, because the squash vine must have warmth
aud air in order to thrive.

Manure and its Application. The squash is a gross feeder, and
delights in an abundance of nitrogenous manure. All kinds of
manure seem to agree with it excepting kelp, salt fish, and other
manures containing salt. The squash is very rich in nitrogenous
substances and consequently requires nitrogenous manures, while it
does not need so much phosphoric acid as the cereals. I have
found hen manure the best fertilizer I could apply to squashes. It
is very heating and is rich in nitrogen. I find by experiment that
home-made superphosphate will grow better corn than hen manure,
while the hen manure, will grow double the amount of squashes
that the superphosphate will. As a general rule, the more manure
we appl}' to squashes, the larger crop we obtain. I have never
found a limit to the profitable application of manure to squashes ;
of course there is such a limit, but it is very seldom reached. The
more manure we apply the surer we are of a crop in spite of a pos-
sible drought, for well-manured squashes will flourish, while others,
growing on a short allowance of this indispensable article, will wilt
and dry up ; indeed, we need not fear the drought, with good land,
plenty of manure, and thorough cultivation. The past season I ap-
plied eight cords of green manure from under the cow stable, spread
on, and a shovelful of dr}' hen manure in each hill ; and I would
recommend more rather than less. Great care must be taken in
covering the manure in the hill, as hen manure, or other strong
nitrogenous manures will destroy the seed if they come in contact
with it. It will not be safe to rely on kicking the dirt over the
manure with the foot, but a ver}^ much better way is to have a
man go ahead with a hoe, to press the manure down and cover it
with an inch of fine earth. Guano, night-soil, or well rotted stable
manure may be used with good success. If stable manure is used,
I would apply not less than three or four shovelfuls in each hill.
We must have manure enough to warm the soil and give the plants
a good start, so as to drive them ahead of the bugs. The roots of
a squash vine run ver}^ close to the surface, and consequently we
should apply the manure at the surface and work it in very lightly.
It is also best to apply part broadcast and a part in the hill, for
that in the hill will give the plants an earl}^ start, di-i-\ang them
ahead of the bugs, while that applied broadcast will help to sustain

12 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the \diies after the roots have got beyond the hill, and will also be
found b}- the little roots which grow from each joint after the vine
begins to run.

When shall we Plant ? This depends on the season ; but a safe
rule will be to plant as soon as cherry trees begin to blossom. The
squash needs the whole season of warm weather to perfect itself,
and should be planted as soon as the ground is warm and dry. It
is better to plant too early than too late, for when planted too
earl}^, we only lose the seed, and can plant over again. In ordi-
nary seasons the fifteenth of May is none too earl}-.

Planting the Seed. Having ploughed the land, and worked a
good dressing of manure into the surface soil, the rows should be
marked out seven or eight feet apart each way, and a slight hole,
large enough to hold the manure below the surface, should be
made. I find seven feet about the right distance apart, and better
than a greater distance, as missing hills will be covered by the vines
from other hills, making a more even field. Press the manure
down level and cover it with an inch of fine earth, and drop six or
seven seeds in each hill, taking care to spread them evenly over the
hill, and cover, if the soil is moist, onl}' one inch deep, but if dry,
one and a half inches is better, I do not like to press the soil over
the seed unless it is ver}^ dry or sand}', for pressing moist soil
makes it cake, and obstiiicts the tender plant in coming up.

Thinning out the Plants in the Hills. As soon as the plants get
a good vigorous start, with five or six leaves on them, they should
be thinned to three or four in a hill, depending somewhat on the
number in the surrounding hills. Where there are missing hills
those around may be left thicker so as to cover the vacancy. I
know I am recommending very much thicker planting than most
writers on squash culture, but I am convinced it is best to leave a
good stand of plants, making some allowance for loss by insect
enemies. I also fail to see the disadvantage of too thick planting,
as some do. I like to have the ground covered so as not to give the
weeds a chance, and so that the leaves may be some protection to
the fruit against an early frost, which may take us b}' surprise.
When I began to raise squashes I thinned a good deal closer than
I do now, and the ))ugs thinned closer still, which made the crop
quite light sometimes. It is better to have too many vines than
not enough.

Hoeing and after Cultivatio7i. As soon as the plants appear

SQUASH AND MELON CULTURE. 13

above ground, the}' should be cultivated out, and the soil loosened
around them with a hoe. After this, keep the cultivator and hoe
going often, so as to keep the soil light and the weeds down. It
is ver}^ important to hoe and cultivate often at first, so as to get
the land clean before the vines begin to run. Then they should be
cultivated and hoed for the last time, drawing the soil around the
roots in a broad, flat hill, but not very high. I like to have the
vines covered for a little distance, as I think it makes them
stronger, and is something of a protection from the borers. It will
be found better for the crop, to keep out of the field after the vines
cross the rows, even if the weeds do grow, for moving the vines will
be of more injury than the weeds. It is better to get the land so
clean before the vines run that the squashes will keep ahead of the
weeds.

How to Protect Squashes from their Enemies. The greatest diffi-
culty in raising squashes is to protect them from the insect enemies,
which continually attack them, from the time the leaves appear
above ground until the fruit is ripe. But they can be protected by
constant care and attention, and no one who is not willing to give
them this, should attempt to raise squashes. By this I do not
mean that they need to have a great amount of labor performed on
them daily, but that thej'' should be watched closely, to see if they
are doing well. As soon as the leaves are seen above ground, they
should be watched for the appearance of the striped bug ; and as
soon as he is found, the plants should be dusted over with plaster
in the morning when the dew is on, or immediately after a rain, while
they are yet wet, so that the plaster will stick to the leaves. This
should be repeated ever}' few days and after every rain, which will
wash it off", until the bugs leave, or the vines are too large for them
to injure. The most expeditious way to do this is to go through
the field with a pail of plaster and a hand sieve or dredging box,
such as we kill potato beetles with, and shake the plaster over the
vines. It will take but little if applied in this way. Ashes, air-
slacked lime, or fine earth, will answer, but are not so good as
plaster. I have also tried sulphur, but cannot recommend it, as it
seems to poison the vines. About the time the third or fourth leaf
is out, the black bug will appear, usually in pairs — two, four, six, or
more on a hill. They are found around the stalk at the surface of
the ground, and often cut it oflTin a few days. These are the old
bugs which have survived the winter, in a dormant state, hidden

14 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

awa}' under old rubbish, in stone heaps and similar places. This
is the most critical time in the growth of the squash, and if it is
neglected now so as to allow these bugs to lay their eggs for a new
crop of bugs, we may as well give up the squash patch at once, for
it wnll be impossible to raise a good crop of squashes if the vines
are covered with black bugs. The only successful warfare we can
wage against them is to kill these old bugs before they lay their
eggs. This can be expeditiously done by placing a shingle on the
ground close to the vines of each hill, although every other hill will
be enough usually, as they will leave the hills which have no shingle
for those that have. Having placed the shingles, go round every
morning with a pail, and brush the bugs, which are on the under
side of the shingle, into the pail, and scald or burn them. If faith-
fully applied, this will be a sure cure for the black bug scourge, but
it must be followed up closel}', until the vines run, or enough will
escape to perpetuate the race and destroy the crop of squashes.

Wilting Squash Vines. The question is often asked, "What
makes my squash vines wilt and die when nearly grown ? " This
may be the result of a variet}^ of causes ; often a borer which is
eating out the inside of the stem. Of these borers there are said to
be two or more kinds. They are hatched from eggs laid b}^ an in-
sect on the vine near the root. When the borer is at work his
presence may be detected b}^ his excrements, which will be seen at his
place of entrance near the root, or at a joint. The vine may be split
open and the borers removed, and if well covered with moist earth
may sometimes be restored. Mr. Warner, of Sunderland, reported
at one of the meetings of the State Board of Agriculture that he
was successful in destroying the borer by the application of tobacco
to the roots of the vine. In my experience with squashes I have
never been able to find a borer, but have, in a few instances, found
maggots eating up the roots of waiting vines. Not being able to
find tlie borer, I have been led to look for other causes, and have
come to the conclusion that the black bug is oftener the cause of
the mischief than most people are aware of. By following these
wilting vines to their source, a few black bugs will often be found
on the under side of the leaves, near the roots. Sometimes no bugs
will be found, but a few dry leaves will tell that they have been
doing the mischief l)ut have left. I believe these black bugs are
the cause of four-fifths of all the wilting of squash vines. The black
bug seems to be very poisonous to the squash. They often attack

SQUASH AND MELON CULTURE. 15

a nearlj' mature squash and it soon wilts and rots, and the presence
of a few on the leaves of a vine near the root seems to poison the
entire vine and often causes its death. Several years ago I lost an
acre of squashes in this wa}^, after the fruit was set, and some of it
nearly grown. It all rotted and was an entire failure. When the
vines are wilting from this cAuse, I think the best remedy is, to go
into the field, hunt them up, and destroy them. This may be
done by making a pair of paddles of shingles and squeezing the
bugs between them, care being taken not to injure the vines.

Woodchucks are often very destructive to squashes. Killing
them with dog, gun, and traps seems to be the only remedy.
Smoking them out with brimstone and putting poisoned apples into
their holes have been recommended, but I have never tried these
methods.

Harvesting and Marketing the Crop. The ripening of a squash,
if of a soft stemmed variety, is indicated by the shrivelling and dry-
ing up of the stem where it joins the squash. As a squash ripens,
its upper surface assumes a deeper color ; the green colored ones
turn brownish on top, and the yellow kinds turn to a dark yellow or
orange color ; the hard shell kinds harden. As fast as they ripen it
is best to gather and market, if there is a fair demand for them with
remunerative prices, as they seldom pay for the care, extra labor,
and loss by decay, when stored. The earlier they are sold, the
better price thej^ will usually bring, unless kept until midwinter.
The weather should be closely watched so as to anticipate the first
frost in season to gather the remainder of the crops into heaps, or
into a shed where they may be protected from frost. When first
gathered avoid piling them on top of each other as much as possible,
as they are apt to rot where they touch, when piled before they are
ripe, but let them lie spread out where they will dry and ripen, out
of danger of frost.

Keeping Winter Squashes. Keeping squashes in winter seems to
be attended with considerable diflSiculty. They cannot be kept
where it is damp, as in most cellars, or where frost can reach them,
nor will they keep so well where it is ver^^ warm. The best condi-
tions for keeping them seem to be where the air is cool and drj^,
yet safe from frost. An attic chamber until winter ; then a closet
near the chimney where the frost cannot reach, or the temperature
does not rise very high, is the best most families can command.
Extensive market gardeners often keep them in houses built for the

.16 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

purpose, where thej can maintain an even temperature by the aid
of fires and ventilation.

Saving the Seed. Great care should be taken to save seed only
from perfect specimens, which are up to the standard requirements
of their kind, and as much superior as possible. When two or more
kinds are planted near together the seed should not be saved, as
the product will be only mongrels, owing to the readiness with
which they mix. But it is better to plant each variety by itself ;
and to save our own seed, for the squash can be wonderfully im-
proved by good cultivation and careful selection of seed. I do not
believe in changing seed, for the sake of a change. I have some
varieties of squashes, the seed of which I would not exchange with
any one, and I take great care to keep them pure. The seed of a
squash should not be saved unless the quality and flavor prove sat-
isfactory at the table. When thoroughly dry, the seed should be
carefull}^ marked with the name of the variety and the year. The
special characteristics of the specimen, if it has any, should also
be marked, as extra dry, extra sweet, or very large.

The Future Improvement of the Squash. Although the squash
has been wonderfully improved of late 3'ears, I do not think it has
reached perfection. Indeed, I believe it ma}" be improved more in
the future than it has been in the past. The wonderful success of
Mr. Butman in hybridizing, by which he produced the variety which
l)ears his name, is an encouraging sign of future improvement. Yet
good as his new squash is, I do not consider it perfect. I believe
a squash may be produced as sweet and dr}' as a sweet potato,
with as hard a shell as the Hubbard or the Butman, with as deli-
cate a color as the Butman when served for the table, and as thick
meated and productive as the American Turban. Certainly we
have no such squash now. Who will be the one to produce it, and
thereby immortalize his name ?

Feeding Squashes to Stock. The squash is ver}- rich in flesh and
fat-forming elements, consequentl}^ it is a valuable food for stock,
and all the waste of the crop should be carefully saved and fed.
The specked and green ones, boiled up and mixed with meal and
shorts, make excellent food for swine and poultry, and cut up raw
they are valuable for cows and 3'oung stock. When feeding them
to hens, and cows giving milk, the seeds should be removed, as
they have a diuretic effect, which tends to dry up the millf, and
cause hens to cease laying. I think squashes are worth half as
much a ton to feed as good hay.

SQUASH AND MELON CULTURE. 17

Varieties.
i. summer squashes.

Summer CrooTcnecJc. This is very early, productive, and of fine
flavor, and is tlie standard for an early kind.

Yelloiv, and Wliite Bush Scalloped. These two varieties are
alike, excepting in color, and are early, scallop-shaped varie-
ties. They are extensively cultivated at the south, for shipping
north. In New England they are not as popular as the Summer
Crookneck.

II. FALL AND EARLY WINTER SQUASHES.

The American Turban stands at the head of this class. It is the
largest and most productive squash I know, excepting the mam-
moth varieties, which I do not consider much better than the pump-
kin. Some specimens are as sweet and dry as the Hubbard, and
the flesh is usually finer grained and of a better color, being of a
bright orange, and free from green streaks. It is not as uniform
in quality as some kinds, some specimens being light colored, insipid
and watery, l3ut when you get a good one you have a superior table
squash.

They are a soft-skinned varietj', of 3'ellow color, in fonn some-
what like a peck measure, with a pecuhar acorn-shaped mark at the
cal^'x. In some specimens this acorn is quite prominent, standing
out boldl}' from the squash. In selecting seed of this variet}', I
have alwa3S discarded those in which the acorn stood out very
much, yet I would have the mark quite distinct, but not veiy prom-
inent.

Cocoa-nut Squash. This is an excellent little squash. It is
very prolific and grows somewhat in clusters, but the fniit is so
small — about the size of a cocoa-nut — that the weight of the
crop is quite hght. It is the handsomest of all the squashes, being
spotted all over — one end bright yellow and orange, the other dark
and light green, the division between green and yellow being even
and straight around the squash, giving it the appearance of parts
of two different colored squashes joined together. The flesh is fine
grained, sweet, and very diy, and of excellent flavor. It is too
small for general cultivation, but for small families, which cannot use
the whole of a large squash at once, it is more desu-able than if it
were larger.
3

18 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

Boston Marrow. This is a very popular fall squash, of a bright
orange color, and is probably more extensivel}'^ raised by market
gardeners than any other variety. I do not lilve it, and do not con-
sider it worthy of cultivation as compared with the Turban.

in. WINTER SQUASHES.

Hubbard. This is the standard winter squash. Pure, well-
ripened specimens are of a brownish green color, with a shell of
flinty hardness. The flesh is very sweet and dry. It is an excel-
lent keeper, and is too well known to need any extended descrip-
tion.

Butman. This is a new squash introduced b}^ Mr. Gregory, in
1875. It is a hybrid, originated by Mr. Butman, of Maine, and
was produced by crossing the Hubbard with the Yokohama, and
certainly is an acquisition. I consider it the best winter squash 3'et
produced. The Hubbard is the standard at the present time ; but
there are some points in the Butman which I think are an improve-
ment on the Hubbard. It is sweeter and finer grained ; hand-
somer and more attractive. The outside is of a beautiful green
with white spots, and the flesh is a sort of lemon color ; being
lighter and more delicate than the Hubbard, or most of the popular
sorts, and entirely free from those green streaks which are found in
the flesh of the Hubbard, next to the shell, and which injure its
appearance when served for the table. The shell is as hard as the
hardest Hubbard, and when quite ripe is often somewhat warty.
It seems to be a little later than the Hubbard ; the vines remaining
green after the other kinds are dead. They do not grow quite so
large as the Hubbard, but they set more thickly on the vines, and
will probably produce as much weight per acre. My largest
specimens this year weighed ten pounds, with the same cultivation
as produced specimens of the Hubbard weighing eighteen pounds.
The Butman may be called a pure bred squash, being remarkably
unifomi in color and quality, proving it to be a variety of established
purity, which it is diflicult to obtain in the squash family, and which,
when attained, requires great care to preserve.

Marblehead. This is a new squash, introduced a few years since
by Mr. Gregory. When ripe it is covered with a hard shell similar
to the Hubbard, but of a bluish green color. It grows a little
larger than the Hubbard, and the flesh is brighter colored and freer
from green streaks, with a flavor very much the same. I have tried

SQUASH AND MELON CULTURE. 19

it but do not like it, and have abandoned its cultivation. It is too
late, and has too many seeds and too little flesh, being almost as
seedy as a pumpkin.

Yokohama. This is a variety from Japan ; it is flattish in shape,
deeply ribbed, and greenish colored, tm-ning yellow when quite ripe.
It is recommended as a good squash but I have never tried it.

Winter Crookyieck. This is an old fashioned squash ; it is
excellent for pies, one of the best of keepers, and still has its
friends ; but I do uot consider it as worthy of general cultivation.

Melons.

The cultivation of melons is very much the same as that of
squashes. Yet there are some points of difference which should be
briefly noticed.

Melons require a warmer and lighter soil than squashes. They
will grow on poorer land if it is only early and warm. The manure
should be mostly applied in the hill, and of a more heating nature
than for squashes, while they will not require so much spread on.
All green, coarse manure should be avoided, as it will produce
too much vine and delay the setting of the fruit too long. Use
hen manure, guano, animal fertilizer, or composted night soil and
stable manure. The}' should be planted nearer together than
squashes — five feet apart being about right. They will not bear so
deep planting as squashes — from three-quarters of an inch to an
inch and a half is deep enough. Plant ten or twelve seeds in each
hill, and thin to half that number. Watermelon seeds should be
soaked in warm water two days before planting, to hasten ger-
mination, as they are very slow about coming up.

When one's soil is cold, melons may sometimes be raised by
filling a large hole with compost, and covering it with soil, in which
half its bulk of sand is mixed. A little sand used this way will
help them very much. Frequent cultivation and hoeing is very
essential, in order to hasten their growth.

Wlien Should the Fruit be Gathered ? This is a very important
matter, for a green melon is worthless, and they will spoil very soon
after the}^ are ripe. The ripening of muslauelons may be readily
detected by the change of color, and by the separation of the stem
from the fruit, if ripe ; but if green it will hold quite strongly, and
finally ))reak if forced. It is more diflScult to tell when a water-
melon is ripe, but an experienced grower will readily detect the ripe

20 MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ones by the sound they give when rapped upon. Green water-
melons sound hard and solid, while a ripe one has a dull, hollow
sound, but this is one of the things that must be learned by practice.
The varieties of melons are almost endless, but the following are
a few of the most popular sorts.

MUSKMELONS.

Casdba. A very large, deeply ribbed and oblong shaped melon.
The flesh is greenish colored, very sweet, and of superior flavor. It
is the best muskmelon I have ever raised. I consider it worthy of
general cultivation.

Ward's Nectar. This is a small round melon. It is very sweet
and of delicious flavor.

Yellow Cantaloupe. A medium sized, round melon. The out-
side is 3'ellow and slightly ribbed, while the flesh is salmon colored
and has more of the peculiar musk flavor than most kinds. It is
quite early.

Green Citron. This is a round melon, deeply netted with green ;
flesh of rich, delicious flavor.

SiWs Hybrid is a very early and sweet melon ; flesh salmon
colored and of excellent flavor.

"Watermelons.

Phinney's. This is an oblong shaped melon ; the outside is spot-
ted, but quite dark colored. It is very solid, and the seeds are
white excepting at the eye. The flesh is bright red, very sweet and
juicy, with a very thin rind. It is very productive and worthy of
general cultivation.

Mountain Sweet is an old standard sort. It is long shaped, dark
green, with dark seeds. The flesh is sweet, solid, and delicious.

Mountain Sprout is a large, long, striped variety, with drab
colored seeds. It is very productive and sweet.

Black Spanish. This is a dark green, small, round melon, very
sugary ; it is recommended for private gardens.

Sculptured Seeded Watermelon. A new variety from Japan. It
is round, dark green, and of medium size. The flesh is cream
colored and very sweet. The seeds are dark colored, with singular
marks on them, resembling Oriental characters.

SQUASH AND MELON CULTURE. 21

Discussion.

O. B. Hadwen said that he had been much interested in the de-
scription of new varieties. He agreed with the essayist in regard to
the depredations of insects, but he would pinch off the heads of the
black bugs instead of collecting the bugs in a pail.

Mr. Pierce said that the bugs would not crawl out of the pail.
It was thought by some that the odor caused by crushing them in
the field would attract more bugs ; for this reason he preferred to
carry them off the field and scald or burn them. He did not
doubt the existence of the borer, though he had never been able to
find one himself. He had never tested the Butman squash before
the last 3'ear, and, although his Hnbbards were rotting some, he had
found no specked Butmans.

Mr. Hadwen said that the black bug lays its eggs in clusters on
the under side of the leaf, where they hatch in a few weeks. Before
being hatched they may easity be destroyed by pinching them, thus
diminishing the number of insects the following season and prevent-
ing injury to the squashes in the autiunn. This bug often punctures
the vines near the surface of the ground, thereby destroying them.
The borer has never given much trouble in Worcester county.

E. W. Buswell said his experience had been that the black bug-
injured the foliage.

John B. Moore thought that there would be but little difficulty in
raising squashes, if we could get rid of the insects. Among other
insects which infest them is the blue louse, which is found on the
roots sucking out the juices. He had seen a short, white grub in
the vine.

George Hill said that different locations would require different
treatment. He was doubtful whether the black bug did as much
injury as it is reported to do. He had seen a whole field cut down
by the borer. Some years, with the utmost pains, j'ou cannot get a
good crop of squashes. He manures broadcast, but more heavily in
the places where the hills are to be. The roots will run twice the
length of the vines ; the}' are gross feeders, and will be sure to find
the manure.

He found it difficult to keep the varieties pure. He could select
seed of the Mountain Sprout watermelon so as to bring it to the
Black Spanish, and vice versa. He had selected the seed of a green
flesh melon, originally from New York, so as to bring it a fortnight
earlier, but while doing this the quality deteriorated. The musk-

22 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

melon also can be gi'own in any direction ; he had got one up to
thirty-seven and a half pounds, and three weighed a hundred pounds.
These did not deteriorate. The case is the same with all vegeta-
bles, and Mr. Hill thought that sufficient attention was not paid to
the selection of seed.

Mr. Pierce said that the method of manuring recommended by
him was adopted because his soil required heat. He did not mean
to say there was any connection between the borer and the black
bug, but only to say that they both produce the same eflect. He
had noticed hills wilting when there were no bugs to be seen on
them, but he usuall}^ found dry leaves near the root, which indicated
that the}^ had been there. He thought half a dozen black bugs
would make a vine that had run ten feet, wilt. He never found a
vine that had been attacked by black bugs that did not wilt in a
hot sun.

J. S. Richards had found, in every instance where vines wilted,
some trouble at the root — either blue lice, or rust, or some other
cause of injury to the health of the plant. The cause might be in
the manure.

E. W. Buswell suggested that a vine growing in a manure heap
often produced more squashes than half a dozen vines in the field,
so that the injury could hardly be from the manure. Perhaps the
vines were attacked by microscopic insects.

Mr. Richards did not believe that you could give a squash too
much manure, if of the right kind ; but thought the plants might
be injured by unsuitable manure. Maggots might do mischief, but
he had always found the root diseased.

Mr. Pierce had found small white n:iaggots at the roots of vines.
A vigorous vine might survive the attacks of the black bug for
some time.

Mr. Hill said that of late years he had paid no attention to the
l)lack bug, but that he did make a business of examining his vines
for borers two or three times a week. He found them by cutting,
and had sometimes traced them for a foot. He put dry earth over
the wounds, and if a quarter of the stem was left the vine would
grow and heal ; if covered with wet earth it would rot. He had
had fields where the borers were as plenty as ever were seen, and
no vines wilted. If the black bug was not poisonous to the vine,
he did not think the sap drawn out by them would injure it. He
had seen young vines attacked by the black bug, which continued
to grow vigorously and ripen fruit.

FERTILIZATION AND CROSS-FERTILIZATION. 23

Mr. Moore thought it best to spread the manure, if j'ou manure
highly. The plants send down roots at every joint, and when the
main root was destroyed these roots would often enable the plant
to carr}^ a full crop. This was an argument for spreading the ma-
nure broadcast.

Mr. Pierce said that he spread part, as recommended in the
essaj' — eight cords to the acre — and used a shovelful of dry hen
manure in the hill.

Mr. Hill would not apply hen manure without composting. He
thought a shovelful of clear hen dung in a hill would destroy the
seed.

Mr. Pierce said that last j-ear he applied a shovelful in the hill
with good effect. He was careful to cover with an inch or more
of soil, making a hill a foot and a half broad.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Saturday, Januarj' 20, 1877.

William C. Strong, Chairman of the Committee on Publication
and Discussion, presided, and introduced George L. Goodale,
Assistant Professor of Vegetable Physiology in Harvard University,
who delivered a lecture, of which the substance is here given, on

Fertilization and Cross-Fertilization.

Professor Goodale commenced by describing the structure of a
flower, which he illustrated with a large model of a pink, show-
ing first the axis ; next the bracts or modified leaves surrounding
the lower part of the cal^'x, but aflbrding no great degree of
protection ; then the protecting organs — first the cal^'x or cup — the
word calj^x being derived from a Greek word signifying ' ' cup ; "
and second, the corolla — the name of which is of Latin derivation,
signifying "crown" or " garland." All these and other organs of
the flower are modifications of leaves. For the recognition of this
principle we are indebted not to a professional botanist but to the
poet Goethe. It gave us a clue through all possible labjainths of
form, and led to the study of morpholog}' — the science of form —
which has been called the soul of natural historv.

24 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Within the enveloping organs we come upon an entirely different
set of modified leaves — the stamens, each consisting of a stalk or
thread, having at the summit the essential part, a case or anther
containing pollen. This pollen can escape in several ways ; in the
flower under consideration it escapes by a little slit in the anther.
The form of the pollen grains is generally spheroidal ; in the
cucumber the pollen grains are nearly spherical, and covered with
protuberances. In the evening primrose the pollen grains are of
irregular form. These various forms were illustrated by the lecturer
on the blackboard.

Owing to their minuteness we have no means of mechanically
dividing these grains for examination by the microscope, and they
must be broken up by chemical means. We then find that they
contain a tiny mass of protoplasm, with a little food consisting of
starch and oil.

Next we come to a pod containing immature seeds or ovules.
The ovule of a lily was sketched on the blackboard, and shown to
consist of a central nucleus surrounded by integuments. One of
the cells of this nucleus is larger than the others, and only partty
filled with a substance shown to be protoplasm, similar to that in
the pollen grain. Here we have two reciprocals ; by their inter-
action is produced a fertilized germ, capable of growth. The
lecturer here remarked that he should confine himself to established
facts, and not enter upon any debateable ground.

When a grain of pollen becomes attached to the stigma, or upper
part of the pistil, and begins to grow, a very curious phenomenon
is observed. This was illustrated b}' a sketch of the pistil of the
shepherd's purse, which has a sticky surface at the upper part, and
a row of ovules in the ovary below. The pollen grain receives the
moisture of the pistil and sends down a tube, or long cell. At first
this grows at the expense of the food stored up in the pollen grain
itself; but afterwards, like an invading army, which hves upon the
country concjuered by it, it receives food as it goes along. The
tube extends with greater or less rapidity, and the tip of this long
cell passes through the aperture in the ovule, and the contents of
the pollen grain are blended with the embryo. Up to this point
there is no change in the ovule, and in some plants, such as a few
orchids and certain species of the heath family, like llonotropa, it
is left in a rudimentary condition. But in a vast majority of
instances there is a great change ; in the shepherd's purse and buck-

FERTILIZATION AND CROSS-FERTILIZATION. 25

wheat, there is a hne or partition formed through the protoplasm ;
cell multiplication takes place ; the whole enlarges and constitutes
a germ. The two kinds of protoplasm have contributed to the
formation of an entirely new individual, and we have a seed — an
embryo plant with a supply of food, the whole protected by integu-
ments. The lecturer remarked that the old analogies between plants
and animals in regard to fertilization can now be all thrown aside,
while between the fertilization of the higher and lower plants there
exist not only analogies but homologies, in an almost unbroken,
though not a straight line.

After a recapitulation of the essential parts of the flower, and
the remark that the outer parts were not merel}' protective, but often
exercised the function of attracting insects, the lecturer proceeded
to the second part of his subject, viz., the means whereby cross-
fertilization is secured. This is one of the most fascinating parts of
vegetable ph3'siology. In the latter part of the last century a book
was written by Conrad Sprengel, on the intervention of insects in
fertilizing flowers. Sprengel read the puzzle rightly, concluding
that in the greater number of cases there is some provision, by
insect or other agency, to prevent self-fertilization ; but at that
time botanists were studying plants in their relations to each other,
and classifying them by means of dried specimens ; and his researches
in regard to living plants were overlooked. Early in the present
century the object of this provision was discovered by Thomas
Andrew Knight, the eminent English horticulturist and physiolo-
gist, to be the keeping down of all vagaries, and the prevention of
deviations from the parent type. Attention was called to this sub-
ject again in 1858 and 1862, by Charles Darwin, who was convinced
that occasional cross-fertihzation is the rule and not the exception.
In a work lately published in England, and soon to be reprinted in
this country, he gives the results of eleven years' practical research
in regard to close and cross-fertilization. By experiments with the
morning glory, and other fast growing plants, he found that self-
fertilization, even when eSectual, produces, in general, less vigorous
plants than cross-fertilization.

The lecturer then demonstrated the means by which cross-fertili-
zation is secured. This portion of the lecture was illustrated by
diagrams ; first of the Aristolochia or Dutchman's pipe, in section,
showing the position of the anthers and stigma to be such that self-
fertihzation is impossible. In the common plantain the lower
4

26 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICXJLTURAL SOCIETY.

flowers bloom earlier than the upper, the latter having the stigmas
protruding and having at the same time the stamens tucked away in
the corolla where they cannot fertihze the stigmas. The anthers
mature later than the stigmas. Unless fertilized, the stigma droops,
and the stamens then protrude, so as to be ready to fertilize the
stigma of another blossom or another plant. The qiiestion arises
how pollen can be carried from one flower to another. In the plan-
tain it must be by the wind, for the flowers are not attractive to in-
sects, and for the same reason all grasses and sedges are cross-fer-
tilized in this way. The Houstonia grows in little patches, and it is
found that in some of these patches all the flowers have protruding
st3'les and anthers low down ; while in others all the flowers have
short styles, and anthers high up in the throat of the corolla.
The flowers of the former cannot fertilize themselves, but must be
fertilized by the other kind. The pollen of many flowers is not so
potent to fertilize the ovules of that flower as the pollen from other
flowers of the same species. This has been well stated by Professor
Gray, as follows : — "In the blossoms of peas, beans, etc., gener-
ally little or no seed is set when insects are excluded, although the
parts are so disposed that the stigma must be dusted by the pollen
of the stamens enclosed with it ; when, however, such stigmas are
touched by the pollen of another flower it seeds perfectly." In
the madder, cinchona, and ipecac, the structure of the flowers
is similar to that of Houstonia.

In the case of ipecac plants raised in greenhouses, seed very
rarely if ever sets. Professor Balfour was led to suspect the cause,
and he found plants of ipecac in the other dimorphous state — that
is with reciprocal styles — and by fertilizing one form with the other,
fruitful seed was produced. Lythrum Salicaria presents an ex-
ample of trimorphism, the stamens and pistils having three different
lengths with regard to each other and to the st3'les, and necessita-
ting the action of insect agency. The arrangement in the Scrophu-
lariacece, including the Gerardia, and also in the Gloxinia and other
gesneraceous plants, is the same as in the plantain, but these have
the addition of color to attract insects. One of the most remark-
able provisions to ensure cross-fertilization is seen in the Cleroden-
dron, so well known in our greenhouses. When the flowers first
open, the long styles are curved back and the stamens are straight,
l)ut afterwards the stamens curve back, and the style straightens,
and the ovules cannot be fertilized by tlie pollen of the same flower.

FERTILIZATION AND CROSS-FERTILIZATION. 27

In the Kalmia^ or mountain laurel, the anther is in a pocket and held
down so that the filament is bent, and when released the pollen
escapes through an opening at the top. The effect is similar to
that which might be produced by a boy fastening a case of shot on
the end of a whalebone rod, and then bending the rod and suddenly
releasing it. At first sight this arrangement might appear well
adapted to secure the fertilization of a flower b}' its own pollen, but
it is found that the pollen generally shoots clear by the stigma.
When, however, an insect ahghts on the flower and covers the
stigma, the under side of his body takes the pollen, where it is
ready to be imparted to the stigma of the next flower on which he
lights. That the pollen of this plant is not very potent in self-
fertilization was shown by Professor Beal, who covered up a plant
with gauze so that no insect could get to the blossoms, and in this
case no good seed set. The barbeny presents a well-known case of
sensitiveness in the filaments. The lecturer called attention in
passing to the curious fact, that by the application of chloroform the
stamens lose their sensitiveness ; the same is true also in the sensi-
tive plant. When an insect ahghts on the barberry, the stamens fly
up, the anthers open bj' trap-doors, and the pollen comes side fore-
most and falls on the insect instead of on the stigma. This was
noticed by Sprengel, who also observed that the barberry was visited
generally by sluggish insects. In the common iris, the pollen is
below the stigma, and the insect in its search for nectar carries oS
the pollen from the anther to another flower.

But the most remarkable contrivances for ensuring cross-fertili-
zation are found among Orchids. These are so numerous and
so curious that Darwin has written a book on the subject. A
species of Habenaria has a broad hp with an open space, on each
side of which is a case containing a packet of pollen. The nectar
is at the bottom of a long tube or spur, down which the insect must
reach to obtain it, though some insects have become so lazy as to
shirk this duty and open the base of the tube, and the same opera-
tion has been noticed in the columbine. In reaching down the tube
the head of the insect comes in contact with two sticky discs, which
fasten themselves to his head, and he flies with them to another
flower. When these discs first attach themselves to the head of
the insect, having been in a moist place the pollen-masses are damp
and project from his head, but soon dry and curve downwards and
forwards. The insect flies to another flower, and in seeking to

28 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

extract the nectar he places the two pollen-masses on its stigma. In
the large green orchis this process can be performed with a pencil,
instead of the proboscis of an insect. The two pollen-masses will
adhere to the pencil, and it will leave them on the second flower
and take away two for the third. In the Cypripedium, or lady's
slipper, the insect enters a large sac so fortified that he must take a
roundabout road to escape. Cypripedium venustum sets for insects
a trap, baited with nectar. In their effort to escape, the insects
detach pollen and carry it away with them to another blossom.

As the apparatus for the fertilization of orchids is more remark-
able than that of any other flowers, so that of Catasetum is
most remarkable among orchids. In this genus a part of the
flower is drawn down like a spring trap, and in a warm room these
stallied masses of pollen when liberated will turn a somerset, sud-
denty hitting the object which touched the hair trigger. K the hand
is placed on this part of the flower and instantly withdrawn, the pol-
len will be received on the hand.

Hybridization extends beyond the limits of the species. Cross-
fertihzation is conflned within the limits of the species, and its ob-
ject is the suppression of those vagaries which we see in varieties.

The lecturer concluded by citing Mr. Darwin's general pi-oposi-
tion relative to the subject, namely, that many plants cannot be
self-fertilized. In those which can be and are self-fertilized as a
rule, there is provision also for occasional cross-fertilization.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Saturday, January 27, 1877.

W. C. Strong, Chairman of the Committee on Publication and
Discussion, presiding. Byron D. Halsted, M. S., of the Bussey
Institution, Harvard University, was introduced and read the fol-
lowing lecture on

Injurious and other Fungi.

From the early days of botanical science, the vegetable kingdom
has been divided into two grand divisions, namely : Phcunogamous
or flowering plants, and Cryptogamous or flowerless plants.

INJUEIOUS AND OTHER FUNGI. 29

It is unnecessary for us to point out illustrations of this first
great group, because they are as familiar to us as household words,
in the trees which spread their lofty tops above our heads, or the
grass which grows in the meadows and pastures at our feet. With
the cryptogams the case is somewhat different. The Ferns, the voja\
members of the crj^jtogamic series are, with us, only herbs of
yearly growth ; while Mosses and Lichens lay but a carpet on the
rocks and hillsides. The Sea-iveeds, though certain species grow
large and cumbrous, are usually small, and many are microscopic,
and Fungi, the last of all, are too often known to the natural sight
only by their effects. It is to a consideration of some of the mem-
bers of this last mentioned group that your attention is invited.

Fungi make up a group so diversified in characteristics that it is
almost impossible to give any description of them as a whole. Suffice
it to sa}', the}' are all parasites, deriving their nourishment directly
from the organic substance upon which thej^ feed, having no green
leaves in which crude material can be transformed and fitted for
the growth of the plant. They are all thieves, then, either stealing
their sustenance from the dead, or robbing the living tissue of all
its vital fluid.

Their range of growth is limited only by the boundaries of other
forms of life. The housewife, to her great dismay, finds upon the
top of her can of fruit a portion that is white and worthless ; a
plant has found its proper element and has been feeding upon her
dainties. Your wine ma}' have leaked from your cask to the cellar
floor, and when you go to draw a draught, a carpet of the finest velvet
has grown for your feet. Yeast is employed to make our bread
hght and wholesome ; and myriads of little plants do the work and
do it willingly. Fungi flourish upon our walls, find their way
through oiu' books, and pick to pieces the frame work of the stoutest
ships. The animal kingdom is not beyond their reach, and many
of its members fall victims to an overpowering vegetation ; while it
is a well-established fact that man}^ of the most fatal epidemics are
the result of theii' inroads upon the human family. Without further
generalization, which is almost worthless in such a group as this,
let us pass at once to the consideration of some of its individuals.

In the Mushroom, Agaricus campestris, perhaps as well known as
Toadstool, we have a species of fungus with which ever}' one is
familiar. It is the famous Cliampignon of the French, the Patiola
of the Italians, and was known to the ancients by upwards of a

30 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

score of synon^Tiis, growing almost everj'where, from the chilling
atmosphere of Lapland, to the hot climate of the tropics ; from the
Japan islands on the east, to California on the west. Thongh it is
by no means confined to old pastures, with us it is to be found
there in the greatest abundance, and especially after a warm shower
in the evening. The rapidity of its growth is proverbial. If we
go out in the morning we may see them in clusters exhibiting all
gradations, from the young " buttons," resembhng eggs in size and
color, to those of middle and old age, consisting of a stalk some-
what larger than a man's middle finger, bearing at the top a broad,
umbrella-like expansion, which is called the pileus. When 3'oung,
the outer edge of the pileus is united with the stalk, but as it
approaches maturity it breaks awaj^, leaving the ring to mark its
former place of attachment. If a full grown mushroom is taken,
and the under surface examined, it will be found to consist of a
multitude of radiating gills of a beautiful pinkish color. It is on
the surface of these gills that the reproductive bodies are borne —
bodies which, though different in structure, perform for this plant
the same office the acorn does for the oak ; but instead of being
called seeds i\iQj have, in this and all other species of fungi,
received the name of spores. At the base of the stalk, hidden
from sight, is to be found a mass of fine threads which make up
the true vegetative portion of the fungus, and is called the mycelium —
a term applied to this part of all species of fungi. In France,
where the satisfaction of the palate is a matter of no secondary
consideration, the mushroom has received the greatest care, and
been quite extensively grown. In this peculiar market gardening,
caves are often put to valuable use ; and old deserted mines have
been appropriated for the winter culture of the champignon. The
growth and consumption of the mushroom in the United States is
rapidly increasing. In Italy this species of fungus is always rejected
in the markets as being poisonous, while its place is filled with
another upon which the French look with distrust.

The fact that some species of toadstools are poisonous, is as
evident as that others possess real worth as articles of diet, bearing,
as it does, the testimony of many who have ignorantly eaten of the
former, supposing them to be edible. Among the illustrious who
have perished in this manner, we find the names of the Emperor
Jovian, Pope Clement VII, and the Emperor Cliarlcs VI. The
dread of being poisoned, mixed witli no small amount of super-

INJURIOUS AND OTHER FUNGI. 31

stition, together with the difficult}' of distinguishing the good from
the bad, have all combined to prevent the accordance of justice
to this family of plants.

Any one who presimies to give instruction concerning fungi is
expected to lay down certain infallible rules for distinguishing the
edible from the poisonous, so that in the future no serious incon-
venience or loss of life may arise from their injudicious consump-
tion. Up to the present time this has never been done, and it
would not become me to attempt it here. There are certain general
rules which may be given, but they all have their exceptions, both
in including poisonous species and in excluding those which experi-
ence has shown to be delicious.

Those which are bright colored, as red, blue, or green, are to
be looked upon with suspicion. Those which change color when
bruised, cut, or broken, are usually unfit for food. A milky juice
is a bad sign. Those with a moist, waxy surface, are to be
avoided. A disagreeable odor while still fresh is a strong indica-
tion of their not being edible. But, as has been stated, these rules
are not infallible, therefore a last safeguard must be laid down, as
follows : never eat a fungus about which there is any doubt. The
best and shortest method for those who wish to make use of these
plants as articles of diet, is to become acquainted with the distinct
characteristics of a few of the most common edible species, and use
no others.

One of the leading fungi recognized as valuable for food is the
Morel {Morchella esculenta) . It has a short, thick stem, terminat-
ing in a large ovoid top, very irregular on the exterior, owing to
the man}^ compressed folds of which it is composed, thus forming
a surface of numerous indented polygons. They are found to some
extent in most countries, but those in commerce come ahiiost en-
tirely from the states of Germany. They show a peculiar prefer-
ence for those portions of woodland, on sandy soil, over which fires
have passed. This fact became so evident to the peasants who
gathered them, that in order to increase the range of growth the}-
set fire to the forests to an alarming extent, and rigid laws were
enacted to prevent such damage. The morel is extensively used as
a flavoring for sauces and soups, but chiefly in the manufacture of
one of the finest qualities of catsup.

The most highly prized of all edible fungi are Truflfles, of which
there are several species, the most common one being Tuber cesti-

32 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

vum. They are roundish in outline, of the size of a black walnut,
having the surface black and much wrinkled, as if by pressure.
The interior is quite solid, of a brownish color, and eshahng when
cut a very agreeable odor. Their habit of growth is peculiar, as
they are subterranean during their whole life, being buried beneath
the soil to the depth of several inches. The condition most favora-
ble for the growth of truffles is a soil of a calcareous nature, perme-
ated by the roots of the oak ; and the method pursued in France,
the only country where the culture has proved successful, is to se-
lect the required quality of soil and sow it with acorns. When the
saplings have attained a few years' growth the truffles begin to
grow. Owing to the subterranean habit of the truffle, the difficulty
of finding them, when growing in the wild state, is great, and to
this end several processes are in vogue, one of which is quite effect-
ual, and at the same time unique. Dogs and pigs are very fond of
these delicate bits of vegetable growth, and being endowed with a
sense of smell far superior to that possessed by man, are enabled
to seek out the truffles in their hiding places. When the dog, or
pig, as the case may be, has found the locality of the plants, he is
repaid by a more available, though less palatable morsel from the
truffle-hunter's hand.

Besides those already mentioned, there are many other species of
fungi which have won a general acceptance into the list of those
that are fit for food.

Among the poisonous toadstools the Amanita muscaria holds a
leading place, receiving its specific name from the fact that it is
sometimes steeped and the solution used in the destruction of the
house fly. The pileus is raised on a long stalk, and often attains
the diameter of four to six inches, having its upper surface studded
with large white protuberances, making the plant, if richness of
color and beauty of outline are considered, better fitted for the
throne of a fairy than the stool of an ugly toad. Though so tempt-
ing in its beauty, its poisonous effects have become well understood
through the sad experience of many who have eaten freely of its
tender tissue, to suffer the severest pain, sometimes only relieved
by death. A variety of this species grows to some extent in North-
ern Asia, and especially in Kamtchatka, where it is highly prized
by the natives for its exliilarating effects, possessing, as it does,
the power of producing a peculiar intoxication. The fungus is
gathered and dried with great care, and when a state of inebriation

INJURIOUS AND OTHER FUNGI. 33

is desired, a small piece is swallowed, and in the course of one or
two hours the drunkard is in his glory. This fungus has a peculiar
effect over muscular exertion. In his "Vegetable Kingdom," Dr.
Lindley tells us that a talkative person, under its influence, can-
not keep silence or secrets ; one fond of music is constantly sing-
ing, while he who wishes to step over a straw takes a stride suffi-
cient to clear the trunk of a tree.

With us the Phallus i'm2?udicus is the most disagreeable species,
and commonly bears the not over-classic name of Stinkhorn. It
has a stalk five to eight inches in length, bearing at the top a small
cap, which, when young, is covered with a green slime. This soon
liquefies, and dropping oflT, covers the ground with an offensive
mass, to be eagerly sought for and devoured by carrion insects.
The top, when thus relieved of its green outer covering, exhibits a
honej'-combed surface, and exhales the most disgusting of odors.
Many stories are told of the encounters botanists and others have
had with this peculiar plant. A case is related of an enthusiastic
botanist, who, while on a tour, found some of these plants of unu-
sual size, and wishing to preserve them, placed them in his box ;
returning home by rail the}^ caused such discomfort to the inmates
of the car that every occupant left it with amazement and disgust
as soon as possible.

Let us now turn our attention to some of those smaller members
of this assemblage of plants, which more truty deserve the name of
Destructive Fungi, and therefore fall more particularly within the
province of this lecture.

The bread, cheese, and cake moulds, though belonging more
strictl}' to household economy, are not without their influence upon
the fruits of the horticulturist, and for this reason warrant a passing
mention here. They only grow upon organic matter after life has
become extinct, but in their growth they rapidly hasten decay, and
in this way often do serious damage to fruits and vegetables. An
explanation of the cake mould, Eurotium Aspergillus glaucus, will
answer for them all, though among these little plants great differ-
ences are to be observed. The general appearance of this little
blue inti-uder is so familiar to you that a description of it as seen
by the naked eye is unnecessary. Under the microscope, the little
specks resolve themselves into small heads of radiating cells. These
cells are formed one upon another from the filaments, and are
spores, but of that kind known as conidial or asexual spores. On
5

34 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

other mycelial threads, at the base of the stalks bearing these con-
idial spores, the true sexual spores are produced in something like
the following manner : Certain filaments first begin to coil up into
a close spiral, after which another thread grows up and touches the
tip of this coiled filament, and fertilization takes place, a process
essentially the same as the poUenization of the ovule in flowering
plants, though differing in method and results. After this fertiliza-
tion, sacs or cells arise from the coil, in which spores are formed,
and the whole coil and sacs of spores become surrounded by a cover-
ing of cells. On account of the sexual spores being borne in these
sacs or asci this fungus comes among the Ascomycetes, one of the
highest groups of fungi.

We come now to speak of species of fungi which flourish on liv-
ing tissues, and on these only, including, therefore, the most destruc-
tive members of the group.

Puccinia Graminis, one of the most widely distributed and gen-
erally known, is one of the many species of that destructive agency
which is often vaguely spoken of as Eust. All agriculturists who
have made the raising of grain their leading employment, will at
once turn in thought to the time when their whole field of growing
wheat or oats, the pride of their vocation, was turned, as by the
stroke of some unseen demon, into a 3'ellow, premature old age.

The different stages in the growth of this plant are quite distinct
and peculiar, and though somewhat complicated, it would not be
justice to the plant or to science to omit the history of the forms
through which the rust plant passes from the perfect state to the
perfect state again.

The transformations in the life of a butterfly are so evident that
the merest schoolboy may observe the truth for himself; but with
the rust plants the objects are so very small that the changes can
only be seen by the keen eyes of a skilled observer, with the best
powers of the microscope. Beginning with the spores of the ma-
ture rust plant, as seen in the black stains on the old stubble of any
grain field, it will be found, when the warm and moist days of spring
come, that these spores germinate, producing in a few daj^s a short
stem, bearing a crop of other spores of very much smaller size. To
avoid confusion we will call these by their scientific name — sporidia,
while the parent spores are styled teleutospores. The sporidia have
never been known to grow upon the grass or grain ; but when they
find their way to the leaves of a barberry bush they soon begin to

INJURIOUS AND OTHER FUNGI. 35

germinate, the filaments enter the tissue of the leaves, and in the
course of a few daj'S make themselves manifest on the under sui'-
face of the leaves, in what are known as "cluster cups." The inte-
rior of these pretty little cups is closely packed with spores of a still
different kind, which are called the cecicUum spores. These in
turn will not grow upon the barberry, but when they fall upon a
blade or stalk of grain, they soon germinate and produce the yellow,
rusty covering so often seen, caused by a multitude of another form
of spores, called uredo spores, clustered upon the surface. In this,
the true rust state, the fungus first consists of minute filaments,
which run in all directions through ,the tissue of the grain plant,
stealing its nourishment as they go, and is ifoticeable to the naked
eye onlj^ when these threads break through the epidermis and bear
the j^ellow or orange uredo spores. The rapid and destructive de-
velopment of this fungus depends much upon the weather. Should
there be a series of warm showers, or a muggy atmosphere, just at
the time the grain plant begins to form its grain, the growth of the
rust plant is especially favored. It absorbs rapidly the food which
is on its wa}^ to the seeds, and uses it up in producing a vast num-
ber of spores upon the surface of the leaves and stalks, at the ex-
pense of an empty head of husks at the top. Later in the season,
from the uredo state the final perfect teleutospores are produced,
thus completing the circuit of life in this little rust plant. Long be-
fore rust was discovered to be a plant, farmers had noticed that
there was a close relation between it and the barberry ; and at
present the latter is being rapidly destroyed, with good results,
though it can scarcely be expected that the rust plant wiU thereby
become extinct, as probably the a^cidium state grows on other plants
than the barberry, though not as yet discovered elsewhere.

Tliis plant is an excellent illustration of potymoi-phism, so common
among fungi, and it also answers well to show the vast number of
spores these microscopic plants produce. The teleutospore usuall}^
bears from five to ten sporidia ; and allowing onty one of these to
find the barberry leaf, there may be from one to fift}' clusters as a
result. In this case suppose onlj^ one, and a very low estimate for
its contents would be 250,000 aecidium spores, and if only one of
these in a thousand finds a place on the grain stalk, and each brings
forth its 250,000 fold, there would be, under such circumstances,
62,500,000 from the single one from which we started. Taking the
same teleutospore, and supposing every spore in all the stages found

36 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

its place to fill it, the result would be 1,562,500,000,000,000,000
(oue quiutilliou, five hundred and sixty -two quadrillions, five
hundred trilUons) spores, which ma}" be looked upon as its descen-
dants for the season. Or giving each inhabitant of the globe his
equal share of these reproductive bodies, he would have nearly as
man}' as there are individuals in the whole human race. This may
seem like a very large story about a ver}^ small matter ; but it is
not the only wonderful truth the microscope has revealed.

It is much easier to tell in what rust consists than how to avoid
it. Knowing the nature of the plant, and that in one of its stages
it grows upon the barberry, the cutting away of all barberr}' bushes
may do much to check 'this unwelcome j)est, if not to improve the
landscape and the general appearance of the farmers' boundary
lines. As to the best time to sow a crop to avoid the rust, little
information can be given. Sow when you would expect the best
returns were there no such thing as rust. Many trials have been
made of soaking seeds in various chemical solutions before sowing,
but, from the nature of the parasite, little good is to be hoped for
from such a practice. Until the weather is under man's control
we cannot hope to eliminate the conditions for the rapid develop-
ment of rust, causing, as it will, a partial or entire failure of the
grain crop.

The Ustilago maydis, generally known as Corn Smut, is another
of these microscopic plants which often grows in fields of maize-
Though less prevalent than the rust, it is, like that, a sworn enemy
of the agriculturist. Sometimes it makes its appearance only at
one or two of the joints, causing a bending, so that the stalk
frequently rechnes on the ground. Again, it seems to take pos-
session of the whole plant while it is still quite young, and as a
result there is only a dwarfed and rotten mass, but a few inches
above the surface of the soil. The greatest damage is done when
the thief takes possession of the kernels while they are still quite
young, transforming their tissue into its own long mycelium threads,
which at maturity produce, in infinite numbers, the minute blackish
spores. Frequently, only a few of the grains are affected, making
a striking contrast with those of natural size. It was long supposed
that this smut was a diseased state of the corn plant ; but there is
no longer reason to doubt that it is a small, dirty plant, growing at
the expense of one of the most useful members of the vegetable
kingdom. Vegetation and reproduction in these plants are reduced

INJURIOUS AND OTHER FUNGI. 37

to their simpler forms, and the space from the time when a spore
germinates to the time when spores are again formed may be reduced
to weeks, and even days, instead of being months and years as in
plants of a higher and more complex organization. The grains of
corn that, to the naked eye, appear perfect!}' free from the smut,
may have their tissue interwoven with its m^xelium threads ; and
Avhen the grains thus affected are planted, the fungits is planted
with it, and as the corn plant grows so does the parasite, until the
presence of the latter becomes evident in its black, dusty fruitage.
This is one of the methods of propagation which is of great impor-
tance to the existence of the smut plant. As with the rust, there
seems to be no available method of staying its ravages when moist
and warm weather comes at just that season of the year best fitted
for its rapid development. Still, much could be clone to reduce the
munber of its reproductive bodies, by cutting off and burning the
affected portions before the smut plant has ripened its spores.
Concerted action is required in a movement like this ; and when
farmers, as a whole, see that it is for their interest to go through
their fields of growing corn, and destroy this pest in its early stages
of growth, we can assure them that from that day on they will have
more and better corn for their labor.

In all cereals to some extent, but especially in the rye, may fre-
quently be found a fungus which has long been known under the
name of Ergot (Claviceps purpurea). Like the corn smut, this
plant attacks the young grain and causes it to assume a very much
enlarged form, protruding far be3'ond the husks and resembling a
cock's spur, whence its common name " spurred rye." The whole
enlarged mass is made up of hard mycelium, on the surface of
which the conidial spores are borne. The fungus may exist in this
indurated form for a long time without further development, but
when these ergot grains fall upon moist earth, sprouts soon proceed
from them which form club-shaped heads at their extremities, in
which spores of the second form are produced in little sacs. These
different forms were for a long time considered distinct species ; but
the hard state, that in which ergot exists as sold in the shops and
used in medicine, is onl}- a form which man}' fungi have the power
of taking on when the}' prepare for a season of repose. Ergot is
one of the most poisonous of the smaller fungi. In several provinces
of France and Germany, epidemics of nervous derangement, result-
ing in gangrene and frequent loss of limbs and even of life, have

38 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

been traced to the consumption of this plant in the bread made from
rye which was largely spurred, the result of an extremely favorable
season for the growth of this pernicious fungus.

It is to be presumed that no one species of plant has caused so
much suffering to the human family as Peronospora investans, or
Potato Rot, as it is called in common parlance. Those of you old
enough to glance back in memory to those fatal 3'ears for Irish peas-
antry, when their almost sole source of sustenance was swept
from them by the ravages of the rot, can form an idea of the influ-
ence even a microscopic fungus can exert over the comfort and
ciAohzation of the race. The potato rot is one of those small
microscopic fungi best known to the naked eye hy its terrible effects.
Its first general appearance was in the year 1845, when it was first
seen in the Isle of Wight and a few weeks after was observed with
great wonder and dismay bj' all growers of the potato throughout
Europe. It is a plant which flourishes only in damp weather, and
its prevalence depends much on the condition of the atmosphere.
The fungus is first recognized by the potato leaves turning brown,
owing to the absorbing threads of the "rot "within the tissue.
Soon certain threads come to the sm'face, pass through the breath-
ing pores, divide into several branches, and bear the conidial spores
on the tips. In this condition the leaves look as if covered with a
fine frost. The spores thus produced germinate at once, and in
this way the disease is rapidly spread to other plants throughout
the field. The fungiis soon passes down the stem to the growing
tubers, and they in turn give up their siibstance to this parasite, and
then become rotten. As the rot does not make its appearance until
the hot and moist days of July, the earlier varieties stand a greater
chance of escaping it than the later. In all cases where the disease
is gradual in its appearance, and the tubers are nearly mature, they
should be dug at once. If the fungus has reached the tubers they
will rot to some extent ; but when placed in a dr}' cellar the rotting
is considerably retarded. In raising potatoes, select a well drained
or naturally dry soil ; plant early varieties and plant them early.
Always plant the soundest and most mature tubers. Gather the
crop as early as possible and burn all tops at once, thus destrojdng
the spores which might otherwise carry the pest over the winter
season. When every condition is the most favorable for its devel-
opment the rot will take its most violent form, and the crop will
fail as it has so often done in the past.

INJURIOUS AND OTHER FUNGI. 39

The potato rot has long been known to the South American In-
dians dwelhng in the regions of the Andes, showing that this plague
is not of recent origin, and also that the land which gave us the wild
potato has hkewise produced its most destructive parasite, which
has followed it across the seas. There is no object in nature con-
cerning which men have given more cmious and conflicting theories
than the plant in question, and to-day the list is long of those who
fail to recognize in it a member of the vegetable kingdom. But
when the plant can be cultivated, the spores sown on sound pota-
toes, and the vegetable watched through its whole existence, culmi-
nating in the rot, it is time to believe that it is as much a plant as
the one upon which it grows.

Another species of this same genus, Peronospora^ is the Ameri-
can Grape-^due Mildew. The true grape disease, the one which
has proved so disastrous at different times to the vines of Europe
and Madeira, is caused by another fungus, to which Berkeley has
given the name of O'idium Tuckeri. It is a form of a fungus which
has not been recognized in its perfect state, and is supposed to oc-
cur to some extent on this side of the waters ; but as many species
have this conidial form, and some nearl}' identical with it, and also
growing on the gTape, there may be some doubt as to our vines ever
being attacked by the true grape disease of Europe. The Perono-
S2)ora viticola, the mildew which most interests the grape growers
of America, is quite common, appearing on the under surface of the
leaves about the first of August, and continuing to flourish until the
leaves will nomish it no longer. It can be most easily seen on the
smooth leaves of the Vitis cordifolia, having the appearance of
small, frost-like spots, which rapidly spread and soon cover the
whole leaf, frequently extending down the petiole to the stem.
This fungus, lilie the potato rot and other closel^'-related species,
flourishes best in moist, warm weather. Under the microscope, the
tissue of the grape leaf is seen to contain an abundance of minute
threads, which force their way in all directions between the cells of
the leaf, tlirusting their suckers into the cells to rob them of then-
nourishment. When the time for fruiting comes, the threads pass
out of the stomata of the leaf and branch in a definite manner, and
bear the asexual spores on their tips, as we have observed in the
potato rot. Under the head of the germination of these asexual
bodies, Dr. Farlow has performed some interesting experiments. He
finds they germinate equally well in the dark as in the light. Those

40 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

sown in the morning germinate more quickly and abundantly tlian
those sown in the afternoon. It was not possible to keep the spores
which were fonned in the night until the afternoon, as they gene-
rally fell from their attachments in the morning and began to ger-
minate. In all cases the germination took place with surprising
regularit}'. At the expiration of an hour and a quarter the contents
of the spores had formed small oval l^odies, which, before long, rup-
tured the cell wall and made their escape from the mother cell.
They passed out rather slowly, usually one at a time, and paused
for a moment in front of the opening, where they remained as if not
quite free one from another. In a short time, each body began to
extricate itself from the common mass, moved more and more ac-
tively, and finally darted off with great rapiditj^ — a full-fledged zoo-
spore, furnished with two cilia. The average number of these rap-
idly-moving spores is from six to eight. Their movement gradually
grows slower, and in from fifteen to twenty minutes they come to
rest. Soon an outgrowth proceeds from one side and rapidly devel-
ops into a new plant. The sexual spores are found in autumn,
within the tissue of the shrivelled leaves, as spherical, thick-walled
bodies. They escape by the breaking up of the diy leaf, or through
the decay of the surrounding tissue. The statement is often made
that the mildew does not grow on the Vitis vinifera. By carefully
conducted experiments. Dr. Farlow found it could be made to grow
on the leaves of this European species, and with the usual luxuri-
ance.

The Black Knot, to quote from Dr. Farlow's excellent article on
this subject, published in the " Bulletin of the Busse}^ Institution,''
Vol. I, p. 440, is " without doubt the most striking disease of veg-
etable origin occurring on fruit trees in this country. The disease
takes its name from the unsightly, black, wart-like excrescences, with
whicli ever}' one is familiar on plum trees and different kinds of wild
and cultivated cherries. It is found in all parts of our country,
east of the Rocky mountains, and is so common and destructive that
in some districts one seldom sees a plum tree free from the knot.
In some parts of New England, })articularly in Maine and along the
sea-coast, the raising of cherries has also been almost abandoned
in consequence of the ravages of the black knot. The disease is
peculiar to America, and has been the bane of fruit-growers from
earl}' times ; and allliough much has been written in agricultural
papers about its inju iy to the fruit crop the subject has been almost

INJURIOUS AND OTHER FUNGI. 41

entirely neglected by botanists. As a preliminaiy step it will be
well to trace the development of the knot as it occurs on a single
species, and for this purpose the choke cherry {Prunus Virginiand)
may be selected." The size of the knots varies gTeatly, being
found on the species of Prunus under consideration all the way from
a few lines to several inches in length, with an average of two
inches in circumference. The knot does not usually entirely sur-
round the branch, but, growing from one side, often causes the stem
to bend or twist into an irregular shape. In the winter, when the
branches are leafless, the knots are much more noticeable, and at
this season they are often cracked, broken, worm-eaten and hollow.

In the swollen portions of the branch, above and below the knot,
sections under the microscope show the vegetative portion of the fun-
gus in the form of minute threads, twisted together and extending
from the cambium towards the outer portion of the stem, where they
become separated. The fungus first reaches the cambium, either by
germination of spores on the surface of the branch, or by mycelium
proceeding from a neighboring knot. The part of the cambium free
from these bundles of mycelial threads, grows in the usual manner ;
and in an old branch shows one more layer of wood on the sound
side than on the diseased side. From this it is to be concluded
that the growing layer of tissue of the plum or cherr}^ branch, is
the place in which the fungus begins its destructive work. In the
spring the swollen portion of the branch increases in size, and the
mycelium soon reaches and bursts through the bark, so that bj' the
time the choke cherr}^ is in flower the knob has reached nearly its
full size, though differing from an old one in being still greenish in
color and solid or pulpy in consistency.

With a hand lens one can see small hemispherical protuberances
which are the beginnings of the " perithicea," or pits in which the
sexual spores are to form. The whole surface of the protuberances
is covered with filaments, which are somewhat flexuous and branched.
At the terminal joints, or frequently a little to one side, conidial
spores are borne. These spores continue to be formed until near
the close of summer, when the filaments dry up and onl}' their
shrivelled remains are to be seen. The knots now assume their
black color, the inner pulp being either destroyed by insects or re-
duced to a powdery mass, with only the hard outer shell which con-
tains the perithicea left in place. About the middle of January the
spores in the sacs in the perithicea begin to ripen.
6

42 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICTJLTURAL SOCIETY.

The knots on the choke cherry when compared with those on the
phim and cultivated varieties of cherry are seen to be shghtly differ-
ent in general appearance, but when viewed with the microscope all
prove to be identical, the difference noticeable to the naked eye
being due to more favorable circumstances for its growth afforded
by one species of Prunus than another.

Dr. Schweinitz was the prst to describe the fungus causing the
black knot, under the name of Sphceria morbosa.

The black knot is far from being of recent origin, and has fur-
nished a subject about which vastly more has been written than was
known. Many, especially the early writers, held it to be of insect
origin, while, later, others have looked upon it as a vegetable growth,
and still others include in its production both these forms of life.
During the last thirty years the insect theory has been gradually
given up by the entomologists, but it still remains for many fruit
growers to accept the knot as being of fungous origin. The proof
given by Dr. Farlow is very conclusive on this long disputed point.
" Fu'st, the knots do not resemble the galls made by any known
insect. Secondly, although insects or remains of insects, are gen-
erally found in old knots, in most cases no insects at all are found
in them when young. Thirdly, the insects that have been found by
entomologists in the knots are not all of one species, but of several
different species which are also found on trees that are never affected
by the knot. On the other hand, we never have the black knot
without the Sphceria morbosa, as was admitted by Harris, and the
mycelium of that fungus is found in the slightly swollen stem long
before anything which could be called a knot has made its appear-
ance. Furthermore, the Sphceria morbosa is not known to occur
anywhere except in connection with the knots."

With a knowledge of the nature of this contagious disease, the
remedy at once suggests itself, namely, to cut off the knots, together
with the swollen portions of the branches, whenever and wherever
they are found. In autumn, as soon as the leaves fall, the knots
can be most easily seen, and all branches bearing them should be
cut off and burned at once. Though the- sexual spores do not ^rm
until late in winter, it was carefully observed that were the knots
left undcstroyed they would ripen after the branch was cut from the
tree. The choke cherry, bird cherry, and wild plum furnish means
for rapid propagation of the knot, and they should be gladly sacri-
ficed for the good of their more worthy allies. Knowing the cause,

INJURIOUS AND OTHER FUNGI. 43

nature, and means of propagation of the black knot, it is for the
fruit growers to profit by their instruction and use their best endea-
vors to destroy this pest. It is now peculiar to America, and any
means of introducing it into other countries should be carefully
avoided.

In concluding this general and very incomplete account of fungi,
perhaps it will not be more than justice to give a notice of some of
these parasitic plants which pre}^ upon living animals.

Who has not seen house-flies in autumn, crawling slowly upon
the wall with their bodies covered with a white powder, making
them appear as if they had paid a visit to the flour barrel ; or, later
still, found them fastened in death to the wall or window-pane?
The struggle between the animal and vegetable has been won by the
latter, which in turn must also perish when the substance of the fly
is all destroj'ed. The tender and v&luable silk-worm has long been
subject to epidemics, by which large quantities have perished, caus-
ing such fluctuations in the price of silk that the trade in this pro-
duct has frequently been threatened with a panic. The fungus,
which is commonly called muscardine, begins its growth within the
bod}^ of the insect, soon to increase in size and burst through the
skin, thus producing death.

One of the most curious of these insect infesting or carnivorous
fungi grows upon or from the head of the larva of a certain species
of moth. It is an amusing sight to see the heavily burdened larva
bearing erect upon the front of its body a vegetable growth, often
three or four times its own length, the signal of distress as it must
be, telling plainly the slow but inevitable approach of death.

Thus we have seen that the members of this peculiar group of
plants which has received the name of fungi, are all parasites, and
from their very nature do not increase the amount of organic matter
in the world, but on the other hand, are powerful reducing agents,
seizing upon that which is highly organized, and aiding rapidly in
its reduction to a more simple state.

Though fungi furnish delicious articles of food, it is in the light
of then- power to hasten decomposition that we see their great im-
portance in the world ; aiding in the cycle of life by facilitating
decay. Sometimes they encroach upon our fields of growing grains
and fruits and do us serious damage ; but even here the moralist
would say there is a lesson of appreciation and care for our crops,
which only the school of sad experience is able to teach.

44 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The lecture was illustrated by large diagrams of the different
parts of several fungi, and also by specimens preserved in alcohol
and others mounted on cards. Some of the diagrams are repro-
duced here.

Explanation of the Plates.

Plate I. Wheat Rust {Puccinia Graminis Pers). Figure a
represents the teleutospores, or perfect state of the rust, as seen
on the stems and leaves of grains and other grasses, at the close of
the season and early in spring ; b a cross-section of the outer por-
tion of the stem, highly magnified, showing the ripe teleutospores
after the^^ have burst the epidermis ; c, teleutospores germinating
and producing the sporidia d d; e, barberry leaf, showing the un-
derside with its "cluster-cups" {cecidium form) ; /, one of these
cluster of cups somewhat enlarged ; g, a mature cup in cross-sec-
tion ; /i, one of the rows of spores as formed in the cup, highly mag-
nified ; ?', a magnified cross-section of grass leaf, with the uredo
state of the fungus after the spores have burst through the epider-
mis ; J, one of the uredo spores more highly magnified.

Plate II. Grape Mildew {Peronospora viticola, B. and C.) a
represents a leaf of Vitis cordifoUa affected by the mildew ; &, a
cross-section of a grape leaf, much magnified, showing the filaments
of the fungus in the tissue, from which they finally pass out through
the stomata and form the asexual spore bearing the branched top c ;
d is a highly magnified -VTiew of the filaments in the leaf, with their
haustoria or " suckers," e e, penetrating through the neighboring
cell-walls ; /, one of the sporangia from c, highly magnified, and
dividing up into zoospores ; g, a zoospore ; h, a large sexual spore,
separated from the grape tissue in which it is formed.

Plate III. Black Knot (Sphceria morbosa Schw). a repre-
sents a mature black knot ; 6, a cross-section of the same, and the
stem which bears it ; c, enlarged view of first form of asexual spores,
borne on filaments over the surface of the knot ; d, stylospores — a
second form of asexual spores formed in pits of the knot ; e, a peri-
thecium in cross-section, showing the sexual spores borne in sacs ;
/, two of these sacs with their spores, highly magnified, and a num-
ber of paraphyses, or sterile threads, around them.

Figures d, f, g, and h of plate II, and b, c, d, e, and/ of plate III,
are drawn from figures by Dr. Farlow, in Vol. I, Part V, of the
" Bulletin of the Bussey Institution."

PLATE I

.y^S

, tLIOTYPE

P L AT E I f

PLATE

injukious and other fungi. 45

Discussion.

Marshall P. Wilder thought Mr. Halsted's remarks on the plum
wart the soundest and most practical he had ever heard in so few
words. He alluded to a paper on injurious insects, by Dr. T. W.
Harris, published in the "Proceedings of the American Pomologi-
cal Society'," for 1854, in which Dr. Harris recognized the presence
in the plum wart of the Sphceria, and also of insects, but did not
consider either of them the cause of the warts.

In answer to an inquiry, Mr. Halsted said that the potato rot
was largely propagated by immature and affected tubers, with the
mycelium running through every part, but its presence is unknown
when the tubers are planted, and until it is too late to apply a
remedy. He was doubtful whether the solution of lime, which has
proved effectual in preventing mildew on grape vines, would pre-
vent the potato rot, though there could be no harm in making the
trial. The change in the color of the leaf is a manifestation of fun-
gus all through the plant, and the whole thing goes in a day.

Augustus T. Perkins suggested soaking the seed after cutting, in
a solution of sulphur.

Mr. Halsted said that the fungi are the toughest of all plants,
and any solution strong enough to destroy them would destroy the
plants on which they gi'ow.

The Chairman remarked that farmers had sometimes saved their
crops of potatoes by mowing the tops.

Mr. Halsted said that the foliage contains the fruiting part of the
fungus and that consequently mowing would prevent the spread of
the disease.

The thanks of the meeting were voted to Mr. Halsted for his in-
teresting and instructive lecture. The Chairman announced that at
some future time the subject of the lecture would be further dis-
cussed.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, February 3, 1877.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock.
President Parkman in the chair.

William J. Vass, of Dorchester, having been recommended by
the Executive Committee, was duly elected a member of the Society.

46 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

William C. Strong, Chairman of the Committee on Publication
and Discussion, presented the following vote which was unanimously
passed.

Voted, That the thanks of the Society be presented to Professor
Goodale for his ver}^ instructive and suggestive lecture upon Ferti-
lization and Cross-Fertilization, so generously delivered by him be-
fore the Society on Saturday, January 20.

The following letter from G. F. B. Leighton, President of the
Norfolk Horticultural and Pomological Society, and a Correspond-
ing Member of this Society, was read by the Secretary.

Norfolk, Va., Dec. 6th, 187G.

To the Officers and Members of the

MassacMisetts Horticultural Society:

Gentlemen : — In response to the compliment of electing me a
Corresponding Member of your society, I most cheerfully note what
has passed under my observation during the past season.

Windbreaks. I have one thousand Bartletts on the north side of
a thorough windbreak, reaching to the height of sixty to seventy
feet, and have on the south side of said break about seven hundred
of the same variety. The darkies pronounce the south side a jacket
warmer in the winter than the north side, and yet there was no per-
ceptible difference in the time of blooming last spring, while in the
maturing of the fruit there was the difference of one week in favor
of the south side ; the greatest value, however, is in the prevention
of premature dropping of fruit from gales, etc.

Blight. Under the head of this insidious disease, I notice after a
wai-m spell in the spring, followed by cold nights and wann days,
that it makes its appearance, and the greater the difference of tem-
perature between the night and day, the more violent the attack.
When the difference was over thirty- five degrees, close watching
became necessary.

From reports of several parties, I am quite inclined to the opinion
that the application of boiled linseed oil may in man}^, if not in all,
cases of blight, arrest the disease. I shall tr}- the experiment if
bhght is apparent next season, and as sulphur is so obnoxious to the
insect family I shall add that to the oil, on a portion.

I predict a good run in the south for Clapp's Favorite. It proves
very healthy — fruit not as large as in its native state, — but of

CLAPP'S FAVORITE PEAR, INSECTS, ETC. 47

handsomer shape, and ten days ahead of the Bartlett. It is tardy
in coming into bearing as a standard, but as a dwarf bears as early
as any other variety. I probably have two hundred dwarfs of this
variety, and as yet have not lost one from any cause. Their plant-
ings range from three to eight years. They require heading back
for four or five years to form a compact head, which is more desira-
ble with us than with you. My standards are often taken for
apple trees, for they really look to the unpractised eye more like
apples than pears. As I gather the fruit ten da^'s before maturity
I have never seen one rotten at the core.

The past season has furnished an increased supplj^ of injurious
insects. Crickets have quadrupled their numbers and attack a
pear as soon as it touches ground. The brown or house wasp has
greatl}' increased and stings the growing pears, causing hard lumps
and imperfections. Grasshoppers have increased and have done
considerable damage to the kale crop the past fall. The potato bug
has not yet put in an appearance.

Spring frosts have prevented me from placing fruits upon your
tables the past three years, but I hope another spring will inaugu-
rate a change. I fear the denuding of our forests has an influence in
producing these results, the axe of the slayer being in constant
motion.

Thanking you, and your most efficient Treasurer, Mr. Bus well,
for copies of your valuable Transactions to myself and the
Norfolk Horticultural and Pomological Society,
I remain, with highest esteem.
Your obedient servant,

G. F. B. LEIGHTON.

Adjourned to the first Saturday in March.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

This meeting was organized for the puipose of listening to the
Essay on the Improvement and Ornamentation of Suburban and
Country Roads, by Dr. Slade, for which a prize was awarded by
the Committee. The essayist not having arrived at the close of the
business meeting, the subject of pear tree blight, mentioned in Mr.
Leighton's letter, was taken up.

48 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

C. M. Hovey said that the subject had been frequently discussed
without discovering its cause. The disease had made its appear-
ance this year in Arhngton and neighboring towns, and had nearly
destroyed whole orchards ; and, if it continued, would much lessen
the value of the pear as a market fruit, and we should be obliged to
substitute the apple.

W. C. Strong thought the lecture of Mr. Halsted suggestive in re-
gard to the blight. The plum wart is now known to be caused by
a fungus, and the prevailing impression as to the cause of bhght in
the pear tree is different from that formerly entertained ; it is also
believed to be caused by fungus. The theor}^ that it is caused hy
frozen sap is giving way to the fungus theory.

Hervey Davis thought that good cultivation would prevent blight.
In his observation it had been most prevalent in low, wet, clayey
ground. In George Hill's grounds, at Arlington,. apple trees, es-
pecially the Porters, had been injured by blight similar to that of the
pear — some of them quite seriously. Mr. Davis had never heard
of blight affecting the apple in any other instance.

John B. Moore said that some of the best cultivators had suffered
most. Among those at Arhngton who had suffered severel}', were
Mr. Crosby, whose land was low, and Mr. Fillebrown and others,
whose soil was sand3^

Josiah Crosby wished it was true that either wet or dry soil would
prevent bhght.

Mr. Hovey said that western cultivators find orchards in grass
less subject to blight than when the land is tilled. The best pre-
ventive is to grow trees without manure. The frozen sap theory
is now exploded. Trees just imported from France have been
found affected. Mr. Locke, of Belmont, had suffered more than
any other cultivator in this vicinity. Mr. Barrj^, of Rochester, was
surprised that limbs affected with blight were not cut off, but Mr.
Locke, who began cutting off the limbs immediately on the appear-
ance of blight, soon found that he must cut at the bottom of the
tree. Cultiva-tors should be observant of the conditions under
which blight attacks their trees. Last summer was unusually hot —
the days especially. The speaker believed the blight to be caused
by a miasma arising from the ground, and the sun shining through
these exhalations caused the tree to become scorched, but we are
no nearer to a certain solution of the matter than we were twenty-
five 3'ears ago.

SUBURBAN AND COUNTRY ROADS. 49

Mr. Strong hoped that none would draw the inference from the
remarks made, that the pear was doomed. He beheved the injury
experienced last ^-ear to be exceptional, and that in future we should
be free from it.

Dr. Slade, having arrived, was introduced b}- the President and
read the following Essa}' :

The Improvement and Ornamentation op Suburban and Coun-
try Roads.

by daniel denison slade.

It may be readily conceded that nothing concerns a people more
essentially than the sure and easy means of communication between
the different sections of their country, and nothing more certainly
marks their progress in civilization, than the condition of their high-
ways. In an inaugural address, a former chief magistrate* of this
state, says :

' ' Those of our citizens who have visited Europe are unanimous
in the opinion that our public roads are far inferior to those of other
countries, where the means of easy and safe communication are
better appreciated. The science of road-making is apparently not
well understood ; or if it is, the present modes of superintending
the construction and repair of roads are so defective, that the pub-
lic suffer to an extent of which few of us are aware. It may be
found, upon investigating the cause of our miserably poor and ill-
constructed roads, that the laws relating to this subject need revis-
ion, so as to give more uniformity in the construction and the re-
pair of our highways."

In an essay of this character, however, it cannot be expected that
we should advance the laws which govern the operations of the civil
engineer, nor are we called upon to produce an elaborate treatise
upon road-building. Such treatises, for which prizes offered by our
legislature have been awarded to successful competitors, have already
been written within the last few years. Moreover, excellent standard
works on the subject exist in almost every language, and may be
easily obtained and consulted.

It is left for us, therefore, to state in general terms, what are the

* Gov. Claflin, 1869.

50 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

characteristics of good roads, how they are to be constructed or
improved and properly maintained, wherein lie our deficiencies and
in what way these may be remedied — and finally, to what extent
and in what manner the aesthetic principles are to govern.

The characteristics of a properly constructed and well laid-out
road consist in a road-bed presenting a uniform, smooth, and level
surface, with a slight convexity at the centre, of a firmness sufficient
to sustain the weight of heavy loads without yielding, of a longitu-
dinal grade not exceeding the minimum possible under the circum-
stances, of a width commensurate with the amount of travel and
the proximity to a populous centre, and of a course as direct as
practicable from one given point to another.

In order to secure the first desiderata, viz., the requisite firmness
and smoothness, there must be the most thorough drainage, no
matter of what material the road-bed is constructed. Through neg-
lect of this most essential point, the result of a false economy, the
building of a road often proves an entire failure. In all cases, both
surface and under-drainage must be provided, necessitating of course
the construction of proper culverts, embankments, and ditches ; the
first pro\dding against damage from the rainfall, and the latter
against excess of water in the road-bed or in the soil beneath.

Modern experience has taught that the best roads are those con-
structed according to the plans of Mr. Telford, in England, and
which consist of two component parts — a foundation, and a super-
structure. The foundation is made up of broken stones of the di-
mension of about twelve inches, laid lengthways across the road,
and their interstices filled with broken fragments, with a slight lat-
eral inclination from the centre.

The superstructure consists of an even layer of stones broken
into angular fragments of not more than two and one-half inches in
diameter, and forming a depth of between three and four inches.
Over this is to be spread a coating of fine gravel, which having been
well moistened, is to be rolled until it presents a perfectly smooth
and level surface. Whatever may be the materials used for the
superstructure, the foundation, such as we have described, is indis-
pensable.

As regards the proper longitudinal grade of a road-bed, it is im-
possible to give 9.ny fixed rules that are applicable under all cir-
cumstances.

" We can better afford to increase the length of a road consider-

SUBURBAN AND COUNTRY ROADS. 51

ably than to retain grades, in places, so heavy that a team is unable
to haul more than half, or perhaps one-quarter, the load it can on
all the remainder of it. Roads which are steep in the line of their
axis are not only more severe on teams, but they are dangerous,
and much more expensive to keep in repair."*

' ' The useful deduction from experiments and from practical
experience is, that for a well-made road, with a hard and compact
surface, the inclination ought not to exceed one in thirty, and for
ordinary gravel roads one in twenty. f

' ' In treating of roads it often renders the subject much clearer
to divide them into three classes : first, second, and third class
roads, or, as we might also say, state, county, and town roads.
Accepting this nomenclature, we have this : for first-class or state
roads, the greatest inclination should not exceed from three to five
in a hundred ; second class or county roads, from five to seven in
a hundred ; third class or town roads, from seven to ten in a hun-
dred. A road rising ten in a hundred is not supposed ever to have
any heavy teams upon it. In ascending a hill it is well and proper
to decrease the grade as the top is reached, and in the same meas-
ure as the horses get tired."]:

The transverse grade of the road-bed, or its cross-section, should
form an arc of a circle of about ninety feet radius. In other words
it should be just suflEicient to allow the rain-fall to run off at the
sides. If the inclination at the sides is greater, the travel will con-
stantly seek the centre, to the gradual injury of the superstructure
of the road-bed.

The laying out of a road, both as to its direction and necessary
width, requires the best engineering skill. As a general rule, the
first should be as direct as possible from one given point to another,
the chief object in view being to carry the most in a given space, at
the least expense of either time or money. This rule is especially
applicable to all suburban roads and to those which may be classi-
fied as state or county roads.

Under the term width, should be included that between the fences
or boundaries, and the width of the road-bed itself. Too great a
width of the latter is not desirable, as the cost of maintaining it is
much increased ; and it is far better to have a good road-bed of suf-

* Report of the U. S. Commissioner of Agriculture for 1868, p. 358.
t Third Prize Essay, Mass. Agricultural Report, 1869-70, p. 289.
t First Prize Essay, Mass. Agricultural Report, 1869-70, p. 209.

52 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ficient width than a poor one of too great width. " The width of
first, second, and third class roadwa3's, niaj' be given as twenty-six,
eighteen and a half, and thirteen feet, with a tendency during the
last ten years to have none, except in the vicinity of cities, wider
than twenty-four feet, and the rest correspondinglj^ narrower. In
view of the changes constantly going on in this countrj" in the value
and settlement of land, it would probably" be well always to lay out
a road fift}^ or sixty feet wide, but to build the road proper of the
widths above indicated."*

Under the subject of road-building must necessaril}' be included
the construction of bridges. In all cases these should be built in
the most substantial manner, and the materials used should be
those which have proved to be the most durable. Even in rural
districts, where both stone and wood are abundant, it would often
be preferable to build a bridge of the former material. The first
cost would be larger, but its greater durability and exemption from
repairs would render it in the end much the most economical.

Care should be taken to prevent any obstruction of the stream,
by the improper position of bridges. By neglect of this precaution
serious damages may be inflicted upon the neighboring lands in a
low country, and in high lands the bridges themselves are liable to
be swept awa3\ Under these latter circumstances, and in other
cases, the iron suspension bridge has proved the most suitable.

Not only durability, but fitness and beauty of design should be
leading principles in building a bridge. It is just as economical to
construct one that shall give pleasure by its elegance and S3'mmetry
as to construct one that is uncouth and out of proportion.

A roadway having been thoroughly constructed from the first, or
having been improved in the best manner possible, it is necessary
that it should be kept in continuous repair. And it is here that
mistakes are so frequently committed. Liberal sums are expended
by cities and towns in making perfect roads, and instead of keep-
ing them up to the standard by the necessary repairs at the moment
when needed, they are allowed to continue in a defective state,
until large outlays are again necessitated, and the travelling public
are put to much inconvenience liy the unavoidable delay attendant
Upon operations requiring so much labor.

It is perfectly useless then to expect good roads at any time un-
less a complete surveillance is made continually, and any defects at

* First I'rizc Essay, Mass. Agricultural Rpiioit, 18G9-70, j). 211.

SUBURBAN AND COUNTRY ROADS. 53

once remedied. " The problem can be put in this way : To have a
good road, it is necessar}* that there be no dust or mud on the same,
and that there be no ruts ; therefore remove the dust and mud as
fast as they are formed, and fill up the ruts as fast as they are made.
It may be thought, at the lirst view, that this is too expensive a
system. Its principal beauty, however, lies in the fact that it costs
less per mile of road kept one 3'ear than the pernicious system of
annual or semi-annual repairs, as will be shown and proved. The
above two rules — sweep off the mud and dust, as fast as they are
formed, and fill up the ruts and bad places with new material as
fast as the}' appear — are all that is necessary to be carried out in
order that there be cuntinually a good road. Without continual
repairs, there can be no such thing as a constantly good road — a
proposition that cannot too often be repeated. By repairing a road
annually, or twice a year, it matters not which, the result is, strictl}'
speaking, a good road at no time during the whole year. The road
is wretched just after repairs ; it becomes passable after a while,
and deteriorates from that day forward, until it is again made
wretched. B}^ the other method, is offered us a road as smooth as
a floor, 3'ear in, year out ; and, let it not be forgotten, at a less ex-
pense."*

The following plan is that which experience has taught us as the
best adapted for the continuous repair system of broken stone roads :
The material for the superstructure of the road-bed, ready pre-
pared, is placed at suitable distances along the side of the road. A
requisite number of persons are employed to perform the necessary
labor. This labor consists in the removal of the dust formed dur-
ing the dry season, and of the mud during the wet weather ; in the
removal of the covering as fast as it wears away, and in the filling
up of ruts and depressions with new material, at the earliest mo-
ment. By a constant oversight and attention to these points, any
large ruts are prevented, and by a proper and judicious method of
applying the material, the road-bed is preserved in its original in-
tegrity, f

Experiments conducted for the purpose, by German and French
engineers, conclusively show that resistance to draught is four
times as great with deep ruts and thick mud on foundation roads ;
and that a dusty or muddy condition of otherwise good roads, adds

»First Prize Essay, Massachusetts Agricultural Report, 1869-70, p. 233. tibid,
pp. 236-238.

54 MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ver}^ material!}^ to the draught. In order to lessen the wear of the
road during the dry season, the surface must be sprinkled ; an
operation which confers a blessing upon both man and beast at the
same time.*

"Bowles, in his book, 'Our New West,' mentions the case of
the stage road from Sacramento to Virginia City, via PlacerAalle,
one hundred and fifty miles long, and having an annual traffic of
seven or eight thousand heavy teams, and whose proprietors found
that the simplest and cheapest way of keeping it in repair during
dry weather was to sprinkle the whole of it — one hundred and fifty
miles of mountain road."t

We have now given what may be considered as the standard in
road building, and we have stated how that standard can best be
maintained. It would seem superfluous for us to say, that as a
people, we fall very far below that standard. No one who has
the least occasion to travel on our ill-constructed roads can fail to
be aware of their imperfect condition during a greater portion of
the year, a condition which could only be excused in the most
thinl}' inhabited mountainous or sandy districts. Strange as it may
appear, even our immediate community is not yet educated up to a
full knowledge of the value of good highways, although a gradual
advance in the right direction is perceptible.

Large sums of mone^' are annually expended upon our roads,
which may be said to be actually lost for want of proper and con-
stant superintendence. Not only are many of them improperly
built at the outset, but when repairs are made these are perfonned
in such an imperfect manner, with such poor material, and often in
the dry season, that travel over them is rendered more difficult than
ever, while the first heavy rainfall is too apt to wash away all
traces of the attempts at renovation.

One of the causes of our deficiencies in these matters may
doubtless be attributed to a s^'stem long pursued in this state,
which, however well it may have been adapted to the colonial
period, is no longer applicable at the present day. We refer to a
law of this commonwealth, which requires towns to raise annually
a certain amount of money to be appropriated to the making and
repairing of roads, to divide the town into districts, and to appoint
a survej^or over each district, who shall see that the money is

* See First Prize Essay, Massachusetts Agricultural Report, 1869-70, pp. 242, 243.
tlhifl, p. 237.

SUBURBAN AND COUNTRY ROADS. 55

properly expended. To every inhabitant is offered the privilege of
working out his proportion of taxes at a price stipulated by the town.
There would be no serious objection to this system, if all were alike
interested in having good roads, but as circumstances are, it is too
apt to result in a holida3''s amusement, under the supervision of a
man who has been chosen rather for his popularity, than for any
knowledge that he may have of building roads.

"The time the surveyor chooses is generally when he has the most
leisure, and whether required or not, he frequently works out his
money at once, and gets done with it. The work is often performed
in the rudest manner, and the road is coated here and there with
thick patches of worthless stuff — better suited for top-dressing for
crops than for road material — to be washed into the gutters on the
occurrence of the first heavy rain. From want of judgment, or
want of interest, the mone^' is wasted, and the people are burdened
with the heavier tax of struggling over hard roads, made worse by
the money they have paid for improving them. Less frequently a
man is chosen who understands better what is needful to be done,
and with what means he has, he commences some improvements,
which, if followed up in after j^ears, would result in a public
benefit ; but his ofHce is onl}' for a 3'ear, and he may be followed
b}' a man who will undo what was well begun."*

An improvement on this system has been adopted by man}^ of
our cities and larger towns, and consists in the appointment of a
superintendent, with an efficient corps of workmen under him, who
has authority to make the purchase of all necessary machinery
and paraphernalia, and who has complete supervision of roads and
bridges. Even in the smaller towns much might be effected under
a modification of the present system. Thus, let laborers be
employed, under the supervision of one overseer, appointed by the
town, who, in the various districts, shall keep the roads of that
district in constant repair, filling up all ruts and holes as soon as
formed ; using only the best materials to be obtained, and these in
a thorough and workmanlike manner. Let all new roads be con-
structed with especial reference to complete under-drainage, and
let all culverts, drains, and ditches be kept open ; let the surface of
every road be kept smooth and free from loose stones, and in dry
weather, wherever practicable, well sprinkled. Such a plan, of
course, necessitates constant labor, but it will be found to be the

* Third Prize Essay, Massachusetts Agricultural Report, 1869-70, p. 304.

56 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

most economical, and b}^ far the most satisfactoiy to every traveller,
as well as tax-payer, in the community.

But we cannot hope for a general and radical improvement in
the condition of our highways, until the laws respecting the same are
amended. There must be a uniform system of management
throughout the commonwealth, and this might be effected by the
adoption of a plan similar to the following, of which we give a
mere outline :

First, there should be created a state department of roads and
bridges, at the head of which should be a practical civil engineer,
thoroughly educated, and entirely conversant with that construction
and management of roads which experience has taught older nations
to be in every wa^- the best. Next, the state should be divided
into districts, to each of which should be appointed a supervisor,
who should be responsible to the chief for the proper management
of affairs within his limits. The roads throughout the state would
thus receive uniform attention, and ever}' town would gain the benefit
to be derived from the most improved and cost!}- machinery, which is
now limited to a few of the largest that can afford to purchase it,
while the best material could be used wherever found, without
regard to boundaries of towns.

Wood, iron, stone, and asphalt, are materials which are also
used for road surfaces, but as the}' are better adapted to the paving
of city streets, we shall have no occasion to discuss their relative
value in these pages.

Modern improvement demands that all suburban roads, and
those of thickly populated districts in the country, should be
provided with sidewalks or foot-paths, and that they should be
well lighted. The sidewalks, in all cases, should be constructed
with reference to proper drainage, and the materials used should be
those which are found to be the most suitable and easily obtained
in the immediate neighborhood. In suburban districts bricks or
stone flagging may be found the most durable, and therefore the
most economical. Asphalt has seemed, thus far, to answer a good
purpose, and possesses some advantages. But the sidewalk or
foot-path, which is most applicable to our country roads, is con-
structed of small stones as a foundation, with gravel as surface,
and rolled hard and very smooth. Of whatever material they are
made, they should be considered as a necessary adjunct to the
road-bed, and kept in continuous repair.

SUBURBAN AND COUNTRY ROADS. 57

Either gas or oils of various kinds, are the articles best adapted
to Lighting roads ; and they should be provided for this piu'pose in
every suburban district, and in every populous village. In fact,
well lighted roads are absolutely essential to every community, not
only as means of comfort and convenience, but also as a protection
against " the evils that walk in darkness."

Public highways of the best possible construction having been
provided, it then becomes a cultivated people to ornament them.
This is most fitly and usefully accomplished, by the introduction of
trees along their borders. If an}' one doubts the truth of such an
assertion, they have only to visit some of the older towns in our
commonwealth, more especially in the western portions, and along
the A'alley of the Connecticut, where they cannot fail to admire the
magnificent ekns and sugar maples that adorn the road-sides, which
the foresight of a former generation has provided for oiu' gratifica-
tion, and the presence of which gives a certain character to those
towns, which nothing else can supply.

A proper selection of trees most suitable for the purpose must be
made, and as a general rule, those should be chosen which are in-
digenous to the particular district. Experience has shown that the
American elm and the sugar maple are more universally adapted
to road-side planting than any others. To these we may add other
species of maple, certain kinds of oak, the ash, hickory, and Eng-
lish elm. Care must be taken that the trees are not planted too
thickly, or in such a way as to overshadow the road to the entire
exclusion of sun and light , for although such a condition may be
agreeable to the passing traveller and his beasts, it is apt to create
a degree of moisture which is not conducive to the preservation of
the road-bed surface.

Evergreens are in no way suitable for road-side planting, and
should never be allowed to occupy a position by which, the sun is
excluded, and whereby ice and snow are retained in the spring
months, long after their disappearance in other places, rendering the
travel difficult and dangerous.

There are many roads, which may be truly called "country
roads " in contradistinction to the suburban, and the great thorough-
fares of the larger towns, which need no ornamentation beyond
that which Nature herself has amply provided in the trees and
hedges which have sprung up spontaneously along their borders.
The very seclusion afforded by this natural embellishment, consti-

58 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

tutes their great charm and source of attraction, and should not un-
necessarily be interfered with. If the money which is now annu-
ally spent by many towns, in assiduously destroying all these charms
of our by-ways, by cutting down and uprooting the various shrubs,
vines, bushes, and 3'oung trees, which serve as breeding places,
and afford food to our insectivorous birds, as well as hide the un-
sightly piles of stones, rubbish, and dilapidated walls — were ex-
pended upon the improvement of the road-beds, it would add greatly
to the comfort and safety of the traveller. When any substantial
reason exists for this extermination of all natural beauty, it is desir-
able to submit ; but as it is often done without any definite object
in view, and merely because it is a custom, we suggest that the
pleasure afforded by its presence more than compensates for any
possible impediment or injury to the road itself.

A true observer* of natural objects thus pleasantly discourses on
this subject : — " The beauty of these old roads does not consist in
their crookedness, though it cannot be denied that this quality pre-
vents their being tiresome, and adds variety to our prospect, by
constantly changing our position. Neither does their beauty con-
sist in their narrowness, though it will be admitted that this quality''
contributes to their pleasantness by bringing their bushy sidewalks
nearer together. Their principal charm consists in the character of
their road sides, now overgrown with all that blended variety of
herbs and shrubbery which we encounter in a wild pasture. We
hear a great deal of complaint of these old roads, because they are
crooked and narrow, and because our ancestors did not plant them
with trees. But trees have grown up spontaneously in many places,
sometimes forming knolls and coppices of inimitable beauty ; and
often an irregular row of trees and shrubs of different species adds
a pleasing variety to the scenes. And how much more delightful is a
ride or a stroll through one of these old roads, than through the
most highly ornamented suburbs of our cities, with their streets of
more convenient width. The very neglect to which they have been
left, on account of the small amount of travelling over them, has
caused numberless beauties to spring up in their borders.

Let us, therefore, carefully preserve these ancient winding roads,
with all their primitive eccentricities. Let no modern vandalism,
misnamed public economy, deprive the traveller of their pleasant
advantages, by stopping up their beautiful curves, and building

* Wilson Flagg, Studies in the Field and Forest, p. 53.

SUBUEBAN AND COUNTRY ROADS. 59

shorter cuts for economizing distance. How much indeed, would
be done for us b}^ Nature, if we did not in conformity with certain
notious of improvement, constantly check her spontaneous efforts to
cover the land with beauty."

In this connection we would remark that it seems hardly con-
sistent for town authorities, by the offer of prizes or by other means,
to induce the inhabitants to set out trees for the ornamentation of
the highways, and at the same time to allow these officers on their
own responsibilitj^ to cut down the magnificent growths of centuries,
in order to widen a road unnecessarily, or to straighten a line
without sufficient cause. We have known this sacriligious act, as
it might well be termed, to be committed without the shghtest
necessity, and where it would seem that the very exertions made by
interested individuals to preserve, only excited the spirit to
destroy.

The introduction of water into many of our suburban and country
towns, as well as the existence of brooks and springs, renders easy
the introduction of fountains and drinking troughs along the road
borders. These may be of the most simple construction, as befits
the more rural districts, or they may be of stone or iron, more or
less ornamented, according to their position and surroundings.
The provision and maintenance of these should be compulsory as a
public necessity, and they should be placed upon much travelled
roads at distances of not more than five miles apart, and at corres-
pondingly shorter distances in thickly settled regions.

There is a practical point which should be kept in mind as regards
watering troughs, and which, if adopted, may prevent the occur-
rence of serious accidents. It is that the supply pipe should be
inserted into the bottom of the trough, and not rise much above
the surface of the water, when the trough is filled ; if it does, and
the water is blown about, ice is formed during the winter season,
rendering the approach to the trough difficult and dangerous. The
overflow should also, in all cases, be conducted in a pipe to a proper
drain.

Walls, fences, hedges, and other modes of enclosing property
abutting upon the highways are stiU necessary for protection against
intrusion, and as means of seclusion, especially in subui'ban towns.
These may be considered as entering very largely into the ornamen-
tation of our roads, especially when constructed or kept with due
regard to refined taste and good judgment. Where such a neces-

60 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

sary variety of opinion exists on a subject, no special uniform plan
could be adopted, nor would this be desirable. In certain localities,
and under certain circumstances, the entire absence of all artificial
boundaries might contribute to the embellishment of the public ways
by the air of refinement and elegance thus produced.

The borders of all roads, especially in the neighborhood of large
towns and villages, should be kept with neatness and with some
regard to aesthetic principles. There seems to be an almost entire
want of attention to these matters in most of our communities.
We not unfrequently see large and small estates maintained with
great care and even elegance, within their immediate limits, whilst
the roadsides which bound them are neglected and allowed to be-
come the receptacle for filth and rubbish. Every proprietor should
take an interest in the public welfare, so far certainly as concerns
the neatness and general appearance of the highway bordering upon
his estate. And this resolves itself into the adoption of very hum-
ble measures, being nothing more than a nicely kept greensward, a
healthy condition of hedges, trees, and shrubs ; the perfect order of
fences and walls, and the absence of everything that may offend the
sight.

Mr. Mitchell, in his charming book, " My Farm of Edgewood,"
in speaking of the Besthetics of the farmer's business says : " Here
and there we come upon a certain neatness and order in enclosures,
buildings, and fields, but ten to one the keeping of the picture is
absolutely ruined by the slatternly condition of the highway, to
which, though it pass within ten feet of his door, the farmer by
a strange inconsequence, pays no manner of heed. He makes it
the receptacle of all waste material, and foists upon the public the
ofial which he will not tolerate within the limits of his enclosure.
And the highway purveyors are mostly as brutally unobservant of
neatness as the farmer himself; nay, thej^ seem to put an officious
pride into the unseemliness and rawness of their work, and it is
only by most persistent watchfulness that I have been able to pre-
vent some bullet-headed road-mender from digging into the tuif-
slopes at my very door."

In our remarks, we have had our own commonwealth more espe-
cially in view. If she, in her general superiority, is so lamentably
deficient in the condition of her highways, what can be said of the
other older states. We will leave those to answer who can do so
from their own experience, merely premising that we are not at all

SUBURBAN AND COUNTRY ROADS. 61

surprised when reports like the following from the southern states
are received by the Department of Agi'i culture in answer to inquiries.*

From Florida. " No road laws, no bridges ; streams are crossed
by ferries, fording, or swimming."

From Texas. " Our roads are not worked, the wagoner making
his own way. Soil remarkably favorable for roads. No macad-
amizing material in the state, none needed. Road laws in this mag-
nificent state, like other laws, seldom executed. No turnpikes ;
don't need them. Eoads last until they become too mir}^, when
wagoners cut a new one. Texas can boast of the best roads, with
the least work, of any state in or out of the Union. Our citizens
generally regard work as unconstitutional."

Finally, as we have already remarked, if we desire an improve-
ment in the condition of our suburban and country roads, we must
have a uniform s^'stem, by which to work, throughout the state,
and in order to eflect this, there must be a re\dsion of the laws
upon the subject. Let Massachusetts lead in such a needful re-
form, and other states, seeing the advantages, will quickly follow
her footsteps.

Discussion.

CM. Hovey expressed himself as much pleased with the essay >
and hoped it would lead to better results than we have at present.
The roads in England are unsurpassed ; they are all macadamized,
and are kept in order by sweeping off the dust and scraping up the
mud as soon as they collect. As Dr. Slade has said, the superin-
tendents of repairs here are seldom men possessing any special or
practical knowledge of the subject. Mr. Hovey alluded to the
roads in Cambridge, where the superintendent was formerly a
lumber manufacturer.

Mr. Strong said that we think the roads of Massachusetts pretty
good, and gentlemen from the West and South think them very good ;
but he hoped we should do what we could to promote a feeling of
dissatisfaction with our roads, for he agreed with Mr. Hovey that
they are far inferior to those of foreign countries, and that the
superintendents are often utterlj'' unfit for the service. As he di'ove
into town to-day his horse was so frightened by a heap of ashes at
the roadside that he was almost prevented from being present at the
meeting.

♦Report of the U. S. Commissioner of Agriculture, for 1868, p. 348.

62 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Marshall P. Wilder was glad to know that this subject had
been introduced. The only way to effect improvement in our
roads is to enlighten public sentiment. The subject has been very
thoroughly discussed in the meetings of the State Board of Agricul-
ture. Forty-five years ago, when he first went to Dorchester, the
roads from his house to the church were at times ahnost impassa-
ble in the breaking up of winter. Now they are as good as a
street in Paris, and the improvement has been effected by a liberal
expenditure of mone}', on the principle of securing thorough drain-
age and stone surfaces.

John B. Moore said that the subject had been fully discussed by
the Board of Agriculture, and as a result a law was passed by the
Legislature authorizing towns to appoint Road Commissioners.
The course authorized had been largely adopted, and had been fol-
lowed by much improvement. But there were great difficulties in
the wa}^, some towns of not more than fifteen hundi-ed or two thou-
sand inhabitants having within their limits two hundred or more
miles of road. Such is the case with the town of Chelmsford. An
appropriation of fifteen hundred dollars is as much as such towns
can afford, and it must be spread out pretty thin to cover two or
three hundred miles of road. This diflficulty might be obviated by
state aid to such towns, but it would be better for a farmer to give
away his farm than to pay the taxes necessary to keep such a length
of road in a high state of excellence.

The thanks of the Society were unanimously voted to Dr. Slade
for his essay. The Chairman of the Committee on Discussion
stated that it was the intention of the committee to reserve some
Saturday for further discussion of the subject.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Saturday, February 10, 1877.

W. C. Strong, Chairmain of the Committee on Discussion, pre-
siding. The Chairman called on CM. Atkinson for information
concerning a new Bougainvillea, exliibited by Mr. Nelson, gardener
to Hon. Robert C. Winthrop. Mr. Atkinson said that the species

LECTURE ON ENTOMOLOGY. 63

was received for glabra, but was of a different color, and he thought
it lateritia. It was of very striking and attractive appearance ; of
brick red or vermilion color and not so gross a grower as B. spec-
tabilis.

Lectuke on Entomology.

The Chaiiman then introduced B. Pickman Mann, who spoke on
Entomology, in substance as follows : —

The interest of the horticulturist in insects is in theu' relation to
plants, but entomology cannot be successfully studied in this
economic aspect without a knowledge of technical entomology. If
a person finds his apple trees eaten by an insect, he may not recog-
nize it until it is too late to prevent the injury. If he applies to a
neighbor for infomiation, it may prove to be the canker worm, tent
caterpillar, palmer worm or some other insect. If it is a canker
worm he must provide against two kinds which have very different
habits, — the fall and spring canker woi-ms. The former comes out
of the ground in the autumn, and continues to ascend the trees until
April, excepting from the middle of Januar}^ to the end of February,
crawling on the trees and laying its eggs in patches on the bark.
The other does not make its appearance until spring, and can be
distinguished by the possession of a long tube, by means of which
it lays its eggs in crevices, etc. If the insect proves to be the tent
caterpillar (^Clisiocainpa) , the cultivator must know the proper sea-
son to attack it. Frequently the best time to attack insects is when
they can only be discovered by search. The chrysalis of the cab-
bage butterfly is readily accessible, and is attacked by a little wasp,
so that in destroying the chrysahs we may destroy many of our
friends, as may be proved by collecting a quantity of the chrysahdes
and placing them in a wu-e cage, when it will be found that a large
proportion will produce no butterflies, but there will issue from them
many of the little wasps which have been the cause of their de-
struction. These considerations show the importance of such an
exact knowledge of insects as can only be acquired by a special
student.

Of 200,000 known species of insects we have 30,000 in this
country, and of this number, not a large proportion, — only about
2,000 species, — are so injurious as to be of importance. Some
knowledge of insects can be obtained empirically or by tradition,
but it is often misapplied ; the means which have proved effectual in

64 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

destroying one insect are used for an entirel}' different one, or the
remedy is applied too early or too late, creating distrust of entomo-
logical knowledge. At times insects appear in great numbers which
have never appeared before. Most of our destructive insects are
imported from Europe, and have driven out the native kinds, as
foreign weeds have superseded the indigenous. American insects
are of a more ancient and less improved t}^e than the European,
and can no more cope with civilized European insects than the red
man can cope with the white man.

Mr. Mann reviewed a recent publication upon the subject of his
lecture, to show that neither exi^erience in horticulture nor in any
other walk of life, would avail for the protection of plants from in-
jury by insects, unless a knowledge was gained of the insects them-
selves, and that any number of isolated observations, however ac-
curate in themselves, might lead, as in the case mentioned they had
led, to the most erroneous conclusions, imless that thread of inter-
pretation was seized upon, which could only be grasped with cer-
tainty by persons who had made the insects themselves objects of
study.

He then gave an account of the principal insects known to be in-
jurious to currant bushes in this part of the country, pointing out
their differences in appearance and in habit, and the different mea-
sures necessary to adopt in order to prevent or diminish the injury
caused b^^ them.

1 . The tender tips of the currant bushes are cut off squarely in
the night by the caterpillar of a moth known as Hadena arctica, a
description of which ma}^ be found in Dr. Harris' " Treatise on
Insects Injurious to Vegetation," edition of 1862, p. 450. This
caterpillar is not known to cause any other injury to the currant
bush.

2,3. The cater})illars of two insects, one a moth, ^geria tipu-
Uformis, and the other a beetle, Psenocerus supernotatus^ con-
sume the core of the stems, weakening the plant both in its power
of work and in its power of resisting breakage, or quite killing it.
These insects are best attacked by breaking off in winter the stems
containing the chr^^salis and burning them.

4, 5. The caterpillars of two other insects, one a moth. Miopia
ribearia, and the other a saw-fly, Nematus ventricosus, consume
the leaves of the plant, thus checking or destroying the growth of
the fruit and eventually that of the whole plant. The former of

LECTURE ON ENTOMOLOGY. 65

these two is a measuring worm, wliich lays its eggs upon the stem
and branches of the bush, where they remain all winter and ma}^ be
found and destroyed. Bushes from the nursery should be examined
so that the insect ma}- not be introduced into places now exempt.
The latter is of European origin and has of late been so destructive
as to be known as the currant worm. The perfect insect comes out
of the ground in May, and finds the leaves ready ; it lays about a
hundred eggs on the under side along the principal veins, where
they can be seen by turning up the leaves, which should be plucked
off and burned. This is the easiest method of destro3'ing this in-
sect. If the eggs are allowed to hatch, the worms immediately begin
eating the leaves, at first making little holes, which they soon en-
large, afterwards eating the edges, and then going to other leaves.
The worms should be gathered and crushed or thrown into boiling
water. When they have finished eating they go into the gTound
and form a cocoon near the surface, or under leaves. If the ground
is smooth and hard under the bushes, or if boards are laid over it
they are, in a measure, prevented from doing this. There are two
broods in a j'Car, the second being much more numerous than the
first. The earlier they are attacked the better. These details will
serve as a specimen of the treatment which injurious insects ought
to receive.

These five are the most important enemies of our currant and
gooseberry bushes, but a large number of others are known, which
do, at times, very severe harm to the same bushes.

A repetition of the descriptions of these insects, would only add
to the large number of times the same have been described. Ex-
perience has shown that httle attention is, as indeed from the nature
of the case must be, paid by practical horticulturists to accounts of
the habits and descriptions of the forms of these insects, for while
the description itself might be simple, the interpretation of it re-
quires some knowledge of the several tens of thousands of other
insects found also in this country. By way of illustration, Mr.
Mann drew a parallel between the practice of economic entomology
as a profession, and the practice of medicine. While ever}'' person
might be competent to study the nature of any one disease, and to
administer the proper remedies, the very great number of diseases
and the necessity of immediate readiness to cope with any one, made
it only possible for persons who devoted their whole attention to
the subject to undertake the task of practising medicine. So it is
9

66 MASSACHUSETTS HOETICTILTURAL SOCIETT.

with the entomologist. It will not be until the horticulturist or the
farmer calls in an entomologist to prescribe for insect ravages, that
these can be reduced within reasonable limits. Every one will ad-
mit, when the ravages are in progress, that a remedy for each Idnd
of injury alone would be of immense value, but few can command
the means of being at the same time cultivators of plants and pro-
ficient students of the insects which are injurious. Moreover, much
of the greatest protection afforded to plants comes bj' the agency of
insects, whose labors must be understood and appreciated before
they can be secure against destruction.

Mr. Mann called attention to the action of several of the states
in the Mississippi valle}' , especially the state of Missouri, which has
maintained a State Entomologist at a salary of two thousand dollars
a year for nine years. The labors of this entomologist have been
recognized as of very great value, and have brought to him, among
other tokens of esteem, the gift of a gold medal from the govern-
ment of France. nHnois and Tennessee, as well as other states,
have maintained State Entomologists, and the State Agricultural
Society of New York, has declared that the labors of the entomo-
logist employed by it have been worth fifty thousand dollars a year
to that state.

Mr. Mann expressed the opinion that the services of a State
Entomologist would be of equal value to our own commonwealth.
The state of Massachusetts has received the benefit of the labors
of Dr. Packard, of Salem, for several years, but in such a way that
Dr. Packard has been obliged to bear part of the expense of the
publication of his reports in the ' ' Eeport of the Secretar}" of the
State Board of Agriculture," while receiving no pay for his labor.
Mr. Mann thought it of the utmost importance for the horticulturists
of this state to secure a recognition of their claims, and that ad-
dresses upon entomology were of little avail towards the diminution
of the ravages of insects in any other way than by arousing the
people to a realization of their rights and their best interests.

Discussion.

The Chairman said that none of us realize the great injury from
insects, which is increasing rather than diminishing, as the Colorado
beetle and other new insects make their appearance. He regretted
that we should be so far behind Missouri and other states, in our
measures to attain to and disseminate a knowledge of injurious in-

CUT-WORMS. 67

sects, and tliought it desirable tliat the Society should be repre-
sented on the State Board of Agriculture, where it might assist in
procuring the appointment of a State Entomologist.

CM. Hovey agreed with the Chaii-man that the Society ought to
be represented on the Board of Agriculture, but said that it should
be remembered to the credit of our state that it was the first to
move on this subject, by the appointment of Dr. Harris to make a
report on the injurious insects of Massachusetts, which has served
as the foundation of the reports of other states. Mr. Hovey spoke
of the difference between European and American insects, and
said that the phylloxera does not seem to be very injurious to our
American vines.

N. B. White said that he had destroyed large numbers of the cut-
worm moth, by placing a light in a tub of water mixed with oil,
about the last of May or first of June. He counted what were
caught in one night, up to five hundred, which was not a quarter
part of the whole.

Mr. Mann, in reply to an inquiry as to the scientific name of the
cut-worm, said that one of the most conmaon kinds is Hadena de-
vastator. Another common species is H. dandestina. In Riley's
first (Missouri) Report on Insects, twelve important distinct kinds,
that hatch into moths, are described, and several are figured. The
remedy adopted by Mr. White is one of the best. The speaker had
not been aware of any cut- worm whose caterpillar is a moth,
attacking grass. The army-worm cuts off grass above the surface.

CM. Hovey remarked that the cut- worm attacks young seed-
lings, seriously injuring whole fields when just springing up.

Mr. Mann said that Mr. White was correct as to the best time
for destro}dng the common cut- worm moth, but that there were
twelve hundred moths of this family, and a hundred of the genus
mentioned, and that other species than the one mentioned appear at
different seasons. In July and August there are few perfect in-
sects. Observations on the time when insects appear are important,
and it is desirable that when any insect not before observed makes
its appearance, specimens should be sent in quantity to entomolo-
gists. Specimens of any insect not known or recognized are also
desirable.

The number of first-class original observers in this branch of
natural history in this country, is very small, and all the results of
their observation are contained in a small compass. Dr. Harris is

68 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

unsurpassed in his power of presenting the subject familiarly, but
the greater part of the most valuable details about our own insects
have been discovered since his time, through the impulse he gave to
the study. Nothing of economic importance was added to the
later editions. His book, with Dr. Fitch's New York Reports,

* Eiley's Missouri Repoi'ts ; the * Illinois Entomological Reports, by
Walsh, and afterwards by Le Baron ; Walsh's papers in the Pro-
ceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, and in the
*American Entomologist in connection with Mr. Rile}", and the

* Practical Entomologist, are the most desirable works on the sub-
ject for horticulturists, and those marked with a star may all be
purchased for twenty dollars. Much important detail may be found
in other works.

The spring brood of currant worms is apt to be divided into two
parts, one appearing earlier than the other. This is the case with
many insects, and frequently a third portion will remain over until
another season. This is apparently a provision of nature to secure
the continuation of the race.

P. B. Hovey thought the currant borer more difficult to contend
with than the currant worm. We might be obhged to cut the bush
aU away, and a single borer may destroy a plant when grown in tree
form.

Mr. Mann said that if the currant borer had gone down to the
bottom, the stem was destroyed and might as well be cut off. There
is no wa}^ of destroying it in the moth form, as it is then smaU and
inconspicuous.

Sweet substances are more available than light to attract insects.
Poor molasses and ale, mixed and smeared on the bark of trees or
on rough boards, is excellent for this purpose. Townsend Glover,
the entomologist of the United States Department of Agriculture, has
devised a trap for catching insects, consisting of a box with con-
verging sides and conical entrances, and a light in the centre.

CM. Hovey suggested that the currant borer might be provided
by nature to take away old currant stems and cause the growth of
new. The tree form is unnatural for the currant.

P. B. Hovey said that currants bear best on wood three or four
years old, and do not form spurs until the second year. He thought
that the best fruit was pi'oduced on trees, but when the stem is per-
forated by the borer it becomes so weak as to break, or at least the
quality of the fruit is deteriorated.

MAY BEETLE OR DOR-BUG. 69

James Cruickshanks agreed with C. M. Hovey that we must rel}'
on suckers to renew the bush. Old wood bears poor fruit. He had
a plantation in tree fonn, where every bush was killed by the borer
before they were three or four years old, and he could find no
remed3\

C. M. Atkinson remarked that in Europe currants are always
grown on single stems. He had been troubled with a black beetle
on his potatoes, which moved by hopping, and bored holes in the
leaf. They swept away the whole of one piece of potatoes. He
had driven them away by sowing coal ashes over them. He had
found a handful of coal ashes, dropped on the spot where a cabbage
plant was to be set out, a preventive of club foot and cut- worms.

H. W. Fuller spoke of the grub of the cockchafer or May beetle,
which is so destructive to the roots of grass, and whose ravages he
had observed on the lawns at "Woodlawn Cemetery and at Alvin
Adams' estate in Watertown. The history of its life is very curious ;
the beetle deposits an egg in the ground, from which a soft, white
grub is hatched which grows for three j^ears, and cuts off all the fine
fibrous roots of the grass so that the sod can be lifted from the earth
like a carpet. The third or foiu'th j-ear it goes down eighteen
inches into the ground, and comes out a light colored beetle, which
soon grows darker and flies away to repeat its operations. He had
found them by hundreds under the turf on the edge of the dead spot
in the grass. Thej^ are distinct from a similar worm, much resem-
bling them, found in manure heaps. He spread a liberal suppty of
nitrate of soda on the lawn with good effect, as he thought, the lawn
during the next summer not being much troubled by them. He
regarded potash, or any good alkali, as the most practical remedy
in the case.

Mr. Atkinson said that j'ear before last he apphed what coal
ashes he had on hand to his lawns, and rolled with a heavy roller,
with good effect in destroying these grubs. He thought it more due
to the ashes than to the roller.

Mr. Mann said that the use of the roller was one of the most
approved ways of destroying these insects ; he thought it more
effectual in this case than the ashes. Mr. Fuller was right in regard
to the larva of the dor-bug growing three years in the ground, but
they are not destructive the first year. Dor-bugs are very abundant
in some years, and not in others, and in au}^ given case it would be
the same three years later.

70 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

P. B. Hove}^ said that Dr. Lodge sent his men out with lanterns
in the evening and found these beetles on the under sides of the
leaves on the ajaple trees ; he collected a bushel of them.

Mr. Mann said that the beetle of the muck worm, which so much
resembles the grab of the dor-bug, was black with the wing covers
ridged. The goldsmith beetle clings to the under side of leaves
during the day. He did not understand what Mr. Atkinson meant
by the black beetle. He spoke of a blistering beetle, a flat beetle,
a flea beetle, two milUmetres in length, and others, but thought
those mentioned by Mr. Atkinson must have been some other
species. Many observations had been made on flea beetles, par-
ticularly those infesting turnips, and he could give infonnation how
to destroy them.

Marshall P. "Wilder quoted the statement made by Professor
Chadbourne, of Williams College, that the potato beetle could be
destroyed at an expense of not more than five dollars per acre.
This might be done by planting very early kinds, before the beetles
became numerous. The beetles are to be picked off' by hand and
destroyed, and thus the later crop of potatoes will be less liable to
injury. If this is neglected, and the second crop of beetles is
allowed to appear, poison must be used, but this will cost more than
hand picking earty in the season, and poisonous drugs destroy
beneficial as well as injurious insects. Mr. Wilder knew of an
instance of successful hand-picking in New Hampshire.

Mr. White said that he had seen the potato beetle in Minnesota,
and Professor Chadbourne's plan would not succeed when the in-
sects were as numerous as they were there. We have not yet had
the potato beetle here in full force, as it has come in the West.

The Chairman remarked on the necessity of concerted action in
the matter, for our fences are not strong enough to keep out the
beetles coming from our neighbor's grounds.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Satuupay, Februar}^ 17, 1877.

The Chairman of the Committee on Publication and Discussion
presided, and before taking up tlic su1)ject assigned for the da}',
called for remarks on any of the objects exhibited, especially the

FORCING LILACS. 71

forced lilacs shown bj' C. M. Atkinson. These were of two vari-
eties, the Persian and Charles X, and were of the natnral color.

James O'Brien said that he had forced lilacs this winter, of the
natnral color, and had found a good demand for the flowers. He
prepared his plants by growing them in pots, and thought that if
planted in the ground there would be a tendency to make too much
wood.

Mr. Atkinson said that he had never attempted to blanch the
flowers. He received five or six years ago, from Waterer & God-
fre}', twelve Persian lilacs, one or two of which were of a lighter
color than the others, and last jeav a majority of the twelve were
white. Mr. Waterer was much surprised when told of it, as he had
never heard of a white Persian Hlac. They were not, however,
pure white. Of the four specimens shown, the Charles X were
grafted on the common lilac, while the Persian were on their own
roots. Mr. Atkinson described an interesting and successful ex-
periment in blooming lilacs in winter by cutting shoots with flower
buds and placing the butts in hot water.

Charles M. Hove}^ said that his views in regard to the varieties
of the Persian lilac were the same as Mr. Atkinson's — there is a
pale, but not white, one, which when grown under a high tempera-
ture proves quite white. Mr. Hovey referred to the plants shown
by Mr. Calder last year, which were probably the old variet}', and
to his own remarks on temperature and time in forcing (Transac-
tions for 1876, Part I, pp. 43-49). Light and air are necessary to
bring out the natural color. The Persian has more compact pani-
cles and is less gross in habit than the old kind, and therefore bet-
ter adapted for forcing.

The Chairman here introduced the subject assigned for the day,
viz., Fertilization and Cross-Fertilization. He felt much interest
in the opinion of Prof. Goodale that nature abhors individuality.
Prof. Goodale also stated that cross-fertilization in plants is the
rule, and self-fertilization the exception. The Chairman was sur-
prised that this ground was stated so strongl}-, and thought these
views conflicted with the doctrine of evolution, as presented by Dar-
win. But the subject is full of practical interest to us as horticul-
turists, especially in the cultivation of those plants whose seed or
fruit we desire to ripen. We want to know whether we must in-
troduce insects into our greenhouses to fertilize our grapes or straw-
berries.

72 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Hovey said that the subject presented by Prof. Goodale re-
quired much thought. In his view the ideas of the gentleman who
had taken this strong ground in regard to the infrequency of self-
fertilization were beginning to loosen a little. He could not sub-
scribe to the doctrine of evolution, and thought that it was only hy
self-fertilization that nature keeps itself true. The clover of to-day
is the same as the clover of a thousand years ago. So also with
timothy grass, and many other plants : they are all unchanged.
With all the good that Mr. Darwin has done, his writings have been
to some extent sensational. It needs much time and many experi-
ments to establish the views presented in the lecture under discus-
sion. Mr. Hovey thought self-fertilization the rule and cross-fer-
tilization the exception.

Mrs. J. W. Wolcott inquired whether Mr. Hovej" was certain
that clover had remained unchanged for a thousand yeai's, and that
the flowers were self-fertihzed.

Mr. Hovey replied that if the red and white clovers had been
crossed this would have produced a hybrid. We know that a pis-
tillate strawberry is sure to be fertilized if there is a staminate with-
in reasonable distance, and he presumed the clover might be cross-
fertilized.

Benjamin P. Ware thought the corn crop a fair illustration of the
point under discussion. Farmers know that a perfect ear seldom
grows on an isolated plant, showing that it is dependent on cross-
fertilization. It is fair to presume that in like manner each head of
clover may be fertilized from its neighbor.

John Robinson read from a notice in the "American Cultivator,"
of Darwin's new work, " Cross and Self-Fertilization of Plants," an
account of some interesting experiments with Indian corn, to test the
comparative vigor of cross and self-fertihzed plants. These were
planted in two rows, and " when fully grown the ten tallest plants
in each row were selected and measured to the tips of their
highest leaves, as well as to the summits of their male flowers. The
crossed averaged to the tips of their leaves 54 inches in height, and the
self-fertilized 44.65 inches, or as 100 to 83 ; and to the simmiits of
their male flowers 53.96 and 43.45 inches, or as 100 to 80." The
aggregate height of fifteen cross-fertilized plants raised in pots was
302.88 inches, and of fifteen self-fertilized plants, on opposite sides
of the same pots, 263.63 inches. The practical points deduced by
the editor of the "Cultivator" from these and other experiments by

FERTILIZATION AND CROSS-FERTILIZATION. 73

Mr. Darwin, and which Prof. Robinson thought excellent, were as
follows : ' ' "We here see how gardeners can improve their plants by
sowing mixed seeds of a variety, a result easily attained by pur-
chasing peas, beans, or other seeds, from three or four seedsmen
whose seeds of the same variety were produced in different localities,
instead of purchasing all of any given variety of one seedsman.
This may cause a little more trouble, but, as Darwin, Gower, and
Lecoq have demonstrated, the results thus attainable are worthy of
extra care in culture. By all seed-growers, for trade pui-poses, this
book of Darwin's should be specially studied, and to them we most
cordiaUy recommend it."

Prof. Robinson thought it an outrage to apply the term ' ' sensa-
tional " as Mr. Hovey had done, to the writings of such a man as
Mr. Darwin, who was acknowledged by every one to be a most ac-
curate observer and a careful and thorough experimenter. Mr.
Hove}' thinks cross-fertihzation the exception and self-fertilization
the rule. Others differ from him, and when we see plants arranged
like the orchids and willows, where self-fertilization is rendered im-
possible, we cannot think it strange that they should differ. Prof.
Robinson here read from a review of Mr. Darwin's book, in the
"American Joiu-nal of Science and Art," by Prof. Asa Gray —
" That cross-fertilization is largely' but not exclusively aimed at in
the vegetable kingdom, is abundantly evident. As Mr. Darwin
declares, 'it is as unmistakably plain that innumerable flowers are
adapted for cross-fertilization, as that the teeth and talons of a car-
nivorous animal are adapted for catching prey, or that the plumes,
wings, and hooks of a seed are adapted for its dissemination.' That
the crossing is beneficial, and consequently the want of it injurious,
is a teleological inference from the prevalence of the arrangements
which promote or secure it — an influence the value of which in-
creases with the number, the variety, and the effectiveness of the
arrangements for which no other explanation is forthcoming. That
the good consisted in a re-invigoration of progeny, or the evil of
close-breeding in a deterioration of vigor, was the suggestion first
made (so far as we know), or first made prominent by Knight,
from whom Darwin adopted it." Many persons, prominent among
them Thomas Meehan, are continually bringing up instances to show
that plants are close-fertilized. This is not denied by an}- scien-
tific man of any repute. In the words of Prof. Goodale, " What is
claimed, and what is in perfect consonance with such statements is
10

74 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

this, namely, most plants can be in some way cross-fertilized, and
this cross-fertilization, even in those species which can be close-
fertilized, ensures greater vigor in the progeny."

Prof. Robinson remarked that Mr. Darwin's conclusions were de-
rived from actual experiments, with hundreds of plants, those with
some species extending over a period of eleven years. Prof. Good-
ale mentioned only a very few of the many instances that might be
given, of arrangements for preventing self-fertilization.

Mr. Hovey remarked that the bean, so long cultivated and not
easily self-fertilized, had never become mixed.

Mr. Ware corroborated this remark. He had never found hy-
brids among beans.

The Chairman mentioned the squash family as plants which mix
easily.

Mr. Ware again alluded to the fertilization of corn, which he
thought peculiarly interesting. To illustrate further than before,
he mentioned a farmer who had a very superior variety of corn,
which his neighbors desired to obtain, but which he refused to part
with. To keep it pure he planted it away from all his other corn,
but, Unfortunately for himself, he planted some on the bank of a
river, and a neighbor planted some corn on the opposite side, which
was fertilized by the superior variety, and thus seed possessing
most of its characteristics was obtained. Mr. Ware also knew
a farmer who was famous for his excellent crop of corn, and who
would go to any one who had superior corn and get a few ears,
which he would plant with his other corn, regardless of the appear-
ance produced by the intermixture ; but although the crop would
not present a uniform appearance, Mr. Ware thought it a question
whether the mixing did not add to the vigor of the plants.

Prof. Robinson remarked that cross-fertilization does not always
cause variation. He illustrated Prof. Goodale's views as to the
influence of cross-fertilization in suppressing vagaries, by supposing,
in a case where seeds of a plant A, produced progeny A, B, and
C, that A should exactly resemble the parent, B varjdng in one di-
rection, and C in the opposite. Should these be self-fertilized they
would tend to form three quite marked varieties, whereas should
they cross, each with the others, the variation would be broken up,
and the third generation would tend to go back to the original, A,
especially should B cross with C, the average being A. We find
where a race mixes with other races, like the English nation, that

FERTILIZATION AND CROSS-FERTILIZATION. 75

the result is nearer the average t3'pe than in an isolated race like
the people of Patagonia. The cross-fertilization of clover adds
strength to the plants, and that clover is cross-fertilized is probable
from the number of bees visiting it.

The Chairman asked if these views did not conflict with the doc-
trine of evolution ; to which Prof. Robinson rephed that the
tendenc}^ to maintain the average did not show that there could not
be improvement.

Leander Wetherell remarked that the proboscis of the honey bee
is not long enough to reach the nectar in red clover ; and, conse-
quently, if bees assist in fertilizing this plant, they must be humble
bees. The first crop from a field of clover is always inferior for
seed to the second, and this has been attributed to the scarcity of
humble bees. It had been doubted by previous speakers whether the
red and the white clover flowered together ; but they do flower exten-
sively at the same time. Darwin says that insects, whether hive
bees or humble bees, visit flowers of the same species so long
as the}' can ; hence, where white clover is in bloom, hive bees con-
tinue to gather nectar from it as long as it lasts, so that there is
significance in the market phrase, " white clover honey." There is
no more crossing between red and white clover than there is among
beans of different species. The non-fertihzation spoken of in an
isolated stalk of corn is owing to a deficiency of pollen, more than to
the want of cross-fertilization. The same rule holds in regard to
animals as to plants — the progeny of a scrub crossed with a high
bred animal will be larger than the thoroughbred. In Darwin's
experiments tobacco formed a curious exception to other plants ;
onty one crossed plant out of three showed superiority over the
self-fertilized. It would be well for farmers and seedsmen to
consider the practical points brought out in Darwin's new book.

Mr. Hovey thought that a portion of Mr. Darwin's views, such
as those relating to carnivorous and gregarious plants were sensa-
tional ; but he did not apply that term to his experiments . Mr. Hovey
quoted from Prof. Gray's lecture at Mount Holyoke Seminary, in
September, 1875, as reported in the "Scientific Farmer:" "All
showy, fragrant, and honey-bearing flowers are arranged for cross-
fertilization. Nature abhors in-and-in breeding, and, like a wise
teacher, shuns it in practice." In the " American Agriculturist ''
for Jauuar}', 1877, Prof. Gray says, "Cross-fertilization, we may
well believe, is the best thing, but it is risky. Cross-fertilization,

76 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

tempered with self-fertilization — which is the commoner case — is
practically the best, on the whole, under ordinarj' circumstances — is
the compromise between the two risks, viz. : failure of vigorous and
fertile posterity on the one hand, and failure of immediate offspring
on the other. Get fertilized, cross-fertilized if you can, close-
fertilized if you must — is Nature's golden rule for flowers." Mr.
Hovey agreed with Prof. Gray in his later views — he thought cross-
fertilization desirable, but carried on at great expense.

The Chairman said that Prof. Goodale's statement was much
stronger than Prof. Robinson's. He (the Chairman) had thought
the flowers of the Kalmia arranged for self-fertilization, but accord-
ing to Prof. Goodale, it was one of the instances going to prove the
rule of cross-fertilization.

John B. Moore said that he had raised three hundred seedhngs
from the Rivers' Eliza strawberry, and had in every instance repro-
duced the parent, or else had got a variety not quite equal to it.
The case was the same with the Large Early Scarlet, though both
these varieties were growing with twenty others. He had found
that the simplest and easiest way of producing new varieties was to
select a pistillate kind, and plant it away from all others except that
with which he wished to fertilize it. In this way he was sure of
getting a cross. Corn is one of the easiest plants to operate on.
The spindles should all be cut from the variety which 3'ou wish to
make the mother, before they have fertilized it.

Mr. Moore agreed with Mr. Hovey that Darwin is sometimes
romantic and fanciful, and mentioned as an instance the account
given by him, and quoted with approval by Prof. Chadbourne at a
late meeting of the Massachusetts Board of Agriculture, of an
apple tree at St. YaXexy, " which, from the abortion of the stamens,
does not produce pollen, but being annually fertilized by the girls
of the neighborhood with pollen of many kinds, bears fruit 'diflfering
from each other in size, flavor, and color, but resembling in charac-
ter the hermaphrodite kinds b}' which they have been fertiUzed.' "
Mr. Moore said that an experience of sixty years in the culture
of fruit forced him to differ from Prof. Chadbourne. He did not
believe an3'thing he saw in a book unless it appeared reasonable to
his own mind.

Mr. Wethcrell also agreed with Mr. Hovey that Darwin was
sometimes romantic, and thought his book on " Cross and Self-
Fertilization," tlie most practical work he had written. This sub-

FERTILIZATION AND CROSS-FERTILIZATION. 77

ject has a practical side, of much interest both to seed growers and
seed planters.

The Chau'man inquired whether any one had any facts to present
in regard to fertilization under glass.

F. L. Harris replied that he had had some success in crossing
Draccenas. He had fertilized Mooreana, a species having a self-
colored, deep bronze leaf, with regiria, and produced twenty-five
plants of which no two were alike, and all partook of the properties
of both parents. One of them had a leaf larger than that of either
of its parents, and several of them were really superior to either
parent. Mr. Butler, gardener at "Wellesley College, has crossed
regina and terminalis stricta, and the progen}^ was much superior to
Mr. Harris' seedlings. These were both variegated kinds, instead
of a self and a variegated, and more vigorous, yet he produced
pigmies, which made most beautiful table ornaments. Mr. Harris
operated artificially, first removing the stamens, which he believed
to be the true way. He had found Draccena congesta fruit readily,
while other species do not ; the congesta may have been fertilized
by insects, and yet this is doubtful, for it fruited in winter when no
insects were around. Tropical plants do not fruit readily in green-
houses ; he did not believe that a cucumber ever fruited under glass
without artificial aid. He thought that grapes had the power of
fertilizing themselves so as to produce fruit, but European gar-
deners declare that it is necessary to syringe the Muscat. He
thought the failure to produce fruit under glass might be owing to
the absence of insects.

Mr. Hovey said that a breeze was needed to start the pollen. As
a general rule the house is kept rather close. The Muscat of Alex-
andria grape requires heat to burst the anthers. He did not think
that each fiower would fertilize itself.

Mrs. Wolcott said Mr. Hovey's remarks implied that cross-
fertilization would be produced b}- the current of air.

Mr. Wetherell alluded to the danger of cross-fertilization among
plants of close atBnity, as the cabbage, squash, and other families.
Darwin planted a white kohl-rabi, a purple kohl-rabi, a Ports-
mouth broccoli, a Brussels sprout, and a sugar-loaf cabbage near
together and left them uncovered. Seeds collected from each kind
were sown in separate beds ; and the majority of the seedlings in
all five beds were mongrelized in the most complicated manner,
some taking more after one variety and some after another. The

78 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

effects of the kohl-rabi were particularly plain in the enlarged stem
of many of the seedlings. Altogether 233 plants were raised, of
which 155 were mongrelized in the plainest manner, and of the re-
maining seventy-eight not half were absolutely pure. He repeated
the experiment by planting near together two varieties of cabbage
with purple-green and white-green lacinated leaves ; and of the 325
seedlings raised from the purple-green variety, 165 had white-green
and 160 purple-green leaves. Of the 466 seedlings raised from the
white-green variet}', 220 had purjjle green leaves and 246 white-
green leaves. These cases show how largelj^ pollen from a neigh-
boring variety of the cabbage effaces the action of the plant's own
pollen. Such facts reported by so skilful an experimenter and
observer as Mr. Darwin, remarked Mr, Wetherell, should be kept
constantly in mind by all growers of seed, whether for vegetable or
floral culture.

Prof. Robinson said that in many cases the stigma ripens before
the pollen is perfected, or vice versa.

E. H. Hitchings mentioned the Sabbatia cJiloroides as an instance
of the flowers referred to by Prof. Robinson — the pollen ripens
before the stigma is mature.

The Chairman remarked that whatever might be thought of the
peculiar views expressed by Darwin, he was an earnest seeker
for facts.

CM. Atkinson was sorry to hear any one speak of romance in
connection with Mr. Darwin. He thought that, with the same
facts before him in regard to the subject under discussion. Prof.
Agassiz would have come to the same conclusion as Darwin. Mr.
Atkinson mentioned the pelargonium as a plant incapable of self-
fertilization, as was shown by Foster and Beck, two of the most
extensive experimenters in raising new varieties of that plant.
The stamens are ripe before the pistil, and if you wait for seed to
be self-fertilized you will never get it. The appearance of purple
grains in the ears of white or yellow corn, shows that cross-fertili-
zation has had its effect in that instance. When strawberries are
grown under glass, unless they are fertilized with a camel's hair
pencil, or a hive of bees is placed in the house, the fruit will be
knurly and undeveloped. To produce a perfect strawberry, every
pistil in the flower must be fertilized. He had grown, at the late
John P. Cushing's, strawberries under glass to measure five and a
quarter inches in circumference, when there was a hive of bees in

FERTILIZATION AND CROSS-FERTILIZATION. 79

the neighborhood, some of which came into the house. A current
of ail' is not sufficient.

Mr. Hovey said that it was well to know what we wanted to
arrive at, and the question was whether cross-fertihzation was
necessary to keep up the vigor of the race. He admitted the facts
stated in regard to the Draccena and the strawberry. Moisture is
unfavorable to the dissemination of pollen.

Mr. Wetherell alluded to the breeding of cattle as analogous to
the breeding of plants,* and said that the shorthorns of the Duchess
family, bred in-and-in, are the most perfect animals of the cattle
kind that the world has ever seen. He spoke of the Duchess cow,
at the York Mills sale, that brought $40,600. Though cross-fertili-
zation may produce large and perfect plants, the question is whether
individuality can thus be perpetuated. He thought crossing with
inferior and unimproved varieties would impair the vigor of plants,
and that the less there was of foreign pollen the more perfect would
be the plants propagated from seeds.

The Chainnan remarked that Darwin produced monstrosities by
breeding in-and-in, and that the question is, what we call a perfect
plant.

Mr. Wetherell asked whether it was not understood by botanists,
that all plants in their original state are perfect, and that the gar-
den varieties are monstrosities.

The Chairman repUed, that technically they were, and referred to
Darwin's illustration from the gooseberry. It is a fair question
how far, in our efforts at improvement in particular directions, we
interfere with the general development of the plant.

Mr. Hovey agreed with the Chairman that all plants and trees out
of the common course are monstrosities. Cross-fertilization has not
kept up the individuality of plants, but has changed it. Eoses with
a tendency to double, become entirely changed in three or four re-
moves from the original. The wild touch-me-not is precisely the
same as it was fift}^ years ago, but if removed to the garden it would
doubtless have been changed. Mr. Hovey asked how such a pear
as the Duchesse d'Angouleme, which was found growing wild, was
produced. He thought cross-fertilization likely to lead away from
the original type.

*The following note is added by Mr. Wetherell : " Sexual reproduction is so essen-
tially the same in plants and animals, that I think we may fairly apply conclusions
drawn from the one kingdom to the other." Charles Darwin, in " London Agricultural
Gazette," April 2, 1877, p. 324.

80 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Prof. Robinson said that Mr. Hovey had confused cross-fertiliza-
tion and hybridization. We should keep distinct the perpetuation
of the race, and the improvement of varieties.

H. Weld Fuller asked whether Nature was not always exercising
a strong recuperative power, and making an effort to protect herself.
He thought this power was shown in the tendency of variegated
plants to revert to their original t^'pe. Darwin is a most careful
observer and a faithful recorder ; if he believes that certain matter
was created with innate power of reproduction, self-preservation,
and indefinite renewal, the great Author of that power is not thereby
ignored ! Darwin does not destroy the necessit}^ of a first cause.
The endowment of a seed with the capacity of development into
varieties remarkable for their beaut}^ or use, is as wonderful as the
creation of those varieties would be. Human ingenuity may con-
trive a clock which may run for a week or a year, but it can give no
vitality or endless energy to its materials. It requires a God to
construct one which will run through all ages, renewing itself con-
tinually and knowing no change or stop. Mr. Fuller thought the
principles of hybridizing were well understood ; the way is to get
the best varieties of everything and breed from them.

The Chairman said that we should endeavor to preserve the dis-
tinction between cross-fertilization and hj'bridization. Prof. Good-
ale's point is that Nature adopts the principle of cross-fertilization
largel}' for the purpose of suppressing changes.

Mr. Wetherell expressed his satisfaction that Prof. Robinson had
made the distinction between cross-fertilizing for the perpetuation
of the race and for the improvement of varieties.

Mr. Hovey remarked that the difference between hybrids and
other crosses is that the former are not fertile.

The Chairman said that the close attention given to the discussion
for two hours showed the practical interest of the subject. A mo-
tion was made to continue the discussion the next week, which
was carried.

FERTILIZATION AND CllOSS-FERTILIZATION. 81

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Saturday, February 24, 1877.

W. C. Strong, Cliairman of the Committee on Publication and
Discussion, in the chair. The subject of Self and Cross-Fertilization,
as presented by Prof. Goodale, being again assigned for considera-
tion, the following outline of the lecture, made by Prof. Goodale,
was read b}^ the Secretar}^, that the position of the lecturer might
be clearly understood.

I. By self-fertilization, or close fertilization, is meant the im-
pregnation of a pistil by pollen from its own flower.

Conrad Sprengel, in the last century, and Andrew Knight, early
in this century, showed that many flowers are incapable of fertiliza-
tion without insect or other foreign aid.

Mr. Darwin, in England, Mtiller and Hildebrand in Germany,
Axtell in Sweden, and Gray in America, have greatly enlarged the
list of flowers which require insect aid to ensure their fertilization.
These flowers are termed " cross-fertilized."

II. The mechanism of cross-fertilization may be said to be by
1st. vSeparation of the sexes.

2d. Diflerent dates of maturity of stamens and pistil.
3d. Inaccessibility of the stigma, as in orchids, etc.
4th. Certain movements which ensure transfer of pollen.

III. Mr. Darwin, in his recent work on cross-fertilization, estab-
lishes the fact experimentally that plants which can be, and are, as a
rule, self, or close fertilized, become in a few generations greatly
impaired in vigor, as contrasted with the same species cross-fer-
tilized, and unequal to contend with them in the struggle for life.

IV. Many disputants of late have asserted with reason, that a
good many plants can be self-fertilized. This is not denied by any
scientific man of any repute. What is claimed, and what is in per-
fect consonance with such statements is this ; namely, most plants
can be in some way cross-fertilized, and this cross-fertilization, even
in those species which can he close fertilized^ ensures greater vigor in
the progeny.

It must be noticed that in some recent publications bearing upon
close fertilization, the fact that experiments covering many years
11

82 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

are better than those which cover barel}^ one, appears to have not
received sufficient attention.

Hj^bridization, the impregnation of one species by the pollen
from another, does not lie in our present path.

The Chairman mentioned the point that if suppression of indi-
viduality, was Nature's law, in his view it conflicted with the
doctrine of evolution.

Marshall P. Wilder agreed with the Chairman as to the conflict
between these views. The subject as illustrated by Prof. Goodale,
was new to him, as was also the application of the term cross-fer-
tilization to the fertilization of a flower by another flower on the
same stem. Knight and Herbert, in their writings on cross-fer-
tilization, apply it to the fertilization of one variety by another.
Though Mr. Wilder had a great regard for scientists, he believed
that God ordained that plants should self-fertilize, each plant "yield-
ing seed after its kind." Corn and other plants are kept pure by
self-fertilization, so that we get the exact varieties. If a plant fer-
tilized by its own pollen or by a companion, produces a seedling
like itself, we have made no progress in improvement. Working-
horticulturists have discovered that species could be crossed, and
the speaker preferred careful cross-fertilization by hand, as the surest
method of improvement in the production of new varieties, to im-
pregnation by insects or the wind. We have an absolute law by
which we can cooperate with nature in this improvement of species,
both animal and vegetable. Lindley sa^-s weak parents produce
weak children, and their children are still weaker.

Mr. Wilder called attention to a group of eight azaleas, three 3'ears
from seed, exhibited by him, in fulfilment of his promise at one of
these meetings, to produce seedling azaleas in flower in much less
time than is commonly supposed to be required.

The Chairman said that the beauty of Prof. Goodale's position is
that he is seeking for facts. Our object also should be to ascertain
facts.

Mr. Wilder said, in regard to the incapability of plants of fer-
tilizing themselves, that when the anther bursts, the pollen becomes
almost ethereal, filling the air like the spores of a pufl?-ball when
burst. The Willey strawberry is a pistillate variety, with large and
vigorous foliage, completely hiding the flowers, but if a pistillate
variety is growing near, the pollen will so pervade the air as to
fertilize every flower under that dense mass of foliage. Some plants

FERTILIZATION AND CROSS-FERTILIZATION. 83

are not so much capable as others of fertilizing themselves. Why
do we plant each variet}' of corn and squashes by itself, but to
keep the variety from fertilization by others ?

The Chairman referred to the various contrivances described by
Prof. Goodale for preventing self-fertilization in orchids.

Mr. Wilder said that varieties were so likely to be impregnated
by pollen floating in the air, that when we would fertilize a flower
with the pollen of a particular variety, we must cover the stj'le
with gauze to prevent fertilization by other than the desired pollen.
When we want to raise a seedhng possessing the good points of a
weak growing variety, but with greater vigor, we impregnate with
the pollen of a strong grower ; or if we have an excess of vigor, which
it is desired to reduce, we reverse the process ; and when we have
gained the desired improvement, if we keep the plant separate from
others we have the same variety to the end of time. The longer he
lived the more was he impressed with the importance of cross impreg-
nation, and the more convinced that it is the best way to obtain
great improvements. We cannot rely on accidental impregnation
for them. Providence seems to have placed in our hands all the
data we need for originating improved varieties. Mr. Wilder
referred to a paper on h3'bridization, by Mr. Herbert, published in
the "Journal of the London Horticultural Society'," Vol. II, pp. 1
and 81, as covering the whole subject of the improvement of
varieties.

Edward S. Rand, Jr., asked for any well authenticated fact in
relation to the crossing of two well defined species.

Mr. Wilder said that the question was too strict, botanists not
being agreed as to what constitute species. The rhododendron and
azalea have usually been classed as distinct genera, and yet they
cross readily.

Mr. Rand replied that he supposed Mr. Wilder referred to
gesneraceous plants, but« that he had yet to learn of the crossing
of two well defined species. He did not consider the rhododendi'on
and azalea weU defined genera.

Leander Wetherell said that the different species of the lily, when
growing wild, perpetuate themselves without variation of kind, but
when cultivated they produce varieties. The same is true of
animals, and he named the Ancon breed of sheep as an instance. If
you wish to produce a vigorous race, cross-fertilization is essential.
Darwin says that if you wish to perpetuate any peculiarities in a

84 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

plant, 3"0u ma}' do it by fertilizing from its own pollen, or from that
of any other plant of the same stock ; but j^ou must not allow
cross-fertilization. Some maintain that permanent varieties are
identical with species. In hybridizing between species 3'ou produce
mules. Mr. Wetherell asked whether pigeons of the forest did not
perpetuate their kind. Those in domestication show great variation.
In the former case man has not interfered ; in the latter he has. It
is the same with the robin and the squirrel. You can propagate a
deformity as well as a beauty. In some instances it is for the
interest of the farmer to produce variations. In corn it is not the
want of cross-fertilization, but of fertilization, that produces imper-
fect ears, as shown by a plant standing alone, to which reference
had been made by a previous speaker.

E. W. Bus well remarked that the row of corn on the windward
side of a field is more deficient in ears than those in the centre of
the field, the pollen being blown to leeward.

The Chairman understood the experience of the breeders of
fancy pigeons to have a direct bearing on the subject. Darwin
claims that he can produce monstrosities in animals, and the prin-
ciple is the same with plants.

Mrs. J. W. Wolcott asked whether Mr. Wilder had not shown
that in almost every instance cross-fertilization is brought about by
the aid of man.

Mr. Wilder replied that it was not ; the pollen floats in the air,
which is so filled with it that if there is a stigma anj'where, the
pollen will seize on it as quickly as fire on gunpowder.

M. H. Merriam said that there was much confusion in regard to
the original types of plants and animals. His view is that there is
a feral type, towards which there is alwa^'S a tendency to return. A
flock of pigeons left to breed in-and-in returned to the feral tjqje in
a comparative^ short period of time. This, however, is not incon-
sistent with individualit}', but each may have distinct characteristics.
Circumstances, known and unknown, produce peculiar characteris-
tics, and hence we have varieties. In the ordinary operation of
natural causes, plants will be fertilized both ways, for widely dis-
seminated influences are always in operation to produce this effect,
unless special measures are taken to prevent it. There can be no
question that self-fertilization does occur, and cross-fertilization
does also, ])ecause the causes are so universal. The cultivator
should guide the process of cross-fertilization so as to produce the

FERTILIZATION AND CROSS-FERTILIZATION. 85

results he desires. The question for him is, how he can unite the
properties of two varieties so as to count certainly on the result,
instead of leaving it to the operation of natural causes, which elude
our control or observation.

Benjamin P. Ware said the question before us is whether Nature
provides for self-fertilization or cross-fertilization. It seemed to
him that all the facts brought forward as illustrations, tend to show
that Nature more generally provides that blossoms should be fertil-
ized from the pollen of neighboring blossoms, rather than from that of
their own. The fact that a plant of corn growing alone fails to pro-
duce well filled ears shows that it is dependent upon neighboring
plants to supply pollen for complete impregnation. The ethereal
nature of the pollen of most plants seems to make it peculiarly fitted
to be carried by the wind to fertilize other blossoms than those in
which it was produced.

Edward S. Rand, Jr., said that Nature aimed only at the perpetua-
tion of the species. This was mainly done by means of seed, and
all the various methods of distributing the pollen, b}' wind, insects,
gravitation, or other agencies, were exerted solely with that end in
view. Man avails himself of these results, and often Nature's so-
called accidents prove superior to the fruit of his best directed
eflforts.

In repl}' to a question from Mr. Wetherell as to the fertilization
of orchids, Mr. Rand said they were generally incapable of fer-
tilization without the aid of some foreign agency, and that insects
were the agents emplo^-ed by Nature to secure the perpetuation of
this class of plants. In performing this service the insects are blind
agents, doing the work while seeking food. The orchid flowers are
so formed that in order to get at the honey, a violent disruption of
the flower is generall}- necessary, and the sticky masses of pollen
are often carried away on the heads of insects, who thus effect fer-
tilization. In illustration of these remarks, Mr. Rand mentioned
the singular structure of'Angrcecum sesquipedale, an orchid peculiar
to Madagascar. (See the Transactions for 1874, Part I, p. 26.)

Rev. A. B. Muzzey thought this subject required a knowl-
edge of science. Sometimes the cultivator appeared distrustful of
the scientist in the discussion of questions like the present, and
would look onh' to practical laborers for an}- reliable information.
This should not be ; he thought both classes could aid in such dis-
cussions. The cultivator could furnish the facts needed in each

86 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

case, and the scientist could use them in reaching right conclusions
and opinions in horticultural pursuits. The}" should never be jeal-
ous of each other, but should work together as friends and helpers.
This would be for the enlightenment and service of the whole com-
munity.

During the discussion much had been said of the work of Nature,
as if it were a distinct thing from the work of man. But in truth
the}" were both operating in the same direction, if not always in the
same way. The mind of man is indeed a part of Nature, and its
efforts are designed to be toward the one great end, a perfect
culture. It is through man that her highest processes are to be
developed. Human means and instrumentalities are essential, both
to a correct knowledge and a right use of Nature. This idea would
help us in the consideration of our present subject, as in all others
of a like delicate and complex character.

John B. Moore remarked that it was fortunate that trees are
not liable to be influenced in their fruit b}' the pollen of other trees.
If they were, a man might plant a Bartlett pear tree, and gather
any variety or any number of varieties ; and where trees were so
situated as to receive the pollen of other varieties, we should never
be sure what kind of fruit our trees would bear.

E. W. Buswell mentioned a fact of which he^^was reminded by
the allusions that had been made to the manner in which insects
follow flowers. Being very fond of humming birds, and noticing
that they visited flowers with deep nectaries, he planted large num-
bers of honej'suckles, four o'clocks, and similar flowers. This plan
was entirely successful ; his garden was \dsited by multitudes of
humming birds, which grew friendl}", and even familiar. A pair of
large green humming birds would come and poise on their wings
before his face, and play over a bouquet of flowers which he held in
his hand.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, March 3, 1877.

An adjourned meeting of the Societ}" was holden at 11 o'clock.
President Parkman in the chair.

W. C. Strong, Chairman of the Committee on Publication, an-

INJURIOUS AND OTHER FUNGI. 87

nouncecl that Part II of the Transactions of the Society foi-
ls 76, was read}' for distribution.

William E. Bowditch, of Boston Highlands, and
Hiram Wilde, of Randolph,
having been recommended by the Executive Committee, were duly
elected to membership.
Meetino- dissolved.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

The Chairman of the Committee on Discussion announced the
subject of the lecture delivered before the Society by Mr. Ilalsted,
on the 27th of January — Injurious and other Fungi — for discussion
at this meeting.

Charles M. Hovey said that the injurious effects of fungi were
well known, but it was a question in regard to many diseases in
plants, where the presence of fungi was noticed, whether these
diseases were caused by the fungi, or whether the fungi were the
consequence of the disease. The leaf blight, which attacks the
foliage and fruit of the pear in the form of black spots, causing the
leaves to drop, is well known to be a fungus. The fungus which
causes the potato rot has been thoroughly studied and elucidated
by writers in European journals, the " resting-spores " having been
discovered within a year or two. The best remed}' is to plant early
varieties, and to plant and harvest them early, before they are affected
by the autumnal rains. We are all familiar with the mildew on the
grape vine and with the remedy. Mr. Hovey concluded by ex-
pressing the hope that microscopic investigations of all the fungi
which are not yet thoroughly understood, would be pursued until
some means of preventing the injury which they cause is discovered.

William C. Strong remarked that in some particulars the subject
was well understood, but in others it was not well known.

President Parkman mentioned the "fungus of the cutting bench,"
as one of which nothing was said by the lecturer, but one which
comes very near to our feelings, if not to our interests. It is an
insidious enemy, which in a night will destroy j^ards of cuttings,
but for which no remedy is known.

Mr. Hovey said that he had found hot, dry sand — as hot as possible
without injuring the plants — strewed on the cutting bed, a remedy,

88 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

though not complete and thorough. The fungus seems to thrive
best in a certain temperature and moisture, which the hot sand
corrects.

President Parkman said that prevention is better than cure, and
that this was best effected b}' careful attention to the purity of the
sand, and to maintaining a proper temperature and moisture.
Where the fungus has destro3"ed cuttings, the sand is observed to
be netted with small white filaments.

Mr. Strong thought the means recommended by the President
as a preventive would tend to cure the trouble.

Mrs. J. "W. Wolcott asked whether it would not be possible to
find the spores and destroy them before the m^xelium was formed.
It appeared that no one had observed the fungus until it had done
the mischief.

President Parkman replied that a long course of scientific obser-
vation would be necessary to gain the knowledge suggested, and that
such investigation was very desirable. Perhaps by it some remedy
might be discovered, as in the case of the plum knot. The observa-
tion which can be given by cultivators is not of the minute character
necessary'. After raising a crop or two of cuttings, the sand be-
comes filled with vegetable matter, and should be kept continually
clean by washing.

Mrs. AYolcott asked if it was not possible to persuade cultivators
to accept the discoveries of scientific men, and to save themselves
from pecuniary loss by preventing fungus. She thought there was
an opposition among gardeners, which was much to be regretted, to
accepting and acting upon such discoveries.

President Parkman replied that scientific investigation was as
important in horticulture as in other matters, and that the highest
practical results could not be had without it.

Mr. Strong thought that we should be modest and not attempt to
go beyond our depth in these discussions. He had observed various
facts in regard to the fungus under consideration. He had noticed
that its growth depended on a humid condition of the soil and at-
mosphere. He alluded to the remedy proposed by Mr. Hovey, and
said that, besides this, thoroughly aerating the sand every time of
using would be beneficial.

Mr. Hovey had never noticed any mycelium, more than a web
over the bed, which seemed to be composed of infinitesimal parti-
cles of water. This web was over, rather than in, the soil — not over

INJURIOUS AND OTHER FUNGI. 89

the cuttings, but about a sixteenth of an inch above the surface of
the soil. Another kind is quite white, in a thin layer and more
distinct. The condition of a bed affected with this fungus appeared
to him similar to that of a room so crowded with people that they
had not sufficient air. When planted wide apart, with plenty of air,
the cuttings do not appear so liable to injury as when crowded.
The fungus will go through a bed and kill the base of the cuttings
while the top is uninjured.

Mrs. E. M. Gill said that her cuttings were entirely killed, top
and bottom.

Mrs. Wolcott asked Mr. Hovey if he did not think that under
the web which he described, he could, with a microscope, find the
mycelium of this fungus.

Julius A. Palmer, Jr., said that the remarks of the previous
speakers would convey the impression that all the fungi were ene-
mies of the horticulturist, but while some of them were destructive
of food, others were valuable for food. Among the latter is the
Agaricus ulmarius, a large white fungus, growing on the elm tree,
and which there is no danger of confounding with any poisonous
species. The Common in spring is covered with a little black
toadstool, Agaricus {Psilocybe) foenisecii, which is excellent food.
Any puff-ball that is white when broken open is not poisonous. So
late an authority as Dr. Curtis classed the Coprinus comatus among
the poisonous species, but it is generally considered harmless.
Among the known puff-balls there is not one of those which are
white when opened that is poisonous. If on cutting open a puff-
]iall any trace of yellow is left on the knife, this is an evidence of
decomposition, and fungi in this state are as unwholesome as tainted
meat. In answer to an inquiry how he cooked puff-balls, Mr.
Palmer stated that he broiled them.

James Cruickshauks said that he had been much interested in the
facts given us by Mr. Palmer, but he would recommend every one
to be very much on their guard as to what the}^ ate. When a
journejTQau gardener, he saw what he supposed to be some verj- fine
mushrooms. He took them in and broiled them, and ate a portion,
and a short time after he was, for two hours, as near being poisoned
as ever a man was who escaped. He supposed the hvn-tful charac-
ter of these fungi was due to their growing near pine trees.

Mr. Palmer said that the eatable fungi are not marked by their
attractiveness, and mentioned a case where a family were poisoned

12

90 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

by eating a white mushroom of attractive appearance. Tliere is
only one safe ground, — to know them as well as we know our com-
mon vegetables. It would be difficult to describe the difference
between the bulb of a hj^acinth aud that of an onion, yet no one
would ever mistake one for the other ; and so while it is difficult to
describe in words the distinction between different mushrooms, it is
not difficult to distinguish them by the eye when once educated to
do so. The speaker thought the poisonous qualities of mushrooms
exaggerated. He had eaten forty different kinds. There are in
Massachusetts perhaps a thousand different varieties — as different
one from another as a cherry is from a plum, or a raspberry from a
strawberry.

In answer to an inquiry Mr. Palmer said that he did not think
there was any danger of finding deleterious species among the
mushrooms of commerce, as there is no variety hkely to make its
appearance in the beds of the cultivator, which he could not easily
distinguish from the true kind.

Mr. Hovey said there was no doubt that many of the fungus
tribe, the mvishroom and traffic especially, are very valuable, form-
ing excellent, agreeable, and pleasant food. Though several are
known to be harmless, in our present state of knowledge it is rather
dangerous to eat those with which we are not familiar. The Coprinus
and the common mushroom are distinct, and there is also a small
brown one known as the almond mushroom, having a taste like
ahnonds. The common mushroom is well known, and if we get to
be as familiar with the family generally as we are with beets and
turnips, the}^ would be available as food. At present the numlier
esteemed as wholesome will not count much in comparison with the
injurious species.

Mr. Palmer said that the profusion of food in this country was
such that we had availed ourselves of the fungi to a ver}' small ex-
tent only, but in other countries it was different. The Chinese and
Japanese would regard our waste of fungi as we should the rotting
of grapes in the vine3^ard. Large quantities of mushrooms are
eaten by the Chinese in California ; they are grown in Mexico and
imported from thence into San Francisco. The speaker said that
he ate the common horse mushroom, or champignon, and regarded
them as nutritious. They are rich in nitrogen and take the place
of meat, 3ielding a gravy like that of meat. Thc}^ live like animals,
absorbing oxygen and giving off carbon — the reverse of phseno-
gamous plants.

INJURIOUS AND OTHER FUNGI. 91

Leander Wetherell asked whether any of the fungi were poison-
ous at times, and at other times innoxious.

Mr. Palmer replied that a poisonous species is so from the moment
of its bkth ; a wholesome one is so until it decays. Eventually
they are attacked by maggots and go the way of all living things.

Mr. Wetherell said that many farmers have stated that their cattle
have been poisoned by eating the corn fungus, while a writer says
this is extremely rare. There was more of this fungus the past
season than ever before, though it is said to be most prevalent in wet
seasons, and the last summer was very diy. He never saw so much
in all his life before, as he saw in one cornfield of about three
acres ; but he heard of only now and then a case of poisoning. He
thought the liking for fungi as an article of food, an acquired taste,
and he would give the same advice in regard to using them as he did
to a young lady who was going out to collect autumn leaves, and
asked how to avoid dogwood, ivy, and other poisonous plants, viz. :
to gather nothing but what you know is harmless.

Mr. Palmer agreed entirely with the gentlemen who thought no
one should attempt to gather or eat mushrooms until they could
distinguish between the harmless and noxious so as not to feel
the slightest fear. People would sometimes bring him six different
kinds for a name, not recognizing an}' difference between them. He
did not think the taste for mushrooms was an acquired one. The
noxious fungi have a slimy taste, or an earthy flavor ; on the con-
trary- the wholesome ones have an appetizing flavor. We shall
never learn the distinction between the wholesome and the pois-
onous kinds by sitting down and sajdng that no one knows any-
thing about them.

John C. Hovey said there were many eatable kinds ; he had him-
self eaten seven diflferent kinds. He thought we should study and
know them as well as we know a Bartlett pear. Those which he is
acquainted with he knows certainly.

Mrs. Wolcott asked whether the discovery of more smut on the
corn last year than before, was not in consequence of the failure
to take the advice of scientists, and destroy the spores. If there
were half a dozen heads filled with smut, that was enough to seed
all Worcester county. She thought the farmers might eradicate it
if they would.

The Chairman of the Committee on Discussion announced for the
next Saturday a discussion on the subject of Dr. Slade's Prize

92 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Essajr, the Improvement and Ornamentation of Suburban and
Country Roads.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Satukday, March 10, 1877.

The chair was occupied by W. C. Strong, Chairman of the Com-
mittee on Publication and Discussion, who remarked that the
Hybrid Perpetual Roses exhibited by John B. Moore were the finest
ever seen here, and before taking up the topic assigned for discus-
sion, called on Mr. Moore for information as to their culture.

Mr. Moore said that a great part of whatever credit was due for
the roses belonged to his son, but that they had not yet succeeded
in growing them up to their ideas of perfection. They were grown
in pots during the summer, and after the wood was ripened were
placed in the house. This was done about the middle of December,
previous to which time the tops, and sometimes the soil in the pots,
were frozen. He endeavored to prevent rather than to destroy in-
sects, and to this end smoked the plants once a week, whether any
insects were visible or not. The only insects he had had besides
the green fly, were a few green worms. The plants exhibited were
potted on last spring and were bloomed in the same pots that they
were in last summer. He shifted once a j^ear ; the largest plants
were imported two years ago. The pots were plunged two-thirds
of their depth in coal ashes, while out doors, and about three feet
apart in the full sunlight. Mr. Moore thought it very important to
plunge them a sufficient distance apart to give plenty of air between.
They were watered once a day, or twice if they needed it, from the
hydrant, with considerable force. When the weather became so
cold that there was danger of bursting the pots, the space between
was filled with leaves. When the plants were first placed in the
house the temperature was kept quite low, but afterwards they had
more warmth. They were grown in a low house, and there also
were watered from a hydrant with a hundred feet head, though the
full force was not used. He had been cutting flowers for more than
a month. He did not think it made much difference whether the
tops were frozen or not, but thought it did some good. The main
thing is to ripen the wood.

FORCING ROSES. 93

The Chairman remarked that if frost was not necessary the wood
might be ripened much earlier than if it was.

Mr. Moore continued by saying that he was not yet satisfied as to
the best way of pruning. Some growers recommend cutting down
to three or four buds, but strong growers must be pruned longer
than weak ones. He cut enough flowers last summer to pay for
the care of the plants.

E. W. Buswell asked Mr. Moore whether he thought it prefer-
able to expose the plants to frosts or to ripen the wood by dr3-ing.

Mr. Moore replied that he had practised but one method, —
freezing, — though he had withheld water in the fall. He did not
think the bottoms of the pots had been frozen, but the surfaces cer-
tainly had.

James Cartwright said that he had adopted the same method as
Mr. Moore had described, but had planted some out and did not see
much difference between them and those grown in pots. He gener-
ally froze them, but had some not frozen and did not see much dif-
ference.

Mr. Moore said that he struck a lot of plants last spring, which
were coming into bloom.

Mr. Cartwright said that he intended to grow all his plants out-
doors next year. He thought 3'oung plants did better than large
ones. He did not think that plants in pots bloomed earlier than
those planted out. In his opinion, all the roses forced to bloom at
Christmas cost more money than could be got for them.

M. H. Merriam said that from his experience the present winter,
he had come to the conclusion that forcing roses which had not been
exposed to frost was not successful. There are some plants which
it is necessary to ripen off and expose to a certain degree of cold,
among which are the lily of the valley and the strawbeny.

Charles M. Hovey said there is no frost in Southern Califor-
nia, yet pears are grown successfully there. He did not know that
pear trees are benefited b}- frost. It is ti'ue that the California pears
are not equal in flavor to those of Massachusetts, but, so far as
growth and productiveness are concerned, they have settled the
question whether frost is necessary to the pear. It appears from
the attempt of Mr. Simpson to grow three crops of grapes in two
3'ears, that a period of rest is necessary. The leaves fall without
nnj frost, from want of sufficiently high temperature. To produce
fruit there must be a preparation of the sap, which in certain varie-

94 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ties of the pear, such as the Dix, is not effected in less than ten or
fifteen years. Time is required to prepare and consohdate tlie
juices. Tea, and other ever-blooming roses, do not succeed if taken
out of the ground and put immediatel}' into the house ; thej^ require
time to prepare for blooming, and should not be pruned too earl}',
but 3'ou cannot check the growth entirely. For the majority of our
common fruit trees, such as the currant, frost is not necessary.

The Chairman remarked that frost might be beneficial, even if
not necessary.

Mr. Hovey did not think it was ; Nature, in placing fruits in a
northern climate, made them capable of enduring frost, but it is
not a necessity to them.

Dr. E. L. Sturtevant's experience had been that exposure to a
drought might give results similar to those produced by exposure
to frost. The object of frost is to give the plants a rest, and this
can be imitated by drought.

Mr. Hovey said that withholding water withholds a certain
amount of vigor. Manj^ plants will die if water be withheld for
a day or two. Dryness will effect the ripening of the wood, but
not as well as dryness with cold.

The Chairman asked. Why stop at the freezing point instead of
going lower and giving the plant a more complete rest ? He found
when fatigued that a nap of a quarter of an hour refreshed him so
that he could go on with Ms work.

E. S. Rand, Jr. said that anything that would produce a rest and
a ripening of the wood, would effect the object in view. In our cli-
mate the agenc}' is frost ; the ripening of the wood of the pear tree
is accomplished both with and without frost, according to the cli-
mate. Mr. Rand gave an account of his success in forcing roses
the present winter. He had a house about twenty-five feet square,
filled with roses — almost entirely Gen. Jacqueminot. The greater
part of these were struck from cuttings nearly a year ago. They
were turned out into the garden, and, the smnmer being dry, were
occasionally watered. They made a good growth, and were taken
up the last of November, pruned to from two to six eyes, pot-
ted in six inch pots, and placed in a frame which was covered at
night. A crust froze on the surface of the soil in the pots nearly
an inch thick. They were brought into the house in succession,
nuich air was given, they were allowed to break very slowl}', and
watered with weak liquid manure. The advantage of year old

FORCING ROSES. 95

plants for cut flowers is that they give single buds, and there is
no waste as with the older plants which flower in clusters. There
is a great difference in the size of the plants ; some have twelve
or more buds, and some only three or four.

Mr. Merriam asked whether the effect of frost was not the same
as the effect of time and drought, without frost. His plants put in
without frost had done poorly.

Dr. Sturtevant gave his views in regard to the effect of drought
and frost. When frost strikes a plant there is a change of densities,
and in cases there is an apparent transference of nutrient matter
from the outermost layers towards the interior. This same move-
ment also seems to occur from the inspissation of sap through
drought. The subject is, however, an intricate one, and must be
used, if at all, analogically.

Mr. Hovey said it is admitted that the effect of frost is the same
as that of heat. In Russia it has been proposed to cook food b}'
subjecting it to intense cold. He had kept amaryllis seeds in a
cold room, and they came up in half the time required by seeds
which had not been exposed to severe cold. Frost acts as a pre-
mature ripening, and if the degree is not too great it does no harm.
He had known Tea rose bushes to split open from the eff^ect of frost.

The Chairman said that the practical question for us is, whether
there is any way in which we can. bring our Hybrid Perpetual roses
into bloom earlier than we do now.

Mr. Cartwright said that he had forced this class of roses for
seven 3'ears. He had always put them into the house the first of
December, and the first year he began to cut flowers on the 7th of
January ; the next year on the 17th ; this j^ear on the 3d of Feb-
ruary. Generally he began cutting from the 17th to the 20th of
January.

The Chairman inquired whether he could not conceive of the
ripening of plants so as to start them earlier, and Mr. Cartwright
replied that he could not.

Dr. Sturtevant said that by a judicious application of drought he
had flowered hard}' roses at Christmas.

Mr. Cartwright had had roses in bloom before Christmas, but
they cost him a dollar apiece.

Mr. Merriam said that his roses had, unlike Mr. Cartwright's,
bloomed unusually early this 3'ear. He mentioned an instance where
the culture of the grape had been attempted in a very moist climate

96 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

in tropical South America with poor success, and the roots of the
%dne were laid partiall}' l)are, thus producing an artificial drought,
which caused good crops to ripen.

Mr. Rand called attention to the flowers of Hexacentris Mysorensis,
exhibited by him. This is a new flower because old, having been
introduced many years ago, and since gone out of cultivation. It
is a native of Mysore, and a climber like the Thunbergia, to which
it is closely allied. It produces racemes of richly colored flowers,
of unique form, which, though the}' do not keep long in water, last
a good while on the plant, presenting a very graceful appearance.

The discussion on roses continued so long that the special assign-
ment, the Improvement and Ornamentation of Suburban and Country
Roads, the subject of Dr. Slade's Prize Essay, was postponed for a
week. It was announced that possibly Prof. Stockb ridge, of the
Massachusetts Agricultural College, might be in town on the next
Saturday, in which case he would lecture before the Society on
" Fertihzers," and the subject first assigned would be further post-
poned.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Saturday, March 17, 1877.

W. C. Strong, Chairman of the Committee on Publication and
Discussion, in the chair.

The number of plants on exhibition was less than usual, but among
them was one of Rogiera degans., which C. M. Atkinson, who was
called on by the Chair to give information concerning it, said was a
native of the temperate regions of Gautemala, and a very valuable
plant for exhibition, as it could alwa^-s be depended upon for a
specimen.

Mr. Atkinson went on to speak of the reports of the weekly
exhibitions of the Society in the "Evening Transcript." He al-
luded to the feverish impatience with which the reports, in the
"Gardener's Chronicle," of the London Horticultural Society's

FERTILIZERS. 97

exhibitions at Chiswick were looked for, and said tliat tlie reports
of our own exhibitions in the ' ' Transcript " were read with much
eagerness. He thought it desirable that they should contain the
names of varieties in prize collections.

Other gentlemen made some remarks on this subject, after which
Professor Levi Stockbridge, of the Massachusetts Agricultural Col-
lege, was introdviced, and delivered a lecture, of which the substance
is here given, on

Fertilizers.
Prof. Stockbridge expressed his feeling of obligation to the
Society for the opportunity to give his views on a subject which he
regarded as of the highest importance to the nation. The first idea
• that strikes an individual in considering the subject is that it has
been discussed year after year and the same questions repeated
under no new circumstances. The inquiry arises whether in this
matter there is anj'thing settled. Something ought by this time to
be finished and made a rule of practice. In endeavoring to arrive at
certaint}' in regard to this subject, we find, first, that there is in the
United States, especially in the seaboard states, which have been
longest settled, absolute necessity for artificial fertilization. The soil
has been tilled so long, and so much has been carried away in the form
of crops, that it is far less fertile than when cultivation began. This
point being established, it follows, secondly, that the same state of
things will alwa^^s continue, unless the soil is assisted by artificial
means. By Nature's processes, all crops decaying on the soil, it
becomes marvellously fertile, but when we come we product an
eutirel}^ difterent state of things. All the agencies of Nature work
together to prepare plant food, but our power to remove is greater
than Nature's to prepare, and will so continue.

The third point is. How shall we supply by artificial means the
deficiency which we have artificially created ?

The first thing to do is to aid nature in developing plant food by
tillage, under which term the speaker included all physical opera-
tions on the soil. The next is to put back, as far as possible, all
material carried away. We find after using our crops that there is
a certain amount of refuse left, and to put that back is the most
natural way of supplying food to our crops. This brings us to
barn-yard manure, the best fertilizer, for all the general purposes of
the farm, that we shall ever find, for it not only feeds the plant, but
produces important physical eSects on the soil.
13

98 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Our fourth point is, Will the waste of all material put back on the
land in the most advantageous wsij, keep up its fertility? No, not
if every particle is saved. According to the last census, there were
in Massachusetts 942,000 acres of tillage land, while the whole
quantity of fai-m yard manure, or fertilizers from the refuse of the
crops, was but 422,000 cords — an average of only about one and a
half loads to the acre. We must look outside of this source. Is
there any substitute? The lecturer answered, Yes, — it is proved,
not specially by him, or by Lawes and Gilbert, or by Liebig, or by
Dr. Nichols, but by the individual experiments of each, that other
substances will do the work of feeding plants.

Farmers ought to take in the fact that plants never feed on
manure or soil as such ; these become nourishment to plants only
when such compound substances are taken to pieces, and separated
into their original elements. We speak of piles, cords, or loads of
manure, but plants never feed in bulk, either on phosphate in
nodules, or magnesia in talc, or soda in mica, or potash in feldspar.
These materials are of no use in those forms. The soil must be
changed ; yard manure must be changed, and that is the reason why
we till our soils. Will not potash in the form of oxide of potassium
be worth just as much to the plant as in the form of yard manure?
Science and common sense say. Yes. There is no other conclusion
to come to. In fact it must be better because more readily access-
ible.

Up to this point scientists and practical men agree — chemicals
wiU ahswer the same purpose for plant food as yard manure.
Are we read}" to act on this con elusion ? Pure science does not
amount to much unless we can put it into practice on the land.
We want to go on to our inaccessible, barren hills with substances
which will enable us to do there what we do in our home lots with
yard manure.

We have a soil that begins to fail. Why? Is it because every-
thing that plants feed on is gone, or because only one or two ele-
ments are gone ? A plant uses large quantities of potash, which is
very scarce and very hard to develop from potash feldspar. In our
New England soils the first element deficient is potash, and when
this is gone crops refuse to grow. Sterility may result from the
absence of one element, and connnon sense says, snp[)ly the miss-
ing element. Science further tells us to analyze the soil, to ascer-
tain what the missing element is, and this is also good common sense,

FERTILIZERS. 99

but the trouble is that it is impracticable. The chemist, with his
strong acids, will bring out potash where the plant cannot, and
therefore he is not a correct guide. Not knowing the presence in the
soil of the chemical constituents of plants in available form, is it
possible to appty an artificial fertilizer which will supply all their re-
quirements and which may be called a complete manure ? It has
been prored, and the fact is the common knowledge and property-
of every one, that in the soil of the seaboard states three elements
are wanting, which if supplied will form a perfect manure. In the
circumstances in which we are placed to-day, if potash, nitrogen,
and phosphoric acid are compounded in proper proportions, we can,
as a system, depend upon them as well as upon barn-3-ard manure,
and in some respects they are superior. The question arises, Can
we apply this system in practice? and here come in the Stock-
bridge theor}^ and fertilizers. This theory asks. If these three chem-
icals make a complete manure, is there an}^ rule by which to com-
pou,nd them for plants ? Plants may differ greatly in their compo-
sition, and the same plant may have different components in its
different parts. Is this composition accidental or in obedience to
law ? We know that we can compel or tempt a plant to take up
unnatural material, but in general the composition of plants is b}' a
fixed law. The manure must correspond to the composition of the
plant ; that for tobacco or onions must be made diflerent from that
for wheat. The Stockbridge theory says, Know _your plant, give to
it the materials required by its pecuhar composition, and give them
in soluble form. Other points have been established, and now the
question is how to fit the plant. We must make a fertilizer for a
potato in one way, and for corn or wheat in a different way, and
make it so as to present the food in an available form. The gentle-
men present knew something of this theory and how the formula for
fift}" bushels of corn or one hundred bushels of potatoes is stated.
Those who know how much influence is exerted on our crops hj the
sun, frost, and air, ask whether Nature is not against us in the apph-
cation of this theory. The lecturer admitted that certainly she was
at times, and that owing to causes unknown to us, or not under our
control, this system might sometimes fail, but he felt sure that, in
the average of ten years, it would produce the results promised.
There are a thousand side issues, and many 2J'>'0S and cons, and
many questions may be asked, but an experience of eight or nine
^•ears on all soils had given him confidence in the system. It has

100 MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTURAL SOCIETY.

been tried aucl fouucl equally beneficial in all the states, from Maine
to Louisiana.

Facts gathered for and against the system, seem to prove that
we may by this method very materially lessen the uncertainties
which surround cultivators, and make the hills, the remote parts,
and the sterile lauds of our farms fertile. Prof. Stockbridge closed
by repeating the statement that while some of the ideas which he
expressed were original with him, others had long been common
property, Liebig perhaps being first to publish them.

Discussion.

The Chairman said that Prof. Stockbridge could not have spoken
on a more interesting subject, and that he would receive the thanks
of all the ladies and gentlemen present. An opportunity would now
be given for members who wished to ask Prof. Stockbridge any
question, to do so.

William D. Philbrick said that Prof. Stockbridge had very clearly
stated his theory, and that he felt that the thanks of the meeting
were due to him. But he had not touched on the branch of hus-
bandry in which the speaker was engaged, viz., market gardening.
Market gardeners are differently situated from farmers in general,
whose supply of manure is limited to the cattle kept on the farm.
He could get all the stal)le manure he needed by pajdng for it, but
he wished to be sure of growing the largest crops at the least ex-
pense for fertilizers. He wanted to know whether vegetables could
be raised for market on Prof. Stockbridge's sj^stem.

Prof. Stocklnidge replied that he disliked to go farther in theory
than in practice, and that he had no practical acquaintance with
market gardening. On a farm he would use chemicals in combina-
tion with barn-yard manure. Barn-yard manure is of uncertain
composition, and the refuse of English hay and Indian corn cannot
make the best manure for a potash crop. Early beets might be
manured with part barn-yard manure and part potash, which would
be cheaper than to use all barn-yard manure. In reply to Mr. Phil-
brick's question whether he could carry on a market garden entirely
with chemicals, he would say that a market garden being, unlike a
farm, tilled all the time, organic matter must be applied in some way,
and he thought there was probably no better way than in stal)le
manure, but on a farm it could be ai)plied in a cheaper way, such

FERTILIZERS. 101

as by clover roots decomposing in tlie ground. He did not think he
could do without these on a farm.

The Chairman asked why the organic matter might not be applied
in a specific form, as for instance, peat composted with ashes.

Prof, Stockbridge rephed, that while the yard manure effects this
object, we might also apply straw or sea-weed, or var}- the compo-
sition to suit the soil. The soil must be kept in proper absorbent
condition.

Josiah W. Talbot said that he had made one definite experiment
with the Stockbridge fertilizers. He took an acre of old pasture
land which had not been manured for twenty or thirty j^ears, and
applied the formula for fifty bushels of corn, and kept a careful
account of the cost of cultivation and other expenses. The produce
was one hundred and thirt^'-seven bushels of ears, and the cost was
not over forty cents per bushel of shelled corn. The fertilizer cost
a little less than thirty dollars. In estimating the crop we should
value all that we take off, and in this case the fodder nearly paid
for the fertilizer. He did not think the land would have yielded
fifteen bushels without the fertilizer. He did not trj' any compara-
tive experiments, but his neighbors had land of the same character,
manured with yard mamn*e, which 3'ielded more fodder but no
better ears, the crop being about seventy or eighty bushels. He
charged himself with all expenses and credited himself with the
crop. He did not estimate the interest or the tax on the land, for
it was nearty worthless. Applied to grass the fertilizer doubled
the crop. On grapes the result was satisfactory. Tliese need
potash and phosphate, and but little nitrogen.

John B. Moore said that the Stockbridge fertilizer to produce
fifty bushels of corn per acre cost twenty-seven dollars, and the
freight was fiftj'-five cents, which would bring the cost of Mr. Tal-
bot's corn so high that the experiment could not be deemed success-
ful. He doubted whether northern corn was more valuable than
southern, and the latter could be bought in Concord for sixtj'-five
cents per bushel. He knew a hundred men who could make a
better report than Mr. Talbot's.

M. H. Merriam said that he tried an experiment with the Stock-
bridge fertilizers on mowing land, which was not satisfactory. He
had a field of three acres which had been in grass fifteen or twent}^
years, and sometimes neglected. A space of average fertilit}- was
measured off and the fertilizer applied to it, none being put on the

102 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

remainder of the field. The tract where the fertilizer was applied
covild not be distinguished from that where it was not. It was
applied early in the spring and followed by abundant rains. This
failure, however, had not shaken his confidence in the general cor-
rectness of Prof. Stockbridge's theor}-^, for the road to success is
through failures.

Robert Manning gave an account of an experiment similar to
that made by Mr. Merriam, which resulted more satisfactorily. In
a mowing field an acre was carefully measured, and the Stockbridge
formula for English hay and clover was applied. The increase in
the crop on this acre over that where no fertilizer was applied was
very plainly perceptible, but the whole crop having been sold stand-
ing, the exact difference could not be ascertained. He was quite
sure, however, that the increase in the crop of last year was not
sufficient to pa}" the cost of the fertilizer.

Mr. Moore agreed with Prof. Stockbridge as to the value of the
articles named as fertilizers, but in his view the theory could not be
carried out. The formula for potatoes is, to produce one hundi'ed
bushels per acre, and in like proportion for other quantities. Sup-
pose 3'ou wish to produce four hundred bushels per acre, and apply
four times the quantity named, to soil extremely rich in nitrogen.
In that case the potatoes would all run to tops, and jou would not
get any tubers at all. The effect would be precisely the same as
every one has seen when potatoes were grown on the site of a ma-
nure heap. Mr. Moore agreed with Prof. Stockbridge, that a soil
could not be analyzed so as to afford any valuable results to the
farmer. Prof. Mapes would invite farmers to send him a little of
their soils to analj-ze, and he would engage to tell them from it
what fertilizer to use. Suppose the sample happened to be taken
from a spot where cattle had dropped manure ; it would then be
impossible to arrive at any correct result. Or if you took an aver-
age sample there might be half a dozen different kinds of soil in one
field. Analysis might show potash where there was none available
for plant food. He thought that Prof. Stockbridge had done a
great deal of good l)}- bringing about the agitation of this subject,
but he could distinguish no difference between the Stockbridge
theory and that of Prof. Ville, which was promulgated many years
ago. He had used all the articles of which the Stockbridge fertili-
zers are composed, for 3'ears.

Prof. Stockbridge was confident that four hundred bushels of po-

FERTILIZERS. 103

tatoes could be raised by his fonnula, for it was composed just as
Nature compounds the materials when she makes a potato. Nitro-
gen is volatile and all the time escaping into the air, and if there is
any nitrogen in the soil beyond what has been applied, and the
plant begins to gather it, it must gather also phosphate and potash.
It is almost impossible that there should be a surplus of nitrogen,
unless you fertilize with yard manure. It has been asked, Where
is the limit — why not make fourteen hundred as well as four hun-
dred bushels? and supply the necessary air, carbonic acid, sunlight
and heat. The farmer cannot go farther than Nature will go with
him. The points stated by Mr. Moore are nothing new. The
speaker was not sure that he knew what M. Ville's theor}^ was, and
he would hke to know.

Mr. Moore replied that it was so long since he read M. Ville's
book that he was unable to give an exact statement of his theory,
but the book contained an account of experiments in the growth of
plants in distilled water and sand, with the addition of the three
substances which compose the Stockbridge fertilizers. In regard
to the surplus of nitrogen in a soil, he knew that such a thing was
possible. He was well aware of the value of nitrogen, and had
used large quantities of plaster of Paris to fix it.

Prof. Stockbridge advised Mr. Moore to apply potash to soils
which he suspected to contain nitrogen in excess. The new point
with him is, that the best fertilizer for any crop is made by com-
pounding nitrogen, potash, and phosphoric acid in available form
and in the same proportions as those in that crop when perfectly
mature.

Leander Wetherell read from the translator's preface to M. Ville's
lectures on agriculture, as follows: "By adding, according to M.
Ville's system, nitrogenous matter, phosphate of lime, and potassa —
that is to say, a normal or complete manure — to calcined sand, the
seed-wheat being equal to 1, the crop is represented by 23."

Prof. Stockbridge replied that that was not his theory. M. Ville
did not make any statement in regard to mingling the substances ;
he did not say that the best manure for wheat would be made by
combining these materials in certain proportions. The only rule
given is in the first lecture — so many thousand pounds of yard
manure are a good dressing for an acre for two j-ears. If of aver-
age quality, it will have so many pounds of each constituent, and
mineral fertilizers must be combined in the same proportions, but
he does not give any attention to the composition of the plant.

104 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. "Wetherell read from M. Ville's sixth lecture, — " First : There
exist four regulating agents par excellence in the production of vege-
tables, — nitrogenous matter, phosphate of lime, potassa, and lime.
Second : To preserve to the earth its fertility, we must supply it
periodically with these four substances in quantities equal to those
removed by the crops." Also from his first lecture : " The anal3'sis
of aU known vegetables, or the products extracted from them, leads
to this very unexpected fact, — that fifteen elements only concur in
these innumerable formations. These fifteen elements, which alone
serve to constitute all vegetable matter, are divided into two
groups: — First: The organic elements, which are encountered
only in the productions of organized beings, and the source of
which is found in the air, and in water. They are carbon, hydrogen,
ox3^gen, nitrogen. Second : The mineral elements, which resist
combustion, and which are derived from the solid crust of the globe.
They are potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, silicium, sulphur,
phosphorus, chlorine, iron, manganese, aluminium."

Mr. Wetherell said it was taken for granted that all but the four
substances named are contained in the soil ; and Prof. Stockbridge
had said that chemicals will do just as well as barn-3'ard manure in
making crops. The speaker alluded to the sanguine gentleman
who predicted a time coming when the manure for an acre of
ground could be carried in the waistcoat pocket, and was answered
by another gentleman that when that time came the crop could
be carried in the other pocket. Mr. Wetherell asked, "Why
should we handle barn-yard manure if plant food can be furnished
equally well with so much less bulli ? If Ville and Professor Stock-
bridge are right in claiming what they, especially the latter, do, viz. :
apply a given amount of fertilizers and harvest a given amount of
corn per acre, say sixty or ninety bushels, then has farming become
well-nigh an exact science. If the Massachusetts Agricultural Col-
lege has reached this point it has made a valuable discovery, and
only two uncertain points remain : one is atmospheric influences, and
the other is the insects injurious to vegetation. If these two points
can be settled as certainly as that relative to fertilizers, then farm-
ing would be an exact science. Mr. Wetherell concluded by saying
that lie owned a small farm, and if Prof. Stockbridge confirms his
hypothesis, as stated, he should consider the value of his farm more
than doubled.

Nathaniel T. Allen mentioned a visit which he paid to an exper-

FERTILIZERS. 105

imental agricultural school in Saxon}' and to the views of Prof.
Nobbe, that eight or nine inorganic elements are required hj plants.
Prof. Nobbe had these elements prepared, and experimented in the
growth of plants in distilled water with the addition of these sub-
stances, which mixture he termed " plant soup." A plant of buck-
wheat so treated grew ten feet high, and, at the time of his visit,
had ripened eight hundred perfect seeds, which were afterwards
increased to a thousand. Mr. Allen did not see why Prof. Nobbe
had not accomplished just what Prof. Stockbridge claimed.

Pi'of. Stockbridge said that he was not acquainted with this ex-
periment. Prof. Nobbe took a buckwheat plant and supplied it
with every thing but soda, gi\'ing potash instead, to determine
whether one mineral could take the place of another, and found
that it coiild. This, however, does not injure the view that the
composition of a plant is fixed b}' law, any more than the fact that
a man can take a considerable quantity of arsenic without injury,
by gradually increasing the doses, proves that arsenic is a whole-
some food.

In replj" to Mr. Wetherell's question. Prof. Stockbridge said that
for all purposes of the farmer, considering all the circumstances of
the plant and soil, barn-yard manure is the best, but if we consider
only the feeding of plants, chemicals are just as good. We use
barn-3'ard manure on our farms because we have it. Fish guano
and all other waste materials which contain fertilizing elements,
should be scrupulously saved and applied to the soil.

Mr. "Wetherell said that the precise point he wished to ascertain
is this : K chemicals will do just as well as barn-yard manure,
why should a man who has none purchase it, when chemicals are
just as good?

Prof. Stockbridge said that he should not, for chemicals would
do just as well in feeding crops, and at less expense in handling.

The Chairman remarked that the close attention which had been
given to the discussion for nearly two hours, showed the deep
interest felt in the subject.

On motion of Mr. Wetherell, the thanks of the meeting were
voted to Prof. Stockbridge for his very interesting lecture.

The Chairman announced that next Saturday the subject first
assigned for this meeting, viz., " The Improvement and Ornamenta-
tion of Suburban and Country Roads," would be discussed.
14

106 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Satukdat, March 24, 1877.

The meeting was called to order b}' "W". C. Strong, Chairman of
the Committee on Pviblication and Discussion, who expressed the
hope that none of the gardeners present would leave the room before
the close of the discussion, as he thought it desirable that we should
compare notes freely. Mr. Strong remarked on the great increase
in the number of varieties of the rose forced in winter now, as com-
pared with a few years ago, when the Safrano and Bon Silene were
ahnost the only varieties used for that pm'pose, and he called for
information as to the most desirable kinds.

Edwin Sheppard said that he had found the Comtesse de Serenye
one of the best light colored Hybrid Perpetual roses for forcing.

CM. Atkinson mentioned as among the best, Bessie Johnstone,
President Thiers, Centifolia Rosea, and Elie Morel. Pierre
Notting is very large, but requires more sun than we get at this
season of the year. La Reine is an old variet}^ and a verj" free
bloomer ; Mr. Atkinson had had a plant in an eight inch pot, with
twenty-two flowers. The color has been called washj^ by some.
Madam Lacharme is admirable for forcing, but does not stand well
in summer. Captain Christy and La France are fine new kinds.
Caroline de Sansal is third rate in comparison with many modern
kinds. Baroness Rothschild is very popular, but a shy bloomer. In
freedom of flowering none will compare with Gen. Jacqueminot —
it has too man}^ buds. Mr. Atkinson thought that the following
named varieties would comprise the cream of the roses best adapted
for forcing : Auguste Rigotard, Baroness Rothschild, Beauty of Wal-
tham, Bessie Johnstone, Captain Christy, Centifolia Rosea, Claude
Levet, Climbing Victor Verdier, Comtesse de Chabrillant, Comtesse
d' Oxford, Cheshunt Hybrid, Duchess of Edinburgh, Dupuy-Jamain,
Edouard Morren, Emilie Hausburg, Etienne Levet, John Hopper,
Madame Hippolyte Jamain, Madame Lacharme, Madame Scipion
Cocliet, Madame Victor Verdier, Marquis de Castellane, Madem-
oiselle Eugenie Verdier, Monsieur Noman, Pierre Seletzsky, Presi-
dent Thiers, Richard Wallace, Paul Neron.

James Cartwright had not found Baroness Rothschild a shy

ROSES FOR FORCING. 107

bloomer ; he had had five or six buds on a ckister, and thought it
the best light colored variet3\ It has but little fragrance. H^'brid
Perpetual Boule de Neige he thought the best white he had ever
seen. It is cup shaped, stands forcing well, and blooms well from
spring to autumn, but not as well in winter, appearing to require
more sun than we have at that season.

Mr, Sheppard had found Boule de Neige very satisfactory as far
as he had tried it ; it bloomed well in winter with him. Alfred
Auber, a Hybrid Perpetual, is a very fine bloomer, of dark rose
color, and very fragrant.

John B. Moore said that he had been surprised to see Boule de
Neige growing freely in the border along with Tea roses at Mr.
Tailb^^'s. In his view the Baroness Rothschild was the best H^'brid
Perpetual to force for market. He thought there were several kinds
that bloom as freely as General Jacqueminot. The larger and more
double a rose, the less the number of buds produced by it. Ches-
hunt Hybrid is a very free bloomer ; he had had a young plant
with fifty buds. Beaut}' of Waltham is a good rose and of good
color.

Charles M. Hovey, remarked that La Peine is one of those pro-
ductions, which, like the Bartlett and Seckel pears and the Baldwin
apple, hold their popularit}^ a long time. When he visited M. Laf-
fa}^, the originator, at Meudon, in 1844, it was surpassed in form,
size, or general beauty, b}' few varieties, and it still stands among
the best. It can only be called washy in contrast to the dark varie-
ties that we have run into of late.

Among the Teas there are many beautiful roses of but little, if
an}^, value for the forcing house, except under certain conditions.
Many of them remain closed in the bud and do not open freely.
The less double sorts are the most valuable, but thej^ must be cut
ver}' earl}' to have them in perfection. General Jacqueminot does
not stay long in the bud. Mr. Hovey agreed with Mr. Moore that
size in roses is gained at the expense of quantity ; the large flowered
varieties are difficult to bloom, especially under a high temperature.

Mr. Sheppard, in answer to an inquiry from the Chair, said that
he thought Marechal Niel as profitable as any of the large roses.
In a private place he would cultivate the large fiowered varieties,
but the smaller ones are more profitable for the fiorist.

Mr. Atkinson was called on to say something of a remarkably

108 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

fine specimen of spinach exhibited by him. The seed was sown the
last week in August, and on the approach of winter the plants were
covered with sedge. The winter was favorable to the keeping of
the spinach because the snow came earl3^ He had found that his
seedling carnations, of which he had a large bed, came out in
admirable order this spring. Feverfew passed safely thi'ough the
winter and came into flower early. He used large quantities of
pine needles for covering ; their elasticity made them the best of
all materials for covering herbaceous plants which carry their foliage
'over winter, such as hollyhocks, polyanthus, pansies, sweet williams,
etc. He would not uncover so early as this without taking the
precaution to cover again if cold, and would not uncover straw-
berries at all 3'et. He considered covering in autumn one of the
most important points in gardening. He would use sedge in prefer-
ence to the leaves of deciduous trees, which lie flat and cake together.
Tritomas covered with the latter are sure to rot.

The Chairman expressed the opinion that oak and other broad
leaves make a good covering. They are apt to blow away, and
therefore should have some brush placed over them. If used too
freely the plants under them will damp off. He thought the
branches of evergreen trees preferable to pine needles, or indeed to
any other covering. Stable manure is the worst covering that can
be used for herbaceous plants.

John G. Barker, Chairman of the Committee on Plants and
Flowers, called attention to a plant of Aphelexis splendens, exhibited
b}^ J. Warren Merrill.

Mr. Atkinson said that in the grand old days of the London
Horticultural Society's exhibitions at Chiswick, this plant was ex-
hibited by Mr. Cole, one of the best plant growers in England.
He had seen a plant five feet in diameter, with hundreds of flowers.
It should have a very porous soil, and needs silica, and therefore
thrives best on peat and sand with plent}' of crocks. It requires a
somewhat (hy atmosphere, and an intermediate house, where the
lowest night temperature in winter would be from 35° to 40°. It is
a native of the Cape of Good Hope. Other good varieties are
humilis and vtacrantha rosea.

Mr. Hovey said that the plant is not new, but though introduced
many years ago, it has not been seen here of late ^ears. In this
country it has been very little grown, and he was doubtful whether

APHELEXIS SPLENDENS. 109

it could be. The plant exhibited, though a small one, was a re-
markably fine specimen. In England it has been exhibited at
some of the great flower shows as one of twelve magnificent speci-
mens, and in such a condition it is very beautiful, but there were
only two or three cultivators who ever grew it so, and even there it
has seldom been seen of late. It requires a peculiar temperature
and a verj' dry atmosphere and proper soil ; once overwatering will
ruin it, and drying is equally hurtful. The treatment should be
similar to that of heaths, but it is more difficult to cultivate.

James Cruickshanks said that in his 3'ounger days he was ac-
quainted with two or three varieties, and it was then called Heli-
chrysum. He knew of a case in which some plants were placed in
the cool end of a pine stove, and others in the greenhouse ; the lat-
ter did best and flowered strongest. He had seen very handsome
specimens two feet high and a foot and a half across.

Mr. Atkinson did not agree with Mr. Hovey in regard to the
limited extent to which it was cultivated in England. It was more
or less cultivated in every collection, whole pits being devoted to it,
and it was a common market garden plant. It is a ticklish thing
to handle, but easy to grow with right treatment. He thought he
could grow it successfull}' if he watered it himself, but not if ever}'-
body put on water from a hydrant.

Mr. Hovey said that one of the causes of failure with such plants
as this is doubtless excessive watering from the hydrant. Mr.
Cruickshanks had been at Mr. Pontey's, and seen the magnificent
specimens grown there. Mr. Hovey had fine young plants many
years ago, when the}' were put in charge of a skilful gardener, and
were placed in a house with the azaleas, but the}' did not succeed —
they would go back. We can grow two or three kinds of heath
successfulh', such as caffra and clensa, but Cavendishii and others
are much more difficult. Like them, the plant under consideration
requires a place where the roots shall not be subjected to too great
extremes of heat and moisture.

Mr. Cruickshanks said that the cause of failure was too little care
in watering — if too dry the plants are ruined, and if too wet the
roots will rot.

The Chairman thought that after so much had been said of the
difficult}' of growing this plant, many would be disposed to exper-
iment and see just how difficult it is.

So much time had been consumed in tlie above discussion that it

110 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

was voted to postpone the consideration of the ' ' Improvement and
Ornamentation of Suburban and Country Roads," for another
week.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Saturday, Maych 31, 1877.

W. C. Strong, Chairman of the Committee on Discussion, pre-
siding. The Chairman remarked on the fine displaj'^ of plants and
flowers in the room, and called for an}^ information that the mem-
bers might have concerning them. As none was offered, the spec-
ial assignment, the " Improvement and Ornamentation of Suburban
and Country Roads," was taken up. This, the Chairman said, had
been postponed, not because of its lack of interest, but because the
objects exhibited on previous Saturdays could best be discussed
while present before us. Travellers are struck with the excellence
of the roads in England, and the park-like character of the scenery —
not merely of the places set apart as public parks, but of the country
generally. This arises in a great measure from the excellence of the
roads, and the hedges by which they are bounded. We think there
is no country like our own, but in many respects it is crude and
unfinished, and this is especiall}^ true of our roads, the margins of
which are often in a most untidy condition, even when the carriage
wa}' is well kept. The best means of ornamenting roads are not so
well defined as the method of forming a good road-bed. In the
city of Newton, where the speaker resides, there was talk of estab-
lishing a public park, but he thought there was a great work to be
done first in the streets, which are now in a scandalous condition as
regaMs neatness. Private wajs in such a condition would be a
disgrace to the owner, and care and attention should be given to
this point before establishing a public park.

Aaron Davis Capen said that a fatal mistake in the ornamenta-
tion of streets, was in planting too many trees. As an example of
too close planting he pointed to the trees in the cemetery opposite,
standing so close as to be drawn up as in a forest. That is the
way to plant if a forest is wanted, but not for ornament. He liad
noticed the planting of trees on the Common, wiien there were

SUBURBAN AND COUNTRY ROADS. Ill

already three or four times too many. Instead of bu3ing more, he
would take up a large proportion of those now growing. The case
was similar with many of the wa3's laid out during the late period
of inflation. He could point to trees set out twentj^-five years ago,
which are now all drawn up for want of room.

John B. Moore said that one of the first steps towards improving
the appearance of our roads is to get rid of nuisances. By a recent
act of the Legislature, authority is given to towns to pass b3'-laws,
subject to the approval of the Superior Court, for this purpose.
The town of Concord, where he resides, had passed such a by-law,
and it is now the duty of the road commissioners to remove from
the roadsides all piles of wood, manure, stones, rubbish, or other
unsightly objects. The people generally have acquiesced in the
law, and there has been no occasion for an appeal to the courts to
enforce it. The residents in the village have cleaned up the brush,
and mowed the grass by the roadsides. The speaker agreed with Mr.
Capen that trees were frequently planted too close ; he thought elms
should be a hundred feet apart. The danger is that if they are
planted too closely, with the idea of thinning out, it will not be
done. As to thinning the trees on Boston Common, as Mr. Capen
would do if he had the power, he would be hung in fifteen minutes
after doing it. The speaker did not approve the action of the
Society in regard to the Paddock elms, which were so much
decayed as to be dangerous. People may like to see walls grown
up to a solid hedge with wild shrubber}^, but he regarded it as evi-
dence of a poor farmer ; it wastes his land and affords a harbor
for skunks, woodchucks, and other vermin. He would ornament
roads by planting trees or saving those standing, and did not like
to see trees planted too regularly, but the first step must be the
adoption of by-laws to prevent nuisances.

Leander Wetherell agreed in the main with Mr. Moore, and felt
that the Society made a mistake in desiring to retain the Paddock
elms. The trees on the Common would not all bear out the remarks
which had been made in regard to crowding ; some of those on
Beacon street had long limbs, reaching nearly across the street,
though planted near together. Mr. Wetherell spoke of the influ-
ence of trees in keeping roads wet, though perhaps such roads were
not well made, and were not underdrained. Trees were sometimes
removed on account of keeping the road wet. He spoke of cases
where road-masters had ordered trees cut down for this reason. A

112 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

well built road might be planted with trees without becoming too wet.
Mr. Wetherell alluded to the long and beautiful avenue of trees at
Col. Russell's farm in Milton, planted a hundred years ago, and
which surprised him by the taste displayed at that early day, and
to the roads in Amherst, Northampton, Hatfield, and Sunderland,
bordered with beautiful trees. Jenn^^ Lind and other foreigners
were attracted to Hatfield, summer after summer, by the beauty of
the elms. Mr. Wetherell said that although there are objections to
trees, he was not opposed to planting them, and it was delightful
to pass through a street lined on both sides with rock maples, which
tree he thought was surpassed b}' few for ornamental street plant-
ing. It succeeds better than the elm, and, though not as graceful,
is clean and free from vermin in summer, and far more beautiful
in its autumnal hues. Large quantities of sap for sugar making
are in some places drawn from rock maple trees growing in the
street. Mr. Wetherell spoke of the general formation of tree plant-
ing associations through the countr}', and agreed with Mr. Moore
in regard to the good effect of the by-law mentioned by him. He
would remove hedges from the roadside, especially the wild cherry
trees, which form a harbor for caterpillars. The eye of a traveller
is always attracted to a farm well cultivated inside, and with the
road kept clean and neat outside, 3'et he regretted to see in New
England so many good farms and farmhouses where the roadsides
were covered with woodpiles, tools, timber, carriages, etc., lying
and rotting, in a manner betokening the utmost slovenliness.

Rev. A. B. Muzzey said that the subject had many bearings, and
one of the greatest obstacles in the wa}' of bringing about the
desired improvement is the prevalence of the iitilitarian spirit.
Our fathers, in the circumstances in which they were placed, could
not lay out roads properly, and so we find them in the country
located without reference to the principle of beauty, which, in its
place, is just as important as utility. Roads should be laid out so
as to produce a pleasing effect, but regard should also be had to
accessibility. Roads were frequently made too narrow, and conse-
quently large sums have been expended for widening them, in
Cambridge, where Mr. Muzzey resides, and in other places. Trees
should be planted in the right place, so that we shall not be obliged
hereafter to cut them down or make the sidewaUvS with reference to
the trees. The fertilization of trees in streets is often neglected,
or misjudged as to the material used. The pruning is often

SUBURBAN AND COUNTRY ROADS. 113

neglected or badly done. If the}' were pruned when young we
should not onl}' be saved much expense, but also much unsightl}'
appearance, and somethnes the life of the tree. If we look at some
of these little points we can make verj- great improvement at small
ex^^ense.

The Chairman said, in regard to Mr. Moore's objection to hedges,
that while they would be out of place in cultivated sections, there
were man}- localities Avhere they would be in harmony with the
scener}', and produce a pleasing effect. It is true that the Paddock
ehns were not sightly trees, and so also the Old South Church is not a
sightly building, but trees, as well as buildings, acquire a historical
interest, and to cut them down is like showing disrespect to a ven-
erable old man. There is a difficulty in removing unsightly' objects
from the roadsides, especially when, as is sometimes the case, cities
and towns are themselves the greatest transgressors, and we have
to educate the public to an appreciation of neatness. Stockbridge
and Concord are towns where the streets are not only adorned with
trees, but pride is taken in keeping them neat. The speaker con-
demned the custom of hoeing up the grass in the roads and gutters,
as in those adjoining his own estate, where an army of laborers
were employed in this work. He had obtained permission, and
was removing the clay and gravel from the gutters, and carting in
loam, with the purpose of growing grass there and keeping it mown.
Nature tries to hide blemishes in the landscape, and it is a disgrace
to us if we fail to assist her. A gutter planted with grass will cany
off the water on sloping ground without washing. There is gener-
ally no necessity for removing clay and gravel, as in his case, but
the soil can be cultivated in grass by merely ploughing and seeding.

Mr. Moore said that there was an objection to grass in the
gutters on level ground — the water would not run off freely — but
where there is sufficient fall it will do.

Mr. Wetherell liked the Chairman's suggestion of grass in gutters,
but doubted its practicability in many localities. He could ride for
miles in many sections of the commonwealth where the ground was
too rough to appty the plan. Some of the railroads in Canada
have the sides of cuts made into terraces and grassed, and the
road bed also is grassed, which has an excellent effect in prevent-
ing dust. Mr. Wetherell spoke of the width of highway's, instanc-
ing the street at Old Hadley, which must be not far from twent}'
rods wide, affording ample opportunity for the adornment by

114 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

planting trees, which so characterizes the highways in the valley of
the Connecticut.

Charles M. Hovey said that we should keep in mind the dis-
tinction between suburban and country roads. Back in the country,
where there is not a house for miles, the roads are not mainly for
the convenience of those who dwell on them, but for passers
through. In these places there is not wealth enough, and perhaps
never will be, to make such roads as the essayist suggests. When
we come within the suburbs of cities we can ex|Dect more, but not
often even then, in the style recommended. In a suburban resi-
dence one wishes to get away from brick sidewalks, and to have things
as I'ural as possible without sacrifice of comfort and convenience.
The question is, how to produce the most picturesque effect, with-
out sacrificing these essentials. The roads in Brookline are bor-
dered with grass and barberry bushes, and the grass is cut and the
roads are kept in order by the proprietors. These make the pleas-
antest roads both for pedestrians and riders, but when we come to
build up we lose this rural character and need something different.
The speaker thought trees entirel}" out of place in city streets, un-
less very wide, — as much out of place as in a flower garden. The
shade, insects, and falling leaves are often a great annoj^ance.
They should be confined to boulevards, as they are in Paris, and to
such places as our own Chester Park or Commonwealth Avenue..
The beautiful lime trees in Charles street will soon be a nuisance.
He disliked to destroy an old tree, and had erred in not cutting
down trees which should have been removed. The treatment of
roads must be governed by the character of the place, and the
wealth of the people generally is not suflScient to admit of macadam-
ized roads.

The Chairman remarked on the indications that the members of
the Society were becoming interested in service in the field, and an-
nounced that this would close the series of meetings for discussion
this season.

CONTENTS.

Pkefatort Note, .........

Business Meeting, Januai-y 6, 1877 ; Address of President Parkman, pp. 5-7 ;
Appropriations, 7; Reports of Treasurer, Finance Committee, Com-
mittee on Publication and Discussion, and Secretary, read.

Business Meeting, January 13, 1877 ; Report of Committee on Herbarium
p. 8; Prospective Prizes, .......

Meeting for Discussion; Squash and Melon Culture, by J. "W. Pierce
pp. 9-20; Discussion, .......

Meeting fob Discussion, January 20, 1877 ; Lecture on Fertilization and
Cross-Fertilization, by Prof. G. L. Goodale, .....

Meeting fob Discussion, January 27, 1877 ; Lecture on Injurious and other
Fungi, by Byron D. Halsted, M. S., pp. 28-43; Explanation of Plates p.
44; Discussion, .........

Business Meeting, February 3, 1877; Election of member, p. 45; Vote
of thanks to Prof. Goodale, p. 46; Letter from G. F. B. Leighton,

Meeting fob Discussion ; Pear tree blight, pp. 47^9 ; The Improvement
and Ornamentation of Suburban and Country Roads, by Daniel D.
Slade, pp. 49-61 ; Discussion, .......

Meeting fob Discussion, February 10, 1877; New Bougainvillea, pp.
62, 03 ; Lecture on Entomology, by B. Pickman Mann, pp. 63-66 ;
Discussion, ..........

Meeting foe Discussion, February 17, 1877; Forcing Lilacs, p. 71; Fer-
tilization and Cross-Fertilization, ......

Meeting fob Discussion, February 24, 1877; Self and Cross-Fertilization,

Business Meeting, March 3, 1877 ; Members elected, : , . .

Meeting for Discussion; Injurious and other Fungi,

Meeting fob Discussion, March 10, 1877; Forcing Roses, pp. 92-96;
Hexacentrls Mysorensls, ........

Meeting for Discussion, March 17, 1877; Rogiera eJegans, p. 96; Reports
of the Society's Exhibitions, pp. 90, 97 ; Lecture on Fertilizers, by Prof.
Levi Stockbridge, pp. 97-100; Discussion, . . . . .

Meeting for Discussion, March 24, 1877; Roses for Forcing, pp. 106,107;
Covering Plants, p. 108; ylp/icZeicis sp?ewcZe)is, . . . .

Meeting foe Discussion, March 31, 1877; Improvement and Ornamenta-
tion of Suburban and Country Roads, ......

Page.
3

23-28

45
46,47

61,62

71-80
81-86

87
87-91

100-105
108, 109
110-114

TRANSACTION'S

a55%sdfe f 0rtic«lteral ^0d%

FOR THE YEAR 1877.

PART II.

BOSTON :
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY.

1878.

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

^;n^ut\\mtiH ^§ntm\i\m\ f od^tg.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, April 7, 1877.

A duly notified stated meeting was holden at 11 o'clock, President
Parkman in the chair.

The Secretary announced an award to the Society by the Cen-
tennial Commission, for the Pears collected and exhibited by the
Society at Philadelphia in September last, and a similar award for
the Apples exhibited at the same time.

The Secretary also communicated an invitation from the Secretary
of the New York Horticultural Society, to the members, to attend
the exhibitions of that Society.

Adjourned to Saturday, May 5.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, May 5, 1877.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
President Parkman in the chair.

No business being brought before the Society, it adjourned to
Saturday, June 2.

4 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, June 2, 1877.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
President Parkman in the chair.

The following named persons, having been recommended by the
Executive Committee, were duly elected members of the Society :

Mrs. Samuel P. Burt, of New Bedford,
E. L. Beard, of Cambridge,
Howard Gray, of Boston.

Prof. George L. Good ale, of Cambridge, was, upon recom-
mendation of the Executive Committee, elected a Corresponding
Member of the Society.

Marshall P. Wilder, after some remarks on the history and work
of the American Pomological Society, moved the following vote,
which was unanimously passed :

Voted, That the President appoint a delegation of twenty mem-
bers of this Society, to attend the meeting of the American Pomo-
logical Societ}^, at Baltimore, in September next, and that the
delegation have liberty to add to their numbers, or appoint substi-
tutes.

Meeting dissolved.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, July 7, 1877.

A duly notified stated meeting of the Society was holden at 11
o'clock. President Parkman in the chair.

On recommendation of the Executive Committee, it was
Voted, To appropriate a sum not exceeding three hundred dol-
lars, for the expenses of entertainments of the Committee of
Arrangements for the current year.

DELEGATES TO POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, ETC. 5

The President, in accordance with the vote passed at the last
meeting, reported the names of the following gentlemen as dele-
gates to the meeting of the American Pomological Society : —

Marshall P. Wilder, Charles M. Hovej, William C. Strong,
Thomas P. James, Charles O. Whitmore, E. W. Buswell, Robert
Manning, Hervey Davis, John B. Moore, Benjamin G. Smith, J.
W. Manning, James W. Clark, William Parsons, Henry F. French,
William H. Spooner, B. K. Bliss, Lemuel Clapp, E. L. Stm-tevant,
Aaron D. Capen, Frank Andrews.

On motion it was voted that James F. C. Hyde, E. W. Wood,
and C. H. B. Breck, be added to the delegation.

William Falconer, of Cambridge, being recommended by the
Executive Committee, was dul}^ elected a member of the Society.

Adjourned to Saturday, August 4.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, August 4, 1877.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock.
President Parkman in the chair.

Agreeably to the Constitution and By-Laws, the President
appointed the following named members a Committee to nominate
suitable candidates for officers of the Society for the ensuing year : —
Charles O. Whitmore, William C. Strong, John Gr. Barker, John
C. Hovey, Patrick Norton, Charles H. B. Breck, and James
Cruickshanks.

Marshall P. Wilder, in some appropriate remarks on the services
to the Society of Mrs. Harriet S. Buswell, moved the appoint-
ment of a committee to present memorial resolutions. The motion
was unanimously carried, and Marshall P. Wilder, Charles O.
Whitmore, and Charles M. Hovey, were appointed that Committee.

Adjourned to Saturday, September 1st.

6 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, September 1st, 1877.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holdeu at 11 o'clock.
Vice President Whitmore in the chair.

On recommendation of the Executive Committee, Samuel H.
ScuDDER, of Cambridge, was duly elected a member of the Society,
and John Jay Smith, of Germantown, Pa., a Corresponding
Member.

Marshall P. Wilder, Chairman of the Committee to present
resolutions on the death of Mrs. Buswell, reported the following : —

Resolved, That in the removal of Mrs. Harriet S. Buswell, by
death, the members of this Society have lost a lady whose welcome
presence was always with us ; whose pleasant address, cordial
greeting, courtesy and social qualities, and interest in the welfare of
our institution, will ever be highly appreciated and kept in mind by
the members of this Societ}^, and a large circle of movu^ning friends.

Resolved, That the above resolution be entered on our records,
and that a copy be furnished to Mr. E. W. Buswell,- her surviving
partner, as expressive of the sj^mpathy of our members in his
afflictive bereavement.

The resolutions were seconded by Robert Manning ; remarks
were made by James Cruickshauks and Charles M. Hovey, and the
resolutions were unanimously passed.

The presiding officer read the following letter, addressed to him
as Chairman of the Nominating Committee :

Boston, 15th August, 1877.
C. O. "Whitmore, Esq. :
Dear Sir:

With reluctance and regret I beg to say that I am compelled by
other engagements to decline again to stand as a candidate for the
office of President of the Society, which it has been m}- privilege
and honor to hold for the past three years.

Respectfully yours,

F. Parkman.

The Chairman then presented the report of the Nominating Com-
mittee, which was read by the Secretary and accepted by the
Society.

ANNUAL ELECTION, ETC.

Marshall P. Wilder, mentioued the arrangements which had
been made for the accommodation of delegates to the Pomological
Society.

Meetino; dissolved.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, October 6, 1877.

A stated meeting of the Society, being the annual meeting for
the choice of ofiScers, was holden at 11 o'clock, Vice President
Whitmore in the chair.

The Eecording Secretary stated that due notice of the meeting
had been given in accordance with the Constitution and By-Laws.

On motion, it was voted to proceed to the election of officers.

The chair appointed Benjamin G. Smith, E. W. Buswell, and
John C. Hovey, a Committee to receive, assort, and count the votes
given, and report the number.

Voted, That the polls remain open one hour and that the check
list be used.

The polls were opened |t ten minutes past eleven o'clock.

The Secretary announced the receipt of the Diplomas and
Medal awarded to the Society by the United States Centennial
Commission, and presented the same.

The polls were closed at ten minutes past twelve. The Committee
to count the votes presented their report, which was accepted, and the
Chairman of the meeting, in accordance with the Constitution and
By-Laws, declared the persons named in the report to be elected
officers and committees of the Society for the year 1878.

Adjourned to Saturday, November 3.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, November 3, 1877.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 1 1 o'clock,
President Parkman in the chair.

8 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The President, as Chairmau of the Executive Committee, re-
ported a recommendation that the following named sums be appro-
priated for the year 1878 :

For Prizes, $4,575 00

" the Library Committee, ... 225 00
" the Committee on Publication and Dis-
cussion, 200 00

" a portrait or bust of the President elect, 200 00

The President reported the following further action of the
Executive Committee : —

Voted, That the Executive Committee recommend to the Finance
Committee that the unexpended balances of the appropriations for
the Library, for the years 1875 and 1876, including that of $600
for the "Flora Danica," be recognized by the Finance Committee.

Voted, To recommend to the Society the passage of the follow-
ing vote : Voted, That the recent action of the Executive Com-
mittee, in the application of unexpended balances of appropriations
to the Librar}^, in the j^ears 1875 and 1876, shall not be taken as a
precedent, but that all unexpended balances of appropriations for
any year, after the payment of all bills contracted in that year,
shall revert to the Treasury at the close of the year.

The vote recommended by the Executive Committee was unani-
mously passed.

The following named gentlemen, having been recommended by
the Executive Committee, were on ballot, duly elected members of
the Society :

Eev. Crawford Nightingale, of Dorchester,

Warren Fenno, of Eevere,

M. H. Norton, of Boston,

Daniel Duffley, of Brookline,

William D. Park, of Boston.

The following vote, offered by C. M. Atkinson, was unanimously
passed :

Voted, That the report of the Treasurer shall show, in separate
items, all expenses incurred often dollars and upwards.

Adjourned to Saturday, December 1.

DECEASE OF THOMAS EIVEKS. 9

BUSINESS MEEXma.

Sathbdat, December 1, 1877.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
President Pakkman in the chaii'.

The President announced as the first business before the meeting,
resolutions in memory of Thomas Rivers, one of the most eminent
European horticulturists and pomologists, which would be appro-
priately presented by Marshall P. Wilder, the foremost American
pomologist.

Mr. Wilder thanked the President for suspending the usual order
of business that we might render proper honor to the memory of
one of the oldest and most respected corresponding members of the
Society. He was advised by the memorial card which he held in
his hand, that Thomas Rivers died at his residence, Sawbridge-
worth, England, on the 17th of October, 1877, aged seventy-nine
years. It had been his privilege for nearl}^ fifty years to be
acquainted by correspondence or personally, with Mr. Rivers, who
was one of the most eminent horticulturists of the age. As a
nurseryman, pomologist, tree and rose grower, and especially as a
hybridizer, producing and disseminating new and choice varieties
of fruits and flowers the name of Mr. Rivers would long be remem-
bered with veneration and gratitude. For nearly sixty years he
was actively engaged in the nursery business, and it can be said
with truth, that no man in aU Europe ever maintained a higher
character for fidehty and integrity. As a pomologist he would be
remembered for generations to come, especially for the production
of new and valuable fruits from seed, which exercised a fascination
over him ; as he said ' ' growing with his growth and strengthening
with his decline." As a raiser and introducer of new fruits, the
editor of the London "Gardener's Chronicle," (than which there
can be no higher authority), said of him, " the name of Thomas
Rivers stands pre-eminent. We have had no English pomologist to
compare with him in this department, if we except Thomas Andrew
Knight." The same paper gave a list of more than seventy new
varieties of fruits raised and sent out by him. Mr. Rivers con-
sidered as one of his greatest triumphs, the production of early
peaches, by which the season is extended for several weeks, and
2

10 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETT.

which are now distributed throughout the frait growing world. As
a lover of the rose, and the great leader in its improvement in
England, his name will be embalmed in the hearts of grateful
millions, while the rose shall unfold its petals to the morning light,
or shed its fragrance on the passing breeze. Of his love and devo-
tion to the rose, it has been remarked that " Age cannot wither his
loyalty, and beneath a hundred medals, orders, and clasps, his
brave heart is still with the rose." His catalogue of roses, pub-
lished forty-four years ago, was pronounced by Mr. Loudon the
most useful one in the English language.

Besides writing manj^ excellent practical works on horticulture,
Mr. Elvers had been for many years a large contributor to the
periodical press, and his various books and papers on the rose, the
pear, root pruning, double gi-afting, the construction of orchard-
houses and other cheap protections against the uncertainties of an
English climate, and on other subjects, are among the most valu-
able contributions to horticultural literature.

Mr. Wilder said that time would fail him, were he to attempt to
enumerate the various ways in which Mr. Elvers' name has been
associated with the progress of rural economy and the horticulture
of the world. Truly it might be said of him, " His works do follow
him." His books are the best record of his life.

Mr. Wilder closed by presenting the following resolutions : —

Resolved, That in the death of Thomas Elvers, one of the oldest
and most respected corresponding members of this Society, we
recognize, in common with the horticultural world, the loss of a
friend of horticultural science, rural improvement, and ornamental
culture, and a benefactor to our race.

Resolved, That while we deplore the loss of so useful a man, we
desire to thank the Supreme Disposer of all events that he was
spared to us for so long a course of years, and was at last gathered
to his fathers " like a shock of corn fully ripe in its season."

Resolved, That the members of this Society s^onpathize sincerely
with the bereaved family in their affliction, and that a copy of these
proceedings be forwarded to Mrs. Elvers as a token of the respect
and esteem in which her late husband was held in America.

William C. Strong testified to the sense of obligation which he,
in common with other horticulturists, felt to Mr. Elvers for his
many suggestive and successful experiments, especially in the con-
struction of cheap orchard-houses.

REPORTS OF COMMITTEES, ETC. 11

James Cruickslianks spoke of visiting Mr. Rivers and seeing liis
extensive nurseries, and meeting with- kindness and attention more
than could be expected or expressed.

President Parkman said that his first introduction to a knowledge
of the rose was through Mr. Rivers' book, in which he had recorded
his ample experience in the culture of that flower. The book is
full of the honest enthusiasm of his character, which here found
expression in regard to the rose. At the time it was written, Mr.
Rivers was more prominent in rose culture than any other English-
man, and with its progress he stood at least equal to any one who
has written on the subject. He afterwards wrote on orchard-houses,
and a passage in the preface to his work on this subject, in which
he dedicated the profits resulting from it to the repair of the parish
church in which his family had worshipped for generations, showed
the quality of the man. Although the speaker had no personal
acquaintance with Mr. Rivers he felt, in common with all horticul-
turists, that we had lost one of our leaders.

The resolutions were seconded by Robert Manning, and were
unanimously passed.

W. C. Strong, Chairman of the Committee on Publication and
Discussion, read the Annual Report of that Committee.

Waldo O. Ross, Chairman of the Library Committee, read the
Annual Report of that Committee.

J. H. Woodford, Chairman of the Garden Committee, read the
Annual Report of that Committee.

Benjamin G. Smith, of the Committee on Fruits, read the Annual
Report of that Committee.

The above mentioned reports were severally accepted and
referred to the Committee on Publication.

Hervey Davis, Chau-man of the Frait Committee, called the
attention of the Society to the recommendation in the report of that
Committee, that the Prospective Prize of sixty dollars, for the best
Seedhng Hardy Grape, be awarded to John B. Moore, for the
Moore's Early.

It was moved by John G. Barker and seconded by James
Cruickshanks, that the recommendation of the Fruit Committee be
approved by the Society.

N. B. White moved that the award be postponed for one year.

The vote passed January 13, 1877, relative to Prospective Prizes,

12 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

was read, and the subject was discussed. Remarks were made by
John C. Hovey, E. W. Wood, W. C. Strong, N. B. White, and
B. G. Smith. Mr. White's amendment was rejected, and the
motion to approve the recommendation of the Fruit Committee,
passed in the affirmative.

John G. Barker, Chairman of the Committee on Plants and
Flowers, read the Annual Report of that Committee.

Charles N. Brackett, Chairman of the Committee on Vegetables,
read the Annual Report of that Committee.

Robert Manning, Secretary, read his Annual Report.

These reports were severally accepted and referred to the Com-
mittee on Publication.

The President, as Chairman of the Executive Committee, re-
ported the list of prizes to be offered for the year 1878.

Further time was granted to the Committee of Arrangements to
present their report.

On motion of N. B. White, it was

Voted, That all Prospective Prizes shall be awarded only to the
originators of the productions for which such prizes are offered.

Meeting dissolved.

REPORTS.

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON VlkMS AND FLOWERS,

FOR THE YEAR 1877.

By JOHN G. BARKER, Chairman.

The closing year again reminds us of our duty to report our
doings for the past season, and it is with great pleasure that we
can say to the Society that this department has been well sus-
tained thi'ough the entu-e year. The interest in the impromptu
exhibitions seems to increase with each season, some of Flora's
choicest productions having been presented at these shows. The
Rhododendron Show, although the contributions were not as large
as in previous seasons, was one of the very best ever held by the
Society, the splendid stands of new and choice varieties from H.
H. HunneweU being by far the best ever exhibited. The Rose
Show was a grand success and gave great satisfaction to all, both
visitors and contributors, and it is very gratifying that so many
sent their contributions, adding much more to its interest than if
the whole show were made up and all the prizes taken by a few
contributors. There are a great many roses grown in this vicinity,
and by skilful growers, and there is no reason why this should not
be one of the best, if not the very best, show of the season. The
weekly exhibitions have been well attended, and the contributions
kept up to a good standard. The Annual Exhibition, as we all
know, was one of the very best ever held ; at no time have the
plants been any better, and the superb specimens from H. H. Hun-
neweU have never been equalled. The prizes were nearly all com-
peted for, thus showing a lively interest in the exhibition. The
Chrysanthemum Show has taken its place among the best, as the

16 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

last fully proved. "We have been permitted to welcome all our old
or regular contributors, with the addition of some new ones.

Cyclamens. — There are but very few plants that will pay the
cultivator better for his^time and trouble than the cyclamen. As a
decorative plant for both the conservatory and the window it is one
of the most desirable, and as a florist's flower it is equally good, as
the flowers can be used to very great advantage, and with care
may be had from Christmas to May. The plants exhibited the past
season have been exceedingly good. The exhibitors were James
O'Brien and C. B. Gardiner. Particularly noticeable were the
superb specimens shown by Mr. Gardiner on the 3d of March.
The large plants which attracted so much attention were five years
old from the seed, the largest measuring eighteen and one-half
inches in circumference. Mr. Gardiner informs us that he has
picked from it in the seasons of 1875 and 1876 an average of three
hundred and eighteen blossoms, and it appears to have full as many
this season. Indeed aU the plants exhibited at this time were the
best ever shown, each one being a mass of beautiful foliage with
well shaped, richly colored flowers, and although aU were not quite
as large as the one mentioned, they must have had at least from one
hundred and fifty to two hundred blossoms on each plant. Mr.
Gardiner's mode of cultivation is to dry them ofi" entirely during
the summer and place them under the benches in the greenhouse.
The compost used is good garden soil, muck, and leaf mould, in
equal parts, with a little sand. Mr. Gardiner uses no liquid manure
of any kind and grows them in a temperature of from 40° to 50°.

Camellias. — The only exhibitors were Hovey & Co., who on the
3d of March made a very fine display of named varieties, and
showed also a handsomely arranged basket of the beautiful seed-
lings of which mention was made in a previous report.

Orchids. — Although not exhibited in as large numbers as in
some previous seasons, good plants have been shown by C. M.
Atkinson, of Phaius grancUfolius (Bletia TankervilUce) , which Mr.
WUliams in his ' ' Orchid Grower's Manual " describes as a noble
evergreen plant from China, growing three feet high, and producing
its flower spikes one or two feet above the foliage, the color of the
flowers being white and brown ; they bloom during the winter and
spring months, and last long in beauty if in a cool house. This is
a most useful plant for winter blooming, and, when well grown, a
noble plant for exhibition.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 17

From E. S. Rand, Jr., came, on the 3d of March, three varieties
of winter blooming orchids, viz. : —

Cypripedium hirsutissimum,, a rare and beautiful Indian species,
which when in bloom will last for several weeks in perfection. The
plant shown was the first ever exhibited here, and was a good
specimen.

Cypripedium villosum was also a well grown and well bloomed
plant. Foliage long, light green ; flowers very large, and like
those of C. hirsutissimum will last for weeks in perfection. It is one
of the best of the genus.

Epidendrum ellipticum. — ^While not a large flowering variety, this
is very gay and always in bloom ; the plant was a good specimen.

Mr. Rand also exhibited Cypripedium Dayanum, a native of
Borneo. A fine strong growing species, of the barbatum type, with
beautiful mottled foliage.

James Cartwright presented the 'following :

Calanthe Veitchii — a small plant of this beautiful species. On
large plants the flower spikes are frequently eighteen inches high ;
and the blossoms of a rich rose color. It is one of the best for
winter decoration.

Cattleya crispa^ a very fine free growing orchid from Brazil ; the
color of the flowers is very attractive, and it is worthy of a place in
every collection. It is also known by the name of Lcelia crispa.

Dendrobium tliyrsijlorum^ a very showy species, of the habit of
D. densijlorum, but of stronger growth ; the flowers are golden and
white and are produced in beautiful clusters.

At the special exhibition of summer flowering varieties on the
21st of Jul}^, Mr. Cartwright exhibited the three varieties named
below.

Cattleya Loddigesii, a beautiful flowering variet}^ from BrazU ;
sepals and petals of a pale rose color, tinged with lilac ; the lip a
light rose, marked with yellow.

Cypripedium niveum, a native of Siam. A verj^ dwarf plant ;
foliage dark green, with minute white spots ; purphsh red below ;
flowers porcelain white, spotted with violet purple.

Phalcenopsis amabilis. — One of the handsomest of the genus, of
which the species are few. The plant is of medium growth and
produces very beautiful flowers which last a long time in perfection.
The flowers are borne on very graceful spikes and are arranged in
two rows down the spike. The sepals and petals and lip are pure
3

18 MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

white ; the inside of the flower is marked with rosy pink. This va-
riety is a native of Manilla and is very properly called the " Queen
of Orchids."

W. J. Vass has exhibited small specimens of Brassavola glauca,
Oncidium bicallosum, Pliaius grandifolius, Cypripedium barbatum,
Brassia verrucosa and Lcelia purpurata, all well known varieties,
which can be found fully described in any of the books on orchids in
the library.

From William Gray, 3d, we had Cypripedium longifoUum — not
as showy as many of the species, but desirable on account of its
being in bloom nearly all the time.

From William Gray, Jr. , came the following :

Cypripedium barbatum superbum, which Williams, in his " Man-
ual," describes as a fine variety, growing in the same way as bar-
batum, but with the fohage more variegated, and the flowers
handsomer, the lip being very dark, and the upper petal having
more white ; it will last about six weeks in perfection. This makes
a fine plant for exhibition.

Cypripedium bijlorum, from Mt. Ophir. One of the barbatum
group, and by some considered only a variety of that species. The
flowers are very bright in color, and last a long time in perfection.

F. L. Ames exhibited the two following :

Cyprip)edium Parisliii. — A species of stately growth, with broad,
coriaceous, dull green foliage ; flowers greenish white and purple,
not showy but very enduring. A strong plant of this species will
be seldom out of bloom.

Cypripedium Dominianum. — A fine hybrid raised between C. cari-
cinum and C. caudatum, by Mr. Dominy, in compliment to whom
it has been named by Professor Reichenbach, In habit the plant
most resembles C. caricinum, but the flowers are much larger and
brighter colored. The petals remind one of similar appendages in
C. caudatum, but they are twisted spirally like those of C. carici-
num. The flowers, which are produced two or three together on
tall scapes, are of a greenish 3"ellow color, shaded with reddish
brown and spotted with purple. The staminode and the basal
portions of the petals are densely set with stiff hairs. It is the
first time it has been exhibited.

From Edward Butler came two fine specimen plants of Calanthe
vestita rubra and C. vestita alba, which were two of the best speci-
mens of Caldnthes ever shown. The Calafithes are very beautiful.

EEPORT OF COIMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWEKS. 19

and exceedingly useful as winter blooming kinds ; they are easily
grown, and the flowers are very durable ; a collection of orchids is
hardly complete without them.

Spring Flowering Bulbs. — The very liberal premiums offered
for the past two years in this direction have failed to draw out the
competition hoped for. The exhibitors of Hj-acinths were C. M.
Atkinson and Hovey & Co., each of whom showed very fair speci-
mens. Of Narcissus, Hovey & Co. were the only exhibitors. For
Tulips, Jonquils, and Lil}^ of the Vallej", there was no competition.

Indian Azaleas. — The special exhibition occurred on the 7th of
April, and although there were good plants shown, as a whole they
were not up to the standard of former years. The exhibitors were
Hovey & Co., Marshall P. Wilder, and C. M. Atkinson. The best
six were from Hovey & Co. , the varieties being Madame Leon Maen-
haut, Guillaume III., Gloire Avant Tout, Madame Louise Van
Houtte, Fimbriata Alba, and Flag of Truce. Besides the above,
the Messrs. Hovey^exhibited many fine varieties from their large
collection.

From Marshall P. Wilder, whose enthusiasm as a grower and
producer of this beautiful flower knows no bounds, we note the fol-
lowing fine varieties, and append descriptions, as far as we can ob-
tain them, of the rarer ones :

Argus (new).

Baron de VrQre. — Salmon rose, margin white.

Bijou de Paris. — White ribbonned with rose and salmon.

Charmer. — Bright amaranth, good form, and petals of great
substance.

Countess of Beaufort.

Gloire de Belgique. — White, striped with rose.

Harlequin.

Jean Van Geert.

John Goidd Veitch (new).

Juliette.

Madame Olorner.

Mile. Louise de Kerchove.

Mrs. Wright.

Philadelphia.

Prince Albert. — Large flower, fine scarlet.

Princess Louise.

Ehenania. — Rosy carmine, beautifully spotted.

20 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Sigisimund Mucker.

VuurwerTc.

From John B. Moore came good specimen plants of the follow-
ing fine varieties, all in the best possible condition ; the flowers
large and fine, the foliage healthy and handsomely intermixed with
the flowers :

Carl Enke. — Bright rose edged with white.

Decora.

Dieudonne Spae. — Rose, bordered with white and striped with
carmine ; a fine plant.

Etendard de Flandre.

Flag of Truce.

Francois de Vos.

Julkma.

Madame Iris Lefebvre.

Marie Lefebvre.

Marie Vervaene.

Vesuvius.

Special attention was directed to a gronp of seedlings from
Marshall P. Wilder, exhibited ou the 24th of February. The
plants were small, being about eighteen inches high ; the flowers
were good, but no better than many well known varieties ; they
were but three years from seed, the principal point being that they
were brought into flower in so short a time from the sowing of the
seed. As soon as the seedlings were large enough they were grafted
on strong growing stocks, by which process they were brought
to flower much earlier than if left on their own roots, saving much
time in waiting for the result of the produce!'' s labors.

Cinerarias. — It was the unanimous opinion of the Committee
that the plantsjshown by J. Warren Merrill on the 17th of February
were the best that have been exhibited for the past ten years. The
Cineraria in its improved condition is indispensable in any collec-
tion of greenhouse plants ; there are very few if any plants so gay
and beautiful during the winter months, so that it is highly useful
both for exhibition and decorative purposes. The plants, both as
to variety of color and good cultivation, were all that could be
desired. We hope that the success attained by Mr. Merrill will
stimulate others to go and do likewise.

Polyanthus. — The only exhibitor was C. M. Atkinson, who
showed six well grown plants. This is an old but too much

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 21

neglected flower, and deserves more general cultivation and better
treatment than it generally receives. In England, considerable
attention is paid to its cultivation. It is one of the earliest
spring flowering plants, and will weU repay the attention that it
requires for successful cultivation.

Violets, — Six good plants in pots were shown by C. M. Atkin-
son on the 3d of March ; the variety was Marie Louise, and the
flowers were ver}' large and fine.

Amaryllis. — There was no competition for the premiums ofltered
in April, but A. McLaren exhibited two good seedlings on the 17th
of Februaiy, and on the 28th of July another which promises to be
a good acquisition ; the flower large, color bright scarlet with fine
white markings through the centre of each petal. From J. B.
Moore we had cut flowers of well known varieties. From Francis
Putnam very good exhibitions of seedlings which were well worthy
a place in any collection.

Pelargoniums. — This exhibition which was held on the 5th of
May was not a success, and but very few of the hberal premiums
oflered by the Society were awarded, and what plants were shown,
with perhaps one or two exceptions, were not worthy of any special
note. It would seem that with so many florists and amateurs who
have fine collections of Pelargoniums as there are in this vicinity,
this should be one of the best instead of one of the poorest
exhibitions of the Society.

Show and Fancy Pelargoniums. — For these there was no com-
petition, the principal reason being, perhaps, that the time the pre-
miums were oflered (June 2d) , was at least one month too late.

Calceolarias. — Six fine plants were shown by C. M. Atkinson,
which were masses of beautiful flowers and were very ornamental.

Tulips. — A good stand of twenty-five named varieties was shown
by C. M. Atkinson, he being the only exhibitor.

Hardy Shrubs were shown by Hovey & Co,, Miss S. W. Story,
and Miss A. C. Kenrick. There was nothing new or remarkable
in these collections, but each was made up of a good selection of
well known standard varieties.

Rhododendrons. — June 2d being the special prize day, very
excellent collections were shown by H. H. Hunnewell and C. M.
Atkinson, and a smaller collection of good varieties from E. Shep-
herd. Again on the 9th of June, a very superb collection of new
and rare rhododendrons was shown by H. H. Hunnewell, Though

22 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

many superb collections have been exhibited by Mr. Hunnewell, we
feel that we are safe in saying this has never been equalled.
Francis B. Hayes also exhibited a small collection. In our last
report maybe found a carefull}" prepared list of choice varieties,
which we think will be of use to anj- one about maldng a collection
of rhododendrons.

Hardy Azaleas were shown by Hovey & Co., E. Shepherd, and
B. G. Smith, each exhibiting a good collection of choice varieties.
We append a list of the ten varieties exhibited by B. Gr. Smith,
which were very fine and showed good care in their selection. No
other lists were handed the committee.

Baron Pycke. — Large, orange.

Coccinea. — True scarlet.

Cruenta. — vScarlet, fine.

Gloire de Belgique.

Graf von Mer an plena. — Fine rose.

Narcissijiora. — Splendid yellow.

Ne plus ultra. — Extra orange.

Othello.

Princeps spedosa.

Prince Frederick.

The hardy Azalea deserves more general cultivation than it now
receives. There is no hardy plant that requires less care ; it will
flourish well in any good garden soil. The plants may be massed
with other shrubs, but produce the best effect in groups by them-
selves on the lawn. If planted in a partially shaded place the
flowers will last much longer in perfection.

Roses. — The plants in pots and the cut flowers shown from time
to time have been among the very best contributions placed upon
the Society's tables ; and for the past two or three years, the
annual rose shows have steadily improved. Your Committee
thought that the show of 1876 could hardly be equalled, but that of
1877 far exceeded our most sanguine expectations. At the Rose
Show held June 20th, WiUiam Gray, Jr., exhibited the following
new varieties sent out since 1873 :

Antoine Mouton. — Fine orange rose ; very large, full and fine.

Madame Lacharme. — Very vigorous ; flowers very large, full,
beautifully formed ; while opening slightly shaded with rose in
the centre, changing into pure white ; a superb rose.

Madame Marius Cote. — Flowers clear red, i)assing to deep rose ;
cup shaped ; very large, full, fine form ; growth very vigorous.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 23

3Irs. Veitch. — Bright rose, streaked with white ; free floweriug,
very vigorous.

Souvenir de Spa. — Flowers large ; full and very finely formed ;
color deep red, with fiery reflex.

Star of Waltham. — Bright pink ; good shape ; large and full.

For the best twelve varieties the competitors were CM. Atkin-
son and Francis Parkman ; the collection receiving the first prize
contained the following fine varieties :

Baron Adolphe de Hothschild. — Bright red ; large, full ; fine
fohage.

Captain Christy. — Flowers very delicate flesh color, deeper in
the centre ; very effective, large flower ; vigorous.

Charles Lefebvre. — Fine brilliant velvet crimson ; large, cupped ;
considered one of the finest roses in cultivation.

Comtesse d^ Oxford. — Bright carmine red; large and full, fine
form ; a splendid rose.

Etienne Dupuy. — Flowers large, full, well formed ; color, bright
silvery rose.

Francois Michelon. — Deep rose, reverse of petals silvery ; large,
full and globular in form.

John Harrison. — Brilliant deep crimson, shaded velvety black ;
very eflective ; a -vdgorous grower.

Madame Louis Leveque. — Fine, bright, clear rose ; very large,
full, and globular ; imbricated.

Madame Marie Finger. — Bright flesh-colored rose, deeper in the
centre ; globular form ; large.

Paul Neron. — Dark rose ; fine form, large and full.

Perfection de Lyon. — Color, bright rose, reverse of the petals
hlac ; form cupped, large and full.

Of the best sis distinct named varieties the exhibitors were Wil-
liam Gray, Jr., Francis Parkman, and JohnB. Moore. We are not
able to give any lists of the six varieties, as none were handed to
the Committee.

For the best three named varieties, William Gray, Jr. and John
B. Moore were the competitors ; the best three were Madame
Schwartz, Due de Mornj^, and Monsieur Boncenne ; the last named
is violet crimson, richly shaded ; large and full.

Moss Roses. — The only exhibitor was W. H. Spooner, Jr., who
showed a very fine stand of choice varieties.

24 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Tender Roses. — In this class James Comley was the successful
competitor ; his collection contained the following varieties :
Bon Silene, Niphetos,

Duchess of Edinburgh, Paul Labonte,

Isabella Sprunt, Perle de Lyon,

Madame Harriveaux, Souvenir de Malmaisou,

Marechal Niel, Souvenir de Paul Neron,

Mile. Marie Berton, Yellow Tea,

the descriptions of which may be found in any of the leading cata-
logues.

For twelve Marechal Niel roses, M. D. Spaulding exhibited a
good stand, and for twelve of any other sort a very fine stand of
Souvenir de Malmaison was shown by James Comley.

In the general display excellent stands were shown by J. S.
Eichards and E. W. Wood ; these were two of the best general
displays ever made.

Special Prizes. — The competition for these prizes was very sat-
isfactory. For the best twelve of any one variety the premium was
awarded for a stand of Alfred Colomb, a bright fiery red rose ; large
and full, very effective, and one of the best roses in cultivation.

For the best six of au}^ one variet}^ the premium was awarded
for a stand of Louis Van Houtte. The flowers are reddish scarlet
and amaranth, shaded with bluish pui-ple ; very large and full ; a
splendid rose.

For the best twelve named varieties the premium was awarded to
Francis Parkman for a stand containing the following superb vari-
eties :

Alfred Colomb, Leopold Premier,

CaroKne de Sansal, Madame Boncenne,

Charles Lefebvre, Madame C. Crapelet,

Comtesse d'Oxford, Madame Victor Verdier,

Etienne Levet, Marquise de Castellane,

Felix Genero, Paul Neron.

For the best six named varieties the premium was awarded to
J. C. Chaftln. The varieties were Baronne de Rothschild, Fisher
Holmes, Franyois Michelon, Madame C. Crapelet, Mile. Bon-
naire, and Prince Camille de Rohan.

Besides those shown at the annual rose show, there was exhibited by
James Comley, on the 24th of January, a fine lot of cut flowers of
Tea roses ; also a new Hybrid Perpetual rose, Gustave Revilliod,

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 25

a beautiful, satiny pseony rose, large, full and imbricated ; and by
M. H. Merriam, a good plant of Anna de Diesbach.

March 3d being prize day for Hybrid Perpetual roses in pots, two
good collections were exhibited by John B. Moore. Again on the 10th
of March, Mr. Moore showed a collection of six varieties in pots ;
they were Baronne de Rothschild, Captain Lamure, Cheshunt Hy-
brid, Mademoiselle Eugene Verdier, Marquise de Castellane, and
Paul Verdier, It is due to Mr. Moore to say that the plants ex-
hibited by him were the best grown roses in pots ever exhibited,
and gave good evidence that they had been grown by skilful hands ;
the foliage was very large and healthy, and the flowers as near per-
fection as any one ought to expect.

James Comley has made a fine display of new and other Tea
roses ; among them we note, besides well known varieties, the fol-
lowing, as new and desirable :

Charles Rovolli. — New.

Duchess of Edinburgh.

Jean Ducher. — Salmon yellow, shaded rose peach ; globular,
full ; extra fine.

Letty Coles. — New.

Mad. Miolan Carvalho. — New.

Marquis de Sanima. — New.

Perle des Jardins. — Straw color ; very fine and very desirable ;
one of the best.

Souvenir de Mad. Pernet. — New. Fine light rose, shaded
clear yellow, very eff"ective in color ; large, globular form ; first
class.

CM. Atkinson also exhibited on the 30th of March and the 7th
of April, very good collections of roses in pots, which were well
grown plants ; among them we noticed the following varieties :
Beauty of Waltham, Countess of Oxford, Edward Morren, Marquise
de Castellane, Monsieur Pierre Seletszki, and Monsieur Hippolyte
Jamain.

Gloxinias. — We regret to again report that there was no com-
petition for the prizes ofiered for this beautiful flower, which for
summer decoration for the greenhouse and conservatory has scarcely
an equal. From the ease with which it is cultivated, and the large
quantity grown in this vicinity by both amateurs and florists, it would
seem that the competition for Gloxinias should be very spirited,
but the only ones exhibited at any time were some fine cut flowers
4

26 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

from J. B. Moore, and plants in pots from Marshall P. Wilder on
the 2d of June.

Wakdian Cases were shown by D. R. Beckford, Jr., Hovey &
Co., and Carl Deeterich, which were all well filled, and were fine
ornaments for any room, but your Committee think that with some
of them too much attention was given to elaborate wood- work ; so
much, as was remarked in our last report, as to distract atten-
tion from the plants. The main attraction ought to be the plants
in the case, and not the case outside the plants, although that
should be neatly made.

Fern Case. — W. H. Halliday exhibited a very pretty one for a
table ; also a hanging Fern Case ; both were nicely filled with
plants in excellent condition, and were worthy a place in any room.

Herbaceous Peonies. — There was only one small collection
exhibited, and these could not be ranked as fii'st class. From
Hovey & Co. there were some very fine specimens of Richardson's
Seedlings which have been fully mentioned in previous reports, and
well sustain the character given them as valuable additions to this
handsome species of herbaceous plants.

Sweet Williams. — James Nugent and Harry L. Rand were the
exhibitors, with two very good stands. This popular flower
deserves a place in every garden ; any one can grow it, and it
always gives satisfaction. Some of the auricula flowered varieties
are very fine.

Native Plants have been exhibited in larger quantities than for
several seasons past.

Among the many exhibited by George E. Davenport, most
noticeable was a plant of Vittaria lineata, a grass lilce fern growing
on trees, from Florida ; three varieties of Trillium, viz., T. erectum,
T. grandijiorum, and T. recurvatum — the last exhibited in 1876
under the name of T. sessile, but has proved to be T. recurvatum;
also, Cypripedium arietinum (Ram's Head C^^Dripedium) , Cypri-
pedium candidum (Small White Lady's Shpper) ; C. parvijlorum
(Small Yellow Lady's Slipper) ; (7. X)ubescens (Larger Yellow
Lady's Slipper). Again on the 4th of August Mr. Davenport
exhibited a very nice collection, all neatly arranged and named.
Also, on the 8th of September, Paronychia argyrocoma (Silver
Chickweed) ; Gerardia tenuifolia, var. alba (Slender Gerardia) ,
which is the first time these two have been shown ; and Eupatorium
aromaticum, a very pretty species with a small corymb of large,

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 27

white, aromatic flowers. Mr. Davenport has shown many other
well known varieties, all named, and adding to the interest of the
exhibitions.

E. H. Hitchings exhibited a very fine specimen of Hottonia
inflata (Water Violet) ; a single flower of Lilium Canadense having
five petals of pure yellow without spots ; Hdbenaria ciliaris, (Yellow
Fringed Orchis) , ' ' our handsomest species ; " Sagittaria gracilis
(Pursh), Eupatorium teiicrifolium, and other rare species. Mr.
Hitchings has not exhibited in as large quantities as in previous
seasons, but what has been lacking in quantity has been fully
made up in quality ; his exhibits have been only of the rarest and
choicest varieties.

Mrs. C. N. S. Horner, as in previous seasons, has faithfully per-
formed her i^art in making this department of the exhibitions success-
ful, having taken the first premium at most of the exhibitions of
native flowers.

We have also been permitted to welcome to this department
Byron D. Halsted, of the Bussey Institute, whose exhibits have
been very interesting and instructive. They commenced on the
9th of June, with twelve species of Fungi, growing upon wild
plants, the plants and the fungi growing upon them being all care-
fully named. At the Rose Show Mr. Halsted presented twenty-
five genera of Lichens in fifty species ; and at the Strawberry Show,
twenty genera of Grasses in thirty -two species ; two genera in four
species of Juncacece; eighteen Sedges, including seventeen species
of Carex, and Eleocharis obtusa; also twenty- three genera of Fungi
in forty species.

On the 11th of August, Mr. Halsted presented sixty-five species
of "Wild Plants in Fruit," ranging from trees like the oak and
hickory down to grasses, iand herbs of even smaller growth. It
will be seen that the term fruit is here used in its broad botanical
sense, including all ripened pistils and their contents, whatever
their form or texture, and not, as the word is popularly employed,
to designate only those that are edible.

Of the Fleshy fruits, the Berry was represented by Solanum
Dulcamara (Bittersweet) , three species of Vaccinium (Blueberries
and Cranberry) , Actcea alba (Baneberry) , Cornus Canadensis, etc.
The Drupe or Stone fruit by Prunus Virginiana and P. Pennsylvan-
ica (Choke and Wild Red Cherries) , Bhamnus catharticus (Buck-
thorn) , Ilex verticillata (Black Alder) , and some Viburnums, in-

28

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

eluding the showy red fruit of V. lantanoides. The Drupelets had
a representative in the fruit of the Ruhus villosus (Blackberry) .
The Dry fruits had the Akeue represented by several members of
the orders Banunculacece and Bosacece. The Nut by the Oak,
Hazel, Hickory, and Butternut. The Key fruit by the Maple and
Bu'ch. The Pod fruits included the Asdepias Cornuti (Milk- weed) ,
and several specimens from the Mustard and Pulse families.
Some Dehiscent fruits, or those which split open and drop their
seeds, were shown in two species of Lilium, Hypericum perforatum
(St. Johnswort), Mullein, etc. Last of all a number of cones of
Pinus and Abies represented the Scaly, Multiple fruits.

Mr. Halsted also exhibited at the same time fifty species of wild
flowers.

J. H. Sears exhibited Drdba verna^ and Mary T. Saunders
Draha CaroUniana.

On the 8th of September, Miss Maria E. Carter exhibited a very
interesting collection of Compositce, consisting of seventy- five
species. It being the largest munber of that order shown at any
one time we append a list of the species :

Vernonia Novehoracensis.
Liatris scariosa.
Eupatorium purpureum.
" sessilifolium.

" perfoliatum.

" ageratoides,

Mikania scandens.
Aster corymbosus.

" macrophyllus.

" Radula.

" patens.

" Icevis.

" l(Bvis var. cyaneus.

" undulatus.

" cordifolius.

" multiflorus.

" dumosus.

" Tradescanti.

" miser.

" longifolius.

" puniceus.

Aster Novce-Anglice.

" linifolius.
Erigeron Canadense.
" strigosum.

" annuum.

Diplopappus linariifolius.

" umhellatus.

*' cornifolius.

Solidago squarrosa.

" bicolor.

" latifoUa.

" ccesia.

" puberula.

" sempervirens.

*' neglecta.

" patula.

" arguta.
Solidago altissima.

" nemoralis.

" Canadensis.

" gigantea.

KEPORT OF C03IMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 29

Solidago lanceolata. Gnaphalium uliginosum.

Inula Helenium. Antennaria margaritacea.

Ambrosia artemisicefolia. Ereclitliites hieracifolia.

Xanthium strumarium, var. Centaurea nigra,
echinatum. Cirsium lanceolatum.

RudhecMa laciniata. " muticum.

" hirta. " pumilum.

Helianthus divaricatus. " arvense.

Coreopsis trichosjyerma. Lappa major.

Bidens frondosa. Cichorium Intyhus.

" ckrysanthemoides. Leontodon autumnale.

Maruta Cotula. Hieracium Canadense.

Achillea Millefolium. " scabrum.

Leucanthemum vidgare. Nabalus albus.

Tanacetum vulgar e. Taraxacum Dens-leonis.

Artemisia vulgaris. Lactuca elongata.

OnapJialium polycephalum. Sonclius oleraceus.

On the 2d of June, C. "W. Jenks exhibited a very fine specimen
of Cypripedium acaule, var. alba. From Mrs. J. W. Wolcott, on the
20th of June, we had very fine specimens of Habenaria Jivibriata,
var. alba. From Mrs. J. "W. Wilmarth, on the 11th of August,
Sabbatia chloroides — pink and white varieties ; the flowers were
very pretty. Other contributions to this department were made by
James W. Clark, E. W. MitcheU, Master Hugh Tallant and H. A.
Young.

Hollyhocks were exhibited by H. Grundel and A. McLaren.
The spikes were the best of this popular flower that have been
shown for several years, and the variety was excellent. John B.
Moore also exhibited at several of the weekly exhibitions, very
large fine spikes of flowers, and dishes of flowers.

Stocks. — The only collection on exhibition was from James
Comley.

Late Phloxes. — Unusually good collections were shown by
Francis Parkman and John B. Moore. On a visit to the grounds
of Mr. Parkman, we saw some three thousand seedlings in bloom,
which with their great variety of color presented a truly magnificent
appearance, many of them surpassing the imported varieties grow-
ing in a bed near by. These seedlings were of fine form and sub-
stance, and quite distinct in color, giving every shade of pink, red,
and rose, while quite a number had beautiful distinct eyes. Our

30 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

attention was also called to a bed of dwarf varieties not over
fifteen inches liigh, which Mr. Parkman hopes by further experi-
ments to reduce to even less height. We hope he may be
successful, as there can be nothing finer than an edging of these
beautiful flowers for a herbaceous border. Later in the season we
visited the garden of John B. Moore, who has a superb collection
of named varieties. No more satisfactory plants can be placed in
our gardens ; give them a rich, moist soil, and they will soon
reward the efibrts of the grower with large, handsome clumps of
rich flowers.

Petunias. — Several collections were placed upon exhibition, the
best were those from Mrs. A. D. Wood and W. G. McTear, each
collection containing fine flowers of self-colored and striped varie-
ties.

Gladioli. — The principal exhibitors were J. S. Richards, George
Praft, Herbert Gleason, A. McLaren, and J. B. Moore. Gladioli
have been a very attractive feature of the exhibitions. In addition
to the named varieties and the general displays which have been
shown, various contributors have from time to time shown very
good seedlings, but although many of them were very fine and
worthy of cultivation, there were none which in the judgment of
your Committee possessed qualifications so superior to the many
well-known standard varieties as to warrant a special award. The
number of varieties is simply legion, and they have been brought
to such a high standard of perfection that it would be very diffi-
cult to improve on what we already have.

Native Ferns. — On the 20th of June, George E. Davenport
exhibited a collection of forty species and six varieties of hardy na-
tive ferns, grown outside, in his garden. Of this collection,
Adiantum Capillus- Veneris , L., is deserving of special mention on
account of its having survived a long winter so far north, with no
other protection than a slight covering of brush and in a southern
exposure. The collection included, also, Asplenium Filix-foemina,
var. laciniata, Moore (an English variety discovered in New Jersey
in 1875), and Woodsia glabella, R. Br., from Vermont, of both
which it is believed that cultivated specimens have never been ex-
hibited before.

August 4th, E. H. Hitchings showed an interesting collection of
thirty-four species and varieties of ferns, collected in the towns of
Chelsea, Stoneham, Melrose, Maiden, Hyde Park, Milton, Ded-

REPORT OF COaiMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 31

ham, and Canton. These were, with but two or three exceptions,
whole plants, showing the manner of growth,

August 11th, being prize day, two good collections were shown
by Mrs. C. N. S. Horner and F. W. Morandi. George E. Daven-
port also presented, for exhibition onlj^, a large collection, of which
the following had never before been exhibited : Aspidium argutum,
Kaulf., from California; Woodsia Jiyperborea, R. Br., from Ver-
mont, and Botrychium simplex, Hitch., from New York State.

On the 1st of September Mr. Hitchings exhibited a collection of
nine different forms of Botrychium ternatum, and again on the 10th
of November, a collection of eighteen plants, in various forms,
which was the greatest variety of this species we have seen in the
same number of plants.

Asters. — Excellent stands were shown by C. M. Atkinson,
E. Shepherd, Parker Barnes, J. S. Richards, John Parker, Mrs.
E. M. Gill, John B. Moore, and A. McLaren. Asters are among
our most useful garden plants, and from the ease with which the}^
are cultivated, have become great favorites.

Verbenas. — The show was excellent ; there were several contrib-
utors, of whom the successful ones were J. B. Moore and
A. McLaren. It is gratifying to see that this once most popular
of aU bedding plants is receiving so much attention, and is ex-
hibited in such goodly varieties.

Double Zinnias. — There was more than usual competition for
the prizes offered for this popular annual. Large and very hand-
some flowers were shown by J. B. Moore, George Craft, James
Nugent, W. G. McTear, W. K. Wood, and Mrs. E. M. Gill.

Greenhouse Plants. — The best six in bloom exhibited in April,
were by C. M. Atkinson and were fine healthy specimens of Axaleas,
Kennedy as, etc.

At the Annual Exhibition the competitors for the best twelve
Greenhouse and Stove Plants were H. H. Hunnewell, Hovey & Co.,
W. Gray, Jr., and W. C. Strong. The collection from Mr. Hun-
newell was of unusual excellence, each plant being a superb speci-
men. The species were as follows :

Alocasia macrorhiza variegata. — One of the most striking and
effective ornamental leaved plants ever introduced, and the very
best specimen ever shown.

A. metallica. — Another highly ornamental plant.

Bromelia sceptrum.

32 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Croton Johannis.

C. Toungii. — A robust growing plant of very beautiful form.

C. Weismanni. — One of the best and most ornamental of the
genus.

Dieffenhachia Bausei. — One of the finest hybrids of this very
ornamental genus.

Eurya latifolia var.

Ficus ParcelU. — A very pretty variegated leaved plant, of free
growth.

Hydrangea speciosa.

Maranta Van-den- Heckei. — ^A very distinct and handsome grow-
ing species from Brazil.

Martenezia Lindeniana. — A very handsome plant of this exceed-
ingly ornamental species of American Palms.

From Hovey & Co., the following species :

Alocasia macrorJiiza var.

Aralia pulchra.

Camellia Sasanqua var.

Cyanophyllum magnificum.

Dion Edule. — A splendid plant well worthy a place in every col-
lection of ornamental leaved plants.

Dasylirion glauca.

Latania rubra. — One of the finest species of the genus.

Pandanus elegantissimus. — An elegant plant well adapted for
decorative purposes.

P. ornatus. — A noble growing species from the Philippines.

Phormium Veitchii. — A fine species of this ornamental genus of
plants.

Seaforthia elegans. — A very useful plant, of the highest decorative
character.

Thrinax parviflora. — The leaves of this plant are of great beauty,
and it is well adapted for decorative purposes.

Although H. H. Hunnewell and Hovey & Co. were the success-
ful competitors, Wm. Gray, Jr. and W. C. Strong exhibited good
collections ; in each were manj"^ rare and choice plants.

Specimen Plants were exhibited by H. H. Hunnewell and Hovey
& Co. From Mr. Hunnewell came a magnificent specimen plant
of Musa superha. It is the first lime it has been exhibited, and we
append the following description taken from " Williams' Stove
and Greenhouse Plants:" " A very distinct and handsome plant.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 33

but requiring strong lieat and a moist atmosphere to develop its
beauties. In a 3"oung state it is not very different in appearance
from M. sapientum and its varieties, but as its leaves increase in
size, the stem becomes swollen towards the base, and the whole
plant assumes more the appearance of a grand compact form of M.
ensete, though from this plant it is abundantly distinct. M. superba
is a somewhat rare and magnificent plant, but from its size only
suitable for those possessing ample room and a large collection."

The specimen presented by Hovey & Co. was Cycas revoluta^
an old plant, popularly, but, Mr. Williams says, erroneously, called
the Sago Palm, since it has nothing to do with the Palms. Mr. W.
further says, " as a window plant when young, and for the decora-
tion of hall and corridors when large, it is surpassed by none and
equalled by few. In Saxony its leaves are extensively used at
funerals as emblems of immortality."

Specimen Flowering Plant. — The successful competitor was J.
B. Moore, who brought a good plant of the ^beautiful Lapageria
alba.

Vakiegated Leaved Plants. — For this prize, Hovey & Co.,
exhibited the following varieties : Alocasia macrohiza var. , Ananassa
sativa var., Eurya latifolia var., Agave medio-picta, Bambusa
Fortuneivar., and Yucca aloifolia var.

From W. C. Strong we had Eulalia Japonica var., Croton
pictum, C. angustifolium, Pandanus Javanicus, Draccena amabilis,
and Agave medio-picta. The plants in these collections were small
but well grown.

For the prize for the best single specimen not offered in any col-
lection, H. H. Hunnewell sent a splendid specimen of Anthurium
crystallinum, and Hovey & Co. a good plant of Phormium Colensoi
var.

Caladiums. — There were several competitors for this prize and
aU the collections were made up of good varieties ; C. M. Atkinson
and Hovey & Co. were the successful competitors. There were
also some new ones from W. T. Andrews, but though they were all
good, there did not appear to be distinction enough between them
and the many well known varieties now in cultivation to require any
special note.

Ferns. — Nine named varieties were shown by J. Warren Merrill,
as follows :

AlsopMla australis, a very beautiful species of rapid growth.
5

34 MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

Cibotium Barometz.

C princeps, a noble fern requiring plenty of room.

Dicksonia antarctica, a very beautiful species with a stout stem
and large spreading fronds ; well known as one of the most useful
of its class.

Gleichenia circinata glauca. — From New Zealand, and worthy a
place in every collection of ferns, being one of the most robust and
beautiful of the group to which it belongs.

G. dicarpa. — One of the most elegant of the genus ; it is said
to be a good grower and one of the best of the section to which it
belongs.

Oleandra nodosa.

Platycerium grande. One of the most singular of all ferns. It
is an epiphytal evergreen stove species ; a native of New Holland
and the Malayan Islands.

Polypodium muscefolmm.

Hovey & Co. exhibited the following species :

Adiantum cuneatum, an old fern but indispensable in every col-
lection, and will do well in a moderate temperature ; splendid for
bouquets. ,

A. macrophyllum.

Alsophila Van Gheerti.

Asplenium Fabianum.

Davallia Mooreana. This is one of the most beautiful of ferns,
the fronds are extremely handsome and gracefully arched.

D. Tyermanni.

Gymnogramme Tartarea, an ornamental, evergreen, stove species.

Leucostegia immersa.

Six new varieties were shown by J. Warren Merrill, as follows :
Davallia Boryana, Lomaria JluviatiKs, Lygodium Fosteri, Agla-
morpha Meyeniana, AdianUim cristatum, Asplenium longissimum.

Adiantums. — J. Warren Merrill and Hovey & Co., were the
exhibitors. From Mr. Merrill came the following varieties :

Adiantum Farley ense. — Very properly called the grandest of the
Adiantums. It derives its name from the place of its origin,
Farley Hill, Barbadoes, West Indies.

A. gracillimum (Mist Adiantum). — The most graceful and
elegant mist-like form yet introduced. As the plant becomes
stronger it is very elegant.

A. Hendersoni. — A distinct plant of robust habit, which when
well grown presents a very graceful appearance.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 35

A. princeps. — A free growing plant, with very gracefully arched
fronds, and of great value for exhibition or decorative purposes.

A. prionophyllum.

A. ruhellum. — A very pretty fern, which should be in every col-
lection, and if grouped with other delicate ferns will be a pleasing
addition.

Hovey & Co.'s collection comprised

A. amdbile. — This is one of the most lovely of the Maiden-hairs,
and cannot fail to become a favorite in all choice collections.

A. condnnum. — A very graceful, pendulous, evergreen, stove
species, from the West Indies.

A. condnnum latum. — A new variety of A. condnnum, but of
stronger growth, making a fine plant for decorative purposes.

A. decorum. — A lovely fern ; said to be of very easy growth.

A. excisum multifidum.

A. Farley ense.

Tree Ferns. — Two very fine plants of AlsopMla australis were
shown by W. C. Strong. It is one of the noblest of the tree ferns.

Single Specimens Tree Ferns were shown by J. Warren Merrill
and W. C. Strong. Mr. Merrill brought a fine plant of Cibotium
Schiedei, a very elegant species, with large, spreading, pale green
fronds, which, if placed in a prominent position, presents a very
imposing appearance. It may be grown in a cool house. Mr.
Strong brought a good plant of Balantium antarcticum {Dicksonia
antarctica) .

Mr. MerriU also exhibited at the Annual Show, a great variety of
ferns cultivated by him, a list of which he has furnished the Com-
mittee, as follows :

Exotic Ferns.

Cionidium Moorei (new) . Sadler ia squarrosa (new) .

Leucostegia immersa (new) . Diplazium plantagineum (new) .
Davallia data (new) . " Zeylanicum.

" clavata. Pleopeltis stigmatica (new) .

" aculeata. Oymnogramme Peruviana.
Adiantum tetraphyllum. " Wettenhalliana.

Cheilanthes elegans. " chrysophylla, var.

" lendigera (new^. Parsonsii (new) .

Woodwardia radicans cristata Dictyogramme Japonica.
(new)* " " variegata.

36

MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Native Ferns.

Acrostichum aureum, (rare) .
Polypodium Plumula, H. B. K.
" intermedium.

" incanum (rare).

" Scoideri (rare).

" Californicum.

" Pliyllitidis.

" aureum.

" alpestris (new and

very rare) .
Gymnogramme triangularis.
Notholosna ferruginea (new and

very rare) .
NotholcBna dealhata (new and

very rare) .
Notholoena Newherryi.
Cheilanthes Californica.
Alabamensis.
micropliylla.
Fendleri.
vestita.
gracillima (new and

very rare) .
Eatoni.
languginosa.
myriophyllum.
viscosa.
Pellcea Bridgesii.
" atropurpurea.
" ornithopus.
" Jlexuosa.
" densa.
Pteris longifolia.
" Cretica.

" aquilina, var. caudata.
Adiantum Cajnllus- Veneris.

Vittaria lineata.
Blechnum serrulatum.

" Spicant.
Woodwardia radicans.
" Virgiyiica.

" areolata.

Scolopendrium vulgare.
Camptosorus rhizophyllus.
Asplenium pinnatifidum (rare) .

" ebenoides.

" Tricliomanes.

" ebeneum.

" " var. parvu-

lum, Mart et Gal.

" viride.

" dentatum (rare).

" septentrionale (new
and rare) .

" myriophyllum.

" marinum.
Aspidium Lonchitis.

" munitum.

" Californicum.

" aculeatum.

" " var. Braunii.

" patens.

" fragrans.

" cristatum, var. Florid-
anum.

" argutum.

" unitum.
Nephrolepis exaltata.
Tricliomanes Petersii.

" radicans.

Aneimia adiantifolia.
Lygodium palmatum.

REPORT OF COBIMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 37

In addition to the collection just named, Mr. Merrill has shown
at the weekly exhibitions, good plants of the following :
Davallia (Microlepia ?) anthris- Lastrea sanctum.

cifolia. Nephrolepis pectinata.

Lindbaya cultrata. Fadyenia proUfera.

Cheilanthes viscosa. Polypodium Phegopteris.

Pellcea ternifolia. " Dryopteris.

Pteris serrulata, var. Leyi. " calcareum.

Doodia lunulata, Phegopteris hexagonoptera.

" caudata. " polypodioides.

Asplenium attenuatum. NipTioholus pertusus.

" monantliemum. Goniopteris gracilis.

" Filix-foemina, var. Gymnogramme triangularis.

Victoria. Hemionitis palmata.

Polystichium lepidocaulon (new AcrosticJium quercifolium {Gym-

and rare) . nopteris Neitneri) .

Lycopods. — The only collection was from W. C. Strong, who
exhibited Lycopodium delicatissimum, L. denticulatum aureum, L.
involvens, L. circinale, L. stolonifericm, andL. JajDonicum paradoxum.

Drac^nas. — Six finer plants have seldom, if ever, been seen on
exhibition than those from H. H. Hunnewell. The varieties were

Dracaena amabilis. — A very handsome variety, and perhaps the
finest of the light variegated kinds.

D. Chelsoni. — A fine growing species ; the leaves are very large
and the colors rich, producing a splendid effect.

D. imperialis. — Also a fine growing variety, and well adapted for
general decorative purposes.

D. Mooreana, a noble plant of graceful habit ; the base of the
leaf-stalk and midrib are of a bright reddish color, which in the
leaf changes to a glossy bronze.

D. Shepherdii. — A large and splendid growing plant, which well
deserves a place in every collection.

D. Toungii. — This superb variety is well adapted for conserva-
tory decoration or exhibition purposes ; it is a noble plant, with
very bright colors, and becomes more beautiful with age.

The plants from Hovey & Co. were much smaller, but the selec-
tion of varieties was very good. They were D. amabilis, D. im-
perialis, and D. Shepherdi, which have already been described, and
the three following :

D. Guilfoylei. — This variety is quite distinct from any other

38 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

species. It is a splendid plant for both ornamental and decorative
purposes.

D. Hendersoni. — Of graceful and elegant habit ; color of the
leaves bright green, beautifully marbled, with pink and white
stripes.

D. stricta. — This has the habit, general character, and color of
D. ferrea, but the leaves are beautifully feathered and flaked with
brilliant rosy crimson and carmine.

Seedling Dracaenas, have been exhibited by F. L. Harris and Ed-
ward Butler. Mr. Harris presented one of dwarf habit ; leaves very
wide in proportion to their length (six inches wide and thirteen
inches long) , waved and much arched, giving the plant a distinct
and unique appearance ; margin of leaf and petiole of a rich ma-
genta, inclining to purple, and in the 3'oung leaves of an extremely
delicate hue ; the edging of color of variable and irregular width,
but never extending into the body of the leaf. The seed was sown
in 1876 and was the result of a cross between Begince and Moore-
ana. It is a very valuable addition to this highly useful and orna-
mental genus of plants.

From Edward Butler, gardener to "Wellesley College, came six
seedling Dracaenas, as follows :

Wellesleyana (No. 1). — Of vigorous growth and ample foliage,
the leaves being full sixteen inches in length, exclusive of the
petioles, and six inches wide, oval, pointed, the extremities turned
downwards. The color is dark bronzy green, margined more or
less widely with deep magenta rose, inclining to crimson, and fre-
quently broadening out irregularly and covering nearly the whole
leaf; a narrow margin of color extends down the edge of the
petiole to the very base. The under side of the leaf, and especially
the petiole, have a glaucous hue. The midrib on the under
side is deeply colored throughout. The young leaves are variegated
with white, which soon changes to pink, and with maturity becomes
of a still deeper color. The plant is about two years old, and five
feet high ; a cross between stricta and BegincB, of excellent habit,
holding its lower leaves, and forming a very handsome plant. It is
undoubtedly the best of the six scedhngs shown by Mr. Butler.

No. 2. In general habit similar to Wellesleyana, but a little
more compact, the color more striped and blended with the green,
and the young leaves of a lighter green.

No. 3 and No. 5, are of taller and slenderer growth, and have

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 39

lanceolate foliage ; the young leaves of the former are striped with
white, while those of the latter are variegated with purpHsh ciim-
son, even in their youngest stages.

JVb. 4. The most vigorous of all ; leaves seven inches in width,
with a very narrow edge of purplish magenta ; the midrib and
small veins of the same color, and the petiole of a deeper shade ;
of the type of Braziliensis.

No. 6. Of comparatively dwarf habit ; lanceolate leaves ; edges
of leaves and petioles magenta scarlet, often extending irregularly
into the body of the leaf.

The last five are the result of the same cross as produced Welles-
leyana, viz., between stricta and Reginoe, and while in general
appearance and habit they are somewhat like the parent plants,
they are more vigorous in growth and a great improvement over
them, being fully equal to any of the high priced imported varieties.

It is very gratifying to know that the attention of our practical
gardeners has been called to the improvement by cross-fertilization
of this highly ornamental and useful genus of plants, and we are
glad to know that the labors of Mr. Harris and Mr. Butler have
been rewarded by the production of these beautiful hybrids. Other
seedlings, which are very fine, will be exhibited from time to time as
they are more fully developed.

Palms. — William Gray, Jr., exhibited Areca lutescens, a fine
palm for table decoration, being small and dwarf; with graceful
fronds of pale green color. It is worthy a place in every collection ;
Mr. Gray also presented Livistonia rotundifolia.

From Hovey & Co., came Pritchardia Pacifica variegata and
Phoenix recUnata, the latter a very fine greenhouse pahn ; a native
of South Africa.

Pitcher Plants. — The only collection exhibited was from
William Gray, Jr., who showed the weU known Sarracenia pur-
purea; S. psittacina, a native of Florida ; and Darlingtonia Calif or-
nica, a singular and very interesting plant.

Agaves. — John C. Hovey and Hovey & Co., were the exhibitors,
with two good collections. Of late years. Agaves have become
very popular for ornamental purposes, and should any of the
readers of this report wish for further information in regard to
cultm-e and varieties they are referred to an excellent article with
descriptions of a large number of varieties, in Williams' " Choice
Stove and Greenhouse Plants," second edition. Vol. II., page 71.

40 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The varieties shown by J. C. Hovey were Agave Americana
longifoUa variegata, A. medio-picta, A. applanata, A. JiUfera, A.
Schidigera, A. Verschaffeltii.

From Hovey & Co. came Agave Americana medio-picta, A.
applanata, A. Besseriana amoena, A. dealbata, A. heteracantha
coerulea, A. hystrix.

Cacti. — Two excellent collections were shown by J. C. Hovey,
the best containing fifteen new and rare species and varieties not
exhibited in 1876, viz : —

Cereus Peruvianus, Mammillaria Hopferiana,

Echinocactus cylindricics, *' impoxicoma,

" gibbosus ferox, " nivea cristata^

" P/ersdorffii, Opuntia crassa gigantea,

Echinocereus cinerascens, " integrifolia,

Echinopsis Huotti, " megacayitha,

" ScJielhasiij " Bajinesquiana.
Mammillaria gracilis.

Succulents (other than Agaves and Cacti) . — The only exhibitor
was John C. Hovey ; we note the following new and rare species
not exhibited in 1876 :

Aloe colubrina, Oasteria obtusifoUa,

" serra, Pachyphytum linguoefolia^

Echeveria Scaphylla, HawortMa expansa,
EupJiorbia mammillaris, " margaritifera,

Oasteria acinacifolia, " Beinwarti,

" elongata, JRochea perfoliata,

" Icetepunctata, Stapelia erucoides.
" subnigricans,

Mr. Hovey also exhibited twelve new and rare Agaves, and
seventy-seven other succulent plants. A very interesting feature of
his exhibits was that they were very neatly and plainly labelled, a
duty too often neglected by exhibitors.

New Pot Plant. — H. H. Hunnewell exhibited a magnificent
specimen of Phyllotcenium Lindeni, of which Mr. Williams in his
work on " Stove and Greenhouse Plants," second edition, Vol. II.,
p. 88, says, " It is a magnificent, and at the same time, the only
species at present known. The leaves are large, measuring from
nine inches in length, and six inches in breadth ; they are broadly

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 41

sagittate, with large lobes or ears ; the ground color is a light,
shining green, the midrib is silvery white, as also are the branch-
ing midribs of the lobes, the secondary veins are also striped with
the same metallic lustre. The petioles are round, curiously striped
with black, and usually from one to two feet in height. It is
equally effective as an ornament to the stove or the exhibition
table, and should find a place in every collection where ornamental-
leaved plants are grown. Native of the forests of New Grenada."

Celosia Pyramid alis. — Specimens were shown by CM. Atkin-
son and J. S. Richards, which were quite attractive ; the flowers
are very ornamental, and are produced in great profusion, in spikes
of the most beautiful feathery character.

Dahlias have been shown by Macey Randall, S. G. Stone,
Hove}^ & Co., James Nugent, and J. B. Moore. The different col-
lections have been very good ; particularly noticeable were those of
Macey Randall and S. G. Stone.

Bouquets. — The contributors to this department were James
Nugent, Hovey & Co., Mrs. E. M. Gill, Mrs. S. Joyce, James
O'Brien, James Comley, and W. G. McTear. While there have
been some good bouquets shown, as a whole they have not been up
to the highest standard.

Baskets of Flowers have been shown by Mrs. A. D. "Wood,
Mrs. S. Joyce, Mrs. E. M. Gill, and Hovey & Co. These names
are a sufficient guarantee of the character of the productions, which
are alwa3's among the principal attractions of the exhibitions.

Table Designs have been shown b}^ Mrs. Wood, Mrs. Joyce,
Mrs. Gill, and Hovej' & Co., have been arranged in good taste, with
choice flowers, and have added much to the attractions of the
tables. The effort made last year to create a more spirited compe-
tition in table designs, by modifying the General Rules so that
persons competing in this class could use flowers not raised by
themselves, has proved a complete failure, not one person other
than the regular contributors having presented a single design.

Cut Flowers were shown at the Annual Exhibition by J. B.
Moore, W. K. Wood, Mrs. Gill, J. O'Brien, W. C. Strong, Hovey
& Co., James Nugent, S. G. Stone, W. G. McTear, and John Par-
ker. Several of the stands were very handsomely filled, and were
kept through the exhibition ; others were not properly attended to
each day, which detracted very much from the general effect. We
trust that no person will in future engage a stand for cut flowers at
G

42 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the annual exhibition, unless he intends to keep it in good order
by renewal each day. At the weekly exhibitions W. K. Wood, J.
B. Moore, Mrs. Gill, and Hovey & Co. have been the principal
exhibitors. The stands have been finely arranged with choice
flowers, and have added greatly to the appearance of the hall ; at
no time have the displays at the weekl^^ exhibitions been so well
kept up.

Fifty named varieties of Ankdals and Perennials. — Hovey
& Co., J. B. Moore and C. M. Atldnson have been the contribu-
tors, each having shown good collections of named varieties, which
have been an instructive feature of the exhibition ; but your Com-
mittee again repeat, as in the two preceding years, that the compe-
tition has not met their expectations.

Rustic Stands. — Two excellent stands, arranged in good taste,
with choice plants, were shown by Hovey & Co. and W. J. Vass.

Evergreen Trees and Shrubs. — W. C. Strong exhibited thirty-
six varieties of hardy evergreeens, comprising ten varieties of
Retinisporas, twelve of Spruces, and eight of Arbor Vitses, with
Junipers, Pines, etc., forming an interesting collection.

Chrysanthemums. — This exhibition occurred on the 10th of No-
vember, and was a great success — the best show of this flower ever
held by the Societ}^ The value of the Chrysanthemum for fall and
winter decoration can hardly be over-estimated ; the splendid plants
exhibited by H. L. Higginson and C. M. Atkinson, bear ample
proof of this. The plants from Mr. Higginson, both bush and
standards, were superb specimens, and gave good evidence of
the ability of his excellent gardener, Joseph Clark ; we have no fear
of contradiction when we say that these plants were perfect. Mr.
Atkinson is sufficiently well known as a good plantsman to need no
further commendation on our part. John B. Moore and James
Comley also exhibited plants in pots, and E. Sheppard, B. G.
Smith, and James Nugent cut flowers.

New and Rare, or Fine Specimen Plants. — C. M. Atkinson
exhibited

Begonia glaucophylla scanclens, a very fine, graceful growing
variety, with beautiful orange flowers. It is a splendid basket
plant.

Imatophyllum miniatum. — A fine specimen plant with seven
spikes of flowers.

Mhynchosperimim jasminioides. — A very handsomely trained
specimen plant, filled with its beautiful white flowers.

REPOET OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 43

Anthurium variegatum. — Very pretty.

Gloxinia Mrs. J. L. Gardner.

Spiraea aricefoUa.

Hydrangea hortensis. — Two very handsomely trained specimen
plants ; the largest and best exhibited.

Thibaudia pidchra. — A very elegant plant ; the flowers are very
pretty, and will pay well for good care.

From E. S. Rand, Jr., came a good plant of Anthurium
Scherzerianum, in fine bloom ; also Hexacentris Mysorensis, a splen-
did climbing plant for the stove ; if desired for exhibition purposes
it may be trained to a trellis in such a manner that its long, pendu-
lous branches will show to the best advantage ; for decorative
purposes it will be found highly useful. Also, Thunhergia laurifolia,
another stove climbing plant of great beauty ; the flowers are very
large, and of a pale blue color, with a yellow thi'oat.

From J. Warren Merrill, Aphelexis splendens (See Transac-
tions for 1877, Part I., p. 108).

From J. B. Moore, very fine sprays of flowers of Lapageria rosea.

From Jackson Dawson, Salvia carduacea (new) .

From Mrs. E. M. Gill, Browallia Roezli, new, and a great acqui-
sition to this useful class of plants ; also. Hydrangea Thomas
Hogg.

From F. L. Ames, Groton Disraeli (Veitch), a distinct and effec-
tive plant, furnished with broad, three lobed or halberd shaped
leaves of a glossy green, and spotted with golden j-ellow — one of
the most interesting and remarkable of all Crotons in cultivation.
Also, Aralia elegantissima.

From Benj. Grey, Torenia Fpurnieri, new and very pretty.

From Miss S. W. Story, Eulalia Japonica.

W. C. Strong presented at the Rose Exhibition a very good col-
lection of plants, among them some very fine specimens of
Aloe nobilis, Eucalyptus globidus,

AlsopMla australis, Hechtea Ghiesbreghtii^

Cyathea medullaris, Maranta zebrina,

Dychia regalis, Musa ensete.

From J. C. Hovey, a good collection of Iris Kmmpferi.

From Daniel Duffle}", a very fine specimen of Amaryllis Bella-
donna, with twenty-eight spikes of its lovely flowers.

From W. T. Andrews, a fine collection of Begonias, consisting of
varieties Rei Fernando Major, Madlle. Henrietta Graux (new,
1877), Berenice (new, 1877), Argentea hirsuta, and Michael

44 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Angelo. These were shown in August, and in September another
collection of six varieties was presented. All were nice specimen
plants, and the varieties were distinct and good.

From C. W. W. Wellington, very fine specimens of Liatris
pycnostachya.

From Hovey & Co., came the following :

Allamanda Wardleiana, a very fine acquisition. The lobes of
the corolla are broader and rounder and of greater substance than
in an}^ other species ; the throat is also darker in color, and the
outside of the flower ig of a reddish shade ; it blooms nearly all the
year round.

Statice Holfordi. — One of the most beautiful greenhouse plants,
producing a succession of large racemes of bright blue and white
flowers, which remain in perfection for two or three months.

Imalophyllum miniatum and /. noMlis, of easy culture, and when
in bloom very effective and beautiful plants.

From John Parker, Pelargonium Peter Grieve ; this plant was
grown in a window, and showed that it had received good care ; it
was one of the best window plants we have seen.

From L. H. Foster, a fine specimen plant of Erica densa.

From W. J. Vass, Poinsettia pulcherrima, Jl. pi. (cut specimens).

From J. W. Blanchard, a good specimen plant of JRhyncJiosper-
mum jasminioides.

From M. H. Merriam, a very fine plant of Bougainvillea glabra;
without doubt one of the most showy of the genus ; every collection
will be enriched by a plant of this variety. It is said to be the best
for pot culture.

In conclusion particular attention is again called to the Schedule
of Prizes for 1878. Although the premiums in some cases have been
reduced, they have been kept up as liberally as the appropriation
will allow, and it is earnestly hoped that the small reduction made
will not be deemed by cultivators a sufficient reason for a decrease
of interest in the exhibitions.

As Chairman I wish to tender to the Committee my sincere
thanks for their prompt and efficient support for the past season,
and for the perfect harmony attending our deliberations.

This report was adopted by the Committee at a meeting held
December 1, 1877.

JOHN G. BARKP:K, Chairman.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR PLANTS
AND FLOWERS.

January 6.
Gratuity : —
To James Comle}', for Azalea Indica, ....

January 21.
Gratuities : —
To James Comley, for choice Roses, ....
M. H. Merriam, for Specimen Hj'brid Perpetual Rose,
W. J. Vass, for Cut Flowers,

January 27.
Gratuities : —
To John B. Moore, for Cut Flowers,
Mrs. E. M. Gill,
Mrs. S. Joyce,
Mrs. A. D. Wood,
James Comley,
W. J. Vass,

February 3.

Cyclamens. — For the best six in pots, to C. B. Gardiner,

For the second best, to James O'Brien,
Table Design. — For the best other than a Basket of
Flowers, to Mrs. E. M. Gill, ....
For the second best, to Mrs. S. Jo3'ce,

Gratuities : —
To CM. Atkinson, for Phaius grandifolius and Begonia
glaucophylla scandens^ .....
Mrs. C. N. S. Horner, for Fernery of Native Plants, .
John B. Moore, " Specimen Azalea,

$2 00

1 00
3 00
1 00

00

00

00

00

00

00

6

00

5

00

5

00

4

00

G 00
5 00
3 00

46

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

To C. B. Gardiner, for Cyclamen,

$3 00

E. A. Hall,

( a

2 00

L. H. Foster, '

' Rose Buds,

1 00

James Comley, '

' Cut Flowers,

2 00

Joliu B. Moore, '

2 00

W. K. Wood, '

2 00

Miss S.W.Story,'

2 00

W. J. Vass, '

1 00

B. G. Smith,

1 00

February 10.
Gratuities : —
To Mrs. A. D. Wood, for Cut Flowers, . . . 2 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, for Amaryllis, . . . . 1 00

Marshall P. Wilder, for Azaleas, . . . . 3 00

February 17.

Gratuities : —

To J. Warren Merrill, for Cinerarias, . . . . 6 00

J. B. Moore, for Specimen Azaleas, . . . . 4 00

" " " choice Cut Roses, . . . . 2 00

CM. Atkinson, choice Lilacs, . . . . 3 00

A. McLaren, for Seedling Amaryllis, . . . 1 00

February 24.
Gratuities : —
To Marshall P. Wilder, for Azaleas, . . . . 4 00

CM. Atkinson, for a fine specimen of Imatophyllum

miniatum, ........ 3 00

L. H. Foster, for Erica densa, . . . . 2 00

J. B. Moore, for Azaleas, 4 00

" " " fine blooms of Hybrid Perpetual
Roses, 2 00

March 3.

Camellias. — For the best display of named varieties, cut
flowers, not less than twenty blooms, to Hovey &,
Co., .....'.... 6 00

Orchids, Winter Blooming. — For the best three varie-
ties, to E. S. Rand, Jr., 10 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 47

Parlor Bouquets. — For the best pair, to Hovey & Co.,

Hybrid Perpetual Roses. — For the best six plants in

pots, of distinct varieties, to J. B. Moore,

For the second best, to J. B. Moore,

For tlie best twelve blooms, not less than six distinct

varieties, to J. B. Moore,

For the second best, to J. B. Moore,

For the third best, to J. B. Moore, .

Spring Flowering Bulbs. — For the best collection in

pots, the second prize to Hove}^ & Co.,
Hyacinths. — For the best nine in pots, to C. M. Atkinson
For the best six in pots, .to C. M. Atkinson,

For the second best, " " "

For the best three in pots, " " "

For the second best, to Hove}^ & Co.,
For the best two, in pots, to C. M. Atkinson,
For the best single specimen, to C. M. Atkinson,
Narcissus. — For six pots, three bulbs in a pot, the second
prize to Hovey & Co.,
For three pots, the second prize to Hovej- & Co.,

Gratuities :—
To Marshall P. Wilder, for Azaleas,

Francis Parlanan, for Rose Celine Forestier,
C. B. Gardiner, for Cyclamens,
Hovey & Co., for Basket of Camellias,
E. S. Rand, Jr., for specimen Anthurium Scherzeri-
anum, ......

John Parker, for Pelargonium Peter Grieve
J. B. Moore, for Collection of Hyacinths,
Mrs. N. P. Russell, for Hyacinths,
Henry W. Goodwin, " "
CM. Atkinson, for Violets in pots,
Mrs. L. P. Weston, for Tropceolum tricolorum,
J. B. Moore, for Tea Roses,
" " " Amaryllis,
Mrs. E. M. Gill, for Cut Flowers,
Beuj. G. Smith, " " "
W. J. Vass, " " "

Mrs. S. Joyce, " " "
Mrs. A. D.Wood, " " "

$5 00

12 00
10 00

5 00
4 00
3 00

8 00

6 00

00
00
00
00
00
00

4 00
3 00

3 00

3 00

10 00

3 00

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

1 00
3 00

48 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

March 10.

Gratuities : —

To E. S. Rand, Jr., for Hexacentris Mysorensis, . . $1 00

W. J. Vass, for choice Cut Flowers, . . . 2 00

J. B. Moore, for fine plants of Hybrid Perpetual Roses, 8 00

" " " " Cut Roses, . . . . 2 00

" ^' " " Azaleas, 3 00

March 24.

Gratuities : —

To J. Warren Merrill, for A2)helexis splendens^ . . 1 00

W. J. Vass, for Cut Flowers and Azaleas, . . 3 00

Marshall P. Wilder, for Azaleas, . . . . 5 00

James Comley, for Roses and Cut Flowers, . . 2 00

March 30.
Gratuities : —

To James Comley, for choice Tea Roses, . . . 2 00

C. M. Atkinson, for Roses in Pots, . . . . 4 00

J. W. Blanchard, for Bhynchqspermum jasminioides, 2 00

J. B. Moore, for Azaleas, 6 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, for Richardia maculata, . . . 1 00

AZALEA EXHIBITION.

April 7.

Indian Azaleas. — For the best six named varieties, in

pots, to Hovey & Co., $25 00

For six named varieties in eight-inch pots, the second

prize to Hovey & Co., ....

For the best single specimen, to C. M. Atkinson,
Greenhouse Plants. — For the best six, in bloom, to C

M. Atkinson,

Polyanthus. — For the best six, in pots, to C. M. Atkin-
son, ........

Basket op Flowers. — For the best arranged, to Mrs. A

D. Wood,

For the second best, to Hovey & Co.,

10 00
10 00

20 00

5 00

4 00
3 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 49

Gratuities : —
To Marshall P. Wilder, for Azaleas, . . . . $8 00

Hovey & Co., '^ u .... 8 00

M. H. Merriam, for a fine specimen plant of Bougain-

villea glabra, ....... 5 00

C. M. Atkinson, for H^'brid Perpetual Roses, in pots, 4 00

" " " Basket of Roses, . . . 2 00

W. J. Vass, " Pot Plants, . . . . 2 00

B. G-. Smith, " Pausies, 1 00

George E. Davenport, for Trillium nivale, . . 1 00

Miss S. W. Story,
Mrs. E. M. Gill,
James Comley,
W. J. Vass,
J. B. Moore,

Floral Design, . . . 2 00

Basket of Flowers, . . 1 00

choice Cut Flowers, . . 3 00

Cut Flowers . . . 2 00

" " ... 2 00

April 14.
Gratuities : —

To J. Warren Merrill, for Calceolarias, . . . . 8 00
James Comley, for Cut Flowers, . . . . 1 00

April 21.

Cfratuities : —
To Hugh Tallant, for Native Flowers, . . . . 1 00
George E. Davenport, for Native Flowers, . . 1 00

April 28.
Gratuities : —
To John B. Moore, for Lapageria rosea, . . . 1 00

James Comley, for choice Roses, . . . . 2 00

PELARGONIUIM EXHIBITION.
May 5.

Pelargoniums. — For the best sis named Zonale varieties,

to WiUiam Gray, 3d, 15 00

For six named bronze varieties, the second prize to

Hovey «fe Co., 10 00

Calceolarias. — For six varieties, in pots, the second

prize to C. M. Atkinson, 8 00

7

50

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

Table Design. — For the best, other than a Basket of
Flowers, to Hovey & Co., .....
For the second best, to Mrs. A. D. Wood,

Tulips. — For the best twenty- five named flowers, to C. M.
Atkinson, ........

Special Prize, offered by Peter Smith.
For the best Specimen Variegated Zonale Pelargonium,
to William Gray, 3d, .

Gratuities : —
To J. Warren Merrill, for choice Ferns,

Hovey & Co., for Variegated Zonale Pelargoniums,

" " " Azaleas, ....

Miss Fanny Brewer, for Saxifraga Virginiensis,
W. J. Vass, " Anthurium Scherzerianum,

Jackson Dawson, " Salvia carduacea,
George E. Davenport, for Native Plants, .
Miss A. C. Wheeler, " Dish of Flowers,
Mrs. E. M. Gill, " Basket of Flowers, .

May 12.

Gratuity : —

To George E. Davenport, for choice Native Flowers,

May 19.
Gratuities : —

To J. B. Moore, for Seedling Gloxinias,
Mrs. E. M. Gill, for Cut Flowers, .
W. J. Vass, " " "

Mrs. A. D. Wood, " " "
Francis Parkm an, " collection of Dwarf Iris,
WilliamGra}', Jr., " Cypripediums, .
C. W. Jenks, " Opyripedium puhescens,
E. S. Rand, Jr., " Native Plants, .

U 00
3 00

5 00

6 00

3

00

5

00

3

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

1 00

2

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

2

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

Juke 2.

Cut Flowers. — For the best display, filling 150 bottles,

to W. K. Wood, 6 00

For the second best, to Mrs. E. M. Gill, . . 5 00

For the third best to J. B. Moore, . . . 4 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS.

51

Table Design. — For the best, other than a Basket of
Flowers, to Mrs. S. Joj'ce,
For the second best, to Mrs. A. D. Wood,
Bouquets. — For the best pah* of Parlor Bouquets, to
James Comley, ......

For Hand Bouquets, the second prize, to Mrs. E. M

Gill,

Hakdy Shrubs. — For the best display, to Hovey & Co.
For the second best, to Miss S. W. Story,
For the third best to Miss A. C. Kenrick,
Native Plants. — For the best displaj' of named species

and varieties, to Mrs. C. N. S. Horner,
Rhododendrons. — For the best twelve named varieties
one truss of each, to H. H. Hunnewell,

Hunnewell Premiums.
Hardy Rhododendrons. — For the best display of named
varieties, to C. M. Atkinson, ....

Hardy Azaleas. — For the best display of named varieties,
to Hovey & Co., ......

For the second best, to E. Sheppard,
For the third best to B. G. Smith,

Gratuities : —
ToH. H. Hunnewell,
E. Sheppard,
Marshall P. Wilder,
J. B. Moore,
C. W. Jenks,
Mrs. L. P. Weston,
Geo. E. Davenport,
E. W. Mitchell,
MissA. C.Wheeler,
Mrs. S. Jo3^ce,

for Rhododendrons and Azaleas,

" Rhododendrons, .

" collection of Pseonies,

" Gloxinias,

" Cypripedium acaule, var. alba

" Pansies,

" Native Plants,

i; it a

" Dish of Flowers, .

" Cut Flowers,

June 9.

Gratuities : —

To H. H. Hunnewell, for Rhododendrons and Azaleas,
" " " new and rare Rhododendrons,

Francis B. Ha3'es, " Rhododendrons, .
Mrs. Needhani, " Acanthus latifoUus,

$5 00
4 00

4 00

2

00

5

00

4

00

3

00

5

00

10

00

35 00

20

00

10

00

5

00

5

00

1

00

5

00

2

00

00

00

00

00

00

2

00

5 00

10 00

1 00

1 00

52

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

To John B. Moore, for Cerastium alpinum^
James Cartwright, " Cattleya crispa,
Miss S.A.Bradbury, " Air Plants, .
Byron D. Halsted, " Fungi,
Mrs. S. Joyce, " Cut Flowers,

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " "

June 16.
Gratuities : —

To William Gray, Jr., for a fine stand of Hybrid Perpetual
Roses, .......

W. J. Vass, for Plants, .....

J. B. Moore, for choice Cut Flowers,

Mrs. E. M. Gill, for " "

Mrs. S. Jo^xe, " " " ...

ROSE EXHIBITION.

June 20.

Hardy Perpetual Roses. — For the best six new varieties
sent out since 1873, to William Gray, Jr., .
For the best twelve distinct named varieties, to C. M
Atkinson, .......

For the second best, to Francis Parkman,
For the third best, to C. M. Atkinson, .
For the best six distinct named varieties, to William

Gray, Jr.,

For the second best, to Francis Parkman,
For the third best, to John B. Moore,
For the best three named varieties, to WiUiam Graj', Jr.
For the third best, to John B. Moore,
Moss RosES. — For the best twelve named varieties, to W
H. Spooner, ......

Tender Roses. — For the best twelve named varieties, to
James Comley, .......

For the best twelve Marechal Nicl, to M. D. Spalding,
For the liest twelve of any other variety of Tea Rose,
to James Comley for Souvenir de Malmaison,
General Display. — For the best, to J. S. Richards,
For the second best, to E. W. Wood,

10

00

5

00

5

00

15

00

10

00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS.

53

Special Prizes for Hybrid Perpetual Boses.
For the best twelve of any one varietj', to J, B. Moore,
For the best six of any one variety, to J. S. Richards,
For the best twelve named varieties, to Francis Park-
man, .........

For the best six named varieties, to J, C. Chaffin,

Specimen Plant. — For the best specimen plant of a kind
for which no special prize is offered, to A. B. Gil-
bert, .........

Native Plants. — For the best display of named species

and varieties, to Mrs. C. N. S. Horner,
Warman Case. — For the best, to D. R. Beckford, Jr.,

For the second best, to Hovey & Co.,
Herbaceous PjEONies. — For ten named varieties, the

second prize to A. McLaren,

Sweet Williams. — For the best thirty trusses, not less

than ten distinct varieties, to James Nugent,

For the second best, to Harry L. Rand, .

Cut Flowers. — For the best display to W. K. Wood,

For the second best, to Hovey & Co.,

For the third best, to J. O'Brien,

Table Design. — For the best, other than a Basket of

Flowers, to Mrs. S. Joyce,

For the second best, to Mrs. E. M. Gill,

For the third best, to Mrs. A. D. Wood,

Bouquets. — For the best pair of Parlor Bouquets, to

Hovey & Co., ....

For the second best, to James Comley,
For the best pair of Hand Bouquets to James O'Brien,
For the second best, to James Nugent, .

Gratuities : —
To William Gra}^, Jr. , for a magnificent stand of Baronne
de Rothschild Rose,
W. H. Spooner, for Roses,
M. D. Spalding, for Collection of Roses,
A. McLaren, for Roses, .
Hovey & Co., for Moss Roses,
W. C. Strong, for Collection of Plants,
Hovey & Co., " " "

^25 00
15 00

25 00
15 00

10 00

5 00

10 00

8 00

4 00

5

00

4

00

5

00

4

00

3

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

4

00

3

00

4

00

3

00

15 00

5 00

3 00

1 00

1 00

20 00

10 00

54

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

To F. L. Ames, for choice Plants,

C. M. Atkinson, for Rliyncliospermum jasminioides,

D. R. Beckforcl, Jr., for Broughtonia sanguinea^
Miss A. C. Kenrick, for Magnolia macrophylla,
Mrs. J. W. Wolcott, for Habenaria Jimhriata^

E. H. Hitchings, for Hottonia injlata,
Hovey & Co., for Richardson's Seedhng Pseonies,
Mrs. S. Joyce, for Gloxinias, .
Miss S. W. Story, for Dianthus,
James Comlej^, for Cut Flowers,
C. M. Atkinson, " " "
Mrs. E. M. GiU, " " "
Miss A. C. Kenrick, " " "
Miss S. W. Story, for Basket of Flowers,
J. Warren Merrill, for Ferns, •

$8 00

STRAWBERRY SHOW.

June 27.

Cut Flowers. — For the best display, to W. K. Wood,

For the second best, to Hovey & Co. ,

For the third best, to James Nugent,
Basket of Flowers. — For the best arranged, to Mrs
S. Joyce, ......

Parlor Bouquets. — For the best pair, to James O'Brien,

For the second best, to James Nugent, .

Gratuities : —
To J. S. Richards, for Roses,

William Gray, 3d, for Hybrid Perpetual Roses,

Miss S. W. Story, for Table Design,

Mrs. E. M. Gill, for Bilbergia,

D. R. Beckford, Jr., for Oyicidium, .

M. W. Clark, for Myosotis,

Miss S. W. Story, for Dianthus,

Harry L. Rand, for Sweet Williams,

Miss A. C. Wheeler, for Cut Flowers,

Miss A. C. Kenrick, " " '^ .

Mrs. L. P. Weston, for Bouquet and Pansies,

Byron D. Halsted, for Drosera and Utricular ia,

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 55

To Byrou D, Halsted, for Collection of named Fungi, . $5 00

" " " " " " Grasses, 5 00

Mrs. C. N. S. Horner, for Native Flowers, . . 3 00

E. H. Hitchings, " " " . . . 1 00

July 7.

Cut Flowers. — For the best display, to W. K. Wood, . 5 00

For the second best, to Hove^^ & Co., . . . 4 00

For the third best, to James Nugent, . . . 3 00

Table Design. — For the best, other than a Basket of

Flowers, to Mrs. S. Joyce, . . . . . 3 00

For the second best, to James O'Brien, . . . 2 00

Gratuities : —

To C. M. Atkinson, for Plants, 3 00

Mrs. S. A. F. Mead, for Hoya carnosa, . . . 2 00

W. G. McTear, for Eucomis regia, . . . . 1 00

Mrs. A. D. Wood, for Balsams, . . . . 1 00

Harry L. Rand, for Tropoeolums, . . . . 1 00

Francis Putnam, for Seedling Amaryllis, . . . 1 00

C. M. Atkinson, for Carnations and Picotees, . . 1 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, for Basket of Flowers, . . 2 00

Miss S. W. Story, " u ^t u . . 2 00

Mrs. A. D. Wood, " *' u u . . 2 00

MissA. C.Wheeler, " una . . 1 00

Hovey & Co., for Cut Flowers, 2 00

J. B. Moore, " " " 1 00

J. S. Richards, for Lilium Canadense, . . . 2 00

James Comley, " " Philadelphicum, . . 2 00

E. H. Hitchings, for Native Flowers, . . . 2 00

Mrs. C. N. S. Horner, for Native Plants, . . 2 00

George E. Davenport, " " " . . . 1 00

J. W. Merrill, for Ferns, 2 00

July 14.

Cut Flowers. — For the best display, to W. K. Wood, . 5 00

For the second best, to Mrs. E. M. Gill, . . 4 00

For the thu-d best, to Hovey & Co., . . . 3 00

Hand Bouquets. — For the best pair, to W. G. McTear, 3 00

For the second best, to J. O'Brien, . . . 2 00

56

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Table Design. — For the best, other than a Basket of

Flowers, to Mrs. S. Joyce, ....

For the second best, to J. O'Brien, ....

Native Plants. — For the best display of named species
and varieties, to Mrs. C. N. S. Horner,

Gratuities : —
To W. J. Vass, for Plants, ....
E. A. Story, for Justicia carnea,

" " " Double Lobelia

James Nugent, for Bouquets of Sweet Peas,
Stiles Frost, " " " "

Harry L. Rand, for Lilies,
Francis Putnam, for Amar3"llis,
C. M. Atkinson, " HoUjhocks and Carnations,

" " " Seedling Carnations and Pico

tees,

Macey Randall, for Dahlias,

John B. Moore, " Cut Flowers,

J. S. Richards, " " " .

James Nugent, " " "

W. J. Vass, " " " .

James Comle}^, " " "

Miss A. C. Wheeler, for Dish of Flowers,

Mrs. A. D. Wood, for Table Design,

George E. Davenport, for Native Flowers,

E. H. Mitchell, " " "

James Comley, " Lilium Canadense,

July 21.

Hollyhocks. — For the best twelve spikes, of twelve dis
tinct colors, to Herman Grundel,
For the second best, to A. McLaren,
Orchids. — For three varieties in bloom, the second prize

to James Cartwright, .....
Cut Flowers. — For the best display, to Hovey & Co.,
For the second best, to W. K. Wood,
For the third best, to Mrs. E. M. Gill, .
Basket of Flowers. — For the best arranged, to Mrs
S. Joyce,

$3 00
2 00

5 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 57

Parlor Bouquets. — For the best pair, the second prize
to James Comlej^ ......

Gratuities : —
To J. Warren Merrill, for Ferns,

$2 00

Oncidium Wentioorthianum^
Seedling Amaryllis,
new Dwarf Candytuft,
fine Hollyhocks,

Native Flowers,

CM. Atkinson,
Francis Putnam,
J. O'Brien,
J. B. Moore,
James Nugent,
CM. Atkinson,
E. Sheppard,

D. R. Beclvford, Jr.,

E. H. Hitchings, " " "
Mrs. C.N. S.Horner, " " "
Miss A. C Wheeler, " Dish of Flowers,
J. O'Brien, " Cut Flowers,
Mrs. L. P. Weston, " " "
George Craft, " " "
James Nugent, " " "

Mrs. A. D. Wood, " " "

W. J. Vass, " " "

3 00

2 00

1 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

3 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

July 28.

Cut Flowers. — For the best display, to W. K. Wood, . 5 00
For the second best, to Mrs. E. M. Gill, . . 4 00
For the third best, to Ho vey & Co., . . . 3 00
For the best collection of fifty named varieties of Green-
house Flowers, to Hovey & Co., . . . G 00
Basket of Flowers. — For the best arranged, to Hovey

& Co., 3 00

For the second best, to Mrs. S. Joyce, . . . 2 00
Fungi. — For the best collection of named varieties, to

Byron D. Halsted, 4 00

Gratuities : —

To A. McLaren, for Hollyhocks, 1 00

" " " Amarylhs, 2 00

E. A. Story, " Lilies, 1 00

58

MASSACHUSETTS HORTI CULTURAL SOCIETY.

Tq Mrs. C. N. S. Horner

, for

Native Plants,

$3 00

George E. Davenport,

(; u

2 00

Miss M. E. Carter,

" "

2 00

E. H. Hitchings,

c; 11

1 00

Byron D. Halsted,

Weeds and Wild Plants

2 00

Miss A. C. Wheeler,

Dish of Flowers, .

1 00

J. B. Moore,

Cut Flowers,

2 00

George Craft,

a a

2 00

Samuel Hartwell,

(.1 u

2 00

James Nugent,

u u

1 00

James Comley,

(( ii,

1 00

Mrs. L. P. Weston,

a a

1 00

August 4.

Stocks. — For six varieties, one plant of each, the second

prize, to James Comlej'^, .....

Hand Bouquets. — For the best pair, to James Nugent, .

For the second best, to James O'Brien, .
Cut Flowers. — For the best display, to J. B. Moore, .
For the second best, to Hovey & Co.,
For the third best, to W. K. Wood,
For the best collection of fifty named varieties of
Annuals and Perennials, to Hovey & Co., .
For the second best, to J. B. Moore,
Table Design. — For the best, other than a Basket of

Flowers, to Mrs. S. Joyce,

For the second best, to Hovey & Co.,
Native Flowers. — For the best display of named species
and varieties, to George E. Davenport,
For the second best, to Mrs. C. N. S. Horner,

Gratuities : —

To James Nugent, for Stanhopea tigrina,
E. A. Story, " Lilium auratum,

E. Sheppard " " "

J. S. Richards, " Gladioh, .
Francis Parkman, " Seedling Phlox,

A. McLaren, " Hollyhocks,

Macey Randall, " Dahlias, .

3

00

3

00

2

00

5

00

4

00

3

00

6

00

4

00

5

00

4

00

5

00

4

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

5

00

3

00

2

00

2

00

PRIZES AND GEATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS.

59

To James Coroley, for collection of Roses,
George Craft,
W. J. Vass,
James Comley,
Mrs. C.B. Chase,
James Nugent,
Mrs. L. P. Weston,
E. Sheppard,
Miss A. C. Wheeler,
Byron D. Halstecl,

E. H. Hitchings,

Eddie W. Mitchell,

Flowers,

3 00

((

2 00

u

1 00

44

1 00

U

1 00

Cut Flowers,

1 00

a u

1 00

Dish of Flowers,

1 00

New England Algae, .

8 00

Native Ferns and Flowers

3 00

collection of Native Ferns

8 00

Native Flowers,

1 00

a 41

2 00

$1 00

August 11.

Late Phloxes. — For the best ten distinct named varieties,

to Francis Parkman, ....

For the second best, to J. B. Moore,

Petunias. — For the best collection of double and single

varieties, to Mrs. A. D. Wood, . . .

For the second best, to W. G. McTear, .

Cut Flowers. — For the best display, to J. B. Moore,

For the second best, to Mrs. E. M. Gill,

For the third best, to Hove}' & Co.,

Basket of Flowers. — For the best arranged, to Hovey

& Co.,

For the second best, to Mrs. S. Joyce,
Native Ferns. — For the best display of named species
not cultivated, to Mrs. C. N. S. Horner,
For the second best, to F. W. Morandi, .

Gratuities : —
To C. M. Atkinson, for Specimen Hj'drangeas,

J. S. Richards,
Francis Parkman,
W. T. Andrews,
Macey Randall,
E. A. Story,
A. McLaren,

Gladioli ,
Seedling Phlox,
Begonias,
Dahlias,
Lilies, .
Hollyhocks, .

4

00

3

00

4

00

3

00

5

00

4

00

3

00

3

00

2

00

5

00

4

00

0

00

8

00

3

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

60

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

To James Comley, for Roses, ....
Mrs. S. Jo3'ce, " Pomegranate Flowers, .
C. M. Atkinson, " Lilium lancifoUum.,
Daniel Duffley, " Amaryllis Belladonna, .
C. W. W. Wellington, for Liatris pycnostachya,

Hovey & Co.,
M. H. Merriam,
George Craft,
James Nugent,
Mrs. A. D. Wood,
Mrs. C. B. Chase,
Miss A. C. Wheeler,

B3'ron D. Halsted,

(( ((

George E. Davenport,

E. H. Hitchings,
Mrs. H. D. Wilmarth,

" Peristeria elata,
" Cut Flowers,

" Basket of Flowers,

" Dish of "

" Native "

" " Plants in Fruit,

" " Flowers, .

" " Ferns,

" " Flowers, .

August 18.

Gladioli. — For the best twenty named varieties, in
spikes, to J. S. Richards, ....

For the second best, to George Craft,
For the best ten named varieties, to J. S. Richards,

For the second best, to George Craft,
For the best display of nained or unnamed varieties, to
J. S. Richards, ......

For the second best, to George Craft,
For the third best, to Herbert Gleason, .
Parlor Bouquets. — For the best pair, the second prize
to James Comley, .....

Hand Bouquets. — For the best pair, to J. O'Brien,

For the second best, to Mrs. E. M. Gill, .
Cut Flowers. — For the best display, to J. B. Moore,
For the second best, to Mrs. E. M. Gill,
For the third best, to W. K. Wood,
For the best collection of fifty named varieties of An
nuals and Perennials, to TTovey & Co.,
For the second best, to C. M. Atkinson,

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS.

61

Table Design. — For the best, other than a Basket of

Flowers, to Mrs. S. Jo3'ce,

For the second best, to Hovey & Co.,

Gratuities : —
To E, A. Story, for Lilies and Gladioli,
M. II. Merriam, for Gladioli, .
A. McLaren, " "
" " " Hollyhocks,

F. Webster, for Petunias,
Mace}' Eandall, for Dahlias,
E. Sheppard, for Lilies, .
Hovey & Co., " Rhexia Virginica^

" • " " Bignonia grandijlora,

C. M. Atkinson, for Thibaudia pidchra,
" " " Lilium auratum,

J. Warren Merrill, for choice Ferns,
James Nugent, for Cut Flowers,

D. R. Beckford, Jr., for Dish of Flowers,
Mrs. C. B. Chase, " " "
Miss A. C. Wheeler, for Basket of Flowers,
George E. Davenport, for Native Plants,
Bp'on D. Halsted, for Native Plants,

E. H. Hitchings, " " Ferns,

August 25.
Asters. — For the best thirty flowers, not less than ten
varieties, to C. M. Atldnson,
For the second best, to E. Sheppard,
For the third best, to Parker Barnes,
For the best fifteen flowers, not less than six varieties
to J. S. Richards, .....
For the second best, to John Parker,
For the third best, to Mrs. E. M. Gill, .
Pompons. — For the best sixty blooms, not less than six
varieties to Parker Barnes, ....
For the second best, to J. B. Moore,
For the third best, to A. McLaren, .
Cut Flowers. — For the best display, to E. W. Wood,
For the second best, to Mrs. E. M. Gill,
For the third best, to Ilove}^ & Co.,

$3 00
2 00

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

5

00

4

00

3

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

4^00

3

00

2

00

5

00

4

00

3

00

62

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Basket of Flowers. — For the best arranged, to Mrs.
S. Jo^'ce, ........

For the second best, to Hovey & Co., . .

Gratuities : —
To George Craft, for Gladioli,

J.S.Richards, " " ...

M. H. Merriam, " " ...

A. McLaren, for Hollyhocks and Gladioli,
Macey Randall, for Dahlias,
Hovey & Co., " " ...

E. Sheppard, " " and Asters,
Harry L. Rand, for Tropaeoleums,
E. Sheppard, for Lilium auratum, .

C. W. W. Wellington, for Liatris sphceroidea,
James Comley, for Plants and Flowers,

E. A. Story, for Cut Flowers,
W. J. Vass, " " " . .
J. B. Moore, " " " . .

F. B. Hayes, " " '' . .
James Nugent, " " "

D. R. Beckford, Jr., for Dish of Flowers,
Miss A. C. Wlieeler, " " " "
George E. Davenport, for Native Plants, .
H. A. Young, " " "
Mrs. C. N. S. Horner, " " Flowers,

" " " " " " Ferns, .

$3 00
2 00

September 1.

Verbenas. — For the best collection, to J. B. Moore,

For the second best, to A. McLaren,
Cut Flowers. — For the best display, to J. B. Moore,
For the second best, to W. K. Wood,
For the third best, to Mrs. E. M. Gill, .
fFor the best collection of fifty named varieties of An
nuals and Perennials, to C. M. Atkinson,
For the second best, to Hovey & Co.,
Basket of Flowers. — For the best arranged, to Mrs. A

D. Wood,

For the second best, to Hovey & Co.,

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 63

Native Plants. — For the best display of named species
and varieties, to Mrs. C. N. S. Horner,
For the second best, to Byron D. Halsted,

Gratuities : —

To W. T. Andi-ews, for Begonias,
George Craft, for Gladioli,
Macey Randall, for Dahlias,
Hovey & Co., "
S. G. Stone, "
A. McLaren, for HoU^'hocks,
Hovey & Co., " Pot Plants,

" " " Vollota purp^irea^
Daniel Duffley, for Nerine coruscans,
James Nugent, for Cut Flowers,
S. G. Stone, " " "
Miss A. C. Wheeler, for Dish of Flowers,

D. R. Beckford, " " " "
Mrs. C. B. Chase, " " " "

E. H. Hitchings, for BotrycJiiums,
George E. Davenport, for Native Plants,
Eddie W. Mitchell, for Native Flowers,

$5 00
4 00

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

September 8.

Double Zinnias. — For the best twenty flowers, six varie
ties, to J. B. Moore, .....
For the second best, to W. G. McTear, .
For the third best, to George Craft,
For the best ten flowers, four varieties, to James Nugent
For the second best, to George Craft,
For the third best, to Mrs. W. Latham, .
Cut Flowers. — For the best display, to W. K. Wood,
For the second best, to J. B. Moore,
For the third best, to Mrs. E. M. Gill, .
Basket of Flowers. — For the best arranged, to Mrs

A. D. Wood,

Table Design. — For the best, other than a Basket of
Flowers, to Hovey & Co., ....
For the second best, to Mrs. E. M. Gill,

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

3 00

5 00

4 00

64

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Gratuities : —

To J. S. Richards, for Gladioli,
George Craft, " "
W. T. Andrews, " Begonias, .
Hovey & Co., " Dahlias,
James Comley, " EcJiinocactus cylindricus,
J. Warren Merrill, for Ferns,
Miss A. C. AVheeler, for a Dish of Flowers,
Miss S. W. Story, " " " "
Hovey & Co., " " " "

James Nugent, for Cut Flowers,
Miss M. E. Carter, for Native Plants,
Mrs. C. N. S. Horner, " " "

Bj'ron D. Halsted, for Grasses and Sedges,
" " " Native Flowers,

5 00

5 00

2 00

2 00

2 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

5 00

2 00

5 00

2 00

ANNUAL EXHIBITION.

September 18, 19, 20, and 21.

Greenhouse Plants. — For the best twelve greenhouse
and stove plants, of different varieties, to H. H.

Hunnewell,' $35 00

For the second best, to Hovej" & Co., . . . 30 00
Specimen Plant. — For the best, not variegated, of a
kind for which no special prize is offered, to II. H.

Hunnewell, 10 00

For the second best, to Hovey & Co., . . . G 00
Specimen Flowering Plant. — For the best, to J. B.

Moore, 10 00

Vakiegated Leaved Plants. — For the best six varieties
not offered in the collection of greenhouse plants,

to Hovey & Co., 15 00

For the second best, to W. C. Strong, . . . 10 00
For the best single specimen, not offered in an}^ collec-
tion, to H. H. Hunnewell, 5 00

For the second best, to Hovey & Co., . . . 4 00
Caladiums. — For the best six varieties, to C. M. Atkin-
son, 6 00

For tlic second best, to Hovey & Co., . . . 5 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS.

65

Ferns. — For the best nine named varieties, to J. Warrea

Merrill,

For the second best, to Hovey & Co.,
For the best six new varieties, to J. Warren Merrill,
Adiantums. — For the best six varieties, to J. "Warren

Merrill,

For the second best, to Hovey & Co.,
Tree Ferns. — For the best two, to W. C. Strong, .
For the best single specimen, to J. Warren Merrill,
For the second best, to W. C. Strong,
Lycopods. — For the best six named varieties, to W. C

Strong,

Drac^nas. — For the best six named varieties, to H. H
HunneweU, ......

For the second best, to Hovey & Co.,
Palms. — For the best pair, to William Graj^, Jr., .

For the second best, to Hovey & Co.,
Pitcher Plants. — For the best three, to William Gray

Jr.,

Agaves. — For the best six distinct varieties, to J. C
Hovey, .......

For the second best, to Hovey & Co.,
Cacti. — For the best twenty-five species and varieties, to
J. C. Hovey, ......

For the second best, to J. C. Hovey,

Succulents. — For the best collection (other than Agaves

and Cacti) , of twenty-five species and varieties, to

J. C. Hove}^,

For the second best, to Hovey & Co., . .

Best New Pot Plant. — It having never before been

shown at any exliibition of the Society, to H. H.

HunneweU, the Society's Silver Medal.

Celosia Ptramidalis. — For the best four, to C. M.

Atkinson, ........

For the best three, to J. S. Richards,
Gladioli. — For the best display and best kept during the
exhibition, of named or unnamed varieties, filHng
two hundred bottles, to J. S. Richards,
For the second best, to George Craft,
For the third best, to H. Gleason, ....

9

^5

GO

10

00

10

00

10

00

8

00

15

00

6

00

5

00

5 00

10 00

6 00
10 00

6 00

8 00

15

00

10

00

10

00

8

00

15

00

10

00

5

00

4

00

10

00

8

00

6

00

66

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Dahlias. — For the best twelve named varieties, to S. G
Stone, .......

For the second best, to Macey Randall, .
For the third best, to Hovey & Co.,
For the best six named varieties, to James Nugent,

For the second best, to Hovey & Co.,
For the best single flower, to S. G-. Stone, .
For the best general display, filling 100 bottles, to Ma
cey Randall, ......

For the second best, to S. G. Stone,
For the third best, to Hovey & Co.,
LiLiPUTiAN Dahlias. — For the best general display, filling
50 bottles, to Macey Randall,
For the second best, to S. G. Stone,
Parlor Bouquets. — For the best pair exhibited on Wed-
nesday, to James Nugent, ....

For the second best, to Hovey & Co.,
For the best pair on Thursday, to James Nugent,
For the second best, to Hovey & Co.,
Hand Bouquets. — For the best pair exhibited on Wed
nesday, to Mrs. E. M. Gill,
For second best, to Mrs. S. Joyce,
For the best pair on Thursday to Mrs. S. Joyce,
For the second best, to James Nugent, .
Cut Flowers. — For the best display and best kept during
the exhibition, filling 100 bottles, to J. B. Moore,
For the second best, to W. K, Wood,
For the third best, to Mrs. E. M. Gill,
For the fourth best, to James O'Brien,
For the fifth best, to W. C. Strong,
For the sixth best, to Hovey & Co.,
For the seventh best, to James Nugent,
Basket of Flowers. — For the best arranged and best
kept through the exhibition, to Hovey & Co
For the second best, to Mrs. S. Joyce,
Rustic Stand. — For the best specimen, not less than
three feet in height, to be planted with choice

plants, to Hovey & Co.,

For the second best, to W. J. Vass,

00
00
00
00
00
00

8 00
6 00
4 00

00
00

6 00
4 00
6 00
4 00

6 00

4 00

6 00

4 00

18 00
16 00
14 00
12 00
10 00
8 00
6 00

6 00

5 00

10 00
8 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS.

67

Table Design. — For the best, and best kept during the ex-
hibition, to be arranged without fruit, and not to
exceed four feet in height, to Mrs. E. M. Gill
For the second best, to Mrs. A. D. Wood,

Hunnewell Premiums.
Evergreen Trees and Shrubs. — For the best display, in
pots, to W. C. Strong, . . . . .

Gratuities : —
To C. M. Atkinson, for Eurya latifolia variegata,
J. B. Moore, " Maranta Makoyana,

Wm. Gray, 3d, " Caladium argyrites, .
Hovey & Co., " IlymenocUum crinitum,

" " " Roezlia glauca,

" " " Bonaparteajuncea,

" " " Phoenix recUnata,

James Comley, " Amaryllis Josephine,
D. R. Beckford, Jr., for lonopjsis paniculata,

James Comley,
G. F. Fessenden,
W. J. Vass,
Hovey & Co.,

Byron D. Halsted,
James Comley,
J. C. Hovey,

F. W. Andrews,
W. C. Strong,
J. B. Moore,
E. Sheppard,

J. Warren Merrill,

(( ((

B. D. Halsted,

" Nymphcea Devoniensis,

" Abut Hon sp.,

" collection of Plants,

" " Ivies,

" " Coleus,

" Insectivorous Plants,

" Plants,

" new and rare Succulents,

" new Agaves,

" Caladiums,

" Begonias, .

" Zinnias,

" GladioK, .

" rare Exotic Ferns,

" choice Native Ferns,

" Fungi,

Mrs. C. N. S. Horner, " Native Plants, .
James Comley, " Basket of Roses,

Mrs. S. Joyce, " Old Style Basket,

Carl Deeterich, " Wardian Case,

W. H. HalHday, " Fern

" " " Hanging Fern Case,

$10 00
8 00

00

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

10 00

10 00

4 00

3 00

2 00

10 00

00
00
00
00
00
8 00
10 00

00
00
GO
00
00
00
00

68

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

September 29.
Gratuity : —
To S. G. Stone, for Dahlias,

October 6.

Table Design. — For the best, other than a Basket of
Flowers, to Mrs. S. Joyce, ....

For the second best, to Mrs. E. M. Gill,
Parlor Bouquets. — For the best pair, to James O'Brien,

For the second best, to James Nugent, .
Hand Bouquets. — For the best pair, to James Nugent,

For the second best, to James O'Brien, .

Gratuities : —

To Macey Randall for Dahlias, .

S. G. Stone, " u ...

Hovey & Co., " " ...

J. C. Park, " Cockscombs,

B. G. Smith, " Dahlias and Cockscombs,

James Cartwright, for Odontoglossum grande,

D. R. Beckford, Jr.
James Comley,

" Allamandas,

" Pot Plants,

" Bouquet of Roses,

" Cut Flowers,

" Basket of Flowers,

J. B. Moore,
Mrs. A. D. Wood,
Mrs. C. N. S. Horner, " Native Plants,
" " " " Fernery, .

$5 00

00
00
00
00
00
00

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

October 27.
Gratuities : —
To S. G. Stone, for Dahlias,
James Comley, " Cut Flowers,
W. J. Vass, " " "

00
00
00

November 3.

To Hovey & Co., for Plants,

W. J. Vass, for Cut Flowers, .

Mrs. E. M. Gill, for Basket of Flowers,

Mrs. C. N. S. Horner, Native "

00
00
00
00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS.

69

CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW.

November 10.

CHRYSANTHEnroMS. — For the best six distinct named Large
Flowered varieties, to C. M. Atkinson,
For the second best, to H. L. Higginson,
For the best six distinct named Pompons, to H. L
Higginson, ......

For the second best, to C. M. Atkinson,
For the best fonr named Lihpntians, to H. L. Higgin
son, ........

For the best specimen plant, to H. L. Higginson,

For the second best, to C. M. Atkinson,
For the best twelve named Large Flowered varieties, cut
specimens, to H. L. Higginson, .
For the second best, to C. M. Atkinson,
For the best twelve named Pompon varieties, cut speci
mens, to H. L. Higginson, ....

For the second best, to C. M. Atkinson,
For the best general display of named or unnamed
varieties, cut specimens, to E. Sheppard,
For the second best, to B. G. Smith,
For the third best to H. L. Higginson, .
Basket of Flowers. — For the best arranged, to Mrs

A. D. Wood,

For the second best, to Mrs. S. Joyce, .
Hand Bouquets. — For the best pair, to James Nugent,
For the second best, to James O'Brien, .

$10 00

6

00

10

00

6

00

4

00

5

00

3

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

5

00

4

00

3

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

Gratuities : —

To H. L. Higginson, for Chrysanthemums,

J. B. Moore, " "

James Comley, " "

C. M. Atkinson, " "

James Nugent, " "
Edward Butler,
J. B. Moore,

" CalantJies, .

" Cypripedium insigne,

8

00

5

00

4

00

2

00

1

00

5

00

2

00

70

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

To Miss S. W. Story, for Eulalia Japonica,

M. H. Merriam,
W. J. Vass,
Hove}' & Co.,
J. B. Moore,
Janies Comlej^,
Mrs. E. M. Gill,
E. H. Hitcbings,

" Roses,

" Plants and Flowers,

" Plants,

" Table Design,

" Cut Flowers,

a c( u

" BotrycJiium ternatum,

U 00

00
00
00
00
00
00
00

Gratuities ,

December 1.

To W. J. Vass, for Gesnera splendidissima and G. zebrina, 2 00
James Cartwright, for Cattleya Loddigesii, . . 1 00

Mrs. A. D. Wood, for Disli of Flowers, . . . 1 00

December 29.

Gratuities : —

To James Cartwright, for Cypripedium insigne, . . 1 00
a. a. llnimeweW, fov Eiqjhorbiaplenissimajl. 2^1-, • 1 00

The following Medals and Certificates of Merit have been
awarded : —

February 24. To Marshall P. Wilder, for Seedling Azaleas,
First Class Certificate of Merit.

April 7. To C. B. Gardiner, for fine Cyclamen, Silver Medal.

Rose Show, June 20. To B^Ton D. Halsted, for a collection
of Lichens, Silver Medal.

To Edward Butler, for Seedling Draccena^ Wellesleyana, Silver
Medal.

To J. Warren Merrill, for a new and rare Fern, Polystichium
lepidocaulon, First Class Certificate of Merit.

To George E. Davenport, for a splendid collection of Hardy Na-
tive Ferns, Silver Medal.

Annual E^xhibition. To H. H. Hunnewell, for the best new Pot
Plant, Phyllotcenium Lindeni, Silver Medal.

To Edward Butler, for Seedling Draccena, No. 3, Silver Medal.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS.

71

The amouut awarded to each contributor is as follows : -

—

Ames, F. L.

$8 00

Hovey «fe Co.

$421 00

Andrews, F. W.

18 00

Hove}', J. C.

63 00

Atkinson, C. M.

240 00

Hunnewell, H. H.

91 00

Barnes, Parker .

7 00

Jenks, C. W. .

2 00

Beckford, D. R., Jr. .

21 00

Jo3'ce, Mrs. S. .

64 00

Blan chard, J. W.

2 00

Kenrick, Miss A. C. .

6 00

Bradbury, Miss S. A.

1 00

Latham, Mrs. W.

1 00

Brewer, Miss F.

1 00

McLaren, A.

23 00

Butler, Edward .

20 00

McTear, W. G.

10 00

Carter, Miss M. E.

7 00

Mead, Mrs. A. S.

2 00

Cartwright, James

15 00

Merriam, M. H.

14 00

Chaffln, J. C. .

. 15 00

Merrill, J. W. .

90 00

Chase, Mrs. C. B.

5 00

Mitchell, E. W. .

5 00

Clark, M. W. .

1 00

Moore, J. B.

222 00

Comley, James .

83 00

Morandi, F. W.

4 00

Craft, George

59 00

Needham, Mrs. .

1 00

Davenport, George E.

23 00

Nugent, James .

70 00

Dawson, Jackson

1 00

O'Brien, J.

44 00

Deeterich, Carl .

3 00

Park, J. C.

3 00

Duffley, Daniel .

5 00

Parker, John

4 00

Fessenden, B. F.

1 00

Parkman, Francis

. 53 00

Foster, L. H.

3 00

Putnam, Francis

3 00

Frost, Stiles

1 00

Rand, E. S., Jr.

. 13 00

Gardiner, C. B.

19 00

Rand, Harry L.

9 00

Gilbert, A. B. .

. 10 00

Randall, Macey .

. 35 00

GiU, Mrs. E. M.

. 104 00

Richards, J. S. .

. 106 00

Gleason, Herbert

. 12 00

Russell, Mrs. N. P.

2 00

Goodwin, Henry W.

2 00

Sheppard, E.

. 27 00

Gray, William, Jr.

. 95 00

Smith, B. G.

. 14 00

Gray, William, 3d,

. 26 00

Spalding, M. D.

8 00

Grundel, H.

. 10 00

Spooner, W. H.

. 15 00

Hall, E. A.

2 00

Stone, S. G.

. 29 00

Halliday, W. H.

5 00

Story, E. A.

. 10 00

Halstead, B. D.

. 59 00

Story, Miss S. W.

. 18 00

Hartwell, Samuel

2 00

Strong, W. C. .

. 77 00

Hayes, F. B.

2 00

Tallant, Hugh .

1 00

Higginson, H. L.

. 42 00

Vass, W. J.

. 48 00

Hitchings, E. H.

. 23 00

Webster, F.

2 00

Horner, Mrs. C. N. S

. 58 00

Wellington, C. W. W

3 00

72

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Weston, Mrs. L. P. . $8 00

Wheeler, Miss A. C. . 13 00

Wilder, Marshall P. . 28 00

Wilmarth, Mrs. H. D. 2 00

Wolcott, Mrs. J. W. . 2 00

Wood, Mrs. A. D. . $48 00

Wood, E. W. . . 10 00

Wood, W. K. . . 70 00

Young, H. A. . . 2 00

Amount appropriated, . . . $3,000 00

" awarded, . . . 2,673 00

Balance, . . $327 00

Amount awarded for Special Prizes, . $164 00

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON FRUITS,

FOR THE YEAR 1877.

By HERVEY DAVIS, Chairman.

The season now drawing to a close, has been \erj favorable for
nearly all kinds of Fruits, and the exhibitions will compare very
satisfactorily with those of the past few years, in regard to all
fruits, excepting apples and blackberries. The show of apples has
been the most inferior for several j^ears, which is much to be
regretted, as this is the most valuable fruit of the New England
States, and the small crop will be a serious and irreparable loss.

It gives us much pleasure to see the interest that manj^ of our
oldest contributors still continue to manifest in our exhibitions ;
most prominent among whom may be mentioned Hon. Marshall P.
Wilder and the Messrs. Hovey, all of whom joined the Society soon
after its formation, now nearly half a century ago, the last Annual
Exhibition having been the Forty-ninth. And while we speak of
those who are with us, it is sad to recall how many of our most
constant exhibitors are gone. Among those most prominent and
greatly missed, it may not be out of place to mention, as always
present at our exhibitions, Josiah Stickney, Francis Dana, Fred-
erick Clapp, Joseph H. Fenno, and B. B. Davis ; all of them very
active and constant contributors. But while we mourn the loss of
those tried friends, we are glad to see coming forward to take their
places so many young and enthusiastic persons, who, we doubt not,
will make our exhibitions as good and interesting as those of past
years. It is also very gratifying to see the general interest mani-
fested at the present time, in originating new hybrid and other
seedlings of different species of fruits, which must in the near future,
10

74 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

result in giving us some very desirable new kinds. When we look
upon the valuable collection of seedling pears, originated by Messrs.
F. & L. Clapp, and the strawberries and grapes originated by
John B. Moore, in the past few 3^ears, we have confidence in ex-
pressing the opinion that the time is not far distant, when we shall
see many more valuable new seedling fruits exhibited on our tables.

Stkawberries. — Some very fine forced strawberries were ex-
hibited by James Comley, March 10th, and again on March 24th
and 31st, Mr. Comley being the only person who has shown forced
strawberries in any amount during the season. Strawberries grown
in frames under glass were shown by Charles Garfield, May 26th
and June 2d. The season was very favorable for the strawberry,
and the exhibition of this fruit has been up to the average of the
past few seasons. Those most worthy of note, were the General
Sherman, Herve}^ Davis, and Belle, shown by John B. Moore, and
the Belle and Col. Cheney, shown by George Hill. At the Rose
Show, June 20th, the first prize for the best four quarts of any
variety, was awarded to the Hervey Davis, and the second to the
General Sherman.

At the Strawberry Show, June 27th, the first prize for the best
four quarts of any variety, was awarded to the Belle. We wish
again to call attention to the very remarkable success Mr. Moore
has had in raising seedlings, he having originated the General
Sherman, Belle, and Hervey Davis. The last was shown in
1876, as No. 26, and for a description of the same, reference is
made to the report of that year, page 87. The General Sherman* is
an early fruit, very large and handsome ; quality, good. The
Hervey Davis is also a very large fruit ; quality, very good to best.
Mr. Moore thinks this the most valuable seedhng he has raised, as
it is very hardy and prolific ; it is an early variety. The Belle is
the largest of any of Mr. Moore's seedlings, and we think it the
largest strawberry ever exhibited on our tables. It is not as regu-
lar in form as the other two, many of the berries being inclined to
the cockscomb shape ; the quality is good. Much has been said in
favor of the Monarch of the West, Star of the West, and the Great
American, but we believe either of those raised by Mr. Moore is
in all respects superior to any of them.

There have been but few seedlings exhibited for the first time
this season, and none worthy of any particular note, except one
shown by John B. Moore, which he has named Walden, and which

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FRUITS. 75

we think ma}' prove very valuable, as it is of good size and very
good quality.

Cherries. — The season has been favorable for this fruit, and the
exhibitions have been ver}' good. C. E. Grant exhibited the fol-
lowing varieties June 27th : Black Heart, Elton, Black Tartarian,
and Black Eagle. James Nugent showed Walshs' No. 4. July
7tli, Marshall P. ^Yilder exhibited two new seedHngs, one of them
from seed of the Downer's Late, though not quite as good in qualit}",
but ma}' still prove valuable as a late variety. July 14th, C. N.
Brackett exhibited two seedlings, Nos. 1 and 2. No. 1 was con-
sidered much superior to the other, and may be called good.
Warren Fenuo exhibited his seedling Norfolk ; this is considered
the best cherry shown during the season.

Currants. — The exhibitions of this fruit have been better than
last season. They have been made b}' about the same persons, and
of the same varieties. The first prize for the best four varieties
was awarded to the following collection shown by C. M. Atkinson :
Victoria, La Versaillaise, Dana's Transparent and Black Naples.
The specimens of Victoria, which has not been shown before for
some 3'ears, were verj- handsome, and gave evidence of the most
skilful cultivation.

Gooseberries. — The exhibitions of this fruit, particularly the
foreign varieties, have been better than the past few years. The
fruit has been veiy large, handsome, and well ripened, and very
free from mildew, which is generally the trouble in growing foreign
varieties in this country.

Raspberries. — The exhibitions of this fruit were not up to the
average of the past few seasons, though better than last year ; the
varieties about the same. July 21st, the first prize was awarded
to the Saunders, and the second to the Herstine. The Fran-
conia has been much better this season, than the previous 3'ear.
Marshall P. Wilder exhibited some specimens of a variety not often
seen, the Souchetii.

Blackberries. — The exhibitions of this very valuable fruit have
improved somewhat from last season, but not as much as we desire
to see them. There has been some very fine fruit shown this
year. The dish of Wilson's Early, exhibited by Messrs. F. & L.
Clapp, July 28th, was very large and fine. James Nugent has
also shown some very good Dorchesters. The other varieties have
not been as good as in former seasons.

76 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Plums. — The exhibition of Plums has been about up to the aver-
age of the past few seasons. Stiles Frost has shown some very
fine specimens during the year, and was awarded the first and
second prizes, August 25th, for Prince's Yellow Gage and Lom-
bard. August 18th, Warren Fenno received the first prize for
Washington. At the Annual Exhibition, the first prize was given
to Stiles Frost, for Reine Claude de Bavay.

Nectarines. — The only specimens of this fruit were shown by
John Falconer, who received the first and second prizes, for Albert
Victor and Reine Victoria. The}- were ver}- fine specimens, gi'own
in the orchard house.

Figs. — There is not much interest taken in growing or exhibiting
this fruit, Mrs. Benjamin Fobes being the only person showing any
during the season.

Peaches. — We have nothing to report on forced peaches, none
of the prizes having bedn awarded. Peaches of orchard-house cul-
ture were shown at the Annual Exhibition by John Falconer, who
made a very fine display, taking all the premiums offered with the
following varieties : first prize for Stump the World ; second, for
Rivers' Princess of Wales; third, for Richmond; fourth, for 'Rnj-
mackers. These were all very handsome specimens. The display
of out-door peaches was better than last season ; the Foster peach
received the first prize for a single dish, and there were more of
this variety on our tables than of anj^ other, showing that the sea-
son has been favorable for them, or else people are growing them
in preference to other varieties. Seedlings were shown by Philan-
der Ames and Warren Fenno.

Apples. — We are obliged to report the poorest display of apples
during the season that has been made for a large number of 3^ears,
and we think it can be accounted for by the uncommonly small
crop in this and all the New England States. We are aware that
this is what is called the " off year," or, in other words, the year
that most of the orchards in this section of the country yield a very
small crop. We give the number of dishes of the dififerent
varieties, for comparison with last year : —

Baldwin, . . .11 Gravenstein, ... 6

Dutch Codlin, ... 4 Ilubbardston, ... 7

Fall Orange, ... 1 King of Tompkins County, 3

Golden Russet, . . 1 Lyscom, .... 1

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FRUITS. 77

Maiden's Blush,
Minister,

2
1

Pumpkin Sweet,
R. I. Greening,

1
2

Mother, .
Northern Spy,
Porter, .

3
1

8

Roxbury Russet,
Washington Strawberry, .

9
1

The above list comprises sixty-two dishes ; and last year, at our
Annual Exhibition, we had one hundred and seventy-six dishes.

July 7th, Marshall P. Wilder presented some specimens of
Haines' Seedhng apple, from M. Cole & Co., of Atlanta, Ga.
The fruit was not in a perfect condition for trial, being partly de-
cayed from being sent so long a distance at that season of the year.
It was very large and handsome ; quality, good ; not unlike the
Gravenstein in flavor.

It gives us much pleasure to acknowledge the receipt on the 15th
of December, from the Fruit Growers' Association and International
Show Societ}', of Halifax, Nova Scotia, from which we have before
received similar favors, of the largest and finest collection of apples
placed on our tables this 3'ear. They were mostly gathered from
the orchard of Robert W. Starr, the Secretary of the Society, and
that of his brother. We regret very much that owing to their hav-
ing been gathered and packed for some time, a portion of the
specimens, particularly the earl}^ varieties, were decayed and not in
a condition to test. The Committee considered the collection a
remarkably fine one for any section, and more particularly so as
coming from so far East, and where the season is so short and cold.
We desire to mention a few of the varieties, which were extra fine :
Blue Pearmain, King of Tompkins County, Blenhein Pippin, Rib-
ston Pippin, Yellow Bellflower, Cabashea or Twenty Ounce Pippin,
Rose, Alexander, Fallawater, Starratt, Cayuga Red Streak or
Twenty Ounce Apple, and Red Cheek or Monmouth Pippin. We
think the above-named varieties were quite as good as the same
varieties grown in the New England States. We were much grati-
fied to see for the first time, Cox's Orange Pippin, an apple of
English origin, and a favorite variet}^ in England. It is of medium
size, roundish ; 3'ellow, Streaked and clouded with red ; flesh, 3'ellow
and very rich. It ripens from October to February. As a whole
this collection of apples was much less ribbed than those generally
received from Nova Scotia. None of them were striking in this
respect except the White Calville, which is alwa^^s much ribbed
wherever grown. This evenness of form is accounted for by the

78 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

fact that the collection was originally made for the purpose of mod-
elling from, and perfection of form and color were sought rather
than size, which ruled in the collection sent in 1874.

Pears. — It gives us much pleasure to be able to report a very
fine display of this fruit during the entire season. At the weekly
shows and at the Annual Exhibition, prizes were offered, as last
year, onl}' for single dishes. We are satisfied that this is the best
method of offering and awarding prizes, as in all cases the best
fruit receives the premiums, if the judgment of the Committee is
correct. The varieties most worthy of particular mention this
season are the Bartlett, Souvenir du Congres, Duchesse, Winter
Nelis, and Doyenne du Cornice. At the Annual Exhibition the
show of Bartletts was one of the best ever made by this Society,
there being twenty-eight dishes, and most of them very fine. The
four dishes receiving the prizes weighed, respectivel}^, 9 lbs. 3^
ozs., 9 lbs. 2 ozs., 9 lbs. ^ oz., and 8 lbs. 15^ ozs. The pears
which attracted most attention at the Annual Exhibition were the
Souvenir du Congres, from Warren Fenno. These were the finest
specimens of the kind ever shown here, averaging a little over a
pound each in weight, and the largest measuring seven inches in
length. For the information of the many who were so much in-
terested in this superb dish of pears we will say, that in quality the
variety will rank as " ver}' good," and that the tree is a ver}' vigor-
ous grower. At the Annual Exhibition, A. J. Coe, of West Men-
don, Conn., presented two specimens each of Beurre d'Anjou,
Beurre Superfin, Lawrence, Vicar, and Winter Nelis. These were
all quite large, but not as handsome or of as good shape as many
dishes of the same varieties shown b}' other persons.

At the exhibition on the 6th of October, the most remarkable
display- was of the Duchesse ; there being twenty-six dishes, most
of them \evy fine ; the three dishes receiving the several premiums
weighed as follows : 13 lbs. 5^ ozs., 13 lbs. 4| ozs., 13 lbs. 4 ozs.,
and several of the other dishes were nearly as large.

November 3, M. Morse had a remarkable dish of Doyenne du
Comice. November 10th, at the annual show of winter pears, the
display was very fine — much above the average of the past few
j-ears. AVe think we can say without any doubt, that the dish of
Winter Nelis, receiving the first prize, was the largest and hand-
somest dish of this variety ever shown at any of our exhibitions,
and we think wc can challenge California to produce a dish that

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FRUITS. 79

would equal it in size and beauty. The weight was 7^ lbs. De-
cember 1st, Alexander Greenlaw exhibited a very fine dish of
"Winter Nelis ; December 13th, A. S. M'Intosh a fine dish of Glout
Morceau, and Mrs. H. V. Draper a good dish of Columbia.

On the 13th of October, Marshall P. Wilder presented the
Docteur Lentier, a new variety. Large, obovate pyriform, some-
what irregular ; pale greenish yellow, with dots and splashes of thin
russet, continuous around the eye and stem. Flesh white ; fine
grained, buttery, very juic}', sprightly and very sweet, with a plea-
sant aroma, and sometimes a little astringency. Quality, best.

October 27th, Mr. Wilder presented specimens of the following
varieties, for the Committee to test their quality :

JEmile d'Heyst. — This, we consider best in quality, and it is also
large and handsome. It has been cultivated by Mr. Wilder for
quite a number of years, but is not as widel}' known as it deserves to
be ; we think it should take the place of many varieties of its season
not nearly as good in quality.

President. — One of Dr. Shurtleff's seedlings : large ; quality very
good ; it promises to be a valuable pear for market.

Roitelet. — Quality good.

January 27th, Marshall P. Wilder left with the Committee for
trial, specimens, of the growth of 1876, of a seedUng pear from B.
kS. Fox, of California, which he has named Col. Wilder. The fruit
was very much wilted, but we think that if property kept until in
eating order, it might be melting and buttery, and rank as very
good. September 29th, a large collection of seedlings raised by
Mr. Fox was received, through Mr. Wilder, for exhibition and trial.
Many of them arrived in bad condition, owing to their having been
exhibited at the meeting of the American Pomological Society at
Baltimore, and could not be fairty tested. The following are brief
descriptions of some of the best varieties :

Fox's No. 64. — Medium size, or large ; elongated pyriform ;
colored throughout with rich brownish red ; resembles Bishop's
Thumb in appearance ; juicy and rich ; a little too astringent ;
very good.

No. 52. Hardly medium size ; pyriform ; russet, with reddish
cheek ; juicy, sweet and good.

No. 153. — Medium size; obovate; yellow with thin russet and
mottled red cheek, juicy ; rich and very good, but a little too as-
tringent.

80 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

No. 159. — Large, resembliug the B. S. Fox (another of Mr.
Fox's seedlings, which bears his name), in form and insertion
of stem ; also in color ; more spirited and also more astringent.

No. 253. — Medium size ; oblate ; stem an inch and a half in
length ; yellow, juicy and good.

No. 157. — Large, green, with bloom ; shaped like Glout Morceau ;
knobby, like Thompson, and ugly; rich, with flavor and texture
resembliug a greenflesh melon.

The Francis Dana pear was shown by Eliphalet Stone,
at the Annual Exhibition. This was one of several seedlings,
given to Mr. Stone, when young plants, by the late Francis Dana,
and which he has named in memory of the originator. Full me-
dium size ; globular acute p}Tiform ; skin, clear lemon yellow, with
tracings of thin russet. In general appearance it resembles the
Howell. Flesh, buttery, juicy, and of very good quality, but will
not come up to best. Ripens the last of September. "Yellows
up " very handsomely, and it is thought may become a valuable
market pear.

October 20th, F. & L. Clapp, exhibited some of their seedlings or
new varieties. No. 75, from Winter Nelis, we do not think any
improvement over the parent. No. 127, from Urbaniste, was in
quality very good to best. No. 22, or Frederick Clapp, will rank
as best in quality, and the dish shown this year we think the finest
ever exhibited. No. 12, or Newhall, was also very fine. No. 17,
or Nicholas, was very good. All of the above seedhngs have been
described in previous reports. December 15, Messrs. Clapp pre-
sented a fine dish of their seedling, No. 17, which will rank as very
good, and which we think will be valuable for market.

November 10th, Asahel Foote, of Wilhamstown, sent a dish of
his seedling pear, Homestead, described in the " Second Appendix "
to " Downing's Fruits of America." Pyriform ; medium to large ;
quality good. There have been several other seedhngs shown
during the season, but none worthy of particular note, excepting
one presented by Hovey «fe Co., November 10th; fruit medium to
large, roundish, color russet, thickly covered with brownish dots ;
very juicy, but rather too acid.

Premiums were offered for forty different varieties of pears at the
Annual Exhibition. The number of dishes of each variety offered
for prizes was as follows :

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FRUITS.

81

Adams, . . . .

1

Flemish Beauty,

8

Andrews,

9

Goodale,

4

Bartlett,

28

Glout Morceau,

7

Belle Lucrative,

15

Howell, . . . .

16

Beurre d'Anjou,

20

Lawrence,

14

Beurre Bosc, .

15

Louise Bonne of Jersey, .

25

Beurre Clairgeau, .

10

Marie Louise, .

10

Beurre Diel, .

11

Merriam,

11

Beurre Gris d'Hiver,

4

Moore's Pound,

2

Beurre Hardy,

17

Mount Vernon,

6

Beurre Langelier,

5

Onondaga,

11

Beurre Superfin,

12

Paradis d'Automne,

9

Buffum, . . . .

10

Pratt, .

3

Caen du France,

4

Sheldon,

28

Dana's Hovey,

15

Souvenir du Congres,

2

De Tongres, .

6

Seckel, .

. 28

Doyenne Boussock,

8

St. Michael Archangel,

7

Duchesse,

. 21

Urbaniste,

. 14

Doyenne du Cornice,

. 12

Vicar,

6

Fulton, .

6

Winter Nelis, .

. 12

Native Grapes. — The show of this fruit has been about equal
to the average of the past few seasons. Moore's Early was shown
August 25th, by John B, Moore, and awarded a First Class Certifi-
cate of Merit. The fruit was well colored, but not fully ripe.
September 1st, Moore's Early received the first prize for the best
early grape. Champion was shown by Marshall P. Wilder.
September 8th, Moore's Early, Concord, Delaware, and Hartford,
received the prizes for early varieties, in the order named. Sep-
tember 29th, H. E. Hooker exhibited the Brighton grape. This is
considered a very fine grape, and a valuable acquisition. The
specimens shown were equal to any before exhibited. We do not
see any reason to change our previous good opinion of it, if it
proves hardy in all locations. It has been described in previous
reports.

September 4th, Mr. Moore extended an invitation to the Fruit
Committee and other gentlemen, to visit his place in order to ex-
amine his seedling grape, Moore's Early, and to compare it with
the Concord and Hartford, growing side by side in the same -vdne-
yard, with the same soil and cultivation. We found the Moore's
11

82 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Early fully ripe, and bearing an abundant crop on all of the vines,
comprising several hundred. To aU appearance they had not re-
ceived any extra care or cultivation. The soil was a light, sandy
loam. The Concords and Hartfords were neither of them ripe, and
to all appearance would not be for two or three weeks. Mr.
Moore has offered this grape for the Prospective Prize, for the best
seedling grape. Your Committee have seen the fruit on exhibition
for five years previous to this ; it having been first exhibited in
1872. It has received the first prize for the best early grape every
year for the last four years. The Committee have also seen it
growing in the vineyard the past two seasons, and are fully and
unanimousl}' of the opinion that Mr. Moore is entitled to the prize
for which he has oflered it. Your Committee would, therefore,
unanimously recommend to the Society, that John B. Moore be
awarded the prize of sixty dollars for his seedling grape, Moore's
Early.

The exhibition of grapes on the 6th of October, was very good.
The Concords shown by Mr. Blanchard were very fine bunches —
very large and well shouldered, but not as ripe or as sweet as those
shown last year. The Creveliugs shown by B. G. Smith, were the
best we have ever seen of that variety ; the bunches were very
large and full, which is not common with this kind. The Worden
Grape was shown by A. F. Rice.

N. B. White has exhibited several of his seedlings during the
season. We have nothing to say of them different from what has
been said in previous reports.

Foreign Grapes. — The exhibition of foreign grapes has been as
good during the season, as for the past few years. At the annual
exhibition, B. G. Smith received the first prize for the best six
varieties ; Henry C. Cook, for the best four ; E. W. Wood, for the
best three, and Stiles Frost for the best two. All of the above
mentioned collections contained some very fine bunches, and most
of the fruit was well grown and well ripened. H. S. Mansfield and
E. H. Luke had some very fine fruit in their collections.

Oranges, etc. — February lOtli, Miss Marion C. Allen, exhibited
some very fine oranges, and again, on the 2d of June. She has
been the only person exhibiting this fruit during the season.
August 11th, Ilovey & Co., exhibited a very fine spike of fruit
of Musa CavendisMi (Dwarf Banana) , containing a large number
of specimens, and well grown.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FRUITS.

83

At the Annual Exhibition, the number of dishes of the several

fruits was as follows :

Number of dishes of Pears,

637

Apples,

74

Foreign Grapes, .

36

Native "

57

Peaches,

46

Nectarines,

2

Making in all, 852 dishes, of all varieties of fruit. In 1876, there
were 1,011 dishes.

Premiums and gratuities have been awarded to one hundred and
forty different persons. The annexed list of awards shows the amount
of prizes to be $1,288; gratuities $336; total, $1,624; balance
unexpended, $276. The above mentioned amount of premiums
includes the Prospective Prize of $60, awarded to John B. Moore,
for his seedling grape, Moore's Early. The large unexpended
balance is mainly due to the fact that, owing to the small crop
of apples, few prizes have been awarded for that fruit.

All of which is respectfully submitted.

Her VET Davis,

P. B. HOVEY,

John B. Moore,
Benj. G. Smith, 1^
E. W. Wood,

C. F. Curtis,

D. T. Curtis,

Fruit
Committee.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR FRUITS.

January 6.

WiXTER Pears. — For the best, to J. H. Fenno, for Jose-
phine de MaUues, $3 00

For the second best, to John L. Bird, for Winter

Nehs, 2 00

Winter Apples. — For the best, to William T. Hall, for

Northern Spy, 3 00

For the second best, to Asa Clement, for Baldwin, . 2 00

Gratuities : —

To John L. Bird, for Passe Colmar Pears, . . . 1 00

W. P. Walker, for Easter Beurre Pears, . . . 1 00

B. G. Smith, for Pears, 1 00

F. & L. Clapp, for Seedhng Pears, No. 64, . . 1 00

Asa Clement, for collection of Apples, . . 2 00

Edwin Fletcher, " " " . . 2 00

Benjamin P. Ware, for " " . . 2 00

J. H. Fenno, for Apples, 1 00

January 13.
Gratuity : —
To O. B. Hadwen, for collection of Apples, .

2 00

February 3.

Winter Pears. — For the best, to Joseph H. Fenno, for

Josephine de Malines, 3 00

For the second best, to Joseph H. Fenno, for Duchesse

de Bordeaux, ....... 2 00

Winter Apples. — For the best, to William T. Hall, for

Northern Spy, 3 00

For the second best, to Asa Clement, for Fallawater, 2 00

PKIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS. 85

Gratuities : —
To Miss A. C. Wheeler, for Beurre d'Anjou Pears,
O. B. Hadwen, for collection of Apples,
Asa Clement, " " "

Samuel Hartwell, " " "

Joseph H. Fenno, " Apples, .

Gratuities : —
To C. E. Grant, for Apples and Pears, .
B. G. Smith, for Pears, ....
F. & L. Clapp, for Seedling Pears, No. 64,
Samuel Hartwell, for Apples, .
Miss A. C. Wheeler, for Apples,

$1 00
2 00
2 00
2 00
1 00

Februaky 10.
Gratuity : —

To Miss Marion C. Allen, for Oranges, . . . . 2 00

March 3.

Winter Pears. — For the best, to Joseph H. Fenno, for

Duchesse de Bordeaux, . . . . . 3 00
For the second best, to Joseph H. Fenno, for Easter

Beun-e, 2 00

Winter Apples. — For the best, to WilUam T. Hall, for

Northern Spy, 3 00

For the second best, to Samuel Hartwell, for Hunt

Kusset, 2 00

1 00

2 00
2 00
1 00
1 00

March 10.
Gratuity : —

To James Comley, for Forced Strawberries, . . . 3 00

March 24.

Gratuities : —

To James Comley, for Strawberries, . . . . 3 00
O. B. Hadwen, for collection of Apples, . . . 2 00

March 31.

Gratuities : —

To James Comley, for Strawberries, . . . . 1 00
J. H. Fenno, for Apples and Pears, . . . 2 00

86 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

April 7.
GratvAties : —
To R. Manning, for Apples and Pears, .
C. E. Grant, " " " '' .
Mrs. C. N. S. Horner, for collection of Apples,
Samuel Hartwell, for Apples, ....
Miss A. C. Wheeler, for Apples,
James Comley, for Strawberries,

$2 00
2 00
2 00
2 00

1 00

2 00

May 26.
Gratuity : —

To Charles Garfield, for Strawberries, . . . . 3 00

June 2.

Grapes. — For the best two bunches, to Peter Smith, for

Black Hamburg, 10 00

For the second best, to Peter Smith, for Zinfindal, . 6 00

Strawberries. — For the best, to Charles Garfield, for

Triomphe de Gand, 5 00

Gratuities : —
To Miss Marion C. Allen, for Lemons and Oranges, . 2 00
Cephas H. Brackett, for Forced Peaches, . . . 2 00

June 9.
Gratuity : —
To Charles Garfield, for Strawberries, . . . . 1 00

June 16.
Gratuities : —

To John B. Moore, for Hervey Davis and Gen. Sherman

Strawberries, 5 00

E. P. Richardson, for Jenny Lind and Downer's Pro-
lific Strawberries, 2 00

Warren Fenno, for Brighton Pine Strawberries, . 1 00

Aaron D. Capen, for Charles Downing Strawberries, 1 00

Charles Garfield, for collection of Strawberries, . 2 00

C. E. Grant, " " " .1 00

Wm. C. Child, " " " .2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

87

ROSE SHOW.

June 20.

Strawberries. — For the best four quarts to John B.

Moore, for Hervey Davis, $8 00

For the second best, to John B. Moore, for Gen.

Sherman, 6 00

For the thh'd best, to George Hill, for Col. Cheney, . 4 00
For the best two quarts, to C. M. Atkinson, for Ju-

cunda, ........ 4 00

For the second best, to J. C. Park, for Seth Boyden, 3 00
For the third best, to W. P. Walker, for Triomphe

de Gand, 2 00

Forced Grapes. — Third prize for two bunches, to Cephas

H. Brackett, for Black Hamburg, . . . 3 00

Qratuities : —

To William C. Child, for collection of Strawberries, . 3 00

C. E. Grant, " " " .2 00

Aaron D. Capen, for Charles Downing Strawberries, 1 00

E. P. Richardson, for Grace Strawberries, . . 1 00

June 23.

Gratuities : —

To John B. Moore, for Strawberries, . . . . 4 00

E.P.Richardson, " " . . . . 1 00

George Dorr, for Monarch of the West Strawberries, 1 00

Charles H. Wall, for I.ennig's White " . 1 00

C. E. Grant, for Cherries, 1 00

STRAWBERRY SHOW.

June 27.

Strawberries. — For the best four quarts, to John B.

Moore, for Belle, $10 00

For the second best, to George Hill, for Belle, . 8 00

For the third best, to John B. Moore, for President

Wilder, 6 00

88

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

For the best fifty berries, to John B. Moore, for Belle,

For the second best, to John B. Moore, for Walden,

For the best two quarts of Caroline, to John B. Moore,

For the second best, to E. P. Richardson,
For the best Champion, to E. P. Eichardson,

For the second best, to J. C. Park,
For the best Charles Downing, to J, C. Park,

For the second best, to John B. Moore,
For the best Col. Cheney, to J. C. Park,
For the best Gen. Sherman, to John B. Moore, .
For the best Hovey's Seedling, to Hovey & Co., .
For the best Jenny Lind, to E. P. Richardson, t
For Jucunda, the third prize, to C. E. Grant,
For the best President Wilder, to Horace Eaton,
For the second best, to J. B. Moore,
For the third best, to Marshall P. Wilder,
For the best Seth Boyden, to John C. Park,
For Triomphe de Gaud, the second prize to W. P
Walker, .......

Cherries : — For the best four varieties, to C. E. Grant,
for Black Heart, Black Eagle, Elton, and Black
Tartarian, ........

For the best two quarts, to I. P. Langworthy, for

Knight's Early Black,

For the second best, to C. E. Grant, for Black Tar-
tarian, ........

For the third best, to James Nugent, for Walsh's
No. 4,

Gratuities : —

To John C. Park, for Belle and Monarch of the West
Strawberries, .......

Warren Fenno, for Monarch of the West Strawberries,
Horace Eaton, for Great American "

John B. Moore, for trusses of Belle and Walden Straw-
berries, ........

Charles H. Wall, for Lennig's White Strawberries, .
H. C. Bowers, for Agriculturist "

W. P. Walker, for Triomphe de Gand "

E. P. Richardson, for collection of "

$5 00

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

3 00

6 00

4 00
3 00
2 00

3

00

1

00

1

00

2

00

2

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS. 89

To C. E. Grant, for collection of Strawberries,
Cephas H. Brackett, for Foreign Grapes, .
Aaron D. Capen, for collection of Cherries,
F. R. Shattuck, for Black Tartarian Cherries,
C. E. Grant, for Napoleon Bigarreau Cherries,

July 7.

12 00
3 00
2 00
1 00
1 00

3

00

2

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

2

00

2

00

Cherries. — For the best two quarts, to T. S. Lockwood,

for Coe's Transparent, . . . . . 4 00

For the second best, to George Dorr, for Downer's
Late, ........

For the third best, to C. E. Grant, for Black Eagle,

Strawberries. — For the best two quarts to John B.

Moore, for Belle, ......

For the second best, to John B. Moore, for Walden,

Gratuities : —
To E. P. Richardson, for Brinckle's Orange Raspberries,
Mrs. E. M. Gill, for Raspberries, ....

Warren Fenno, for. Black Cap Raspberries and Cur-
rants, ........

B. G. Smith, for Currants, .....

W. K. Wood, " "

July 14.

Raspberries. — For the best two quarts, to Warren Fenno,

for Saunders, ....... 4 00

For the second best, to William G. Prescott, for Fran-
conia, ........

For the third best, to Warren Fenno, for Herstine,
Currants. — For the best four quarts of Red, to W, K.
Wood, for La Versaillaise, .....

For the second best, to B. G. Smith, for La Versail-
laise, .........

For the third best, to C. M. Atkinson, for La Versail-
laise, .........

For the best four quarts of White, to B. G. Smith, for
Transparent, .......

For the second best, to C. E. Grant, for White
Dutch, ........

12

3

00

2

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

90

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Gratuities : —
To C. N. Brackett, for Cherries, .

Warren Fenno, for Cherries and Currants,

Charles Garfield, for Currants and Raspberries,

Charles H. Hall, " " " "

CM. Atkinson, for White Currants,

E. W. Mitchell, for Currants, .

C. E. Grant, " " ...

Mrs. E. M. Gill, "

. $2

00

2

00

2

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

July 21.

Raspberries. — For the best two quarts, to J. B. Moore,

for Saunders, ....... 4 00

For the second best, to Warren Fenno, for Herstine, 3 00

For the third best, to Warren Fenno, for Saunders, 2 00
Currants. — For the best collection, to C. M. Atkinson,
for Victoria, La Versaillaise, Dana's Transparent,
and Black Naples, 5 00

For the second best, to B. G. Smith, for Cherry, La

Versaillaise, Transparent, and Black Naples, . 3 00
For the best four quarts, to B. G. Smith, for La Ver-
saillaise, ........ 4 00

For the second best, to W. K. Wood, for La Versail-
laise, • ... 3 00

For the third best, to Mrs. E. M. Gill, for La Ver-
saillaise, ........ 2 00

Gooseberries. — For the best two quarts, to Charles Gar-
field, for Roaring Lion, . . . . . 4 00

For the second best, to B. G. Smith, for Smith's Im-
proved, 3 00

For the third best, to Charles Garfield, for White-
smith, 2 00

Gratuities : —

To Marshall P. Wilder, for Souchetii Raspberries, . . 1 00

William G. Prescott, for Franconia Raspberries, . 2 00

Charles Garfield, " " " . 1 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " " .1 00

John B. Moore, for Raspberries and Gooseberries, . 2 00

C. E. Grant, for collection of Currants, . . . 2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

91

JULT 28.

Blackberries. — For the best, to F. & L. Clapp, for

Wilson's Earlj^,

For the second best, to James Nugent, for Dorches-
ter, .........

Pears. — For the best Doyenne d'Ete, to Horace Eaton, .
For the second best, to W. P. Walker, .
For the third best, to Warren Fenno,

Gratuities : —
To Charles Garfield, for Royal George Gooseberries,

A. S. M'Intosh, for Dorchester Blackberries,

B. G. Smith, for " "
W. C. Child, for Kittatinny "
Warren Fenno, for Herstine Raspberries, .

C. D. Kingman, for Foster Peaches,
Robert Manning, for Petit Muscat Pears, .

August 4.

Pears. — For the best Beurre Giffard, to Josiah Crosby,
For the second best, to Warren Fenno, .
For the third best, to B. G. Smith,
For the best Do3'eune d'Ete, to Warren Fenno,
For the second best, to George S. Harwood,
For the third best, to W. P. Walker,
For the best of any other variety, to Marshall P. Wil
der, for Supreme de Quimper,
For the second best, to Warren Fenno, for Bloodgood
Apples. — For the best Large Yellow Bough, to Benj. B
Davis, .......

For the second best, to Warren Heustis,
For the best Early Harvest, to B. G. Smith,
For the second best, to Warren Fenno, .
Gooseberries. — For the best two quarts of Native, to B
G. Smith, for Downing, ....

Qratuities : —
To C. N. Brackett, for Beurre Giffard Pears,
C. D. Kingman, for collection of Peaches,
J. Falconer, for Peaches and Apricots,

S3 00

2 00

00
00
00

1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

1 00

2 00
1 00

00
00

1 00

00
00
00

00
00

00
00
00
00

3 00

1 00
3 00

2 00

92

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

To B. G. Smith, for Gooseberries and Apples,
Eobert Manning, for Amber Gooseberries,
Charles Garfield, for Gooseberries and Blackberries,

August 11.

Gooseberries. — For the best two quarts of Foreign, to B

G. Smith, for Bang-up, ....
Apples. — For Large Yellow Bough, the second prize to

G. M. Mellen,

For Red Astrachan, the second prize to J. T. Foster

Third prize to H. T. Andrews,
For the best Wilhams, to B. G. Smith,
For the second best, to George Hill,
For the third best, to John Cummings, .
For the best of any other variety, to T. M. Davis, for
Summer Harvey, .....

Pears. — For the best Beurre GifFard, to John Fillebrown
For the second best, to Warren Fenno, .
For the third best, to William T. Hall, .
For the best of any other variety, to Marshall P
Wilder, for Supreme de Quimper,
For the second best, to C. N. Brackett, for Brandy-
wine, .........

For the third best, to Hovey & Co., for Brand^'wine,
Blackberries. — For the best, to James Nugent, for Dor-
chester, ........

Gratuities : —

To Charles Garfield, for Blackberries and Gooseberries,
J. Cruickshanks, for Moorpark Apricots, .
C. D. Kingman, for collection of Peaches,
Marshall P. Wilder, for collection of Pears,
Hovey & Co., for spike of fruit of Musa Cavendishii
(Dwarf Banana) , ......

August 18.

Plums. — For the best dish, to Warren Fenno, for Wash-
ington, ........

For the second best, to Stiles Frost, for Prince's
Yellow Gage,

62 00

1 00

2 00

3 00

00
00
00
00
2 00
1 00

3 00
3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00
1 00

3 GO

1

00

1

00

2

00

2

00

5 00

3 00
2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

93

Peaks. — For the best Clapp's Favorite, to F. & L. Clapp,
For the second best, to Horace Eaton,
For the third best, to Hovey & Co.,
For the fourth best, to T. M. Davis,
For the best of any other variety, to Warren Fenno, for
Brandy wine, .......

For the second best, to C. M. Atkinson, for Brandy-
wine, . . . . .

For the third best, to Marshall P. Wilder, for Ster-
ling,

For the fourth best, to Alexander Dickinson, for
Dearborn's Seedling, ......

Figs. — The second prize to Mrs. Benjamin Fobes, for
Brown Turkey, .......

Gratuities : —
To James Nugent, for Dorchester Blackberries,

A. S. M'Intosh, for Clapp's Favorite Pears,

B. G. Smith, for Williams Apples, .
J. L. D. Sullivan, for Peaches,
Edward Davenport, for Hale's Early Peaches,
J. T. Foster, for Lawn Peaches,
J. Cruickshanks, for Moorpark Apricots, .

August 25.

Peaks. — For the best Bartlett, to Alexander Dickinson,

For the second best, to W. P. Walker,

For the third best, to Horace Partridge,

For the fourth best, to John McClure,
For the best Boston, to Hovey & Co.,
For the best Rostiezer, to John McClure,

For the second best, to Horace Eaton,

For the third best, to J. T. Foster,
For the best Tyson, to A. S. M'Intosh,

For the second best, to Walker & Co.,

For the third best, to Hovey & Co.,
For the best Clapp's Favorite, to F. & L. Clapp,

For the second best, to A. S. M'Intosh,

For the third best, to Edward Davenport,

For the fourth best, to John McClure,

$4 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

4 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

00
00
00
00
00
00
00

4 00
3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00
3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00
1 00

00
00
00

1 00

94 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Plums. — For the best dish, to Stiles Frost, for Prince's

Yellow Gage, $3 00

For the second best, to Stiles Frost, for Lombard, . 2 00
Peaches. — For the best dish, to Alexander Dickinson, for

Hale's Early, 4 00

For the second best, to J. T. Foster, for Laura, . 3 00
Figs. — The second prize to Mrs. Benjamin Fobes, for

Brown Turkey, 1 00

Ghratuities : —

To Hovey & Co., for collection of Pears, . . . 2 00
Warren Heustis, for Bartlett Pears, . • . . 1 00
B. G. Smith, for Pears, 1 00

September 1.

Apples. — For the best, to G. M. Mellen, for Gravenstein, 4 00
For the second best, to Warren Fenno, for Graven-
stein, ........

Peaks. — For the best Bartlett, to George S. Harwood, .
For the second best, to C. N. Brackett, .
For the third best, to Hovey & Co.,
For the fourth best, to Alexander Dickinson, .
For the best of an}^ other variety, to Warren Fenno, for
Brandy wine, .......

For the second best, to B. G. Smith, for Duchesse de
Berri, ........

For the third best, to W. P. Walker, for Belle Lucra-
tive, .........

For the fourth best, to A. S. M'Intosh, for Tyson,
Native Grapes. — For the best six bunches of any variety,
to John B. Moore, for Moore's Early, .
For the second best, to J. W. Talbot, for Cottage, .
For the third best, to Marshall P. Wilder, for Cham-
pion, 2 00

Gratuities : —

To C. E. Grant, for Pears and Grapes, . . . . 2 00
W. T. HaU, for Pears and Apples, . . . . 2 00
I. A. Morton, for Clapp's Favorite Pears, . . 1 00

3

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

4

00

3

00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

95

To F. & L. Clapp, for Seedling Pear, No. 36, for its size
and beauty, ......

G. M. Mellen, for Apples, ....

J. L. D. Sullivan, for Seedling White Nectarine,
Miss A. C. Wheeler, for Seedling Peaches,
Stiles Frost, for collection of Plums,

12 00
1 00
1 00

1 00

2 00

September 8.

Apples. — For the best Gravenstein, to William T. Hall,
For the second best, to Walter Russell, .
For the third best, to G. M. Mellen,
For the best Porter, to W. P. Walker,
For the second best, to C. L. Weston,
For the third best, to G. M. Mellen,
For the best of any other variety, to Warren Fenno
for Maiden's Blush, .....

For the second best, to C. N. Brackett, for Pumpkin
Sweet, .......

Peabs. — For the best Andrews, to Horace Partridge,
For the second best, to Alexander Dickinson, .
For the third best, to C. E. Grant, .
For the best Belle Lucrative to Alexander Dickinson,
For the second best, to W. T. Andrews, .
For the third best, to Walker & Co.,
For the best Doyenne Boussock, to O. B. Hadwen,
For the second best, to E. W. Wood,
For the third best, to T. M. Davis,
For the best of any other variety, to Walker & Co., for
St. Michael Archangel, ....

For the second best, to Alexander Dickinson, for
Stevens' Genesee, .....

For the thuxl best, to W. P. Walker, for Doj-enne
Robin, .......

Native Grapes. — For the best of any variety, to John B
Moore, for Moore's Early, ....

For the second best,'to Charles H. Wall, for Concord
For tne third best, to C. E. Grant, for Delaware,
For the fourth best, to Charles Garfield, for Hartford
Prolific,

00
00
00
00
00
00

3 00

2

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

1 00

96

MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Peaches. — For the best, to J. T. Foster, for Foster,
For the second best, to Joshua Crane, for Foster
For the third best, to W. T. Andrews, for Crawford's

Early,

For the fourth best, to Samuel Hartwell, for Craw-
ford Early,

Gratuities : —

To Benjamin F. Hunt, for collection of Pears,
C. N. Brackett, " " " " .

G-. M. Mellen, for Flemish Beauty Pears, .
Warren Fenno, for Peaches and Pears,
Dr. C. H. Johnson, for " " "
Joseph L. Chase, for Smith's Orleans Plums,
CD. Kingman, for Foreign Grapes,

$4 00
3 00

2 00

1 00

ANNUAL EXHIBITION.
September 18, 19, 20, and 21.

Apples. — For the best Baldwin, to B. O. Smith, .

For the second best, to J. T. Foster,

For the third best, to Walter Russell,

For the fourth best, to C. N. Brackett, .
For the best Dutch Codlin, to William T. Hall, .

For the second best, to S. N. Gaut,
For the best Fall Orange, to 0. B. Hadwen,
For the best Gravenstein, to Walter Russell,

For the second best, to F. & L. Clapp, .

For the third best, to WilUam T. Hall, .

For the fourth best, to Warren Heustis, .
For the best Hubbardston Nonsuch, to Walter Russell

For the second best, to J. T. Foster,

For the third best, to Josiah Crosby,

For the fourth best, to C. N. Brackett, .
For the best Hunt Russet, to George Dorr,

For the second best, to C. L. Weston',
For the best King of Tompkins County, to Ilovey & Co.

For the second best, to C. N. Brackett, .

For the third best, to Warren Fenno,

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

97

For the best Lyscom, to O. B. Hadwen,

For the best Maiden's Bhish, to Warren Fenno, .

For the best Minister, to WiUiam T. Hall, .

For the best Northern Spy, to John W. Esterbrook,

For the second best, to Warren Fenno, .
For the best Porter, to G. M. Mellen,

For the second best, to Walter Russell, .

For the third best, to W. P. Walker,

For the fourth best, to J. T. Foster,
For the best Pumpkin Sweet, to Joseph Parker, .
For the best Rhode Island Greening, to J. L. DeWolf.

For the second best, to Warren Fenno, .
For the best Roxbury Russet, to John L. DeWolf,

For the second best, to S. N. Gaut,

For the third best, to Warren Heustis,

For the fourth best, to William A. Crafts,
For the best Washington Strawberry, to Warren Fenno
Pears. — For the best Adams, to Hovey & Co.,
For the best Andrews, to Horace Partridge,

For the second best, to S. G. Damon,

For the third best, to S. P. Langmaid,
For the best Bartlett, to S. P. Langmaid, .

For the second best, to William R. Austin,

For the third best, to William A. Crafts,

For the fourth best, to John McClure,
For the best Belle Lucrative, to Isaac Oliver,

For the second best, to S. P. Langmaid, .

For the third best, to Alexander Dickinson,

For the fourth best, to Augustus Parker,
For the best Beurre d'Anjou, to Wilham R. Austin,

For the second best, to Timothy Corey, .

For the third best, to S. P. Langmaid, .

For the fourth best, to W. S. Janvrin,
For the best Beurre Bosc, to Augustus Parker, .

For the second best, to William R. Austin,

For the third best, to Warren Fenno,

For the fourth best, to T. M. Davis,
For the best Beurre Clairgeau, to John L. DeWolf,

For the second best, to John Fillebrown,

For the third best, to Warren Fenno,
13

3 00

3 00

4 00

3 00

4 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

4 00

4 00

3 00

4 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

3 00

4 00

3 00

2 00

4 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

4 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

4 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

4 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

4 00

3 00

2 00

98

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

For the fourth best, to WiUiam R. Austin,
For the best Beurre Diel, to Alexander Dickhison,

For the second best, to W. S. Janvrin, .

For the tMrd best, to John L. DeWolf, .
For the best Beurre Gris d' Hiver Nouveau, to "Warren
Fenno, .......

For the second best, to Hovey & Co.,
For the best Beurre Hardy, to William E. Austin,

For the second best, to Edward Hyde,

For the third best, to A. S. M'lutosh,

For the fourth best, to Mrs. H. P. Kendrick, .
For the best Beurre Langelier, to C. E. Grant, .

For the second best, to W. P. Walker, .

For the third best, to John L. Bird,
For the best Beurre Superfin, to T. M. Davis, .

For the second best, to John C. Park,

For the third best, to Lewis Slack,

For the fourth best, to A. Dickinson,
For the best Buffum, to Marshall P. Wilder,

For the second best, to Horace Partridge,
For the best Caen du France, to Marshall P. Wilder,

For the second best, to C. E. Grant,

For the third best, to Amos Bates,
For the best Dana's Hove^^, to Alexander Dickinson,

For the second best, to Hovey & Co.,

For the third best, to J. W. Merrill,

For the foui'th best, to Eben Snow, ...

For the best De Tongres, to C. E. Grant, .

For the second best, to T. M. Davis,

For the third best, to John L. Bird,
For the best Doyenne Boussock, to Hovey & Co.,

For the second best, to Marshall P. Wilder,

For the third best, to John L. DeWolf, .
For the best Do3-enne du Cornice, to George S. Har
wood, .......

For the second best, to AVilliam A. Craft,

For the third best, to Warren Fenno,

For the fourth best, to W. P. Walker, .
For the best Duchesse d'Angouleme, to A. Dickinson,

For the second best, to J. F. Nickerson, . .

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

99

For the third best, to "W. S. JamTin,

For the fourth best, to Mrs. H. P. Kendrick,

For the best Flemish Beauty, to C. E. Grant,
For the second best, to E. H. Luke,
For the tliird best, to J. F. Nickerson,

For the best Fulton, to J. C. Park,

For the second best, to C. N. Brackett, .
For the third best, to J. T. Foster,

For the best Glout Morceau, to J. F. Nickerson,
For the second best, to Mrs. H. P. Kendrick,
For the third best, to J. Dana Hovey,

For the best Goodale, to C. E. Grant,
For the second best, to Warren Fenno, ,
For the third best, to Marshall P. Wilder,

For the best Howell, to W. S. Janvrin,
For the second best, to Jesse Haley,
For the third best, to J. C. Park, .
For the fourth best, to David W. Stowers,

For the best Lawrence, to S. P. Langmaid,
For the second best, to Warren Fenno, .
For the third best, to Eben Snow, .

For the best Louise Bonne of Jerse}^, to Timothy
For the second best, to S. P. Langmaid,
For the third best, to Alexander Dickinson,
For the fourth best, to John McClure,

For the best Marie Louise, to Hovey & Co.,
For the second best, to Alexander Dickinson,
For the third best, to John L. De Wolf,
For the fourth best, to Walker & Co.,

For the best Merriam, to Josiah Crosby,
For the second best, to Timoth}" Corey, .
For the third best, to S. G. Damon,
For the fourth best, to A. S. M'Intosh, .

For the best Moore's Pound, to A. Diclrinson,
For the second best, to Hovey & Co.,

For the best Mount Vernon, to Walker & Co.,
For the second best, to A. McDermott, .

For the best Onondaga or Swan's Orange,
McDermott, .....
For the second best, to J. F. Nickerson,

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

)

8 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

4 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

T Core

7, 4 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

4 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

4 00

3 GO

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

3 00

2 00

to A

4 00

3 00

100

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

For the third best, to Warren Fenno,

For the fourth best, to John McClure,
For the best Paradis d' Automne, to Hovey & Co.,

For the second best, to Marshall P. Wilder, .

For the third best, to John L. Bird,
For the best Pratt, to Hovey & Co., .

For the second best to Marshall P. Wilder,
For the best Seckel, to Mrs. H. P. Kendrick,

For the second best, to George S. Harwood, .

For the third best, to Mrs. E. M. Gill, .

For the fourth best, to John Fillebrown, .
For the best Sheldon, to George S. Harwood,

For the second best, to C. N. Brackett, .

For the third best, to Horace Eaton,

For the fourth best, to W. S. Janvrin,
For the best Souvenir du Congr^s, to Warren Fenno,

For the second best, to Marshall P. Wilder, .
For the best St. Michael Archangel, to Jesse Haley,

For the second best, to Hovey & Co.,

For the third best, to T. M. Davis,

For the fourth best, to A. Dickinson,
For the best Urbaniste, to Timothy Corey,

For the second best, to Hovey & Co.,

For the third best, to William A. Crafts,

For the fourth best, to Walker & Co.,
For the best Vicar of Winkfield, to W. S. Janvrin,

For the second best, to John McClure, .

For the third best, to Horace Eaton,
For the best Winter Nelis, to S. G. Damon,

For the second best, to W. P. Walker, .

For the third best, to John L. Bird,
Peaches. — For the best dish, to J. T. Foster, for Foster,

For the second best, to Horace Eaton, for Oldmixon,

For the third best, to J. F. Nickerson, for Foster, .
For the best dish, of orchard house culture, to John Fal-
coner, for Stump the Woi'ld, . . . .

For the second best to John Falconer, for River's
Prince of Wales,

For the third best, to John Falconer, for Richmond,

For the fourth best, to John Falconer, for Ray-
macker's, ........

$2 00
1 00

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

4 00

3 00

2 00

5 00

4 00

3 00

2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

101

Nectarines. — For tlie best dish, to John Falconer, for
Albert Victor, ......

For the second best, to John Falconer, for Reine
Victoria, .......

Plums. — For the best dish, to Stiles Frost, for Reine
Claude de Bavay, .....

For the second best, to Stiles Frost, for Schuyler's

Gage,

Native Grapes. — For the best Adirondac, to S. G. Damon
For the best Concord, to N. Blanchard,
For the second best, to Joseph S. Chase,
For the third best, to M. Muldoon,
For the best Delaware, to E. Myrick,

For the second best, to Thomas S. Lockwood,
For the third best, to Warren Fenno,
For the best Hartford, to J. W. Talbot,
For the second best, to S. G. Damon,
For the third best, to John B. Moore,
For the best Israella, to S. G. Damon,
For the best of any other early variety, to J. B. Moore
for Moore's Early, .....

For the second best, to Benjamin G. Smith, for
Creveling, .......

For the third best, to E. Myrick, for Eumelan,
Foreign Grapes. — For the best six varieties, to Benjamin
G. Smith, for Golden Hamburg, Wilmot's Ham
burg. Black Hamburg, Muscat Hamburg, Lady
Downe's Seedhng, and Red Chasselas,
For the second best, to H. S. Mansfield, for Golden
Hamburg, Black Hamburg, Muscat of Alexandria,
Roj'al Muscadine, Black Prince, and Red Chasselas,
For the best four varieties, to Henry C. Cook, for Vic-
toria Hamburg, Black Hamburg, Rose Chasselas,
and Chasselas de Fontainbleau, . . . .

For the best three varieties, to E. W. "Wood, for Vic-
toria Hamburg, Black Hamburg, and Golden Ham-
burg,

For the second best, to Augustus Parker, for Muscat
of Alexandria, Muscat Hamburg, and Black Ham-
burg,

U 00
3 00
3 00

2

00

3

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

3 00

2 00
1 00

12 00

10 00

00

6 00

5 00

102

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

For the third best, to E. H. Luke, for Muscat Ham-
burg, Black Hamburg, and Buckland Sweetwater, $4 00
For the best two varieties, to Stiles Frost, for Black

Hamburg and Wilmot's Hamburg, . . . 5 00

For the second best, to C. E. Grant, for Black Ham-
burg and White Chasselas, 4 00

For the third best, to B. G. Smith, for Victoria Ham-
burg and Red Chasselas, . . . . . 3 00
For the best two bunches of any Wliite Grape, to H.

S. Mansfield, for White Frontignan, . . . 5 00

For the second best, to Daniel Curtin, for White

Chasselas, ........ 4 00

Gratuities for Pears : —

To M. W. Chadbourne, for collection, . . . . 3 00

Benj. F. Hunt, " " .... 3 00

F. J. Baxter, " " .... 2 00

John Cummings, " " . . . . 2 00

William C. Child, " " . . . . 2 00

C. E. Grant, " " .... 2 00

Frank M. Gilley, " " . . . . 2 00

C. N. Brackett, " " .... 2 00
J. B. Moore, " " .... 2 00
Horace Partridge, " " . . . . 2 00
James Cruickshanks, " " . . . . 2 00
S. N. Gaut, " " .... 1 00
Josiah Crosby, " " .... 1 00
S. A. Merrill, " " . . . . 1 00
Mrs. F. Nichols, " " . . . . 1 00
Parker Barnes, " " . . . . 1 00
Mrs. H. P. Kendrick, for Kingsessing Pears, . . 1 00
Miss H. M. Young, for Dana's America Pears, . 1 00
Walker & Co., for Walker Pears, . . . . 100

D. W. Lothrop, for Seedling Pear, . . . . 1 00

Gratuiiies for Peaches: —

To William C. Child, 2 00

Joseph S. Chase, . . . . . . . 1 00

Philander Ames, . . . . . . . 1 00

Amos Nickcrsou, ....... 1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

103

To Warren Fenuo, ......

J. Dana Hovey, ......

Gratuities for Grapes^ etc. : —
To B. G. Smith, for Foreign Grapes

John B. Moore, for collection of Native Grapes,

M. H. Merriam, for Diana,

Eben Snow, for lona,

N. B. White, for Native Grapes,

G. F. Waters, for Fall Harvey Apples,

Miss Sarah W. Story, for Fruit Design,

September 29.
Gratuities : —
To Lewis Slack, for collection of Pears,
George H. Rogers, for Seckel Pears,
John C. Newton, for St. Michael Pears,
Asa BuUard, for Duchesse Pears,
C. E. Grant, for Pears and Grapes, .
G. M. Mellen, for Porter Apples,

October 6.

Pears. — For the best Beurre Bosc, to T. M. Davis,

For the second best, to Warren Fenno, .

For the third best, to S. N. Gaut, .
For the best Beurre Clairgeau, to Jesse Haley, .

For the second best, to John Fillebrown,

For the third best, to S. G. Damon,
For the best Beurre Diel, to T. M. Davis, .

For the second best, to E. L. Draper,

For the third best, to R. W. Ames,
For the best Doyenne du Cornice, to Warren Fenno,

For the second best, to Hovey & Co.,

For the third best, to J. C. Park, .
For the best Duchesse, to A. Dickinson,

For the second best, to J. V. Wellington,

For the third best, to T. M. Davis,
For the best Louise Bonne of Jersey, to John McClure

For the second best, to A. Dickinson,

For the third best, to T. M. Davis,

SI 00
1 00

00
00
00
00
00
00
00

2 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

4

00

3

00

2

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

h 4

00

3

00

2

00

104

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

For the best Urbaniste, to John L. Bird,

For the second best, to Jesse Haley,

For the third best, to Hovey & Co.,
Apples. — For the best Fall Orange, to Charles Stearns,
For the best Gravenstein, to F. & L. Clapp,

For the second best, to Charles Stearns,
For the best Porter, to G. M. Mellen,

For the second best, to S. N. Gaut,
For the best Washington Strawberry, to Warren Fenno,
Native Grapes. — For the best Agawam, to C. E. Grant,

For the second best, to C. F. Holt,
For the best Catawba, to C. E. Grant,
For the best Concord, to N. Blanchard,

For the second best, to Cephas H. Brackett,
For the best Creveling, to B. G. Smith,

For the second best, to S. G. Damon,
For the best Diana, to Augustus Torrey, .

For the second best, to J. F. Heustis,
For the best lona, to Eben Snow,

For the second best, to S. G. Damon,
For the best Isabella, to J. V. Wellington,

For the second best, to W. T. Andrews,
For the best Wilder, to S. G. Damon,

For the second best, to Mrs. E. M. Gill,
For the best Massasoit, to S. G. Damon, .
Foreign Grapes : — For the best three varieties, to E. W
Wood,

For the second best, to B. G. Smith,
For the best two bunches, to B. G. Smith,

For the second best, to E. W. Wood,
Quinces : — For the best, to Charles Bird,

For the second best, to W. S. Janvrin,

For the third best, to Mrs. S. Joyce,

Gratuities : —

To A. S. M'Intosh, for Pears,
Warren Fenno, " "
R. Manning, " "
Mrs. E. M. Gill, "
S. A. Hall, "

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS

105

To Asa Billiard, for Pears, ....
JohnL. Bird, " " .
John McClure, " " .
James Cruickshanks, for collection of Pears,
C. E. Grant, " " " "

J. C. Park, " " " "

Miss Sarah Story, " " " "

T. M. Davis, " " " "

Mrs. H. V. Draper, for Pears and Grapes,
S. N. Gaut, for Apples and Pears, .
William C. Child, for Apples, .
J. B. Moore, for Peaches,
CD. Chamberlain, for Seedling Peaches,
Charles Leeds, for Seedling Peach, .
B. G. Smith, for Foreign Grapes,
A. F. Rice, for Worden Grapes,

1 00

1 00

2 00

2 00

2 00

1 00

1 00

2 00

2 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

October 13.

Gratuities : —
To George E. Freeman, for Sheldon Pears,
"William E. Coffin, for Glout Morceau Pears,
William G. Prescott, for Seedling Pear, .
Joseph Gardner, for Beurre Diel Pears,
James Marble, for Gloria Mundi Apples, .

2

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

October 20.
Gratuities : —
To C. E. Grant, for collection, . . . .
F. & L. Clapp, for collection of Seedling Pears,
I. G. Dearborn, for Peaches, . . . .

2 00
5 00
1 00

October 27.
Gratuities : —

To William G. Prescott, for Urbaniste Pears,
G. M. Mellen, for Beurre Bosc Pears,
H. M. Young, for collection.

1 00
1 00
1 00

November 3.

Gratuity : —

To M. Morse, for Do3'enne du Cornice Pears,
14

1 00

106

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

November 10.

Peaks. — For the best Beurre d'Anjou, to Alexander
Dickinson, ......

For the second best, to John McCkire, .
For the best Caen du France, to Marshall P. Wilder,

For the second best, to Hovey & Co.,
For the best Dana's Hovey, to A. S. M'Intosh, .

For the second best, to Jesse Hale}',
For the best Lawrence, to J. V. Wellington,

For the second best, to W. S. Janvrin, .
For the best Mount Vernon, to Walker & Co., .

For the second best, to A. McDermott, .
For the best Winter Nelis, to F. C. Clouston,

For the second best, to T. M. Davis,

2

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

French Premiums.

Apples. — For the best Baldwin, to J. T. Foster,
For the second best, to Mrs. E. M. Gill,

For the best Hubbardston Nonsuch, to Josiah Crosby,
For the second best, to J. T. Foster,

For the best Roxbury Russet, to J. T. Foster,
For the second best, to S. N. Gaut,

Gratuities : —
To Miss A. C. Wheeler, for collection of Grapes,
C. E. Grant, for Catawba Grapes,
Horace Partridge, for Grapes, .
Warren Fenno, for collection of Pears,
A. S. M'Intosh, " " " "

A. Dickinson, " " " "

Edwin A. Hall, for Pears,

Mrs. Edward E. Menton, for Glout Morceau Pears,
Marshall P. Wilder, for Emile d'Heyst Pears, .
M. Morse, for Doyenne du Cornice Pears,
John L. Bird, for Easter Beurre Pears,

3 00

2 00

, 3 00

2 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

November 24.
Chraluity : —

To Hovey &, Co. , for collection of Pears,

2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

107

December 1.
Gratuities : —
To C. E. Grant, for collection of Pears,

Alexander Greenlaw, for Winter Nelis Pears,

$2 00
2 00

December 15.

Gratuities : —

To A. S. M'lntosh, for Glout Morceau Pears,

1 00

Mrs. H. V. Draper, for Columbia Pears, .

1 00

F. & L. Clapp, for Seedling Pears, No. 17,

1 00

The amount awarded to each contributor is as follows :

Allen, Miss M. C. .

$4

Crafts, William A. .

18

Ames, Philander

1

Crane, Joshua

3

Andrews, W. T. .

7

Crosby, Josiah

13

Atlrinson, C. M.

15

Cruickshanks, James

6

Austin, "William R. .

15

Cummings, John

3

Barnes, Parker

1

Curtin, Daniel

4

Bates, Amos .

1

Damon, S. G.

28

Baxter, J. F. .

2

Davenport, Edward .

3

Bird, Charles .

3

Davis, B. B. .

3

Bird, John L. .

13

Davis, T. M. .

38

Blanchard, Nathan .

7

Dearborn, I. G.

1

Bowers, H. C.

2

DeWolf, John L. .

16

Brackett, Cephas H.

10

Dickinson, Alexander

52

Brackett, Charles N.

24

Dorr, George .

8

Bullard, Asa .

2

Draper, E. L.

3

Capen, Aaron D.

4

Draper, H. V.

1

Chadbourne, M. H.

3

Eaton, Horace

19

Chamberlain, CD.

1

Esterbrook, John W.

4

Chase, Joseph S.

5

Falconer, John

23

Child, WiUiam C. .

11

Fenno, J. H. .

17

Clapp, F. & L.

28

Fenno, Warren

97

Clement, Asa .

8

Fillebrown, John

10

Clouston, F. C.

3

Fletcher, Edwin

2

Coffin, Wilham E. .

1

Fobes, Mrs. Benjamin

3

Comley, James

9

Foster, J. T. .

31

Cook, Henry .

8

Freeman, George E.

2

Corey, Timothy

14

Frost, Stiles .

19

Garfield, Charles

$25

Menton, Mrs. Edward E.

Gaut, S. N. .

14

Merriam, M. H. .

Gill, Mrs. E. M. .

12

MerriU, J. W.

Gilley, Frank M. .
Grant, C. E. .

2

67

M'Intosh, A. S.
Mitchell, Edward M.

Greenlaw, Alexander

2

Moore, J. B. .

Hadwen, 0. B.

15

Morse, M.

Haley, Jesse .
Hall, E. A. .

16
1

Morton, I. A.
Muldoon, M. .

Hall, S. A. .
Hall, W. T. .

1

23

Myrick, E. .
Newton, John C. .

Hartwell, Samuel

8

Nichols, Mrs. F.

Harwood, George S.

17

Nickerson, Amos

Heustis, J. F.

2

Nickerson, J. F.

Heustis, Warren

6

Nugent, James

Hill, George .

14

Oliver, Isaac .

Holt, C. F. .

2

Park, John C.

Horner, Mrs. C. N. S.

2

Parker, Augustus .

Hovey & Co. .
Hovey, J. Dana
Hunt, B. F. .

62
2
5

Parker, Joseph
Partridge, Horace .
Prescott, William G.

Hyde, Edward
Janvrin, W. S.

3
17

Rice, A. F. .
Richardson, E. P. .

Johnson, Dr. C. H.
Joj'Ce, Mrs. S.
Kendrick, Mrs. H. P.

1
1
9

Rogers, George H. .
Russell, Walter
Shattuck, F. R.

Kingman, CD.
Langmaid, S. P.

9
. 17

Slack, Lewis .
Smith, B. G. .

Langworthy, I. P. .
Leeds, Charles

4
1

Smith, Peter .
Snow, Eben .

Lockwood, T. S.

6

Stearns, Charles

Lothrop, D. W.
Luke, E. H. .

1
6

Stowers, D. W.
Sullivan, J. L. D. .

Manning, Robert

6

Talbot, J. W.

Mansfield, H. S. .
Marble, James

. 15
1

Torrey, Augustus .
Walker & Co.

McClure, John

. 17

Walker, Wm. P. .

McDermott, A.

8

Wall, Charles H. .

Mellen, G. M.

. 19

Ware, Benjamin P.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

109

Waters, George F. .

$1 Wilder

, Marshall P.

. $33

Wellington, J. V. .

9 Wood,

E. W. .

. 15

Weston, C. L.

5 Wood,

W. K. .

3

Wheeler, Miss A. C.

5 Young,

H. M.

2

White, N. B. .

1

Amount of appropriation, .

. .

, , ,

$1,900

Prizes awarded, .

.

$1,228

Prospective Prize, to John B

Moore, .

60

Gratuities awarded, .

•

336

1,624

Balance not awarded,

$276

REPORT

OF THE

Cominittee on Vegetables,

FOR THE YEAR 1877.

By C. N. BRACKETT, Chairman.

The Committee on Vegetables for the year 1877 report as
follows :

The past season has been remarkably favorable for the produc-
tion of fine vegetables. The various crops have been abundant,
and the quality excellent.

"With such a season and such crops we naturally look for corres-
ponding results at our exhibitions, not only in the increased quantity
and variety of the various specimens offered for competition, but
also in their quality and improvement generally. In other words,
a favorable season means a good exhibition season. So far as this
department is concerned this expectation has been realized, and
our shows of vegetables have been among the best ever made.
From the commencement of the year to the opening exhibition, on
the 7th of April, there were occasionally some very fine specimens
of forced vegetables placed on exhibition in the Library Room, as
has been the case in former years. These contributions, although
limited in quantity in comparison with those of some previous
years, nevertheless comprised the choicest specimens of the
season, and furnished ample proof of care and skill in cultivation.

During the months of January, February, and March, we were
indebted to the following contributors, to whom gratuities were
awarded for the objects named : to Josiah Crosby, for Celery, Let-
tuce, Dandelions, Radishes, and Cucumbers ; to Hovey & Co., for
Mushrooms ; to C. M. Atkinson, for Brussclls Sprouts, Swiss

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES. Ill

Chard, and Cauliflowers ; to Cephas H. Brackett, for very fine
specimens of Cucumbers, Mushrooms, and Rhubarb ; to James
Comley, for several varieties of Tomatoes, the first shown March 3,
and continued at intervals up to June 20 ; to Walter Russell, for
Lettuce, Cucumbers, and Radishes ; to W. D. Philbrick, George
Hill, George F. Stone, and George W. Pierce, for well grown speci-
mens of Tennisball Lettuce.

The weekl}' shows, commencing April 7, have all been fine, many
of them unusuall}^ so. Those of June 2d and 27th may be men-
tioned as among the best of the season. June 9, Mr. Levi Emery
exhibited specimens of Victoria Rhubarb, a single stalk of which
weighed 2 lbs. 11 J ozs. James Comley also had on exhibition, at
this date, three varieties of Tomatoes, and George Dorr very fine
samples of Princess Head Lettuce.

The show of Peas, during their season, was considered much
superior to what we have usually seen in former years. The same
remark wiU apply to Lima Beans, which have never before been
shown in such perfection as during the past season. The first prize
for this favorite bean, both at the weekly and annual shows, has
invariably been taken by Benjamin G. Smith. In every case,
however, competition has been spirited, and the prizes have been
very closel}' contested. At the Annual Exhibition the number of
competitors for this prize was twelve.

July 14, Joseph Tail by exliibited a new Pea, grown by him from
seed received from Carter & Co., of London, under the name of
Commander-in-Chief. It is an attractive variety, the pods being
large and well filled, and is said to be very productive and of
superior quality. It is considered promising, and is recommended
for trial.

Notwithstanding the ravages of the Potato Beetle the past season ,
the potato crop has generally been abundant, of excellent quality,
and far superior in all respects to the average of the past few
years. At the Annual Exhibition the show of this esculent was
thought to be one of the best ever made in the Hall. There were
on exhibition at this time fifty-nine dishes, consisting mainly of the
following varieties : Early Rose, Extra Early Vermont, Snow Flake,
Brownell's Beauty, Jackson, Early Ohio, Bresee's Prolific, and
Eureka. The largest contributors were Mrs. M. T. Goddard and
John Cummings, the former taking the first prize for the best four
varieties, and the latter all but one of the first prizes for the best

112 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

single dishes. The prize for the best collection of new seedlings
was not awarded.

Tke first exhibition of Tomatoes of open culture was made on the
21st of July by Walter Russell, and the last on the 10th of Novem-
ber by C. E. Grant ; the display in the interval between those
dates having been varied in kind, profuse in quantity, and excellent
quality. At the Annual Exhibition this favorite vegetable was
largely represented, there being no less than seventy-three dishes
of the finest specimens ever seen on our table at this season. Our
space will not allow us to speak of all the varieties that were
shown, or to give the names of the contributors ; most of the varieties
of recent introduction have akeady been spoken of in previous
reports. The varieties most extensively cultivated are Boston
Market, Gen. Grant, and Emery, and these have invariably taken
the first prizes at all the exhibitions during the season.

Cauliflowers were not as fine as last year ; the best were shown
by John B. Moore and John Cummings.

At the Annual Exhibition the Squash family was well represented,
aud the show was pronounced the best ever made of this important
vegetable. Seth W. Hathaway was awarded the first prizes for
Marrow, Hubbard, Turban, and Marblehead.

The displays of Melons, Egg Plant, etc., were all remarkably full
and fine. Of the diflerent varieties of the Onion there were, on
exhibition, fort3^-two dishes, each dish containing one peck. The
first prize for the best three varieties was awarded to J. B. Moore.

At this exhibition J. J'. H. Gregory showed a fine collection of
Watermelons, his specimens of Haskell's Excelsior and Vick's
Early taking the first and third prizes ; the Mountain Sweet,
exhibited by Mrs. M. T. Goddard taking the second. Good speci-
mens of Phinney's Early were also shown by the same contributors.
The Greenflesh varieties, shown by Walter Russell, J. B. Moore,
and others, were also very good, considering the lateness of the
season.

No special comments on the exhibition of the various root crops,
— Beets, Parsnips, Carrots, etc., — are deemed necessar}' ; the
displays have been as abundant in quantity and as satisfactory in
quality as usual.

We would again caution competitors for the Society's prizes,
against deviating from the conditions specified in the Schedule.
All varieties should be correctly named, and should contain the

KEPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES. 113

required number of specimens named in the Schedule, — no more and
no less. Any deviation from these or other established rules dis-
qualifies the contribution, and it becomes the duty of the Committee
to reject such collections, no matter how meritorious they may
otherwise be. As this disagreeable duty was several tunes imposed
on your Committee during the past season, they desire to bring this
subject particularly to the notice of contributors, that the mistake
may not be repeated in future.

The attention of contributors is called to important changes and
alterations in the Schedule of Prizes for the coming year. It will
be seen, on referring to the Schedule, that the appropriation for
prizes and gratuities for vegetables has again been reduced, the
amount for the coming year being fixed at $750, a reduction of
twenty-five per cent, from the present year.

In order to keep within the appropriation, the Committee, in
making up the Schedule for 1878, have not only found it necessary
to cut down most of the prizes from what they were the present
year, but have also been obliged to drop the November exhibition
entirely. This is of course to be regretted, but as the interests of
the Society appear to demand it, and as it is believed to be but
temporary, it is earnestly hoped that contributors will not allow
their interest in our exhibitions to flag on this account, but will
cheerfully acquiesce in a measure necessary to what e\evy member
should have at heart — the best interests of the Society.

We close our report with the following list of prizes and gratuities
awarded by your Committee the past season.

All of which is respectfully submitted.

C. N. Brackett,
Walter Russell,
George W. Pierce,

J. FlLLEBROVTN, )■

JosiAH Crosby,
Anthony Hatch,
Samuel Hartwell,
15

Vegetable
Committee.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

January 6.
Gratuity : —
To Josiah Crosby, for Celery, $1 00

January 20.
Gratuity : —

To Hovey & Co., forMuslirooms, 1 00

January 27.
Gratuity : —

To W. D. Philbrick, for Lettuce, 2 00

February 3.

Gratuities : —

To C. M. Atkinson, for Bnissells Sprouts, . . . 2 00
W. D. Philbrick, for Lettuce, 1 00

February 10.
Gratuity : —

To C. M. Atkinson, for collection, . . . . 3 00

February 17.

Gratuity : —

To Josiah Crosby, for Lettuce, 2 00

February 24.
Gratuities : —

To George W. Pierce, for Lettuce, . . . . 2 00

Josiah Crosby, " " . . . . 1 00

March 3.
Gratuities : —

To Josiah Crosby, for collection, . . . . t 2 00
George W. Pierce, for Lettuce, . . . . 1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES. 115

To Cephas H. Brackett, for Mushrooms and Cucumbers, $4 00

James Comle}^ for Tomatoes, . . . . . 1 00

Walter Russell, for two varieties of Radishes, . . 2 00

Makch 10.
Gratuities : —

To C. H. Brackett, for Cucumbers, Mushrooms, and

Rhubarb, 3 00

Walter Russell, for Radishes, 1 00

March 24.
Gratuities : —

To Josiah Crosby, for Lettuce and Radishes, . . 2 00

Walter Russell, " " " " . . . 2 00

George Hill, for Lettuce, . . . . . . 1 00

James Comley, for One Hundred Days Tomato (new) , . 2 00

C. M. Atkinson, for Spinach and Rhubarb, . . 2 00

AZALEA EXHIBITION.

April 7.

Cucumbers. — For the best pair, to James Bard, . . 4 00

For the second best, to G. H. Brackett, . . . 3 00
Lettuce. — For the best four heads of Tennisball, to

G. F. Stone, 4 00

For the second best, to C. Garfield, . . . 3 00

For the third best, to W. T. Andrews, . . . 2 00
Radishes. — For the best four bunches of Long Scarlet,

to George Hill, 3 00

Parsley. — For the best dish of two quarts, to George Hill, 3 00

Gratuities : —
To James Comley, for three varieties of Tomatoes : Gen.

Grant, Boston Market, and One Hundi-ed Days, 2 00
C. H. Brackett, for Mushrooms, . . . . 1 00
C. M. Atkinson, for Brussels Sprouts, . . . i 00

April 14.
Gratuity : —

To C. H. Brackett, for Cucumbers, . . . . 1 00

116

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

April 28.
Gratuities : —

To "Walter Russell, for collection, .
C. H. Brackett, for Cucumbers,

May 5.

Gratuities : —
To James Comley, for Tomatoes and Rhubarb,
Walter Russell for Radishes and Dandelions,

Mat 12.

Gratuities : —
To J. H. BeU, for Tennisball Lettuce (fine), .
James Comley, for Tomatoes, .

May 19.

Gratuities : —
To John B. Moore, for Asparagus (fine),

Samuel Hartwell, for Asparagus and Rhubarb,
Alexander Anderson, for Rhubarb, .
George Dorr, for Rhubarb,
James Comley, for Tomatoes, .

May 26.

Gratuities : —
To James Comley, for three varieties of Tomatoes,
Alexander Anderson, for Victoria Rhubarb,

$2 00
1 00

3 00
2 00

00
00

2 00
2 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

2 00
1 00

June 2.

Asparagus. — For the best four bunches, to J. B. Moore,

For the second best, to Samuel Hartwell,

For the third best, to L. W. Weston,
Cucumbers. — For the best pair, to Josiah Crosby, .

For the second best, to George Hill,

For the third best, to C. H. Brackett,
Rhubarb. — For the best twelve stalks, to Alexander
Dickinson (17 J lbs.),

For the second best, to Samuel Hartwell (15 lbs.).

For the third best, to L. W. Weston,

, 4

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

r

3

00

2

00

1

00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

117

Radishes. — For the best Long Scarlet, to Josiah Crosby, $3 00

For the second best, to "Walter Russell, . . . 2 00

For the best Turnip Rooted, to "Walter Russell, . . 3 00

Lettuce. — For the best four heads, to George HiU, . 3 00

For the second best, to Josiah Crosby, . . . 2 00

For the third best, to C. M. Atkinson, . . . 1 00

For the best four heads of Boston Cui'led, to George

Hill, . . . 3 00

For the second best, to Josiah Crosby, . . . 2 00
Cakrots. — For the best twelve Short Scarlet, to Josiah

Crosby, . . , 4 00

Gratuities : —

To William G. Prescott, for Rhubarb, . . . . 1 00

James Comley, for two varieties of Tomatoes, . . 1 00

"Walter Russell, for French Breakfast Radishes, . . 1 00

June 9.
Gratuities : —

To George Dorr, for Princess Head Lettuce, . . . 1 00

C. M. Atkinson, for Lettuce, . . . . . 1 00
Levi Emery, for "Victoria Rhubarb, (weight of largest

stalk, 2 lbs. 11^ ounces), . . . . . 1 00

James Comley, for three varieties of Tomatoes, . 1 00

C. N. Brackett, for Dunnett's Triple Curled Parsley, . 1 00

A. S. MTntosh, for Artichokes, . . . . 1 00

June 16.
Gratuities : —

To John B. Moore, for Alpha Peas, . . . . 1 00

C. E. Grant, for Philadelphia Extra Early Peas, . 1 00

M. "W. Chadbourne, for Alpha and Caractacus Peas, . 2 00

June 20.

Gratuities : —
To Josiah Crosby, for collection of "Vegetables,
Cephas H. Brackett, for Cucumbers,
L. "W. Weston, for Peas, .....
C. E. Grant, for Caractacus Peas, .
M. W. Chadbourne, for Little Gem and other Peas,

3

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

2

00

118 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

To Samuel Hartwell, for Asparagus and Peas, . . $2 00
CD. Kingman, for Alpha Potatoes, . . . 2 00
James Comley, for Tomatoes, 1 00

June 23.

Gratuities : —

To M. W. Chadbourne, for Advancer Peas, . . . 1 00
George Dorr, for very fine Lettuce, . . . . 1 00

STRAWBERRY SHOW.

June 27.

Peas. — For the best peck, to J. H. Bell, for Advancer, . $4 00
For the second best, to M. W. Chadbourne, for

Advancer, 3 00

For the third best, to Samuel Hartwell, for Marrowfat, 2 00
Beets. — For the best Turnip Rooted, to Walter Russell,

for Dewing's, . . . . . . . 3 00

For the second best, to Josiah Crosby, for Dewing's, 3 00
For the best Egyptian, to Josiah Crosby, . . . 4 00
Cucumbers. — For the best pair, to Josiah Crosby, for

White Spine, , . 4 00

For the second best, to Walter RusseU, for White

Spine, 3 00

For the third best, to George Hill, for White Spine, 2 00
Lettuce. — For the best of any variety, to George Dorr,

for Royal Cape, 4 00

For the second best, to Josiah Crosby, forTennisball, 3 00
For the third best, to J. H. Bell, for Black Seeded

Tennisball, 2 00

Carrots. — For the best twelve Short Scarlet, to Josiah

Crosby,

For the best Intermediate, to Josiah Crosby,
For the second best, to Walter Russell, .
Onions. — For the best twelve, to Josiah Crosb}^, .

Gratuities : —
To C. E. Grant, for collection of Peas, ....
J. H. Bell, for Long Warted Squashes,
Walter Russell, for Parsley,

4

00

3

00

2

00

4

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES. 119

July 7.

Cranberry Beans. — For the best peck, to Josiah Crosby, $4 00
For the second best, to Walter RussfeU, . . . 3 00
For the third best, to Walter Russell, . . . 2 00
Squashes. — For the best four Summer, to George Hill, . 3 00
For the second best, to Walter Russell, . . . 2 00
Peas. — For the best peck, to C. M. Atkinson, for Cham-
pion, ......... 4 00

For the second best, to S. Hartwell, for Marrowfat, 3 00
For the third best, to L. W. Weston, " " 2 00

Onions. — For the best twelve, to Josiah Crosby, for White

Portugal, 3 00

For the second best, to George Hill, for White
Portugal, ........

For the third best, to C. M. Atkinson, for Potato, .

Potatoes. — For the best peck, to M. W. Chadbourne, for

Early Rose, .......

For the second best, to C. D. Kingman, for Alpha, .

Cabbages. — For the best four, to Josiah Crosby, for

Wyman, ........

For the second best, to Walter Russell, for Wyman,
For the third best, to Josiah Crosby, for Wakefield,

Gratuities : —

To C. D. Kingman for Wax Beans, ....
Walter Russell, for Beets, .....

" " for collection of Beans, .

J. H. Bell, for collection, ......

July 14.

Potatoes. — For the best peck, to John B. Moore, for

Early Rose, 4 00

For the second best, to J. H. Bell, for Early Rose, . 3 00

For the third best, to Warren Heustis, . . . 2 00

Gratuities : —

To Joseph Tailby, for Commander-in-Chief Peas, . . 2 00
L. W. Weston, for Laxton's Late Peas, . . . 1 00

2

00

1

00

4

00

3

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

2

00

2

00

120 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

To M. W. Chadboui-ne, for collection, . . . . $1 00

Charles Garfield, " " . . . . 1 00

Josiah Crosby, " " .... 1 00

J. H. Bell, for Parsley, 1 00

July 21.

Sweet Corn. — For the best twelve ears, to W. C. Child, 4 00

For the second best, to C. E. Grant, for Crosby, . 3 00

For the third best, to C. E. Grant, for Tom Thumb, 2 00

Squashes. — For the best four Marrow, to Josiah Crosbj'^, 4 00

Cabbages. — For the best Drumhead, to George Hill, . 4 00

For the second best, to Walter Russell, . . . 3 00

Beans. — For the best peck of Dwarf Horticultural, to

Walter Russell, 3 00

ToaiATOEs. — For the best twelve, to Walter Russell, for

Boston Market, 3 00

Gratuity : —

To E. W. Wood, for Tom Thumb Corn, . . . 1 GO

July 28.

Tomatoes. — ^For the best twelve, to C. N. Brackett, for

Emery, 4 00

For the second best, to George Hill, for Emery, . 3 00

For the third best, to C. N. Brackett, for Gen. Grant, 2 00

For the fom-th best, to Walter Russell, " " " 1 00
Sweet Corn. — For the best twelve ears, to Josiah Crosby,

for Crosby, 4 00

For the second best, to Walter Russell, for Crosby, 3 00

For the third best, to C. N. Brackett, " " 2 00

Egg Plant. — For the best Black Pekin, to James Bard, . 4 00

Third prize, to Josiah Crosby, . . . . 2 GO

Gratuities : —
To J. H. Bell, for Early Rose Potatoes,

Mrs. E. M. Gill, for collection of Beans, .
John Cummings, for Boston Market Tomatoes,
CD. Kingman, for Tomatoes,
Walter Russell, for Cabbages, ....
M. W. Chadbourne, for collection, .

1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

121

August 4.

Squashes. — For the best four Marrow, to Josiah Crosby, $4 00

For the second best, to George Hill, . . . 3 00

Sweet Corn. — For the best twelve ears, to Walter Russell, 4 00

For the second best, to J. H. Bell, . . . . 3 00

For the third best, to Samuel Hartwell, . . . 2 00

Tomatoes. — For the best twelve specimens of Gen. Grant,

to C. N. Brackett, 3 00

For the second best, to George Hill, . . . 2 00

For the third best, to J. B. Moore, . . . . 1 00

For the best Boston Market, to John Cummings, . 3 00

For the second best, to J. B. Moore, . . . 2 00

For the third best, to G. M. Mellen, . . . 1 00
For the best of any other variety, to C. N. Brackett,

for Emery, 3 00

For the second best, to R. W. Ames, for Paragon, . 2 00

For the third best, to J. B. Moore, for Canada Victor, 1 00

Gratuities : —

To Walter Russell, for Purple Egg Plant, ... 2 00

J. H. Bell, for Cabbages and Peppers, . . . 1 00

C. E. Grant, for Lima Beans, . . . . . 1 00

August 11.

Egg Plant. — For the best four specimens of Black Pekin,
to J. Bard, .......

For the best four specimens of Large Round Purple, to

W. Russell,

Geeenflesh Melons. — For four specimens, the second
prize, to Walter Russell, .....

Tomatoes. — For the best twelve, of any variet}", to C. N.
Brackett, for Gen. Grant, .....

For the second best, to John Cummings, for Paragon,

For the third best, to C. N. Brackett, for Emery, .

Beans. — For the best two quarts of Large Lima, to B. G.

Smith, ........

For the second best, to C. E. Grant,

For the third best, to W. C. Child, ....

16

3

00

4

00

3

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

122

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Gratuities : —
To John B. Moore, for collection, ....
Walter Russell, " "

John Cummings, for three varieties of Tomatoes,
Samuel Hartwell, for Burr's Corn,
C. N. Brackett, for Triumph Corn, .

August 18.
Greenflesh Melons. — For the best four specimens of
any variety, to Walter Russell, ....
Purple Egg Plant. — For the best four specimens, to
Walter Russell, .....
For the second best^ to Josiah Crosby, .

Gratuities : —
To Josiah Crosby, for Pekin Egg Plant,

James Comley, for Corn, ....

Walter Russell, " " .

G. M. Mellen, for collection, .

John Cummings, for collection of Tomatoes,

Benjamin G. Smith, for Sieva Beans,

W. C. Child, for Lima Beans, .

August 25.
Potatoes. — For the best peck of any variety, to J. Cum
mings, for Early Rose, ....

For the second best, to John B. Moore, for Early Rose

For the third best, to J. H. BeU, for Early Rose,
Lima Beans. — For the best two quarts, to B. G. Smith

For the second best, to John B. Moore, .

For the third best, to Samuel G. Stone, .
Peppers. — For the best twelve specimens, to James Bard

For the second best, to Walter Russell^

For the third best, to J. H. Bell,

Gratuities : —
To W. C. Child, for collection of Beans,
M. W. Chadbourne, for collection,
Walter Russell, " "

C. E. Grant, " "

John Cummings " "

Horace Partridge, for Potatoes,

$3 00
2 00
2 00
1 00
1 00

3 00

.

3

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

3

00

1

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

, 3

00

2

00

1

00

[, 3

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

1 00
1 00

PKIZES AND GKATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

123

September 1.

Lima Beans. — For the best two quarts, to B. G. Smith, .
For the second best, to J. B, Moore,
For the tMrd best, to C. E. Grant, . . . .

Watermelons, — For the best pah', to Isaac P. Dickinson,
For the second best, to Samuel Hartwell, for Moun-
tain Sweet, .......

For the third best, to Samuel Hartwell, for Black
Spanish, ........

Greenflesh Melons. — For the best four specimens, to
John B. Moore, .....

For the second best, to J. H. Bell, .
For the third best, to W. Russell, .
Celery. — For the best four roots, to Josiah Crosby,

For the second best, to George Hill,
Peppers. — For the best twelve specimens, to
Brackett, ......

For the second best, to Walter Eussell, .

Gratuities : —
To James Comley, for two varieties of Turnips,
Daniel Duffley, for collection of Egg Plants,
M. W. Chadbourne, for collection, .
Mrs. E. M. GiU, u u . ,

C. E. Grant, u u , ,

Walter Russell, for Salsify and Corn,

$3 00

2 00

1 00
4 00

3 00

2 00

3 00

.

2 00

.

1 00

»

4 00

.

3 00

C. N.

.

3 00

•

2 00

2 00

. ,

2 00

,

1 00

.

2 00

.

1 00

.

1 00

September 8.

Celery. — For the best four roots, to Josiah Crosby,
Salsify. — For the best twelve specimens, to John Cum
mings, .......

For the second best, to Walter Russell, .
For the third best, to M. W. Chadbourne,
Cauliflowers. — For the best four specimens, to J. B
Moore, .......

Gratuities : —
To Lewis Slack, for Canada Squashes, ...
John Cummings, for Sweet Corn, ...
Samuel Hartwell, for Parsley, ....

l-

3 00

.

2 00

•

1 00

•

4 00

1 00

.

1 00

^

1 00

124

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

To D. R. Beckford, Jr., for collection, .

C. E. Grant, " " . .

C. N. Brackett, " "

Mrs. C. N. S. Horner, for collection of Beans,

$1 00
2 00
1 00
1 00

ANNUAL EXHIBITION.

Septebiber 18, 19, 20, and 21.

Beets. — For the best Turnip Rooted, to George F. Stone,
For the second best, to Walter Russell, .
For the third best, to John Fillebrown, .
Cakrots. — For the best Long Orange, to Walter Russell
For the second best, to Josiah Crosby,
For the third best, to W. W. Rawson,
For the best Intermediate, to Josiah Crosby,
For the second best, to Walter Russell, .
For the third best, to George Russell,
Corn. — For the best Sweet, to George Dorr,
For the second best, to Samuel G. Stone,
For the third best, to Samuel Hartwell, .
For the best Field Corn, to Mrs. M. T. Goddard,
For the second best, to C. N. Brackett, .
For the thu'd best, to Horace Eaton,
Cauliflowers. — For the best four specimens, to J. B
Moore, .......

For the second best, to John Cummings,
Celery. — For the best four roots, to Josiah Crosby,
For the second best, to George Hill,
For the third best, to John Fillebrown, .
Tomatoes. — For the best three varieties, to J. Cummings
For the second best, to J. Cummings,
For the third best, to Walter Russell,
For the best Arlington, to J. Cummings,
For the best Boston Market, to J. Cummings,
For the best Emery, to J. J. H. Gregory, .
For the best Gen. Grant, to C. E. Grant, .
For the best of any other variety, to J. J. H. Gregory
for Paragon, ......

Okra. — For the best twenty-four specimens, to Mrs. M
T. Goddard,

$4 00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

4

00

3

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

5

00

4

00

3

00

3

00

3

00

3 00
3 00

3 00

3 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

125

Martynias. — For the best twenty-four specimens, to Walter

Russell,

For the second best, to G. W. Pierce,
For the third best, to J. H. Bell,
Cranberries. — For the best half-peck, to A. T. Brown,

For the second best, to C. N. Brackett, .
Greenflesh Melons. — For the best four specimens, to
Walter Russell, ......

For the second best, to J. B. Moore,
For the third best, to George F. Stone, .
MusKMELONS. — For the best four specimens, to J. H. Bell

For the second best, to S. A. Merrill,
Watermelons. — For the best pair, to J. J. H. Gregory.
For the second best, to Mrs. M. T. Goddard, .
For the third best, to J. J. H. Gregory, .
Beans. — For the best two quarts of Large Lima, to B. G
Smith, .......

For the second best, to George Hill,
For the third best, to C. E. Grant,
Parsnips. — For the best twelve specimens, to J. L

DeWolf,

For the second best, to W. A. Crafts,
For the third best, to W. W. Rawson,
Potatoes. — For the best four varieties, to Mrs. M. T
Goddard, .......

For the second best, to John Cummings,
For the third best, to John Cummings, .
For the best peck of Bresee's Prolific, to J. Cummings
For the best BrowuelFs Beauty, to J. Cummings,

For the second best, to Walter Russell, .
For the best Early Rose, to J. Cummings, .

For the second best, to J. B. Moore,
For the best Jackson, to C. N. Brackett,

For the second best, to John Cummings,
For the best Snow Flake, to John Cummings, " .

For the second best, to John L. DeWolf,
For the best peck of any other variety, to J. Cummings
for Eureka, ......

For the second best, to Mrs. M. T. Goddard, for
Hardy's Seedling,

3

00

2

00

1

00

4

00

3

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

4

00

3

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

5

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2 00

1 00

126

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Salsify. — For the best twelve specimens, to J. L

DeWolf,

For the second best, to W. A. Crafts,
For the thh'cl best, to Walter Russell,
Squashes. — For the best four Canada, to Josiah Pratt,
For the second best, to George Dorr,
For the third best, to C. C. Calder,
For the best four Hubbard, to S. W. Hathaway,
For the second best, to J. J. H. Gregory,
For the third best, to Walter Russell,
For the best four Marrow, to S. W. Hathaway, .
For the second best, to John Fillebrown,
For the third best, to George Hill, .
For the best four Marblehead, to S. W. Hathaway,
For the second best, to J. J. H. Gregory,
For the third best, to John Cummings,
For the best four Turban, to S. W. Hathaway, .
For the second best, to John Fillebrown,
For the third best, to J. J. H. Gregory, .
TuKNiPS. — For the best twelve specimens, to Anthony
Hatch, .......

For the second best, to George Russell, .
For the third best, to Walter Russell,
For the best twelve Swedish Turnips, to J. Comley,
For the second best, to Mrs. M. T. Goddard,
Cabbages. — For the best four Drumhead, to Seth W
Hathaway, .....

For the second best, to John Cummings,
For the third best, to J. B. Tilley, .
For the best Red, to J. Cummings,

For the second best, to Anthony Hatch, .
For the third best, to Timothy Corey,
For the best three Savoy, to J. Cummings,
For the second-best, to Walter Russell, .
For the third best, to George Russell,
Peppers. — For the best twenty-four specimens, to G. F
Stone, ......

For the second best, to C. N. Brackett, .
For the third best, to J. H. Bell, .
Onions. — For the best peck, to John Cummings,

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

127

For the second best, to John B. Moore, .
For the third best, to George Hill, .
For the best three varieties, to John B. Moore,
For the second best, to Samuel Hartwell,
For the third best, to George Hill, .
Egg Plant. — For the best Black Pekin, to George W
Pierce, .......

For the second best, to Josiah Crosby, .
For the third best, to John Cummings, .
For the best Round Purple, to Walter Russell, .
For the second best, to George Russell, .
For the third best, to George Hill, .
Endive. — For the best* four specimens, to Walter Russell,
Horseradish. — For the best six roots, to John Fille-
brown, ........

For the second best, to Walter Russell, .
For the the third best, to W. W. Rawson,

Gratuities : —

To L. P. Boothby, for Jay's Seedling Potato,
M. W. Chadbourue, for Squash,
Samuel Hartwell, for Parsley, .
J. H. Bell, " " .

Walter Russell, " "
John Cummings, for Pumpkins,
A.T.Brown, " "

Samuel Hartwell, for Watermelons,
J. H. Bell, for Melons, .
J. J. H. Gregory, for collection of Potatoes,

Harry L. Rand,
W. P. Walker,
Louis Prang,
J. J. H. Gregory,
James Comley,

G. M. Mellen,
D. R. Beckford, Jr.,
John Fillebrown,

Gourds,

" Tomatoes,
" Turnips,

$2 00
1 00
5 00
4 00
3 00

00
00
00
00
00
00
00

4 00
3 00
2 00

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

128

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

September 29.
Gratuities : —
To C. E. Grant, for collection, $2 00

C. N. Brackett, for Sweet Corn, . . . . 1 00

October 6.

Cauliflowers. — For the best four specimens, to John B

Moore, .

For the second best, to John Cummings,
For the third best, to M. W. Chadbourne,
Celery. — For the best four roots, to Josiah Crosby,

For the second best, to John Fillebrown,
Cabbages. — For the best three Drumhead, to J. Cum
mings, .......

For the best Red, to J. Cummings,
For the best Savoy, to J. Cummings, .
Salsify. — For the best twelve specimens, to Josiah Crosby,
Horseradish. — For the best six roots, to John Fillebrown,

Gratuities : —
To Samuel G. Stone, for Lima Beans and Corn,
Samuel Hartwell, for Lima Beans, .
John Cummings, for collection of Squashes,

D. E. Beckford, Jr., for collection, .
C. E. Grant, " "
C. N. Brackett, " "

October 13.
Gratuity : —
To Samuel G. Stone, for collection, . . . . 1 00

November 3.
Gratuity : —
To Josiah Crosby, for Celery and Cauliflowers, . . 2 00

4

00

3

00

2

00

4

00

3

00

3

00

3

00

3

00

3

00

3

00

2

00

00

00

00

00

00

November 10.

Cauliflowers. — For the best four specimens, to Josiah

Crosby,

For the second best, to John Cummings,

4 00
3 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

129

Celery. — For the best four roots, to Josiah Crosby, . $4 00

For the second best, to J. Fillebrown, . . . 3 00
Cabbages. — For the best Red, three specimens, to John

Cummiugs, 3 00

For the best Savoy, to J. Fillebrown, . . , 3 00

For the second best, to John Cummings, . . 2 00

OraUdty : —
To A. S. M'Intosh, for Artichokes, . . . . 1 00

December 15.
Gratuity : —

To W. D. Philbrick, for Lettuce, 1 00

The amount awarded to each contributor is as follows :

Ames, R. W. .

$2 00

Garfield, Charles

U 00

Anderson, Alexander

2 00

Gill, Mrs. E. M.

3 00

Andrews, W. T.

2 00

Goddard, Mrs. M. T

18 00

Atkinson, CM.

15 00

Grant, C. E. .

25 00

Bard, James

14 00

Gregory, J. J. H.

24 00

Beckford, D. R., Jr.

3 00

Hart well, Samuel

32 00

Bell, J. H. .

32 00

Hatch, Anthony

6 00

Boothby, L. P. .

1 00

Hathaway, S. W.

20 00

Brackett, C. H. .

15 00

Heustis, Warren

2 00

Brackett, C. N. .

37 00

Hill, George

51 00

Brown, A. T. .

5 00

Horner, Mrs. C. N. S

1 00

Calder, C. C. .

2 00

Hovey & Co.

1 00

Chadbourne, M. W.

20 00

Kingman, CD..

7 00

Child, W. C. .

8 00

Mellen, G. M. .

3 00

Comle}^, James, .

28 00

Merrill, S. A. .

3 00

Core}", Timothy .

2 00

M'Intosh, A. S. .

2 00

Crafts, W. A. .

6 00

Moore, J. B.

50 00

Crosby, Josiah .

118 00

Partridge, H.

1 00

Cummings, J.

95 00

Philbrick, W. D.

. 41 00

DeWolf, J. L. .

9 00

Pierce, G. W. .

9 00

Dickinson, Alexander

3 00

Prang, Louis

1 00

Dorr, George

14 00

Pratt, Josiah

4 00

Duffley, Daniel .

2 00

Prescott, W. G. .

1 00

Eaton, Horace .

2 00

Rand, Harry L. .

2 00

Emery, Levi

1 00

Rawson, "W. W.

5 00

Fillebrown, John
17

. 27 00

Russell, George .

8 00

130

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Russell, Walter
Slack, Lewis
Smith, Benj. G.
Stone, G. F.
Stone, S. G.

$121 00

1 00

15 00

14 00

8 00

Tailby, Joseph
Tilley, J. B.
Walker, W. P.
Weston, L. W.
Wood, E. W.

Amount of Appropriation,
Awarded in Prizes, .
Awarded in Gratuities,

Total amount of Awards, .

Amount of Appropriation unexpended

$2 00
2 00
1 00
7 00
1 00

. $1,000 00
$728 00
200 00
928 00

$72 00

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON GARDENS,

For the Year 1877.

By JOSEPH H. WOODFORD, Chairman.

The Garden Committee received the following applications to
visit places during the year, viz. :

One from Henry Youell, gardener at the City Hospital, of Boston,
to inspect the flower garden connected with that institution.

One from Henry Ross, Superintendent of the Newton Cemetery,
to inspect that Cemetery.

One from Francis B. Hayes, of Lexington, to inspect his estate,
entered for the Hunnewell Triennial Prize.

One from John Falconer, gardener to Mrs. C. H. Leonard, to
visit her flower garden, at Rochester.

At the first regular meeting of the Committee, it was voted to lay
the application of Mr. Youell on the table, and to instruct the
Chairman to privately visit the garden of the City Hospital, and if,
in his judgment, he believed it to be worth}' of an official inspection
to notify the Committee. The Chairman did make the visit, but did
not deem it advisable to call the Committee together for an ofliicial
inspection, as there was nothing of special interest either in the
plants or their arrangement, to call forth much praise. The heat-
ing apparatus for the greenhouse, described in the Garden Com-
mittee's Report for 1875, is worthy of a much better result than
Mr. Youell seems to derive from it, judging from the display of
plants on the hospital grounds, and that report, in the judgment of
the Chairman would be a fair one for this year.

The application of Mr. Falconer to visit Mrs. C. H. Leonard's

132 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

flower garden, at Rochester, we are sorry to say, did not reach the
Committee until after the date (August 1st), fixed by the Society,
for receipt of applications, had passed ; and the Committee voted
reluctantly to abide by the rules, regretting that thereby they were
depriving themselves of a pleasant day's duty, brought vividly to
mind by the recollection of a visit to the hospitable mansion of Mrs.
Leonard, in 1875, And in this connection the Committee would
remind members and others that ^all applications must be in hand
before August 1st, according to the rules.

Francis B. Hayes' Estate.

On the 8th of August, the Garden Committee, with a few invited
guests, members of this Society and eminent for their good taste in
horticultural affairs, visited the estate of Francis B. Hayes, at Lex-
ington. This estate is entered for the Hunnewell Triennial Prize.

It consists of a farm of several hundred acres, nearly in the centre
of which is situated a high eminence called Granny's Hill. Exca-
vations on the top of this hill discovered a natural reservoir of
water, which is conveyed in pipes to every portion of the farm.

Fifteen years ago the whole estate was a waste huckleberry
pasture, uncultivated and unkept ; but through the energy and in-
domitable perseverance of the proprietor, it now presents a wonder-
fully fertile and thrifty appearance.

The grounds about the mansion house were tastefully laid out and
judiciously planted with choice trees and shrubs, and showed the
effect of generous culture and good taste. The situations of the
flower plats were judiciously chosen, and the beds were well filled
with choice plants and flowers. Fruit and vegetable gardens were
also located in the best manner, conveniently near the mansion, yet
separated from it by the skilful arrangement of evergreens. The
cultivation was thorough and clean ; the vegetables and fruit gen-
erally were in good condition, and the management of the whole
place was admirable, combining present comfort with future useful-
ness.

The recollections of the Revolution clustering around this place,
make it worthy of all that the present owner is doing to improve
and beautify it. Among the many interesting localities pointed out
to the Committee, the most memorable is the knoll on which
Samuel Adams and John Hancock halted as they retired from Lex-

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 133

ington on the morning of the 19th of April, 1775, when Adams,
seeing that his country's independence was rapidly hastening on,
exclaimed with the voice of a prophet, " Oh ! what a glorious
morning is this ! " The Committee, as they stood upon this spot,
and as they Ustened to the narration by their host of other interest-
ing incidents, could not buti^desire that he should record the history
of aU that happened upon his estate, during that memorable time,
and hand down to his posterity the remembrance that the soil they
cultivate is sacred ground.

Future visits to this fine estate will be looked forward to with
pleasure and a careful record will be kept by the incoming Com-
mittee.

Newton Cemetery.

On the 7th of September, your Committee paid an official visit to
the Newton Cemetery, of which Henry Ross is superintendent.

They commend this cemetery to the inspection of all who like to
see what can be done by judicious management toward beautifying
nature. The natural advantages of this cemetery are probably not
excelled by those of any other in this vicinity, but when these ad-
vantages are improved by the careful gi'ouping of trees and shrubs,
interspersed with plats of beautiful plants and flowers, it is
difficult to exiDress the satisfaction and pleasure experienced
when viewing the results of such simple yet elegant taste, as is dis-
played in this cemetery. The Chairman of this Committee has
visited this cemetery eight times during the past season, watching
the progress of improvements as they were being developed ; has
looked over the plans for the future, and now takes great pleasure in
commending this cemeter}^ as a quiet and beautiful resting place for
the body after the spirit has gone back to God who gave it. One
of the plans in its management is to discountenance cumbrous
granite curbings, thereby causing the grounds to present the aspect
of a well kept landscape garden, without that h«avy appearance
where great quantities of granite are used. Another, and perhaps
the best, regulation is that whenever a lot is sold an additional sum
of money is required, the interest of which is used in the perpetual
care of the lot, which precaution insures the grounds being alwaj^s
kept in the best possible condition. It is a pleasant thought while
one is yet alive that his last bed wiU be continually and forever
strewn with beautiful flowers, the smiles of an ever present God.

134 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

During the past summer the greenhouses connected with the
cemetery have been very much enlarged, thereby enabling the
superintendent to grow a greater quantity of plants to beautify the
new lots added, the number of which increases year by year.

We award the superintendent, Mr. Henry Ross, a gratuity of
$25 for correct taste displayed in planting flower-beds and beautify-
ing the grounds.

For the Committee,

JOSEPH H. WOODFORD, Chairman.

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEK ON PUBLICATION AND DISCUSSION.

In accordance witli the purpose expressed in our last report,
your Committee obtained as lecturers during the past season, Pro-
fessor George L. Goodale, of Harvard University ; Professor Levi
Stockbridge, of the Massachusetts Agricultural College ; B. Pick-
man Mann, of Cambridge ; and Bjxon D. Halsted, of the Bussey
Institution. Their lectures were received with general interest, and
led to discussions which were continued from week to week. We
think it is evident that these researches of scientific investigators
will be both interesting and serviceable to our members, and also,
that there will be mutual advantage from this close comparison of
theory and experience. Accordingly, your Committee purpose in
the coming season to intersperse lectures, prize essays, and discus-
sions, as has been done during the year past.

From the manuscripts submitted to the examination of the Com-
mittee, the following have been selected for prizes or gratuities :

For the best Essay upon the Ripening and Marketing of

Pears, to J. W. Pierce, the prize of . . . $25 00
For the best Essay upon Bottom Heat, its Benefits and

Methods, to W. D. Philbrick, the prize of . .25 00
For an Essay upon the Culture and Varieties of Roses, to

William H. White, a gratuity of . . . . 10 00
For an Essay upon Garden Irrigation, its Advantages and

Limits, to W. D. Philbrick, a gratuity of . .10 00

For the Committee,

WILLIAM C. STRONG, Chairman,

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

I have the satisfaction to announce the completion, as far as the
close of the year 1874, which was the period aimed at, of the
history of the Society. The chapters have, as completed from
time to time, been submitted to the examination of the President of
the Society. Besides this work, and keeping the records of the
Society and of the Executive Committee — the work coming under
the head of editorial, including making notes of our discussions,
writing out and submitting them to the various speakers for revi-
sion, the preparation of other matter contained in our Transactions
and Schedules for the press, and superintending its printing, together
with the reports of the weekly and annual exhibitions, all of which
may be classed as among the routine duties of the Secretary — the
correction of the lists of Honorary and Corresponding Members,
which stood in great need of revision, has engaged my attention.
These lists contained 345 names, of which 158 were unstarred, and
of the latter there were 75 members, some of them among the first
chosen at the organization of the Society in 1829, from whom
nothing had been heard for many years, and of whom we did not
even know whether or not they were still living. It was believed
that a large part of this number must have deceased, and diUgent
correspondence has resulted in ascertaining that such was the case
with more than half the number, whose names will appear in our next
publication with the prefix of " the inevitable star," and in making
man}^ other corrections. I would here return thanks in behalf of
the Society, to all who have so courteously and freely given their
assistance in revising these lists, and would ask all correspondents
of the Society, and any others into whose hands our publications
may fall, to communicate such information as to the decease or
change of residence of Honorary or Corresponding Members, or on
other points, as will aid in the further correction of the lists.

Besides the subjects above mentioned, there have been the usual

miscellaneous calls for information on different subjects, which, as

might be expected, increase rather than diminish in number from

year to year, all of which have been answered to the best of my

ability.

ROBERT MANNING, Secretary.

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE OF ARRANGEMENTS,

FOR THE YEAR 1877.

The Committee of Arrangements of the Massachusetts Horticul-
tural Society would respectfully submit the following report :

Meetings of the Committee have been held at stated times during
the 3'ear to consider their duties in connection with the Rose and
Strawberry Shows in June, and the Annual Exhibition of the
Society in September. At one of the meetings called in the early
part of the season, Sub-Committees consisting of members of the
Flower, Fruit, and Vegetable Committees were appointed for the
purpose of having the tables properly arranged for the reception of
Plants, Flowers, Fruits, and Vegetables from the growers ; a duty
which has been performed to the satisfaction of all parties, if we
may judge from the expressions of approval from exhibitors and
others.

To make a report of the entries of Fruits, Flowers, and Vege-
tables contributed to the several exhibitions would seem to be one
of the duties of this Committee, but as this work has been fully
and faithfully accomplished by the Chairmen of the several Com-
mittees, it would only be a useless repetition for the Committee of
Arrangements to undertake to perform what has already been
so well done. A full report of the action of the Committee
would fail to be of very much interest, consisting as it does of
much detail work, such as the arranging of the halls, seeing that
proper places are assigned to the exhibitors, looking after the
advertising and the printing of tickets, and seeing that the ex-
hibitions are fully noticed and reported by the newspapers, which
the Committee have done during the year 1877, as at all times in
the past, to the best of their ability. No pains have been spared
by the Committee to make the exhibitions a success, and a credit to
the Society and to sustain its high standing in the community.

CHAS. H. B. BRECK, Cliairman.
18

REPORT

OF THE

LIBRARY COMMITTEE

The library has this year been largely increased by the purchase
of many valuable books. The shelves are very much crowded, and
it is hoped that during the next year additional accommodations
will be provided.

The appropriation of the Society has been wholly expended for
periodicals and binding, and the income of the Stickney Fund has
been used, according to the terms of the loan, in the purchase of
books exclusively.

Your Committee regret that it has been found necessary to cut
down the appropriation by the Society for the coming year, but
hope that during the year it will be increased to the usual amount.

A list of the books and magazines purchased and presented
accompanies this report.

For the Committee,

WALDO 0. ROSS, Chairman.

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS IN 1877.
Books Purchased.

Pritzel, G. A. Thesaurus Literaturae Botanicae Omnium Gentium.
New edition, 4to. Leipsic: 1872.

Buek, H. W. Genera, Species, et Synonyma CandoUeana, or
Index to De CandoUe's Prodromus. 4 vols, in 3. 8vo.
Berlin: 1842-1874.

Hobbs, Charles E. Botanical Hand-Book, etc. Large 8vo. Bos-
ton: 1876.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 139

Henslow, Rev. J. S. A Dictionary of Botanical Terms. New

edition. 12mo., 190 wood cuts. London: no date.
Walpers, G. G. Annales Botanices Sy sterna ticae. 7 vols. 8vo.

Leipsic: 1848-1868.
Kunth, C. S. Enumeratio Plantarum, etc. 5 vols., 8vo., and 1

vol. of Supplement with 40 plates. Stutgard and Tubingen :

1833-1850.
Sertum Botanicum. Collection de Plantes remarquables par leur

Utilite, leur Elegance, leur Eclat, on leur Nouveaut^. Par

une Soci6te de Botanistes. 7 vols. Folio, 600 colored

plates. Brussels : 1828.
Edwards, John. The British Herbal, etc. Folio, 100 colored

plates. London: 1770.
Hooker, Sir "William J. Filices Exoticse ; or Colored Figures and

Descriptions of Exotic Ferns. 4to., 100 colored plates.

London: 1859.
. British Jungermannise. Folio. 82 colored plates.

London: 1816.
De Candolle, A. P. Astragalogia nempe Astragali, Biserrulae et

Oxytropidis nee non Phacae, Colutae et Lessertiae Historia.

Royal 4to. 50 plates. Paris : 1802.
Jacquin, Nicolaus Josephus. Oxalis Monographia. 4to. 81 pi.,

mostly colored. Vienna : 1794,
Miquel, F. A. Guil. Monographia Generis Melocacti. 4to. 11

plates, partly colored. Breslau and Bonn : 1840.
Baillon, M. H. Etude Gen6rales du Groupe des Euphorbiac^es.

With atlas of 27 plates. Large 8vo. Paris : 1858.
Bateman, James. Monograph of Odontoglossum. Part VI., to

complete duplicate set.
AUnutt, H. The Cactus and other Tropical Succulents. 16mo.

57 wood-cuts. London: 1877.
Darwin, Charles. The Effects of Cross and Self-Fertilization in the

Vegetable Kingdom. 8vo. London : 1876.
. The Various Contrivances by which Orchids are

Fertilized by Insects. 2d edition, 8vo., 38 wood-cuts.

London: 1877.
. The Different Forms of Flowers in Plants of the

same Species, with illustrations. 8vo. London : 1877.
Gray, Asa. Darwiniana ; Essa3'S and Reviews pertaining to Dar-
winism. 12mo. New York : 1877.

140 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Barton, William P. C, M. D. Vegetable Materia Medica of the
United States. 2 vols. 4to., 50 colored plates. Phila-
delphia: 1817, 1818.

Barton, Benjamin H., F. L. S., and Thomas Castle, M. D., F. L. S.
The British Flora Medica. New edition, by John R. Jack-
son, A. L. S. 8vo. 48 colored plates. London : 1877.

Bentley, Robert, and Henry Trimen. Medicinal Plants. Parts
16-18, in continuation. 8vo., colored plates. London:
1877.

Reichenbach, H. G. L. Iconographia Botanica seu Plantse Criticae.
etc. 10 vols., 4to., 1000 colored plates. Leipsic: 1823-
1832.

Botanische Zeitung. 35 vols., small 4to. With plates. Berlin;
1843-72, 1873-76. Still publishing.

Seemann, Wilhelm E. G., and Berthold. Bonplandia. Zeitschrift
ftir die gesammte Botanik. 10 vols. Imperial 8vo. Han-
nover: 1853-62.

Revue des Eaux et Forets, etc. 15 vols. 8vo. Paris and Brus-
sels, 1862-1876. Still publishing.

Repertoire de Legislation et de Jurisprudence Forestidres. 6 vols.
8vo. Paris : 1863-1875. Still publishing.

Brown, John Croumbie, LL. D. Reboisement in France ; or
Records of the Replanting of the Alps, the Cevennes, and
the PjTenees with Trees, Herbage, and Bush. 8vo. Lon-
don : 1876.

Cooper, Ellwood. Forest Culture and Eucalj^tus Trees. 12mo.
San Francisco : 1876.

Bentham, Georgius. Plantse Hartwegianse. 8vo. London : 1839-
1857.

Harvey, W. H., M. D., F. R. S., etc. Thesaurus Capensis ; or
Illustrations of the Plants of South Africa. 2 vols. 8vo.
200 plates. Dublin, London, and Cape Town : 1859,
1863.

. The Genera of South African Plants. 2d edition.

Edited by J. D. Hooker, M. D., etc. Cape Town and
London: 1868.

Munby, G. Flore de I'Alg^rie. 8vo. pamphlet. 7 plates. Paris:
1847.

Harcus, William. South Australia ; its History, Resources and
Productions. 8vo. Many wood-cuts. London : 1876.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 141

Williams, B. S., F. R. H. S. The Orchid Growers' Manual. 5th

edition. 12mo., with numerous illustrations. London : 1877.
Heath, Francis George. The Fern World. 8vo. Colored and

other plates. London : 1877.
Roe, Rev. E. P. Play and Profit in my Garden. 8vo. New

York : no date.
Burbidge, F. W. Cultivated Plants, their Propagation and Im-
provement. 8vo. Edinburgh and London : 1877.
Bossin, M. Les Plantes Bulbeuses. 2 vols, in one. 12mo.

Paris: 1872.
Brill, Francis. Farm-Gardening and Seed-Growing. 12mo. New

York: no date [1872?].
Buel, Jesse. The Farmer's Companion, etc. 12mo. Boston : 1840.
Child, David Lee. The Cultui-e of the Beet and Manufacture of

Beet Sugar. 12mo. Boston : 1840.
Elej', Henry, M. A. Geology in the Garden. 32mo. London:

1859.
Sprengel, Christian Konrad. Das Entdeckte Geheimniss der Natur

im Bau und in der Befruchtung der Blumen. Small 4to. 25

copperplates. Berlin: 1793.
Packard, A. S. Jr. Half Hours with Insects. Parts 5 — 12, to

complete the work. 8vo. Boston : 1877.

Books and Pamphlets Presented.

Burmannus, Joannis. Rariorum Africanarum Plantanim. 4to.,
100 plates. Amsterdam: 1738. E. S. Rand, Jr.

Wight, Robert. Contributions to the Botany of India. 8vo. Lon-
don: 1834. E. S. Rand, Jr.

and G. A. Walker- Arnott. Prodromus Florae Pe-
ninsulas Indiae Orientalis. Vol. 1. 8vo. London: 1834.
E. S. Rand, Jr.

Porter, T. C, and J. M. Coulter. Synopsis of the Flora of Color-
ado. 8vo. Washington : 1874. Henry Gannett.

Mueller, F. Vegetation of Chatham Islands. Royal 8vo. 7
plates. Melbourne : 1864. E. S. Rand, Jr.

Grisebach, A. Plantae Wrightianae e Cuba Orientalis. Parts I
and II. From the Memoirs of the American Academy of
Arts and Sciences, New Series, vol. 8. 2 pamphets, 4to.
Cambridge : 1860, 1862. Prof. Asa Gray.

142 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mann, B. Pickman. Catalogue of the Phsenogamous Plants of the
United States, East of the Mississippi, and of the Vascular
Crj'ptogamous Plants of North America, North of Mexico.
2d edition. 8vo. pamphlet. Cambridge : 1872. The Author.

Eeid, G. H. An Essay on New South Wales. 8vo. pamphlet ;
map and plates. Sidney : 1876. John Wiley & Sons.

Jussieu, Adrian de. Cours Elementaire d' Histoire Naturelle
Botanique. 12mo. Paris: 1840. E. S. Rand, Jr.

Miquel, F. A. G. Cycadearum Monographia. Folio. 8 plates.
Trajecti ad Rhenum : 1842. Prof. Asa Gray.

Lindley, Prof. John. Folia Orchidacea, an enumeration of the
known species of Orchids. Parts I- VIII. 8vo. London :
1852—59. Prof. Asa Gray.

McNab, James. On the Re-Tubbing of Palms and other large
Exotics. Results obtained from the Cutting and Transplant-
ing of a Plaited Horn-Beam Hedge. On the discoveries of
Mr. John Jeffrey and Mr. Robert Brown in a Botanical Ex-
pedition to British Columbia, with remarks on the culti-
vation of certain species. On the Effects of Pruning cer-
tain Coniferous Trees and Shrubs. 4 pamphlets, 8vo. Ed-
inburgh : 1856, 1870, 1872. Waldo O. Ross.

Morren, Edouard. La Digestion V6getale. 8vo. pamphlet. Brus-
sels : 1876. E. S. Rand, Jr.

Meehan, Thomas. Mr. Darwin on the Fertilization of Flowers.
8vo. pamphlet. Philadelphia : 1877. The Author.

Boardman, S. L. Some Notes on the History, Varieties, and Sta-
tistics of Indian Corn. 8vo. pamphlet. Augusta: 1877.
The Author.

Oliver, Daniel, F. R. S., F. L. S. Guide to the Royal Botanic
Gardens and Pleasure Grounds at Kew. Small 8vo.
pamphlet ; 56 wood-cuts. London : 1872. W. O. Ross.

Morren, Edouard. Correspondance Botanique. Liste des Jardins,
des Chairs, et des Musees Botaniques du Monde. 5th edi-
tion ; 8vo. pamphlet. Liege : 1877. The Author.

The Naturalist's Directory, containing the names of Naturalists,
Chemists, Physicians, and Meteorologists. 8vo. pamphlet.
Salem : 1877. Naturalist's Agency.

Annual Register of Rural Affairs, for 1878. L. Tucker & Son.

Sturtevant, E. Lewis and Joseph N. The North American
Ayrshire Register. 8vo., 2 vols, in 1. South Framingham :
1875, 1877. E. L. Sturtevant.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 143

Pleasonton, Gen. A. J. The Influence of the Blue Ray of the

Sunlight, and of the Blue Color of the Sky in developing

Animal and Vegetable Life, etc. 8vo. Philadelphia : 1876.

Exchange.
Gregorj', J. J. H. Onion Raising ; what kinds to raise, and the

way to raise them. Cabbages ; how to grow them. Carrots,

Mangolds, and Sugar Beets ; how to raise, keep, and feed

them. Squashes ; how to grow them. 4 pamphlets. The

Author.
New England Farmer. 4to., 13 numbers to fill gaps in the set.

Essex Institute.
Bulletin de la Federation des vSoci^tes d' Horticulture de Belgique ;

8 vo. pamphlet. Liege : 1875. Edouard Morren, Secretary.
Bulletin de la Soci6te Centrale d'Horticulture du Department de la

Seine-Inferieure. Tome 18, Part 3. 8vo. pamphlet.

Rouen: 1876.
Charter, Constitution, and By-Laws of the New York Horticultural

Society. Schedule of Premiums offered b}^ the same Society ;

2 pamphlets. New York: 1877. James G. Murkland,

Corresponding Secretary.
Proceedings of the Western New York Horticultural Society at

their Twenty-seventh Annual Meeting, February, 1877.

8vo. pamphlet. P. Barry, President.
Proceedings of the New Jersey State Horticultural Society, January

1876. 8vo. pamphlet. B. B. Hance, Corresponding Sec-
retary. The same for 1877. E. Williams, Secretary.

Proceedings of the Georgia State Horticultural Society at its first
session, Macon, August, 1876. 8vo. pamphlet. Augusta:

1877. J. S. Newman, Secretary.

Tenth Annual Report of the Ohio State Horticultural Society for

1876-7. 8vo. pamphlet. M. B. Bateham, Secretary.
Transactions of the Indiana Horticultural Society, for 1871, 1872,

1874, 1875, 1876. 7 vols. 8vo. Indianapolis : 1871—1877.

D. E. Hoffman.
Transactions of the Illinois Horticultural Society for the years 1875

and 1876. New series, vols. 9 and 10; 8vo. Chicago:

1876, 1877. O. L. Barter, Secretary.
Annual Report of the Iowa Horticultural Society for 1873, etc. ;

8vo. Des Moines : 1874. W. C. Flagg. The same for

1876. G. B. Brackett, Secretary.

144 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Transactions of the Wisconsin State Horticultural Society for
1871—74, and 1877. 5 vols. 8vo. F. W. Case.

Reports of the Kansas State Horticultural Society, 1871 — 1876. 6
vols.,8vo. Topeka: 1872— 1877. G. C. Brackett, Secre-
tary.

Transactions of the Worcester County Horticultural Society for
1876, with Schedule of Prizes for 1877. 8vo. pamphlet.
Worcester : 1877. J. C. Newton, Librarian. Another
copy from E. W. Lincoln, Secretary.

Transactions of the Marshfield Agricultural and Horticultural
Society for 1876. 8vo. pamphlet. Plymouth: 1877.
George M. Baker, President.

Wilder, Marshall P. Address delivered at the sixteenth session of
the American Pomological Society, at Baltimore, September
12, 1877. 8vo. pamphlet. Boston : 1877. The Author.

Fourth Annual Report of the Maine State Pomological Society for
1876. G. B. Sawyer, Secretary.

Report of the Pennsylvania Fruit Growers' Society for the year
1876. 8vo. pamphlet. Harrisburg: 1876. E. B. Engle,
Secretary.

Reports of the Michigan State Pomological Society, 1872 — 5. 4
vols., 8vo. Lansing: 1873—1876. R. G. Baird. The
same for 1876. 1 vol., 8vo. Lansing: 1877. C. W.
Garfield, Secretary.

Transactions and Second Report of the Fruit Committee of the
Montreal Agricultural and Horticultural Society for 1876.
Henry S. Evans, Secretary.

Report of the Fruit Growers' Association of the Province of Ontario
for 1876. 8vo. pamphlet. D. W. Beadle, Secretary.

Second Annual Report of the Board of Commissioners of the
Department of Pubhc Parks of New York, for the year end-
ing May, 1872. Also, Third General Report, from May 1,
1872, to December 31, 1873. Large 8vo. pamphlet; many
maps, charts, and plates. Hon. A. H. Green, Commissioner.

Report of the South Park Commissioners to the Board of County
Commissioners of Cook County, IlUnois, for 1876. 8vo.
pamphlet. Chicago : 1877. Two copies. H. W. Harmon,
Secretary.

Tenth and Seventeenth Annual Reports of the Pubhc Park Com-
mission of Baltimore for 1869 and 1876. Two pamphlets,
8vo. Baltimore : 1870, 1877. D. Rayhies, Secretary.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 145

Reports of the United States Department of Agriculture for 1875

and 1876. 2 vols., 8vo. The Commissioner.
Report of the United States Commissioner of Patents for the year

1851. Part II., Agricultural. 8vo. Washington: 1852.

Essex Institute.
Twenty-first Annual Report of the Secretary of the Maine Board of

Agriculturefor the year 1876. 8vo. Augusta : 1876. Two

copies. S. L. Boardman, Secretary.
Third Report of the Vermont State Board of Agriculture for the

years 1875 and 1876. 8vo. Rutland : 1876. H. M. Seely,

Secretarj'.
Twenty-fourth Report of the Secretar}' of the Massachusetts Board

of Agriculture for 1876. 8vo. Boston: 1877. C. L.

Flint, Secretar}-.
Colman, Henry. First, Second, and Third Reports on the Agri-
culture of Massachusetts, by Henry Colman, Commissioner.

3 pamphlets, 8vo. Boston : 1838 — 40, to complete the work.
Essex Institute.

Tenth Annual Report of the Secretary of the Connecticut Board of
Agriculture, 1876-7. 8vo. Hartford : 1877. T. S. Gold,
Secretary.

Twenty-fifth Annual Report of the Indiana State Board of Agricul-
ture, Vol. XVII., 1875. 8vo. Indianapolis : 1876. Alex-
ander Heron, Secretary.

Transactions of the Department of Agriculture of Illinois for the
year 1875. Vol. V., New Series. 8vo. Springfield : 1876.
S. D. Fisher, Secretary.

Transactions of the Michigan State Board of Agriculture, 1872 — 76.

4 vols., 8vo. Lansing, 1873 — 6. R. G. Baird, Secretary.
Also, extra copies for distribution.

Monthly Reports of the Kansas State Board of Agriculture for
February, March, August, September, and October. 8vo.
pamphlets. Topeka : 1877. Alfred Gray, Secretary.

Annual Reports of the Commissioner of Agriculture and Arts for
the Province of Ontario, for 1874 and 1875. Two thick
8vo. pamphlets. Toronto, 1875, 1876. Thomas P.
James.

Transactions of the Michigan Agricultural Society for 1849 — 59.
11 vols. 8vo. Lansing, 1850—61. Prof. W. J. Beal.

19

146 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Transactions of the Wisconsin State Agricultural Society, 1873-4,

1874-5,1876-7. 3 vols. 8vo. Madison, 1874— 7. F. W.

Case, Secretary.
.Transactions of the Middlesex Agricultural Society, for the year

1876. 8vo. pamphlet. Boston: 1877. B. W. Brown,

Secretary.
Transactions of the Essex Agricultural Society for 1876. 8vo.

pamphlet. Salem : 1876. C. P. Preston, Secretary.
Bulletin of the Bussey Institution, Vol. II., Part 2; Vol. III.,

Part 1. 2 pamphlets, 8vo. Boston: 1877. Librarian of

the Bussey Institution.
Transactions of the Imperial Botanic Garden of St. Petersburg.

Vol. I., Part 2, 1872 ; Vol. II., Parts 1 and 2, 1873 ;

Vol. III., Parts 1 and 2, 1874. 5 pamphlets, 8vo. C. S.

Sargent.
Seventh Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Indiana, made

during the year 1875, by E. T. Cox, State Geologist. 8vo.

Maps and plate. Indianapohs : 1876. D. E. Hoffman.
Riley, Charles V. Potato Pests ; being an illustrated account of

the Colorado Potato Beetle, etc. 12mo., 49 wood-cuts.

New York. No date [1876?]. Dr. George Thurber.
Packard, A. S. Report on the Rocky Mountain Locust and other

Insects. 8vo. pamphlet. Plates, wood-cuts, and maps.

Washington : 1877. Department of the Interior.
Department of the Interior. Bulletin of the United States

Entomological Commission, Nos. 1 and 2. 8vo. pamphlets.

Washington : 1877. The Commission.
Phylloxera. 4 French pamphlets, 4to. Paris : 1874 — 7. Prof.

Asa Gray.
Mann, B. Pickman. The White Coffee-Leaf Miner. Reprinted

from the American Naturalist. The Author. Also, from

the same, four articles reprinted from the Proceedings of

the Boston Society of Natural History.
Catalogue of the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, for

the year 1875-6, with maps showing the situation of schools

taught bj^ graduates. S. C. Armstrong, Principal.
Report of the Curators of the University of Missouri, etc., for

1876. 8vo. pamphlet. Prof. G. C. Swallow.
Report of the United States Commissioner of Education, for the year

1875. 8vo. Washington : 1876. The Bureau of Education.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 147

Twelfth Annual Catalogue of the Officers and Students of the

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1876-7. 8vo.

pamphlet. Boston : 1876. The Institute.
Annual Report of the Mercantile Library Association of San

Francisco, for 1876. 8vo. pamphlet. San Francisco : 1877.

A. E. Whitaker, Librarian.
Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural Histor3^ Vol. XVIII,

Parts 3 and 4. 2 pamphlets, 8vo. Boston: 1876, 1877.

Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History, Vol. II.

Part 4, Nos. 5 and 6. 2 pamphlets, 4to. Boston: 1877.

The Society.
Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society. Nos. 67, 68, 69.

3 pamphlets, 8vo. Worcester : 1876, 1877. The Society.
Wilder, Marshall P. Address at the Annual Meeting of the New

England Historic, Genealogical Society, January 3, 1877.

8vo. pamphlet. Boston : 1877. The Author.

Periodicals Taken.

English. — Gardener's Chronicle.
" Magazine.

Journal of Horticulture and Cottage Gardener.

The Garden.

Curtis' Botanical Magazine.

Floral Magazine.

Florist and Pomologist.

Floral World.

Journal of the Linnean Society.

Journal of Botany.

Farmer's Magazine.

Country Gentleman's Magazine.

Journal of the Ro3'al Agricultural Society.

Journal of Forestry.
French. — Revue Horticole.

Revue des Eaus et Forets.
Belgian. — Illustration Horticole.

Flore des Serres.

Belgique Horticole.
German. — Botanische Zeitung.

148 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

American. — Country Gentleman.
American Farmer.
Silliman's Journal.
American Naturalist.

Periodicals Presented.

New England Farmer.

Massachusetts Ploughman.

American Cultivator.

Scientific Farmer.

American Agriculturist.

Gardener's Monthly.

American Rural Home.

Maine Fanner.

Prairie Farmer.

Maryland Farmer.

Semi-Tropical.

"Western Agriculturist.

Center Union Agriculturist.

Bulletin of the Essex Institute.

Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club.

Botanical Gazette.

Patent Right Gazette.

New York Semi-Weekly Tribune.

Rhode Island Press.

Boston Evening Transcript.

Boston Daily Globe.

Daily Evening Traveller.

Boston Morning Journal.

The Nursery.

The Cottage Hearth.

TREASURER'S REPORT,

FOK THB YBAB ISYT.

ITEMS OF INCOME.

Balance of Cash on hand,

Received of William Gray, Jr., to pay prizes for 1876,

" from Rent of Stores, .

" " " Halls,

" " Admissions and Assessments,
Gross Receipts of Annual Exhibition,
Interest on Bonds, C, B. & Q. R. R.,
Discount at Market Bank,
Received from Mount Auburn Cemetery,

$229 89

140 00

9,140 39

11,276 31

720 00

373 75

105 00

11,634 00

1,157 42

$34,776 76

ITEMS OF EXPENDITURE.

Salaries, $4,600 00

1,587 41

333 04
1,358 53

408 55
1,557 14

229 37

Library Accessions, ....
Heating and Water, less paid by tenants,
Stationery, Postage, and Printing, .
Alterations and Repairs on Building,

Gas,

Furniture, Fixtures, and Repairs,

Taxes, 3,340 50

Testimonial to E. S. Rand, Jr., . . 100 00

Expenses of Annual Exhibition, . . 367 26

Entertainment of Committee of Arrangements, 300 00

Lectures, 75 00

Paid Cash borrowed on call, . . . 11,000 00

Interest, 8,716 51

Labor and Incidental Expenses, . . 801 68

Balance of Prizes for 1876, . . . 575 84
Deposited to pay Prizes of 1877, . . 4,000 00
Balance carried to new account, . . 425 93

t,776 76

150 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Boston, January 18, 1878.

We have examined the foregoing account and found it correct,
and the balance of cash on hand, four hundred and twenty-five
dollars and ninety-three cents, as stated.

,}

H. H. HuNNEWELL, f Committee,

ASSETS AND LIABILITIES.

Assets.

Real Estate, Furniture, and Exhibition Ware, costing $256,585 56
Library, last year, .... $15,561 40
Added this year, .... 1,587 41

17,148 81

Bonds of C, B. & Q. R. R. par value, . . 1,500 00

Total, $275,234 37

Liabilities.

Mortgage debt at 5^ per cent., pa3'able Sep-
tember, 1883, . . . . $60,000 00

Loan without interest, payable to Harvard

College in 1899, .... 12,000 00

Note to Market National Bank, ., . 12,000 00

: $84,000 00

Balance of assets over liabilities, . . $191,234 37

TREASURERS REPORT.

151

By last year's report our members numbered .
Of these were Life Members, 587

Added by election, . . 2
Added by commutation, . 1

— 3

1,008

Deceased, .... 8

Resigned, .... 1

Annual members,

Added by payment, . . 6

Added by remission of fee, . 1

590

421

428

Commuted,

1

Deceased, ....

8

Withdrawn,

5

Discontinued for non-payment

of dues, ....

42

—

56

Income from the above :

2 Life, .

.

$60 00

6 Annual,

.

60 00

300 Subscriptions, .

•

600 00

581

372

953

$720 00

In review of the foregoing, you will note a decrease in income
from the stores of over three thousand dollars, and a gratifying in-
crease in that from the halls. Mount Auburn has yielded a small
return over the deficit of last year. The receipts from admissions
and assessments have been unusuall}^ small and call for inquiry as
to the cause. Doubtless the general depression of business has
much to do with it, but has not the opening of our prizes to all much
more ? It was hoped that this liberal course would bring to us a
fair addition to our membership, but, mark the result — fewer ad-
ditions than for many years past, and a larger number discontinued

152 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL 80CIETT.

for non-payment than ever before in my experience. I invite
attention to this subject ; I might enlarge upon the avidity with
which these outsiders claim their awards and other privileges, but
I forbear. Gas, repairs, incidentals, labor, etc., are, of course,
proportioned to the use of the halls.

I would gladly make a more cheerful report, but am happy to say
that while individuals all around us are failing in business, and cor-
porations are crippled, we have added but one thousand dollars to
our liabilities and have a corresponding increase in our assets.

KespectfuUy submitted,

E. W. BUSWELL, Treasurer.
January 19th, 1878.

MOUNT AUBURN CEMETERY.

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154

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

MoDNT Auburn Cemetery Corporation,

OflSce, No, 16 Pemberton Square.

Boston, January 1, 1878.

To the Finance Committee of the Mass. Hort. Society :

Gentlemen, — Herewith please find account for the year 1877, showing a
balance to the credit of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society of $1,157.42.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

H. B. Mackintosh, Treasurer,

Massachusetts Horticultural Society,

To the Proprietors of the Cemetery of Mount Auburn, Dr.
For one-fourth {\) part of the following expenditures for grading lands and
building New Receiving Tomb, during 1877 :

New Receiving Tomb.
J. W. Grigg's bill of tiles for floor,

" " " " panels for vestibule,

M. C. Warren, " " sheet lead, 523 lbs.,
A. J. Wilkinson, bill of six lbs. of copper wire.
City of Cambridge, bill of 6^ perch blue stone,
J. H. Reed & Co., bill of iron,
75 tons block stone,
1450 ft. sods.
Spikes and paint,
10 bbls. cement,
2684 ft. 3 in. hard pine plank,
Planing the above,
20 ft. planed pine plank,
67i ft. moulding,
142i days, masons,
91 " common labor,
4i " painter,
33| " man and horse.

Stone Farm.
4354 days, men,
420i " men and horses.

Fountain Avenue.
156 days, men,
60i " men and horses,

Amount carried forward,

$1,859 10

2,023 63

454 50
t,337 23

MOUNT AUBURN

CEMETERY.

155

Amount brought forward^

$4,337 23

Vinca Path.

36| days, men,

64 30

20i " men and horses.

61 50

125 80

Halcyon Lake and Avenue.

43| days, men.

76 56

90 " men and horses,

270 00

346 56

Dell Path.

80i days, men,

140 44

31i " men and horses,

94 50

234 94

Oak and Willow Avenves.

154i days, men,

270 37

204 " men and horses,

60 75

331 12

Total amount 1877,

$5,375 65

One-fourth part is, $1,343 91

Mount Auburn, Dec. 31, 1877. J. W. Loverino, Supt.

I certify the foregoing to be of a true copy of accounts of improvements
for the year 1877, rendered by the Superintendent.

H. B. Mackintosh, Treasurer.

assarljusetts lortkultural Sorietg.

OFFICERS AND STANDING COMMITTEES FOR 1878.

President.
WILLIAM GRAY, Jr., of Boston.

Vice - Presidents.

CHARLES O. WHITMORE, of Boston. CHARLES H. B. BRECK, of Brighton.
H. WELD FULLER, of Boston. JOHN C. HOVEY, of Cambridge.

Treasurer.
EDWIN W. BUSWELL, of Boston.

Secretary.
ROBERT MANNING, of Salem.*

Recording Secretary.
ROBERT MANNING, of Salem.

Professor of Botany and Vegetable Physiology.
JOHN ROBINSON, of Salem.

Professor of Entomology.
SAMUEL H. SCUDDER, of Cambridge.

^tkridin^ doEqmittee^ :

Executive.

The President, WILLIAM GRAY, Jr., Chairman.

The Ex-Presidents, MARSHALL P. WILDER, CHARLES M. HOVEY, JAMES

F. C. HYDE, WILLIAM C. STRONG, FRANCIS PARKMAN; CHAIRMAN

OF Finance Committee, C. O. WHITMORE; FEARING BURR,

A. T. PERKINS, HERVEY DAVIS, F. L. AMES.

*Th« Secretary may be addressed at Horticultural Hall, Boston.

OFFICERS AND STANDING COMMITTEES FOR 1878. 157

Finance.

CHARLES O. WHITMORE, Chairman.
H. HOLLIS HUNNEWELL, BENJAMIN P. CHENEY.

A. B. MUZZEY,

Publication and Discussion. ,

WILLIAM C. STRONG, Chairman.

E. LEWIS STURTEVANT.

Establishing Prizes.

CHAIRMAN OF COMMITTEE ON FRUITS, Chairman.

CHAIRMEN OF COMMITTEES ON FLOWERS, VEGETABLES, AND GARDENS.

C. M. ATKINSON, P. BROWN HOVEY, GEORGE HILL.

Library.

WALDO O. ROSS, Chairman.

CHARLES S. SARGENT, HENRY P. WALCOTT,

WILLIAM E. ENDICOTT, J. D. W. FRENCH.

THE PROFESSOR OF BOTANY AND HORTICULTURAL PHYSIOLOGY.

THE PROFESSOR OF ENTOMOLOGY.

Gardens.

JOSEPH H. WOODFORD, Chairman.

CHAIRMEN OF COMMITTEES ON FRUITS, FLOWERS, AND VEGETABLES.

JAMES CRUICKSHANKS, GEORGE S. HARWOOD, C. A. PUTNAM.

P. BROWN HOVEY,
DANIEL T. CURTIS,

Fruit.

JOHN B. MOORE, Chairman.
E. W. WOOD,
BENJAMIN G. SMITH,

CHARLES F. CURTIS,
J. W. MANNING.

GEORGE EVERETT,
W. H. SPOONER,

Plants and Flowers.

JOHN G. BARKER, Chairman.
E. H. HITCHINGS,
PATRICK NORTON.

JAMES COMLEY,
F. L. HARRIS.

Vegetables.

CHARLES N. BRACKETT, Chairman.
JOSIAH CROSBY, JOHN FILLEBROWN, ANTHONY HATCH.

WALTER RUSSELL, GEORGE W. PIERCE, SAMUEL HARTWELL.

Committee of Arrangements.

CHARLES H. B. BRECK, Chairman.
CHAIRMEN OF COMMITTEES ON FRUITS, FLOWERS, VEGETABLES, AND

GARDENS.
GEORGE W. PIERCE, JOHN C. HOVEY, EDWIN A. HALL,

GEORGE HILL, E. F. WASHBURN,

HERVEY DAVIS, C. M. ATKINSON, M. H. MERRIAM.

HONORARY MEMBERS

A * denotes the member deceased.

*Benjamin Arbott, LL. D., Exeter, N. H.

*JoHN Abbott, Brunswick, Me.

*HoN. John Quincy Adams, LL. D., late President of the United States.

*Prof. Louis Agassiz, Cambridge.

*WiLLiAM T. AiTON, late Curator of the Royal Gardens, Kew.

Thomas Allkn, Ex-President of the St. Louis Horticultural Society, St.
Louis, Mo., and Pittsfield, Mass.
*HoN. Samuel Appleton, Boston.
*HoN. James Arnold, New Bedford.
*Edward Nathaniel Bancroft, M. D., late President of the Horticultural

and Agricultural Society of Jamaica.
*HoN. Philip P. Barbour, Virginia.
*Robert Barclay, Bury Hill, Dorking, Surrey, England.
*James Beekman, New York.
*L'Abbe Berlese, Paris.
♦Nicholas Biddle, Philadelphia.

Dr. Jacob Bigelow, Boston.
*Mr8. Bigelow, Medford.

*Le Chevalier Soulange Bodin, late Secretaire-General de la Society
d'Horticulture de Paris.

Hon. George S. Boutwell, Groton.
*Jo8iAH Bradlee, Boston.
*HoN. George N. Briggs, Pittsfield.

*HoN. James Buchanan, late President of the United States.
*Jesse Buel, late President of the Albany Horticultural Society.
*HoN. Edmund Burke, late Commissioner of Patents, Washington, D. C.
*AuGUSTiN Pyramus DE Candolle, Geneva.

Hon. Horace Capron, Ex-U. S. Commissioner of Agriculture, Washington,
D. C.
♦Isaac Chauncey, U. S. Navy, Brooklyn, N. Y.
*Lewi8 Clapier, Philadelphia.
*HoN. Henry Clay, Kentucky.

H. W. S. Cleveland, Chicago, 111.
♦Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin, Bart., England.
♦Zaccheus Collins, late President of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society,

Philadelphia.
♦Roswell L. Colt, Paterson, N. J.

Caleb Cope, Ex-President of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society,
Philadelphia.

HONORARY MEMBERS. 159

*WiLLiAM CoxE, Burlington, N. J.

*JoHN P. CnsHiNG, Watertown.

♦Charles W. Dabnet, late U. S. Consul, Fayal.

♦Hon. John Davis, LL. D., Boston.

*SiR Humphry Davt, London.

*Gen. H. a. S. Dearborn, Roxbury.

♦James Dickson, late Vice-President of the London Horticultural Society.

♦Mrs. Dorothy Dix, Boston.

♦Capt. Jesse D. Elliot, U. S. Navy.

♦Hon. Stephen Elliot, LL. D., Charleston, S. C.

♦Allyn Charles Evanson, St. John, N. B., Secretary of the King's County
Agricultural Society.

♦Hon. Edward Everett, LL. D., Boston.

♦Hon. Horace Everett, Verrtiont.

♦F. Falderman, late Curator of the Imperial Botanic Garden, St. Petersburg,

♦Hon. Millard Fillmore, late President of the United States.

♦Dr. F. E. Fischer, late Professor of Botany at the Imperial Garden, St,
Petersburg,

♦Hon, Theodore Fbelinghuysen, late President of the American Agri-
cultural Society.

♦Joseph Gales, Jr., late Vice-President of the Horticultural Society, Wash-
ington, D. C.

♦George Gibbs, New York.

♦Stephen Girard, Philadelphia.

♦Hon. Robert H. Goldsborough, Talbot County, Maryland.

♦Ephraim Goodale. South Orrington, Maine.

♦Mrs. Rebecca Gore, Waltham.

♦Hon. John Greig, late President of the' Domestic Horticultural Society,
Canandaigua, N. Y,

♦Mrs, Mary Griffith. Charlies Hope, N. J,

♦Gen. William Henry Harrison, late President of the United States.

♦S. P. HiLDRETH, M. D., Marietta, O.
Thomas Hopkirk, President of the Glasgow Horticultural Society.

♦David Hosack, M. D., late President of the New York Horticultural Society.

♦Lewis Hunt, Huntsburg, O.

♦Joseph R. Ingersoll, late President of the Pennsylvania Horticultural
Society, Philadelphia.

♦Gen. Andrew Jackson, late President of the United States.

♦Mrs. Martha Johonnot, Salem.

♦Jared Potter Kirtland, LL. D.. East Rockport, O.

♦Thomas Andrew Knight, late President of the London Horticultural
Society.

♦Gen. La Fayette, La Grange, France.
Le Comte de Lasteyrie, Vice-President of the Horticultural Society of

Paris.
A. H. Latour, M. p., 1396 St. Catherine Street, Montreal Canada.

♦Baron Justus Liebig, Giessen, Germany.

160 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

*Prof. John Lindlet, late Secretary of the London Horticultural Society.
Fkanklin Litchfield, Puerto Cabello.
*JosHUA LoNGSTRETH, Philadelphia.
♦Nicholas Longworth, Cincinnati.

* Jacob Lorillard, late President of the New York Horticultural Society.
*JoHN C. Loudon, London.

John A. Lowell, Boston.
*Baron H. Carol Von Ludwig, Cape Town, Cape of Good Hope.
*HoN. Theodore Lyman, Brookline.

CoL. Theodore Lyman, Brookline.
*HoN. James Madison, late President of the United States.
*Mrs. Charlotte Marryatt, Wimbledon, near London.

Joseph Maxwell, Rio Janeiro.

D. Smith McCauley, Tripoli.
*HoN. Isaac McKim, late President of the Horticultural Society of Maryland.

Rev. James H. Means, Dorchester, Mass.

* James Mease, M. D., Philadelphia.
♦Lewis John Mentens, Brussels.
*Hon. Charles F. Mercer, Virginia.
♦Francois Andre Michaux, Paris.

Donald G. Mitchell, New Haven, Ct.

* Samuel L. Mitchill, LL. D., New York.

*HoN. James Monroe, late President of the United States.
*A. N. MoRiN, Montreal, Canada.
♦Theodore Mosselmann, Antwerp, Belgium.

♦Alfred Munson, M. D., late President of the New Haven Horticultural
Society.

Baron Ottenfels, Austrian Minister to the Ottoman Porte.

John Palmer, Calcutta.
♦Hon. Joel Parker, LL. D., Cambridge.

Samuel B. Parsons, Flushing, N. Y.
♦Hon. Thomas H. Perkins, Brookline.
♦A. Poiteau, Professor in the Institut Horticole de Fromont.
♦Hon. James K. Polk, late President of the United States.
♦John Hare Powel, Powelton, Pa.
♦Henry Pratt, Philadelphia.
♦William Prince, Flushing, N. Y.

Rev. George Putnam, D. D., Roxbury.
♦Joel Rathbone, late President of the Albany and Rensselaer Horticultural

Society, Albany.
♦Archibald John, Earl of Roseberry, late President of the Caledonian

Horticultural Society.
♦Joseph Sabine, late Secretary of the London Horticultural Society.
♦Don Ramon de la Sagra, Cuba.

Henry Winthrop Sargent, Fishkill, N. Y.
♦Sir Walter Scott.
♦William Shaw, New York.

HONORARY MEMBERS. 161

*JoHN Shepherd, late Curator of the Botanic Garden, Liverpool.
*JoHN S. Skinner, Baltimore.

George W. Smith, Boston.
♦Stephen H. Smith, late President ot the Rhode Island Horticultural Society.
*JuDGE E. B. Strong, Rochester.
*HoN. Charles Sumner, Boston.

*Gen. Zachary Taylor, late President of the United States.
*HoN. John Taliaferro, Virginia.
*Gen. James Tallmadge, late President of the American Institute, New

York.
* James Thacher, M. D., Plymouth.

John J. Thomas, Union Springs, N. Y.
♦James W. Thompson, M. D., Wilmington, Del.
♦Grant Thorburn, New York.
♦M. Du Petit Thouars, Paris, late President of the Institut Horticole de

Fromont.
♦Le Vicomte Hericart de Thury, late President of the Horticultural So-
ciety of Paris.

MoNS. TouGARD, President of the Horticultural Society of Rouen, France.
♦Gen. Nathan Towson, late President of the Horticultural Society, Wash-
ington, D. C.
♦Col. W. Towson, late President of the Agricultural Society, Washington,
D. C.

John Turner, Assistant Secretary of the London Horticultural Society.
♦Hon. John Tyler, late President of the United States.
♦Rev. Joseph Tyso, Wallingford, England.
♦Hon. Martin Van Buren, late President of the United States.
♦Federal Vanderburg, M. D., New York.
♦Jean Baptiste Van Mons, M. D., Brussels.
♦Gen. Stephen Van Rensselaer, Albany, N. Y.

Joseph R. Van Zandt, Albany, N. Y.
♦Benjamin Vaughan, Hallowell, Me.
♦Petty Vaughan, London.
♦Rev. N. Villleneuve, Montreal.
♦Pierre Phillippe Andre Vilmorin, Paris.
♦James Wadsworth, Geneseo, N. Y.

♦Nathaniel Waluch, M. D., late Curator of the Botanic Garden, Calcutta.
♦Malthus a. Ward, late Professor in Franklin College, Athens, Ga.
♦Hon. Daniel Webster, Marshfield.
♦Hon. John Welles, Boston.
♦Jeremiah Wilkinson, Cumberland, R. I.

Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, Boston.
♦Frederick Wolcott, Litchfield, Conn.
♦Lawrence Young, late President of the Kentucky Horticultural Society

Louisville.
♦AsHTON Yates, Liverpool.

21

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

A * denotes the member deceased.

*JoHN Adlum, Georgetown, D. C.

MoNS. Alfroy, Lieusaint, France.

A. B. Allen, Tom's River, N. J.

James T. Allan, Ex-President of the Nebraska State Horticultural Society,
Omaha, Neb.

Rev. Thomas D. Anderson, New York.
*Thomas Appleton, U. S. Consul, Leghorn.

Don Francisco Aguilar, of Maldonado, in the Banda Oriental.
*Thomas Aspinwall, Brookline.

P. M. Augur, State Pomologist, Middlefield, Conn.
*I8AAC Cox Barnet, late U. S. Consul, Paris.

Patrick Barry, Chairman of the General Fruit Committee of the American
Pomological Society, Rochester, N. Y.

Augustine Baumann, Bolwiller, France.
*EuGENE AcHiLLE Baumann, Bolwillcr, France.

Joseph Bernard Baumann, Bolwiller, France.

Napoleon Baumann, Bolwiller, France.

D. W. Beadle, St. Catherine's, Canada West.

Prof. W. J. Beal, Lansing, Michigan.
*Noel J. Becar, Brooklyn, N. Y.
*Edward Beck, Worton College, Isleworth, near London.

Rev. Henry Ward Beecher, Peekskill, N. Y.

Louis ^DOUARD Berckmans, Romc, Ga.

Prosper J. Berckmans, Augusta, Georgia.
*Alexandre Bivort, late Secretaire General de la Societe Van Mons, Fleu-
rus, Belgique.

MoNS. Tripet Le Blanc, Paris.
*Charles D. Bragdon, Pulaski, Oswego Co., N. Y.
♦William D. Brinckle, M. D., Philadelphia.

John W. Brown, Fort Gaines, Ga.

Dr. Nehemiah Brush, East Florida.

Arthur Bryv^t, Sr., Ex-President of the Illinois State Horticultural Socie-
ty, Princeton, 111.

Robert Buist, Philadelphia.

*E. W. Bull, Hartford, Conn.

Rev. Rohert Burnet, President of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association,
Hamilton, Canada West.

Alexander Burton, Cadiz.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS. 163

George W. Campbell, Delaware, Ohio.
*Francis G. Carnes, New York.
♦Robert Carr, Philadelphia.
*James Colvill, Chelsea, England.
*Rev. Henry Colman, Boston.

Benjamin E. Cotting, M. D., Boston.
*S. L. Dana, M. D., Lowell.

J. Dbcaisne, Professeur de Culture au Museum d' Histoire Naturelle, Jardin

des Plantes, Paris.
*James Deering, Portland, Me.

*H. F. DiCKEHUT.

*Sm C. Wentworth Dilke, Bart., London.

Hon. Allen W. Dodge, Hamilton, Mass.

Rev. H. Hontwood Dombrain, A. B., 3 Adelphi Terrace, Strand, W. C,
London.

Charles Downing, Newburg, N. Y.

Parker Earle, South Pass, 111.

F. R. Elliott, Ex-Secretary of the American Pomological Society, Cleve-
land, Ohio.
*Hon. Henry L. Ellsworth, late Commissioner of Patents, Washington,
D C.

George Ellwanger, Rochester, N. Y.

George B. Emerson, LL. D., Winthrop.
*Ebenezer Emmons, M. D., Williamstown.
*A. H. Ernst, Cincinnati.
*Nathaniel Fellows, Cuba.
*Henry J. Finn, Newport, R. I.

W. C. Flagg, Secretary of the American Pomological Society, Moro, 111.
*Michael Floy, late Vice-President of the New York Horticultural Society,

New York City.
*JoHN Fox, Washington, D. C.
*HoN. Russell Freeman, Sandwich.

Andrew S. Fuller, Ridgewood, N. J.

Henry Weld Fuller, Roxbury.

R. W. Furnas, President of the Nebraska State Horticultural Society,
Brownville, Neb.

Augustus Gande, President of the Horticultural Society, Department of
Sarthe, France.
*Robert H. Gardiner, Gardiner, Me.
♦Benjamin Gardner, late U. S. Consul at Palermo.
*Capt. James P. Gerry, U. S. Navy.
♦Abraham P. Gibson, late U. S. Consul at St. Petersburg.
*R. Glendenning, Chiswick, near London.

Prof. George L. Goodale, Cambridge.

Prof. Asa Gray, Cambridge.

O. B. Hadwen, Ex-President of the Worcester County Horticultural Society,
Worcester.

164 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

♦Charles Henry Hall, New York.
♦Abraham Halsey, New York.

Dr. Charles C. Hamilton, President of the Fruit Growers' Association
and International Show Society of Nova Scotia, Cornwallis.
*Kev. Thaddeus Mason Harris, D. D., Dorchester.
*Thaddeus William Harris, M. D., Cambridge.
*JoHN Hat, Architect of the Caledonian Horticultural Society.
♦Bernard Henry, Philadelphia.

Shirley Hibberd, Editor of the Gardeners' Magazine, London.
*J. J. Hitchcock, Baltimore.

Robert Hogg, LL. D., Editor of the Journal of Horticulture, London.
♦Thomas Hogg, New York.

Thomas Hogg, New York.

J. C. Holding, Ex-Treasurer and Secretary of the Cape of Good Hope
Agricultural Society, Cape Town, Africa.

Rev. S. Reynolds Hole, Caunton Manor, Newark, Nottinghamshire,
England.

Fisher Holmes.

Sir Joseph Hooker, K. C. S. I., Director of the Royal Botanic Garden,
Kew, England.

JosiAH HooPEs, West Chester, Pa.

Prof. E. N. Horsford, Cambridge.

♦Sanford Howard, Chicago, 111.

De. William M. Howsley, President of the Kansas State Horticultural

Society, Leavenworth.
♦Isaac Hunter, Baltimore.
♦Isaac Hurd, Cincinnati, Ohio.

George Husmann, Sedalia, Pettis County, Mo.

Thomas P. James, Cambridge.

Edward Jarvis, M. D., Dorchester.

William J. Johnson, M. D., Fort Gaines, Ga.

Samuel Kneeland, M. D., Boston.
♦Mons. Laffay, St. Cloud, near Paris, France.

David Landreth, Ex-Corresponding Secretary of the Pennsylvania Hor-
ticultural Society, Bristol, Pa.

C. C. Langdon, Mobile, Alabama.
♦Dr. William LeBaron, late State Entomologist, Geneva, 111.

G. F. B. Leighton, President of the Norfolk Horticultural and Pomological
Society, Norfolk, Va.
♦E. S. H. Leonard, M. D., Providence.
♦Andre Leroy, Author of the Dictionnaire de Pomologie, Angers, France.

J. Linden, Ghent, Belgium.

Hon. George Lunt, Boston.
*F. W. Macondray, San Francisco, Cal.
♦James J. Mapes, LL. D., Newark, N. J.

♦A. Mas, late President of the Horticultural Society, Bourg-en-Bresse,
France.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS. 165

Dk. Maxwell T. Masters, Editor of the Gardener's Chronicle, London.
*James Maurt, late U. S. Consul, Liverpool.

T. C. Maxwell, Geneva, N. Y.

James McNab, Curator of the Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, Scotland.

Thomas Meehan, Editor of the Gardener's Monthly, Germantown, Pa.
*Allen Melville, New York.

John Miller, M. D., Secretary of the Horticultural and Agricultural Society
of Jamaica.
*Stephen Mills, Flushing, N. Y.
♦Charles M'Intosh, Dalkeith Palace, near Edinburg.

J. E. Mitchell, Philadelphia.
♦William S. M'Lean, New York.

Guiseppe Monarchini, M. D., Cauca, Isle of Candia.

DSdouard Morren, Editor of the Belgique Horticole Liege, Belgium.
♦Horatio Newhall, M. D., Galena, 111.
♦David W. Offlet, U. S. Agent, Smyrna.

James Ombrosi, U. S. Consul, Florence.
♦John J. Palmer, New York.
♦Victor Paquet, Paris.

♦John W. Parker, late U. S. Consul, Amsterdam.
♦Andrew Parmentier, Brooklyn, N. Y.

William Paul, Waltham Cross, London, N.
♦Sir Joseph Paxton, M. P., Chatsworth, England.
♦John L. Payson, late U. S. Consul, Messina.
♦Com. M. C. Perry, U. S. Navy.

♦David Porter, late U. S. Charge d' Affaires at the Ottoman Porte.
♦Alfred S. Prince, Flushing, N. Y.
♦William K. Prince, Flushing, N. Y.

P. T. QuiNN, Newark, N. J.

Rev. Rushton Radclyffe.
♦William Foster Redding, Baltimore, Md.

D. Redmond, Ocean Springs, Miss.

M. D. Reynolds, Schenectady, N. Y.
♦John H. Richards, M. D., Illinois.

Charles V. Riley, Entomologist, St. Louis, Mo.
♦MoNs. J. RiNZ, Jr., Frankfort-on-the-Main.
♦Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, Herts, England.

William Robinson, Editor of The Garden, London.
♦Dr. J. Smyth Rogers, New York.
♦Capt. William S. Rogers, U. S. Navy.

Bernard Rosier, M. D., Athens, Greece.
♦Thomas Rotch, Philadelphia.
♦George R. Russell, Roxbury,

John B. Russell, Washington, D. 0.
♦Rev. John Lewis Russell, Salem.

William Saunders, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
♦William Shaler, late U. S. Consul-General, Havana, Cuba.

166 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

♦Caleb R. Smith, Burlington, N. J.

*Daniel D. Smith, Burlington, N. J.

*GiDEON B. Smith, late Editor of the American Farmer, Baltimore.

John Jay Smith, Germantown, Pa.
*HoKATio Sprague, late U. S. Consul, Gibraltar.

Robert W. Starr, Cornwallis, Nova Scotia, Secretary of the Fruit Growers'
Association and International Show Society, Halifax.

Dr John Statman, Leavenworth, Kansas.
*Thomas H. Stevens, U. S. Navy, Middletown, Conn.

William F. Strangeway, British Secretary of Legation at Naples.

Dr. J. Strentzel, Martinez, Cal.
*Jame8 p. Sturgis, Canton.

William Summer, Pomaria, S. C.

Francis Summerest.

*Prof. Tenore, late Director of the Botanic Garden at Naples.
*J. E. Teschemacher, Boston.
*Robert Thompson, London.
*George C. Thorburn, New York.

Prof. George Thurber, Editor of the American Agriculturist, New York.

John Tilson, Jr., Edwardsville, Illinois.

Cav. Doct. Vincent Tinio, Director of the Botanic Garden at Palermo.
*LuTHER Tucker, Editor of the Cultivator, Albany, N. Y.

Caret Tyso, Wallingford, England.
*Louis Van Houtte, Ghent, Belgium.
*Alexander Vattemare, Paris.
*Emilien de Wael, Antwerp, Belgium,

John A. Warder, M. D., President of the Ohio State Horticultural Society,
Cleves, O.

Anthony Waterer, Knapp Hill, near Woking, Surrey, England.
*J. Ambrose Wight, Editor of the Prairie Farmer, Chicago, 111.

Benjamin Samuel Williams, HoUoway, London, N.

Prof. John Wilson, Agricultural College, Cirencester, England.
*William Wilson, New York.
*CoL. J. F. Wingate, Bath, Me.
♦Joshua Wingate, Portland.
♦Joseph Augustus Winthrop, Charleston, South Carolina.

MEMBERS FOR LIFE.

Change of residence, or any inaccuracies, should be promptly reported to the Secretary.

Adams, George E.,

Medford.

Bates, Amos,

Hinghara.

Albro, Charles,

Taunton.

Bates, Caleb,

Kingston.

Alger, R. F.,

Dedham.

Bayley, John P.,

Boston.

Ames, F. L.,

Easton.

Beal, Alexander,

Dorchester.

Ames, F. M.,

Canton.

Beckford, D. R., Jr.,

Dedham.

Ames, George,

Boston.

Bell, Joseph H.,

Quincy.

Ames, P. A.,

(<

Bemis, Emery,

Grantville.

Amory, Charles,

((

Berry, James,

Boston.

Amory, Frederick,

Brookline.

Bickford, Weare D.,

Allston.

Amory, James S.,

Boston.

Birchard, Charles,

Arlington.

Andrews, Charles L.

, Swampscott.

Black, J. W.,

Boston.

Andrews, Frank W.

, Boston.

Blagg, Samuel.

Newbern, N. C.

Andrews, W. T.,

((

Blanchard, J. W.,

Boston.

Andres, Milton,

Brookline.

Blaney, Henry,

Brookline.

Appleton, Edward,

Reading.

Blinn, R. D.,

Lexington.

Appleton, Francis H,

.,Peabody.

Bocher, F.,

Boston.

Appleton, Wm. S.,

Boston.

Bockus, C. E.,

Dorchester.

Atkins, Elisha,

Belmont.

Bond, George W.,

Boston.

Austin, William R.,

Dorchester,

Borland, J. N.,

((

Avery, Edward,

Boston.

Botume, John,

Stoneham.

Ayer, Adams,

<c

Bouve, Thomas T.,

Boston.

Ayling, Isaac,

<i

Bowditch, A. C,

Somerville.

Bowditch, J. Ingersoll

, Boston.

Bacon, George,

Brookline.

Bowditch, Wm. E.,

((

Bailey, Edwin C,

Concord, N. H

. Brackett, C. H.,

Brighton.

Baker, Wm. E.,

Boston.

Brackett, C. N.,

Newton .

Bancroft, J. C,

Milton.

Bradish, L. J.,

Boston.

Banfield, F. L.,

Boston.

Bragg, S. A. B.,

Mattapan.

Barnard, Rev. C. F.

Breed, Andrews,

Lancaster.

Barnard, James M.,

((

Breed, Henry A.,

Lynn.

Barnard, R. M.,

Everett.

Bresee, Albert,

Hortonville, Vt,

Barnes, Walter S.,

Somerville.

Brewer, John Reed,

Boston.

Barnes, Wm. H.,

Boston.

Brewer, Otis,

((

Barney, Levi C,

"

Brigham, W. T.,

((

Barratt, James,

Cambridge.

Bright, Jona. B.,

Waltham.

Barrett, Aaron,

Maiden.

Bright, William E.,

((

Barrows, Thomas,

Dedham.

Brimmer, Martin,

Boston.

Bartlett, E.,

Newburyport.

Brintnall, Benj.,

i<

168

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Brooks, Francis,
Brooks, J. W.,
Brooks, Peter C,
Brown, Charles E.,
Brown, Edward J.,
Brown, G. Barnard,
Brown, George B.,
Brown, Jacob,
Brownell, E. S.,
Bruce, N. F.,
Buckminster, W. J.,
BuUard, Wm. S.,
Burnett, Joseph,
Burnham,T.O.H.P.,
Burr, Fearing,
Burr, Matthew H.,
Buswell, E. W.,
Buswell, Frank E.,
Butler, Aaron,
Butterfield, Wm. P.,

Cadness, John,
Cains, William,
Calder, A. P.,
Capen, John,
Carlton, Samuel A.,
Carruth, Charles,
Carruth, Nathan,
Carter, Miss Sabra,
Chamberlain, C. W.,
Chandler, J. G.,
Chapin, N. G.,
Chapman, Edward,
Chase, A. J.,
Chase, Daniel E.,
Chase, Hezekiah S.,
Chase, William M.,
Cheney, B. P.,
Child, F. J.,
Child, William C,
Childs, Francis,
Childs, N. R.,
Claflin, Henry,
Claflin, William,
Clapp, Edward B.,
Clapp, E. W.,
Clapp, J. H.,

Medford.

Milton.

Boston.

Yarmouth, N.S.

Brookline.

Boston.

Woburn.
Essex June, Vt.
Stoneham.
Maiden,
Boston.
Southborough.
Boston.
Hingham.
((

Boston.

i(

Wakefield.
Arlington.

Flushing, N. Y.
South Boston.
Boston.

Soraerville.

Boston.

Dorchester.

Wilmington.

Arlington.

S. Lancaster.

Brookline.

Arlington.

Lynn.

Somerville.

Boston.

Worcester.

Boston.

Cambridge.

Medford.

Charlestown.

Dorchester.

Brighton.

Newton.

Dorchester.

Walpole.

Dorchester.

Clapp, Lemuel,
Clapp, William C,
Clark, Orus,
Clark, W. L.,
Clark, William S.,
Clarke, Miss Cora H.,
Clay, Henry,
Cleary, Lawrence,
Clement, Asa,
Cleveland, Ira,
Cobb, Albert A.,
Coburn, Isaac E.,
Codman, James M.,
Codman, Ogden,
Coffin, G. Winthrop,
Coffin, William E.,
Converse, E. S.,
Coolidge, Joshua,
Copeland, Franklin,
Courtis, William,
Cox, George P.,
Coy, Samuel I.,
Craft, George,
Crocker, Uriel,
Crosby, Josiah,
Crowell, Philander,
Crowell, R. H.,
Cruickshanks, James,
Cummings, John,
Curtis, Charles F.,
Curtis, George S.,
Cushing, J. G.,
Gushing, R. M.,

Daggett, H. C,
Damon, Samuel G.,
Dana, Charles B.,
Darling, Charles K.,
Davenport, Edward,
Davenport, Geo. E.,
Davenport, Henry,
Davis, Curtis,
Davis, Hervey,
Dawson, Jackson,
Deblois, S. G.,
Denny, C. H.,
Denny, R. S.,

Dorchester.

Boston.

Neponset.

Amherst.

Jamaica Plain.

Dorchester.

West Roxbury.

Dracut.

Dedham.

Brookline.

Everett.

Brookline.

Lincoln.

West Roxbury.

Boston.

Maiden.

Watertown.

West Dedham.

Marblehead.

Maiden.

Boston.

Brookline.

Boston.

Arlington.

Chelsea.

Woburn.
West Roxbury.
Jamaica Plain.
Boston.

Boston.

Arlington.

Brookline.

Boston.

Dorchester.

Boston.

Cambridge.
Cambridgeport.
West Ro.xbury.
Boston.

Dorchester.

MEMBERS FOR LIFE.

169

Denton, Eben,

Braintree.

DeWolf, John L.,

Boston.

Dewson, F. A.,

(1

Dexter, F. Gordon,

((

Dickerraan, Geo. H.,

, Somerville.

Dickinson, Alex.,

Cambridgeport.

Dike, Charles C,

Stoneham.

Dix, Joseph,

Boston.

Dorr, George,

Dorchester.

Dove, George W. W,

.,Andover.

Downer, Samuel,

Dorchester.

Durant, H. F.,

Boston.

Durant, William,

((

Durfee, Mrs. F. B.,

Fall River.

Durfee, George B.,

(1

Eaton, Horace,

Quincy.

Eldridge, E. H.,

Boston.

Ellicott, J. P.,

Jamaica Plain.

Endicott, Wm. E.,

Canton.

Everett, George,

Concord.

Everett, Otis,

Boston.

Everett, William,

u

Farlow, John S.,

Newton.

Faxon, John,

Quincy.

Fay, Mrs. R. L.,

Chelsea.

Fenno, J. B.,

Boston.

Feukes, Edwin,

Ipswich.

Fillebrown, John,

Arlington.

Fisher, James,

Boston.

Fisher, Warren,

u

Flagg, Augustus,

((

Fleming, Edwin,

West Newton.

Fleming, William,

(( ((

Fletcher, J. W.,

Chelsea.

Flint, Charles L.,

Boston.

Flint, D. B.,

Watertown.

Flynt, William N.,

Monson.

Foster, John H.,

Boston.

Foster, J. W.,

Dorchester.

Fowle, W. B.,

Auburndale.

Freeland, Chas. Wm

., Boston.

Freeman, Abraham,

Dorchester.

French, Jonathan,

Boston.

French, J. D. W.,

((

Fuller, Henry Weld,

((

22

Galvin, John,
Gardner, Henry N.,
Gibbs, Wolcott,
Gilkey, R. F.,
Gillard, William,
Gilson, F. Howard,
Glover, Albert,
Glover, Joseph B.,
Goddard, A. Warren,
Goddard, Mrs. M. T.,
Gorham, J. L.,
Gould, Francis,
Gould, Samuel,
Gray, James,
Gregory, J. J. H.,
Greig, George,
Grinnell, Joseph,
Groom, Thomas,
Grundel, H.,
Guild, J. Anson,

Hadwen, O. B.,
Hall, Edwin A.,
Hall, George A.,
Hall, George R.,
Hall, John R.,
Hall, Lewis,
Hall, Stephen A.,
Hall, William F.,
Halliday, W. H.,
Hammond, Gard. G.,
Hammond, Samuel,
Harding, C. L.,
Harding, G. W.,
Harding, L. B.,
Harding, W. C,
Hardy, F. D., Jr.,
Harris, Charles,
Hastings, Edm. T.,
Hatch, Anthony,
Hathaway, Seth W.,
Haughton, James,
Hayden, A. W.,
Hayes, Daniel F.,
Hayes, Francis B.,
Hazeltine, H.,
Head, Charles D.,

West Roxbury.

Belmont.

Cambridge.

Watertown.

Boston.

Reading.

Boston.

((

Brookline.
Newton.
Jamaica Plain.
Arlington.
Boston.
Wellesley.
Marblehead.
Newton.
New Bedford.
Dorchester.
((

Brookline.

Worcester.
Cambridgeport.
Chelsea.
Boston.
((

Cambridge.
Revere.
Brookline.
Boston.

Cambridge.
Dorchester.

Boston.

(I

Cambridgeport.

Cambridge.

Boston.

Cliftondale.

Marblehead.

Boston.

Portsm'th, N. H.

Exeter, N. H.

Boston.

Brookline.

170

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Hilbourn, A. J.,

Chelsea.

Keyes, E. W.,

Denver, Col.

Hill, George,

Arlington.

Keyes, George,

Concord.

Hill, John,

Stoneham.

Kidder, H. P.,

Boston.

Hitchings, E. H.,

Boston.

Kimball, A. P.,

((

Hodgkins, John E.,

Chelsea.

King, Franklin,

Dorchester.

HoUis, J. W.,

Brighton.

King, William S.,

Boston.

Holt, Mrs. S. A.,

Winchester.

Kingman, A. A.,

Brookline.

Hooper, Robert C,

Boston.

Kingman, C. D.,

Middleborough.

Hooper, Thomas,

Bridgewater.

Kinsley, Lyman,

Cambridgeport.

Horner, Mrs. C. N. S.

, Georgetown.

Kittredge, E. A.,

Boston.

Hovey, C. H.,

Cambridge.

Hovey, C. M.,

u

Lamb, Thomas,

Boston.

Hovey, John C,

Cambridgeport.

Lancaster, C. B.,

Newton.

Hovey, P. B.,

a

Lawrence, Amos A.,

Brookline.

Howe, George,

Boston.

Lawrence, Edward,

Charlestown.

Howland, John, Jr.,

New Bedford.

Lawrence, James,

Boston.

Hubbard, Charles T.

, Boston.

Lawrence, James,

Groton.

Hubbard, G. G.,

Cambridge.

Lawrence, John,

Boston.

Hubbard, J. C,

Boston.

Lawson, Peter,

Lowell.

Hubbard, W. J.,

((

Leavens, S. Davis,

Boston,

Huckins, J. W.,

((

Lee, Henry,

((

Humphrey, F. J.,

Dorchester.

Lemnie, Frederick,

Natick.

Hunneman, Jos. H.,

Boston.

Leuchars, R. B.,

Boston.

Hunnewell, H. H.,

Wellesley.

Lewis, A. S.,

Framingham.

Hunt, Franklin,

Boston

Lewis, William G.,

u

Hunt, Moses,

t(

Lincoln, D. Waldo,

Worcester.

Hyde, J. F. C,

Newton.

Lincoln, George,

Hingham.

Locke, W. H.,

Belmont.

Inches, Henderson,

Boston.

Lodge, Giles H.,

Swampscott.

Inches, Herman B.,

((

Loftus, John P.,

Boston.

Loomis, J. B.,

Chelsea.

Jackson, Abraham,

Boston.

Lord, George C,

Newton.

Janvrin, W. S.,

Revere.

Loring, Alfred,

South Hingham,

Jeffries, John, Jr.,

Boston.

Loring, C. W.,

Boston.

Jenks, C. W.,

"

Lothrop, Eben W.,

Chelsea.

Johnson, Francis M.

, Newton Centre

. Lovctt, G. L.,

Boston.

Joyce, Mrs. Samuel,

Medford.

Low, Ariel,

<i

Lowder, John,

Watertown.

Kakas, Edward,

Medford.

Lowell, Augustus,

Boston.

Kelley, E. G.,

Newburyport.

Luke, Elijah II.,

Cambridgeport.

Kendall, D. S.,

Woodstock, Ont.Lumb, Wm.,

Boston.

Kendall, Edward,

Cambridgeport

. Lunt, C. H.,

Jamaica Plain.

Kendall, J. R.,

Woburn.

Lyman, Theodore,

Brookline.

Kendrick, Mrs. H. P

'.,Allston.

Lyon, Henry,

Charlestown.

Kennedy, G. G.,

Boston.

Kenney, John M.,

Wareham.

Mahoney, John,

Boston.

Kent, John,

Charlestown.

Mann, James F.,

Cambridge.

MEMBERS FOR LIFE.

171

Mann, Jonathan,
Manning, J. W.,
Manning, Mrs. L. B.,
Manning, Robert,
Mansfield, H. S.,
Marland, A.,
Marsh, Francis,
Marshall, Frederick,
Martin, D. A.,
Martin, J. S.,
Mason, R. M.,
Matthews, Nathan,
McCarthy, T.,
McClure, John,
Merriam, M. H.,
Merrifield, W. T.,
Miller, E. D.,
Mills, Charles H.,
Milmore, M.,
Milton, W. H.,
Minott, Charles,
Minton, James,
Mixter, Charles,
Moore, John B.,
Morrill, Joseph, Jr.,
Morse, S. B.,
Morse, Samuel F.,
Motley, Thomas,
Mudge, E. R.,
Mudge, George A.,
Mudge, George W.,
Munroe, Otis,

Needham, Daniel,
Newhall, Cheever,
Newhall, George,
Newhall, Josiah,
Newman, J. R.,
Newton, W. W.,
Nichols, Mrs. F.,
Nourse, Benjamin F.,
Nourse, B. F.,

Cambridge.
Reading.

((

Salem.

Blackstone.

Andover.

Dedham.

Everett.

Chelsea.

Boston.

Revere.

Lexington.

Worcester.

Dorchester.

Boston.

Somerville.

Dorchester.

Boston.

Concord.

Boston.

West Roxbury,

Swampscott.

Brookline.

Lynn.

Boston.

Groton.

Dorchester.

((

Lynnfield.

Winchester.

Brookline.

Dorchester.

Cambridgeport.

Boston.

Osgood, Jas. Ripley, Boston.
Otis, T. C, "

Oxnard, George D., "

Packer, C. H.,
Page, Thomas,
Paine, Robert T.,
Palmer, J. P.,
Park, J. C,
Parker, Augustus,
Parker, William A.,
Parkman, Francis,
Partridge, Henry,
Partridge, Horace,
Pearce, John,
Peck, O. H.,
Peck, W. G.,
Penniman, A. P.,
Perkins, Augustus T.,
Perkins, Edward N.,
Perkins, William P.,
Perry, George W ,
Philbrick, William D.,
Pierce, George W.,
Pierce, Henry L.,
Pierce, S. B.,
Poole, Benjamin C,
Poor, John R.,
Pope, Alexander,
Potter, Joseph S.,
Prang, L.,
Pratt, Robert M.,
Pratt, William,
Pray, Mark W.,
Prescott, C. H.,
Prescott, Eben C,
Prescott, W. G.,
Prescott, William G.,
Preston, George H.,
Preston, John,
Pringle, C. G.,
Proctor, Thomas P.,
Prouty, Gardner,
Putnam, Joshua H.,

Ramsay, A. H.,
Rand, Miss E. L.,
Band, E. S.,
Rand, Oliver J.,
Rawson, W. W.,

Boston.

Milwaukee.

Boston.

((

Somerville.
Boston.

Jamaica Plain.

Dunkirk, N. Y.

Somerville.

West Roxbury.

Franklin.

Arlington.

Waltham.

Boston.

Brookline.

<c

Maiden.
Newton Centre.
Everett.
Dorchester.

Chelsea.
Somerville.
Dorchester.
Arlington.

Boston.

(<

Winchester.
Maiden.

Cornwallis, N. S.
Boston.

u

Quincy.

Boston.

Dorchester.

Charlotte, Vt.

West Roxbury.

Littleton.

Brookline.

Cambridge.

Newton.

Boston.

Cambridgeport.

Arlington.

172

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Rayner, John J.,
Reed, George W.,
Richards, John J.,
Richards, William B.
Richardson, C. E.,
Richardson, Geo. C,
Robbins, I. Gilbert,
Robbins, Nathan,
Robeson, W. R.,
Robinson, John,
Robinson, J. H.,
Rogers, John H.,
Ross, Henry,
Ross, M. D.,
Ross, Waldo O ,
Russell, George,
Russell, N. P.,
Russell, Walter,

Sampson, G. R.,
Sanborn, Amos C,
Sandford, O. S.,
Sargent, Charles S.,
Sargent, Ignatius,
Saville, R. L.,
Sawyer, E. H.,
Sawyer, Timothy T.
Scott, Charles,
Scudder, C. W.,
Seaver, Nathaniel,
Seaver, Robert,
Shaw, C. C,
Shaw, S. P.,
Sheafe, Charles C,
Sheafe, William,
Sheldon, 0. S.,
Shimmin, Charles F
Shorey, John L.,
Skinner, Francis,
Slack, Chas. W.,
Slack, Lewis,
Smith, Benj. G.,
Smith, Charles A.,
Smith, Charles H.,
Smith, Chauncy,
Smith, E. N.,
Smith, George O.,

Lexington.
Boston.

Cambridge.

Boston.

Arlington.

Boston.

Salem.

Dorchester.

Boston.

Newton.

Boston.

W. Somerville.

Boston.

Arlington.

New York.

Cambridgeport.

Cordaville.

Brookline.

((

Brookline.

Easthampton.
, Charlestown.

Newton.

Brookline.

East Boston.

Jamaica Plain.

Boston.

Cambridge.

Boston.

Brookline.

Milton.
., Boston.

Lynn.

Boston.

<(

Brookline.

Cambridge.

Boston.

Jamaica Plain.

Cambridge.

Boston.

Smith, James H.,
Smith, Joshua B.,
Smith, Peter,
Smith, W. B.,
Snow, Eben,
Southmayd, John K.,
Sparhawk, Edwd. C,
Sparhawk, Geo.,
Spaulding, Edward,
Spaulding, M. D.,
Speare, Alden,
Springall, George,
Springer, John,
Stetson, James A.,
Stetson, Nahum,
Stickney, Rufus B.,
Stimpson, George,
Stimpson, H. H.,
Stone, Amos,
Stone, G. F.,
Stone, Phineas J.,
Story, E. A.,
Strong, William C,
Sturgis, John H.,
Sturgis, Russell, Jr.,
Sturtevant, E. Lewis,
Sumner, Edward,
Surette, L. A.,
Swain, Charles D.,

Taft, John B.,
Tappan, Charles,
Taylor, Horace B.,
Thacher, Alfred C,
Thayer, Henry,
Thayer, Nathaniel,
Thompson, S. Benton,
Thorndike, John H.,
Thurlow, T. C,
Tilton, Stephen W.,
Todd, Jolm,
Tolman, Benj.,
Tolman, Miss H. S.,
Torrey, Everett,
Turner, J. M.,
Turner, R. W.,
Turner, Royal W.,

Needham.

Cambridgeport.

Andover.

Boston.

Cambridge.

Boston.

Brighton.

Lexington.

Jamaica Plain.

Boston.

Newton Centre.

Maiden.

Sterling.

Quincy.

Bridgewater.

Somerville.

New York.

Cambridge.

Everett.

Newton.

Charlestown.

Brighton.

u

Boston.

S.Framingham.
Dedham.
Concord.
Roxbury.

Boston.

Dorchester.

N. Cambridge.

Boston.

Lexington.

Boston.

Newburyport.

Boston.

Hingham.

Concord.

Boston.

Charlestown.

Dorchester.

Newton.

Randolph.

MEMBERS FOR LIFE.

173

Underwood, Guy C,

Boston.

Wheelwright, A. C,

Boston.

Upham, Henry,

Brookline.

Whipple, John A.,

((

Whitcomb, Wm. B.,

Medford.

Vass, W. J.,

Boston.

White, B. C,

Boston.

Vinton, A. H.,D. D.

>

White, Edward A.,

((

Vose, B. C,

Hyde Park.

White, Francis A.,

Brookline.

Whitely, Edward,

Cambridge.

Wainwright, Peter,

Boston.

Whiting, Nathaniel,

Brookline.

Wainwright, Wm. L.

, Braintree.

Whitmore, C. 0.,

Boston.

Wakefield, E. H.,

Chelsea.

Whitney Luther F.,

Charlestown.

Waleott, Edward,

Pawtucket.

Whittle, George W.,

Somerville.

"Walcott, Henry P.,

Cambridge.

Whytal, Thomas G.,

West Roxbury.

Walker, Edw. C. R.,

Boston.

Wilbur, G. B.,

Watertown.

Walker, Samuel A.,

((

Wilcutt, LeviL.,

West Roxbury.

Walker, T. W.,

Waltham.

Wilder, Henry A.,

Boston.

Walley, Mrs. W. P.,

Boston.

Wilder, Marshall P.,

Dorchester.

Ward, John,

Newton.

Williams, Aaron D.,

Boston.

Wardwell, W. H.,

" Centre.

AVilliams, Benj. B.,

a

Ware, Benjamin P.,

Marblehead.

Williams, Philander,

Taunton.

Warren, G. W.,

Boston.

Willis, George W.,

Chelsea.

Wason, E.,

Brookline.

Willis, J. C,

Boston.

Waters, Edwin F.,

Newton Centre

. Wilson, Henry W.,

South Boston.

Waters, George F.,

Newton.

Winship, F. Lyman,

Brighton.

Watts, Isaac,

Belmont.

Winship, Herman,

u

Webber, A. D.,

Boston.

Woerd, C. v.,

Waltham.

Weld, Aaron D.,

West Roxbury.

Woerd, C. v., Jr.,

<(

Weld, Dr. M. W.,

Boston.

Wood, L. H.,

Marlborough.

Weld, Richard H.,

(<

Wood, R. W.,

Jamaica Plain.

Weld, W. G.,

Brookline.

Wood, Wm. K.,

West Newton.

Weston, L. W.,

Lincoln.

Woodward, Royal,

Brookline.

Weston, Seth,

Revere.

Wright, George C,

West Acton.

Wetherell, Leander,

Boston.

Wrisley, Frank,

New York.

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

Abbott, S. L., M. D.,
Adams, Chas. F.,
Adams, C. S.,
Allen, Andrew F.,
Allen, Calvin,
Allen, E. L.,
Allen, Nathaniel T.,
Allen, W. H.,
Alley, Franklin,
Ames, R. W.,
Anderson, C. J.,
Atkinson, Chas. M.,
Atkinson, Edward,
Atkinson, John,
Atkinson, W. B.,

Batchelder, Samuel,
Bacon, Augustus,
Bacon, William,
Baker, W. P.,
Bard, James,
Barker, John G.,
Barnard, Mrs. Joel,
Barnes, Parker,
Bayley, Dudley H.,
Beard, E. L.,
Becker, Frank,
Bird, Charles,
Bird, John L.,
Black, John A.,
Bliss, B. K.,
BoUes, Matthew,
Bolles, William P.,
Bolton, John B.,
Boot, William,
Bouve, Ephraim W.,
Brackett, E. A.,
Bradford, Chas. F.,
Bradlee, John D.,
Bradlee, J. T.,

Boston.

Quincy.

Framingham.

Arlington.

Boston.

West Newton.

Dedham.

Marblehead.

Boston.

Longwood.

Brookline.
<(

West Newton.
Newburyport.

Cambridge.
Boston.

Quincy.
Framingham.
Lynn.

Arlington H'ts.
Dorchester.
Boston.
Cambridge.
Belmont.
Revere.
Dorchester.
Boston.
New York.
West Roxbury.
Boston.
Somerville.
Boston.
(I

Winchester.
Boston.
Milton.
Boston.

Breck, C. H.,
Breck, C. H. B.,
Brewer, Thomas M.,
Brooks, George,
Brown, A. S.,
Brown, Atherton T.,
Brown, Jona., Jr.,
Brown, Joseph T.,
Bryant, G. J. F.,
Bull, E. W.,
BuUard, Calvin,
Burley, Edward,
Burr, Charles C,
Butler, Edward,

Capen, Aaron D.,
Carter, Maria E.,
Cartwright, James,
Chadbourne, M. W.,
Chaffin, John C,
Chase, Mrs. C. B.,
Chase, Henry L.,
Cheney, A. P.,
Clark, James W.,
Clark, Joseph,
Clark, Joseph W.,
Cobb, Edward W.,
Cobb, Jonathan H ,
Coe, Henry F.,
Colby, E. P.,
Cole, H. Hammond,
Comley, James,
Converse, Parker L.,
Cox, James F.,
Crafts, W. A.,
Cruickshank, J. T.,
Curtis, D. T.,
Curtis, Joseph H.,
Cutter, George B.,

Brighton.
((

Boston.
Brookline.
Jamaica Plain.
Boston.
Somerville.

Boston.

(<

Concord.

Boston.

Beverly.

Newton.

Wellesley.

Mattapan.

Woburn.

Wellesley.

Watertown.

Newton.

Medford.

Lynn.

Natick.

Framingham.

Canton.

Dedham.

Boston.

Dedham.

West Roxbury.

Wakefield.

Chelsea.

Lexington.

Woburn.

Abington.

Boston.

Natick.

Boston.

Weston.

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

175

Dana, Luther,
Darling, Moses, Jr.,
Davis, Frederick,
Davis, James,
Davis, Thomas M.,
Day, George B.,
Dean, A. J.,
Denison, J. N.,
Dike, George W.,
Dillaway, Chas. K.,
Doogue, William,
Downe, Sumner,
Downes, Mrs. S. M..
Dupee, James A.,
Dwight, David F.,
Dyer, Mrs. E. D.,

Eaton, Jacob,
Eaton, Russell P.,
Edgar, William,
Eustis, James,
Ewings, L. B.,

Falconer, James,
Falconer, John,
Falconer, William,
Farrier, Amasa,
Farrier, Mrs. C,
Fay, Henry G.,
Felton, A. W.,
Fenno, Thomas L.,
Fenno, Warren,
Fletcher, Edwin,
Foley, Bernard,
Foster, Joshua T.,
Foster, Nath'l, Jr.,
Fowle, H. D.,
French, Henry F.,
French, W. E.,
Frost, George,
Frost, Rufus S.,
Frost, Stiles,
Fuller, W. G.,
Furneaux, Charles,

Newton.

South Boston.

Newton.

Boston.

Cambridgeport.

Boston.

Stoneham.
Boston.

Maiden.
Andover.
Brookline.
Boston.
Eyota, Minn.

Cambridgeport.

Dorchester.

Newtonville.

Wakefield.

Boston.

Boston.
Rochester.
Cambridge.
Stoneham.

Brookline.

West Newton.

Somerville.

Revere.

Acton.

Boston.

Medford.

Belmont.

Boston.

Concord.

Boston.

West Newton.

Chelsea.

West Newton.

Stoneham.

Melrose.

Gane, Henry A., West Newton.

Gardiner, Claudius B.,Newburyport.

Gardner, John,
Garfield, Charles,
Gaut, S. N.,
Gerry, Charles F.,
Gilbert, John,
Gilbert, Samuel,
Gilbert, W. A.,
Gill, Mrs. E. M.,
Gleason, C. W.,
Gleason, Herbert,
Godbold, G. A.,
Goddard, Thomas,
Goodwin, Lester,
Gove, George G.,
Grant, Charles E.,
Graves, Frank H.,
Gray, Edward,
Gray, Howard,
Gray, John C,
Gray, Wm., Jr.,
Gray, Wm., 3d,
Greenwood, E. H.,
Grew, Henry,
Guerineau, Louis,

Hadley, T. B.,
Haines, Robert J.,
Haley, Jesse,
Hall, William T.,
Hamlin, D. A.,
Harris, Miss Ellen M.,
Harris, F. L.,
Hartwell, Samuel,
Harwood, Geo. S.,
Haskell, Edward,
Hatch, Samuel,
Hayes, John L.,
Hay ward, Geo. P.,
Hay ward, James T.,
Hazelton, H. L.,
Heath, Geo. W.,
Heustis, Warren,
Hews, Albert H.,
Higbee, C. H.,
Hill, Benj. D.,
Hill, Henry Y.,
Hinckley, Mrs. D. F.,

Dedham.
Medford.
Somerville.
Hyde Park.
Boston.

Neponset.
Medford.
Boston.
Maiden.
Chelsea.
Boston.
Brighton.
Cambridge.
Boston.
West Newton.
Boston.
Dorchester.
Boston.
Dorchester.
<(

Newton Centre.

Dorchester.

Maiden.

Stoneham.
Boston.

Cambridgeport.
Revere.
South Boston.
, Jamaica Plain.
West Needham.
Lincoln.
Newton.
New Bedford,
Boston.
Cambridge.
Hingham.
Boston.

Melrose.

Belmont.

No. Cambridge.

Salem.

Peabody.

Belmont.

Chelsea.

176

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Hittinger, Miss M. E., Belmont.

Hodgdon, R. L., Arlington.

Howe, Rufus, Marlboro'.

Hubbard, J. W., Boston.

Humphrey, G. W., Dedham.

Humphrey, John, Dover,

Ireland, George W., Somerville.

Jameson, G. W., East Lexington.

Johnson, H. A., Jamaica Plain.

Jones, Moses, Brookline.

Jordan, Samuel, . Yarmouth.

Kelsey, Fred W., Waverly, N. Y.

Kendall, Jonas, Framingham.

Kennard, M. P., Brookline.

Kenrick, Miss A. C, Newton.

Kingman, Abner, Boston.

Laraprell, Simon,
Lang, John H. B.,
Langworthy, I. P.,
Law, G. A.,
Leavens, E. W.,
Lee, Francis H.,
Lincoln, F. W., Jr.,
Livermore, Isaac,

Marblehead.

Dorchester.

Chelsea.

Roslindale.

Maiden.

Salem.

Boston.

Cambridgeport.

Livermore, Miss Maria, Mt. Auburn.
Locke, B. D., Arlington.

Loring, Charles G., Boston.
Loring, John A., "

Lothrop, D. W., West Medford.

Lothrop, H. A., Sharon.

Lothrop, Thornton K., Boston.
Lowell, John, Newton,

Markoe, G. F. IL, Boston.
May, F. W. G., "

McDermott, Andrew, "

Mclntire, Joseph, Melrose.

Mclntyre, James, Maiden.

McLaren, Anthony, Forest Hills.

Mellon, George M., Brookline.

Merrick, John M., Walpole.

Merrill, J. Warren, Cambridgeport.

Merrill, S. A.,
Millar, John L.,
Miller, David,
Mills, William,
Minton, P. J.,
M'Intosh, A. S.,
Morandi, Francis,
Morris, Thomas D.,
Morrison, Hugh,
Morse, E. R.,
Morse, W. A.,
Morton, J. H.,
Murray, Daniel C,
Muzzey, A. B.,

Nichols, J. R.,
Northey, William,
Norton, P.,

Noyes, George N.,
Nugent, James,

Danvers.
Boston.

((

Somerville.

Forest Hills.

Boston.

Maiden.

Boston.

Gloucester.

Somerville.

Boston.

Brookline.
Cambridge.

Haverhill.

Medford.

Boston.

Auburndale.

Boston.

O'Brien, James, Jamaica Plain.

Odiorne, F. H., Maiden.

Oldreive, Richard, Newton.

Olney, Richard, West Roxbury,

Owen, John, Cambridge.

Paine, Benjamin F.,
Palmer, Stevens G.,
Park, W. D.,
Parker, Harvey D.,
Parker, James M.,
Parker, John,
Parsons, William,
Parsons, William B.
Patterson, James,
Payson, Samuel R.,
Perkins, S. C,
Pettingill, Thos. S.,
Philbrick, Edward S
Phillips, Nathaniel,
Pillsbury, H. H.,
Plimpton, W. P.,
Power, Charles J.,
Pratt, L. G.,
Pratt, Samuel,

Boston.

Charlestown.

Boston.

((

, Rockport,

Cambridge.

Boston.

Dorchester.

Brookline.
, Boston.

Dorchester.

Medford.

West Newton.

S. Framingham.

West Newton.

Chelsea.

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

177

Preston, Jonathan, Boston.

Prince, F. O., Winchester.

Putnam, C. A., Salem.
Putnam, Francis, "

Putnam, H. W., "

Story, Miss Sarah W., Brighton.
Sullivan, J. L. D., Somerville.
Swan, C. W., Boston.

Rand, George C,
Randall, Macey,
Ranlett, Charles A.,
Ranlett, S. A.,
Ray, Edwin,
Richards, Francis,
Richards, John S.,
Richardson, E. P.,
Richardson, Horace,
Roberts, Edward,
Rogers, John F.,
Russell, George,

Newton Centre.

Sharon.

Billerica.

Melrose.

Boston.

Brookline.

Lawrence.

Framingham.

Hyde Park.

Cambridge.

Boston.

Saunders, Miss M.T., Salem.

Saville, George,
Sawtell, J. M.,
Sclilegel, Adam,
Scott, A. E.,
Scott, George H..

Quincy.

Fitchburg.

Boston.

Lexington.

AUston.

Scudder, Samuel H., Cambridge.
Shattuck, F. R., Boston.

Shaughnessy, J. J., *'

Shedd, Abraham B., Lexington.
Shedd, Arthur B., "

Shepherd, C. W., West Newton.
Shepherd, Edwin, Lowell.
Sherman, Japhet, Medford.
Simpson, Michael H.,Saxonville.
Sleeper, J. S., Boston.

Smallwood, Thomas, Newtoo.
Snow, E. A., Melrose.

Southworth, Edward, Quincy.
Spooner, W. H., Jamaica Plain.

Sprague, Charles J., Boston.
Squire, J. P., Arlington.

Stanwood, E. Howard, Grantville.
Starbird, Louis D., Maiden.
Stearns, Charles, Brookline.
Stone, Eliphalet, Dedham.
Stone, Milton J., Brookline.
Stone, Samuel G., Charlestown.

Tailby, Joseph,
Tainter, A. E.,
Talbot, Josiah W.,
Tapper, Thomas,
Taylor, Moses,
Thompson, G. M.,
Tobey, Miss M. B.,
Todd, Jacob,
Torrey, Augustus,
Tower, Elisha,
Trautman, Martin,
Tucker, E. G.,
Turner, N. W.,

Wellesley.

Medford.

Norwood.

Canton.

Acton.

Waltham.

Brookline.

Boston.

Beverly.

Lexington.

Boston.

Everett.

Underwood, Wm. J., Belmont.

Vandine, Henry, Canibridgeport.

VanVoorhies,H.W., Everett.
Vinton, Mrs. C. A., Boston.

Walker, Charles H.,
Walker, Joseph T.,
Walker, Wm. P.,
Wallis, William,
Walsh, M. H.,
Waltham, George,
Ward, Edward A.,
Warren, Samuel D.,
Washburn, E. F.,
Watson, B. M.,
Watson, David,
Webster, John,
Wellington, Chas. A.,
Wellington, Jos. V.,
Wells, Benjamin T.,
Weston, Mrs. L. P.,
Wetherell, John G.,
Wheatland, Henry,
Wheeler, Miss Ann C.
Wheildon, Wm. W.,
White, N. B.,
White, T. C,
Whitney, Joel,

Chelsea.

Boston.

Somerville.

Boston.

Brighton.

Nahant.

Cambridge.

Waltham.

Neponset.

Plymouth.

Maiden.

Salem.

E. Lexington.

Cambridge.

Boston.

Danvers.

Boston.

Salem.

Canibridgeport.

Concord.

Norwood.

Charlestown.

Winchester.

178

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Wilde, Hiram,

Randolph.

Williams, Dudley, Jamaica Plain.

Williams, Stephen, Boston.

Wilmarth, H. D., Jamaica Plain.

Wilson, B. O., Watertown.

Wilson, George W., Maiden.

Wiswall, Henry M., Watertown.
Wolcott, Mrs. J. W., Boston.

Wood, Mrs. AnnaD., West Newton.
Wood, Miss C. S., " "

Wood, E. W., " "

Woodford, Jos. H., Newton.

Young, Thos., Jr., Somerville.

Zirngiebel, D., Needham.

EXTRACTS FROM THE BY-LAWS.

SECTION XXVI.— Life Members.

The payment of thirty dollars shall constitute a Life Membership, and
exempt the member from all future assessments ; and any member, having
once paid an admission fee, may become a Life Member by the payment of
twenty dollars in addition thereto.

SECTION XXVII. — Admission Fee and Annual Assessment.

Every subscription member, before he receives his Diploma, or exercises
the privileges of a member, shall pay the sum of ten dollars as an admission
fee, and shall be subject afterwards to an annual assessment of two dollars.

SECTION XXIX. — Discontinuance of Membership.

Any member who shall neglect for the space of two years to pay his annual
assessment shall cease to be a member of the Society; and the Treasurer
shall erase his name from the List of Members.

The attention of Annual Members is particularly called to Section XXIX.

ERRATA.

Part I., 1877, pace 67, line 24, for " is a moth," read " becomes a moth.
Page 68, line 29, for "Townsend," read "Townend."

CON T E N T S .

Business Meeting, April 7, 1877; Awards to the Society, p. 3; Invitation
from the New York Horticultural Society, . , . . .

Business Meeting, May 5, ...,.,. .

Business Meeting, June 2; -Members elected, p. 4; American Pomological
Society, ..........

Business Meeting, July 7; Appropriation for Committee of Arrange-
ments, p. 4; Delegates to American Pomological Society, 5; Member
elected, ..........

Business Meeting, August 4; Committee on Nominations, p. 5; Decease
of Mrs. Harriet S. Buswell, .......

Business Meeting, September 1; Election of members, p. 6; Resolutions
in memory of Mrs. Buswell, 6; Letter from President Parkman, 6; Re-
port of Nominating Committee read, ......

Business Meeting, October 6; Annual Election, p. 7; Diplomas and
Medal, .........

Business Meeting, November 3; Reports of Executive Committee, p. 8
Vote concerning unexpended balances of appropriations, 8; Members
elected, 8; Vote concerning Treasurer's Report,

Business Meeting, December 1 ; Decease of Thomas Rivers, pp. 9-11
Reports of Committees read, 11, 12; Prospective Prize awarded to J
B. Moore, 11, 12; Vote concerning Prospective Prizes,

Report of the Committee on Plants and Flowers, p. 15; Prizes and
Gratuities awarded, .......

Report of the Committee on Fruits, p. 73; Prizes and Gratuities
awarded, .........

Report of the Committee on Vegetables, p. 110; Prizes and Gratuities
awarded, .........

Report of the Committee on Gardens, ....

Report of the Committee on Publication and Discussion, .

Report of the Secretary, ......

Report of the Committee of Arrangements,

Report of the Library Committee, p. 138; Library Accessions,

Report of the Treasurer, ......

Report of the Finance Committee, . • .

Mount Auburn Cemetery, .......

Officers and Standing Committees for 1877,

Members of the Society; Honorary, p. 158; Corresponding, 102; For
Life. 167 ; Annual

Extracts from the By-Laws, ......

Errata, ..........

Page.

12

45

84

114
131
135
136
137
138
149
150
153
156

174
178
178

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