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TRANSACTIONS

JJassacliisetts Jorticultural ^0ctelg,

F0£ THE YEAR 1880.

PART I.

BOSTON :
FEINTED FOR THE SOCIETY.

1881.

CHAPEL

The Committee on Publication and Discussion take this oppor-
tunity to repeat what they have heretofore stated, that the Society
is not to be held responsible for the certainty of the statements,
the correctness of the opinions, or the accuracy of the nomenclature
in the papers and discussions now or before published, all of which
must rest on the credit or judgment of the respective writers or
speakers, the Society undertaking only to present these papers and
discussions, or the substance of them, correctly. The awai-d of a
prize or gratuity for an Essay is not to be understood as implying
that the Committee approve it in every particular, but only that
they believe it calculated, on the whole, to promote the science or

ait of Horticulture.

William C. Strong, Chairman.

TRANSACTIONS

^asisaxluisi^tts §i0i1itultttal ^onctg.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, January 3, 1880.

A duly notified stated meeting of the Society was holden at 1 1
o'clock, and was called to order by William Gray, Jr., the retiring
President, who delivered the following address :

Address of President William Grajt, Jr.

Ladies and Gentlemen, — The past two years have been unevent-
ful ones in the history of the Society ; with the exception of the
celebration of its Semi-Centennial Anniversary by appropriate exer-
cises here on the twelfth of September last, I recall nothing of
marked importance that has happened.

Among the deaths have been those of Dr. Jacob Bigelow, the
oldest member of the Society, its first Corresponding Secretaiy, and
the projector of Mount Auburn Cemetery ; of James Cruickshanks,
whom most of us here to-daj' must remember with such kindly
feelings ; of John M. Merrick ; of Cheever Newhall, one of the
founders of the Society, and its first Treasurer ; of his kinsman
Josiah Newhall, one of the original members of the Society, and
active and interested in all its affairs until a short time before his
death, and of William R. Austin, for many years Treasurer.

The discussions have taken a wide range, and have been interest-
ing and instructive as usual.

The exhibitions, although the amounts ofl["ered for prizes have
necessarily been much reduced, have more than sustained the
reputation of the Society. In some of them, notably the Rose

6 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Exhibitions, there has been a marked advance over previous years
in the number of exhibitors, and the interest shown by our mem-
bers and the public generally. Five of the meetings for discussion
in the last two years have been devoted to this subject. The silver
cups offered for prizes at the Rose Show (the cost being met by
private subscription) heightened the interest and excited a spirit
of emulation among the growers, which will undoubtedly show its
results iu the coming years. Six of the cups were awarded out-
right ; the seventh, the Challenge Cup, so called, must be won for
three consecutive years before becoming the property of au}^ one
person, and I venture to predict that many years will elapse before
it finds its final resting place. It is hoped and expected that these
prizes will be continued annually hereafter.

I would call attention to the report of the Library Committee in
regard " to the uses for which the Library Rooms are emplo3'ed."
The}^ sa}', " While the propriety of leasing the Societj^'s halls is not
disputed, it is submitted that the rooms containing one of the most
valuable horticultural and botanical libraries in the world should
not be turned into a general headquarters for the managers of the
miscellaneous exhibitions which visit Boston ; who, by their loud
conversation and passing to and fro, cause a confusion which is
not in harmony- with the objects of the Societ}^ and which especially
interferes with the legitimate uses of the library."

While agreeing with every word of the above it must be remem-
bered that we have been passing through a season of great business
depression, that we have been forced to reduce our expenditures to
the lowest possible point, and to increase our income b}- every
means that offered, and that, as much as some of the uses to which
our building has been put, may be deprecated, there was no alterna-
tive.

Times are now changing, and real estate, alwa3's the last to
recover, must soon feel the effect of the quickened activity in all
other interests. I hope we shall presentlj' be able to make such
additions to our building as are needed to accommodate the library,
and to give proper rooms for our Secretary, our committees, and
for the use of those who engage our halls. This is for future con-
sideration ; but I think it would be true economj', and a good
investment for the Society, to put its building in thorough repair
at once.

In relinquishing the office held for the last two years I wish to

ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT FRANCIS B. HAYES. 7

express mj' regret that business duties have so often prevented my
being present at the meetings here, and to assure you that my
absence has been from no want of interest in the Society.

And now I take pleasure in welcoming to his new office a gentle-
man of whom it has been well said that he is " unsurpassed by any
member of our Society in his enthusiasm for horticulture."

The President elect, Hon. Francis B. Hayes, then delivered
his inaugural address as follows :

Address of President Francis B. Hayes.
Ladies and Gentlemen of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society :

We have entered this year upon the second half-centur}- of the
Society's existence, the close of the first half having been appro-
priately commemorated by an interesting address delivered before
you by a venerable ex-president, who was associated with the
founders of the institution.

We have seen the young plant springing from seed sown by the
lovers of the beautiful in nature, and nurtured by their fostering
care, developing into a stately tree, which, under the same tender
and watchful attention has towered into gigantic proportions, and
from it offshoots have sprung which have beautified and benefited
the entire countiy. The organization which originated with Lowell,
Dearborn, Cook, Russell, and a few others, has grown in fifty j'ears
to a societ}" of a thousand members, having financial resources in
invested property larger in amount than any other horticultural
society in the world. It was the first to establish in this country a
"Garden of the Dead," and the example of Mount Auburn has
created numerous rural cemeteries throughout our countr3^ The
National Pomological Society is also the oflfepring of this Societj'.
The excellent flower, fruit, and vegetable markets of Boston, in
many respects preeminent over all others in the country, owe much
of their distinction to this Society. It has largely promoted the
ornamentation of the man}- beautiful rural residences about us. It
has stimulated the stud}' of plants throughout the country, and the
eminence of our University at Cambridge, with its valuable gardens
and arboretum, as a place of botanical studj^ under the guidance of
the distinguished botanists. Gray, Goodale, and Sargent, is not a
little owing to the influence of this Society'.

The past work and influence of our Society are referred to with

8 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

justifiable pride, and with sentiments of profound gratitude, as the
results of the labors and contributions of its members, many of
whom have gone to their reward, though there are some who are
still spared to us, and who are active in sustaining, promoting, and
extending the usefulness of our institution.

In recalling what has been accomplished by our predecessors, we
are forcibly reminded of what our duty is if we would faithfully
discharge the trusts imposed upon us as their successors. We
must not be satisfied with what has been thus far accomplished, but
we must be incited by their example to emulate our fathers in good
works. We must not do our work as routine labor, following in
the track which our predecessors made ; for if we do, we shall keep
in the ruts, and accomplish nothing, or but little. But we must
constantly endeavor to improve and enlarge the sphere of our labor,
and strive to do our work better than it has been done heretofore.
As our predecessors by their original ideas and personal eflTorts
improved upon the past, so we must step forward boldly, and, by
our studious investigations and scientific and practical industry,
work out something new and useful in our several specialties. We
have much yet to do to place ourselves in the first rank, in all
respects, with other horticultural societies of the world. Though
we have considerable investments in property, 3^et other societies
realize by assessments, contributions, and other methods, larger
sums of money to expend annually for horticultural objects than we
do. The dut}', therefore, is imposed upon us to watch carefullj- our
financial concerns. We have still a considerable debt to be paid
before we can hold our real estate unencumbered. It is not a
heavy encumbrance, considering the value of the propert}', yet it is
a debt to be provided for before the Societ}^ can enjoy all the
income of its estate. We must continue vigilantlj^ to see that we
derive all the income we can fairly from our property, and we must
scrutinize 'all expenditures. We must cultivate a wise economy,
avoiding always that excessive frugality which would be highly
injurious to our interests. We must emplo}' the best men we can
obtain for the administration of our affairs, and compensate them
fairly ; and they must be held to strict accountability. We must
remember that our Society was formed "for the purpose of encourag-
ing and improving the science and practice of horticulture," and
we must use the means to accomplish the object, and, therefore,
we should not apply too much of our income to the good object

ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT FRANCIS B. HAYES. 9

even of discharging our debts before their maturitj^, if we are
thereby deprived of proper means to forward the interests of our
Society by stimulating the culture of plants ; but we must watch-
fully- guard against increasing our present debts. We should see
that prizes, as large in amount as we can afford, are offered to
induce the highest art in the cultivation and public exhibition of
flowers, fruits, and vegetables. The reports of your committees
show that the Societ}" during the past year has recognized, b}^ their
awards of prizes and gratuities, exhibitions of the products of the
soil to a considerable extent ; j^et it has been a matter of surprise
to manj', that with so little stimulus of pecuniary advantage to
exhibitors during the past year, the exhibitions have been so satis-
factory as they have been. It shows that the pure love of horticul-
tural pursuits has governed those who have made these exhibitions
so beautiful.

It is a matter of doubt whether, however limited the resources of
the Society may be, the monej' which is appropriated for exhibitions
should not be more largel}^ bestowed in prizes rather than so much in
gratuities, as has been lately done. It is well for the committees to
have some mone}' for gratuities, to meet special cases, yet the
offering of prizes tends to induce larger and better exhibitions of
productions, as many would exhibit in the laudable hope of obtaining
a prize which recognizes superiority, and be indifferent to a gratuity,
which might be awarded to mediocrity.

Valuable contributions to horticultural science have been made
through the discussions and essays which have been promoted by
the Society's meetings during the past few years. It is to be hoped
that a larger number of our members will be interested to attend
these meetings than heretofore, and contribute the results of their
experience and studies for the general good.

Our Librar}' is a ver}' important source of information upon horti-
cultural subjects. It is rich in valuable books, carefull}' selected,
which few horticultural students could otherwise obtain. We
should continue to use the means within our control to enlarge its
usefulness, and suppl}' it with works of real scientific and lasting
value, rather than ephemeral and cheap horticultural literature.

Our Library Room is somewhat contracted for the various uses to
which it is appropriated. We haA^e scarcely room in our elegant
building, outside of our halls, for our largely increasing library,
and for the necessary accommodation of the officers of the Society,

10 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and of the members generally. It is, therefore, necessary that
until additional rooms are provided, the Society should enforce
regulations as to the use of the library room, so as to give our
members a quiet and pleasant resort for pursuing their investiga-
tions, with as little interruption as possible. Though our building
is large, yet the wants of our Society are increasing with its growth,
and additional room is required for our purposes, or an increase of
our funds to allow us to dispense with the necessit}' of letting our
halls to obtain the requisite means for defraying the annual expenses
of the Societ3^ May we not hope that some liberal benefactor,
recognizing the great good which the Society renders the public,
will supply the want which now hampers our means of usefulness?

There is a vast deal for the Society to do to place it on the ele-
vated plane it should occupy. AVe must not be satisfied with what
has been attained ; if we do, we shall decline and decay, while
sister societies will outstrip us in the course. We should observe
how vigorously horticultural investigations are carried on and pro-
moted by many societies and individuals in Europe, and we can
gain much by imitating them in looking to new and extended fields
of usefulness which we have not yet entered. The weakness of
senility, and of satisfaction in our present attainments and acquisi-
tions, must not enfeeble our Society. We must preserve in it per-
petual 3'outh and energy that we may advance all the time to new
achievements. Spasmodic exertion will be of no permanent advan-
tao"e, but earnest, steady, constant, and quiet effort on the part of
all for improvement in our loved science and art will accomplish
the desired object. Each of us should try to do one thing in the
best manner possible, and not, by attempting too much, fail in all.
It is of great importance to be able to produce the best flower, fruit,
or vegetable of a kind. It would, be exceedingly valuable to the
world to learn how that best specimen is grown. But little knowl-
edge is requisite to grow man}- sorts and kinds in an ordinary
manner, and such knowledge is of small value to an}' one.

Let, then, each one try to do at least one thing well, and by so
doing he will best forward the interests of our association and the
welfare of the community. And I would desire the same principle
and rule of action to govern in all matters affecting our relations
with the Society. If one be a cultivator, let him produce something
superior to all others of the kind. If he be fond of studious inves-
tigation, let him turn his attention to scientific researches into the

ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT FRANCIS B. HAYES. 11

operations of nature. Should his specialty be a love of books, let
him do what he can to improve our library, and make it a great
storehouse of information for horticultural students. If his skill
be in finance, let him do all that is possible to preserve and aug-
ment the financial resources of our Society, that it may have the
larger means of usefulness.

While we gratefully recognize what those with generous hearts
and competent means have done for the Society by their large
benevolence ; and also what the past oflflcers and prominent man-
agers of the financial and business affairs of the Society have
accomplished b}^ their constant and gratuitous labor, we must not
forget that the success of the Society mainly depends upon those
who are the practical workers, and who contribute the results of
their labor to the beautiful exhibitions which the Society is con-
stantly making for the delight and profit of the community. Let
me again express my appreciation of the work of those who have
made our exhibitions so attractive as they have been ; and let us
trust that by the united exertions of all its members the Society
will continue to be respected and honored for what it does to
beautify and adorn our homes, and enrich and improve the com-
munity.

Ladies and Gentlemen^ — When I remember the able and eminent
men who have been my predecessors in the high office to which you
have elected me, all of whom have been distinguished horticulturists,
it seems almost presumptuous in me to enter upon the responsible
duties of i^residing oflScer of this institution ; yet as you have
unanimousl}' called me to the position, I will enter upon its duties
cheered by the hope that, with your assistance, I may, perhaps, be
able to be of some advantage to the Society to which I dedicate my
best services.

President Hayes's address was received with much interest and
satisfaction, which was expressed by applause at the close.

On motion of Charles M. Hovey, seconded by M. H. Merriam,
it was Voted, That the thanks of the Society be presented to
Presidents Gray and Haj^es for their interesting addi'esses, and that
they be referred to the Committee on Publication.

The following appropriations, recommended by the Executive
Committee, on the 1st of November, 1879, and laid over until this
meeting, were unanimously voted, —

12 MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTURAL SOCIETY.

For Prizes, $3,050 00

For the Library Committee, for the purchase
of magazines and newspapers, binding of
books and incidental expenses of the Com-

mitttee, 200 00

For the Committee ou Publication and Discussion, 150 00

Ex-President Gray reported from the Executive Committee the
following votes, which were passed :

Voted, To recommend to the Society that, until the finances of
the Societ}' will warrant it, no plate or other testimonials be pre-
sented to outgoing officials.

Voted, To recommend to the Society that the income of the
Whitcomb fund of $500, to the amount of $30, be appropriated for
prizes for vegetables in addition to the amount already appropriated
for the year 1880, and that the number of prizes, time of award,
and other details be at the discretion of the Committee on Vege-
tables ; the prizes to be known as the Whitcomb Prizes.

Ex-President Gray also reported from the Executive Committee
the appointment of E. W. Buswell as Treasurer of the Society for
the year 1880, and Robert Manning as Secretar}'.

The Secretary read a letter from Francis H. Appleton, announc-
ing the decease of Josiah Newhall, one of the original members of
the Society.

On motion of C. M. Hovey, Mr. Hovey, Mr. Appleton and
John B, Moore were appointed a Committee to prepare resolutions
in memory of Gen. Newhall.

William C. Strong, Chairman of the Committee on Discussion,
announced that the series of meetings for discussion the present
season would be commenced on Saturday next, after the adjourn-
ment of the business meeting, when Joseph Tailb}- would speak on
the cultivation of the Cypripedium and Eucharis, and a discussion
would follow; and that on Saturday-, the 17th, a Prize Essay, by
Samuel Parsons, Jr., of Flushing, N. Y., on the Most Promising
New Hardy Ornamental Trees and Shrubs, and their Tasteful and
Effective Arrangement, would be read and followed by a discussion.

Further time was granted to the Treasurer to prepare his Annual
Report.

Adjourned to Saturday, Januarj^ 10.

DECEASE OF GEN. JOSIAH NEWHALL. 13

BUSINESS MEETING.

Satukdat, January 10, 1880.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 1 1 o'clock,
President Hayes in the Chair.

E. "W. Buswell, Treasurer, read his Annual Report, including
the Report of the Finance Committee, which was accepted and
referred to the Committee on Publication.

Charles M. Hovey, Chairman of the Committee appointed at
the last meeting to report resolutions in memory of Gen, Josiah
Newhall, presented the following :

Resolved, That in preparing a last tribute of respect to Gen.
Josiah Newhall, who died at Ljmnfield on the 26th of December,
1879, at the advanced age of nearly eightj'-six years, and offering
expressions of the loss the Society sustains in being deprived of
his usefulness, his example, and his genial company, we must also
recall his earlier days and hearty efforts, when a firm foundation
was being laid for this now prosperous Societj^ Gen. Newhall was
from its first enthusiatically and activel}^ interested in all that per-
tained to its foundation, prosperity', and exhibitions. In horticulture
and agriculture he was ambitious to originate and improve various
kinds of fruits, and was always an earnest worker in everj'thing
relating to the culture of the soil.

He was Chairman of the School Committee of Lynnfield for
twenty-two jears, and was the first Representative from the town ;
he ser^^ed in the war of 1812, and subsequent!}' in the State militia ;
under President Jackson he held an office in the Boston Custom
House ; he was much interested in astronomy', and kept a very
accm'ate record of the weather and rainfall.

He was most highly esteemed and respected by all who knew
him, and in his death we lose a member whose heart was deeplj- in
the work for which this Societ}^ was formed, and one whose actions
were always directed to its welfare.

We shall remember him for his love of honor and integrit}^, and
his interest in all that was for the good of the community, and this
Societ}^ in particular.

Resolved, That these resolutions be entered on our records, and
that a copy be sent to the children of the deceased, with the assur-

14 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ranee of our wannest sympathy with them in their sad bereave-
ment.

Mr. Hovey in presenting the resolutions, spoke of Gen. Newhall
as an old friend of his own and one whom he had known for many
years. He was always, when possible, constant at the meetings of
the Societ}^, and had attended them until very lately. He was a
man of strict integrity, and a representative of a generation now
past, who gave their aid to the Society at a time when it was verj'-
much needed. Mr. Hovey concluded with the hope that the
younger members of the Society would emulate the example of our
departed friend.

John G. Barker spoke of Gen. Newhall as a near neighbor, and
referred particularly to an address delivered by him at the last fair
of the Essex Agricultural Society, of which he was one of the
oldest members, — an address so filled with the fruit of ripe years
and rich experience that listening to it was a pleasure to be long
remembered. Mr. Barker commended the example of Gen.
Newhall to the younger members of the Society as worthy of their
imitation.

The resolutions were unanimously adopted, and the Society
adjourned to Saturday, February 7.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Immediately after the adjournment of the business meeting, a
meeting for discussion was held. The subject was

The Cultivation of the Cypripedium and Eucharis.

This was introduced by Joseph Tailby, who said, that in the last
edition of Williams's " Orchid Growers' Manual," the Cypripedium
insigne is described as having a solitary flower. A gentleman in
England had a large plant in a pan which bore one spike with two
flowers, and this was thought 'by the " Gardener's Chronicle," a
very extraordinary instance. Mr. Tailby said that he noticed
under each flower a little pouch, containing what he supposed to be
a rudimentary flower, to be developed by cultivation, and he
succeeded in the attempt to develop it. Some thought the pro-
duction of two flowers on a spike was owing to the plant being of
a different variety, but he was satisfied that it was due entirely to

CULTIVATION OF CYPRIPEDIUM IN8IGNE. 15

cultivation. A small plant which Mr. Tailby had owned for thir-
teen months, was exhibited, showing the secondary pouches ; and
a small plant from M. H. Merriam, also showing the secondary
pouches ; but these small plants had not strength to develop the
second flowers. Some have supposed the speaker had some secret
method of developing the second flower, but he said that he was
willing to tell all he knew. People buy plants of nurserj'men who
give to all the same directions for cultivation, and some succeed
and others do not. The small plant exhibited was dwarfer from
growing nearer the light. He had tried loam and fibry peat to
grow them in, but thought the best method was to fill the pots one-
third full of crocks, and the remainder with crocks, sphagnum, and
coarse sand. Some in peat are not satisfactory. The pot must be
well drained. They want a great deal of water, which should be
given regularly. He used weak liquid manure, but it should not
be made with ammonia or guano, and should be as clear as wine,
or else it would clog the soil. The plants should be kept near the
glass, but as cool as possible. The one shown was subjected to
five degrees of frost in November. It might be well to put the
plants out-doors in summer if there is plenty of shade and help. Of
one hundred and eight}' spikes, every one showed a second (rudi-
mentary) fiower. When a plant is once brought up to the point of
producing two flowers on a spike, it should be kept up. This
species is so easily cultivated that no attention has been given to
it ; indeed, it will bear any amount of ill treatment, but it is worth
growing well. The flowers bring twenty-five dollars per hundred ;
a spike with two flowers on it is worth fifty cents. He had had
nineteen spikes with two flowers each, and a hundred and eight}'-
two with one flower each. The plant shown by Mr. Merriam was
probabl}' grown in a dark place.

Mr. Merriam said that Mr. Tailby was right in supposing that
his plant had not had suflficient light.

Charles M. Hovey asked what was the advantage of having two
flowers on one stalk.

Mr. Tailby replied that the commercial value was quite import-
ant. It might be only a matter of taste, but the ladies and florists
preferred two. Besides this, however, he liked to make progress
in cultivation.

William C. Strong thought it an interesting fact in vegetable
physiology that a plant could be brought by high feeding to develop

16 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

flowers from dormant buds, as had been done by Mr. Tailby with
the Cypripedium.

Leander Wetherell asked whether all plants could not be
developed by high feeding.

Mr. Strong replied that high feeding was apt to produce luxuri-
ant growth, and did not always, as in this case, cause abundant
flowering.

Mr. Tailby said that the condition of his plant was not wholly
due to high feeding, — it must have good ventilation.

John G. Barker asked whether a plant could not be made to
produce a still greater number of flowers, say four or five, on one
stem.

Mr. Tailby said that two 3^ears ago he had a plant which showed
a tendency to bear two flowers on a stem. It produced nine spikes,
all having two flowers each, and he was satisfied that all could be
made to, for all have the rudimentary flower. He could not say
whether they could be made to produce four or five flowers on a
stem, but thought they might.

Mr. Hovey said that Mr. Tailby's remarks were very interesting,
and that if the plant in question continued to produce two flowers
on a stem it would be of greater interest than at present, as show-
ing that the habit had become flxed. Other plants sometimes
produce an unusual number of flowers on a stem ; in 1878 we had
a spike of Lilium auratum shown with one hundred and forty
flowers ; in 1879 the plant produced four stems, with twenty-five
flowers on each. If it had gone on to produce a spike of two
hundred flowers, it would have shown that the habit was becoming
fixed. We want to know whether this habit in Mr. Tailby's Cypri-
pedium is fixed. We must consider it abnormal, until we have
evidence that it is permanent. The speaker, however, liked a
single flower on a stem best. Roses sometimes produce one flower
above another, but when they do so it is only an interesting
curiosity. Mr. Tailby's remarks showed that he had studied the
nature of the plant carefully. The roots of the Cypripedium are
large and fleshy, and want an open soil.

Mr. Tailby said that the lily referred to by Mr. Hovey was a
monstrosity, while the two flowered spikes of Cypripedium were
produced by cultivation. Cranston says that the superimposed
roses are caused by gross feeding. Boule de N'eige, especially, is apt
to be affected in this way. All Cypripediums have the rudimentary

CULTIVATION OF CYPRIPEDIUM INSIGNE. 17

bud, and oul}- need cultivation to cause it to flower. The English
cultivators have never noticed this fact. The plant which now
bears two flowers on a spike will go back if not properlj' cared for.

Mr. Barker said that the Cypripedium insigne is valuable for
window or conservatory culture. He had had a ulant flowering in
a window since the 15th of December.

Mr. Tailby agreed with Mr. Barker as to the value of the Cypri-
pedium for window culture. C. insigne is the best for this purpose.
It will keep in flower two months.

Mr. Strong thought the case of the Cypripedium was not at all
like that of the Lilium auratum. The former was a development
of a dormant bud, while the latter was a monstrosity. It should
be understood that the Cypripedium is capable of such develop-
ment.

Mr. Hove}' thought the cases of the Cypripedium and the lily
were somewhat analogous, but if the plant exhibited produces two
flowers on a stem next j'ear we may conclude that it is due to high
cultivation.

Mr. Merriam expressed his admiration of Mr. Tailby's plain,
straightforward remarks, and his confidence that his statement and
theory were correct. He thought the case of the Cypripedium
differed entirel}' from that of the Lilium auratum. The undevel-
oped bud of the Cypripedium contains the promise and the prophecy
of flowers.

James Comley said that the plant shown by Mr. Merriam had
three or four times produced stems with two flowers on each, but
it had since been neglected and had partly died. The part now
dead produced a stalk with two flowers. He had seen Cypiripe-
diums produce two flowers on a stalk for twenty years ; they have
done so in England. Mr. Harris, Mr. Hunnewell's gardener, has
a plant with two flowers on a stem. The question is whether this
effect is caused by cultivation. He thought it could be produced
b}' taking off the suckers from the plant, but he would rather have
twenty' stems with a single flower on each than two stems with two
flowers each, and would rather have a greater number of spikes
than have triplets. It is not the nature of the Cypripedium to
grow in sphagnum ; he would give them loam and brick rubbish.
They are generallj' kept too dry. All orchids will take a portion
of liquid manure.

Mr. Tailby said that if he had but one spike with two flowers
2

18 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

be could get two dollars for it. He could get a dollar for a Dog
rose or a Sweet Brier when he could get but five cents for a Bon
Silene. He objected to Mr. Comley's plan of removing the
suckers from the Gypripedium. He would not say that two flowers
on a stalk are handsomer than one, but they will bring more money.

Mr. Hovey said that Cypripedium Sedeni has produced seven
flowers on a spike. Other species have two or three flowers. C.
insigne is considered hardy in England. The speaker had plants
in a house where the thermometer fell to 26° ; one which stood in a
current of air was blackened ; the others were not injured. He
thought it could be kept over winter in a frame. Many of the new
and high-priced species are not as beautiful as this. He still
thought that there was very great analogy between the monstrous
inflorescence of Lilium auratum and the production of two flowers
on a stock by the Cypripedium insigne.

James O'Brien said that Mr. Tailby's skill in cultivation was
conceded, and that he himself had fifty plants and every year had
some spikes with two flowers. He had ou'e very fine one at this
time. He would be very glad to have the point of permanence
settled.

Mr. Tailby said that in ten pans he had nineteen stalks with two
perfect flowers on each, and one with a third rudimentary flower.

Mr. O'Brien said that the production of two flowers on a stem
in his plants was not owing to high cultivation ; the roots were
growing over the sides of the pot.

Mr. Tailby said that this indicated a plant in good condition.

Mr. O'Brien added that the flowers were in demand before
Christmas, and all were cut except the stem now having two
flowers, which might for this reason have received extra nutriment.

The discussion of the Cypripedium ceased here, and the Eucharis
Amazonica was taken up. Mr. Tailby, who had been ver}^ suc-
cessful in cultivating it, said that in England three crops of flowers
are raised in a year ; but he believed that when this is done the
second crop comes from bulbs which are maturing while the first
are flowering. He did not think the same bulbs had strength to
flower again in three months or even twice a year. In a pan with
eighteen bulbs he got eighty-seven flowers, and he had exhibited
one spike of ten flowers. The bulbs must be ripened ; they requii'e
to be matured as much as a hyacinth or any other bulb. They

DOUBLE CYCLAMEN. 19

must have time to ripen the foliage, and must be dried off for this
purpose, but the bulbs must not be allowed to shrivel. After the
flower buds have once started they must be encouraged and not
be allowed to receive an}' check. He has them in three inches depth
of soil ; the}' want coarse stuff as Cypripediums do, and much
water. Bottom heat is not essential, but it is an advantage. They
can be grown in a greenhouse where the temperature runs down
to 38°.

Mr. Strong said that he saw the Eucharis growing over hot- water
pipes in Mr. Tailby's house, and thought it benefited bj' bottom
heat, but now he was inclined to doubt whether it was.

William H. Spooner, Chairman of the Flower Committee, called
attention to a cyclamen shown by James O'Brien.

Mr. O'Brien said that it had a double flower. He often got
plants which produced double flowers, but they seldom maintain
that character ; this one, however, has done so for four or five
years.

Mr. Tailby said the only way to perpetuate it would be to fertilize
the flowers and save seed from them.

Mr. O'Brien said that it made seed very sparingly ; he did not
think the double character any additional beauty.

Mr. Hove}' agreed with Mr. O'Brien that the doubling was no
improvement. With all the advance that we have made in the cul-
tivation of the cyclamen we still fall far behind European cultivators.
He visited an exhibition in England where one grower had a
hundred and ninety pots, including the C. giganteum, a very large
flowered variety. The plants are neglected here ; they should be
made a special object of culture, as is done by three or four men in
England, who have several thousand plants each.

Mr. Tailby thought this double cyclamen had a commercial value ;
an English seedsman would pay a high price for the seed of it.

The Chairman of the Cornmittee on Discussion announced for
the next Saturday a Prize Essay, by Samuel Parsons, Jr., of
Flushing, N. Y., on the Most Promising New Hard}' Ornamental
Trees and Shrubs, and their Tasteful and Effective Arrangement,
to be followed by a discussion.

20 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Saturday, January 17, 1880,

A meeting for discussion was holden at 11 o'clock, William C.
Strong, Chairman of the Committee on Publication and Discussion,
presiding. The following Prize Essay, by Samuel Parsons, Jr., of
Flushing, N. Y., was read bj' the author.

The most Promising, New, Hardy, Ornamental Trees and
Shrubs, and their Tasteful and Effective Arrangement.

To explain the meaning and fair application of such words as
promising, new, and hardy, and to suggest a tasteful and effective
arrangement of a series of ornamental plants that may properly
be included in such a definition, I cannot perhaps do better than to
describe to you a choice and well planted lawn. The picture, as a
whole, will then explain itself as well as the manifold relations of
various parts. I desire, indeed, to make evident the unity and
just proportion of the scene, and, at the same time, to dwell duly
on the individual traits of each plant. These plants cannot fail
to gain peculiar interest, when you come, as it were, to associate
with them and study sympathetically their wants, caprices, and
many lovely qualities.

Here is the picture : — A simple cottage, low, rambling, and
picturesque, enclosed hj boundaries of shrubbery on every side.
Fifty feet east and west extend the side lawns, and down to the
north slopes gradually the main stretch of turf, till it ends in the
winding banks of a clear and rapid stream. A part of the bank
is somewhat marshy, and here the opportunity has been taken to
plant sundry interesting herbaceous plants or wild flowers that
aflTect such spots. Willows of various kinds droop over the water,
and birches sti'ike vigorous roots into moist and congenial soil.
Alders wave and cypresses stand elegant and tall in similar spots,
until we come to solid dry land in the north-west corner. Here are
masses of Norway spruces, alternated with white pines, and here
and there an Austrian pine. This evergreen grouping extends
nearly up to the house. The shelter thus afforded is therefore
most complete, forming protection and back-ground alike. This
portion of the framework of the picture also serves to bring out
harmoniously and effectively, sundry beautiful groups and single

NEW HARDY ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS. 21

specimens of the finer evergreens. As we approach the house,
these evergreens become smallei* and more dwarf, until, imme-
diately about the building, we find plants that grow only two feet,
perhaps, in ten or fifteen years. Back of the house and at the
sides, grow deciduous shrubs, large and effective, bordering the
entire remaining portion of the domain. These are varied at
intervals, by the loftier heads of deciduous trees, — maples, elms,
and the like, the trunks of which are eutirel}' hidden by the thickly
and naturally disposed shrubbery. On the corners, especially, are
planted large elms, intended to mark and define more completely
the boundaries of the lawn. Just within the enclosure grow a few
choice, medium sized trees, standing isolated, as it were, but every-
where else we meet mere shrubs or dwarf trees. As a rule, more-
over, we find evergreens and deciduous plants each grouped by
themselves.

Yet with all this variety of trees, the lawn proper, or greensward,
remains very prominent, its broad, well cultured stretches being on
the whole the most noteworthy part of the design.

Wandering amid such scenes as I have just hastily sketched to
you, let us take sundry notes, giving our attention chiefly to new,
hard\% ornamental trees and shrubs, and their tasteful and effective
arrangement. As we turn into the paths immediately about the
house, the first objects that attract special attention, are various
small shrubs, or rather miniature trees. We are struck b}^ them,
because, though they have evidently a family likeness, they are
yet as diverse in appearance as it is possible for plants to be.
They stand either singly in some prominent position, or in clusters
of three or five on curves or intersections of paths. There must
be at least twenty of them and scarcely two of them are alike.
Inspection of their labels tells us they are Japanese maples, chiefly
but not entirely of the polymorpJmm species. Rare curiosities
indeed ! We doubt if you have often seen their like before. Yet
they have been known to explorers and plant collectors fifteen,
twenty, and even, in some cases, fift^'^ years. Experts have long
recognized how remarkably their shapes varj', from the more
common tj'pe of maple foliage to the extreme of cut-leaved forms,
and how their lace-like tissues are dyed with purple and gold in
June. They have been exhibited and sold in Europe, in a limited
way, for at least fifteen years, but, strange to sa}', in face of the
simple facts, there has existed a wide-spread conviction that their

22 MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTURAL SOCIETY.

hardiness is defective. Hence we read of them as pot-grown, a
condition that must always prevent the full, free development of
their beauty. Some one must have finally, and perhaps accident-
ally, left them unprotected in the open ground during winter, for
we maj' now find them growing in the most exposed positions,
apparently as hardy as any maple. The only weakness of which
they now continue to be accused, is a tendency to burn and fade
under the stress of exceptionally hot summer days. But as there
are very few estabhshed plants in this country, perhaps we may
find that as they become more permanently settled in the soil,
even this weakness will disappear. I know such to have been the
case in Thomas Hogg's collection, which includes the specimens
which have been longest planted in this countrj'. They were
imported somewhere about 1862 and 1864. Any summer day one
may see in this collection, all kinds of Japanese maples standing
entirely uninjured by sun or cold. The fact is, that most, if not
all, Japanese maples, set out up to this date, have been imported
from Japan and were accustomed to very different conditions in their
own country. They have also, in all probabilit}^, been hurt to the
core by the voyage, and, in addition to this, have been weakened
for our purposes by the Japanese system of ultra dwarfing, so that
it is not strange if thej' seem to have a poor chance in America.
I feel confident that American born plants, when we have them
well established on our lawns, will do better ; but, even as it is,
scarcely one summer in five will specially burn their leaves, and
as they grow older the danger decreases. It must be remembered,
moreover, that no variegated-leaved plants stand the beat of July
and August without injury. They may not, in many instances, burn,
but they will fade. A natural query also arises, as to whj^ Japanese
maples are so rare. They have been long recognized as gems
among hard-wooded plants, and, for house interior decoration only,
would have been well worth extended propagation. This question
may be fairly asked, but the answer thereto is not easy to find. A
practical system of propagation has, for some reason, remained
until recently undiscovered. Layering was found to be a slow and
unsatisfactory process, and seed would not, of course, reproduce
with any certainty the different varieties. American and European
maples were employed in vain, as stocks to receive Japanese scions,
because the junction made by grafting, though apparently success-
ful for a time, invariably failed within a year. Finally, after the

NEW HARDY ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS. 23

manner in which such discoveries usually happen, several propa-
gators in both Europe and America, about the same time, came to
the conclusion that they must use the parent stock, Acer polymorphum,
for all varieties of its own offspring. It was all very simple, but
vfhj did no one think of it sooner? Thanks to this discovery
we may now hope in a few years to see Japanese maples more
plentiful throughout the country. Nevertheless, we need not hope
that their propagation will ever be easy. It would be contrary to
the nature of the plant.

Let us look at a few of the varieties that may strike us as
specially noteworth3^ First, and perhaps the most popular, comes
Acer polymorphum sanguineum. Its main attraction is the fuU
rich red or purple that dyes the leaf ; otherwise it is simply solid
and vigorous for an extremely dwarf tree. The sanguineum
variety performs very much the same ornamental part among
shrubs as the purple beech does among trees, with less shining
lustre and more richness of hue. Surel}' I could not give it higher
praise. Nearly related in appearance, and yet very distinct from
sanguineum, is Acer polymorphum atropurpureum. The tints of
its leaves are darker, and perhaps duller than those of sanguineum^
but it has a taller, more pictm'esque habit, and is better and more
artistically suited for growing in pots or tall vases for interior
decoration. We have yet to avail ourselves of the extreme apti-
tude these Japanese maples have for room and window decoration
dm-ing February, March, and April. They burst into leaf, as it
were, in a moment, and exhibit a refined and exquisite effect in
keeping with the decorations of the most dainty boudoir. In men-
tioning these varieties of Japanese maples, I must not forget the
original species, polymorphum, which grows better than many of
its varieties, and is only less exquisite than the best of its offspring.
Indeed, though the prevailing color of its leaves is green, it often
throws out sports of pink, yellow, and white, thus illustrating afresh
its erratic tendency, — that tendency which has enabled Japanese
cultivators to displa}^ their horticultural ingenuity in perpetuating
so many attractive varieties by skilful grafting. There are white
variegated forms of polymorphum, like albo-variegatum, and a
beautiful crimped-leaved kind, delicately shaded and tipped with
rose. It has more or less of the white and yellow color of the
last. Then there is versicolor, of larger habit, and sharper, longer
leaves, white and rose tipped. Meticulatum has light green, trans-

24 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

lucent leaves, crossed with light colored lines, which give it a
distinctly veined appearance. Polymorphum offers us weeping
forms as well as dwarf forms, but most curious of all, are two or
three cut-leaved kinds. The green palmat'ifid'iim is the simplest
variety of the cut-leaved type. Not remarkable for peculiar color,
the leaves are cut into a semblance of coarse lace ; curious, weep-
ing, and graceful. No more delicate weeping tree exists than these
palmatijidum and kindred forms. After a slow growth, for a dozen
years, perhaps, these miniature trees begin to droop in long, sweep-
ing folds. When the green becomes purple, as it does in ptalmatif-
idnm atropurpureum, dissectum atropurpureum, or ornatum, which
are one and the same varieties (for dire confusion in catalogue
names exists here) , the effect is still more charming. In pinnatif-
idum and pinnatijidum atropurpureum, the effect is even more
unique, because, though quite as cut-leaved, its divisions are yet
simpler and more elegant. Dissectum foliis roseo-pictis is fairly
shred-like in its fine divisions, and in addition has a variegation
consisting of pink, yellow, white, and green. Strange to say, the
apparentlj" delicate, narrow-leaved forms like roseo-pictis, endure
burning suns better than the broad-leaved kinds.

All Japanese maples heretofore mentioned, have been of the
polymorphum species, and, indeed, polymorphum maples, with two
or three exceptions, are practically the only Japanese maples we
are able to obtain for the lawn. One of these I shall note now^
and another when I consider new and rare deciduous trees. The
maple I now propose to examine is Acer Japoniciim — medium
sized, with vigorous, splendid leaves. To me these leaves seem
only surpassed among Japanese maples by those of its golden
variety. Japonicum has bright green leaves, ridged and crinkled,
and of solid texture. A special beauty of this variety lies in its
flowers. They are long, pendent, and pink ; more striking in every
way than those of the scarlet maple. Still, perhaps the most
charming of all Japanese maples is Acer Japonicum aureum.
Although a variety of Acer Japonicum, it is very different. The
leaves are rounder; and the lobes of the leaves smaller and less
deeply cut. Nevertheless they are almost large for a medium sized
tree, and in color most delightful. Rich, pure gold mingles here
■with faint suffusions of green, thus producing the most subtile and
delicate variations of color on the same leaf. I should hke to speak
still farther of Japanese maples, but other new ornamental plants

NEW HARDY ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS. 25

must have their turn now. Let us give our attention, therefore, to
a brilliant cluster of flowers growing on a curve of one of the paths
near the house ; a path that winds down gently towards the gate.
It looks, indeed, charming, thus situated on a slope of green, for it
is a group of Azalea mollis. You ma}- reasonably ask why we speak
of azaleas, even hardy azaleas, for, as a class, they are by no means
new or rare, although, perhaps, excelled by no hardj' shrub for
exquisite color and other goodly qualities. Azalea mollis, however,
is hardly an azalea in the ordinary sense of the term. It is, more-
over, Japanese, and of recent introduction, as introductions go,
for a new plant really ought to have ten or fifteen 3'ears to obtain a
positive foothold on American lawns. The flowers are the chief
attraction of Azalea mollis, as, indeed, the}' are of all azaleas. At
first glance they seem much like those of the hardy or Ghent
azalea, onl}' verj' much larger and more showy. On closer inspec-
tion, however, we recognize also a considerable resemblance to
the rhododendron. The clusters are nearty as large as those of
that plant, and the corollas are not unlike it in shape. But the
color and texture of the flower mark it an azalea in the fullest
sense. The color, indeed, is much deeper and richer, but it shows
the same shades — salmon, pink, orange, and scarlet. The question,
of course, presents itself, Why do not these azaleas take the place
of all other hardy azaleas? Simply, because nothing choice in
nature can have its place exactl}' filled by a.nj thing else. These
Azalea mollis, you will notice, are arranged in a group by them-
selves, and in a somewhat sheltered, well-drained spot. The}' are
liable, because they bloom very early, to have their blossoms
destroyed by late frosts. While young, too, the wood is sometimes
winter-killed. The ordinary hardy azalea, on the other hand, is
surpassed by few shrubs in capacity to endure various exposures.
Specimens of Azalea mollis are planted together en masse, because
of their showy appearance. It would be hardly fair to group them
around the outskirts of rhododendron beds in the manner so
effectively employed with hardy or Ghent azaleas.

Seeking out more especially Japanese deciduous shrubs for the mo-
ment, we note, clustered in a retired corner, a little group of Daphne
Genkwa. Although by no means striking plants, they have a refined ,
quiet beauty that grows on one. They are slender and upright grow-
ing, with numerous long, downy twigs which, in early spring before
the leaves appear, are garnished with violet-colored, tubular, dainty-

26 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

looking flowers rather less than an inch long. This plant seldom
attains a height of more than three feet. Eleagnus longipes, the
Japan oleaster, growing near, is another striking and curious plant.
It is of small size, with spreading, somewhat irregular branches, and
leaves bright green above and silvery-white beneath, studded with
brown scales. The small, yellowish flowers are produced in great
profusion on long stalks, and are succeeded by berries of an oblong
shape and deep, transparent, orange-brown color. These berries are
likewise speckled with brownish scales. I cannot help remarking
on another Eleagnus on this lawn, E. argentea. It is not only
comparatively new, but very choice and rare. Silvery-leaved
plants are always interesting, and this is perhaps the most silvery-
leaved plant known to our lawns. The leaves are of good size and
rather long, and the plant has generally a somewhat straggling
habit, but the sheen of its silver is alwa^^s unsurpassed. It seems
to be ver}' hardy, too, which gives an additional reason for noticing
it here.

But what is this creamy-white cluster of flowers growing like
those of a deutzia? The odor is delicate and delightful. Large,
roundish leaves, however, distinctlj^ mark its difference from the
deutzia. Altogether it is a very decided acquisition, bearing the
rather difficult name, Pterostyrax hispidum. Styrax Japonica has
deutzia-like leaves, but very different flowers. It is less striking
in appearance than Pterostyrax hispidum. Here, also, is an actual
Deutzia, with leaves marbled with silver, and a new Japan quince,
remarkable for unusually large, rosy-pink flowers, double the size
of the familiar form of Pirus Japonica. Another of these Japan
quinces also attracts us with its tri-colored pink, white, and green
foliage.

Little globes of curled and crisp dark green leaves, minute and
very compact, may be seen here and there about the house, covered
with small red flowers, that bloom off" and on all summer. It is
Spircea crispifolia, doubtless a variety of S. callosa. Very dwarf
and free flowering, it is one of the most useful shrubs of this
character. We note also Rhodotypos kerrioides, a ver}^ pretty shrub,
something like a small blackberry bush in general appearance, but
more delicate, and covered with numerous small white flowers,
shaped not unlike those of an althea. Somewhat prominent, also,
is Diervilla ( Weigela ?) Lavallee, with chocolate-colored flowers,
blooming freely a second time during the latter part of the summer.

NEW HARDY ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS. 27

I must not forget to call your attention to a larger shrub on this
part of the lawn, which j'ou will doubtless recognize as a sumach.
It is much larger and more tree-like than our common form, and
quite spreading. It is Rhris Osbecki, a Japanese sumach of much
rarit}'. The leaves of this sumach have the wing peculiar in a
greater or less degree to the midrib of that plant, so enlarged as to
be very striking, especially during the intensely scarlet glow this
plant takes on in fall. No color can be finer than the autumn tints
of Rhus Osbecki. The flower in June is, moreover, very effective.

Among the Asiatic shrubs, I may ver}' properly here call atten-
tion to certain new magnolias. They occup}-, in two cases at
least, the transition point between trees and shrubs, but they are
more properl}' shrubs, since their peculiar beauty demands that
their branches be preserved close to the ground, which gives them',
in everything but size, the eflfect of a true shrub. The reallj-
shrub-like magnolia is Magnolia Halleana or stelktta, the most
compact and slow-growing of its race. It has been introduced from
Japan for many years, but has not, until recentl}', been received
with anything like the attention it deserves. The leaves are dark
green, somewhat small for a magnolia, and given to disposing
themselves in ver}' picturesque masses. If it is the most dwarf of
Asiatic magnolias, it is also the hardiest and most readily trans-
planted. Its prime charm consists in its flowers. They are more
than creamy white, they are snow-white, with a peculiar brilliance
of texture ; but, more than all, they are delicately fragrant, —
more fragrant than any other hard}' magnolia, except the one I am
about to point out to you. When open, these flowers, which come
earlier than the bloom of any other magnolia, and before the leaves,
remind one of the star-shaped clematis, but in their loveliest form,
half opened, their graceful curves are like those of white water-
lilies. The earliness and beauty of this flower, and the sudden
manner in which it bursts into bloom, indicate a capacity for pro-
ducing early forced flowers of the finest quality. I onl}' wonder
florists have not recognized its value in this respect. Magnolia
Halleana occupies the outskirts of an irregular group of diflerent
magnolias, situated near the boundaries, and not far from the house.
Back of it, and very conspicuously placed, is the latest attraction
from Japan, Magnolia parvijlora. It reminds one of a large-
growing Magnolia glauca, our common sweet-scented swamp
species. The leaves are rich and massive, and the general habit

28 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

as vigorous as smy of the Asiatic magnolias, but the flowers, which
bloom in June, are simply charming. Beautiful also, exceed-
ingly, in a curving cream-colored cup of petals, the stamens and
pistils unite into a crimson elongated mass that contrasts most
eifectively with the surrounding white. Yet, attractive as all these
qualities are, the odor surpasses them altogether. Doubtless, you
know the half-hardy southern Magnolia fuscata. If you do, j^ou
may conceive something of the degree of sweetness of Magnolia
parviflora. From a plant standing near the far end of a green-
house one hundred feet long, the spicy odor impresses you imme-
diately on opening the door. A large Magnolia parviflora has
proved perfectly hardy for several years, and good judges declare
it a great acquisition.

On the other hand, if it were not for Magnolia parviflora, we
should consider the somewhat longer known M. Jiypoleuca, un-
rivalled in its way. This magnolia, of which there is a fine speci-
men on our lawn, is as hardy and vigorous as M. parviflora. The
leaves are much finer and longer, being over a foot in length,
silvery underneath, with a bright red midrib and leaf stem. Creamy
white and delightfully sweet-scented, M. hypoleuca blooms as late as
M. parviflora, and apparently as sparsely. But, sparsel}' or not,
it is very pleasant to see such attractive flowers in June, having
parted regretfully from our beautiful Chinese magnolia blossoms
more than a month before. The silver}^ green and red of the
leaves of M. hypoleuca vary somewhat in beauty, but are always
rich and eflfective. One specially noteworthy point about many of
the plants we have been considering, is their peculiar adaptation to
places of the restricted dimensions of, say half an acre, or even less,
a consideration which, I contend, is destined to carry more and
more weight as the capacity for ornamentation possessed bj^ these
small places becomes better understood.

I should have called your attention to a beautiful single white
althea, the form of its flower is so simple and elegant ; but we must
pass on to larger trees. Among valuable hard}^ plants are the
members of the entire genus of maples. Here, amid fringing shrubs,
or standing singly on their outskirts, we find still other interesting
kinds. Acer colchicum rubrum recalls the Japanese maples,
for it, too, is a Japanese maple, and a very peculiar one. It grows
and looks somewhat like Acer Pennsylvanicum, a species tliat
seems almost identical, at least in appearance, with more than

NEW HARDY ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS. 29

one species in Asia and Japan. Acer colcJiicum rubrum is properl}''
Acer Mono, or Icetum, and grafts only fairly on the Norway maple,
the stock generally used. It is, indeed, difficult to propagate at
best, and, therefore, rare. The charm of the tree lies in its red
twigs and rich red foliage, in June, and also in its red second
growth in late summer and early fall. Much of the tree, even in
earlj- summer, remains green, so that the numerous brilliant red leaves
create a beautiful variegated effect. The green leaves have angular
lobes and a neat, elegant appearance that would alone render the
tree very attractive. The position this tree occupies on our lawn
is somewhat sheltered, for it is not always and everywhere entirely
hardy. Several curious varieties, or closely allied forms of this
maple come to us also from Japan. Some of them are mottled
with white in odd fashion, while others bear pure snow-white leaves,
which, unlike the white-leaved Acer Negundo, endure summer heat
and sun perfectly well. Unfortunately, these forms are still more
difficult than Acer colchicum rubrum to propagate, and less hardy.
I should notice, also here, one or two new and rare Norway
maples, that are very charming on the lawn, and perfectly hard}^, after
the manner of all Norwaj^ maples. Acer platano ides Lorbergii, is
deeply cut as to its leaves, with the young growth of a more or less
reddish color. Acer platanoides Schweidleri is the finest of these*
Norway maples, which are well represented on this lawn. The
large, striking leaves take on the most brilliant red in June, and in
August and September the second growth glows richly amid the
general green of the foliage. These trees are specially valuable,
because they belong to the Norway maple species, in most senses
our best hardy shade tree. Passing out on the main lawn, we note
a single tree of very distinguished appearance, quite distinct from
anything we have observed before. It is the golden catalpa. One
of our most eflective lawn trees is the catalpa. Broad, massive
foliage, shadowy and most grand, characterizes the effect of this
tree. It retains its foliage, moreover, late in fall, grows rapidly,
and, \>j its large, prominent appearance, impresses the eye from
the most distant part of the lawn. Conceive all this effective
foliage then painted with solid golden tints, and you have the
golden catalpa {Catalpa syringcefolia avrea), which we note here
on the lawn in question. The young growth is, of course, most
prominent, and in fall the richness of coloring is often very striking
amid the wide-spread dulness of incipient leaf decay. Long clus-

30 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ters of white, fragrant flowers are also fine in August, which is very
late for sweet-scented flowers.

Aralia Japonica, of which there is a fine specimen, is compara-
tively new, and very interesting. It is a low tree, with a spreading,
umbrella-like head. The leaves are very large, curiously or deeply
divided, and surmount branches and trunk of thorny or prickly
habit. Altogether, it is a strange-looking tree, and verj' hard3\
It bears in autumn long, waving clusters of brownish purple fruit,
or seed-vessels, which characterize the tree. The flower is quite as
efiective as that of the common Aralia spinosa^ or devil's walking-
stick. It also affects soil of moderate fertility, having, doubtless,
the faiUng of the family, viz. : throwing up shoots or suckers from
the roots. Deep, rich soil would, in all probability, aggravate
this failing.

On a gentle slope near one side of the lawn, where the effect of
a weeping tree may be most happily presented, is a new pendulous
Japan cherry-. We have long had small weeping cherries, round-
headed, neat, and very s^^mmetrical ; well fitted to perform an
ornamental part on the lawn similar to that accomplished by the
Portugal laurel, which is not hardy in our portion of the United
States. The weeping cherry on this lawn is a different affair. It
«is tall, vigorous, and in every way like a common fruit-bearing
cherry, except that it weeps. And it literally does weep. No
deciduous tree, if we except the beech, does its weeping in more
persistent, charming, and original fashion than this cheny. The
flowers, moreover, in early spring are ver}^ attractive, fairly covering
the tree with small pink blossoms. Combining, as it does, so many
ornamental qualities with a hardy and easily propagated nature, it
forms, unquestionably, a lawn plant of much value. But come
with me down bj^ the stream ; there are some interesting plants in
that region. First, let me call your attention to a weeping decidu-
ous cypress {Taxodium distichum pendulum). It is quite new,
although in most ways a simple southern C3'press, with all that
cypress's soft, feathery grace and elegant outline. The brownish
red bark and erect stem of the southern cj'press are also there, but
added to these qualities is the great charm of weeping curves, per-
sistent and distinctly drooping. This cypress may be now and then
a little eccentric in habit, but usually curves soberly downward.
Like its parent type, it enjo^'s moist soil — indeed detests dry sandy
quarters. In this section of the lawn there are several interesting

NEW HARDY ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS. 31

alders, the natural haunts of which are moist places. Alnusjirma,
and one or two other Japanese alders are speciall}- interesting, with
their green, ball-like seed-vessels and shining, elegant foliage at
seasons. I like to note these alders, for their presence here shows
regard for a genus of plants too much neglected. Here, also, grow
several interesting Japanese willows, Salix Sieboldii, and a curious
dwarf, Salix sericea pendula.

The ashes are seemingly out of favor with some lawn planters,
yet we ought to see them more freely used ; for prejudice in this
case is entirel}^ unfounded. They are hardy and not more prone
to disease than other ornamental species, and they are all possessed
of beauty as varied even as maples or elms. Many will recall the
round, rich, S3'mmetrical elegance of the walnut-leaved ash {Frax-
inus juglandifoUa) , as well as the beauty of the more common
American and European ashes (F. Americana and F. excelsior') .
Come with me, however, and look at this aucuba-leaved ash {F.
excelsior aucuhcefolia) . What a rich mottled gold dyes the leaf,
and how attractive the roundish outline of its shining foliage.
Near by is Fraxinus j^unctata, still more beautifully shaded with
gold. But these comparatively old variegated ashes are almost
thrown into the shade by the curious tints and forms of two or
three new varieties. Note this Fraxinus excelsior concavcefolia,
with its white and rosy tints, marking strongly the 3'oung growth
alike in summer and in fall, until, at a distance, one readily fancies
the tree crowned with rich hued flowers. The entire 3'oung leaf, in
this case, is more or less mottled with white and rose. Another
ash, to which I want to draw attention, has light gi-een, attracti^-e
foliage, but it is specially noteworthy for the curiousl}- perfect curves
of its downward drooping branches and leaves. This is Fraxinus
scolopendrifolia. Then there is the Japan ash (^F. elonza Japonica) ,
distinguishable by its small leaves and drooping, graceful form.
The Japan silver-leaved ash {F. Jap)onica argentea), is likewise
represented bj' a good specimen. It is one of the best and most
constant of variegated-leaved trees. The leaves are broadly edged
with silvery white, which sometimes suffuses the entire leaf. There
is also a golden and equally attractive variety of this Japan ash.
The cut-leaved form of the ash is found in Fraxinus Japonica
serratifolia, and we have the dwarf form of ashes illustrated by F.
excelsior atrovirens, a curious tree of almost diminutive habit,
with dark-green curled leaves fairly hugging the stem. I like to

32 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

dwell on the ashes, for they are neglected unjustly. My notes are
very brief, and do but scant justice to the many fine ashes on this
lawn.

Notwithstanding the beauty of the ashes, however, we turn with
pleasant anticipations to look more closel}^ at the oaks. Most
original, perhaps, in form, of all species of hardy or ornamental
trees, as well as enduring and grand, we are all familiar with many
effective kinds. Here we find, however, certain strange new forms.
The planter seems to have appreciated the magnificent qualities of
the oaks as lawn trees, and gathered together a notable collection
of them. I will note briefly some of the most interesting.

Quercus Pannonica, the Hungarian oak, one of the finest of its
species, is a grand tree that is not exactly new, but is certainty very
rare. It has great, shining, deep-lobed leaves, and grows vigor-
ousty ; a quality not always specialty peculiar to the oak. This
reminds me of a form of the pyramidal oak, a member of this group,
Quercus pyramidalis cucullata. The pyramidal oak is, perhaps,
the most rapid growing of oaks, and as it also has curious leaves,
curled down at the edges, you will readily perceive that in this
varietj^ we have found an interesting tree. Cut-leaved forms attain
their extreme development among oaks in Quercus heteropliylla
dissecta. The leaves are literally cut into mere shreds. There are
several variegated-leaved varieties of oaks. The most familiar we
notice on this lawn is Quercus pedunculata argentea, a beautiful and
striking variet}-, with its dark-green leaves variegated along the
edges with silver. Passing from this simpler type, we notice about
us various more complex developments of a similar coloring, which,
indeed, needs onty a little warming in tint to turn it into gold.
Quercus tricolor variegata is more broadly and curiousty streaked
and spotted with red and white, becoming in fall tri-colored in
appearance. Among the more warmly tinted leaves we have
Quercus aureo-viridis, with leaves broadly striped with j'ellow
between the ribs. This variety, though fine, only leads us suitabty
to a specimen of the true golden oak, Quercus concordia, in some
senses the noblest deciduous tree of our lawn. The peculiarit3^ of
this oak is, that it lacks the deep golden tint in June, — in fact it is
distinctly greenish-gold, but in August a full, broad, rich gold suf-
fuses the entire leaf, and, as the tree grows well for an oak, it is
easy to conceive, even without seeing a specimen, what a grand
effect it must make. This color seems to grow richer and richer

NEW HARDY ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS. 33

as summer wanes and autumn appears. It does not, in fact, gain
much richness after August, but by the increasing contrast between
the surrounding fading tints and its fresh, healthy yellow, it
becomes more and more prominent. The deepest color is shown by
the purple oak, Qitercus nigricans. This species is more perma-
nently brownish-violet throughout the summer, but, unfortunately,
it is not very hardy in the climate of New York and northward.
The weeping oak is represented on this lawn by a grand specimen.
Many have doubtless heard of the excellence of this variety. But
it is hardl}' likely that rasLuy are conversant with its peculiarly rapid
growth for an oak. I have seen a young weeping oak grow five
feet and over in one season, and that in poor soil. One curious
fact about these golden variegated and weeping oaks is, that thej^
belong very generally to European species. Possibly the variations
of American kinds have not been noted with the same care by
propagators, for the simple reason that, until recently, far too little
consideration has been accorded American lawn planting material.

Grand as the oaks are, we turn to the elms as capable of furnish-
ing us lawn planting of equal, if different, importance. Here we
have Roessel's golden elm, Ulmus campestris aurea^ a small elm,
as elms go, but bearing leaves solidly and beautifully suffused with
yellow. It grows, of course, near the house, in accordance with
its smaller habit. Ulmus viminalis is another slow growing elm.
It is, however, distinct and elegant, with small rough leaves and
numerous smooth, slender, twig-like branches, which are even
somewhat pendulous, like those of the famous cut-leaved birch.
Ulmus campestris Berardi is a beautiful miniature elm, of slender
growth and pyramidal habit, with deeply and delicately cut foliage.
There is also a weeping variety of much rarity, called Ulmus rugosa
pendvla, with large rough leaves. The Siberian elm, Ulmus parvi-
Jlora, is an old elm, perhaps, but quite new on our lawns. On the
lawn in question, there is a fine specimen, with upright habit and
dark, slightly curled, small leaves, which remain green far into
winter. I know, indeed, of hardly one true deciduous tree that
stays green as late.

A great contrast with these smaller forms is afforded in the same
genus by Ulmus fidva pendula. It stands in a prominent position,
where it can be seen against a background of sky without injuring
valuable views from the house. The position is selected, of course,
opposite a slight break in the boundary of foliage. The leaves of
3

34 MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

this slippery elm are not unlike those of the common American elm,
except that they are far more remarkablj" weeping and persistent
in hanging on the branches late in fall. American elms, we know,
are somewhat remarkable for their dull fading tints, which appear,
during some seasons, as earl}- as mid- August. The special char-
acteristic after all, of this weeping elm, is the way it throws about
great, far-reaching branches, which curve out and downward in a
very grand fashion. Such a vigorous, erratic growth, however,
needs curbing, and the pruning knife must be used at times remorse-
lessly. I have to designate just what weeping elm I mean, for
there is another welUknown and choice variety, of European origin,
and equally pendulous habit, called the Camperdown weeping elm,
which is by no means rapid growing.

Among the lindens, our attention is attracted by a curious vari-
egated kind, which shows leaves spotted and streaked with yellow-
ish-white, often to the total exclusion of green. And we must not
forget to notice, down near the stream, a fine specimen of the
purple-leaved birch. It is one of the best among new acquisitions
of lawn planting material. The general habit is that of a somewhat
dwarf-growing birch, but the color is brownish red, copper color, or
more truly a deep rich pui-ple. Good purple-leaved varieties of
any tree are not common. Indeed, we maj^ not hope soon to gain
anything of equal value with the purple beech, but the birch is in
itself so fine that it is a great thing to discover a purple-leaved
variety of that tree.

I feel that I have only touched on the many new and
valuable deciduous trees on the lawn, but I have accorded them
more space than the evergreens, because I believe deciduous
trees are, in the main, best suited to our lawns in America. In-
tense, though short-lived, heat and sudden changes do not favor the
growth of evergreens in the same degree as the more equable climate
of Europe. We find, however, on this lawn, a very choice collec-
tion of new evergreens. Among the spruces we note several, and
chief among those the large-leaved hemlock (Abies Canadensis mac-
rophylla^, the weeping hemlock (Abies Canadensis pendula Sar-
gentii) , and the blue spruce of the Rocky Mountains (^Picea pwn-
gens). The hemlocks of this trio are pecuHarl}- suited to small
places, but the last named spruce is of larger size. Breadth and
depth of masses and color, statuesque form, and cm-ious 3'ew-like
habit, characterize the broad-leaved hemlock. It has little of the
ordinary appearance of the hemlock about it, and is more hardy

NEW HARDY ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS. 35

under the peculiar conditions that sometimes affect the common
hemlock. It was a seedling discovered in Flushing a few j'ears
since, yet it has alreadj' achieved favorable recognition from the
best judges of lawn planting material. If the broad-leaved hem-
lock is somewhat stern and masculine in its outline, the weeping
hemlock is essentiallj^ feminine in its graceful curves and fountain-
like spraj's of green. Man}- ordinary hemlocks take on this weep-
ing form in early ^'outh, but it soon passes away with increasing
years. With Sargent's weeping hemlock, however, this beautiful habit
is absolutely permanent on all specimens grown from grafts of that
tree. Henr}' Winthrop Sargent discovered this weeping hemlock
about twenty 3'ears ago, near his place, at Fishkill on the Hudson,
and moved b}- his enthusiasm and appreciation of choice ornamental
trees, entrusted it for propagation to the distinguished expert, J.
E. Trumpy. Turning from this queenly tree, we note the rich
grandeur of the third member of our trio of distinguished ever-
greens. Picea pungens is said to be very grand in its natural home
of the Rocky Mountains, but its young and more carefully cultured
growth on the lawn is without question more beautiful and charm-
ing. It is, moreover, the bluest of evergreens, and extremely hardy
and vigorous growing withal.

I should, perhaps, note in passing a fine large Abies excelsa elata,
a ver}^ singular variet}' of Norway spruce, originating in Flushing.
It grows stronglj' and throws out long branches of grotesque form.
One might fancy it, by a little stretch of the imagination, a fit
substitute for Araucaria imbricata, which many wish to grow on
their lawns in America, but cannot.

The next group of evergreens we notice is Japanese, and clustered
variously- in the same section of the lawn. Abies polita, the tiger-
tail spruce, is one of the finest and most valuable of the Japanese
conifers. It is rich and very characteristic in its form. The
yellow-barked branches extend out stifl" and straight, and the glossy,
bright green, stiff-pointed leaves are as sharp as, and not unlike,
the spines of a hedgehog. The curious appearance of the ends of
the young growth, or half-bursting leaf buds, doubtless suggested
the name of tiger-tail spruce. Abies polita grows slowly, and, there-
fore, belongs to the class of evergreens specially fitted for small
places. But this little cluster of evergreens close hy is even better
fitted for such work. They are Japanese junipers and very hardy.
Their elegant forms and rich tints would, indeed, render them

36 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

distinguished any where. One is silvery, at least on a portion of
its leaves ; another is almost solid gold, and another, Juniperus
aurea variegata, has its leaves simply tipped with gold in the
daintiest fashion imaginable.

Let us look at these two Japanese pines that show so richly,
even at a little distance. One is Pinus densijlora, with bright
green leaves, long and very effective. This tree grows very rapidly,
soon requiring the application of the pruning knife. In coloring
and general habit, it is, perhaps, the best of Japanese pines, except
Pinus Massoniana, which only surpasses it in a yellowish tint that
generally pervades the leaves. But the Pinus Massoniana, par
excellence, is the golden-leaved form of that species. It is bright
gold, that seems to gain a touch of deeper gold as you pause to
look at it. This peculiar effect is greatly enhanced by the fact that
it has two leaves onlj^ in a sheath, and these leaves are so clustered
on the end of the branches as to spread in every direction. It was
this peculiarit}' that gave rise to the name sun-raj^ pine. But the
noteworthy habit of this pine is its late variegation. In June, while
in full growth, it is rather greenish golden than golden, but, all
through the summer, its yellow grows brighter, until, in September,
it makes a very striking object amid the fading leaves of fall. It
makes, in fact, a worthy companion for the golden oak, Quercus
Concordia, which, you will remember, has the same peculiarity. It
should be also noted, that the brightness of the sun-ray pine
remains uninjured during winter, and it never burns in summer, a
quality that other so-called golden pines have sadly needed. The
bright 3'ellow of the sun-ray pine is confined in a peculiar manner
to about two-thirds of the leaf. Beginning at the base, first comes
gold, then an equal amount of green, aud then again as much gold
at the tip. The dividing lines between these colors are marked
with singular distinctness, thus giving the utmost delicacy and
finish to the variegation. Pinus Massoniana variegata is on the
lawn in question, but it is, nevertheless, very rare and hardly to be
obtained anywhere.

We come now to the Petinosporas, or Japan cypi'esses ; the
choicest, I was about to say, of all evergreens ; certainl}^ the
choicest, as a class, of all recently introduced evergreens. To
Robert Fortune, the great English collector of plants in Japan, we
owe, probably, the real introduction of the leading species of
Petinosporas, namely : P. plumosa aurea, R.pisifera, and R. obtusa,

NEW HARDY ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS. 37

and a greater benefit could hardh' have been done the lawn planter
than by the introduction of these evergreens. They are hardy, of
slow growth, and of most varied beaut}' in individual specimens, the
latter being a qualitj' greatl}^ wanting among some evergreens
commonl}' used throughout the country, arbor vitses, for instance.
The Eetinosporas graft readily on the Thujas or arbor-vitaes, and
bear a certain resemblance to them, but the resemblance only that
can exist between a beautiful plant and one much less attractive.
Let us look at a group of the new and rare Retinosporas, although
unfortunately all are comparatively rare on our lawns. In asking
3'ou to look first at M. filicoides^ I am selecting one of the very
choicest and most curious green species or varieties. If it were
not for a peculiarlj' thick, curled border along the leaf of this
variety, it might be readily taken while young for an evergreen
fern. It is a spreading plant of slow growth and great hardiness.
Indeed, I might saj^, once for all, that the Retinosporas are of
unexcelled hardiness, both winter and summer, and that their
variegations are all permanent. Can a higher character be given
to any other evergreen?

There are two distinct kinds of weeping Retinosporas^ namely, a
beautiful, fern-like, pendulous form of R. obtusa, originating in
Flushing, and an extravagantly attenuated form imported recently
from Japan through Thomas Hogg. The long thread-like leaves
of this variety fall directly down and curve about the stem in
swaying, meagre masses, which suggest that in this plant the
extreme of the weeping form among evergreens has been reached.
Almost as curious as this is another introduction of Mr. Hogg,
R. jilifera aurea. We have known R. fiUfera for some time as a
rare tree, with tesselated, shaggy masses of green thread-like
foliage, but Mr. Hogg's new variety oflers the same strange mass
of foliage, onl}^ in this case it is turned into gold — broad, solid,
permanent gold. While I am pointing out the golden Retinosporas,
which are veritable sunbeams amid other evergreens, let me call
5'Our attention to R. obtusa aurea, one of the best and most dis-
tinct of all variegated forms. It is free-growing, with a beautiful
combination of gold color intermixed with glossy, rich green all
over the plant. Although not exactly a new plant, I am con-
strained to call your passing attention to R. obtusa nana, one of
the very be^t of dwarf evergreens — a dense, flat tuft of glossy, deep
green spray — a cushion or ball of evergreen foliage that will hardl}'

38 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

grow two feet in ten years. The golden form of R. obtusa nana
is charming. Its yellow is a rich bronze, and I do not know an}--
thing of the kind more attractive. R. pisifera nana variegata is
also ver}' beautiful — a dense miniature bush of a general bluish-
gray aspect, except a portion of the lesser branchlets and leaves,
which are pale yellow. But do not think I have begun to exhaust
the curious forms of these Retinosporas. I have only given the
most noteworthy to be found on a superior lawn. Any large group
of R. obtusa will give you a dozen beautiful, diverse forms of
weeping, pyramidal, and dwarf or spreading evergreens. All, or
practically all, kinds of Retinosporas now used, came from Japan,
where they are common, but highly valued in the beautiful gardens
of that country. Mr. Hogg has not only introduced several of
these new Retinosporas, but has given us possibly more new
Japanese plants than any collector since the time of Robert
Fortune's famous horticultural explorations. I must not leave
these Retinospioras without calling attention again to their excellent
adaptation to small places. If we restrict the planting on a small
lawn to Japanese maples, Retinosporas, and two or three shrubs like
Spiraea crispifolia, we may, with a little skill, almost defy the power
of time to compass, b}^ means of trees, the destruction of our grass
plots. I must add, however, one other conifer to this seemingly
short but really varied list of new hardy plants suited to miniature
lawn planting.

I refer to Sciadopitys verticillata, the parasol pine, one of the
most extraordinary evergreens known. The plant we see on this
lawn is scarcely two feet high, and yet it is more than ten years
old. Travellers in Japan tell us of specimens in Japanese gardens
fifty and one hundred feet high, but certainly in youth the plant is
wonderfully dwarf. Its strange habit is produced by the curious
long, broad, dark green needles, or narrow strap-shaped leaves that
cluster in parasol-like tufts at the end of each succeeding year's
growth. The color is as dark as that of the 3'ew, and the growth
as compact. It is moreover, very hardy, and thus presents a com-
bination of choice qualities, of the most strange, attractive, and
valuable character. The plant is so entirely original in its forms,
that it seems some lone tj^pe, the correlations of which are lost or
yet to be found. As we look upon it, we begin to realize how
thoroughly most plants of the same genus, all over the globe, are
related to each other, just because we can think of nothing else
that resembles the parasol pine.

NEW HAKDY ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS. 39

A Japanese yew, near by, of rich and spreading habit, exempli-
fies this resemblance between different members of a genus situated
in various parts of the earth. This Japanese yew, Taxus cuspidata^
is, however, very noteworthy for great hardiness, a character that
can be scarcely accorded to any other yew in this climate. Thu-
jopsis Standisliii is another Japanese plant- on this lawn, of com-
paratively recent introduction. I want to call your attention to it,
situated near the Betinosporas, not only because it is a beautiful
evergreen somewhat like the arbor-vitse in general appearance, but
because it does better here, apparently, than in England. This is a
peculiarity remarkable in an evergreen, for the moist climate of
England seems to make for them a very home.

I should like to speak of other plants on this lawn, but they are
either too difficult of attainment, like the Cercidiphyllum, a promis-
ing tree, or, like the dwarf pines and spruces, hardly new enough to
come within the scope of this essay.

Before leaving the spot entirelj^, however, let us stand a moment
and take a last look at the unity of effect accomplished on this lawn.
Streams, borders of foliage, statuesque small trees and larger speci-
mens, all flow, as it were, together in natural lines. Indeed, har-
mony of color and lines, combined with contrasts distinct enough
to give variety, characterize the entire scene. The position of each
plant is so related to the others, for purposes of beauty and perfect
development, that one delights in the fair proportion and entire
unity of the design. It is a picture, and j-et something more than
a picture : a combination of foliage and grass, constructed not in
servile imitation of nature, but on the principles employed by nature
in her most pleasing work. The copse or glade is suggested, and
3'et the treatment of each plant of our lawn is very different from
that of the wildwood, and indeed, more honorable to that plant's
highly cultured nature. Perfect maintenance and exquisite keeping
are evident everywhere, from the skilfully-pruned shrub to the
velvet turf that catches athwart its beautiful surface the level rays
of the setting sun. Unfortunately, such lawns are extremely rare
in America. We are learning to appreciate them, and in time shall
have them, though the progress in that direction is slow ; and I
feel certain that nothing is more likely to aid in the development
of a true knowledge of the resources of lawn planting than the con-
sideration of new hardy ornamental trees and shrubs, and their
tasteful and effective arrangement.

40 massachusetts horticultural society.

Discussion.

The Chairman said that we were greatl}^ indebted to Mr. Parsons
for the experience as to the new trees and shrubs and their arrange-
ment, which he had given us. He came from a more southern
latitude than ours, and possibly all the plants which he has men-
tioned may not succeed here. On this point the Chairman said he
would, next week, ask the criticism of Mr. Harris, Mr. Atkinson,
and other skilful cultivators, but on this occasion we had with us a
gentleman well known to be thoroughly versed in the subject before
the meeting, and the editor of the new edition of Downing's ' ' Land-
scape Gardening," — Henry Winthrop Sargent, of Fishkill, N. Y., of
whose presence he desired the Society to have the advantage.

Mr. Sargent spoke first of the weeping hemlock, which was
introduced by him, and which he said was a very good " find " by
an old farmer on the mountains back of his (Mr. Sargent's) house.
He has the largest tree of it, which is eight feet high, and spreads
from fifteen to twenty feet. He has assisted the leader by t^ing it
up to a stake. It is difficult of propagation. Mr. Sargent thought
that all the trees and shrubs mentioned by Mr. Parsons could be
grown here, and recommended particularly the golden yew, though
for small lawns the Retinosporas are preferable. The golden color
of the yew lasts only during its growth. It is the hardiest thing he
has, except the Cryptomeria Japonica. Four or five years ago,
when Norway spruces and white pines were destroyed, his Crypto-
meria was not injured. He is always sure to find it green. Last
year, an epidemic injured arbor- vitse hedges ; his own hedge which
was planted forty years ago, next after A. J. Downing's, was so
much injured that it must be taken up. He felt satisfied that we
clip our evergreen hedges too close ; the English have found out
that the constant cutting back of trained fruit trees lessens their
vitality. The Cryptomeria referred to, is from twelve to fourteen
feet high, and stands under a weeping birch, fifty feet high, where
it gets no morning sun and no southern sun, and is protected from
the northwest winds. He has others which gi"ow nearlj^ as well.
The golden yew is hardier than any other yew. The English j^ew
grows with him without any difficulty ; his trees have shelter on the
east and southwest. It is more hardy than Taxus Japonica,
T. baccata, or T. erecta. The finest evergreen tree he has is Pinus
ponderosa pendula, whose branches hang down perpendicularly.
He was much impressed with the remark of R. S. Field, that all

NEW HARDY ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS. 41

evergreens are beautiful in their 3'outh, sa}', when five or six feet
high, but when twenty* feet high the}' lose their individuality, so that
a Scotch fir, fort}- or fifty years old, looks like an Italian pine.
There are twenty or thirty species, which all look alike at the age
mentioned. Sir Joseph Hooker thought Pinus Lamberiiana, the
finest tree he saw in the country. Mr. Sargent has a specimen
fifteen feet high. He said that if he were restricted to one ever-
green tree, it would be the golden yew.

Mr. Parsons mentioned the Cercidiphyllum, of which Mr. Hogg
has a tree fourteen feet high. The leaf resembles that of the Cercis,
or Judas tree.

Mr. Sargent spoke of Lawson's cypress ; he had no trouble in
growing either the type or the variety erecta viridis. The varieties
argentea and aurea he had also found hardy. His largest tree of
the type is twenty-two feet high, and frequently sends out a shoot
of golden color, which is propagated.*

The foliage of the Japanese maples suffers in the sun, and the
leaves dry up and crinkle in hot weather, but there is nothing
hardier in winter. They might be grown in pots like azaleas, so
as to be very efiective. They should, when so grown, not have too
much sunlight, but should present the entire leaf surface to the
light. Japanese nurserymen send to purchasers, instead of an
invoice, a series of leaves representing the different varieties.

Mr. Parsons said that while the foliage of the Japanese maples
suffers in the sun when the trees are young, those of fourteen years
growth, in Mr. Hogg's grounds, do not suffer. The speaker had
found them more hardy as they got age.

Mr. Sargent said that he imported Acer polymorphum atropur-
pureum, eight or ten years ago, and it is now six or seven feet
high. In July and August the leaves crinkled, and when twelve
degrees of frost came last October, the leaves were still full of sap
and sufiered. Though there was no change in the color of the
leaves, he feared for the result, for the wood had not hardened. |
But, seven years out of ten, they will be successful. They would
do better in a shady or humid situation, than in a hot, dry place,
or, if planted in sunlight, with their feet in moist soil, that would

* This tree, we are sorry to learn, has been destroyed this year by field
mice.

t The same thing happened in August, 1880, from drought. H. W. S.

42 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

be best of all. There are no better evergreens than the Betinos-
poras; R. Jilifera pendula has truly thready branches, which hang
down three feet not larger than knitting needles. All villa resi-
dences of two or three acres, should have Betinosporas, golden
yews, and Japanese maples, instead of Norway spruces and trees
of similar character. The speaker thought that in future we should
have small places of four or five acres instead of those of five
hundred acres, and these should be planted with magnolias, dwarf
horse-chestnuts, and other trees of secondary growth. He has on
his grounds a dwarf horse-chestnut forty years old, which is ten
feet high and a hundred and twenty feet in circumference. This
species is desirable as fiowering after the others.

The chairman stated that the essayist was limited to new species,
which would account for his omitting the golden yew, so highly
recommended by Mr. Sargent. For the same reason, probably,
the Vib^irnmn plicatum was omitted. Acer platanoides purpureum
is a distinct variety of the Norway maple — as striking and distinct
as A. platanoides Schweidleri.

Mr. Sargent said that he had been much disappointed in Acer
platanoides purpureum. A. platanoides Schweidleri loses its color.
Dwarf evergreens should be planted in loose groups ; you ma}^ have
trees twenty-five 3-ears old not above a foot or two high. The
Ghamoecyparis sphmroidea argentea is of p3Tamidal form, with the
tips of some of the branches silver and others golden. All silver
tipped trees suflfer more than golden. The Chamcecyparis aurea
at Fishkill is quite hardy. Among deciduous trees the aucuba-
leaved ash is desirable ; the leaves are blotched with gold, and the
tree resembles a gigantic Aucuba Japonica, but it is not constant.
The golden oak {Quercus concordia.) and the golden catalpa are
very beautiful and desirable. The Ulmus riigosa is very curious ;
the tree is of pyramidal form, and the leaves are rough and rugged.

The Chairman said it was important to bring the trees and shrubs
mentioned by the essayist before the public, but he thought we
should have to cut down the list to adapt it to this latitude.
The Acer platanoides purpureum mentioned by the speaker is
new, and he had been pleased with it from one year's experience.

Mr. Parsons mentioned, as desirable small evergreens, the Junij)-
erus Japonica aurea and J. Sinensis aurea, which have the foliage
picked out with gold. They are very hardy — like red cedars for
endurance.

NEW HARDY ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS. 43

Mr. Sargent said that Feast's and mau}^ other varieties of Buxus
succeeded with him. Euonymus radicans variegata is recom-
mended in EngUsh books as a substitute for the ivy. In England
the}- train it against a wall like Cotoneaster, and he believed Walter
Huunewell has succeeded in this method of growing it. Charles
S. Sargent thinks ours is not the same as the English. It is
perfectly' hardy, and valuable for edgings.

Mr. Parsons said he knew it would climb.

It was voted to continue the discussion of the subject the next
Saturday.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Saturday, January 24, 1880.

A meeting for discussion was holden at 11 o'clock, William C.
Strong, Chairman of the Committee on Publication and Discussion,
presiding. The Chairman called on William Gray, Jr., for infor-
mation concerning the Abies Menziesii, or, as it is termed by the
latest authorities, Picea pungens.

Mr. Gray said that Prof. Asa Gra}' gave him three plants grown
from seed collected on the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains,
in Colorado, one of which was glaucous blue, one light sea-green,
and the other intermediate. The greenest one made the most
growth. They show some tendenc}' towards spindling, but not to
losing their lower branches. Mr. Gray added that the Sciadojntys
verticillata or umbrella pine is one of the most promising new ever-
greens, and is perfectly hardy. He had two variegated ones, both
of which were destroyed hy the winter, though his experience with
variegated trees had been that they are generally as hardy as the
plain ones, and some of them more so. The golden j-ew is more
hard}' than the plain one ; the green one grows stronger, and does
not ripen its wood. All the Japanese evergreens that he had tried
were hardy. Cryptomerias appeared to be hardy if they had shelter.
The Euonymus Japonicus and the Picea pungens from Waterer
were not hardy.

The Chairman said that Robert Douglas, of Waukegan, 111., is

44 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of the opinion that "Waterer's trees are of the California type. He
had imported trees from France which proved not to be hard}^

F. L. Harris, gardener to H. H, Hunnewell, said that the speci-
men of Plcea pungens at Wellesley, came originally from Dr.
Gray. It is more glaucous than that at the Botanic Garden or than
WilUam Gray, Jr.'s. The latter are glaucous but not so much so
as Mr. Hunne well's. The Douglas spruce never thrives when im-
ported from Europe, but those raised here by the speaker had
proved perfectl}^ hardy. Some of them are twelve feet high and
clothed with foliage. Abies polita and A. Cephalonica are among
the best. The specimen of the latter at Wellesley is twenty feet
high. Abies Nordmanniana will take the place of the European
silver fir. Whenever a coniferous tree produces seed its growth is
checked. Abies Nordmanniana produces large cones, which,
though verj^ striking in appearance, should be removed to promote
the growth of the tree. Retinospora sqxcarrosa should be more
generall}' planted ; it grows luxuriantl}^, is beautiful both in summer
and winter, and is perfectly hardy. R. plumosa and R. plumosa
aurea are the same ; they require shelter when young. R. Jilicoides
and R. filifera are very beautiful for small yards, and the speaker
hoped to see them planted in the place of Norway spruces. He
could not say that the Japanese maples are successful except Acer
polymorplium and its varietj' atropurpureum. The foliage of the
finely cut and delicately tinted varieties shrivels up. The species
just named seeded well contiguous to an ash-leaved negundo, and
he expected to get something remarkable from it, but the seed was
stolen. He did not agree with Mr. Sargent in regard to pruning
evergreen trees, as respects specimens, but hedges must be pruned
severel}' while young. Isolated specimens only need to have the
luxuriant shoots taken out so as to keep them within bounds. Mr.
Harris suggested that when Norwa}^ spruces grew too large the
limbs should be cut off within a foot or two of the trunk. Though
this would disfigure them for a time, branches as large as a man's
wrist would soon send out young shoots and form a beautiful col-
umn. The best time for such pruning is when the sap begins to
flow, say from the 20th of April to the 10th of May. When rhod-
odendrons get straggling the}' may be treated in the same wa}'.

The Chairman said that while seedlings of the Douglas spruce
from Europe are tender, those raised from Oregon seed are hardy.
The experience of Robert Douglas, as well as of Mr. Gray and

NEW HAEDY ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS. 45

Mr. Harris, is to the same effect. The Colorado t3'pe is hardy.
If we encourage the seeding of specimen trees whose hardiness is
doubtful, we may get a hardy type. He had raised seed of
Cupressus Lawsoniana, but it did not vegetate.

Mr. Harris said that though Cupressus Lawsoniana is not
generally hardy, there is a specimen at Wellesley eighteen feet high.
It is protected by a belt of white pines. Such protection is neces-
sary' for many species.

Heniy Winthrop Sargent said that his Picea pungens is the
same as Mr. Gray's. His theory is that they should be cut back
as soon as they begin to look spindling. He cuts back Querciis
Concordia nearl}' to the ground, and the golden catalpa quite to
the ground. The finest Retinospora at Wellesley is getting to be
what the English call "woody." He thought this was to be a
trouble with the Retinosporas, and that thej' should be cut back.
Mr. Harris is right, from his standpoint, about cutting back hedges,
but twenty 3'ears hence he may think differently. The speaker
treated his hedge as Mr. Harris advised, but soon began to have
dead wood, and last yeav there was hardly any foliage. He cut
back as suggested in " The Garden," but the trees had not vitality
enough to recuperate, and now nine out of ten of them are dead.
The hedge is forty years old. The same experience has been
general on the Hudson river. A hedge which, though not vigor-
ous, presents a general appearance of verdure, is better than a
dead one. The arbor-vitas hedge was invented b}^ A. J. Downing
fift}^ 3'ears ago, and there is one at his place fifteen or twenty feet
high. The speaker would take off the tips of the shoots with
shears and keep the top even, but would clip less and less every
year, and when the hedge got sufficient height would give onl}- a
general trimming. All colored evergreens should be clipped, say
once in two years. Except Acer polymorphum sanguineum and
A. polymorphum atropurpureum all the Japanese maples will do
best in pots.

The Chairman said that Retinospora squarrosa is one of the finest
varieties ; there is none more charming in Mr. Hunnewell's grounds.
The specimens there are much superior to those at Mr. Parsons's.
There is a sub-variety Veitchii. The diflSculty in cutting back
Retinosporas is that it makes them more dense, and favors the
growth of fungi, as in R. ericoides. Retinospora squarrosa gen-
erally requires thinning out, but most of Mr. Hunnewell's specimens
are open.

46 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICDL,TURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Harris did not know that they had two varieties of Retinos-
pora squarrosa. He takes out a branch whenever he sees one that
needs to come away. It would be an endless work to prune trees
thirt}'^ or forty feet high ever}' two years, and it would soon deprive
them of then- individualit}' ; to preserve that they must be let alone.
He expected, if he lived, to see Retinospora squarrosa twenty-five
feet high, but the inner foliage would then have passed away, and
we should have bare stems as we now have in white pines. He
believes in high culture ; in an azalea border, part of which was
trenched and highl}' manured, the plants near the edge grew stunted
as the}' sent their roots into the virgin soil. The same holds with
all evergreens ; they want high culture. The beautiful arbor-vitse
hedges at Wellesley are contiguous to highlj^ cultivated bordei's,
and he saw no reason' why they should not go on for fift}' or a
hundred j-ears. In England yew hedges are cut right back.

Charles M. Hovey did not think that there are two varieties of
Retinospora squarrosa. Many of the coniferous trees, particularly
arbor-vitaes, vary in foliage with age. Retinospora ericoides
alwa^'S does well until an unfavorable winter occurs, and then it is
cut down. He had never had R. plumosa aurea injured. The
other Retinosporas are ver}' hard}'. He had tried all the old
varieties of conifers, and many were hardy in Mr. Hunnewell's
ground, which is light, with a dry bottom, that were not hardy on
his (the speaker's) ground. He could not get up the yews to any
size. Taxus Canadensis (the American yew) is very beautiful,
especially when full of berries. He had planted out Abies Ceptlia-
lonica, and one, behind a holly hedge, where it is sheltered from
the winter sun and cold, is now a fine specimen. He thought that
Mr. Sargent and Mr. Harris were both right in regard to pruning,
and he also agreed with Mr. Sargent that in future we should have,
instead of places of several hundred acres, those of a few acres,
planted with Hydrangea paniculata, Viburnum plicaticm, Retinos-
poras^ and other shrubs and trees of growth proportioned to the
. size of the place. The shears should never be admitted when
landscape beauty is desired ; if they are used, everything becomes
alike, and the natural beauty of each tree is lost. Mr. Hovey
questioned whether high manuring would not cause a sappy growth,
more liable to be winter-killed, as in pears, peaches, and grape
vines. In England the opinion is that fresh manure does not
immediately injure the pine family. Mr. Hovey spoke of the

NEW HARDY ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS. 47

hemlocks in Maine, and said that when cultivated they should be
protected from high winds. For real beauty this tree stands at the
head of all evergreens, and should be planted more than it is, but
it does not generally do well in England. He described a visit to
Admiral Egei'ton's park of thirteen hundred acres, where he saw
Sequoias, Araucaria imbricatas, and hemlocks — the latter grow-
ing as finely as in their native soil ; but the Admiral said that
such trees were ver^- rare in England. Weybridge, where this park
is situated, is all peaty soil. Hardj' cj'clamens were in flower
there in the open ground on the 17th of April. They had little
bright sun then, and by the time the sun got well up the frost would
be out, while here the sun would strike and blacken the foUage of
all plants not perfectly hardy.

Mr. Sargent said that he would not cut back every Retinospora,
but only such as are in sight from the house, and would leave others
to develop naturally. It is not generally understood here that in
England purple beeches retain their color through the season.
Would not the same cause produce the same effect on the barberry,
filbert, etc. ? His Norway spruces of forty years' standing had
failed so much that he thought of cutting them down. He dresses
his conifers with old manure once in three years, and the inter-
vening years with soil. The Cejyhalotaxus, of which he has three
species, grows so late that it should not be stimulated, but Norway
spruces and cedars of Lebanon finish their growth early.

The Chairman said that for this climate we must make some
exceptions to the trees and shrubs recommended in Mr. Parsons's
paper. He (the essayist) recommended growing Japanese maples
in pots. The Acer Negundo does well at Mr. Hunnewell's, but not
generally. The varieties of Acer polymorphum, even atropur-
pureum, are all afiected by our climate. If Mr. Harris speaks
doubtingly of them we should be very cautious how we use them.

C. M. Atkinson said that the Picea alba or white spruce is a
very magnificent tree, and should be in every collection.
The Abies Douglasii had been mentioned as tender, but there
is a fine tree in the late John J. Dixwell's place in West
Roxbury ; and on the estate of John L. Gardner, of which the
speaker has charge, is a young tree which grew two feet in a
season. Trees raised from California seed do not seem to be
hardy, but those from Colorado seed are perfectly hardy. Picea
orientalis is, without doubt, one of the most beautiful and desirable

48 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

trees. There is a very fine specimen at Mr. Gray's. On Mr.
Gardner's place is an Abies Cephalonica, planted five years ago,
which, though exposed to the sun, is perfectly hardy. It is
sheltered from the northwest winds by a high bank. There is on
the Dixwell estate a very fine plant of Abies nobilis about six feet
high. At Dropmore Mr. Atkinson thought this species the finest
thing he ever saw. Abies Nordmanniana and Abies grandis are
also very fine and perfectly hardy. Cupressus Lawsoniana is
generally considered tender, but on the Dixwell place is one four-
teen feet high, and Mr. Sargent is propagating it. There are also
on the same place several magnificent specimens of the American
holly (^Ilex opaca) from twelve to fifteen feet high and finely
proportioned. Hoopes says that Retinospora squarrosa is not
hardy, which is incorrect ; it is perfectly hardy, and is getting
common and deserves to be. The Irish juniper is a good thing,
but it should have a few spruce boughs placed around it in winter.

Mr. Atkinson confirmed what Mr. Harris had said of the need
of high culture for evergreens. In a plantation at the late John
P. Cushing's place in Belmont, compost was distributed in trenches
between the trees, and those manured were green and health^""
while others were yellow. Mr. Gray's handsomest specimen of
Abies Menziesii or Picea pungens is of so beautiful a blue as at once
to arrest attention. The inner part of the foliage is brown, and
the outer blue. The blue variety is called Parryana., and is des-
tined to take the place of the Norway spruce. The latter is only
adapted for planting on the outskirts of grounds. Now that there
are so many superior species, to plant Norways shows either
ignorance or very bad taste. Mr. Atkinson related an instance
where a misty rain congealed on the branches of a Norwaj' spruce,
and a brisk wind coming on afterwards the branches were all
rubbed bare. The specimens of tree box, on the north side of the
house and under trees, at Pine Bank, the estate of Edward Perkins,
on the border of Jamaica pond, present a very cheerful appearance.

The Chairman said that he had a specimen in a northwest
exposure.

Samuel Parsons, Jr. said that he labored under a great disad-
vantage in not knowing what is hardy here and what is not. To
decide this will be one of the great benefits of the Arnold Arbore-
tum, which has one of the most enthusiastic arboriculturists in the
country at its head. Every plant will have proper attention, and

NEW HARDY ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS. 49

we shall have a list of all the really hardy trees. Mr. Parsons
said it was surprising what a quantity of trees and shrubs had
been collected, and he advised all to go and see the Arboretum.

Mr. Hovey was surprised that the American holly, which grows
within twenty-live miles of Boston is not cultivated. It is not as
beautiful as the English species, but very nearly so. He imported
one or two hundred trees from England, of which Mr. Dixwell, of
Brookline, had four, and he had four or five left, which are now
twenty-five years old and from twelve to eighteen feet high. It
should be planted in large or small grounds. It is true that it
is somewhat difficult to transplant. Mr. Hovey commended the
Queen Victoria and George Peabody arbor-vitses, from Western
New York — the former tipped with silver and the latter with
gold. Maxwell's Glory of the Spruces is golden on the upper
side of the leaves ; it is a slow grower, but otherwise like Menzies's
spruce. These three are indispensable. The dwarf arbor-vitses,
such as Hovey 's, Hoopes's Dwarf, and others, are desirable trees ;
as are also the dwarf spruces, such as Gregoryana, pumila, Clan-
hrasiliana^ etc.

Mr. Sargent confirmed Mr. Hovey's opinion of the value of the
Queen Victoria and George Peabody arbor-vitses and Maxwell's
spruce, but said that semper aurea is even a better arbor-vitse
than George Peabody. Picea orientalis is one of the finest trees
on his place ; it has small dense foliage. He saw no reason wh}''
the American holly should not be grown, but it is seldom planted
by nurserymen. Mr. Meehan, who raised some at the request of
the speaker, said there was no demand for them. Every one who
begins now should plant a holl}' hedge, and purple beech and blue
spruce trees. '

Mr. Harris said that the best holly at Wellesley was exposed to
the north wind.

Benjamin G. Smith said the holly grows finely at Cohasset.

Mr. Hovey said that he had a fine specimen of Picea orientalis,
but that the trees are rather scarce and people are not aware of
their beauty. It is a slow grower ; a Norway spruce would grow
ten feet while Picea orientalis grows three. If there was a demand
for it, it would no doubt be supplied. If American hollies could
be sold by the thousand they could be afforded at low rates.

Mr. Sargent recommended the Picea Pinsapo ; the leaves are all
recurved, and it is perfectly hardy.
4

50 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Hovey said it is not hardy in Massachusetts.

The Chairman said that it had not flourished with him.

J. W. Manning said that his Picea Pinsapo looked bright. He
has had the Douglas -spruce for some years, and finds it adapted
to this latitude. Lawson's cypress is not hardy with him. He
saw Abies grandis at Rochester ; it is of very slow growth, very
stocky at the base, and the branches are very thick. Betinospora
squarrosa is of thrifty, upright growth. R. ericoides went through
the winter well. All Retinosporas should be shortened in annually,
to keep an entire green surface. If this is not done the foliage of
previous years will show red and unsightly. The green Euonymus
Japonicus stands the winter perfectly at Gloucester.

The Chairman thought that the Japanese maples would be of
little use here. While the Retinosjwra aurea is very desirable,
the golden spiraea produces a much stronger effect in summer.
We desire sunlight most in dark weather, and this plant gives a
sunlight effect in the darkest days. The speaker was much pleased
with the effect of the golden pyrethrum which he saw in England,
in lighting up the beds, and a hedge of golden spiraea which he has
planted is as bright as the pyrethrum. If clipped it will retain its
color through the season. The purple beech may be planted
when a dark effect is desired. We want to bear in mind the plants
which grow with ease.

The Chairman suggested the appointment of a Committee to
prepare a list of new trees and shrubs which could be recommended
for planting here.

Mr. Hovey said that such a list, with the results of the experi-
ence at Mr. Hunnewell's and Mr. Sargent's, would be of much
value, but the climate of Fishkill is very different from that of
Boston, as are also the conditions of soil. Many trees hardy at
Fishkill and Wellesley are not so in the strong, moist soil of his
(Mr. Hovey's) ground.

The Chairman announced that on the next Saturday Mrs. C. N.
S. Horner would read a paper on native plants.

NATIVE PLANTS. 51

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Saturday, January 31, 1880.

A meeting for discussion was holden at 11 o'clock, William C.
Strong, Chairman of the Committee on Publication and Discus-
sion, presiding. The following paper by Mrs. C. N. S. Horner,
of Georgetown, Mass., was read by the author. This was the
first instance in the history of the Society of the reading of a
paper by a lad}^ ; and the ladies (of whom there was an unusual
number) and gentlemen present were much interested and grati-
fied.

Native Plants.

I do not come before you today with any learned essay on the
science of botau}', or any new theories concerning the phenomena
incident to the vegetable world. But I am glad to have the oppor-
tunity to speak to these flower-lovers a few words in commenda-
tion of the trees, shrubs, and flowering plants growing spontane-
ously and making the world around us beautiful without care and
labor from gardener or florist.

My knowledge of plants is largely practical, and the natural
outgrowth of an inborn love of nature as we find it in our fields,
woods, and meadows — although when learning the rudiments of
the science in my school-days, I also received from my teacher
another lesson which has been of life-long value to me. This was,
that while comparatively few could become thorough botanists
like "the great Linnaeus," as she loved to call him, yet to the
many was accorded the privilege of becoming acquainted with the
properties, habits, and homes of our native plants and of learning
from companionship with nature in its various forms, that which
books alone could but partially teach. Thanks to her wise direct-
ing I have studied the book of Nature for the most part in this
way, and have come to know — I cannot tell when or how — much
of wild-flower lore, and from the time of the first opening buds of
EpigcEa and Hepatica, till the November sun lights up the pale
golden petals and tawn}'^ fruit of the HumanieUs, there is for me a
charm in each successive page of this book which makes it impossi-
ble that it shall ever grow wearisome or old ; and I would that those
who have hitherto found the study of botany dry and uninteresting

52 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

might, through one flowery summer, as opportunity offers, go with
book and microscope to the sunny fields and cool woodlands, and
see the wild flowers in their own haunts with their harmonious
surroundings, and I am sure that test-books would no longer seem
collections of unmeaning phrases and names hard to be remem-
bered, but rather the initiatory training necessary for" the better
understanding and enjoyment of a field of research, in a measure
accessible to all, and in which some of the highest capacities of
the soul may find scope.

I would say, in passing, that there are many advantages in
giving to each flower its botanical name, and the surest way to be
able to do this is to see the flower itself and thus associate the
two. There is often much misunderstanding caused by the many
local names given to the same flower. For instance : several
ladies were one day discussing the merits of my fernery. One
said, " 0, that foxglove has blossomed ; " another said, " What
do you call foxglove ? " And when it was pointed out to her, she
said, " That is hunter's cup ; the foxglove is a very different
thing ; it has a blue flower that never opens, but always resembles
a bud."

It would be a tedious and well nigh impossible task to enu-
merate even the more rare and desirable among the native plants
of our own State, for those conversant with the out-door world
know that during the warmer months of the year each day offers
something peculiar to itself ; each locality has floral treasures of
its own.

" Not alone in meadows and green alleys,
On the mountain-top, and by the brink
Of sequestered pools in woodland valleys ;
* * *

Everywhere about us are they glowing,

Some like stars, to tell us Spring is born ;
Others, their blue eyes with tears o'erflowing,

Stand, like Euth, amid the golden corn ;
Not alone in Spring's armorial bearing,

And in Summer's green-emblazoned field,
But in arms of brave old Autumn's wearing,
In the centre of his brazen shield."

And even in midwinter the landscape is enlivened by a variety
of evergreen trees and shrubs, and in the forests the lichens,
mosses, and lycopodiums are always fresh and beautiful. Then

NATIVE PLANTS. 53

the manner of growth, the different forms of buds, and the vari-
ously colored twigs and barks of deciduous trees, are more notice-
able at this season, and might furnish to botanical clubs and
classes a profitable subject for study when field meetings and out-
door rambles are no longer possible. I have brought in today a
few specimens showing that winter woods and waysides maj''
always furnish something of interest.

Among things of a practical nature that have grown with my
years of companionship with the wild flowers, is the conviction
that many of our local plants and shrubs would be valuable acqui-
sitions to our gai'dens and conservatories, comparing favorably
with a large number of our cultivated flowers ; indeed I find that
many of the plants of New England gardens are the wild flowers
of our "Western States. I have received during the past season a
collection of pressed specimens found in the mountains and cafions
of Colorado, and among them I recognize many of our garden
flowers, such as Delphinium, Chrysanthemum, Coreopsis, Aqui-
legia, Phlox, and others. I think we have many herbaceous
plants just as worthy of a place in our gardens. We have also
many shrubs and small trees, beautiful in flower and fruit and
gorgeous in autumnal foliage, which might be admitted to our
cultivated grounds with good effect. Most of our native ferns,
too, may be easily brought under cultivation, adding very much
to the grace and elegance of our gardens. The smaller species
are admirable for in-door culture, and, in company with other
wood plants, make charming winter gardens for shady corners
and northern windows, where beautiful exotics and delicate plants
that need sunshine will not be successful. Some of our native
plants have been reclaimed, and have already a well established
position as both ornamental and useful, and I think there is an
increasing interest in this matter which will doubtless result in a
wise selection of those plants that will best minister to our
pleasure and profit, thus utilizing another of the good gifts of a
beneficent Providence.

This subject is one of many aspects of Nature which are full of
interest to inquiring minds — the great variety of forms of leaves,
flowers, and fruits, the perfumes, the ways in which plants are
perpetuated and disseminated, their relations to other forms of
life, etc. ; but I will not dwell longer upon it. I would say in
conclusion that if we would truly understand and love Nature,

54 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

while gratefull}' accepting the aid afforded by the investigation
and study of those further advanced than ourselves, we should meet
her face to face, asking for that revelation of herself by which she
may accomplish her mission of good to our race, in its broadest
sense, giving to us truer ideas of the creative power and goodness
of Him who has "made everything beautiful in its season."

Discussion.

The Chairman said that Mrs. Horner's paper seemed to fall into
line with the subject discussed on the two previous Saturdays.
Mr. Parsons dwelt on many new shrubs which might require to be
cultivated in pots, but the plants mentioned by Mrs. Horner are
all hardy here. The Chairman called on E. H. Hitchings, as a
lover of native plants.

Mr. Hitchings said he was glad that Mrs. Horner had recom-
mended the cultivation of our native trees and plants. Mr. Hovey
last Saturday recommended the cultivation of the American holly,
and of this the speaker said he had seen beautiful specimens at
Cohasset, twenty-five feet high and covered with fruit. He also
advised the cultivation of the Taxus Canadensis or American yew,
as one of the handsomest dwarf evergreens. He spoke of a
remarkably fine specimen of the hemlock, at West Dedham.
Among other native shrubs which deserve a place in our gardens
are the Vihurnum Opulus^ V. lantanoides, Kalmia glauca, Ledum
laiifolium, and Andromeda polifolia.

Most persons think that during the five cold montlis, Nature is
at rest. Even Col. Higginson, in his ''Out-Door Papers" (page
321) — a book which every lover of Nature should read — says,
"After exhausted October has effloresced into witch-hazel, there
is an absolute reserve of blossom, until the alders wave again" in
March. But, taking a series of years, the speaker had found flowers
in blossom every month in the year : — January 11th, 1874,hepaticas ;
15th, 1878, Senecio vulgaris; 27th, 1870, willow catkins; 28th,
snowdrops and crocus ; February 3d, 1867, snowdrops ; 27th, 18(38,
willow and alder catkins ; 28th, hepaticas ; March 7th, 1880,
hepaticas ; 17th, 1873, Senecio vulgaris; 19th, 1871, hepaticas;
20th, 1868, willow, and alder catkins ; 24th, 1878, hepaticas ;
25th, 1871, alder, willow, and poplar catkins; 30th, 1878, hepati-
cas and alder and willow catkins ; 31st, 1871, Drahd verna; Novem-
ber 5th, 1871, Geranium Rohertianum; 9th, 1879, hepaticas, Viola

NATIVE PLANTS. 55

Canadensis, and dandelions ; 13th, 1872, Geranium Rohertianurn
and Corydalis glauca; December 2d, 1869, witch-hazel, may-
weed, chickweed, and shepherd's purse ; 2d, 1879, hepaticas ;
16th, and 25th, 1877, dandelions.* These instances show that
Nature is always at work ; there is no cessation. If you go out
and examine the alder catkins in midwinter, and examine them
again ten or fifteen days later, you will see that they have grown
considerably.

Mrs. Horner added to the list of native shrubs desirable for
cultivation the Clethra alnifolia and Potentilla fruticosa, the latter
a ver}' handsome shrub, blooming through the season.

The Chairman and others mentioned the Ilex verticillata,
or black alder, which grows naturally in rather moist soils, and
bears bright red berries, as desirable for cultivation.

Benjamin G. Smith said this shrub would thrive in any good
garden soil, as would also the beautiful and fragrant pink swamp
azalea.

Mr. Hitchings said that the case is the same with the Calopogon,
which he had found growing in dry, sandy loam, though it usually
grows in swamps. The Cornus Jiorida is very desirable for
gardens. There is a very fine specimen on the lawn at C. S.
Sargent's residence in Brookline.

The Chairman mentioned the Ilex Icevigata, and added that the
Clethra is desirable not only for the beauty and fragrance of its
flowers, and for its handsome foliage, but because it flowers at a
time when few shrubs are in bloom.

Leander Wetherell said that for twelve or thirteen years he was
required to note the time of flowering of the earliest blooming tree,
shrub, or plant. This was at Rochester, N. Y., and for miles

* Since this meeting Mr. Hitchings has added the following note : For
twenty months in succession, viz., from AprU, 1879, to November, 1880,
inclusive, wild flowers have been in bloom every month in the vicinity of
Boston. In Chelsea, November 9th, 1879, hepaticas and Viola Canadensis ;
in Georgetown, December 2d, hepaticas, found by Mrs. Horner; in Danvers,
January 10th, 1880, Draba verna, by John Sears ; in Chelsea, January 29th,
hepaticas; in Melrose, February 29th, 1880, hepaticas, by S. B. Stebbins ;
March 4th, in Danvers, hepaticas and Draba verna, by Mr. Sears; in
Chelsea and Melrose, March 7th, 1880, hepaticas; in Chelsea, November,
1880, FtoteiJuSescews, and hepaticas; in Melrose, November 14th, Geranium
Robertianum and ranunculus.

56 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

around that city there was hardly a tree or shrub but he knew and
watched it. He found the red maple one of the best indicators of
the season. It was noticed that yesterday (January 30th), they
advanced in some localities. Professor Dewey called double
flowers monstrosities. You cannot tell anything about a flower
when you have bred all nature out of it. The botanists of the
garden are not in accord with this opinion. Mr. Wetherell agreed
with the essayist in regard to the difficulty of identifying plants
by common names, while botanical names are the same the world
over. To illustrate the misleading nature of common names, he
spoke of the blue grass of Kentucky {Poa pratensis)^ the blue
grass of the botanists {Poa compressa)^ and the June grass or
white top of farmers (Z)a«f/ionia spicato), three distinct species,
which are all known by the name of June grass.

Mr. Hitchings alluded to Mr. Tailby's Cypripedtum insigne with
two flowers on a stalk, and said that he had found the wild Cypri-
pediums, acaule and pubescens, growing in the same way, and also
the Arethusa bulbosa.

John G. Barker spoke of the growing interest in the cultivation
of native plants. At the fair of the Essex Agricultural Society at
Lynn last fall, Cyrus M. Tracy exhibited a collection of native
plants, labelled both with the botanical and common names, and
Miss Tracy a fine named collection of native ferns and also one of
native fruits, which added much to the interest of the show. The
collection exhibited by Mrs. Horner today reminded him of what
he saw along the road, in a drive from Lynn to Salem a few days
since. There was something interesting all the way — ferns, lyco-
podiums, cranberries, etc.

Mrs. H. L. T. Wolcott asked if no one had anything to say
about the buttercup. The popular song gave value to the flower
and made its beauty appreciated.

Fearing Burr thought a more absurd collection of names than
the common names of plants could not be found. Many of them
are only local, and are unreliable. He had brought together all
the native asters he could collect, some of which are exceedingly
beautiful. He had also made a collection of golden rods, of which
the marsh golden rod (SoUdago sempervirens) is particularlj^ beau-
tiful. One of our native violets propagates so rapidly when culti-
vated in the garden as to become a troublesome weed.

Miss E. M. Harris spoke of a mountain ash with unusually large

NATIVE PLANTS. 57

berries, and said that Mrs. H. D. Wilmarth has a mountain ash,
brought from the White Mountains, which bears uncommonly fine
berries — larger here than in its native place.

C. M. Hovey thought the purple Rhodora, in regard to which an
inquiry had been made, had not been much cultivated, but said that
it grew wild abundantly on his grounds before the}' were cleared.
He recommended the Asclepias tuberosa as one of the most beau-
tiful native plants, and readily cultivated. It blooms in August.

A lady spoke of the Amelanchier or shad bush as desirable for
cultivation.

The Chairman said that Mrs. H. L. T. Wolcott cultivated the
maiden hair fern and the Viola pedata bicolor.

John B. Moore said that the maiden hair fern would grow in
any partially shaded place.

Mrs. Horner said that Samuel P. Fowler, of Dan vers, a lover of
native plants, had cultivated the Asclepias tuberosa. She had her-
self cultivated the cardinal flower, but it would not do well for
more than two years. She exhibited shoots of the tupelo (]Vyssa),
a tree of moderate growth, and remarkable for the rich color of
its autumnal foliage.

Mr. Hovey said that he had trees of the tupelo twenty years
old and twenty-five feet high, which he raised from seed. When
cultivated it is more beautiful than in the forest. Few trees sur-
pass it ; the texture of the leaf is like that of the camellia, and in
autumn it is like a tree of fire. It is at all times and in all places
one of the most beautiful trees. The cardinal flower grew natur-
ally in his ground, which was very rich in native flowers ; he had
gathered two hundred species there. It was broken up and re-
claimed in 1848, and eight years ago the Lobelia appeared around
the holes where trees had been taken up, and he saw it last year in
similar situations. The old English authors gave directions for
cultivating it.

The chair was here taken by Rev. A. B. Muzzey, of the Com-
mittee on Publication and Discussion.

Mr. Hitchings thought the sweet briar was indigenous. Bar-
tholomew Gosnold found it at Martha's Vineyard in 1602.* Mr.
Hitchings spoke of the Potamogeton Mobbinsii, as remarkable for
the paucity of its seeds ; only one had been found in fifty years,

* Mass. Hist. Soc. CoU., Third Series, Vol. 8, pp. 76, 77.

58 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and it is a question among botanists how the plant is distributed.*

John C. Hovey asked whether Sempervivum tectorum is indig-
enous here.

John B. Moore had seen it in Sudbury ; George Hill in Arling-
ton ; Leander Wetherell in the western part of Worcester county,
and Robert Manning in Swampscott. In every case it was on
ledges, and was not indigenous but had evidently been introduced.

E. W. Buswell said that not only the Sempervivum tectorum^
but the Sedum TelepJiium or Aaron's rod is called houseleek.

John C. Hovey said there are a number of native Sedums.

Mr. Strong remarked in allusion to a specimen of the Baroness
Rothschild rose, exhibited by him, that it had been confounded
with the Baron Rothschild, both in this country and in Europe.
One of the most reliable French nursery firms has sent out the
Baroness instead of the Baron, but they are entirely distinct. The
latter is darker than the former and the wood is entirely different.

The specimens exhibited by Mrs. Horner comprised three species
of Cornus — stolonifera, sericea, and alternifolia, with bright red and
purple barks ; the red cedar, bayberry, Gaultheria, and Mitchella
in fruit ; the tupelo with its smooth gray shoots ; the hazel nut
and alder with their catkins ; a poplar with varnished buds, and
willows showing their silky catkins ; glossy hemlock, and white
and pitch pines ; Ostrya Virginica, sassafras, witch-hazel, Amelcm-
cJiier, alder, wild rose, white and yellow birch, blueberry, Lycopo-
dium complanatum.) L. dendroideum, L. clavatum, and L. lucidxir
Ivm; Botrychium, and other ferns; Goodyera puhescens and G.
repens; Pyrola, pepsissiwa, Arctostapliylos, cranberry, and others,
each with a beauty of its own, and showing that winter woods and
waysides may always furnish something of interest.

The Chairman gave notice that on the next Saturday William
D. Philbrick would read a Prize Essay on the Profits of Farming
and Gardening in New England.

* Since this was said it has been found in fruit at Jamaica pond, by Edwin
Faxon.

LIBRARY ACCOMMODATIONS. 59

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, Februaiy 7, 1880.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
President Hayes in the chair.

The following vote, offered by John B. Moore, and seconded by
William H. Spooner, was unanimously passed : —

Voted, That the Library Committee be directed to examine and
report at the next meeting of this Society, some suitable plan by
which this room can be made more convenient and better adapted
for the uses of the library and meetings of the Society for the
transaction of business and for the purposes of discussion and
exhibition .

The Secretary announced the receipt of a letter from Mrs. S. A.
Hall and Mrs. G. A. Hall, gratefully acknowledging the resolutions
passed b}" the Society in memory of their father, the late Josiah
Newhall.

The following-named persons, having been recommended b}' the
Executive Committee, were on ballot duly elected members of the
Society : —

Benjamin F. Bdtler, of Lowell.
George B. Loring, of Salem.
David N. Skillings, of Winchester.
Charles F. Choate, of Cambridge.
George O. Crocker, of New Bedford.
Alfred W. Paul, of Dighton.
Calvin W. Smith, of Grantville.
Joseph R. Leeson, of Newton Centre.
Amos Hill, of Belmont.

Adjourned to Saturday, February 21.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Immediateh' after the adjournment of the business meeting, a
meeting for discussion was holden, at which the following Prize
Essa}^ was read by the author, William D. Philbrick, of Newton
Centre, Mass. : —

60 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL, SOCIETY.

The Profits of Farming and Gardening in New England.

A popular writer (Peter Henderson, in " Gardening for Profit,"
page 16) very aptly says of this topic, that " it is a rather diflScult,
if not a delicate matter to touch, as the profits are so large, in some
instances, as almost to exceed beUef, and so trifling under other
conditions, as hardly to be worth mentioning."

The subject is a difficult one for other reasons ; for it is well
known that most men, especially successful men, are willing to speak
of almost any subject with more freedom than of their profits or
losses. If a man meets with remarkable success in any particular
direction, he is very apt to keep it to himself for fear of competition
from others, and if he meets with serious loss, he, is still more likely
to hold his tongue, from fear of injury to his credit as a prudent
manager. Some, indeed, of boastful disposition, will tell wonder-
ful stories of their profits, but those who are willing to state, freely
and truthfully, the 'result of their toil, are rather rare exceptions to
the general rule.

The profits of farming in New England are in general verj' small,
except in certain specialties, which shall be mentioned below.
Since the completion of our railroad lines extending over the vast
and fertile prairies of the West, and since the establishment of
steamboat connections with the early and productive gardens of our
middle and Southern States, we are forced to compete with the
industrious farmers of these distant regions, in supplying our
markets with produce of almost every description. True, the
distant farmer must submit to many expenses, such as freight,
insurance, commissions, and even loss of perishable goods in
transit ; but these are in man}^ cases more than counterbalanced by
the cheap and fertile lands, the milder climate, and cheaper labor
of those regions.

The tiller of the stonj^ hill-sides and sandy plains of New England
finds little to encourage him in competing with the West in the
production of the great staples, such as corn, wheat, beef, and
pork ; or with the southern and middle States, in the production of
such early fruits and vegetables as admit of easy transportation.
Our early strawberries, peas, and even potatoes and tomatoes,
come to a market that has been already several weeks satisfied with
southern supplies.

The farmer of New England is thus driven to the production of

PROFITS OF FARMING AND GARDENING. 61

articles which will not bear transportation from long distances,
such as fresh milk and eggs for the city markets ; fresh vegetables
and fruits of a perishable nature, like lettuce, celer}-, cauliflowers,
and others ; or of a bulky character, such as cabbages, rhubarb,
spinach, and other garden greens.

It is generally admitted that corn can be grown in New England
at a cost of from fort}" to fifty cents a bushel, and it is common for
farmers to raise what they wish to feed on the fai-m ; but the limited
area of good land, and the need of manure, prevent it from being
grown for sale.

Experiments are now in progress in Maine and elsewhere upon
the production of beet sugar, with some prospect of success. The
sugar beet, with good culture, yields from twenty to fort}- tons per
acre, which are bought at six dollars per ton at the sugar-works.
The refuse pulp is a valuable fodder for cattle, worth about one-third
or one-half the price of good English hay. The beets yield about
eight per cent, of sugar.

The progress of this experiment will be watched with much
interest by the farmers, who are looking earnestly for something to
which the}^ can profitably turn their hands. Wherever beet sugar-
making has been introduced in Europe, it has increased the pro-
ductive power of the soil, and improved the condition of the
farmer.

The profits of gardening are, in general, much larger than those
of farming. The reason for this is to be found in the larger capital
required and the greater skill needed to produce the best results.
The best vegetable gardens near Boston are worth SI, 000 or more
per acre. They are worked by a verj^ energetic and skilful class
of men, who use a floating capital of $500 or more per acre, invested
in teams, hot-beds, tools, manure, etc. The force used upon
such gardens is about one man for every acre in summer, and the
amount of manure twenty to thu'ty cords per acre, every year.
The sales, under favorable circumstances, amount to over a thou-
sand dollars per acre.

There are many instances, known to the writer, of men who
began life with no other capital than a brawny arm and an active
brain, who have worked up, in this pursuit, to the ownership of
valuable gardens, besides a handsome property in personal estate.
One of the most remarkable of these men states, that the yearly
profit of his whole garden of twenty acres reached an average of

62 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

per acre for six consecutive yeax's, or an annual profit of
$8,000. This was, however, several years ago, when the competi-
tion from the South was less active than at present. Probably the
present profit, under the same management, is considerably less.
This, too, is to be regarded as an extreme case — a rare combina-
tion of skill, energ}', and ample capital. Where one such man as
this is to be found, there are scores of others less successful, besides
man}' who earn but a poor living bj* severe toil.

Small fruit growing is profitable when followed with industry
and energ3^ But as less capital is required, and as the crop can
easily be marketed hy railroads from a distance of fifty miles or
more, the competition is sharper and the margin for profit less
than with vegetables in general. A profit of from two to three
hundred dollars per acre in this business is considered ver}' satis-
factory. Currants, upon good land and well cared for, will jield, at
present prices, about fift}^ cents per bush, or nearl}' a thousand
dollars per acre, and are a reasonably sure crop. Strawbemes,
raspberries, and blackberries, all deserve more attention than they
have received in New England. These fruits come in large quanti-
ties from New Jersey, excepting raspberries, which are too tender
to bear transportation from a distance, and are therefore especially
suited to our neighborhood.

Grapes are not so much in favor with the producer here as in
former years, experience proving them very uncertain here as com-
pared with the lake shores of New York State, which region
supplies us ver}'^ cheap l3^

The profit or loss in farming or gardening depends somewhat
upon soil, location, and other circumstances ; but far more upon
the character of the man who undertakes it. Accidents of the
seasons, such as frost, hail, or tornado, may sweep away the
profits of a single season ; but, in the long run, prudence, industry'',
and well-directed enterprise will surel}' reap a fair return, while a
want of these qualities just as sure]}' works the ruin of the farmer
or gardener.

Farming and gardening also should be regarded as a sort of
trade, requiring for success a certain apprenticeship before one
can expect to succeed in mastering its many details. In general
those who are most skilful were brought up as farmers from their
boyhood.

profits of farming and gardening. 63

Discussion.

Benjamin P. Ware said that the essayist had alkided to the
experiments in the manufacture of sugar from beets, now in
progress in this country. The subject is one -which he felt to be of
great importance to the farmers of Massachusetts. It is important
to understand the profit of the manufacture. He had been informed
that the pressed pulp was of more value per ton for feeding pur-
poses than the whole beet. The raw beet contains ninetj^ per cent,
of water, and the pressed pulp the same. It is said that the pulp
is not pressed very severely, and if this is true it cannot be of
much value. The success of the manufacture must depend very
much on the value of the pulp for feeding, and he was not pre-
pared to think it worth half as much as English hay.

Mr. Philbrick said that the pulp is so bulk}^ after pressing that it
•will not pay for transporting long distances, but if the farmer when
he brings a load of beets could carry back a load of pulp it might
pay. He thought farmers would find they cannot afford to pay
much freight on either roots or pulp.

O. B, Hadwen said that in the process of manufacture the beets
are mashed and hot water is added. He had fed beets to cattle
but had had no experience in feeding pulp. He thought three tons
of pulp and one ton of hay might be equal to two tons of ha3\ The
Lancaster farmers say that the freight of pulp is an obstacle to the
success of the manufacture, and the true way is to have the factory
near the farms where the beets are grown. He had no doubt that
the manufacture would be of advantage to farmers, as it would
open to them a wholesale market for their products. The interest
of the faimers and factories should be mutual. The speaker
thought that the appearance of the farmers and gardeners at the
meeting indicated that there was a reasonable profit in their labors.
Farmers here should cultivate such crops as the West cannot com-
pete with,

Leander Wetherell spoke of a disease of beets in France, which
had caused some alarm among growers. In that countrj' most of
the pulp is fed by the proprietors of the factories to large herds of
cattle which they keep for that purpose. The cost of freight to
any considerable distance would eat up the value of the pulp. The
Chemist of the United States Department of Agriculture s&js that
Indian corn and amber cane each gave a larger percentage of suo'ar
than beets.

64 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Ware said that owing to the cost of freight of beets and
pulp the success of sugar manufacture must depend on the factory
being in the midst of the farmers. The plan of the manufacturers,
raising the beets and owning the cattle proved a total failure in the
West. It requires thousands of acres, and a company cannot
grow them successfully ; it must be done in a small way. Extract-
ing the saccharine matter does not lessen the feeding value of the
beets much. The speaker supposed the pulp to be a concentrated
article of food. The Chemist of the United States Department of
Agriculture has told enormous stories in regard to sugar from
Indian corn and amber cane. Professor Goessmann says it is
impossible to make sugar profitably from amber cane, for it can
only be made when the cane is in a peculiar condition which lasts
but from ten to fourteen daj's, and a factory costing, say $100,000,
cannot be allowed to lie idle a large part of the year.

J. W. Talbot said that the agent of the factory at Portland
stated that he had the produce of from 2,000 to 3,000 acres of beets,
and that he could afford to pay six dollars per ton for them. At
Newburyport the average product of several growers in 1879 was
twenty-five tons per acre ; in other places it was much less. Five
tons of beets make one ton of pulp, which sells for four dollars,
and farmers bring in beets and carry back pulp. The crop must
be rotated with others, taking only one crop of beets in three years,
and hence 2,000 acres of beets presupposes 6,000 acres of land.
Before a factory is established it is necessary to be certain that a
permanent supply of beets can be procured. The speaker had no
doubt that if properly managed the manufacture would be succes-
ful, but too many managers would cause failure. If Professor
Goessmann's statement is true, that fertilizers will supply what is
taken away by the beets, the necessity' of rotation is obviated, but
this is too sanguine a view to take.

Mr. Philbrick said that rotation is not necessary with beets in
the same sense that it is with cabbages. Market gardeners pull
their beets early, and he had known two crops taken from the same
ground in one j'ear.

Mr. Wetherell quoted Liebig's remark, that rotation is less
desirable than the abilit^^ to raise tlie same crop j'ear after 3'ear on
the same soil ; and said he hoped we might gain this ability.
Onions were raised continuously' on the same land for seventy-five
years until the onion maggot interrupted.

FORCING TOMATOES. 65

Mr. Ware said that he might have misunderstood, but, that Mr.
Bowker was his authorit}' for the statement that in the manufacture
of sugar, the beets are crushed or ground, and put in hot water,
and that as much water was left in as there was juice taken out.

WilHam C. Strong asked if so much saccharine matter could be
taken out of the beets without lessening their value for feeding.

Mr. Strong, as Chairman of the Committee on Publication and
Discussion, gave notice that the discussion would be continued on
the next Saturday, with special reference to the Profit of Small
Fruit Culture, and that Mr. Talbot would, at an early day, present
a paper on Peat and Peat Lands. Also, that Dr. Sturtevant pro-
posed to give facts which he had collected in regard to the Influence
of the Stock on the Graft, and would be glad to learn such facts
from the members present, or others.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Satttrday, Februar}^ 14, 1880.

A meeting for discussion was holden at 11 o'clock, William C.
Strong, Chairman of the Committee on Publication and Discussion,
presiding. The subject assigned was a continuation of that of last
week ; " The Profits of Farming and Gardening in New England,"
with special reference to the culture of small fruits ; but, before
taking it up, Cephas H. Brackett, who had on exhibition some
fine tomatoes and mushrooms, was requested to say something of
his method of cultivating them.

Mr. Brackett said that he had about a hundred pots of tomatoes ;
the seed was sown in Juh', and he gathered fruit the last of
December. Some of the pots were set on the ground and the plants
rooted down into it, and these did best and continue to bear, but
those in the ground did not produce as handsome fruit as those on
the shelf. The plants are much shaded and run up so as to touch
the glass, and ever}' cold night the tips are frozen, which seems to
benefit them, producing much the same effect as pinching. Some
of his plants failed at the root, and those he cut down, and they bid
fair to bear another crop. They did as well in six-inch pots as in
nine-inch. He watered with Cochituate water directly' from the
5

66 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

hydrant ; some which were watered with pretty strong liquid manure
failed first.

He made his mushroom bed with about eight inches depth of
manure, and in about two weeks covered with two inches of loam.
He did not cover it with straw, but left it exposed to the light. It
was in a house with cucumbers, where the temperature varied from
40° to 90°, and partly under the cucumber beds, but not much
shaded. He was ■ sometimes successful, and sometimes not, but
had never made it profitable. The price is sufficient, but the beds
have not produced enough. He once covered the beds with straw.
He did not put forth the method he had described, as the best, but
merely such as it was convenient to him to practice. His cultiva-
tion of tomatoes was incidental to other matters, and if he were
going to make a business of cultivating them, he would give them
a waimer place, and away from the glass.

The Chairman said that he had had the same difficulty with
tomatoes, which he sowed in November, as Mr. Brackett had
experienced. The plants were in the same house with roses, and,
at first, he thought it might be owing to smoking the roses, but
afterwards concluded it was not. He believed now that it was
owing to watering with cold water, for the tomato luxuriates in
warmth, and cold water would check its growth. Later he watered
with tepid water and the plants improved. There is no difficulty
in the setting of the fruit, if we can avoid disease. When the
plants were turned out, the pots were found full of vigorous roots,
and he was not clear what the disease was ; the roots might not be
healthy when they appeared so. The temperature of the soil was
no higher than that of the air in the house. He did not see the
advantage of planting in beds ; it would be cheaper, and the plants
would be less liable to injmy by watering with cold water, but it
would tend to excessive luxuriance.

C. M. Hovey remarked that Peter Henderson says cold water
does no injury, whatever, but it depends somewhat on what plant
it is applied to. Mr. Knight said pineapples could be grown with-
out bottom heat, and it can be done, but not to advantage. He
did not believe that tomatoes could be successfull}' grown in a soil
the temperature of which was no higher than that of the atmos-
phere.

William D. Philbrick said ^that when the temperature of the air
varies from 40° to 90° in a bed without bottom heat, that of the soil

FORCING TOMATOES. 67

would range from 50° to 70°. He did not see how to get high soil
temperature without too much expense for tomatoes.

Mr. Hove}^ said we shall fail if we undertake to grow tomatoes
or orchids without expense. It is easy to regulate the temperature
of a well-veutilated house, and the temperature of the soil could be
made to correspond to that out-doors, which, in August and
September, when tomatoes are ripening, is from 60° to 65° at night,
when that of the air is 45°. Lettuce with high top heat, but no
bottom heat, would damp off, and the trouble is probably the same
with tomatoes. He planted tomatoes in pots in November, and
potted in seven-inch pots, and trained to one stem. One was
planted in the ground, and others were plunged, and at the time of
speaking, all were growing freely, and were full of flowers. The}''
are in the rose house, and the stems are eight inches from the pipe.
He waters all but rare stove plants from the hydrant.

The Chairman thought it desirable to keep the roots of tomatoes
warm, but not essential. Last year he succeeded finely, with care
as to watering with tepid water.

Mr. Philbrick thought the trouble with the forced tomatoes was
the same as had been seen in fields for the last ten years. The
appearance resembles that of potatoes when they have been struck
by rot.

The Chairman agreed with Mr. Philbrick, and thought it more
apparent than at first that the trouble was not caused by want of
bottom heat.

The Chairman called attention to a rose exhibited by him, which
he had received from two respectable sources as the Oxonian, but
was not sure that it was true. It is exceedingly floriferous ; almost
every joint seems to throw a bud. The Oxonian is described in
the " Floral Magazine," Vol. XV., plate 219.

James Comlej"^ thought the rose shown by the Chairman was
not the Oxonian ; the petals are not cupped or smooth and even as
in the true kind, which has two distinct colors and very short
prickles.

The special assignment for the daj', the Profit of Small Fruit
Culture, was then taken up, beginning with raspberries. The
Chairman called on O. B. Hadwen, Ex-President of the Worces-
ter County Horticultural Society, for the views of growers in that
part of the State.

Mr. Hadwen said that at "Worcester the Northumberland Fill-

68 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

basket is highly approved. It is productive and profitable when
well treated, and, though not of the highest quality, its form and
substance make it desirable for mai-ket. He was uncertain about
the Hornet ; prize specimens which he saw here appeared to be
identical with the Belle de Fontena}' received from Mr. Meehan.
Mr. Hovey had stated that the Belle de Fontenay had been dissemi-
nated as Hornet. The Herstine is giving good satisfaction, as are
also the Knevett's Giant and Brinckle's Orange. The Brandy wine
is on trial. The Clarke and Philadelphia are desirable when hardy
kinds are wanted. When the thermometer on high grounds indi-
cates five degrees below zero, in valleys it will often be thirteen
degrees below zero, and hence cultivators give different accounts
as to hardiness.

Benjamin G. Smith said that of four or five kinds which he had
cultivated as an amateur, the Franconia had been most successful.
He had grown it for twenty years in the same place, and it con-
tinues as good as when first planted.

J. W. Manning had cultivated the Cuthbert for two years and
found it a strong, vigorous gi'ower ; the flesh is firm and it ripens
rather late. It is not remarkable for quality, but is a good market
fruit. He had known the Hornet for fifteen years, and thought it
and Belle de Fontenay identical. The largest berr}^ he had ever
seen was the Franconia ; this variety has been known for more than
forty years, and he questioned whether there had been any improve-
ment in red raspberries in that time.

C. M. Hovey could recollect raspberries for forty years, and
thought Knevett's Giant the best. The Philadelphia fruits so
abundantly that it looks as if there was a bushel on a hill, but the
fruit is so small that a boy after picking an hour could not get more
than a gill. Dr. Brinckle raised twenty varieties, of which only
the Orange is now cultivated. E. P. Roe, of Cornwall-on-the
Hudson, exhibited some new varieties here, but they were not equal
to the Knevett's. In answer to an inquiry, Mr. Hovey said the
Knevett's Giant is a good bearer.

E. P. Richardson thought Mr. Hovey was rather too hard on the
Philadelphia. A friend of his in Windham, N. H., who tried
everything, discarded all but Philadelphia and Mammoth Cluster.
The Philadelphia does not sucker badly, and is of remarkably- fine
color when canned, which is very much more attractive than the
faded color of most kinds. The speaker thought the Hornet, Belle

EASPBERRY CULTURE. 69

de Fontenay, and Narragansett were all of the same family, and
that they reproduced themselves from seed.

Mr. Hadwen said that the Knevett's Giant is a good bearer, but
somewhat apt to crumble in picking. The Philadelphia is one of
the best for preserving, especially when mixed with currants, and,
though not of the high quality of Knevett's Giant, is desirable for
those who will give it only ordinary cultivation.

The Chairman said that the Henrietta raspberry, introduced by
G. H, & J. H. Hale, of South Glastonbury, Conn., resembles the
Belle de Fontenaj^, but is worthless, and should have been described
as it was. It is not prolific. The Pride of the Hudson is not
worthy of introduction into New England or anj^where else. It
blights in the sun.

Mr. Richardson said that the Herstine is very handsome, and of
better quality than the Saunders. It is almost but not quite hardy ;
the tips are liable to be winter killed.

Josiah W. Talbot had plants called Hornet, which were thought
by Mr. Hadwen and others to be Belle de Fontenay. One row
bore as much as three of the Clarke. Where the Belle de Fontenay
was killed to the ground, new shoots sprang up from the roots,
which bor» abundantly till frost. He had found the Herstine
hardiest. He has given up strawberry culture and gone into rasp-
berries, because the latter requne so much less labor in cultivation.
It is more work to pick and max'ket them, but thej bring better
prices.

CM. Hovey thought the Belle de Fontenay had been rather
abused. It is hardier than an oak, and he could not get them out
of his ground when they once got in. He set it down as uot worth
growing, but saw some in an amateur's garden, in September,
under the name of Hornet, with stems four feet long, loaded with
fruit, so that he could pick a quart from a few bushes. He pro-
cured plants and set them near his Belle de Fontenaj^s, and they
proved identical. As cultivated in that garden, it is as good a
raspberry as one could desire. There were quantities of large
fruit of tine quality, and the plants were hard}^, but it is not the
true Hornet. It makes many small suckers, which should be
grubbed up.

The Chairman thought raspberr}'^ culture profitable for those who
live near a market, because the fruit cannot be carried far. There
is not generall^^ a sufficient supply in the market.

70 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Manning said that the fault of the Pride of the Hudson is
that in a dry soil it sheds its leaves before the fruit is perfected.
Mr. Eoe, who sent it out, saj'S that it will not succeed in the south
or on dr}' soils. The quality of the fruit is good.

The Chairman had tried it on moist soils, and did not think it,
or any variety which will not endure the sun, worthy of a place
anywhere.

Mr. Philbrick said he preferred raspberries to strawberries,
because he did not have to get down on his knees to pick and weed
them, but he had not found them so profitable as strawberries.
He had discarded the Clarke as uncertain, and was trying the
Herstine.

Mr. Hadwen had grown raspberries for market and found them
ver}' profitable, but they must be well grown. When a plantation
becomes old it is not profitable, and the grower neglects it. As
with all other fruits, those who cultivate them well say they are
profitable ; and those who do not, sa3^ they are not profitable.

Mr. Hovey spoke of a fruit farm which he visited in England,
where he saw a field of twenty acres of strawberries and another of
raspberries of equal extent. There were, in fact, hundreds of acres
in all, devoted to their culture. The raspberries wer6 planted in
rows, three feet apart, with five canes in a hill, and there were
avenues through the field about one hundred feet apart. The canes
were strong, and not a stake or a sucker was to be seen. Though
the strawberries were not covered, they were not thrown out by
the frost. The soil was a strong j'ellow loam, which would retain
manure. This was in Kent, a count}^ famous for raspberries and
strawberries.

Aaron D. Capen had come to the conclusion that raspberries can
be cultivated profitably, but as with all other fruits it depends on
how it is done. Those who plant them in an orchard where the
ground is in good tilth, as the Messrs. Clapp do with their currants,
will be successful. At a late meeting of the New Jersey Horti-
cultural Society, which the speaker attended, it was stated that
strawberrj^ growers used to think fiftj' bushels an acre a good crop,
but one person in the southern part of the State said he had grown
four hundred and twelve bushels per acre. The speaker thought
he had succeeded pretty well when he got five thousand boxes per
acre. A friend in Connecticut told him — and he believed the
statement — that he had picked four boxes without moving. Some

STRAWBERRY CULTURE. 71

have said that it would not do to manure too highly, because they
run to vines ; but the speaker thought they could not be manured
too highl}^ ; the whole secret of success is in high tilth and gener-
ous manuring.

E. W. Wood said the question had been raised, how many
strawberries could be grown on an acre, under favorable circum-
stances. He proceeded to state his experience, which, he said,
might not be a fair test for all. He prepared a small piece of
ground, which had been in grass and had produced three tons to
the acre, by putting on a heavy coat of manure and trenching two
feet deep. The plot was sixty-six feet long by sixteen feet wide,
and was well drained. It was planted with Cutter's Seedling,
Hovey's Seedling, and Boston Pine. The vines covered the ground,
and he took from the plot over three hundred heaping boxes,
which was at the rate of 12,000 boxes or 375 bushels to the acre.
Under the same circumstances, but with other varieties, more could
be grown. Mr. Wood spoke a good word for Cutter's Seedling,
as one of the best varieties for familj^ use. His plants stood from
twelve to fifteen inches in height, and were so vigorous as to root
in grass borders.

Mr. Wood mentioned the small fruit garden of William Doran
and son, at Brookline, which was visited by the Garden Committee.
The land was bought twenty-five years ago for twenty-five dollars
an acre. The soil was a hard clay, with many stones, which were
taken out with great labor, and the land was thoroughly drained.
Though the owner is not particularly skilful or careful, this garden
of less than two acres has, for the last ten years, produced from
$1,200 to $1,600 in small fruits. Many farms of from one hundred
to two hundred acres would not bring so much with much greater
labor. The raspberries had not been replanted for fifteen years.

Mr. Manning said that he named and introduced the Cutter's
Seedhng, It was originated by the late B. F. Cutter, of Pelham,
N. H. The speaker had picked three boxes of this variety without
moving. The beds last longer without replanting than most varie-
ties. In a soil trenched two feet deep it made runners eight feet
long, and has produced seven thousand boxes of hulled straw-
berries per acre. In 1859 he brought fruit to the exhibitions of
this Society for five successive Saturdays. He thought it the best
strawberry for home use and near markets, but rather soft for
distant markets.

72 MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Hadwen confirmed what had been said of the Cutter's Seed-
ling. It is very productive, and is called for by his family and by
all his neighbors who have tested it. The Newton Stock Club,
when they visited his place, said they had never eaten better straw-
berries. He has grown strawberries since 1837, and tested many
varieties, and Cutter's Seedling is the one that stands b}'. They
must be picked at just the right stage, which is before they get
dead ripe. It is valuable for the table and for near markets.

Mr. Manning said that at Andover no strawberr}^ took so well
as Cutter's Seedling. He thought there was not so much choice as
some believed, between what we have now and what we had twenty
years ago. The Early Virginia and Jenny Lind are small because
there are so man}' berries. He had seen Boston Pines so large
that two layers could not be got into a quart box.

The Chairman hoped the impression would not go out that we
have made no progress in small fruit culture in twenty years. The
Cutter's Seedling will not compare with the Charles Downing in
value for general cultivation. There is also much improvement in
raspberries. He hoped a great deal from the Cuthbert, and also
from the Brandy wine.

The Chairman announced a paper by Josiah W. Talbot on Peat
and Peat Land and their Management, for the next Saturday, and
that later, Joseph Tailby would open a discussion on the Propaga-
tion and Management of Hardy Roses.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, February 21, 1880.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
Vice-President John B. Moore in the chair.

WiUiam E. Endicott, Chairman of the Library Committee, read
the following report on the subject referred to that Committee at
the last meeting of the Society : —

The Committee on the Library, which, by vote of the Society on
February 7th, was directed to report in what way the Librarj' Room
could be improved as a place for meetings and for library purposes,
have given the subject a careful consideration.

REPORT ON THE LIBRARY ROOM. 73

The piece of furniture which now occupies the centre of the floor,
and which was placed there without the vote of the Committee, is
said to obstruct both sight and hearing when discussions are going
on, and also to prevent the room from furnishing seats to as many
as a room of this size ought to accommodate. These objections
seem to overbalance the advantage gained in the storage of books
hj the substitution of the present piece of furniture for the
table formerly in use, for the Society can in no way benefit its
members and extend its influence more than by the discussions,
which are now carried on under difficult circumstances.

The Committee therefore recommend, First, That the central
table be restored to its former height and condition, except as
regards the compartments provided for pamphlets, so that in time
of discussions it can be removed to the adjoining room. Second,
That to provide for the books thus displaced, and also many more
which are now almost inaccessible, two bookcases, corresponding
in appearance with those now here, be placed on the west side of
the room.

In making the latter recommendation the Committee wish it to
be clearly understood that if it be carried out the relief it will afford
will be only temporar3\ The new cases would be nearly filled at
once if all the books now thrust out of sight, or contained in the
central cabinet, should be put into them, and there are 3"et nearly
$14,000 to be derived from the Stickney Fund before it passes
from our hands.

Our Library is unequalled in America in its particular line, and
ought to take a high position among the special libraries of the
land. As its excellence becomes more widelj' known, its advan-
tages for purposes of study and consultation of authorities will be
more highly appreciated, and, as this Committee has once before
remarked, it will be greatl}^ to the profit and credit of the Society
if it shall be found in such a condition that its treasures can be
put to the use for which all books are designed. That can never
be the case as long as some volumes are in this room, some in a
janitor's room, and some in a little closet up stairs. Granting that
the books tfius referred to are wanted not more than once a 3'ear,
for that once they may be almost indispensable. Moreover it is
eminentl}- true of books that, to a person not remarkablj^ well
informed, out of sight is out of mind. If the books are where they
can be seen the volume consulted once a year may be of service

74 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

once a month, and thus be increased in value twelve-fold. The
Libraiy, therefore, should be all in one room, and measures must
soon be taken to that effect.

The Committee deem it their duty to again warn the Society
that our books are not safe. The new locks have improved the
condition of things somewhat ; but when we consider the value of
some books in the room frequentl}' let with the hall, for the conve-
nience of the small arm}'^ of hangers-on accompanying every show,
it is plain that we run a great risk of loss by theft or damage.

"We hope, therefore that the request made in our last Annual
Eeport, for authority to obtain professional advice in regard to
library accommodations, maj- soon be voted on, and that the in-
quir}'^ may be made to include other methods of meeting the wants
of persons to whom the halls may be let.

For the Committee,

W. E. ENDICOTT, Chairman.

On motion of John C. Hove^', the report was accepted and
referred to a special Committee, consisting of William E. Endicott,
Charles O. Whitmore, and John B. Moore.

Adjourned to Saturday, March 6.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

On the adjournment of the business meeting, a meeting for dis-
cussion was held, William C. Strong, Chairman of the Committee
on Publication and Discussion, presiding. It was opened by the
reading of the following paper by the author, Josiah W. Talbot, of
Norwood :

Peat and Peat Land.

Man, in his ruder state, subsisted entireh^ upon the spontaneous
productions of the earth. His progress in civilization has probably
kept pace with his progress in agriculture. When passing from
nomadic life to the rude cultivation of the soil, he mu§t soon have
made improvements, and learned the use of manures. As popula-
tion increased, and cities were built, these became more essential,
and the same necessity has continued until now. But there is still
room for improvement. The former wasteful and improvident

PEAT AND PEAT LAND. 75

methods of farming here in New England and at the South, have
resulted in manj- a worn-out and deserted farm and plantation.
But we rejoice that improved methods of agriculture have recently
demonstrated that there is still a value in these deserted lands.
The old homesteads, around which cluster so many delightful
associations, are as pleasant, and the lands are as remunerative to
the owners of today as they were to our grandsires.

Man}' of the renovated farms are now producing better crops of
grass and grain than the new lands of the West. The area of
woodland in this State, which, for the last half-century, has been
on the increase, is now diminishing ; and, although the State may
not produce one-tenth of what it might, still, 1 think there is
progress. But I wish to call attention to the general neglect of our
peat lands. In these are accumulated the almost useless and
almost unknown vegetable deposits of unnumbered ages.

Professor Hitchcock, in his Geological Report estimates the peat
lands in this State at 80,000 acres. Add to this the swamps and
meadows, and what an amount of almost worthless land we have in
our midst. A large part of this lies on streams and water-courses,
which might be utilized for irrigation, and these lands might thus
become intervals, the fertility' of which would be unequalled in New
England. But we must bear in mind that, even in intervals, where
nature is most liberal, the land is not inexhaustible. Nature, when
left to herself, seldom allows her lands to be impoverished ; she
annuall}' returns more to the soil than she takes from it. But man
takes all he can use, and sometimes neglects to make any return,
and hence, our lands are impoverished. This will increase until we
learn to compensate the soil for all that we take above the natural
yield. If the farmer wants a bushel of corn more than his land
will naturally produce, he knows that the application of a bushel of
ashes will give it to him and his land will not be impoverished.
The same is true of manure, and if the supply of this were inex-
haustible, we could force our lands to jield abundant crops, with-
out fear of exhausting them. Lacking this, we are compelled to
ransack the animal, vegetable, and even the mineral kingdom for
plant food. But in the light which chemistrj^ has given us by
analyzing plants and defining the elements of which they are com-
posed, and the soils also — showing what they contain and what they
lack in order to produce an}' desired crop — we need no longer
work in the dark, as heretofore, but can understandingly draw from

76 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

all sources whatever we need. And in no department of agricul-
ture is chemistry more useful than in its application to peat and
peat land. These are composed principally' of decaying and inert
vegetable matter which chemistry teaches us to convert into the
most desirable plant food.

While the estimates of the value of peat vary from a positive
nuisance to the best of manure, it appears to me that a correct
understanding of the nature and use of peat, would greatly modify
these estimates, and enable manj' to act more consistent!}'. Samuel
W. Johnson, Professor of Analj'tical and Agricultural Chemistry
in Yale College, in his little book, entitled " Peat and its Uses,"
has collected from the best authorities the most valuable infonna-
tion that has ever been published on the subject. " Peat," he
says, "is the organic matter or vegetable soil of bogs, swamps,
beaver meadows, and salt marshes, resulting from the decay of
plants, as mosses, sedges, coarse grasses, and a great variety of
shrubs, mixed with more or less mineral substances, derived from
these plants, or, in many cases, washed or blown in from the sur-
rounding lands."

But, in order better to understand the nature of peat, we need to
bear in mind that, unlike the vegetable mould formed on the upland,
it is grown, and its decomposition takes place underwater. When
vegetables on the land die, the oxygen of the atmosphere combines
with the carbon of the vegetables, forming carbonic acid gas,
which passes off in the atmosphere, while the remainder of the
decomposed matter passes into the soil as vegetable mould, or
humus. But the mosses and vegetables which grow under water
to form peat, come in contact only with the small quantit}' of air
found in the water, and decompose, or rather carbonize, very
slowl}'. The carbon instead of being carried off in the air, as in
the other case, remains in the stalks and roots of the plants in the
form in which the}^ grew, with all that would otherwise form humus ;
so that peat is humus carbonized and oxidized, and contains more
nitrogen than the plants which formed it ; and these qualities
increase with age, so that old peat is better for fuel, or for a fer-
tilizer, than new or later formed peat, but more difficult to decom-
pose. It is a chemical compound, which chemistr}' teaches us how
to reduce to its elements, in which form alone plants can use it as
nourishment. Chemists agree that one hundred parts of good peat
are composed of about fift^' parts of carbon, forty parts of oxygen,

PEAT AND PEAT LAND. 77

eight parts of hj'drogen, and two parts of nitrogen, with a small
quantity of mineral or earthj' matter, all of which enter into the
composition of plants. In the moss peats, these elements are
retained in the form in which the mosses grew, almost as perfectly
as in decayed wood, and when first taken from the bog it is little
better fitted for plant food, than rotten wood. Both, to be avail-
able to plants, must not only be disintegrated, but thoroughly
decomposed by unlocking the chemical compounds in which the
elements are combined. When just from the water in which it
has probably lain for thousands of years, if broken up, it will
slowly decompose, just like dead vegetables, the oxygen of the
atmosphere combining with the carbon and forming carbonic acid ;
the nitrogen in the peat uniting with hydrogen and oxygen and
forming ammonia which passes oflT with the carbonic acid, while the
remainder is humus. Thus, in time, the whole of peat is reduced
to plant food. But this process of years may be reduced to days,
or weeks at longest. Bring this green peat in contact with lime,
potash, or some other alkali, or with green manure, or even with
green vegetables, and as soon as heat is generated, decomposition
commences. Let these be properly composted, and the carbonic
acid and ammonia which would otherwise escape will be retained in
a heap of highlj' concentrated plant food.

In addition to this, the acid in the peat, which frightens so many,
and which is generally sulphate of iron, in the form of copperas,
will be absorbed by the lime, forming plaster of Paris, another good
fertilizer; or if it is in great, excess, will form an insoluble salt,
which is perfectly harmless in the soil ; or which, meeting with
other chemicals in the soil, may become useful in turn. Thus, we
find nothing in good peat which may not be easilj' converted into
good plant food.

But the strongest objections to peat have arisen from the im-
proper use of it. Take the best of peat right from the water where
it grew, and put it in its organized form into wet land, where it
will have free access to water, and it will probabl}^ remain peat the
next thousand j-ears — as useless to vegetation as so much stone.
Or put it upon any land before it is decomposed and it will remain
useless a long time. Or put it upon land which has alread}- more
vegetable matter than animal manure or alkali to utilize it, and
it would be an injur3-. Such land might, with some propriet}', be
said to be mucked to death. But, on the other hand, there is much

78 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

sandy land, nearly exhausted of humus, or vegetable matter, that
would be benefited by good peat in almost any form. It certainly
would make it retain the moisture better and prevent it from leach-
ing so badl}', and if there is potash or alkali enough in the soil, or
if animal manure is applied, it will be improved by it and become
fertile. But if the peat were decomposed before putting it upon
the land, it would be better still, producing the same mechanical
effect, and benefiting the crop at once. Even cla}' lands are essen-
tially benefited by being mixed with decomposed peat.

But what do chemists say of peat as a fertilizer? How does it
compare with other fertilizers? Take cow manure as a standard,
and how will it compare? The latter is well known, for it has been
most thoroughl}^ analyzed by the best chemists and they all agree
in the results. Now these same chemists have as carefull}' analyzed
peat, and assure us that if the}^ add a little potash, phosphate, and
sometimes a little nitrogen, when thoroughly' decomposed it cannot
be chemically distinguished from decomposed cow manure, and the
effect on vegetation is precisely the same. Now, if this is true, and
it certainly is substantiated by the practice of manj- farmers, who
have been using it in this way for years, and who assert that they
could not carr}' on their farms were it not for their peat, may it not
be possible that we have been pacing out great sums for fertilizers
when we could have prepared them ourselves, equallj' good, with
very little expense ?

But, thus far I have spoken of peat to be used on the upland,
rather than of peat land. Can our peat lands be made valuable ?
In man}' places, they are already the most productive lands we have,
and their fertility can be continued with much less expense than
that of the upland. One reason for this is found in the fact that
there can never be an}' lack of vegetable matter. When the sur-
face is exhausted, we have only to plough deeper and bring up a new
supply. AH that is needed on such land is the chemicals, which,
with the atmosphere, the sun, and the rain, will decompose this
inert vegetable matter, and convert it into plant food. It is
possible that more silex may sometimes be needed, but there is
nothing cheaper than sand or gravel. A very small part of the
cost of fertilizers for the upland will supply this.

But how are these worthless bogs to be changed into such fertile
lands? The first thing is to manage the water. We are to remem-
ber that peat was formed under water, and it will be nothing but

PEAT AND FEAT LAND. 79

peat so long as it remains there, and, as sucli, is wortli no more for
agricultural purposes than so much rock. It is plain, then, that it
must be properly drained. I say, ^^^operly, drained ; there are two
extremes in draining. Land may be too dry as well as too wet ;
and this is especiall}^ true of peat land. But there is a peculiarity
in peat lands which I have never seen noticed, and which, I think,
has an important bearing upon their drainage. In most soils, the
water channels run horizontally at different distances from the
sui'face. In peat swamps the circulation is principally at the
bottom. I come to this conclusion from the manner of their forma-
tion. When the stream, in the valley where the peat now is, was
first obstructed by logs, or by the beavers, and a pond was formed,
the moss, and other vegetables, came up around it, and slowly
extended over the surface, until it became a meadow, or swamp,
with the water flowing freel}' underneath. These mosses and plants
having gained a foothold on the water, have continued their gi'owth
for thousands of years, graduall^^ filling up the valley with their
peat deposits. In many instances, these deposits rise and fall
with the stream, and in some instances, in ponds, float about.
The rains which fall upon them settle in the loose mass to the
water beneath. This would keep open the water channels from
top to bottom, and not horizontally. In addition to this, the
mosses which form the peat have a continuous growth for centuries.
Death follows up from the bottom. Instead of breaking up as
most plants do, by decomposition in the atmosphere, these never
come to the atmosphere, but slowly decompose, or, rather, car-
bonize, in the place and the form in which they grew. The stems,
dying much like the old heart wood of trees and running from the
bottom to the top, form a complete set of capillar}^ tubes, through
which the water circulates hke the sap in the pores of wood.
These tubes are full of water as long as there is water at the
bottom ; hence we find peat, which has not been removed from its
bed, always full of water. Now the question arises whether it is
desirable to drain this to the bottom by cutting off the springs that
feed it. All vegetables want water, and some roots" will go down
twenty feet to find it, but the}- would never go to that depth if they
found water sooner. Grass and corn roots will go down five or
six feet for moisture, but they would not if they found water enough
above. They do not find humus there. They can find very little
carbonic acid there, for there is neither carbon nor oxygen there to

80 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETr.

decompose it. "What gain then arises from obliging the roots of
trees and plants to go down so deep for water when we can just as
well give it to them nearer the surface and in close proximity to
the soil which we cultivate and manure ? In peat land this can
be easily managed.

But if peat land is so rich in plant food, why are peat bogs so
barren ? For the same reason that rotten wood will not sustain
vegetation. Peat, like rotten wood, is an organized mass, and is
worthless until it is disorganized and decomposed. It is a com-
pound chemically locked up, and unless brought in contact with
something that has a stronger affinity for one of its elements than
the}' have for each other it will remain peat forever, affording no
nourishment for plants. But why is the mould taken out of a
hollow tree such good plant food ? Because it is thoroughly decom-
posed and readily yields the elements plants desire. So of peat;
break up the organization, thoroughl}' decompose it, and there is
no better plant food. Now apply this to peat land. While the
water passes up so freely through this organized, capillar}" mass of
peat, the peat remains in its own element ; but break up this
organization with a plough, cut off' these capillar}' tubes as far
down as j'ou wish to cultivate— that is as deep as you wish j'our
plant roots to grow — stir it up thoroughl}', put in potash or some
alkali or animal manure if you have it, and set this mass to ferment-
ing— let the air into this mass of carbon and fill yoiw gTound with
carbonic acid — put in something that will change the two per cent,
of nitrogen found there to ammonia, and it will be in the soil just
where you want it ; and leave the organized peat below for a sub-
soil to draw up the water for 3'our plants, so that the}' will not be
obliged to spend half the growing season going down six feet for
water — do this thoroughly and your peat lands will be the pride of
your farms. Of course the surface water must be removed and
kept down just so that your land will never suffer from drought.
I am told that such land is the last to suffer from this cause.

When peat lands are on streams where the water can be used
for irrigation what intervals they may be made. Take for illustra-
tion the 4,000 acres of peat land on the Neponset river, in our
immediate vicinity. This large tract is now rendered almost worth-
less by the dam of a single paper mill which might be more
efficiently driven by a twenty horse-power engine. The never-
failing stream which passes through the meadow could be made to

PEAT AND PEAT LAND. 81

irrigate the whole in the spring, and by the roads ah-eady built
across the meadows at different intervals, with proper gates at the
bridges, the water could be made to fill the ditches or flush over
the land on one section after another, even in the drj-est season,
so as to completel}^ protect it from drought, and this beautiful
interval would become the garden of the metropolis.

If the value of these lands is doubted, go out to the Blue Hill
farm, in Canton, owned b^J- Mr. Wolcott, and he will show you an
acre and an eighth in the higher part of this meadow, on which
he cut six tons of good hay the present season, with less manure
than would suffice for half an acre of upland. Or go in the autumn,
and on land where, four years ago, they were obliged to pole off a
light crop of coarse hay and bushes, he will show you a crop
of celery which will do your ej^es good to look upon. Or go to a
section of the meadow near the st6ne factory and examine a piece,
where, for the last fort}' j^ears, the owner has annually taken three
crops of grass for his cows, and the land is still as good as new.
Or go to Norwood, and on a piece of meadow eighty rods from the
shore, and cultivated only two j'ears, witness Hungarian grass,
breast-high, and other crops equallj^ promising, and you will come
to the conclusion that there is no discount on peat land, where you
can control the water.

Now, in view of these facts, and of such results, I would ask if
it is good husbandr}^ to allow 80,000 acres of peat land in Massa-
chusetts to remain almost wholl}' unproductive ?

Discussion.

The Chairman remarked that the subject of the paper is of great
interest, and he wondered that it has not excited more attention.

John B. Moore said that he had had some experience with peat
lands. He has plenty of such land of his own. Supposing there
are 80,000 acres in the State, as Mr. Talbot had said, he did not
believe it is all capable of improvement. In lands composed of
spongy peat, and having the water within a foot of the surface,
and where a fall of onl}' two feet more can be obtained, if you
reduce the water two feet, the peat comes down like a sponge,
being compressed by its own weight. He said this, not to dis-
courage improvers, but to warn them to be sure, before beginning,
that they have fall enough. Solid peat, such as is used for burn-
ing, does not settle so much. If it is desked to grow grass on
6

82 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

peat lands, enough sand must be put on to furnish silica, if it has
not got sand from the upland. But the richest peat soils cannot
continue to produce crops forever without manure.

Mr. Moore spoke of a gentleman who bought twelve acres of
land and divided it into twelve lots, by posts painted and num-
bered, to experiment with fertilizers on different crops. He first
gave the land a dressing of from one hundred to one hundred and
fifty loads per acre of peat, which was unfortunatel}' impregnated
with some deleterious ingredient — perhaps sulphate of iron — and,
though it was thirty j'ears ago, the land has not got over the
injurious effect of it yet. Perhaps the deleterious quality might
have been corrected by lime. The speaker had no doubt that good
peat is beneficial to sandy land, as it retains moisture and furnishes
decomposed vegetable food to plants. It is also good for pretty
heavy soils, which it lightens. He studied Dr. Dana's "Muck
Manual" many years ago, and believed his analysis of peat, from
which it would appear that by the addition of a few ingredients it
can be made equal to cow dung, but the crops did not believe it,
and he had to give up. Yet the analj^sis is no doubt correct.
Professor Goessmann will tell you there is much potash in certain
rocks, which the chemist can obtain by dissolving them, but plants
cannot. Chemical analysis will show what is in the soil, but it
will not show what the plants can get. No chemist, with all his
knowledge, has ever succeeded in compounding a fertilizer equal
to stable manure. The same substances in a chemical manure do
not produce the same effect. He would not underrate chemists,
but Professor Goessmann would say precisely the same thing.
There is something in nature bej^ond the chemist — somethiug that
we cannot account for. Professor Goessmann says he cannot tell
what a farmer has got in his soil so well as the farmer himself.
As an absorbent of the fertihzing liquids of the farm-yard, dry
peat is more effectual than dr}^ clay, which again will absorb more
than sand. It furnishes both food and moisture to plants. It
may be desirable to improve an unsightly bog near the house, even
if it does not pay as a farming operation. But before undertaking
a,nj such work for profit, be sure there is sufficient fall for drainage,
especiall}' if the peat is deep. Mr. Moore had seen a meadow
twenty-five feet deep.

Mr. Talbot said that when he advised the application of peat to
laud, he qualified the recommendation by sa^'ing "good peat."

PEAT AND PEAT LAND. 83

That of which Mr, Moore spoke as producing such lasting injury
to the land, was not good. The speaker said that good peat would
be beneficial in any form, but it would do much more good if
decomposed than if not. There is difference in decomposed peat,
and he believed that some, with chemicals added, is equal to cow
manure. He did not see what diflerence it made whether plant-
food came through the animal, vegetable, or mineral kingdom.

Benjamin P. Ware said that he would add something, not in the
way of theory, but of practice. He had had a great deal of experi-
ence in preparing manurial substances from peat. When freshly
dug, peat contains a great deal of matter which is not in proper con-
dition for plant food ; it is inert and must be changed. He had
observed wonderful results from composting. He digs peat in
August and allows it to drain and afterwards to be mellowed by
freezing. Then he mixes equal quantities of peat and sea manure,
such as kelp and other sea plants, which produce a very rapid fer-
mentation, and the whole becomes equal to horse or cow manure,
cord for cord. Horse dung is equally as good as sea manure to
produce fermentation. He had seen very beneficial results from
the application of such a compost.

In regard to the value of reclaimed peat lands Mr. Ware thought
there could be no question. He knew a pond of five acres, sur-
rounded with peat land overgrown with blueberry bushes and cut
into ditches where peat had been taken out for fuel — the whole
making a nuisance and an eyesore. The outlet ran over a gravel
bank, which was cut through so as to lower the water three feet,
and the swamp settled eighteen inches. The bushes and hassocks
were cut up and thrown into the pond, making more land. In
winter gravel was hauled on, and in the spring potatoes were
planted. The ground was afterwards laid down to grass, and with
top-dressings at intervals of three years it produced for nine years
two crops a year of five tons in all. It then began to fail and was
broken up, and with the same top-dressings has been good nine
years more.

Mr. Ware knew a flat meadow of two acres which was so soft,
even after being drained, that it could only be ploughed by keeping
the team on the upland and carrying the plough back by hand after
ploughing a furrow. The first crop was mangels, which more than
paid for all the expense of reclaiming, and last year it produced
more than four tons of grass per acre. The level of the water was

84 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

reduced three feet by draining, and water Tbronght in at the inlet
was carried awa}^ by a bos-drain entirely under ground, and now
it is the most productive land on the farm. He could mention
other instances, but these two prove that where peat lands can be
drained they are the most valuable part of the farm for grass crops.
Peat is not manure in itself any more than raw hide is leather, but
by proper treatment it becomes manure.

In answer to an inquiry Mr. Ware said that he did not think the
grass from these meadows is as good as that produced in smaller
crops on warm upland, ton for ton. It is coarse, but it is as good
as any grass where such large crops are produced, and it will sell
for as much as any, especially in Boston, where coarse hay is
preferred.

Leander Wetherell thought Mr. Ware was incorrect with regard
to Boston market. Buyers there have found out that hay grown
on the Sudbury meadows is not so nutritious as that from dryer
soils. He thought that all hay above a ton and a half per acre is
got at the expense of quality. Neither of the gentlemen who had
preceded him had given a definition of peat which would enable
him to go out and select a peat meadow, if he wished to purchase
one. Good peat, when dug out, will become as mellow as old
manure. He had dug decomposed peat in August and let it remain
till Ma}', when he put it on an old cultivated sandy soil, and there
was very little diflJerence between the crop of corn thus produced
and that grown alongside with good manure. He knew a bog
where the mud was shallow, which was drained to the bottom and
planted with potatoes, and though the crop was not large it was
very early, and paid all expenses of draining. In Hadley is a
swamp which sold for five dollars per acre ; the owner drained it
by cutting through a gravel bank twelve feet deep, and planted with
broom corn and tobacco, and it brought better crops and more rent
than the best tobacco lands on the Connecticut river. On the
other hand there is in Sherburne, Franklin County, a large swamp,
thoroughly drained and gravelled, which has never produced any
return and is now abandoned. The trouble is undoubtedly the
settling of the swamp from the weight of gravel.

Mr. Moore said there was some confusion among the gentlemen
who had spoken, as to what peat is. Mr. Wetherell had spoken of
peat which became mellow, but fuel peat will dry as hard as a brick,
and it is best to dig it in autumn and expose it to the frosts of

I

PEAT AND PEAT LAND. 85

winter, which will tear it to pieces. He had dug out of the hollows
between hills a material resembling leaf mould, which did not appear
to have am- acid, and he thought the peat with which Mr. Wetherell
produced so good a crop of corn was probabl}^ a vegetable mould
like this. Four cords of spongy peat will rot down to one, and
between this and fuel peat there are all gi"adations. Near upland
the deposit in swamps consists largely of sand which has been
stained black. Pond mud is almost all black sand.

Mr. Wetherell said that in speaking of valuable peat he referred
to that which is thoroughly decomposed. He knew a bog of a
hundred acres with no sand, but mud which would adhere to your
boots. There is much peat land in this neighborhood which is well
adapted to growing celery.

The Chairman said there was a large tract in Newton which he
had advocated taking possession of for a park.

Mr. Talbot asked attention to the question how deep it is desira-
ble to drain land.

It was voted to continue the discussion of the subject on the
next Satm'day.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Saturday, February 28, 1880.

A meeting for discussion was holden at 11 o'clock, William C.
Strong, Chairman of the Committee on Publication and Discussion,
presiding. The subject assigned was "Peat and Peat 'Land,"
continued from the preceding Saturday, but before taking it up
there was some discussion in regard to the ' ' Tailby stock " for
roses, and on other subjects. Flowers of the Tailby stock were shown
b)^ Mr. Tailby. In a discussion last year* this was pronounced
the Madame Sontag rose, but the impression of Mr. Tailby was
that it was diflferent.

Charles M. Hove}^ thought the point was not of sufficient conse-
quence to discuss. The stock has no distinguishing merit, and he
did not think it ver^' valuable. It is tender. It may be a seedling.
Madame Sontag is reputed to be a fine rose.

* Transactions for 1879, Part 1, page 89.

86 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Chairman remarked that there might be a difference of
opinion as to the vakie of the stock, but whatever the vahie we like
to settle the identity of varieties.

Mr. Hovey said that from 1842 to 1855 Mons. Vibert raised
an immense number of roses, of which this might have been one.

The Chairman spoke of the peculiarities of the present season,
and said that notwithstanding its mildness many of his roses had
been killed.

John B. Moore suggested that many roses did not have the wood
well ripened, and that such ones might have been killed early in
the winter.

Mr. Hovey said that some contend that trees never freeze, and
he thought that under certain conditions they never do. Starch
does not freeze. At Verschaffelts' nursery, at Ghent, Nordmann's
spruce was killed to the ground, and nearly all conifers suffered by
the severity of the winter, and rhododendrons were killed by the
thousand. By the 6th of December the thermometer was from one
to eleven degrees below zero. It was the same in England. It is
not the degree of cold, but the condition of the tree, which causes
injury. When the sap has been changed to sugar, gum, or starch,
the cells are not distended by freezing, and plants are not injured.
Some camellias which he left out-doors were not injured until the
mercury fell to 8°, and were not killed until it fell to 4° below zero,
and then the roots sui'vived, but they had snow over them. He
had never known any thoroughly hardy trees killed, but some years
ago he had trees injured by being whipped about and broken. He
agreed with Mr. Moore that the roses were injured about the 18th
of November. The shoots were blackened at that time.

J. W. Talbot said that after a season, when he was a boy, when
all trees were in vigorous growth in October, the Baldwin apple
trees were nearly all killed. An}^ one who has chopped timber in
winter knows that trees will freeze.

The Chairman said that he had accounts from Orleans, France,
of great injury to trees there.

Mr. Moore confirmed what the Chairman had said of injur}" to
trees'in Europe, and what Mr. Talbot had said of the freezing of
trees. Pine wood becomes so brittle that it will fly to pieces if you
try to split it when frozen.

The Chairman said that you can see the frost in the wood.

E. W. Wood remarked that the wood of his Hybrid Perpetual
roses looked well.

PEAT AND PEAT LAND. 87

James Comley said that roses grown in pots in the summer, an^
put in a barn cellar early in autumn, had produced good crops of
flowers, but those left out later had not done so well. Those not
frozen have done as well as ever, but those frozen have not borne
half a crop. To be successful year after j^ear, they should not be
ft'ozen. The half-hard}^ rhododendrons, which are commonly left
out as late as possible, had the buds frozen last year before they
were housed for the winter. Anthony Waterer said that in forty
3'^ears he had never seen such destruction among half-hard}'^ rhodo-
dendrons as this winter. The speaker was satisfied that frost does
freeze sap.

The Abel Carriere rose, which was exhibited by him, forces very
freely and comes \evy large. It is as good for forcing as the Gen.
Jacqueminot. He recognized the flower of the Tailby stock, but
did not recall the name of the variety. He was acquainted with
the Madame Sontag rose, and the flower is three times as large as
that of Tailby's stock.

John Robinson quoted from the " California Horticulturist," a
statement in regard to B. B. Redding's orange orchard, that when
the trees were watered late, ten per cent, were injured by the winter,
but when watering was discontinued earlier in the season, the injmy
was very much less.

Benjamin G. Smith, said that his rhododendrons, andromedas,
and kalmias, never looked better. He mulches them very heavily
with forest leaves. His Hybrid Perpetual roses were also looking
well.

The Chairman thought that most stocks would come out in the
spring uninjured. He had a row of plum stocks in low land,
which grew very rank, and were much killed.

The subject assigned for discussion was here taken up, and the
Chairman called on Edmund Herse}^ who said that it covered a
wide field, and to talk intelligently upon it might require a defini-
tion of terms. If we look up authorities, we shall find that the
term "peat," includes matter in all stages of decomposition, but
he should confine himself to the common acceptation. Peat
meadows were once ponds, round the margin of which moss grew.
Manj^ of these ponds are now so deep that the moss has not yet
grounded. The coarser grasses spring up on this decaying moss,
and, these also decaying, both together form what is often called

88 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETF.

vegetable mould, but what authorities call peat. Few plants pene-
trate to the bottom of the peat, but the skunk cabbage does,
except where it is very deep. The speaker had seen the stumps of
pine trees four or five feet in diameter, cut a hundred years ago,
which grew on a little mound of soil in a meadow that is still afloat
in places. Such meadows have " breathing holes," where 3'ou can
sound to the depth of twenty feet, or more. He exhibited a
specimen of peat which had grown within forty-five yeai's in the
manner described, and would, eventually, form solid peat.

What shall we do with these peat lands? There are hardly two
meadows alike, and ^'ery farmer must stud}' his own meadow.
Some meadows have been partially drained in order to dig peat for
fuel, but coal was introduced, and the peat was not dug. Meadows
settle as the peat decomposes. The speaker thought that most
meadows would settle down one half the depth above the drainage.
Meadows alread}^ partially decomposed are more valuable than raw
peat meadows. The first thing to consider, when it is desired to
reclaim a meadow, is whether it can be drained sufficiently. If it
can be drained, the owner would be justified, after the top has
settled, in putting it into English grasses. There are thousands of
acres of meadow in Massachusetts which can be drained, and other
thousands which cannot be. The latter the speaker considered
most valuable. They should be planted with cranberries. He had
had experience, on a small scale, with this crop, during the last
twenty-seven years, and believed it to be, after Indian corn, one of
the surest of crops. Even on land not naturally adapted to it, it is
more profitable than the apple crop, giving the farmer read}' money
without much expenditure for manure or labor. The work of pre-
paring the meadow can be done largely in winter, and more money
can be made on it than on grass. He would not advise to plant
all cranberries, but he would encourage an}^ one who has a meadow
where he can command the water, to try ; but he must go to work
the right way, and must select the best and most productive varie-
ties.

Dr. E. L. Sturtevant said he had carefull}' observed the growth
of the cranberry, and thought the soil had less to do with its pro-
ductiveness than. is generally supposed. In a cut ten or fifteen feet
deep, on the Milford Railroad, he had seen cranberries growing
in gravel and bearing fruit while they were destroyed by drought in
a meadow near by. In reclaiming a peat meadow it is important

PEAT AND PEAT LAND. 89

to consolidate the soil, either bj' gravel, maul, or wheels. He had
noticed that the most productive portion of the meadow was often
in cart tracks. It is important not to draw the water too low, for
in dry seasons peat meadows suffer more than any other soil. He
never knew peat to become cultivable until it took on the character
of loam. The presence of angle worms indicates that it is approach-
ing the desired condition.

J. W. Talbot said that as long as peat remains in its original
condition, it is useless. It never will decompose if covered up, and
as long as the circulation continues up and down (as described in
his paper last week) instead of horizontally, it will remain peat.
There is a great difference between the results of decomposition in
the air and in water ; in the latter case peat carbonizes. There is
more carbon in old than in new peat ; a piece of old peat has laid
on the top of a wall for twelve j'ears without decomposing. Some-
thing is needed to break up this compound and bring it into the
condition of vegetable mould or humus. Mr. Hersey had spoken
of meadows that could not be drained, but the speaker advised
those who might attempt to make a cranberr^^ meadow, not to waste
time on land that could not be flowed as much as was desired. In
his own meadow he took off the water in April when he should have
left it on until May ; he had lost the crop four years out of seven
by taking the water off too early. He thought the spring flowing
the only one that does any good ; it keeps the plants back.

John B. Moore said that he once thought of going into cranberry
culture, but before doing so he went down on Cape Cod and looked
into the subject thoroughl}', travelling over the Cape on foot. The
conditions for this crop are not right in one meadow out of two
hundred. There are two insects which are wevj injurious to it ;
one eats the vines in June ; the other gets into the fruit in August.
Neither of them can be destroyed except by flooding. If the water
stands on the vines in a warm daj' in summer the fruit rots, and
therefore the water must be let on and drawn ofi" very quickly.
Away from the sea-coast, cranberries are liable to injury by frosts
in autumn, from which they can be protected onl}^ by flooding, and
the water must be drawn off the next day. Mr. Moore said that he
came back from the Cape wiser than he went.

Mr. Hersey thought Mr. Moore was deceived b}' persons who
were afraid of his Competition. They threw a good deal of cold
water on him. Cranberry culture is not so difficult as Mr. Moore's

90 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

remarks would imply. The speaker had grown good crops on
strawberr}^ land. He admitted that there are insect enemies to the
cranberry on Cape Cod, but these are not found everywhere.
The " fire worm,"* which injures the vines, is not found in Hing-
ham, and the "curculio" or "cranbeny weevil"! need give no
trouble if the land can be flowed two feet deep in winter. The
cranberr}^ will stand more drought than anj' other plant he knows,
but there is one place where it cannot be grown, and that is where
it is wet all the time. They must have three months of dry weather.
His little experiment in cranberry culture was on land that could
not, be flowed, and there the crop was more certain than Indian
corn. He had taken out peat and put in three feet of clean sand,
and in twenty-seven years had had oul^^ two failures of cranberries
there.

Dr. Sturtevant said that on a gravel bottom he got cranberries
four years out of six ; the other two 3'ears they perished with
drought.

John Robinson said that the best crop of cranberries he ever
saw was in a depression between the dunes in the sand on Plum
Island. They were among moss, which kept the ground moist.

E. H. Hitchings said that the best cranberries he had ever seen
were b}' the side of the New York and New England Railroad, in
Dedham, where the peat had been dug out and gravel was left.

J. W. Manning had seen them flourishing in a very deep cut on
the Boston and Maine Railroad. David Perham, of Chelmsford,
took four bushels from a square rod in a wet, mossy meadow, which
was capable of being plowed, and in some spots was very favorable
to their growth.

Mr. Talbot spoke of a favorable report which he had heard of
their success for some 3'ears on upland in Peabody, but the ultimate
failure of the experiment showed that something was wanting.
Cranberr}' growers do not want the roots to strike peat.

Charles M. Hovey asked whether cranberries will grow on upland
generally. In Sandwich, Mass., in preparing for them, the peat is
invariably covered with sand from an inch to an inch and a half
in depth ; but if it is covered three inches deep, there will be but
few cranberries.

* Ancliylopera vacciniajia. See Packard's Guide to the Study of Insects,
page 338.

t Anthonomus suturalis. Packard, page 487.

PEAT AND PEAT LAND. 91

Dr. Sturtevant said that the cranberrj- is not necessarily a peat
plant, but a peat plant through circumstances. It grows in peat
meadows, perhaps, because the snow and water lie there. He had
seen it fruiting heavil}* in pure sand, but it will not grow in pure
peat. It must have winter protection, and he had placed boards
around them in his garden to keep the snow on. He had grown it
in the greenhouse.

Mr. Talbot said that the analysis of peat ashes shows a small
quantit}' of mineral matter, which chemists say is of but little
value. Ira Gill, of Walpole, took the peat ashes from his hat fac-
torj' and applied them to a barren knoll and it became fertile.
He attributed the increase in fertility to the peat ashes.

Mrs. H. L. T. Wolcott said that she had been interested for two
years in reclaiming peat lands. She had found no decided differ-
ence between peat and muck. Mr. Talbot had stated that muck
decomposes, while peat will not. She exhibited a specimen taken
from a ditch three feet deep, in contact with clean sand, and wished
to know whether it was muck, or ever would be.

Mr. Talbot said that Professor Johnson had defined peat. There
is a distinction between that formed from grasses and that formed
from sphagnous mosses. Sometimes leaves work in. Peat is
fibrous, the fibres running from bottom to top. The substance
spoken of last week by Mr. Moore, as having been dug out of the
hollows between hills, is not peat, but muck.

Aaron D. Capen said there is as much variety in what is called
peat as in the soils of the United States. The grades var}^ from
simple mud to the best muck or peat. The specimen taken by Mrs.
Wolcott from over a substratum of sand is very diflTerent from that
spoken of by Mr. Talbot in bogs which settle a foot when drained.
In 1835 or 1836 the speaker reclaimed a meadow where the herd's
grass grew up to his chin the first year, and up to the top of his
head the next.

Benjamin P. Ware said that his experience did not show much
value in peat ashes. In clearing up meadows he had gathered
and burnt many hassocks, and spread the ashes on grass upland,
but it did not increase the crop of grass.

E. P. Richardson's experience had been the same. Peat ashes
were of little, if any, benefit to potatoes.

Mrs. C. N. S. Horner said that in the northern part of Essex
county, the distinction made between peat and muck or mud, is

92 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

that tlie peat will burn, while the muck or mud will not. She knew
an instance where peat ashes were spread on laud forty jeavs ago,
and whenever potatoes have been planted there since, they have
been so rough as to greatly lessen their value.

Mr. Talbot said that old peat contains fifty per cent, of carbon,
and will burn, but if thoroughly decomposed it will not burn ; the
carbon is then gone and the humus is left. He thought Mrs.
Horner's distinction a good one. Peat leaves a very small quantity
of ash, and muck seventh-five per cent, of ash.

Mr. Moore said that in Ireland the top of laud is pared off and
burnt that the ashes may fertilize the soil, and the top of bogs is
burnt here.

Mr. Talbot said that on the top of peat meadows, the hassocks
are often from seven to twelve inches deep, and this vegetable
matter makes very valuable ashes, which gives the heaviest crops
of herd's grass, but if the peat is thoroughly decomposed it will not
burn. When peat meadows take fire, they do not always burn
down to the level of the water.

Leander Wetherell understood the difference between peat and
mud to be that the latter is more thoroughl}' decomposed, so as to
be in the condition of paste. Dr. Dana says, that peat ashes
abound in carbonate, sulphate, and, especially, phosphate of lime.

Mr. Talbot said that what others had stated in regard to the
burning of peat meadows, did not conflict with his statements ;
only the fibre is burned.

Mrs. Horner said that in digging peat for fuel, the topping knife
is as important as any tool. Sometimes only a few inches is
removed before reaching the fuel peat, and sometimes as much as
a foot. Does not Dana say that the bottom of the peat meadow is
often an imperfect peat ?

Mr. Moore said that he had cut hundreds of cords of peat, and
the reason that the top is thrown aside is not that it will not burn,
but that, as low as the frost has worked, it is so pulverized that it
will not hold together.

Mr. Talbot said that in such cases the peat on top is onl}' dis-
integrated and not decomposed. To decompose it requires chemi-
cal action.

The Chairman gave notice that on the next Saturda}^, Dr. E. L.
Sturtevant would present some carefullj^ collected instances of the
Influence of the Stock on the Scion, and vice versa.

INFLUENCE OF THE STOCK ON THE SCION. 93

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, March 6, 1880.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
Vice President, John B. Moore, in the chair.

William H. Hunt, of Concord,
was elected a life member of the Society.

The meeting was then dissolved.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

At the close of the business meeting, a meeting for discussion
was held, William C. Strong, Chairman of the Committee on Pub-
lication and Discussion, presiding.

The subject assigned was the " Influence of the Stock on the
Scion and vice versa" and was opened by Dr. E. L. Sturtevant, who
said that he should feel diffident in coming before the Society with
a paper on the subject, but for the deep interest in the discussions
a year ago, which appeared to be greater than had been felt in any
other subject, and the widespread interest shown by the unusual
number of calls for the Tkansactions containing the report of those
discussions.

Dr. Sturtevant said that it seems to be admitted by manj^ of our
best botanists and leading pomologists, that there is a reciprocal
influence between the stock and the scion, but to what extent this
influence is exerted, its boundaries, and the conditions under which
it acts, does not, at present, appear to be well defined. The influ-
ence of bud variations, of cross fertilization, and of graft hj'brids,
is not in every case distinguished from the effect of the graft and
stock upon each other, and hence a confusion. It, therefore, seems
proper to bring together all the asserted cases where the stock has
influenced the graft, and vice versa, in order that the evidence for
making up our minds may be more fully under our observation.

Dr. Sturtevant expressed the opinion that it is in the power of
the skilled gardeners and accurate observers, of whom there are so
many among the members of this Societj^, to do much towards
giving a scientific character to our Transactions, by aggregating

94 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

their individual observations. If once tlae habit were established,
of each one, as circumstances permitted, offering to the Committee
on Publication, an account of each case of bud variation ; of each
case of influence of graft on stock ; of each case of monstrosity, or
of unusual variation, etc., in the course of the year the mass of
material would be sufficient to form a publication valuable to science
and honorable alilve to the contributors and the Society.

Dr. Sturtevant then proceeded to read the following instances of
the effect of the stock on the scion, and vice versa, which he had
collected, with the assistance of the Secretaiy of the Societ}', begin-
ning with those relating to the Influence of the Stock on the Scion :

Paul Dudley, F. R. S., who resided at Roxbury in 1726, spoke
of a Bergamot pear tree, from which a scion was taken and grafted
into a common hedge pear, but the fruit did not prove so good as
the original, and the skin was thicker. — PJiil. Trans., abridged,
Vol. VI, Part 2, 34*1 .

In 1850, A. C. Hubbard, writing from Michigan, said, " a neigh-
bor of mine, who is a very close observer, took scions of the Esopus
Spitzenberg apple and grafted over a tree which had previously been
grafted to some other variety. The fruit from this tree far sur-
passes any other Spitzenbergs he raises, in flavor." — Pat. Rept.
1849-50, 282.

B. Hathawa}', a nurseryman and fruit grower in Michigan,
writes, " The result of my own observation and experience goes to
show that the stock has an influence in determining ever}' character-
istic of the fruit. Although not always appreciable, it is often so
striking!}' manifest as to leave no room for doubt. ... I have
a Northern Spy on Greening, and this tree alwa}- gives me my
largest specimens for the fairs, thougli pale in color ; while two
trees close by, grafted on Esopus Spitzenberg, always give fruit
highly colored, but never so large." He also states that he has ten
root-grafted Northern Spy trees on which the fruit is always alike,
and forty other Spy trees on large seedling stocks on which the
fruit is constantly and markedly varied. — Ag. of Mich., 1871,
139, 140.

Two instances are related by H. S. Tyler, of Dalton, Mich., of
Baldwin grafts from the same tree following the characteristics of
the trees on which they were grafted — one a seedling, small, sour,
high-colored apple, keeping very late ; the other sweet. The grafts

INFLUENCE OF THE STOCK ON THE SCION. 95

were so changed that their identity was doubtful, though they were
finally decided to be Baldwins. — Rural New Yorker^ August 16,
1879.

P. Barry thinks the sweet and sour apple might be produced by
gi'aftiug the Greening on a sweet apple stock in the way recorded
of the ordinary graft hybrids, and that the striped apple referred
to in the same article might have been produced by grafting a red
apple on a green apple stock. — Gard. Month., 1869, 358.

My garden contains two peach trees of the same variety, the
Acton Scott, one growing upon its native stock, and the other
upon a plum stock, — the soil being similar, and the aspect the
same. That growing upon the plum stock affords fruit of a larger
size, and its color, where it is exposed to the sun, is much more
red ; but its pulp is more coarse, and its taste and flavor so inferior
that I should be much disposed to deny the identity of the variety
if I had not inserted the buds from which both sprang, with my own
hand. — Knight, Phys. and Hort. Papers, 273.

We know that a few of our best native varieties of the pear,
when grown upon the quince, are more perfect than upon their own
roots.— TT. C. Lodge, Dept. Ag. Rept., 1865, 201.

A slight effect is sometimes produced by the stock on the quality
of the fruit. A few sorts of pears are superior in flavor, but many
are also inferior, when grafted on the quince, while the}^ are more
gritt}' on the thorn. The Green Gage, a plum of great delicacj' of
flavor, varies considerably upon different stocks ; and apples raised
on the crab, and pears on the mountain ash, are said to keep longer
than when grown on their own roots. — Downing, Fruits, ed. 1872,
29.

I have lately seen some curious cases of a modification of the
character of black grapes, alike in flavor, size, and color, by being
grafted on the White S3Tian and White Nice ; notably that recent
introduction, Mrs. Pince, had its bunches and berries both grown
out of normal character, and its flavor spoilt by being so treated. —
Gard. Chron., 1871, 1100.

A committee of the Southern California Horticultural Society
reported that the Navel orange budded on the citron, lime, and
China lemon, in each case showed marked and distinct character-
istics derived from the stocks. — Southern Gal. Hort., II, 78.

Eobert Thompson says : " It is well known that the stock will
have an effect upon the variety worked upon it." — Pomological
Magazine {Pomologia Britannica') under Ribston Pippin, III, 141.

96 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The double scarlet thorn budded on the pear in 1866, grew with
extreme vigor in 1867, and flowered abundant!}' in 1868, and bore
fruit abundantly, which were not single seeded, but contained from
two to four seeds. The haws had large, open e3'es, and were of a
flattened shape. The trees from which the buds were taken had
flowered previously for several j'ears, but had never produced a
haw. After the fruit had ripened, both buds and stock died.

Grafts of the same on pear stocks pushed splendidly in 1868,
and formed leaves eight inches across, bore haws in 1869, though
less abundantly, but with seed similar to that of the budded plants,
and then died.

Paul's Scarlet Thorn, grafted on pear, grew luxuriantly, and the
individual flowers were ver}^ much larger than on thorn stock, but
of less vivid color. The excessive vigor of growth of the thorn on
pear seems to forbid its long endurance.

Grafted on the quince, the thorn made nice dwarf plants. —
Gard. Chron., 1870, 458.

Pears grafted on the hawthorn showed a resemblance to it in
form and other points.

The editor of the "Gardener's Chronicle" adds : "We cannot shut
our eyes to the increasing number of cases of alleged graft-hybrid-
ization. Ver}- few of these cases have been submitted to the rigid
scrutin}' of competent observers ; nevertheless the number of the
alleged cases is now so considerable that the necessity for inquiry
and direct experiment becomes urgent. So many interests are
involved in this question that it must not be pooh-poohed because
it runs counter to general experience and belief. Admitting, for
the sake of argument, that some of the recorded cases are
what they pretend to be, it must still be granted that thej^ are quite
exceptional, but this very circumstance renders further investigation
all the more desirable. In our search after the wh}- and where-
fore of the exception we may perchance be able to light upon some
of the ' reasons whj' ' for the general rule — itself greatlj^ standing
in need of further elucidation." — Gard. Chron., 1870, 6.

M. Carriere twice inserted grafts of the Aria vestita on thorn trees
growing in pots ; and the grafts, as they grew, produced shoots
with bark, buds, leaves, petioles, petals, and flower stalks, all
widely differing from those of the Aria. The grafted shoots were
also much hardier, and flowered earlier. — Revue Horticole, 1866,
457.

INFLUENCE OF THE STOCK ON THE SCION. 97

Some years ago we grafted the Styrian or Keele Hall Beurre
Pear on the Citron des Carmes, which is one of our earliest summer
pears, and the result is that the St3-rian, thus treated, is about
three weeks earlier than the same kind on the ordinary pear stock,
and better flavored. — Tlie Garden, IV, 334.

A few years ago I cut off most of the limbs of my Jargonelle and
Vicar of Winkfield and grafted both with Clapp's Favorite. They
have commenced to bear, and those on the Jargonelle are two or
three weeks earlier than those on the Vicar. — Stephen Adams, in
Germantown Telegraph.

I have also a Talman's Sweet, a root-graft twenty years planted,
that until recently has borne verj^ sparingly, while grafts cut from
it and set in top of other trees have borne well and early. — B.
Hathaway, Ag., of Mich., 1871, 125.

Grafting a young twig on an older stock has the effect of
making it flower earlier than it would otherwise do. — Balfour's
Bot., 284.

A scion taken from a young tree that has never fruited will be
hastened in its growth when grafted on a mature tree, and bear
sooner than it would if it had been left to itself. — Horace Piper,
Dept. Ag. Bept., 18.67, 315.

While grafting never effects any alteration in the identity of the
variety or species of fruit, still it is not to be denied that the stock
does exert certain influences over the habits of the graft. The
most important of these are dwarfing, inducing fruitfulness, and
adapting the graft to the soil or climate. — Downing, Fruits, ed.
1872, 28.

John Watson, St. Albans, thinks the stock on which a Marie
Louise pear is worked, causes it to set fruit remarkably well. —
Gard. Chron., 1869, 664.

The Double Yellow rose, which seldom opens its flowers, and
will not grow at all in many situations, blossoms abundantly, and
grows freely when grafted on the common China rose. — Carpenter,
Veg. Phys., 195.

Thotiin found that three species of Rohinia, which seeded freely
on their own roots, and which could be grafted with no great diffi-
culty on another species, when thus grafted, were rendered barren.
On the other hand, certain species of Sorhus, when grafted on other
species, yielded twice as much fruit as when on their own roots. —
Darwin's Origin of Species, 231.
7

98 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Downing asserts that when a graft is taken from one of these
trees [of North American varieties of the plum and peach which
reproduce themselves truly by seed] and placed upon another stock,
this gi-afted tree is found to lose its singular property of producing
the same variety by seed, and becomes like all other worked trees —
that is, its seedlings become highly variable. — Fruits of America,
1st ed., 1845, 5. In the edition of 1872, page 4, this statement is
questioned, and attention is called to the necessity of verifying it.

Cabanis. (quoted by Sageret, Pom. Phys., 1830, 43) asserts
that when certain pears are grafted on the quince, their seeds yield
more varieties than do the seeds of the same variety of pear when
grafted on the wild pear. — Darwin's An. and PL, //, 312.

Two roses, one a light blush, finely formed but of undecided
color, and the other very dark but not weU formed, grew near each
other. Buds of the light variety were inserted in the dark, which
grew and retained all their habits of growth and foliage, as well as
the form of the flowers ; but the color, instead of a hght and
uncertain blush, was a rich, dark crimson, nearly but not quite as
dark as the bloom of the stock. — G. W. Campbell, Mich. Pom.
Soc. Trans., 1877, 451.

We find that varieties like Jonathan and Domine will do well on
very hardy, early maturing stocks, like Gros Pomier and Duchess,
though they fail when root-grafted. — Prof. J. L. Budd, of Iowa Ag.
College, Letter of April 12, 1879.

In some instances the stock exerts a marked influence upon the
scion, thus showing the cooperative system in use between them.
The "Gardener's Chronicle" mentions an instance of a couple of
Muscat vines, worked on the Black Hamburg, in the same house
with a Muscat on its own roots. Those worked on the Hamburg
start fully five or six days in advance of the one on its own roots,
although they are nearly a fortnight behind the Hamburgs they
are worked on. It is a curious fact that there has never been seen
any difierence in the ripening season, nor any eflfect on the fruit. —
Josiali Hoopes, Proc. Am. Pom. Soc, 1873, 130.

Grafting the pear on the mountain ash is practiced in Nassau,
and is said to retard the blossoming of the trees, and thus to adapt
them for a climate where there is danger from spring frosts. — Lou-
don's Card. Mag., 1842, 228.

A scion of Passijlora vitifolia ( Tacsonia Buchanani) was grafted
on a stock of the variegated P. quadrangularis, and has subse-

INFLUENCE OF THE SCION ON THE STOCK. 99

quentlj shown variegated leaves. — Florist and Pomologist, 1876.
168.

The habit of the plant is sometimes altered by grafting. Thus
Acer eriocarpum, when grafted on the common sjxamore, attains
in Europe double the height which it does when raised from seed.
Cerasus Canadensis, which, in a state of nature, is a rambling
shrub, assumes the habit of an upright shrub when grafted on the
common plum. . . . The common lilac attains a large size
when grafted on the ash ; and Tecoma radicans, when grafted on
the catalpa, forms a round head with pendent branches, which are
almost without tendrils. — Loudon's Horticulturist, ed. 1841, 283.

Buds of Bignonia grandiflora, some of which were taken from a
natural plant, others from a specimen of B. radicans, were gi'affced
on a plant of the latter species. The first graft was a trailer, its
wood broivn. The second graft became a shrub, its wood green. —
M. Pepin, quoted by M. Chevreul, Jour. Lond. Hort. Soc, 1851, 98.

Mr. Fairchild, in 1721, grafted the holm or evergreen oak,
(^Quercus ilex) on the common oak (Quercus robur) as a stock, the
result being, that while the leaves of the deciduous stock fell in the
autumn as usual, those of the evergreen scion remained just the
same as if on their own roots. — Gard. Chron., 1871, 1100.

The stock has no other influence on the graft but that which the
soil has on a plant ; the latter will not grow in a soil which does
not suit it, and the gi-aft will only grow upon plants allied to it. —
H. F. Link, Jour. Lond. Hort. Soc, 1851, 42.

Following are instances of the Influence of the Scion on the
Stock :

Henry Cane, in April, 1692, cut ofi" a small plant of the common
white jessamine, not larger than a tobacco pipe, at two joints above
the ground and grafted with the yellow striped jessamine. It took,
but grew feebly, and in four or five weeks died, and part of the
stock died also, and was cut ofi". The next year it broke out at
the joint below, with several shoots of the striped variety, and also
made a strong shoot, from the root, of the striped variety. He
tried the same experiment with several other variegated plants,
but did not find any of them to transmute as the jessamine did. —
Phil. Trans., abridged; Vol. VI, Part 2, 341.

Suppose a plain jessamine tree with two or three branches from
one common stem near the root. Into any one of these branches,

100 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

in August, inoculate a bud taken from a yellow striped jessamine,
where it is to abide all winter, and in summer you find here and
there some leaves tinged with yellow, even on the branches not
inoculated, till by degrees in succeeding years the whole tree, even
the very wood of all the tender branches shall be most beautifully
striped and dyed with yellow and green intermixed. It is not
material whether you cut off the branch above the inoculation to
make the bud itself shoot. Even if the stock is not cut off and the
bud does not shoot out, the same effect will be produced. Or if
the bud lives but two or three months, it will in that time have
communicated its virtue to the whole sap, and the tree will become
entirely striped. — The Clergyman's Recreation, by John Lawrence^
London^ 1716, 65.

John Bartram, February 3, 1741-2, says, "Take a bud from a
variegated jessamine and insert it into a plain jessamine ; not only
the bud will continue its variegation, but will also infect and impreg-
nate the circulating juices that the branches and leaves above and
below the bud will appear variegated." — Darlington's Memorials^
148.

When it is desired to turn a green jessamine into a variegated
one, a single bud of either the silver-leaved or the golden-leaved
will communicate its variegation to every part of the plant, even
to suckers thrown up by the root. The same result takes place
with the variegated laburnum, even if the bud should die, provided
a portion of the bark to which it was attached continues to live.
We have little doubt that the same thing would take place in vai-ious
other plants. — Loudon's Arboretum, II, 1252.

Buds of a variegated jasmine were inserted in a plant of Jasminum
officinale. The buds did not grow, but the bark of the stock
closed up around them and healed over. The following year golden-
variegated branches appeared in the plant. — D. Wooster, at Royal
Hort. Soc. Meeting, Aug. 4, 1875.

It is notorious that when the variegated jessamine is budded
on the common kind, the stock sometimes produces buds bearing
variegated leaves. Mr. Rivers, as he has informed me, has seen
instances of this.

The same thing occurs with the oleander (Gartner, Bastarder-
zeugung, s. 611, gives many references on this subject). — Darwin,
An. and PI., I, 473.

A line of laburnums were budded in 1876 with a variegated

INFLUENCE OF THE SCION ON THE STOCK. 101

variety ; most of the buds died, but the next summer many of the
stocks were variegated precisely like the variety which was budded
on them. In another case several laburnums were budded about
five feet high with a new golden variety. The buds mostly took,
and suckers on the stock, some nearly down to the ground, assumed
a beautiful golden j^ellow hue just like the sort budded. — The
Garden, XII, 250.

A scion of a golden-leaved laburnum was budded on a green-
leaved laburnum as a stock. The buds were inserted at two or
three feet from the ground, and in the course of a few months not
only did some of the gi-een-leaved stocks produce golden-variegated
branches below the point of union, but pure golden stolons or
suckers were thrown up from the root. — Royal Hort. Soc.
Meeting, Aug. 4, 1875.

Mr. Purser states (believed by Dr. Lindley in Gard. Chron. 1857,
382, 400) that a common laburnum tree in his garden, into which
three gi-afts of the Cytisus purpureus had been inserted, gradually
assumed the character of C. Adami; but more evidence and copious
details would be requisite to make so extraordinary a statement
credible. — Darioin, An. and PL, I, 467.

The variegated variety of the Castanea vesca had been grafted,
standard high, on an ordinary green-leaved sweet chestnut stock.
The graft took, but from some cause or other afterwards died off;
and subsequently a young shoot, with well marked variegation on
its leaves, broke out from near the base of the stem. — Burbidge,
Cultivated Plants, 61.

Passiflora Raddiana (kermesina') and P. Imperatrice Eugenie
were inarched with the variegated P. quadrangularis aucubcefolia.
From the branch above the graft branchlets were produced which
bore variegated leaves, from which cuttings were taken which have
perpetuated the two variegated varieties thus produced. — Florist
and Pomologist, 1876, 168.

About 1722 Mr. Fairchild budded a passion flower whose leaves
were spotted with yellow into a variety with plain leaves, and
though the buds did not take, yet after it had been budded a fort-
night the yellow spots began to show themselves about three feet
above the inoculation, and in a little time after that the yellow spots
appeared on a shoot which came out of the ground from another
part of the plant. — Oard. Chron., 1871, 1100.

During the past season a mountain ash upon which was budded

102 MASSACHUSETTS HOETICDLTUEAL SOCIETY.

a variety with variegated leaves, commenced to push forth 3'oung
shoots from the main body of the tree below the point where the
bud was inserted. In every case these had variegated leaves.
Now in view of the fact that these adventitioxis buds were there in
advance of the original variegated bud, the presumption is that
they were created green and that their normal condition yielding to
the controlling influence of the new branches, caused the change to
occur by the flow of sap from above. Other instances are men-
tioned.— Josiah Hoopes, Proc. Am. Pom. Soc, 1873, 130.

Three years ago a bud of the blood-leaved variety of Betula alba
was put into a strong stock of B. alba, var. jiopulifolia. After the
bud had grown a foot it was accidentally knocked out. Over the
place where it grew a bud of cut-leaved birch was inserted, which,
growing, preserved the stock. Last spring, several inches below
where the blood-leaved bud was inserted, a branch of a blood-leaved
color put forth, showing that the coloring principle existed in the
stock ten months after all the foliage had been destroyed. The
new bud from the populifolia stock is the true European alba, show-
ing that more than mere coloring had been transmitted. — T. Meehan,
in Bot. Gaz., 1879, 165.

William Reid asserted that variegated willows would transmit
their influence to the stock. — Gard. Month., 1869, 292.

Mr. Brown, of Perth, observed many years ago, in a highland
glen, an ash tree with yellow leaves ; and buds taken from this
tree were inserted into common ashes, which in consequence wei'e
afiected, and produced the Blotched Breadalbane ash. — Darwin An.
and PL, I, 473.

Mr. Rivers, on the authority of a trustworthy friend, states
that some buds of a golden-variegated ash, which were inserted
into common ashes, all died except one, but the ash stocks were
aflected (a nearl}' similar account was given by Bradley, in 1724,
in his " Treatise on Husbandry," I, 199) and produced both above
and below the points of insertion of the plates of bark bearing the
dead buds, shoots which bore variegated leaves. Mr. J. Anderson
Henry has communicated to me a nearly similar case. — Darivin
An. and PL, I, 473.

The influence of a graft of variegated abutilon ceased when the
graft was removed. — Gard. Chron., 1869, 554.

The variegated Pittosporum Tobira was worked on a green-
leaved stock of the same species, and though the graft did not take

INFLUENCE OF THE SCION ON THE STOCK. 103

the contact was suflScient to cause the production of a variegated
shoot below the graft. — Oard. Chron., 1870, 664.

Violet-colored tubers of potatoes grafted on white produced only-
negative results, but it was not so with young shoots. On a plant
with four shoots with green foliage, one shoot was cut down and
gi-afted with a variety having violet-colored foliage. A fortnight
after the operation the stock was of a lively carmine red, and the
growing scion was of a more violet tinge. — Gard. CJiron., N. S.,
IX, 662.

According to De Candolle (Physiologic Vegetale) each separate
cellule of the inner bark has the power of preparing its food accord-
ing to its nature ; in proof of which a striking experiment has been
tried by grafting rings of bark, of diiferent allied species, one above
another on the same tree, without allowing any buds to grow upon
them. On cutting down and examining this tree, it was found that
under each ring of bark was deposited the proper wood of its
species, thus clearly proving the power of the bark in preserving
its identity even without leaves. — Downing, Fruits, ed. 1845, 24.
Professor j". P. Kirtland, in commenting on this and connectep
passages, says, " A graft of the Green Newtown Pippin will invari-
ably render the bark of the stock rough and black (the habit
of the variety) within three years after, its insertion." — Horti-
culturist, II, 544.

If we cut up a long root of a seedling apple and insert scions of
different varieties, a part on each root, the young trees which result
from these grafts will have roots unlike each other. The difference
may be very slight or it may be very apparent. The scion, then,
influences the form of growth in the root. — Prof. Beal, Ag. of Mich.,
1876, 203.

Not only are root-grafts of this (the Northern Spy) certain
to root from the graft, but when budded or gi'afted on seedlings it
will develop in them a tendency to form a great many fibrous roots.
—B. Hathaway, Ag. of Mich., 1871, 127.

The gardener who in 1644 in Florence raised the Bizzarria orange,
declared that it was a seedling which had been grafted, and after
this graft had perished the stock sprouted and produced the Bizzar-
ria.— Darwin, An. and PL, I, 470.

A potato scion set into a tomato plant induced the latter to set
small tubers in the axils of its leaves, as we see sometimes on the
tops of potatoes. The grafting of an artichoke plant into a sun-

104 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

flower caused the latter to set tubers under gi'ound. — Prof. Beal,
Ag. of Mich., 1876, 204.

The following relate to the Reciprocal Influence of the Stock and
Scion :

Whatever opinions may have formerly prevailed among orchard-
ists, it is now generally conceded by intelligent writers and culti-
vators that the stock afiects the fruit of the scion in quality, pro-
ductiveness, and time of bearing ; and that the scion increases or
retards the growth of the stock, and in some instances imparts its
own peculiarities to the root. — A. C. Hammond, Trans. III. Hart.
Soc, 1870, 314.

The graft and the stock do, however, exercise a certain amount
of reciprocal influence, the one on the other ; and in certain cases
hybrids or intermediate forms between the two are produced. — A.
W. Bennett, Thome's Bot., 182.

A variegated plant, whether used as a stock or scion, has the
faculty of imparting its variegations to the leaves and buds subse-
quently produced. — Gard. Chron., 1870, 315.

A writer in the Journal de la Societe Imperiale, etc., assumes an
effect of the stock on the scion, and from it argues the effect of the
scion on the stock, "As the scion is modified in its fruit, its leaves,
its growth, its vitality, it is quite natural that the stock should be
also modified in its constitution by the graft." — Hovey's Magazine,
1863, 396.

Gartner (Bastard erzeugung, s. 619) quotes two separate accounts
of branches of dark and white fruited vines which had been united
in various ways, such as being spht longitudinall}', and then
joined, etc. ; and these branches produced distinct bunches of
grapes of the two colors, and other bunches with grapes either
striped or of an intermediate and new tint. Even the leaves in
one case were variegated. — Darwin An. and PL, J, 474.

My Monstrous Pippin was grafted near the ground about thirty-
five years ago. It soon begun to bear superb fruit; large and
fair, but too tart to eat raw. About twenty years ago I sawed
off' five of the limbs and grafted with a sweet apple called Hay
Boys. Soon the Monstrous Pippin grew milder until it has become
a sweet apple, though the Hay Boys is not so sweet as formerly. —
Stephen Adams, in Germantown Telegraph.

Many instances of the influence of the stock on the scion are

INTLUENCE OF THE SCION ON THE STOCK. 105

given in the Transactions of this Society for 1878, Part I, pp. 83
and 84; and 1879, Part I, pp. 7-11, 18, 22, and 25-33. In the
" New England Farmer," Vol. XI, p. 97, is an interesting paper on
the "Reciprocal Influence of the Stock and its Graft," communicated
to this Society by James Mease, M. D., of Philadelphia, an Honorary
Member, which was read at the meeting on the 29th of September,
1832, in which he gives many instances of this influence. Dr.
Mease says, " In France they used to graft the same sort over and
over again three or four times on the same stock." In a com-
munication published in the same journal. Vol. XII, p. 75, he gives
additional cases. In the " Gardeners' Monthly," for 1876, p. 306,
is an account of some experiments in bud grafting.

The eflect of the quince in dwarfing the pear and bringing it into
bearing is so well known as to require only an allusion, as is
also that of other dwarf stocks. Instances of the effect of varie-
gated abutilons on the stocks on which they were grafted are so
numerous and universally admitted that mere mention of them is
sufficient.

Dr. Sturtevant repeated that the influence of the stock and graft
on each other should not be confounded with bud variations.
There is a variegated coffee tree in the Department of Agriculture,
at Washington ; if this had followed the grafting, it would have
been ascribed to the grafting. Change of form in leaves is com-
mon, and also form of tree. He had seen the beech tree in the
form of a column. Graft h3'brids are yet rather rare, and, conse-
quently, we know little concerning them. The immediate effect of
pollination, denied by Professor Eaton, is shown by the fact that
the melon was largely influenced the same year. There is a proba-
bility that this influence is more frequent than is usually supposed.
IiTitation sometimes causes the formation of fruit without the
action of pollen.

Charles M. Hovey spoke of the subject as one in which he was
much interested ; and he was glad to hear of the general interest in
it. He had read and thought a great deal upon it, as well as
observed for fifty years. The mutual influence of the stock and
graft should be kept distinct from sports. He had verj^ little
respect for the opinions of botanists on simply physiological subjects.
He quoted the views of Thomas Andrew Knight on the subject as
follows :

106 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

" Many gardeners entertain an opinion that the stock communi-
cates a portion of its own power to bear cold without injur}^, to the
species or variety of fruit which is grafted upon it ; but I have
ample reason to believe that this opinion is wholly erroneous, and
this kind of hardiness in the root alone can never be a quality of
any value in a stock, for the branches of every species of tree are
much more easily destroyed by frost than its roots. Many, also,
believe that a peach tree, when grafted upon its native stock, very
soon perishes, but my experience does not further support this
conclusion than that it proves seedling peach trees, when growing
in a very rich soil, to be greatlj^ injured, and often killed, by the
excessive use of the pruning knife upon their branches, when those
are confined to too narrow limits. The stock, in this instance,
can, I conceive, only act injuriously by supplying more nutriment
than can be expended, for the root which nature gives to each
seedling plant must be well, if not best, calculated to support it ;
and the chief general conclusions which my experience has enabled
me safely to draw, are, that a stock of a species or genus, different
from that of the fruit to be grafted upon it, pan rarely be used with
advantage, unless where the object of the planter is to restrain and
debilitate, and that, where stocks of the same species with the bud
or graft are used, it will generaUy be found advantageous to select
such as approximate in their habits and state of change, or improve-
ment from cultivation, those of the variety of fruit which they
were intended to support." *

Mr. Hovey said that a pear tree grafted on the quince,
gives entire!}' different growth from one on the pear, and pears
are higher colored from such a tree. The plum stock does
not give the supply of sap to the peach that the peach stock does.
If every stock influenced the graft, we should have no Bartlett
pears or Baldwin apples, but these are all the same as he knew
them when a boy. These, and the Vicar of Winkfield and AVinter
Nelis pears, the Green Gage plum, the Jacques and George the
Fourth peaches, the Black Tartarian cherry, the Double White
camellia, and the Gen. Jacqueminot rose, have been grafted millions
of times on seedling stocks, and are still unchanged. The purple
beech is the same throughout, and many others might be named.

Mr. Hovey stated that the observations of Mr. Knight extended

* Horticultural and Physiological Papers, page 223.

INFLUENCE OF THE STOCK ON THE SCION. 107

over fort}" years, and his own over fifty years. He had grafted
late varieties on the Madeleine and other early pears without
hastening their ripening, and he doubted the statement that this
effect was produced on the Styi'ian or Keele Hall pear, when
grafted on the Madeleine. He mentioned a case in his own
grounds, where it might have been supposed that a Beurre Bosc
pear had been changed, but, on careful examination, it proved that
a graft of the Lewis pear (probably cut from a sucker) had been
inserted instead of the Beurre Bosc. An alleged case of the
change of Beurre Clairgeau by grafting on the Aston Town (quoted
by the " Rural New Yorker" from the " Gardeners' Chronicle "),
might probably be explained in the same way. Loudon laid down
the principle that grafts from all variegated trees would infect the
stock, but the speaker discussed the subject onl}' so far as respects
influence on the character of the variety. He has Seckel pear trees
grafted on hawthorn stocks, but never saw little haws on them ; on
the contrarj^ they bore the finest Seckels he had the previous j^ear.
There is no instance, to his knowledge, where it can be shown that
when the true variet}^ was grafted, it has changed. If trees could
be made hardier by grafting on hardy stocks, that would be a very
important point ; but the idea of acclimation by this means is
Utopian.

The Chairman said that Mr. Hovey had decided the matter to
his own satisfaction, but he thought there might still be a question
whether the stock does not hasten the maturity' of fruit.

O. B. Hadwen said, in allusion to the reported early ripening of
fruits grafted on early varieties, that he had noticed that the
Northern Spy and Holden Pippin apples ripen earlier in cultivated
ground than in grass, even though the latter is ploughed occasion-
ally ; but, on one farm, the Holden Pippin is several weeks later
than the general crop. Though he had raised twenty -five acres of
apple orchard, from seed, he had never seen a single instance
where he was satisfied that the stock had influenced the graft. Nor
could he recall an instance where he could say that the pear or plum
had been so influenced. Apples ysltj on diflferent trees, and on the
same tree, but the stock should influence all alike. He attributed
the superiority of the fruit of one tree over another, to a difference
in culture or soil. He did not wish nurserymen to think that the
stock would influence the scion. Botanists say that there are in-
stances, but the weight of evidence is in another direction. If a

108 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETT.

graft had been taken from a Baldwin tree which had varied, and
inserted in the original Baldwin tree, it would doubtless have
regained its original characteristics.

Mr. Hovey again referred to Mr. Knight's views, and pronounced
the statement that the Double Yellow rose was made to grow freely
and open its flowers, by grafting on the China rose, an absurdity.

N. B. White thought the late ripening of apples in grass ground
might be owing to the frost being kept longer in the ground. He
had mulched pears heavily to keep the frost in and retard the
blossoming, and in that way had got better pears, as the curculio
does not attack the fruit from late blooms so much as that from
earlier. He grafted a Porter apple tree for a neighbor, with scions
of the same variety taken from a tree which produced remarkably
fine fruit. At the same time he cut scions from the tree which he
was grafting and put them in, and when thej- fruited he could not
discover an}' difference. He thought the variations of which so
many instances had been adduced were simply sports ; and said that,
though it is interesting to get the facts together, they do not
establish any principle.

Edmund Hersey said that when he was a boy his father purchased
a piece of land on which was an apple tree that always dropped
its fruit before it was ripe. His father grafted one side of the tree
with the Rhode Island Greening, and when the grafts bore, the
fruit partook of the character of the stock with regard to dropping.
The greatest number of apples ever gathered from the tree was
twelve. The di'opping might have been due to the soil. His father
bought another piece of land on which was a natural apple tree
which bore enormous crops, but every apple had a peculiar rot on
one side ; they would hang until frost came, but when gathered a
quarter part would be rotten. Twentj'-five scions were inserted in
the tree, not one of which took, and it was afterwards budded with
summer, autumn, and winter kinds — sweet and sour, and of all
colors. The rot affected all the kinds ; there never was a peck of
apples free from it. A Baldwin tree was planted close to it and
the old tree cut down ; the Baldwins never rotted. The tree when
cut down was somewhat rotten in the top ; it had previously been
very sound. The speaker thought these facts positive proof that
the stock does influence the scion. His father had two Baldwin
trees, one of which, by the roadside, bore verj^ handsome fruit,
though not very large ; the other tree, which grew b}^ the side of the

INFLUENCE OF THE STOCK ON THE SCION. 109

barn, bore larger fruit. When the latter was large enough to bear
two barrels of apples it was removed to the roadside, and has con-
tinued to bear large, though not so uniform sized, apples.

D. W. Lothrop thought it useless to discuss the influence of the
scion on the stock, unless we can show some benefit to be derived
from it. The influence of the stock on the scion is more important.
The late Samuel W. Cole believed in this influence and wrote upon
it in his " American Fruit Book" and in the " New England Far-
mer" which he edited. But when he had presented to him a barrel
of Red Russet apples, which had a firmer flesh and kept longer
than the Baldwin, and was told that the variety was produced by
grafting a Roxbury Russet tree with Baldwin grafts taken from the
same tree as those used in the trees around, Mr. Cole could not
believe in quite so much influence. We may admit slight changes,
but not the production of a new variety, and the changes may not
be in the direction of improvement. The speaker had a harsh pear
which he grafted with Winter Nelis, and the fruit of the grafts was
green, not larger than walnuts, inclined to crack, and uneatable.
This was apparently a perfect instance of the influence of the stock
on the scion, although the influence might afterwards have been
out-gi'own. The leaf and habit of the tree were still the true Win-
ter Nelis. The tree was grafted with another kind, which was not
influenced by the stock. He has the Red Astrachan apple grafted
on the GilUflower, and the fruit is just as acid as any other.

The Chairman thought we could say that we know the influence
of the stock on the graft is proved, and that it may be prop-
agated. As to the influence of the graft on the stock, every
nurseryman knows that the character of roots is changed, and that
the roots of a row of Baldwin apple trees in the nursery will be
alike, and the roots of a row of Roxburj^ Russets will be alike,
and will difler from those of the Baldwins. Each row can be told
by its roots.

Mr. Hadwen confirmed what the Chairman had said of the influ-
ence of the grafts on the roots of stocks. If part of the same lot
of pear stocks are grafted with Bartlett and part with Onondaga,
the two varieties can be distinguished by the roots. The Roxbury
Russet under high cultivation gets to resemble the Greening in
appearance. He had known a tree standing by a hog-pen, where
the fruit grew very large and had scarcely any russet. This might
have been wrongl}^ attributed to the stock.

110 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Benjamin G. Smith thought that some very notable examples of
the effect of the stock on the graft had been adduced. He men-
tioned the very fine Winter Nelis pears exhibited by John L. Bird,
which were produced by grafting on vigorous stocks, like the Vicar
of Winkfield. Mr. Smith had increased the size of some of his
pears from one quarter to one half in this way, but at the expense
of quality. They were grafted into the tops of the trees ; on the
side branches the size would not be increased. He had grafted
four or five kinds of apples on the Dutch CodUn, and all grew
equally well.

Mr. Hovey said that Seckel pears would not be increased in size
b}^ grafting on side branches. He thought that neither the size nor
the quality of fruit was changed by grafting. There are many con-
ditions to be provided for in preparing for a crop of fruit. He had
never known a variation of any kind, in quality, or any other
respect, in all his experience in grafting.

Aaron D. Capen said that he has two trees of Vicar of Winkfield
standing very near together, one of which invariably bears good
fruit, and the other never, which he could attribute only to the effect
of the stock, there being no difference either in the soil or treat-
ment.

Mr. Hovey said that one year he had fifty bushels of Vicar of
Winkfields, very few of which were fit to eat ; afterwards he had
crops all of which were fine.

Benjamin P. Ware mentioned an instance, which he learned
from Major D. W. Low of Gloucester, of a Bartlett pear tree
standing in a neighbor's grape border, which bore only very small,
poor fruit. This appeared to be an instance of the influence of the
stock on the scion ; but Mr. Low removed the tree to his own
grounds and now it bears as good fruit as can be found.

Mr. Ware spoke of an apple presented by Gideon R. Lucy, for
the premium of one hundred dollars, offered by the Essex Agricul-
tural Society for a new and superior winter apple. The variety
offered was said to have been originated by grafting the Baldwin
and Roxbury Russet into each other over and over again, but how
many times was not stated. Specimens were shown at the fair of
the Essex Agricultural Society, last fall, and were pronounced
identical with the Red Russet. Not a particle of evidence has
been produced that the statement of its origin by repeated grafting
was correct. Professor Maynard, of the Massachusetts Agricul-

INFLUENCE OF THE STOCK ON THE SCION. Ill

tural College, (who believes in the influence of the stock on the
scion) , had a variet}' said to have originated in a similar manner,
shown him, and a Mr. Lothrop had a similar claim. Mr. Ware read a
letter to Professor Maynard, from George F. Eastman, of South
Hadley, concerning the apple shown to Professor Maynard. Mr.
Eastman received the statement from his father, on whose farm the
tree grew. From this letter, it appeared that the tree was budded
by the elder Mr. Eastman in the nursery roWj with Roxbury Russet,
but, before transplanting, and before it had borne fruit, was changed
from Roxbury Russet to Baldwin, with the exception of two limbs,
which were left by mistake, and bore Russets. The rest of the
tree bore Baldwins, and as it was desired to have the tree wholly
Baldwin the Russet limbs were cut off. Several years afterguards
it was noticed that a limb just over where one of the Russet
limbs had been cut off, bore apples different from those on the rest
of the tree, and the}^ have continued to do so for three or four years.
These are Red Russets and they keep better than the Baldwin, and
nearly as well as the Roxbury Russet. All the apples on this limb
are Russets. It bears quite as well as the rest of the tree (which
is Baldwin) , and has always borne the odd year, and never in the
even year.

Mr. Ware said there was no certain evidence that the stock
supposed to have been grafted with Roxbury Russet in the nursery
row, was not omitted in grafting (in which case the limb bearing
Red Russets was part of a seedling tree), or that it was not
grafted with Red Russet.

He referred to the statement that sweet oranges, when grafted on
wild stocks, revert to the wild state in a few years (Tkansactions,
1879, Parti, page 23), and said that the apparent deterioration
was caused by the suckers crowding out the graft. He had been
unable to trace out any evidence that the quality of fruit had
changed through the influence of the stock. He quoted from an
address delivered by him before the Essex Agricultural Society in
1869, the opinion that while the graft has an influence in forming
the habit of the roots of the stock, the stock exerts no influence
upon the variety of fniit grafted into it ; and said that his views on
these points were unchanged. He had found nurserymen and tree
pedlars selling trees as better, because double worked, but thought
it an imposition.

The Chairman thought the subject of more practical importance

112 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

than it was considered by some. Roses, particularly those of weak
growth, will give a much more magnificent bloom when worked on
the Manetti stock, than those on their own roots.

Mr. Hadwen said the Red Russet is well known in Worcester
county, and that he never heard it called a cross between the
Baldwin and Roxbury Russet. It is neither Baldwin nor Roxbury
Russet, but is as distinct in form, color, texture, and juice, as any
variety.

The Chairman said that in budding a row of Bartlett pears, for
example, we find some much more vigorous than others, which he
thought the effect of the stock.

On motion of Leander Wetherell, it was voted to continue the
discussion of the subject on the next Saturday.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Saturday, March 13, 1880.

A meeting for discussion was holden at 11 o'clock, W. C. Strong,
Chakman of the Committee on Publication and Discussion, pre-
siding. The subject was the Influence of the Stock and Graft,
continued from last week.

Benjamin P. Ware brought up the three cases mentioned last
Saturday, in which it was claimed that a new variety of apple,
known as the Red Russet, had been produced by grafting the
Baldwin on the Roxbury Russet. The appearance of these three
cases was very remarkable. The Red Russet is not, by any means,
a new variety. Specimens of Mr. Lucy's apples were here
exhibited by Mr. Ware.*

In all his experience he had never known an instance where such
changes as these alleged could not be explained otherwise than by

* It has since been ascertained that the apples offered by Mr. Lucy for the
premium for the best new seedling, were the Red Russet, which originated on
the farm of Aaron Sanborn, of Hampton, N. H., about 1840. The account
given by the family of Mr. Sanborn, who is now dead, is that an orchard of
Roxbury Russets was grafted with Baldwin, and that all the trees bore Bald-
wins, except one, which produced the Red Russet. (See Transactions of
the Essex Agricultural Society for 1880, page 127.)

INFLUENCE OF THE STOCK ON THE SCION. 113

the influence of the stock. Some of the quotations from Darwin
and others, commenced, "it is said," but did not inform us who
said it.

Leander Wetherell asked how Mr. Ware rebutted tlie testimony
in the three cases alleged.

Mr. Ware replied, that b}- following back the statements he found
there was no foundation for them.

Charles M. Hovey agreed with Mr. Ware. The oldest English
and French writers speak of the influence of the quince and Paradise
stocks in dwarfing apples and pears ; but the influence we are now
discussing, is supposed to be upon the character of fruit. Mr.
Hovey here quoted from an article by Mr. Knight, the remark that
Dr. Erasmus Darwin's imagination was too strong for his judgment,
and expressed the opinion that the case was the same with his
distinguished, but younger kinsman.

Mr. Hovey thought the views expressed in Dr. Sturtevant's
quotations from Downing did not agree with the following passage
from page 27, of the edition of 1872 : " The well-known fact that
we ma}' have a hundred diflerent varieties of pear on the same tree,
each of which produces its fruit of the proper form, color, and
quality ; and that we may have, at least for a time, several distinct
though nearly related species upon one stock, as the peach, apricot,
nectarine, and plum, prove very conclusively the power of every
grafted or budded branch, however small, in preserving its
identity." The speaker did not wish it to go out to the world that
many of the members of the Society believe that the roots of trees
are influenced to any extent by the variety grafted on them. Of
course, this would be the case when root-grafted trees root from the
graft, but if we graft a weak growing rose on the Manetti stock, do
the roots become weak? If so, what would be the object? When
the apple is grafted on the Paradise stock, the pear on the quince,
the tree pseony on the tuberous rooted pseony, the fibrous rooted
Ijpomcea on the tuberous, or the double flowering almond on the
plum, are these stocks influenced by the grafts? If the stock
influences the time of ripening of the fruit of the graft, we might
get Bartlett pears much earlier by grafting on the Amire Joannet,
or later, b}' grafting on Vicar of Wiukfield ; but he had never seen
a really good, ripe Bartlett, earlier than the 8th of September, or
later than the 25th. He had grafted Clapp's Favorite oi;i Jargonelle,
Dix, Beurre d'Aremberg, Columbia, Glout Morceau, Beurre Diel,

114 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and Flemish Beantj' ; Dana's Hovey on Gustin's Summer, Harvard,
and Vicar of Winkfield, and Bartlett on Winter Nelis, Easter
Beurre, Belle de Thouars, Green Chisel, Onondaga, and Vicar of
Winkfield, without changing the season of ripening in the least. In
1862 he sent to market a bushel or more of each of one hundred
and fifty kinds of pears, and many other varieties in less quantities ;
in 1880 he had but a hundred kinds. The reduction had been
eflfected by grafting over the trees of the less valuable kinds with
the standard sorts ; but, among all these varieties, none of the
stocks aflfected the grafts. If grafting a late pear on an 6arly one
makes it earlier, grafting an early pear on a late one ought to make
it later. As to the increase in the size of Mr. Smith's Seckels,
spoken of last week, and attributed to the vigorous stock, Mr.
Hovej^ said that cultivation has much to do with increasing the
size of fruit. He did not doubt the statement made b}' Mr. Hersej'
at the same meeting, in regard to the dropping of the apples, but
this could be accounted for in a thousand ways.

J. W. Manning had repeatedl}^ noticed that the roots of trees
grafted with Siberian Crabs generally run down more than those of
other trees, which he attributed to the influence of the graft. He
had never seen the roots of dwarf trees run down.

Mr. Talbot had seen nurser3'men designate pear trees b}' the
roots, though all were budded on French seedling stocks. Mr.
Weston grafted the Bartlett on the Easter Beurre, and the fruit
was twice as large, and kept two weeks longer than that from
grafts on natural stocks.

Mr. Hove}' doubted whether an}- one could tell a Winter Nelis
pear tree by its roots. This variet}" does not grow as strong as
some others — the Vicar of Winkfield, for instance — and in a weak
growing tree the roots will be proportionallj' weak. We do not
generally graft on weak stocks.

Washburn Weston gave an account of the change in the High-
top Sweetings, mentioned last year. He was gardener to Dr. Ira
Warren, who wished to have some Hightop Sweet apples, and
procured grafts which he inserted in Red Astrachan trees. The
fruit produced was neither Hightop nor Red Astrachan. It was
not a red apple, but white with a red cheek, like the Maiden's
Blush. It ripened at the same time with the Red Astrachan.
Grafts from it were put on a Russet tree, from which fruit was
shown, resembling the Red Astrachan in form, but sweet. They

INFLUENCE OF THE STOCK ON THE SCION. 115

grew in clusters like the Red Astrachau. The grafts on Red
Astrachan ripened their fruit in August ; that of the grafts on the
Russet keeps till March, though then past its prime. Dr. Warren
has had, since the Red Astrachan was first grafted with High top,
eight or nine gardeners, two of whom are alive now.

Mr. "Washburn's Bartlett pears all ripened about the middle of
September, except those grafted on the Easter Beurre, not one of
which was ripe on the 12th of September. His father grafted two
Talman's Sweet apple trees with Red Astrachan, and the fruit was
much less acid than usual, and also more oblong in shape than when
gi'afted on the Greening. He had found the Hubbardston Nonsuch
grafted on the Large Yellow Bough much sweeter than it generally
is. He believes that the soil has an influence on the qualit}* of the
fruit.

The Chairman requested the Secretary to read from his notes,
Mr. Hovey's expression of ignorance of any effect of the stock on
the scion. The minute was as follows: "Mr. Hovey had never
known a variation of anj- kind in qualitj^ or any other respect in all
his experience in gi-aftiug." The Chairman thought it must appear
strange to those outside of the Society that so much difference of
opinion should exist here on this subject. He was not prepared to
say that he had observed any radical and permanent change, such
as the production of a new variety like the Red Russet, by grafting
the Baldwin on the Roxbury Russet ; but this is very different from
influencing and changing the character so long as the graft remains
on that stock. Of this he had noticed so many instances that he
was convinced that there is a modification from this cause. The
opening sentence of the passage read from Mr. Knight had
escaped Mr. Hovey's observation. We should bear in mind that
the question is not whether varieties are radicall}' changed, but
whether they are influenced at all. Why should not the size of
fruit be influenced b}- the stock as well as the size of roses ? If we
change the size of fruit do we not change its character? The
ordinary pear stocks imported from France and raised from the
wild pear are not as vigorous as the kinds grafted on them. When
we get a cultivated variety on them we get a more vigorous growth,
and it changes the root of the stock. If we could get stocks with
the vigor of the Bartlett, Vicar of Winkfield, or Buffum, they
would be more valuable than the imported seedlings. The speaker
objected to the ridicule cast on the subject b}' some persons. Mr.

116 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Hove}' had defied any one to pi'oduce proof of Magnolia glauca
being rendered more hardy by grafting on M. acuminata^ but this
is not a fair test. If it causes the graft to grow late it may be
less hardy. It is beyond dispute that M. acuminata does impart
great vigor to such species as glauca^ Soulangeana, Thompsoniana,
and Lennei.

E. W. Wood thought that Mr. Hovey, in stating that he had
never seen any influence of the stock on the graft, meant to limit
it to the change of varieties. The quotation from Mr. Knight,
in regard to the two Acton Scott peach trees, is a strong argument
in support of the belief that the stock does influence the graft.
Mr. Knight had budded the trees himself. We do not desire to
obtain new varieties by grafting, but we may desire modifica-
tion. The account given of the origin of the Eed Russet, is gener-
ally accepted. All practical growers know the necessity of growing
some pears on quince and some on pear stocks. There is not one
Duchesse d'Angouleme pear in a hundred, grafted on a pear stock.
On the quince it will bear in five years ; on the pear it takes fifteen.
If Mr. Hovey does not graft roses he is in conflict with all the
principal rose growers of Europe.

Mr. Hovey said that he did not come here to controvert the
statement in regard to the Duchesse d'Angouleme when grafted
on the quince. But there is no fruit that will rot be better when
grafted on its own root. He would rather have a tree of Doyenne
Boussock, on the pear stock, bearing ten bushels of pears, than to
have fifty trees on quince, bearing the same quantity. The best
cultivators of fine specimen roses say that they will do as well on
their own roots as grafted. If every stock is to partake of the
character of the variety grafted on it, nothing is gained by grafting.
The object of grafting the Magnolia glauca, which is a bog plant,
on M. acuminata, is to adapt it to soil of a difterent character
from that in which it naturally grows. M. acuminata has strong
roots. M. Soulangeana is grafted because it makes a tree sooner
than on its own roots, and not to change the character of the
variety. The idea that the Red Russet apple was produced by
grafting is absurd.

The Chairman said that the question whether new varieties are
produced by grafting, is only incidental to the subject under dis-
cussion.

Benjamin G. Smith said that Mr. Hovey was correctly reported

INFLUENCE OF THE STOCK ON THE SCION. 117

as sa3'ing that he had never known a variation of fruit in quality
or an}' other respect in all his experience in grafting, and asked
whether he wished the statement to be understood without
qualification.

Mr. Hovey replied that he had no qualification whatever to
raake except in regard to dwarfing the graft.

N. B. White said that a Mr. Page, of Dorchester, exhibited
Delaware grapes which bore a strong resemblance to Dianas, and
stated that the change was caused by grafting them on the
Labrusca stock, but he doubted the correctness of the statement.

Patrick Norton thought that weak growing roses were improved
by grafting on strong stocks ; the Yellow Tea on the Tailby stock
for instance. Hardy Hybrid Perpetuals grow much stronger and
produce finer flowers when grafted on strong stocks. The roots
of Manetti stocks do not become like those of Tea roses when the
latter are grafted on them,

D. W. Lothrop thought there was but little use in collecting all
these instances of the influence of the stock on the graft, if we
cannot deduce from them any fixed scientific principles. If we
graft the Hightop Sweet into the Red Astrachan and it is changed,
the character of the change cannot be foretold. The great law is
that the scion is not affected. The sap is elaborated in the leaves
and carried down into the stock, and it would seem reasonable to
suppose that, in four or five years after grafting, when the scion
has made a great deal of wood, shoots from the stock would bear
a modified fruit. But it is not so. Perhaps we must admit
that there is some influence of the stock over the scion as to vigor
and ripening. He regarded the various influences claimed as
merely freaks of nature, governed by the " law of disorder." To
utilize these influences, our knowledge of them should be system-
ized ; but if results are not always alike from the same plain
causes, it cannot be done.

Joseph H. Woodford thought that all the arguments presented
at this meeting went to prove that the stock and scion do influence
each other. Governor Claflin's gardener told him that grafting
the variegated trailing abutiloa on the strong green-leaved kinds
would cause variegations in the stock. He did not believe it, but
tried the operation in his own greenhouse and got variegated
suckers from the stock, which retained the variegations when
propagated.

lis MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Hove}^ admitted the influence of the variegated abutilon on
stocks of the plain kinds. He had ilhistrated this in a paper read
before the Society at one of its discussions five years since.
Loudon long ago made the remark that this variegation affected
the stock, and was therefore supposed to be a disease which could
be communicated by grafting.

J. W. Manning said that in 1849 he was employed by Mr. Cole,
who then had young trees of the Red Russet in his nursery. Their
growth was similar to that of the Baldwin, but stronger. The
Black Oxford apple grows very strong and upright, and the roots
run equally deep.

Joseph Tailb}' thought that the subject under discussion was
exhausted last year. He had never seen any change in roses
from grafting. The only reason for grafting roses is to make
plants more quickly. You get stronger growth because the stock
is established. He had seen Black Hamburg grapes grafted on the
Barbarossa, and the foliage was larger, but the flavor was not as
good as that of fruit from plants on their own roots. The berries
and bunches were not any larger than usual.

The Chairman expressed his belief in the practical utility of dis-
cussing this subject.

Mr. Talbot thought that the solution of the questions under
discussion would be found by the study of vegetable phj^siolog}-.
At present the- subject appears confused, but all systems are
evolved from disorder.

The Chairman read a letter from Chai'les Downing, of New-
burgh, N. Y., the eminent pomologist, in which, after expressing
his interest in the discussions of the influence of the stock on the
graft, as printed in Part I of the Transactions for 1879, he said,
" There is no doubt that in large trees, top-grafted, the stock has
more or less influence, but when grafted or budded on small stocks,
near the ground, the influence, if any, would be little." The
speaker had bought pear stocks in former years, for which he paid
a high price because they were said to be free from leaf blight.
This proved to be incorrect, but the principle is correct. If we
could get such stocks from selected Vicar of Winkfield seeds, or
from the Chinese Sand pear, they would be valuable. They might
impart vigor to the kinds grafted on them.

Mr. Hovey asked why we wanted such vigorous stocks. They
are more liable to blight than moderate growers. Orchards laid

ROSE CULTURE. 119

down to gi'ass do not generally blight, and short-jointed growers
are not so apt to blight. Mr. Quiun says that the Chinese Sand
pear has blighted more than anything else.

Leander "Wetherell thought that the most impressive lesson to
be learned from the discussion is that the unknown has greatly
the advantage over the known. The evidence is not conclusive
on either side, and we ought to observe with more care. Professor
Agassiz said that when we discuss what we understand, we agree ;
but when we get to subjects that we do not understand, we differ
and wrangle.

The Chairman announced that on the next Saturda}'' there would
be a discussion on Rose Culture, to be opened by Joseph Tailby.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Saturday, March 20, 1880.

A mjeeting for discussion was holdeh at 11 o'clock, "William C.
Strong, Chairman of the Committee on Publication and Discussion,
presiding. The subject for discussion was Rose Culture, and was
opened by Joseph Tailby.

Mr. Tailb}' spoke first of the different methods of propagation,
illustrating his remarks by two plants, one grafted, the other grown
from a cutting of hard wood. The former was a much finer plant
than the latter. It is almost as easy to propagate Hybrid Per-
petual roses from cuttings of green wood as Tea roses, but he was
never successful with short cuttings of hard wood. A short cut-
ting will callus, but will not form roots. A long cutting may
have, perhaps, a dozen eyes, each one of which would have made
a plant if grafted. He had been most successful with cuttings
when they were taken off with a little heel of bark. He grafts
with a simple splice, though tongueing holds the scion in place
while tying. The plant shown was grafted the 8th or 9th of
January, on a Manetti stock which was potted in December, and
when grafted had grown about an inch. They generally flower as
earl^' as this time. The wood of imported roses is more solid

ll'O MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

tliau that of plants grown here. The wood of this was not ripe
enough when grafted. They need a little heat after grafting to
excite growth.

The Chairman said that he had recently visited Mr. Tailby's
plant houses, and was very much pleased with their appearance.
He was especially struck with his success in grafting.

Mr. Tailby went on to say that roses bloom as quickly when
grafted as when raised from cuttings, or even more quickly, and
make strong plants sooner. He thought the flowers were better
also. A plant on its own roots will take two or three years to
become as strong as a grafted plant of one year ; then it ma}^ be
as good as a grafted plant, but you get stronger growth from the
graft to commence with. He was of the opinion that all Hybrid
Perpetual roses, even Gen. Jacqueminot, are better grafted. He
always uses the Manetti stock, and thought it would make a good
stock for ever-blooming roses — as good as Laure Davoust. It is
good in light soils, but not as good as the brier in heavy soils.
It is one of the finest for an inside border. It could be grown in
one year so as to graft or bud standard high. He did not think
it would sufljer from heat so much as the brier. It is vigorous,
and, if the cuttings are properly prepared, will not throw out
suckers.

The Chairman expressed the opinion that the Tailby stock
suffers when budded high, especially with weak growing kinds like
Niphetos. He did not consider it desirable.

Mr. Tailby said that he has eight or ten Marechal Niels on the
Tailby stock, and James Cartwright has many of the Niphetos on
the same stock, none of which have suffered, Marechal Niel over-
grows the stock and sometimes forms a bunch as large as a man's
fist, like a pear on quince. Some cultivators have earthed up so
as to get roots from the graft. If the bark of the stock were slit
so as to allow it to expand, there would not be so much difference
in the size of the stock and bud. He prefers to have all roses,
including Marechal Niel, budded. A budded plant is all on one
stem. Perhaps if Tea roses were kept free from suckers they
would do as well as budded plants ; but he thought that he got
better flowers from budded plants.

A young grafted plant would not flower sooner for having the
top cut off, but would be much injured. The reason that the plant
shown had not flowered was that the wood had not ripened. If

ROSE CULTURE. 121

the base bud started be would not cut it down. It is desirable
that what wood is made should be made earl3% so as to be well
ripened. He would let the graft grow, and cut down next year,
and would not shift the pot. Each grafted bud gives as good a
plant as a cutting with twelve ej'es.

James Comle}' said that he was astonished to hear Mr. Hovey
sa}' last week that all roses do better on their own roots than when
grafted. He had tried two hundred and fifty kinds, and not one
did better on its own roots. The two plants shown by Mr. Tailby
illustrated the difference ; the speaker said he would like to take
them and cultivate them for eighteen months and see which would
do best. The sap from the whole stock goes into the scion. In
grafting he preferred not to tongue, because there is danger of
bruising the stock or scion. The Bon Silene can be grown very
fine on its own roots, but much better when grafted on Laure
Davoust. The Tea roses are true perpetuals, and want to grow
constantly ; he had lost many by drying them off, but this winter he
had watered constantly, and had more flowers than ever before.
Tea roses will not make much growth on briers, but should have
constant growers for stocks. The Manetti also is deciduous, and
makes no roots in winter. Perhaps grafted roses do not give so
man}- flowers as plants on their own roots, but they are better.
H^-brid Perpetuals do best on Prince's stock, which is a seedling
brier. Mr. Prince is one of the best English rose growers, and the
seed from which he raised his stocks was gathered from selected
roses. It is difficult to get Dog briers small enough to graft.
Prince's stock is the best for pot plants. A plant of Sir Garnet
Wolsle}", fourteen months old, exhibited by the speaker, had not
rooted from the gi-aft. Plants grafted on Dog briers and potted
deep did not root from the graft, and almost all the roots of the
stock died out. The Manetti stock makes roots at the surface.

The Chairman said that Ellwanger & Barry insist on the im-
portance of planting budded roses low in the ground, so as to cover
the stock.

Mr. Comley said that roses planted deep grow 3'ellow and begin
to die in two or three 3-ears. The Manetti grows naturallj' in high
and dry soils. He did not think that the brier suffers from heat in
this country ; he had seen tall standards on this stock, in England,
in the hottest places, and in New York and Flushing he had seen
them as fine as in Eng-land.

122 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Chairman agreed with EUwanger & Barry, in regard to
planting rose's on brier stocks deep, but differed in regard to
those on Manetti. He thought also that the heat of our summers
injures the stems of standard roses. He had such a plant of
Baron Prevost, the stem of which he protected with straw and it
flourished well.

Mr. Coniley said, that a few j^ears ago, he visited all the best
rose growers in England, and all said they got as good a plant
from a graft in one j'ear, as they could on its own roots in two.
He thought grafted plants would produce twice as large roses as
those on their own roots. He would let all the wood of a graft
grow, and prune after it was mature. The base eyes will not
start as long as the leader grows. He wants only one shoot the
first year.

The Chairman had a large number of grafted plants, very much
like the one shown by Mr. Tailby, which grew so vigorously that
the base buds broke. He had five hundred Gen. Jacqueminots
which broke at the base. He cut them ofi" and got good shoots,
but not as vigorous as he hoped for. He agreed with Mr. Comley
that a single shoot is best, and intended to try to ripen one shoot.

Mr. Comley said that the new Hybrid Tea and Perpetual roses
such as Madame Lacharme, Boule de Neige, and Coquette des
Blanches, grow more than other varieties. He thought it was
owing to the Tea blood. It is a great mistake to over-pot roses
and force them into too rapid growth. He wanted ripe, hard wood,
if there was but a foot of it. He had plants on the Carolina stock
which grew very strong, but the flowers were small. He had seen
Gen. Jacqueminots potted in eight-inch pots and watered from the
hose, whether the plants had any leaves or not. Most of his
plants remained out too late last fall, and froze too hard ; sixty
which he placed in the barn cellar flowered finely. The tops can-
not be frozen without injuring the roots. Root action should
commence before the buds start. He would never keep a house of
Hybrid Perpetuals above 45° by night and 60° by day. You
cannot expect good roses without firm wood. Many cultivators
shift too often. He exhibited a shoot taken from a plant of Jean
Liabtiud, which had been in an eight-inch pot for three 3'ears. He
has thirty-six varieties, almost all of which have grown too strong.
He has seen roses without leaves in eight to twelve-inch pots,
which were filled with water. No plant requires so much care as

ROSE CULTURE. 123

Hybrid Perpetual roses ; tropical plants will, comparatively speak-
ing, take care of themselves, if they have plenty of water. Roses
in five-inch pots require good drainage. He seldom uses compost,
but plain loam ; it is well to add a little ground bone. He thinks
a solution af saltpetre, at the rate of a handful to six gallons of
water, the best thing both for watering and syringing. When he
came to this country, he brought eighty varieties of roses, of which
Caroline de Sansal, Mrs. Elliot, and Anna de Diesbach, were
among the best. He wanted to increase them and grafting was
suggested. He prepared Manetti stocks and grafted them, and in
eight weeks could cut beautiful roses, one or two from each plant.
He put cuttings round six-inch pots in September, and placed
them in a cold frame, and in three or four months the pots were
full of roots. He grafted in spring, selecting good flowering wood
for grafts. He has always loved roses, and they seem to grow for
him.

Charles M. Hovey said there is no doubt that the Prince's stock
is a good one — much better than the suckers which were formerly
used, before seedlings were raised, and which root only from one
side. Mr. Baines, an eminent English culturist, says the only
object in budding roses is to increase them rapidly. In 1848 the
speaker had 1400 varieties of roses on his catalogue. The Hybrid
Perpetuals were then almost unknown. From 1844 to 1860 (six-
teen consecutive years) he was awarded the first prize for the best
thirty roses, and the plants were all on their own roots. He dug
up last fall old plants that had borne a thousand flowers. In 1844
he called on M. Laflfay, the great French rose grower of that day,
who raised the first fine Hybrid Perpetual rose (La Reine), still
one of the very best, and from that day to this he had never grafted
a thousand roses. Moss roses are rarely grown except on their
own roots. A year ago he visited William Paul, one of the
great English rose growers, and saw a house a hundred feet long,
with plants in fifteen-inch pots, some on Manetti and other stocks,
and some on their own roots. They do very well budded, but are
uncertain. In 1844 he imported La Reine and Princess Adelaide,
from which he took scions and grafted into roots, and in May had
plants with buds. In 1859 or '60 he had a gardener from Eng-
land, who wanted to try budding roses, and he did, and soon got
enough of such stock. He has never grafted any since, except a
few new varieties to increase them more rapidly to get good

124 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

cuttings. He has plants of Gen, Jacqueminot on their own roots
which make canes six feet high, and he believes that he can beat
grafted roses with plants on their own roots.

When a 5'oung man he used to go round among the cultivators
in New York, and saw great plants of the old Yellow Tea rose on
their own roots, with from twenty to twentj^-five buds each. He
invited anj' one to come and see a Safrano rose on its own roots
in one of his houses, which makes suckers eight or nine feet in
length, and twice as large as a grafted one of Mr. Paul's. There
are many ways of growing roses, which are good. Grafting is not
the only way. The law of nature is that every plant does about
as well on its own roots as in any way. There are exceptions,
but the number is limited. He has forty varieties of Hybrid Per-
petuals on their own roots, planted in beds last spring, which have
made shoots six feet high. Exhibition roses in England are gen-
erally budded because the varieties are new and scarce. Propa-
gating largely by cuttings of soft wood is an American system
altogether.

Mr. Tailby said that ninety-nine per cent, of the exhibition roses
in England are budded.

Mr. Comley said that when in England a few years ago he saw
almost all the noted rose growers, and asked why they did not
grow roses on their own roots, and the answer was that they did
not want them.

Mr. Hovey agreed with Mr. Comley that a large proportion of
the exhibition roses in England are from grafted plants, but he
believed this was not because the growers think they can get
better blooms from grafts, but because they can be propagated
more rapidly in quantities for sale. In this country Ellwanger
& Barry graft largelj' for the same reason. There is danger of
losing a weak variety grafted on a strong stock if care is not taken
to destroy the suckers, but with plants on their own roots this risk
is avoided.

Mr. Tailby had never seen any exhibition roses on their own
roots. Many large growers of roses in England have not a green-
house. A nurseryman who grows a hundred thousand roses must
propagate them b};- planting Manetti cuttings and budding them.
He had himself four thousand cuttings in frames, which have
callused finely, and which he would bud in September.

Mr. Comley thought that some individuals in England had

ROSE CULTURE. 125

spent as much as £500 each to produce the best twelve roses for
exhibition. There are men who cannot identify three varieties,
who produce some of the best roses. The speaker said that when
he pots roses he does not use the same compost for all. If
Baroness Rothschild is potted in the same soil as Louis Van
Houtte, the former will be coarse. Those who adhere to the old
roses will not get premiums. In five years the speaker had
imported one hundred and eighty varieties of roses.

It was voted to continue the discussion of the subject on the
next Saturday, and also to consider the best method of conducting
the meetings for discussion.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Satukday, March 27, 1880.

A meeting for discussion was holden at 11 o'clock, William C.
Strong, Chairman of the Committee on Publication and Discussion
presiding. The subject was Rose Culture, continued from last
week, and also the Best Method of Conducting the Meetings for
Discussion.

James Comley, who had the floor at the last meeting, was again
called on. He thought it was folly to deny, as some have done,
that there has been any improvement in roses for the last twenty
years. He could select fifty new roses which he would not give
for a thousand of those on the catalogues of thirty or forty years
ago. He doubted whether there is a man today who cultivates
1,400 varieties of roses. In his opinion, there are very few old
roses equal to the new. Gen. Jacqueminot is good in many
respects, but it is not the rose to stand. There are few old roses
that retain their popularity as this has done. Gen. Due d'Aumale
is better. John Hopper, which has been in cultivation for many
years, is one of the best. The speaker said he sought for quality
before anything else. There is a great difference in the habit and
vigor of the different varieties. Many condemn a rose from one
year's trial. Unless one watches and keeps the run of the new
roses, he cannot speak of them with justice. He saw at Weegan

126

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Brothers', in Jersey Heights, six houses full of Gen. Jacqueminots
on their own roots, and when he asked why the}^ did not cultivate
other varieties, thej' replied that they knew nothing of any others,
as grown for market. Mr. Coraley thought he could produce as
many Baroness Rothschilds as Gen. Jacqueminots, under the same
conditions. Almost every H^^brid Perpetual rose produces its
flowers singly. The Tea blood makes them flower more freely,
but they require more care to ripen the wood. When at Bowood,
he used to bud two thousand roses annually. Some men who
have not grown roses five years are more successful than others
who have been engaged in rose culture for twenty-five j'ears, or
more. Many have been unsuccessful, and want to know the reason
of their failure. It is not so easy to grow roses as is supposed by
some ; they require more care than an\' other plant. He made a
mistake himself by leaving some of his plants out too long. He
thought there had been a very great improvement in all classes of
plants in the last ten years, and William Paul, of England, and
Van Houtte of Belgium, would say there have been more good
roses originated in that time than ever before.

Mr. Comley concluded by reading the following lists of what he
considered the best twelve and best fifty Hybrid Perpetual roses,
and the best twelve and best thirty tender roses. Most of the
Perpetuals had been tested out doors, and proved hardy, but how
hardy he did not undertake to say.

Twelve Hybrid Perpetual roses.

Abel Carriere,
Alfred Colomb,
Baroness Rothschild,
Boule de Neige,
Duke of Edinburgh,
Gen. Due d' Aumale,

Horace Vernet,
Jean Liabaud,
John Hopper,
Monseigneur Fournier,
Paul Neron,
Rev. J. B. M. Camm.

Fifty Hybrid Perpetuals, the above and

Beauty of Waltham,
Boieldieu,
Captain Christy,
Charles Lefebvre,
Duchesse de Vallombrosa,
Dupuy Jamain,

Elie Morel,
fitienne Levet,
Fisher Holmes,
Gen. de Cissy,
Gen. Jacqueminot,
Henry Bennett,

EOSE CULTURE.

127

Jean Soupert,

John Fraser,

John Kej'nes,

John Stuart Mill,

Lord Ch'de,

Louis Van Houtte,

Mabel Morrison,

Mile. Emilie Verdier,

Mme. Alfred de Rougemont,

Mme. Boll,

Mme. Eugenie Verdier,

Mme. Prosper Laugier,

Mme. Scipion Coohet,

Twelve Tender roses.

Alba Rosea,
Belle Lyonnaise,
Catherine Mermet,
Climbing Devoniensis,
Gloire de Dijon,
Mme. Talcot.

Marie Baumaun,

Marie Rady,

Marquise de Castellane,

Maj^ Quennel,

Mons. E. Y. Teas,

Oxonian,

Perfection de Lyon,

Prince Camille de Rohan,

Queen of Waltham,

Reynolds Hole,

Sir Garnet Wolseley,

Triomphe de France,

Victor Verdier.

Marechal Niel,

Marie Ducher,

Niphetos,

Perle de Lj'^on,

President,

Souvenir de Malmaison.

Thirty Tender roses, the above and
Anna Ollivier,
Bon Silene,

Comtesse Riza du Pare,
Isabella Sprunt,
Jean Pernet,
La Sylphide,
Letty Coles,
Louis Richard,
Mme. Celina Noirey,

Mme. de Tartas,
Mme. Lambard,
Mme. Willermoz,
Perle des Jardins,
Ro3'al Tea,
Safrano,

Souvenir de Paul Neron,
Souvenir d' un Ami,
Triomphe de Rennes.

John B. Moore said that he had never been engaged very exten-
sivel}' in rose culture, and had onl}^ gone into the cultivation of the
Hj'brid Perpetuals within the last ten years. He had found them
so superior to the old June roses that he had discarded the latter
entirely. In a lot of seventy-five plants of Hybrid Perpetuals,
there was no time during the season that he could not cut roses.
He had now begun to throw aside some of the finest Hj'brid Per-
petuals of twenty years ago, because the newer kinds are so much

128 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

superior. The Caroline de Sansal, for instance, is of no acconn
when compared with Baroness Rothschild. It will not stand like
the Baroness, and though it looks very pretty early in the morn-
ing— there is no time when roses are so beautiful as at sunrise — it
opens only semi-double. He cultivates Moss roses as well as
Hybrid Perpetuals, but cares little for the Prairie roses, for they
are destitute of odor, and their individual flowers will not bear
examination, though they look very pretty when covering an arbor.

It has been recommended to make borders for roses, composed
of one half sods and the other half manure, but no man can grow
as good roses in such a border as in good soil twenty' inches deep,
with plenty of manure. You cannot give them too much manure.
He has them on their own roots, on brier, and on Manetti, and
without an exception they all do best on Manetti. Gen. Jacquemi-
not will do very well on its own roots. The Manetti stock is best
adapted to a sandy soil like his, which would not be called a natu-
rally good rose soil, a strong loam being preferred. Some kinds
will make six feet of wood as quickly as others will make three or
four. He would plant roses about three feet apart each way.

The most important point in cultivating roses in houses is to
have good, ripe wood. He has succeeded with them, but cannot
tell just how it is done. He exhibited a rose grafted on a dormant
Manetti stock in the cellar last December, the stock not being
established in the pot. In root-grafting apples and pears he used
to tongue the stock and scion, which made them sta^- more lirml}',
and the liquid grafting-wax would harden and hold them ; but when
he came to roses he found that, though he could tongue the stock,
the scion was too pithy to allow of it. He therefore made a splice
graft with a shoulder on the scion, and left a little square place at
the top of the stock to fit into the shoulder, which made it much
easier to tie than a plain splice. He thought that if one-half grew
it would be as much as he could expect, and the stocks of those
which failed would not be lost. He placed them in a disused cis-
tern where it was warm, and about one-half grew. Scions from
wood under cover, which had not been exposed to frost, grew much
better than those just cut from the garden. Some of the varieties
produced blooms, which sold for six dollars per dozen. He
thought Captain Christy not quite hardy ; it has a good deal of Tea
blood, and La France the same. Victor Verdier is good out-doors,
but there are some superior. Marguerite de St. Amaud should not

EOSE CULTURE. 129

be left out of any list, but it is better for out-door culture than for
forcing. Mrs. Laxton, judging from one bloom, is very beautiful.
There are many new ones which will require to be tested. He
does not see but the newer kinds are as hardy generally as the
older.

Charles M. Hovey wished to speak of new roses and to correct
an impression entertained by some that he had said that there had
been no improvement in roses for mariy years. The reason he
bad not exhibited roses for the last five years was that he disliked
the method of exhibiting them in boxes of moss, as now required
by the rules of the Society at the Rose Show. Mr. Moore and
Mr. Tailby both showed fine roses at the recent exhibition, and they
were well displayed in glass vases instead of resting on a bed of
moss, and were a credit to the Society. Exhibiting roses in boxes
is one of the bad English systems, denounced by Dr. Lindley in
the " Gardeners' Chronicle," as devoid of all taste, and intro-
duced here where we should lead, and not follow such a barbarous
abuse of the Queen of Flowers.

Mr. Hovey here read memoranda showing the large number of
prizes for roses taken by him from 1843 to 1865, and especially
claimed that he had taken the highest prize for sixteen consecutive
years, which no other member of the Society had done, and this
too in competition with the great rose growers of those days. He
also exhibited the invoices of roses imported by him from Messrs.
Vibert, Laffay, Verdier, and other eminent French culturists, from
1842 to 1858, including sixteen or eighteen hundred varieties, and
said that many of the old roses are as good as many of the newer
sorts.

Mr. Hovey read from the " Gardeners' Chronicle," Vol. XII,
new series, page 55, the names of roses exhibited in England, to
show that the prizes were taken by collections containing a large
proportion of old varieties.

For more than thirty years he recorded in the Magazine of
Horticulture the progress of rose culture and the improvement of
varieties. The old Cabbage rose is still extensively cultivated in
England. He would not follow the English in everything. Because
the English raise their pinks and bouvardias in pots, that is no
reason that we should do so when we can plant them in beds and
raise them by the thousand. Pot culture is not the only culture of
roses. Notwithstanding the skill of the many good Eno-lish
9

130 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

gardeners around Boston, they cannot compete with the Yankee
farmers in raising either roses or rose bushes. A farmer in New
Hampshire raises the best roses, as well as the largest quantity, of
any person in New England, and two old Pennsylvania farmers
raised 200,000 rose bushes.

In England budded roses will stand, but here they do not do so
well. Mr. Hovey quoted Mr. Parkman's opinion (Book of Roses,
page 74), that in " nine cases out of ten, roses are best on their
own roots," and showed a specimen of a rose five or six years old
on its own roots, and a layer, which he said was but one year old,
and was Nature's method of propagating roses ; also the dead
stock of a grafted rose to show the danger of suckers growing up
and choking the graft, and a budded rose which he bought in
London. Budding is the best plan if it is desired to propagate
roses rapidly, and Mr. Comley and Mr. Moore are so far right,
but the speaker had failed to see that all do best grafted. He had
shown flowers of La Reine six inches in diameter from plants on
their own roots, and he has a Solfaterre with a stem three inches
in diameter and sixty feet long, and a very large Safrano, — both
on their own roots. Grafting roses is a mere matter of fancy, but
it is well to understand what they will do and what they will not
do. It is the simplest thing to grow roses if they have a house to
themselves and are not steamed up. There is nothing finer than
such old Roses as Paul Perras and Chenedole.

Mr. Moore, in answer to Mr. Hovey's quotation from Mr.
Parkman, stated that Mr. Baker, the champion rose grower in
England, would not have roses except on Manetti stocks. What
Mr. Hovey had said about the old roses is true with regard to
Teas, of which the old ones are good. There were probably many
synonyms in Mr. Hovey's catalogue of 1400 names. Mr. Moore
acknowledged that Mr. Hovey had done a great deal for horticul-
ture, and desired to give him credit for it. In regard to the 200,-
000 roses propagated by the two Pennsylvania farmers, Mr. Moore
said that they were cuttings of green wood which are a long time
in getting sufficient strength to produce good flowers. A strong
graft will produce a dozen flowers in a j'ear, when the cuttings
would not do it in three years.

Aaron D. Capeu mentioned the two splice-grafted plants shown
last week in five inch pots, and asked whether the cuttings grown
in two inch pots would not have done as well as the grafts if they
had been in as large pots.

CONDUCTING MEETINGS FOR DISCUSSION. 131

Mr. Comle}^ replied that they would not. If a cutting is taken
off and planted at the same time that a graft is inserted, it will be
three times as long in making a callus as the graft will be in uniting.

E. W. Buswell said that he had examined the roots of the cut-
ting and they had not filled the small pot in which it was planted,
and it would therefore be improper to give it a larger one.

The discussion of rose culture was concluded here, and the best
method of conducting the meetings for discussions was taken up.

Leander Wetherell thought it should be a rule that no debater
has a right to quote a private conversation in reply to public
remarks. Another point is that all personalities or personal
reflections should be avoided. The old and the new are essential
to each other ; we are today largely indebted to our ancestors for
what they have done for us, and we have heard today good remarks
both from the older and the 3'ounger members of the Society. The
great defect in our discussions is the want of accm'ate and careful
observation. There is more or less of jealousy in all professions.
Our purpose should be to select men who understand the subjects
of which they speak, and not men who come here to advertise their
goods. A man who thoroughly understands his subject is always
welcome. He believed that every skilful rose grower kept back
something ; he had found gardeners the hardest men to get secrets
out of, and he commended them for it. He trusted the discussions
would be conducted in such a way as to bring out practical
knowledge, so far as cultivators feel at liberty to impart it.

John B. Moore thought we had not come up to the best method
in conducting these meetings. It should be a rule that no one
should speak more than ten minutes at a time, or more than once
on the same subject without permission. In farmers' clubs, which
he had attended, the first half-hour was occupied by two leaders who
were appointed beforehand and were expected to prepare themselves
to take different sides of the subject assigned. This gave a right
direction to the discussion. Speakers should be held strictly to the
subject before the meeting, and all personalities should be avoided.

William H. Hunt agreed with Mr. Moore that speakers should
be held more strictly to the subject than they generally had been,
if we wished to derive the greatest advantage from the meetings.

The Chairman remarked that questions of interest suggested by
the exhibitions often sprang up during the meetings, which rendered

132 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

it difficult to confine the discussions closely to the subject assigned.
The plan of opening the discussions by speakers appointed before-
hand was excellent, but the Committee had found it extremely
difficult to obtain speakers.

Mr. Moore replied that subjects came up in the same way in
farmers' clubs, and that the proper way of meeting them was either
to suspend the subject assigned or postpone the new one.

Mr. Wetherell thought that all speakers on side issues should be
strictly ruled out of order.

Mr. Moore thought credit was due the Chairman for originating
these discussions, when President of the Society, and for his con-
stant eflEbrts to sustain and improve them. He did not intend to
cast an3^ reflection on the Committee on Publication and Discussion,
and did not believe the Society could select a better committee.

The meeting then adjourned sine die.

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

Tlie following papers, on Seedless Fruits, by Dr. E. L. Stnrte-
yant, and a Calendar of the Flowering of Trees and Shrubs in
1880, b}'- John Robinson, though not of a character for reading at
the meetings of the Societ}', are deemed by the Committee of so
much interest and value that the^' have much pleasure in adding
them to the Transactions. Professor Robinson's Calendar is much
fuller than an}' previous one, and he has encouraged the Committee
to hope for a continuance of it in future years.

The Committee have also added a few letters which have been
suggested by the discussions of 1879, and they would take this
opportunity' to acknowledge the obligations of the Society to the
writers.

SEEDLESS FRUITS.

BY E. LEWIS STURTEVANT, M. D., SOUTH FRAMINGHAM, MASS.

Seeding is not an essential characteristic of individual plants,
nor, under peculiar circumstances, even of whole groups of plants.
We not onl}' find in Nature productiveness varjing among species,
but often complete barrenness. Thus Brandis* states that the
seeds of Bambusa arundinacea, Retz, and other species, have
often saved the lives of thousands in times of scarcity, as in 1812
in Orissa; 1864 in Canara, and 1866 (probabl}' B. Tulda, Roxb.)
in Malda, while B. Balcooa, Roxb., he has never seen in flower.
Humboldt t states that the Guadua in South America blossoms
ver}' rareh', and sa3'S that it is a ver}' striking fact that some plants
grow with the greatest vigor in certain localities without flowering,
as is the case with the European olive trees introduced into America
centuries ago and growing near Quito at elevations of about 9600
feet above the sea level. Bojer J states the same fact for the wal-
nut, hazel-nut, and the fine olive trees of the Isle of France. The
sugar cane, according to various observers, says Darwin, § never
bears seed in the West Indies, Malaga, India, Cochin-China, and

* Forest Flora, 56G. J Hortus Mauritianus, 1837, 201.

t Views of Nature, Bohn's ed.,335. § An. and PI., II, 206, N.Y. Ed., 18G8.

134 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the Malay Archipelago. Fleischmann, * however, speaks of a
West Indian cane bearing seeds, but these did not sprout. The
sweet potato has never flowered in my garden in Massachusetts ;
it, however, is cultivated for its flowers, as well as for its root, in
India,! but Mr. Fortune informed Darwin| that in China, so far as
he had seen, it never yields seed. Citrus auranUum, Riss. et Poit.,
in Lower Bengal does not fruit at all, or does not bear freely.
Millingtonia hortensis, L., seeds very rarely in North India, and
the Indian Populus alba., L., does not often flower, according to
Brandis.§ Agave vivi2yera, when grown in rich soil, invariably
produces bulbs but no seeds, according to Dr. Royle.|| Dioscorea
aculeata, L.,^ is said never to flower or fruit. Firminger** states
that the quince had been in the Calcutta Botanic Garden for
twenty years, and had never blossomed. Dr. Riddel states that
the tree blossoms in some localities but does not produce fruit.
Pear trees brought from America have blossomed abundantly every
year, but nothing more, and apple trees, brought likewise from
America, have blossomed often, but if the}^ have set fruit, it has
been only to drop it immediately aftei^wards. On the slopes of the
mountains of Mexico, at Xalapa, says Humboldt, ff wheat does not
form ears. Many alpine plants ascend mountains beyond the
height at which they can produce seed. The Acorus Calamus
extends over a large portion of the globe, but so rarely perfects its
fruit that this has been seen by but few botanists. Lysimachia
Nummularia so seldom produces seed-capsules, that Decaisne, who
particularly studied this plant, has never seen it in fruit. The
horseradish rarely perfects capsules. J J Dr. E. Bornet, of Autibes,
informed Darwin §§ that in hybrid Cisti the ovarium is frequently
deformed, the ovules being in some cases quite absent, and in other
cases incapable of fertilization. Darwin |||| also states that when
stamens are converted into petals, the plant becomes on the male
side sterile ; when both stamens and pistils are thus changed the
plant becomes completely barren. For this reason, double portu-

. *U. S. Pat. Of. Kept., 1848, 283. ** Gard. in India, 245.

fFirminger, Gardening in India, 511, ff Travels, Bohn's ed., I, 498.

157. JJFor other instances see Darwin,
X An. and PI., II, 206. An. and PI., II, 207, 208.

§ Forest Flora, 53, 847, 474. §§ An. and PI., I, 467.

II Trans. Linn. Soc., XVII, 563. |||| lb., II, 204.
^ Seeniann, Flora Vitiensis.

SEEDLESS FRUITS. 135

lacas have a great paucity of seed, and according to Breck * hardly
a capsule of seed is to be found on a plant. In India, Hibiscus
Hosa-Sinevsis, according to Firminger,t is never known to produce
seed, and this is also the case with H. liliijlorus.

Other instances of plants not producing seeds are to be found
amongst the dioecious species when the two sexes borne on different
plants are separated. Thus Theophrastus,J in the fourth century
before Christ, observed that palm trees do not bear fruit unless the
females are fecundated by the dust contained in the flowers of the
male, and that in Greece the palm trees raised for the ornament of
gardens bear no dates, or at least never bring them to perfect
maturit}'. This process of fertilization, according to Stocks, § is
now performed in Sindh, in Arabia, and elsewhere, b}^ making a
hole in the sheath of the female flower, before the flower-sheaths
open, and placing therein a few bits of the male panicle.

These illustrations seem to be sufficient to establish our proposi-
tion that seeding is not an essential characteristic of plants ; that
plants in nature and under art, can flourish, and yet, as a general
thing, produce no seed, and hence it is a priori probable that the
habit of producing seed can be changed, amended, or destro^-ed
through the artificial processes involved in the act of domestication
and cultivation.

Further, seed-bearing seems but a device for the propagation of
plants, and in nature is so general a characteristic, because offering
such a valuable provision for the action of natural selection in per-
petuating the species. It is only when some other provision takes
the place of this device of seeding, that a barren plant can exist as
a species. Hence, in those cases where propagation is more readily
effected in other ways than by seed, we observe a lessening of
fertilit}', and an approach to or a complete barrenness. Perhaps
we should add, although really included in the above, that the con-
ditions of life aflTecting the new plant, may determine against the
seedling and in favor of the bulb, the tuber, the runner, or the
offset. The antithesis to natural selection is "that useless parts
have a tendency to disappear, and hence as the seed loses its
importance, it is apt to lose its functions and identity. This fact
is otherwise expressed hy Goethe and Geoffrey- St. Hilaire, viz,
that when one part of a plant is unduly nourished, other parts

* New Book of Flowers, 39. J Hist. Plant., Lib. 2 ; Lib. 3, cap. 5.

tGard.'in India, 412. § Hooker's Jour, of Bot., VII, 551.

136 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

become reduced, and this is called the law of compensation or
balancement of growth.

Thus, the potato ceases to produce seed-balls freely as the tubers
become improved b^' cultivation, as is generally known, and is
especiall}^ illustrated in the experience of the well-known propa-
gator, C. E. Goodrich.* The Bogota potato, when first introduced,
bore small tubers, and was covered with fruit ; twenty years later
it produced enormous tubers, but did not even set, much less
perfect seed. Thomas Andrew Knightf saj^s he has shown that
the cause why early varieties of the potato do not afford blossoms,
is the preternaturall}^ earl}' disposition of the plant to generate its
tuberous roots. The varieties of radish, says De Candolle,J with
small roots, yield numerous seeds valuable for containing oil, whilst
the radishes with large roots are not productive in oil-bearing
seeds. In one instance, I removed a 3'oung beet plant, a biennial,
from a rich to a sterile soil, and subjected it to conditions inter-
fering with its vigor, and the root grew to but small size, but a
seed-bearing shoot was thrown up. In several instances by con-
tinually checking the growth of the cabbage hy quite frequently
pulling upon the small plant until I could feel the fibres of the root
yield I produced rapid " heading," and the appearance of the seed-
stalk the first year. The maize plant, under excessive manuring,
I have found to grow with great luxuriance, and to be productive
mostly of deformed ears of grain, and but a small crop. To make
European vegetables under the hot climate of India yield seed,
sa3's Ingledew,§ it is necessary to check their growth, and when
one-third grown, they are taken up, and their stems and tap-roots
are cut or mutilated. Prof. Lecoq|| had three luxuriant and sterile
plants of Mirahilis^ but after beating one with a stick until only a
few branches were left, . these at once yielded good seed. Seedling
fuchsias, saj'S Burbidge,^ if starved, frequentlj^ flower when only
an inch or two in height. M. J. Berkeley** sa3-s that those persons
who undertake to supply good turnip seed, check the luxuriance of
the roots by repeated transplanting, as it is found that seeds raised
from the finest roots produce plants which have a tendeuc}^ to
make a luxuriant head rather than a large and sound root.

* Trans. N. y. Ag. 8oc., 1848, 418. 1| De la Focondation, 1862, 308,
t Hort. and Phys. Papers, 321. quoted by Darwin.

J Mem. du Mus., VII, 178, quoted by f Cultivated Plants, 91.

Darwin, An. and PL, II, 412. ** Treas. of Bot., II, 1082.
§ Trans, of the Agri-Hort. Soc. of Ind., II, quoted by Darwin.

SEEDLESS FRUITS. 137

Joseph Harris, of Rochester,* saj's " You can raise more plants
from an ounce of poor cabbage, onion, lettuce, caiTot, parsnip,
and beet seed than you can from an ounce of the best and choicest,"
as there seems an antagonism between the functions of seed pro-
duction and of growth. John Mon-isonf writes that there are
numerous instances where turnips, when j'oung, have received a
check by frost, and run to flower instead of bulbing. The Solandra
grandifloi-a, a Jamaica shrub, for years grew vigorously in English
stoves, without showing any signs of fructification. By checking
the luxuriance of the growth it is now caused to flower abundantly. |
An analogous illustration is the surprise expressed by Koelreuter§
that sterile hybrids show a strong tendency to develop gigantic or
tuberous roots, and almost invariably tend to increase largely by
suckers, etc.

These are sufficient illustrations of antagonism of growth between
root development and seeding, and leaf-growth and seeding. We
will now pass to the antagonism that appears to exist between the
development of the various parts of the fruit, confining ourselves to
the species which are normally-, or in varieties, or individually,
seedless, and using the term fruit in the cultural, and not in the
botanical sense.

The Apple, Pirus malus, L., is a fleshy fruit consisting of the
ovary and calj'x. The outer skin, or epicarp, is composed of the
epidermis of the calyx combined with the ovary ; the fleshy portion
is the mesocarp, formed by the cellular portion of the calyx and
ovary ; while the scaly layer forming the walls of the seed-bearing
cavities in the centre, is the endocarp. The carpels lie in the
centre of the fruit, and form the core, while the edible pulp is
formed by the calyx, which is adherent to the exterior of the ovary.
The calyx is a modification of the leaf structure, or morphologically
is related to the leaf.

The better varieties of the apple usually contain some abortive
seeds, and are individually to be found seedless. As a rule, to
which as yet I have noted no exceptions, the larger the apple the
greater the number of abortive seeds. Thus five Baldwin apples,

* Seed Catalogue for 1880, p. 1. J Quarterly Journal of Agriculture,

t Prize Essays Highland Soc, 4th 1,294.

Ser., II, 101. § Bastarderzegung, 5, 527, quoted by

Darwin.

138 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

weighing thirty ounces, had eleven pkimp and nine abortive seeds ;
five other Baldwins from the same barrel and weighing seventeen
ounces, furnished twenty-five plump and three abortive seeds.
It also appears to be a fact that in general the improved varieties
of apples contain fewer seeds and a larger proportion of abortive
seeds than do wilding apples ; and there is strong reason to
suppose that apples of high quality, especially if ripening up soft,
contain fewer plump seeds than do inferior varieties, but I have
noted exceptions. Lunan* says that in Jamaica the fruit seldom
contains seed, and no apple yet introduced thrives. The curious
St. Valery apple in France, says Darwin, f although it bears fruit,
rarely produces seed. At the Massachusetts Horticultural Society's
Exhibition in 1834, a curious apple produced without blossom, and
having neither core nor seed, was exhibited. J Mr. Knight§ grafted
the apple upon a pear stock, and the fruit thus obtained had not a
single seed. In a case reported in France of a seedling apple, one
half of which was red and acid, the other half green and sweet,
there was said to be scarcely ever a perfectly developed seed.||
Individual apples are frequently seen with all the seeds abortive,
and the Romans are said to have had one sort without kernels.^
Yet in these instances of seedless fruit, we have but a hint of
improvement in quality accompanying barrenness.

The Banana is a prominent instance of a seedless fruit. The
fruit is composed of three adherent carpels, surrounded by the
external coat of the ovarium. It belongs to the genus Musa, and
is conveniently described as forming a number of species. This
fruit, according to Humboldt,** has been constantly cultivated as
far as history and tradition extend, in all continents within the
tropical zone. As is well known, it rareh' produces seeds. On
the coast of Paria, however, near the Golfo Triste, the banana is
said to occasionally produce germinating seeds if the fruit be
allowed to ripen on the stem. At Bordones also, near Cumana,
perfectl}^ formed and matured seeds have been occasionally found
in this fruit. In the Province of Cercado, on the Amazon, " there
is an enormous amount of kinds or varieties of bananas which pro-
duce in the year from seed. "ft It is doubtful whether this does not

*Hort. Jam., I, 24. || Loudon's Gard. Mag., XIII, 230.

t An. and PI., II, 203. t Hort. Trans., I, 152.

X Hist. Mass. Hort. Soc, 234. ** Views of Nature, 305.

§ Phys. and Hort. Papers, 222. ft Castelnau's Travels.

SEEDLESS FRUITS. 139

refer to the 3'ield from the planting of suckers, however. Me5'en*
states that at Manilla one variety of the banana is full of seeds.
Capt. Cook arrived at Batavia in December, 1770, and describes
the bananas there. After mentioning several varieties he says
" there is one which deserves the particular notice of the botanist,
because, contrary to the nature of its tribe, it is full of seeds.
. . . It has, however, no excellence to recommend it to the
taste, but the Malays use it as a remedy for the flux."f Burton J
says of Central Africa that the best fruit plantain is that gi'own by
the Arabs at the Unyamyembe ; it is still a poor specimen, coarse
and insipid, stringy and full of seeds. . . . Upon the Tan-
ganyika lake there is a variety called " Mikono t'hembro" or
Elephant Hands, which is considerably larger than the Indian
"Horse Plantain." The skin is of a brick-dust red, in places
inclining to rusty brown ; the pulp is a dull yellow, with black seeds,
and the flavor is harsh, strong, and drug-like, Roxburgh § sa3^s the
original wild Musa from which all the cultivated varieties of both
plantain and banana proceed, bears numerous seeds. The fruit is
soft and pulpy. In the Himalaya, Hooker || mentions two species
that ripen austere and small fruits, which are full of seeds and
quite uneatable. The fruit of M. ensete, Bruce, is not palatable
and is rarelj' eaten, and contains a few large stony seeds. It is
grown in large plantations, in Abyssinia, for the inner part of the
stem and the j'oung spike, which are served as a table vegetable.^
M. glauca, Roxb., of Pegu, never produces suckers. The fruit con-
tains little else than seeds, not fit for a monkey to eat.** M. Nepa-
lensis^ Royle, is found in Nepal, growing apparently in a wild
state, and the fruit containing little else than the hard dry seeds. ft
M. superba, Roxb., a native of Southern India, ripens seed which
is fertile. The fruit is of no use ; when ripe it is more like a dry
capsule than a berry. It never produces suckers. ||

The seedless species are : M. Arakanensis. The fruit of this

*Keise um Erde, II, 214, quoted by tUnger, U. S. Pat. Of. Kept., 1859,
Darwin. 352. Masters, Treas. of Bot.,

t Cook's Voyages, I, 304. II, 765.

J Lake Regions of Central Africa, ** Roxburgh, Coromandel Plants, pi.
316. 300.

§ Coromandel Plants, plate 275. ft Royle, lUust. of the Bot. of the

II Himalayan Joiirnals, I, 183. Himalaya Mts., 355.

J J Roxburgh, Coromandel Plants, III, 18, 96.

140 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

plantain is one of the best there is ; the old trees yield particularly
fine fruit. In 1857, eighteen varieties were sent to the Agri-
Horticultural Society of India.* M. Chinensis, syn. M. Cavendishiiy
is a very rich and delicious fruit, now gi'own in Florida, and the
variety best suited for greenhouse culture. M. paradisiaca^ of the
Siamese countries, has man}' varieties. f M. rubra is the "Vai " of
Cook, and the " Fahie " of Wilkes. The fruit, which grows upright,
is of a deep golden hue with orange-colored pulp, destitute of seeds,
tasting like the common banana but of a higher flavor, and very
popular with the n ati ves of Tahiti .J " The Ram Kela , " of India, has
fruit of a very dark red, ripening to a yellowish red, remarkably
fine.§ M. Fei, the " fei," a wild plantain of Tahiti, of which there
are five varieties, is usually eaten either roasted or boiled. ||
M. sapientum, the species to which some botanists refer all
the others as varieties, has many varieties. Firminger^ describes
seven in culture about Calcutta. Simmonds** saj^s there are
twenty varieties in Tenasserim, ten in Ceylon, and thirty in Burma.
In Madagascar the plantains are about as large as a man's arm.
The " Staff of Life" in Central Africa has about a dozen varieties.
Burtonft says it is " scarcely ever eaten in the ripe state, save by the
females who extract from it an unfermented and delicious liquor. "j|
Grant § § says it is the staple food of the countries one degree on
either side of the equator. There are half a dozen varieties, — the
boiling, baking, drying, fruit, and wine-making sorts. The dried
fruit from Ujiji is like a Normandy pippin. At Tongataboo, Cook
found fifteen different varieties, || || and at Atooi, in February,
1778, at least five or six varieties. *[[^ Acosta*** says " there is a
kind of small planes, white and very delicate, which in Hispaniola
they call Dominiques. There are others which are stronger and
bigger, and red of color." This seems to be the M. maculata, Jacq. ,
and M. regia, Rumph. Humboldt saysftt the Musa has as great
a variety of fruit as our apple and pear trees. M. troglodytarum,

* Firrainger, Gard. in India, 181. JJ Long, Cent. Africa, 126.

t Pickering, Chron. Hist, of PL, 277. §§ Speke's Nile, 583.

J "Wilkes, U. S. Exp. Ex., II, 28. {||| Cook's Voyages, II, 127.

§Firminger, Gard. in India, 180. 11 lb., II, 24:G.

II Voy. of the Novara, III, 263. *** Natural and Moral Hist, of the

IGard. in India, 177. East and West Indies, Eng.

**Trop. Agr., 457. Trans., 270.

tt Lake Regions ofCentral Africa, 316. ftt Travels, I, 49.

SEEDLESS FRUITS. 141

L., S3'n. M. uranoscopus, Rumph., of India and the Pacific Islands,
has fruit, like 3L rubra, on upright stalks, small, reddish or orange
colored, and edible.*

These statements bear out Balfour's inferencef that in the case
of bananas and plantains, the non-development of seeds seems to
lead to a larger growth, and a gi'eater succulence of fruit, and we
might add quality also.

The Baeberrt, Berheris vulgaris, has a stoneless variety called
Vinetier Sans Noyau by the French, but the plant frequently pro-
duces berries with seeds, as Downing| observes. R. Thompson§
saj's this stoneless fruit often occurs on old plants, and a celebrated
conserve is made from it at Rouen, France. I have occasionally
found seedless fruits on hedge plants in Maine. This fruit is
botanically a berr}' with a few seeds.

The Beech tree, Fagus ferruginea, Ait., I have never known
to produce nuts with a kernel, in Framingham, Mass. It forms
the sterile fruit often in great abundance. I am told, however,
that in groves it sometimes perfects the nut.

The Bread-Fruit, Artocarpus incisa, L. fil. The edible portion
is formed hj the cohesion into a single mass, of the floral envelopes
and ovaria of a large number of flowers, arranged on a central
fleshy column or spike. It is nowhere met with growing wild, (?)
and has been distributed from the Moluccas, by way of Celebes and
New Guinea throughout all the islands of the Pacific Ocean, to
Otaheiti. It is also naturalized in the Isle of France and tropical
America,! and bears fruit in Ceylon and in Burma.^ On a single
Polynesian island twent}^ -four varieties are enumerated, as Darwin**
writes. In Otaheiti, writes Lunan,tt they reckon eight varieties
without seeds, and one variety with seeds is inferior to the others,
and this sort is not good unless it is baked. The seeds are said
by "Wilkes J J to be often abortive in Tahiti. The natives of the
Pacific Islands possess, sa^'s DeCandolle,§§ many varieties, notablj*

* Mueller, Select Plants. t Brandis, Forest Flora, 426.

t Botany, p. 261. ** An. and PI., II, 309.

J Fruits, ed. of 1866, 284. ttHort. Jam., I, 113.

§ Treas. of Bot., I, 136. %% U. S. Exp. Ex., II, 50.

!l Unger, U. S. Pat. Of. Kept., 1859. §§ Geog. Bot., 919.
315.

142 MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTURAL SOCIETY.

those whose fruits are without seeds, which indicates a very ancient
culture. M. Sonnerat, found in the Philippines, the bread-fruit
wild, and bearing ripe seeds of a considerable size*. The plants
are propagated by cuttings. They may also, says Williams, f be
increased by suckers, which are produced abundantly in their native
countries.

The Cherry, Prunus, sp. is formed by a change in the sub-
stance of the carpellary leaf. The internal surface of this becomes
hardened into the stone (the endocarp), whilst the external
(epicarp) remains as a thin cuticle or skin, and the pulp of the
fruit (the mesocarp) is formed bj^ the increase of the parenchyma
or flesh}' tissue of the leaf. Robert Manning, a skilled and accu-
rate pomologist, informs me that the cultivated cherries have the
seeds generally abortive. This is not always the case, however,
as Prince's Duke was raised by Mr. Prince, of Long Island, from
a seed of the Carnation,]: and it is doubtless true that our principal
varieties have originated from seeds of the cultivated kinds. Mr.
Knight§ crossed the Morello and common cherry. From many
thousand blossoms, five cherries were produced, and four of these
did not contain seeds. The quality was excellent.

The Chestnut, Castanea vesca, L., does not readily and abund-
antly ripen its fruit in the immediate neighborhood of the sea, in
Massachusetts, says Emerson. || Abortive nuts are very common
in the burrs, and frequently in Framingham all the fruits on the tree
are abortive. In the Chestnut, the abortion of some of the ovules
seems to be an invariable and normal process.

The Cucumber, Cucumis sativa, L. The fruit consists of three
carpels united together and forming one cell, but having the ovules
an-anged on three lines which pass up the sides. ^ Seedless cucum-
bers are mentioned by Loudon** as being grown purposely from
unfertilized flowers on account of theu" more desirable qualitj'.
William Saunders, now superintendent of the garden and grounds
of the Department of Agriculture, at Washington, tells me that

* Foster's Obs., 179, note. || Trees and Shrubs of Mass., ed. of

t Choice Stove and Greenhouse 1846, p. 165.

Plants, II, 109. t Carpenter, Veg. Phys., Bohn's ed.,

t Downing, Fruits, ed. 1860, 274. 411.

§ Phys. and Hort. Papers, 277. ** Horticulturist, 495.

SEEDLESS FRUITS. 143

this is a well-kuown custom, and E. F. Bowditch, of Framiughatn,
Mass., has grown this seedless fruit in his cucumber house. The
melon, which I have largely gi'own, I have never known to be seedless,
but it is a matter of common observation with me that the fruits of
the highest flavor and excellence are apt to contain fewer seeds
than others of the same variety but diminished quality.

The Date, Phoenix dactylifera, L. The epicarp is the outer
brownish skin, the pulpy matter is the mesocarp, and the paper-like
lining is the endocarp covering the hard seed. The tree is dioecious,
and the female tree is fertilized artificially. Nineteen-twentieths
of the population of Fezzan live on dates during nine months of
the year. More than fifty varieties are there known, according to
J. Richardson.* At Mooltan, P. Edgeworth states that there is
one date tree called " Bedana" which bears a stoneless fruit, and
in former times it was considered a royal tree, and the fruit was
reserved for the reigning sovereign. f In the deserts of North
Africa, the date palm has yielded, as Vogelj states, thirty-eight
varieties.

The DiosprRos genus which includes the persimmon has occasion-
ally seedless varieties. Forsyth § mentions a cultivated variety of
D. melanoxylon, Roxb., as being without stones. E. J. Wickson,
editor of the Pacific Rural Press, writes me that some Japan
persimmons, D. KaM, L. fil., bear seedless fruit the fii'st 3"ear ; the
second 3-ear seeds appear. " I cut one last week," he says (Feb-
ruarj^, 1880), "ten and three-quarters inches in circumference,
without sign of seeds." In Japan there exist some fifty varieties,
thirteen of which Henrj^ Loomis|| pronounces as constituting the
leading sorts. Of these the " Yemon" has some specimens seed-
less, especially when the trees are young. The quality seems to
be excellent — superior to many, but not equal to the " Grosho."
The Diospyros Virginiana, L., (Persimmon) is, as William Saunders
informs me, frequently seedless. Occasionally varieties are met with
having fruit double the size of the ordinary kind. The best ripen
soft and sweet and have a clear, thin, transparent skin without any

* Jour. Lond. Hort. Soc, 1851, 46. J Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,
t Jour, of the Agri-Hort. Soc. of 1854, 460.

India, 1867, quoted by Firminger, § Highlands of Central India, 463.

Gard. in India, 173. ll Scientific Farmer, June, 1879, 78.

144 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

rough taste, as Porcher* says. It is not, however, jet classed,
among our cultivated fruits by the American Pomological Society.
I. M. Pearsonf saj's, " I have seen some of our native kinds without
any seeds, of which the fruit was delicious."

The Fig, Ficus Carica, L., is an anthocarpous fruit, in which the
axis, or the extremity of the peduncle, is hollowed, so as to bear
numerous flowers, all of which are united in one mass to form the
fruit. Dr. Preslj enumerates no less than forty varieties which are
cultivated in Sicily. Dr. Robert Hogg § enumerates sixty-five varie-
ties of figs. Even in the United States, one leading nursery firm
offers twenty-five varieties in its list. || There are forty-two varie-
ties enumerated in the London Horticultural Societj^'s Catalogue,^
and eighteen in the American Pomological Society's Catalogue of
1877. Many kinds of fig, says Brandis,** attain maturity with
sterile seeds — that is, seeds in which the embrj^o has not been
developed, and therefore fecundation is not an essential condition
to the ripening of figs. The cultivated fig tree bears two sorts of
fruit ; in the spring early figs or " fiorones," and in the summer late
figs which ripen in the autumn. In the "fiorones" male fiowers
are very rarely found, and the few which may be present cannot
serve for fecundation, for the}' do not make their appearance until
long after the female flowers, nor until the stigmates of the latter
are dried and destroyed. Whether it be owing to this or some
other cause, I have never j'et, says Prof. Gasparrini, been able to
find seeds with embryos in the "fiorones." The summer fruits on
the contrary, have no male flowers, and yet a large proportion, I
may say nearly all, of their ovaries become perfect — that is, fur-
nished with embryos. It It is for this reason Gasparrini is led to
suppose that the embryo of the fig seed is developed without pre-
vious fecundation.

The Grape, Vitis, sp. is botanically a berry, an indehiscent
fruit which is fleshy or pulpy throughout. The seeds nestle in
pulp formed from the placentas. The berry is formed from the

* Eesources of the Southern Fields || Ellwanger & Barry, Desc. Cat. of

and Forests, 387. Fruits, 1880.

t Trans. 111. Hort. Soc, 1878, 87. t Downing, Fruits, 1866, 290.
J John Hogg, Hooker's Journ. of ** Forest Flora, 419.

Bot., I, 182. ft Ann. des. Sciences, Sec. 3, Tom.

§ Fruit Manual, 3d ed., p. 102. V, p. 306.

SEEDLESS FRUITS. 145

ovaries alone. The ancients claimed a method of producing seed-
less grapes, which is thus given in the " Travels of Auacharsis " :*
"To obtain grapes without stones, jou must take a vine-shoot and
cut it lighth' in the part which is to be set in the ground ; take out
the pith from this part, unite the two sides separated by the incision,
cover them with wet paper, and plant it in the earth. The experi-
.ment will succeed better if the lower part, thus prepared, be put in
a sea-onion before it is planted. Other methods are known to
produce the same effect." As erroneous as this advice may seem,
yet in the present age, Firminger, in a communication to the Agri-
Horticultural Society of India, t saj's that he was informed by
R. Solano, of Shahabad, that by scooping out the pith of the
Litchi, the result was, the stone of the fruit became much lessened
and the pulp consequently more abundant, and considerably im-
proved in flavor. He also stated that a like result was produced
on the grape vine in Spain. Gen. J. Jenkins also communicated
to Mr. Firminger the following method of preventing the formation
of seeds in guavas ; "Take a young tree, split it in the middle with
a carving knife, about twelve or fifteen inches up ; pick out the
pith, close it, cover it with earth and bind it up with straw. The
tree will grow as before, but the fruit will have no seeds in them."
But the general had never tried it.

In the grapery of M. H. Simpson, Saxonville, Mass., is a seed-
less variety of the Black Hamburg, of which I have frequently
eaten the fruit. Yet even this vine occasionally produces seeds in
some of the berries. William Saunders informs me that seed-
less grapes frequentl}' occur in the graperies of the Department of
Agi'iculture at Washington, when from any circumstance the pollen
becomes excluded from the pistils. The Sultana grape is always a
seedless variety, and is so advertised in our nurserymen's cata-
logues. Arnoldj says, "In the way of eating there can be few
greater pleasures than to devour the grapes of Kasveen on a hot
day as one would currants in England. They are the small,
stoneless grapes, which, when dried, are sold as Sultana
raisins." The Zante currant is a seedless grape, and supplies the
dried currants of commerce. E. J. Wickson writes me that " the

* Theoph., De Caus. Plant., Lib. 5, Cap. 5 ; Deraocr., Geopon., Lib. i, Cap.
7; Pallad., De Re Rustic, Febr., Tit. 29 ; Colum., De Arbor., 9; Plin., Lib.
17, Cap. 21, T. II, p. 74; Traite de la Vigne, T. I, 29, are the references.

t Gard. in India, 170. J Through Persia by Caravan, 151.

10

146 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Corinth grape is quite apt to bring seeds, much to the disgust of
our people in California, who are trying to make Zante currants.
The Corinth does the same in Australia." The Arabians " dry a
small sort of grape called ' Kishmish,' which has no stone, but only
soft and almost impalpable seeds."* Ludovico de Varthema, in
1503-8, describing Reame, a cit}- of Arabia Felix, says: "Here
also is found a kind of white gi'ape, which has no seeds within,
than which I never tasted better." f The white wine of Ispahan,
says Redding, J is made from a small white grape called ' ' Kis-
mish," which has no pips, perhaps first brought from the island of
that name, noted for fine fruit, near Gombron. Near Atrascan,
sa3'S Pallas, § there is a grape with mere traces of seeds, so small
and lying so near the stalk that they are not perceived in eating
the fruit. "In Bulkh," says J. Harlan, || " the sweetest and best
wine grape is called ' Kishmish ; ' it is a black, seedless fruit, of
an oval shape, about the size of a person's first thumb joint. It
differs in flavor, size, and color, from the Cabul grape of the same
name." Among the grapes of Cabul is the " Ungoor-i-Kishmishee,"
a fruit not large, round, transparent, with a slight tinge of j-ellow,
seedless, sweet, and luscious. The grapes of Eschol^ " have gen-
erally a ti'ansparent membraneous seed, though some are said to
have actually no seed at all, whereb}', while they are chewed, no
seed is discoverable to the taste or tongue, yet it is apparent when
the grape is cut with a knife and seed is sought for." Le Bru3'er**
describes similar grapes without seed in Persia. In the Punjaub,
according to Firminger,t| the}- have an indigenous stoneless grape,
called the "Bedana."

It cannot have failed to be observed how a diminution in the size
of the seed accompanies an improvement in quality in our native
grapes. In the cases given, all the seedless grapes seem to be
described as possessing an excellent quality. Is this a complete
instance of the antagonism between seed and qualit}' of pulp, which
we have before inferred?

The GuAVA, Psidium guajava, Raddi. In this fruit the seeds
nestle in pulp formed apparently bj^ the placentas. The savory

*K. Niebuhr, Travels through § Travels, Eng. Trans., I, 313.

Arabia. || U. S. Pat. Of. Kept., 1861, 534, 529.

t Travels, Hakl. Soc. ed., 77. tCalmet, Diet, of the Bible.

X Quoted in U. S. Pat. Of. Kept., ** Quoted by Calraet.

1860, 367. tt Gard. in India, 212.

SEEDLESS FRUITS. 147

fruit, of the size of an apple, is highly relished, and is eaten raw or
made into a conserve in the West Indies. It is covered with a
rind of some thickness, within which are the seeds contained in a
pulp without any shell. * The contained pulp is of white, red, or
3'ellow color, in the varieties, full of bony seeds, f Its cultivation
has been carried on by the primitive inhabitants of the main land
of America, from Mexico to Brazil, from time immemorial, says
Unger, | and it is frequently without seeds.

The Kaki. See Diospyros.

The Medlar. 31espilus Germanica,!^. There is a variet}' called
stoneless, without stones or seeds, advertised in French fruit
catalogues .

The Mulberry, Morus alba and nigra. The edible portion is
formed by the cohesion, into a single mass, of the floral envelopes
and ovaries of a large number of flowers, aiTanged on a central
fleshy column or spike, the calj^ces becoming succulent, and invest-
ing the pericarps. This tree is but little cultivated in America, but
in Asiatic countries it is in esteem. There are many varieties of
M. alba, L., in Kashmere and Afghanistan, says Brandis, § sweet
and acid, and of all shades of color, from white to a deep blackish
purple. The fruit furnishes a considerable portion of the food of
the inhabitants in autumn, and much of it is dried and preserved.
In Beloochistan, according to Stocks, there is a seedless variety
called " Bedana." Harlan says, || the first fruit in the market at
Cabul is the white, seedless mulberry or '• Shah-toot," the thick-
ness of the small finger. It is ver}' sweet, and the tree is inex-
haustibly prolific. In its season it forms the chief food of the
poor. It is a grafted fruit. In Turkistan, the large white, almost
seedless berries of the Khorasine mulberry from Khiva, both when
fresh and dried, are greatly used for food.^

The Opdntia Davisii, Engelm. Common on the upper Cana-
dian, eastward and westward of Tucumcarl Hills, near the Llano
Estacado. All the fruit seen were sterile, and most of them
elongated^, one to one and a quarter inches long.**

*Rhind, Veg. Kingdom. |1 U. S. Pat. Of. Rept., 1861, 529.

t Lunan., Hort. Jam. I, 350. 1 Schuyler, Turkistan, I, 196.

JU. S. Pat. Of. Rep., 1859, 349, **Engelman, Pac. R. R. Rept., IV,
§ Forest Flora, 407. Bot. 49.

148 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Oraiige, Citrus aurantiumy is botanically a hesperidium, or
a berry with a leathery rind. This fruit consists of the carpels
surrounded by the external coat of the ovarium, and having the
space between their inner wall and the seeds they contain filled
with a very succulent cellular tissue. The rind consists of epicarp
and mesocarp, while the endocarp forms partitions in the interior
filled with pulpy cells which are produced from the inner lining of
the pericarp. The tree has been cultivated for its fruit from
ancient times, and there are many varieties. According to Dr.
Presl, there are fourteen cultivated in Sicily.* Loudon mentions
nineteen varieties, f Downing twelve. J Gallesio describes forty
of the principal kinds cultivated in Italy. Among the wild oranges
of Florida even, I have noticed varieties. In one grove near Ma-
tanzas Inlet, I have found and eaten an orange with sweet pulp
and bitter rind, and what is worthy of mention, the seeds are fewer
and smaller in this variety than in the common bitter kind. D.J.
Browne § says that in many parts of the West Indies and South
America, the wild oranges occur sweet and excellent, and sour and
bitter, round, flattened, rough, smooth, obovate, pear-shaped, thick
and thin skinned, juicy and dry, — some with and others without
seeds, — some bearing seeds at the eye, outside of the fruit, while
others present a navel-like protuberence at the same point, with no
seeds. E. J. Wickson writes me from California : "I would state
that the Navel or Bahia orange, now growing in this State is per-
fectly seedless." The St. Michael orange, says Browne, || one of
the most delicious of all the varieties, is known by its small, seed-
less fruit, with a thin rind, and extremely sweet pulp. Loudon^
says this variety "is generally without seed." Downing** saj's
" the pulp often seedless, juicy, and often lusciously sweet." Dr.
Bullartt states that the thinness of the rind of a St. Michael orange,
and its freedom from pips, depend on the age of the tree. The
young trees, when in full vigor, bear fruit with a thick, pulpy rind,
and abundance of seeds ; but as the vigor of the plant declines, the
peel becomes thinner, and the seeds gradually diminish in number,
till they disappear altogether. "The myrtle-leaved orange," writes

♦Hogg, Hooker's Journ. of Bot., I, || Trees of America, 59.

106. IHort., 608.

tHort., 608. ** Fruits, 694.

X Fruits, ed. 1860, 691. ft Balfour's Bot., 280.
§U. S. Pat. Of. Kept., 1858, 266.

SEEDLESS FRUITS. 149

Darwin,* "in my father's greenhouse, during manj^ years, . .
rarely yielded any seed, but at last produced one ; and a tree thus
raised was identical with the parent." Gallesio t asserts that when
he impregnated the flowers of the common orange with the pollen
taken from undoubted varieties of the orange, monstrous fruits were
produced, which included " Uttle pulp, and had no seeds or im-
perfect seeds." A Japanese orange, " Mushin tani nashi mikaw,"
is said to be seedless, and the trees thornless. |

The Peach palm, Ouilielma speciosa, Mart. The "Piritou" or
"Pu'i Jao" of the natives, writes Humboldt, § are very extraordi-
nary ; every cluster contains from fifty to eighty ; they are yellow
like apples, grow purple in proportion as they ripen, two or three
inches thick, and generally, from abortion, without a kernel.
Among the eighty or ninety species of palm trees peculiar to the
new continent, . . . there are none in which the sarcocarp
is developed in a manner so extraordinar3^ The fruit furnishes a
farinaceous substance, as yellow as the yolk of an egg, slightly
saccharine, and extremely nutritious. We found it cultivated in
abundance along the Atabapo and the Upper Orinoco. Bates ||
says the " Pupunha" grows wild nowhere on the Amazons, but has
been cultivated from time immemorial by the Indians. Bunches
of sterile or seedless fruit sometime occur at Ega and at Para.
SeemannlF says the "Pupunha" of the Amazon, the "Paripou"
of Guiana, has in most instances fruit whose seed is abortive, the
whole fruit being a farinaceous mass. Occasionally, however, fruits
are found containing the perfect, stony seed, and thej^ are then
double the usual size. The tree is not found wild in the Amazon
districts, but is invariably planted. This palm is propagated, says
Williams,** both by suckers and from seeds.

The Pear, Pyrus communis, L., is botanically a pome, a fleshy
fruit with the calyx adherent, and forming along with the epicarp
or skin, and the mesocarp or pulp, a thick cellular mass, which is
eatable, while the endocarp is scaly or horny and forms separate
cells enclosing the seeds. Its varieties are extremely numerous.

*An. and PL, I, 404. || A Nat. on the Amazons, 268.

tTeoria Delia Kiproduzeoni, 69, t Popular Hist, of Palms, 208.

quoted by Darwin. ** Choice Stove and Greenhouse

X South. Cal. Hort., June, 1878, 292. Plants, II, 212.

§ Travels, II, 336.

150 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

In 1842 more than seven hundred had been proved in the London
Horticultural Society's Garden to be distinct. The Romans culti-
vated thirt3"-six varieties in the time of Pliny.* In Tuscany, under
the Medici, in a manuscript list by Micheli of the fruits served up
in the course of the 3'ear at the table of the Grand Duke Cosmo III,
is an enumeration of two hundred and nine different sorts, and
another manuscript of that time raises the number to two hundred
and thirty-two, as Targioni-Tozzetti says.f Robert Manning,
deservedly an authority on pears, informs me there is a variety
without seeds, called Sans Pepins ; that certain varieties, such as
Vicar of Winkfield and Beurre Diel, have most of the seeds abor-
tive ; and that second crop pears are invariably seedless. M.
Plumadore, Raleigh, N. C., writes me under date of Februarj' 17,
1880, ''To my surpi'ise the pears were seedless, having nothing
but a small stem-like thread clean through the pear. On m}-
expressing surprise, the}^ said the reason was that they were the
third crop that year. I cut several open to see if all were alike
and found them all the same. These pears would average two and
a half inches in diameter, and about three or three and a half
inches in length, but a few were larger." This was in the autumn
of 1877.

From a rather careful observation, I am disposed to believe that
the more luscious or buttery the pear, the more frequent the abor-
tive seeds, and certainly our improved varieties have fewer plump
seeds than the fruit from seedlings.

The Peksimmon. See Diospyros.

The Pineapple, Ananassa sativa, is a well-known instance of a
seedless fruit. This is a multiple fruit, only the ovaries or pericarps
never ripen any seeds, but all are blended with the floral envelopes,
the bracts, and the axis of the stem the}^ thickly cover, iuto one
fleshj^ and juicy mass. The pineapple is indigenous in South
America, and is now naturalized in many parts of the East Indies,
in Surinam, etc. J Afzelius says § it grows wild in Sierra Leone,
and are cultivated by the natives. It grows in vast abundance
about Calcutta. Firminger|| describes ten varieties, but does not

* M'Intosh, Book of the Garden. J M'Intosh, Book of the Garden.

tJour. Lond. Hort. Soc., 1854, § Sabine., Hort. Trans., V, 4G1.
159. II Gard. in India, 174.

SEEDLESS FRUITS. 151

praise their flavor. A white kind which in the East Indies has run
wild, is said b^' Unger* to still contain seeds in its fruit. Titfordf
says the pineapple grows wild in the woods of Jamacia. De
Candolle J says the pineapple sometimes has seeds, for Piso men-
tions positively a pineapple growing wild in Brazil bearing many
seeds, and Humboldt found pineapples of delicious quality, grow-
ing wild on the Orinoco, and often the seeds were not abortive.
J. H. White, of Florida, § says " new varieties are produced from
seed, but I have never seen a seed, and probably have never seen
an apple that contained one. ... A plant obtained from seed
requires a long time to fruit — one writer says under favorable
circumstances twelve years — and when it does fruit the chances
are in favor of its being worthless." There are many varieties :
in 1768, Ta^dor described five sorts; in 1737, Miller described
five; in 1769, Speechly spoke of fourteen; in 1822, Nichol of
ten ; in 1831, George Lindle}'^ of thirty-seven ; in 1834, Rogers of
nine ; Mr. Munro, a more recent writer, of fifty-two. || Mr. White^
says one European catalogue gives the names of fifty, and it is said
that fifty-two have been fruited at Chiswick, England. The fruit
of all the varieties grown in Florida, he continues, is yellow ; that
of other sorts is said to be purple, scarlet, green, white, and black ;
it is mostly conical, sometimes globular, and difiers in form, flavor,
and consistency, weighing from two to fifteen pounds. In the wild
state, Balfour** says the fruit is more or less acid, but when culti-
vated it becomes sweet and highly aromatic. Sir R. H. Schomburgk
says, "We have met during our journeys in Guiana considerable
extent of ground covered with pineapples ; but in their wild state
they are small, seldom larger than an apple, of a bright 3'ellow ;
and though their smell is highl}^ aromatic (surpassing in that regard
the cultivated species) they are stringy, full of seeds, and rather
acidulous in taste. "ft

ThePiSTACiA. Pistaciavera. At Cabul, as J. Hanlan writes,JJ
the pistacia 3ields a crop of fruit one year, followed always b}' a crop

*U. S. Pat. Of. Kept., 1859, 331. 1 Cal. Hort., 1880, 42.

tHort. Bot. Am., 54. ** Bot. 545.

J Geog. Bot., 926. ft Ra^'w^leigh's Dis. of Guiana., Hak.

§ Cal. Hort., 1880, 42. Soc. ed., 74, note.

II M'Intosh, Book of the Garden. XX U- S. Pat. Of. Eept., 1861, 533.

152 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of blighted fruit. The latter is like the former in external appear-
ance, but is somewhat larger and quite destitute of kernel.

The Plum, Frunus Americana, Marsh, is subject in New Bruns-
wick to an anomalous form, which renders it seedless and inedible.*
I have mj'self observed this appearance in Maine, the fruit becom-
ing swollen, i^ulpless, seedless, and tasteless. Sometimes the
remnant of an embryo is to be observed. This form seems more
commonly to be produced when the spring season is cold and rainy.
It is caused either by a fungus or the sting of an insect. The
result is that the plum in this condition can hardly be called a fruit. f
Darwin J refers to a form of the plum, P. domesticus, in which
" the kernel lies in a roomy cavity surrounded only by the pulp"
and called the stoneless plum. The varieties of P. domesticus are
very numerous, some being bright yellow, green, almost white, blue,
purple, or red. Downing describes one hundred and eighty sorts,
and a leading nursery catalogue § offers a selection of one hundred
and three kinds.

The Pomegranate, Punka granatum, L. A peculiar baccate,
many-celled fruit, having a tough rind formed by the calyx,
enclosing two rows of carpels placed above each other. The seeds
are immersed in pulp, and are attached irregularl}^ to the parietes,
base, and centre. This pulp is apparently formed by the pla-
centas. II On account of the profusion of its seeds, the pome-
granate was with the ancients a mystical fruit, typif;ying procreation,
increase, and abundance. It is found wild in Asia Minor, in
Armenia, and in Central Caucasus, and Barnes found whole woods
of it in Mazanderan.^ In the Himalayas, it grows wild, and the
fruit, though small, is offered for sale.** Barnes, in his '' Travels
in Bokhara," remarks on the pomegranate seeding in Mazanderan,
as a remarkable peculiarity. It Hasselquist jj observed a variety
in Cyprus with barren flowers, called " Balanistica." In India, the
best fruits, having sweet juice and very small seeds, come from

* Hooker's Journ. »f Bot., Ill, 99. || Balfour, Bot., 275, 262.

tDr. Harris in Hovey's Mag., VIII, 1 De Candolle, Geog. Bot., 892.
247; Dr. W. S. Farlow in New **Royle, Illust. of the Bot. of the
England Farmer. Him. Mts., 208.

X An. and PL, I, 417. ft Darwin, An. and PI. II, 205.

§ EUwanger & Barry, 1880. J J Voy. and Trav. in the Levant, 247,

SEEDLESS FRUITS. 153

Cabul,* Capt. Burton f describes three varieties which he met
with in Arabia, one "Shamri" (Syrian), the best, a very sweet
and superior fruit, almost stoneless, like those of Muscat, deliciously
perfumed, and as large as an infant's head. The fruit is usually
about as large as a full sized apple, having a hard rind of a yellowish
color, and containing a pulp that is highly prized. | Sir A. Barnes
mentions a "famous pomegranate without seeds, grown in gardens
under the snow}- hills near the Caubul River. "§ " Seedless pome-
granates from Djillabad " are enumerated among the fruits in the
market of Cabul. || In 1860, cuttings of a seedless variet}^ from
Palestine, described as bearing fine fruit, much esteemed in Syria,
were distributed from the U. S. Patent Office.^

The Strawberry, Fragaria, sp. In this fruit the enlarged and
conical receptacle bearing the pistils on its surface, becomes the
edible portion in fruit. Of this esteemed fruit the varieties are
endless. William Saunders informs me that he once had a bed of
pistillate strawberries which fruited, but bore no seed, and that
there were no other plants near from which fecundation could have
been effected. A mule plant, says Thomas Andrew Knight,** from
the Hautbois and Alpine strawberry, " blossoms very freel}', and
its blossoms set well ; but the growth of the fruit subsequently
remains very neaiiy stationary during the whole period in which
the Hautbois strawberry grows and ripens, after which it swells and
acquires maturit3^ It is then rich and high flavored, but of less
size than the Hautbois, and without seeds."

In the above list, which we have extended somewhat to include
the whole number of seedless fruits that we have collected, and
wherein we have given such other information as will tend to show
other conditions than the one of ayitagonism between the qualities
of seedlessness and excellence of taste, we find either stated or
inferred an improvement in quality accompanj'ing seedlessness, or
the lessening of seed-production, in the apple, the banana, the bread-
fruit, the cherry, the cucumber, the date, the grape, the mulberry,
the orange, the peach palm, the pear, the persimmon, the pine-

* Dutt., Hindoo Mat. Med., 166. || J. Harlan, U. S. Pat. Of. Kept.,
t Pilgrimage to El Medina and 1861,530.

Meccah, I, 388. tU. S. Pat. Of. Eept., 1860, 84.

X J. Smith, Dom. Bot., 368. ** Phys. and Hort. Papers, 276.
§ Firniinger, Gard. in India, 260.

154 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

apple, and the pomegranate. The exceptions appear to be the
barberr}', a fruit in but little esteem while raw ; the beech nut,
where seedlessness destroj^s its usefulness, as the seed is the part
which is edible ; the chestnut, wherein abortion destroys likewise
the edible matter ; the fig, concerning which as a seedless fruit we
have collected few particulars ; the guava, of which we have col-
lected but little information ; the medlar, of which we have found
no reference to qnalitj^ ; the opuntia, a wild plant but little known ;
and the strawberr}', of which we may say that it is probable that
improvement in quality is accompanied by a proportionate lessening
of the seeds. The pistacia, and plum, when seedless, appear to
possess no quality whatsoever.

These fruits, using this term in a cultural sense, and excluding
the edible seeds, are neither an essential to the plant nor to the
seed. Like other unessential, 3'et generally present features, as
the form of the floral envelopes, the coloring of the corolla, and
the number of the leaves, the fruit is subject to a wide series
of variations in size, color, and shape. It seems formed from the
part of a plant peculiarly subject to modification, and apt to record
the influence of external impressions ; that portion of the plant
which is of limited duration, and which must speedily fill its part.
It is accessor}' to the seed only, and is concerned more with the
province of the protection and distribution, than with the develop-
ment. The apparent exceptions are the grape, guava, and the
pomegranate, whose pulp seems formed of the placentas. The
edible portion of most of these fruits consist of the pericarp, which
is formed of three layers ; the external, the epicarp, corresponding
to the lower epidermis of the leaf and forming the skin to certain
fruits ; the middle, the mesocarp, representing the parenchyma of
the leaf, and forming the pulpy portion of the apple, cherry, date,
pear, etc. ; and the internal, or endocarp, equivalent to the upper
epidermis of the leaf, or the epithelium of the ovary,* and origi-
nating the edible portion of the orange and the banana. Yet if
morphological!}' allied to the leaf, it has this important distinction, —
the true leaf works for the plant ; the fruit coverings of the seed
work for themselves primarily, using the produce of the labor of
the plant. Without the fruit the plant has a better growth as a
plant, as is to be observed in numerous instances. Without the

* Balfour, Bot., 262.

SEEDLESS FRUITS. 155

gi-eat development of the fruit (Cultural fruit, I mean) the seeds
are better nourished, as our examples of seedless fruits show, and
also the fact that the wild species which have, so to speak, to look
out for tlieir own perpetuation, bear inferior fruits in size and flavor
to those improved varieties we have released from the care of self-
preservation.

Upon this view of the fruit, we can understand wh}' we can so
readil}' influence the character and the amount of the pulp of the
fruit, as apart fiom the seed. The leaf builds up the plant ; the
fruit is royal ; it uses the supplies furnished by the root and the
leaf, and builds up itself. The root and the leaf are providers, the
fruit is the regal consumer that adorns and expends through a more
or less educated civilization. We can hence influence the fruit
through an action on the providers, or we can increase the ambi-
tion of the user, or we can exercise our art upon root, leaf,
and fruit. The first idea implies the furnishing of abundant fertility
to the soil, and favoring culture and climatic conditions: the
second idea implies the exercise of the art of selection : the third
conveys the idea of intelligent domestication.

The rapid growing and sensitive condition of the parts concerned
in the formation of the fruit, render it peculiarly- subject to the
sexual condition of the plant. An influence of the fertilization of
the pistil, which is plainl}' recognized and quickly noted in the
pistil, is not as readih^ apprehended upon the plant ; yet, in some
instances, and possibl}', in very many, the influence of the pollen is
noticed in a change of growth of the plant, as is also the influence
of castration or the removal of the seed elements from influencing.
This influence, which I have never seen noticed b}' authors, I am
certain I have seen, but the results are too obscure to admit of
detailed description, although in some cases plainly evident. They
are best seen, and always seen, so far as I have examined, on
rapid growing plants. As the pollination then has a strong
influence, not only, as is well known, upon the formation of the
seedj but also upoa the seed coverings, and, as I have hinted,
upon the plant considered as a whole, it is well to consider rather
in detail, its influence upon the fruit.

Pollination is not fertilization, as the latter process consists of
the union of the pollen material with the ovule ; the former implies
only the reception of the pollen b}' tiie stigma of the angiospermous
plants. Pollination is not always productive of fertility, nor, on the

156 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

other hand, is sterility dependent upon the withholding of pollina-
tion or fertilization. Pollination acts upon the seed envelopes ;
fertilization may act upon the seed-envelopes, but does act upon
the ovule. Fertilization is hence a sequence to pollination. Through
the changes induced by the process of conscious, or unconscious
domestication, we seem able to cause the pollination factor of the
anther-product, to act in excess over the fertilizing factor, and
hence produce results favorable to edible matter, and less favorable
for the seed than would occur under wild conditions.

1 . Pollination is not always productive of fertility. Gartner* has
shown by gradually increasing the number of pollen-grains until he
succeeded in fertilizing a Malva, that many grains are expended in
the development, or, as he expresses it, in the satiation of the pistil
and ovarium. Again, when one plant is fertilized by a widely
distinct species, it often happens that the ovarium is fully and
quickly developed without any seeds being formed, or the coats of
the seeds are developed without an embryo being produced within.
Dr. Hildebrandf has shown that with several Orchidacese, the
action of the plant's own pollen is necessary for the development
of the ovarium, and that this development takes place not only long
before the pollen tubes have reached the ovules, but even before
the placentae and ovules have been formed. Darwin J sums up by
stating "we may admit that in most cases the swelling of the
ovarium, . . . is at least aided, if not wholly caused, b}' the
direct action of the pollen, independently of the intervention of the
fertilized germ."

2. The access of pollen is not always necessary for fertilit}'.
Quatrefages § says it is now unquestionable that certain plants can
produce fertile seeds, although the flower has not been submitted
to the action of pollen. Thus Spallanzani, Bernhardi, and Ch.
Naudin affirm that female hemp can fructify without the participa-
tion of the male. Fresenius || sa3's LfcUisca cannabina, female,
fructifies very well without the concurrence of the male. M.

* Beitriige zur Kenntniss du Be- 249, quoted by Darwin, ib.

fruchtung, 1844, 347-351, quoted J An. and PL, I, 484.

by Darwin, An. and Pi. I, 483. § Metamorphoses of Man, etc.,
t Botanische Zeitung, No. 44, et. Lond., 1864, 271.

seq., Oct. 30, 1863; and 1865, s. || Linnsa, 1839.

SEEDLESS FRUITS. 157

Tenore* saj's the same for Pistacia Narhonensis, and Ch. Naudin
for Bryonia dioica.-f The same fact is also clauned to have been
observed in Coelebogyne ilicifolia, and a species of Mercurialis. I

3. Nor is fertilization alwa3's necessary for fruiting. Thus Prof.
Treviranus§ says " the circumstance which occurs in some plants
(I will adduce only the banana and pineapple among Monoco-
tyledons, and the hop and mulberry among Dicotj^ledons) that a
perfect development of fruit, though with barren seeds, will take
place without the process of fertilization, while in most others,
under similar circumstances, no fruit is produced." Darwin || sajs
" Again, it is well known that with many plants the ovarium may
be fully developed, though pollen be wholly excluded, and . . .

Mr. Smith (as I hear through Dr. Hooker)

observed the singular fact with an orchid, the Bonatea speciosa,
the development of the ovarium could be effected by mechanical
irritation of the stigma." Other illustrations may be selected from
the statements given in our list of seedless fruits.

We are now prepared to discuss the causes productive of seed-
less fruits. We first note that (with the exception of the barbeiry,
beech, chestnut, and opuntia) all of our list includes cultivated
plants ; second, that the majority have been cultivated from a
remote antiquity ; third, that all but one (and perhajjs that) have
furnished many varieties ; fourth, that seedlessness has been an
observed and desirable feature for most of them ; fifth, that all can
be readily propagated in other ways than from seed ; sixth, that
in no one instance is seedlessness always present; seventh, that
improvement in quality is too often stated or inferred, to be con-
sidered accidental ; eighth, that prolificacy in fruit is not incom-
patible with sterility in seed ; ninth, that there is a tendency to
decrease in size with seedlessness in some cases, and increase in
others, and that probably those fruits whose edible portions are
formed of placentas come in the first class, and the multiple fruits,
and those whose pulp is the mesocarp in the second class ; tenth,
that the species are about equally divided between northern and
southern climates.

We are next to note that neither pollination nor fertilization is

♦Ann. des. Sc. Nat., 4th ser., I, J A. A. Black, Treas. of Bot., I, 309.

328. § Jour. Lond. Hort. Soc, 1854, 112.

t Hooker's Journ. of Bot., IX., 53. 1| An. and PI. I, 483.

158 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

always essential to the formation of fruit ; that the pollen ma}^
influence a development with sterilitj- ; that there is an antagonism
of growth apparent between foliage and fruitfulness, and between
pulp increase and seed maturation, and that cultivated plants are
invariabh' and rigidly subject to the law of selection.

We are also to note that man usually works, even if uncon-
sciousl}^ upon the average, in the direction of his interests, or his
satisfaction, and when a diminution in the size of seeds, and im-
proved availability for use, once acquires recognition, there is a
beginning of conscious selection.

It has often occurred to me that the influence of high culture
upon the amelioration of fruits has been misunderstood. The effect
of manuring is to cause increased growth of foliage and shoots, and
it is often detrimental to the fruiting, as I have observed in my
stud}^ upon the maize plant. The influence of cultivation is to
check the growth of foliage and increase the fruiting tendencies of
the maize plant upon over-rich soil. The effect of pruning,
judiciously performed, is to improve the qualit}^ of fruit. In order,
then, to ameliorate a wild species of fruit, one effort should be to stim-
ulate the growth of the plant to the utmost, by furnishing favorable
conditions of soil and fertililj^, and then to check rampant growth
through the process of cultivation, and the art of pruning. In this
way, for fruits formed of the mesocarp, we should expect to aug-
ment the tendency to increase of pulp, and a variation once
obtained might be hoped to be perpetuated and increased through
the process of seeding and continuous selection. As the pulp is
improved, there is a dimunition in the relative size of the seed for
the species, and the seed, as we have indicated in our list, has a
tendency to become abortive.

It is quite probable that the continued amelioration of the pulp,
which must occur sometimes amongst the vicissitudes of extended
and long continued cultivation, is one important factor in the
accounting for the seedlessness of some fruits, whether as a direct
or more remote cause ; especially of those fruits formed of the
carpels.

In the multiple fruits, such as the breadfruit and the pineapple,
we can understand how cultivation could produce a variation which
would be recognized even b}- the savage, as desirable. Anj' cause
which would diminish the energy of the pollen so that it would im-
perfectly fertilize, and be expended upon the ovaries without afl'ect-

SEEDLESS FRUITS. 159

ing the ovule, and we have many instances of such a condition
happening in cultivated plants (the apple of St. Valery, for one
instance, and generallj' observed in hybridizing) , and the softening
of the core of these fruits, would probably be observed, for the
general effect of seed-bearing is to harden the stalk, as for instance,
the soft and flimsy cob of the unfertilized grain ear, and the hard,
wood}' cob of the developed grain ear of the maize plant.

Hybridizing may be assigned as another cause wherebj^, although
mules are oftener produced, an occasional seed may be found, and
this seed, growing, might produce a seedless plant, which could be
perpetuated and multiplied by offshoots, cuttings or grafts. Some
of the statements given in our hst would bear out this hypothesis.

Development without fecundation may also be assigned as an
immediate cause, and this explanation derives additional force from
the fact that the male element is apparently much oftener affected
b}' changed conditions, at least in a visible manner, than the female
element or ovule.* There would hence, under conditions of the
cultivation of the fruit species named, be a tendency towards polli-
nation in excess over fertilization, and selection would here come
into pla}' to intensify the differences once obtained, originating from
this source. It is easj' to believe, through the evidence given by
the results of hj^bridism , that pollen may become unfitted to fertilize,
and yet retain an influence upon the seed envelopes, the pericarp,
and its modifications. This indeed, we believe to offer a sufficient
explanation of the occurrence of man}' of our seedless fruits.

The influence of irritation in producing a development of the
ovarium has been adverted to in the case of the orchid, Bo7iatea
speciosa. Other instances can be given where the puncture of an
insect produces the structure called galls. Thus, in Framingham,
the common blueberrj^ FaccmiMm Peyinsylvanicum^ Lam., occasion-
ally bears a white fruit an inch or less in diameter, resembling a
bladder with a fleshy rind, and tasteless ; and the same form, but
of irregular shape, is to be found in the place of the flowers and
leaves, but I have never found any trace of insects within. In
Zante, the apples or tumors of the sage, the effect of puncture of
a species of cynips, are said by Sibthorp to be made into a con-
serve with honey. Galls are found on leaves, flowers, fruits, buds,
and young bark, says Thome, and they afford a striking illustra-

* Darwin, An. and PI., II, 325.

160 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

tion of the influence of irritation upon structure. Placing a drop
of oil in the eye of the fig, sa^'S Downing, causes the fruit to ripen
much more certainly, and to swell to a larger size, and although
oil can scarcely be considered an irritant substance, 3'et it seems to
act such a part in this case. Whether this has any influence or
not on the question of seedlessness, is worthy of future examina-
tion, but as yet, so far as we know, it must be considered only as
a suggestion. As cucumbers are frequently seedless under glass
culture, and as I have never seen them seedless under open-air
culture, it is possible that exposure to the sun in the glass house
has something to do with the development of the ovarium.

With this presentation we bring our paper to a close, not claim-
ing as yet to have solved the problem, but desiring to call attention
to the horticultural importance of this subject. It seems probable
that in the future the most rapid horticultural advance is to be
sought through the selection of seedlings from fruit containing the
fewest and smallest seed of their kind, as unconsciously seems
already to have been done in the improvement of the grape. Since
writing this paper, I have collected a number of facts which lend
publicity to this view.

Note.

The following quotations of additional seedless fruits were
obtained too late for insertion in their proper places.

LucuMA bifera, Mol , of Chili, bears fruit twice a year. The one
set, early in summer, has no kernels ; the other set in autumn has
two kernels. — Molina, Hist, of Chili, J, 129.

The Otaheite Apple, Siwndias dulcis, which contains a hard
capsule, commonl}^ has no seeds in the loculaments or divisions. —
Foster's Obs., 179. Firminger was told that the seeds never
germinate, but the varieties are propagated by grafting.

Lemon Citron. — The variety known as "Poncire" is always
seedless. The Chinese Citron, the " Cedrat," of Florence, is
sterile, or nearly so. The Large Orange Citron never contains
seed. — Gallesio, Treatise on the Citrus Family.

The Lemon. — In South Africa, Thunberg (Travels, II, 141) met
with a lemon which contained another within it, furnished with a

FLOWEEING OF TREES AND SHRUBS, 1880. 161

red rind. Neither of these two lemons had any seed. The Double
Flowered lemon, says Gallesio, has no seeds. Other lemons some-
times contain no seeds. The Lime of Naples, the smallest of
European lemons, is round, smooth, and very thin skinned, the
skin odorous, the pulp abundant, its juice acid and agreeable
because of its delicacj^ and aroma. This is one of the most highly
esteemed lemons, adds Gallesio, and has no seeds.

Pumpkin. — When the Cucurbita maxima, C. pepo, and C. mos-
chata were crossed, the}' jdelded no seed, or only sterile seed. —
Darwin, An. and PL, I, 430.

PiRUS LANUGINOSA, DC, or WooUy-Leaved Service tree. — The
flowers and fruit resemble those of the mountain ash, but are
smaller ; the flowers are frequently abortive, and the fruit, when it
is produced, is generally without seeds. — Loudon, Arh. II, 924.

Tomato. — There is a seedless variety, fruits almost rose red,
smooth and handsome, with few seeds. Very similar to, if not
identical with, the "Perfected." — Burr's Gard. Veg., 248.

DATE OF FLOWERING OF TREES AND SHRUBS,
IN EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS, 1880.

BY JOHN KOBINSON, PROFESSOR OP BOTANY AND VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY
TO THE SOCIETY, SALEM, MASS.

The following record of the time of flowering and fruiting of
hardy, native and introduced trees and shi'ubs in the vicinity of
Boston, Massachusetts, has been made chiefly at the Arnold
Arboretum, West Roxbury ; the Botanic Garden, Cambridge, and
from trees and shrubs growing naturally in Essex County, during the
year 1880. Unless otherwise mentioned the time of flowering is
intended.

A few warm days in January sufficed to develop the flowers on
the Red and White Maples ; and the catkins on some of the Alders,
Willows, and Poplars were quite conspicuous ; but the season of
11

162 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

flowers can hardly be said to have commenced before the first of
April :

March 20, Corylus Avellana.

Corylus Americana.

Alnus incana.

Alnus glutinosa.
April 4, Populus alba.

5, Populus tremuloides.
Acer rubrum.

Salix discolor.

6, Epigsea repens (for sale in Boston streets).

13, Sahx viminalis.

14, Ulmus Americana.
Salix Caprea.
Salix acuminata.
Salix stipularis.
Salix Forbesiana.
Salix ferruginea.
Rhododendron chrysanthum.
Rhododendron Dahuricum.
Corylus rostrata.

• Cornus mascula.
Shepherdia argentea.
Daphne Mezereum.
Erica carnea.

15, Salix humilis.
Ulmus campestris.

16, Andromeda Japonica.
Forsythia Fortunei.
Forsythia suspensa.

19, Larix Europaea.

Larix leptolepis.
21, Laurus Benzoin.

Andromeda floribunda.

Ulmus montana.

Salix sericea.
25, Populus grandidentata.

Populus balsamea, var. candicans.

Populus dilatata (Lombardy Poplar).

FLOWERING OF TREES AND SHRUBS, 1880. 163

April 25, Myrica Gale.

Cassandra calyculata.
Dirca palustris.
Salix livid a, var. occidentalis.
Salix tristis.

27, Corema Conradii (at Plymouth, Mass).
Magnolia conspicua.

Larix Americana.
Acer platanoides.

28, Magnolia Soulangeana.
May 1, Prunus domestica.

Vinca minor.

Cham8ec3"paris sphaeroidea.
Prunus Armeniaca.
Eibes rubrum.
Buxus sempervirens.

3, Prunus Persica.
Berberis repens.
Lonicera ciliata.
Erica carnea.
Ribes cereum.
Eibes aureum.
Spiraea Thunbergii.
Negundo aceroides.
Betula lutea.
Acer saccharinum.
Salix tenuifolia.
Salix cordata.
Salix triandra.
Salix purpurea.
Salix Audersoniana.
Abies balsamea.
Thuja occidentalis.

4, Ostrya Virgiuica.
Berberis Aquifolium.
Amelanchier Canadensis.
Amelanchier Canadensis, var. oblongifolia.
Salix alba.

Salix fragilis.
Magnolia Lenne.

164 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

May 4, Fraxinus excelsior.

6, Picea alba.

Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum.
Juniperus Virginiana.
Fraxinus Americana.

7, Pirus Mains, var. floribunda.

8, Fraxinus pubescens.

9, Daphne Cneorum.
Betula lenta.

Betula alba, var. populifolia.
Prunus Pennsylvanica.
Vaccinium corymbosum.
Arctostaphylos Uva-Ursi.

10, Salix Babyloniea.
Spiraea prunifolia.
Spiraea oblongifolia.
Cercis Japonica.
Berberis Thunbergii.
Vaccinium corymbosum (tall form) .
Sassafras officinale.

Celtis occidentalis.
Rhodotypos kerrioides.
Sambucus pubens.
Sambucus racemosa.
Celastrus Orixa.
Kerria Japonica.
Acer glabrum.
Acer polymorphum.
Rhus aromatica.
Xanthoxylum Americanum.
Cotoneaster vulgaris.
Amelanchier vulgaris.
Lonicera cserulea.
Ribes prostratum.
Prunus spinosa.
Pirus Japonica.
Betula nigra.
Betula papyracea.

11, Lonicera Tartarica.

Cornus florida (bracts opening) .

FLOWERING OF TREES AND SHRUBS, 1880. 165

May 11, Pirus baccata.
Pirus Malus.
Picea excelsa.

Rhododendron Rhodora (R. Canadensis) .
Thuja (Biota) orientaUs.
Fagus ferruginea.
Acer Pennsj^lvanicum.
Rhododendron (Cunningham's White).
Taxus baccata, var. Canadensis.
Syringa vulgaris.
Comptonia asplenifolia.
Ptelea trifoliata.

12, Juglans Sieboldii.
Cratsegus coccinea.
Staphj^lea Bumalda.
Pirus arbutifolia.
Schizandra Sinensis.
Ribes floridum.
Prunus maritima.
Lonicera Ruprechtiana.
Andromeda polifolia.
Caragana microphylla.
Quercus dentata.
Pirus spectabilis.
Cornus Sibirica.
Spiraea laevigata.

13, ^sculus flava.
-^sculus Hippocastanum.
Chamsecyparis (Retinospora) pisifera.
Prunus Cerasus (Double).

Halesia tetraptera.
Crataegus tomentosa.
Quercus Robur.
Quercus rubra.
Quercus coccinea.
Lycium vulgare.
Juglans regia.

14, Rubus deliciosus.

15, Quercus tinctoria.
Picea nigra.

166 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

May 15, Pirus aucuparia.

16, Salix nigra.
Salix lucida.

Eibes oxyacanthoides.
Quercus ilicifolia.
Quercus bicolor.
Quercus alba.
Platanus occidentalis.
Vaccinium vacillans.
Wistaria Sinensis.

17, Carya alba.
Car3-a tomentosa.
Pinus pungens.

-^sculus flava, var. purpurea.
Lonicera Mariana.
Lonicera involucrata.
Acer cissifolium.
Xanthorhiza apiifolia.
^sculus Hippocastanum (Double).
Acer spicatum.
Magnolia acuminata.
Acer circinatum.
Acer Pseudo-Platanus.
Pirus (Cydonia) vulgaris.
Salisburia adiantifolia.
Spiraea obovata var. hypericifolia.
19, Cryptomeria Japonica.
Pinus sylvestris.
Crataegus subvillosa.
Exorchorda grandiflora.
Leiophyllum buxifoliura.
Cornus Sibirica.
, Caragana arborescens.

Chamsecyparis (Retinospora) obtusa.

Rhamnus lanceolata.

Rosa acicularis.

Pterocarya fraxinifolia.

Morus alba.

Pinus inops.

Pinus Banksiana.

FLOWERINa OF TREES AND SHRUBS, 1880. 167

May 19, Acer Tartaricum, var. Ginnala.
Carya amara.
Ribes nigrum.
Ribes lacustre.
Ribes Grossularia.
Ribes rotunclifolium.
Fothergilla alnifolia.
Vaccinium staminium.

20, Paeonia Moutan.
Prunus Virginiana.
Cornus florida (true flowers) .
Berberis vulgaris.

21, Rhododendron (Azalea) nudiflorum.
Rhamnus cathartica.

24, Euonymus Americanus, var. obovatus.
EuonjTiius pulchellus.
Lonicera diversifolia.
Lonicera Maximowiczii.
Berberis Sibirica.
Berberis Canadensis.
Berberis Sinensis.
Berberis petiolaris.
Berberis dulcis.

Berberis vulgaris, var. purpurea.
Berberis emarginata.
Ptelea angustifolia.
Spiraea alba.
Spiraea betulaefolia.
Spiraea Fortunei, var. Van-Houttei.
Spiraea Amurensis.
Juglans cinerea.
Cotoneaster microphylla.
Morus rubra.
Morus nigra.
Syringa Persica.
Rhamnus infectoria.
Acer Tartaricum.
Viburnum Opulus.
Menziesia globularis.
Rosa alpina.

168 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Ma}' 24, Rosa blanda.
Pin us rigida.
Ga3'lussacia resinosa.
Neviusia Alabamensis.
Cytisus purpureus.
Spiraea Reevesiana.
Smilax rotundifolia.
Cal^'canthus floridus.
25, Spiraea trilobata.
Viburnum plicatum.
Viburnum Lentago.
Crataegus Oxyacantha (Double and Single White

and Pink).
Rosa rugosa.

Viburnum Opulus, var. (Snowball).
Rhododendron (Azalea) mollis.
Rhododendron (Azalea) Ponticum.
Rhododendron (Azalea) calendulaceum.
Pirus hybrida.
Deutzia gracilis.
Pinus Pumilio.

Pinus Larieio, var. Austi'iaca (Austrian Pine) .
Pinus resinosa.
Laburnum vulgare.
Myrica cerifera.
27, Robinia Pseudacacia.
Chionanthus Virginiea.
Diervilla (Weigela) rosea.
Ledum latifolium
Leucothoe Catesbaei,
Magnolia Fraseri.
Magnolia Umbrella.
Rosa pomifera.
Gaylussacia ursina.
Tamarix Gallica.
Lonicera caprifolia.
Cornus alternifolia.
Calycanthus glaucus.
Calycanthus laevigatus.
Rhododendron Catawbiense.

FLOWERING OF TREES AND SHRUBS, 1880. 169

Ma}' 27, Berberis Fendleri.
28, Eubus villosus.

Rubus hispidus.

Pinus parviflora.
31, Rhus Toxicodendron.
June 2, Magnolia glauca.

Pinus Strobus.

Philadelphus hirsutus.

Viburnum acerifolium.

Colutea arborescens.

Nyssa multiflora.

Celastrus scandens.

Amorpha frutescens.

Philadelplius coronarius.

Crataegus pyracantha.

Gleditschia triacanthos.

Rhus cotinus.

Vitis Labrusca.

Rosa (garden varieties).
3, Philadelphus coronarius var. nanus.

Philadelphus grandiflorus.

Andromeda Mariana.

Robinia viscosa.

Buckleya distichophylla.

Rosa rubifolia.

Rosa spinosissima.

Rosa multiflora.

Aristolochia Sipho.

Cornus circinata.

Jamesia Americana.

Lonicera flava.
5, Hudsonia tomentosa.

Rosa cinnamomea.

Rosa pimpinifolia.

Rubus strigosus.

Pinus excelsa.

Lonicera sempervirens.

Lonicera Japonica.

Diervilla (Weigela, White and Dark Red varieties).

Syringa Josikiea.

170 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

June 5, Neillia opulifolia (Spiraea of gardens).
Vitis aestivalis.
Cornus paniculata.
Spiraea callosa.
Ptelea trifoliata.
Gymnocladus Canadensis.
Phellodendron Amurense.
Clematis fusca.
Spiraea salicifolia.
Potentilla fruticosa.
Celastrus paniculata.
Kahnia latifolia.
Ilex laevigata.
Cytisus nigricans.
10, Sambucus Canadensis.
Liriodendron Tulipifera.
Rubus occidentalis.
Tamarix Sinensis (first flowers) .
14, Magnolia glauca (at Gloucester).
Sty rax Japonica.
Ligustrum vulgare.

16, Wistaria frutescens.
Viburnum dentatum.
Genista tinctoria.
Rosa lueida.

17, Rubus odoratus. j
Rubus Canadensis. j|

18, Rhododendron punctatum.
Andromeda speciosa.
Philadelphus Gordonianus.
Philadelphus inodorus, var. grandiflorus.
Rhododendron (Azalea) viscosum.
Tilia Europaea.

Halomodendron argenteum.

Calophaca Wolgarica.

Solanum Dulcamara. I

Kalmia angustifolia.

19, Rhus venenata.
Cornus circinata,
Cornus paniculata.

I

FLOWERING OF TREES AND SHRUBS, 1880. 171

June 19, Mitchella repens.

Linn sea borealis.

Rhus t^'phina.
23, Euonymus Europseus.

Ga3^1ussacia frondosa.

Ailanthus glandulosus.
26, Ceanothus Americanus.

Cornus sericea.

Andromeda ligustrina.

Amelanchier Canadensis (fruit) .

Vaccinium Penns3'lvanicum (fruit).

Vaccinium corymbosum (small form, fruit) .

Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana.
28, Rhododendron maximum.

Rosa rubiginosa.

Rosa lucida.
July 2, Spiraea Douglasii.

Ligustrum lucidum, var. ovalifolium.

Genista Sibirica.

Rosa setigera.

Ligustrum Japonicum. '

Morus alba (fruit) .

Morus nigra (fruit in market) .

Catalpa Keempferi.

3, Koelreuteria paniculata.
Tilia Americana.
Hypericum Kalmianum.

4, Rosa Carolina.

Rubus occidentalis (fruit) .
Catalpa bignonioides.
Chimaphila umbellata.
8, Ribes rubrum (fruit in market) .
Hydrangea radiata.
Hydrangea arborescens.
Buddlea curvifolia.
Spiraea sorbifolia.
Spiraea Nobleana.
Spiraea Fortunei.
Castanea pumila.
Cephalauthus occidentalis.

172 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

July 12, ^sculus parviflora.
Erica tetralix.
Amorpha canescens.
Sj'mphoricarpus racemosus. ^

Clematis Flammula. ■,

20, Ampelopsis quinquefolia.
Rhus glabra.
Menziesia polifolia.
Meuziesia polifolia var. alba.

28, Clematis campaniflora.
Clematis graveolens.

29, Cletlira acuminata.
"Lespedeza bicolor.
Aralia Japonica.

30, Rhus copallina.
Clematis Virginiana.

Ampelopsis tricuspidata (Veitchii of gardens).
August 3, Clematis paniculata.
Clematis ligusticifolia.
Clematis purpurea.
Clematis Pitcheri.
Euonj'mus pulchellus (fruit) .
Ribes floridum (fruit).
Ribes nigrum (fruit) .
Ribes Cj^nosbati (fruit) .
Rhus semialata (R. Osbeckii) .
Calluna vulgaris.
Clethra alnifolia.
9, Hibiscus Syriacus.

Tamarix Chinensis (full flower) .
20, Prunus Persica (fruit) .
Euonymus Sieboldianus.
Sept. 4, Berberis Fortune!.

Prunus maiitima (fruit).
7, Quercus rubra (fruit).

^sculus flava var. purpurea (fruit).
10, -32sculus Hippocastanum (fruit).
20, Quercus (fruit of all species falling).
Tilia Europaea (fruit falling).
Aralia Japonica (fruit) .

FLOWERING OF TREES AND SHRUBS, 1880. 173

Sept. 20, ^sculus parviflora (fruit).

23, Hamamelis Virginiana (fruit and flowers).
Gaultheria procumbens (fruit) .
Mitchella repens (fruit).
Viburnum acerifolium (fruit).
Sophora Japonica.
Quercus Cerris (fruit).
Lespedeza (Campylotrypus) Sinensis.
Artemisia filifolia,
Celtis occidentalis (fruit) .
Cornus florida (fruit) .
25, jEsculus glabra (fruit).

Castanea vulgaris var. Americana (fruit).
30, Erica vagans.

Berberis vulgaris (fruit).
Berberis dulcis (fruit) .
Berberis Sinensis (fruit) .
Fraxinus Americana (fruit falling).
Magnolia acuminata (fruit falling).
Oct. 2, Berberis Canadensis (fruit).
Berberis emarginata (fruit) .

CORRESPONDENCE.

Federal Point, Florida, )
November 4, 1879. J

Robert Manning,

Secretary Massachusetts Horticultural Society :

Dear Sir, — I have received and read with pleasure, Part I of the
Transactions of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society for 1879.
On pages 23 and 32, allusion is made to a newspaper report about
the deterioration of sweet oranges in Florida when grafted on the wild
stock. The statement was probably circulated by persons who had
ungrafted trees for sale, raised from sweet seeds. The most intelli-
gent and progressive cultivators here constantly practice budding
the choicest sorts on the wild stock with no fears of deterioration.
In the orange districts of Europe, where this method of propaga-
tion has prevailed for man}' generations, the general testimony is
that the oldest budded trees produce the sweetest and best fruit,
although it is smaller in size than that of younger trees. The poor
quality of the fruit upon old grafted trees, mentioned by Mr.
Merriam, must have been owing to neglect or disease. If a neg-
lected or scrubby tree be taken in hand and given generous culture,
the fruit will immediately become so vastly improved in size and
flavor that it could not be recognized as the same variety. Neither
is the Indian River orange so peculiar and distinct as Mr. Merriam
imagines. Its fine quality is partially owing to the congeniality of
the soil and climate of that section. When Dr. Turnbull brought
over his Minorcan colony in the last century, he also introduced a
superior orange, which has since been largely' propagated along the
coast under the name of the Turnbull orange ; but veiy many of
the Indian River trees were budded from groves on the St. John's,
and their product ranks with the best. Budding on the wild orange
does ofler the temptation of earlier returns, but not of greater hardi ■
ness, as Mr. Merriam states. The sour budded with the sweet is
more likely- to be injured during severe weather than an ungi-afted
sweet seedling, and some experienced growers profess to believe

ORANGE CULTURE. 175

that the sweet tree will endure a very little lower temperature than
the sour. In Florida there are in circulation many erroneous and
absurd opinions respecting orange culture as well as other things,
and it is singular how many of these absurdities are accepted by
visitors here, and detailed elsewhere as gospel truths. The sour
orange grows faster while 3'oung than the sweet, and comes into
bearing two or three years sooner, but the sweet finally overtakes
it and makes the largest tree. "Which of the two is the longest
lived, it is impossible to sa}^, as no one ever saw an orange tree
die of old age in Florida.

Mr. Merriam also alludes, on page 96, to a rust on the orange
which he considers of fungoid origin. Although he has never seen
it elsewhere than in Florida, the ISTew York dealers complain of
receiving fruit from the West Indies and other places, similarly
affected. The cause and nature of this rust has not as yet been
satisfactorily determined. During the present season it has been
made an especial object of study by microscopists, and, from the
presence of minute insects, has been conjectured to result from the
overflowing and hardening of the oil from cells ruptured by these
insects. On the other hand it may be a deposit like honey-dew,
more or less abundant as the influence of seasons, cultivation, or
atmospheric conditions favors its precipitation.

As touching the influence of graft upon stock, I may observe
that wherever I have worked stocks of the sour orange with the
lemon, which latter is of more rapid growth, the stocks increased
in thickness very much faster than when grafted with the sweet
orange. I have also worked the sweet orange upon the lime and
lemon, but cannot yet state whether the oranges produced differ
materially from those on their own stocks.

A dozen years ago I procured grafts of the Lombard, Washing-
ton, and Imperial Gage plums, which were set on our common
Chicasaw species. The union was perfect, and the trees grew
vigorously, but in our chmate became evergreens and bore but
little fruit. This fruit resembled the gage plums in external appear-
ance, but in texture and flavor inclined towards the Chickasaw.
However, being unproductive, I was not satisfied, and so dug them
up and threw them away.

Yours truly,

Edmund H. Hart.

176 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

W. S. Hart, of New Smyrna, Florida, writes: " I was much
interested in the discussion on the Influence of the Stock upon the
Graft. In it I see some wrong statements as to our oranges dete-
riorating when the sweet is budded on the sour stock. That is a
great mistake, as I will try to prove to you at some future day."

The following letter from G. F. B. Leighton, a Corresponding

Member of the Society, was suggested by the remarks on page 94

of the Transactions for 1879, Part I, in regard to the duration

of apple orchards :

Norfolk, Va., September 30th, 1879.

To the Massachusetts Horticultural Society :

Gentlemen, — A description of an apple orchard planted in
Alfred, York County, Maine, in 1804, may be of interest to some
of your orchardists. This orchard was planted b}^ Daniel Holmes,
a native of Kingston, Mass., in 1804, and consisted of about three
hundred trees, all grafted fruit, the Baldwin, Roxbury Russet,
and Rhode Island Greening taking the lead, with some Golden
Russet, Pearmain Russet, Crawford, and five or six other kinds,
the names of which have escaped my memory, but all choice
varieties.

This orchard is upon a rocky hillside, facing the east, and in
1825 was regarded as the finest orchard in Maine. Last year
there were remaining about two hundred and fifteen trees, which
yielded two hundred bushels of apples.

Most respectfully,

G. F. B. Leighton.

CONTENTS.

Prefatoby Note, .........

Business Meeting, January 3, 1880;. Adclre s of President Gray, pp. 5-7;
Address of President Hayes, 7-11; Appropriations for 1880, 11,
12; Testimonials to Officers, 12; Whitcomb Fund, 12; Appointment of
Treasurer and Secretary, 12 ; Decease of Josiali Newhall, 12 ; Announce-
ment of Meetings for Discussion ......

Business Meeting, January 10; Report of Treasurer and Finance Com-
mittee presented, p. 13; Resolutions in Memory of Josiah Newhall,

Meeting for Discussion; Cultivation of the Cypripedium, by Joseph
Tailby, pp. 14, 15 ; Discussion, 15-18 ; Eucharis Amazonica, 18, 19 ; Double
Cyclamen, ..........

Meeting for Discussion, January 17; The Most Promising New Hardy
Ornamental Trees and Shrubs, etc., by Samuel Parsons, Jr., pp. 20-39;
Discussion, ..........

Meeting foe Discussion, January 24; The Most Promising New Hardy
Ornamental Trees and Shrubs, etc., ......

Meeting for Discussion, Jamiai-y 31; Native Plants, by Mrs. C. N. S.
Horner, pp. 51-54; Discussion, .......

Business Meeting, February 7; Vote respecting Arrangement of Library
Room, p. 59; Letter from Mrs. S. A. Hall and Mrs. G. A. HaU, 59;
3Iembers elected, .........

Meeting for Discussion ; The Profits of Farming and Gardening in New
England, by W. D. Philbricls, pp. 59-62 ; Discussion,

Meeting for Discussion, February 14 ; Forcing Tomatoes and Culture of
Mushrooms, pp. 65-67; Oxonian Rose, 67; Profits of Small Fruit Culture

Business Meeting, February 21 ; Report on Arrangement of Library Room

Meeting for Discussion; Peat and Peat Land, by Josiah Talbot, pp
74-81; Discussion, ........

Meeting for Discussion, February 28; The Tailby Stock for Roses, Effects
of Freezing, etc., pp. 85-87 ; Peat and Peat Lands, ....

Business Meeting, March 6; Election of Member, . . . .

Page
3

13, 14

40-43

43-50

63-65

67-72
72-74

87-92
93

11

CONTENTS.

Meeting for Discussion; Influence of the Stock and Graft, by Dr. E. L
Sturtevant, pp. 93-105; Discussion, .....

Meeting fok Discussion, March 13 ; Influence of the Stock and Graft,

Meeting for Discussion, March 20; Rose Culture, by Joseph Tailby, pp
119,120; Discussion, .......

Meeting fob Discussion, March 27 ; Rose Culture, pp. 125-131 ; Best Method
of Conducting the Meetings for Discussion, ....

Miscellaneous Papers; Seedless Fniits, by E. L. Sturtevant, M. D., pij
133-161 ; Date of Flowering of Trees and Shrubs in Eastern Massachu-
setts, by John Robinson, .......

Correspondence ; Letter from Edmund H. Hart, on Orange Culture, pp
174, 175; from W. S. Hart, on Orange Culture, 175, 176; f rom G. F. B
Leighton, on the Duration of an Apple Orchard,

PAGE

105-112
112-119

121-125

131,132

161-173

176

TRANSACTIONS

;a$sac|Msetts Joriicultoral ^atk%

F0£ THE YEAR 1880.

PART II.

BOSTON :

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY.

1881.

TRANSACTIONS

"^uuthmtt^ ^§nim\tmd f 0m tg.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, April 3, 1880.

A clul}' notified stated meeting was holden at 11 o'clock, Vice-
President John B. Moore in the chair.

C. H. B. Breck, from the Executive Committee, reported a
recommendation that the Society appropriate $250 for the expenses
of the Committee of Arrangements. The appropriation was unani-
mously voted.

Miss Salome H. Snow, of Brunswick, Maine,
having been recommended by the Executive Committee, was, on
ballot, duly elected a Life Member of the Society.

Adjourned to Saturday, May 1 .

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, May 1, 1880.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
President Hayes in the chair.

Edwin A. Hall announced the decease of Jesse Haley, of
Cambridgeport, and moved the appointment of a committee to

182 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

prepare memorial resolutions. The motion was carried, and the
chair appointed as that Committee, Charles M. Hovey, Benjamin
G. Smith, and Edwin A. Hall.

Adjourned to Saturday, June 5.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, June 5, 1880.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
President Hayes in the chair.

The following vote, offered by C. O. Whitmore, was unani-
mously passed :

Voted, That the Finance Committee, on behalf of the Society',
request our President, the Hon. Francis B. Haj^es, to sit for his
portrait to be placed in the Society's rooms, and that the Treasurer
is hereb}^ authorized to pay for the same on approval of said
Committee.

Benjamin G. Smith, from the Committee appointed at the last
meeting to prepare resolutions in memory of Jesse Haley, pre-
sented the following, which were unanimously passed :

Whereas, The Society has learned of the decease of one of its
members, Jesse Haley, of Cambridgeport, who died March 16,
1880, at the ripe age of seventy-three years and nine months ;

Resolved, That the Massachusetts Horticultural Society would
reverently recognize the wise though mysterious providence by
which it has been so recently deprived of one of its active members,
who always manifested much interest in the exhibitions of the
Society, by contributing choice varieties of pears, to the production
of which the latter part of his life was devoted, and whose orchards
now show his great care in the cultivation of that fruit.

In his death, not only this Society, but the community, in many
of its interests, has lost a most estimable friend, and a highly
respected citizen.

Resolved, That the members of this Society tender to his family
their sympathy in this their sad bereavement.

ELECTION OF MEMBERS. 183

Resolved, That this notice of the death of Mr. Halej^ be placed
upon the records of the Society, and that a copy be sent to his
fa^lil3^

Adjourned to Saturday, June 12, at 12 o'clock.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, June 12, 1880.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 12 o'clock.
President Hayes in the chair.

The following named persons having been recommended by the
Executive Committee, were, on ballot, duly elected members of the
Society :

Charles W. Kennard, of Boston.

Stephen C. Chase, of Tewksbury.

Thomas Prince, of Boston.

The meeting was then dissolved.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, July 3, 1880.

A duly notified stated meeting was holden at 11 o'clock, Vice-
President John B. Moore in the chaii*.

Albert M. Davenport, of "Watertown,
having been recommended by the Executive Committee, was, on
ballot, duly elected a member of the Society.

Adjourned to Saturday, August 7.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, August 7, 1880.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock.
President Hayes in the chair.

184 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Marshall P. Wilder, who was present at a business meeting for
the first time since the severe accident which he met with nearly a
year and a half ago, said that he came under a sense of duty,
though a sad duty, to pay a tribute to the memory of one of the
oldest and most esteemed Corresponding Members of the Society,
Robert Buist, of Philadelphia. It had been his privilege to be
acquainted with Mr. Buist for nearly half a century. He was
interested in all that pertains to the welfare of the human race.
For a long course of years he stood at the head of our florists and
seedsmen in the introduction and dissemination of new and valuable
productions. Many of the most distinguished collections in our
land can trace their beginning and much of their excellence to his
enterprise and good taste. It was through him that the Poinsettia
pulcherrima and the Verbena Tzveediana (the latter the tj'pe of the
numerous varieties which ornament our gardens), and a host of
other now popular plants were introduced. His interest in fruit
culture was shown by the fact that he was for many years Vice-
President for Pennsylvania of the American Pomological Societ3\
In all his dealings he sustained a character for honor and fairness.
But he has done more than to raise fine trees or plants ; he has
trained up and sent forth, throughout the land, more young men to
be an honor to horticulture than au}^ other person in the profession.
Nor should mention be omitted of the Christian character of Mr.
Buist, who always closed his grounds on the Sabbath, and attended
the worship of the sanctuary.

Mr. Wilder closed b}' presenting the following resolutions :

Whereas, Information has been received of the decease of Robert
Buist, one of our oldest and most esteemed Corresponding Members,
therefore, be it

Resolved, That in the .death of Mr. Buist, the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society has lost one of its oldest and most esteemed
members, and our country one of its most enterprising, useful, and
time-honored standard-bearers in horticulture ; one, who by his
eminent services in rural culture, and his love of the beautiful
in nature, has done much to improve the taste and promote the
prosperity and happiness of the American people.

Resolved, That while we deplore the loss of Mr. Buist, we rejoice
that his example will still live ; that his works will still speak to us,
and that his influence in promoting rural art and rural taste will
continue to bless those who survive him.

DECEASE OF EGBERT BUIST. 185

Resolved, That we sj^mpathize with his family in this bereave-
ment ; that these proceedings be entered on our records, and that
a copy of the same be sent to the family of the deceased.

William C. Strong seconded the resolutions, expressing the
pleasure of the meeting that Colonel Wilder was able to attend and
present them ; and added, that it was enough to say of Mr. Buist
that he was a worthy associate of Colonel Wilder. Not only his
worldly interests, but his affections, were engaged in his profession.

Robert Manning spoke of Mr. Buist as a connecting link between
the horticulturists of this and earlier generations, Hibbert and Buist
having, in 1830, purchased the grounds of Bernard M'Mahon, who
published the " American Gardener's Calendar" in 1806. He also
spoke of the integrity and uprightness of Mr. Buist's character.

President Hayes added his tribute to the memory of Mr. Buist.
His reputation as a horticulturist was as wide as the country, and
the gardens throughout the land have all been benefited by his
work.

The resolutions were unanimously passed.

On motion of Robert Manning it was voted that the oflScers and
members of the American Association for the Advancement of
Science are cordially invited to visit the halls, library, and exhi-
bitions of this Society during the coming session of the Association
in this city.

Agreeably to the Constitution and By-Laws the President
appointed the following Committee to nominate suitable candidates
for the various offices of the Society for the ensuing j-ear : Charles
M. Hovey, Charles O. Whitmore, Joseph H. Woodford, Charles M.
Atkinson, William H. Spooner, Charles N. Brackett, and Charles
F. Curtis.

On motion of Edwin A. Hall it was voted that a committee of
three be appointed by the chair to prepare resolutions in memory
of Daniel Waldo Lincoln ; and Charles M. Hovey, O. B. Hadwen
and Edwin A. Hall were appointed as that Committee.

On motion of Benjamin G. Smith it was voted that a committee
of three be appointed to prepare resolutions in memorj'^ of Peter
Smith. Benjamin G. Smith, Wilham C. Strong, and Robert Man-
ning were appointed as that Committee.

Adjourned to Saturday, September 4.

186 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, September 4, 1880.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
President Hayes in the chair.

William C. Strong, from the Committee to prepare resolutions in
memory of Peter Smith, reported the following :

Peter Smith, of Andover, a member and benefactor of this
Society, died at his residence, July 6th, in his seventy-eighth year.
He was born in Brechin, Scotland, September 10th, 1802, and
came to this country at the age of twenty years, and associated
himself in business with his brother, who had preceded him. Mr.
Smith has held a high position as an intelligent and successful
manufacturer and merchant. He was a man pf remarkable integ-
rity and high-minded purposes, and in all his actions secured the
implicit confidence of every one. His rare wisdom and accurate
judgment in business affairs will be missed by those who so often
sought his advice. Possessing abundant means he contributed
liberally and cheerfully to such objects, public and private, as com-
mended themselves to his judgment. His charities were carefully
and judiciously bestowed, and he will be remembered with grati-
tude and affection by the numerous recipients of his kindness and
bounty. Mr. Smith was very fond of horticulture. His love of
flowers amounted almost to a passion. He loved to see them and
to talk about them. The choicest varieties of flowers and fruits
blossomed and ripened in his garden and greenhouses. In all the
relations of hfe, as the head of a family, a citizen, and a Christian,
he was universall}^ respected and honored.

Whereas, God in his all wise providence has seen fit to remove
by death a much esteemed and valued member of this Society,
Peter Smith, therefore

Resolved, That we have learned with deep regret of the death of
Mr. Smith, who was as beloved and esteemed by us for his kind-
ness as a friend and associate as he was respected for his honesty
and integrity as a merchant.

Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be transmitted to the
family of our departed friend, as a mark of our sympathy with them
in their bereavement.

The resolutions were unanimously passed.

DECEASE OF DANIEL WALDO LINCOLN. 187

Charles M. Hovey, Chairman of the Committee to prepare reso-
lutions in memory of Daniel Waldo Lincoln, presented the follow-
ing:

The recent death of D. Waldo Lincoln, an old and honored
member of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, has caused a
deep feeling of sorrow to every member of this association, there-
fore

Resolved, That in his death the Society mourns the loss of one
of its earnest co-workers in its useful sphere, and one who in his
early manhood took the liveliest interest in everything pertaining
to horticulture. He was one of the first to introduce to our collec-
tions the magnificent Victoria regia, which he successfully cultivated
and flowered at his grounds in Worcester, and his labors in the
infancy of pomology were eminently valuable and important, in the
diffusion of a knowledge of fruit culture throughout the heart of the
Commonwealth. Passing some time ago from the domain of horti-
culture to the laborious duties of hts later years, he exhibited in
them the thoroughness and ability which characterized all that
he undertook, and though absorbed in public duties which severely
taxed his energies, he did not lose his earlier love for the gratifying
pursuit which was the engrossing employment of his younger
days.

Resolved, That in his death this Society loses one who, by his
practice and example, conferred renown upon the science to which
he devoted so many years, and that every member sympathizes
with his family in their great bereavement.

Resolved, That these resolutions be entered upon the records,
and a cop}" be forwarded to the family of the deceased.

Mr. Hovey added that he had known Mr. Lincoln for many
years, and had had much correspondence with him. He was a
worthy son of a worthy sire, and exerted a lasting influence for
good in the central county of the Commonwealth.

President Ha3"es, before putting the question, asked permission
to add his tribute to the memory of Mr. Lincoln. As a director of
the Boston and Albany Railroad he was intimately' acquainted with
Mr. Lincoln, the President. It was a great delight to Mr. Lincoln
to turn from railroad matters to discuss some new flower or superb
fruit, and he was proud that so many of the directors were interested
in horticultm-e. He often spoke of his own early interest in horti-
culture ; and one occasion and the pleasure which Mr. Lincoln

188 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

took in it — when, on the adjournment of a meeting, the directors
visited the beautiful grounds of Ignatius Sargent, of Brookline, a
member of the board — was especially remembered by the speaker.
Mr. Lincoln's earnest mind was shown in every work he undertook,
and not only this Society but the community have lost a most
worthy man.
The resolutions were unanimously passed.

C. M. Hovey, chairman of the Nominating Committee, asked for
another week in which to prepare their report, which was granted.

The following named persons, having been recommended by the
Executive Committee, were on ballot duly elected members of the

Society :

HiKAM A. Oakman, of North Marshfield.
Albert W. Nickerson, of Dedham.
Starkes Whiton of Hingham Centre.
F. J. DuTCHER, of Hopedale.

Adjourned to Saturday, September 11.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, September 11, 1880.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
President Hayes in the chair.

Charles M. Hovey, Chairman of the Nominating Committee, pre-
sented the report of that committee, which was accepted. It was
voted that the Committee be continued and requested to nominate
candidates in place of any who may decline before the election.

The meeting was then dissolved.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, October 2, 1880.

A stated meeting of the Society, being the annual meeting for
the choice of officers, was holden at 11 o'clock. President Ha^-es in
the chair.

THE HISTORY OF THE SOCIETY. 189

. The Recording Secretary stated that notice had been given of
the meeting in accordance with the Constitution and B^^-Laws.

The chair appointed John G. Barker, E. W. Buswell, and John
C. Hovey, a committee to receive, assort, and count the votes
given, and report the number.

Tie polls were opened at five minutes past eleven o'clock.

Eev. A. B. Muzze}^, from the Conmaittee on Publication,
announced that the History of the Society was expected to be
ready for distribution to subscribers early in the next week, and
stated that, having carefully examined the manuscript of the work,
he wished to congratulate the Society on the completion of this
interesting volume, and trusted that every member would supply
himself with a copy.

The President said that he was much gratified at the announce-
ment of Mr. Muzzey, and that, having also examined the work, he
was able to join in the approval which the Committee had given it,
and to speak of it as a book which should be in the possession of
every member.

Marshall P. "Wilder spoke of the accuracy of the Societ}- in the
nomenclature of fruits and flowers, and of its influence in promoting
such accuracy throughout the countrj^, of which he saw the evidence
in the correctness of the names of fruits, during a visit to the
orchards of California. He spoke of the interest which he had felt
in the Society from the beginning, and said that all would want to
read the History, for it would perpetuate the names of many whom
we have loved and of others who will soon join them.

Charles M. Hovey said that, as one of the Committee having the
work in charge, he read the manuscript as first prepared, which
gave an account of the connection of the Societ}' with Mount
Auburn, and of the labors of Gen. Dearborn, whose whole heart
was in the Experimental Garden. He trusted that we should find
in the volume what we should love to read, — a record of men who
have served the Society faithfull}', and whose memory we revere.

The polls were closed at five minutes past twelve o'clock. The
Committee to receive, assort, and count the votes given, and report
the number, reported by their Chairman that the whole number was
sevent3'-seven ; necessaiy for a choice, thirty-nine ; and the candi-
dates having that number were, agreeably to the Constitution and
By-Laws, declared by the President to be elected oflicers and stand-
ng committees of the Society for the year 1881.

190 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The following named persons, having been recommended by the
Executive Committee, were, on ballot, duly elected members of the

Society :

George 0. Wales, of Braintree.
Hon. John S. Bratton, of Fall River.
John L. Gardner, of Brookhne.
Mrs. E. C. Pickering, of Cambridge.
Mrs. J. Marcou, of Cambridge.

Adjourned to Saturday, November 6.

1

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, November 6, 1880.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
Vice-President Benjamin G. Smith in the chair.

Marshall P. Wilder, from the Executive Committee, reported a
recommendation that the amount to be offered for Prizes and
Gratuities for the 5^ear 1881 be $3,050. The Committee also
recommended the appropriation of S200 for the Library Committee
for the purchase of magazines and newspapers, binding of books,
and incidental expenses of the Committee ; $150 for the Committee
on Publication and Discussion ; and $250 for the expenses of the
Committee of Arrangements — all these amounts being the same as
were appropriated for 1880. The report was accepted, and agree-
ably to the Constitution and By-Laws was laid over until the stated
meeting in January.

Charles M. Hovey, Chairman of the Committee appointed
November 1, 1879, to procure a portrait of Charles O. Whitmore,
Chairman of the Finance Committee, made a verbal report that a
portrait had been procured and placed in the Hall without expense
to the Society.

John Owen presented the following preamble and resolutions in
memory of Dr. Charles C. Hamilton :

WJiereas, Our Society has intelligence of the sudden death of
one of its most distiug-uished Corresponding Members, the late

i

DECEASE OF DR. CHARLES C. HAMILTON. 191

Charles Cotnam Hamilton, M.D., of Canard, King's County, Nova
Scotia, — one who has done much to advance scientific and practical
agriculture and pomolog}' in all the British Provinces of America,
and

Whereas, Dr. Hamilton's progressive ideas and valuable contri-
butions to his favorite department of knowledge have not been con-
fined to his native vallej^ of Cornwallis, made famous largely by
his unceasing exertions, but covered a wider field of operations by
^s sjTiipathy with congenial minds (not merely in the Dominion
but in this country) , by his writings, and by the frequent exhibition
here of the proofs of his success, obtained under circumstances of
climate and soil less friendl}' to faim and garden cultm'e than our
own, and

WJiereas, In his character as a private citizen, and as a public
man, and throughout a long, extensive, and useful professional
career he united in himself those elements of human greatness and
goodness which won for him the admkation and love of all brought
within the circle of his influence and action, therefore.

Resolved, That in the death of Dr. Hamilton not only this Society
but the whole North American community suflfers a severe and
irreparable loss.

Resolved, That the strong bond of cooperation and the ties of
no common friendship, are hereby sundered, to be reunited, we
trust, in that spirit-peopled land of perpetual bloom and fruitage,
beyond the grave, while his example still remains to cheer and
strengthen us.

Resolved, That these sentiments of respect and affection, with
the earnest expression of sincere condolence, be presented to the
bereaved family of the deceased.

The resolutions were seconded b}' Marshall P. Wilder, who said
he had come, at considerable inconvenience, to express his grief
at the death of Dr. Hamilton, and his sense of the loss of a Vice-
Pi'esident of the American Pomological Societj^ Dr. Hamilton was
a genial, gentle, and Christian man, and the speaker agreed with all
said in his praise in the resolutions. No man in Nova Scotia has
done so much for agriculture, horticulture, and the medical profes-
sion. In all that seeks to promote the welfare of mankind he was
foremost. He was president of the Fruit Growers' Association of
Nova Scotia, and his skill as a fruit grower was attested by a bunch
of Black Hamburg grapes, grown in the open air in his garden, and

192 MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

brought by his son to the speaker, who placed it on the exhibition
table before the meeting. Dr. Hamilton's death was caused by
exhaustion from attending agricultural and horticultural fairs, which
he had continued for three successive weeks though warned by his
family that he was over-exerting himself.

Charles M. Hovey said that he had known Dr. Hamilton as Vice
President of the American Pomological Society, and as a man of
excellence, of commanding presence, and of great zeal and per-
severance in horticulture, and he felt his loss deeply.

The presiding officer spoke of Dr. Hamilton as remarkable for
his skill as a physician, and distinguished as a horticulturist and a
warm hearted, genial gentleman.

The resolutions were unanimousl}" adopted.

Charles M. Hove}^ presented the following resolutions in memory
of Dr. Augustus Torrej' :

The Massachusetts Horticultural Society, having learned with
profound regret of the death of Dr. Augustus Torrey, of Beverly,
an old and honored member.

Resolved, That in the death of Dr. Torrey the Societj^ has lost
another of its older members, who has for many years honored it
by his presence, encouraged it by his example, and aided it by his
frequent contributions of beautiful fruits.

Resolved, That the members are duly sensible of the services of
Dr. Torrey in the cause of horticulture, as well as of his life long
labors in behalf of suffering humanity. An able and eminent
physician, attentive to his arduous duties, he still found leisure
moments which he gave to the cultivation of his garden. Courte-
ous and genial in his intercourse ; kind and considerate to those
whom it was his duty to serve ; an upright man, a sincere friend,
and an esteemed citizen, he leaves a record that is an honor to
himself and to the science which was his chosen profession.

Resolved, That in the death of Dr. Torrej^ this Society keenly
feels the loss of one of its older associates and continued friends,
and desires to express its appreciation of the labors of those who
in earlier days contributed so much to its influence, and who have
been interested in its welfare.

Resolved, That the members deeply sympathize with the family
in their great bereavement and sorrow.

Resolved, That these resolutions be entered upon the records,
and that a cop}^ be transmitted to the family of the deceased.

DECEASE OF DR. AUGUSTUS TORRET. 193

Mr. Hovey added that he had known Dr. Torrey for thirty years,
and that he was interested in all branches of horticulture, and
always came to the annual exhibitions, bringing choice specimens
of fruits. By his genial manners and his zeal and assiduity as a
horticulturist he aided to bring the Society to the position it now
occupies, and which he hoped the younger members would maintain.

Rev. A. B. Muzzey seconded the resolutions. He said that he
had probably known Dr. Torrey longer than any other person
present, — they having been college class-mates. He was a sincere
and good man, whose whole character might be held up as a model.
He was a great lover of horticulture, and made valuable contribu-
tions to the exhibitions of the Society. At the last meeting of the
Society, when he sat by the side of the speaker, he seemed much
affected by the death of his wife and soon followed her. He was
a man whom we need have no fear of over-praising, and a great
loss to the Society.

Marshall P. Wilder desired to express his concurrence in what
had been said. The last time he met Dr. Torrey, the latter spoke
of the great pleasure he felt in the meeting, but said, " We shall
not stay here much longer."

The resolutions were unanimously passed.

Malcolm C. Greene, of Dorchester, and

James A. Rumrill, of Springfield,
having been recommended by the Executive Committee, were, on
ballot, duly elected members of the Society.

Adjourned to Saturday, December 4.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, December 4, 1880.

At the last meeting the Society adojurned to 11 o'clock today,
but as no quorum was present it

Adjourned to Saturday, December 11.

194 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, December 11, 1880.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
President Hayes in the chair.

The Annual Eeport of the Committee on Plants and Flowers was
read by William H. Spooner, Chairman. Accepted and referred
to the Committee of Publication.

Mr. Spooner presented the following vote :

Voted, That the Prospective Prize of $40 for the best Seedling,
Flowering or Foliage plant (other than Rose, Camellia, Azalea
Indica, Tree Pseony, Hardy Rhododendron, or Hardy Azalea,) be
awarded to Joseph Tailby for the Seedling Carnation Grace Wilder,
as recommended in the report of the Committee on Plants and
Flowers.

On motion of W. C. Strong, seconded by C. M. Hovey, the
above vote was laid on the table.

The annual report of the Committee on Fruits was read by John
B. Moore, Chairman.

The Annual Report of the Committee on Publication and Dis-
cussion was read by William C. Strong, Chairman.

The Annual Report of the Committee on Gardens was read by
Benjamin G. Smith, Chairman.

The Annual Report of the Committee on the Library was read
by Robert Manning, who also read his annual report as Secretary.

These reports were severally accepted and referred to the Com-
mittee on Publication.

On motion of John C. Hovey further time was granted to the
Committee on Vegetables and the Committee of Arrangements to
present their reports.

The President, as Chairman of the Executive Committee, pre-
sented the List of Prizes for 1881, with the approval of that com-
mittee. It was voted that the List of Prizes be laid on the table
for one week for examination by the members.

John E. Peabody, of Salem, •

having been recommended by the Executive Committee, was, on
ballot, duly elected a member of the Society.

Adjourned to Saturday, December 18.

PRIZE LIST FOR 1881. 195

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, December 18, 1880.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
President Haj-es in the chair.

C. H. B. Breck, Chairman of the Committee of Arrangements,
asked further time to report, which was granted.

The List of Prizes for the year 1881 was taken from the table,
and on motion of John B. Moore was accepted, adopted, and
referred to the Committee on Publication. It was voted that the
Committee on Establishing Prizes have libert}^ to add such Special
Prizes as may be offered to the Society, subject to the approval of
the Executive Committee.

Nathaniel T. Kidder, of Boston, and
Henry H. Withington, of Jamaica Plain,

having been recommended by the Executive Committee, were, on

ballot, duly elected members of the Society.

The meeting was then dissolved.
2

REPORT

or THE

COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS,

FOR THE YEAR 1880.

By WILLIAM 11. SPOONER, Chairman.

Your Committee are enabled to report a continued interest in the
work of the Society in this department. The principal exhibitions
have been well sustained, and the weekly shows have found com-
petitors for most of the prizes offered, and we are led from the
3'ear's experience to commend the wisdom of returning to the sys-
tem of weekh- prize exhibitions, even if the amount of the money
prizes is much smaller than formerly ; contributors appearing
usually to consider an award of a first or second prize as of far
more value than a like or even a larger sum in a gratuity.

We are pleased to notice a ver}' great increase in the exhibits of
choice and rare plants, and the idea has suggested itself to your
Committee, and to others of the active members of the Societ}^ that
a change might be made in the prizes for greenhouse plants at the
Annual Exhibition b}- the substitution or addition of another class
of prizes, perhaps in silver cups, and making the present class of
money prizes of a smaller amount, to be awarded for a smaller class
of plants. The Committee are of the opinion that such a course
would add greatly to the interest of this show.

AZALEA AND ROSE EXHIBITION.

March 18.
Hardy Perpetual Roses, forced. — The only competition in

REPORT or COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 197

these was between John B. Moore and Joseph Tailb3\ Mr. Moore
was first with twelve cut blooms, very fine flowers, of

Alfred Colomb. Mabel Morrison.

Capt. Christy. Marquise de Castellane.

fitienne Levet. Mme. Baronne de Eothschild.

Gen. Jacqueminot. Paul Nerou.

Glory of Waltham. Prince Camille de Rohan.

John Hopper. Sir Garnet Wolsele3\

He was also first for six cut blooms, with

Dnpu}^ Jamain.- Mme. Chas. Crapelet.

fidouard Morren. Marie Baumann.

Lyonnais. Victor Verdier.

There were no forced roses in pots exhibited.

Peter Henderson & Co., of New York, exhibited at this show the
new Tea rose American Banner, a sport from Bon Silene, with
striped flowers ; we hardh' think it will prove a valuable acquisi-
tion.

Februarj^ 21st, F. L. Harris exhibited a hybrid seedling rose — a
cross between the Cherokee and Isabella Sprunt, with the general
characteristics of the former and the color of the latter.

March 13th, there was shown by Joseph Tailby a new H3'brid
Perpetual rose, called Rosy Morn ; color delicate peach shaded to
salmon rose, large flower, delicateh' scented.

Indian Azaleas. — Marshall P. Wilder was again the only con-
tributor in this department. His plants were fine, but we omit the
list of varieties as they were very much the same as those exhib-
ited by him last year.

Orchids were shown b}^ F. L. Ames, James Cartwright, and John
L. Gardner ; the latter exhibited a \ery fine plant of Dendrobmm
nohile^ remarkably" well grown.

At the Chrysanthemum Show, November 10th, F. L. Ames pre-
sented particularly fine orchids, taking the first jjrize for these
plants, with Dendrohium chrysanthum, Oncidkim tigrinum, and
Cypripedhim Harrisianum ; and the second prize with Cypripedium
Dominianum, Cliysis brnctescens, and Rodriguezia secunda.

Mr. Ames also took the first prize for a single plant with Vanda
coirulea, and the second with Oncidiam macranthum. He also
exhibited for the first time the beautiful new Cypmp)edium Spiceria-
num.

198 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Januarj^ 3d, Joseph Tailby exhibited a fine plant of Cypripedium
insigne, having nineteen flower spikes with two perfect flowers on
each, and one of the spikes developing a third bud.

We missed C. B. Gardner's fine C^'clamens this season. Excel-
lent Primulas were shown by Hovej & Co. and John L. Gardner ;
Cinerarias by John B. Moore, and Calceolarias by John L. Gard-
ner.

Hyacinths. — This exhibit was made by John L. Gardner, and
"was grand ; besides his prize lot, he had a very choice collection
grown in pots or pans twelve inches in diameter and about eight
inches deep, with from nine to thirteen bulbs in each ; the flowers
were in perfect condition for display and were most skillfully grown.
Mr. Gardner was awarded the first prize, for

Gladiator, single red. Kaiser Ferdinand, single blue.

Lady Stanhope, single violet. Czar Peter, " "

Mr. Thackeray, " " Minister Thorbecke, " "

Mont Blanc, single white. Louis Philippe, double blue.

Snowball, " "

In his general collection Mr. Gardber had

Maria Catharina, single red. Nimrod, single piirple.

Unica Spectabilis, single pink. Grand Lilas, single hght purple.

La Belle Blanchisseuse, single La Nuit, single black-blue.

white. Othello, double "

Mirandolina, single white. Noble par Merite, double pink.

RHODODENDRON SHOW.

June 5.

Hardy Rhododendrons and Azaleas. — As lastj^ear. President
Francis B. Hayes was the only exhibitor for the Hunnewell Premi-
ums, receiving the first and second prizes for twelve named varieties,
and for the single truss of Rhododendrons ; also the first for twentj'-
four hardy Azaleas. E. Sheppard was first for twelve trusses of
Azaleas. For a single truss the first and second prizes went to
President Hayes for beautiful blooms of Ornatissimum and Souvenir
de Prince d'Orange.

H. H. Hunnewell presented as usual a choice collection of Rhodo-
dendrons and Azaleas, but not for competition.

EEPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 199

Clematis. — The competition for the prizes offered this season
for the first time was not as large as might haA'^e been expected.
Those for the earl}' flowering varieties were taken by J. H. Wood-
ford and John B. Moore. Of the late varieties, Francis B. Hayes
was the only contributor.

ROSE EXHIBITION.

June 18.

The extremely warm weather in June was demoralizing to hardy
roses ; consequentlj', excepting a few individual stands, the exhibi-
tion was not up to the standard of last 3'ear ; though, on account
of the heat, the date was changed from the 22d to the 18th. The
principal contributors were John B. Moore, William Gray, Jr.,
Francis B. Hayes, J. S. Eichards, and William H. Spooner.

Hardy Perpetuals. — For the best twelve varieties, John B.
Moore was first with

Comtesse d'Oxford. Mme.Baronnede Rothschild,

fitienne Levet. Mme. Marius Cote.

Ferdinand de Lesseps. Mons. Boncenne.

rran9ois Michelon. Mrs. Laxton.

Louis Van Houtte. Mrs. Baker.

Marie Baumann. Prince Camille de Rohan.

Francis B. Hayes was first with six varieties, but no list has been
furnished the Committee.

William H. Spooner was first with three varieties : Mons. Bon-
cenne, Thomas Mills, and Mme. la Baronne de Rothschild.

Moss Roses. — John B. Moore was first with sis varieties, viz. :
Crested. Mme. Ugale.

Four Seasons. Zaire.

Gracilis.

Also for three varieties, with Mme. Surette, Mme. Alboni, and
Salet.

Your Committee were again fortunate in having several silver
cups to award as special prizes, besides the Challenge Cup of last
3'ear ; with these continued inducements we venture to predict a
very considerable addition to the competition another year.

A Silver Cup valued at $25, for three specimen roses of different

200 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

varieties, was awarded to Francis B. Hayes, for Mme. Lacharme,
Pierre Netting, and Prince Paul Demidoff. These were truly
superb flowers ; the Mme. Lacharme was especiall}' beautiful in
size, form, and color, and this variety was probably never before
exhibited in a more perfect condition.

A Silver Cup valued at $25, for six specimen roses of different
varieties, was awarded to William Gray, Jr., for

Comtesse d'Oxford. Ferdinand de Lesseps.

fitienne Dupu}-. Magna Charta.

Exposition de Brie. Marquise de Gibot.

A Silver Cup valued at $25, for twelve specimen roses of differ-
ent varieties, was awarded to John B. Moore, for
Comtesse d'Oxford. John Hopper,

fitienne Levet. Louis Van Houtte.

Ferdinand de Lesseps. Mile. Marie Rad3^

Francois Michelon. Mme. Baronnede Rothschild.

Gen. Forey. Mons. Boncenne.

Horace Vernet. Mons. E. Y. Teas.

A Silver Cup valued at S25, for three specimen roses of one
variety, went to John B. Moore, for Sir Garnet Wolseley.

A Silver Cup valued at $25, for six roses of one variety, was
awarded to William Gray, Jr., for Mme. la Baronne de Rothschild.

A Silver Cup valued at $25, for twelve roses of one variety, was
awarded to John B. Moore, for Prince Camille de Rohan.

The Challenge Cup, valued at $150, was again awarded to Wil-
liam Gra}^ Jr., without competition. Your Committee did not
consider the roses offered for this prize entirely worthy, but did
not feel at liberty to withhold the award. The terms of this prize
are that the winner shall hold it for three successive j-ears, and this
is the second award to Mr. Gray.

August 21st, President Francis B. Hayes exhibited a group of
twelve Hybrid Perpetual roses of the Paul Neron variety, averag-
ing six inches in diameter, and he has grown many even larger than
this. We doubt whether any of the European growers can do as much.
Indeed Mr. Ha^'es has had remarkable success in the cultivation of
roses, having made continuous weekly exhibitions of fine blooms,
— sometimes of better quality even than those of the Annual Rose
Show, — and extending from June to October.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 201

ANNUAL EXHIBITION.

September 14, 15, 16, and 17.

The Annual Exhibition of last 3'ear was considered the best in fine
plants ever held by the Societ}', but that of this year exceeded even
the best, and was truly grand in beautiful and rare specimens —
far in advance of the anticipations of your Committee. The work
of our Society shows an increasing tendency toward the encourage-
ment of the cultivation of rare and choice plants, and it may be a-
question for further consideration whether we should not make two
classes of prizes at our Annual Show ; one for the larger and more
remarkable specimens, and another for a smaller grade of plants.

The principal exhibitions of plants were made by S. R, Payson,
H. H. Hunnewell, F. L. Ames, W. Graj', Jr., and President
Hayes ; all of them were of the finest quality, and the effect pro-
duced was like transporting the beholder to the luxuriant realms of
the tropic zone.

Twelve Greenhouse Plants. — The first prize was awarded to
S. R. Paj'son for :

Adiantum Farleyense. Dieffenhachia Bausei.

Alocasia metallica. Draccena Mooreana.

Anthurium Warocqueanum. Eurya latifolia var.

Croton Disraeli. Ficus Parcelli.

Croton Yonngi. Maranta Veitchii.

Cyanophyllum magnificum. Nepenthes Hooker i.

The second prize was awarded to F. L. Ames for :

Acalypha mosaica. Croton variabilis.

Alpinea vittata. Curculigo recurvata var.

Anthurium Warocqueanum. Kentia australis.

Cordyline (Draccena) indivisa. Maranta 3Iakoyctna.

Croton nubilis. Phenecophorum Sechellarum.

Croton Queen Victoria. Phyllotcenium Lindeni.

Specimen Plant, not variegated. — The first prize was given
to Hove}- & Co., for Cycas revoluta; the second prize to F. L.
Ames for Sciadophyllum pulchrum.

Specimen Flowering Plant. — The first and second prizes went
to H. H. Hunnewell for Lapageria rosea, and Ixora coccinea.

202 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETr.

Variegated Leaved Plants, six varieties, to William Gra}^, Jr.,

for:

Agave schidigera. Anthurium crystallinum.

Alocasia macrorhiza var. Draccena Hendersonii.

Ananassa sativa var. Fittonia argyroneura.

Specimen Plant, variegated. — The first priz3 went to S. R.
Pay son for a beautiful plant of Croton variegatum; the second to
John L. Gardner for Eurya latifoUa variegata.

Caladiums. — William Gray, Jr., took the first prize for six, with

Boieldieu. Meyerbeer.

Chantini. Madame Duval.

Houletti. Rogieri.

Hovey & Co. received the second for :

Alfred Bleu. ' Prince Albert Edward.

Dr. Lindley. Rossini.

Herold. Triomphe de I'Exposition.

Adiantums. — For six varieties S. R. Paj^son was first with :

A. amahile. A. gradllimum.

A. cuneatum. A. scutum.

A. formosum. A. setulosum.

Hovey & Co. were second with :

A. amahile. A. cuneatum.

A. concinnum. A. decorum.

A. concinnum latum. A. excisum multifidum.

Dracaenas. — For six varieties, William Gra}^, Jr., was first with :

D. amabilis. D. Mooreana.

D. Chelsoni. D. Shejoherdii.

D. magnijica. D. Youngi.

Palm. — For a single specimen the first prize went to William
Gray, Jr., for Livistona rotuyidifolia ; the second to Hovey & Co.
for Pritchardia Pacifica.

Nepenthes. — The first prize for three was awarded to F. L.
Ames for N. distillatoria, iV. Chelsoni, and JV. intermedia. Mr.
Ames also exhibited the new and rare JV. Veitchii.

Agaves. — The first prize for six went to Henry Ross ; the second
to Hovey & Co., for :

A. applanata. A. lieteracantha ccendea.

A. cyanea. A. hystrix.

A. Gilbeyii. A. JSfissonii.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 203

Benjamin Gray contributed thi*ee species of Nymphcea, viz.,
Devoniensis, coerulea, and dentata. Mr. Gray has given special
attention to this class of plants, and these were well grown speci-
mens, worthy of his acknowledged skill.

H. H. Hunnewell as usual exhibited a beautiful collection of
choice plants, but they were not offered in competition for prizes.
They were —

Alocasia gigantea. Draemna HarrisU.

Alocasia metalUca. Draemna Youngi.

Croton longifolium var. Musa ensete.

Croton pictum. Musa superba.

Cyanophyllum magnificum. Phyllotcenium Lindeni.

Dieffenbachia imperialis, Sphcerogyne latifoUa.

Dieffenbachia Bausei.

He also exhibited a fine plant of Terminalia elegans which, from
its appearance, may prove a remarkably beautiful decorative foli-
age plant and useful for florists' purposes. The leaves are long
and narrow, tapering to a point ; in color a bronzy-green with
numerous pinkish veins through them ; midrib bright pink or red ;
under side light green. Williams says of this plant, " It grows in
a regular pyramidal form, and the beauty of its outline and its
handsomely marked and glossy leaves constitute it one of the most
appropriate plants for the decoration of the dinner table, and a
never failing source of pleasure in the stove."

From F. B. Hayes, came a fine specimen of the choice evergreen
stove plant, Cupayiia filici folia.

Dahlias have been shown in less quantity than before ; excellent
fiowers were presented by John L. Gardner, Samuel G. Stone,
James Nugent, and John Parker. At the Annual Exhibition Mr.
Gardner was first for twelve flowers, with

Delicata. Mrs. Henshaw.

Gladiator. Peri.

Harlequin. Pre-eminent.

James Cocker. Queen of Beauties.

La Phare. Rifleman.

Miss Caroline. Titian.

John Parker was first for six, with

Gladiator. King of Primroses.

James Cocker. Monarch.

John Standish. Paul of Paisley.

204 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETT.

James Nugent was first for a single flower, with Peri.

Mr. Gardner exhibited his dahlias in a neat wooden stand,
admirably designed for the purpose, after the English model. It is
arranged in sections eighteen inches in length by twelve in width,
to displa}' six blooms, which are received in zinc tubes about three
inches in depth (for holding water) in which are fitted wooden
sockets for the flowers. These tubes are placed two and one-half
inches from the edge of the stand and five inches from each other,
and the whole rests upon supports from four to five inches high.

CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW.

November 10.

This was noticeably fine in choice plants, which, together with the
propitious weather, made it a ver}^ attractive exhibition.

H. L. Higginson, Henry P. Walcott, Norton Brothers, and
James Comley were the contributors of plants. Mr. Higginson's
plants were remarkably fine, giving evidence, as usual, of the skill
of his gardener, Mr. Clark. Dr. Walcott also presented excellent
plants. Those of Messrs. Norton, though not large, were well
grown, as were also those of Mr. Comley.

Cut Chrysanthemum flowers were shown in larger numbers than
ever before, and we notice this feature of the display' with pleasure.
The Chj^santhemum is certainly a plant for the million, — easily
grown either in the garden or the house, and we hope, with the pro-
posed changes in the prizes offered for this class of plants and
flowers, to see an exhibition next autumn such as has never been
made in this country, and if our active members will unite to this
end we can make it a success. Let us each make an effort, if only
with a single plant or a few flowers, all contributing something
towards a grand result.

H. L. Higginson was first for six large-flowered varieties, with

Bolivar. Hero of Stoke Newiugton.

Dr. Sharpe. Jardin des Plantes.

Golden Queen of England. Prince of Wales.

H. P. Walcott was second, with

Bronze. Mrs. Fors3'the.

Julie Lagravere. Pink Perfection.

Mrs. Dixon. Souvenir de Mercedes.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON" PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 205

Mr. Higginson was first with six Pompons, viz. : —
Bob. La Fiancee.

Duriflet. Model of Perfection.

Gen. Canrobert. Nellie.

H. P. Walcott was first for four Japanese varieties, with M.
Crousse, Fulton, Purple King, Bouquet Fait.

For a specimen plant, large-flowered, Mr. Higginson was first,
with Golden George Glenny. Dr. "Walcott was second, with
Guernsey Nugget.

For a specimen plant, pompon-flowered, James Comley was first,
with Model of Perfection. Mr. Higginson was second and third,
with Boule de Neige and Niobe.

For a specimen plant of a Liliputian variety. Dr. Walcott was
first, with Mrs. Hutt, and Mr. Higginson second, with Amietta.

For a specimen plant, of a Japanese variety, Dr. Walcott was
first and second, with Figaro and Fleur Parfaite.

For cut flowers, twelve large-flowered varieties. Dr. Walcott
was first, with a beautiful group of the best flowers of this class
we have ever seen, viz. :

Bronze. L'Orient.

Charles Montariol. Mrs. Dixon.

Felicite. Mrs. Forsythe.

George Peabody. Mrs. Mary Morgan.

Guernsey Nugget. Prince of Wales.

Jardin des Plantes. Souvenir de Mercedes.

Francis B. Hayes was second, with

Alarm. Lord Stanley.

Bronze Jardin des Plantes. Miss Mary Morgan.

Empress of India. Ne Plus Ultra.

Guernsey Nugget. Progne.

Jardin des Plantes. Rose Perfection.

Lady Slade. Snowball.

For twelve cut flowers, pompon varieties, E. Sheppard was first,
with

Anna. Maroon Model.

Duriflet. Mme. de Vatry.

Gen. Canrobert. Nellie.

Golden Circle. Norma.

La Fiancee. Rose Trevenna.

Maria. Volunteer.

206 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Joseph Clark was second with

Bob. Nellie.

Candeur. Pasque Fleur.

Gen. Canrobert. Perfection.

Goldflnder. Rose Bella.

La Fiancee. Stella.

Mme. Mary. White Trevenna.

Having thus given an account of the special exhibitions of the
3'ear, we proceed to make some comments on the most prominent
flowers for which prizes were offered at the weekly shows, closing
with remarks on some of the most interesting miscellaneous plants
exhibited.

Iris K^mpferi and varieties. — We are pleased to notice an
increased cultivation of this beautiful plant, the contributors being
F. Parkman, B. D. Hill, and Woolson & Co. of Passaic, N. J. ;
all exhibiting seedling varieties, many of the flowers of large size,
indicating the possibilities of this plant for the future.

Carnations. — Joseph Tailby has again shown his seedling,
Grace Wilder, in fine condition, and has entered it for the prospect-
ive prize for a seedling flowering plant. Your Committee had an
opportunity of seeing the plants in a most luxuriant state last May
at Mr. Tailby's place in Wellesley, where he had a large house
planted mostly with this variety, which had been in bloom all win-
ter ; and we have no hesitation in commending it as one of the
best seedling carnations we have ever seen. A First Class Certifi-
cate of Merit was awarded to it last year, and we now unanimously
recommend that the Prospective Prize of $40, for the best seedling
flowering or foliage plant, be awarded to Joseph Tailby for the
Carnation Grace Wilder.

Mr. Tailb}' has also exhibited several other seedlings, viz :

No. 9, or Fred Johnson. — Flower medium in size, finely fringed,
color bright carmine.

Princess Louise. — Large flower, deeply fringed, color bright
pink, delightfully scented.

Dr. Whitney. — Flower medium sized, fringed, color pinkish car-
mine, some of its inner petals rolling up and showing the light
color of the under surface ; very fragrant.

Messrs. Hovey & Co. have several times exhibited their seedling
carnation. Magnificent, which they offer for the -prospective prize

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 207

for a needling flowering plant. It has a large full flower, color
bright scarlet shading to cherry ; apparently a free bloomer and
vigorous grower, but not strongl}^ scented. We have not seen the
plant growing. It was raised in 1878, and exhibited in Februarj^,
1879.

Perennial Phloxes, July 24th and August 7th, were shown
only by John B. Moore, to whom all the prizes were awarded, for
fine displays of flowers in the following varieties :

Auguste Riviere. Mme. Froment.

Belldonville. Mme. Moisset.

Charlotte Saison. Mme. Prosper Laugier.

Czarina. Mons. Aubry.

Depute Berlet. Mons. Valden Chuck.

D. Parrie. Pandore.

Figaro. Princess Louise.

Greville. Richard Larios.

Heloise. Saison Rival.

Le Pole Nord. Van Houtte.

Michael Buchner. White Lady.

August 7th there came from Hovey & Co. a new phlox, Pictet
de la Rive ; color pure white.

Gladioli. — The contributions to this department have been
less than in former years. The most frequent exhibitors were James
Cartwright and George Craft. Mr. Cartwright's were chiefly seed-
lings, which were noticeably fine ; his named varieties were also
choice flowers, well grown. His seedling, No. 84, is particularly
promising, having a strong spike of well arranged flowers, in color
similar to Meyerbeer, of a brilliant fiery red with light rose throat.

James F. C. Hyde has again exhibited his seedUng, Hyde's
White, which maintains its character of last year. Your Commit-
tee had the satisfaction of seeing it growing in Mr. Hj^de's grounds
at Newton this season, where it was conspicuous for the strength
of its spike and the size and substance of its flowers ; but as there
was some mixture in the stock, they would prefer to see it another
season before passing judgment. Several other seedlings were
noticed at the same time, with strikingly developed double flowers,
of large size, which may lead to a new class. The Annual Exhi-
bition was unusually deficient in gladioli ; partly owing doubtless
to the heavy rains of the previous day.

I

208 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Lilies. — Hovey & Co., Francis B. Hayes, B. G. Smith, and
Mrs. E. S. Joyce were the contributors for these prizes, with excel-
lent flowers ; the first mentioned with a very large displaj', compris-
ing Lilium speciosuvi, varieties Melpomene, Thalia, Polyhymnia,
and Clio. These are beautiful and distinct seedlings of L. specio-
sum, remarkable for the size of the flowers, the very broad, smooth,
flat petals, their deep coloring, and tlie large, bold, blood-red spots,
which distinguish them at once from the parent species. They
are dwarfer in habit than L. spedosum, with more thickly-set
foliage, and shorter pedicels to the blossoms. Melpomene is
remarkable for the depth of its color, which nearly covers the
petals, leaving only a distinct white border upon each segment of
the flower. The other varieties named are quite as remarkable for
their distinct character.

Hovej^ & Co.'s collection also included the two following new
lilies :

L. Leichtlini. — This is undoubtedl}^ the most novel of any of
the lilies recently introduced, its clear lemon-yellow flowers, con-
spicuously spotted with brown or claret color, being quite unlike
those of any other lily. As yet the bulbs have not acquired suf-
ficient strength to develop its real merits, but it promises to
become one of the most distinct and desirable lilies. The flowers
are not very large, — about four inches across ; the petals are
deeply revolute or reflexed ; anthers brownish red ; stems rather
slender, two to three feet high, with from three to five flowers in a
loose umbel ; pedicels short and erect ; the flower nodding and
quite scentless.

L. Batemannice. — This quite distinct new and fine lil}'^ is placed
by Mr. Baker in the Martagon group, and is stated to be closely
allied to L. Leichtlini. It certainly has some resemblance to that
species, but the flowers on our plant were open, cup shaped, about
the same size, and not reflexed. The color is a clear, deep apri-
cot, quite unspotted, and produced in umbels of from six to
eight ; stamens apricot color, style chocolate ; stems, on moder-
ately strong bulbs, three feet high, rather slender, with narrow
foliage. It appears to be a species or variety worthy of a place in
every collection.

November 20th Hovey & Co. placed on the table a beautiful
flower of Lilium -Neilgherriense. This is somewhat in the style of
L. longifiorum, and doubtless one of the most beautiful of the

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 209

trumpet-flowered lilies. It is an Indian plant, and it is doubtful
whether it can be cultivated in the open ground. Experiment only
can determine this ; but as a greenhouse species it must hold a high
rank. The stems are rather slender, growing from two to three
feet high, with rather long, linear leaves, and terminated with from
one to three large trumpet-shaped flowers, six to seven inches long,
of a pale lemon color ; style slender, stamens j^ellow. A grand
species.

The above descriptions are by Charles M. Hovey.

July 24th President Hayes presented a flower of a new lily
called Kahamii, somewhat in the way of Lilium pulchellum, but
in color a bright scarlet.

Trop.eoldms. — The competition for these prizes was sharply con-
tested, and the exhibition was finer than ever before. March 18th
and May 8th, Charles F. Curtis presented a fine stand of Spooner's
New Fringed tropseolum ; color deep orange, base of the divisions
dark maroon, petals deeply fringed, foliage light green, with much
the character of T. peregrinum ; a remarkably strong grower and
profuse winter bloomer for the house. In the open ground it does
not grow as luxuriantly or flower as freely.

August 14th, we had from Mrs. George F. Fisher an exceed-
ingly pretty Tropaeolum — a chance seedling which she has grown
several years, with a small flower resembling that of T. peregrinum
in form ; color brilliant scarlet, a free bloomer, with dark blueish-
green foliage.

Native Plants. — July 17th, Mrs. C. N. S. Horner exhibited a
very large and well arranged collection of native plants, with their
names. This was without doubt the best among the many fine
exhibits she has made, and j'our Committee were glad of the
opportunity to express the high estimation in which the members
of the Society hold her attainments as a practical botanist. Mrs.
Horner has been a frequent contributor to this department during
the season. Miss Maria E, Carter shared the honors in this
department on the 5th of June, receiving the second prize. E. H.
Hitchings has also been a frequent and valuable contributor, and
we mention, among other rare plants brought by him, Liparis Ulii-
folia, found in Milton, and probably the only perfect specimen ever
shown here. Mr. Hitchings has several times shown Botrychium
ternatum; also Chrysopsis falcata, and very fine specimens of
Rhododendron Rhodora {Rhodora Canadensis).

210 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETr.

Bouquets, Baskets of Flowers, and Table Designs. — We
regret to notice a falling off in the exhibits of these. We hope
the ladies, who have sustained this department with so much taste
and skill, will renew their zeal hereafter, as it is certainly a very
pleasing feature of our shows. We shall also hope to see an
improvement in the arrangement of the vases of flowers. The
design of dried leaves and flowers by Miss E. H. Craft, at the
Annual Exhibition, was particularly commendable for the artistic
skill of its arrangement.

Miscellaneous Plants. — April 17th, William S. Ewell exhib-
ited a set of very fine new Coleus of vigorous growth and in desira-
ble colors, as follows :

Aurora. Magic.

Butterfly. Sparkler.

Clown. Stella.

Fame. Sunbeam.

Firefly. Surprise.

Glow.

We had also from the same, October 30th and November 10th,
Pansies in variety, most of them flowers of large size and well
defined colors.

May 1st, we had from John C. Hovey, Narcissus hicolor and
varieties. The former is perfectlj' hardy, and one of the most
beautiful, with golden-yellow trumpet and white perianth. It is
very sweet scented.

June 26th, from the same, new hardy Opuntias (Cacti), as
follows :

0. speciosa. — Color golden yellow, base of petals deep purple.

0. Missouriensis. — Bright lemon yellow.

0. Rajinesquiana. — Large yellow flower, centre bright purple.
Also 0. monacantha, 0. nana, and 0. vulgaris.

May 15th, Jackson Dawson exhibited several very striking, new
and rare shrubs ; among them Staphylea Bumalda, with a pure
white flower.

June 5, Hovey & Co. exhibited excellent seedling Ejnphyllums.
They also exhibited a flower of the new yellow chrysanthemum,
fitoile d'Or, the well known Paris daisy, with a long-stemmed
single flower ; which, we should judge, might be well adapted for
use among florists.

EEPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 211

Also the following new Echeverias : E. canaliculata, E. rubella^
E. perbtda, E. undulata, and E. Peacockii; also, Aloe hybrida
macidata.

From C. H. Hovey came the new EcJieveria Hoveyii, with deli-
cately variegated markings. If it should bear the sun in bedding,
it will prove an acquisition. The following description is by
C. M. Hovey :

EcJieveria Hoveyii. — This very remarkably variegated form of
the Echeveria is as conspicuous as it is entirely distinct and beau-
tiful. It is a hybrid between E. farinosa and E, vietalUca ghmca,
having leaves narrower and larger than the latter, and thinner and
broader than the former. The ground color is a pale bluish-green,
with a stripe of clear rosy pink on each side of the midrib, and
an edging of pure white. These colors are brought out deeper
and richer in the hottest sun, which it stands with impunity, only
losing its colors in the shade or in the depth of winter, and taking
them on again as soon as the sun or bright light returns in spring.
It will undoubtedly prove a grand plant for distinct lines or cen-
tral groups in beds of succulent.

At the Rose Exhibition, Francis B. Hayes presented a splendid
plant of Boiigainvillea glabra., one of the best ornamental flower-
ing plants, and considered the finest of the genus.

September 5th, Isaac Sprague exhibited excellent specimens of
a variety of Oaks, as follows :

Quercus alba: White oak.

" discolor: Swamp White oak.
" prinoides : Dwarf Chestnut oak.
" ilicifolia: Scrub oak.
" coccinea : Scarlet oak.
" rubra: Red oak.

At the Chrysanthemum Show, Robert Manning exhibited fruit
of several varieties of Celastrus., Euonymus, and Symplioricarpus.

Following is a summary of Plants and Flowers for which prizes
have been offered during the season, but for which there has been
no competition.

March 1, Rose and Azalea Exhibition. Hybrid Perpetual Roses
in pots. Hardy Flowering Shrubs in pots. Tulips and Jonquils in
pots.

May 8, Pelargonium Exhibition. Zonale, Bronze, and Double
3

212 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Zonale Pelargoniums in pots ; Spring Herbaceous Plants, open
culture ; Hyacinths, open culture.

June 5. Tree Pseonies ; Hardy Flowering Shrubs, cut blooms ;
Clematis in pots.

June 18, Rose Exhibition. Herbaceous Pseonies, Summer Her-
baceous Plants.

June 28. Delphiniums.

July 3. Japan Iris.

July 10. Hydrangeas, Amaryllis in pots.

July 17. Orchids.

July 24. Exotic Ferns.

July 31. Stocks.

September 14-17, Annual Exhibition. Lycopods, Sarracenias,
Cacti, Succulents (other than Agaves, Yuccas, and Cacti) , Tuber-
ous Rooted Begonias, Evergreens for Hunnewell Premiums.

November 10, Chrysanthemum Show. Heliotropes in pots.

Many of these flowers were exhibited during the season, but not
at the time named in the Schedule of Prizes.

The amount of prizes and gratuities awarded is $1,479 out of
the appropriation of $1,500, leaving a balance of $21. Prizes
have been awarded from the Hunnewell fund to the amount of $41.

All of which is respectfully submitted.

Wm. H. Spooner, ■)

Patrick Norton,

E, H. HiTCHiNGS, Committee

Plants and Flowers.

F. L. Harris, )■ on

William J. Vass,
James Cartwright,
Charles W. Ross, ^

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR PLANTS
AND FLOWERS.

January 3.
Gratuity : —
Joseph Tailby, Cypripedium insigne, $3 00

February 14.
Gratuities : —

James Cartwright, Lcelia anceps, 2 00

William Gray, Jr., Cypripedium mllosum, 3 00

February 21.

Gratuity : —

Joseph Tailby, Ly caste Skinneri, var. , 1 00

February 28.
Gratuities : —

Hovey & Co., Imatophyllum Van Ilouttei, 1 00

" " Azalea Mattapan, 1 00

March 6.

Gratuity : —

James Comley, Cut Flowers, 2 00

March 13.

Gratuities : —

Joseph Tailby, Hybrid Perpetual Rose, Eosy Morn (new), . . 100
James Comley, Hybrid Perpetual Roses, 1 00

AZALEA AND ROSE SHOW.

March 18.

Indian Azaleas. — Six named varieties, in pots, Marshall P. "Wilder, $15 00

Second, Marshall P. Wilder, 10 00

Hybrid Perpetual Roses. — Twelve cut blooms, named varieties,

John B. Moore, 5 00

3 00
3 00
2 00
1 00

Second, Joseph TaUby, . . . . , ...
Six cut blooms, named varieties, John B. Moore, .
Tender Roses. — Six cut blooms, named varieties, James Comley,
Second, William J. Vass,

214 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Orchids. — Winter blooming, three plants in bloom, F. L. Ames, . $10 00

Second, James Cartwright, 6 00

Single plant, in bloom, John L. Gardner. 6 00

Second, Hovey & Co., 3 00

Cyclamens. — Six plants, in pots, in bloom, the second prize to James

Cartwright, 3 00

Single plant, in bloom, Hovey & Co., 2 00

Heaths. — Single plant, in bloom, John L. Gardner, . . . 3 00

Primulas. — Three plants, in bloom, Hovey & Co., . . . . 2 00

Second, John L. Gardner, 1 00

Cinerarias. — Four varieties, in pots, in bloom, the second prize to

John B. Moore, 3 00

Third, John B. Moore, 2 00

Single plant, in bloom, John B. Moore, 2 00

Violets, — Six pots, in bloom, John L. Gardner, . . . , 3 00

Second, C. B. Gardiner, 2 00

Pansies. — Six distinct varieties, in pots, in bloom, John B. Moore, . 3 00

Second, John B. Moore, 2 00

Third, John B. Moore, 1 00

Hyacinths. — Nine bulbs, in pots, in bloom, John L. Gardner, . 5 00

Narcissus. — Pour pots, two bulb^ in each, John L. Gardner, . . 4 00
Camellias. — Display of named varieties, cut flowers, not less than

twelve blooms, Hovey & Co., 4 00

Second, Hovey & Co., 3 00

Six cut blooms, John L. Gardner, ....... 3 00

Cut Flowers. — Display, filling fifty bottles, not including roses,

Mrs. A. D. Wood, 3 00

Basket of Flowers. — Best arranged, James O'Brien, . . . 3 00

Gratuities : —

Marshall P. Wilder, Azalea Decora, 2 00

James Comley, Cut Roses, 2 00

M. H. Merriam, " " 1 00

John L. Gardner, nine pans Hyacinths (splendid) . . . . 6 00

" " " six pans Polyanthus, . . . . . . 1 00

" " " two Boronia megastigma, . . . . . 2 00

F. L. Ames, Phalcenopsis Schilleriana, 5 00

" " " Oncidium leucochilum, . . . . . . 2 00

Hovey & Co., Seedling Camellias, 2 00

" " Collection of Plants, 6 00

Mrs. L. P. Weston, Tropcsolum tricolorum, . . . . . 1 00

Charles F. Curtis, Spooner's New Fimbriated Tropajolum, . . 1 00

Edwin A. Hall, Cereus jlagelliformis, . . . . . . 1 00

William J. Vass, Passiflora flowers, 2 00

J. Warren Merrill, Ferns on Log, 1 00

E. H. Hitchings, Hepatica triloba, ....... 1 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Azaleas and other Cut Flowers, . . . . 3 00

John B. Moore, Vase of Flowers 2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 215

Mabch 20.
Gratuity : —

James Comley, Koses, •*•>...... $1 00

March 27.
Gratuities : —

John C. Hovey, Narcissus Bulhocodium 1 00

Hovey & Co., Cattleya citrina, 1 00

April 3.
Gratuities : —

Mrs. A. D. Wood, Cut Flowers, 1 00

Mrs. E. M. GUI, " " 1 00

April 10.
Gratuities : —

James Cartwright, Dendrohiu/m Wardianum, • . . , . 3 00

Mrs. A. D. "Wood, Cut Flowers, 2 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " 1 00

April 17.
Gratuities : —

Mrs. A. D. "Wood, Cut Flowers, 2 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " 1 00

James Comley, " Koses, 1 00

James Cartwright, Oxalis flowers, 2 00

April 24.
Gratuities : —

Mrs. A. D. Wood, Cut Flowers, 2 00

Mrs. E. M. GiU, " " 1 00

James Comley, Lilium candidum flowers, 1 00

John L. Gardner, Plants , 5 00

May 1.
Gratuities : —

E. Sheppard, Cut Flowers, 1 00

Mrs. A. D. Wood, Cut Flowers, 1 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " 1 00

William J. Vass, " Eoses, 1 00

Mrs. C. N. S. Horner, Native Flowers, 1 00

216

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

PELARGONIUM SHOW.

May 8.

Pelargoniums. — Four named variegated Zonale varieties, William

Gray, Jr.,

Six named Show or Fancy varieties in pots, John L. Gardner,
Calceolarias. — Six vai'ieties in pots, John L. Gardner,
Tulips. — Twenty-five blooms, distinct Colors, John L. Gardner,

Second, J. S. Richards,

Table Design. — Other than a basket of flowers, John B. Moore, .
Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill,

Gratuities : —
Charles F. Curtis, Spooner's New Fimbriated Tropseolum
Mrs. E. M. Gill, Hydrangea Thomas Hogg,
John Parker, Pelargonium Peter Grieve, .
William Gray, Jr., Ananassa sativa aurea var
J. Geist, Spike of Liliitm longiflorum,
J. S. Richards, Collection of Tulips,
John L» Gardner, Collection of Plants,
Benjamin G. Smith, Pansies,
William J. Vass, Tea Roses,
John L. Gardner, Two Lobelia Plants,
Mrs. A. D. Wood, Cut Flowers,
E. Sheppard, " "

Miss E. M. Ha'rris, Vase of Flowers,
E. H. Hit'chings, Native Flowers,

May 15.
Gratuities : —

Jackson Dawson, Rare Shrubs,

E. H. Hitchings, Rhodora Canadensis,

James Comley, Cut Flowers,

Mrs. A. D. Wood, " "

Mrs. E. M. Gill. " " . .

f 5 00
6 00
5 00
3 00

2 00

3 00
2 00

2 00

2 00
1 00

3 00

1 00
3 00

10 00

2 00

3 00
2 00
2 00
2 00
2 00
2 00

1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

May 22.

Gratuities : —

Marshall P. Wilder, Tree Paeonies, .

E. A. Story, Shrubs, . . . .

Miss E. M. Harris, Vase of Flowers,

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Cut Flowers, .

Mrs. E. S. Joyce, " " • .

Mrs. C. N. S. Horner, Native Flowers,

May 29.
Gratuity : —

Banjamin G. Smith, Rhododendrons and Azaleas,

2 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 217

RHODODENDRON SHOW.
June 5.

Hunnewell Premiums.
Hardy Rhododendrons. — Twelve named varieties, one truss each,

Francis B. Hayes, $8 00

Second, Francis B. Hayes, ........ 6 00

Single truss of blooms, Francis B. Hayes, 4 00

Second, Francis B. Hayes, 2 00

Hardy Azaleas. — Twenty-four named varieties, one truss each,

Francis B. Hayes, 12 00

Twelve named varieties, one truss each, E. Sheppard, . . • 7 00

Cluster of trusses, of one variety, Francis B. Hayes, . . . 2 00

Iris (Tuberous Rooted). — Twelve named varieties, E. Sheppard, . 4 00

Cut Flowers. — Display filling 100 bottles, Mrs. E. M. Gill, . . 4 00

Second, Mrs. A. D. Wood, 3 00

Third, George Craft, 2 00

Native Plants. = — Display of named species and varieties, Mrs.

C. N. S. Horner, . 4 00

Second, Miss Maria E. Carter, 3 00

Clematis. — Display of cut blooms of early named varieties, Joseph

H. Woodford, 3 00

Second, John B. Moore, 2 00

Azalea mollis. — Twelve trusses of different varieties, Francis B.

Hayes, 8 00

Gratuities : —

H. H. Hunnewell, Rhododendrons and Azaleas, . . . . 10 00

Francis B. Hayes, Collection of Rhododendrons, . . . . 5 00

James Cartwright, Orchids, 3 00

Miss E. M. Harris, Pa3onies, 1 00

Hovey & Co., Display of Flowers, 6 00

E. A. Story, " " 1 00

Mrs. A. C. Kenrick, Display of Flowers, 1 00

Benj. G. Smith, Cut Flowers, 3 00

Francis B. Hayes, " " 3 00

E. Sheppard, « «' 2 00

Mrs. E. S. Joyce, " " 2 00

George Craft, '« " 2 00

E. H. Hitchings, Liparis liliifolia, 1 00

June 12.
Gratuities : —

F. L. Ames, Orchids, 5 00

Francis B. Hayes, Cut Flowers, 2 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, <' " 1 00

Mrs. A. D. Wood, '< '< 1 00

George Craft, ■> .< 1 00

Mrs. C. N. S. Horner, Native " 100

218 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ROSE EXHIBITION.

June 18.
Special Prizes.
Hybrid Perpetual Roses. — Twenty-four varieties, three specimens

of each, a Challenge Cup, value ^150, to be held by the winner

against all comers for three consecutive years, and then to be

his property absolutely, to William Gray, Jr.
Three Roses of different varieties, Francis B. Hayes, silver cup,

value, $25 00

Six Roses, of different varieties, William Gray, Jr., silver cup,

value, 25 GO

Twelve Roses, of different varieties, John B. Moore, silver cup,

value, 25 00

Three Roses, of one variety, John B. Moore, silver cup, value, 25 00
Six Roses, of one variety, William Gray, Jr., silver cup, value, . 25 00
Twelve Roses, of one variety, John B. Moore, silver cup, value, . 25 00

Regular Prizes.
Hardy Perpetual Roses. — Six new varieties, sent out since 1876,

John B. Moore, $6 00

Twenty-four named varieties, three of each, William Gray, Jr., . 20 00

Twelve named varieties, John B. Moore, 10 00

Second, William Gray, Jr., 8 00

Third, Francis B. Hayes, 6 00

Six named varieties, Francis B. Hayes, 6 00

Third, John B. Moore, ........ 4 00

Three named varieties, William H. Spooner, . . . . 4 00

Second, John B. Moore, 3 00

Moss Roses. — Six named varieties, three clusters of each, John B.

Moore, 5 00

Second, William H. Spooner, 3 00

Three named varieties, three clusters of each, John B. Moore, . 3 00

Tea or Bourbon Roses. — Twelve cut flowers, William J. Vass, 5 00

General Display. — J. S. Richards, 10 00

Second, John B. Moore, 8 00

Third, Francis B. Hayes, 5 00

Stove and Greenhouse Plants. — Six distinct, in bloom, F. L. Ames, 10 00

Second, Hovey & Co., 8 00

Specimen Plant, of a kind for which no special prize is offered, re-
gard being had to a new or a rare variety, E. Sheppard, . 6 00
Gloxinias. — Six named varieties, in pots, Hovey & Co., . . . 5 00
Sweet Williams. — Thirty trusses, not less than six distinct varieties,

E. Sheppard, 3 00

Second, James Nugent, 2 00

Vase of Flowers. — Best arranged, the second prize to Mrs. E. M.

Gill, 3 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 219

Gratuities : —
Norton Brothers, two Baskets of Eoses, .
William J. Vass, Collection of Tea Roses,
W. C. Strong, Tea Roses, .
F. F. Raymond, Moss Roses,
P. J. Saunders, Hybrid Perpetual Roses, in poti
Warren Heustis, two Boxes of Roses,
Hovey & Co., Collection of Plants, .
John B. Moore, Plants,
John L. Gardner, "
William S. Ewell, eight new Coleus,
Edwin A. Hall, Cereus flagelliformis,
Hovey & Co., Geraniums and Carnations,
E. Sheppard, Tuberous Begonias,
Woolson & Co., Passaic, N. J., Collection of Lilies,
Mrs. A. D. Wood, Cut Flowers,
George Craft, " "

James Nugent, '« "

E. A. Story, "

James Comley, ^ <«

Mrs. E. S. Joyce, " "
E. Sheppard, " "

William J. Vass, "
Miss A. C. Kenrick, " "
Woolson & Co., Native Flowers,
E. H. Hitchings, " "

Miss K. A. Hill, " "

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Roses and Cut Flowers,

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
2 00
1 00

1 00

2 00

STRAWBERRY SHOW.

June 26.

Cut Flowers. — Display, filling one hundred bottles, Mrs. A. D.

Wood $4 00

Second, George Craft, 3 00

Gratuities : —

Francis Parkman, Iris Kcempferi, 2 00

B. D. Hill, " " 1 00

Francis B. Hayes, Display of Roses, 1 00

Joseph H. Woodford, Clematis and Calendula, 1 00

Mrs. E. S. Joyce, Cut Flowers, 1 00

July 3.
Carnations and Picotees, — Twelve cut blooms, distinct kinds,

James Nugent, 3 00

220 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICIILTURAL SOCIETY.

Cut Floweks.— Display, filling 100 bottles, Mrs. A. D. Wood, . $4 00

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 3 00

Third, Mrs. L. P. Weston, 2 00

Table Design. — Best arranged, Mrs. A. D. Wood, . . . . 3 00

Gratuities : —

Francis B. Hayes, Roses and .Clematis, 2 00

James Comley, Tea Roses, 2 00

Benjamin G. Smith, Carnations, 2 00

Hovey & Co., " 1 00

George Craft, Cut Flowers, 2 00

E. H. Hitchings, Rhododendron maximum, 2 00

Mrs. C. N. S. Horner, Native Flowers, 3 00

July 10.
Vase of Flowers. — Best arranged, James O'Brien, . . . 5 00

Gratuities : —
Francis B. Hayes, Roses and Clematis,
James Nugent, Roses and Hollyhocks,
Mrs. A. D. Wood, Cut Flowers, .
Mrs. L. P. Weston,
Mrs. E. M. Gill,
James O'Brien,
George Craft,
James Comley,

2 00

1 00

2 00

2 00

I 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

July 17.

Hollyhocks. — Twelve blooms, of twelve distinct colors, E. Sheppard, 4 00

Second, George Craft, 3 00

Six blooms, of six distinct colors, John B. Moore, . . . 2 00

Second, James Nugent, 1 00

Three blooms, of three distinct colors, Mrs. E. M. Gill, . . 1 00

Single spike, the second prize to James Nugent, . . . . 1 00

Cut Floweks.— Display, filling 100 bottles, Mrs. A. D. Wood, . 4 00

Second, James O'Brien, 3 00

Third, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 2 00

Gratuities : —

Francis B. Hayes, Roses, Clematis, etc., 2 00

Miss E. M. Harris, Hollyhocks, 2 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " 1 00

E. Sheppard, " Lilies, etc., 2 00

George Craft, " etc., . 100

" " Cut Flowers, 2 00

James Nugent, " '« 1 00

John B. Moore, Roses, 2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 221

July 24.

Perennial Phloxes. — Six named varieties, one spike each, John B.

Moore,

Second, John B. Moore,

Pelakgoniums. — Twelve double and single varieties, one truss each,

the second prize to Mrs. E. M. Gill,

Gratuities : —
Prancis B. Hayes, Eoses, Clematis, Lilies, etc.,
John B. Moore, Roses and Phloxes, .
Woolson & Co., Passaic, N. J., Collection of Phloxes,
Hovey & Co., Allamandas,
Herbert Gleason, Tritomas,
E. S. L. DoUiver, Hollyhocks, .
George Craft, Cut Elowers,

Mrs. E. M. Gill,
Mrs. L. P. Weston, "

July 31

Balsams. — Twelve spikes, not less than eight varieties, the second

prize to John B. Moore,

Cut Flowers. — Display, filling 100 bottles, Mrs. E. M. Gill, .

Second, Mrs. A. D. Wood,

Third, Mrs. L. P. Weston,

Collection of twenty-five named varieties of Annuals and Herbace-
ous Perennials, other than bulbus rooted, Mrs. E. S. Joyce, .

Gratuities : —

Francis B. Hayes, Hybrid Perpetual Eoses,

" " " Dianthus, etc.,

James Cartwright, Gladioli, .

Hovey & Co., Lilies, ..........

John B. Moore, Eoses and Lilies,

Woolson & Co., Passaic, N. J., Herbaceous Plants, ....

James Nugent, Daturas, .

E. H. Hitchings, Native Plants,

George Craft, Cut Flowers,

E. Sheppard, " "

$3 00
2 00

1 00

3 00

00
00

00
00
00
00
00

2 00

4: 00

August 7.

Perennial Phloxes. — Ten distinct named varieties, one spike each,

John B. Moore, 4 00

Second, John B. Moore, 3 00

Petunias. — Collection, filling fifty bottles, one flower in a bottle,

George Craft, 3 00

Second, E. Sheppard, 2 00

222

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Verbenas. — Fifty bottles, single trusses, E. Sheppard, .

Second, James Nugent,

Third, George Craft,

Cut Flowers. — Display, filling 100 bottles, Mrs. A. D. Wood,

Second, James Nugent,

Third, Mrs. E. M. Gill

Native Ferns. — Collection, Mrs. C. N. S. Horner, .

Gratuities : —
Francis B. Hayes, Roses, Marigolds, etc., . . . .

James Cartwright, Gladioli,

John L. Gardner, Achimenes,

E. Sheppard, Phloxes, Verbenas, etc.,

Benjamin G. Smith, Pinks,

George Craft, Cut Flowers,

Mrs. E. S. Joyce, " "

Mrs. C. N. S. Horner, Native Plants,

#3 00

2 00

1 00
4 00

3 00

2 00

3 00

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

August 14.
Gladioli. — Display of named and unnamed varieties, filling 100

bottles, James Cartwright,

Second, George Craft,

Single spike, George Craft,

Phlox Drummondi. — Collection, Francis B. Hayes,

Second, George Craft,

Third, Mrs. E. M. Gill,

Cut Flowers. — Collection of twenty-five named varieties of Annuals
and Herbaceous Perennials, other than bulbous rooted, Francis

B. Hayes,

Second, Hovey & Co.,

Third, George Craft,

Gratuities : —
Francis B. Hayes, Hybrid Perpetual Roses
James Nugent, Brugmansia
J. W. Manning, Phloxes and Gladioli
William H. Spooner, ^Tropseolums,
Mrs. L. P. Weston, Cut Flowers,
George Craft, "

Mrs. A. D. Wood, "
Mrs. E. M. Gill, "

E. A. Story, "

E. H. Hitchings, Native

August 21.
Asters, Large Flowered. — Thirty flowers, not less than ten varie-
ties, James Nugent,

Second, John L. Gardner,

6 00

4 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

4 00

3 00

2 00

3 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

2 00

2 00

2 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

4 00
3 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 223

Third, Mrs. A. D. Wood, $2 00

Fifteen flowers, not less than six varieties, Mrs. E. M. Gill, . 3 00
Pompons. — Sixty blooms, not less than six varieties, in bunches of

three of the same variety, James Nugent, . . . . 3 00

Second, Mrs. A. D. "Wood, 2 00

Display, filling 150 bottles, one flower in each, James Nugent, . i 00

Gratuities : —

Francis B. Hayes, Hybrid Perpetual Roses, 2 00

James Cartwright, Gladioli, 2 00

George Craft, Gladioli, 2 00

" " Display of Flowers, . .' 2 00

Mrs. A. D. "Wood, Cut Flowers, 2 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, "

Mrs. L. P. "Weston,
E. A. Story,
E. Sheppard,
Mrs. E, S. Joyce,

2 00
2 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

August 28.

Lilies. — Display of Lilium lancifolium, cut flowers, Hovey & Co., 3 00

Second, Francis B. Hayes, 2 00

Trop-eolums. — Display, filling 25 bottles, WUliam H. Spooner, . 3 00

Second, Charles F. Curtis, . 2 00

Cut Flowers. — Display, filling 150 bottles, Mrs. E. M. Gill, . . 4 00

Second, George Craft, 3 00

Third, James Nugent, 2 00

Native Plants. — Display of named species and varieties, one bottle

each, Mrs. C N. S. Horner, 3 00

Gratuities : —

Hovey & Co., Lilies in pots, 2 00

Miss S. "W. Story, Lilies, 1 00

Benjamin G. Smith, " 1 00

Mrs. E. S. Joyce, " 1 00

"William H. Spooner, Collection of Tropseolums, . . . . 2 00

Francis B. Hayes, Hybrid Perpetual Roses, 2 00

Hovey & Co., Petunias, etc., 1 00

George Craft, Gladioli, . . . • . . . . . 2 00

Mrs. E. S. Joyce, Asters, 1 00

C. "W. Ross, Cut Flowers, 2 00

Mrs. L. P. "Weston, '« " . 2 00

Herbert Gleason, " " 1 00

September 4.
Double Zinnias. — Twenty flowers, not less than six varieties, Francis

B. Hayes, 4 00

Second, "William H. Spooner, 3 00

Third, James Nugent, 2 00

224 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

DiANTHUS. — Annual and Biennial varieties, — collection filling fifty

bottles, single trusses, Francis B. Hayes, . . . . $4 00

Makigolds. — Collection, filling 25 bottles, single trusses, Francis B.

Hayes, 3 00

Second, George Craft 2 00

Clematis. — Summer blooming varieties, display of cut blooms, Francis

B. Hayes, 5 00

Gratuities : —

George Craft, Gladioli, * . . . 2 00

" " Asters, 1 00

Francis B. Hayes, Hybrid Perpetual Eoses, 2 00

S. G. Stone, Dahlias, 2 00

Mrs. L. P. Weston, Cut Flowers, 2 00

James Nugent, an. \ QQ

Mrs. E. M. Gill, « " 1 00

E. Sheppard, a u 1 00

Mrs. A. D. Wood, " " 1 00

Mrs. E. S. Joyce, '« '« 1 00

ANNUAL EXHIBITION.

September 14, 15, 16, and 17.

Geeenhouse and Stove Plants. — Twelve of different varieties,

Samuel E. Payson, , . . $30 00

Second, F. L. Ames, . . 25 00

Specimen Plant, not Vakiegated. — Of a kind for which no special

prize is offered, Hovey & Co. , 5 00

Second, F. L. Ames, 4 00

Specimen Flowering Plant, H. H. Hunnewell, . . . . 5 00

Second, H. H. Hunnewell, 4 00

Variegated Leaved Plants. — Six varieties, not offered in the

collection of greenhouse plants, William Gray, Jr., . . 12 00
Specimen Plant, Variegated. — Not offered in any collection , Samuel

E. Payson, 5 00

Second, John L. Gardner, 4 00

Caladiums. — Six varieties, William Gray, Jr., . . . . 5 00

Second, Hovey & Co., 4 00

Ferns. — Six named varieties, J. Warren Merrill, . . . . 8 00

Adiantums. — Six varieties, Samuel E. Payson, . . . . 6 00

Second, Hovey & Co., 4 00

Drac^nas. — Six named varieties, William Gray, Jr., . . . 8 00

Palm. — Single specimen, William Gray, Jr., 5 00

Second, Hovey & Co., 4 00

Nepenthes. — Three plants, named, F. L. Ames, . . . . 6 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 225

Agaves. — Six distinct varieties, Henry Ross, $6 00

Second, Hovey& Co., 4 00

Gladioli. — Best display, and best kept during the exhibition, of
named and unnamed varieties, filling 100 bottles, the second

prize to George Craft, 6 00

Dahlias. — Twelve named varieties, John L. Gardner, . , . 5 00

Second, Samuel G. Stone, , . 4 00

Third, James Nugent, 3 00

Six named varieties, John Parker, . . , . . . 3 00

Second, Samuel G. Stone, 2 00

Third, Samuel G. Stone, 1 00

Single named flower, Fancy or Self, James Nugent, . . . 2 00

Second, John L. Gardner, 1 00

LiLiPUTiAN Dahlias. — General display, filling fifty bottles, Samuel

G. Stone, 4 00

Cut Flowers. — Best display, and best kept during the Exhibition,

filling 150 bottles. Miss E. M. Gill, 16 00

Second, Mrs. A. D. Wood, 14 00

Third, James Nugent, 12 00

Basket of Flowers. — Best arranged, and best kept during the Ex-
hibition, Miss S. W. Story, 5 00

Table Design. — Best, and best kept through the Exhibition, not to

exceed four feet in height, Mrs. E. S. Joyce, . . . . 5 00

Special Prize.
Vase of Flowers. — Best arranged, and best kept during the Exhi-
bition, Francis B. Hayes, 5 00

Gratuities : —

H. H. Hunnewell, Collection of Plants, 25 00

Hovey&Co., " " 10 00

Francis B. Hayes, " " 10 00

F. L. Ames, " " 5 00

" " " Bertolonias 3 00

Benjamin Gray, NympJicBas, , 10 00

John L. Gardner, two plants of Draccena terminalis, . . . 2 00

Norton Brothers, Collection of Ferns, 7 00

J. Warren Merrill, Case <« << 3 OO

Albert Adams, Large Plant of Ivy, 2 00

S. G. Stone, Dahlias and Asters, 2 00

Macey Randall, Dahlias, 1 00

William H. Spooner, Collection of Tropseolums and Nasturtiums, . 3 00

Francis B. Hayes, Hybrid Perpetual Roses, 2 00

John B. Moore, " " " 1 00

Mrs. L. P. Weston, Cut Flowers, 6 00

George Craft, " " 1 00

Miss E. H. Craft, Design of Dried Flowers and Leaves, . . . 4 00

E. H. Hitchings, Collection of Botrychium ternatum, . . . 1 00

226 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

September 25.
Gratuities : —

Francis B. Hayes, Roses, Clematis, etc., $2 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Cut Flowers, 1 00

S. G. Stone, Dahlias, 1 00

B. G. Smith, Asters, .... 1 00

E. H. Hitchings, Botrychiums, 1 00

Isaac Sprague, Oaks in variety, 1 00

October 2.

Dahlias. — Twelve named varieties, John L. Gardner,

Second, Samuel G. Stone, .

Third, Macey Randall,
Six named varieties, John L. Gardner,

Second, Macey Randall,

Third, Samuel G. Stone,
Vase of Flowers. — Best arranged, Mrs. A. D. Wood,

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill, .....

5 00
4 00
3 00

3 00

2 00
1 00

4 00

3 00

Gratuities : —

Francis B. Hayes, Hybrid Perpetual Roses, 2 00

Samuel G. Stone, Dahlias, 3 00

Macey Randall, " 1 00

James Nugent, " and Zinnias, 1 00

Mrs. A. D. Wood, Cut Flowers, 1 00

Miss S. W. Story, " " 1 00

George Craft, u u 1 00

October 23.
Gratuity : —

Samuel G. Stone, Collection of Dahlias 2 00

CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW.

Wednesday, November 10.

Chrysanthemums. — Six Large Flowered, H. L. Higginson, . . $8 00

Second, H. P. Walcott, 6 00

Six Pompons, H, L. Higginson, 8 00

Four Japanese, H. P. Walcott, 6 00

Second, H. P. Walcott, 4 00

Specimen Plant, Large Flowered, H. L. Higginson, . . . 4 00

Second, H. P. Walcott, 3 00

Specimen Plant, Pompon, James Comley, 4 00

Second, H. L. Higginson, 3 00

Third, H. L. Higginson, , . . 2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 227

Specimen Plant, Liliputian, H. P. "Walcott, .

Second, H. L. Higginson, .....
Specimen Plant, Japanese, H. P. Walcott,

Second, H. P. Walcott,

Twelve Large Flowered, cut specimens, H. P. Walcott

Second, Francis B. Hayes, ....

Twelve Pompon Flowered, cut specimens, E. Sheppard

Second, Joseph Clark, .....

General Display, named or unnamed, cut specimens, F

Second, E. Sheppard,

Third, Joseph Clark. . i . . . .
Orchids. — Three named varieties, F. L. Ames,

Second, F. L. Ames,

Single Plant, in bloom, F. L. Ames,

Second, F. L. Ames, ......

Hand Bouquets. — Pair, the second prize to Mrs. E. S
Table Design. — Best arranged, Mrs. A. D. Wood,
Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill,

B. Hayes

Joyce

$2 00

Gi'atuities : —

Norton Brothers, Collection of Large Flowered Chrysanthemums,

" " " Pompon " "

James Comley, Chrysanthemums, ....
Mrs. A. D. Wood, Cut Specimens of Chrysanthemums,
Francis B. Hayes, " " " "

Mrs. E. M. GUI, " "

James Cartwright, Orchids, cut specimens,
R. Manning, Autumn Berries, .....
A. W. Nelson, two plants of EpiphylluTn truncatun,
Benjamin Gray, NympJicBa flowers, . • . ,
James Nugent, Cut Flowers, ....

Mrs. L. P. Weston, " " ....

Miss S. W. Story, " " ....

4 00

3 00

3 00

2 00

3 00

2 00

5 00

4 00

3 00

6 00

4 00

3 00

2 00

2 00

3 00

2 00

5 00

5 00

4 00

2 00

2 00

2 00

3 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

Silver Medals.

March 18. F. L. Ames, Phalcenopsis grandiflora aurea.

June 5. Hovey & Co., Seedling Epiphyllums.

June 18. F. L. Ames, Cypripedium Lawrencianum.

" Francis B. Hayes, Bougainvillea glabra.
July 17. Mrs. C. N. S. Horner, Native Flowers.
August 7. Francis B. Hayes, Agapanthus umbellaJus.
August 21. Francis B. Hayes, Beautiful Collection of Hybrid Perpetual
Eoses.

Annual Exhibition, September 14-17. F. L. Ames, Orchids.
November 10. F. L. Ames, Cypripedium Spicerianum.

4

228

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

First Class Certificates of Merit.

January 3. Joseph Tailby, Seedling Carnation No. 9.
February 21. Francis B. Hayes, Azalea mollis, forced.

" F. L. Harris, Hybrid Seedling Eose.

March 18. Joseph Tailby, Lycaste Skinneri delicatissima.

" Hovey & Co., Seedling Azaleas.

" Peter Henderson, Eose Banner of America.

April 7. William S. Ewell, New Coleus.

May 1. John C. Hovey, Narcissus bicolor and varieties.

" 15. Joseph Tailby, Seedling Carnation Fred Johnson No. 90.

" 29. Francis Parkman, Seedling Clematis.

June 5. Joseph Tailby, Seedling Carnation Princess Louise.

" 18. " " " " Mrs. H. M. Priest.

" Woolson & Co., Seedlings from Iris Kcempferi.

" 26. John C. Hovey, Seedling Opuntias in variety.

July 31. John B. Moore, Seedling Phlox.

" James Cartwright, Seedling Gladiolus No. 84.

" 24. Francis B. Hayes, Lilium Kahamii.

August 21. " " " Paul Neron Eoses.
Annual Exhibition, September 14-17. Hovey & Co., Echeverias.

" " Francis B. Hayes, Cupania filicifolia,

" " H. H. Hunnewell, Terminalia elegans.

" " Ch.ax\Qs'Si..llo\eY, Echeveria Hoveyii.

Prospective Prize.
Joseph Tailby, Carnation Grace Wilder,

$40 00

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON FRUITS,

FOR THE YEAR 1880.

By JOHN B. MOORE, Chairman.

The Committee on Fruits submit ttie following report for the
year 1880 :

This year has been somewhat peculiar in its characteristics, not
only from its remarkable earhness, but also from its long-continued
periods of heat and dryness, which injured some species of fruit
and favorably affected others.

The first fruit of the season, to which our attention was called,
was the Strawberry. This is so palatable and healthful, and
matures at a time when there is a scarcity of other fruits, and is
really so easy to cultivate, that there is no good reason why it
should not be more generally grown in all gardens, large or small.

The prize day for strawberries named in the Schedule was found
to be too late, owing to the extreme earliness of the season, and
was changed by the Committee to an earlier day. The fruit was
injured by the dry weather, and was not shown in as great perfec-
tion as in some previous seasons ; still there was a good exhibition,
taking all the circumstances into consideration. Seedling straw-
berries were exhibited by D. L. Milliken, E. P. Richardson, and
others ; also eight varieties of French strawberries, by Hovey &
Co. A description of these, and of other new fruits that have not
been heretofore described, and that appeared desirable, will be
found annexed.

Cherries. — The dry weather at the time of ripening was so
favorable that the mature fruit has been quite free from rot, and it

230 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

has been shown in fair quantities, although there have not been as
many individual competitors as usual for the prizes. About the
only new variety was Warren Fenno's Norfolk, a seedling which he
has heretofore exhibited, and which has already been described.

Currants exhibited this year have been very fine. The first
prizes for red, white, and black, on each day, were awarded to the
following varieties : Red, La Versaillaise ; White, Dana's New
White Transparent ; Black, Black Naples. These varieties have
become recognized as the leading kinds of each color to grow.
There are other varieties, claimed to be later, and which may prove
to be useful.

Raspberries were injured the previous autumn or winter, and
there was neither the usual quantity nor as fine specimens as we
have had on our tables in former years. William C. Strong exhibited
the new Black Cap raspberry, Gregg, which was large and fine.
This was the only new variety of any merit.

Blackberries. — All the prizes for this fruit have been awarded
to the Dorchester, which is large and of fine quality, but the canes
are a little tender and liable to winter-kill in exposed situations.
No new varieties have been brought to the attention of the Com-
mittee.

Gooseberries have been exhibited in about the usual quantities,
with perhaps a better show of the foreign varieties, some of which
were of fine quality. The interest in the cultivation of this fruit
does not appear to increase, neither does the demand for the fruit
itself in the market.

Plums. — Last 3'ear we noticed an increase in the number of
dishes and varieties of this fine fruit, and we are able to make the
same report the present year. It is evident that good crops can
be secured by proper care in preventing the disease called black
wart (which we think can be done without much trouble), and by
jarring the trees to shake off the curculios on something from which
they can be gathered and destroj'ed. Perhaps the latter object
could be accomplished more easily by planting the trees in a hen-
yard, and encouraging the fowls to convert the curculio into poultry.
By such treatment we are confident that a good crop of plums could
be secured. The plum is a fine, luscious fruit, and is well worthy
of our attention.

Peaches have been very fine this season, and have been pre-
sented in fair quantities. The leading varieties exhibited have

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FRUITS. 231

been Crawford's Earty, Crawford's Late, and Stump the World.
A number of new seedling peaches were shown, some of which may
prove good. Mrs. Brett, a variety sent by J. H. Ricketts, of
Newburgh, N. Y., was of fine quality.

Grapes. — The foreign varieties have been exhibited during the
season in the usual quantities. Some of them were fine, but as a
whole there was no marked improvement over previous years.
The long dry season of the present j^ear has been particularly
favorable to what are termed native or hard}' grapes. The word
hardy is, however, applied to many onlj^ half-hardy varieties.
There has been but little mildew, and varieties particularly liable
to be injured b}' it have escaped, and matured a good crop of fruit.
Such seasons, fi'ee from mildew, afibrd the natural conditions of
weather to mature a good crop of grapes. These conditions existed
in an unusual degree the present year, and the result has been that
we have had much finer specimens and in greater abundance than
is usual on our tables. We have also had a number of new seed-
lings exhibited this year for the first time.

At the Annual Exhibition we awarded First Class Certificates of
Merit to the exhibitors of the Smith's Seedling, Niagara, Jefferson,
and Haj'es ; and on the second day of October the same, for the
Pocklington and Norwood. On the same day, Horace Eaton pre-
sented Eaton's Seedling. The bunches were ver}' large, handsome,
and good, maintaining its reputation of last 3'ear. We have now
entered, for the prospective prize for grapes, the Niagara, Smith's
Seedling, Ha^^es, Seward, D'Elboux Seedling, and Amber Queen.
In addition to the above, the Prentiss and Duchess, both promising
white grapes, have been shown. And last, but not least, comes
our long esteemed friend, ex-President Wilder, as enthusiastic as
in his 3-ounger days, with a new seedling of royal blood, a white
grape of fine quality, a cross or hybrid between the Massasoit and
Queen of Nice.

Peaks. — Although there has been a small crop of this fruit the
present year, yet we have had good exhibitions and specimens —
some of the latter quite large. George S. Harwood's Sheldons,
the dozen weighing twelve i^ounds ; C. F. Curtis's dish of the same
variet}', twelve pounds five ounces ; Beurre Clairgeau, from Mr.
Curtis, twelve pounds ten ounces ; and the same variet}'^ from
Mrs. Langmaid, twelve pounds two and three-fourths ounces,
were prominent among them, and very fine specimens. Many

232 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

other varieties have been shown, in nearly equal perfection. On
the .whole, the exhibition of pears has been somewhat less in
quantit}' than usual, but quite satisfactory in quality. Two or
three new seedlings have been shown, and are described among
the new fruits.

Apples. — The year 1880 will be long remembered as a great
apple year — as a j^ear when they were so plenty that they wasted
and decayed in great quantities under the trees and by the road-
sides— when they were so abundant as to but little more than pay
for the picking, packing, and transportation to market. Although
they were so plenty, the specimens have been very large, fair, and
handsome. The result of this has been that we have had numerous
and fine specimens of this, the most important of all our fruits,
placed on our tables. The apple, in the uses and economy of the
household, is the standard fruit of this section of our country, and
when as plenty as it has been this 3'ear, is a blessing to the poor,
for any one could have a bushel or a baiTel of apples for simply
gathering them.

Next year, probably, there will be onlj^ a small crop of poor,
wormy apples ; wormj^ because these little pests in the apples have
been able to go through their transformations without much dis-
turbance, and are now quietly perfecting themselves in the ground
for next 3'ear's campaign, whereas if they had been ground up and
made into cider the}' would not have committed any further
ravages. As a means of destroying insects the making of cider is
a great invention. As a drink the article is not, by any means,
pure juice of the apple alone. A method that would produce
uniform crops of apples ever}' year would confer untold benefits on
the fruit grower.

On the 20th of November a collection of apples was exhibited
from the Armada (Michigan) Agricultural Society, comprising the
following varieties : Tompkins County King, Esopus Spitzenberg,
Pound Sweet, Yellow Bellfiower, Northern Spy, Talmau's Sweet,
Chillicothe Sweet, Peck's Pleasant, Roxburj' Russet, Fallawater,
Rhode Island Greening, and Baldwin. The first four varieties
were remarkabh- fine. The Northern Spy was very large, and all
the others were good. In the earlier daj's of the Society such
exhibitions, under the auspices of the Committee on Synonymes of
Fruit, were more common than now, and, though the object then
aimed at, viz., the establishment of the nomenclature of fruits, is

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FRUITS. 233

now substantially accomplished, the Committee were much gratified
to have an opportunity to examine fruits grown under circum-
stances of soil and climate different from our own.

We are under obligations to Robert Manning, Secretary, who is
an expert, for making descriptions for the Committee, of new seed-
lings and other new fruits that appeared promising. These have
been adopted by the Committee, annexed, and made a part of this
report.

The amount appropriated for prizes for fruits was $950.00. The
Committee have awarded in prizes and gratuities $854.00, leaving
an unexpended balance of $96.00. The Committee have, for the
last three j-ears, reported an unexpended balance of the appro-
priation ; not that it was not needed, but that it was the duty of
the Committee to keep within the amount allowed them. The fact
is precisely this, that the prizes should be more numerous, and
some of them should be larger to secure such competition as would
be desirable. We make this explanation in answer to the remark
that has been made, that the committees do not spend all the money
appropriated, and therefore do not need any more.

Respectfully submitted,

John B. Moore,

P. B. HOVEY,

E. W. Wood,
Jacob W. Manning,
O. B. Had WEN,
Wareen Fenno,

Fruit
Committee.

NOTES ON NEW FRUITS

By Egbert Manning, Secretary.

Strawberries. Seedling. — From D. L. Milliken, June 5. Large,
conical, sometimes wedge-sliaped, tolerably regular ; crimson toward
the sun, bright and glossy. Flesh solid, orange scai'let, juicy, not
so high-flavored as some ; will rank as "good." From seed of the
Seth Boy den, and free from the objectionable point of its parent
in not ripening at the tip. It may prove desirable for its earliness.

Seedling. — From E. P. Richardson. Full medium size ; rounded,
slightly conical, regular ; color bright and glossy ; flesh light red,
solid, juic}', with a peculiar but not pleasant flavor. From seed of
La Constante.

Seedling. — From the same grower. Pretty large ; regular, coni-
cal ; bright, glossy color ; flesh white, core large ; juicy, ver}^ spir-
ited. A cross between the Fillmore and Kentucky.

The eight varieties, next described, are of French origin, and
were exhibited by Hovey & Co., June 26.

Chatelaine. — Medium size ; very long oval, with a neck ; crimson
when fully ripe ; flesh light red, with a large hollow core ; not very
juicy. The flavor resembles that of the Wood strawberries. It
was thought by the Committee to be the best of the eight.

David. — Above medium size ; conical, irregular, sometimes
cockscombed ; deep crimson ; flesh red, with little core, juicy, hav-
ing a brisk acid, but pleasant and refreshing.

Dr. Morh'e. — Large ; mostly regular conical ; good, bright color ;
flesh red, core large and hollow ; juicy, with a peculiar flavor ; will
rank as " very good."

Rose. — Large ; verj' long conical ; light red — not of desirable
color ; flesh white, core prett}' large ; juicy, with a pleasant acid,
and flavor resembling the Hautbois.

Lucie Flament. — Large ; long conical, irregular ; flesh tinged
with red, core prettj" large ; rather harsh acid. Inferior to either
of the preceding.

NOTES ON NEW FRUITS. 235

Ceres. — Large ; irregular, much coekscombed ; dark purplish red,
resembling the Black strawberries ; flesh red, solid, melting ; brisk
acid, but rich.

Pulchra. — Pretty large ; roundish conical, but irregular ; rather
light red ; flesh light red, core large; juicy; will not rank above
"good."

Flora. — Medium size; crimson; pretty regular conical; not
much core ; juic}-, acid harsh and astringent ; the poorest of the
eight.

The specimens of Sharpless shown hy George Hill, on the 12th
of June, and Warren Heustis on the 18th, were very large and
handsome.

On the 19th of June, G. H. and J. H. Hale, of South Glaston-
bury, Conn., presented four new strawberries : the Glendale, Hart's
Minnesota Seedling, Marvin, and Windsor Chief. The last three
of these had never been shown here before. Though it was im-
possible to judge of their value we were gratified that the Messrs.
Hale had taken the trouble to place them before the Societ3^

Apples. Jacobs' s Sioeet. — Originated at Medford, b}^ Charles S.
Jacobs. The tree sprang from seed about 1860, and fruited when
about ten 3'ears old. Large, roundish, flattened, regular; 3'ellow,
with a handsome red cheek. A fall and early winter apple ; excel-
lent for baking, or for eating raw by those who like sweet apples.
The specimens were exhibited by Franklin Patch, of Lexington,
who stated that the tree is a vigorous grower.

CJiilicothe Sweet. — Received from the Armada (Michigan) Agri-
cultural Society, November 22. Large, roundish, somewhat coni-
cal ; slightly irregular, and decidedly ribbed ; j^ellow, nearlj' cov-
ered with streaks of red, which, on the sunny side, form a dense
red cheek, spotted with rather obscure j'ellowish dots, and having
traces of bloom which give it a purplish look. Flesh white, fine
grained, sweet, not ver}' juicy or rich, but pleasant, with a peculiar
flavor. Season, November to Januarj', or later. We have not
found this variet^^ described in any' pomological work, and its
origin is unknown.

Pears. President Clark. — From J. W. Talbot, September 16.
Full medium size ; turbinate, somewhat irregular and variable,
some specimens approaching Doj'enne shape ; in general appear-
ance strongly resembling the Kingessiug, but having a brighter red
cheek. When in perfection, clear lemon yellow. The best speci-

236 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

mens have a carmine cheek next the sun ; flesh white, fine grained,
very melting and juicy, slight^ astringent, sweet and rich. " Very
good "to " best." Season a little later than the Bartlett. Tree a very
vigorous grower, with abundant foliage. A seedling, raised by the
late Francis Dana.

Seedling No. 1. — From D. W. Lothrop, September 16. Full
medium size ; form between obovate obtuse pyriform and oblong
obovate pj^riform ; skin smooth, pale yellow, with many irregular
patches of russet, especially around the e3'e, sometimes taking a
rich orange tint ; flesh white, fine grained, buttery, very juicy, very
rich. "Very good" to "best." It is a seedling from the Marie
Louise, which it resembles in flavor. It was first exhibited in
1874, and is mentioned in the Report of the Fruit Committee for
that year as of good quaUty.

Talmadge. — From Amos Bates, September 25. Small; between
globular obtuse pyriform and obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin
wholly covered with golden russet, which is thinnest on the blossom
end, and in the sun assumes a warm orange tint ; flesh juicy,
buttery, and rich, with a decided quince flavor. Too small for
market, but wortlw the attention of amateurs.

Peach. Mrs. Brett. — Seedling, from J. H. Ricketts, of New-
burgh, N.Y., September 16. Size, full medium, or large ; rounded,
a little conical, suture well defined ; skin with little down ; creamy
white, in the sun purplish red, shading ofl" in streaks and stip-
plings ; flesh creamy white, juicy, with a brisk, sprightlj'' flavor.
Of excellent quality. Parts very freely from the stone.

Grapes. D'Elboux Seedling. — From seed of Telegi-aph, fertil-
ized hy Black Hamburg pollen. Bunch handsome, six and one-
half inches in length. One of the two shown had a small shoulder.
Berry large, round, black, with blue bloom ; skin exceedingly thick
and leather3\ It has considerable pulp, which, however, is not
tough, but allows the seed to separate easil}'. Sweet, juicj^, and
rich ; entirely free from any foxj' odor ; flavor good, but difiicult to
define ; holds on to the bunch well to the last. Originated by
C. J. Cople}^, of Stapleton, Richmond County, N. Y., who states
that the vine is healthy, hard}', a very strong grower, and pro-
ductive ; that the fruit ripens before the Hartford Prolific, and will
keep until hard frost. It has fruited four years. Mr. Copley has
entered it for the Prospective Prize.

Mineola. — Another of Mr. Copley's seedlings ; from Telegraph,

NOTES ON NEW FRUITS. 237

fertilized hj Chasselas Musque. Bunch medium size ; berry rather
small, round, white, ver}^ sweet and rich, with aromatic flavor.

Cornelia. — Also from Mr. Copley' ; Telegraph seed, Chasselas
Musque pollen. Bunch small, not shouldered ; compact, but not
so much so as to prevent the full development of every berry ;
berries small, round, white, with an amber tint and a thin bloom ;
sweet and juic}- , with a delicate but not high flavor ; skin thick ;
holds on to the bunch well.

Clifton, — Also from Mr. Copley ; Telegraph seed, White Frontig-
nan pollen. Bunch six inches in length by five in width, very
compact, largely shouldered ; berries round, except when com-
pressed b}'^ crowding ; white, with an amber tint ; juic}'^, rich, very
sweet ; pulp tough, skin thick and tough ; holds on to the bunch
well ; no Frontignan flavor.

Roslyn. — Also from Mr. Coplej' ; Diana seed, Hartford Prolific
pollen. Bunch of good size, five inches long, shouldered, very
compact ; berry pretty large round, where not too much crowded —
some are very much compressed ; color variable, the largest berries
being purplish, ard others bronzy green with thin bloom ; pulp
prettj' firm ; sweet, with a strong musky flavor ; skin thick ; holds
on to the bunch very strongly.

White Delaware. — Another of Mr. Copley's seedlings. Bunch
small, exceedingly compact, more so than any other variety that
we recollect ; berries very small, round (except as compressed by
close packing in the bunch), green, with an amber tint in the sun,
and thin bloom ; skin very thick ; sweet, with not much pulp, but
what there is is pretty hard ; no dropping from the bunch.

Elvira. — Eaised b}' J. Eommell, of Morrison, Mo., from seed of
Taylor, fertilized with pollen of Martha. Exhibited by Mr. Cople3\
This is, by the female parent, of the riparia or cordifolia species,
of which Professor Husmann has great hopes as giving varieties
free from the rot, which has been so destructive in the West.
Bunch hardh' of medium size, shouldered, not very compact ; berry
hardlj- of medium size, round, pale green, with white bloom, some-
times amber colored ; skin very thin ; pulp firm but not tough ; not
very juicy, sweet, with a pleasant but not high flavor. Though the
berries were not very crowded many of them were cracked open.

Excelsior. — A seedling from J. H. Ricketts, of Newburgh, N. Y.
Bunch handsome, berry large, round, of a delicate bronzy- red
color ; flesh tender, melting, and juicy, with scarcely any hardness

238 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of pulp ; sweet and rich, with a musk^^ flavor resembhng that of
the Muscat Hamburg.

Lady Washington. — Another seedling from Mr, Ricketts. Bunch
large, shouldered, verj^ handsome ; berry of medium or large size,
round ; color unique — not white, but rather ' ' ecru " — in the sun
tinged with light reddish brown or lilac, and everywhere covered
with a wax}' bloom ; skin moderatel}^ thick ; pulp tender without
being " meaty," very sweet, rich, spirited, and high-flavored. The
beii'ies dropped freely from the bunches, but this ma}' have been
caused by their being over-ripe.

Jefferson. — Another seedling from Mr. Ricketts, a cross between
the lona and Concord. Bunch medium size, compact, but not too
much so ; berry slightly oval, in color resembling the Catawba, but
hardl}' as dark as a well-ripened Catawba ; skin thick ; pulp firm
and ' ' meaty ; " the flavor strongl}' resembles that of the Catawba ;
holds on to the bunch remarkably well. The specimens exhibited
were raised by J. G. Burrow, of Fishkill, N. Y.

Naomi. — Another of Mr. Ricketts' seedlings ; exhibited by
Mr. Burrow. Bunch long (seven and a half inches), slender,
shouldered, of medium compactness ; berry of medium size, round ;
color varying from pale green to lilac ; very sweet and rich, with a
strong musky flavor ; juic}', pulp dissolves in the mouth ; skin
pretty thick ; berr}' holds on to the bunch well.

Bacchus. — Another seedling from Mr. Ricketts. Bunch about
six inches long, slender, rather loose, shouldered : berry small,
round, black, with blue bloom ; little pulp ; sweet, vinous and rich.

No. 97. — Another seedling from Mr. Ricketts. Bunch large,
loose, shouldered, in general appearance resembling a well-ripened
bunch of Black Hamburg ; berr}' large, round, black, with blue
bloom ; pulp dissolves in the mouth ; juicy and very spirited — too
much so for the majorit}^ of tastes ; skin thick ; holds on to the
bunch well.

Early August. — A seedling from John Pocklington, Sandy Hill,
Washington County, N. Y . Largest bunch, six and one-half inches
in length, shouldered, rather loose ; berry of medium size, round,
pale green, with white bloom, seldom showing any amber tint ;
skin thin ; holds on to the bunch well ; juicy and spirited, but
thought by the Committee not to be quite ripe.

Pocklington. — From the same source as the above, October 2.
Bunch large, sometimes shouldered, moderatel}' compact ; berries

NOTES ON NEW FRUITS. 239

veiy large, round, pale green, with thin bloom, frequently amber-
colored ; skin of medium thickness ; sweet and good, but has con-
siderable hard pulp and foxy odor, which is not unpleasantly per-
ceptible to the taste ; seeds very large.

Seedling. — From Marshall P. Wilder ; a cross between the Mas-
sasoit and Queen of Nice, and consequently of three-quarters foreign
blood. Bunch of medium size, rather slender ; the largest meas-
ured about six inches in length ; generall}^ shouldered, rather
loose ; berry below medium size, round, pale green, with a light
bloom, inclining to amber when most exposed to the sun ; skin
prettj- thick; pulp very slight, juicy and sweet; quality "very
good ; " resembles Allen's Hybrid.

Seedling. — From Vivus W. Smith, Syracuse, N. Y. The bunches
sent varied in size, the largest being five and a half inches long,
not much shouldered, rather loose and irregular ; berries from
medium to large size, round, pale green, with thin bloom ; skin of
moderate thickness ; holds on to the bunch well ; pulp tender,
juicy, sweet, and spirited ; acid within. It has a fragrance like
that of a ripe pear. This was deemed one of the best in quality of
the new grapes submitted to the examination of the Committee.
It was entered for the Prospective Prize.

Seward. — A seedling from S. V. Smith, Syracuse, N. Y. Bunch
of moderate side, say four inches in length. About half those sent
had shoulders. Compact, but not much crowded ; berry medium
to large, round ; skin of moderate thickness, in color like the
Catawba, or a shade darker ; pulp easily bitten through ; sweet,
juicy, and rich. It has a fragrance resembling that of a ripe pear,
like the preceding, but less strong. The hemes shake off very
badly. Entered for the Prospective Prize.

Montgomery. — Exhibited by J. G. Burrow, of Fishkill, N. Y.
Origin not given, but, judging from the appearance, it is largely or
wholly foreign. Mr. Burrow states that it is raised b}" the ton in
Dutchess County, though it requires more care than the native
varieties. Bunch, seven inches or more in length ; compact,
shouldered; beny round, green, with a thin bloom, "meaty," not
high-flavored.

Duchess was exhibited by R. G. Chase & Co., of Geneva, N. Y.,
but the specimens were removed before there was time to make a
description of them. It is a white grape, with a very "meaty"
pulp, from a white seedling of the Concord crossed with Walter.

240 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The mother was from a cross between the Concord and Mont-
gomery.

Niagara. — A plentiful supply of this variety was sent hy the
Niagara Grape Company, but we see nothing to change in the
description made last year. It was originated by Claudius L.
Hoag and Benjamin W. Clark, of Lockport, N. Y., and is entered
by them for the Prospective Prize.

Prentiss. — This was again exhibited, by T. S. Hubbard, of Fre-
donia, N. Y. Some of the bunches were larger than those shown
last 3'ear, and pretty well up to medium size. It is of fine quality
and has the characteristics of a good keeper.

All the above-named grapes were shown at the Annual Exhi-
bition, except the Pocklington.

PEIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR FRUITS.

January 3.

Gratuity : —

A. S. Mcintosh, Glout Morceau Pears, $1 00

AZALEA AND ROSE EXHIBITION.

March 18.

Winter Pears. — Any variety, "Warren Fenno, Easter Beurre, . $3 00

Second, Warren Fenno, Josephine de Malines, . . . . 2 00

Winter Apples. — Any variety, Joseph G. Coolidge, Baldwin, . 3 00

Second, William T. Hall, Northern Spy, 2 00

Gratuities : —

C. E. Grant, CatiUac Pears, 1 00

B. G. Smith, Pound Pears, 1 00

Robert Manning, Bergamot Parthenay Pears, 1 00

Samuel HartweU, Apples, 1 00

March 27.
Gratuity : —

Lemuel Clapp, Seedling Pear, No. 64, 1 00

June 5.
Gratuities : —

Ijeonard W. Weston, Crescent Seedling Strawberries, . . . 1 00

D. L. Milliken, Seedling Strawberries, 1 00

June 12.
Gratuities : —

George Hill, Collection of Strawberries, .
C. E. Grant, " " . .

Charles Garfield, " " . .

Aaron D. Capen, Charles Downing Strawberries,
John B. Moore, Hervey Davis, "

3 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

ROSE SHOW.

June 18.

Early Strawberries. — Four quarts, Hovey & Co. , Hovey's Seedling, $5 00

Second, B. G. Smith, Sharpless, 4 00

Third, John B. Moore, Great American, 3 00

Forced Grapes. — Three varieties, Cephas H. Brackett, . . . 7 00

Two bunches of one variety, Cephas H. Brackett, . . . . 4 00

242 MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTURAL SOCIETY.

STRAWBERRY SHOW.

Changed from June 28, to June 18.

Strawberries. — For the best four quarts of Caroline, John B. Moore, f 4 00

Cumberland Triumph, John B. Moore, 4 00

Hervey Davis, " " " 4 00

Sharpless, "Warren Heustis, 4 00

For the best two quarts of Caroline, the second prize to C. E. Grant, 1 00

Centennial Favorite, the second prize to John B. Moore, . . 1 00

Charles Downing, Warren Heustis, 2 00

Second, John B. Moore, 1 00

Cinderella, John B. Moore, 2 00

Col. Cheney, Warren Heustis, 2 00

Crescent Seedling, the second prize to John B. Moore, . . . 1 00

Duchess, John B. Moore, 2 00

Miner's Great Prolific, John B. Moore, 2 00

Monarch of the West, " " " 2 00

Second, M. W. Chadbourne, 1 00

Prouty's Seedling, John B. Moore, 2 00

Sharpless, » .. .< 2 00

Wilson's Albany, <« " " 2 00

Collection, of not less than ten varieties, Jolm B. Moore (17

varieties), .......... 8 00

Fifty berries, of any variety, Warren Heustis, . . . . 3 00

Cherries. — Two quarts, of any variety, I. P. Langworthy, linight's

Early Black, 2 00

Second, C. E. Grant, Black Heart, 1 00

Foreign Grapes. — Two bunches of any variety, Cephas H. Brackett,

Black Hamburg, 3 00

Second, Cephas H. Brackett, Eed Frontignan, . . . . 2 00
Gratuities : —

C. E. Grant, Strawberries and Cherries, 1 00

Aaron D. Capen. " " 1 00

M. W. Chadbourne, Strawberries, 1 00

Francis B. Hayes, Figs, 1 00

June 26.
Gratuities : —

Hovey & Co., eight varieties of French Strawberries,

E. P. Richardson, two " " Seedling "

C. E. Grant, six varieties of Cherries,

C. N. Brackett, " .

Thomas S. Lockwood, " . . ■.

2 00
1 00

3 00
1 00
1 00

July 3.
Cherries. — Two quarts Black Tartarian, C. E. Grant, . . . 2 00
Second, James Nugent, 1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS. 243

Black Eagle, C. E. Grant, $2 00

Second, James Nugent, 1 00

Downer's Late, C. E. Grant, 2 00

Second, James Nugent, 1 00

Any other variety, C. E. Grant, Napoleon Bigarreau, . . . 2 00

Second, Warren Fenno, Norfolk, 1 00

Gratuities : —

B. G. Smith, Currants and Easpberries, 2 00

E. W. Wood, " 1 00

July 10.

Easpberries. — Two quarts of any variety, Aaron D. Capen, Fran-

conia, 2 00

Second, William Doran & Son, 1 00

Currants. — Four quarts of a red variety, Lemuel Clapp, Versaillaise, 3 00

Second, B. G. Smith, 2 00

Third, E. W. Wood , . . 1 00

Four quarts of a white variety, John B. Moore, for Dana's White, 3 00

Second, B. G. Smith, French Transparent, . . . . 2 00

Gratuities : —

M. W. Chadbourne, Currants, 1 00

C. E. Grant, " „ 1 00

C. F. Curtis; " 1 00

Warren Heustis, " 1 00

George Craft, " 1 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " 1 00

William C. Strong, Gregg Easpberries (Black Cap), . . . 2 00

C. N. Brackett, Cherries, 1 00

Warren Fenno, " 1 00

July 17.

Easpberries. — Two quarts of any variety, Mrs. L. P. Weston,

Herstine, 2 00

Second, Warren Fenno, Saunders, 1 00

Currants. — Two quarts Dana's Transparent, John B. Moore, . . 2 00

Second, B. G. Smith, 1 00

Versaillaise, B. G. Smith, 2 00

Second, Warren Fenno, 1 00

Victoria, B. G. Smith, 2 00

Black Naples, Eobert Manning, 2 00

Second, B. G. Smith, 1 00

Blackberries. — Two quarts of any variety, A. S. Mcintosh, Dor-
chester, 2 00

Second, James Nugent 1 00

5

244 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Gratuities : —

J. C. Hobbs, Black Hamburg Grapes, $3 00

Warren Fenno, Currants and Gooseberries, 1 00

July 24.
Gooseberries. — Two quarts ofany variety, B. G. SmithjWellington's

Glory, 2 00

Second, Horace Eaton, Downing, 1 00

Blackberries. — Two quarts of any variety, A. S. Mcintosh, Dor-
chester, 2 00

Second, James Nugent, 1 00

Pears. — Doyenne d' ete, "Warren Fenno, 2 00

Second, B. G. Smith, 1 00

Gratuities : —

Warren Fenno, Gooseberries, 1 00

Alexander Dickinson, Peaches, 1 00

Frederick K. Shattuck, Apricots, 1 00

Warren Heustis, Pears, 1 00

Aaron D. Capen, Apples, 1 00

E. W. Wood, " 1 00

B. G. Smith, Gooseberries, Apples, and Pears, . . . . 2 00

July 31.

Pears. — Any variety, John McClure, Beurre Giffard, . . . 2 00

Second, Charles Bird, 1 00

Gooseberries. — Two quarts Foreign, B. G. Smith, Bang-Up, . . 2 00

Second, B. G. Smith, Whitesmith, 1 00

Apricots. — Any variety, Moses Darling, Jr., Moorj^ark, . . . 2 00

Second, Frederick R. Shuttuck, 1 00

Gratuities : —

Samuel Hartwell, Apples, 1 00

Warren Heustis, " 1 00

C. N. Brackett. " and Pears, 2 00

Warren Fenno, " " 1 00

Horace Eaton, " and Peaches, 3 00

Francis B. Hayes, " and Figs, 2 00

William E. Coffin, Peaches, 1 00

August 7.

Pears. — Beurre Giffard, William S. Janvrin, 2 00

Second, Warren Fenno, 1 00

Early Apples. — Early Harvest, Warren Fenno, . . • . 2 00

Large Yellow Bough, Warren Heustis, 2 00

Second, C. Terry, 1 00

Red Astrachan, J. H. Woodford, 2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS. 245

Second, Samuel Hartwell, $1 00

Williams, " "

Second, B. G. Smith, ........

Any other variety, C. N. Brackett, Early Margaret,

Second, Warren Fenno, Tetofsky,

Gratuities : —

Aaron D. Capen, Collection of Apples,

Seth Weston, Apples, .

C. N. Brackett, "

Warren Fenno, Collection of Apples and Pears,

B. G. Smith, Peaches and Apples,

Samuel Hartwell, Peaches,

August 14.

Pears. — Clapp's Favorite, Warren Heustis, ....

Second, Horace Eaton, .

Any other variety, George Frost, Supreme de Quimper,
Second, Francis B. Hayes, Pinneo, . . . . .

Gratuities : —

B. G. Smith, Apples,

Warren Heustis, "

Samuel Hartwell, "

John Cummings, Williams Apples, ......

Aaron D. Capen, Sparhawk Apples, ......

Francis B. Hayes, Apples and Pears,

C. N. Brackett, " "

M. W. Chadbourne, Pears and Peaches,

Warren Fenno, Pears, Peaches, and Plums, ....
Mrs. H. V. Draper, Collection of Plums,

August 21.

Pears. — Bartlett, John McClure, ....

Second, C. N. Brackett,

Eostiezer, the second prize to Warren Fenno,

Tyson, A. S. Mcintosh,

Second, Warren Fenno, . . . . •
Plums. — Any variety, Thomas S. Lockwood, Lawrence,

Second, Daniel Tucker, Bradshaw,
Peaches — Any variety, John B. Moore, Crawford's Early
Second, Warren Fenno, Hale's Early,

Gratuities : —
Horace Partridge, Grapes,

B. G. Smith, "

C. E. Grant, "

John B. Moore, "

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

1 00

2 00

1 GO

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

246 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Edwin A. Hall, Plums, $1 00

Amos Bates, " 1 00

A. M. Davenport, Hale's Early Peaches, 1 00

Francis B. Hayes, Peaches and Figs, 1 00

O. B. Hadwen, Apples, 1 00

John Cummings, " 1 00

Samuel Hartwell, " 1 00

Aaron D. Capen, " 1 00

C. N. Brackett, Sparhawk Apples, 1 00

Francis B. Hayes, Pinneo Pears, 1 00

August 28.

Apples. — Any variety, Samuel Hartwell, Gravenstein, . . . 2 00

Second, L. W. Weston, Foundling, 1 00

Pears.— Bartlett, C. N. Brackett, 2 00

Second, Warren Fenno, ........ 1 00

Any other variety, C. N. Brackett, Doyenne Boussock, . . 2 00

Second, Warren Fenno, Andrews, 1 00

Plums. — Collection of not less than four varieties, Horace Eaton, . 3 00

Any one variety, Thomas S. Lockwood, Lawrence's Favorite, . 2 00
Peaches. — Collection of not less than four varieties, Francis B.

Hayes 3 00

Native. Grapes. ^Six bunches of any early variety, J. W. Talbot,

Delaware, 2 00

Second, J. W. Talbot, Cottage, 1 00

Gratuities : —

O. B. Hadwen, Apples, 1 00

John Cummings, " 1 00

Samuel Hartwell, " 1 00

John Cummings, Pears, 1 00

Howard Gannett, ' ' and Peaches, 2 00

Mrs. W. Emery, Plums, 1 00

John C. Hovey, " 1 00

George W. Stevens, Peaches, 1 00

A. M. Davenport, " 1 00

Samuel Hartwell, " 1 00

John B. Moore " 1 00

Warren Fenno, Nectarines, 1 00

September 4.

Apples. — Foundling, L. W. Weston, 2 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell, 1 00

Gravenstein, Josiah Crosby, 2 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell, ........ 1 00

Porter, John Cummings, 2 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell 1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

247

Any other variety, C. N. Brackett, Red and Green Sweet,

Second, John Cummings, Garden Royal,
Pears. — Andrews, Benjamin F. Hunt,

Second, Horace Partridge, .
Doyenne Boussock, C. N. Brackett,

Second, E. W. Wood,
Any other variety, Horace Partridge, Flemish Beauty, .

Second, Warren Fenno, " "

Native Grapes. — Six bunches of Delaware, Joseph S. Chase,

Second, Horace Eaton,
Hartford Prolific, Augustus Torrey,

Second, M. Darling, Jr., .
Moore's Early, John B. Moore,
Any other variety, Horace Eaton, Creveling,

Second, N. B. White, Norfolk Muscat,
Peaches. — Any variety, John B. Moore, Crawford's Early,

Second, Samuel Hartwell, " "

$2 00

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

Gratuities : —
A. D. Capen, Pears and Apples,
Howard Gannett, Pears and Peaches,
Charles Garfield, Grapes, .
John L. Gardner, Peaches,
Francis Payer, " . .

E. W. Capen, " . .

M. W. Chadbourne, " . .

Samuel Hartwell, " . .

Warren Fenno, Plums and Nectarines,

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

ANNUAL EXHIBITION.

September 14, 15, 16, and 17.

Special Prizes.

Twelve Gravenstein Apples, Josiah Crosby, .
Twelve Bartlett Pears, Charles F. Curtis,
Twelve Peaches of any variety, Samuel Hartwell,
Twelve Bunches of Native Grapes, John B. Moore,

Regular Prizes.

Apples. — Baldwin, Samuel Hartwell,
Second, John Cummings, .
Danvers Winter Sweet, John Cummings,

Second, C. N. Brackett,
Cogswell, O. B. Hadwen, . . ,

$5 00
6 00
5 00
5 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

248

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Dutch Codlin, B. G. Smith, .
Second, A. S. Mcintosh, .
Fall Orange or Holden Pippin, 0. B. Hadwen

Second, Edwin Fletcher,
Faraeuse, " "

Second, B. G. Smith, .
Foundling, Samuel Hartwell,

Second, L. W. Weston,
Garden Koyal, J. C. McNeal,
Second, John Cummings, .
Golden Russet, L. W. Weston,

Second, Warren Fenno,
Gravenstein, Samuel Hartwell,
Second, John Cummings, .
Hubbardston Nonsuch, John Cummings

Second, C. N. Brackett,
Hunt Russet, Samuel Hartwell,

Second, John Cummings, .
King of Tompkins County, William C. Eustis

Second, John Fletcher,
Lady's Sweet, C. N. Brackett,
Leicester Sweet, O. B. Hadwen,
Lyscom, " "

Second, John Cummings, .
Maiden's Blush, John Cummings,

Second, Warren Fenno,
Mother, Edwin Fletcher,

Second, John Cummings, .
Northern Spy, William C. Eustis,

Second, John B. Moore,
Porter, George Hill,

Second, H. M. Wiswall,
Pumpkin Sweet, Mrs. Susan Smith

Second, George W. Stevens,
Rhode Island Greening, A. D. Capen,

Second, C. N. Brackett,
Roxbury Russet, John L. D'Wolf,

Second, William C. Eustis,
Talman's Sweet, Josiah Crosby,

Second, J. T. Foster, .
Washington Strawberry, Warren Fenno
Crab Apples. — Hyslop, John B. Moore,
Transcendent, John B. Moore,

Second, Horace Eaton,
Any otlier variety, B. G. Smith, Peach Crab
Pears. — Bartlett, Mrs. Mary Langmaid,
Second, Warren Heustis, .

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

249

Belle Lucrative, Isaac Oliver,

Second, John C. Park,
Beurre d'Anjou, Mrs. Mary Langmaid,

Second, Mrs. M. T. Goddard,
Beurre Bosc, William P. Walker, .

Second, Warren Fenno,
Beurre Clairgeau, Charles P. Curtis,

Second, William T. Hall, .
Beurre Diel, Mrs. H. P. Kendrick,

Second, Walker & Co.,
Beurre Hardy, Walker & Co.,

Second, Warren Fenno,
Beurre Langelier, Marshall P. Wilder,

Second, S. G. Damon,
Beurre Superfin, Lewis Slack,

Second, S. G. Damon,
Dana's Hovey, Mrs. Jesse Haley, .

Second, S. G. Damon,
Doyenne Boussock, E. W. Wood,

Second, Marshall P. Wilder,
Doyenne du Comice, Eben Snow, .

Second, Warren Fenno,
Duchesse d'Angouleme, W. S. Janvrin,

Second, Alexander Dickinson,
Fulton, John C. Park, .

Second, John L. Bird,
Glout Morceau, William P. Walker,

Second, John L. D'Wolf, .
Goodale, C. E. Grant,

Second, Warren Fenno,
HoweU, W. S. Janvrin, .

Second, B. G. Smith, .
Lawrence, John McClure,

Second, A. S. Mcintosh,
Louise Bonne of Jersey, William T. Hall

Second, Warren Fenno,
Marie Louise, S. G. Damon, .

Second, Warren Fenno,
Merriam, John L. D'Wolf,

Second, A. S. Mcintosh,
Mount Vernon, Walker & Co.,

Second, Charles Bird,
Onondaga, W. P. Walker,

Second, A. McDermott,
Paradis d'Automne, C. N. Brackett,

Second, Marshall P. Wilder,
Pratt, " " "

$2 00

1 00

3 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

I 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

I 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2- 00

I 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

I 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

250

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

World,

Late

Seckel, Horace Eaton, .

Second, John L. Bird,
Sheldon, C. F. Curtis. .

Second, Horace Eaton,
Souvenir du Congres, Warren Fenno

Second, Marshall P. Wilder,
St. Michael Archangel, Walker & Co.

Second, Warren Fenno,
Urbaniste, Mrs. Mary Langmaid, .

Second, John L. Bird,
Vicar of Winkfield, W. P. Walker,

Second, Edwin A. Hall,
Winter Nelis, John L. Bird, .

Second, John C. Park,
Peaches. — Any one variety, Samuel Hartwell, Stump the

Second, L. W. Weston, Crawford's Late,
Peaches. — Orchard House Culture, John Falconer, Crawford's
Nectarines. — Any variety, Alonzo R. James, .

Second, John Falconer, . , . .
Plums. — Not less than four varieties, Horace Eaton,

Second, John B. Moore, ....
Any one variety, J. L. Nicolson, Bradshaw, ,

Second, B. G. Smith, Coe's Golden Drop, .
Gkapes. — Six bunches of Brighton, Joseph S. Chase

Second, Hovey & Co.,
Concord, Joseph S. Chase,

Second, William Doran & Son
Delaware, Joseph S. Chase, .

Second, E Snow,
Hartford Prolific, Moses Darling, Jr

Second, S. G. Damon,
Massasoit, Mrs. E. M. Gill, .

Second, Joseph S. Chase, .
Moore's Early, John B. Moore,

Second, B. G. Smith, .
Wilder, J. W. Talbot, .

Second, Joseph S. Chase, .
Any other variety, C. J. Copley, Lindley,

Second, J. W. Talbot, Norwood,
Foreign Grapes. — Six varieties, two bunches each, A. W

Second, B. G. Smith, .

Third, E. H. Luke, .
Four varieties, two bunches each, H. L. Higginson,
Two " " " "A. W. Nickerson,

Second, John L. Gardner,

Third, E. H. Luke,

Two bunches of any Black Grape, John L. Gardner, Black Ham
burg,

Nickerson

4 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS. 251

Second, H. L. Higginson, Wilmot's Black Hamburg, . . $3 00

Third, C. D. Ivingraan, u <t <. ... 2 00

Two bunches of any White Grape, John L. Gardner, Muscat of

Alexandria, .......... 4 00

Second, M. H. Simpson, Buckland Sweetwater, . . . 3 00

Third, John Falconer, White Tokay, 2 00

Gratuities : —

Dr. G. G. Kennedy, Apples, 3 00

C. N. Brackett, " 2 00

Warren Fenno, " 1 00

John B. Moore, " 1 00

Sidney Lawrence, " 1 00

Samuel Hartwell, " and Pears, 2 00

John Cummings, " " 2 00

B. G. Smith, " " 2 00

J. W. Talbot, President Clark Pears, 1 00

Marshall P. Wilder, Pears, " . 3 00

M. W. Chadbourne, " 3 00

Francis B. Hayes, " 2 00

C. E. Grant, " 2 00

T. M. Davis, " 2 00

Charles Bird, " 1 00

John B. Moore, " 1 00

P. Ames, Peaches, 2 00

C. H. Parker, " 1 00

George Hill, " 1 00

Moses Darling, Jr., " 1 00

J. L. D. Sullivan, " 1 00

J. H. Ricketts, Mrs. Brett Peaches (fine), 100

E. G. Chase & Co., Duchess Grapes, 1 00

B. G. Smith, Native Grapes, 2 00

C. J. Copley, " " 3 00

J. H. Eicketts, " " 2 00

M. P. Wilder, " " 1 00

C. E. Grant, " " 1 00

September 25.

Gratuities : —

George S. Harwood, Sheldon, Seckel, and Louise Bonne of Jersey

Pears (very fine), 3 00

Barnabas Davis, Black Hamburg Grapes, 1 00

N. D. Harrington, Crawford's Late Peaches, 1 00

October 2.

Pears. — Beurre Bosc, Charles F. Curtis, 2 00

Second, A. A. Smith, . . , • 1 00

Beurre Clairgeau, Charles F. Curtis, 2 00

252

MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Brackett,

Second, Mrs. Mary Langmaid, .
Beurre Diel, Mrs. H. P. Kendrick,

Second, Edward Sparhawk,
Beurre Superfin, Warren Eenno, .
Doyenne du Cornice, John McClure,

Second, Warren Fenno,
Duchesse d'Angouleme, Mrs. H. P. Kendrick,

Second, W. S. Janvrin,
Louise Bonne of Jersey, John McClure,

Second, Warren Penno,
Sheldon, C. P. Curtis, ....

Second, John McClure,
Urbaniste, Samuel Downer, .

Second, S. G. Damon,
Apples. — Pall Orange or Holden Pippin, Charles N.

Second, Edward Sumner, .
Gravenstein, Samuel Hartwell,

Second, John Cummings, .
Mother, " "

Second, C. Terry,
Porter, S. G. Damon,

Second, A. S. Mcintosh,
Any other Yariety, W. C. Eustis, Tompkins County King,

Second, Warren Penno, Washington Strawberry,
Quinces. — Any variety, Joseph S. Chase, Orange,

Second, B. G. Smith, Rea's Mammoth,
Grapes. — Concord, Joseph S. Chase,

Second, Horace Eaton,
Delaware, Joseph S. Chase,

Second, C. E. Grant, .
Diana, S. G. Damon,

Second, Joseph S. Chase,
Isabella, Moses Darling, Jr.,

Second, T. M. Davis, .
Massasoit, Joseph S. Chase,
Any other variety, Horace Eaton, Eaton's Seedling,

Second, Horace Eaton, Worden,
Poreign Grapes. — Two bunches of any variety, B.
cat Hamburg,

Second, B. G. Smith, Golden Hamburg,

Gratuities : —

I. P. Langworthy, White Doyenne Pearg (fine),

A. D. Capen, Apples and Pears,
C. E. Grant, Pears and Grapes,

B. G. Smith, Plums and " ...
M. Stoddard, Seedling Peaches (fine), ' .

G. Smith,

Mus-

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

253

October 16.

Gratuities : —

Mrs. H. V. Draper, Pears and Grapes,
Franklin Patch, Jacobs's Sweet Apples,

$1 00
1 00

November 10.

Pears. — Beurre d' Anjou, Warren Fenno,

Second, Mrs. Mary Langmaid, .
Dana's Hovey, Mrs. Jesse Haley,

Second, Mrs. H. P. Kendrick, .
Doyenne du Cornice, Warren Fenno,
Josephine de Malines, " "

Second, B. G. Smith,
Lawrence, John McClure,

Second, Warren Fenno,
Vicar of Winkfield, John McClure,

Second, Amos Bates,
Winter Nelis, John L. Bird, .

Second, T. M. Davis,
Any other variety, A. S. Mcintosh, Glout Morceau,

Second, Amos Bates, Mount Vernon,

00

00
00
CO
00
CO
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

French Premiums.

Apples. — Baldwin, J. H. Norcross, 2 00

Second, John Cummings, 1 00

Danvers Winter Sweet, Edward Sumner, . . . , . 2 00

Second, John Cummings, ........ 1 00

Hubbardston Nonsuch, M. W. Chadbourne, 2 00

Second, 'W. C. Eustis, 1 00

Hunt Russet, Samuel Hartwell, 2 00

Second, John Cummings, 1 00

King of Tompkins County, Edward Sumner, . . . . 2 00

Second, William C. Eustis, 1 00

Lady's Sweet, C. N. Brackett, 2 00

Second, Horace Eaton, 1 00

Northern Spy, W. C. Eustis, 2 00

Second, C. A. Cripps, 1 00

Rhode Island Greening, C. N. Brackett, 2 00

Second, Horace Eaton, 1 00

Roxbury Eusset, W. C. Eustis, 2 00

Second, Warren Fenno, 1 00

Talraan's Sweet, Josiah Crosby, 2 00

Second, J. T. Foster, 1 00

254 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Gratuities : —

Horace Eaton, Apples, $2 00

John Curamings, " 2 00

O. B. Hadwen, " 1 00

B. G. Smith, " 1 00

Samuel Hartwell, " 1 00

C. E. Grant, Pears, 3 00

Warren Fenno, " 2 00

M. W. Chadbourne, " 1 00

Mrs. Gates, " 1 00

First Class Certificates of Merit.

Annual Exhibition, September 14-17. Vivus W. Smith, Syracuse, N. Y.,
Seedling Grapes.

Annual Exhibition. Niagara Grape Company, Lockport, N. Y., Niagara
Grapes.

Annual Exhibition. J. G. Burrow, Fishkill, N. Y., Jefferson Grapes.

" " John B. Moore, Francis B. Hayes Grapes.

October 2. John Pocklington, Sandy Hill, N. Y., Pocklington Grapes.
" J. W. Talbot, Norwood Grapes.

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES,

FOR THE YEAR 1880.

By CHARLES N, BRACKETT, Chairman.

A review of the records of the exhibition season, for the year
now closing, affords a very encouraging manifestation of progress
in this department throughout the year.

The products of the soil never fail to respond to the enterprise
and industry of those who remember the old-time promise, that
" seed time and harvest shall never fail." A succession of boun-
tiful crops, and an unusual demand for them both at home and
abroad, has in a great measure tended to quicken enterprise, and
encourage labor with an adequate reward.

The improvement noticed in our exhibitions, as compared with
the previous year, is perhaps in part due to a favorable season.
No one, however, at all familiar with the merits of the case, will,
we think, question the fact that the Society is largely, if not mainly,
indebted for the wonderful change that has taken place for the bet-
ter to the return to more frequent exhibitions, and the offer of
prizes at those exhibitions, instead of gratuities, as was the case
last year.

In former reports, your Committee have had occasion to regret
the apparent falling off in interest in forcing vegetables, and the
lack of specimens on our tables during the winter and early spring
months. They are pleased to be able to report some slight im-
provement in this direction the past year.

Your Committee are still of the opinion that these objects con-
stitute an interesting and valuable feature, and are a great addi-
tion to our winter shows, and worthy of encouragement by the

256 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Society. From the commencement of the year until the middle
of March, no prizes are offered for vegetables grown under glass.
Your Committee have, for a long time, felt that this important
interest has been neglected. We have no doubt that, if suitable
prizes were offered, a lively competition would spring up among
our enterprising market gardeners and others, and, as a result,
our tables would be filled with the rarest and choicest specimens
of their skill.

The cultivation of the usual varieties of vegetables under glass
commends itself to all of us, as a means of obtaining what may
be considered a luxury, as well as an article of diet conducive
to health. Thej' are wholesome and nutritious articles of food,
needed for the preservation of health and prevention of disease,
and, as such, their culture should be considered a subject of much
importance, and worthy of all the labor and patience required to
produce them. Tn view of their importance, your Committee
would respectfully suggest that, another year, the income accruing
from the Whitcomb fund be devoted to this purpose.

During the months of Januar}', February, and March, we were
indebted to the following contributors for very fine specimens of
the vegetables mentioned :

January 3 and February 14, to Cephas H. Brackett, for excel-
lent specimens of White Spine cucumbers, mushrooms, and toma-
toes. January 31 and March 6, J. B. Moore showed dishes of
the finest and best grown mushrooms ever seen on our tables,
which attracted the particular attention of all interested in the
cultivation of this favorite epicurean fungus vegetable. February
14, W. C. Strong, tomatoes. February 28, Josiah Crosby, speci-
mens of very large and well-grown dandelions. March 6, Walter
Russell, two varieties of radishes, — Long Scarlet, and French
Breakfast ; and George F. Stone, fine specimens of Tennisball
lettuce. At the opening exhibition, March 18, this department
was well represented, and again at the Rose Show, June 18. The
various specimens and varieties offered for prizes were well grown,
and competition was unusually brisk. May 8, Aaron Low showed
specimens of his Hybrid Turban squash, in an excellent state of
preservation.

Throughout the season the exhibitions have generally been
good, and in marked contrast with those of the previous year.
We might particularize, but it would only be a repetition, and

KEPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES. 257

make our report too long, as the annexed list of prizes and gratui-
ties awarded by your Committee covers the whole ground.

The Schedule of Prizes offered the past season has proved pop-
ular, mainly, we are inclined to think, on account of the offering
of fixed prizes at each weekly exhibition. B3' this arrangement,
the hall has always presented an appearance creditable alike to
the Society and the exhibitors.

The Annual Exhibition was, in all respects, a good one. The
show of Potatoes at this exhibition, for beauty, size, and smooth-
ness of growth, has rarely, if ever, been excelled. Owing to
favoi-able circumstances, this crop, the past season, has been one
of unusual excellence. The Colorado beetle, it is true, has in
some instances been more or less destructive, but by a timely
application of Paris green, properly and persistently applied, the
ravages of this pest can be controlled. Prominent among the
different varieties on exhibition at this show, we may mention the
following : Early Rose, Beauty of Hebron, Snowflake, Clarke's
No. 1, Mammoth Pearl, King of the Earlies, Early Ohio, Dun-
more, Burbank, St. Patrick, and Early Vermont.

E. S. Brownell, of Essex Junction, Vt., exhibited, and entered
for the Society's Prospective Prize for the best Seedling Late
Potato, a new seedling, called the Pride of America, raised by
him several years since, and shown here for the first time at the
Annual Exhibition. The following is Mr. Brownell's description,
which we append for future reference :

" It was raised from a seed-ball of the Eureka, fertilized with
the pollen of the White Peach Blow, and combines the wonderful
productiveness and excellent keeping qualities of the former, with
all the well-known qualities of the latter.

" In appearance it closely resembles the well-known Snowflake,
and ma3' be easily mistaken for that favorite variety. It ripens a
few days later, and has the advantage over that variety of being
adapted to a greater variety of soils, being much more productive,
growing to a larger size, and producing but a very few small tubers,
nearly all being of a good marketable size ; it is a most excellent
keeper, and, so far, has shown no signs of disease. In quality it
is fully equal to the Snowflake ; flesh exceedingly fine grained
and of snowy whiteness either baked or boiled ; cooks through
quickly and evenly, dry and floury ; has no hard centre or core ;
as a table variety is absolutely without a fault. In habit of growth

258

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the vines are of medium length, well covered with a light green,
stocky foliage ; the tubers grow compactly in the hill, so that the
crop can be easily harvested. It is an excellent keeper, and
retains all its good qualities throughout the entire season."

As evidence of its good keeping qualities, Mr. Brownell also
exhibited specimens of this variety grown in 1879, which had been
kept in the cellar with ordinary care, and which were in an excel-
lent state of preservation, and in good eating condition. "We
regard this potato as a very promising one, and hope to see it
thoroughly tested here the coming season. At the Annual vShow
there were upwards of forty dishes of potatoes on the tables, com-
prising nearly all the leading varieties, and constituting a promi-
nent and interesting feature of that exhibition.

The amount appropriated for pi'izes and gratuities for

vegetables was S500.00

Income from the Whitcomb fund, .

Total,

Amount awarded in prizes and gratuities,

Leaving an unexpended balance of

30.00

$530.00
527.00

$3.00

The list of prizes and gratuities awarded by your Committee is
annexed.

All of which is respectfully submitted,

C. N. BKACkETT,

Walter Russell,

JosiAH Crosbt, Committee

George W. Pierce, \. on

Samuel Hartwell, Vegetables.

C. E. Grant,

M. W. Chadbourne,

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

January 3.
Gratuity : —

C. H. Brackett, Cucumbers and Tomatoes, $2 00

January 31.
Gratuity : —

J. B. Moore, Mushrooms, 2 00

February 14.
Gratuities : —

W. C. Strong, Tomatoes, 1 00

C. H. Brackett, Mushrooms, Cucumbers, and Tomatoes, . . 2 00

February 28.
Gratuity : —

Josiah Crosby, Dandelions, 1 00

March 6.

Gratuities : —

J. B. Moore, Mushrooms, 1 00

Walter Russell, Eadishes, 1 00

George F. Stone, Lettuce, ........ 1 00

AZALEA AND ROSE EXHIBITION.

March 18.

Lettuce. — Four heads Tennisball, J. B. Moore, . . . . $3 00

Second, J. Crosby, 2 00

Dandelions. — Peck, J. G. Coolidge, 2 00

Parsley. — Two quarts, J. G. Coolidge, 2 00

Cucumbers. — Pair of White Spine, C. H. Brackett, . . . 3 00

Gratuities : —

C. H. Brackett, Mushrooms and Tomatoes, 2 00

J. B. Moore, Mushrooms, 2 00

James Nugent, Rhubarb, 1 00

Samuel Hartwell, Onions, 1 00

6

260 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL, SOCIETY.

Apkil 3.
Gratuities : —

B. N. Adams, Lettuce and Mint, $2 00

George "W. Pierce, Lettuce, 1 00

April 17.

Gratuity : —

Charles Garfield, Lettuce, 1 00

May 1.

Gratuity : —

Charles Garfield, Lettuce, 1 00

Mat 8.
Gratuities : —

M. W. Chadbourne, Rhubarb, and Hanson Lettuce, . . . 2 00

B. D. Capen, Rhubarb, 1 00

Samuel Hartwell, Asparagus, 1 00

Walter Russell, Radishes, 1 00

Mat 22.
Gratuities : —

E. W. Wood, Cucumbers, . 1 00

Samuel Hartwell, Asparagus, 1 00

Mat 29.
Gratuity : —

Josiah Crosby, three varieties of Lettuce, 1 00

June 5.

Carrots. — Twelve Short Scarlet, J. Crosby, 2 00

Radishes. — Four bunches Long Scarlet, Walter Russell, . . 2 00

Second, J. Crosby, 1 00

Asparagus. — Four bunches, J. B. Moore, 2 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell, 1 00

Cucumbers.— Pair, E, W. Wood, 2 00

Second, J. Crosby, 1 00

Lettuce. — Four heads, J. B. Moore, 2 00

Second, Walter RusseU, 1 00

Rhubarb. — Twelve stalks, S. Hartwell, 2 00

Second, M. W. Chadbourne, 1 00

Gratuities : —

Walter Russell, Onions, 1 00

L. W. Weston, Asparagus, 1 00

A. T. Brown, Carrots, 1 00

Josiah Crosb)', Beets, 1 00

Francis B. Hayes, three varieties of Cucumbers, . . . . 1 00

/

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

261

Gratuities: —
C. E. Grant, Peas,
Samuel G. Stone, Peas,

Juke 12.

f 1 00
1 GO

ROSE EXHIBITION.

June 18.

Beets — Twelve Turnip Rooted, W. Russell, .

Twelve Egyptian, Josiah Crosby,
Carrots. — Twelve Intermediate, J. Crosby,
Onions. — Twelve, Walter Russell, ....

Second, Josiah Crosby, .....
Cucumbers. — Pair of White Spine, George W. Pierce,

Second, Josiah Crosby, .....
Cabbages. — Four, J. Crosby, Henderson's Early,

Second, " " Jersey Wakefield,

Lettuce. — Four heads, J. Crosby, ....

Second, George W. Pierce, ....
Peas. — Peck, S. Hartwell, Advancer,

Second, Samuel G. Stone, Alpha,

Gratuities : —
C. H. Brackett, Tomatoes, ....

James Bard, Fig Tomatoes, ....
M. W. Chadbourne, Beauty of Hebron Potatoes,
C. N. Brackett, Hanson Lettuce,

J. B. Moore, Lettuce,

Walter Russell, Radishes, ....

Gratuities : —
Josiah Crosby, Collection,
Samuel G. Stone, String Beans,
Cephas H. Brackett, Tomatoes,

June 26.

July 3.
Onions. — Twelve specimens, J. Crosby, .

Second, W. Russell, ....
Squashes. — Four Long Warted Summer, W. Russell,

Second, J. Crosby,
Cabbages — Four, Walter Russell, .

Second, J. Crosby, ....
Cranberry Beans. — Peck, Walter Russell,

Second, Samuel G. Stone, .
Peas. — Peck, Samuel G. Stone, Champion,

Second, " " " Advancer,

$2 00

2 00

2 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

2 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

262

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Gratuities : —

E. W. Wood, Tomatoes,

Josiah Crosby, Wakefield Cabbages, .
Francis B. Hayes, two varieties of Cucumbers,
Walter Russell, Wax Beans, . . . .
Samuel G. Stone, " " . . . .

July 10.
Potatoes.— Peck, M. W. Chadbourne, Beauty of Hebron,

Second, C. N. Brackett, Clark's No. 1, . . .

Third, M. W. Chadbourne, Early Rose,

Gratuities : —

Samuel G. Stone, Collection,

J. Crosby, "

July 17.
Squashes. — Four Marrow, J. Crosby,
Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears, S. G. Stone,

Second, C. E. Grant,

Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens, C. N. Brackett, Emery,

Second, C. N. Brackett, Gen. Grant, .

Gratuities : —
Josiah Crosby, Onions and Squashes,
Alexander Anderson, Early Rose Potatoes,

W. H. Spooner, Beans,

S. G. Stone, Collection,

July 24.
Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears, M. W. Chadbourne,

Second, Josiah Crosby, ....

Third, S. G. Stone,

Tomatoes. — Twelve, C. N. Brackett, Emery, .

Second, " " Gen. Grant,

Third, " " Paragon,

Gratuities : —
J. B. Moore, Collection of Tomatoes,

Samuel G. Stone, Beans,

Samuel Hartwell, Sweet Corn, ....
C. E. Grant, ""....

July 31.
Squashes. — Four Marrow, J. Crosby,
Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears, Samuel Hartwell,
Second, L. W. Weston, ....
Tomatoes. — Twelve Gen. Grant, C. N. Brackett,
Twelve Emery, " "

Any other variety, " "

Acme,

$1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

3 00
2 00

1 oo

2 00
2 00

3 00
3 00

2 00

3 00
2 00

2 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00
1 00

1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

2 00
2 00

1 00

2 00
2 00
2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

263

Gratuities : —
Francis B. Hayes, Turnips,
Walter Russell, Egg Plant,
C. E. Grant, Corn, .
M. W. Chadbourne, Potatoes, .
J. Crosby, Early Rose Potatoes,

August 7.

Egg Plant. — Four Large Round Purple, J. B. Moore,

Second, J. Crosby,

Third, Walter Russell,

Gratuities : —
M. W. Chadbourne, Collection,
C. N. Brackett,
Samuel HartA\^ell, Sweet Corn ,
Mrs. E. M. Gill, Beans, .
Samuel G. Stone, Tomatoes,

$1 00
2 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

3 00
2 00
1 00

2 00
2 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

August 14.

Egg Plant. — Four Large Round Purple, J. B. Moore,

Second, Josiah Crosby,

MusKMELONS. — Four, Samuel Hartwell, .
Gkeenplesh. — Four, C. F. Curtis, ....

Gratuities : —
M. W. Chadbourne, Sweet Corn,
Mrs. E. M. Gill, " "

J. B. Moore, Acme Tomatoes, .
J. K. Bennett, Squashes, growth of 1879,
Samuel Hartwell, Collection,
C. E. Grant, " . .

C. N. Brackett, " . .

Samuel G. Stone, "

2 00

1 00

2 00
2 00

1 00

L 00

00
00
00
00
00
00

August 21.

Potatoes. — Peck, John Cummings, Early Rose, . . . . 2 00

Beans. — Two quarts Lima, B. G. Smith, . . . . . . 3 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell, 2 00

Third, Samuel G. Stone, 1 00

Peppers. — Twelve, J. Crosby, 3 00

Second, C. N. Brackett, 2 00

Gratuities : —

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Tomatoes, 1 00

J. B. Moore, Acme Tomatoes, ........ 1 00

264

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

M. W. Chadbourne, Collection, $1 00

Samuel Hartwell, " 1 00

C. N. Brackett, " 1 00

J. Cummings, " 1 00

S. G. Stone, " 1 00

C. E. Grant, " 1 00 .

August 28.

Watermelons. — Pair, Samuel Hartwell, 3 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell, 2 00

Gkeenflesh Melons. — Four, George F. Curtis, . . . . 3 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell, 2 00

Gratuities : —

John Cummings, Collection, 3 00

Samuel G. Stone, " 1 00

Samuel Hartwell, " I 00

C. N. Brackett, " 1 00

September 4.

Cauliflowers. — Four, John Cummings, .
Second, J. L. Gardner,

Celery. — Four roots, Alfred Tufts, .

Second, Josiah Crosby, Boston Market,
Third, " " Golden Heart,

3 GO

2 00

3 00
2 00
1 00

Gratuities : —

Samuel Hartwell, Collection, 1 00

Samuel G. Stone, " 1 00

ANNUAL EXHIBITION.
September 14, 15, 16, and 17.

Beets. — Twelve Turnip Eooted, G. F. Stone, $3 00

Second, Josiah Crosby, ........ 2 00

Third, Walter Russell, 1 00

Carrots. — Twelve Long Orange, J. L. D'Wolf, . . . . 3 00

Second, Josiah Crosby, 2 00

Third, Walter Eussell, 1 00

Intermediate, Josiah Crosby, 3 00

Second, J. Cummings, 2 00

Third, Walter Eussell, 1 00

Parsnips. — Twelve Long, J. L. D'Wolf, 3 00

Second, M. W. Chadbourne, 2 00

Third, Walter Eussell 1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES. 265

Potatoes. — Four varieties, one peck each, C. N. Brackett, . . $4 00

Second, Aaron Low, 3 00

Third, Mrs. M. T. Goddard, 2 00

Early Rose, John Cummings, 3 00

Second, A. T. Brown, 2 00

Third, C. Terry, 1 00

Snowflake, John L. D'Wolf, 3 00

Second, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard, 2 GO

Any other variety, C N. Brackett, Mammoth Pearl, . . . 3 00

Second, J. B. Moore, Mammoth Pearl, 2 00

Third, " " Clark's No. 1, 1 00

Sai/Sift. — Twelve specimens, Benjamin G. Smith, . . . . 3 00

Second, M. W. Chadbourne, 2 00

Third, Josiah Crosby, 1 00

Turnips.— Twelve Flat, W. Russell, 3 00

Second, George F. Stone, 2 00

Third, J. Cummings, 1 00

Twelve Swedish, Mrs. M. T, Goddard, 3 00

Second, A. T. Brown, 2 00

Onions. — Peck of Danvers Yellow, J. Crosby, . . . . 3 00

Second, George Hill, 2 00

Third, John Cummings, 1 00

Red, " " 3 00

Second, George Hill, 2 00

Third, Walter Russell, 1 00

Portugal, " " 3 00

Second, J. Crosby, . 2 00

Third, J. Cummings, 1 00

Greenflesh Melons. — Four, George W. Pierce, . . , . 3 00

Second, C. E. Calder, 2 00

Watermelons. — Two, I. P. Dickinson, Brown Solid, . . . 3 00

Second, " " Excelsior, . . . 2 00

Third, " " Black Italian, . . . 1 00

Squashes. — Four Canada, Mrs. M. T. Goddard, . . . . 3 00

Second, C. E. Calder, 2 00

Third, Warren Fenno, 1 00

Hubbard, Walter Russell, 3 00

Second, George Hill, 2 00

Third, David Warren, 1 00

Marblehead, John Cummings, 3 00

Second, Walter Russell, 2 00

Marrow, George Hill, 3 00

Second, Walter Russell, 2 00

Third, J. Cummings, 1 00

Turban, " " 3 00

Second, George Hill, , ... 2 00

Third, Walter Russell, 1 00

266 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Cabbagks.— Three Drumhead, Mrs. M. T. Goddard, . . . f 3 00

Second, John Cummings, ........ 2 CO

Red, " " 3 00

Savoy, " " 3 00

Second, "Walter Russell, 2 00

Third, Mrs. M. T. Goddard, ....... 1 00

Cauliflowers. — Four, John Cummings, . . . . . 3 00

Second, J. L Gardner, 2 00

Celery.— Four roots, Alfred Tufts, 3 00

Second, Josiah Crosby, ........ 2 00

Third, C. W. Ross, 1 00

Endive. — Four specimens, J. L. Gardner, 2 00

Horseradish. — Six roots, "Walter Russell, . . . . . 3 00

Lima Beans. — Two quarls, Benjamin G. Smith, . , . , 3 00

Second, Samuel G. Stone, ........ 2 00

Third, C. E. Grant, 1 00

Corn. — Sweet, twelve ears, J. Cummings, . . . . . 3 00

Second, George Craft, 2 00

Third, A. T. Brown, 1 00

Yellow or Field, twenty-five ears, traced, Mrs. M. T. Goddard, . 3 00

Second, C. N. Brackett, 2 00

Egg Plant. — Four Round Purple, "Walter Russell, . . . . 3 00

Second, John B. Moore, 2 00

Tomatoes. — Three varieties, twelve specimens each, J. Cummings, 4 00

Second, G. "W. Pierce, 3 00

Third, C. E. Grant, 2 00

Acme, John Cummings, 2 00

Second, G. "W. Pierce, 1 00

Boston Market, John Cummings, 2 00

Second, "Walter Russell, 1 00

Emery, John Cummings. 2 00

Second, Samuel G. Stone, 1 00

Gen. Grant, John Cummings, . . . . . . . 2 00

Second, C. E. Grant, 1 00

Any other variety, John Cummings, Paragon, . . . . 2 00

Second, Aaron Low, Essex Hybrid, 1 00

Marttnias. — Twenty-four, M. W. Chadbourne, . . . . 2 00

Second, George Craft, 1 00

Okra. — Twenty-four specimens, Mrs. M. T. Goddard, . . . 2 00

Peppers. — Twenty-four, C. N. Brackett, 3 00

Second, G. F. Stone, 2 00

Third, George "W. Pierce, 1 00

Gratuities : —

W. S. Ewell, Tomatoes, 1 00

C. E. Grant, " 1 00

Aaron Low, Hybrid Squashes, . . . . . . . . 1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES. 267

Josiah Pratt, Canada Squashes, f 1 00

David Warren, Butman Squashes, . . . . , . . 1 00

A. T. Brown, Squashes, 1 00

M. W. Chadbourne, Melons, 1 00

C. D. Kingman, Sweet Potatoes, 1 00

Benjamin G. Smith, Beets, 1 00

C. N Brackett, " 1 00

F. Trebandt, Endive, 1 00

Horace Partridge, Pop Corn, 1 00

John Cumraings, Collection, ........ 3 00

Samuel HartAvell, " 2 00

2 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

C. E. Calder, Lettuce, 1 00

September 25.
Gratuities : —

Samuel G. Stone, Lima Beans, . . . . " . . . 1 00

C. E. Grant, " " 1 00

^ October 2.

M. W. Chadbourne,
C. N. Brackett,
Dr. G. G. Kennedy,
George W. Pierce,

Salsify. — Twelve roots, B. G. Smith,

Second, M. W. Chadbourne,
Cabbages. — Three Drumhead, J. Cummings,
Second, Samuel Hartwell,
Eed, John Cummings, ....
Savoy, " " ....

Second, Samuel Hartwell, .
Cauliflowers. — Four, J. Cummings,
Celert. — Four heads, Josiah Crosby,

Gratuities : —

B. G. Smith, Lima Beans,
J. L. Gardner, Endive,

S. G. Stone, Collection,
Samuel Hartwell, "

C. E, Grant, "
M. W. Chadbourne, "

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

3

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

October 16.

Gratuity : —

Josiah Crosby, Celery, 1 00

268 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

October 30.
Gratuity : —
Josiah Crosby, Celery, $1 00

November 10.
Gratuities : —

Josiah Crosby, Celery, 1 00

Cephas H. Brackett, Cucumbers, 1 00

Samuel Hartwell, Collection, ........ 1 00

C. E. Grant, " 1 00

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON GARDENS,

FOR THE YEAR 1880.

Your Committee beg leave to report that, although the prizes
oflered have failed to draw competition, they are not discouraged,
for they remember that precisely the same state of things occurred
in 1864 ; but, since then, many beautiful places have been examined
and reported on by the Committee, who have made such awards as
in their judgment were deserved. The Committee believe that
this branch of the Society's work, during these j^ears, has had its
full share in the advancement of horticulture, especially in Land-
scape Gardening, where it rises to the dignit}^ of a fine art, and
they have faith that its interest will revive, and that its influence
will be as useful as ever.

The Society are certainty under great obligations to the gentle-
men who, in past years, have opened their elegant grounds and
homes, to the examination of the Committee, and extended hospi-
talities to its members, and others. The proprietors of these
estates are benefactors of no ordinary kind, not only to 3'our Com-
mittee, and this Societ}^, but to the community, in creating and
maintaining establishments so attractive and useful to all lovers of
horticulture, as examples of what can be accomplished by wise
and judicious expenditure.

These tangible examples of successful landscape gardening and
horticulture, are of far greater value to the lover of the beautiful
than any dry disquisition on the art we love so well.

Active competition has a great deal to do with the success of anj'
society, especially one of the character of ours ; and we trust that in
the future, a more livety interest in this direction will be manifested.

For the Committee,

BENJAMIN G. SMITH, Chairman.

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE OF ARRANGEMENTS,

FOR THE YEAR 1880.

The Committee of Arrangements, respectful^ submit herewith
their report for the present year.

The Committee congratulate the members of the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society upon the excellent and fine exhibitions during
the year 1880. The show of Azaleas and Roses in March, was
superior to any ever made, and gave great satisfaction. The Rose
and Strawberr}^ Show, in June, notwithstanding the extreme heat
and dry weather of the week or ten days previous, was much
better than we had reason to expect, and was indeed very fine.

The weekl}^ shows have been equal, if not superior, to those of
previous years, and more fully attended.

The Annual Exhibition, on the 14th, 15th, 16th, and 17th of
September, has never been surpassed in excellence and beauty ;
the large display of plants by numerous contributors was truly
magnificent, and the great quantities of Cut Flowers, Bouquets,
Fruits, and Vegetables, were much admired by the rnany visitors
who had the good fortune to visit the exhibition. Too much praise
cannot be awarded the several committees for their labor and care in
arranging the choice selections of plants, flowers, fruits, and vege-
tables of the many contributors.

The deep interest felt by the members in the success and pros-
perity of the Society increases year by year, and the work com-
menced more than fifty years ago for the advancement of pomology
and of gardening in all its branches, goes on with undiminished and
increased ardor and love.

The Committee believe that although so much has been done — so
many new fruits, plants, flowers, and vegetables have been intro-

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE OF ARRANGEMENTS. 271

duced and successfully cultivated, yet much more is to be accom-
plished, requiring the renewed and vigorous efforts of every one
connected with the Societ}', and who believes in its glorious future.
The Massachusetts Horticultural Society is still in its infancy, but
with an active and untiring interest in its welfare and prosperity,
it cannot fail in time to become one of the greatest and most
powerful means for the benefit and happiness of mankind.

The Committee have found it desirable to have a permanent
record of their action at the meetings held from time to time, and
at their request the Secretary of the Society has kept such a record,
but as the doings of the Committee at their meetings are merely
matters of business, in relation to the collecting and arranging of
the fruits, plants, flowers, and vegetables for the exhibitions,
they would be of little interest in this report.

For the Committee,

CHARLES H. B. BRECK, Chairman.

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION AND DISCUSSION,

FOR THE YEAR 1880.

The chief event which we are called to notice has been the
publication of the History of the Society. After a consideration
of various plans it was judged best to print onl}' an edition
sufficiently large to supply the want of the members and such
present demand from the public as we might reasonably anticipate.
The price to subscribers has been placed somewhat below the
actual cost, if we include the cost of stereot3^pes, steel plate, and
heliotropes, and yet the entire cost will not involve the Society in a
large expense after deducting the amount received from sales.
The total cost of the edition has been $i,200. But we now
own all the plates and stereotypes, so that a future edition may be
produced at comparatively little cost. We believe that no other
such publication in this country contains so much and such valuable
information connected with our art, and we think the Society is
greatly indebted to its editor for the clear and connected record
which he has given. We are confident the volume will become
increasingly valuable.

The extra labor which was placed upon our editor in the preparation
of a carefully revised list of members, together with work demanded
by the American Pomological Society, delayed the publication of
the second part of our Transactions beyond the usual time. We
believe the discussions have been maintained with the usual interest,
and that the Transactions, under the careful reporting of our
Secretary, will be found to contain valuable information. Since
the establishment of this course of essays, lectures, and discussions,
we think much good has resulted ; information has been diffused
and our members have been stimulated in their endeavors. It is

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION AND DISCUSSION. 273

an influence which we cannot measure, and therefore we may be
inclined to undervalue and underestimate it. But it must be
apparent that such a body of intelligent cultivators may communi-
cate their observations and experience to very great profit. We
might also avail ourselves of the services of professional specialists
and thus obtain information and secure credit to the Society.
While we are by no means discouraged in the results which have
ah'eady been attained in this direction, yet we are convinced that
more should be attempted. The retiring members of this Com-
mittee take this opportunity again to urge upon the members of
the Society to bring all their resources to the aid of the new Com-
mittee, and thus to make certain the result of mutual profit to
themselves and credit to the Society.

W. C. Strong, )

A. B. MussET, > Committee.

E. L. Stuktevant, )

Report of the Secretary,

FOR THE YEAR 1880.

At the date of m}^ last report, the History of the Societ}^ had
just been placed in the hands of the printer. When the work had
arrived at that stage, it was necessary that my first attention
should be given to it, and this was accordinglj' done, at the expense
of postponing all other work that could be. The list of officers and
members to be found in the Appendix, was not included in the
original plan, and its preparation was not commenced until after
the printing of the History had begun. Its preparation required
much time and care, and added to the time occupied in printing the
book ; but, it is believed to increase the value of the History to
such an extent that the delay caused by it will not be regretted.
The typographical execution of the book, it is believed, has given
entire satisfaction to all ; and I only regret that my utmost efforts
were unsuccessful in inducing the printers to push the work more
rapidl3^ The various agricultural and horticultural journals, to
which copies have been sent, have spoken of it with high com-
mendation, and the manner in which it has been received, generally,
is such as to lead to the belief that the whole edition, now printed,
may be disposed of. At present, a considerable number of sub-
scribers have not called for their copies ; but, it is hoped that before
the close of the year, all subscribers' copies will be delivered.

Some time before the History was placed in the hands of the
printer, I had commenced the preparation for the press of the
second part of the Transactions for 1879, but this was among the
things on which work was necessarily suspended, when the History
was put to press. It was resumed as soon as the History was so far
completed as to allow it, and has now been completed, and the
arrears of the Transactions, still remaining, will soon be brought
up. The various records mentioned in former reports, which it has
devolved on me to keep, need not -be again enumerated here ; but,

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 275

I may say, that this j^ear there has been added to them a record of
the meetings of the Committee of Arrangements, which the Com-
mittee were desirous to have in permanent form. Many specimens
of fruit have been presented for name, but not as many as last
year. The multifarious calls on the time of a Secretary, which it
is impossible to specify, have not been less than usual, and with
those which I have attempted to indicate, have thoroughly filled
my time.

ROBERT MANNING, Secretary.
7

REPORT

OF THE

LIBRARY COMMITTEE,

FOR THE YEAR 1880.

The Committee on the Library present the following, as their
report for the year 1880.

The Society's appropriation, and the income of the Stickney
Fund have been expended in the manner for which they were
desio-ned ; and we believe that the additions to the Library thus
obtained have been as valuable as those of any previous year.

The names of newly purchased books have been posted in the
Library Room, and all persons have been able to keep themselves
informed as to the growth of the library from month to month. It
is unnecessary, therefore, to speak in minute detail of the purchases
that have been made, but we feel that we ought to congratulate the
Society upon the acquisition of Reichenbach's great work upon the
plants of Central Europe, in twenty-two volumes, containing
colored figures of all the species ; also, of the Aroideae Maxi-
milianse, a splendid work in folio, whose plates are executed in a
manner equal to any which our Library has hitherto possessed.

Meanwhile, we have not neglected to purchase many books of a
humbler sort, and of a practical, rather than of a scientific bearing.
The cultivation of forest trees and of the sugar beet, and the preser-
vation of crops in a green state by the new process called ensilage,
are all subjects of very great importance, and an inspection of our
book lists for the year, will show that care has been taken to pro-
cure for our members all the information available upon these
topics.

The removal of the combined bookcase and table, which, in the
first part of the year, stood in the centre of this room, has been
effected in such a manner that the Society has not been a loser.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 277

the material having been utilized in making the cases which now
occupy the upper part of the Fruit Committee's room.

The large additions made this year to the librar}-, prompt us to
mention again the subject of a card- catalogue of the colored plates.
The sooner this work is entered upon, the smaller will be the cost
of it ; while, of the need of such a catalogue, there can be no
question. If we wish to find a colored figure of any flower, we
look in Pritzel's Index ; if we find no reference to it there, we are
completely baffled, for we have thousands of colored figures which
that work does not mention.

The number of books suggested to us for purchase, has been
much greater this year than last, and we hope that during the
coming year, many more members will make use of the blank book
kept for that purpose at the Librarian's desk. It should be borne
in mind, in making these requests, that the income of the Stickney
Fund can be used only in the purchase of works upon botany,
horticulture, and landscape gardening ; for this reason, we have
been obliged to leave some suggested books unbought.

Two years ago, the Library Committee made an attempt to
secure a regular supply of the Catalogues of the leading florists and
nurserymen throughout America and Europe ; but, by some mis-
understanding on their part, only one year's issues were sent.
Another trial will soon be made, and, we hope, with better results.

For the Committee,

W. E. ENDICOTT, Chairman.

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS.

Books Purchased.

CandoUe, Alphonse and Casimir de. Monographise Phanerogamarum Pro-
dromi nunc continuatio, nunc revisio. Vol. 2. Araceas, auctore
Engler. Royal 8vo. Paris : 1879.

Bentham, G., and J. D. Hooker. Genera Plantarum. Vol. 3, Part 1. Sistens
Dicotyledonum Monochlamydearum Ordines XXXVI, Nyctagineas —
Ceratophylleas ; et Gymnospermearum Ordines III, Gnetaceas —
Cycadaceas. 8vo. London : 1880.

Germain de Saint-Pierre, E. Nouveau Dictionnaire de Botanique. Thick
8vo. 1,600 wood-cuts. Paris : 1870.

278 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Jaume St. Hilaire, J. H. Exposition des Families Naturelles, et de la

Germination des Plantes. 3 vols. 4to. Paris: 1805.
The British Florist. 6 vols. 8vo. 81 colored plates. London : 1846.
Newman, John B., M. J). The Illustrated Botany, comprising the most

valuable Native and Exotic Plants, with their History, Medicinal

Properties, etc. 8vo. Many colored plates. New York : 1846.
Good, Peter P., A. M. The Family Flora and Materia Medica Botanica.

8vo. 2 vols, in 1. 96 colored plates. Elizabethtown, N. J. 1847.
Bentley, Robert, F. L. S., F. R. C. S., and Henry Trimen, M. B., F. L. S.,

Medicinal Plants. 4 vols. 8vo. 306 colored plates. London : 1880.

[Completed.]
Berge, Fr., and Dr. V. A. Riecke. Gift Pflanzenbuch. New edition. Small

4to. 72 colored plates. Stuttgart, 1855.
Bessey, Charles E., M. Sc, Ph. D. Botany for High Schools and Colleges.

Small 8vo. 573 wood-cuts. New York ; 1830.
Thome, Otto W. Text-book of Structural and Physiological Botany. Trans-
lated and edited by Alfred W. Bennett, M. A., B. Sc, F. L. S. 2d.

ed. Small Svo. Map and 546 wood-cuts. New York : 1878.
Prantl, Dr. K. An Elementary Text-Book of Botany. Translated from the

German; the translation revised by S. H. Vines, M. A., D. Sc, F.

L. S. 8vo. 275 wood-cuts. Philadelphia : 1880.
Wakefield, Priscilla. An Introduction to Botany, in a Series of Familiar

Letters. 12mo. 12 plates. First American, from the Fifth London

Edition. Boston, 1811.
Balfour, J. H., F. R. SS. L. and E., F. L. S. First Book of Botany. 12mo.

197 wood-cuts. New York : 1873.
Youmans, Eliza A. Second Book of Botany, a Practical Guide to the

Observation and Study of Plants. Small Svo. 422 wood-cuts. New

York: 1874.
Hibberd, Shirley. Field Flowers, suggesting where to go and what to look

for in the out-door study of British Plants. Small 8vo. Colored

plates and wood-cuts. London : 1870.
Catlow, Agnes. Popular Field Botany. Third edition. 16mo. 20 colored

plates. London : 1852.
Coleman, W. S. Our Woodlands, Heaths, and Hedges. 16mo. Colored

plates and wood-cuts. London : 1859.
Watson, Sereno. Botany of the Geological Survey of California. Vol. 2.

4to. Cambridge: 1880.
Bigelow, Jacob, M. D. A Collection of Plants of Boston and its Vicinity.

Second edition. Svo. Boston : 1824.
Rich, Obadiah. A Synopsis of the Genera of American Plants. 16mo.

Georgetown : 1814.
Jordan, Alexis, et Julio Fourreau. Icones ad Floram Europae Novo Funda-

mento Instauram Spectantes, Tomus 1, Fasciculi 1-40. 200 colored

plates. Paris : 1866-68. And Fasciculi 41-56. 80 colored plates.
Martrin-Donos, Victor de. Florule du Tarn. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris: 1864,

1867.
Liegard, Auguste. Flore de Bretagne. 12mo. Paris : 1879.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 279

Reichenbach, Ludovicus ; Vols. 13, and onward, L. Reichenbach and H. C.

Reichenbach, filio. Icones riorte Germanicae, et Helvetica}, etc.

21 vols. 4to. Leipsic: 1850-1867. Also, Nos. 1-16 of vol. 22. In all

2,211 colored plates.
Koch, Dr. Willi. Dan. Jos., and Ernst Hallier. Taschenbuch der Deutschen

und Schweizer Flora, etc. 16mo. Leipsic : 1878.
Garcke, Dr. August. Flora von Nord-und Mittel-Deutschland. IGmo.

Berlin: ISoi.
Graf, F. Die Alpenpflanzen. Hefte 1-11, 13-21. 16mo. 180 colored plates.

Prague: 1879.
Deakin, Richard, M. D. Flora of the Colosseum of Rome. 16mo. Colored

plates. London : 1873.
DUlenius, J. J., M. D. Hortus Eltliamensis Plantarum Rariorum. 2' vols.

folio, in one. 324 plates. Leyden : 1774.
Linnffius, Carolus. Hortus ClilFortianus, etc. Folio. 37 pi. Amsterdam : 1737.
Pomel, A. Nouveaux Materiaux pour la Flore Atlantique. First and second

Fasciculi. 8vo. Paris: 1874, 1875. [Extrait du Bulletin de la

Society de Climatologie d' Alger.]
Lowe, Richard Thomas, M. A. A Manual Flora of Madeira and the adjacent

islands of Porto Santo and the Desertas. Vol. 1, and Part 1 of

vol. 2, in one vol. 12mo. London : 1868.
Seubert, Mauritius. Flora Azorica. 4to. 15 plates. Bonn : 1854.
Wight, Robert, M. D., F. L. S., etc. Hlustrations of Indian Botany, etc. 2

vols. 4to. 182 colored plates. Madras, 1840, 1850.
Boer, P. de. Coniferis Archipelagi Indici. 4to. pamphlet. 3 plates. Utrecht :

1866.
Franchet, A., and Lud. Savatier. Enumeratio Plantarum in Japonia Sponte

Crescentium, etc. Vols. 1 and 2. Royal 8vo. Paris : 1875, 1879.
United States Exploring Expedition, 1838-1842, under the command of

Charles Wilkes, U. S. N. Vol. 17, Botany. I. Lower Cr3rptogamia.

II. Phanerogamia of the Pacific Coast of North America. 4to. 29

plates. Pliiladelphia : 1862-1874.
Frezier, M. Relation des Voyage de la Mer du Sud aux Cotes du Chily et

du Perou. Small 4to. 37 plates. Paris : 1732.
Johnson, C. Pierpont. The Useful Plants of Great Britain. 8vo. 24 colored

plates, by J. E. Sowerby. London : 1862.
Dickson, James H. The Fibre Plants of India, Africa, and the British

Colonies. 8vo. London : 1864.
Peyritsch, Dr. J. Aroideae Maximilians. Folio. Frontispiece and 42 colored

plates. Vienna : 1879.
Schott, H. Genera Aroidearum Exposita. Folio. 98 plates. Vienna: 1858.
Miquel, F. A. W. Genera Cactearum. 8vo. pamphlet. Rotterdam : 1839.
Pfeiffer, Dr. Louis, and Fr. Otto. Abbildung und Beschreibung Bluhender

Cacteen. Vol. 1. 4to. 30 plates. Cassell : 1843.
Puydt, E. de. Les Orchidees. Royal 8vo. 50 colored plates, and 244

wood-cuts. Paris : 1880.
Fitzgerald, R. D., F. L. S. Australian Orchids. Parts 1 and 2. Folio. 17

colored jjlates. Sydney : no date.

280 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Eohrbach, Paulus. Tropseolacese, MoUuginaceae, Alsinacese, Silenaces, Por-

tulacaceae, Ficoidacese, Elatinaceae. Folio, pp. 222-323 ; plates 53-72.

[Martius' Flora Braziliensis]. Leipsic : 1872.
Todaro, Agostino. Relazione suUa Cultura del Cotoni in Italia, seguita da una

Monografia del Genere Gossypium. Small 4to., with folio atlas of 12

colored plates. Rome and Palermo : 1877, '78.
Lehmann, Dr. J. G. C. Monographia Generis Primularum. 4to. 9 plates.

Leipsic : 1817.
. Revisio Potentillarum. 4to. 64 plates. Breslau and

Bonn: 1856.
Franchet, A. Etudes sur les Verbascum de la France et de I'Europe Cen-

trale. 8vo. pamphlet. Vendome : 1875.
Bocquillon, H. Revue du Groupe des Verbenacees. 8vo. 20 plates. Paris:

1861-1863.
Babington, Charles Cardale, M. A., F. R. S. The British Rubi. 12mo.

London: 1880.
Miers, John, F. R. S., F. L. S. The Apocynaceae of South America. 4to.

35 plates. London and Edinburgh : 1878
Bureau, fidouard. Monographie des Bignoniacees. Imp. 8vo. 31 plates.

Paris: 1864
Hall, Hermannus Christianus Van. Specimen Botanicum Exhibens Synopsin

Graminum Indigenarum Belgii Partis Septentrionalis, olim VII pro-

vinciarum. 8vo. plate. Utrecht : 1821.
Henderson, John. Handbook of the Grasses of Great Britain and America,

12mo. Northport, L. 1 : 1875.
Ruprecht, F. J. Bambusese. 4to. pamphlet. 18 plates. St. Petersburg :

1839.
Mettenius, Dr. Georg. Filices Horti Botanici Lipsiensis. Folio. 30 plates.

Leipsic : 1856.
Bolton, James. Filices Britannicae, an History of the British Proper Ferns.

Parti. 4to. 31 colored plates. Leeds: 1785.
Newman, Edward. A History of British Ferns. With Plates and Glossary.

16mo. London : no date.
Williamson, John. Fern Etchings; illustrating all the species of ferns indi-
genous to the Northeastern United States and Canada. Second

edition, small 4to. 65 plates. Louisville, Ky. : 1879.
Cooke, M. C, M. A., LL. D., A. L. S. Rust, Smut, Mildew, and Mould;

an Introduction to the Study of Microscopic Fungi. 16mo. 7 colored

plates. London : 1878.
Brown, Robert, D. C. L., F. R. S. Miscellaneous Botanical Works. Issued

by the Ray Society. 2 vols. 8vo. text, and 1 vol. folio, of 37 plates.

London: 1866-7.
Henfrey, Arthur, F. L. S , Editor. Reports and Papers on Botany, issued

by the Ray Society. I. Mohl on the Structure of the Palm-Stem.

II. Niigeli on Vegetable Cells. III. Nageli on the Utricular Struc-
tures in the Contents of Cells. IV. Link's Reports on Physiological

Botany, for 1844-45. V. Grisebach's Report on Geographical

REPORT or THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 281

Botany for 1844. VI. Grisebacli's Report on Geographical and
Systematic Botany for 1845. 1 vol. 8vo. London : 1849.

Houston, Gulielmus, M. D., R. S. S. Reliquis Houstonianae. Small 4to.
26 plates. London : 1781.

Andr6, fidouard. Traite General de la Composition des Pares et Jardins.
Roy. 8vo. 11 chromolithographs, and 520 wood-cuts. Paris: 1879.

The Famous Parks and Gardens of the "World Described and Illustrated.
4to. Many wood-cuts. 1880.

Cleveland, H. W. S. Landscape Architecture, as applied to the wants of the
West ; with an essay on Forest Planting on the Great Plains. 16mo.
Chicago : 1873.

Sickler, D. Fr. Karl Ludwig. Allgemeine Geschichte der Obstkultur, etc.
8vo. Map and plates. Frankfort on Main : 1802.

Sickler, J. V. Der Teutsche Obstgartner, etc. 22 vols, small 8vo. Many
colored and other plates. Weimar : 1794-1804.

Du Mortier, B.-C. Pomone Tournaisienne. 8vo. 91 outlines of pears.
Paris, Leipsic, and Tournay : 1869.

Thomas, O. Guide Pratique de I'Amateur de Fruits. Description et Culture
de plus de 5,000 Varietes de Fruits, etc. 8vo. Plantieres les
Metz.

Elliott, F. R. Hand-book for Fruit Growers. 16mo. Wood-cuts. New
York: 1876.

Loubat, Alphonse. The American Vine Dresser's Guide. New edition.
Small 8vo. New York : 1872.

Husmann, George. American Grape Growing and Wine Making. New
edition. Small 8vo. 31 wood-cuts. New York : 1880.

White, Joseph J. Cranberry Culture. 12mo. 34 wood-cuts. New York :
1870.

Halliday, Robert J. A Treatise on the Propagation and Culture of the
Camellia Japonica. 12mo. Colored plates and wood-cuts. Balti-
more: 1880.

Prior, W. D. Roses and their Culture. 16mo. Colored plates and wood-
cuts. London. No date.

Johnson, Edwin A., D. D. Winter Greeneries at Home. 12mo. 19 wood-
cuts. New York : 1878.

Heinrich, J. J. The Window Flower Garden. Small 8vo. Many wood-
cuts. New York: 1880.

Courtois-Gerard. De la Culture des Fleurs dans les Petits Jardins, sur les
Fen^tres, et dans les Appartements. Sixth edition. 16nio. 15
wood-cuts. Paris. No date.

. De la Culture Maraich^re dans les Petits Jardins. Sixth edition.

16mo. 15 wood-cuts. Paris : no date.

Warner, Anna. Miss Tiller's Vegetable Garden and the Money she made by
it. 12mo. New York : 1873.

Robinson, William. Gardening Illustrated, for Town and Country. Vol. 1.
For the year ending March 1, 1880. Royal 8vo. Many wood-cuts.
London: 1880.

282 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Shinn, Charles H. Pacific Rural Hand-book. Small 8vo. San Francisco :
1879.

Beeton's Book of Garden Management. Small 8vo. Colored and other plates,
and wood-cuts. London : 1871.

Wood, Samuel. The Tree Planter and Plant Propagator. 42 wood-cuts.
12mo. London: 1880.

. The Tree Pruner, being a Practical Manual of the Pruning of

Fruit Trees, Shrubs, Climbers, and Flowering Plants. 12mo. 65
wood-cuts. London : 1880.

Elliott, F. R. Popular Deciduous and Evergreen Trees and Shrubs, for plant-
ing in Parks, Gardens, Cemeteries, etc. 12mo. 64 wood-cuts.
New York : 1870.

Ablett, William H. English Trees and Tree Planting. 8vo. London : 1880.

Mongredien, Augustus. Trees and Shrubs for English Plantations. 8vo.
Frontispiece and wood-cuts. London : 1870.

Barnard, George. Studies of Trees from Nature. Folio. 30 plates. Lon-
don : 1868.

Steuart, Sir Henry, Bart., LL.D., F. R. S. E., etc. The Planter's Guide,
or a Practical Essay on the best method of giving effect to wood by
the removal of large trees and underwood. 8vo. Plates and wood-
cuts. New York: 1832.

Useful and Ornamental Tree Planting. Published under the superintendence
of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. 8vo. Wood-
cuts. London : 1832.

Clement, M. Manuel Forestier. 12mo. Brussels : 1851.

Fiscali, Ferdinand, and Leopold Grabner. Deutschlands Forstcultur-Pflanzen.
8vo., with folio atlas of 18 plates. Vienna : 1854.

Koltz, J. P. J. Traitement du Chene en Taillis a £corces. 12mo. 30 wood-
cuts. Brussels : 1859.

Jacquot, Charles. Les Codes de la Legislation Forestiere, etc. Fourth
edition. 16mo. pamphlet. Paris : 1866.

Flagg, Wilson. The Birds and Seasons of New England. 8vo. With illus-
trations. Boston : 1875.

Scheele de Vere, M. Leaves from the Book of Nature. 12mo. Wood-cuts.
New York: 1872.

Bailey, John M. The Book of Ensilage; or, the New Dispensation for
Farmers. Also Percheron Horses, Cotswold Sheep, Short Horn
Cattle, and Berkshire Swine. 8vo. Photographs and wood-cuts.
Billerica, Mass. : 1880.

Brown, J. B. Ensilage of Green Crops. From the French of Auguste Goffart.
8vo. Wood-cuts. New York : 1880.

TuU, Jethro. The Horse-Hoeing Husbandry, with an introduction by William
Cobbett. 8vo. London: 1822.

Broom Corn and Brooms. Written and compiled by the editors of the Ameri-
can Agriculturist. 12mo. 22 wood-cuts. New York : no date.

Packard, A. S., Jr., M. D. The Injurious Insects of the West; a Report on
the Rocky Mountain Locust and other Insects. 8vo. Wood-cuts,
maps, and plates. Salem • 1877.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 283

Dean, G. A. The Culture, Improvement, and Management of Landed Estates.
Royal 8vo. 12 colored plates. London : 1880.

Marsh, George P. The Earth as Modified by Human Action ; a new edition
of Man and Nature. 8vo. New York : 1877.

Lippincott's Gazetteer of the World. New edition. Royal 8vo. Phila-
delphia: 1880.

Books and Pamphlets Presented.

Roe, Edward P. Success with Small Fruits. Small 4to. Many wood-cuts.
New York : 1880. The Author.

Drope, Francis. A Short and Sure Guide in the Practice of Raising and
Ordering of Fruit Trees. 16mo. Oxford : 1672. John Robinson.

Wallace, Dr. Notes on Lilies and their Culture. Second edition. 8vo.
Wood-cuts. Colchester, England : 1879. The Author.

Peacock, J. T. List of Succulent Plants in his Collection at Sudbury House,
the Octagon House at Kew, the Alexandra Palace Conservatories,
and the Royal Botanical Garden, Regent's Park. 12mo. pamphlet.
London : 1878. Waldo O. Ross,

RUey, Charles V. State Entomologist. First to Eighth Annual Reports on
the Noxious, Beneficial, and other Insects of the State of Missouri.
2 vols. 8vo, Jefferson City : 1869-76, Isidor Bush.

Eaton, Daniel C. Systematic Fern List of the United States. 8 vo. pamphlet.
New Haven : 1880. The Author.

Martindale, Isaac C. Notes on the Bartram Oak, Quercus Heterophylla,
Michx. 8vo. pamphlet. Camden, N. J. : 1880. The Author,

Sargent, Charles S., Special Agent Tenth Census. A Catalogue of the Forest
Trees of North America. 8vo. pamphlet. Washington : 1880,

Catalogue of Trees and Shrubs, Native of, and Introduced in the Horticul-
tural Gardens, adjacent to Horticultural Hall, in' Fairmount Park,
Philadelphia. 8vo. pampUet. Philadelphia : 1880.

Hodges, Leonard B, The Forest Tree Planter's Manual. 2d edition, revised
and corrected. 8vo. pamphlet. St. Paul, Minn. : 1880. The
Author.

Annuaire des Eaux et Forets pour 1880. 19e annee. 24mo. Paris : 1880.

Parsons, Samuel B. Woman in Horticulture, an Essay read before the
New York Horticultural Society, May 4, 1880. Small 12mo. pamph-
let. The Author.

Henderson, Peter. Essay on Horticultural Progress, read before the New
York Horticultural Society, March 9, 1880. With a List of Members
of the Society. 16mo. pamphlet. New York : 1880.

Western New York Horticultural Society. Proceedings at the Twenty-fifth
Annual Meeting, Rochester, January 28 and 29, 1880. 8vo. pamphlet.
Rochester : 1880. P. C. Reynolds.

New Jersey Horticultural Society. Proceedings at the Fourth Annual Meet-
ing, January 15 and 16, 1879. 8vo. pamphlet. Newark: 1880. E.
Williams, Secretary.

284 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. Catalogue of the Library. 8vo. pamph-
let. Philadelphia: 1850. J. E. Mitchell.

Georgia Horticultural Society. Proceedings at the Fifth Annual Meeting, at
Atlanta, August 3 and 4, 1880. 8vo. pamphlet. Atlanta : 1880. T.
L. Kinsey, Secretary.

Ohio Horticultural Society. Thirteenth Annual Report, for 1879-80. 8vo.
pamphlet. Columbus : 1880. George W. Campbell, Treasurer.

Illinois Horticultural Society. Transactions for the years 1878 and 1879.
New series, Vols. 12 and 13. 2 vols. 8vo. Chicago : 1879, '80. 0. B.
Galusha, Secretary.

Indiana Horticultural Society. Transactions for 1873. 8 vo. Lafayette :
1873. W. D. Schooley. Transactions for 187G and 1878. 2 vols.
8vo. Indianapolis : 1877, 1879. D. E. Hoffman.

Iowa Horticultural Society. Transactions for 1869, G. C. Brackett; 1876,
R. Manning, 1872, 1877, and 1878; C. L. Watrous, President. 1
pamphlet and 4 vols. Des Moines : 1870, '73, '77, '78, '79.

Missouri State Board of Agriculture, and Missouri Horticultural Society.
Reports for 1879. 8vo. pamphlet. Jefferson City : 1880. Norman
J. Colman, President of the Horticultural Society.

Kansas Horticultural Society. Report for 1879, with the Proceedings of
Division, County, and Local Societies. 8vo. Portraits and wood-
cuts. Topeka : 1880. G. C. Brackett, Secretary.

Montreal Horticultural Society and Fruit Growers' Association of the Province
of Quebec. Third Report, 1877. L. A. H. Latour. Fifth Report,
1879. Henry S. Evans, Secretary. 2 pamphlets. 8vo. Montreal :
1878, 1880.

Maine Pomological Society. Fifth and Sixth Reports of the Secretary for
1877 and 1878. 2 pamphlets. 8vo. Augusta: 1878, '79. George B.
Sawyer, Secretary.

Pennsylvania Fruit Growers' Society. Reports for 1867, '70, '71, '72, '76, '77,
'78, '79. 1 vol. and six pamphlets, 8vo. Plates. E. B. Engle,
Secretary. Harrisburg : 1870, '71, '73, '76, '78, '79.

Michigan Pomological Society. Ninth Annual Report, for 1879. 8vo. Lan-
sing : 1880. Charles W. Garfield, Secretary.

Ontario Fruit Growers' Association. Report for 1879, with the Report of the
Ontario Entomological Society for 1879. Large 8vo. pamphlet.
Wood-cuts of insects. Toronto : 1880.

Worcester Commission of Public Grounds. Report for 1879. 8vo. pamphlet.
Edward W. Lincoln, Secretary.

Baltimore Park Commission. Twelfth and Twentieth Annual Reports for
1871 and 1879. 2 pamphlets. 8vo. With Plans of Parks. Balti-
■ more : 1872, 1880. The Commission.

United States Department of Agriculture. Report of the Commissioner for
1878. 8vo. Plates. Washington: 1879. William G. Le Due,
Commissioner.

Maine Board of Agriculture. Twenty-third Annual Report of the Secretary,
for 1878. 8vo. Augusta : 1879. Z, A. Gilbert, Secretary.

REPORT or THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 285

Massachusetts Board of Agriculture. Twenty-seventh Keport, for 1879. 8vo.

Boston : 1880. Charles L. Flint, Secretary.
Connecticut Board of Agriculture. Thirteenth Annual Report, for 1879-80."

8vo. Hartford : 1880. T. S. Gold, Secretary.
New Jersey Board of Agriculture. Seventh Annual Report, for 1879. 8vo.

pamphlet. Two copies. P. T. Quinn, Secretary.
Pennsylvania Board of Agriculture, Tenth Quarterly Report, for September,

October, and November, 1880. 8vo. pamphlet. Harrisburg : 1880.

Thomas J. Edge, Secretary.
Indiana State Board of Agriculture. Twenty-ninth Annual Report. 8vo.

Indianapolis : 1879. Alexander Heron, Secretary.
Kansas State Board of Agriculture. Quarterly Report, September, 1879.

8vo. pamplilet. Alfred Gray, Secretary.
Essex Agricultural Society. Transactions for 1879. 8vo. pamphlet. Salem :

1879. Charles P. Preston, Secretary.

Low, David W. The Pioneer Industries of Essex County : Planting and Fish-
ing, an Annual Address before the Essex Agricultural Society at
their Fifty-eighth Annual Exhibition, Lynn, September 28 and 29,

1880. 8vo. pamphlet. Salem : 1880. The Author.

Maine College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts. Annual Reports of the
Trustees, President, Farm Superintendent, and Treasurer, Orono,

1879. 8vo. pamphlet. Augusta : 1879.

Beal, Professor W. J. Report of the Professor of Botany and Horticulture
in Michigan Agricultural College for 1880. 8vo. pamphlet. 1880.
The Author.

. Experiments and other work of the Horticultural Depart-
ment of Michigan Agricultural College. 8vo. pamphlet. The
Author.

Iowa Agricultural College. Eighth Biennial Report, 1878 and 1879. 8vo.
pamphlet. Des Moines, 1880. Professor C. E. Bessey.

Sturtevant, E. Lewis, M. D. Some Thoughts and Facts concerning the Food
of Man. 8vo. pamphlet. 188Q. The Author.

. Indian Corn. 8vo. pamphlet. Albany : 1880. The

Author.

Killebrew, J. B. Sheep Husbandry. 8vo. pamphlet. Nashville : 1880.
The Author.

Boston Society of Natural History. Proceedings. Vol. 20, Part 2. Novem-
ber, 1878, to April, 1879. 8vo. pamphlet. Boston : 1879. Memoirs.
Vol. 3, Part 1, No. 3. 4to. pamphlet. Boston: 1879. The
Society.

Hyatt, Alpheus, Custodian. General Guide to the Museum of the Boston
Society of Natural History. I. Introduction. 12mo. pamphlet, with
plans of the Museum. Boston: 1880. The Society.

A Brief Account of some of the Scientific Institutions of Boston and Vicinity.
Prepared by the Local Committee of the American Association for
the Advancement of Science, for distribution to the members of the
Association, at the Boston Meeting, August, 1880. 8vo. pamphlet.

1880. Samuel H. Scudder.

286 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

St. Louis Academy of Science. Transactions. Vol. 4, No. 1. 8vo. pam-
phlet. 3 plates. St. Louis : 1880.

Indiana Department of Statistics and Geology. First Annual Report, 1879.
8vo. Indianapolis : 1880. D. E. Hoffmann.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Fifteenth Annual Catalogue. 8vo.
pamphlet. Boston : 1880. R. H. Richards, Secretary.

United States Commissioner of Education. Reports for 1876, '77, '78. Three
vols. 8vo. Washington: 1878, '79, '80. Hon. John Eaton, Com-
missioner.

Massachusetts State Library. Catalogue. Royal 8vo. Boston : 1880. John
W. Dickinson, Librarian.

Astor Library, New York. Thirty-first Annual Report of the Trustees, 1879.
Svo. pamphlet. Albany : 1880. R. Little, Superintendent.

Peabody Institute, Peabody, Mass. Twenty-eighth Annual Report of the
Trustees. 8vo. pamphlet. Peabody : 1880.

Hudson, Charles. History of the Town of Lexington, Massachusetts, with
a Genealogical Register of Lexington Families. 8vo. , portraits and
wood-cuts. Boston : 1868. Charles O. Whitmore.

American Antiquarian Society. Proceedings, No. 74, October, 1879. 8vo.
pamphlet. Worcester : 1880. The Society.

New England Historic Genealogical Society. Address of Hon. Marshall P.
Wilder, President, and other Proceedings at the Annual Meeting,
January 7, 1880. Svo. pamphlet. Boston : 1880. Hon. Marshall
P. Wilder.

The Boston Transcript's Fiftieth Birthday. Small 4to., wood-cuts. Boston :
1880. [Privately printed.] The Transcript Company.

Periodicals Taken.

English. — Gardeners' Chronicle.

Gardener's Magazine.

Journal of Horticulture and Cottage Gardener.

The Garden.

Gardening Illustrated.

Curtis's Botanical Magazine.

Floral Magazine.

Florist and Pomologist.

Floral World.

Journal of the Linnean Society.

Journal of Botany.

Country Gentleman's Magazine.

Farmer's Magazine.

Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society.

Journal of Forestry.
French. — Revue Horticole.

Revue des Eaux et Forfits.
Belgian. — Illustration Horticole.

Flore des Serres.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 287

Belgique Horticole.

Revue de 1' Horticulture, Beige et ^fitrang^re.
Gekman. — Botanische Zeitung.

Gartenflora.
American. — Country Gentleman.

Periodicals Presented.

New England Farmer.

Massachusetts Ploughman.

American Cultivator.

American Agriculturist.

Gardener's Monthly,

American Entomologist.

Vick's Illustrated Monthly Magazine.

Canadian Horticulturist.

Botanical Index.

Bulletin de la Societe Centrale d' Horticulture du Department

de la Seine Inferieure.
BuUetino della R. Societa Toscana di Orticultura.
jSemi-Tropic Californian.
California Horticulturist.
Southern California Horticulturist.
American Rural Home.
Maine Farmer.
Prairie Farmer.
Maryland Farmer.

Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club.
Botanical Gazette.
Rhode Island Press.
Boston Evening Transcript.
Boston Daily Globe.
Daily Evening Traveller.
Boston Morning Journal.
Boston Daily Advertiser.
The Nursery.
The Cottage Hearth.

TREASURER'S REPORT,

FOR THE YEAR 1880.

ITEMS OF INCOME.

Balance of Cash on hand, . . . $201 88

Received for Rent of Stores, . . . 9,144 40

" " " Halls, . . . 11,033 32

" " Admissions and Assessments, 878 00

" from Mount Auburn, . . 3,255 56

" " three Exhibitions, . . 523 50

*' " Sale of History, . . 500 00

" " Sundries, .... 19 20

Interest on Bonds C. B. & Q. R. R., . 105 00

$25,660 86

ITEMS OF EXPENDITURE.

Salaries, $2,675 00

Labor, 609 90

Incidentals, 99 86

Heating and Water (less paid by tenants), 491 59

Gas, 1,248 85

Furniture, Repairs, and Fixtures, . . 573 94

Repairs on Building, .... 381 62

Taxes, 3,457 71

Library accessions (Stickney fund), . 702 56

" " (Periodicals and Binding), 184 01

Expenses of three Exhibitions, . . 456 37

Prizes for 1879, 1,153 50

" " 1880, (deposited for), . . 3,000 00

Committee of Arrangements, . . 234 00

" " Publication and Discussion, 65 00

Amounts carried forward, $15,333 91 $25,660 86

TREASURER'S REPORT. 289

Amounts brought forward, $15,333 91 $25,660 86

Publication of History, . . . . 1,200 00
Printing, ....

Stationer}' and Postage,
Interest, ....

Legal Services,

Insurance, ....
Balance carried to new account.

524 66

177 86

3,960 00

30 00

759 37
3,675 06
$25,660 86

Boston, January 13, 1881.
E. W. BuswELL, Treasurer:

We have examined the above account and found it correct, and
the balance of cash on hand, three thousand six hundred and
seventy-five 6-100 dollars, as stated.

C. O. Whitmore, ") Tp.

H. H. HUNNEWELL, [ ri •«

B. p. Cheney, ' \ Committee.

ASSETS AND LIABILITIES.

Assets.
Real Estate, Furniture, and Exhibition Ware, costing $256,585 56
Library last year, .... $18,959 67

Added this year, . , . . . 886 57

19,846 24

Bonds of C. B. & Q. R. R. par value, . . . 1,500 00

$277,931 80
Stereotype and steel plates and copies of History at cost, 700 00
Cash on hand, 3,675 06

$282,306 86
Liabilities.

Mortgage debt at 5^ per cent., payable Sep-
tember, 1883, $60,000 GO

Loan without interest, payable to Harvard

College in 1899, .... 12,000 00

Note to Massachusetts National Bank, . 12,000 00

$84,000 00

Balance of assets over liabilities, . . $198,306 86

290

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

By last report our members numbered

Life,

.

563

Added,

15

578

Deceased,

•

6

Annual,

294

Added,

6

300

Deceased,

6

Withdrawn,

1

Discontinued,

22

—

29

Income from the above :

15 Life Members,

$450 00

6 Annual,

60 00

184 Assessments,

368 00

572

271

843

$878 00

By my last report was shown an unpaid balance of the prizes for
the preceding year. That has been paid, and a sum deposited
sufficient to meet those of the year now closed. The amount
charged to the publication of the History, includes the payment of
a note given to the Publication Committee, to cover an appropria-
tion made last year.

The hope I expressed in my last report, of an increase in the
rentals of the halls has been fully met ; and the same may be said
of the stores.

Our proportion from Mount Auburn is larger than last year,
while our expenditures have not been materially increased. This
leaves us a larger surplus than for several preceding years, which
might properly be applied to the reduction of our debt, but for the
necessity which exists for repairs on the building. These have
become imperative, and to be properly made, will require a larger
expenditure than we can now command ; this, too, without any
alterations in the interior, so strongly recommended by the Presi-
dent. The halls have, by much use, become 'unsuitable for the

treasurer's report. 291

better class of occupants, and require renovation. The library
room also needs painting and the furniture needs repairs.

The stores are now rented so as to promise no increase of rent,
and we shall be fortunate if in the coming year, we realize from the
halls anything like the revenue now reported. The amount
charged to the previous account is that actually paid ; the amount
awarded being very generally drawn. Mr. Hunnewell, as has
been his custom, has appropriated his awards to special prizes, and
a very few, of trifling amount, remain undrawn.
During the year we have paid all our current expenses,

including the prizes awarded, say,
And have paid a balance of 1879 prizes,
And on the History over receipts, ....
And an increase of taxes, .....
Insurance for five years, .....
And have a balance in cash exceeding that at the com-
mencement of the year, of ....

This amount,

Less an increased sum from Mt. Auburn, of .

Shows a net increase in receipts of • . . $8,616 00
over that of last year.

E. W. BUS WELL, Treasurer.
8

$3,000

00

1,153

00

700

00

573

00

759

00

3,474

00

9,659

00

1,043

00

292

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

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MOUNT AUBURN CEMETERY. 293

Massachusetts Horticultural Society,

To The Proprietors op the Cemetery of Mount Auburn, Dr.

For one-fourth part of the following expenditures for grading new lands for
sale, during 1880 :

Swan and Magnolia Avenues.

60 days, men, $120 00

103^^ days, man and horse, 362 25

$482 25

Pearl and Crystal Avenues.

527 days, men, 1,054 00

329 days, man and horse, 1,151 50

2,205 50

$2,687 75

One-fourth part, 671 94

Mount Auburn, December 31, 1880. J. W. Loveeing, Supt.

I certify the foregoing to be a true copy of accounts of improvements for
the year 1880, rendered by the Superintendent.

H. B. Mackintosh, Treasurer.

assat^usetls liortkultural Sorietg.

OFFICERS AND STANDING COMMITTEES FOR 1881.

President.
FRANCIS B. HAYES, of Boston.

Vice - Presidents.
JOHN B. MOORE, of Concord. J. WARREN MERRILL, of Cambridge.

JOHN CUMMINGS, of Wotourn. BENJAMIN G. SMITH, of Cambridge.

Treasurer and Superintendent of the Building.*
GEORGE W. FOWLE, of Boston.

Secretary and Librarian.
ROBERT MANNING, of Salem.f

Recording Secretary.
ROBERT MANNING, of Salem.

Professor of Botany and Vegetable Physiology.
JOHN ROBINSON, Of Salem.

Professor of Entomology.
SAMUEL H. SCUDDER, of Cambridge.

^t^ndii)^ doii\ii\ittee^.

Executive.

The President, FRANCIS B. HAYES, Chairman.

The Ex-Peesidents, MARSHALL P. WILDER, CHARLES M. HOVEY, JAMES

F. C. HYDE, WILLIAM C. STRONG, FRANCIS PARKMAN, WILLIAM

GRAY, Jk.; Chaiebian of Finance Committee, C. O. WHITMORE;

F. L. AMES, CHARLES H. B. BRECK, JOHN C. HOVEY,

HENRY P. WALCOTT.

* Ed. W. Buswell held the office of Treasurer until June, when he resigned and was succeeded by Mr. Fowle-
t Communications for the Secretary, on the business of the Society, should be addressed to him at Horticul-
tural Hall, Boston.

OFFICERS AND STANDING COMMITTEES FOR 1881. 295

Finance.

CHARLES O. WHITMORE, Chairman.
H. HOLLIS HUNNEWELL. FRANCIS B. HAYES.

Publication and Discussion.

BENJAMIN G. SMITH, Chaikman.
E. LEWIS STURTEVANT. JOHN B. MOORE.

Establishing Prizes.

CHAIRMAN OF COMMITTEE ON FRUITS, Chairman ;

CHAIRMEN OF COMMITTEES ON FLOWERS, VEGETABLES, AND GARDENS,

EX OFFICII S; C. M. ATKINSON, P. BROWN HO VEY, FEARING BURR.

Library.

WILLIAM E. ENDICOTT, Chairman.

THE PROFESSOR OF BOTANY AND HORTICULTURAL PHYSIOLOGY

AND THE PROFESSOR OF ENTOMOLOGY, EX OFFICIIS;

HENRY P. WALCOTT. FRANCIS H. APPLETON.

J. D. W. FRENCH. ROBERT MANNING.

Gardens,

JOHN G. BARKER, Chairman.

CHAIRMEN OF COMMITTEES ON FRUITS, FLOWERS, AND VEGETABLES,

EX OFFICIIS; GEORGE S. HARWOOD, HENRY ROSS, JOBU^ C. HOVEY.

Fruit.

E. W. WOOD, Chairman.
P. BROWN HOVEY. CHARLES F. CURTIS. O. B. HADWEN.

BENJAMIN G. SMITH. J. W. MANNING. WARREN FENNO.

Plants and Flowers.

WILLIAM H. SPOONER, Chairman.
E. H. HITCHINGS. F. L. HARRIS. CHARLES W. ROSS.

PATRICK NORTON. JAMES CARTWRIGHT. J. H. WOODFORD.

Vegetables.

CHARLES N. BRACKETT, CHAIRMAN.
JOSIAH CROSBY. GEORGE W. PIERCE. CHARLES E. GRANT.

WALTER RUSSELL, SAMUEL HARTWELL. M. W. CHADBOURNE.

Committee of Arrangements.

CHARLES H. B. BRECK, Chairman.
CHAIRMEN OF COMMITTEES ON FRUITS, FLOWERS, VEGETABLES, AND

GARDENS, EX OFFICIIS;
JOHN C, HOVEY. C. M. ATKINSON. JAMES COMLEY.

HERVEY DAVIS. CHARLES H. HOVEY. WILLIAM H. HALLIDAY.

CHARLES F. CURTIS. JOSEPH H. WOODFORD-

MEMBERS FOR LIFE

Change of residence, or any inaccuracies, should be promptly reported to the Secretary.

Adams, George E.,
Albro, Charles,
Alger, R. F.,
Ames, F. L.,
Ames, Frank M.,
Ames, George,
Ames, P. Adams,
Amory, Charles,
Amory Frederick,
Amory, James S.,
Anderson, Alexander,
Andrews, Charles L.,
Andrews, Frank W.,
Andros, Milton,
Appleton, Edward,
Appleton, Francis H.,
Appleton, Wm. S.,
Atkins, Elisha,
Avery, Edward,
Ayer, Adams,
Ayling, Isaac,

Bacon, George,
Bailey, Edwin C,
Baker, William E.,
Bancroft, John C,
Banfield, Francis L.,
Barnard, Rev. C. F.,
Barnard, James M.,
Barnard, Robert M.,
Barnes, Walter S.,
Barnes, William H.,
Barney, Levi C,
Barratt, James,
Barrows, Thomas,
Bartlett, Edmund,
Bates, Amos,
Bates, Caleb,
Bayley, John P.,

Medford.

Taunton.

Hinsdale.

North Fasten.

Canton.

Boston.

Brookline.

Boston,

Hingham.

Swampscott.

Boston.

Brookline.

Reading.

Peabody.

Boston.

Belmont.

Boston.

Brookline.
Concord, N. H.
Boston.
Milton,
Boston.

Everett.

Somerville.

Boston.

Cambridge.

Dedham.

Newburyport.

Hingham.

Kingston.

Boston.

Beal, Alexander,
Beckford, D. R., Jr.,
Bell, Joseph H.,
Bemis, Emery,
Berry, James,
Bickford, Weare D.,
Birchard, Charles,
Black, James W.,
Blagg, Samuel,
Blanchard, J. W.,
Blaney, Henry',
Blinn, R. D.,
Bocher, Ferdinand,
Bockus, Charles E.,
Bond, George W.,
Borland, John N ,
Botume, John,
Bouve, Thomas T.,
Bowditch, Azell C,
Bowditch, J. IngersoU
Bowditch, Wm. E.,
Bowker, William H.,
Brackett, Cephas H.,
Brackett, Charles N.,
Bradish, Levi J.,
Bragg, Samuel, A. B.,
Breed, Andrews,
Breed, Henry A.,
Bresee, Albert,
Brewer, John Reed,
Brewer, Otis,
Brigham, William T.,
Bright, William E.,
Brimmer, Martin,
Brintnall, Benjamin,
Brooks, Francis,
Brooks, J. W.,
Brown, Charles E.,
Brown, Edward J.,

Dorchester.

Dedham.

Quincy.

Grantville.

Boston.

AUston.

Arlington.

Boston.

Newbern, N. C.

Boston.

Brookline.

Lexington.

Boston.

Dorchester.

Boston.

New London, Ct.

Stoneham.

Boston.

Somerville.

.Boston.

Brighton.

Newton.

Boston.

Mattapan.

Lancaster.

Lynn.

Hortonville,Vt.

Boston.

Waltham.
Boston.

Medford.
Milton.

Yarmouth, N.S.
Brookline.

MEMBERS FOR LIFE.

297

Brown, G. Barnard,

Boston.

Cleary, Lawrence,

West Roxbury.

Brown, George B.,

"

Clement, Asa,

Dracut.

Brown, Jacob,

Woburn.

Cleveland, Ira,

Dedham.

Brownell, E. S.,

Essex June. ,Vt

;. Cobb, Albert A.,

Brookline.

Bruce, Nathaniel F.,

Stoneham.

Coburn, Isaac E.,

Everett.

Bullard, William S.,

Boston.

Codman, James M.,

Brookline.

Burnett, Joseph,

Southborough.

Codman, Ogden,

Lincoln.

Burnham, T. 0. H. P

., Boston.

Coffin, G. Winthrop,

West Roxbury.

Burr, Fearing,

Hingham.

Coffin, William E.,

Boston.

Burr, Matthew H.,

"

Converse, E. S.,

Maiden.

Buswell, Edwin W.,

Boston.

Converse, Parker L.

, Woburn.

Buswell, Frank E.,

"

Coolidge, Joshua,

Watertown.

Butler, Aaron,

Wakefield.

Copeland, Franklin,

West Dedham.

Butterfield, Wm. P.,

Arlington.

Cox, George P.,

Maiden.

Coy, Samuel I.,

Boston.

Cadness, John,

Flushing, N. Y.

, Craft, George,

Brookline.

Cains, William,

South Boston.

Crocker, George 0.,

New Bedford.

Calder, Augustus P.,

Boston.

Crocker, Uriel,

Boston.

Capen, John,

"

Crosby, Josiah,

Arlington.

Carlton, Samuel A.,

Somerville.

Crowell, Philander,

Chelsea.

Car ruth, Charles,

Boston.

Crowell, Randall H.,

"

Carruth, Nathan,

Dorchester.

Cummings, John,

Woburn,

Carter, Miss Sabra,

Wilmington.

Curtis, Charles F.,

Jamaica Plain.

Chamberlain, C. W.,

Arlington.

Curtis, George S.,

" . <<

Chapin, N. G.,

Brookline.

Gushing, John G.,

Boston.

Chapman, Edward,

Arlington.

Gushing, Robert M.,

(t

Chase, A. J.,

Lynn.

Chase, Daniel E.,

Somerville.

Daggett, Henry C,

Boston.

Chase, Hezekiah S.,

Boston.

Damon, Samuel G.,

Arhngton.

Chase, William M.,

Worcester.

Dana, Charles B.,

Brookline.

Cheney, Benjamin P.

, Boston.

Darling, Charles K.,

Boston.

Child, Francis J.,

Cambridge.

Davenport, Edward,

Dorchester.

Child, William C,

Medford.

Davenport, Geo. E.,

Boston.

Childs, Francis,

Charlestown.

Davenport, Henry,

(I

Childs, N. R.,

Dorchester.

Davis, Curtis,

Cambridge.

Claflin, Henry,

Brighton.

Davis, Hervey,

Cambridgeport.

Claflin, William,

Newton.

Dawson, Jackson,

West Roxbury.

Clapp, Edward B.,

Dorchester.

Deblois, Stephen G.,

Boston.

Clapp, E. W.,

Walpole,

Denny, Clarence H.,

"

Clapp, James H.,

Dorchester.

Denny, R. S.,

Dorchester.

Clapp, Lemuel,

"

Denton, Eben,

Braintree.

Clapp, William C,

"

Dewson, Francis A.,

Boston.

Clark, Orus,

Boston.

Dexter, F. Gordon,

a

Clark, William S.,

Amherst.

Dickerman, Geo. H.,

Somerville.

Clark, W. L.,

Neponset.

Dickinson, Alex.,

Cambridgeport.

Clarke, Miss Cora H.

, Jamaica Plain.

Dike, Charles C,

Stoneham.

Clay, Henry,

Dorchester.

Dix, Joseph,

Boston.

298

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Dorr, George,

Dorchester.

Gillard, William,

Dove, George W. W.

, Andover.

Gilson, F. Howard,

Downer, Samuel,

Dorchester.

Glover, Albert,

Durant, Henry F.,

Boston.

Glover, Joseph B.,

Durant, William,

it

Goddard, A. Warren,

Durfee, Mrs. F. B.,

Fall River.

Goddard, Mrs. M. T.,

Durfee, George B.,

(I (I

Gorham, James L.,

Dutcher, F. J.,

Hopedale.

Gould, Francis,

D'Wolf, John L.,

Boston.

Gould, Samuel,
Gray, James,

Eaton, Horace,

Quincy.

Gregory, J. J. H.,

Eldridge, Azariah,

Yarmouthport.

Greig, George,

Eldridge, E. H.,

Boston.

Grinnell, Joseph,

Ellicott, J. P.,

Jamaica Plain.

Groom, Thomas,

Endicott, William E.,

, Canton.

Grundel, Hermann,

Eustis, William C,

Hyde Park.

Guild, J. Anson,

Everett, George,

Concord.

Everett, Otis,

Boston.

Hadwen, Obadiah B.,

Everett, William,

((

Hall, Edwin A.,

Ewell, William,

Dorchester.

Hall, George A.,
Hall, George R.,

Farlovr, John S.,

Newton.

Hall, John R.,

Faxon, John,

Quincy.

Hall, Lewis,

Fay, Mrs. R. L.,

Chelsea.

Hall, Stephen A.,

Fenno, J. B.,

Boston.

Hall, William F.,

Fewkes, Edwin,

Newton High'ds.Halliday, William H.,

Fillebrown, John,

Arlington.

Hammond, Gard. G.,

Fisher, James,

Boston.

Hammond, Samuel,

Fisher, Warren,

"

Hanson, P. G.,

Flagg, Augustus,

(1

Harding, C. L.,

Fleming, Edwin,

West Newton.

Harding, George W.,

Fletcher, John W.,

Chelsea.

Harding, Lewis B.,

Flint, Charles L.,

Boston.

Harding, W. C,

Flint, David B.,

Watertown,

Hardy, F. D., Jr.,

Flynt, William N.,

Monson.

Harris, Charles,

Foster, John H.,

Boston.

Hastings, Edm. T.,

Fowle, William B.,

Auburndale.

Hathaway, Seth W.,

Freeland, Chas. Wm.

, Boston.

Haughton, James,

Freeman, Abraham,

Dorchester.

Haven, Alfred W.,

French, Jonathan,

Boston.

Hayes, Daniel F.,

French, J. D. W.,

"

Hayes, Francis B.,

Fuller, Henry Weld,

' '

Hazeltine, Hazen,
Head, Charles D.,

Galvin, John,

West Roxbury.

Hilbourn, A. J.,

Gardner, Henry N.,

Belmont.

Hill, George,

Gardner, John L.,

Brookline.

Hill, John,

Gibbs, Wolcott,

Cambridge.

Hilton, William,

Boston.

Reading.

Boston.

Brookline.

Newton.

Jamaica Plain.

Arlington.

Boston.

Wellesley.

Marblehead.

Newton.

New Bedford.

Dorchester.

Brookline.

Worcester.
Cambridgeport.
Chelsea.
Boston.

Cambridge.
Revere.
Brookline.
Boston.

Woburn.
Cambridge.
Dorchester.
Boston.

Cambridgeport.
Cambridge.
Boston.
Marblehead.
Boston.

Portsm'th, N.H.
Exeter, N. H.
Boston.

a

Brookline.

Chelsea.

Arlington.

Stoneham.

Boston.

MEMBERS FOR LIFE.

299

Hitchings, E. H.,

Boston.

Keyes, George,

Concord.

Hodgkins, John E.,

Chelsea.

Kidder, Henry P.,

Boston.

HoUis, John W.,

Brighton.

Kidder, Nath'l T.,

((

Holt, Mrs. S. A.,

Winchester.

Ivimball, A. P.,

((

Hooper, Eobert C,

Boston.

King, Franklin,

Dorchester.

Hooper, Thomas,

Bridgewater.

King, William S.,

Boston.

Horner, Mrs. C. N. S.

, Georgetown.

Kingman, Abner A.,

Brookline. ■

Hovey, Charles H.,

Cambridge.

Kingman, C. D.,

Middleborough.

Hovey, Charles M.,

"

Kinsley, Lyman,

Cambridgeport.

Hovey, John C,

Cambridgeport. liittredge, E. A.,

Boston.

Hovey, P. Brown,

(<

Howe, George,

Boston.

Lamb, Thomas,

Boston.

Howland, John, Jr.,

New Bedford.

Lancaster, Charles B

., Newton.

Hubbard, Charles T.,

, Boston.

Lawrence, Amos A.,

Brookline.

Hubbard, G. G.,

Cambridge.

Lawrence, Edward,

Charlestown.

Hubbard, J. C,

Boston.

Lawrence, James,

Boston.

Hubbard, WUliam J.,

(1

Lawrence, James,

Groton.

Huckins, J. W.,

11

Lawrence, John,

Boston.

Humphrey, F. J..

Dorchester.

Lawson, Peter,

Lowell.

Humphrey, G. W.,

Dedham.

Leavens, S. Davis,

Boston.

Hunneman, Jos. H.,

Boston.

Lee, Henry,

((

Hunnewell, H. H.,

Wellesley.

Leeson, Joseph R.,

Newton Centre.

Hunt, Franklin,

Boston.

Lemme, Frederick,

Natick.

Hunt, Moses,

((

Leuchars, Eobert B..

, Boston.

Hunt, William H.,

Concord.

Lewis, A. S.,

Framingham.

Hyde, James F. C,

Newton.

Lewis, William G.,

((

Lincoln, George,

Hingham.

Inches, Henderson,

Boston.

Locke, William H. ,

Belmont.

Inches, Herman B.,

"

Lodge, Giles H.,

Swampscott.

Loftus, John P.,

Boston.

Jackson, Abraham,

Boston.

Loomis, Jason B.,

Chelsea.

Janvrin, William S.,

Revere.

Lord, George C,

Newton.

Jeffries, John, Jr.,

Boston.

Loring, Alfred,

South Hingham,

Jenks, Charles W.,

a

Loring, Caleb W.,

Boston.

Joyce, Mrs. E. S.,

Medford.

Loring, George B.,

Salem.

Lovett, George L.,

Boston.

Kakas, Edward,

Medford.

Low, Ariel,

"

Kelley, E. G.,

Newburyport.

Lowder, John,

Watertown.

Kendall, D. S.,

Woodstock, Ont.Lowell, Augustus,

Boston.

Kendall, Edward,

Cambridgeport

. Luke, Elijah H.,

Cambridgeport.

Kendall, J. R.,

Woburn.

Lumb, William,

Boston.

Kendrick, Mrs. H. P.

, AUston.

Lunt, Charles H.,

Jamaica Plain.

Kennard, Charles W.

, Boston.

Lyman, Theodore,

Brookline.

Kennedy, George G.,

,

Lyon, Henry,

Charlestown.

Kenney, John M.,

Wareham.

Kent, John,

Charlestown.

Mahoney, John,

Boston.

Keyes, E. W.,

Denver, Col.

Mann, James F.,

Cambridge.

300

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mann, Jonathan,

Cambridge.

Manning, Jacob W.,

Reading.

Manning, Mrs. L. B.

((

Manning, Robert,

Salem.

Mansfield, Henry S.,

Blackstone.

Marshall, Frederick,

Everett.

Martin, Darius A.,

Chelsea.

Martin, John S.,

Boston.

Matthews, Nathan,

"

McCarty, Timothy,

u

McClure, John,

Revere.

Merriam, M. H.,

Lexington.

Merrifield, W. T.,

Worcester.

Miller, Erasmus D.,

Dorchester.

Mills, Charles H.,

Boston.

Milmore, Martin,

11

Minton, James,

Dorchester.

Mixter, Charles,

Boston.

Moore, John B.,

Concord.

Morrill, Joseph, Jr.,

Boston.

Morse, Samuel F.,

i(

Morse, Sidney B ,

((

Motley, Thomas,

West Roxbury.

Mudge, E. R.,

Swampscott.

Mudge, George A.,

Portsm'th, N.H,

Mudge, George W. ,

Lynn.

Munroe, Otis,

Boston.

Needham, Daniel, Groton.
Newhall, George, Dorchester.
Newman, J. R., Winchester.

Newton, Rev. W. W., Boston.
Nichols, Mrs. F., Dorchester.

Nickerson, Alfred W., Dedham.
Nourse, Benjamin F., Cambridgeport.
Nourse, Benjamin F., Boston.

Parker, Augustus,
Parker, William A.,
Parkman, Francis,
Partridge, Henry,
Partridge, Horace,
Paul, Alfred W.,
Pearce, John,
Peck, O. H.,
Peck, W. G.,
Penniman, A. P.,
Perkins, Augustus T.
Perkins, Edward N.,
Perkins, William P.,
Perry, George W.,
Philbrick, William D.
Phillips, John C,
Pierce, George W.,
Pierce, Henry L.,
Pierce, Samuel B ,
Poole, Benjamin C,
Poor, John R.,
Potter, Joseph S.,
Prang, Louis,
Pratt, Robert M.,
Pratt, William,
Pray, Mark W.,
Prescott, C. H.,
Prescott, Eben C,
Prescott, W. G.,
Prescott, William G.
Preston, George H.,
Preston, John,
Pringle, Cyrus G.,
Proctor, Thomas P.,
Prouty, Gardner,
Putnam, Joshua H.

Boston.
(I

Jamaica Plain.

Dunkirk, N. Y.

Somerville.

Dighton.

West Roxbury.

Franklin.

Arlington.

Waltham.

Boston.

Brookline.

Maiden.
,, Newton Centre.
Boston.
Everett.
Dorchester.

Chelsea.
Somerville.
Arlington.
Boston.
(<

Winchester.
Maiden.

Cornwallis,N.S.
Boston.

, Quincy.
Boston.
Dorchester.
Charlotte, Vt.
West Roxbury.
Littleton.
Brookline.

Oakman, Hiram A.,
Osgood, Jas. Ripley,
Otis, Theodore C,
Oxnard, George D.,

Packer, Charles H.,
Page, Thomas,
Paine, Robert T.,
Palmer, John P.,
Park, John C,

No. Marshfield Ramsay, A. H.,

Boston.

Boston.

Somerville.

Rand, Miss E. L.,
Rand, Edward S.,
Rand, Oliver J.,
Rawson, W. W.,
Rayner, John J.,
Reed, George W.,
Richards, Jolm .J.,
Richards, William B.,
Richa,rdson, C. E.,

Cambridge.

NewtonHighl'ds

Boston.

Cambridgeport.

Arlington.

Lexington.

Boston.

Philadelphia.

MEMBERS FOR LIFE.

301

Richardson, Geo. C,

Cambridge.

Robbins, I. Gilbert,

Boston.

Eobbins, Nathan,

Arlington.

Robeson, W. R.,

Boston.

Robinson, J. H.,

Dorchester.

Robinson, John,

Salem.

Rogers, John H.,

Boston.

Ross, Henry,

Newton.

Ross, M. Denman,

Boston.

Ross, Waldo 0.,

"

Russell, George,

Woburn.

Russell, Walter,

Arlington.

Sampson, George R.,

, New York.

Sanborn, Amos C,

Cambridgeport.

Sanford, 0. S.,

Cordaville.

Sargent, Charles S.,

Brookline.

Sargent, Ignatius,

"

Saville, Richard L.,

"

Sawyer, Timothy T.,

Charlestown.

Scott, Charles,

Newton.

Scudder, C. W.,

Brookline.

Seaver, Nathaniel,

East Boston.

Seaver, Robert,

Jamaica Plain.

Shaw,'C. C,

Milford, N. H.

Shaw, S. P.,

Cambridge.

Sheafe, Charles C,

Boston.

Sheafe, William,

Brookline.

Sheldon, Oliver S.,

Milton.

Sliimmin, Charles F.,

, Boston.

Shorey, John L.,

Lynn.

Skinner, Francis,

Boston.

Slack, Charles W.,

"

Slack, Lewis,

Brookline.

Smith, Benjamin G.,

Cambridge.

Smith, Calvin W.,

Grantville.

Smith, Charles H.,

Jamaica Plain.

Smith, Chauncy,

Cambridge.

Smith, E. N.,

San Francisco.

Smith, George 0.,

Boston.

Smith, James H.,

Needham.

Smith, W. B.,

Boston.

Snow, Eben,

Cambridge.

Snow, Miss SalomeH.

., Brunswick, Me.

Southmayd, John K.,

Boston.

Sparhawk, Edw'd C,

Brighton.

Spaulding, Edward,

Jamaica Plain.

Spaulding, M. D.,
Speare, Alden,
Springall, George,
Springer, John,
Stetson, James A.,
Stetson, Nahum,
Stickney, Rufus B.,
Stimpson, George,
Stimpson, H. H.,
Stone, Amos,
Stone, George F.,
Stone, Phineas J.,
Story, E. Augustus,
Strong, William C,
Sturgis, John H.,
Sturgis, Russell, Jr.,
Sturtevant, E. Lewis,
Sumner, Edward,
Surette, Louis A.,
Swain, Charles D.,

Taft, JohnB.,
Tappan, Charles,
Taylor, Horace B.,
Thacher, Alfred C,
Thayer, Henry,
Thayer, Nathaniel,
Thompson, S. Benton
Thurlow, Thomas C,
Tilton, St^hen W.,
Todd, John,
Tolman, Benjamin,
Tolman, Miss H. S.,
Torrey, Everett,
Turner, John M.,
Turner, Roswell W.,
Turner, Royal W.,

Boston.

Newton Centre.

Maiden.

Sterling.

Quincy.

Bridgewater.

Somerville.

New York.

Cambridge.

Everett.

Newton.

Charlestown.

Brighton.

Newton Centre.

Boston.

S. Framingham.
Dedham.
Concord.
Roxbury.

Boston.

Dorchester.
N. Cambridge.
Boston.

Newburyport.

Boston.

Hingham.

Concord.

Boston.

Charlestown.

Dorchester.

Newton.

Randolph.

Underwood, Guy C, Boston.
Upham, Henry, Brookline.

Vass, William J., Boston.
Vinton, A. H., D. D., Pomfret, Conn.
Vose, Benjamin C, Hyde Park.

Wainwright, Wm. L., Braintree.
Wakefield, E. H., Chelsea.

302

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Walcott, Edward,
Walcott, Henry P.,
Wales, George O.,
Walker, Edw. C. R.,
Walker, Samuel A.,
Walker, T. W.,
Walley, Mrs. W. P.,
Ward, John,
Wardwell, W. H.,
Ware, Benjamin P.,
Warren, George W.,
Wason, Elbridge,
Waters, Edwin F.,
Waters, George F.,
Watts, Isaac,
Webber, Aaron D.,
Weld, Aaron D.,
Weld, Dr. Moses W.,
Weld, Richard H.,
Weld, William G.,
Weston, Leonard W.,
Weston, Seth,
Wetherell, Leander,
Wheelwright, A. C,
Whipple, John A.,
Whitcomb, Wm. B.,
White, Benjamin C,

Pawtucket.

White, Edward A.,

Boston.

Cambridge.

White, Francis A.,

Brookline.

Braintree.

Whitely, Edward,

Cambridge.

Dedham.

Whiting, Nathaniel,

Brookline.

((

Whitmore, C. 0.,

Boston.

Waltham.

Whittle, George W.,

Somerville.

Boston.

Whytal, Thomas G.,

New York.

Newton.

Wilbur, G. B.,

Watertown.

" Centre.

Wilcutt, Levi L.,

West Roxbury.

Beach Bluff.

Wilder, Henry A.,

Boston.

Boston.

Wilder, Marshall P.,

Dorchester.

Brookline.

Williams, Aaron D.,

Boston.

Newton Centre

. Williams, Benj. B.,

"

Newton.

Williams, Philander,

Taunton.

Belmont.

Willis, George W.,

Chelsea.

Boston.

Willis, J. C,

Boston.

West Roxbury,

. Wilson, Henry W.,

South Boston.

Boston.

Winship, F. Lyman,
Winship, Herman,

Brighton.

Brookline.

Woerd, Charles V.,

Waltham.

Lincoln.

Woerd, C. v., Jr.,

a

Revere.

Wood, Luke H.,

Marlborough.

Boston.

Wood, R. W.,

Jamaica Plain.

"

Wood, William K.,

West Newton.

((

Woodward, Royal,

Brookline.

Medford.

Wright, George C,

West Acton.

Boston.

Wrisley, Frank,

New York.

ANNUAL MEMBERS

Abbott, S.L.,M.D.,

Boston.

Burley, Edward,

Adams, Charles F.,

Quincy.

Burr, Charles C,

Adams, C. S.,

Framingham.

Butler, Edward,

Allen, Andrew F.,

Arlington.

Allen, Calvin,

Boston.

Capen, Aaron D.,

Allen, Nathaniel T,,

West Newton.

Carter, Maria E.,

Ames, R. W.,

Boston.

Cartwright, James,

Anderson, Charles J.

, Longwood.

Chadbourne, M. W.,

Atkinson, Chas. M.,

Brookline.

Chaflln, John C,

Atkinson, Edward,

(C

Chapin, Gardner S.,

Atkinson, W. B.,

Newburyport.

Chapin, George H. ,
Chase, Mrs. C. B.,

Bacon, Augustus,

Boston.

Chase, Henry L. ,

Bacon, William,

((

Chase, Joseph S.,

Bard, James,

Framingham.

Cheney, Amos P.,

Barker, John G.,

Lynn.

Clark, James W.,

Barnes, Parker,

Dorchester.

Clark, Joseph,

Beard, Edward L. ,

Cambridge.

Clark, Joseph W.,

Beebe, J. Arthur,

Boston.

Cobb, Jonathan H.,

Bird, Charles,

Revere.

Coe, Henry F.,

Bird, John L.,

Dorchester.

Comley, James,

Bliss, B. K.,

New York.

Cox, James F.,

BoUes, Matthew,

Boston.

Crafts, William A.,

Bolles, William P.,

"

Cruickshanks, J. T.,

Bolton, John B.,

Somerville.

Curtis, Daniel T.,'

Boott, William,

Boston.

Curtis, Joseph H.,

Bradlee, John T.,

<(

Breck, Charles H.,

Brighton.

Darling, Moses, Jr.,

Breck, Charles H. B.

,, "

Davenport, A. M.,

Brewer, Thomas M.,

Boston.

Davis, Frederick,

Brooks, George,

Brookline.

Davis, James,

Brown, A. S.,

Jamaica Plain.

Davis, Thomas M.,

Brown, Atherton T.,

Boston.

Day, George B.,

Brown, Benjamin F.,

, Charlestown.

Dean, A. J.,

Brown, Jona., Jr.,

SomervUle.

Dolbear, Mrs. Alice J.

Brown, Joseph T.,

Boston.

Doogue, William,

Bryant, G. J. F.,

(1

Duffley, Daniel,

Bull, E. W.,

Concord.

Dupee, James A.,

BuUard, Calvin,

Boston.

Dyer, Mrs. E. D.,

Beverly.
Newton.
Welle sley.

Mattapan.

Woburn.

Wellesley.

Watertown.

Newton.

Arlington.

Watertown.

Medford.

Lynn.

Maiden.

Natick.

Framingham.

Canton.

Dedham.

<(

West Roxbury.

Lexington.

Abington.

Boston.

Natick.

Boston.

South Boston.

Watertown.

Newton.

Boston.

Cambridgeport.

Boston.

, Somerville.

Boston.

Brookline.

Eyota, Minn.

304

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Eaton, Jacob,
Edgar, William,
Ewings, Luther B.,

Falconer, John,
Falconer, William,
Farrier, Amasa,
Farrier, Mrs. C,
Fay, Henry G.,
Felton, Arthur W.,
Fenno, Warren,
Fletcher, Edwin,
Foster, Joshua T.,
Fowle, Henry D.,
French, William E.,
Frost, George,
Frost, Stiles,
Fuller, William G.,

Gane, Henry A.,
Gardiner, Claudius B.
Gardner, John,
Garfield, Charles,
Gaut, Samuel N.,
Gilbert, John,
Gilbert, Samuel,
Gilbert, W. A.,
Gill, Mrs. E. M.,
Gleason, C. W.,
Gleason, Herbert,
Godbold, G. A.,
Goddard, Thomas,
Goodwin, Lester,
Grant, Charles E.,
Graves, Frank H.,
Gray, Howard,
Gray, John C,
Gray, William, Jr.,
Gray, William, 3d,
Greene, Malcolm H.,
Grew, Henry,
Guerineau, Louis,

Cambridgeport.

Newtonville.

Boston.

Rochester.
Cambridge.
Stoneham.

Brookline.

West Newton.

Revere.

Acton.

Medford.

Boston.

West Newton.

Stoneham.

West Newton.
, Newburyport.
Dedham.
Medford.
Somerville.
Boston.

Neponset.

Medford.

Boston.

Maiden.

Chelsea.

Boston.

Brighton.

Boston.

West Newton.

Dorchester.

Boston.

Dorchester.

Hartwell, Samuel,
Harwood, George S.,
Haskell, Edward,
Hatch, Samuel,
Hayes, John L.,
Hayward, Daniel H.,
Hayward, George P.,
Hazleton, H. L.,
Horsey, Alfred H.,
Hersey, Edmund,
Heustis, Warren,
Hews, Albert H.,
Higbee, Charles H.,
Hill, Benjamin D.,
Hill, Miss Katie A.,
Hinckley, Mrs. D. F.,
Howe, Rufus,
Hubbard, Joel W.,

Lincoln.
Newton.
New Bedford.
Boston.
Cambridge.
No. Cambridge.
Hingham.
Boston.

Hingham.
((

Belmont.

No. Cambridge.

Salem.

Peabody.

Lowell.

Chelsea.

Marlborough.

Boston.

Ireland, George W., Somerville.

Jameson, G. W.,
Jones, Moses,
Jordan, Samuel,

East Lexington.

Brookline.

Yarmouth.

Kelsey, Fred W., Waverly, N. Y.

Kendall, Jonas, Framingham.

Kennard, Martin P., Brookline.

Kenrick, Miss A. C, Newton.

Malvern, Ark.

Lamprell, Simon,
Lang, John H. B. ,
Langworthy, I. P.,
Leavens, E. W.,
Lee, Francis H.,
Livermore, Miss M.,
Loring, Charles G.,
Loring, John A. ,
Lothrop, David W.,
Lothrop, H. A.,
Lothrop, Thornton K.
Lowell, John,

Hall, William T., Revere. Marcou, Mrs. J.,

Hamlin, Delwin A., South Boston. Markoe, G. F. H.,

Harris, Miss Ellen M., Jamaica Plain. May, F. W. G.,

Harris, Frederick L., South Natick. McDermott, Andrew,

Marblehead.

Dorchester.

Chelsea.

Maiden.

Salem.

Mt. Auburn.

Boston.

West Medford.
Sharon.
, Boston.
Newton.

Cambridge.
Boston.

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

305

Mcintosh, A. S.,
McLaren, Anthony,
Mellen, George M. ,
Merrill, J. Warren,
Merrill, S. A.,
Minton, Peter J.,
Morandi, Francis,
Morris, Thomas D.,
Morrison, Hugh,
Morse, William A.,
Morton, James H.,
Murray, Daniel D.,
Muzzey, Rev. A. B.

Boston.

Forest Hills.

Brookline.

Cambridgeport.

Danvers.

Forest Hills.

Maiden.

Boston.

Bay View.

Boston.

Brookline.
Cambridge.

Nightingale, Crawford,Dorchester.

Norton, Michael H., Boston.
Norton, Patrick, "

Noyes, George N., Auburndale.

Nugent, James, Boston.

O'Brien, James, Jamaica Plain.

Oldreive, Eichard, Newton.

Olney, Richard, West Roxbury.

Owen, John, Cambridge.

Park, William D.,
Parker, Harvey D.,
Parker, John,
Parsons, William,
Patterson, James,
Payson, Samuel R.,
Pettingill, Thos. S.,
Phillips, Nathaniel,
Pickering, Mrs. E. C,
Plunpton, W. P.,
Power, Charles J.,
Pratt, Lucias G.,
Pratt, Mrs. Mary L.,
Pratt, Samuel,
Prince, Thomas,
Putnam, Charles A.,
Putnam, Henry W.,

Boston.

Cambridge.

Boston.

Brookline.

Dorchester.

Cambridge.

West Newton,

S. Framingham,

West Newton.

Hingham.

Chelsea.

Boston.

Salem.

Randall, Macey, Sharon.

Ranlett, S. A., Melrose.

Richards, John S., Brookline.

Richardson, E. P., Lawrence.

Richardson, Horace, Framingham.

Ridler, Charles E., Kingston.

Roberts, Edward, Hyde Park.

Rogers, John F., Cambridge.

Ross, Charles W., Newtonville.

Russell, George, Boston.

Saunders, Miss M.T., Salem.
Saville, George, Quincy.

Sawtell, J. M., Fitchburg.

Schlegel, Adam, Boston.

Scott, A. E., Lexington.

Scott, George H., Allston.
Scudder, Samuel H., Cambridge.
Shattuck, F. R., Boston.

Shedd, Abraham B., Lexington.
Shedd, Arthur B., "

Shepherd, C. W., West Newton.
Sheppard, Edwin, Lowell.
Sherman, Japhet, Medford.
Siilipson, Michael H., SaxonvUle.
Sleeper, John S., Boston.
Snow, Eugene A., Melrose.
Southworth, Edward, Quincy.
Spooner, William H., Jamaica Plain.
Sprague, Charles J., Boston.
Squire, John P., Arlington.

Starbird, Louis D., Maiden.
Stevenson, Hamilton, Woburn.
Stone, Eliphalet, Dedham.

Stone, Samuel G., Charlestown.
Story, Miss Sarah W., Brighton.
Sullivan, J. L. D., Somerville.
Swan, Charles W., Boston.

. Tailby, Joseph, WeUesley.

Talbot, Josiah W., Norwood.

Tapper, Thomas, Canton.

Tobey, Miss M. B., Brookline.

Todd, Jacob, Boston.
Torrey, Bradford, "

Trautman, Martin, "

Turner, Nathaniel W . , "

Underwood, Wm. J., Belmont.

Vandine, Henry, Cambridgeport.

306

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Vinton, Mrs. C. A., Boston,

Walker, Charles H.,
Walker, Joseph T.,
Walker, William P.,
Washburn, E. Fred,
Watson, David,
Webster, John,
Wellington, Chas. A.,
Wellington, Jos. V.,
Wells, Benjamin T.,
Weston, Mrs. L. P.,
Wheatland, Henry,
Wheeler, Miss Ann C.
Wheildon, Wm. W.,
White, Nelson B.,

Chelsea.
Boston.
Somerville.
Neponset.
Maiden.
Salem.

E. Lexington.
Cambridge,
Boston.
Danvers.
Salem.

(Cambridgeport.
Concord.
Norwood.

Whitney, Joel,
Whiten, Starkes,
Wilde, Hiram,
Williams, Dudley,
Wilmarth, H. D.,
Wilson, B. Osgood,
Wilson, George W.,
Wiswall, Henry M.,
Wolcott, Mrs. J. W.
Wood, Mrs. Anna D.
Wood, Miss C. S.,
Wood, E. W.,
Woodford, Jos. H.,

Zirngiebel, Denys,

Winchester.
HinghamCentre.
Randolph.
Jamaica Plain.

Watertown.
Maiden.
Watertown.
Boston.
West Newton.

Newton.
Needham.

EXTRACTS FROM THE BY-LAWS.

SECTION XXVI.— Life Members.

The payment of thirty dollars shall constitute a Life Membership, and
exempt the member from all future assessments ; and any member, having
once paid an admission fee, may become a Life Member by the payment of
twenty dollars in addition thereto.

SECTION XXVII. — Admission Fee and Annual Assessment.

Every subscription member, before he receives his Diploma, or exercises
the privileges of a member, shall pay the sum of ten dollars as an admission
fee, and shall be subject afterwards to an annual assessment of two dollars.

SECTION XXIX. — Discontinuance of Membership.

Any member who shall neglect for the space of two years to pay his annual
assessment, shall cease to be a member of the Society, and the Treasurer
shall erase his name from the List of Members.

The attention of Annual Members is particularly called to Section XXIX.

HONORARY MEMBERS.

* denotes the member deceased. Correspondents of the Society and others will
confer a favor by communicating to the Secretary information of the decease,
change of residence, etc., of Honorary or Corresponding Members.

♦Benjamin Abbott, LL. D. , Exeter, N. H.

*JoHN Abbott, Brunswick, Me.

*HoN. John Qdinct Adams, LL. D., late President of the United States,

Quincy.
*Prof. Louis Agassiz, Cambridge.

*WiLLiAM T. Aiton, late Curator of the Eoyal Gardens, Kew, England.
Thomas Allen, ex-President of the St. Louis Horticultural Society, St.

Louis, Mo., and Pittsfield, Mass.
*HoN. Samuel Appleton, Boston.
*HoN. James Arnold, New Bedford.
*Edward Nathaniel Bancroft, M. D., late President of the Horticultural

and Agricultural Society of Jamaica.
*HoN. Philip P. Barbour, Virginia.

*DoN Angel Calderon de la Barca, late Spanish Minister at Washington.
*Kobert Barclay, Bury Hill, Dorking, Surrey, England.
*James Beekman, New York.
*L'Abbe Berlese, Paris.
♦Nicholas Biddle, Philadelphia.
*Dr. Jacob Bigelow, Boston.
*Mrs. Luct Bigelow, Medford.
*Le Chevalier Soulange Bodin, late Secr6taire-General de la Soci6te

d'Horticulture de Paris.
Hon. George S. Boutwell, Groton.
*JosiAH Bradlee, Boston.
*HoN. George N. Briggs, Pittsfield.
*HoN. James Buchanan, late President of the United States, Lancaster,

Penn.
*Jessb Buel, late President of the Albany Horticultural Society, Albany,

N. Y.
*HoN. Edmund Burke, late Commissioner of Patents, Washington, D. C
*AuGusTiN Ptramus DE Candolle, Gcncva.
Hon. Horace Capron, ex-U. S. Commissioner of Agriculture, Washington.

D. C.
♦Commodore Isaac Chauncey, U. S. Navy, Brooklyn, N. Y.
9

308 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

*Ward Chipman, late Chief Justice of New Brunswick, St. John.

*Lewis Clapier, Philadelphia.

*HoN. Henry Clay, Lexington, Ky.
H. W. S. Cleveland, Chicago, 111.

*Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin, Bart, England.

*Zaccheu8 Collins, late President of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society,
Philadelphia.

*RoswELL L. Colt, Paterson, New Jersey.
Caleb Cope, ex-President of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society,
Philadelphia.

*WiLLiAM CoxE, Burlington, N. J.

*JoHN p. Cdshing, Watertown.

*Charles W. Dabney, late U. S. Consul, Fayal, Azores.

*HoN. John Davis, LL. D., Boston.

*SiR Humphry Davy, London.

*Gen. Henry Alexander Scammel Dearborn, Roxbury.

*James Dickson, late Vice-President of the Horticultural Society of London.

*Mrs. Dorothy Dix, Boston.

*Capt. Jesse D. Elliot, U. S. Navy,

*HoN. Stephen Elliot, LL. D., Charleston, S. C.

*HoN. Henry L. Ellsworth, late Commissioner of Patents, Washington,
D. C.

*Allyn Charles Evanson, late Secretary of the King's County Agricultural
Society, St. John, N. B.

*Hon. Edward Everett, LL. D., Boston.

*HoN. Horace Everett, Vermont.

*r. Faldermann, late Curator of the Imperial Botanic Garden, St. Petersburg.

*Hon. Millard Fillmore, late President of the United States, Buffalo, N.Y.

*Dr. F. E. Fischer, late Professor of Botany at the Imperial Garden, St.
Petersburg.

*HoN. Theodore Frelinghuysen, late President of the American Agricul-
tural Society, New Brunswick, N. J.

* Joseph Gales, Jr., late Vice-President of the Horticultural Society, "Wash-
ington, D. C.

*George Gibbs, New York.

♦Stephen Girard, Philadelphia.

*HoN. Robert T. Goldsborough, Talbot County, Maryland.

*Ephraim Goodale, South Orrington, Maine.

*Mrs. Rebecca Gore, Waltham.

*HoN. John Greig, late President of the Domestic Horticultural Society,
Canandaigua, N. Y.

*Mrs. Mary Griffith, Charlies Hope, N. J.

*Gen. William Henry Harrison, late President of the United States,
North Bend, O.

*S. P. HildretH; M. D., Marietta, O.

*Thomas Hopkirk, late President of the Glasgow Horticultural Society.

*David Hosack, M. D., late President of the New York Horticultural
Society.

HONORARY MEMBERS. 309

*Lewis Hunt, Huntsburg, O.

*JosEPH R. Ingersoll, late President of the Pennsylvania Horticultural

Society, Philadelphia.
*Gen. Andrew Jackson, late President of the United States, Nashville,

Tenn.
*Mrs. Martha Johonnot, Salem.

*Jared Potter Kirtland, M. D., LL. D., East Rockport, 0.
*Thomas Andrew Knight, late President of the Horticultural Society of

London.
*Gen. La Fayette, La Grange, France.

*Le Comte de Lastetrie, late Vice-President of the Horticultural Society
of Paris.

L. A. H. Latour, M. p., 1396 St. Catherine street, Montreal, Canada.
*Baron Justus Liebig, Giessen, Germany.
*Prop. John Lindlet, late Secretary of the Horticultural Society of London.

Franklin Litchfield, U. S. Consul at Puerto Cabello, Venezuela.
*JosHUA Longstreth, Philadelphia.
*Nicholas Longavorth, Cincinnati.

*Jacob Lorillard, late President of the New York Horticultural Society.
*John C. Loudon, London.

Hon. John A. Lowell, Boston.

*Baron Charles Ferdinand Henry Von Ludwig, late Vice-President of
the South African Literary and Scientific Institution, Cape Town,
Cape of Good Hope.
*HoN. Theodore Lyman, Brookline.

Col. Theodore Lyman, Brookline.
*HoN. James Madison, late President of the United States, Montpelier, Va.
*Mrs. Charlotte Marryatt, Wimbledon, near London.

Joseph Maxwell, Eio Janeiro.

D. Smith McCauley, U. S. Consul-General, Tripoli.
*HoN. Isaac McKim, late President of the Horticultural Society of Mary-
land, Baltimore.

Eev. James H. Means, Dorchester, Mass.
*James Mease, M. D., Philadelphia.
*Lewis John Mentens, Brussels, Belgium.
*Hon. Charles F. Mercer, Virginia.
*Fran90is Andre Michaux, Paris.

Donald G. Mitchell, New Haven, Conn.
*Samdel L. Mitchill, M. D., LL. D., New York.

*HoN. James Monroe, late President of the United States, Oak Hill, Va.
* Alfred S. Monson, M. D., late President of the New Haven Horticultural

Society, New Haven, Conn.
*HoN. A. N. MoRiN, Montreal, Canada.
*Theodore Mosselmann, Antwerp, Belgium.

Baron R. Von Osten Saoken, Heidelberg, Germany.

Baron Ottenfels, Austrian Minister to the Ottoman Porte.

John Palmer, Calcutta.

310 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

*HoN. Joel Parker, LL. D., Cambridge.
Samuel B. Parsons, Flushing, N. Y.

*HoN. Thomas H. Perkins, Brookline.

*A. Poiteau, late Professor in the Institut Horticole de Fromont.

*HoN. James K. Polk, late President of the United States, Nashville, Tenn.

*JoHN Hare Powel, Powelton, Pa.

♦Henry Pratt, Philadelphia.

*William Prince, Flushing, N. Y.

*Rev. George Putnam, D. D., Roxbury.

*CoL. Joel Rathbone, late President of the Albany and Rensselaer Horti-
cultural Society, Albany, N. Y.

♦Archibald John, Earl of Roseberry, late President of the Caledonian Horti-
cultural Society.

♦Joseph Sabine, late Secretary of the Horticultural Society of London.

*DoN Ramon de la Sagra, Havana, Cuba.
Henry Winthrop Sargent, Fishkill, N. Y.

*SiR Walter Scott, Abbotsford, Scotland.

♦John Shepherd, late Curator of the Botanic Garden, Liverpool, England.

♦John S. Skinner, late Editor of the American Farmer, Baltimore, Md.
George W. Smith, Boston.

♦Stephen H. Smith, late President ot the Rhode Island Horticultural Society.

♦Hon. Charles Sumner, Boston.

♦Hon. John Taliaferro, Virginia.

♦Gen. James Talmadge, late President of the American Institute, New York.

♦Gen. Zachary Taylor, late President of the United States, Baton Rouge,
La.

♦James Thachbr, M. D., Plymouth.
John J. Thomas, Union Springs, N. Y.

♦James W. Thompson, M. D., Wilmington, Del.

♦Grant Thorburn, New York.

♦M. Du Petit Thouars, Paris.

♦Le Vicomte Hericart de Thury, late President of the Horticultural
Society of Paris.

♦Mons. Tougard, late President of the Horticultural Society of Rouen,
France.

♦Gen. Nathan Towson, late President of the Horticultural Society, Wash-
ington, D. C

♦Hon. John Tyler, late President of the United States, Williamsburg, Va.

♦Rev. Joseph Tyso, Wallingford, England.

♦Hon. Martin Van Buren, late President of the United States, Kinder-
hook, N. Y.

♦Federal Vanderburg, M. D., New York.

♦Jean Baptiste Van Mons, M. D., Brussels, Belgium.

♦Gen. Stephen Van Rensselaer, Albany, N. Y.

♦Joseph R. Van Zandt, Albany, N. Y.

♦Benjamin Vaughan, M. D., Hallowell, Me.

♦Petty Vaughan, London.

HONORARY MEMBERS. 311

*Rev. N. Villeneuve, Montreal, Canada.
♦Pierre Phillippe Andre Vilmorin, Paris.
*James Wadsworth, Geneseo, N. Y.

*Natuaniel Wallich, M. D., late Curator of the Botanic Garden, Calcutta.
*Malthus a. Ward, M. D., late Professor in Franklin College, Athens, Ga.
*HoN. Daniel Webster, Marshfield.
*HoN. John Welles, Boston.
*Jeremiah Wilkinson, Cumberland, R. I.
Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, Boston.
♦Frederick Wolcott, Litchfield, Conn.
*AsHTON Yates, Liverpool, England.

♦Lawrence Young, late President of the Kentucky Horticultural Society,
Louisville.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

A * denotes the members deceased.

*JoHN Adlum, Georgetown, D. C.

Don Francisco Aguilar, U. S. Vice-Consul at Maldonado, Banda Oriental
del Uruguay.
*MoNS. Alfroy, Lieusaint, France.

James T. Allan, Ex-President of the Nebraska State Horticultural Society,
Omaha, Neb.

A. B. Allen, New York.

Rev. Thomas T>. Anderson, South Boston.
*Thomas Appleton, late U. S. Consul at Leghorn, Italy.
*CoL. Thomas Aspinwall, late U. S. Consul at London, Brookline.

P. M. Augur, State Pomologist, Middlefield, Conn.
♦Isaac Cox Barnet, late U. S. Consul at Paris.

Patrick Barry, Chairman of the General Fruit Committee of the American

Pomological Society, Rochester, N. Y.
*Augustine Baumann, Bohviller, Alsace.
*Eugene Achille Baumann, Railway, N. J.
*JosEPH Bernard Baumann, Bolwiller, Alsace.

Napoleon Baumann, Bolwiller, Alsace.

D. W. Beadle, St. Catherine's, Ontario.

Prof. W. J. Beal, Lansing, Michigan.
*NoEL J. Becar, Brooklyn, N. Y.
♦Edward Beck, Worton College, Isleworth, near London.

Rev. Henry Ward Beecher, Peekskill, N. Y.

Louis £douard Berckmans, Rome, Ga.

Prosper J. Berckmans, Augusta, Ga.

♦Alexander Bivort, late Secretary of the Societe Van Mons, Fleurus, Bel-
gium.
♦Tripet Le Blanc, Paris.

♦Charles D. Bragdon, Pulaski, Oswego Co., N. Y.
♦William D. Brinckle, M. D., Philadelphia.

♦George Brown, late U. S. Commissioner to the Sandwich Islands, Beverly.
♦John W. Brown, Fort Gaines, Ga.

Dr. Nehemiah Brush, East Florida.

Arthur Bryant, Sr., Ex-President of the Illinois State Horticultural

Society, Princeton, 111.
♦Robert Buist, Philadelphia.
♦Dr. E. W. Bull, Hartford, Conn.

William Bull, Chelsea, England.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS. 313

Rev. Robert Burnet, Ex-President of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Associa-
tion, Pictou, N. S.

Alexander Burton, United States Consul at Cadiz, Spain.

IsiDOR Bush, Bushberg, Jefferson Co., Mo.

George W. Campbell, Delaware, Oliio.
^Francis G. Carnes, New York.
*CoL. Robert Carr, Philadelphia.
*Rev. John O. Choules, D. D., Newport, R. I.
*Rev. Henry Colman, Boston.
*Jajmes Colvill, Chelsea, England.

Benjamin E. Cotting, M. D., Boston.
*Samuel L. Dana, M. D., Lowell.

J. Decaisne, Professeur de Culture au Museum d'llistoire Naturelle, Jardin

des Plantes, Paris.
*James Deering, Portland, Me.

*H. F. DiCKEHUT.

*SiR C. Wentworth Dilke, Bart., London.
*HoN. Allen W. Dodge, Hamilton.

Rev.H. Honywood D'Ombrain, Westwell Vicarage, Ashford, Kent, England.
*Andrew Jackson Downing, Newburg, N. Y.

Charles Downing, Newburg, N. Y.

Parker Earle, Cobden, 111.
*F. R. Elliott, late Secretary of the American Pomological Society, Cleve-'
land, O.

George Ellwanger, Rochester, N. Y.
*Georgb B. Emerson, LL. D., Winthrop.
*Ebenezer Emmons, M. D., Williamstown.
*Andrew H. Ernst, Cincinnati, O.
*Nathaniel Fellows, Cuba.
*Henry J. Finn, Newport, R. I.

*W. C. Flagg, late Secretary of the American Pomological Society, Moro 111.
♦Michael Floy, late Vice-President of the New York Horticultural Society,

New York City.
*JoHN Fox, Washington, D. C.
*HoN. Russell Freeman, Sandwich.

Andrew S. Fuller, Ridgewood, N. J.

Henry Weld Fuller, Roxbury.

Hon. Robert W. Furnas, President of the Nebraska State Horticultural
Society, Brownville, Neb.
*Augustin Gande, late President of the Horticultural Society, Department

of Sarthe, France.
*Robert H. Gardiner, Gardiner, Me.
*Benjamin Gardner, late U. S. Consul at Palermo, Sicily.
*Capt James T. Gerry, U. S. Navy.
♦Abraham P. Gibson, late U. S. Consul at St. Petersburg.
*R. Glendinning, Chiswick, near London.

Proe. George L. Goodale, Cambridge.

314 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Charles W. Gordon, U. S. Consul at Rio Janeiro.
Prof. Asa Gray, Cambridge.

O. B. Hadwen, Ex-President of the Worcester County Horticultural
Society, Worcester.
*Charles Henry Hall, New York.

♦Abraham Halsey, late Corresponding Secretary of the New York Horti-
cultural Society, New York.
*Dr. Charles C. Hamilton, late President of the Fruit Growers' Association

and International Show Society of Nova Scotia, Canard.
*Rev. Thaddeus Mason Harris, D. D., Dorchester.
♦Thaddeds William Harris, M. D., Cambridge.
* John Hay, late Architect of the Caledonian Horticultural Society.
♦Bernard Henry, late U. S. Consul at Gibraltar, Philadelphia.

Shirley Hibberd, Editor of the Gardener's Magazine, London.
*J. J. Hitchcock, Baltimore.

Robert Hogg, LL. D., Editor of the Journal of Horticulture, London.
*Thomas Hogg, New York.
Thomas Hogg, New York.

J. C. Holding, Ex-Treasurer and Secretary of the Cape of Good Hope Agri-
cultural Society, Cape Town, Africa.
Rev. S. Reynolds Hole, Caunton Manor, Newark, Nottinghamshire, Eng-
land.
EiSHER Holmes, Sheffield, England.
Sir Joseph Hooker, K. C. S. I., Director of the Royal Botanic Garden,

Kew, England.
JosiAH HooPEs, West Chester, Penn.
Prof. E. N. Horsford, Cambridge.
♦Sanford Howard, Chicago, 111.
*Dr. William M. Howsley, late President of the Kansas State Horticultural

Society, Leavenworth.
*IsAAC Hunter, Baltimore, Md.
♦Isaac Hurd, Cincinnati, Ohio.
George Husmann, Professor of Horticulture in the University of the State
of Missouri, Columbia.
♦Prof. Isaac W. Jackson, Union College, Schenectady, N. Y.
Thomas P. James, Cambridge.
Edward Jarvis, M. D., Dorchester.
J. W. P. Jenks, Middleborough.
William J. Johnson, M. D., Fort Gaines, Ga.
Samcel Kneeland, M. D., Boston.
♦MoNS. Laffay, St. Cloud, near Paris, France.

♦David Landreth, late Corresponding Secretary of the Pennsylvania Horti-
cultural Society, Bristol, Pa.
C. C. Langdon, Mobile, Alabama.
♦Dr. William LeBaron, late State Entomologist, Geneva, 111.
G. F. B. Leighton, President of the Norfolk Horticultural and Pomological
Society, Norfolk, Va.
♦E. S. H. Leonard, M. D., Providence, R. I.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS. 315

* Andre Lekot, Author of the Dictionnaire de Poraologie, Angers, France.
J. Linden, Ghent, Belgium.

Hon. George Lunt, Scituate.
*F. W. Macondray, San Francisco, Cal.
*James J. Mapes, LL. D., Newark, N. J.
*A. Mas, late President of the Horticultural Society, Bourg-en-Bresse, France.

Dr. Maxwell T. Masters, Editor of the Gardeners' Chronicle, London.
*Jame8 Maurt, late U. S. Consul at Liverpool, England.

T. C. Maxwell, Geneva, N. Y.
*WiLLiAM Sharp McLeat, New York.
*James McNab, late Curator of the Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, Scotland.

Thomas Meehan, Editor of the Gardener's Monthly, Germantown, Pa.
*Allan Melvill, New York.

John Miller, M. D., Secretary of the Horticultural and Agricultural Society
of Jamaica.
♦Stephen Mills, Flushing, N. Y.

* Charles M'Intosh, Dalkeith Palace, near Edinburgh.
J. E. Mitchell, Philadelphia.

Giuseppe Monarchini, M. D., Canea, Isle of Candia.

i^DOUARD Morren, Editor of the Belgique Horticole, Li6ge, Belgium.
*HoRATio Newhall, M. D., Galena, 111.
*David W. Offley, late U. S. Consular Agent, Smyrna, Turkey.

James Ombrosi, U. S. Consul, Florence, Italy.
*John J. Palmer, New York.
*Victor Paquet, Paris.

*JoHN W. Parker, late U. S. Consul at Amsterdam, Holland.
*Andre Parmentier, Brooklyn, N. Y.

William Paul, Waltham Cross, London, N.
♦Sir Joseph Paxton, M. P., Chatsworth, England.
♦John L. Payson, late U. S. Consul at Messina, Sicily.
♦Com. Matthew C. Perry, U. S. Navy, Charlestown.

♦David Porter, late U. S. Charge d' Affaires at the Ottoman Porte, Con-
stantinople.
♦Alfred Stratton Prince, Flushing, N. Y.
♦William Robert Prince, Flushing, N. Y.

P. T. QuiNN, Newark, N. J.

Rev. Rushton Radclyffe, London. England.
♦William Foster Redding, Baltimore, Md.

D. Redmond, Ocean Springs, Miss.

Dk. S. Reynolds, Schenectady, N. Y.
♦John H. Richards, M. D., Illinois.

Charles V. Riley, U. S. Entomological Commissioner, Washington, D. C.
♦MoNS. J. RiNZ, Jr., Frankfort-on-the-Main, Germany.
♦Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, Herts, England.

William Robinson, Editor of The Garden, London.
♦Dr. J. Smyth Rogers, New York.
♦Capt. William S. Rogers, U. S. Navy.

316 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Bernard Rosier, M. D., Athens, Greece,
*Thomas Rotch, Philadelphia.
*George R. Russell, Roxbury.

John B. Russell, Newmarket, N. J.
*Rev. John Lewis Russell, Salem.

William Saunders, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
*WiLLiAM Shaler, late U. S. Consul-General at Havana, Cuba.
*WiLLiAM Shaw, New York.
*Caleb R. Smith, Burlington, N. J.
*Daniel D. Smith, Burlington, N. J.
*GiDEON B. Smith, late Editor of the American Farmer, Baltimore, Md.

John Jay Smith, Germantown, Penn.
*HoRATio Spragub, late U. S. Consul at Gibraltar.

Robert W. Starr, Port William, Nova Scotia.

Dr. Joseph Stayman, Leavenworth, Kansas.
*Capt. Thomas Holdup Stevens, U. S. Navy, Middletown, Conn.

William Pox Strangeway, British Secretary of Legation at Naples, Italy.

Dr. J. Strentzel, Martinez, Cal.
*JuDGE E. B. Strong, Rochester, N. Y.
*James p. Sturgis, Canton, China.

William Summer, Pomaria, S. C.

Francis Summerest.
*Prof. Michele Tenore, late Director of the Botanic Garden at Naples,

Italy.
*James Englebert Teschemacher, Boston.
*RoBERT Thompson, Chiswick, near London.
*George C. Thorburn, New York.

Prof. George Thurber, Editor of the American Agriculturist, New York.
*JoHN TiLSON, Jr., Edwardsville, Illinois.

*Cav. Doot. Vincenzo Tineo, Director of the Botanic Garden at Palermo.
*LuTHER Tucker, Editor of the Cultivator, Albany, N. Y.

Carey Tyso, Wallingford, England.
*Louis Van Houtte, Ghent, Belgium.
♦Alexander Vattemare, Paris.

*Emilien de Wael, late Secretary of the Horticultural Society, Antwerp,
Belgium.

John A. Warder, M. D., President of the Ohio State Horticultural Society,
North Bend, O.

Anthony Waterer, Knapp Hill, near Woking, Surrey, England.
* J. Ambrose Wight, Editor of the Prairie Farmer, Chicago, 111.

Benjamin Samuel Williams, HoUoway, London, N.

Prof. John Wilson, Edinburgh University, Scotland.
*WiLLiAM Wilson, New York.
*HoN. J. F. Wingate, Bath, Me.
*Gen. Joshua Wingate, Portland, Me.
*Joseph Augustus Winthrop, Charleston, S. C.

CONTENTS.

PAGE.

Business Meeting, April 3, 1880; Appropriation ft)r the Committee of

Arrangements, p. 181 ; Election of member, ..... 181

Business Meeting, May l ; Decease of Jesse Haley, .... 181

Business Meeting, Jtine 5 ; Portrait of the President, p. 182 ; Resolutions

in memory of Jesse Haley, ........ 182

Business Meeting, June 12; Election of members, .... 183

Business Meeting, July 3; Election of member, ..... 183

Business Meeting, August 7 ; Resolutions in memory of Robert Buist, pp.
184, 185 ; Invitation to the American Association for the Advancement
of Science, 185; Nominating Committee, 185; Decease of Daniel Waldo
Lincoln and Peter Smith, ........ 185

Business Meeting, September 4 ; Resolutions in Memory of Peter Smith,
p. 186; Resolutions in memory of Daniel "Waldo Lincoln, 187, 188; Elec-
tion of members, ......... 188

Business Meeting, September 11 ; Report of Nominating Committee pre-
sented, ........... 188

Business Meeting, October 2; Annual Election, p. 189; Announcement

concerning the History of the Society, 189; Election of members, . 190

Business Meeting, November 6; Appropriations recommended, p. 190;
Portrait of C. O. Whitmore, 190; Resolutions in memory of Dr. Charles
C. Hamilton, 190-192; Resolutions in memory of Dr. Augustus Torrey,
192, 193 ; Election of members, ....... 193

Business Meeting, December 4 : No Quorum, ..... 193

Business Meeting, December 11: Reports of Flower, Fruit, Publication
and Discussion, Garden, and Library Committees, and of the Secretary
read, p. 194 ; Prospective Prize, 194 ; List of Prizes reported, 194 ; Elec-
tion of member, ......... 194

Business Meeting, December 18; List of Prizes adopted, 195; Election of

Members, .......... 195

11.

CONTENTS.

Report of the Committee on Plants and Floweks, 196; Azalea and
Rose Exhibition, 196; Rhododendron Show, 198; Rose Exhibition, 199;
Annual Exhibition, 201 ; Chrysanthemum Show, 204 ; Flowers at Weekly
Shows, 206; Miscellaneous Plants, 210; Prizes and Gratuities awarded,

Rbpoet of the Committee on Fruits, 229; Notes on New Fruits, 234
Prizes and Gratuities awarded, ......

Kepoet of the Committee on Vegetables, 255; Prizes and Gratuities
awarded, ........

Report of the Committee on Gardens,

Report of the Committee of Arrangements,

Report of the Committee on Publication and Discussion,

Report of the Secretary, ......

Report of the Library Committee, p. 276 ; Library Accessions,

Report of the Treasurer, ......

Report of the Finance Committee, ....

Mount Auburn Cemetery, ..,.•.

Officers and Standing Committees for 1881,

Members of the Society; Life, p. 296; Annual, 303; Honorary, 307 ;
spending, ........

Extracts from the By-Laws, .....

Corre

page.

213

241

259
269
270
272
274
277
288
289
292
294

312
306

TRANSACTIONS

assac|nstits Jflriitullural ^ottetg,

FOR THE YEAR 1881.

PART I.

BOSTON :

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY,

1881.

The Committee on Publication and Discussion, take this oppor-
tunity to repeat what the}' have heretofore stated, that the Society
is not to be held responsible for the certainty of the statements,
the correctness of the opinions, or the accuracy of the nomenclature
in the papers and discussions now or before published, all of
which must rest on the credit or judgment of the respective writers
or speakers, the Societ}' undertaking only to present these papers
and discussions, or the substance of them, correctly. The
award of a prize or gratuit}' for an Essay is not to be understood
as implying that the Committee approve it in every particular,
but onl}- that they believe it calculated, on the lohole, to promote
the science or art of Horticulture.

Benjamin G. Smith, Chairman.

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, January 1, 1881.

A duly notified stated meeting was holden at 11 o'clock, the
President, Hon. Francis B. Hayes, in the chair.

The President delivered his annual address, as follows : —
Ladies mid Gentlemen of the Massachusetts Horticidtural Society :

In accordance with the usages of the Society we have assembled
at the opening of the year to review the doings of the past, to
rejoice together in what has been accomplished, — to regret our
shortcomings, with determined resolves of amendment in the
future, — to renew our pledges of devotion to the interests of the
Societj^ — and, with united will, to proceed to do in our day what is
rightfully expected of us, as successors of the good men, who in
wisdom and liberality founded, established, and carried on to
success this institution as a means for the material and moral
improvement of mankind.

Acknowledging with profound gratitude what has been done by
the departed, as well as by those who now live to receive our
thanks, and to counsel and cheer us in the performance of duty,
let us see what our situation is at the present time, and consider
what is incumbent upon us to do, that we may perpetuate and
enlarge the usefulness of this Society for the advantage of our
own as well as of future generations.

By the Treasurer's report, submitted a year since, it appeared
that the Society then possessed property of the estimated value of
$277,045.23, and it owed $84,500. The debt consisted of $60,000,

b MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

secured by a mortgage of our real estate; a loan of $12,000, not
bearing interest, payable to Harvard College in 1899, this being
the amount we have the use of, by the gift of the late Josiah
Stiekney, for the purchase of books ; a note of $12,000, which we
borrowed originally of the Market National Bank, and have paid
within a few months by borrowing the same amount for that pur-
pose of another bank ; and the sum of $500 due the Committee
on Publication.

We depend mainly upon the real estate belonging to the Society,
and upon what we annually receive from Mount Auburn to meet
our expenses. It will be seen by the above report that we received
in 1879 from rents $14,950.80, and from Mount Auburn $2,212.41.
Our Treasurer stated that our finances were not self-sustaining at
the date of his report last year.

I am happy to inform you that I learn from the Treasurer our
financial situation is now somewhat better than it was a year ago.
That the income from our real estate for the year 1880 was about
$4,000 more than it was the previous year, and that Mount Auburn
will give us also a small increase of revenue. The Treasurer esti-
mates that our expenses have increased about $1,300, for the year
1880, over those of the previous year. This would show an im-
provement in net income of about $3,000 for the past year. We
cannot rely upon the accuracy of the statement, as it necessarily
is but an approximate one, the Treasurer being obliged to wait to
receive the accounts from Mount Auburn before he submits his
annual report. So favorable a statement as this could not have
been presented, if proper repairs had been made upon our build-
ing, which are imperatively demanded.

Our exhibitions are not so important and lieautiful as they
might be made ; and to secure an improvem,ent of them, larger
sums than we have lately been able to afford, should be appro-
priated for prizes to stimulate exhibitors, and to induce them to
display their products in our halls.

Moreover, our exhibitions should be made better known to the
public than they have been. During the past year they have been
excellent, and worthy of greater attention than they have com-
manded. The community do not understand how beautiful and
interesting they are, and it seems to me desirable that measures
should be taken through the public prints, by advertisements and
otherwise, to call attention to them, and thus not only the public
but this Society would be much benefited.

ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT HAYES. 7

The chief part of the revenue of foreign horticultural societies
is derived from entrance fees paid by visitors, and the exhibitions
of most of the societies of this country are sustained by the visi-
tors. At Worcester, in our own State, the sums derived from
annual exhibitions have been very considerable, far exceeding
the receipts of our Society from the same source, and this result
has been obtained not only by the personal efforts of committees
having the matter in charge, but by judiciously advertising the
exhibitions in various ways by which many visitors have been
attracted to them. It certainly is strange that though our Society
has its home in the largest city of New England, with a building
containing all the conveniences which man could desire for the
display of horticultural products, and situated in the most eligible
locality for access by visitors, and its exhibitors and patrons
those who possess the most extensive and beautiful gardens and
conservatories in Massachusetts, many of these gentlemen being
distinguished throughout the world as proficients in the science
and art of horticulture ; yet its exhibitions are poorly attended,
and its receipts from visitors are less than those derived from the
show of many a county society in the country. I call attention to
this subject believing that some means should be adopted to bring
our exhibitions more into public notice, by which the pleasure and
improvement of the people at large would be much increased, and
the Society' benefited from the increase of admission fees, so as
to enable it to ephance the beauty and increase the usefulness of
its exhibitions.

As I have before stated our building requires repairs. It needs
them both outside and inside. I think it would be desirable to
expend from three to five thousand dollars very soon to preserve
and judiciously improve our estate. It is most unwise to allow
our elegant structure to deteriorate for want of proper care. Un-
less important repairs are made forthwith, a ver^^ great expenditure
will soon be wanted to put the estate in a tenantable condition.

We have a debt of $12,000 incurred by spending in past years
more than our income. Upon assuming the duties of the office to
which you elected me, my attention was particularly directed to
the financial situation of the Society, and though, by the rules
governing us, it does not belong to j'our President to attend to the
management of the finances of the Society, yet it is expected of him
to have a general acquaintance with and supervision of its affair's

8 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

to qualify him for the clut}^ imposed upon him hj the Constitution
and By-Laws, " to report from time to time what measures, in his
judgment, are necessary to promote its objects and extend its use-
fulness." The necessities of the times, and the pressing wants
of the Society, as I have been informed, occasioned the debt ; but
now, in the improved financial condition of the country, in which
this Society and its members generally participate, it seems to me
we should take measures to discharge this incumbrance as soon as
possible, and resolve that in the future the Society shall not expend
more than its income. We must insist upon it that in no event
shall we allow the Society's fixed investments to be lessened or
incumbered under our management. I, therefore, call upon all
members of our association, whether they are responsible or not
in any manner for the creation of the debt, to unite as friends of
the Society in discharging this debt. It must not be fixed per-
manently upon the Societj'. We ought not to borrow money to
renew indefinitely the obligation. We must not place an}' mortgage
on our estate to provide for its pa^'ment. It should be met and
paid as early as possible during the present year, and if you will
all aid, according to your means, the debt will soon be paid.

I again call your attention to the importance of making arrange-
ments so that the library shall be used as a place of quiet study,
for the accommodation of our members. It is degraded by its
present use as an office where the business of the superintendent
and of the transient tenants of the halls, in their multifarious
occupations, is carried on so as to disturb and seriously annoy
those who desire to make a legitimate use of the room. It wholly
subverts the proper use of the library as a reading-room and for
literary labor, and makes it a noisy business office, thus almost
entirely setting aside and disregarding the intentions of those who
have contributed liberally to provide a quiet resoi't, well furnished
with books, for students in the science and art of horticulture, and
a place which members can frequent to inform themselves, through
the periodicals of the day, of the progress of the world iu those
matters in which they are especially interested. It is also the
room where we should come together on stated days to listen to,
and participate in, the discussions which you have instituted, un-
disturbed by the interruptions of business.

It seems to me not necessary to wait until additional buildings
are obtained before we accomplish the desired object, as by some

ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT HAYES. 9

inexpensive alterations we can better provide for the tenants of
the halls, and allow sufficient accommodation for the business
wants of our officers.

In this connection I would inform you that the Executive Com-
mittee unanimously recommend to you amendments of the Socie-
ty's Constitution and By-Laws, so as to allow the duties of treas-
urer, superintendent, and librarian to be performed by more than
one person, instead of its being required, as it is now, that one
person shall discharge all those different duties. It will, if you
approve of the recommendation, be left to the Executive Commit-
tee to select, from time to time, such person or persons as they
think best, for the interests of the Society, to fill those offices.

It gives me pleasure to bear witness to the able and faithful
manner in which your different committees have discharged, during
the past year, the duties respectively committed to them. By
reading their reports you will observe that, in many respects, the
exhibitions of 1880 have shown marked improvement over those
of previous years. The Society has never had, I understand, so
large and beautiful displays of fruits and flowers as have been
exhibited the past year. Our collection of books has been ren-
dered more valuable by the judicious action of the Library Com-
mittee in making additions to it. Your Committee of Arrange-
ments have been diligent in the performance of their duties, and
discharged them in such a manner as to give great satisfaction to
the members of the Society.

I call your attention to the admirable manner in which your
Secretary has edited the History of the Society, and reported its
doings. I regret that he has not been able, from lack of time, to
cause the publication of the Transactions of the Society beyond
the year 1879, but trust that we shall soon see the other parts in
print, and that circumstances will never again prevent the publi-
cation of the Society's Transactions in the early part of the year
after they have taken place.

Ladies and Gentlemen, — It must never be forgotten by us that
we owe a duty to those who, by their wisdom, liberality, and labors,
founded and established this Society for the public good. Their
work was not done for themselves and for us alone, but for all
future generations. It devolves upon us, in accepting their legacy,
to transmit it to our children not only unimpaired, but improved
and strengthened by our work and contributions. While grate-

10 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

fully remembering what has been done, it is not for us to rest sat-
isfied with what has been accomplished, but, stimulated by the
example of our predecessors, we must do our work as they did
theirs, in a generous '^spirit, for posterity as well as for our own
generation, or we shall not be worthy successors of those who
have done so much for us. Our Society is yet in its infancy, and
I believe there is a great future for it. There are those with us,
and I hope there are many, who do not believe that nothing more
need to be done, or will be done, by the members of this Society
to increase its usefulness and add to its glory. We have inherited
much, but we should not allow our inheritance to impair our energy
or make us slothful in the performance of our duties. Let us
always bear in mind that there is much before us to do. To the
development of horticultural knowledge throughout the world this
Society should make a liberal contribution. It has done something
already, and we can look with great pleasure upon what has been
accomplished under its auspices in introducing new varieties of
plants and improved fruits, in the embellishment of gardens and
grounds throughout the country, and in the dissemination of hor-
ticultural information. Yet we must not stop here. We are still
but on the threshold in our investigations of the beauties and
resources of nature, which will employ eternity to disclose. We
have, I trust, but made a beginning of the great work this Society
is destined to accomplish. We must not wait for others, or rely
upon a few persons to bear the burden attending this work ; but
we must all do what our hands find to do, to build still higher and
on deeper and more solid foundations the institution entrusted to
our care, that it may ever be a blessing not only to ourselves and
this community, but to all mankind.

On motion of Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, the thanks of the
Society were voted to the President for his address, and a copy
was requested for publication.

The President presented the following amendments to the Con-
stitution and By-Laws, recommended by the Executive Committee :

Voted, That the thirteenth and sixteenth sections of the Consti-
tution and By-Laws of this Society be amended by striking out in
the thirteenth section the words, "He shall also act as Superin-
tendent of the Building, subject to the orders of the Finance Com-
mittee, and shall attend to the care and letting of the same, and

INVITATION TO THE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 11

the collection of rents, and other income of the Society." And,
also, in the same section, strike out the words, " He shall also act
as Librarian under the direction of the Library Committee." And
strike out in the sixteenth section, after the word " appoint," in
the sixth line of the printed copy of the By-Laws, the words, " A
Treasurer and a Secretary of the Society," and insert, after the
words in the seventh and eighth lines of said copy, "Whenever a
vacancy shall occur," the words, "A Treasurer, a Secretary, a
Superintendent of the Building, and a Librarian of the Society, and
define their respective duties, except where these are determined
by the By-Laws."

The proposed amendment was read once and passed to a second
reading by a unanimous vote ; and. having been read a second
time, was laid over until the stated meeting in April.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder presented a recommendation from the
Executive Committee that the Society invite the American Pomo-
logical Society to meet in Boston, in September next, and on
motion of William C. Strong, the following vote was unanimously
passed :

Voted, That the Massachusetts Horticultural Society hereby
extends to the American Pomological Society, a most cordial
invitation to hold its Eighteenth Session, on September 14th, and
succeeding days, with the usual courtesies for their accommodation.

Mr. Wilder, as President of the American Pomological Society,
accepted the invitation with hearty thanks, and stated that the
invitation would involve no expense to the Massachusetts Horti-
cultural Society.

On motion of John B. Moore, it was Voted, That the Executive
Committee, in connection with the Finance Committee, be directed
to carry out the recommendations in the President's address, con-
cerning alterations in the building.

The Annual Report of the Committee on Vegetables was read
by Charles N. Brackett, Chairman, and the Annual Report of the
Committee of Arrangements, by John B. Moore. These reports
were severally accepted and referred to the Committee on Publica-
tion.

William H. Spooner moved to take up the vote oflTered by him

12 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

at the meeting on the 11th of December, 1880, and then laid on
the table. The motion was carried, and it was

Voted, That the Prospective Prize of $40 for the best Seedling
Flowering, or Foliage Plant (other than Eose, Camellia, Azalea
Indica, Tree Pseony, Hardy Rhododendron, or Hardy Azalea), be
awarded to Joseph Tailby for his Seedling Carnation, Grace
Wilder, as recommended in the Report of the Committee on Plants
and Flowers.

The following named persons were proposed for membership in
the Society : J. Montgomery Sears, of Boston, and William
Power Wilson, of Boston, by the President ; John E. Russell, of
Leicester, and John H. Moore, of Concord, by John B. Moore ; and
Edward Baker Wilder, of Dorchester, by Hon. Marshall P.
Wilder. The President urged upon the members the importance
of zealous efforts in adding to the membership of the Society.

Charles M. Hovey moved the appointment of a Committee of
three, to procure a portrait of the President to be added to the
series in the hall of the Society. The motion was unanimously
passed, the question being put by Vice-President John B. Moore,
who appointed, as the Committee, Charles M. Hovey, Robert
Manning, and Joseph H. Woodford.

Benjamin G. Smith, Chairman of the Committee on Publication
and Discussion, announced that the meetings for discussion the
present season, would commence on the next Saturday, with the
reading of a paper by William H. Spooner, Chairman of the Com-
mittee on Plants and Flowers, on the " Cultivation of the Rose,"
to be followed by a discussion.

Adjourned to Saturday, January 8.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, Januar}' 8, 1881.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock.
President Hayes in the chair.

The President announced the appointment, by the Executive

HARDY ROSE CULTURE. 13

Committee, of Edwin W. Buswell as Treasurer, and Robert Man-
ning as Secretary, of the Society.

David Allan, of Belmont, was proposed by Charles M. Hovey,
as a member of the Society, and Edwin Faxon, of Boston, by E.
H. Hitchings.

Further time was granted to the Treasurer, to make his Report.

Adjourned to Saturday, January 15.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Immediately after the adjournment of the business meeting, a
meeting for discussion was held, at which the following paper by
William H. Spooner, Chairman of the Committee on Plants and
Flowers, was read by the author :

Some Experience in Hardy Rose Culture.

In looking at a subject so extensive as Rose Culture, from the
little spot which limits my own efforts in that direction, I can only
offer hints which may be useful to the inexperienced, but can sug-
gest nothing of special value to the professional grower.

It is generally supposed that to attain even a moderate measure
of success in the rose garden, all advantages of soil, scientific
appliances, etc., are essential, but the amateur will find very satis-
factory results even when these conditions are not carried to great
perfection. The soil of my garden is not particularly adapted for
the growth of roses, being a light loam with a gravelly subsoil,
yet from this apparently uncongenial source I succeed in grow-
ing a great many very good roses. I am not an advocate of the
deep trenching or subsoiling system in the preparation of the
ground, considering it entirely unnecessary.

My system of planting was very simple at the outset, the land
being already in a good state of cultivation. First, preparing
myself with a sufficient heap of well-rotted horse manure, the space
assigned for the plants was covered with a portion of the compost,
spread broadcast, and then thoroughly ploughed in. I may men-
tion here that I have at other times made use of hen manure, mixed
with about one-third soil, and consider it a good fertilizer for the
rose. The ground was then laid out in rows three feet apart, and

14 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the same distance between the plants ; the holes for their reception
were prepared by throwing out the soil to the depth of one spade
from each, and then throwing in two or three forkfuls of manure,
thoroughly incorporating it with the soil to the depth of the spade,
when all was ready for the plants.

My plants are all the so-called dwarfs, worked low upon the
Manetti stock, which I prefer to the Prince's or seedling brier, as
it seems better adapted to mj' light soil. I judge the latter stock
may be better suited to a stronger or clayey soil ; at any rate, all
the plants I had worked upon it have died. My plants were im-
ported, and not received until about the 10th of December, when
the ground was closed, so that I was obliged to keep them in snug
winter quarters, bedding them carefully into a frame, protecting
them very closely with leaves, and covering the frame with boards.
They came out in splendid condition in the spring, and were planted
with hardly an exception to successful growth, which result has
led me to prefer the spring for planting in our uncertain climate,
and I have continued to make small experiments of the same kind
yearly since my first venture. Having cut back the plant to two
or three buds, the stock should be planted with the collar about
two inches under the surface, and the soil pressed verj' firmly about
it. Through the summer I apply guano to the surface occasionally —
a handful or two to each plant, sometimes in a dry state, and
sometimes in water. I use frequently, in summer, a top dressing
of brewers' spent hops, strewn broadcast, not digging it in ; it
helps to keep down weeds, and has many advantages.

The rose, in a healthful, growing state, is a great absorber of
water, and the free use of the hose morning and evening has been
my most reliable assistant in promoting its health and in freeing
the plants from insects. Everj' fluttering leaf of the plants seems
to rejoice, as the cool water showers down upon it, and the clean,
fresh foliage greatly enhances the beauty of the blossoms which it
surrounds. But insects are ready to invade every domain of hor-
ticulture, and are especially destructive to the perfection of the
Queen of Flowers ; some of them may be overcome, but as
regards the rose-bug or rose-beetle, I am in despair. The only
remedy for this persistent plague that I have found has been the
continuous application of the thumb and forefinger, and that with
some severity.

It may be urged hj some that the budded rose has entailed upon

HARDY ROSE CULTURE. 15

it the disadvantage of suckers, and endless care to prevent them ;
but actual experience proves this to be very slight. It is presumed
that a lover of the rose is with his pets as often as possible, and
these persistent thieves are easily detected and quickly destroyed.
I cannot agree with those who claim that the maiden bloom is the
best effort with the budded rose, as I am now growing plants on
the Manetti stock which have been out eight years, and are pro-
ducing as fine blooms as ever. The amateur wants results in the
shortest time, and therefore must take the budded plant ; if sunk
deeply enough it soon becomes fixed on its own roots. Few of us
can hope to rival the Madame Lacharme and Paul Neron of a
Ha^'es, the Pierre Netting of a Gray, or the Horace Vernet and
Charles Lefebvre of a Moore, but I am sure that the Manetti stock
will give us an approximation to their high standards.

There is evidently a great difference in the constitution of hardy
hybrid roses, as has been proved by success or faihire under the
varying influences of climate, soil, or stock, and as some results of
my individual experience may prove suggestive, I append a list of
a few which have been successful under my system of culture.

Abel Carriere. — Moderately vigorous ; hardy ; beautiful.

Alfred Golomh. — This superb rose is quite hardy and vigorous ;
its brilliant crimson flowers are unrivalled.

Beauty of Waltham.

Bessie Johnson.

Charles Lefebvre. — A very strong and hardy rose ; flower large,
and beautifulh' formed.

Comtesse d' Oxford. — Hardy, vigorous, with fine large flowers.

Coquette des Blanches. — A white rose, and a truly perpetual bloom-
er until late in the autumn ; a remarkably vigorous grower, and
has proved hardy with me until last winter, when it was killed to
the ground.

Dr. Andry. — Hardy, vigorous, and a free bloomer.

Duke of Edinburgh. — One of the strongest and most hardy.

Dupuy Jamain.

Eliza Boelle. — Moderately vigorous ; hardy, with a very delicate
white bloom, shading to flesh color.

Emily Laxton. — Vigorous ; of a climbing tendency ; hardy, and
very desirable.

Fisher Holmes.

Jean Goujon.

16 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

John Hopper. An old favorite ; hardy, and a very fine bloomer.

Jules Margottin. — Of vigorous habit ; very hardy, and still one
of the best.

Lord Clyde. — A remarkably strong grower, hardy, and a very
good rose.

Mabel Morrison.

Marie Beauman. — One of the very best ; moderately vigorous,
quite hardy, with large and perfect flowers.

Miss Hassard. — Vigorous, hardy ; delicate flesh color, very
sweet, and a free bloomer.

Mme. Boll. — Perfectly hardy and vigorous ; a free bloomer, and
early ; flower not the most perfect in form or color.

Mvie. Gabriel Luizet. — Vigorous ; hardy ; a free bloomer, and I
think ma}^ prove one of the best.

Mme. Georges Schwartz.

Mme. Bivers. — A fine rose ; moderately vigorous and hardy.

Mme. Scipion Cochet.

Mme. Victor Verdier.

Mme. Vidot. — Moderately vigorous ; hardy ; flower beautiful,
and perfect in form.

Mans. Boncenne. — A plant of good habit, very hardy and vigor-
ous ; the best of its class with me.

Paul Neron. — Vigorous and hardy.

Pierre Notting. Very hard}' ; of good habit, and a strong grower,
but, alas ! how seldom do we find a fully developed and perfect
flower ; a bright sun apparently scorches the petals in the bud.

Princess Louise Victoria.

Senateur Vaisse.

Sir Garnet Wolseley. A thick, bushy plant, rather short-jointed,
moderately vigorous and hardy ; its large vermilion flowers and
profuse bloom are very attractive.

Souvenir de Charles Montault.

Thomas Mills. Very hardy ; a well-formed plant, of great vigor
of growth ; a very prolific bloomer ; flowers very large. One of
the best with me.

Triomphe de Caen.

Victor Verdier. Always good and reliable.

I will now name a few varieties that have not proved hardy, or
have been weak in growth, and less satisfactory in general results
in my experience.

HAEDY ROSE CULTURE. 17

Cranston's Crimson Bedder. — This seems hardy enough, but is a
very poor grower.

La France. — Almost invariably killed.

Louis Van Houtte. — Almost always killed. I only saA'ed it one
year.

Mile. Bonnaire. — Very beautiful, and free in flower, but a poor
grower.

Mile. Eugenie Verdier. — A weak grower, although a beautiful
rose.

3Ime. la Baronne de Rothschild. — Usually winter killed nearly
to the ground, and is never a vigorous grower.

Mme. Lacharme. — Very tender.

Prince Camille de Mohan. — Is not very hardy. I know this is
not the general experience, but I have lost all my plants.

Mile. Marie Rady, Vicomte Vigier, Andre Dunand and Cajotain
Christy have proved tender.

The Moss Rose. — Turning now to the fairest of the Rose famil}',
we are reminded of the poetic allegory which accounts for its added
beauty, by supposing an angel to have found repose beneath its
branches, and to have wished to bestow some gift in recompense,
but to have been scarcely able to devise any addition to its charms :

" The angel paused in silent thought : —
What grace was there the flower had not?
'Twas but a moment : — o'er the rose
A veil of moss the angel throws ;
And, robed in Nature's simplest weed,
Could there a flower that rose exceed?"

I must confess to a great love for this fascinating class, partlj' for
the reason that my light, well-enriched soil, with its natural subsoil
drain of gravel, tends to bring it to full perfection, and partly be-
cause the delicate fragrance of the foliage is peculiar and unique.
The ground for Moss roses should be prepared in the same way as
for the hardy perpetuals, with a larger application of manure ; and
I also apply a more liberal annual summer dressing during the
blooming season. I have alwa3-s found the Moss rose more diffi-
cult to successfully transplant than any other, and it starts very
slowly on its own roots.

All my Moss roses are worked upon the Manetti stock except

2

18 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the Common ; these I prefer on then* own roots. The varieties
that have proved best with me are : —

Baronne de Wassenaer. — Perhaps the strongest grower of all ;
wood very dark and spiny, blooming in large clusters of buds ; not
as mossy as some other kinds.

Celine. — Hardy, moderately vigorous, spreading ; foliage dark
colored, leaves rather small ; a profuse bloomer, bud rather soft,
and not very double. It would probably force well.

Common. — The best of all ; fine double flower.

Crested. — The next best; very double.

Gracilis, or Prolific. — This resembles the Common, but has a
longer bud.

Laneii. — A vigorous, upright grower, and moderately free
bloomer.

Perpetual White. — Moderately vigorous ; color pure white ; buds
small and short stemmed, in rigid clusters of from four to six ;
foliage pale green, leaves crisped. Not very hardy.

White Bath. — With me the best white.

The so-called Perpetual Mosses seem to me a myth as Moss
roses ; they may be perpetual, but the}' possess very little moss,
and the only variety that I have been able to save is Mme. Moreau,
which is a perpetual free bloomer.

The few suggestions I have endeavored to present to you have
been gleaned from personal observation in planting, tending,
nourishing, and comparing, with results as here briefly stated.

Discussion.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, said that he came in specially to hear
the essay by Mr. Spooner, who is a practical cultivator, as his
ancestors were. Different soils suit different varieties of roses.
He agreed with the essayist in regard to the beauty of the Moss
rose, but thought Laneii the best of all. It roots freely, while
Moss roses generally have few roots. Mr. Wilder stated that Mr.
Thorburn, the New York nurseryman and seedsman, once
returned an invoice of Moss roses because they had no roots.
Mr. Spooner's soil may have been less favorable to the Laneii
than the speaker's. The latter desired lists of the best roses,
selected from the thousands on the catalogues, to save cultivating

HARDY ROSE CULTURE. 19

SO man}'' kinds ; the lists to be composed of such proved varieties
as Baron Prevost, John Hopper, Marechal Niel, and Bon Seline,
which hold on perpetuallj-, and Safrano, which is the ver}' thing
wanted b}' the florists and connoisseurs. We are arriving at
selections in other flowers, such as the chrysanthemum. In
tomatoes, instead of the twent}' kinds in cultivation, we want no
more than four of the best. The first effort of the American
Pomological Society' brought down the list of fruits from thousands,
to a selection desirable for every garden.

John G. Barker said that his expei'ience in rose culture had
difl'ered somewhat from Mr. Spooner's. Six years ago he made
two beds of Hybrid Perpetuals, for which he dug out the soil to
the depth of eighteen inches, and replaced with a compost of equal
parts of well decomposed sods, horse manure, and cow manure.
The varieties were selected from the roses exhibited in 1872 and
1873. There were thirty plants in each bed, on Manetti stocks.
The soil was naturally moist, and they were planted so as to root
from the grafts. They made a most astonishing growth the first
year, and the next spring were pruned severely, and the small
wood was thinned out in summer. They made shoots higher than
his head, which, when signs of growth appeared in spring, were
pegged down to the soil. These two beds were solid masses of
flowers ; though not of the largest size, there were legions of them.
He thought this the most satisfactory result, when, as in the
present case, they were for the benefit of the public. Afterwards,
he made two more beds in the same way, first making diagrams
and marking all the varieties on them, for the instruction of the
visitors to Pine Grove Cemetery, Lynn, of which he is superin-
tendent. He has never had a rose-bug on his roses, though they
destroyed a pelargonium bed not forty feet away from the rose
beds. High culture and vigorous growth may have kept them
away. He has never been troubled with the rose-slug. He goes
over the bed with a scuffle hoe every two or three days ; this keeps
the ground moist and the surface does not bake after rain, as it
does when raked. He adopted this method of culture because he
is obliged to choose the cheapest way. He pegs down the shoots
after pruning off twelve or fifteen inches of the end, and never
covers them. Madame Plantier is one of the white June roses, but
needs a little covering, which is a good investment, for it forms a
mass of flowers. He has two bushes of the old-fashioned Red

20 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Moss rose in soil which has not been enriched for eight years,
but the}' form masses of flowers.

Charles M. Hove}', said that for sixteen consecutive years, he
took prizes for the best thirty hardy June roses. Many of the old
roses of twenty )'ears ago still take the prizes. Bon Seline,
Marechal Niel, Gen. Jacqueminot, and John Hopper, are all good,
but have their defects. The best part of Mr. Spooner's paper is
that in which he points out what have not succeeded with him.
The speaker was the first to import the Madame Plantier, and had
found it perfectly hard}', though it may be well to cover it in very
exposed situations. The two things which the rose requires are
the pump and the manure heap. Mr. Hovey thought the best
English cultivators preferred roses on their own roots. All things,
with rare exceptions, grow best on their own bottoms ; grapes do
best on their own roots. We must resort to stocks to rapidly in-
crease the plants of varieties. There are some bad results from
grafted roses — among others, suckers from the stock, which gain
the ascendancy over the graft. He has a row of Hybrid Per-
petuals, six or seven feet high, on their own roots. In selecting
roses, we should choose kinds which will stand our hot suns. Mr.
Hovey spoke in favor of the class of roses known in England as
"decorative roses," — hardy, vigorous, and abundant flowering
kinds ; just what everybody wants, and not simply roses for
exhibition.

William C. Strong had enjoyed Mr. Spooner's essay. He was
surprised to hear such a young and progressive member of the
Society as Mr. Hovey, opposing the introduction of new varieties,
particularly since the wonderful progress of the past few years. In
the English prize lists, there are few varieties of more than ten or
twelve years' standing. It is a laborious process to weed out the
inferior varieties. He dissented from the views of those who
thought it needful to keep fertilizers to rot down ; much ammonia
is lost during this process. The rose is a gross feeder and will
take fresh manui'e ; moreover, it wants a heavy soil, and old com-
post is light and makes the soil light. In making a rose border in
his house, he used green cow manure ; the mixture laid two or
three days and was turned over, and Manetti stocks were planted
in the border in March and budded in June, and ripened eight or
ten feet of wood. He had seen young roots of the Manetti stock
strike into fresh cow manure. He would prefer fresh manure to

HARDY ROSE CULTURE. 21

old, but if he had had time when he made his border, would
perhaps have turned it over a little more. He dissented from Mr.
Hovey's views in regard to stocks ; w^eak growers are vastly bene-
fited by grafting. Tea roses are benefited b}- being grafted on
vigorous stocks. Such stocks impart a vigor to weak growing
kinds, which they can never get on their own roots, as the Mag-
nolia acuminata imparts vigor to the smaller growing kinds grafted
on it.

Mr. "Wilder said that no one is more anxious than he for the
production of new varieties. He carries all tbe time two camel's
hair pencils in his pocket, to be always read}' to transfer the
pollen from one plant to another. He has repeatedly exhorted to
sow perpetually to obtain new varieties, and if he could go back
fifty or sixty years, he would practise this more than he ever has
done. The world moves, and he wants to move with it ; and no
one admires the enterprise of the President and others, in intro-
ducing new roses and plants more than he ; but he desires a con-
solidated list of such standard varieties as he had mentioned.

Rev. A. B. Muzzey said that he could not compete with practical
cultivators, but he thought that the comparative value of old com-
post and fresh manure ought to be ascertained and settled in our
discussions. Farmers used to let manure be exposed to the air, at
an immense waste of ammonia, but they do otherwise now. He
suggested experimenting with fresh manure, but would cover it
with soil to save its fertilizing qualities. He remembered the two
old roses, white and red, and questioned whether we had improved
on them in beauty and fragrance. We should not throw away
good things because the}' are old.

Mr. Hovey said that the best twelve Tea roses would include the
Marechal x\\e\ and Niphetos. No white Tea rose comes up to
Niphetos. Souvenir de Malmaison has never been excelled. It
is the same with some of the old Hybrid Perpetuals. The old
Moss roses are the best. Princess Adelaide is a good grower and
a wonderful bloomer. He would adhere to the good old varieties,
and while he would test all the new ones, he would not rely on
them as garden varieties until they have been proved. He visited
M. Laffay in 1844, and purchased. the first Princess Adelaide Moss
that came to America, and the first La Reines.

John B. Moore said that he could find no fault with the direc-
tions given in Mr. Spooncr's paper. People find in books, dii'ec-

22 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

tions to make rose borders four feet deep, of half manure, like Mr.
Gray's, but the speaker thought we could do better by following
Mr. Spooner's method. When he (Mr. Moore) began cultivating
roses, it was in a light soil which absorbed too much water. He
objected to cla}- to make it more retentive, and preferred the strata
of ver}' fine consolidated quicksand found in sand pits. They are so
hard as to require a pick-axe to break them up, but if spread on the
ground the}^ dr}' and crumble, and when worked into light soils
make them permanently more retentive. He agreed with Mr.
Strong that roses are gross feeders ; they cannot have too much
manure. In answer to Mr. Hovey, Mr. Moore said that it was
not necessar}' to have the same things over and over again. Mr.
Hovey thinks that roses are best on their own roots, but a large pro-
portion will grow stronger on Manetti stocks. The suckers are so
unlike the grafts that anj' but the most stupid person can distin-
guish them, and fifteen minutes will suffice to remove them from a
large bed. He plants his roses in rows four feet apart ; walking
between the rows compacts the earth so that it will not absorb rain,
and instead of a rake or scuffle he uses a French cultivator, drawn
b}' a horse, to stir it. He earths up the plants in autumn. Baroness
Eothschild kills down to the earth line. Madame Lacharme is
worthless except to collect rose-bugs ; they must be shaded ; the
bush will grow, but fails to give good flowers. In answer to an
inquiry how new roses differ from the old, Mr. Moore said that
many are more beautiful, and while few of the old roses bloom
later than June, with the new ones we can have flowers from June
to October, and a few roses in August, when they are scarce, are
more desirable than many in June. He has three hundred varie-
ties, V)ut does not propagate above seventy-five. One will mildew ;
another may be beautiful but fail to grow ; another may do both.
Coarse strawy manure will lighten the soil more than old compost,
and therefore should not be used. It is also objectionable as a
covering, for if the wood is not well ripened it is apt to kill it, Uut
after heaping up the earth ten inches high around the bushes in
autumn, he covers it with manure, to prevent it from freezing and
thawing, and throws coarse meadow hay between the rows. Cold
weather will not hurt them. There are two sides to the question
of ammonia escaping from the manure heap ; it is not alwaj's
ammonia that we smell there. He did not approve of rotting down
manure generally, but did not believe in any great loss in doing it.

HARDY ROSE CULTURE. 23

Mr. Wilder said that our fathers did not appreciate the value of
manure, as was shown bj- their laying it by the roadside to run to
waste in the gutter.

President Ha^^es said that he had not so much experience in rose
culture as many others, but he was satisfied that there is opportunity
for progress. There is a future before us for the Society' — for the
rose, and for the rhododendron. Mr. Wilder and Mr. Hove}', in
spite of loving old things, know there is a future of progress before
us. We have all looked with great interest on the new varieties of
roses exhibited, and he had ordered all the new kinds, because he
desired to have the future of the rose fully illustrated. Many of
the ver}' new varieties have succeeded with him ; few have been
lost in comparison with the whole. Madame Lacharme stood at the
bead of those with which he took the silver cup for the best three
varieties, and though he had to pick rose-bugs from the plants, he
produced what was said to be the most beautiful rose exhibited in
the hall. He mentiongd his success with this variet}'^ to show what
can be done with a delicate kind. In one place the soil produces
perfection in one kind and refuses to give another, and this won-
derful adaptation exists so that ever}- one can bring forth some-
thing beautiful. The rose is a gross feeder, and will bear fresh
manure, and perhaps cow manure is best of all.

Joseph H. AVoodford said that though he had had but little
experience he had carefull}' observed the methods of others. He
thought Mr. Moore's method of protection best. The soil should
be hauled away from the plants, and the manure in the trenches
should be forked in in the spring. ]\Iost .of the tender varieties
maj- be preserved in this way. The speaker had seen a similar
method used by John C. Chaffin, one of the best rose growers.
He sifted long straw among the bushes, so as to afford partial shade
in March and April, having found that the hot sun at that time
spoiled the biids on the sunny side. Mr. Woodford read the
following list of thirty roses, noted by him as the best in the exhi-
bition of 1880 :

Alfred Colomb, Due de Montpensier,

Caroline de Sansal, Duke of Connaught,

Charles Lefebvre, Dupuj- Jamain,

Comtesse d' Oxford, fitienne Dupuy,

Dr. de Chains, Exposition de Brie,

Dr. Sewell, Ferdinand de Lesseps,

24 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Fisher Holmes, Mme. Lacharme,

Gen. Washington, Mme. Prosper Laugier,

Horace Vernet, Mons. Boncenne,

Jean Sonpert, Mons. E. Y. Teas,

La Rosi^re, Mrs. Baker,

Mabel Morrison, Pierre Notling,

Magna Charta, Sir Garnet Wolsele}^,

Mile. Marie Rady, Thomas Mills,
Mme. la Baroune de Rothschild, Vicomte Vigier.

The above list comprises both old and new kinds, and one
American variety. An}' one can grow the good old varieties, but
not one in a himdred can grow Caroline de Sansal or Madame
Lacharme. We should grow both old and new, and select the
best. Roses should not be pruned in autumn, for the}' are then
more liable to be killed down, but the wood should be left on.

Benjamin G. Smith, Chairman of the Committee on Publication
and Discussion, announced that the Schedules of Prizes for the
year were ready, and also that the discussion of the subject of
today would be continued on the next Saturday, after the adjourn-
ment of the Business Meeting. On behalf of the Committee he
desired that members would hand in lists of what they deemed the
best twelve, twenty-four, thu-ty-six, and forty-eight roses.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, January 15, 1881.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
President Hayes in the chair.

The following named persons were appointed a committee on
the meeting of the American Pomologieal Society in Boston in
September next, to act in connection with the Committee of
Arrangements of the Horticultural Society : President Hayes, Hon.
Marshall P. Wilder, William C. Strong, E. W. Buswell, and
Robert Manning.

E. W. Buswell, Treasurer, read his Annual Report, including

HARDY ROSE CULTURE. 25

the Report of the Finance Committee, which was accepted and
referred to the Committee on Publication.

The following named persons, having been recommended by the
Executive Committee, were on ballot duly elected members of the
Society :

J. Montgomery Sears, of Boston.

William Power Wilson, of Boston.

John E. Russell, of Leicester.

David Allan, of Belmont.

John H. Moore, of Concord.

Edward Baker Wilder, of Dorchester.

Edwin Faxon, of Jamaica Plain.

Adjourned to Saturdaj^, January 22.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

The subject assigned was the " Cultivation of the Rose," being
a continuation of that of last week.

Charles M. Hovey quoted a statement bj" the editor of the
Gardener's Monthly, in support of his objections to the Manetti
stock for roses, and said that Jean Sisley, one of the largest French
rose growers' uses only seedling briers and La Grifferaie as stocks.
But for geueral purposes the speaker preferred them on their own
roots. lie presented the list of roses referred to by him last week
as taking prizes in England, viz.. Tea roses — Marechal Niel, Sol-
faterre, Souvenir d' un Ami, Souvenir de Malmaison, and Niphe-
tos. Hybrid Perpetuals — Pierre Notting, John Hopper, Paul Neron,
Baron Prevost, La Reine, Gen. Jacqueminot, Beaut}^ of Waltham,
Charles Lefebvre, Marie Beauman, and Eugene Verdier.

John B. Moore said that he knows roses do better on his light
soil, worked on Manetti stocks, than on briers or on their own
roots. Any one who loves a rose can easily* distinguish the suck-
ers from the grafts, and remove them. Mr. Hove}' left the impres-
sion on the minds of those present last week that he considered
the old roses superior to the new ; but the speaker thought there
had been a vast improvement, and that if we made a list todaj'', in
three years we should be obliged to strike off many kinds. Mr.
Hovey classed as new roses any introduced since 1860, but of those

26 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

on his list of old kinds, the John Hopper was sent out in 1862,
Pierre Notting in 1863, and Paul Neron in 1869. Good as the
John Hopper is, it is more than equalled b}^ many new ones. Mr.
Barker's object in planting roses on Manetti stocks, with a view
to their afterwards rooting from the graft, is to give them a start ;
but the speaker doubted whether the}' root much from the graft.
He has plants on Manetti stocks, of eight or ten j-ears' standing,
and though his soil is not naturally adapted to roses, they make
shoots of eight or ten feet in length. His remark, last week, that
six roses in August are worth ten bushels in June had been criti-
cised, but he did not intend it to be taken literally, but only to say
that, while in June they are very abundant, in Jul}^, August, and
September the}' are scarce and valuable. Some of the so-called
Hybrid Perpetuals are perpetual, and some are not. Mme. Charles
Wood will bloom itself to death. As the new growth comes out,
it gives a new crop of roses. The Hybrid Perpetuals give as many
roses in June as those which bloom only in June, and all the later
blooms are so much advantage over the June roses.

In answer to a question, Mr. Moore said that the clay-like strata
referred to by him last week as found in sand pits, are probably
dried quicksand, though some farmers call it marl. Clay, when
spread on land remains in lumps, but this falls to pieces. One of
the first necessities of the rose is moisture ; and the finer the
particles of soil, the more retentive it is. His soil is naturally so
light that all the water from an inch pipe would be absorbed before
running a rod, but after being dressed with the substance which he
described, the same quantity of water would stand in puddles or
run ten rods. After getting a good soil and a supply of water, the
next thing is plenty of manure, for the rose is a gross feeder. He
could not aflferd such a border as Mr. Gray's, four feet deep and
half manure, and did not think it necessary, and what the plants
cannot take up is lost.

Mr. Hovey said that the subject under discussion was never
tiresome to him. Those who grow roses for exhibition must pro-
ceed differently from those who grow them for their general effect.
We do not want a few scattering plants of rhododendrons or
pseonies — we want masses of them, and we want a feast of roses,
even if every bloom is not up to the standard of perfection. Two
or three plants of annual roses in his grounds, full of flowers,
attracted more attention than any others. These are the kinds

HARDY ROSE CULTURE. 27

for those who wish to cut bouquets of roses. With the progress
of improvement we shall get better roses, and many of the old
ones will be discarded. Mr. Hovey said that instead of opposing
the introduction of new things he had been one of the few to pur-
chase ever}' novelty of any merit, and had very dearly bought many
worthless things. In planting two thousand pear trees he included
among them only six Bartletts. La Reine is not excelled by any
other rose of its color. Kiphetos is in all the stands of twelve
Tea roses. With one shoot of ten buds of a new rose we can
make ten plants bj' budding, but the stocks will sucker and rob
the grafts, and when we can get them on their own roots we should
endeavor to do so. In Europe standard roses, grafted high, have
gone out of fashion.

Mr. Moore said that Messrs. Cranston, Turner, and Paul, three
of the largest English rose growers, prefer plants on the Manetti
stock for all purposes. The Hybrid Perpetuals make as great a
show in the garden in June as any, and we get the later flowers in
addition.

Mr. Hovej^ said that M. Sisley does not use the Manetti stock.
The speaker thought that such roses as the immense Paul Nerons,
exhibited by the President, were rarel}' produced without heading
down the plants so early that the first crop of flowers was sacrificed.
He knew a gentleman at Newport, who has a large plot of Gen.
Jacqueminot, which he thus heads down for the sake of getting
fine late flowers.

William Gray, Jr., being called on by the President as the
" champion rose grower," said that he understood the objectof the
meeting to be to get lists of the best roses, but this was impossible
at so short notice. We must grow many kinds for man}- 3'ears
before we can decide on the best. In 1874 he thought Mile. Marie
'Ra.dy the best rose of the year, but he has not had one in a prize
stand since. Pierre Nottiug was fine, but he has not had one in his
prize boxes for years. The only object in testing the new roses sent
out from year to year is to ascertain those worthy of cultivation here,
which are but a small proportion of the whole. Those of 1877 have
not been tried long enough, but are more promising than those of
several previous years. If we make lists of roses which can be
relied on we must include many of twent}' years' standing. Nine
out of ten of the new French roses are scarcely heard of after a
few years. He would have his roses on Manetti stocks, to give

28 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

them a start, and plant the stocks two inches under ground, when
they would root from the graft.

Mr. Hovey said that Mr. Gray had presented actual facts which
confirmed his views. We want kinds, both of fruits and flowers,
whose characters ai-e fixed and known. If any variet}^ gives us
roses onl3- once in six or eight years, it is of little value. He
agi'eed with Mr. Gray, that roses get started sooner on Manetti
stocks.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder commended the spirit in which the
discussion had been carried on today. He agreed exactly with
what Mr. Hovey and Mr. Gray had said. The Manetti stock is a
wretched thief, owing to its profuse suckering. He desired to
correct the impression which some appeared to have received, that
he is not a progressive man. He wanted to put his hand on every
new thing he saw mentioned in the newspapers, and obej' the
maxim to prove all things and hold fast that which is good. Few
rose growers have Mr. Moore's peculiar soil, but he admits that
manure is the great thing. The speaker expressed surprise that
so few new roses had been raised in this country, where, under our
bright sun, everything perfects its seed with ease ; but we shall do
it in the future. Ellwanger & Barry have crossed Hj^brid Per-
petuals with Tea roses, and he was glad to hear that Mr. Hovey
had done the same. He exhorted all to go on and raise new roses,
and then their names would go down to posteritj'^ fragrant with the
results of their labors.

Mr. Hovey said that more had been done in this country in the
way of raising new roses than Mr. Wilder's remarks would imply.
He had lately been over the histor}' of rose culture in this country
for the last forty years, and had prepared an article on the subject
for "The (London) Garden," beginning with a variety raised by
Mrs. Herbemont, from the Musk Cluster, which has been one of
the parents of all the improved Prairie roses. The latter were
originated by Samuel Feast, of Baltimore, and Joshua Pierce, at
a time which Mr. Wilder would recollect, when the Boursault was
the onlj' climbing rose. Joshua Pierce, of Washington, raised
fifteen varieties. The Isabella Sprunt is a sport of Safrano, dis-
covered by the Rev. James Sprunt, of Kenansville, N. C, some
3'^ears previous to 1865. Mr. Pentland, of Baltimore, raised the
George Peabody, a Bourbon rose. Prof. Charles G. Page, of
Washington, raised the Cinderella, and others. WilUam Boll, of

HARDY ROSE CULTURE. 29

New York, raised hundreds, if not thouscands of kinds, most of
which he sent to France. Among his seedlings were the Washing-
ton and Madame Boll. In 1877, came the American Banner, a
sport from the Bon Silene. Mr. Hovey said he had thought lately
of attempting to raise seedling roses, bnt the French are so far iu
advance of us, that he had done little for the last twenty or thirty
years.

President Haj^es remarked that the veteran horticulturist, Mr.
Wilder, was himself a perpetual blooming rose.

F. L. Harris said that they do not grow a great many roses at
Wellesley. The soil there is similar to Mr. Moore's, but they have
not the fertilizers for rose growing. The speaker questioned
whether Mr. Gray, and other rose growers, had not committed an
error in forcing such luxuriant growth on their plants. He would
concentrate the growth in the production of hard wood ; and, with
this view, he used when they started away from the bud, to rub off
the strong shoots. This late, excessively' vigorous growth does
not ripen. Last year was the worst for roses that he ever knew,
•which was owing to the failure to ripen the wood the previous
autumn. His experience led him to advise thinning out the wood.

William H. Spooner said that, a year and a half ago. President
Gra}' exhibited very fine specimens of the Pierre Notting rose, and
the onl}^ difficulty with this variety is that it is apt to burn.

Mr. Hovey thought it would have been well to speak of this dis-
cussion as of " roses for exhibition purposes." As long as we
seek to grow roses for exhibition as big as a plate, we shall get
onty two or three from a strong shoot. We want plenty of roses,
and the secret is in well ripened wood. These excessively' strong
shoots come "blind," and should be taken away when 3'oung. It
is hard to divert the current of sap after it has got into one of
them.

Mr. Wilder said that we want to preserve for all time, those
roses which have proved their title to a permanent place, such as
the old Yellow Tea, which has been known for nearly two hundred
years, Bon Silene, Safrano, Dr. Andry, Baron Prevost, Marechal
Niel, and similar varieties, the last named of which, he said,
would endure for generations. The Gen. Jacqueminot is not a
rose of high character when opened, but for certain purposes it
has a high value. A hundred thousand flowers of this variety are
sold in a year. This rose has taken its place.

30 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The President gave notice that on the next Saturday, John E.
Russell, Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture, would speak
on " Tropical Fruits and Flowers," and expressed a desire that the
community might be better informed of what the Society is doing
to disseminate horticultural information by means of these discus-
sions, believing that if the interest of the meetings were under-
Etood the room would be crowded.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, January 22, 1881.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
Pkesident Hates in the chair.

The President announced the list of Special Prizes for Essays,
offered b}^ the Committee on Publication and Discussion for the
current 3'ear, with the approval of the Executive Committee.

Adjourned to Saturday, January 29.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Agreeably to the announcement on the previous Saturday, John
E. Russell, Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture, spoke on
Tropical Fruits and Flowers. A severe snow storm prevented as
large an attendance as usual, and Mr. Russell remarked that while
he would have been pleased to see the room filled, he was
surprised that so many persons were present. He feared that he
should be unable to dispel the cold and gloom of the storm by
stories of tropical warmth. "Who can hold a fire in his hand by
thinking of the frosty Caucasus?"

Some time ago he spent several years on the isthmus which has
no special name, extending seven hundred miles from Yucatan to
Darien. This differs from any other part of the tropics. We speak
of Southern Georgia and Florida as sub-tropical, and of the lee-
ward and windward islands of the West Indies as thoroughly
tropical, but all these are exposed to cold blasts from the north,
which carry such a chill that in Cuba, where there was no fire
except in the kitchen, and no means of keeping warm, he went to

TROPICAL FRUITS AND FLOWERS. 31

bed to escape the effects of a "norther." During the present
winter, orange trees have cracked with the frost in Florida, and he
had noticed the same thing in Louisiana — a damage, however,
which is easily repaired. But Central America, south of Cape San
Antonio, is beyond danger of cold blasts from the north. The
waters of the Carribbean Sea are never chilled, and the climate of
Central America does not vary more than five or six degrees ; the
lowest the speaker had noticed was 75°, and the highest in the
shade, 82°. Here, we consider such a temperature agreeable and
equable, and the speaker, when sweating on the hills of Worcester
county, under a higher temperature, had longed for the tropical
sun of Central America to cool off in. There, there is never a
blast that can destroy vegetation.

Though the isthmus is only one hundred and seventy-five miles
wide, it possesses a great diversity of climate. On the Atlantic
coast it rains every da3-, while fifteen miles inland, the rainy
season begins in April and ends in November. The rain does
not fall incessantly, but so regularly every day that the hour can
almost be fixed, and arrangements can be made for picnics or
horticultural exhibitions without fear of interruption from the
weather. These table lands are the inhabited lands of Central
America. The speaker was much interested in the remains of
ancient races found in these countries — cities, palaces, and hiero-
glyphics which could have been made only by a highly civilized
people. In the depths of the forest the explorer meets the
images of forgotten gods, and almost expects their worshippers
to reappear.

The temperature of this region is about that of a conservatory
here; and the luxuriance of the tropical vegetation language
utterly fails to describe. A single plant will present the appear-
ance of an enormous lilac or rhododendron, with gay bulbous and
other flowers beneath, and vines over all, and orchids interspersed.
The climate and soil produce indigenous plants of the greatest
value to mankind, among which are maize and the castor-oil plant,
which grow in the greatest profusion.

Mr. Russell next gave a description of particular plants, beginning
with the pineapple. Few people are aware of the manner of
growth of this so-called fruit, which is not a fruit in the common
acceptation of the term, and botanically is described as a multiple
or collective fruit, the constituent flowers having become sterile

32 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and seedless, and all their parts, along with the bracts and the
axis of the stem, blending into a fleshy and juicy mass. The
pineapples sold here, which are necessaril}' plucked before they are
ripe, will not compare with those ripened and eaten in the tropics.
They can be grown of equally good quality in hothouses here, and
the speaker had seen in Covent Garden Market, London, as fine
pineapples as ever were grown in the tropics — lai-ge, fleshy, thin-
skinned and juicy. In the tropics every one can raise them, and
they are exceedingly useful fruits. They may be said to be drunk
rather than eaten. They are chopped in small pieces, and sugar,
oranges, and lemons added, and some add cane rum or French
brandy. As there is no ice there, the mixture is cooled by swath-
ing the jar in which it is placed in wet woollen cloths and hanging
it in a draft. The spirit extracts the juice of the fruit, and when
it is sufficiently cooled, champagne is added, and then is the time
to drink it.

The most prominent feature of tropical vegetation is the palm-
tree. No trees are more valuable ; none are more beautiful,
romantic, and dreamy. The comparatively small plants seen in
conservatories here can give but little idea of their beautj' and
grandeur. The cocoa palm is at once the most beautiful and valu-
able of all. When the seed is placed in the ground it springs up
in the form of a long narrow leaf, the type of the monocot3'ledon-
ous plants, and ultimatel}' rises to a great height ; the speaker had
seen them a hundred and twenty-five feet or more in height.
They have no branches, but blossom forever. A single tree will
yield fifteen or twenty quarts of juice, from which palm wine is
made. Besides the use of the fruit for food and other purposes,
the leaves are used for thatching roofs, and the outer shells of the
nuts afford fibre for cordage. Altogether, it is the most glorious
and valuable production of the tropics.

The cocoanut palm is not indigenous in Central America. The
most valuable indigenous production is the cacao tree, from the
fruit of which chocolate is prepared. The description given by the
Spanish discoverers, of the drinks used by the natives, indicate
that this was early known to them. The cacao tree grows about
as large as a moderate sized plum tree, and is exceedingly beauti-
ful. They are raised in nurseries, and afterwards planted in
orchards, and by the side of each a banana is set to shade the
young cacao tree, until it is five or six feet high. Most tropical

TROPICAL FRUITS AND FLOWERS. 33

plants when growing wild, must spring up in the shade, and, con-
sequently, when raised by art, they must have shade afforded them
artificial!}'. At intervals in the orchards is planted a tree called
" madre de cacao," (mother of cocoa), a species of Erythrina, or
coral tree. It sheds its leaves towards the end of the drj^ season,
and during the wet season flames out into crimson flowers, resem-
bling those of the gladiolus, and in such numbers as to completely
cover the tree. It thus affords abundant shade during the whole
year ; and to give this shade to the cacao trees is the object in
planting it. On the plantation of the Lacayo family-, "Las
Malaccas," the " mother trees " are old, and more than seventy
feet high, and in May, the first rainy month, are all in gorgeous
blossom. "When these trees are seen from an elevated position,
mixed with the green of the banana, a cacao orchard affords a
sight, not merely of beauty, but of wealth. The flowers of the
cacao tree itself are borne in bunches, and are of a delicate pinkish
white. The trees are very infertile, producing only from twenty-
five to thirty ounces of seed in a year. The seeds are borne in a
pod shaped very much like a cucumber, and are embedded in a
pulpy substance which is very pleasant to eat, and this is known
to the monkeys, which give the proprietor of an orchard a great deal
of trouble to protect his trees from them. No one here has ever
tasted pure chocolate. No substance in the world bears so much
extension ; a very small quantity will impregnate with its flavor a
great deal of arrowroot, or similar harmless substances ; or fats,
such as oleomargarine. The Nicaragua cacao is the best in the
world. The French chocolate manufacturing firm of " Menier,"
acquired a large tract of land in that country for the purpose of
producing it. The native method of preparing the cocoa, is by
putting it in gourds six or seven inches deep, with some fine corn
meal, and stirring it with a stick, when it rises above the mouth of
the gourd in a foam stiff er than that of strong ale. It is almost
always drunk cold. The word "chocolate," is derived from two
native words, choco and latl, the former of which resembles the
noise made by stirring the chocolate in the gourd — a very pleasant
sound to hear when riding up to a house on a hot day — and the
latter signifies "drink."

Coffee was introduced very early in the time of the Spanish
occupation. It is cultivated in orchards, like the cacao, and the
blossoms, which are always on the tree, have an indescribably
3

34 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

delicious fragrance, so that a walk iu a coffee plantation in a
moonlight evening, is most delightful. It requires seven years
from the planting of the orchard to get a crop. The seed is
enclosed in a pulp like that of a cherry. Formerly this pulp was
separated from the seed b^^ hand after drying, but machines have
been invented for doing the work, which have much reduced the
price of coffee. Each berry has two seeds, which, as is well
known, are flattened on the sides where the}' come together, like
half a cherry stone. The so-called " male berry," is produced
when one of the two embr^'os is abortive, and is raised on com-
paratively arid soils, at higher levels.

The cactus is always present in Central America — sometimes
inconveniently so. It forms a positive fence, fulfilling the require-
ments of the western man who wanted a fence, " horse high, bull
strong, and pig tight." No animal ever bites a cactus ; sometimes
they bloom magnificently, and some of the species bloom at night.
A species of upright, columnar growth, is used to make corrals for
cattle, and in an incredibly short time the stems crowd together,
forming a solid wall a foot or two in thickness. If it is too high,
the tops are cut off and then the plants bloom all over with gor-
geous scarlet flowers.

In the great forests, under the shade of the trees, is the most
wonderful display of air plants. They grow in every place where
they can possibly fasten their roots on the trees. The speaker
saw in a conservatory a short time previous, a plant valued at
hundreds of dollars, which the owner told him had been in bloom
for seven months ; but, in that climate without a season, they grow
with a vigor and luxuriance which cannot be equalled in conserva-
tories. The vigor of the cactus is such that you can set bounds to
the forest with it, and along the pathway between cactus hedges
grow begonias and abutilous in the greatest variety and profusion.
The portulaca, jasmine, and tuberose are common weeds. The
fragrance is indescribably delicious. The vanilla of commerce is
an orchid which is cultivated, and likes a cooler climate, but there
are other species of that genus which grow wild, and when their
seeds ripen they fall and decay, and add their fragrance to that of
the flowers. But there is one tree whose fragrance oveii^owers
that of the tuberose and jasmine ; it is known as the " bedbug
tree," and has an odor like that of ten thousand tavern bedsteads.
Fuchsias hang from the trees in great strings, and the speaker in
passing under them had cut down thousands with his riding whip.

TROPICAL FRUITS AND FLOWERS. 35

But the most striking scene is when the convolvulus gets its
opportunity. Some enormous mahogany, or other tree, becomes a
prey to gigantic vines, which climb up and strangle it, and the
tree dies but cannot fall, and becomes covered with great bi'oad-
leaved plants which root in its substance. But at length a tropic
gale takes it over, and the ruins form a vast mound, covering
perhaps an acre, among which birds drop convolvulus and other
seeds, and if you walk out early in the morning you find it all
alive and ablaze with blossoms, but in an hour the gorgeous show
has faded.

Mr. Russell's lecture was warmly applauded at the close, and
the President said that all had listened with the greatest interest to
his description of tropical vegetation, which had carried us in
imagination to those gorgeous scenes. He wished the audience
had been larger, but said that all present would feel rewarded for
braving the stonn.

O. B. Hadwen moved a vote of thanks to Mr. Russell, for his
able and interesting address, which was unanimously carried by a
rising vote.

Benjamin G. Smith, Chairman of the Committee on Discussion,
announced for the next Saturday, a discussion on the "Fruits
best adapted for Market Purposes," to be opened by E. W. Wood,
Chairman of the Fruit Committee.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, January 29, 1881.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Hon. Francis B. Hayes, in the chair. There being
no business before the meeting, it

Adjourned to Saturday, February 5.

36 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

The subject assigned for toda^', was the "Fruits best adapted
for Market Purposes." It was opened b}' E. W. Wood, Chairman
of the Fruit Committee, who said it was unfortunate that the fruits
of our cold climate should follow the glowing description given of
tropical fruits and flowers last week. In assigning the
subject of toda}', the Committee had in view its practical bearings,
and no subject is more practical than this. A few years ago, the
fruit grower here was sure of a market without competition, but
now things have so changed that the cultivator must change his
methods. The business of growing and marketing fruits requires
as much brains as the business of a manufacturer or a merchant.

In considering the question what can be grown profitablj^ the
advantages of location must be taken into account, not merely
with respect to the character of the soil, but to the demand and
supph' , the nearness to market, and the facilities for transportation.

The apple is the leading market fruit, and though many farmers
felt almost disgusted at the abundance of the last crop, the speaker
believed that an outlet would be found for the superabundance by
exportation to foreign countries. Two years ago, as Chairman of
a Committee on Apple Culture and Exportation, he reported that
exportation seemed to solve the problem of the disposal of our
surplus apples, and the experience of the last year had confirmed
this view. Mr. Wood here referred to the statement in the address
before the American Pomological Society by President Wilder in
1877, that the foreign market for American fruits is now as well
established as that for our wheat. Since the mouth of October last,
there have been shipped to foreign ports, 396,000 barrels of apples,
though few farmers will believe it.

Mr. Wood read the following paragraph from a late number of
the Boston Herald: "There are plenty of apples in the market,
and shipments are made every week for Liverpool or Glasgow.
One of the latest circulars from Liverpool speaks of the apple as
'by far the most important article of green fruit this season.'
The receipts at Liverpool in four months were 584,476, or more
than half a million, barrels — nearly double the amount of an}' former
exportation. The fact of the English crop being a very small one
has, of course, materially assisted the consumption, and it is an

FRUITS BEST ADAPTED FOR MARKET PURPOSES. 37

undoubted fact that this season American apples have been used
in several districts of England that have never before taken them.
The satisfaction thej- have universally given will lead to a very
large demand in future years, no matter what the English crop
may be.' " He thought this most conclusive evidence that the
prediction of the Committee had been verified. Farmers planting
orchards should carefuU^^ consider the best varieties for exportation.
The Newtown Pippin is the best known American apple in England,
but it does not succeed in New England, and in the last six j^ears
other kinds have become known in England. The kinds which the
speaker recommended most highly for exportation, were the
Gravenstein, Hubbardston Nonsuch, Rhode Island Greening,
Baldwin, and Roxbur}' Russet, and these five kinds are also the
best for our own market. Mr. Wood referred to a statement
made b}- him in a discussion two years ago* in regard to a gentle-
man who shipped to England 750 barrels of Baldwins and Hubbard-
stons, which returned a net price, after deducting freight, of $1.50
a barrel, the Hubbardstons bringing most, and who intended to
graft a hundred more trees of the latter variety. This last year
the same gentleman exported 2000 barrels, of which the first ship-
ment, during the second week in September, brought $2.50 net,
and the second shipment, $2.40. The second quality brought
$1.25. Mr. Wood asked: What can be grown more profitably
than apples at these prices ?

The apple must be a farm crop. Those whose land is taxed for
its prospective value cannot afford to grow apples. Large cities
must depend on farms for their supply. The apple is the easiest
of all fruits to grow. Most apples are grown in mowing fields, but
the best can onl}' be grown in grass under peculiarly favorable
circumstances — bj' roadsides for instance. The roots of the grass
intercept any top-dressing that may be applied. An orchard does
not require the best land ; rough and spring}' hillsides make the best
sites. An orchard on a southerly hillside gets more air, light, and
sun than one on level ground. The trees should be planted when
four years from the bud, and the ground should be cultivated with
root crops for six or eight 3'ears, and should afterwards receive
frequent light dressings of manure, and should be kept light. The
trees recuperate in alternate years. The best fruit in an orchard
is found on the outside rows.

* Transactions for 1879, Part I, page 67.

38 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The pear is next in importance to the apple. It is impossible to
add anything new in regard to the best varieties, but new culti-
vators appear every year who ask what varieties are most desirable.
To such the Societj' furnishes much valuable information by its
exhibitions, and it can do no more important work. Novices
should look over the published Transactioks, and see what varieties
are most highly recommended. Many varieties growing under
particular circumstances become favorites with amateurs, but the
list of varieties desirable for market may be reduced to a very
small number. From his own experience in growing pears, and
from observation of the exhibitions of the Society for fourteen
3-ears, the speaker recommended the Clapp's Favorite, Bartlett,
Sheldon, Beurre Bosc, Beurre Clairgeau, Duchesse d'Angouleme,
and Beurre d'Anjou. The Clapp's Favorite is the earliest kind
which can be considered a market variety, for though there are
earlier kinds they are too small for market. "Within the last five
years it has suffered from blight. The Bartlett is too well known
to require anything said of it. It does not suffer from blight.
The Sheldon is comparatively new, of excellent quality, a strong,
vigorous grower, and, though formerly subject to cracking, has
lately been free from it. The Beurre Bosc is growing in favor for
market. It is a free grower, and bears large, fine, handsome
fruit. The Beurre Clairgeau meets many objections. No one
would think of putting it on a list for amateurs, but it is a strong
grower, and one of the largest and handsomest of all pears, and
meets a specific market among the first-class hotels and res-
taurants, bringing there as high a price as the Beurre d'Anjou,
but the hotel keepers prefer it to that varietj^, because it lasts
longer on the tables. It is largely planted by the Revere growers.
The Duchesse d'Angouleme, Mr. Wood said, he would discard
sooner than any other on the list. The best specimens are from
trees on the quince stock, and it requires a moist, strong soil, such
as is suited to the quince. It must have higher cultivation, and
more food than any of the others named. Of the Beurre d'Anjou
he said it was unnecessary to speak in the presence of Mr. Wilder,
who introduced it into this country.

If greater variety is desired, the Beurre Hard}^, Seckel, Doyenne
du Comice, Dana's Hovey, and Vicar of Winkfield may be added.
Beurre Hardy is a good gi'ower, and the fruit is fair and handsome,
and of good quality. The Seckel is the standard of quality. To

FRUITS BEST ADAPTED FOR MARKET PURPOSES. 39

get good sized specimens the fruit must be thinned thoroughly ;
and if a man has twenty Seckel trees in full bearing, he will have
twenty days' work thinning them. The Doyenne du Cornice is not
excelled for size, beaut}', or quality ; the only question is in regard
to its productiveness. Some growers have found it one of the
most productive varieties. It is grown more largely' at Worcester
than here, and the speaker had never seen trees more handsomely
loaded than some of this variety there. Like the Bartlett it forms
its flower buds at the extremity of the shoots. To Dana's Hovey
there is the same objection as to the Seckel. The fruit grows in
clusters, but when thinned they become, in the words of Charles
Downing, "Winter Seckels." The Vicar of Winkfield sometimes
brings three dollars per bushel, but not often. The fruit needs
thinning, but this does not take so long as with smaller varieties.
It is a vigorous grower, and makes an excellent stock for grafting
other varieties on. The Beurre Clairgeau was mentioned particu-
larly, as doing well when thus double- worked. One large grower
lately set out five hundred trees of the Vicar, most of which he
intended to graft, as the farmers in Sherborn set out Baldwin
apple trees and graft with the Roxbury Russet, finding they can
get a tree in half the time it takes to rear one from the nursery.

In the last two 3'ears manj' peaches have been exhibited here,
and the crops have been remunerative, and it is probable that an
unusually large number of trees will be planted the coming spring.
It is difficult to name the best varieties, and the speaker suggested
whether we might not produce improved varieties by planting the
seeds of the best kinds. A large proportion of the trees are
affected with the 3'ellows, the first indication of which is the high
color and premature ripening of the fruit, before the disease is
shown in the leaves. The buds and seeds carry the contagion,
and hence in propagating b}' either, care should be taken that they
are from perfectly healthy trees.

We live on the extreme northern boundary of the grape region,
and should aim to lengthen the season by choosing the most favor-
able situations for the growth of this fruit. Dr. Fisher, the lead-
ing grower for market, says that by means of a southern aspect,
we can gain the advantage of a climate two hundred miles further
south. The varieties eligible for rnarket culture are very few. At
the head stands the Concord, of which Dr. Fisher says that if it
were wiped out, grape culture for market would cease here.

40 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Moore's Early, though not tested in all soils, has been sufficiently
cultivated to come next. The speaker had seen it for the last six
years, though not under particularh- favorable circumstances,
ripening two or three weeks earlier than the Concord, and equally
as good in quality. The only question in regard to it is whether
it will do as well under all conditions. The Worden is not tested
here so much as west of us ; at Worcester it is grown more than
any other kind, and is large and handsome, and said to be as early
as Moore's Early, and not to mildew. Other new varieties are
being introduced, and the speaker thought we must look for im-
provement in pure native seedlings, and not in hybrids. The
latter will do for amateurs, but not for market. There is not a
single hybrid that does not suffer more or less from mildew.
Many persons will be deceived b}' the favorable season last 3'ear,
and iDlant them, but they will be disappointed three years out of
four.

In strawberries also, the amateur may indulge his bent, while
the grower by acres will select carefully. The Charles Downing
stands at the head of the list for market ; the plants are vigorous
and prolific, and the fruit is of good size, and the second and third
pickings hold out in size. The Wilson, which for the last ten
years, or more, has been most reliable for mone}', has lately failed
in some localities, and now stands second. Few persons who
buy their strawberries have ever eaten a ripe Wilson. When fully
ripe, it is of a very dark crimson color, and of fair quality ; before
it is ripe, it is bright scarlet, and it is picked then. It has size,
color, and form, and bears transportation well, and will grow
anywhere, and produce more on light soils than any other variety.
The Seth Boyden (Boyden's No. 30), may be placed next, though
it has not been so generally grown as the two preceding. After
the first picking, the best berries are gone ; there will be good
ones in the second and third pickings, but not as many as with the
Charles Downing or Wilson. The only new variety named by
Mr. Wood was the Sharpless, which as yet has been shown here
only by the Arlington and other cultivators, who grow ever3-thing
well ; but all indications point to it as the most promising new
kind. It is said to be among the most prolific. The Crescent
Seedling is recommended as growing anywhere, and as a weed-
killer, which is undoubtedly true, but in quality it is inferior to the
Wilson, and that of the Wilson is as low as the Fruit Committee
dared to go.

FRUITS BEST ADAPTED FOR MARKET PURPOSES. 41

Blackberries always command a ready sale at good prices. The
greatest difficulty in their cultivation is in carrying the canes
through the winter. The Dorchester and Kittatiuny are two of
the best. The latter is the hardier ; though it winter-kills some,
there are generally plenty of canes left.

Of raspberries, as seen here, Mr. Wood recommended the
Frauconia, Clarke, and Herstine. The first is well known. Some
migbit take exception to the Clarke, but he had seen the best
success with this variety. A neighbor sold six hundred dollars'
worth from a third of an acre. The Herstine is new and prolific,
and commands the best price.

In looking back over the list of fruits recommended, Mr. "Wood
noticed the suggestive fact that four out of the five apples recom-
mended, are natives of New England, and that three of these
originated in Massachusetts. Of the twelve pears named, four are
of American origin, and two of these are from our own vicinity.
This points out that we should look for improvement in native
seedlings, rather than in foreign varieties.

The discussion and practice of fruit growing afford a great deal
of pleasure as well as profit. All who have engaged in it will
agree with A. J. Downing, that, "fine fruit is the flower of com-
modities ; it is the most perfect union of the useful and the beauti-
ful that the earth knows. Trees full of soft foliage ; blossoms
fresh with spring beauty ; and, finally, fruit — rich, bloom-dusted,
melting, and luscious — such are the treasures of the orchard and
the garden, temptingly oflfered to every landholder in this bright
and sunny, though temperate climate."

Discussion.
Hon. Marshall P. Wilder said that he had been exceedingly in-
terested in the able and practical remarks by the Chairman of the
Fruit Committee, and agreed generally with his views. The sub-
ject is so broad that he hardlj- knew where to begin. Thirty years
ago he began to preach to fruit glowers to raise native seedlings,
adapted to their own locations, quoting the advice of Van Mons
to " sow perpetually." For thirty years the Newtown Pippin com-
manded the highest price for exportation, but now there are a hun-
dred Baldwins planted to one Newtown Pippin. Everywhere,
except in the South, the Baldwin receives the highest marking,
and we shall raise others as good.

42 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Wilder said that he had had more experience with pears
than with apples. As we progress, the list of the best varieties
will change. He thought he had had more experience than any
other person with Clapp's Favorite. It was said by some to rot
at the core, and it made him indignant to hear it. If it did it was
caused only b}" the want of cai-e and skill on the part of those who
make the complaint. They do not realize how early it is, and do
not pick it early enough. Here, it should be picked by the 15th
of August. All early pears must be picked before they are ripe.
The Sheldon, Merriam, and Buffum are valuable market pears, but
not one of all the thousands of varieties imported has come up to the
BeuiTe d'Anjou. It had been his most profitable variety the last
season, bringing $2.50, $2.75, and $3 per bushel, with the last
sales at $6. After the Bartlett, in value as a market pear, comes
the Doj'enne Boussock. It is a vigorous grower, and makes an
amazingly large tree. He picks one half early — before they are
fully grown — and ripens them off for market, and those left attain
a fine, large size. The Buffum also should be picked early ; he
picks half his crop the first of September. When thus treated it
yellows finely, and is just the size for market, and was pronounced
by A. J. Downing nearly as good as the Seckel. He has trees of this
variety that produce an average crop of not less than five barrels,
and one tree has borne twenty-two bushels. He has had the same
experience with the Merriam ; and Mr, Hove^', who formerl}^ dif-
fered from him in regard to the value of these fruits, has come
round to his ideas. Merriams, picked early, are luscious ; if not
picked early the}' become yellow, with a red cheek, and hang on
the tree ; and though they grow larger, they get a little mealy.
This and the Buffum are both natives. Mr. Wilder said he could
do nothing with the Duchesse d'Angouleme, but Patrick Quinn, of
New Jersey, raised two thousand bushels last year, for which he
expected to get five dollars per bushel ; and a gentleman at Brigh-
ton had four hundred bushels. Taking the country through, it is
the largest market pear, and one of the most popular.

Mr. Wilder said he had often been called to account for saying
that if he could have but one pear, he would plant a Vicar of Wink-
field ; but this was many years ago, when we had fewer varieties
than we have now. All agree that it makes one of the most beau-
tiful trees. He had one tree that produced five bushels, which were
in eating from October to April. The late Samuel Walker, who

FRUITS BEST ADAPTED FOR MARKET PURPOSES. 43

was for seven years Chairman of the Fruit Committee of this
Society, expressed the same views, and Mr. Hovey considered the
large specimens very valuable. The}- had sold for ten dollars per
barrel, and the finest bi'ought three dollars per dozen ; but the tree
must have age to produce such. This was thirty years ago. Dana's
Hove3% another American variety, and the Seckel, are preeminent
for quality throughout the world. We may get larger varieties of
equally fine qualit}-, by sowing seed. The Doyenne du Comice has
done tolerably well with the speaker, but when it has once fruited
it will not soon bring a fruit bud again on the same spur, and the
terminal wood is liable to be killed.

Mr. Wilder differed from Mr. Wood in regard to foreign blood
in grapes. He remembered when hj'bridization was first practised
on grapes, and some of the persons who then laughed at it now
admit its happy influence. We do not want too much foreign
blood mixed with the native. He had never seen a grape — not
even the Concord — absolutel}' untouched by mildew, but he had
seen none to do any injmy on the Wilder, Lindley, or Massasoit.
The Brighton, which has one-quarter foreign blood, has never mil-
dewed with him in six years. There is nothing but is subject to
disease in some seasons, and we must have regard to these facts.
The Concord is the grape for the million ; Moore's Early is two
weeks earlier, and the vine is of great vigor, and the speaker
hoped it would prove of better quality than the Concord, and
adapted to as wide a range. Half a million barrels of apples have
been exported from Boston the past season, and we shall soon send
native grapes as well as apples. The early varieties may be grown
in England. The Hervey Davis is one of the most promising
strawberries. The Crescent Seedling is pretty good to eat when
you can get nothing else, and it is a pistillate variety which may
become the mother of a valuable race, possessing the same hardi-
ness, vigor, and productiveness, with better quality. The speaker
had seventy plants in pots of Crescent Seedling, Hovey's Seedling,
and other pistillate varieties, which he intended to fertilize with the
best kinds. The art of hybridization can be practised by every one,
and we are raising thousands of new fruits by its agency.

John B. Moore thought the list of apples presented by Mr. Wood
a very valuable one. The Roxbury Russet is peculiar in its wants,
and does not do well on his own grounds ; the fruit is apt to be
wormy. It wants a stiff soil. The Gravenstein is universally

44 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

popular. The Hubbardston Nonsuch is also peculiar ; but, unlike
the Baldwin, it will grow anywhere. The original tree, which the
speaker had visited, stood in an orchard of natural trees, on a
west slope in cold, wet, springy land, and it will succeed in such
land, while the Baldwin and Hunt Russet will not, and on warm
soils also. It is not adapted for exportation, because it is in use
only a short season. The Hunt Kusset originated in a warm soil.
Fruits originating on such soils require warm soils to grow in,
while those originating on cold soils will grow anj-where. The
Hunt Russet is one of the hardiest varieties. The Rhode Island
Greening has something the same traits as the Roxbury Rus-
set, and wants a clay soil. Mr. Moore thought Mr. Wood's list
of pears a good one, except the Vicar of Winkfield, which is only
a cooking pear. The tree is beautiful and vigorous, and the fruit
looks well in the box or barrel, but does not taste well and does
not sell well.

Mr. Wilder remarked that the Massachusetts Agricultural Club
had a plateful of Vicars placed before them, which they thought
as good as any variety.

Mr. Moore replied, that Mr. Wilder, in speaking of the Vicar,
put in a qualification which he did not. He had had a crop of fifty
bushels. You may sell them to a man once, but you cannot a
second time. The Buffum is the same ; the tree is beautiful and
productive, and the fruit is not the worst that ever was. Dana's
Hovey has only one fault — it is not large enough. The tree makes
stout, stubbed shoots, but does not extend rapidly. If planting
only six pear trees, he would have one of them a Dana's Hovey.

Mr. Moore agreed with all that had been said of the value of
native fruits. He had seen the Wilder, Massasoit, and .Barry
grapes mildew to such an extent that the crop was spoiled. The
solid, substantial improvements in grapes have all got to come
from pure natives. He did not knoT^ much about the habit of the
Worden, but thought it promising.

Miner's Great Prolific is one of the most promising new straw-
berries ; one-third of Mr. Moore's planting last year was of this
variety. It is not as soft as the Charles Downing. He has a far
better opinion of it than of the Sharpless ; the first berries of the
latter are large but homely and tasteless. The Wilson is grown
largely at Concord, but it is going out of favor. Mr. Moore can-
not grow them on his low land, but can on the hill. They bear

FRUITS BEST ADAPTED FOR MARKET PURPOSES. 45

transportation better than any other variety. The fruit is picked
■when it is red, before it is ripe. Some people think it is one of
the finest strawberries, but it requires two boxes of sugar to one
of fruit. Though the Seth Boyden has been in cultivation many
years, it has not much hold on market growers. The Crescent
Seedling is soft and of poor quality.

The Wachusett Thornless blackberry has been planted by grow-
ers in Mr. Moore's neighborhood, and is succeeding. It is pretty
free from thorns. The Kittatinny is more hardy than the Dor-
chester, and the Wachusett more hardy than the Kittatinny, He
had known the Wachusett to be winter-killed, though Mr. Hadwen
had not. It does not come up in size, but there may be a hardy
race, with larger fruit grown from it, as the parent. Mr. Moore
asked why no one had improved the blueberry and huckleberry.
One variety of blueberry has long racemes of flowers, as beautiful
as those of the lily of the valley, and is more beautiful as an orna-
mental shrub than many that are planted for ornament. He had
sown the seed, but never succeeded in making it vegetate.

Mr. Wilder suggested scalding the seed.

O. B. Hadwen, wished to stand up and commend Mr. Wood's
opening address. He had never heard one that he could take so
few exceptions to, and so concisely expressed. He thought the
Sutton Beauty combined more good properties as a market apple,
than any mentioned by Mr. Wood. It is of fine quality, keeps
well, bears as well as the Baldwin, and outsells the Baldwin in
Worcester by a dollar per barrel. It originated in the town of
Sutton, ten miles south of Worcester. The Palmer Greening or
Washington Koyal resembles the Newtown Pippin, and is the
peer of that famous variety. It is in good eating condition from
December to May. Mr. Hadwen commended the Wachusett
blackberry ; it has taken the highest prizes in his section ; is per-
fectly hardy, wonderfully productive — more so than any other
variety — and, though not so lai-ge as some, is large enough, and the
quality is good enough.

Charles M. Hovey said that he had never made a business of
cultivating market fruits. He did not want it to go out from the
Chairman of the Fruit Committee of this Society that the Wilson
strawberry- is fit to eat at all. He supplies his neighbors with a
few strawberries, perhaps two or three hundred boxes, and in two
or three instances, a few Wilsons were sent, and nobody wanted them

46 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

a second time. It is onl}'- valuable for cooking. One of the Fruit
Committee thinks the Merriam pear is not worth eating, but Mr.
Hovey could not agree with him. About twenty-five years ago,
the late William B. Kingsbury brought him the first specimens he
had ever seen, which were not good ; the next 3'ear they were
nearly first-rate, and he grafted twent3'-five or thirty trees, and
wishes now that he had grafted more. It will sell better than the
Beurre d'Anjou. The first time he saw the Sheldon it was brought
to the meeting of the North American Pomological Convention, at
Buffalo, N. Y., in 1848. It was pronounced by Patrick Barry, and
others, the Gray Doyenne, but he ascertained the history of the
tree, and was satisfied that it was new. tie procured some scions,
with which he grafted three hundred trees. He then thought it the
finest pear he ever ate in his life, and there are few that equal it
today. The Vicar of Winkfield will bring two or three dollars per
bushel, in a scarce 5'ear, if the specimens are good.

Mr. Wood replied to Mr. Hovey's criticism on his recommenda-
tion of the Wilson strawberry for market, that we could not ignore
a variety sold to a larger extent than any other.

Benjamin G. Smith remarked that the King of Tompkins
County apple is highly esteemed in London.

Mr. Wilder alluded to the Pocklingtou grape as a new variety,
giving promise of value for market. It sprang from a seed of the
Concord, saved and carried home by a lad}'. The vines in Mr.
Pocklinglon's grounds ripened their wood and shed their leaves so
early that he pruned them on the 15th of September.

President Hayes said that George S. Curtis, one of the largest
dealers in fruit in Boston, when his advice as to the best apples
for a market orchard was sought, recommended half Baldwins, and
Gravensteins next ; but on second thought advised three-quarters
Baldwins, and then went on discussing until he concluded that it
would be best to plant all Baldwins. The Baldwin is the best stock
to graft other varieties on, and it is easier to cultivate the ground
under the trees than under most kinds. Large orchards in Western
New York have been planted wholly with the Baldwin, on Mr.
Curtis's recommendation.

It was announced that on the next Saturday the question, "How
shall Southern Competition in the Small Fruit Market be met"?
would be discussed, and the desire was expressed that it should be

SOUTHEEN COMPETITION IN SMALL FRUITS. 47

understood that these meetings are open to all, and that all inter-
ested in the subjects discussed are cordially invited to attend.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, February 5, 1881.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holdeu at 1 1 o'clock,
the President, Hon. Francis B. Haj'es, in the chair. No business
coming before the meeting it

Adjourned to Saturday, February 12.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

The subject assigned for today was " How shall Southern Com-
petition in the Small Fruit Market be met." The President called
first on William C. Strong, who said that he was wholly unprepared,
and, therefore, spoke with hesitation, but expressed the view that
competition should be met in a determined spirit. We can gi'ow
small fruits here as well as the Southern cultivators, and though
they employ a very cheap class of labor, we can also produce
fruit very cheap. It has been said that apples do not pay, and if
the time of all persons were as valuable as that of some, they
would not, but if we select the right locations, away from cities,
where land is not taxed for a prospective value, and with suitable
soil, we can produce apples at a fair profit, at a dollar and a half
per barrel. So with small fruits, — if we set about their cultiva-
tion in the right way we can produce them at a profit. But it
must be done systematically, and too large profits must not be
expected. Raspberries have a local value, for they cannot be sent
even from New Jersey. No other small fruit bears so high a
price, or will pay as well here. If we put brains into our work,
the twenty-five or thirty cents per quart which raspberries bring,
will afford a good profit. Cultivators must put as much thought
into their work as merchants and manufacturers do into theirs.

William H. Hunt said that the subject of discussion was one in
which he had taken much interest. He agreed with Mr. Strong
with regard to the profit. He had cultivated strawberries, rasp-
berries, and blackberries, at Concord, and had found them all

48 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

profitable. He had discovered some points in the cultivation of
raspberries, which if he had found them out sooner would have
been of great value to him. He had them planted on a hillside
where they succeeded well, and afterwards set them on a flat at
the foot of the hill, where the soil was better, but was much dis-
appointed to find the result very poor there. He thought they
should never be planted on low, flat land. This land was not wet ;
water would not stand there. In raspberry culture we are free
from the competition of a Southern crop, but the liability to rain-
storms, at the time of picking, is a drawback. The storms are
particularly injurious when they occur the last of the week. Mr.
Hunt thought raspberries must be still more profitable nearer
Boston. The land where he raises them at Concord is worth
about one hundred dollars per acre. He covers all his in winter,
and does not believe there is a red raspberry in existence that will
stand severe winters without covering. The Francouia is the best
variety ; it possesses the firmness which is necessary to a market
berry. He had tried other kinds but discontinued them soon.
Some raspberries will endure some winters, but none will stand
hard winters. He thought some winters would kill the wild
raspberry.

The growth of his raspbemes was not more luxuriant on his flat
laud than on the hillside ; the latter was moist, but well drained.
The canes in both fields were killed if not covered. On the low
grounds the buds were killed when they were uncovered, and the
tops were mostly killed. The crop never more than paid for the
year's cultivation. On the hillside he never failed to get a crop.
Although his raspberries failed on the flat land, one of his neigh-
bors has always been successful on similar land. The frost may
have taken his before the wood was ripe ; they retained their leaves
longer than elsewhere. It is not so much labor to cover raspber-
ries as people suppose.

Strawberries raised here come in competition with those grown
at the South ; still, Mr. Hunt thought they could be raised here at
a profit. He thought farmers near railroad depots could cultivate
them to advantage. For two years he kept an account of the
expenses and income of his strawberry patch of seven-eighths of
an acre. One of these years, which was the best he ever had, it
produced a trifle over nine hundred dollars' worth, while all the
expenses were included in four hundred dollars. The variety was

SOUTHERN COMPETITION IN SMALL FRUITS. 49

the Wilson, and he was glad to hear a good word spoken for it last
week. Eight ^-ears ago it was the only variety from which he got
any profit. He has no doubt there are many better ones now, — it
is far from perfect, but it is hard, so as to carry well. The berries
do not waste in long rains. Growers are obliged to pick them
before they are ripe. The Charles Downing, under the same cul-
ture as the Wilson, produced only one dollar's worth where the
Wilson produced three. The Wilson has gone out of favor at
Concord, but one of the largest growers still adheres to it. Last
year he set out Wilsons, but the plants were weak, and made few
runners. He could not say whether it had run out, but he meant
to get some good plants and see.

He has always cultivated the Kittatinny blackberry, and had a
fine crop last jear. Once in from two to four j^ears the canes are
winter-killed. Some seasons it bears a moderate crop at the usual
time, and afterwards a second crop ; it is not profitable then. He
has not fruited the Wachusett, but has seen it ; and though the
fruit is smaller he thinks it will bear more quarts than the Kitta-
tinn}'. He thinks Massachusetts farmers can grow blackberries
profitably if they can get a hard}^ one. It is impossible to cover
the canes. If we are to meet Southern competition, it must be by
the best varieties and improved culture. The most serious diffi-
culty is that we have to pay the highest prices for labor — ten cents
an hour for women and children — and it is difficult to get at that
price. We cannot drive out Southern competition, but we can
meet it.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder wished to inquire what the Southern
competition is that we have to meet.

Charles F. Curtis said that it was mostly in strawberries and
blackberries, and but little in raspberries. Few of the last arrive
in good condition, while the Southern blackberries furnish almost
the whole supply. He thought that from one-half to three-quar-
ters of the strawberries sold in Boston market came from south of
New York. The greater part of these are Wilsons, and this
variety is also grown by those in this State who have to send
them some distance to market. Florida berries should be here
now ; a few have been sent to New York. The price depends on
the condition ; they may come in good order for three or four
days, and then there will be a bad spell, and they will average
from twenty-five to thirty-three and a third per cent, less for
4

50 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Southern and New Jersey fruit. The "native" berries ripen rap-
idly in warm weather, and sometimes Connecticut berries come in
bad condition.

Mr. Wilder thought the Southern competition was not injurious,
but beneficial. We get strawberries from the Soitth a month or
six weeks before they are ripe here, and though the Wilson and
Nunan are not much esteemed, they are acceptable in the absence
of better. They do not command as high a price as those grown
here. The speaker thought it a great advantage that we could
have these early fruits, and they create an appetite for our own
when they are ripe. The prolonging the season is very desu'able,
not only with respect to the strawberrj-, but other fruits. The
new strain of peaches lately introduced has lengthened the season
of that fruit, and it is desirable by scientific means to raise varie-
ties of that and other fruit which will prolong the season still
further. Peaches are sold for a cent each here which would cost
sixpence each in England. The case is the same with blackber-
ries as with strawberries ; we can get them from the South a month
earlier than we can raise them here. We can compete with the
South in this fruit also if we plant them, but no one here has
planted them by the fifty acres, as is done at the South. The
Snyder blackberry is very hard}^ — the speaker had never heard of
its needing protection, — and it is an enormous bearer. The
Wachusett Thornless is very nearly hardy. All can be made to
stand the winter better by nipping the canes when three or four
feet high, and, if the laterals grow too strong, nipping again.
The Dorchester and Lawton never fail with the speaker ; they
grow by a fence without cultivation. We cannot change the order
of nature ; we cannot get a grape ripe here by the first of August,
but we can have them from the South at a very moderate price.

The Franconia is the best of the red raspberries. Mr. Wilder
related the history of the introduction of this variety as follows :
Two plants were sent to the late Samuel G. Perkins, by Vilmorin
& Co., of Paris, forty or fifty years ago, and from these all the
stock in this country and Europe has been derived. In the same
way the Knevett's Giant was received by Mr. Wilder from
Chandler & Co., of Vauxhall, England, and neither of these
varieties is known in Europe, except as received from this country ;
Messrs. Vilmorin, knowing nothing further of the Franconia, nor
Messrs. Chandler of the Knevett's Giant.

SOUTHERN COMPETITION IN SMALL FRUITS. 51

Although native grapes will survive the winter they are better
for covering. The Lindley (Rogers's No. 9) has been grown in
Canada ; the Wilder (No. 4) can be grown for market, and the
Pocklington promises to be adapted to cultivation for market.
The Wilson strawberry is hardly fit to eat, unless we get it before
we have anything else. It has been a question whether we shall
ever get a variety to supplant it, but the speaker fuUj^ believed
that we should produce an abundance of varieties of good quality,
and equally adapted for market. It would be ridiculous to think
otherwise.

J. W. Manning thought that the low price of strawberries
discourages cultivators here. At Dighton, in this State, where
large quantities are grown, they average only eight cents per
quait to the grower. These do not come in competition with fruit
grown further south than Connecticut. He thought people got
satiated wiih small fruits before ours come into market. The
Wachusett is one of the hardiest blackberries, but it wants high
cultivation. Marshall Miles, of Concord, has a field which is very
profitable. We want a better quality of peaches than we receive
from the South ; they are not equal to those gi-own here. Peaches
can be grown profitably here ; at Groton, peach growers are suc-
cessful on high land, and G. & H. Whitaker, there, are successful,
next to Dr. Fisher, with Concord grapes. The speaker had never
seen larger or finer peaches in Missouri than he had seen grown in
New Hampshire. At Mason, in that State, there is a fine orchard
with a southeast aspect ; others have a southerly aspect. At
Goffstown, east of the Uncanoonuc mountains, peaches have not
failed for twenty years, and the peach crop is considered the best
on the farms. The late ones bring good prices for preserving ; if
any variety fails to ripen, it is the Crawford's Late. The land at
Gofistown is a thousand feet higher than here. At Lyndeborough,
in the same county, Charles Holt is successful with peaches, and
formerly cultivated Catawba grapes successfully, but this variety
has been displaced by the Concord.

Leander Wetherell remarked that peaches are grown success-
fully on the hills in Franklin county, Mass.

E. P. Richardson said that one point in favor of the raspberry
is its value for canning, because it retains its peculiar flavor better
than any other fruit. The Philadelphia is especially desirable for
this purpose, on account of its fine color when canned. A grower

52 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

at Lawrence, cultivates this and the Wachusett blackberry largely,
and his fields of the latter form a magnificent sight. He disposes
of his surplus fruit by canning, and has found it profitable. Mr.
Richardson thought the Dighton growers should ask a fair price
for their fruit ; they send it in as the season for Southern fruit is
closing, and it sells at low prices, which establish the price of all
the fruit grown here.

President Hayes said, that as a director of the Old Colony Rail-
road, he had been astonished at the wonderful quantity of straw-
berries grown in Dighton, and the extensive arrangements required
by the railroad company to bring them to market.

Dr. E. L. Sturtevant thought that one of the duties of the
friends of horticulture, is to educate the public to discriminate
between the different varieties of fruit, and to give higher prices
for the better qualities. If we can educate the people to appre-
ciate the quality of the Triomphe de Gand strawberry, the growing
of that variet}' might become profitable. The Society should make
some effort in this direction. He had seen finer blackberries
in the woods in Maine, than he had ever seen in cultivation. They
always grew in the shade. He spoke of one field of wild black-
berries, sheltered by alders, which was fenced in, and formed the
most profitable part of the farm. His first appearance in print
was when he sent a wild blackberry three and one-eighth inches
long, to the editor of the Farmington Gazette. We can cultivate
these varieties or produce new ones, but he was under the im-
pression that all the kinds now cultivated in our gardens were no
better than some to be found growing wild.

Mr. Wilder said that the finest wild blackberries are found in
the borders of the forest. When the Improved High Bush black-
berry, now known as the Dorchester, was exhibited before this
Society, in 1841, by Eliphalet Thayer, of Dorchester, who culti-
vated it in his garden, he went the same afternoon with the late
Cheever Newhall to see the fruit. Dr. Sturtevant's impression that
the garden varieties were found growing wild, is correct, with
regard to most varieties ; but three kinds, the Orange, Warder, and
Wilder, were raised in the West by a Mr. Orange, about twenty
5-ears ago. They were not of good color, and have not come into
cultivation.

Mr. Curtis thought it was for the advantage of growers here to
have Southern fruit in the market, as it produces a desire for our

SOUTHERN COMPETITION IN SMALL FRUITS. 53

own. Man}- of the berries grown here are no better than Southern
ones. It does not take a provision dealer more than fortj^-eight
hours to find out whether a particular mark means good or poor
fruit ; and, while the good is engaged two days in advance, the
poor will remain piled up waiting for the hawkers. The taste of
the people is being educated ; there seems to have been a great
improvement within a year or two, and a demand for the Sharpless
and other large and fine berries. If the arrivals are largely
Wilson, buyers will wait and see what comes by the next train.

Benjamin P. Ware thought the question before the meeting not
difficult to answer. Southern small fruits go out before ours come
in. He has occasion to use a good many, and he finds that when
they are marked " native," he has to pay a considerable advance.
People have become accustomed to having fruit, and when ours
comes, they are ready to buy. The case is the same with peaches,
except Hale's Early ; the natives are higher. Southern grapes,
also, are in the market long before ours come. Blackberries are
got largely from the South, because we do not cultivate largel}-.
The competition is not to our detriment, but to our advantage.

Josiah W. Talbot said there are two points from which to view
this subject — as members of the community, and as growers of
fruit. From the former point of view Mr. Wilder is correct in
considering the Southern competition in small fruit an advantage.
A neighbor of the speaker who formerly got twenty-seven cents
per quart for his strawberries, now has to sell for sixteen, but he
can raise them at a cost of eleven cents. He thought the price
was reduced on the average twenty-five per cent, through the intro-
duction of Southern berries. When the market is glutted the
Dightou growers come in, and have to take Southern prices. The
remedy is to make the quality of our fruit such that the South
cannot compete successfully with it.

Mr. Strong said he believes the time is coming when we must
reduce the price of fruits as well as of manufactures, so that all
can have them. We are sending forced flowers South alreadj^,
and if we go into the culture of small fruits on as large a scale as
is done in the South, we can raise them as cheaply. The difference
between eleven and sixteen cents is profit enough for Mr. Talbot's
neighbor. We should not try how much money we can get out of
the community, but the object of the Society should be to bring
good fruit within the reach of all.

54 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETT.

Mr. Manning said that the matter of labor is a very important
one. Franklin Davis, at his nursery in Richmond, Va., pays his
help partly in rations of Indian meal, molasses, and bacon ; none
receive above fifty cents per day and rations. At William Parry's
extensive small fruit gardens, at Cinnaminson, N. J., the speaker
had seen whole families living in barns and cooking out-doors,
during the picking season. We cannot obtain labor at the prices
paid in these cases.

Mr. Wetherell said that he should as soon think of talking
about competition between strawberries here and in New Bruns-
wick, as between those raised in the South and those grown here.
He endorsed all that Mr. Curtis had said. Dighton berries in good
order do not sell for the tail end of Southern prices. Mr. Wilder
had struck the key-note in his remarks. The speaker mentioned a
dealer who said he rejoiced in low prices, because they brought
fruit within the reach of the poor. This discussion is in the
direction of producing better fruit at low prices. In fruit growing,
as in dairy farming, success depends on skill in business. The
choicest butter will bring eighty cents per pound, and good fruits
never go begging for remunerative prices. The South may grow
the best fruit and send it here, and we shall be glad to buy it.

N. B. White said that Southern grapes come in competition with
ours, because grapes can be kept. He thought Dr. Sturtevant's
suggestion, to educate the taste of the community, a good one.
The Society should give premiums for quality as well as size of
fruit.

Mr. Hunt said that growers should not be discouraged by
the low prices of last season. It should be remembered that
the season was hot, and forced the strawberries to ripen early.
The Philadelphia raspberry is the greatest bearer, but the fruit is
not firm, and turns a little black.

Mr. Strong suggested that we should cultivate so well here as to
turn the tables on the South.

President Hayes gave an account of some of his observations
of Southern gardening a year ago. As the train approached
Charleston, circulars were placed in the haads of the passengers,
giving information concerning a garden at Magnolia, sixteen miles
from the city. He was one of a party of thirt}' or forty who visited
the garden, going up the river, passing the phosphate beds, the
factories for grinding phosphates, and the alligators lying on the

SOUTHERN COMPETITION IN SMALL FRUITS. 55

banks. The garden was from forty to fifty acres in extent, and
here, in the mouth of March, magnolias, azaleas, convolvuluses,
and roses of exquisite varieties were in bloom in profusion.
President Hayes was struck with the difference in the ease of
cultivation here and at the South ; the proprietor said that all he
had to do to grow any of these flowers was to get a little slip and
plant in the ground. The whole secret was the wonderful supply
of manure. Before the discovery of the value of these phospates
as fertilizers, they had been thrown into the river.

St. Mary's, Georgia, was once an aristocratic place, with fountains
in the centres of the streets, but it is now deserted, and land in the
vicinity has fallen from five hundred dollars to one dollar per acre.
Here he met a gentleman who told him that his father, while at a
dinner part}', received news that a vessel had gone ashore with a
cargo of pecan nuts, and though his friends told him he was too old
ever to see any fruit from them, he got a quantity of the nuts and
planted them along his garden ; and now the trees from these seeds
yield from four to five hundred dollars worth of nuts annually, form-
ing his main support in his old age, and he has to watch that the nuts
are not stolen. Here, also. President Hayes met Mr. Alexander
Curtis, a graduate of Cambridge University, England, who was
engaged in raising fruit and vegetables, but wanting a market,
and Northern capital to enable him to erect a few small green-
houses.

In Florida the sandy ground presented a very unprepossessing
appearance, and they saw very little foliage, and were much dis-
appointed at not getting green peas and other early vegetables,
but found the growers did not keep them for home use, but sent
them all to the Northern cities. The only good beef came from
Boston and New York. His wife said that another winter she
would stay at home and have the tropics in her own house.

At Fernandina they expected to find bananas, but they all went
to New York and Boston. On board the steamer, on their way
to Savannah, there were over three hundred cases of cucumbers,
and large quantities of cabbages, but not one was landed at Savan-
nah ; all went to New York, and they had none at their hotel in
Savannah. At Baltimore they got some Southern fruit, and at
New York plenty.

Mr. Wilder said that the result of the discussion today was
exceedingly gratifying to him. We have settled that there is

56 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

really no competition between the South and North in small fruit
growing worth speaking of. Dr. Sturtevant's remark that we
should seek to educate the public taste is correct ; it is what we
have been tr3ing to do for fifty j-ears. The sixteen thousand
bushels of strawberries brought from Norfolk to Boston, and the
ten thousand bushels from Dighton, have enabled many to eat
strawberries who never tasted one before. Mr. Strong is right in
regard to reducing the price of fruit. This, also, is what we have
been aiming at for years.

The President gave notice that, at the meeting on the next Sat-
urday, the subject of discussion would be "Peach Culture," to be
opened by Caleb Bates.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, February 12, 1881.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Hon. Francis B. Hayes, in the chair. No business
being brought before the meeting, it

Adjourned to Saturday, February 19.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

The subject today was "Peach Culture," and the discussion was
opened by Caleb Bates, who said that, in planting peach trees, the
first thing is to see that they are not set too deep. He preferred to
have the collar entirely above ground, but they are generally set three
or four inches too deep. When the collar is below the ground, ex-
crementitious matter forms on it to the great injury of the tree,
and makes an excellent place of deposit for the eggs of the borers.
If the collar is above the surface, this effete matter does not form,
and the borers do not find a congenial home around the collar. He
always pours in water while planting the tree, to settle the earth
around the roots. It is very important to see that there are no
borers in the trees when planted ; he once bought a lot of trees
which had been puddled, and when the puddle was washed off he
found that half the trees had from one to five borers each.

PEACH CULTURE. 57

He did not agree with those who think peach trees do best in
sod land ; they are likely to be not more than four inches in diam-
eter after twelve or fifteen j-ears' growth, and to have three or four
dead limbs to one live one. He aims to make his trees grow in
regular shape and produce abundantl3\ If all the fruit buds on a
peach tree are killed, the tree has nothing to do but to grow, and
care should be taken not to feed it too highly, But if the buds
are not destroyed and the fruit sets, by the last of May it will be
of the size of peas, and then the trees should be liberally manured
with eoncentrated fertilizers, such as guano or hen droppings, and
it is astonishing to see by the dark green color of the leaves how
quickly the trees respond to such treatment. If no fertilizer is
applied the tree will ripen the fruit, but make no wood or fruit
buds for the next year. Mr. Bates emphasized this point as the
most important thing he could say, — force when in fruit, and
withhold fertilizers when not in fruit. The peach is the only one
of our fruit trees that bears on the new wood. If all the crop is
destroyed, or if the tree has grown too fast, the young wood may
be shortened. Theoretically, a perfect peach tree is a cone cov-
ered with fruit. Mr. Bates here exhibited a branch of a tree
which made a total growth last year of one hundred feet ; it was
originally planted 'in a verj^ poor soil, but afterwards came within
the limits of a hen-yard and showed the effect of stimulants.

Mr. Bates said in regard to borers, that while some pile up ashes
or sand to keep them from the tree, he believes these are just what
the borer likes ; they retain just enough moisture to hatch the
eggs. He would rather have a bowl around the tree than a hill.
Others advise putting paper around the tree, but he has fifteen
hundred trees, among which there are no two butts alike. There
are ribs where the roots run up, and between these are openings
where the borers can enter. He advised to use a mason's trowel,
and a six-inch butcher's knife, to scrape away and cut out the
borers. A mat should be provided to kneel on. The first season
the borer does not jenter the wood, but remains in a cavity outside,
where it can easily be scraped ofl^. He keeps hens for the benefit
of his peach trees, and feeds them in the afternoon with cracked
corn, throwing a handful around each tree. Peach trees seem to
be exceedingly sensitive in regard to having anything growing
among them, and Mr. Bates advised that no crop whatever should
be planted, but that the ground should be left entirely bare.

58 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The " yellows " in the peach is a very difficult subject. It
destro^'S the trees from Plymouth bay to the bay of San Fran-
cisco. John Rutter, the author of a book on the culture and dis-
eases of the peach, is of the opinion that it is caused by a lack of
potash in the soil. This view is supported by the fact that some of
the best trees the speaker had known, grew where the rubbish from
repairing a house was deposited. The effect of lime on vegetable
matter is to produce potash. He did not see how we can put a
stop to this disease, with infected trees all around us, and nursery-
men sending out diseased trees. He got his trees from a nursery
at Newbury, where he found a healthy stock. He has known the
yellows to affect trees a quarter of a mile away from any diseased
tree. People are very unwilling to remove an infected tree. A
diseased tree dies very quickly, if young, but if old it lasts a good
while. The disease will run through a row of trees, and poison
them, before the effect is shown outwardly. It needs a bold hand
to take the tree up immediately. It should not be allowed t@ ripen
fruit. Plenty of lime and potash should be used, if the soil is
exhausted of these.

Mr. Bates said that his location gives him peculiar advantages
for learniug the ability of different varieties to resist frosts of
varying severity. This can not be ascertained by any scientific
test, but only by observation. Among thirty-two varieties, the
Ives's Blood and Hale's Early appear as tough as the oak. The
Coolidge's Favorite, E. S. Williams, and Salway come next.
Among all the rest there is not much difference until we come to
Crawford's Early, Crawford's. Late, and Snow, which are very
tender. In 1879, a frost on the 24th of May rose up like a tide ;
but the Hale's Early gave a handsome crop, while the Coolidge's
Favorite were killed higher up, and the Crawford's Earl}' clear to
the top. If he had foreseen it, he could have saved his crop by
making a smoke on the windward side of the orchard. He has
saved sweet potatoes in that way, and in one case saved his garden
from the frost when the smoke rose up in a column, the draft
bringing in the warm air from the forest.

In regard to quality, the Rogers's Seedling, a yellow fleshed
variety, is one of the finest ; it is of spirited flavor, resembling
Crawford's Early. The Downer, another yellow fleshed variety,
is excellent. Of white fleshed varieties, the E. S. Williams and
Mountain Rose are fine ; the Grosse Mignonne is good but smaller.

PEACH CULTURE. 59

The Stump the "World is later and excellent. The Snow is
excellent, but tender. The Salway is too late for general cultiva-
tion in this climate, but good in warm locations and desirable in
collections. It holds on to the tree well. Hale's Earh' is the most
profitable because most certain. It should not be allowed to over-
bear. Mr. Bates has had them eleven and a half inches in circum-
ference.

His soil is a sandy loam, the sandy constituent being sharp and
gritty. Such land produces the finest peaches and sweet potatoes.
He would not advise to plant on soils entirely of sand. The best
locations are on plateaus and hills ; such places in Massachusetts are
the safest for peaches north of Florida. Elevation has a wonderful
effect. His house is on ground thirty or forty feet higher than his
orchard, and the peach buds are safe there when they are all killed
in the valley. The peach crop is much more hable to be destroyed
by late frosts in the South than here. He does not believe there is
any place equal to Eastern Massachusetts for the production of
peaches of high color and high flavor, though the western part of
the state is not bad. The shores of Maine and New Brunswick
form a coast line against which the northeast winds raise a spray,
and force a saline atmosphere across our State, while the whole
length of the State projects beyond all the coast south of New
York City. This results in the south and southeast winds bring-
ing salt enough to blur our windows, as can be found by a touch
of the tongue. This saline influence heightens flavor and color in
all our fruits. He had had Catawba grapes covered with a bloom
of salt where the}' were exposed to a concentrated draft of air.

The President here introduced to the meeting, John B. Russell,
now of Newmarket, N. J., and the only survivor of the eight
corporators of the Societ}^ who thanked the President for the kind
words in which he had introduced him, and expressed the pleasure
which he felt in once more attending a meeting of the Society.

The President remarked that among the horticulturists present
were many whose gray heads indicated their long experience in
gardening, and he called on Hon, Marshall P. Wilder to speak of
peach growing.

Mr, Wilder said that it is never too late to plant fruit trees, and
that most of the gray-headed members present would live to eat the
fruit of peach trees if they should plant them the coming spring.

60 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

He spoke of a gentleman who, at the age of ninety-two set out
peach trees, the fruit of which he lived to eat. He agreed with
Mr. Bates's view that we can raise peaches in Massachusetts which
will compare with any in the world. If we select good kinds, and
plant a few trees every year, we shall always have peaches. Be-
fore planting a tree he examines it carefully to see that it is free
from borers, and ties around the base a piece of paper six inches
wide— half above and half below ground. This will protect the
tree from borers for one year and sometimes more. It is im-
portant to select the most useful sorts — he thought the Hale's
Early, Early York (serrate), Crawford's Early, Oldmixon Free,
and Crawford's Late, the five most valuable kinds. A few 3'ears
ago the Hale's Early was the earliest kind, but the very early
kinds which have been introduced within a few years have length-
ened the season four weeks, and the later varieties which have
been introduced to cultivation at the South, have prolonged it two
weeks more. He advised to plant the stones of the best kinds,
as seedling trees are the healthiest and longest lived. He in-
tends to advise the saving of seeds and the crossing of varieties
as long as he lives. If previous generations had done this we
should have many more fine varieties of fruit than we have now.
The crops of peaches in this country are wonderful ; last year
there were four million baskets from the Delaware peninsula alone
— more than ever were raised in the famous gardens of Montreuil.

Mr. Wilder congratulated the Society on the presence of Mr.
Russell, to whom, more than to any one else, the formation of the
Society is due. In 1829 Mr. Russell kept a seed store in North
Market street, where John Lowell, Elijah Vose, and other lovers
of horticulture frequently met, to whom Mr. Russell suggested the
formation of a horticultural society ; and when it was decided to
form one, he was the most active agent in carrying out the plan,
and after it was formed he watched over its growth.

Mr. Bates admitted that it is not as much labor to apply paper
as to scrape ofl^ the borers, but thought it was not as effectual.
In answer to an inquiry, he expressed the belief that there is no
particular temperature at which peach buds are certainly killed.
They may be killed at zero or they may stand twenty degrees be-
low. Much depends on the condition of the bud when frozen,
and more on the manner in which it is thawed out.

George Webb, of Elizabeth, N. J., said that in Delaware the
borers are scraped oflT, but nothing is ever put round the trees.

PEACH CULTURE. 61

Charles M. Hovey said that he had had some experience in
cultivating the peach since he was a young man. In 1806 Richard
Peters read a paper before the Philadelphia Society for Promoting
Agriculture, of which he was president, on peach culture, in which
he detailed the difficulties that he had encountered, and the means
he had taken to overcome them. Judge Peters and other writers
complained that these difficulties were increasing, and that the
climate was less favorable than previousl}' ; and every 3'ear since
then people have made the same complaint, and said that it was
no longer of any use to attempt to cultivate peaches. They recol-
lect the abundant crops in former years, when they were young,
but not the failures. The speaker thought we might count on a
crop three years out of five, if we have the trees. He used to
raise ten thousand peach trees in his nursery every year, and had
a patch in the rear of his house, twenty-five years ago, which were
left unbudded, and produced many fine varieties, three of which
were thought worth}' of names, and were called the Cambridge
Belle, White Ball, and Hovey. About 1848 he made a collection
of eighty varieties of peach trees, which grew up and fruited so
full that the trees broke down. All the characteristics of the
varieties were noted. He saw no reason why peaches should not
be cultivated throughout New England.

The late A. J. Downing was of the opinion that the peach crop
was destro^'ed whenever the thermometer fell to ten degrees below
zero, but this has been found incorrect. But, if after severe cold
there comes a thaw, and then the mercury falls to zero again, they
are destroyed. The case is the same with nearly all plants ; they
will stand one frost, but the second freezing kills. In low grounds
peach trees are more liable to be injured than on elevated land.
Some persons say there is no growth in trees in the winter, but if
we compare the condition of the buds of the abele on the first
of November with that on the first of January, we shall find they
are swollen, and if we examine them now we shall find them still
more swollen. If peach trees get only moisture enough to keep
them from drying up, they are more likely to stand the winter than
if kept too moist. The trees must be pruned, if it is desired to
keep them down. Mr. Hovey preferred to plant anew frequently,
and spoke of a gentleman in Dorchester who plants six trees every
year. He thought the best varieties for amateurs are Hale's Early,
Early York, Coolidge's Favorite, George the Fourth, Crawford's

62 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

Early, and Crawford's Late. Peach trees in France are subject to
mildew.

Benjamin G. Smith said that the buds on his peach trees, which
are on the highest land in Cambridge, were uninjured. The ther-
mometer had fallen to seven degrees below zero. The total failures
have been exceptions to the general rule. He had had six or
seven crops in the last ten j-ears.

Joshua Coolidge, a grandson of the originator of the Coolidge's
Favorite, said that since his boj'hood peaches had been a failure,
owing to the borers and yellows. When he was a boy, peaches
were as common and required as little care as the coarsest weeds.
Young seedlings sprang up in the orchard, and the fruit required
thinning. He now cultivates only for family use.

John B. Moore was glad to hear such hopeful views expressed
in regard to peach culture. A few years ago he was taken to task
for expressing such views. He felt no doubt that we should raise
peaches as well as ever we did. He has a good peach orchard,
and if the buds are not killed, will have a crop. The location is
the first thing to be considered ; it never should be in a valley,
but on hills or high table land. Soil that will produce forty
bushels of corn to the acre is rich enough for peaches. It is a
great mistake to force trees the first yeav or two ; a moderate
growth is all that is wanted. A good strong tree, one year from
the bud and two from the seed, is better to plant than an older
one. The main stem should be headed down to five feet, and the
side branches should be cut off entirely ; they will die if they are
not cut off. If the trees are headed down to five feet, and the
fruit is thinned, the trees will not need to be propped. The
branches will start out horizontall3^, instead of growing upright
and making sharp crotches. In shortening the previous year's
growth, in later prunings, it should alwaj^s be cut to an outside
bud. When the trees are large, only the strong leading branches
should be shortened ; the lateral shoots bear the fruit. In five
years the lower branches will bend to the ground without break-
ing. If the tree is cut down to two feet when planted, the branches
will run up, and split down if not propped, and sometimes if they
are. It costs a good deal to prop them. The speaker had planted
peach trees from ten to twenty-five feet apart, but thought twenty
feet best. This gives plenty of air and light, without which the
fruit cannot color well. The soil should receive clean culture,

PEACH CULTURE. 63

and no crop should be grown. He does not pity any man who
loses trees by borers. He used to have a great many, but now he
scrapes away the earth and puts on whale oil soap in the spring,
and agaiu the first of July. It is easy to cut them out. Nature
expects the collar to be covered. The only serious trouble is the
3'ellows, which has never been accounted for, nor has any remedy
been discovered. The speaker thought it was caused by a fungus.
Professor Goessmann claims to have cured the 3'ellows, and Mr.
Moore had been using the material which the Professor had
applied, which may have prevented the development of the yellows.
Ashes and bone as fertilizers will give the highest colored fruit.

In regard to varieties for market, the Crawford's Early is early
enough, as it comes in just as the best Southern peaches are gone.
Crawford's Late gets frosted once in four or five years. The speaker
grows Coolidge's Favorite only for his own eating. The Oldmixon
Freestone is good, but there is more money in the Crawfords. In
pruning we must not be afraid to cut off strong wood pretty se-
verely ; sometimes shoots as lai-ge as a man's thumb must be taken
off. In an orchard, which must be cultivated by horse power, the
trees cannot be allowed to branch as low as in the garden. His
land is a gravelly loam, about seventy-five feet above the valley.
He is not particular as to aspect.

Mr. Wilder wished to commend Mr. Moore's general system of
pruning, but he preferred to cut down a young tree to eighteen
inches when planting. In the autumn it will be five feet high.

Rev. F. L, Capen had always been interested in peach culture.
He believes in severe pruning for peach trees ; the}^ need as much
pruning as grape vines. He would prune during the winter and
then in spring you have a small top and whole root, and all the
buds come out strong, and give large, handsome fruit. He thinks
the yellows is due to the absence from the soil of some kind of
food which the tree needs. The speaker had cultivated oranges
in Florida, and said that neither the peach nor the orange would
succeed with any crop growing around it. He advised those
present to go South and raise oranges and fresh figs.

James P. King said that he planted a hundi-ed peach trees eight
years ago, and four years ago raised a great deal of fruit. He
thought they should bear the third year. He could have told when
he looked at the thermometer, when the buds were killed. They
are not killed so much in winter as in the spring. He mulched

64 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

with spent tan — about three bushels to a tree — which by keeping
the frost in the ground retarded the swelling of the buds, and
prevented injury to the crop by late frosts. A neighbor (in Pea-
bod}') who pursued the same course, sold in two years, from half
an acre of land, $790 worth of fruit of finer quality than the
Southern. His trees are planted eight or ten feet apart. The
buds are all right for a good crop this year. The Crawford's
Early and Foster are the principal varieties ; the Foster is very
handsome, but the Early Alexander is ahead of all others as an
early fruit. The New York nurserymen say it is a clingstone,
and they do not think much of it ; but it comes into market nearly
as early as the Southern peaches, which are not to be compared
with it. He thought these and the Oldmixon Freestone the four
best varieties. The speaker advised all peach growers to try
mulching with tan. He would pile it around the trees without
removing the soil, and after it has served the purpose of retarding
the buds, would remove it lest it should furnish a harbor for in-
jurious insects. He had one tree affected with yellows, which
looked as if it was caused by starvation. He took the tree away,
but it appeared to have affected another tree near by, as seedling
onions are injured by a bed of rareripes alongside. Trees affected
with yellows should be immediately removed, as the disease is
liable to affect any trees in the orchard. Those nearest are most
in danger of injury. Even if the trees have fruit on them when
the disease is discovered, they should be removed, the value of the
fruit being of no consideration in comparison with the injiu'y to
the trees around. In planting he marks the ground with a large
breaking up plough, taking care not to disturb the subsoil ; this
makes it easy to set out the trees. At the time of planting he
takes off every branch and shortens the stem, leaving from two
and a half to three and a half feet. If the top does not leave
out he trims it down to the highest shoot. If the thermometer
falls to twenty degrees after the buds are nearly ready to bloom,
thej' would be sure to be killed, and it is to prevent this that he
mulches with tan. If the ends of the shoots are injured by frost,
they should be trimmed back to the live part.

The President announced that the subject for discussion the
next Saturday would be " Plum Culture," with, perhaps, a con-
tinuation of Peach Culture.

PEACH CULTURE. 65

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, February 19, 1881.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Hon. Francis B. Hayes, in the chair. No business
being brought before the meeting it

Adjourned to Saturday, February 26.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

The subject of Peach Culture was first taken up, and Caleb
Bates referred to some criticisms on his recommendation to set
trees with the collar at the surface of the ground. It had been
objected that the borers would get into the roots, but he said it
was as easy to find and destroy them in the roots as in the trunk.
Nature always puts the collar upon the surface, as in forest trees
which spring up from seed. Mr. Bates here showed two sketches ;
the first of the base of a pine tree growing naturally, and the
second of the base of an apple tree ; the latter was eleven inches
in diameter, but would, he said, have been much larger if not
planted too deep. The first is the plan of nature ; the second is
art. The tree does not lift in growing ; the reason that trees
planted as recommended appear to have their roots above ground,
is that the roots increase in size. When trees are planted in soil
which is made loose and mellow some distance below the roots,
they should be set two inches above the surface to allow for set-
tling. When a boy he planted some apple trees too deep, and
they did not grow for five years ; he then dug them up and planted
them properly, and now they are thriving and productive trees.

George Hill said that he lives on what was a peach farm sixty
years ago. The yellows is the greatest trouble in raising peaches.
It appeared on his farm about 1848. This was the second instance
in Massachusetts ; the first was on the Coolidge farm in Watertown
two or three years earlier. Since that time the trees in this State
have never been free from it. Mr. Hill's trees bore well for three
years after they were attacked. He thinks it is deep seated. Old
trees, isolated in grass land, escaped the disease and died of old
age, but when diseased trees were set out near them, they took
5

66 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the disease. It appears about the fifth or sixth 3'ear from the seed.
A nursery raised froun the seed of peaches brought to our markets
from the South will be sure to show the disease, and nurserymen
are now collecting their peach stones from healthy trees in Missouri
and the mountains of Virginia. Trees from such seed should be
budded from the healthiest trees that can be found, and will then
endure for five or six years. Mr. Hill said that as a member of a
Committee of the Middlesex Agricultural Society he visited two
peach orchards oflTered for premium ; one of these, coutaiuiug two
thousand trees, was in Hudson, and the owner had also a nursery of
four thousand trees. Mr. Hill saw symptoms of yellows there.
The seed was got from New York. Any person planting a peach
orchard must take new land, be very particular in selecting his
seed and manure, and watch carefully every step, to avoid con-
tagion. There still remain old, isolated trees which are free from
yellows. The speaker saw some on Cape Cod, from twenty to
fifty years old, which looked like the trees he used to see, before
the yellows was known, and at Mashpee he saw a healthy tree
thirty years old. Such trees as these wiU furnish healthy seed.
The whole difficulty in raising peaches is the yellows ; when this
disease prevails new plantations must be made almost as often as
of strawberries. Half of Mr. Hill's trees have begun to show yel-
lows. The soU, aspect, elevation, and method of planting are of
comparatively little consequence. He found the border of Spy
pond, and a hill two hundred feet above, equally eligible. Old
native trees gum more than trees from New Jerse}'. If 3'ou get
healthy seed and raise healthy trees, it is very difficult to keep
them so ; pruning a healthy tree with a knife that has been used
to prune a diseased tree will communicate the disease. When
planting he would prune off all bruised roots, and prune the top to
a straight stick, but not prune at all afterwards. His last orchard
of two hundred trees of Crawford's Late was never pruned. He
thought seedlings from healthy trees would be longer lived than
budded trees. It is of no use to set a healthy tree in the place
from which a diseased tree has been removed.

David B. Flint said that he had cultivated peach trees success-
fully on ground from one hundred and twenty to one hundred and
fift}' feet above tide water. He had covered the trunks of his
trees with straw to protect them from the sun, as he saw done at
Moutreuil, where the trees are trained on walls, and thought it

PEACH CULTURE. 67

beneficial. The straw is removed about the middle of May.
Buds of the Foster peach inserted on the north side of seedliug
stocks came through the winter safely, when those on the south
side were killed.

J. "W. Manning said that he got buds of the Foster peach, and
budded two thousand trees at Billerica, which showed the yellows
in three years. He thought that peach trees planted deep would
fonn new roots near the surface, and that plums and elms would
do the same. •

Benjamin G. Smith showed peach buds taken from several trees
in his garden at Cambridge, none of which were injured. Hon.
Marshall P. Wilder's, at Dorchester, and Mr. Flint's, at Water-
town, were uninjured, while those of Edmund Hersey, at Hingham,
and Mr. Bates, at Kingston, were killed.

Mr. Bates said that the buds of trees at his house, where
the trees are not healthy, were uninjured, while those at his
orchard, thirt}' feet lower, where the trees are healthy, were
desti'oj^ed.

Aaron D. Capen spoke of raising peach ti-ees forty years ago,
from stones which he got at a garden in Eoxbury, where the trees
were all seedlings, all healthy, and all produced fine fruit. The
progen}- of these trees all produced fine fruit. He bought some
Long Island trees, which proved to have the yellows, and commu-
nicated it to all these seedlings, and the}' were all destroyed. The
disease will go through acres of orchard, and the only wslj to
banish it is to destroy all diseased trees. Most of the seed from
which nurser}- trees are raised, has been collected promiscuously,
and there are two chances for them to take the yellows — from the
seed and from the bud. Handsome dishes of peaches have been
shown here, of some of which the Committee said at once, " These
are from a diseased tree, and buds will propagate the disease."
On the hills in Connecticut are found what are called ' ' sheep
peaches ; " the trees are twent3'-five years old, and healthy. It
would be well to select pits from such trees as these to produce
healthy stocks in the nursery.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, said it was learned long ago that
diseased peach trees must be extirpated. He agreed with Mr.
Hill's condemnation of stones gathered promiscuously ; some of
them must be diseased. If we plant the stones from our trees
which are perfectly healthy, we shall get good kinds, and he

68 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

adAased to grow them up without budding, believing that they will
last longer.

John Owen quoted from Thaeher's " Amei'ican Orchardist,'
(page 207), a case where a tree supposed to be dead from the
effects of the j'ellows, had large quantities of common wood ashes
thrown about the roots during the winter. The next season it put
forth its leaves vigorously, and bore an abundance of fine fruit. A
small quantity of ashes was thrown around the roots the next fall,
and the next seaton the tree bore so full that it was necessary to
prop it up. Another gentleman tried the same experiment with
entire success. The speaker asked why this cure was not con-
tinued. He raised one year fifty bushels of peaches. The Noblesse
is the best of all; — it is wonderfully delicious ; it is of the color of
a Green Gage plum and equal to it in quality, but the tree is tender.
The George the Fourth is more solid than Coolidge's Favorite,
and superior in quality. He had trees of Crawford's Late planted
near a marsh, which never failed to ripen their fruit.

Mr. Wilder doubted whether we should find any remedy for the
yellows, though experiments are under way at the Massachusetts
Agricultural College, and in the experimental grounds of the
" Rural New Yorker," in the hope of discovering a remedy. Pro-
fessor Goessmann applied a chemical manure to a row of affected
trees, which restored them for one year.

C. M. Atkinson said that some of Mr. Bates's points were new to
him, and some he could confirm from his own experience. There
was, however, one point which he had overlooked — the influence of
the stock and of root pruning in retarding growth. He would have
his peaches on the Muscle plum stock. But the plum is not so
successful on the peach stock ; five years ago he planted five plum
trees, one of which sent up peach suckers, and last summer, when
trees had nearly completed their growth, there came a heavy rain
after dry weather, and this tree burst in fifteen or twenty places,
and gum exuded. Peach stocks are, however, much cheaper than
plum stocks, and plums budded on them will make marketable
trees sooner, and hence there is a great temptation to nurserymen
to propagate them in this way. The principle . works two wa^'s ;
the plum cannot take all the sap furnished by the peach stock and
bursts, while the peach on the plum finishes its growth and ripens
its wood earlier. In England, peaches are cultivated entirely' on
the plum stock. At the late John P. Cushing's place (now Samuel

PLUM CULTURE. 69

R. Payson's), the speaker found peaches on plum stocks, planted
by David Haggerston, and if he were planting one or a thousand,
he would have them on plum stocks. He thought it would ward
off the yellows.

Charles M. Hovey, asked whether peaches under glass are ever
affected b}' the j^ellows. He had never seen this disease in the ex-
tensive peach houses of Samuel G. Perkins or Thomas H. Perkins,
and it does not prevail in Europe, if it is known there at all. He
thought we should have to look sharp to find any fungus connected
with it, but it might be caused by climate. In 1857, there were
more pear trees than peach trees killed ; in 1861, the thermometer
fell to twenty degrees below zero, falling sixty degrees in twelve
hours, and the peaches and cherries did not get over it for years.
In 1854 or 1855, there were so many peaches that he could not sell
them in the market. He had had little trouble from the yellows.
Peach trees grow so quickly that it is hardly worth while to doctor
them. If he wanted to grow them for market he would plant ten
acres, and when they failed, cut them down and plant ten acres
more. He would plant on high sandy land. They cannot be
grown so cheap on plum stocks as on peach ; the great value of
the peach stock is its quick growth and cheapness.

Mr. Atkinson confirmed Mr. Hovey's view that the yellows is
unknown in England, or under glass in this country.

The subject of "Plum Culture" was here taken up.

Mr. "Wilder said that formerly we raised the plum very success-
fully ; the only troubles were the curculio and the black knot, and
now from these 'causes they have almost gone out of cultivation.
Samuel Pond and Henry Vandine grew them at Cambridgeport,
almost as freely as currants. The curculio can be destroyed by
jarring it down on a sheet placed underneath. The black knot
should be cut out as soon as it appears. For a few years past,
plums appear to have succeeded better than previously. He has
only two plum trees left ; one a Monroe, twenty -five feet high,
which has some black knots that he cuts out, and another on the
Canada stock, which it overgrows, producing an unsightly appeai'-
ance. There are never any black knots on the latter. He hopes
we are going to cultivate plums more successfully than a few j'ears
ago, and means to make a new plantation.

70 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. "Wilder quoted from a report by Dr. T. W. Harris, in the
"Proceedings of the American Pomological Society," for 1854,
the opinion that the black knot is not caused either by the insects
found in them, or b}- the black fungus, Sphceria morbosa, on the
outside. He who will not protect his plum trees from the curcnlio,
does not deserve to have plums, any more than he who will not
protect his trees from canker worms, deserves to have apples.
Ellwanger & Barry, of Rochester, N. Y., raise plums by cartloads ;
a man attends to half an acre of plums exclusively for two months.
He spreads cloths under them morning and evening, and a sudden
blow on the tree with a mallet jars the curculios down on the
cloths, when they are gathered up and destroyed.

Rev. A. B. Mnzzey said that he was a neighbor of the late
Samuel Pond, and that Mr. Pond had most remarkable plums —
Washington, Jefferson, Green Gage, etc., which always com-
manded the highest price — some of them two dollars per dozen.
This was from 1835 to 1845 or later. Mr. Pond's laud had been at
times overflowed by the tide, and the speaker thought his success
was due in part to the saline matter in the soil. In the latter part of
his life he was somewhat troubled by the black knot. Mr. Muzzey
said he had destroyed the curcnlio by jarring it down upon sheets.

Mr. Hovey said that he was born in Cambridge, and lived about
a hundred feet from Mr. Pond, who was a blacksmith. At that
time Mr. Pond had no garden. The estate where the speaker
lived was purchased by his father in 1799, and the spi-ing tides
were kept out of the garden by a dike which was overflowed every
fifteen or twenty 3'ears, though he could recollect only one over-
flow. His father had plum trees producing white and blue plums,
the fruit of which then brought four or five dollars per bushel.
One of his earliest recollections was of climbing one of these
trees and picking three bushels of fruit from it. At first there
were no curculios, but afterwards the fruit began to drop ; the
next year it dropped more, and then the black knots appeared
and he suggested cutting down the trees. In 1831 or 1832 a very
high tide covered the garden six inches in depth, and killed the
strawberries. When the sun came out everything was covered
with salt. Mr. Pond began his garden after this, but the soil
was no more salt mai'sh than Mr. Hovey 's, and salt had nothing
to do with Mr. Pond's success in raising plums, but it was rather
due to his manuring very highly. Mr. Pond's trees finally sue-

PLUM CULTURE. 71

cumbed to the curculio. In 1827, before the curculio appeared,
Mr. Hovey received from Prince's nursery the Washington and
Imperial Gage plums. He once bought a thousand Canada
plum stocks, but found they were more subject to black knots
than the ordinary stocks.

Mr. Bates said that his trees were struck with black knots all
at once. He planted Green Gage and Lombard plums, and when
he discovered curculios in his trees he tried every expedient to
save the fruit by frightening them away or other means. He
thought that when people appl}' remedies the curculio is often
frightened away by the frequent examinations made as to the effect
of the remedy. He placed stakes around a Green Gage tree and
fastened a single breadth of mosquito netting to them, and the
tree fruited nicely. Before that time his children had hardh' seen
a plum. Last ^-ear his wife pinned a breadth of mosquito netting
around the tree and it fruited well again.

Mr. Owen said that he had cultivated a great variety of plums,
and had the curculio more or less, but no knots ; afterwards the
knots set in violently. He cut them out and washed with salt,
and concluded that it was a remed}', and wrote a paper on the
subject for one of the agricultural meetings at the State House,
but afterwards the salt did no good ; the knots grew worse and
worse, until the trees were destroyed. He thought the knots due to
the soil ; naturalists say that the fungus grows on the knot. Profes-
sor Cleveland, of Bowdoin College, saved his plum crop b}- removirg
the earth under the branches to the depth of three or four incl es
and covering with air-slacked lime. He tried it on one tree, and
had no curculios about it, and it bore three bushels of fruit. The
Jefferson and Peine Claude de Bavay are two of the best varieties.

Mr. Smith had used whale oil soap in the proportion of five
pounds to a gallon of water, for showering his pluin trees and
shrubs, and had great faith in it as a destroyer of insects.

Mr. Bates said that plums could be protected from the curculio
by sprinkling the fruit when damp with air-slacked lime, so thickl}*
as to cover it, and it will not injure the fruit. Some cultivators
think a clay soil necessarj' for plum trees, but he thought some
varieties would succeed in a light soil.

Mr. Flint said he had trees of Coe's Golden Drop and other
plums, bearing well in a sand}* soil ; four or five feet down there
is blue clay. He has put a peck of wood ashes around each tree
and dug it in.

72 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

J. W. Manning had seen plums in numerous instances thriving
in sandy loam. In his native town of Bedford, New Hampshire,
the soU is a rocky yellow loam without clay, but thirty years or
more since, twenty-five of the finest varieties were cultivated there,
and all bore abundantly until the curculio appeared, which was
about 1855. In Chelmsford, the curculio destroyed the plums
about 1849 or 1850, so that their cultivation was practically aban-
doned. In Chelsea, two years ago, he saw Lombard plums from
a rocky, gravelly loam, though there might be clay underneath.
They were under good cultivation, and the hens picked up the
insects under them.

Robert Manning said that the researches of Professor Farlow*
had proved conclusively that the black knot is caused by a fungus
(Sphceria morbosa) .

It was announced that the subject for discussion the next week
would be, " Which of the new or more recently introduced Hardy
Ornamental Trees and Shrubs are worthy of special mention ?"

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, February 26, 1881,

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Hon. Francis B. Hayes in the chair.

The Treasurer stated that it would be necessary to provide a new
plate for the Certificates of Merit awarded by the Society. The
subject was referred to the Executive Committee with full powers.

Adjourned to Saturday, May 5.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

The President, in behalf of the Committee on Discussions, re-
spectfully requested that exhibitors of fruit, flowers, or vegetables
would have their contributions arranged by 11 o'clock, so as not
to interrupt the meetings for discussion.

* Bulletin of the Bussey Institution, Vol. I, p. 440.

HARDY ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS. 73

The subject assigned for today was, " Which of the new or more
recently introduced Hardy Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, or Plants are
worthy of special mention ? "

Several members having been called on to name such plants,
and having answered that they were unprepared, Hon. Marshall
P. Wilder said that he would name one shrub which he considered
the most desirable of all — the Hydrangea paniculata grandiflora.
Though introduced here a quarter of a century ago, its merits
have not been recognized until within a few years.

William C. Strong thought it the most showy but not the most
beautiful of shrubs. He considered the Hydrangea paniculata in
some respects preferable to the variety grandiflora. The latter is
more heavy and coarser than the type, which is of more upright
growth, more graceful, and quite as hardy. The Viburmim plica-
turn (which is allied to the snowball) is much more delicate. It
is not so common as the Hydrangea paniculata grandiflora, for it
is more difficult to propagate and does not grow so rapidly.

Mr. Wilder thought the Viburnum very beautiful, but not more
so than the Hydrangea. Many of the plants ^hich we think new
have been known a good while but have not become common.
This is the case with the Viburnum plicatum as well as the
Hydrangea paniculata grandiflora. The former was figured in the
"Flore des Serres" more than thirty j^ears ago. Sometimes
varieties of grapes and other fruits as well as flowers are dropped
from cultivation, and afterwards come up again and are thought
new.

Mr. Strong thought the Viburnum plicatum was not introduced
into this country thu'ty years ago, and was not like the Exochorda
grandiflora which was comparatively rare and has now come up
again.

Charles M. Hovey said that he had the Viburnum plicatum thirty
years ago. He saw it at Mr. Buchanan's grounds at Astoria,
Long Island, eighteen 3^ears ago. He thought the variety grandi-
flora of Hydrangea paniculata did not differ from the type. The
subject was discussed in the "Gardeners' Chronicle." The Hydran-
gea paniculata represents all that is grandest in shrubs as the Ex-
ochorda represent aU that is most beautiful. He agreed with Mr.
Strong that the Viburnum is more beautiful than the Hydrangea^
but thought the Exochorda still more beautiful, and also more diflS-
cult to propagate. These three are the most beautiful of the more

74 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

recently introduced shrubs. The Viburnum macrocephalum
resembles V. j^^icatum; the cluster of flowers is larger.

President Hayes agreed with Mr. Wilder (whom he styled the
Nestor of the Society) that the Hydrangea paniculata grandijiora
is superb. He cultivates it in many forms, — large groups, and
trained to a single stem. He had taken great pleasure in the
exquisite foliage of the Japanese maples, — some of rich scarlet
before that of others has appeared. The Aralia {Dimorplianthus)
Mandshvrica, is a new tree-like shrub with immense clusters of
creamy white flowers. The Polygonum Ja^wnicum is a new climb-
ing plant with large variegated leaves, which are very ornamental.
It grows with great rapidity, propagates easily, and is perfectly
hard}', having stood four winters. The Xanthoceras sorbifolia is
a new and very charming shrub. The last three plants, which
were introduced here by the speaker, are 3'et quite rare. The
Sciadopitys verticillata or umbrella pine, which some have thought
was not hardy, Mr. Hayes had found quite hardy, several plants
which were left out during the winter having done better than
those sheltered.

Mr. Strong inquired of the President whether he gave special
care to shading and watering the Japanese maples. In his
observation they had suffered from the hot sun, like the variegated
Negundo. Of this he saw a specimen at Mr. Hanne well's as fine
as any that he saw in France, but it does not look as well now.

President Ha^-es replied that his Japanese maples were planted
in the shade of pear trees, and had no special watering. In winter
he puts a little matting around them. His finest variegated
Negundo is on a sidehill, and has no protection ; in severely hot
summer days it burns a little, but on the whole is most satisfactory.
Others which stand in bleak places have a little protection, but
this will soon be discontinued.

Mr. Strong thought that the President's fine Negundo would
ultimately fail like the others. Our clear sky and hot sun are
too much for its delicate foliage. The plain tj'pe is hardy in suit-
able soils. He thought the Japanese maples would also suffer ;
under protection they may do, but as a general rule they will
disappoint. The Acer Schweidleri is very promising ; it is a tree
of the Norway maple type, of first size, hardy, with foliage of a
beautiful jdnk changing to dark greeu.

President Hayes agreed with Mr. Strong in regard to Acer

HARDY ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS. 75

Schweidleri. He had had the variegated Negundo for eight years,
and though he lost most of the first, those which he has now
promise to stand. We cannot expect to have everything perfect ;
we must take some trouble with choice and delicate plants, and it
is little to put a mat round a small maple.

Mr. Wilder said he tried the Japanese maples when they were
first introduced, and lost every one ; he found them very feeble.
Mr. Hunnewell's experience has been the same with very few
exceptions. The speaker admired the enterprise of President
Haj^es, but did not think the Japanese maples would ever come
into common use. In his observation the variegated Negundo had
generally failed under our hot sun, and a large tree which he saw
in the Pare Monceau, at Paris, has since wilted and withered. He
had seen none looking really well except at Mr. Hajes's and Mr.
Hunnewell's. He hoped the President would persevere and be
successful in getting up the Japanese maples. With some plants
the case is exactly opposite that of the Japanese maples ; perfectly
hardy things are introduced, but not known to be hardj^, and are
therefore kept in the gTeenhouse, where they die out. Forty years
ago he paid three guineas for a plant of Andromeda fioribunda,
which he kept in the greenhouse, and William E. Carter came over
from the Botanic Garden at Cambridge to help nurse it ; the price
afterwards came down to seven shillings and sixpence, and is now
only one and sixpence, and the plant is known to be as hardy as a
currant bush.

William Gray, Jr., said that he had made a specialty of the new
evergreens, and had found all the Retinosporas perfectly hard3\
There are many new spruces of medium size — not as large as the
Norway and of better habit ; they' do not get straggling. The
Nordmanniana, Menziesii, and orientalis are all very beautiful ;
the last is the best. Mr. Gra3''s largest specimen is fifteen feet
high. The blue spruces, of which there is a great variety — among
them the Abies Menziesii, now know as Picea pungens — are next
in beauty. The Japanese evergreens are all hardy, and are adapted
to small places. Mr. Gray's plants were received directly from
Japan.

Mr. Strong remarked that Retinospora squarrosa Veitcliii has the
reputation of being more glaucous than the type.

Mr. Hove}' was glad to hear Mr. Graj' speak so highly of Abies
orientalis. It is the most refined of all the spruces ; A. Nord-
manniana is more grand, but A. orientalis is superior in delicacy.

76 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

It is a slow grower, and not so easily transplanted as some species.
It is difficult to raise from seed and therefore scarce.

Mr. Hovey quoted from the "Magazine of Horticulture," for
1866 (page 330), his recommendation of the Viburnum pUcatum
as a species that should have a place in every collection of hand-
some flowering shnibs. He imported from Lemoine, in 1878, a
plant of Xanthoceras sorbifoUa, for which he paid five francs, and
also at the same time the Kentucky coffee tree with variegated
leaves. The type of the latter {Gymnodadus Canadensis) is one
of the most remarkable and beautiful trees in winter and summer.
In winter its blunt shoots, without spray, are unique, and in summer
its twice-pinnated leaves, three feet long, are delicate yet massive.
In 1878 the speaker planted seed in a box; in the centre there
came up a plant with variegated foliage. Wier's cut-leaved maple
is one of the best recent acquisitions. The liquidambar is some-
what tender here ; it gets killed back in winter, but gains a foot
or more every year. In Connecticut it is entirely uninjured. The
star-shaped leaves are very peculiar, and change to a beautiful deep
crimson in autumn. The tupelo has foliage as beautiful in sum-
mer as that of a camellia, changing in autumn to an intense crim-
son ; no other tree takes so deep a color. The limbs spread
horizontall}'. There is in Cambridge a very fine old tree, from
which the speaker has raised seedlings, and a second generation
from those. The Acer Colchicum is almost as deep colored as the
Japanese maples, but had not proved hard}^ with him ; it was
killed in the winter of 1861-2. He thought one variegated
Negundo enough on a place, unless it was desired to have it spotted
all over with white, and moreover the foliage is apt to burn. He
had a plant of Sdadopitys verticillata very early, and had found
it perfect!}' hardy, but a very slow grower, not making more than
six inches of wood in a year. The magnolias have been very
much neglected ; M. acuminata is a very fine tree, with beautiful
foliage, and perfectly hardy, but difficult to transplant. M. tri-
petala has the ends of the shoots winter-killed, but is nevertheless
very desirable. M. Lennei is a very fine variety, with large purple
flowers, and sufficiently hardy. M. tripetala and M. acuminata
grow freely from seed, while the Chinese species are reputed not to
germinate well, but the speaker saw no reason why they should
not.

Mr. Strong said that the seeds of Magnolia Soulangeana come

HARDY OENAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS. 77

up as easity as peas, but no magnolia seed should be allowed to
get dry.

Mr. Hovey said that twenty-five or thirty years ago he imported
the Abies Cephalonica from Waterer and now he has but one tree
left ; almost all were killed down to the snow line very soon.
Twenty-five of them were set in a line, next to a row of Thuja
Sibirica, and grew up and made a thick hedge, but the sun struck
all except one end, where stood the only one now remaining. This
has reached the height of twelve feet. It is very remarkable for
its stiff, silvery foliage — glossy green on one side and white on the
other. This succeeds better in Mr. Hunnewell's ground, where
the soil is light and di-y. Mr. Hunnewell has also very fair trees
of Cedrus Atlantica, C. Deodara, and others which do not succeed
with the speaker.

F. L. Harris, gardener to Mr. Hunnewell, said that at the
grounds at Wellesley the variegated Negundo had done remarkably
well. There are specimens from three to twelve feet high, and
they are seldom injured. Some are in the sun, and some in shade ;
the latter hold their color best. The purple maples are equally
hardy; Acer polymorphum atropurpureum, one of the Japanese
species, retains its color until the first of July, when it turns green.
The later growth is like the first, and the contrast with the green
is pleasing. He had not much to say in favor of the other Japanese
maples with the exception of A. polymorphum sanguineum, which,
though a vigorous grower, is not so highly colored as atropurpureum.
The foliage of the fern-leaved varieties crumples up, and they look
as if they needed water or some stimulant. He had never suc-
ceeded in raising either Magnolia Soulangeana or M. conspicua
from seed.

Mr. Strong remarked that Acer polymorphum is the stock on
which atrosanguineum and other Japanese varieties are grafted.
Mr. Harris is sanguine about many trees from which others cannot
get the results that he does. The Acer Colchicum rubrum, of the
Norway type, is perfectly hardy ; the speaker has a tree thirty feet
high which he transplanted when it was twenty-five feet high. The
young leaves are scarlet and become green when older. The
purple birch is very valuable ; early in the season it is not so deep
colored as the purple beech, but later in the season it is darker
than the beech, and has a metallic lustre. He sows magnolia seeds
as soon as gathered, first rubbing ofi" the outside cuticle. He did

/O MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

not know that Magnolia Lennei has fruited in this country. Mr.
Parkman has raised large numbers of seedlings of the Chinese
magnolias ; the speaker had bought seedlings of him. Mr. Park-
man used to get seed from John Kenrick's trees ; the seedlings vary
a little.

Mr. Wilder said that he had often tried to germinate the seed of
Chinese magnolias, but without success ; that of the American
species grows very readily. No European nurseryman has adver-
tised seedlings of Magnolia Soulangeana.

Mr. Strong did not wish to be understood as saying that he had
raised Magnolia Soulangeana from seed in quantity.

William H. Spooner confinned Mr. Strong's statements in regard
to Mr. Parkman's success in raising Chinese magnolias from seed.

Mr. Hovey spoke of the golden poplar and the golden syringa
as very beautiful ; the latter is especially golden.

It was voted to continue the discussion of the subject on the
next Saturday.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, March, 5, 1881.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
Vice-President John B. Moore in the chair.

The decease of four members of the Society, — E. Fred Washburn,
Henry Vandine, Hon. John C. Gray, and George B. Emerson,
LL.D., — was announced and a committee consisting of Hon.
Marshall P. AVilder, John C. Hovey, John G. Barker, Charles M.
Hovey, and William C. Strong, was appointed to prepare memorial
resolutions.

The following named persons, having been recommended by the
Executive Committee, were on ballot duly elected members of the
Society :

William A. Bock, of North Cambridge.

Georg a. Schmitt, of Boston.
Charles W. Norton, of Allston.
Herbert Merriabi, of Weston.
Frederick M. Safford, of Dorchester.
E. Francis Bowditch, of Framingham.
Adjourned to Saturday, March 12.

HAEDY OKNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS. 79

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

The subject of the last discussion, "The Hardy Trees, Shrubs,
and Plants, of recent introduction, most worth}' of notice," was
again taken up, and F. L. Harris, gardener to H. H. Hunnewell,
opened the discussion by reading the following paper on the
subject :
Mr. President and Ladies and Gentlemen :

I thiuk it quite unnecessary to speak particularly of the older
species and varieties of evergreen trees and shrubs, for they have
been frequently brought to 3'our notice by many practical cultiva-
tors, through whom their adaptability to withstand the severities
of our climate has become fully recognized, not only by the members
of this Society, but by lovers of horticulture through the length and
breadth of the land. It may not be out of place, however, to state
a few facts in reference to some of these, because every close
observer discovers by years of experience many ways of doing
things that may prove novel and interesting. I shall, therefore,
touch upon a few that are familiar to you all.

First, then, we have i\iQ Abies Alcoqidana, A. polita, A. Sitchen-
sis, and A. Maximowiczii. They are comparativel}' rare here, but
they are all very desirable, particularly the last, which is close
and compact in habit, with the foliage short and very rigid, and
the underside of the leaf quite glaucous.

In regard to the Abies Douglasii — one of the most beautiful of
all — it has been proved that trees imported from Europe seldom
survive our winters, but grown here from Rocky Mountain seeds
they prove equally hardy with the Norway spruce. The trees of the
latter description at Wellesley are now eighteen feet high. I notice
that this species, like all the others, prefers a very deep soil ; say three
feet in depth to the extent of fourteen or fifteen feet in diameter.

Picea Cephalonica is a tree of great beauty ; our specimens are
twenty feet high, and for several years we have been in the habit
of surface dressing around them with strong manure, and it is
perfectly astonishing to see the difference between those thus
treated and the little miserable starvelings usually seen. I say
then, manure all conifers, and 3'ou will be fully repaid in the
vigor and healthfulness of your trees. The manuring of evergreens
was, twenty years ago, almost unknown, but toda}' I think it is the
only road to success.

80 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Picea nohilis is not very generall}'- known, and yet when it
becomes so, I think it will be acknowledged that it cannot be
excelled in majesty. Picea Nordmanniana is a grand tree ; in its
3'outh it is difficult to get a leader, and in this case the side
branches should be judiciously pruned, which is best done in April
and May, as is the jDruning of all other conifers or evergreens.
Picea Veitchii is an elegant tree, a rapid grower, and every way
worthy of attention.

I know of no class of evergreens so well calculated to give
general satisfaction as the Retinosporas. Their peculiar forms and
colors, both in summer and winter, afford the greatest pleasure.
Many of the varieties are dwarf in habit, while others grow from .
twenty-five to thirty feet high. Retinospora plumosa^ R. plumosa
aurea, R. squarrosa, R. obtusa, and R. Jilifera, are among the
most valuable. R. plumosa aurea, is, above all others, one of the
most desirable, it yields so readily to the pruning shears. For
topiar}^ work it is unequalled, and particularly for edgings to beds,
or it ma}' be planted in masses and cut into any form chosen.
Ribbons may be made of any desirable length, composed as fol-
lows,— the first row next the grass, Euonymus radicans variegata ;
second row, Retinospora decussata; third row, R. plumosa aurea;
fourth row, R. squarrosa.

Retinospora Jilifera aurea will probably become the most beautiful
of all, appearing in the distance like a fountain of yellow interspersed
with green. It is perfectly hardy, as are also R. obtusa Keteleeri
(handsome), R. Jllicoides, R. lycopodioides (singular), R. gracilis,
R. obtusa variegata (a low grower) , R. obtusa pendula (very pretty) ,
and R. decussata, which is remarkably glaucous in summer and
dark brown in winter, and of erect growth.

Thuiopsis Standishi is the most hardy of its genus, and a very
desirable evergreen. T. dolabrata and T. dolabrata variegata,
delight in shady nooks, yet not immediately under the foliage of
other trees. In the sun they will brown, especially the variegata.
T. Icetevirens, is dwarf and very pretty.

Taxus adpressa, I have found to be the hardiest of all the 3'ews.
The foliage is small and dark green, and the habit of the plant
spreading.

Of the Thujas, or arbor-vitjes, T. gigantea is quite hardy, and
destined to be one of the really ornamental trees. T. occidentalis
Vervaeneana is quite distinct ; it has beautiful yellow foliage. It

HARDY ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS. 81

surpasses the George Peabody ; perhaps, indeed, it is the most
beautiful of all. As Thuja Queen Victoria grows older and more
dense, the peculiar silver points at the ends of the growth become
brighter. It is quite a desirable variety.

Juniperiis comrminis var, Cracovia, I think is not generally
known ; it is eertainlj' much more hardy than either the Swedish
or Irish species. J. Virginiana Burkei is one of the best of all ;
its narrow, erect, almost columnar, mode of growth gives it an
attractive and unique appearance. It resembles J. Virginiana
glauca, and is perfectly hardy. A golden variety of juniper — a
creeping form of J. prostrata, from Mr. Douglas — is a rapid, spread-
ing grower, and maintains its rich, golden tint through the summer,
looking in autumn like a mass of bronze, and showing the same
toda}^ through the snow. It may be used as a margin, or edging,
to clumps of rhododendrons. Juniperus Youngi aurea, is beauti-
ful and hardy.

To come to deciduous trees, I should like to know why it is
that Young's weeping birch, when grown as a standard in this
countr}', appears so unlike those received from England. All
those I have seen worked here at a height of from six to eight feet,
droop immediately, whereas those from Europe, grafted low down,
go away rapidly with a bold leader, with the laterals weeping close
to the stem of the tree. I prefer the latter.

Rohinia Pseudacacia Bessoniana, when better known, I think
will be highly esteemed, for I know of no tree equal to it for
rapidit}' of growth. Its foliage is dense, and its flowers are pro-
duced in profusion, and are very ornamental. I am not sure but
it may be planted extensively in this country for timber, provided
its wood proves as durable as the common locust. I hope some of
our friends, who have the means and land, will plant it so exten-
sively as to test its merits in this respect.

One more and I have done. The Hydrangea paniculata grandi-
Jlora is so well known, that it would appear as though nothing
more could be said in its favor ; yet, it seems to me that if some of
our nurserymen were to train plants as standards, sa}' from six to
eight feet high, we should regard them with still more favor. At
that elevation, its immense panicles, almost touching the ground,
would not require the least support, whereas, when grown as it
usually' is, it requires a number of stakes to support it, especially
after a drenching rain. We have one at Welleslej', with a stem
6

82 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

seven feet high and a head five feet across. I hope some of our
nurserymen will take the hint and act accordingly, for I am satis-
fied that when grown in this way it is far preferable to any other
form. To prune this shrub, cut back all the previous year's wood
to two eyes from the old wood.

Discussion.

Jackson Dawson said there are two varieties of Hydrangea
paniculata grandiflora., one of which resembles H. arborescens.

Charles M. Hovey said that the date of introduction of every
fruit, flower, and shrub is recorded in the "Magazine of Horti-
culture." The Viburnum plicatum was introduced in 1848 ;
Exochorda grandiflora in 1859, and Hydrangea paniculata grandi-
Jlora, in 1868, or earlier, and now it is talked of as new. He first
got it under the name of Hydrangea deutziflora.

William C. Strong said that the habit of growth of Hydrangea
paniculata (the type) is more upright than that of the variety
grandiflora.

Mr. Dawson said there is the same distinction between Hydran-
gea paniculata and the variety grandiflora as between Viburnum
Optdus and the variety sterilis.

Mr. Hovey spoke of the Prunus triloba as a most beautiful
shrub, with wreaths of rosy pink blossoms, and of the Spirma
ptrunifolia as most desirable for the beautiful color of its foliage
in autumn — aro-ber and gold. Viburnum macrocephalum is good.
He imported JSFegundo aceroides variegata in pots in 1859, and
Magnolia Lennei from Van Houtte in 1856.

Mr. Harris remarked that nothing is more ornamental in the
conservatory than Negundo aceroides variegata.

Mr. Hovey said that Forsythia suspensa flowers before almost
anything else. It may easily be trained as a standard, in which
form it is very beautiful, with its drooping branches and clear yel-
low flowers. Pavia macrostachya (the dwarf horse-chestnut) is
most beautiful and massive. He has a tree forming a mass twenty
feet in diameter. Spircea Thunbergii is a very desirable species.
The Messrs. Veitch used it for edgings to beds in their camellia
house. Pyrus Maulei has fruit even more ornamental than the
flowers ; the former are about the size of a Coe's Golden Drop
plum. Daphne Cneorum blooms the whole summer through and
the pink flowers are very fragrant. Philadelphus thyrsiflorus is a

HARDY ORNAMENTAL TRESS AND SHRUBS. 83

most showy plant ; he has a specimen eighteen feet high which has
borne ten thousand flowers ; shoots seven feet long were covered
with them, and the individual flowers are larger than those of P.
grandiflora. The Salix Napoleona is nothing but the old weeping
willow, Salix Babylonica.

Mr. Dawson said that Salix Japonica pendicla^ from Japan, has
naiTower leaves than the common weeping willow, and makes a
gi'owth eight or nine feet long in a season, and seems to be a ver}'
desirable variet3% He went on to speak of a large number of
shrubs now cultivated at the Arnold Arboretum (where he is gar-
dener), which have either proved, or promise to be, desirable for
general cultivation. Some, which are new to us, maj' be old
plants that have been neglected and laid aside and are now reintro-
duced. Some may not prove hardy, and some may need slight
protection.

XantJioceras sorbifolia has proved perfectly hardj^, and is very
beautiful, bearing a profusion of white flowers with pink centres.

Malus Toringo (baccata) grows from ten to twelve feet high and
is covered with semi-double pink flowers. Malus Jloribunda is per-
fectlj^ hardy, and bears full of rosy pink flowers. At the Arboretum
there are three varieties of Malus spectabilis, — the double white,
double pink and single white. They can be kept down to three
feet in height, bj^ pruning.

Staphylea Biimalda is not hardy when young, but in two or
three 3-ears it becomes capable of resisting the cold. The flowers
are almost pure white, and would be fine for forcing. It is from
North China and Japan. Staphylea Colchica and S. pinnata are
hard}'.

Deutzia parvijlora is more like a Spirma than a Deutzia, and is
one of the finest new species, as is also the true Deutzia scabra —
not the old variety under that name, which is a rough-leaved form
of D. crenata. The new one was brought from Japan by Thomas
Hogg, and the speaker had it on the authorit}^ of Samuel B.
Parsons. If not the true Deutzia scabra, it is the exact counter-
part of Siebold's plate of that species.*

Mr. Hovey said that if the Deutzia scabra mentioned by Mr.
Dawson is new, it is different from that described by Loudon,

* Mr. Dawson states that he was informed by Mr Hogg, who introduced
the true Deutzia scabra, that in Japan it rarely grows above two feet in
height and is entirely distinct from all other species, both in flower and habit.

84 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Don, and others. The leaf of the kind commonly cultivated under
that name is rough.

Mr. Dawson said the leaf of the true Deutzia scabra is rounder
than that of the one commonly cultivated under that name. The
bark peels off from all the species as the plants become old. He
then resumed his remarks on shrubs at the Arnold Arboretum.

Cytisus nigricans has the cluster of pale yellow flowers upright
instead of drooping, and is perfectly hardy.

Lonicera hisjyida, from St. Petersburg, is also perfectly hardy;
it trails like Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi, and is well adapted to rock-
work. Lonicera Maximowiczii is a ver}- rare upright honeysuckle,
perfectlj' hardy, and one of the most desirable late introductions.

Actiniclia polygama is a beautiful climber, and said to produce a
delicious fruit.

Philadelplms coronarius var. ScJirenkii, is of very dwarf habit,
and flowers very early — a week or ten days before any other
species. P. coronarius var. tomentosa., promises well. P. hirsu-
tns is softer and more delicate — one of the prettiest of all.

Mosa rugosa and the variety alba or Regeliana are desirable.

Mr. Harris thought Rosa Regeliana distinct from R. rugosa; the
flowers of the former are four inches in diameter, and the fruit
covers the plant in autumn.

Mr. Hove}' remarked that Rosa tacotim is slug proof.

Mr. Dawson still thought Rosa Regeliana but a variet}' of
R. rugosa. He said that Rosa rubrifolia has very fine purple
foliage, which it holds thi'ough the hottest weather, and Mr. Harris
agreed with him.

Rubus villosus semi-pleno is a very fine double-flowered variety
of the common high-bush blackberry, and desirable as adding an-
other variety- to a garden where there is sufficient room.

Tamarix Sinensis is an old plant ; it is more hardy than any
other of the genus, and is worthy of cultivation for its delicate
foliage and flowers — the latter appear a month or two months later
than those of any other species.

Styrcix Japonica is perfectly hardy in dry soils. It has white
flowers very similar to those of S. Americana., but perhaps a little
larger. The latter is a very pretty shrub, from four to six feet
in height, which ought to be in everj' collection ; the flowers re-
semble those of the Halesia or silver bell.

Viburnum macroceplialum is also hardy.

HARDY ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS. 85

DoUchos Japonicus is new, and a most rapid climber, having
grown fort}'^ feet in one year.

Hypericum prolificum ; H. mireum, from the Missonri river, and
H. Kalmianum — the last an old sort but not much cultivated, be-
ginning to flower nearly a month earlier and holding on a month
later than H. prolificxim, are all desirable.

Mr. Hovey said that E. L. Beard has a fine plant of Hypericum
patulum, which has stood out-doors three years.

Mr. Dawson said that Hypericum patuhim yfSiS always cut to the
ground with him, but came up sufficiently to flower. Hardiness
depends greatly on treatment. Plants of doubtful hardiness should
have a good, well-drained soil, and a chance to ripen up their wood.
Mr. Harris agreed with this.

Mr. Hovey said that his soil has a clay bottom and is unfavor-
able to plants whose hardiness is doubtful. Anything that will
stand on his grounds will stand anywhere in the United States.
The Bussey Arboretum and Mr. Beard's garden are on elevated,
gravelly soil.

Mr. Dawson said that Berberis Sinensis is perfectly hardy,
grows two to three feet high, and is of drooping habit. When
full of ripe fruit (which is less acid and "peggy" than that of
the common barberry) it looks like a fountain of scarlet. Ber-
beris Thunbergii has fine autumn foliage, and, when the fruit,
which is of a deep, rich, scarlet color, is ripe, forms a perfect pic-
ture. It is a low-growing shrub.

Desmodium pendulceflorum, D. pendulceflorum album, and D.
Canadensis are hard}' on dry soils. All are suffruticose rather
than shrubby. The first two are especially valuable on account of
blooming late in autumn, when there are but few flowers. The
flowers of the first are purple, and all are pea-shaped.

Cerasus Japonica fiore pleno is more double and whiter than the
old double fiowering cherry, and blooms later.

Prunus Sibirica is a very desirable varietj', flowering early in
spring. Prunus Myrobalana is one of the earliest trees to flower
in the spring.

Mr. Hovey remarked that the last-named tree grows very rap-
idly, and the wood, when burnt, perfumes the room.

Mr. Dawson added that the Germans grow it for " zwetscheu-
wasser."

Clematis Davidiana and C. tubulosa are erect growing species,
from two to four feet high, and in midsummer are covered with

86 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

beautiful blue flowers like panicles of hyacinths. Unfortunately
they do not seed freely and are rather difficult to propagate. C
Uavidiana is the more desirable of the two. Clematis graveolens
(orientalis) is perfectly hardy and a very rapid growing climber ;
it has yellow flowers. C. coccinea is the prettiest of all the hardy
species ; the flowers are brilliant crimson. It is a climber from
Northern Texas ; not hard-wooded, but dies to the ground.

Leiophyllum buxifolium has stood in the Botanic Garden at
Cambridge for twelve years. It is a small evergreen shrub, grow-
ing about a foot high. A larger form, from the mountains of
North Carolina, has a larger leaf of a more waxen appearance.

/Spircea confusa var. mollis, is one of the earliest and prettiest.
S. Icevigata is a curious species from Siberia ; the flowers are not
of much account, but the foliage is beautiful. S. Lenneana, from
St. Petersburg, has bright, rosy pink flowers. ;5^. Tobolski
resembles S. sorhifolia, but flowers three weeks later, and is per-
fectly hardy.

Nelia (Spircea) Amurensis is similar to Nelia Ojndifolia, but the
corj^mbs are much larger, and about two weeks earlier in blooming.

Jamesia Americana resembles Spiraea Reevesiana; it grows two
feet high. It is from the Rock}' Mountains.

Neviusia Alabamensis belongs to the rose famil}- ; it has nume-
rous bunches of pure white flowers, and is quite show}'. Though
from Alabama, it is perfectly hardy.

Aralia pentaphylla is perfectly hardy and desirable for the
beauty of its foliage, which is of a bright glossy green.

Erica vagans, E. vagans rubra, E. carnea, and Calluna vul-
garis all do well on thoroughly drained land with a slight covering ;
if the snow blows ofl" and leaves them bare, they burn.

Andromeda polifolia is a native species, which under cultivation
becomes one of the gems of the garden. The foliage is of a
glaucous color. It is perfectly hardy. Andromeda Catesbcei is of
rapid gi'owth and easily propagated. When planted with rhodo-
dendrons, nothing is more beautiful, and with the protection which
they afford it is perfectly hardy ; if not sheltered the ends of the
shoots are sometimes injured. Andromeda floribunda is the fiuest
of all. Andromeda Japonica is perfectly hardy. It has been cul-
tivated by Mr. Parkman for ten years, and he has never covered
it. It wants to bloom too early in the spring, but five years out
of six it will be good. Mr. Dawson exhibited a small plant in

HARDY ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS. 87

bloom Avhich lie took from a cold frame and placed in heat oul^'
ten days before.

Cassandra calyculata, a native of Massachusetts, is very beau-
tiful under cultivation. The speaker expressed the opinion that
if all the beautiful shrubs of our State were gathered together
there would be a sufficient variety to form a most beautiful garden.

Mr. Hovey mentioned the Clethra alnifolia, found abundantly
in this vicinity, as one of the most beautiful shrubs.

Mr. Dawson added that one of our native trees, a variety of
Pinus strobus, is destined to take a place among the finest piues.
The original tree is fifty feet high, with a head from twenty to
twenty-five feet through, and as round as if it had been clipped.
Seedliugs from it have the same habit. It is in the town of Dracut,
but the exact locality has been kept secret.

Mr. Harris said that the variegated Pinus Massoniana is the
finest of all variegated evergreens. The best specimen in this
country is at AVellesley.

Benjamin G. Smith said that he was much pleased to hear Mr.
Dawson speak in praise of native shrubs. The late Joseph Breck
pronounced the Kalmia latifoUa the finest of all shrubs. In the
experience of the speaker the Andromeda jlorihunda lias proved a
brave shrub, well furnished with flowers, and as hardy as an
oak.

Mr. Hovey said that between 1790 and 1800, Lyon and Fraser
carried from this country to England nine hundred varieties of
trees and shrubs, the sale of which at auction occupied several
days. On their second visit they carried home three hundred or
four hundred varieties.

Mr. Lewis said that the great trouble with cultivators is to
know what is hardy. Many things would be hardy at Wellesley
that are not hardy on Mr. Hovey's grounds. Mr. Dawson hit the
nail on the head when he said that shrubs should have a thoroughly
drained soil, and that the wood must be well ripened to stand the
winter.

It was voted that a committee of five be appointed by the Chair
to prepare a list of the best twenty deciduous shrubs, the best
twenty deciduous trees, and the best twenty conifers, and report
at a future meeting. Henry Winthrop Sargent, H. H. Hunnewell,
"William C. Strong, William Gray, Jr., and Charles S. Sargent
were appointed as that committee.

bo MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Benjamin G. Smith, Chairman of the Committee on Publication
and Discussion, announced that the subject for the next week
would be "Vegetables and their Culture."

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, March 12, 1881.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
Vice-President John B. Moore in the chair. No business being
brought before the meeting it

Adjourned to Saturday, March 19.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

The subject assigned for today was "Vegetables and their Cul-
ture" and the Chairman called on Benjamin G. Smith to give his
method of cultivating the Lima bean.

Mr. Smith said that having been quite successful in the cultiva-
tion of this vegetable he had been frequently" asked for his method.
He sows the seed about the middle of April (being careful to place
the eye down), in what are known as "cucumber boxes," filled
with loam, five seeds in each. The boxes are without bottoms, six
inches in height, seven inches square at the top and eight inches
square at the lower part, and are made of half-inch stuff. They
cost six dollars and a half per hundred, and his have already been
in use ten 3'ears. He was first to use them to forward Lima beans,
and finds them invaluable for this purpose. When the beans are
planted the boxes are placed in the cold graper3\ When the plants
are about two feet high the ground is prepared and the poles are
set out, and a hole large enough to receive the box is made at the
foot of each. A box is then lifted on a shovel and placed in the
hole and the shovel withdrawn. The box is then removed by lift-
ing up ; the object of making the top an inch smaller than the
bottom being to permit this. It is not advisable to set out the
young plants before the first of June, but this is as early as the
seed can be planted out-doors, and by forwarding in this way five
weeks can be gained, and the beans can be had fresh from the
garden from the middle of August to the middle of October. The

VEGETABLES AND THEIR CULTURE. 89

Lima bean is a ti'opical plant and requires a long season. Any
surplus can be dried for winter use, and when soaked can hardly
be distinguished from fresh beans. In saving seed the earliest
beans should be carefully selected.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder said that all who have visited the
markets in Philadelphia must have noticed that no vegetable is so
popular there as Lima beans. Through the winter they are soaked
over night and sold ready to cook. He agreed with Mr. Smith in
regard to their value for winter use, and said that he had still a
barrel on hand in the pod.

E. W. Wood said that lettuce is forced very extensively in the
vicinity of Boston, and three quarters of the crop is sent to New
York, and the same with roses. They both bring a higher price
than those grown there. It is certainly very remarkable that coal
should be brought here from Pennsylvania to force vegetables, and
the product sent to New York. Some time ago, several New York
rose growers visited Boston, and spent two or three weeks in
examining the method of culture, and took back some of the most
skilful gardeners, but they were no more successful at New York
than others, and all have returned. "Boston Eoses" are adver-
tised in all the florists' stores there, and it is the same with lettuce
and cucumbers as with roses. The New Yorkers will pay a higher
price for forced vegetables than Bostonians ; when forced cucum-
bers first appear they bring six dollars per dozen, but few are sold
in Boston until they get down to ten dollars per hundred, when they
are preferred to the Southern product at two dollars per hundred.
Many lettuce growers have substituted houses for hotbeds, but
though there is no difficulty in growing lettuce in them until head-
ing commences, at that time the top of the head is apt to slough
off, or " burn" as it is called. The same trouble occurs in hotbeds
to a less extent. It is not burning ; the sun strikes the glass too
obliquely in January. It is most frequent in cloudy weather,
and especially after several successive daj's of such weather.
Sometimes the greater part of the crop has to be thrown away, and
growers would be very glad to know the reason of the trouble.
The White Seeded Tennisball is best for forcing, and the Black
Seeded Tennisball for out-door culture.

William C. Strong thought that we have a brighter sun and a
clearer atmosphere than at New York, and that the greater success
in forcing flowers and vegetables here might be partly due to that

90 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

cause. The color of Bon Sileue rosebuds grown here is brighter
than that of those grown at New York. It has been supposed by
some that the variety is different, but this is not correct. He
thought the sloughing of lettuce is caused by dampness and the.
houses not facing due south. His own houses have this aspect,
and he thought that if Mr. Wood's had had the same there would
have been less of sloughing off in his lettuce. Unless a house
faces the sun the frames do not receive the direct impact of the
sun's rays, and are hard to dry off in dull weather.

The Chairman said he had forced lettuce in hotbeds for two or
three 3'ears, and had had little trouble from rot, but did not like
the price it brought. He thought the rot was caused by dampness,
for he found most of it under the sash. He had not grown lettuce
in a house. He begins in fall and transplants twice ; the first time
the seedlings are set three inches apart. Lettuce must have plenty
of air and be grown slowly. At a low temperature there is not so
much trouble with the aphis as at a high degree. It is very hard
to get rid of when on the under side of the leaf. Smokiug will
not do it. Some cultivators grow lettuce to half size in houses,
and finish in hotbeds.

Horse dung brought by railroad is not equal to fresh for making
heat. The box used by Mr. Smith for transplanting Lima beans
is equally good for cucumbers — indeed they are called " cucumber
boxes." There is no difficulty in removing tomatoes. When it
can be done, it is best to transplant them twice — the second time
into eight inch pots — and give plenty of air. Then, when placed in
the open ground they are fine, stock}' plants, in bloom, and go
right along ; but this is too much work for market gardeners.

Mr. Wood said that William D. Philbrick has a lettuce house
two hundred feet by twenty-six, facing south, and has just as
much trouble with the rot as in houses running north and south.
Mr. AVood had seen no aphis in his house for three 3'ears, and
thought that if houses are well aired, and fumigated once a week,
there would be little trouble from it. It is a hard-shelled insect,
and difficult to get rid of when grown.

Mr. Strong said that Mr. Philbrick's houses are very wide and
flat-roofed, and that it is impossible to give air and dr^" them off
thoroughly.

William H. Hunt thought that one great advantage of living in
the country is to have fresh vegetables, but it is not appreciated

VEGETABLES AND THEIR CULTURE. 91

here as it is in France, where they hardly ever fail to have some
green salad every day in the year. It is very health}', j'et few
families have it, but he had endeavored to. People in the country
should take more pains to have a variety of vegetables, especially
fresh ones.

Leander "Wetherell regarded the subject under discussion as of
the highest importance. Quality should be considered before
quantity. He related an anecdote of an English root grower, who,
when a farmer brought him an enormous mangel-wurzel, said it
was a very good way to raise wood. Such overgrown beets and
turnips are coarse, and crops when the quantit}' is less to the acre
possess more feeding properties, as has been proved by chemical
analysis. It is the same with the sugar beet, whether grown for
food or for sugar. The most profitable potato and the one that
sells best is the Early Rose. The market price last year and this
was from five to ten cents per bushel higher than that of an}' other
variety. The Snowflake is better for baking, but not so good for boil-
ing, and is not so productive. The best quality is always in demand.
The Early Rose grown in Canada is not as good as when grown
here, but those raised at Houlton, Maine, are better than ours.
This variety is often grown too large, when it becomes coarse.
Quality is not enough studied by vegetable growers.

Mr. Wilder said that the Early Rose is the only potato used in
his family. It is both early and late. There may be others as
good.

Mr. WethereU said that Bresee's Prolific is of better quality than
the Peerless, but not so productive. The Prolific grown at
Houlton is better than anywhere else. The Early Rose is the
most productive of all.

The Chairman had found the Early Vermont more prolific than
the Early Rose, and it is said to be fifteen minutes earlier. It is
a seedling from the Early Rose, and he prefers it to its parent
because the vine is stronger. For market he wants the largest
potatoes he can get, because they bring more ; but for his own
eating he chooses those of medium size. The Snowfiake, and
some others, are of better quality than the Early Rose. In June,
he prefers the Mammoth Pearl, a variety which originated in Ohio ;
it is very productive, has remarkable keeping qualities, and is very
white when cooked. Vegetables are of better quality for having
good culture and growing rapidly. There is no difficulty in grow-

92 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ing good potatoes. He grows fewer small potatoes than his neigh-
bors ; thej' are worth little more than the cost of picking up. If
whole potatoes are planted they produce too many Adnes, and
there will be mauj^ small potatoes, and only one or two strong,
vigorous ones. He cuts up good, strong potatoes into pieces with
two eyes each. He has seen splendid crops from small potatoes,
but on general principles would not recommend planting them.
Potatoes are smoother for not overseeding.

Mr. Wetherell said that his brother planted one-half a field with
medium sized potatoes, and the other half with small ones ; the
yield of the fonner was more than double that of the latter.

William C. Strong spoke of B. K. Bliss's experiments in pro-
ducing a stock of the Earl}- Vermont potato from green cuttings,
and said that the tubers produced were as large as those grown in
any other way. The cuttings are made like verbena or fuchsia
cuttings. It is the same with the Early Eose ; under the same
culture the tubers are as large, and the quality as good, as when
grown from tiabers.

John Fillebrown was called on as a skilled market gardener.
He thought the Hill's Early, an Arlington variety, the best early
pea ; it yields well. It is difficult to tell how to grow sweet
melons. If too much rain comes on them when thej^ ai-e two-thirds
grown, the whole crop is destroyed. Last year the aphis came on
them in such myriads that it was useless to attempt to keep them
under.

Mr. Wilder said he had tried all the new kinds of peas, but did
not get much ahead of the Champion of England in quality. The
Dan O'Rourke and Landreth's Early are very much alike. He
thought the Dan O'Rourke, McLean's Advancer, and Champion of
England a good selection for early, medium, and late.

The Chairman said that he cared only for the wrinkled varieties
of peas ; the quality of the early, round, yellow peas is so infe-
rior that he does not plant them. McLean's Advancer is second
early and of fine quality. The Champion of England makes too
much vine ; there are others of as good quality that do not grow
so high. The tall ones rot.

Charles E. Grant approved the McLean's Advancer for medium
season, and the Champion of England for late. The very early
kinds, like Dan O'Rourke, Caractacus, Hill's Early, and Philadel-
phia Extra Early, are all substantially alike.

VEGETABLES AND THEIR CULTURE. 93

Aaron D. Capen said that he bought of Daniel T. Curtis two
quarts of seed peas ; the fourth picking of the product sold for
two dollars per box, and the gross proceeds of the crop were be-
tween twenty-four and twenty-five dollars. The varietj' was the
Early Kent. Tweuty-flve years ago he was advised to cut off the
seed end of potatoes and feed to the cows, and plant the other
end, and he had found that by following this advice and cutting
the potato so as to have onl}^ one or two eyes on a piece, his crop
was more uniform in size and of better quality, and he was not
troubled with so many little sprouts and small potatoes.

The Chairman said that many experiments had been tried in
planting the seed end, middle, and base of the potato, and some-
times one plan had succeeded best and sometimes another.

Mr. Wood expressed the opinion that the Early Rose and Early
Vermont potatoes are the same ; he bought seed of both kinds of
Mr. Moore, and took pains in planting both in the same field to keep
them distinct, but could see no difference in foliage, strength,
yield, size, or eating quality.

The Chairman said there is little difference in the height of the
tops, but quite a difference in productiveness. He cannot tell
them apart in the barrel, and the quality is the same. There are
more Early Vermont potatoes sold in Boston market for Early
Rose, than there are of the true variety.

Mr. Wood asked if the old potato did not afford nourishment to
the young plant, which a mere sprout did not receive. He thought
the fact that a sprout attached to an old potato can be trans-
planted without wilting, while a detached sprout cannot, showed
that the old potato does afford nourishment.

The Chairman said that he had grown many potatoes from cut-
tings, and thought Mr. Strong was correct in the opinion that they
produce as good tubers as pieces of potatoes. As to nourishing
the plant, the old potato is frequently found whole in autumn ;
the young eye soon throws out a whole sj'stem of roots, and as
soon as these get at work, the old potato is of little consequence.

Mr. Wetherell said that the farmer who plants potatoes whole
is most certain of good crops.

The Chairman said that he had been growing potatoes all his
life, and would not let a man plant whole potatoes on his ground
if he would give him the seed. He would have two eyes on a
piece, but no doubt experiments can be quoted in favor of both
ways.

94 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Wetherell said that he had a good farm and would not
allow a man to cut a potato to plant. These discordant opinions
can only arise from our failure to take note of all the conditions
under which our crops grow.

Mr. Capen agreed with Mr. Moore in regard to cutting potatoes,
but preferred only a single eye on each piece. Some break off
the sprout when an inch long, and repeat this process four or five
times and then after planting the sprouts they plant the potato.
Two men may plant alongside of each other and get very different
results, and in 1881 you maj' get very different results from those
produced in 1880 by the same method.

Mr. Hunt agreed with Mr. Moore in regard to cutting potatoes
rather than planting whole, and thought the former was the gen-
eral practice. He thought that the j'oung sprout gets a certain
amount of nourishment from the piece of potato to start it. In
his experience the Beauty of Hebron is more productive and of
better quality than the Early Rose.

Rev. F. L. Capen said he had found that the first blossom on a
shoot of a tomato plant fails to produce fruit, and he had pinched
off the ends of the shoots to cause them to develop, and had suc-
ceeded. He asked if any one had propagated from seed of the
fruit from the first blossom.

The Chairman said that the first blossoms often set fruit.

Rev. Mr, Capen thought that tomatoes are generally planted too
near together — about three feet — they should be five or six feet
apart. He thought it would pay to train them on a cheap trellis.

The Chairman said that training and pinching tomatoes would
do for amateurs, but not for market gardeners. All the money
the latter make on tomatoes is in the first three weeks, and they
would have no use for trellises. The Acme took the first prize
last year, and it is productive and of fine quality, but it is not so
early by five or ten days as some other varieties.

Mr. Wilder said that the Paragon is as good as the Acme. Mr.
Livingston, who originated the Acme, says that the Livingston's
Perfection is superior to the Acme. These improved tomatoes are
as rich in their way as a fine peach in its way, and only want a
little sugar added to them. The speaker thought that the tomato
had been brought to perfection, and that it is a matter for rejoic-
ing that any vegetable can be improved to so high a point. For
home cultivation tomatoes are greatly improved b}^ training ; he

PLUM CULTURE. 95

planted them against vacant spaces on his grape trellis, and they
grew six or eight feet high and produced four times as much as
those trailing on the ground.

Mr. Grant said that he invariably trains his tomatoes to an
open fence, trellises, or brush, and the fruit keeps sound and per-
fect longer than when lying on the ground. He deems a trellis of
some kind indispensable.

George W. Humphrey said that he set twenty-seven plants
against a slatted fence, and though he cut off the ends of the shoots
. bej'ond the blossom, to throw all the sap into the fruit, they reached
the top of the fence, which was six feet high, and would have gone
further but were not allowed to. They were watered with guano
water and produced most abundantly.

The Chah-man said that he had been requested to speak of his
success in raising plums. He thought the time had come
when there should be no difficulty in raising this fruit. He felt
the want of such plums as he had when a boy, and he got thirty
trees from Ellwanger & Barry to see whether he could beat the
curculio. He planted them in his hen yard and trimmed them up
so that the hens should not fly up into them, and they have borne
considerable fruit ^r the last two years, and there has not been a
curculio mark to be seen on it. The trees get manure enough from
the droppings of the hens. Four trees outside had the fruit marked
with the curculio, but he dug out the eggs with the point of his
knife, and they matured good crops. The only trouble in raising
plums, besides the curculio, is the black knot, and he had had only
two or three of these, which came out on the trunks of the trees.
He cut them out to clean, sound wood, removing all that had a
diseased, granulated appearance. It is said that the spores of the
fungus which causes the knot, mature after the knots are cut out,
and to avoid the risk of their propagating, he put all that he cut
out into the stove. The wild plum and cherry trees on which the
knot is also found, should be cut down and burned. He shortened
the long, vigorous shoots two-thirds, so as to make broad, spreading
trees, rather than tall ones, and the result is some very vigorous
and prett}- trees. In jarring trees to shake down the curculio there
is danger of starting the bark, but the hens lay eggs, raise chickens,
and take care of the curculio. He was surprised to hear an old
horticulturist like Mr. Hovey, maintain that the black wart is
caused by the curculio. Some of the best plums are the Green

96 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Gage, "Washington, Jefferson, Smith's Orleans, Pond's Seedling,
Bradshaw, Lawrence's Favorite, Imperial Gage, and Coe's Golden
Drop. He planted his trees about twelve feet apart. Cutting
back has a tendency to produce a good deal of small wood. He
saw no reason why he and all others should not raise plums.

Mr. Smith said that he had six plum trees which he got from
Ellwanger & Barry. These gentlemen exhibited at the Missis-
sippi Vallej^ Horticultural Society's Exhibition at St. Louis, last
year, fifty varieties of plums, and at the Centennial Exposition in
Philadelphia, more than all others except Canadian growers. "We
have been told that it is of no use to try to raise plums, but if
Ellwanger & BaiTy can do it, others can.

The Secretary announced that Charles S. Sargent had declined
serving on the Committee to prepare a list of trees and shrubs, and
John Robinson was appointed in his place. Jackson Dawson was
added to the Committee.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, March 19, 1881.

An adjourned meeting of the Societj'^ was holden today at 11
o'clock, "Vice-President Benjamin G. Smith in the chair.

A package of seeds from J. L. L. F. "Warren, of San Francisco,
Cal., was received, and the thanks of the Society were voted to
Col. "Warren therefor. The seeds were placed in the hands of the
Committee on Plants and Flowers, for distribution among the
members.

Adjourned to Saturday, March 26.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

The committee appointed at the meeting on the fifteenth of
January, to prepare a list of the forty-eight most desirable H3'brid
Perpetual Roses, reported the following which was accepted :

WHITE.

Mile. Bonnaire, Fernet^ 1859.

Baroune de Maynard, .... Lacharme, .... 1865.

HYBRID PEKPETUAL ROSES.

97

BLUSH.

Mme. la Baronne de Rothschild, . Pernet .
La France, Guillot,fils,

1867.
1867.

John Hopper, ....
Fran9ois Michelon, .
Marguerite de St. Amand,
Marquise de Castellane, .
Mme. Georges Schwartz,
Mme. Nachury, . . .
Comtesse C. de Chabrillant,

Ward, .
Levet,
Sansal, .
Pernet, .
Schwartz,
Damaizin,
Mar est, .

ROSE-SALMON.

Marie Finger, . . .
Mile. Eugenie Verdier,

Guillot, Jils,

1862.
1871.
1864.
1869.
1871.
1873.
1859.

1874.
1869.

ROSE.

Victor Verdier, Lacharme, .... 1859

Mme. G. Luizet, Liabaud, .... 1877

Magna Charta, W.Paul & Son, . . 1877

Marchioness of Exeter, .... Laxton — Paul & Son, 1877

fidouard Morren, Granger^ .... 1868

Dupuj' Jamaiu, Jamain, 1868

Mme. Therdse Levet, .... Level, 1866

fitienue Levet,

LIGHT CARMINE RED.

Level,

1871.

Alfred Colomb, Lacharme, . .

Charles Lefebvre, Lacharme, . .

Marie Beauman, Beauman, . .

Mme. V. Verdier, E. Verdier,

Horace Vernet, Guillot, fils,

Dr. Andry, E. Verdier, . .

Exposition de Brie, Grayiger,

Mons. E. Y. Teas, E. Verdier, fils,

Comtesse d'Oxford, Guillot, pere, .

Mrs. Laxton, Laxton — Paul & Son

Duchesse de Cajdus, C. Verdier, . .

Sir Garnet "Wolseley, .... Cranston, . .
7

1865.

1861.
1863.
1863.
1866.
1864.
1865.
1874.
1869.
1878.
1864.
1875.

98

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

S^nateur Vaiisse, GuilUot, p^re,

Duke of Edinburgh, . . - . . Pmd & Son,

Ferdinand de Lesseps, . . . . E. Verdier,

President Thiers, Lacharme, .

Richard Wallace, Leveque,

Thomas Mills, E. Verdier,

1859.
1868.
1869.
1871.
1871.
1873.

CRIMSON.

Louis Van Houtte, Lacharme, .... 1869.

Mons. Boncenne, Liabaud, .... 1864.

Abel Carriere, E. Verdier, . . . 1875.

Xavier Olibo, Lacharme, .... 1864.

La Rosi^re, Damaizin, .... 1874.

Pierre Netting, Portemer, .... 1863.

Fisher Holmes, E. Verdier, . . . 1865.

Prince Camille de Rohan, . . . E. Verdier, . . . 1861.

Olivier Delhomme, V. Verdier, . . . 1861.

WILLIAM GRAY, Jr.,

Chairman.

No subject having been assigned for discussion, that of last
week, "Vegetables and their Culture," was again taken up.

Aaron D. Capen expressed surprise that the plan of planting
potatoes whole should have found an advocate on the previous
Saturday. He had for many years rejected the seed end for
planting and never failed of success. It has many small, weak
eyes, which produce shoots corresponding in number and charac-
ter. He agreed with a speaker at the last meeting, that the best
potatoes for exhibition are found in hills having but a single stalk,
showing the advantages of light seeding. He prepares pieces with
but a single eye on each.

John S. Martin had planted potatoes in all ways — large and
small, whole and cut, and had never found any difference.

J. W. Talbot said that a neighbor of his received a letter offer-
ing to send directions for increasing the crop of potatoes twenty per
cent., for one dollar, to be paid in case the plan proved success-
ful. The method was to take a well ripened potato of any size,
and cut out all the eyes but two, and let the cut surfaces dry a
week or two before planting. It proved so successful that his
friend sent the dollar. Mr. Talbot thought this much better than

VEGETABLES AND THEIR CULTURE. 99

high seeding, aud thought also that experience had shown very
little difference in the results on the crop between using for seed the
eyes from either end.

Mr. Martin said that he had been advised by an old cultivator
to place the cut side up in planting potatoes.

Mr. Capen said that in planting potatoes he puts the cut side
uppermost. He spoke of a cultivator who soaked cut potatoes in
a solution of Paris green, and strewed them between the rows of
piauted potatoes before the latter were up, as turnip growers in
England strew poor turnip seed in trenches. The potato beetles
ate the poisoned potatoes, and thus many were destroyed which
would otherwise have prej^ed on the crop.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder concurred with Mr. Talbot and Mr.
Capen in regard to the advantage of avoiding high seeding. The
same principle applies to squashes and melons, or fruit trees, none
of which can produce the best results when crowded. His s^'stem
of planting potatoes is to place one or two strong eyes in a hill.

Mr. Capen said that he prefers to plant in drills, and places
the potatoes about a foot apart in the drills. He ploughs from the
plants, and then has only a narrow space left to hoe. He culti-
vates at intervals of one or two weeks in opposite ways. To
secure the best crop of squashes he planted the pure Marrow as
far as possible from the hybrids, and eveiy year added a little of
the pure Marrow seed to the seed from hybrids ; by so doing he
thought the crop was more than doubled. He plants squash,
melon, and cucumber seeds in drills, as we plant peas, putting in a
supply for the bugs as well as for the crop. After the plants have
grown sufficiently to allow it, they are thinned so that each one
left has a better supply of food than by the usual way of planting
in hills.

Mr. Wilder said that the first cross in plants is like that in
animals, stronger than the parents. He does Mot believe that
hybridizing affects the fruits of squashes, melons, etc., the first
year.

Alfred W. Paul said that he practised cutting his potatoes to a
single eye for seed. In the Early Rose, what appears to be a
single eye is really a cluster of eyes, of which only one usually
grows. He plants in drills and gets more and better potatoes for
market at fifteen inches apart than at a foot. In one experiment
he did not get as large a yield at fifteen inches apart in the row, as
at four feet apart, the land being in a high state of cultivation.

100 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Wilder inquired of Mr. Paul what quantity of strawberries
was raised in Digliton, where he resides.

Mr. Paul replied that he had tried to get correct and full
information on this point. More strawberries are grown in Digh-
ton than in any town east of the Hudson River. They are mostly
Wilsons. In 1877 there were 772,600 quarts produced in the
town. In 1878 and 1879 the crops were small, owing to the blight
and the depredations of the larvse of the May beetle. Last j^ear
about a million quarts were produced. This was about two-thirds
what the crop would have been, but for the drought, which was,
with one exception, the severest known during the strawbeny sea-
son for fifteen or sixteen years. The largest well authenticated
crops that he has known of have been raised in Dighton. The
best crop he had known was four years ago on an acre and three-
quarters of land (half being an old bed, which does not produce as
well as a new), that yielded 17,000 quarts. Another half-acre
yielded 6,400 quarts. He thought that the average of old and
new beds — some being three years old — was about 5,000 quarts
per acre for the j'ear 1877. The business did pay, but is now
overdone, and the quantity raised will be reduced rather than
increased. The larvae of the May beetle injure strawberry plants
more in sod land the first year aftea' it has been broken up, than
after it has been cultivated in hoed crops one or two years,
and the plants should therefore be set only after the sod is
rotted. The Wilson has deteriorated within a few years, and
is subject to a blight on both fruit and plant, which destroys
it — in some cases, in a few daj's. None of the new varieties are
so productive as the Crescent, but it is smaller and softer than the
Wilson, and not of as good quality. The Sharpless has not been
tested sufficiently. The Charles Downing is cultivated more
largely than any other variety except the Wilson, and if firmer
would supplant that variety. The Turner's Beauty, from South-
ern New Jersej^, has failed two years out of five, but the other
three j'ears it was equal in productiveness, and superior in quality,
to any kind he has tested. Last year the strawberries averaged
eight cents per quart at wholesale, out of which the grower had to
pay the cost of growing and picking, freight, commission, and
rent of land.

Few raspberries are cultivated at Dighton, but Mr. Paul thought
that a hardy variety would be profitable. The Turner is most

RASPBERRIES AND CURRANTS. 101

promising, but is not exactly what is wanted. It is as liardy as a
burr oak, but the berries are only of medium size and are soft.
It suckers very badl}^ The Braudywine kills out, and even
when the canes were laid down the}^ did not survive, but appeared
to be smothered. Some winters are very different from others in
their effect on plants. Winter before last some of the strawberry
plants appeared to be smothered, but during the winter now clos-
ing the gi'ound has been frozen continuously, and the prospect is
better.

Mr. "Wilder thought two men could lay down and cover an acre
of raspberries in a day. He would not cultivate either the Phila-
delphia or the Braudywine, because the}'' sucker so immensely.
He commended the Caroline as quite hardy. It is a hj'brid be-
tween Brinckle's Orange and the Catawissa, of orange color, and
unless full}' ripe has a pretty sharp acid. It roots somewhat from
the tips like the Black Caps. No white cherry, currant, or rasp-
berry will bring as much in the market as red ones.

Mr. Paul said he had attempted to raise currants ; he had
planted nearly all Versaillaise, but some Cherry, and had found no
difference between the two. One currant bush would bear a good
crop ; the next a moderate crop, and a third none at all — which
he could not account for. He had found a borer ver}- troublesome
in his currant bushes.

The Chairman had found the same trouble in regard to the pro-
ductiveness of currant bushes as Mr. Paul. He intended in rais-
ing new plants to take cuttings only from the most prolific.

Mr. Wilder said that the course proposed by the Chairman
would give a stock of productive bushes. He introduced the Ver-
saillaise currant from France many years ago ; there was a great
demand for the plants, and they got mixed with the Cherry cur-
rant, but they are distinct, and the Versaillaise is best.

John Fillebrown said that he knew an instance of a man's
planting a peck of Hill's Early peas, from the produce of which
he sold fifty dollars' worth. At Arlington, where he carries on
the business of market gardening, they have to ii-rigate in order
to get good crops of vegetables. Melons are a very uncertain
crop ; the year before last he had a fine piece, but at a critical time
there came two or three days of raiu, and he never picked a melon
from it. He had not tried any remedy for lice on melons ; when
they come they eat so fast that it would be useless to try to pre-

102 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

vent it. The only thing to be done for the maggot or borer is to
cut it out. A small or moderate crop is more profitable than a
large one.

Mr. Martin, in answer to an inquiry from Mr. Wilder, named
the Surprise, Casaba, and Bay View melons as superior to any
others. He had had no trouble with his melons from the weather.

Mr. Wilder said that the Boston greenflesh melons are re-
nowned for their excellence. He could not grow the finest kinds
in perfection, and was obliged to rely on such as would in a meas-
ure take care of themselves. The Christiana, originated by the
late Captain Josiah Lovett, is the hardiest. The Casaba grows
very strongly, and the fruit is large and almost as good as the
greenfleshed kinds. The Bay View is good and easily grown ; it
is much like the Casaba. For earliest he cultivates the Japan
White ; it is small but very delicious. It is not so easily grown
as the other kinds named. The Golden Orange is next in earli-
ness to the Japan White, and quite as good. He saves seed from
the best specimens, and perpetuates the difl^erent varieties without
much crossing.

He has used specific manures from the time when guano was
introduced, and takes great care in mixing them. He made a
strong compost for melons, and ploughed in and also put it in the
hills. It consisted of two cords of loam, one hundred pounds of
guano, and half a cord of manure. His foreman told him he
would destroy all his melons with it, but he put a few quarts in
each hill and never had such a crop of melons.

John C. Newton, being called on, said that his experience in
horticulture had been confined mainly to the cultivation of pears.
For two years he had been troubled with pear blight, which had
destroyed his best trees. He asked whether it was not induced by
too high culture.

Mr. Wilder said that he never saw a pear tree over-manured,
though the late Samuel G. Perkins ascribed the death of a large
Seckel tree to plethora, by manuring.

Rev. F, L. Capen had seen pear trees killed by the application
of excessive quantities of gi-een manure.

Mr. Newton said that he would not put green manure to a pear
tree, but would compost it with loam and let it lay from twelve to
eighteen months, and turn it over three or four times.

Mr. Fillebrown thought there was no such thing as over-

VEGETABLES AND THEIR CULTURE. 103

manui'ing. lu the market gardens at Arlington large quantities
of fresh manure are used. At Philadelphia, in the month of
December, he was surprised to see the large quantities of night
soil applied to the ground. He thought it a very coarse way of
raising vegetables, and was astonished to see the vegetables grown
by it.

James Fisher spoke of a novel way of raising potatoes, which
he saw in Illinois. The ground is subject to drought, and is
ploughed and harrowed perfectly smooth, and the potatoes are
then placed on it and covered with from fifteen to twenty inches
of straw or strawy manure, which protects them from drought,
and they grow up through it. Seventy miles from Chicago he saw
the ground covered with two feet of straw to smother Canada
thistles.

Mr. Wilder said that twitch grass could be destroyed in the
same way, or by planting the ground with cabbages, which, when
grown, afford such a perfect shade as to destroy everything be-
neath them.

Rev. Mr. Capen had seen potatoes grown in Florida in a trench
filled with thatch. The thatch was removed from time to time,
and such of the potatoes as were large enough were picked out,
and the thatch was then replaced for more to grow.

Mr. Fillebrown thought that the ashes of a cord of manure
would be worth as much as the manure. He mentioned an in-
stance where coarse strawy manure was applied for a crop of
beets on a hot day in July, when the manure di'ied so as to have
a burnt appearance, but no difference could be told between the
crop there and that fertilized with manure in the usual condition.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, March 26, 1881.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
Vice-President John B. Moore, in the chair. No business being
brought before the meeting, it was dissolved.

104 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

The report of the Committee appointed on the 5th of March to
prepare a list of the best Deciduous Trees and Shrubs, and the
best Conifers, was read by the Secretary.

Report.

The Committee, to whom was referred a selection of the best
twenty Deciduous Trees and Shrubs, as also twenty of the most
desirable Evergreens, beg leave respectfully to report as follows :

In the absence of all instruction as to whether the selection was
intended for the purpose of planting places of some magnitude, or
to be confined to what seems to be the future character of
suburban homes, — a comparatively small number of acres, — your
Committee, or rather a portion of them, have made the latter
selection, choosing trees and plants of a secondary size, rather
than those they might have recommended for the adornment of
large estates, where much space would have been required.

The Committee likewise wish to say that these three selections
were made by three members of the Committee of five (two
declining to serve) , without any consultation with each other, it
being thought that by this course, the public would receive their
individual opinions and experience without any bias or influence
from mutual discussion or comparison.

HENRY WINTHROP SARGENT, Chairman.

The first list, which was selected by the Chairman of the Com-
mittee, and is intended for places of moderate or small extent, is
as follows :

Deciduous Trees.

Weeping Beech. Weeping Larch.

Fern Leaved Beech. Weeping Silver Linden.

Purple Beech. Imperial Cut Leaved Alder.

Cut Leaved Weeping Birch. Golden Oak.

Young's Weeping Birch. Golden Catalpa.

Upright Pyramidal Birch. Golden Locust.

Purple Leaved Birch. Variegated Maple.

SELECT LISTS OF TREES AND SHRUBS.

105

Weeping Cj'press.
Weepiug Bird Cherry.
Variegated Dogwood.
Vii-gilia (Yellow- Wood) .
Maouolia cordata.

Magnolia Soulangeana.

" conspicua.

" glauca longifolia.

" Lennei.
Camperdown Weeping Elm.

Shrubs.

Dwarf Horse Chestnut.
Oak Leaved Hj^draugea.
Plydrangea paniculata grandi-

flora.
Viburnum plicatum.
Berberis Bealii.

" Japonica.
Scarlet Dogwood.
New Weeping Scarlet Thorn.
New Double White Thorn.
New Double Scarlet Thorn.

Paul's Crimson Thorn.
Koelreuteria paniculata.
Judas tree.
Mains floribunda.
Fern Leaved Sumach.
Golden Elder.
Weeping Sophora.
Azalea mollis.
Rhododendrons.
Japanese Maples.

Evergreens.

Abies orientalis (Oriental

Spruce) .
" Canadensis (Hemlock

Spruce).
Weeping Hemlock.
Picea pungens (Blue Spruce) .
Victoria Spruce.
Weeping Norway Spruce.
Golden Yew.
Golden Upright Y'"ew.
Waterer's Seedling Yew.
Young's Golden Juniper.

George Peabody Arbor Vitse.
Vervaene's Arbor Vitse.
Semper Aurea Arbor Vitse.
The Retinosporas.
Cephalotaxus Fortunei.
" drupacea.

American Holly.
Maxwell's argentea Holly.
Thuiopsis dolabrata.

" borealis.
Pinus Cembra.

The next list, by H. H. Hunnewell, is intended for a much more
extensive place than the above.

Deciduous Trees.

Elm, American.
" Endish.

Oak, White.

" Scarlet.

106

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Maple, Sugar.
' ' Norway.
" Scarlet.

' ' Japanese atropur-
pureum.
Other Japanese Maples.
Beech, American.
" Copper.
" "Weeping.
Cut Leaved Weeping Birch.
Tulip tree.
Masfnolia acuminata.

Magnolia Lennei.
Linden, European.
" American.
Virgilia lutea (Yellow-wood) ,
Salisburia (Gingko).
Dogwood.
Catalpa.

Flowering Cherry.
Common Chestnut.
Liquidamber.
Weeping Willow.

Coniferous Trees.

Abies alba (White Spruce) .
" Canadensis (Hemlock

Spruce) .
" excelsa(Norway Spruce)
" orientalis (Oriental

Spruce) .
" Menziesii.

" Alcoquiaua. *

" polita.
" Dougiasii.
Picea Nordmanniana (Nord-

mann's Fir).
" Cephalonica.

Finns Pichta.

" Lambertiana.

" Pyrenaica.

" excelsa.

" Strobus (White Pine) ,

" Cembra.

" sylvestris.
Sciadopitys verticillata.
Larix Americana.

" Europsea.
Retinospora obtusa.

" plum OS a aurea.

" filifera.

The following list was selected by William C. Strong :
Deciduous Trees.

Acacia, Three Thorned.
Beech, American.

" Purple.

" Weeping.
Birch, Cut Leaved Weeping.
Cherrj^Myrtle LeavedWeeping.
Elm, American.

" Camperdown Weeping.

Gingko (Salisburia).
Maple, Norway.

" Reitenbach's purple.

" Scariet.

" Schweidler's.

" Sugar.

" Wier's Weeping.
Magnolia acuminata.

SELECT LISTS OF TREES AND SHRUBS.

107

Sophora Japonica.
Tulip tree.

Virgilia, or Yellow-Wood.
Walnut, Black.

Shrubs.

Almond, Double White.
Azaleas, Ghent.
Clethra alnifolia.
Cornus sauguiuea.
Cydonia Japonica.
Deutzia crenata flore pleno.
Exochorda grandiflora.
Forsythia viridissima.
Fringe tree, White.
Hydrangea paniculata grandi-
flora.

Hawthorn, Scarlet.

Kalmia latifolia.

Magnolia glauca.

Prunus triloba.

Rhododendrons.

Roses.

Spirsea ariaefolia.

*■' prunifolia.

" Thunbergii.
Syringa Josikaea.
Viburnum plicatum.

Evergreen Trees.

Arbor Vitte, Booth's.

" George Peabody.

" ' Hovey's Golden.

" Pyramidal.

" Vervaene's.

" Siberian.

Fir, Engelmann's.
" Nordmann's.
Pine, Austrian.
" Swiss Stone.

Pine, White.
Retinospora filifera.
" plumosa.

" plumosa aurea.

' ' squarrosa Veitchii.

Spruce, Hemlock.
" Norway.
" Norway Weeping.
" Oriental.
" White.

Discussion.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, thought such lists as the above, from
gentlemen so experienced in the cultivation of ornamental trees
and shrubs, were great acquisitions.

William C. Strong said that, though the lists were made by
different individuals, it was remarkable how closely the last two
ran together. He felt a good deal of difficulty in making his
selection, because a list which would be exactly what one person
would want, might be entirely unfitted for another. Many trees
which are extremely desirable, are eutirel}' omitted ; the ailanthus,
which, for some purposes, produces an effect that no other tree

108 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

gives, is not mentioned. A bare list may be misleading ; one half
may be just what a planter wants, and the other half may be what
he does not want. The problem before the Committee differed
from making a selection of roses or pears, and was much more
difficult, because the character and habits of the trees are so
different.

Benjamin G. Smith said that the three gentlemen who had
reported were very familiar with the subject ; and he thought Mr.
Sargent's list well adapted to small places, and those of Mr.
Hunnewell and Mr. Strong, to large places.

Mr. Wilder said that Mr. Strong was so conscientious and so
desirous to give a list which all could understand without study,
that he found it difficult to satisfy himself, but any one who has
any idea of rural adornment, can select from these lists. In
regard to some trees, such as the purple beech, cut leaved weep-
ing birch, and virgilia, thej^ are unanimous.

Mr. Strong hoped that the circumstances under which each tree
does best would be added to the report of the Committee, and that
the trees best adapted to particular localities would be mentioned.

Leander Wetherell thought that the greatest error in planting
trees was the disregard of their adaptation to the soil. The sugar
maple should never be planted in gravellj^ or sandy soils, nor
should the elm. Emerson says that regard should also be had to
the ripening of the leaves, beginning with the sumach and scarlet
maple, which are earliest, and ending with the brown oak leaves
so as to produce the finest effect in autumn.

Mr. Strong said that the adaptation of a tree to the soil in
which it is to be planted, is a point not understood by the public.
All agree that the magnolias are very desirable, yet they are
utterly unfit for drj' soils ; but this fact does not appear on the
list.

Mr. Smith asked whether elms do not grow on drj^ soils.

Charles M. Hovey said that Cambridge is famous '''>r dry soils,
yet it is also noted for fine elms, such as the Washington elm, and
the two elms at the "gates of Arlington," on a sandy knoll.
There is another near the Botanic Garden. His own ground is
partly moist, but he has no such elms in the moist as in the dryer
parts.

Mr. Smith said it was well known that Cambridge Common,

ADAPTATION OF TREES TO SOILS. 109

near which the Washington /^Im grows, is sandy. He had seen
excavations there eight or ten feet deep, showing only sand.

Alexander Dickinson considered the elm the toughest of all
trees. It will grow where anything else will grow, even where the
tide flows. About thirty years ago, he planted an elm near his
soap works, in Cambridgeport, where the tide frequently flows
and the soil is chiefly marsh mud, and it has thiiven and grown
well. He had seen magnificent elms at Goflstown, and also at
Manchester, N. H., in sandy soil.

The Chairman said that elms grow at Concord on sand banks ;
they make long rambling roots.

Mr. "Wilder said it is true that elm roots run wide and deep.
One of the Paddock elms, on the opposite side of the street, sent
its roots into the burying ground and entwined them around the
skull of James Otis. Roots run deeper than is generally supposed ;
in ground prepared for a dahlia bed, he had had strawberry roots
run down three feet.

Rev. A. B. Muzzey said that he was jealous of the reputation
of Cambridge, and that a portion of the soil is claj', even in the
highest parts, while in other elevated places the soil is sand}'.
Some of the soil is probabl}' drift from the North Pole, which was
partly clay, and was carried into certain parts of Cambridge, so
that the soil changes entirely within a very short distance. He
believed that there is clay within reach of the roots of the elm
trees which have been mentioned as growing on sandy soil, and
that those who have referred to them, and those who believe the
elm does best in moist sails, are both right.

E. H. Hitchings said that the largest elm he knows, which is
twentj^-eight feet in circumference, is in a sandy soil.

Mr. Wetherell mentioned an avenue of elms at Hatfield, in a
mixture of sand and cla^-. He was still of the opinion that the
elm prefers a moist soil, and quoted from " Gray's Manual" the
statement that it is found in " moist woods, especially along
rivers, in rich soil."

Mr. Hitchings said, while disclaiming any intention to detract
from the authority of so eminent a botanist as Dr. Gray, that the
concise statements of his ' ' Manual " cannot always be taken as
covering all the facts in regard to a tree or plant. Dr. Gray says,
that the Habenaria blepharigJottis and H. ciliaris are found in moist
soils, and it is true that they generally are, but the speaker had

110 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

frequentlj^ found them also in dry places. So the elm may be
found in sandy as well as clayey soils.

The Chairman said that there are manj^ large elms in Concord ;
some are twenty feet in circumference, with no soil to be seen
about them. There is one in front of the town house. They have
no diflficulty in growing in sand}' soil. On ploughed land near the
river, some of the roots run near the surface. He had seen a root
six rods from the tree, as large as his wrist, and so strong that
two yoke of oxen could not break it. The roots are very tough.
He has large elms near his house, and the bottom of the cellar is
full of the roots. The bottom of his well is also full, and they
stop up drains.

Mr. Wetherell remarked that the roots of maples in Hardwick
had stopped up the drains on the Common.

0. B. Hadwen said that he was much interested in the report of
the Committee, though his farm was not large enough, nor his
purse long enough, to plant all the trees recommended by them.
Each one should study the habits of trees, and plant those best
adapted to his situation. No roots penetrate the soil deeper, or
hold on with more tenacity, than those of the elm. There are
others than the elm, which are not adapted to all situations. As
a member of the Committee on Shade Trees in the city of Worcester,
he had found that the rock, or sugar maple will not thrive in either
sandy or clayey soils. The Norway maple often succeeds where
the sugar maple fails, and will live and thrive in the streets.
There was hardlj' a tree on the three lists reported by the Com-
mittee but he liked, and any one could choose from them. He
spoke of the beauty of the purple beech, and alluded to a fine
specimen on Mr. Wilder's lawn. Mau}^ years ago, he visited
William Kenrick's nurseries, with the late William Lincoln, where
they saw a purple beech for the first time, and when Mr. Lincoln
was told what it was, he said that he had heard of a thing being
knocked into the middle of next week, but this knocked him into
the middle of next autumn.

It was voted that the lists be accepted and referred to the Com-
mittee on Publication.

The Chairman here announced that the List of Roses reported
on the 19th instant, by the Committee appointed for that purpose,
was printed, and readj* for distribution to the members. He

THE BEST EOSES. Ill

added that, as a member of the Committee, he was of the opinion
that one most important thing had been omitted, viz. : a list of ten
or twelve of the most promising new roses. Among these is the
Mabel Morrison, which he thought the best of all the white roses —
a class in which first rate kinds are deficient.

Mr. Strong thought the hst valuable and serviceable, but also
misleading. La France is a splendid rose, but good for nothing
for general cultivation.

Mr. Wilder said that, in France, La France received a greater
number of votes than any other rose.

The Chairman and Mr. Strong both thought it worthless for
general cultivation, out-doors or in.

Mr. Hovey thought that if the Committee had described the list
as comprising the best roses for exhibition purposes, no exception
could have been taken to it. The Baroness Rothschild is in the
same case with La France ; Captain Christy is wholly tender ;
Madame Eugenie Veixlier is tender.

The Chairman said that two years ago, he began to examine
roses critically, to see which were best, judging by points, and was
surprised to find so many of high repute ranking low. Paul
Neron, our largest rose, has no fragrance, and marks low on that
point.

E. W. Wood thought the Societ}' could do no better work than
to publish select lists, especiall}' of fruits. This list of roses
represents large growers. He would like to have the best one,
and the best twelve designated.

The Chairman said that the best one under each color was placed
first, as white, Mile. Bonnaire ; blush. Baroness Eothschild ;
pink, John Hopper ; rose salmon, Marie Finger ; rose, Victor
Verdier ; light carmine red, Etienne Levet ; red, Alfred Colomb ;
crimson, Louis Van Houtte.

Mr. Hovey objected that the colors were not described with
sufl3cient exactness ; one rose might be of a silver}- hue, and
another of a dark shade of the same color ; one might be of an
opaque and another of a translucent crimson.

Mr. Wood said that man}' persons plant roses in prominent
places, and that those which bloom only in June are not things of
beauty after that time. The Committee could select kinds which
would bloom from June until frost, and he would like to have the
names of a dozen such. In his observation, the Mme. Alfred

112 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Eougemont is the most continuous bloomer of all. It is perfectly
hardy, though not \igorous, and very useful for bouquets. The
color is white, tinged with pink.

Mr. Wilder recommended the white Mme. Plantier rose. It is
not perpetual.

The Chairman said that the subject of color was talked over in
the Committee for an hour, and it was found impossible to desig-
nate all shades. Every one is not as well informed as Mr. Hovey,
in regard to colors. As to the objection made by a previous
speaker, to Baroness Rothschild, that it is too large for bouquets,
the Chairman said that it is not necessary to put it into bouquets.
A single flower in a vase is as beautiful as a bouquet, without the
help of the florist. The Committee were all prominent rose
growers, not second to any in the Society, and gave their best
judgment to making up the list, but the speaker was of the opinion
that some of the new roses would soon supersede some of the
kinds on the list.

Mr. Hovey thought the list was an excellent one, but he was
speaking for amateurs, who want to cut flowers for their friends,
and instead of one great flower of Baroness Rothschild, would
rather have ten smaller ones.

Mr. Wilder said that if one-half the varieties on the list prove
as desirable as we know they will, we have got some valuable
information.

The Chairman thought there were not ten varieties on the list
that were not desirable for general cultivation. La France and
Baronne Maynard, are both tender, and so are all the white Hybrid
Perpetuals. If roses are wanted to peg down in beds, those with
withy shoots should be selected.

Mr. Wood asked if we could not select twelve or eighteen
perpetual bloomers from the list.

The Chairman replied that we could ; many of them are more
constant bloomers than others.

Mr. Strong said that while all think the list a valuable one, it
must be taken with exceptions ; but the public will take it just as
it is. It would be better to publish it with comments, and the
same with the lists of trees and shrubs ; otherwise the public will
be misled. There are many roses not on it, that are more valu-
able than those recommended, such as Gen. Jacqueminot and
Triomphe d' Angers.

THE BEST ROSES. 113

The Chairman said that if we could strike out half a dozen
varieties from the list, it would be a safe one, though there are
mau}' on it that he would not plant, but would prefer new varieties.

Mr. Hovey said that if a customer should order twelve plants of
La France, he could not recommend them, and it would be un-
pleasant for him to differ from the Society. Mme. Nachury is
only seen at Mr. Graj^'s. Jules Margottin and La Reine are well
established kinds, with which no fault can be found. De la Grif-
feraie is an old rose, of which the speaker has a plant that bears
three thousand flowers. Such roses are like rhododendrons,
which are valuable for their masses of bloom. Col. Wilder would
not recommend a pear after only two years trial, and roses, also,
require time to test their value.

Mr. Smith said that he found no difficulty in growing La France,
b^'^ laying it down and covering with leaves. If we can grow a
very beautiful thing with a little extra attention, we had better
give it that.

Mr. Wilder said that the agapanthus and the hydrangea may
be grown in the open ground by being thoroughly protected with
leaves or straw during the winter.

The Chairman said that if any one expected to let Hybrid Per-
petual roses run wild, like blueberry bushes, and get good flowers,
he would be disappointed. In all our discussions of roses, it has
been taken for granted that they would have good culture. They
must have it.

Mr. Wood said that he did not question the judgment of the
Committee, but he would like, first, a list of twelve roses best
adapted for general cultivation ; second, a list of twelve continual
bloomers ; and, third, a hst of the twelve most promising new
roses. The present list is valuable, but gives no information as to
the continuous blooming of the varieties named.

The Chairman said there were not more than seven or eight
roses on the list that could possibly prove a failure on the ground
of tenderness. As to the first two, all white Hybrid Perpetuals
are more tender than the colored. No rose is first class in all
respects. Baroness Eothschild is slightly tender, but he earths it
up and has no trouble. La France is the most tender variety on
the list, but he grows and winters it. Xavier Olibo is of the most
beautiful color, but not a good grower. Growth was one of the
points considered by the Committee. Louis Van Houtte, in dry,

114 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

sheltered places, is all right, but in a wet place is bad. La France
might be the same. He did not agree wholly with the report, but
could not expect to have his own way all the time. The Com-
mittee went through the whole list of roses, and when a name was
called, each member marked independently of the others, and the
markings were then compared. The Committee of five were
unanimous with regard to twenty or twenty-five out of the forty-
eight varieties recommended, and the others had four or three
votes. It does not take so long a time to test roses as pears ; their
value can be judged of in three or four years.

Mr. "Wetherell moved that the list be recommitted with instruc-
tions to indicate the freest bloomers, and those most desirable for
bedding ; and to add a list of the most promising new roses, and
this motion was carried.

A vote of thanks to the Chairman and members of the Com-
mittee on Publication and Discussion, for the faithful manner in
which they had discharged their duties, was unanimously passed.

The meeting was then dissolved.

CONTENTS.

Prefatory Note, .........

Business Meeting, January 1, 1881 ; Address of President Hayes, pp. 5-10;
Amendments to the Constitution and By-Laws, 10, 11 ; Invitation to the
American Pomological Society, 11 ; Alterations in Building, 11 ; Reports
of Committee on Vegetables and of Arrangements read, 11 ; Award of
Prospective Prize, 12; Proposals for Membership, 12; Portrait of the
President, 12 ; Announcement of Meetings for Discussion,

Business Meeting, January 8 ; Appointment of Treasurer and Secretary
p. 12; Proposals for Membership, 13; Further Time Granted to Treas-
urer, ..........

Meeting for Discussion ; Hardy Rose Culture, by William H, Spooner;
pp. 13-18; Discussion, .......

Business Meeting, January 15; Committee on Meeting of Pomological
Society, p. 24 ; Report of Treasurer and Finance Committee presented
24; Election of Members, ......

Meeting for Discussion; Hardy Rose Culture,

Business Meeting, January 22 ; Prizes for Essays announced,

Meeting for Discussion ; Tropical Fruits and Flowers, by John E. Russell

Business Meeting, January 29, ..... .

Meeting for Discussion ; Fruits Best Adapted for Market Purposes, by

E. "W. Wood, pp. 36-41 ; Discussion, .....

Business Meeting, February 5, ..... .

Meeting for Discussion; Southern Competition in Small Fruits,
Business Meeting, February 12, ..... .

Meeting for Discussion ; Peach Culture, by Caleb Bates, pp. 56-59 ; Dis

cussion, .........

Business Meeting, February 19, ..... .

Meeting for Discussion; Peach Culture, pp. 65-69; Plum Culture,
Business Meeting, February 26; Plate for Certificates of Merit, .
Meeting for Discussion; New Hardy Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, and

Plants, .........

Business Meeting, March 5 ; Decease of E. Fred Washburn, Hon. John

C. Gray, G«orge B. Emerson, LL.D., and Henry Vandine, announced

p. 78; Election of Members, ......

Meeting for Discussion ; New Hardy Ornamental Trees and Shrubs, by

F. L. Harris, pp. 79-82; Discussion, 82-87; Committee to Prepare List of
Trees and Shrubs, .........

Page
3

25
25-29

30
30^5

35

41^46

47

47-56

56

59-64
65

69-72
72

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Business Meeting, March 12, ....... 88

Meeting fok Discussion ; Vegetables and their Ciilture, pp. 88-95 ; Plum

Culture, 95,96

Business Meeting, March 19; Seeds from California, ... 96

Meeting fok Discussion; List of Roses reported, pp. 96-98: Vegetables
and their Culture, 98, 99; Strawberries at Dighton, 100; Raspberiy and
Currant Culture, 101 ; Vegetables and their Culture, . . . 101-103

Business Meeting, March 26, ...... . 103

Meeting fob Discussion ; Select Lists of Trees and Shrubs reported, pp.
104-107; Discussion of Report, 107-110; The Best Roses, 110-114; Vote of
Thanks to Committee on Discussion, ...... 114

TRANSACTIONS

assacljusette Jflrlicultural ^adt%

FOR THE YEAR 1881.

PART II.

BOSTON :

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY.

1882.

The Committee on Publication and Discussion, take this oppor-
tunitj' to repeat what they have heretofore stated, — that the Society
is uot to be held responsible for the certainty of the statements,
the correctness of the opinions, or the accuracy of the nomenclature
in the papers and discussions now or before published, all of
which must rest on the credit or judgment of the respective writers
or speakers, the Society undertaking only to present these papers
and discussions, or the substance of them, correctl}'. The award
of a prize or gratuity for an Essay is not to be understood as
implying that the Committee approve it in every particular, but
onl}^ that they believe it calculated, on the whole ^ to promote the
science or art of Horticulture.

Benjamix G. Smith, Chairman.

TRANSACTIONS

"^n&uthmiH "§ntun\tm^\ ^mti^.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, April 2, 1881.

A duly notified stated meeting was holden at 11 o'clock, the
President, Hon. Francis B. Hayes, in the chair.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder presented to the Society six copies of
the Proceedings at the Session in 1879 of the American Pomologi-
cal Society, of which he is President. The thanks of the Society
were voted to Mr. Wilder therefor.

The following appropriations, having been approved by the
Executive Committee, were unanimously' voted: —

For Prizes for the year 1881, . . . . $3,050

For the Library Committee, for the purchase of
magazines and newspapers, binding of books,
and incidental expenses of the Committee, . 200

For the Committee on Publication and Discus-
sion, 150

For the expenses of the Committee of Arrange-
ments, ....... 250

The amendment to the Constitution and By-Laws, proposed at
the stated meeting of the Society on the 1st of January, and then
ordered to be entered on the records, came up for final action, and,
after being again read by the President, was unanimously adopted,
as follows : —

Voted, That the thirteenth and sixteenth sections of the Consti-
tution and By-Laws of this Society be amended by striking out in

122 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the thirteenth section the words, "He shall also act as Superin-
tendent of the Building, subject to the orders of the Finance Com-
mittee, and shall attend to the care and letting of the same, and
the collection of rents, and other income of the Society." And,
also, in the same section, strike out the words, " He shall also act
as Librarian under the direction of the Library Committee." And
strike out in the sixteenth section, after the word "appoint," in
the sixth line of the printed copy of the By-Laws, the words, "A
Treasurer and a Secretary of the Societ}-," and insert, after the
words in the seventh and eighth lines of said copy, "Whenever a
vacancy shall occur," the words, "A Treasurer, a Secretary, a
Superintendent of the Building, and a Librarian of the Society,
and deiine their respective duties, except when these are deter-
mined by the By-Laws."

Adjourned to Saturday, May 7.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, May 7, 1881.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Hon. Francis B. Hayes, in the chair.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, Chairman of the Committee appointed
at the meeting on the 5th of March to prepare resolutions in mem-
ory of George B. Emerson, LL.D., Hon. John C. Gray, Henry
Vandine, and E. F. Washburn, reported as follows : —

Resolved^ That in the decease of George B. Emerson, LL.D,
there has been removed from our circle one who has been an active
promoter of educational development, and a devoted friend of
horticultural art. Engaged during his whole life in the great work
of public education, he still found hours of leisure to practically
illustrate the pursuit he loved so well, and which he considered of
such importance to the development of the industry and the great-
est interests of our State.

Resolved, That in his labors as one of the Commissioners for
an Agricultural SuiTey of the State, and in his elaborate Report on
tl^e Trees and Shrubs of Massachusetts, w^e recognize the intelli-

MEMORIAL RESOLUTIONS. 123

gence, ahilit}', energ}', and fidelity with which he discharged his
duties ; and the revision of that Eeport, which was one of his latest
works, is an honor to us and to tlie State which he so well served.
To him are we also indebted for the advice which led to the foun-
dation of the Arnold Arboretum.

Resolved, That as an educator and instructor, a representative
of liberal ideas, an honored citizen, a kind friend, and a sincere
and Christian man, his death is a public loss. Our consolation is
that he had reached that ripe age when all must cease from earthly-
cares and toils, and where few could look back on a life better
s^Dcut for the welfare of their fellow men.

Resolved, That in the removal by death of the Hon. John C.
Gray, the last survivor of the first board of Vice-Presidents of this
Society, we have to mourn the loss of one who, in its early history,
contributed largely by his influence and addresses to its advance-
ment and popularity.

Resolved, That we hold in grateful remembrance his valuable
services in the cause of terraculture, not only in this Society, but
as President of the Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agricul-
ture, and also for his other official services in connection with the
progress and prosperity of the institutions of this city.

We have also to record the decease of Henry Vandine, of Cam-
bridgeport, one of the oldest of our members. Mr. Vandine, who
joined the Society in 1845, was fond of rural life, and was a suc-
cessful cultivator of fruits, especially the plum and pear, as may
be seen in the reports of the Society'. Of the plum he made
contributions when others were unable, from lack of skill or of
perseverance, to do so. As a man, Mr. Vandine was singularly
modest and unassuming in his manners, gentle in his disposition,
and benevolent in his desires for the advancement and welfare of
mankind, having in his will made special bequests for that purpose.

Resolved, That it is with the deepest regret that we have heard
of the decease of our friend and fellow member, E. Fred Wash-
burn.

He served the Society long and well on many of its most
important Committees, of one of which, that on Plants and
Flowers, he was a member for ten 3-ears, and all who were asso-
ciated with him will ever remember his cheerful countenance, kind
words, and amiable disposition.

124 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETT.

Mesolved, That these proceedings be entered on the records of
the Society, and that copies of the same be forwarded to the
respective relatives of the deceased.

Marshall P. Wilder,
Charles M. Hovey,
William C. Strong,
John C. Hovey,

Committee.

President Hayes said that he was well acquainted with Mr.
Emerson, having been early attracted to him b}' his courteous and
benevolent manners and his interest in horticulture. He spoke of
the pleasure which he had in a visit from Mr. Emerson to his
grounds at Lexington, and of the careful observations and valua-
ble suggestions which Mr. Emerson made. He was particularly
interested in the oaks and maples, as well as in native shrubs. He
did not lose his interest in planting with age, but after he was
eight}' years old he planted ten thousand trees, and exchanged new
and rare trees with President Hayes. He not only took pleasure
himself in planting, but in looking forward to the enjo^'ment by
others of the results of his labors.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder also spoke of Mr. Emerson's deep
interest in trees and shrubs, and said that his first report on the
trees and shrubs of Massachusetts was a most remarkable volume,
prepared with great practical knowledge of the subject. Soon
after the establishment of the State Board of Agriculture he was
appointed Chairman of a Committee — of which Charles L. Flint,
Secretar\' of the Board, and the speaker were the other mem-
bers— to prepare a book on agriculture for common schools. He
was the founder, in one sense, of the Arboretum connected with
Harvard College, having been a trustee of Mr. Arnold's bequest
to promote the culture of trees and shrubs in such manner as he
thought best. His interest in this subject pervaded his whole life.

The^repoit was accepted and the resolutions were unanimously
passed.

The Secretary announced the decease of Hon. Andrews Breed,
of Lancaster, one of the founders of the Society, and Robert Man-
ning. Marshall P. Wilder, and John G. Barker were appointed by
the Chair a Committee to prepare memorial resolutions.

The following named parsons, having been recommended by the

DECEASE OF HON. ANDREWS BREED. 125

Executive Committee, were, on ballot, duly elected members of
the Society :

J. C. Val-ghan, of Chicago, 111.

Charles L. Fowle, of Dorchester.

Peter D. Smith, of Andover.

Charles Storer, of Natick.

William P. Gould, of Jamaica Plain.

George W. Fowle, of Jamaica Plain.

Adjourned to Saturday, June 4.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, June 4, 1881.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Hon. Francis B. Hayes, in the chair.

Robert Manning, Chairman of the Committee appointed at the
last meeting to prepare resolutions in memor}' of Hon. Andrews
Breed, reported the following : —

The Massachusetts Horticultural Society have learned with deep
regret of the decease of the Hon. Andrews Breed, one of the
Founders of the Societ}', therefore

Mesolved, That we would place on record our appreciation of
the services of one of those who, more than fifty-two jears ago,
were present at the first meeting held to form a horticultural
society, — one who has watched its growth from that small beginning
until it has become an important and beneficent institution, and
whose interest in its work continued through his active business
career and the retirement of his later years, and ceased onlj^ with
his life.

We would remember his labors for the promotion of horticulture
in his native city of Lynn, not only in his own garden, but for the
public benefit, on the Common, where the people walk under the
trees which he took from the forest with his own hands and planted
there. We would paj' our tribute to his industry, perseverance,
economy, integrity, and business enterprise ; to his . public spirit,
his Christian virtues, and his untiring zeal in all that tended to
promote the welfare of the communitj'. He was a tried and true

126 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

friend, and his kindness and conrtes}' were displayed to all with
whom he came in contact. His fellow citizens testified their esteem
for him, and their confidence in him, by electing him chief magis-
trate of their city, and b}* freqnently calling him to positions of trust.
Mesolved, That while we mourn the loss of a good man, we are
consoled by the thought that his death was not untimely, but that
he lived to a good old age to benefit his fellow men, and rejoiced
many 3-ears in the prosperity of this Society, which he helped to
establish, and that he has left two generations of descendants who
inherit his love for horticulture, and practise the art which it is the
object of this Society to promote.

Resolved, That these resolutions be entered on our records, and
that a copy be transmitted to the family of Mr. Breed.

Robert Manning, ^

Marshall P. Wilder, > Committee.
John G. Barker, )

After remarks hy Hon. Marshall P. Wilder the resolutions were
unanimously passed.

Mr. Wilder presented the following letter from the family of
George B. Emerson, LL.D., which was read by the Secretary : —
Gentlemen, —

Mr. Lowell and I are verj' much gratified by the appreciative
and thoughtful notice of mj' dear father at the late meeting of the
Massachusetts Horticultural Societs', and thank 3'ou for yowY kind-
ness in drawing up and sending to us the resolutions, which give
us a great deal of pleasure and consolation. M^' father found so
much of the happiness of his very happy life in the study of the
works of God, especially in plants, flowers, and trees, that it is
very delightful to me to be assured that his services were appre-
ciated by a society like 3'ours, in which he was always so deeply
interested.

With respectful thanks to you all, I am

Ver}- sincerelj^ yours,

LUCY B. LOWELL.
To Hon. Marshall P. Wilder.
Charles M. Hovey.
William C. Strong.
John C. Hovey.
Chestnut Hill, May 13, 1881.

RESIGNATION OF THE TREASURER. 127

A letter was also read from John C. Gra}', nephew of the late
John C. Gray, acknowledging, in behalf of the famih-, the receipt
of the resolutions passed by the Society in memory of his uncle,
and their gratification at the sentiments expressed in regard to
Mr. Gra}' by a society in whose proceedings he took so warm an
interest.

William Gray, Jr., called the attention of the Societ}- to the
fact that the " Challenge Cup," which had been won by him for the
last two years as a prize for roses, was again to be competed for.

The President read the following letter :

Boston, June 2d, 1881.
F. B. Hayes, Esq., Chairman Executive Committee:

Dear Sir, — Thirt^'-three years of constant business activity,
nearly fifteen of which have been spent in the service of this
Societ}^ lead me to desire retirement and rest.

I therefore tender to you my resignation of the office of Treas-
urer, to take effect when my successor shall be appointed and
qualified.

In taking this course, I assure you that my interest in the wel-
fare of the Society, and of individual members, will not be broken.

Respectfully,

E. W. BUSWELL.

The President stated that the Executive Committee had accepted
Mr. Buswell's resignation, and had appointed George W. Fowle,
of Jamaica Plain, Treasurer of the Society and Superintendent of
the Building.

Hon. Marshall P. "Wilder moved that a committee of three be
appointed by the chair to consider what acknowledgment should be
made to the retiring Treasurer for his services. The motion was
carried unanimousl}', and the chair appointed Mr. Wilder, Charles
O. Whitmore, and William Gray, Jr., as that Committee.

The President announced that the Executive Committee had
appointed the Secretary of the Society, Robert Manning, to the
ofl3ce of Librarian.

The meeting was then dissolved.

128 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, July 2, 1881.

A stated meeting of the Society was duly notified for 11 o'clock
today, and the President was in the chair, but no quorum was
present, and the meeting

Adjourned to Saturday-, August 6.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, August 6, 1881.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Hon. Francis B. Hayes, in the chair.

William C. Strong moved to rescind the vote passed September
13, 1879, that the President and Vice-Presidents should be ineli-
gible for more than one reelection.

The President here retired, after calling Ex-President Hon.
Marshall P. Wilder to the chair. Mr. Strong's motion was
seconded by Aaron D. Capen, and unanimousl}' passed, and the
President resumed the chair.

The President reported from the Executive and Finance Com-
mittees, to whom the repairs and alterations of the building were
intrusted, that the repairs of the halls would be completed before
the Annual Exhibition, which was to commence on the 13th of
September.

Agreeably to the Constitution and B3--Laws the President re-
ported the following Committee to nominate suitable candidates
for the various offices of the Society for the ensuing year, — William
Gra}', Jr., William H. Spooner, Charles H. B. Breck, Charles N.
Brackett, Charles M. Atkinson, Charles F. Curtis, John C. Ilovey.

On motion of Charles M. Hovey, Mr. Hovey, Hon. Marshall P.
Wilder, and Robert Manning were appointed a Committee to nom-
inate twenty delegates to the meeting of the American Pomological

DECLINATION OF CHARLES O. AVHITMORE. 129

Society, in September next, with power to add to their number or
appoint substitutes.

The following named persons, having been recommended by the
Executive Committee, were on ballot duly elected members of the
Society :

Andrew "Washburn, of Hyde Park.

P. W. Van der Veur, of New York.

J. WiLLARD Hill, of Belmont.

Dean Pierce, of Brookline.

G. W. Batchelder, of Dorchester.

George W. Hollis, of Grantville.

John Thorpe, of Queens, N. Y.

Edwin S. Barrett, of Concord.

Dr. William H. Rlt)dick, of South Boston.

Hon. Oliver Ames, of North Easton.

William Bliss, of Springfield.

Charles Fairchild, of Belmont.

Adjourned to Saturday, September 3.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, September 3, 1881.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Hon. Francis B. Hayes, in the chair.

William H. Spooner, from the Committee to nominate officers
for the year 1882, presented the report of that Committee.

It was announced that Charles O. Whitmore, who at the end of
the year will have completed fifteen 3'ears of service as Chairman of
the Finance Committee, (having previously been for five years a
member of the Committee,) had declined a reelection, and Hon.
Marshall P. Wilder took occasion to speak of Mr. Whitmore's ser-
vices to the Society, especially in purchasing the site and securino-
the erection, of the Society's present building, which probably
could not have been effected but for the steadfast and indomitable
perseverance of Mr. Whitmore, who never wavered in the belief
that the course finally adopted was for the interest of the Society.

130 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The report of the Committee was laid on the table and it was
voted that the Committee be continued and requested to nominate
candidates in place of any who might decline before the election.

Charles M. Hovey, Chairman of the Committee appointed at the
last meeting to nominate a list of delegates to the meeting of the
American Pomological Societ}', to be held in this city September
14-16, reported the following, which was accepted:

President, Francis B. Hayes, Chairman.

Marshall P. Wilder, Charles F. Curtis,

Charles M. Hovey, J. W. Manning,

James F. C. Hyde, O. B. Hadwen,

William C. Strong, P. B. Hovey,

William Gray, Jr., Warren Fenno,

CO. Whitmore, John C. Hovey,

John B. Moore, Charles H. Hovey,

John Cummings, J. H. Woodford,

Benjamin G. Smith, Charles N. Brackett,

F. L. Ames, John G. Barker,

C. H. B. Breck, E. W. Buswell,

Robert Manning, Samuel Hartwell,

Hervej' Davis, E. P. Richardson,

E. W. Wood, William H. Hunt.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, Chairman of the Committee appointed
June 4th, to consider what acknowledgment should be made to the
retiring Treasurer, for his services, reported as follows :

The Committee to whom was referred the matter of an acknowl-
edgment of the services of the late Treasurer of the Society,
Edwin W. Buswell, report

That, in consideration of the long and varied services of Mr.
Edwin W. Buswell in the several offices which he has held in the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society, they recommend that a
gratuity be presented to him of five hundred dbllars.

Maeshall p. Wilder, )

Charles O. Whitmore, > Committee.

William Gray, Jr., J

The report was accepted.

ANNUAL ELECTION. 131

The following named persons, having been recommended by the
Executive Committee for membership in the Society, were, on
ballot, duly elected :

J. Allen Crosby, of Jamaica Plain.

Silas Pierce, of Boston.

E. W. Willard, of Middletown, R. I.

The meeting was then dissolved.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, October 1, 1881.

A stated meeting of the Society, being the annual meeting for
the choice of officers, was holden at 11 o'clock, the President, Hon.
Francis B. Ha3'es, in the chair.

The Recording Secretary stated that the requirements of the
Constitution and By-Laws, in regard to notice of the meeting, had
been complied with.

The chair appointed Benjamin G. Smith, John G. Barker, and
Robert Manning, a committee to receive, assort, and count the
votes given, and report the number.

The polls were opened at eighteen minutes past eleven o'clock.

The following named persons were proposed for membership in
the Society : Thomas Strahan, of Chelsea, and Christopher H.
Starr, of Boston, by George W. Fowle ; Rev. B. Judsou, of West
Dedham, by F. Copeland ; Robert Elder, of Watertown, by John

C. Hovey ; S. F. Terwilliger, of Saratoga Springs, N. Y., by H.

D. Wilmarth ; and Henry Woods, of Dorchester, Hon. James P.
'Ray, Frank B. Ray, Hon. Joseph G. Ray, Edgar R. Ray, James
F. Ray and William F. Ray, all of Franklin, by Hon. Marshall P.
Wilder.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder made appropriate mention of the long
and valuable services (beginning in 1862), of Charles O. Whitmore,
as Member and Chairman of the Finance Committee, and of his
declination of a reelection to that position, and moved that a com-
mittee be appointed to consider what acknowledgment should be

132 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

made to Mr. Whitmore for his services. The motion was carried,
and the Chair appointed as that Committee, Hon. Marshall P.
Wilder, C. H. B. Breck, and William Gray, Jr.

Mr. Wilder also announced the decease of Samuel Downer, a
son of one of the founders of the Society and himself an old and
active member, and moved the appointment of a committee to
prepare memorial resolutions. This motion was carried, and the
Chair appointed Mr. Wilder, Aaron D. Capen, and Rev. A. B.
Muzze}', as that Committee.

Dr. John A. Warder, of Cincinnati, Ohio, President of the Ohio
State Horticultural Society, and a Corresponding Member of this
Society', who was present, was called on b}' the President to address
the meeting. Dr. Warder, who is also President of the American
Forestry Association, and deeply interested in the promotion of
arboriculture, spoke on that subject, substantially as follows :

Address of Dr. John A. Warder, on Arboriculture.

Dr. Warder said that western people when they cross the Alle-
ghanies do not feel that they have anything to tell — they look to
the east for light. Agriculture — and horticulture, which is a branch
of agriculture — are complex subjects, and while in parts of our
country the pioneers are engaged in cutting down the forest to
plant grain, in other parts the necessity of planting timber trees is,
or will soon be, felt. He thought that this climacteric is fast ap-
proaching, and had come to Massachusetts to see what he could of
interest in this branch of agriculture, and intended this afternoon
to visit the estate of Ben : Perle}' Poore, at West Newbury, and see
his 3'oung plantations of white ash and white pine, and his famous
premium oaks. He had visited the plantations of the Messrs. Fay,
at Lynn and Wood's HoU, and viewed the extensive plantations of
pitch-pine and cranberries on sandy Cape Cod. Though on that
wretched soil there could be no noble oaks, poplars, or catalpas,
Nature provides a tree for every peculiar condition of soil or cli-
mate, and on these poor lands the Pinus rigida or pitch-pine flour-
ishes— not, however, growing large enough for timber, but very
soon juelding valuable firewood. In the rich soils of some parts
of the country the weeds would overcome the young trees planted
in them, but there no such trouble is experienced. Wherever it is

DR. WARDER ON ARBORICULTURE. 133

desired to induce people to plant trees they must be shown the
cheapest wa}'.

Prof essor Sargent, of the Arnold Arboretum, recommends Amer-
ican trees as most desirable for phinting, and Dr. Warder agreed
with him that they are most likely to be successful, but would not
•wholly discard trees of foreign origin. The Aitanthus glanchdosa,
which was introduced some 3-ears ago as an ornamental tree, is
now being planted largely for timber, and though the speaker had
feared it would not stand well so far north, it has proved otherwise.
The timber is of some value ; it is not strong, but takes a good
finish and the color is good where a quiet tone is desired.

At Falmouth in this State there are large trees of the Catalpa
speciosa. The distinction between this and the eastern form was first
brought to the attention of the speaker in 1853, and noticed bj-
him in the " Western Horticultural Review," which he then edited.
He then felt some diffidence in calling it a distinct species, but
suggested that as it was a distinct variety it should be called Ca-
talpa hignonioides speciosa. It is now recognized as a species, and
Dr. Warder acknowledged it as his hobbj'. It has been dissemi-
nated largely from Cincinnati, and is now grown by the million, at
the nurseries of his friends, Robert Douglas & Sons, Waukegan,
111. The original habitat of this species is but a few hundred
miles in diameter. The tree is of very ra]3id growth and it is use-
ful for ornamental planting, but its great value as a timber tree
has not been understood until lately. It is very durable, there
being many instances of fence posts of this timber enduring for
seventj'-five years. General Harrison, when at Vincennes, learned
its value from the French and Indians, but did not know that it
was a distinct species. In twenty years it will make three railroad
ties per tree. H. H. Hunnewell, Esq., of Boston, has contracted
with Messrs. Douglas, of Waukegan, for the planting of several
hundred acres of this tree in Kansas. The soil is broken up and
planted with grain for one year or more before setting out the
catalpas. They are planted four feet apart, taking nearly three
thousand to the acre, and Mr. Douglas agrees to furnish the trees
and plant and tend them for three cents each, until they are old
enough to take care of themselves.

In reply to a question by Leander Wetherell, Dr. Warder said that
the Norway Spruce is the most successful evergreen at the West ;
but, on the exposed prairies no evergreen should be planted first.
2

134 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The cheap trees, like the cottonwoods, must come first, to afford
protection to the more valuable kinds. The adaptation of the
European larch to the West, is not 3'et determined. The speaker
found when in Germany, that, two grades of this lumber were
recognized there. One, growing in low grounds, is inferior, but
that which grows in Alpine regions is valuable. In Styria he saw
larch trees cut for railroad ties for the Viceroy of Egypt, who was
to paj' one dollar for each tie. In the West it generally grows well
enough, but when less than twenty years old, though it blossoms
and fills out its cones, it does not pefectits seeds. The conditions
required for perfecting a species are numerous, and Mr. Sargent
has laid it down as an axiom that no tree will be of permanent
value in a region where it does not perfect its seed.

European rules of forestr}', which direct to plant J'onng trees
without ploughing the land, are not adapted to the rich soils of the
West. There the plantation must be tilled for three j'ears, by
which time it will be found that the trees have taken possession.
After the prairie has been broken up and tilled for a year or two,
it is furrowed both ways, and the trees are planted at the intersec-
tjons of the furrows. If not tilled, the grass and weeds would
soon smother the young trees. The cost of planting varies ; cot-
tonwoods, from the river bars in the AYest, are sold at the rate of
one hundred dollars per million. When planted closely, they run
up and require little trimming. The earl}- settlers failed in their
planting from not recognizing the difference in the requirements of
their rich soils and the poorer lands of Europe. Now the sod is
broken and cultivated in corn for a j-ear before planting. It paj^s
to cultivate the soil and keep it loose, so as to give the young trees
a start.

President Hayes alluded to a visit which he received from the
late George B. Emerson, who expressed great pleasure in seeing
that he had preserved the native pitch pines. No tree has so much
variety and picturesqueness as this ; there are no two alike, and
thej' are, therefore, valuable for ornament.

Dr. Warder said, in answer to an inquiry by Mr. Wetherell,
whether a man could afford to grow forest trees on tillable land,
that if one wants to make a large per cent, at once, he had better
plant corn, but on every farm there are wasle places, where in
thirty years a good crop of trees could be grown. The black
locust is ready for the axe in thirty years. At from twenty to

DR. WARDER ON ARBORICULTURE. 135

thirty j-ears of nge, it has yielded a thousaud dollars per acre iu
the west.

Leander "Wetherell spoke of an Illinois farmer, who said that as
long as he could raise corn enough on an acre to pa}' for a 3-ear's
suppl}' of coal he preferred to do it, rather than to cut and haul
wood.

Dr. Warder said that Mr. Wetherell's suggestion was a practical
one. In Illinois, the farmers saj- they cannot afford to devote
good soil to wood, but they ignore the general beneficial effect. Iu
Iowa, where there are fewQi' trees than in Illinois, — in some parts
aA-eraging onh' an acre of wood to a square mile, — the need of
trees is felt more strongly. One man there has planted them
around every field, and found that when one-fifth of his ground is
in wood, his crops are larger than if the whole were in grain.

In reply to an inquiry as to the climatic effects of trees. Dr.
Warder said that the question is a ver}' large one. The Romans
suffered from the cold in France, and died when pursuing their
enemies into Germany and Austria, the countries from which we
now procure our finest wines. In Spain the population is diminish-
ing, owing to the removal of forests. Great changes have been
observed, both from the removal and the planting of trees. The
question of the effect of forests on the rainfall, is also very wide,
and is uow being worked up by meteorologists. Not only the
rain, but the humidity of a climate between falls of i-ain, is
important, and we know that this is increased by the presence of
trees. What becomes of a good rain when it falls on the ground?
In a country unprovided with trees, a south wind would dry it up
in a much shorter time than in one furnished with a proper pro-
portion of wood. Here lies our danger in the dry climate of the
United States.

President Hayes said that when in Madrid, he was astonished at
the desolation and bareness of the hills around that city and the
Escurial. It was uncomfortably cold there ; the east winds were
worse than in Boston. A few years afterwards he went to Ger-
many, and became acquainted with one of the government foresters
there, and it was interesting to see how all the trees were taken
care of. It was a rule that for every tree taken away another
should be planted.

Dr. Warder said that one great element of destruction to tiie
forests of Spain, was the sheep which ate up even the seeds of the

136 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

trees. The same cause is now operating to destroy the forests in
the Sierras of California. The Moors in Spain believed with
Mahomet, that the trees ivere fathers to the rain.

On behalf of his western associates, recently here, Dr. Warder
desired to express heartfelt thanks to the members of this Society
for the courteous hospitalities that had, on every hand, been
bestowed upon the visitors.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, as President of the American Pomologi-
cal Society, expressed his gratification at the elegant preparations
made for the reception and accommodation of that Society during
its meeting in this city, from the 14tli to the 16th of September,
and especially for the banquet given it by the Horticultural Society.

The polls were closed at eighteen minutes past tweh'e o'clock,
and the Committee to receive, assort, and count the votes, reported
the whole number to be fifty-three, and that all the persons whose
names were on the ticket presented by the Nominating Committee
were chosen. These persons were, agreeabl}" to the Constitution
and By-Laws, declared by the President to have a majority of
votes, and to be elected Officers and Standing Committees of the
Society for the year 1882.

Adjourned to Saturday, November 5.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, November 5, 1881.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Hon. Francis B. Hayes, in the chair.

The President, as Chairman of the Executive Committee, reported
a recommendation that the appropriations for Prizes, and for the
Committees on the Library, on Publication and Discussion, and of
Arrangements, for 1882, be the same as the present year, viz. : —

For Prizes, $3,050

For the Library Committee, for the purchase of
magazines and newspapers, binding of books,
and incidental expenses of the Committee, . 200

DECEASE OF SAJVIUEL DOWNER. 137

For the Committee on Publication and Discus-
sion, ........ $150

For the expenses of the Committee of Arrange-
ments, ....... 250

The Eeport was accepted, and, agreeably to the Constitution
and By-Laws, was laid over until the stated meeting in January.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder appropriately announced the decease
of the Hon. John Amorj' Lowell, a son of the late Hon. John
Lowell, who presided at the first meeting held to form this Society,
and himself an Original Member and a benefactor of the Society',
and moved the appointment of a committee to prepare memorial
resolutions. The motion was carried, and the chair appointed, as
that Committee, Mr. Wilder, William Gray, Jr., and C. H. B.
Breck.

Mr. Wilder, as Chairman of 'the Committee to prepare resolutions
in memory of Samuel Downer, made the following report : —

The undersigned, a Committee to whom was referred the duty
of preparing resolutions in regard to the memory of Samuel Dow-
ner, respectfully report the following: —

Resolved, That in the death of Samuel Downer, junior, — as his
name first appears on our records, — one of our oldest Life Mem-
bers, the Massachusetts Horticultural Society have to mourn the
loss of a sincere friend and promoter of the objects of our associa-
tion. Mr. Downer's father was one of the Founders of our institu-
tion, and his portrait, by the generosity of our lamented friend,
now adorns the walls of our hall. Samuel Downer, junior, whose
loss we deplore, inherited his father's love for horticulture, and
retained, in excellent condition, the old homestead to the day of
his death. He was himself formerh' a successful cultivator, exhib-
iting fine specimens of fruits, particularly of the pear, and was
present at the celebration of the Semi-Centennial Anniversary of
the Society.

Mr. Downer was also an upright, energetic, and enterprising
merchant, the founder and proprietor of the extensive kerosene
works at South Boston, and to him, more than to any other man,
are the public of New England, if not the whole country, indebted
for the introduction and general use of this manufacture. He was
not only a man of enterprise, but felt a lively interest in the welfare
of society. He founded the Melville Gardens, at Downer's Landing,
from benevolent motives, and from a desire for a place of recrea-

138 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

tion where all could resort -without fear of meeting any but pure
and good influences. This object was very near his heart, and
only a few weeks before his death he expressed, to one of this
Committee, his intention to make it more and more wortliy of the
approbation of the public. But more than this, Mr. Downer w;as
eaily associated with the friends of freedom and the emancipation
of the slave, and a few years ago held, at Downer's Landing, a
reunion of them and the old Froe-Soilers, of whom he was one, an
account of which was published.

Resolved., That a copy of these proceedings be forwarded to the
family of the deceased.

The report was accepted, and the resolutions were unanimously
passed.

The President reported the following votes, recommended by the
Executive Committee, which were unanimously passed: —

Voted, That it is the opinion of tlie Massachusetts Horticultural
Society that the proposed arrangement between Harvard College
and the Cit}- of Boston, for the joint occupancT of the Arnold
Arboretum, will give to the City of Boston, and the whole country,
a free educational institution of great value, through which the
popular taste for the cultivation and stud}- of trees and the science
of Forestry, will be fostered and increased.

Voted, That the Secretary send a copy of the above to the Hon-
orable the City Council of the Cit}' of Boston.

The following named persons, having been recommended b}^ the
Executive Committee, were, on ballot, dul}- elected members of
the Society.

Thomas Strahan, of Chelsea.

Christopher H. Starr, of Boston.

Rev. B. Judkins, of AYest Dedham.

Henry Woods, of Dorchester.

S. F. TerW'Illiger, of Saratoga Springs, N. Y.

Hon. James P. Ray, of Franklin.

Frank B. Ray, " "

Hon. Joseph G. Ray, " "

Edgar K. Ray, " "

James F. Ray, " "

William F. Ray,

Charles J. Lee, of Dorchester.
Adjourned to Saturda}-, December 3.

DECEASE OF HON. JOHN A. LOWELL. 139

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, December 3, 1881.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was bolden at 11 o'clock,
Hon. Francis B. Hayes, President, in the chair.

Hon. Marshall P. "Wilder, Chairman of the Committee to pre-
pare resolutions in memory of Hon. John Amory Lowell, made the
following Report :

The Committee to whom was referred the duty of preparing res-
olutions in regard to the decease of the Hon. John Amory Lowell,
present the following :

Resolved^ That in the death of John Amory Lowell, this Society
has lost one of its oldest aud most highly respected associates —
one of the Original Members, who subscribed before its organiza-
tion on the 17th of March, 1829 — and the worthy son of him who
did so much to ach-ance its interests and the agriculture and horti-
culture of New England.

Resolved^ That we shall ever cherish in our memories the recol-
lection of Mr. Lowell's interest in the objects of this Society, his
excellent character, his eminent usefulness, and his generous im-
pulses in promoting the happiness of his fellow men. As one of
the distinguished promoters of New England manufactures, the
custodian of the funds of the Lowell Institute, the benefactor him-
self to our own aud other associations, his name will long be
cherished ; and not only for these, but for his generous aud con-
scientious devotion to the best interests of our cit}^ state, aud
country, and of humauit}', — an upright man, a Christian gentle-
man, and a most useful citizen.

Resolved, That these proceedings be entered on our records, and
that a cop3' thereof be sent to the family of the deceased.

MARSHALL P. WILDER,

Cliairman of Committee.

President Ha^-es said that he was most happy to bear his tribute
to the excellence of Mr. Lowell's character. Before his admission

140 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

to the bar, and since then, he had been acquainted with Mr. Lowell,
and had the opportunity of knowing him and what subjects he was
most deeply interested in. He knew him as a business man, as a
donor to our benevolent and scientific institutions, as one of the
chief pillars and benefactors of the Church of King's Chapel, and a
most valuable member of the community. He not only took a deep
interest in horticulture, but was himself an eminent botanist,
having a large herbarium of his own collecting. By his will he
bequeathed $20,000 to the Botanic Garden connected with Harvard
College. For many years he had been one of the Fellows of the
College, and it is through his services and his interest in the
Botanic Garden that it occupies its proud position, with the first
botanist in the world at its head.

Mr. Wilder said that the Hon. John Lowell, the father of John
Amor\' Lowell, presided at the first meeting held to form this
Society ; and his father, Judge John Lowell, was well known for
his rural tastes, and had a garden in Roxburj' which was inherited
by his son. John Amor}^ Lowell inherited a taste for horticulture
from his father and grandfather, but had not time to practise it,
and therefore presented his collection of plants and his horticul-
tural and botanical library to the Botanic Garden. His heart was
always open to appeals in behalf of ever3- good work.

Charles M. Hovey said that he was happy to be present, and to
have the opportunity to express his concurrence in the resolutions,
which express the sentiments of the Society. To Mr. Lowell,
whose donation to the Society was made at a time when its
resources had been heavily taxed b}- the erection of the first Hor-
ticultural Hall, we are indebted for much of its prosperity. Mr.
Lowell was the son of one of our most enthusiastic horticulturists,
who contributed to the Magazine of Horticulture, established by
Mr. Hovey, and whose choice collection of plants Mr. Hovey
looked over with him but a short time before his death. The
donations of the son to the Botanic Garden, at Cambridge, have
been such as to enable that institution to maintain its high position.
Mr. Hovey congratulated the Society' that it had been aided by
such a man, for whose memory we shall always retain a grateful
respect.

The resolutions were unanimously passed.

The Annual Report of the Committee on Plants and Flowers

ANNUAL REPORTS PRESENTED. 141

was read by William H. Spooner, Chairman, accepted, aud referred
to the Committee on Publication.

On motion of Mr. Spooner, it was unanimously-

Voted, Thjft the Prospective Prize of $40 for the best Seedling
Flowering or Foliage plant (other than Rose, Camellia, Azalea
Indica, Tree Paeonj-, Hardy Rhododendron, or Hardy Azalea), be
awarded to James F. C. Hyde, for his Seedling Gladiolus, Hyde's
White, as recommended in the Report of the Committee on Plants
and Flowers.

The Annual Report of the Committee on 'Fruits, was read by
E. W. Wood, Chairman.

The Annual Report of the Committee on Vegetables, was read
by Charles N. Brackett, Chairman.

The Annual Report of the Committee on Publication and Dis-
cussion, was read by Benjamin G. Smith, Chairman.

John Robinson, from the Library Committee, read the Annual
Report of that Committee.

Robert' Manning read his Annual Report as Secretary and
Librarian.

These Reports were severally accepted and referred to the Com-
mittee on Publication.

The Chairman of the Committee on Gardens, asked further time
to prepare his Annual Report, which was granted.

The President reported from the Executive Committee the List
of Prizes to be offered for the year 1882, with the approval of that
Committee. The list was laid on the table for examination by the
members of the Society. , '

George B. Kelly, of Jamaica Plain,

having been recommended by the Executive Committee was, on
ballot, duly elected a member of the Societ3\

Adjourned to Saturday, December 10.

142 MASSACHU^TTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, Decemb^' 10, 1881.

An adjourned meeting of the Society' was holdeu at 11 o'clock,
Hon. Francis B. Hayes, President, in the chair.

John O. Sargent, of Lenox, was proposed by the President, as
a Life Member of the Society.

E. W. Wood, from the Committee of Arrangements, read the
Annual Report of that Committee.

John G. Barker, Chairman of the Committee on Gardens, read
the Annual Report of that Committee.

These reports were severally accepted and referred to the Com-
mittee on Publication.

The Schedule of Prizes for 1882, presented at the last meeting
and then laid on the table, was taken up and unanimously' adopted
and referred to the Committee on Publication.

The President expressed his gratification at the manner in which
the annual reports of the A-arious committees, which were now con-
cluded, had been made. The}' were not only promptly presented,
but were admirabl}- prepared. He spoke particular!}^ of the com-
mendation b}' the C^rden Committee of INIr. Moore's peach
orchard and vincA'ard, which he had visited himself. He could
join the Committee in speaking of Mr. Moore's place as a model
of neatness and good cultivation.

Benjamin G. Smith, Chairman of the Committee on Publication
and Discussion, announced that the series of meetings for discus-
sion the present season, would begin on the next Saturday with
the reading of a Prize Essay by Mrs. T. L. Nelson, of Worcester,
on "Our Native Plants, Adapted for Winter Culture, for their
Flowers," and that on the succeeding Saturday, John Robinson,
Professor of Botanj' and Vegetable Physiology to the Society,
would read a Paper on " Ornamental Arboriculture."

John B. Moore, a member of the Committee on Publication and
Discussion, added that the Committee hoped to make the discus-
sions better than ever before, but that to do this they must have
the cooperation of the memljers of the Society. Dr. Goessman,
the Professor of Chemistry at the Agricultural College, had been
invited to lecture, and the Committee trusted that during the
winter we should have the pleasure of hearing from him.

CORKESPONDENCE. 143

The Secretary read the following correspondence :> —

Massachusetts Horticultural Society,
BosTox, October 17, 1881.

Dear Sir : Some time ago I had the honor to send to the Royal
Horticultural Society a copy of the History of this Society, which,
Dr. IMasters wrote me, was placed in the Lindle}" Library'. I have
thofight that you might like to add to this volume the other publi-
cations of this Society and, therefore, send a set as far as they can
be ol)tained. I beg that the}' may be received as a token of the
regard entertained by this Society^ for the Royal Horticultural
Society of London — the prototype and exemplar of all horticultu-
ral societies — to which we, in common with all other similar associ-
ations, feel under the deepest obligations.

"We have in our Libraiy the quarto Transactions of the Horti-
cultural Societ}' of London, complete, and of the octavo Journal
the first nine volumes. Dr. Masters wrote me that the suppl}' of
the latter, in the hands of the Societj", is quite exhausted, but if
you can refer me to some bookseller who would be most likely to
secure the succeeding parts, and also inform me what has been
published since 1854 and is necessary to complete our set up to
the present time, you would confer a favor on this Societ}'.

Can 30U tell me how many parts of Lindley's Folia Orchidacea
were published? 'NVe have eight parts, unbound, and supposed it
to be complete, but I observe that the last edition of Pritzel's
Thesaurus says nine parts. I should like, before binding, either
to complete it or to be certain that there is no more.

Is Dr. Masters's Vegetable Teratology out of print? We
ordered a copy nearly two years ago, but have never got it.

I hope I have not taken too great a libert}- in troubling 3-ou with
these inquiries, but trust you will s^-mpathize with mj* desire to
make our library as complete as possible. It is already the best
horticultural lilirary in this countr}', and, so far as we are informed,
is excelled by few in Europe. I can hardly hope to be able to
make you any return for the favors I ask of you, but shall be very
glad to if it is ever in m}' power.

Yours respectfully,

ROBERT MANNING,

Secretary and Librarian.
Rev. George Hexslow, Librarian Lindley Library.

144 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Royal Horticultukal Society,
Kensington, S. W., November 21, 1881.

Dear Sir: I had the gratification, as Foreign Secretary, to read
your letter of the 17th ult. to the Rev. George Heuslow, Librarian
of the Lindley Library, to the Council of the Society at its last
meeting, and I was instructed in reply to express the cordial
thanks of the Council of the Society and of the Trustees of^ the
Lindley Library for 3'our vahiable donation of books. The
Council is touched at the cordial manner in which you are pleased
to speak of the Society and its past work, and is anxious to main-
tain and develop friendly relations with your Society'. A new
part of the Journal will be sent to 3'ou shortly, and I am to bring
under j-our notice the fact that the Society is in a position to sup-
ply 3'ou with grafts (at the proper season) , tubers of begonias, and
roots and seeds of other ornamental and useful plants. Applica-
tion for these should be made to the Superintendent of the Society's
Garden, at Turnham Green, near London.

Five volumes of the New Series of the Journal have been pub-
lished; Vol. 1, 1866; Vol. 2, 1870; Vol. 3, 1S72 ; and Vols. 4
and 5, in 1879. Enquiries are being made for them, and if they
can be procured, they shall be sent to you.

There is, I fear, little or no chance of getting the ninth part of
the Folia Orchidacea, as the copies were, I believe, destroyed
as waste paper.

Dr. Masters's Teratology was published by the Ray Society,
and is, I believe, out of print. There is little or no chance of
getting it except at an auction.

I may add that I shall be pleased to be of service to the Society
or to yourself, and am sir.

Faithfully 3'ours,

MAXWELL T. MASTERS,
Hon. Foreign Secretary,

Royal Sort. Society.
To Robert Manning, Esq.

The Secretary also announced the reception of a letter from
Dr. Hermann Knoblauch, President of the Imperial Leopold-Caro-
linian German Academy of Naturalists, at Halle, Prussia, asking
an exchange of publications.

Adjourned to Saturday, December 17.

NATIVE PLANTS FOR WINTER CULTURE. 145

BUSINESS MEETING.

Satukday, December 17, 1881.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Hon. Francis B. Hayes, in the chair. No business
being brought before the meeting it

Adjourned to Saturday, December 24.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

This was opened by the reading of the following Prize Essay by
the author :

Our Native Plants' adapted for Winter Culture for their

Flowers.

BY MRS. T. L. nelson, OF WORCESTER.

"When summer flowers have bloomed and faded, and the aster
and golden-rod are in their gloiy, — when on the hills the gorgeous
tints of autumn are glowing and shimmering in the hazy atmos-
phere, we begin to think of the time when there will be nothing
outside to even remind us of leaf and Slower ; and then we gather,
if we will — for nature is lavish of her treasures, — our winter stores.
What visions of the past rise before us, when all out-doors is bound
in snow and ice, at the sight of a " winter greenery," as we sit
before the fire and our gaze dreamily wanders toward the place
where it is sitting. Again we are in the woods enjoying ourselves.
At our feet sparkles and dashes the little brook, and, by its side,
moss, lichen, and fern are beautiful as ever ; we hear the rustle of
the leaves over our heads, and it seems so real that it is hard to
break the spell.

But all this must be gathered before it can be enjo3'ed. Meadows,
swamps, fields, and woods are to be visited and carefully searched,
for in them, oftentimes only indicated by a dried leaf or bei-ry, are
the plants, bulbs, and tubers which are resting, and, therefore, the
more to be sought after for winter bloom, — for I have found, by

146 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

carefully' watching, that plants which bloom in spring and early
summer are more to be relied upon for flowers in winter than later
blooming ones. Of course you know that, in cultivated flower.^, we
select the largest and strongest bulbs and roots for winter blooming.
If we wish to grow lilies for winter flowering, Ave select the finest
bulbs, for in them is stored the perfect leaf and blossom. So in
our selection of native plants — select the strongest and best, for
some will fail. Surely no florist expects to bloom all the plants
and bulbs that he puts in his houses ; and for some unexplained
reason some — in fact man}- — refuse to give us flowers in winter,
3'et they bloom abundantly in their native soil and season. I find
from experience that most native plants can be grown successfully
in light woody soil, with a mixture of meadow moss ; and also that
flat wire baskets or dishes, not more than three inches iu depth,
lined with moss, and filled with earth, in which to set the plants, are
better than close dishes. After they are filled set them in a dish
or saucer with water in it. In this wa}', the mos» acts as an
absorbent, and supplies water as the plants require it. Moss on
the surface, between the plants, is useful in counteracting the dry-
ness of the air iu our living rooms — for I take it for granted that
native plants are to adorn and beautify our homes ; they are not
often found in greenhouses. In speaking of the depth of the
dishes, I am assuming that only smal -growing plants are likely to
be cultivated.

Afid now we will take a look after plants.

First, let us gather Epigcea repens (Trailing Arbutus). It ought
to be gathered as late as possible, for the buds must be formed
before gathered, and then it is not necessary to have muv h root ;
only keep the plants moist and close. I have not succeeded often
in flowering it, except in a ferner}* or wardiau case, but it is almost
sure to bloom under glass, if properly gathered ; and how beautiful
it is we all know.

Hepatica triloba and H. acutiloha have thick, persistent leaves,
and also form their buds in autumn. I find them among the surest
of winter blooming plants ; in fact, they bloom iu all places — in
ferneries or dishes, sun or shade, their pure little blos-^oms appear
almost before we know, or dare expect it.

Sanguinaria Canadensis (Blood-root) can be easily flowered,
and although the foliage is coarse, as the flower comes before the
leaf is grown, and as the plants can be forced but once, the foliage

NATIVE PLANTS FOR WINTER CULTURE. 147

is of no consequence. The flower is pure white, and exquisitely
beautiful.

Calla palustris ("Water Arum) , our wild calla, growing in muddy
and swampy places, is really an attractive plant, and, having a
tuber like RicharcUa uEtldopica, can be easil}" grown, and with
similar treatment. In Massachusetts it is herbaceous, and blooms
in early summer. *^

Next we will look after Ariscema tripliyllum ( Jack-in-the-pulpit) ,
which forces finely. You can readily find it by its bunch of intense
scarlet berries. On taking awa}- the old stalk, j^ou will find the
bud ready to start when j'ou are read}- to start it. I have seen
exceedingl}^ fine plants of it in winter ; and with their stately
leaves and blossom, they are really very beautiful. They grow
equallj' as well in open dishes or baskets as in a ferneiy.

Sarracenia purpurea (American Pitcher-plant) is easily grown
in wet, peaty moss, and, aside from the beaut}' of its "pitchers"
(which yo» know are really the leaves of the plant) , has a very
curious flower. It is found in swamps and low, moist ground.

Erythroniuni Americanum (Yellow Dog-tooth Violet) bears culti-
vation well, but will not bear the sun. It is one of the earliest
spring flowers and is desirable, as both flower and foliage are beau-
tiful. The foliage varies in marking ; sometimes it is very much
spotted, and again almost as entirely green.

The lovely Houstonia ccerulea has never been sung by poets, but
nevertheless it is lovely beyond compare. Pure and innocent,
it raises its sweet little face to our gaze, and we think of all that
is good as we look down upon it. I gathered " alpine daisy" on
Mount Washington, and admired its lovely blossoms, but, at the
time, remarked to a friend, that it was no more beautiful than our
little neglected Houstonia. This flower is also among the earliest
spring flowei's. What would be easier, as it grows in clumps, than
to take up a piece or clump, and not disturb the roots, and when
it has rested let it bloom in winter?

CUntonia borealis has a greenish yellow, bell-shaped, lily-like
flower, which can be cultivated with considerable success, and all
must be pleased who do succeed.

The Trilliums are easily grown if you mark the place where
they are before the leaves are gone, and take them up after
the foliage has ripened. There are at least three species, — T.
grandijlorum, T. erythrocarpum (Painted Trillium), and T. erertum,

148 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and they are all so beautiful it is a wonder more are not bloomed
in winter.

Then the Cypnpediums. I have three species growing in my
garden, — C. 'parviflorum (small yellow), C. pxibescens (large yel-
low), and C. spectdbile (pink, or pink and white). I have never
flowered them in winter, but they adapt themselves so readily to
the gardfen I take it for granted there can be no difficult^' in so
doing. I know that C. spectabile forms its buds late in the autumn
under the old stalk, precisely as AriscBma buds are found, and that
shows conclusively that one can be grown as well as the other.

Cojitis trifoUa (Gold-thread) is very attractive, with its dark
green leaves that shine in the sun as if wet with dew. The flower
is pure white, and contrasts admirably with the beautiful foliage.

Mitchella repens (Partridge berry) is one of the most charming of
all our winter friends, for we get the persistent foliage, and bright
scarlet berries ; and then it blooms finely in the fernery (and often-
times out) , and we have a combination rarely found, and doubly
welcome for its beauty and rarity.

Pyrola (Wintergreen) buds in autumn, and blooms well.

Violets are so abundant in variety, that we have only to choose
for ourselves ; but with them, and in fact all that I have mentioned,
we must make a stud}' of their individual habits, and learn how
much sun, light, moisture, etc., they require, and give them as fair
a chance as the flowers we take from our gardens. I do not believe
our native plants are harder to grow, or need more rest and care,
than ordinary plants ; but do you think we should take as much
pains to grow one of our native Cypripediums as we do some of the
imported species that are not nearly as beautiful?

I have no doubt that many of our native shrubs are as well
■worth growing, both for pleasure and profit, as the Deutzias,
Spiraeas, and Azaleas. AmekmcJder Canadensis (Shad bush) grows
and flowers so freely, there can be no doubt about cultivating it.

Leucothoe racemosa, if only for its mythical relation, might be
brought into notice. And what more lovely flower in winter than
Wiodora Canadensis, with its rose-purple flowers in umbel-like
clusters, blooming before the leaves appear.

"Rhodora! if the sages ask thee why

This charm is wasted on the earth and sky,

Tell them, dear, that if eyes were made for seeing,

Then Beauty is its own excuse for being :

NATIVE PLANTS FOR WINTER CULTURE. 149

Why thou wert there, O rival of the rose !

I never thought to ask, I never knew :

But, in my simple ignorance, sujipose

The selfsame Power that brought me there brought you."

Azalea nudijiora, our pink or purple wild Azalea, grows well in
our gardens, and blooms when the plants are small, as does, also,
A. viscosa, the white variety. Both varieties are growing and
blooming finelj' in two gardens near me, where there is more or
less cla3', which goes to show that they are not particular as to soil.
What, therefore, is to hinder growing them under glass as well as
the imported species ? J think, however, they should be taken up
in the spring and grown through the summer and autumn, in order
to obtain good results.

Rhododendron maximum adapts itself readiW to our gardens,
groAvs as well as the kinds we cultivate in them, and is more hardy.
Why not try and grow it for winter bloom ?

And so the list might be exteuded to be quite as long as the list
of the cultivated plants that will bloom well in winter. You know,
of course, I do not mean stove plants, but only such varieties as are
ordinarily grown in winter. Fashion is all-powerful, and if we
could make it more fashionable to wear, or to have on our tables,
native violets than the foreign varieties, how the greenhouses and
florists' windows would overflow with the modest flowers. Or the
beautiful Azaleas, Arbutus, or Sanguinaria, instead of Marigolds
and Sunflowers. As it is, "somebody" starts a fashion and ever}'^-
body follows it. All the time we look eagerly for "novelties"
from any source, at home or abroad, and too often we pay dearly
for very little. Why, then, do we not begin at home, and see what
can be done with our native plants ?

Discussion.
Mrs. C. N. S. Horner was called on to open the discussion on
the essa}', and said that the subject is one which has always inter-
ested her. There are a large number of native flowers which will
repay cultivation. The Campanida rotundifolia (Harebell) is
easily cultivated, and flowers from June to November. The As-
clepias tuherosa (Butterfly Weed) is very satisfactoiy. Among native
plants, which she had successfully cultivated in winter, are San-
guinaria Canadensis, Cypripedium p)uhescens, Goodyera p)uhescens
and G. repens, Hepatica triloba, Epigoea repens, Coptis trifolia, and
3

150 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Viola Canadensis and other violets. The Sarracenia purpurea
does very nicely ; she had had a plant, cultivated in the house in
winter, with five flowers.

E. H, Hitchings said that many have tried to cultivate the Ejn-
gcea repens (Trailing Arbutus), but it succeeds for only a year or
two. The Hepatica is very easily cultivated. The speaker exhib-
ited a plant which he found in Stoneham woods on the 5th instant —
one of five which were in flower. The plant shown had there-
mains of three flowers, one of which probably' bloomed in October
and the others in November, and several buds which would prob-
abh" open in a month, making the season of bloom about three
months. Wild flowers were in bloom in the woods from April,
1879, to November, 1880, inclusive. Some wild flowers are im-
proved by cultivation, among which are the Sartguinaria Cana-
densis^ Lobelia cardinalis, and Trillium grandijlorum. Some, such
as the Painted Tiillium, are quite as handsome in fruit as in flow-
er ; and the fruit of the Nodding Trillium is more beautiful than
the flower. The Pyrolas and Chimaphilas do well in cultivation, as
do also Ooodyera pubescens and G. repens and Cypripedium spec-
tabile. Mr. Hitchings said he had several times transplanted the
Orchis spectabilis successfull}^ and also Tiarella cordifolia, and
many other native plants. Liparis liliifolia is one of the most
delicate of the orchids ; he has cultivated it in the house for sev-
eral years, and it blooms every season. Geranium Robertianum
does well in the house. Andromeda polifolia and Ledtim latifolium
are shrubs which succeed well under cultivation. Kalmia glauca
is handsomer than either of the other species ; it is found growing
with the two preceding. Hibiscus Moscliexitos does well in the
garden. Habenaria blephariglottis, H. ciliaris, and Calypso
borealis have been cultivated by Dr. Walcott. Mr. Hitchings
closed by saying that he would like to get young people interested
in collecting and cultivating native flowers.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder expressed much pleasure in having
the meeting opened b}^ a lady, and hoped she would be successful
in her efforts to inspire others with a love for the cultivation of
native plants, that they might enjoy the pursuits in which she took
so much pleasure. While we have collected plants from all parts
of the world, and agents from all parts of the world have been here
to collect our native plants, we have been tardy in cultivating them.
The heat, light, soil, etc., wanted by these plants, are the secrets

NATIVE PLANTS. 151

of nature, which we must learn before we can cultivate them suc-
cessfully. He was glad to hear the essayist speak of the influence
of fashion on the taste for flowers. Some of the most beautiful
plants have been fashionable, and afterwards have been obliged to
make room for other favorites. Among these is the camellia, of
which Mr. Hovey would remember the time when a single flower
w^ould bring a dollar, and afterwards it was set aside as coarse, but
it is now in favor again. The case is the same with the azalea.
He would like to speak of the moral influence of the cultivation of
flowers ; he hoped when done with the cultivation of flowers on
earth, to resume it in a better world.

Rev. A. B. Muzzey said he was much interested in the subject
announced for today's discussion. Our native plants have been
strangely neglected. When he was in college he took long summer
walks in the woods and fields every Saturday with Professor Nuttall,
who not only possessed a scientific knowlecfge of our native flow-
ers, but was full of enthusiasm in their study, and felt all the
pleasure of a boy in these excursions. Mr. Muzzey not only col-
lected a herbarium, but brought home plants, which proved capable
of house culture. He was amazed at the number and variety of
flowers which the^' found. We have onh* to go a few miles to find
under our feet species we have never seen before. Wild flowers are
common, but so is light, and it is a sin against nature to shut it
out of our houses ; and health, which might otherwise suffer, is
promoted by the ssarch for these wild flowers.

Charles M. Hoyey expressed much pleasure in having the subject
of the cultivation of native flowers brought up for discussion, and
congratulated the Committee on their selection. He had been
writing on the subject for the last five or six years in " The Gar-
den." When in England a few years ago he visited George F.
Wilson's grounds at We3'bridge three times — once in March and
twice in April. He had been puzzled, when readings in the P^nglish
magazines about severe frosts, to know how plants could survive
them, but he found Cyclamen hederifoUum and G. Coirm, with the
leaves and flowers frozen quite hard without injury, when the tem-
perature was eight degrees below freezing ; and the reason that
they were not killed was that the frost was taken out b}' the atmos-
phere, under a cloudy sk}-, before the sun could reach them. After
a snow-storm, the cyclamens were just as beautiful as ever. Besides
these plants, Mr. Wilson showed him Hepatica angulosa, and vari-

152 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Oils primroses ; among the latter some choice seedlings, covered with
bell glasses, and he took more interest in these than in his collec-
tion of greenhouse plants. At an exhibition of the London Horti-
cultural Society, one of the most prominent objects was a collection
of twenty-four varieties of primroses, — Himalayan and others.
The English love all these little plants, but here we want something
large and showy, like the sunflower, which is the fashionable flower
at Newport. The camellia lost its popularity as much b}^ the
peculiarities of trade as from any other cause, and the price fell
dow^n to a low rate. When the florists could buy pinks and similar
flowers, which would keep several da^s, thej did not think it worth
while to purchase the expensive camellia ; but this helped to bring
roses into fashion. Boston roses have heretofore supplied the New
York market. For a long time buj'ers have been satisfied with
Bon Silene and Safrano ; but now the}' want Marechal Niel, Perle
des Jardius, and Gen? Jacqueminot.

Among the native flowers mentioned b}' the essayist, there are
but two or three which the speaker has not described. Bliexia
Virginica, which was not mentioned, is one of the most desirable.
The Erythronium, or Dog-tooth Violet, covers the ground in his
nursery. The Asdepias tuberosa, Sanguinaria Canadensis^ and
Hibiscus MoscJientos are easily cultivated, and are among the most
desirable native plants. He made botanical excursions in his
3'ounger days, influenced by Professor Nuttall, and first found the
blood-root in 1829 or 1830 ; indeed, all these native plants passed
through his hands, and he tried to get others to cultivate them.
He had studied the botan}- of the shores of Buzzard's Bay, and
found a great variety of plants there, — in the limited space of six
acres he found growing one hundred and seventy-five species and
varieties. The native asters were not mentioned by the essayist,
and have been but little cultivated. Aster sjjectabilis grows about
a foot high, and is as beautiful as a Cineraria. Ferns, and the
Mitcliella repens, can be grown in the house, and are really very
pretty objects during winter.

William Falconer (of the Cambridge Botanic Garden), did not
think our wild flow^ers, excepting the Lily of the Valley and Cypri-
pediam spectabile, were very amenable to winter forcing. Many of
them, as violets and hepaticas, make excellent border plants, but
they require to be brought slowly into bloom. Speaking of Cypri-
pediums, he mentioned that though C. spectabile is the one usually

NATIVE PLANTS. 153

forced, the others are as useful iu that direction ; in fact, they
come earlier into flower. Some orchids, as Calypso^ although very
pretty, are not generally satisactory as out-door garden plants ;
but, with pot culture, they arje first rate. In answer to Mr.
Hitchings, he said that Cypripedium acavle does well in cultivation
for two or three years, but is liable to die out. With reference to
Mr. Ilovey's remarks about our wild asters, he said that quite a
demand has lately arisen in Europe for American asters. He
warmly I'ecommended the use of our wild plants as garden flowers,
and called attention to the handsome displays of our native lilies
in the rhododendron beds of Mr. Sargent, at Brookline, and Mr.
Hunnewell, at Wellesley.

Rev. F. L. Capeu said that when a boy he used, in driving the
cows to pasture, to look out for the columbine and crowfoot. At
Jacksonville, Florida, the number and gorgeousness of the wild
flowers, is remarkable ; he had noticed particularl}- a flower of a
purple color, but otherwise resembling a golden-rod. What we
call native flowers are exotics abroad, and our exotics are natives
elsewhere. When rare flowers become common the masses will
take them. He asked if flowers of the same species were collected
and planted together, whether they would not sport and produce
new and fine varieties.

Mr. Wilder said that such changes would not proper!}- be called
sports, but crosses. Sporting is a change of color of part of the
flowers on the same plant, like the Abb}?^ Tryphosa Wilder camellia,
which originated in a sport on the Mrs. Abby Wilder. The dis-
tinction between sports and crosses, or h3-brids, is often overlooked.
As to species, it is sometimes difficult to say what are species.
Once it would have been thought irreverent to attempt to cross
genera, but he had crossed the Lilium lancifoUum with Gloriosa
superba.

John B. Moore desired to suggest one practical thing, which
was to get sweet-brier plants and pot in the spring, and bloom
them in the winter. They must have rest, and after growing
through the summer, should be placed in a cool cellar till about
this time. They should have but little water until the^' get some
leaves ; most amateurs injure plants by saturating the soil with
water when there are no leaves to evaporate it. If properly
treated, the plants will be covered with bunches of bloom, and the
fragrance of both flowers and foliage is delightful. The plants are
abundant in pastures ; j-oung, vigorous ones should be chosen.

154 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Leander Wetherell said that horticulture is the art of improving
nature, and it has improved ahnost everj- species of phxnt. Wild
flowers are very beautiful ; he has often roamed over the woods in
search of them, but he thought w;e have in our gardens what are
more beautiful than natives, and that this going back to nature is
a retrogression. He alluded to the difficulty of learning plant
names, and said that the Society is much indebted to the ladies for
the exhibitions of native plants.

J. W. Manning said that he had collected in his nursery four or
five hundred varieties of native plants, but had found little demand
for them. The Rhododendron maximum transplants very easily- if
small plants are chosen, and the Kcdmia lati folia also. Mr. Daw-
son, at the Arnold Arboretum, has been successful in raising both
these from seed. The Kahnia latifolia is common in the woods,
but not much cultivated. It will grow in almost any soil. He
knows a dozen plants in gardens in Reading which have been
growing for fifteen years.

Mr. Hove}' said there are people who will give more for the
eglantine or. sweet-brier, than for the most improved rose. In
Marion, there stands a cedar tree, two hundred and fifty or three
hundred years old ; it is fifty feet high, and the arms spread fifty
feet. He never saw anything that pleased him so much, entirely
covered as it was, trunk and branch, with moss ; and so we love
these wild flowers for their native and ever beautiful and varied
forms.

It was announced that on the next Saturday, John Eobinson, Pro-
fessor of Botany and Vegetable Ph3^siology to the Society, would
read a paper on " Ornamental Arboriculture."

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, December 24, 1881.

An adjourned meeting of the Societ}' was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Hon. Francis B. Haj-es, in the chair.

John B. Moore, from the Committee on Publication and Discus-
sion, presented the following vote :

Voted, That there be oifered a Prospective Prize of Fifty Dollars

ORNAMENTAL ARBORICULTURE. 155

for the best 'Essay on the Effect of Chemical Fertilizers on Fruits
and Plants, as influencing their growth and qualit}-, the essay to
give a detailed account of actual experiments and results, during
the next three years ; the prize to be awarded at the end of the
year 1884.

The vote was referred to the Executive Committee.

Adjourned to Saturday, December 31.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

This was opened by the reading of the following paper, by the
Professor of Botau}' and Vegetable Physiology :

EssAT ON Ornamental Arboriculture.
By John Robinson, of Salem.

In attempting to sketch the history of ornamental arboriculture
in this country, it soon becomes evident that the subject will be
exhausted for want of actual examples, rather than for lack of
records of what has been accomplished. It is only necessary to
read the works of Downing, or the articles in the earl}- horticul-
tural magazines, to discover that ornamental tree culture received
little attention in New England, compared with that bestowed
upon it in the vicinit}' of Philadelphia, or along the valley of the
Hudson. This ma}-, in a great measure, be attributed to the fact
that the early horticulturists of this neighborhood, the founders of
the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, were chiefly interested in
the cultivation of fruits and flowers. In organizing this Society,
thej' formed the horticultural centre of New England, whose
steadily increasing influence has given the key-note to the horticul-
ture of this region. We find, therefore, established near Boston, a
spirit of competition in fine fruits and rare flowers, to the exclusion,
until very recently, of any attempts to learn the secrets of tree
culture.

The cultivation of ornamental trees has, of course, received
occasional attention in individual cases for more than two centuries,
as the magnificent shade trees in the streets of some of our oldest
towns, notably those in the vallej' of the Connecticut river, bear
testimou}', as well as those upon a few private estates.

158 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The first landscape gardener to issue a special catalogue of
hardy trees and shrubs suitable for our climate, was Andre Par-
mentier, of Brooklyu, L. I. He also established a scientifically
arranged garden, and was the first in the United States to form a
plantation illustrating the natural style of laying out grounds. At
the opening of the present century, among the prominent estates
where tree culture had received special attention, were Woodlands,
the residence of William Hamilton, near Philadelphia ; Cler-
mont, the Hudson River estate of Chancellor Livingston, and
Waltham House, near Boston, the residence of Hon. Theodore
Lyman. A little later in this vicinity, the estates of Thomas Per-
kins and Thomas Lee, in Brookline, and John P. Cushing, of
Watertown, were noticeable.

Recently, arboriculturists here have fallen into a rather too
servile imitation of European examples, with the use of European
trees or plants, better suited to the climate of Europe than to our
own, where experiments should be based upon a careful stud}' of
trees and methods better adapted to our climate and soil.

To make a plantation which shall contain a desirable variety of
trees, adapted to the situation in which they are to grow, and
calculated to remain a lasting benefit, requires a knowledge of
physical geograph}', especiall}' that which relates to the influence
of climates upon plant life. Modern science teaches us that nature
has, in the countless ages of time, evolved for each and every
climate a class of plants especially adapted to the influences by
which they are surrounded. She has, in particular instances, b}'
gradual and imperceptible changes, adapted groups of individuals
of a species to flourish in a climate diflferiug totally from that in
which other individuals of the same species are found. Hence,
individuals taken from one locality may l)e perfectl}' hard}', while
other individuals of the same species, from other localities, fail
utterly to endure our climate. For example, the small leaved
magnolia, taken from Massachusetts or the Middle States, is per-
fectly hardy here, while plants of the same species brought from
Florida, would not survive a single Massachusetts winter.

Under the present theory of the distribution of species, based
upon a careful study of geology, our existing flora is considered,
with a few rare exceptions, to have been disseminated from a com-
mon centre at the north, and to be the result of the inexorable law
of the survival of the fittest species or individuals for the places

ORNAMENTAL ARBORICULTURE. 157

thej were forced to occupy. It is useless, therefoi-e, to attempt to
remove a plant from a climate to which its ancestors have, for
ages of time, become inured, and expect it to thrive in a different
one. We should not give a moment's thought to a proposition to
plant the Victoria regia of the Amazon, in the pond on Boston
Common ; 3-et, with the trees, attempts hardly less absurd have
been persisted in, simply because the climatic conditions of the
regions from which it has been attempted to introduce them, were
not studied ; the latitude from which they were taken, only being
considered.

A glance at a map of the northern hemisphere, shows us that
the configuration of the east coast of the continent of Asia is quite
similar to that of eastern North America, and that in the Pacific
ocean, as well as in the Atlantic, a warm ocean current, commenc-
ing at the southwest, and flowing across the ocean, disappears at
the northeast. Thei'efore, the coast climate of one continent may
be expected to closely resemble the corresponding coast climate of
the other, which, in point of fact, it does; the climate of north-
eastern Asia, resembling that of New England and eastern North
America, while that of California and Oregon is not unlike the
climate of western Europe. There are also, in various portions of
the globe, certain conditions which tend to produce local climates
quite different from the surrounding regions, and, in some respects,
not unlike our own. Some such districts are already known to us,
and others may yet be discovered.

Working upon these facts, we may arrange in order' the regions
from which we are obliged to select trees for cultivation in New
England, and beyond which, unless in rare, exceptional cases, it
is useless to go to add to our collections.

This order is as follows :

I. The Alleghanian region of North America, which includes
New England and Canada, and extends southward to the moun-
tains of northern Georgia and Alabama, and broadly to the eastern
base of the Rockj' Mountains.

II. The eastern coast of Asia, north of about latitude 38, and
including northern China, Manchooria, and northern Japan.

III. Regions with climates not sufficiently differing from that
of New England to interfere with the adaptability of the plants
of such regions to our climate. The Central Rocky Mountain
region, portions of Siberia, the Caucasus, Toorkistau, and possibly
Thibet, are illustrations.

158 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

IV. To the plants from the regions already indicated may be
added certain cosmopolitan species, which inhabit widely different
localities and seem to flourish ever}' where in the old world.

To the first of these regions, the Alleghanian, too much atten-
tion cannot be paid, for here, in a comparatively limited area,
is found a more extensive collection, in number of species, of
desirable forest trees than is furnished b}' any region of sim-
ilar size in the temperate zone, with the possible exception of
Japan. There are more species than is possessed by the whole
continent of Europe. Neither do the trees from this region require
to be experimented with to ascertain their fitness for cultivation in
our grounds, for they are of our own flora. But before entering
upon the southern Alleghany mountain region, where there are
many species not natives of New England, we need go no farther
than our own woods to find manj' of the most desirable trees to
plant for ornament ; trees which in Europe have been eagerly sought
for two centuries as great prizes, but which, in our own country,
have been too long neglected for general planting. What tree is
more desirable, in everj' way, than the Sugar Maple? or for single
specimens more interesting than the Hickory-? Our Oaks rank
among the most magnificent trees in the temperate zone, while the
Tupelo, Beech, Sassafras, Hornbeam, the Birches, and the Ashes,
among the deciduous trees, and the White and Red Pines and Hem-
lock, among the evergreens, are all valuable trees for ornamental
purposes. To these may be added from among the lower growing
species, the Hamamelis with its November flowers ; the gorgeously
fruited Sumachs ; the Amelauchier, too often overlooked ; the Dog-
woods, including the conspicuous Cor7t?<Sj^om/a, and the Viburnums.
All these grow naturally within twenty miles of this spot. There
are, besides, in the immediate neighborhood, a number of trees,
which, although not suited for all soils and situations, are, never-
theless, adapted to certain localities. Among such are the Amer-
ican Elm which flourishes best in the alluvial river meadows, and
the true White Cedar of the low swampy lands.

As previously stated, one of the greatest storehouses for tree
species in the temperate zone is the region of the southern Alle-
ghan}" mountains. In Pennsj-lvania and the mountains southward
are nearly two-score of trees, which, although belonging to the
same flora as our own, are not natives of Massachusetts, but are
certain to succeed in our ornamental plantations.

ORNAMENTAL ARBORICULTURE. 1£9

There are five species of Magnolia, most of which are considered
as rare trees in cnltivation. AVe have the Buckeyes — the red and
3'ellow flowered lai'gcr species, and the white flowered shrubb}- one ;
the Chidrastis or Yellow-wood, fine specimens of which aie now to
be seen on man}- of the older estates in this vicinity, and one
magnificent specimen at the Botanic Garden, Cambridge, over
thirty feet high, witli^i trunk two feet in diameter. There is the
Ked-bud, which, with its prodigality of deep pink flowers, presents
in spring a most beautiful appearance. Among the plants of the
Rose family are two species of Cratjiegus, one somewhat resem-
bling the scarlet thorn ; and the American Crab apple, desirable for
its fragrant flowers and marketable fruit. We have the Viburnum
2)runifoliuvi, resembling our Sheep-berr}', but a larger growing tree ;
the Halesia or Silver-bell tree ; and the Persimmon, whose fruit
ripens in this vicinity and should be added to our garden products,
and find the place it deserves upon the exhibition tables of this
Society. The Virginia Fringe tree, although frequently seen in
cnltivation, should be more extensively planted, and the Winged
and Slipper}- Elms and the Chinquapin are not so often seen
as they deserve to be. Of the Oaks there are a large variety.
Besides the eight species more or less common in the woods
of this vicinity, there are five others which ma}- be added from
the region a little south of us, that are now seldom met with
in cultivation here, which difler in foliage and in fruit strikingly
from onr native species. Among them are the Willow oak, the
Pin oak, and the Burr or Over-cup oak. This last species is
likely to prove the rival of the White oak in the value of its
wood for mechanical purposes, on account of its durability in
exposed situations, where it resists decay seemingly longer than
that of any other species. Among the conifers are the Table
Mountain Pine and the Bald Cypress, both of which are perfectly
hardy. To this list may, probably, be added a newly discovered
Hemlock, with larger cones and longer leaves than our own, known
as Tsuga Caroliniana, and the Rhus cotinoides (somewhat resem-
bling the European Smoke tree) which has been lately redis-
covered in the mountains of Alabama. From the west of this
region, and yet within the limits of its flora, are the Fraxinus
quadrangulaia (Blue Ash) of Michigan, a beautiful forest tree with
valuable timber, and the Western Catalpa, but recently distinguished
from the southern species with which it has been confused. This

IGO MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

last adds to our collections, without doubt, a tree at once beautiful
as an ornament, and of great value on account of its almost imper-
ishable timber. There are also at the west the JJlmus raceviosa,
and Carya sulcata or Western Shag-bark Hickory, both fine trees.
At the north are the Gray Pine and White Spruce, the latter one
of the best of its class that we can cultivate.

Were we to stop here our choice could no* be considered as a
limited one, for the trees of this, our own flora, are unequalled in
the temperate climate for their variety, their striking beauty, and
their lasting effect for cultivation in parks, lawns, or streets, where,
the work of planting once accomplislied, it is important that it should
last, perhaps, for centuries. It is now a matter of general knowl-
edge that we are indebted to native trees for the beautiful effects
of autumnal foliage, while those of foreign introduction are but
dull and sombre when our native species are in their most gorgeous
raiment. This alone is no inconsiderable argument in favor of our
native trees.

The second region to which we mav look with the expectation
of adding extensively to our collections will be, as indicated pre-
viously, Manchooria, Northern China, and Northern Japan.

There are already in cultivation from these countries a great
many valuable ornamental plants, but still more may be added.
Among those familiar to us from China and Manchooria, are the
Wistaria, Deutzia, and Weigela, all of which are now widely dis-
tributed in our gardens, as is also, though perhaps less extejisivelyi
the Magnolia conspicua. Of the trees from this region, which are
likely to find thejr way into generjil cultivation as they become
more accessible, are several species and garden varieties of Mag-
nolia, a Tulip tree, the Phellodendron Amnrense^ the Chinese Tam-
arix, a much finer and later flowering species than the European
tree, which is commonly' met with in cultivation ; a Linden, a Horse
Chestnut, and several Maples, one of which, a variety of Acer Tar-
taricum, bears deliciously fragrant blossoms. There is also the
Cladrastis Aniurensis, a relative of our well known Yellow-wood ;
- a Honey Locust, a Gymnocladus resembling the corresponding
American species, a Hawthorn, two Plums, an Ash, two Birches ;
a Pterocar3'a, which may be described as a relative of our Hickories ;
besides an Oak and the Manchoorian Walnut. These are all
deciduous trees. Among the conifers are the Taxodium, occasion-
ally met with here under the name of Glj^ptostrobus ; the Chinese

ORNAMENTAL ARBORICULTURE. 161

Juniper, which much resembles our own Red Cedar ; the Pseudolarix,
a curious relative of the larch ; and two Pines, one of which, Pinus
Biingeana, common in the vicinity of Peking, is at once recognized
by its white bark. To the west of this region, in Siberia, are the
Caragana, an Elm, and Picea ohovata, all of which are desirable
trees for cultivation here.

Japan, however, can probably furnish more desirable trees for
New England ornamental plantations than even the continent of
Asia. Already there are many species both of woody and herba-
ceous plants in quite general cultivation from that countr}^ Among
the Japanese trees now known to succeed perfectly here, are sev-
eral maples, including the well-named species, Acer jiolymorphum.
This little tree has alreadj^ won the admiration it deserves, and is
rapidly finding its wa}' into our collections in numerous varieties,
some of which, when judged by the standard of beauty and their
ability to withstand the hot summer sun, are much more desirable
than others. Nearly- allied to the maple is the Negundo cissifoUum,
and also, thoroughl}- tested, are the Sophora, and the curiously
fruited, yellow flowered K-oelreuteria. Two Apples and the Idesia
are perfectly hard}', and there may also be added a Chestnut, a
Walnut, and an Alder, which have proved satisfactory-, besides the
Phellodendron Japonicum, the Zelkowa, an Ash, two Birches, and
more than one Oak, which, although no doubt exists regarding
their hardiness, have not yet been in cultivation here long enough
to be considered as tested. Among the Japanese conifers we find
an unusually large number suitable for our purposes — far more than
can be obtained in any other region. Of the Pines there are three
desirable species ; one, the Pinus densiflora, has been introduced
under the name of Pinus 3fassoniana, which belongs to a more
southern Chinese species, not, probably, hardy with us. There
are two Spruces, a Hemlock closely resembling our own, a Larch,
and the Umbrella Pine (Sciadopifys) , already thoroughly tested
here. We have, besides, a long list of Retinosporas which some
recent authors have placed under the old genus. Thuja. They are
more nearly related to our true white cedar than any other New
England species. Man}- of the varieties of the Retinosporas, of
which there are a great number in cultivation, are very graceful and
interesting plants. Of the permanency of these varieties not much
can be said. Actual observation proves man}' of them to be but
juvenile forms of well known species, which, as they grow older,

162 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

change their characters and take the normal forms. Carriere, a
French writer on the Coniferse, has happil}' called them the "larval
forms" of the mature plants. All the Retinosporas of our gar-
dens may probahl}' be referred to two or three typical species,
although some of the varieties may prove more permanent than
others. •

The cultivation of ornamental plants has been practiced in
Asiatic countries for a great length of time, and, hence more
garden varieties may be expected from this region than from,
almost any other. In fact, with many plants from these coun-
tries, it is often difficult to determine what is the typical form of
the species, or its original habitat. *

Of the Asiatic conifers, the Gingko has probably been cultivated
here longer than any other species, the tree on Boston Common,
being, at least, fifty 3'ears old. It has usually* been considered a
native of Japan, but, recently, this has been doubted. Dr. Mas-
ters, in a paper "On the Conifers of Japan" (Linn 80c. Jour.,
Bot., Vol. XVIII., read Dec. 2, 1880), saj's, in reference to the
distribution of species : —

" Before leaving the subject of the distribution of Japanese
Conifers, a word may be said as to the occurrence of certain trees
(often of peculiar organization) , in the immediate vicinity of the
temples in Japan, China, Thibet, etc. In some of these cases, the
trees are not known in a wild state, the aboriginal stocks being
either extinct or lurking in some of the all but unknown districts of
the Chinese Empire, Thibet, or Central Asia. Among such may
be mentioned, as worthy the attention of students of Buddhist lore :
Oupressus fimehris (China, Sikkim), Abies Fortunei (China), Abies
Kcjempferi (China), Cryptomeria Japonica, Sciadopitys verticillata,
Gingko biloba, and certain species of Pinus."

The regions thus far considered, are the ones, and the only ones
from which we may add extensively to our collections. Among
the regions, where a few additional species may be found — in
some cases ver}- valuable ones — is the Eocky Mountain region
of Colorado. Here manj' species of the Pacific flora flourish in
compan}' with eastern species, and hence, this region may be con-
sidered as the common meeting ground of the Atlantic and Pacific
floras.

From this region have come two of our most desirable ornamen-
tal trees. These are the Blue Rocky Mountain Spruce and the

ORNAMENTAL ARBORICULTURE. 163

Douglas Fir. The Blue Spruce has been fairl}- tested here and
proves perfectly hard}-. There are several specimens in the vicin-
it}^ of Boston which have reached the height of fifteen feet, retain-
ing a beautifully compact form. Individual specimens var}' much
in color, from a dark green to the striking glaucous blue, so much
admired in many specimens. This tree is known most frequently
by the incorrect name of Abies Menziesii, hastily given it by
Colorado botanists. It should be known as Picea pungens. The
Douglas Fir is scarcely less beautiful, and is quite as hardy, having
been tested here equally long. From an economic point of view —
a side of the question which should not be lost sight of even in
cultivating trees for ornament, — the Douglas Fir is one of the
most valuable trees now existing in North America, and may in
the future occupy' the place likely soon to be vacated by our native
pines and spruces ; when, if forest culture is systematically con-
ducted in Massachusetts, it will be a source of much profit to our
people. From this Colorado region also, have been introduced,
with success, a Hawthorn, a Poplar, the White Fir (Abies con-
color) , Pinus flexilis, Pinus j^onderosa, and Picea Engelmannii,
the latter resembling, but distinct from, the Blue Spruce (Picea
pungens), and not unlike our northern White Spruce. There are,
also, not often cultivated here, a Pine, a Larch, and a Spruce.
The Pine (Pinus contorta var. Murrayana) has withstood the win-
ters of late at the Arnold Arboretum, in good condition.

The plants introduced from this region possess a remarkable
interest, and establish beyond a doubt the value of experimental
stations where scientific tests may be applied to tree culture. As
has been suggested in a previous essay, the plants raised from the
seeds of certain Colorado trees prove perfectly hardy here in New
England, while those raised from the seeds of the same species of
tree collected in the milder, moister climate of the Pacific slope have
failed to endure our climate, but flourish perfectly in England,
where most of the trees from the Pacific slope find themselves at
home, thus proving by actual experiment the analogy between the
climate of the northwestern United States and that of western
Europe.

Again, turning to the eastern hemisphere, among the regions
from which we may hope to add plants for cultivation here, is
a portion of Toorkistan, from whence, already, an Ash has been
obtained. From Thibet, the Pinus Gerardiana promises to prove

164 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

hard}', and similar results may be expected from some trees in por-
tions of the Himalaya mountains. From the region of the Cau-
casus, we have still more species — a Maple, the Zelkowa crenata, the
Pterocarya fraxinffolia, a fine specimen of which stands in the
Botanic Garden at Cambridge ; the Carpinus Duanensis, long
cultivated here, though not extensively ; and among the conifers,
Abies Cilicica, Abies Nordmanniana, and Picea orientalis. Of the last
two species, specimens may be seen on some estates near Boston,
fifteen feet high, and of fine appearance. From the Balkan moun-
tains of Roumelia, which is now considered its original home, though
it was introduced here by way of Europe, we have the Horse
Chestnut. This tree in proper situations, possesses a stateliness
unequalled by any other, and its magnificent show of blossoms in
the month of May, never fails to attract attention.

As it is said that " the exceptions prove the rule," we resort to
the exceptional species from regions, whence it is generally
useless to attempt to introduce trees with the prospect of satisfac-
tory results. There are certain species of trees whose geographical
range is of such wide extent that they seem to have acquired a
special power to adapt themselves to different climates. Among
such are the White Willow and the European Elm. Both of these
trees are familiar objects to us, having been brought here by the early
colonists as reminders of their old homes. The European elm
proves, for city streets, superior to the American species, which
has unfortunately been selected as the one American tree for con-
stant service. The American elm, although of surpassing beauty
in a moist alluvial soil and with abundant space, is usuall}' planted
in dry soil, where it does not flourish, and its drooping branches
make it generally unsuitable for narrow streets, where it is fre-
quently seen. The English elm, however, is more erect in habit,
retains its foliage longer in the autumn, and withstands the smoky
and dusty atmosphere of our cities far better than the American
species. The European should, wherever possible, replace the
American elm in our city streets. The European Larch is another
tree of this class. Growing naturally in a dryer soil, it is much
more suitable for our gravelly hills than the meagre foliaged
American tree, which finds its home in low, wet grounds. The
Norway Maple, too, in situations near the ocean, may, perhaps,
be considered the most desirable among the foreign maples for
general cultivation, and the conspicuous yellow blossoms, coming
before the leaves appear, give an additional value to the tree.

ORNAMENTAL ARBORICULTURE. 165

The Turkey Oak, Fraxinus ormis, Tilia argentea, and Acer cam-
pestre, may be added, as desirable, and also Carpimis Betuhis and
Salix laurifolia, and, perhaps, also Tilia dasystylis and Qnercus
Pannonica, but the last two are not fairly tested. Among the
Conifers which may receive mention here, is Thuja Wareana,
usuall}' called Siberian Arbor Vitoe, and considered a native of
Europe. It is, in realit}', a seedling variet}' of our own New
England Thvja occidentalis. From its preference for drier soils, it
is much better adapted for cultivation than the tApical form, which
flourishes onh' in wet or low grounds, and is of little service in
ordinary plantations. From the Pacific slope, we have as ex-
ceptions, the Rhamnus PursJiiana, well known in medicine ; the
Vine maple ; and, possibly as serviceable in favorable situations, a
Hawthorn, a Crab apple, a Poplar, Abies amabilis, Abies nobiiis,
and Picea SitcJiensis, but these need a more extended test.

But here "we should stop, where it is most usual to begin, with
the ordinary' European trees. To those unfamiliar with the history
of American arboriculture, it can but seem strange that, with the
largest supply of the most beautiful forest trees directl}- under our
hands, most of our older estates are filled with European trees,
many of which are totalh^ unfit for cultivation in our climate, and
are in every way unworthy to be placed beside their American
congeners. Among the European trees most common in cultivation,
is the Sycamore Maple, specimens of which, at fifty j'ears of age,
are worthless. The other European maple, the Norwa}-, is, how-
ever, suitable for certain situations, as alread}' stated. Neither of
them are so beautiful as our Sugar Maple, and even the White and
the Red Maples hold their own against them in favorable soils.
The European Mountain Ash, more frequently seen in cultivation
than either of the American species, seldom matures, except in a
miserable condition, and the European Linden possesses but one
advantage over our own, that of having more fragrant blossoms,
while the American tree is otherwise its superior. The European
Ash cannot claim to even eqvial the American White Ash. either as
an ornamental or as a useful tree, and neither the European Beech
nor the Birch compares, in cultivation here, with the corresponding
American species. Our Chestnut is superior to its Old World
relative, and the Black Walnut, or even the Butternut, is far
better for us than the Walnut of Europe. The English Oak fails
here in less than fifty years, when it should be hale and hearty at
4

166 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

a thousand. Probably no European tree has been more exten-
sively introduced into cultivation than the Norway Spruce, for
ornament as specimen trees, for wind-breaks, and for hedges, and
3'et New England possesses, in the White Spruce of the northern
forests, a tree ever}^ way its superior ; or, were it possible to replace
the Norway by the Blue Rocky Mountain Spruce, which is suited
for all purposes, the improvement would be great indeed. The same
comparisons may be made in favor of the American Pines. The
White Pine far surpasses either the Austrian or the Scotch Pine
as an ornamental and useful tree. The Red Pine, which is even
now found growing naturally in Massachusetts, while it resembles
the Austrian Pine somewhat in appearance in the young state, is
just beginning its maturer life when the Austrian Pine is failing,
as it almost always does in the course of thirt}' years. The com-
mon Pitch Pine, often overlooked, is for us a much more valuable
tree for planting in a sandy soil, than either of the European spe-
cies. Why is it, then, that we have been as it were, loaded down
with a mass of unsuitable material, often rendering the labors of
earnest arboriculturists of the last generation a waste ? Why is it
that, with a vast storehouse of trees, in every way adapted to our
wants, and directly at hand, we have persistently planted valueless
species to the exclusion of the nearer and better ones? It is
partly our misfortune and parti}' our fault. We have been too
easily satisfied to follow foreign taste, use foreign trees, and study
foreion books. Scientific arboriculture here has received little or
no attention. These are our faults. Our misfortune is that we
have not had in New England an Andrew J. Downing to influence
the taste for arboriculture, and to guide it in its proper channels.
Had we been so fortunate, his influence could not have failed to pro-
duce a marked effect here, as Downing's has done in the region
where he lived and wrote. Our nurserymen should realize the great
importance of the position that they hold in the community, and
the vast influence, if used in the right direction, they have upon
the future taste for trees and the results of tree planting. In
selecting ornamental trees the purchaser is entirely dependent upon
the nurseryman, for a knowledge of the proper species. It is,
therefore, very important that those who deal in trees should
possess a fair knowledge of scientific arboriculture, in order to form
a correct judgment in recommending trees for various situations,
and to be of real service to the purchaser, who, in most cases,

ORNAMENTAL ARBORICULTURE. 1G7

knows notliiug whatever of the subject. Good courses of read-
ing and lectures upon structural and physiological botan}- cannot
be too strongly recommended for those who intend making the
raising or dealing in trees their business ; a careful study of the
applicable portions of such works as Marsh's "Man and Nature"
and Gray's "Structural Botany," will be a valuable addition to the
practical knowledge gained in the field.

It is a common error to suppose that by what is pojDularly known
as acclimation, almost auj- plant may be made to flourish in a
climate where it does not naturally grow, if it onl^r can be inured
gradually enough to the change. Th:s theory has been proved
false by actual experiments. It is not, therefore, by habituating to
our climate plants from regions differing total]}- in climate from
our own, that we should expect to add to our collections ; but b}'
carefully studying the climatic conditions of all countries, and
selecting, from such regions as seem to possess a climate resembling
ours, plants which we can cultivate here with the prospect of suc-
cess. Until recently there has been no authoritative source of
correct information to guide in the selection of trees for our orna-
mental collections. Horticulturists during the past hundred years,
or even more, have experimented almost at random with a large
number of species, and for what is now known of the subject we
are indebted to the enthusiasm of the pioneers of horticulture in
this part of the country. But something more is needed in a
countr}'^ like ours, where large estates seldom remain intact for
more than one or two generations, and where the demands for
business purposes require us \o surrender today the laud which,
but a few jbavs ago, was considered quite beyond their reach. It
is therefore necessary that experiments, sufficiently continued to
give them the highest value, should be carried on by institutions
permanent!}^ established, where the work inaugurated by one gen-
eration shall be steadily forwarded by the next ; for in the study of
arboriculture, where definite results may not be reached for a cen-
tury, patient labor and carefully recorded observations must alwaj's
be the work of the student. We cannot, therefore, too highl}'
estimate the value of the work contemplated by HarvaM College
in establishing the Arnold Arboretum. In 1874, a tract of land on
the Bussej' estate in West Eoxbury, near Boston, was set apart by
the college for tlje purposes of an arboretum. A collection of
living plants was at once commenced, both of native species ao(^

168 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of those from other portions of the temperate zone. B}' a system
■ of exchanges with institutions of similar character in other parts
of the world the collection was rapidl}' augmented, so that at the
present time it contains a larger number of species and varieties of
hardy trees and shrubs than any other collection in this country.
Experiments have been tried and are still continued with plants
and seeds from regions where the climate is at all similar to our
own, and even where in some cases local conditions of climate
suggest the possibility of obtaining for cultivation here (as in the
case of the Douglas Fir) individuals of a species which generally
inhabits a very different climate, and one from which we should
not expect to introduce plants with success. Although much has
already been accomplished, a work so great as that contemplated
must be considered as largely in the future, and as even a com-
mencement of the final arrangements has been delayed on account
of certain plans now under consideration by the College and the city
of Boston, the collection of living plants is still in the form of a
nurser}', and no scientific arrangement has as yet been begun. It
is intended as soon as practicable to plant along the roadways
the species of trees and shrubs, both native and foreign, in the
order of their botanical sequence, and to have them so grouped
that the plants of one family will be together and readily studied.
All the varieties, too, of a species will find their appropriate
places in the systematic order, that the visitor may acquaint
himself with their position, and readily compare them with the
species from which they are supposed to have been derived. By
this arrangement it will at once be seen what species and varieties
are most worthy of cultivation, and in what countries or portions
of countries the plants best adapted to our wants are found.
Those which prove failures will also be pointed out, that we may
know what to avoid in making our selections. In other portions
of the grounds it is intended to illustrate the methods of making
artificial forests, and the diflTerent ways of planting trees for
economic and ornamental purposes. A museum and herbarium
for the benefit of those who are stud3'iug ligneous plants scientifi-
cally, or who may desire to name specimens or to select plants
for horticultural purposes, has been commenced. This collection
has already become quite extensive, and besides a vei-y good
herbarium of the woody plants of the temperate zone, includes
specimens of the wood of nearly all the North American forest

ORNAMENTAL ARBORICULTURE. 169

trees, together with a large number of foreign species. It is
intended to include in the collection everything relathig to trees
and forests that will illustrate the subject botanicall}- or horticul-
turall}'. With these objects constantly in view, the Arboretum,
with its collections now existing, and those which will inevitably
follow, offers to all who desire to study the trees, whetlier scientifi-
call}' or in their horticultural or economic aspects, such an oppor-
tunity as until now never has been given our people. The Arbore-
tum is so situated, that the experiments conducted there will not
only be of great value to this portion of New England, but will
apply to a large part of the whole country as well.

Arboriculture is indebted to horticulture for the production of
many valuable garden varieties of trees. The magnificent variety
of Rhododendrons and Azaleas, and the h^'brid Magnolias and other
plants, attest the zeal and success of enlightened horticulturists,
and by the preservation of such natural sports as the Purple
Beech and some of the cut-leaved Birches and Maples, as well as
the finer sorts of weeping trees, horticulturists have contributed
many valuable additions to our ornamental collections. But there
is a tendency to ovei'do this as well as other branches of garden-
ing, and we find the absurd practice too much in vogue, of saving
and perpetuating many monstrosities which should never receive a
place in any collection. There are long lists of golden-leaved, cut-
leaved, and blotched-leaved varieties, which are but diseased and
short lived abnormal conditions and arrested growths of healthier
plants, and are wholly unworthy of preservation. Nor can much
more that is favorable be said of the many so-called " inverted"
varieties of hardy trees. This fashion is as unhealthy as the
plants themselves, and should be as short lived.

If one-tenth the energy which is devoted to the propagation of
such plants were given to the study of climate, and the intro-
duction of new species, our gardens and plantations would better
illustrate the advances that modern science has made in botanical
geography and the knowledg3 ^f plant life. Nor is it enough to
select and secure proper trees for our plantations ; it is as neces-
sar}' to properh- care for them as to plant them. Too little atten-
tion is paid to the proper thinning and pruning of our trees. It is
a subject little understood or practised here, although in Europe
its importance has long been recognized, and pruning forms an
important part of the arboriculturist's dut}'. The want of proper

170 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

priming and care is especially noticeable in our city and roadside
trees. They are too often left to themselves, or else mutilated in
rude attempts at unscientific pruning. To suppl}' information on
this important subject, the Massachusetts Society for Promo-
ting Agriculture has recently caused to be translated from
the French, a treatise from the pen of the Count des Cars ; a
work which has passed through many editions in France, and
which is of great practical value. It should be in the hands of
every one who has charge of trees, or is interested to see them
properly managed. Could Mons. des Cars's directions be followed,
the trees on Boston Common, and in the pari\S and streets of our
cities, would present a verj' diflferent appearance, and their chances
for long life and greater beauty would be immensel}' increased.

The science of arboriculture is in its infanc}' here, but under the
influence that might be exercised by such institutions as the Arnold
Arboretum and this Society, it should not long remain so. The
subject is one of vast importance, and, whether considered scien-
tificall3% horticulturally, or from its economic aspects, should
receive earnest consideration ; and there is, perhaps, no better way
of calling the attention of the community to it than by first making
trees attractive in ornamental plantations. One of the most
experienced and scientific horticulturists, whose name is known
wherever the study of plants is pursued, has said : " It is the duty
of our enlightened community to plant trees, and to so care for
them that posterity shall not suffer ; a duty, unfortunately', too
little regarded in our day."

Appendix.

List of Trees avhich mat be used for Ornamental Plantations in the

Northern United States, arranged under the regions

indicated above.

Such as have not been thoroughly tested, but which may be
expected to succeed, are marked by an asterisk.

I. Appalachian, or Atlantic American.
Magnolia acuminata (Cucumber tree).
" cordata.
" Fraseri.
" glauca (Sweet Bay).
" macrophylla.
" Umbrella (Umbrella tree).

LIST OF ORNAMENTAL TREES. 171

Liriodendron Tulipifera (Tulip tree) .
Tilia Americana (Basswood, Linden) .

* " heterophj'lla (Southern Linden),
-^sculus flava (Sweet Buckej'e).

" glabra (Ohio Buckeye) .
" Pavia.
Acer dasycarpum (White or Silver Maple).

" Peunsylvanicum (Striped Maple).

" rubrum (Red or Swamp Maple).

" saccharinum (Sugar Maple).

" " var. nigrum (Black Maple) .

" spicatum (Mountain Maple).
Negundo aceroides (Box Elder) .
Rhus typhina (Stag-horn Sumach).

" glabra.

* " cotinoides.
" copallina.

Robinia Pseudacacia (Locust) .

" viscosa (Clammy Locust) .
Cladrastis tinctoria (Yellow-wood) .
Gymuocladus Canadensis (Kentucky Coffee tree).
Cercis Canadensis (Red-bud) .
Gleditschia triacanthos (Honey Locust, Three-thorned

Acacia) .
Prunus Americana (Canada Plum) .
" Pennsylvanica (Bird Cherry) .
' ' serotina (Black Cherry) .
Pirus Americana (American Mountain Ash).
" sambucifolia.

" coronaria (American Crab Apple).
" angustifolia.
Crataegus cordata (Washington Thorn).
" Crus-galli (Cockspur Thorn).
" coccinea (Scarlet-fruited Thorn) .
" sub-villosa (from the Valley of the Mississippi).
" tomentosa (Black Thorn) .
Amelanchier Canadensis (June-berry).
Cornus florida (Flowering Dogwood) .
Nyssa multiflora (Tupelo).
Viburnum Leutago (Sheep-berr}') .

172 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Viburnum prunifoliura (Black Haw).

" alteruifolium.
Ox\'dendrum arboreum (Sorrel tree) .
Kalmia latifolia (Laurel) .
Rhododenclrou maximum (Great Laurel).
Diosp3'ros Virginiana (Persimmon) .
Halesia tetraptera (Silver-bell tree) .
Fraxinus Americana (White Ash) .
" pubescens (Red Ash).
" quadrangulata (from Michigan, etc.).
'' sambucifolla (Black Ash) .
" yiridis.
Chlonanthus Virginica (Fringe tree).
Catalpa bignonioides.

" speciosa (Western Catalpa).
Sassafras officinale.
*Ulmus alata (Winged Elm) .
" Americana (White Elm).
" fulva (Slippery Elm) .

" racemosa (Rock Elm, from the Western States).
Celtis occidentalis (Nettle tree).
Morns rubra (Red Mulberry) .
Madura aurantiaca (Osage orange) .
Platanus occidentalis (Buttonwood) .
Juglans cinerea (Butter-nut) .

" nigra (Black Walnut).
Carya alba (Shag-bark Hickory).
" sulcata (Western Hickory).
" amara (Bitter-nut Hickory) .
" porcina (Pig-nut Hickory) .
' ' tomentosa (White-heart Hickory) .
Quercus alba (White Oak).

" bicolor (Swamp White Oak).
" coccinea (Scarlet Oak).
* " heterophylla (from New Jersey, Delaware, etc.).
" imbricaria (Shingle Oak).
" macrocarpa (Over-cup Oak, Burr Oak).
" Muhlenbergii (Chestnut Oak).
" palustris (Pin Oak).
" Phellos (Willow Oak) .

LIST OF ORNAMENTAL TREES. 173

Quercus Prinus (Rock Chestnut Oak) .

" rubra (Red Oak) .

" stellata (Post Oak).

" tinctoria (Yellow-barked Oak) .
Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana (Chestnut).

" pumila (Chinquapin).
Fagus ferruginea (Beech) .
Ostrj-a Virgiuica (Hop Hornbeam) .
Carpiuus Caroliniaua (Blue Beech, Iron Wood).
Betula alba, var. populifolia (White or Gray Birch).

" lenta (Black or Sweet Birch).

" lutea (Yellow Birch).

' ' nigra (Red or River Birch) .

' ' papyracea (Paper or Canoe Birch) .
Alnus incana (Speckled Alder) .

' ' serrulata (Blunt leaved Alder) .
Salix nigra (Black Willow) .

" cordata (Heart-leaved Willow) .

" lucida (Shining Willow).
Populus balsamifera.

" " -yar. candicans (Balm of Gilead) .

" graudidentata (Large-toothed Aspen) .
" tremuloides (American Aspen).
" monilif era (Necklace Poplar).
Juniperus Virginiana (Red Cedar).
Chamaecyparis splijeroidea (White Cedar).
Thuja occidentalis (Arbor Vitse) .
Taxodium disticbum (Bald Cypress).
Abies balsamea (Balsam Fir).
Tsuga Canadensis (Hemlock).
* " Caroliniaua (from North Carolina, etc.).
Picea alba (White Spruce).

" nigra (Black Spruce).
Larix Americana (American Larch) .
Pinus Bauksiana (Gray Pine).

" resinosa (Red Pine) .

" pungens (Table Mountain Pine).

" rigida (Pitch Pine) .

" Strobus (White Piue) .

" inops (Jersey Scrub Pine) .

174 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

II. NORTHEASTERX AsiA.

A. China and Manchooria.

Magnolia conspicua (Yulan).
" stellata.

" (garden hj^brids and varieties).
Liriodendron (species from Norttieru Cliina).
Phellodendron Amurense.
Tamarix Chinensis (Chinese Tamarisk).
*Tilia Mandshurica (Manelioorian Linden).
*^sciilus Chinensis (Chinese Horse Chestnut).
*Acer Mono.
" Tartaricum.

" " wtr. Ginnala (Fragrant Maple) .

Cladrastis Amurensis.
Gleditschia ferox (Thorny Honey Locust) .
*Gynmocladus Chinensis (Chinese Coffee tree) .
Crataegus orientalis.
Prunus Maacii.

* " Mume.
Cedrela Chinensis.

*Fraxinus Mandshurica (Manchoorian Ash).
*Pterocar3-a stenoptera.
*Quercus Mongolica.
*Betula Ermani.

* " ulmifolia (Elm-leaved Birch).
Jnglans Mandshurica (Manchoorian Walnut) .
Taxodium heterophyllum (Glyptostrobus) .
Pinus Bungeana (White-barked Pine) ,

" Mandshurica.
Juniperus Chinensis.
Pseudolarix Kaempferi.

B. Japan.

Tilia cordata.
*Acer cratsegifolium (Hawthorn-leaved Maple) .

* " micranthum.

" polyraorphum (including some varieties).
" rufinerve.
" Japonicum.

LIST OF ORNAMENTAL TREES. 175

*Acer Sieboldianum.

" pietum.

* " truueatnm.

* " triliilum.

* " diabolicum.

* " circumlobatum.

* " Buei'geriauum.
" palmatum.

" capillipes.

" carpinifolium.

* " distylum.

* " argil turn.

* " pycuanthum.

* " sessilifolium.

* " Nikoense.
Negundo cissi folium.

Rhus semi-alata. (R. Osbeckii of authors).
*Phellodeiidrou Japouicum.
Gleditschia Japonica.

Cercis Chinensis (C. Japouica of gardens).
Sophora Japonica.
Pirus Toringo.

* " tomentosa.

*

praecox.

" spectabilis.
Koelreuteria Japonica.
*Zelkowa Keaki.

" stipulacea.
Idesia pol3'carpa.

Rhododendron (species and garden varieties).
*Fraxinus longicuspis.

* " obovata.

* " pubinervis.
*Platycarpa strobilacea.

Ulmus parvifolia.
Morus alba.
*Pterocaiya rhoifolia.
Juglans Sieboldii (Japanese Walnut ") .

* " cordiformis.

176

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

*Quercus glabra.

* " dentata.

* " serrata.

* " cuspidata.
*Fagus Sieboldii.

Castanea Japonica.
*Betula Bhojpattra.

* " coiyifolia.

* " Maximowicziana.
*Carpiuus Japonica.

* ' ' laxiflora.

* " erosa.

* " cordata.
Alnus Japonica.

*Thuja dolabrata.

* " Japonica.

* " orientalis.

" " va7\ pendula.

Chamsecyparis (Retii:

ospora) pisifera.

obtusa.

var. sqnari'osa.
" leptoclada.
" phimosa.
" filifera.

13'copodioides.
pygma^a.
nana.
Keteleerii.
breviramea.
pendula.
filicoides.
Juniperus rigida.

* " Nipponica.

* " littoralis.

* " Davurica.
Cepbalotaxus drupacea.
Taxus cuspidata.

Sciadopitys verticillata (Umbrella Pine) .

Piuus densiflora (often cultivated as P. Massoniaua).

* " Tbuubergii.

LIST or ORNAMENTAL TREES. 177

Pinus parviflora.

" Koraiensis.
Tsuga eTapouica (Japanese Hemlock) .
Gingko biloba (Gingko tree, Salisburia).
Larix l.neptolepis.

III. Special Regions.
A. Rocky Mountain region of Colorado.

Acer glabrum.
*Robinia Neo-Mexicana.
*Crat8egus rivularis.

Betula occidentalis.
*Populus augustifolia (Narrow-leaved Poplar).

Abies concolor (White Fir) .
* " subalpina.

Pseudotsuga Douglasii (Douglas Fir).

Picea Engelmauuii.

" pungens (Blue Spruce).

Pinus ponderosa, var. scopulorum.

B. Siberia.

Caragana arborescens.
Halimodendron argenteum.
Ulmus pumila.
Picea obovata.

C. ToorMstan.
Fraxinus potimophila.

D. Thibet.

*Pinus Gerardiana.

E. Caucasiis.

Acer Isetum.
Zelkowa crenata.
Pterocarya fraxinifolia.
Carpinus Duanensis.
Picea orientalis.
Abies Nordmanniana.
" Cilicica.

178 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

IV. ExcEPTioxAL Species.

A. Pacific Slope.

Species of the Pacific forest of more or less wide geographical
range, which should be tested in New England, from their more
northern limits in the Rocky Mountains and Coast Ranges.

Rhamnus Purshiana.
Acer cireinnatum.

* " macroph3dlum.
*Crat8egus Douglasii.
*Pirus rivularis.

Fraxinus Oregana.
*Quercus Garryana.
*Populus tricocarpa.
*Alnus rubra.

* " rhombifolia.
*Salix lasiaudra.
*Torreya taxifolia.
*ChannTec3'paris Nutkaensis.

*Thuiopsis boreaUs (of gardens. Hard^' in New York).
*Thuja gigantea.
*Abies nobilis.

* " grandis.

* " amabilis.
*Tsuga Mertensiana.

* " Pattoniana.
*Picea Sitchensis.
*Larix Lyallii.

* " occidentalis.
*Pinus albicaulis.

* " contorta, var. Murra3'ana (Twisted Pine).
" flexilis.

* ' ' Lamliertiana.

* " monticola.

B. European.

^sculus Hippocastanum (Horse Chestnut).
Acer campestre.
" platanoides (near the ocean).

ORNAMENTAL ARBORICULTURE. 179

Tilia argentea (Silver-leaved Liuclen).

" dasyst3'lis.
Fraxiuus ornus.
Ulmus montana.

" campestris.
Quercus cerris (Turkey Oak).
* " Pannouica.
Carpinus Betulus.
Salix alba (White Willow).

" laurifolia.
Populus alba (White Poplar).
*Pieea Omorika.
Larix Europaea (European Larch) .

Discussion.

Charles M. Hovey, who had been appointed to lead the discus-
sion, expressed regret that the reading of so valuable a paper
should have been fixed for this holiday season, -when there were
comparatively few to listen to it. The subject covers a great deal
of ground. Mr. Hovey spoke of the growth of certain trees in
certain climates, such as the Abies Douglasii, which is found from
the Columbia river to the Colorado. Forty 3'ears ago, he imported
two or three dozen trees from England, but they all perished in a
few years. He thought there was something in taking seed from
trees growing in northern regions. He had never seen a tree of
Abies Douglasii ten feet high in this country, except at Mr. Hun-
newell's.

Professor Robinson said he knew of trees of the Douglas Fir
raised from Colorado seed, twelve feet high, and that this species
forms an admirable illustration of the rule that trees raised from
seed collected on the Pacific slope, are tender, while those of the
same species from Colorado seed are hardj^ here. All the Califor-
nia trees raised in England forty years ago were from seed col-
lected on the Pacific slope.

Mr. Hovey said that Mr. Hunnewell imported trees of Cedrus
Deodara, which, though they proved tender, grew large enough
to produce seed, and the trees raised from this seed proved hardy.
It is not enough that trees should stand our ordinary winters ;
the true test is a winter of unusual severit}', and we have had no

180 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

very severe winter here since 1861, From 1846 to 1857 we bad
moderate winters, and Sequoias and Cedars of Lebanon in the
grounds of the speaker, grew up to the height of six feet, but in
1857 they all went down, and many others were injured in 1861.
Trees cannot be recommended as hardy from a trial of three or
four years under the most favorable circumstances. He knew no
living Cedar of Lebanon or Deodar Cedar of an}" size here. A few
3'ears ago he left four camellias out-doors in the winter, with a thick
covering of leaves and evergreen boughs among the branches, to
test their hardiness. The}' remained green and healthy with the
temperature as low as eight degi*ees ; after that it fell to zero with
snow, but when spring came they were all killed down to the
ground. The average winter temperature of the shores of Buz-
zard's Bay is twenty-eight degrees, which is two degrees higher
than that of Boston. The Prinos glabra, which is there a beauti-
ful evergreen shrub, is here so much injured as to destro}' the
glossiness of its leaves. The American HoU}', which grows
around the shores of Buzzard's Bay, finds its northern limit in the
vicinity of Bridgewater.

Mr. Hovey said that he admired the English Elm, but objected
to it as a street tree. The limbs grow out horizontally, and those
on the Beacon street mall stretch almost across the street. He
had read of elm trees in England which were dangerous, from this
cause. The American Elm, on the contrary, grows more erect,
does not give too much shade, and the limbs will not interfere
with travel. The English elm holds its leaves longer than the
American, which is an advantage. The Sugar Maple is a fine tree,
of slow growth ; it takes about thirty years to get it thirty feet
high, and our people are unwilling to wait for it. The same may
be said of the Scarlet Maple. The White, or Silver Maple, is of
more rapid growth, and a \Qvy fine tree. Its greatest fault is that
the branches are liable to be broken by gales, but the broken limbs
may be cut off without material injury. The Oriental Spruce and
Nordmaun's Spruce, are two of the finest. He had raised seed-
lings of the Salisburia, or Giugko tree, which averaged a foot of
growth in a year. He thought the Gingko tree on Boston Com-
mon was older than stated by Professor Robinson — probabl}^ eighty
or ninety years old. The Liquidamber, whose foliage is so beauti-
ful in autumn, is tender here ; the speaker has trees fifteen or
sixteen feet high, but one half the growth gets killed back every
year, and it is very slow work getting them up.

ORNAMENTAL ARBORICULTURE. 181

When Mr. Hovey began cultivating trees, American trees were
not to be had in the nurseries here or in Europe, and he employed
a man to collect young trees of the Canoe Birch, Hop Hornbeam,
and others, in New Hampshire ; there was, however, but little
demaud for them, and some of them are now standing on his
ground, fine specimens, fort}' years old. Nurserymen cannot be
expected to raise trees for which there is no demand, and the
Arnold Arboretum is just what is wanted to make the public
acquainted with these as well as the new introductions. He was
pleased to hear Professor Robinson's views in regard to introducing
trees from corresponding climates. It is useless to attempt accli-
mating trees. This is shown by the rhododendron. Three years
ago, he visited Kew Gardens, after a hard winter, when uearl}' all
the rhododendrons were perfectly brown, but noticed among a
large plantation one which was green ajid uninjured. He gathered
seeds from it and brought them home and planted them, and the
seedlings looked promising until the severe frosts, early last
October, when the whole of the last season's growth, which was
not quite completed, was killed. Seedlings from Rhododendron
Cataivbiense, were uninjured. We may succeed, by hybridizing
with the perfectlj' hard}' species, in raising improved hard}' varie-
ties ; but the process must be ver}- slow. It is, however, the only
way to secure the finer colors ; but, in getting these we are liable
to lose their perfect hardiness.

Mr. Hovey said that in 184:4, he received the plates of a folio
work b}' Mr. Loudon, on laying out arboretums, and when he went
to England he visited the Derby Arboretum which was laid out by
Mr. Loudon ; but he was rather disappointed in it. An arboretum
should be a collection of all hard}' trees, planted in groups
according to the natural system. The Arnold Arboretum is yet in
its infancy. We should be highly pleased to see the new trees from
Toorkistan, and other newly explored regions, but we must not be
too sanguine of their adaptation for general planting here, or too
quick in deciding on it. By visiting the arboretum, we shall learn
what trees are most desirable.

William C. Strong, said that he felt greatly indebted to Profes-
sor Robinson for the valuable suggestions in his paper. He asked,
in reference to the greater hardiness of trees of Picea pungens, and
other species when grown from Colorado seed, as compared with
those raised from seed from the Pacific slope, whether it was not
5

182 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the process of acclimation continued over a long period which
made the difference. He agreed with Mr. Ilovey, that nursery-
men could not be expected to raise trees for wliicli there is no
demand, but they can do a great deal to educate the public taste.
He had had a large quantity of the Sophora Japonica, which he
endeavored in vain to induce the public to purchase, and they
finally went on the brush heap ; but, if there were fine specimens
of this tree (both the upright and weeping forms) at the Arnold
Arboretum, and of other beautiful but little known trees, a better
day would come.

Hon. Marshall P. "Wilder felt obliged to Professor Kobinsou for
his interesting and appropriate paper, which would tend to bring
up the public taste at the right time, just as we have organized a
sj^stem of public parks, taking in tlie Arnold Arboretum. The
Cit}- of Boston stands higher todaj' in education for its action in
regard to the Arnold Arboretum. There we shall get the knowl-
edge of trees w^hich former ages could not get. The speaker
thought Messrs. Hovey and Strong's apologies for the nurserymen,
were quite sufficient. He was pleased with Professor Robinson's
distinction between healthy and diseased leaved trees. Though
there may be exceptions, the taste for such trees is unnatural, and
the speaker did not believe it would continue long. He could not
agree with Mr. Strong in regard to acclimation, but thought it in a
general sense, a fallac}'. Soil and situation have a great deal to
do with hardiness. He has a Cedar of Lebanon on a ledge where
there is but six inches of soil, and neither too much nor too little
water, which has survived when every other one in New England
(so far as he knew) has been destroyed. He wished to give all
honor to such men as Messrs. Hunnewell, Hayes, and Sargent, who
are bringing all the new trees and shrubs from Japan and else-
where, and testing them.

Professor Robinson said that we must draw the line between
what can be accomplished by man in a single generation, and what
can be done by nature in the course of ages. The changes effected
b\' nature are gradual and imperceptible. The introduction of
hardy and tender forms of the same tree from Colorado and Cali-
fornia, is very different from acclimation. Both forms were probably
disseminated from one stock at the close of the last geological epoch,
when they were forced north, some to Colorado and some to Cali-
fornia, — perhaps a million of years ago, — and during that time,

ORNAMENTAL ADBORICULTURE. 183

which cannot he computed, have gradually acquired the differences
which now mark them.

Mr. Hove}' referred to a list published in the "Gardener's
Monthly," for 187G (page 194), of one hundred and sevent3'-five
varieties of deciduous ornamental trees, growing in his grounds at
Cambridge, including ten varieties of Magnolias, seven Limes, six-
teen Maples, eleven Horse Chestnuts, eleven Hawthorns, sixteen
Elms, fourteen Oaks, three Larches, Koelreuleria paniculata^
Cladrastis tinctoria (Yellow-wood), Caragana arborescens, I^yssa
bijlora, Taxodium distichum, Gymnodadus Canadensis, etc.

It was \oted that the discussion be continued on the next Satur-
day.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, December 31, 1881.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Hon. Francis B. Hayes, in the chair.

No business being brought before the meeting it was dissolved.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

The subject was a continuation of that of last week, viz. :

Ornamental Arboriculture.

J. W. Manning was first called on, and said that our native trees
have been greatly overlooked in planting for ornament. The
White Pine is one of the best evergreens ; it is easily transplanted,
and makes a good wind-break, and is valuable both for timber and
fuel. The Hemlock is in increasing demand ; it makes a good
hedge or a fine specimen on the lawn. Though it sometimes suffers
from severely cold winds it is found growing naturally in very
exposed places. The Tupelo is inclined to root deeply, and is dif-
ficult to transplant except when it has been frequently transplanted
in the nursery, but a fully developed specimen is very beautiful.
The autumn foliage is very richly colored. In swampy land it
sometimes grows to two or three feet in diameter. There is a very
fine specimen, with an umbrella-shaped head, in Everett, near
Bell Rock Station, on the Saugus Branch Railroad.

184 MASSACHUSETTS HOETICDLTURAL SOCIETY.

President Haj'es mentioned two A^ery fine specimens, a hundred
feet high, in the grounds of Robert B. Parsons, at Flushing, N. Y.

Mr. Manning said there is a very fine one, about eight}- feet
high, on the farm of Langdon Ordway, in Bow, N, H. Concord,
N. H,, is distinguished for beautiful elm trees. He thought the
American Elm the handsomest of all the large shade trees.

President Ha^'es mentioned a remarkably beautiful elm near the
old North Church in Concord, N. H. When his namesake, the
President of the United States, was at Concord, he visited this
tree, and took off his hat to it. He was so impressed with its
beauty that he asked to revisit it, which he did, and suggested that
the land on which it stands should be purchased and a fence placed
around it, and presented to the city, to insure its preservation.

Mr. Manning said there are several fine elms at Newburyport.
One near Byfield Station measures, at two feet from the ground
and following the ridges of the trunk, forty-tw6 feet in circumfer-
ence, and at five or six feet from the ground eighteen feet in cir-
cumference.

John B. Moore wished to speak in favor of the elm, as the finest
street tree in New England. It has been said that it will not grow
except in moist soils, but this is not so. Its withy limbs withstand
gales better than those of any other tree. It is a rapid grower ;
one which he helped to plant about fifty jears ago, now measures,
at eighteen inches from the ground, eleven feet in circumference.
There are many trees in Concord which he planted, now from three
to eight feet round. Mr. Moore spoke of a Three-thorned Acacia,
six feet in circumference ; this tree is valuable for its timber, and
is not troubled b}^ the borer, like the common locust. There have
frequently been great mistakes made when planting elm trees by
roadsides, in placing them too close. One handsome, fully developed
tree is worth many small ones. There are man}- varieties of the
American elm ; one has the limbs feathered with small branches
nearly to the ground, and it is one of the most beautiful, if you
can keep the ignorant persons employed to prune street trees from
cutting them otf .

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder asked Mr. Moore if the elm will grow
in a soil of all sand.

Mr. Moore replied that it has a faculty of going through three
or four rods of gravel to get at a good soil. This was. done by
two which he set out twenty-five or thirty years ago, and the sue-

ORNAMENTAL ARBORICULTURE. 185

cess of which, though he gave each a cartload of soil, seemed for
a time rather doubtful.

President Haj'es related an auecdote of Judge Chadbourne in his
native town in the State of Maine, on the border of the State of
New Hampshire, who, soon after potatoes were introduced, raised
a barrel of them, which gave him such celebrity that he was made
a judge. The judge planted several fine elm trees near his resi-
dence^ which were much admired, and Governor Hancock, of
Massachusetts, hearing them praised, asked the judge to supply
him with some like them to plant in Boston. Judge Chadbourne
sent his negro man, Pompey, to select the trees, which were for-
warded to Boston and planted there. Soon afterwards the judge
missed some trees on his own grounds, which he had carefully
reserved to adorn his mansion, and, on inquiry*, it proved that
Pompe}', to make sure of giving the governor the best trees, had
sent those which the judge had kept for himself.

Rev. A. B. Muzzey said he felt a special interest in one branch
of the subject under discussion. He thought the Horse Chestnut
tree one of the most beautiful, both for its foliage and its flowers,
the latter developing rapidly at a time when there are but few
flowers. The horse chestnut tree, celebrated by Longfellow, was
cut down, in spite of the remonstrances of those living in the neigh-
borhood, because it interfered with the prospect from the west
windows, of certain other persons. One tree on the same street
was spared only because a remonstrance was made bj^ ladies. Such
acts are too common, even in New England. A neighbor of the
speaker had a fine elm which was cut down in its prime because he
wanted a little more ground on which to plant vegetables. Other
instances might be mentioned of fine trees being cut down for a
mere whim. These acts seem almost felonious, and the speaker
thought it important that an influence should go forth from this
Society to prevent such offences against good taste.

Mrs. Mar}' E. Wellington spoke of a very fine English Elm at
her home in Reading, 'one hundred and seventy-five years old,
which branches low and spreads so wide, and casts so deep a shade,
that the family spend much of their time in summer under it.

William C. Strong referred to the subject of acclimation, and
said that, though no one thinks tropical trees can be made hard}' in
New England, there might be a question as to half-hard}- trees.
Professor Robinson's explanation of the hardiness of Plcea pun-

186 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

gens, from California seed, did not strike him as plausible. Trees
raised from California seed are almost hardy here, and quite hardy
in France and England ; and it is reasonable to suppose that seeds
may have been conveyed from California into greater altitudes and
colder regions. Corn taken from here to Canada will ripen earlier,
and when brought back becomes a six weeks corn. The case is
the same with the tomato. Professor Robinson's instance of the
Magnolia glauca, which, when grown here is perfectly hard}',
while plants of the same species brought from Florida would not
survive a single winter, is a parallel case. The speaker thought
plants from milder climates might be gradually accustomed to that
of New England, and he brought up the subject because he deemed
it of practical importance. We are introducing man}' new trees,
and shall we cast away all that do not appear to stand our climate ?
The speaker thought they might be acclimated as men are. The
fact that men may become acclimated, encourages us to hope that
trees may. In long extended experiments, we may not succeed
with a majority, but with others we may be successful. We ought
to have institutions like the Arnold Arboretum where such experi-
ments can be carried on.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder said that Mr. Strong's views were
practical, but he would like to have him mention an instance where
a tree had been acclimated.

Mr. Strong replied that PiceaNordmanniana is of questionable
hardiness when young, but afterwards becomes quite hardy.
Cvpressus^ Lawsoviana is hopeful ; it sometimes produces seed
here, and the seedlings may be hardy. He had got the type up to
eight feet in height. Many Japan plants are hopeful. With many
plants there is no prospect of hardiness, but with others there may-
be.

Thomas Whitaker said that the question of acclimation was an
important one, and understanding it will unlock a door which we
have thought closed. Professor Robinson said that a certain tree
which would flourish iji England would not^ flourish here, and the
speaker thought it might be so. More trees are lost here by summer
killing than by winter killing. A tree from Siberia will no doubt
stand our winters, but will it stand our summers ? People talk al)Out
the rigors of our winters as compared with those of England, but
he could stand a New England winter better than one in old Eng-
land. He spoke of a trip from Biugiey to Bradford, England, with

ORNAMENTAL ARBORICULTURE. 187

the mercury at nineteen degrees above zero, and said that when he
got six miles the horses and men were all white with hoar frost.
After his return he had to take a second trip, and when he got home
at night the water was pounng off his clothes. He had ridden ten
miles in this country with the thermometer twenty degrees below
zero, and suffered less than during his trip to Bradford. He had
seen in England, currant and gooseberry bushes putting out leaves
in February, but they do not mature their fruit earlier than they
do here. The}- keep their leaves green until November, making a
growing season of eight or nine months. In New England the
season of growth is but about three months, and in that time the sap
must ascend the trees and deposit the matter to form the growth
of the year. In England this process goes on slowly, but here at
race-horse speed. It is the same with all vegetables. Can we
expect to change the habits of trees ? A tree from England has
not time to mature its wood in one of our short seasons, and con-
sequently is liable to injurj' in winter. All plants that can mature
their wood take a longer time there. It is important in selecting
seed to consider where it comes from, and where it is to be sown.
He would prefer to get seed from sandy ground to sow on sandy
land, rather than from a muck}- soil. The question of adaptation
comes up in every case. He thought trees might be brought from
England and produce seed here, that might be called native.
Plants grown under such different circumstances might be botani-
cally alike, but physiologically there must be a difference, and in
order to raise trees, plants, or vegetables to as great perfection in
one country as in another, the}' must not only be botanicall}' alike,
but also physiologicallj^ the same, and it is to do away with this
physiological difference that acclimation becomes of so much impor-
tance. There is no doubt we are losing vast sums of monc}' every
year by not paying proper attention to this subject of adaptation.
In England, in some winters wheat hardly stops growing ; it certainly
would commence in February. In September, we should find that
New England wheat had been in the barn six weeks, but in old
England it would not even be reaped. Under these circumstances
who would think of bringing seed from there here.

Mr. Manning thought it was not strange that trees raised from
Colorado seed should be hardy, for in 1880 the cold at the signal
station at Pike's Peak was 69° below zero. At Denver, the "bliz-
zards" brought a cold of 30° or 40° below zero. He saw trees of

188 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the Douglas Spruce at the foot of Engelmann Canyon, which had
made two feet of growth on the 28th of June. The next day, on
Pike's Peak, at an elevation of about 12,000 feet, spruce and pine
trees were just budding out. At this elevation he saw Pinus aris-
tata three feet in diameter, and spruce trees of the Engelmann type
from one to two feet thick and from fort}' to sixt}' feet high, but
this was in a sheltered position. On the 10th of July he walked
from Georgetown, the terminus of the railroad, at an elevation of
8,000 feet, up the Argentine Pass, a distance of nine miles, pass-
ing near the Twin Lakes, to the summit of the Pass, which is 13,-
OOG feet above the level of the sea. On this route the spruces at
the highest limit of trees (more than 12,000 feet,) were a foot and
a half thick at the base and only six feet high, and while on the
windward side the branches were like stag's horns, on the leeward
sifle they were fifteen or twenty feet long and ver^- luxuriant. The
same species (probably Engelmaun's) at an elevation of more than
10,000 feet, grew two or three feet in diameter, and from thirty
to fift}' feet in height. The Douglas Spruce is not found at as
great an elevation as Engelmann's. The speaker saw trees of the
latter from twenty to one hundred feet high, and of all shades,
from light green to misty blue. One tree of Picea puiigens, near
the South Platte River, was of a glaucous color, and measured five
feet in/ diameter, and one hundred and ten feet in height, and
spread forty-five feet, with vigorous branches to the ground.

The Red Oak transplants easily, and makes a good street tree.
The American Basswood or Einden tree makes a good shade. It
is adapted to a great variety' of soils, from light and drj' to moist,
and succeeds well down to the verge of tide-water.

President Ha5'es spoke of a remarkably fine elm opposite his
summer residence in Lexington, planted soon after the settlement
of the country, on the place where John Hancock, the grandfather
of the governor, lived.

Leander Wetherell alluded to the remark which he made last
season that the elm is not adapted to sandy, gravelly soils. He
had seen it growing indigenously between Rochester and Buffalo,
in clayey soils, and the same in Canada. His opinion still is that
it is not adapted to gravelly soils. He agreed with Professor Robin-
son that the Sugar Maple is one of the best shade trees, but it is
uot adapted to gravelly soils. It is a clean tree. A native of
Hardwick, in this State, who had made a fortune in California,

ORNAMENTAL ARBORICULTURE. 189

when on a visit to his old home, gave a sum of money for planting
sugar maples along the streets of the town. The speaker agreed
with Mr. Moore t4iat the American elm is superior to the English ;
he takes great pleasure in looking at the le'ngth and beauty of the
limbs, which are peculiarl}' graceful. It is true that the English
elm holds its foliage later than the American, but it does not put
out so early. . The planting of trees has engaged attention from
the earliest ages, for we find in the Old Testament the record of
care to preserve trees. We must allow for diversity of tastes in
regard to trees, and with the gieat variety all can be pleased.
Mr. Hadwen planted his trees himself, because he could get no
one to do it as well. The first thing to be considered is the selec-
tion of trees, and the second is care in planting. The speaker had
noticed in Somerset street, horse chestnut trees defoliated by cater-
pillars four or five years in succession, with the effect of changing
their time of flowering from spring to August. This may be an
advantage, as flowers are scarcer at that time than in spring, — as
canker worms have changed the bearing 3'ear of Baldwin apple
trees from the even to the odd year, to the great advantage of the
owner.

Mr. Wilder desired to say to Mr. Strong — go on with your
attempts at acclimation — " nothing venture nothing have." But
he had tried the Cedrus Deodara, the Cryptameria Jajyonica, the
Cupi'essu& Lawsoniana, and the Sequoia gigantea, and, like Mr.
Strong, had succeeded in getting them up to some height, but
afterwards they failed. Ellwanger & Barry, of Rochester, New
York, procured a large quantity of Sequoia seed soon after the
tree was discovered, part of which thej' sent to Europe, and part
of which the}' planted, and raised fine trees from it, but they haA'e
gradually diminished in number, until only a very few are left.
We cannot adapt a tree to a climate different from its own by any
process of cultivation, but when it is raised from seed another
element is introduced.

Notice was given that the discussion of the subject would be
continued after the business meeting on the next Saturday.

K E P O E T •

COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS,

FOR THE YEAR 1881.

By AYILLIAM H. SPOONER, Chairman.

As we endeavor to fulfil the requiremeuts of our official j^ear in
a brief retrospect of the work of the Society in this department,
our special duty is to transcribe the successful achievements of the
various cultivators who make the exhibitions valuabTe by their
contributions.

NEW AND RARE PLANTS AND FLOWERS.

The past season has been unusualh' prolific in the appearance of
new, rare, and valuable plants and flowers, and we have noticed
various seedlings of native and foreign origin which deserve atten-
tion.

Roses. — Hon. Francis B. Hayes, President of the Societ}*, exhib-
ited, February 5th, Hon. George Bancroft, one of the Bennett
Seedling Pedigree Roses, — so called. Color, bright ros}- crimson,
shaded purple, with Bourbon foliage.

March 28, John B. Moore presented the following new roses :

Gloire de Bourg-la-Reine. — Scarlet red.

M^illlam Warden. — Light pink, of good form.

Ferdihand Choffolte. — Brilliant red, shaded violet.

Mme. Oswald de Kerchove. — Of medium size ; white shaded
pink, centre tinted coppery ; a desirable color.

Catherine Soupert. — White shaded rose, a new color.

In Mr. Moore's collection on the 5th of March, we noticed the
variety- Charles Darwin, of rich brownish crimson color.

Ellwanger & Barry, of Rochester, N. Y., presented at the Annual
Rose Show a seedling from Gen. Jacqueminot, very much in the

EErORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 3 91

way of Fran§ois Michelon, but the flower was not in the best con-
dition to judge of its true merits.

New Deutzia., — The Pride of Rochester, a seedling from Z).
crenatn flore pleno , similar to its parent, but lighter in color, came
from Ellwanger & Barr}-, Rochester, N. Y.

Clematis. — February- 12th, we had, from President Hayes, six
clematis in pots, in the varieties

Edith Jackman,
Lady Londesborough,
Mrs. S. C. Baker,

Prince of Wales,
Sir Garnet Wolseley,
Stella.

. New Hardy Shrubs and Plants. — August 13, Jackson Dawson,
of the Arnold Arboretum, exhibited foliage and flowers of hardy
shrubs and plants, as follows :

Cejjhalanthus occidentalis. Hypericum prolijicum.

Menziesia polifolia versicolor. Spiraea salicifolia^xax. Billardieri.

" " var. alba.

Erica, vagaiis.

" " var. capitata.

" " " alba.

" tetralix.
Calluna vulgaris.
Oxydendrum arboreum.
Clethra alnifolia. •

" acuminata.
Hypericum Kcdmianum.
" aureum.

" patulum.

Lenneana.
rosea.

" eximia.
Clematis Davidiana.

" coccinecL.

" Jlammida.

" tubulosa.
Sambucus Ebulus.
Hobinia Jiispida.
Hydrangea radiata.
" arborescens.

Hardy Perennials. — June 4th, Messrs. Woolson & Co., of
Passaic, N, J., exhibited one of the best collections of Hardy
Perennials ever shown in our Hall, under the following names :

Achillea tomentosa, Anchusa Italica,

uEtliionema corclifulia,
Allium serratum,
" cceruleum,
Amsonia angustifoUa,

" " var. Texana,

" Tabertuemontana,

Anemone Pennsylvanica,
Antliericum Liliastrum,
Aquilegia cairulea,
Arenaria graminifolia,
Arethusa bulbosa,
Armeria jAantaginea,

192

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Brevoortia coccinea,
Calochortiis Jlexuosus,

" Gunnisonii,

CeanotJius ovatus.
Clematis angustifoUa,
Corydalis pallida,
Deuizia parvijlora,
Dianthus Caryophyllus,
Dicentra eximia,
Gillenia trifoliata,
Ilemerocallis Thunbergii,
Iris Sibirica, var. sanguinea,
Jamesia Americana,
Lathyrus palustris,
Lilium callosum,

" Davuricum,

" pidchelhim,

" Szovitzianum,

" ienuifulium,
Pentstemon conferlum, var. ccbv-

Pentstemon ovatum,
Pentstemons — hybrids of P.

grandijlorum and P. Murray-

anum,
Phlox pilosa,
Polygonattim vulgare,
Psoralea escnlenta,
Rhodotypus kerrioides,
Pomulea, sp. from Asia Minor,
Rosa alba,

" polyantha,

" rttgosa, ,

Silene maritima.
Spiraea FHipendala fi. pi.,
Thalictrum, sp. from Japan,
Valeriana officinalis,
Veronica ametliystina,

" prostrata,
Xe rophyllum asp)liodelo ides,
Zygadenus NuWxllii,

uleom j^urpureum,
and twenty-five varieties of German Iris.

Pansies. — From E. L. Beard came the finest collection we have
ever seen of the chaste and delicately marked variet}' of Pansy
Odier.

Delphiniums. — Seedlings exhibited by Dr. H. P. Walcott, were
remarkably fine — the best presented for many years, with spikes
very large and perfect in form, and the colors clearly defined.

E. Sheppard also exhibited new Delphininms in improved
varieties.

Ikis K.empferi. — June 28, we had from Messrs. V. H. Hal-
lock, Son, & Thorpe, of Queens, N. Y., a verj- fine assortment of
seedling Iris Kcempferi, and varieties.

Julj' 9, Francis Parkman sent a collection of seedlings, and other
varieties, even excelling his own productions of former j'ears in
the same class of plants.

Hollyhocks. — From John C. Hove}', July 23d and 30th, we had
improved Seedling Japanese Hollyhocks. In two years Mr. Hovey
has made a great improvement in his seedlings, and has succeeded
in producing some remarkably chaste and pretty single, double,

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 193

and semi-double flowers, mostly with fringed or serrated edges ;
the colors varying from crimson feathered into pnre white edges,
and bright red feathered into a deep border of white, to pure white
and deep purplish black feathered into a fringed edge of white, and
other variations of color. The leaf is smoother than that of
the ordinaiy hollyhock, and the flowers are more sparingl}' pro-
duced on the stem. They will prove great acquisitions, being
particularl}' hard}'.

We notice a great increase in the cultivation of hollyhocks, and
the exhibits of this flower the past season, have been much larger
than for many years, and wholU' of seedlings ; the principal con-
tributors have been John B. Moore & Co., E. Sheppard, James
Nugent, Miss E. M. Harris, and John L. Gardner.

New Lily. — President Hayes has exhibited the new LiUum
longijiorum var., having a variegated leaf with the old type of
flower.

Gladioli. — J. F. C. Hyde has shown his seedling, Hyde's
White, in the finest condition, and your Committee had another
opportunitj' of seeing the plant at his grounds. Mr. Hyde has
taken great care in the selection of the corms this season, and has
fully fixed the flower in its character. The plant proves even more
vigorous than last year, throwing up a strong flower stem four feet
in height, crowned with a remarkablj^ full spike of very large, well
expanded flowers, facing boldly to one side. Many of the terminal
flowers are semi-double. The growth is peculiarlv vigorous,
giving an average of three stems to each bulb ; many of them have
five, and we noticed one with seven stems, indicating a remarkably
prolific character, which will greatly" add to ils favor with the pub-
lic. Your Committee are unanimous in the opinion that it is the
best white gladiolus yet introduced. A First Class Certificate of
Merit was awarded to it three years ago, and w'e now recommend
that the Prospective Prize of $40, for the best Seedling Flowering
or Foliage Plant (for which it was entered three years ago), be
awarded to James F. C. Hyde, for the Gladiolus Hyde's White.

James Cartwright exhibited on the 30th of July, his seedling,
No. 128. Color, ros}' white, flaked crimson, edges darkly blotched,
a line of white running through the centre of each division ; base of
the perianth dark purple.

Papaver Umbrosum. — George Craft has several times shown
this new annual. It has a single flower ; color bright rich crimson

194 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

with a deep black spot on each petal ; a free bloomer and very
showy, and, with the increasing taste for the single varieties of
this plant, will prove a popular sort.

Variegated Dianthus. — This was from Henry R. Comley.
The leaves are half green and half white, retaining their variega-
tion in the hottest sun. It is perfectly hardy.

Single Dahlias. — From E. Sheppard came new single flowered
dahlias ; particularly noticeable were Paragon (dark maroon color) ,
Cervantesii. and Lutea.

Samuel Smith, of Newport, R. I., exhibited very choice varieties
of the same flower.

Hove}' & Co. have also shown flowers of this class.

Chrysanthemums. — The Seedlings from Dr. H. P. Walcott
were noticeable as a successful experiment in horticultural science,
and perhaps the first attainment in this direction in this couutiy.
Undoubtedly another year will produce results wortln' of the
highest commendation.

Pelargoniums. — Ma}' 7lh, we had from William A. Bock a
large collection of Seedling Pelargoniums, man}' of them very good
flowers. We noticed No. 1, a double, and No. IG, single flowered,
as promising.

June 28th, V. H. Hallock, Son, & Thorpe, of Queens, N. Y.,
exhibited a very choice collection of Double Pelargoniums, the
greater part of them seedlings raised by Mr. Thorpe of this firm ;
the following descriptions are by Messrs. Hallock and Thorpe.

Mrs. E. G. Hill. — Very large trusses ; color pale blush, over-
laid with a delicate lavender shade.

Peter Henderson. — Color bright orange scarlet, fine shape.

Richard Brett. — Orange color — a new shade of -color among
double varieties ; very double.

The Blonde. — Deeply shaded orange, base of petals white ; dis-
tinct margin of white around each.

Remarkable . — An improved Ernest Lauth, with better shaped
flowers and of a deeper shade.

Hazel Kirhe. — AVith immense trusses of rich crimson flowers;
short jointed growth.

Robert George. — Deep crimson scarlet; of great size; a free
flowerer.

Messrs. Hallock also exhibited the following varieties :

KEPOIiT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWEES. 195

Apple Blossom, J. H. Kli[)part,

Cheerfulness, Mrs. Charles Pease,

Effective, Wilham Hamilton.

Henry Cannell,

Gloxinias. — Fine strains of seedlings have been shown by Hon.
Francis B. Haj'es and ¥j. Sheppard.

Alternantheras. — A. paronychoides major cmrea, was shown
by E. Sheppard, August 9th. Color, rich golden yellow ; habit
dwarf and compact.

Henry Ross exhibited at the Annual Exhibition, the new Alter-
nanthera lutifoUa anrea, raised b}' himself. Leaves broad and
smooth, of a rich yellow color, terminated with yellow, green, and
orange, coloring verv early ; habit, compact. A distinct and de-
cided acquisition among bedding plants.

Indian Azaleas. — March 5th, we had from Hon. Marshall P.
Wilder, a seedling which indicates a new break in the character of
this beautiful plant, with a peculiar double flower ; in color, lizht
rose pink, and blooming in clusters of from eight to twelve flowers,
in a truss similar to that of the rhododendron, with crested petals.
As Col. Wilder requested the Committee to affix a name to the
plant, they concluded to give it the name of its distinguished origi-
nator, Marshall Pinckuey Wilder. It was in the filth year from seed.

October 22, Hon. Francis B. Hayes presented a very attractive
pVariet}', producing immense trusses of semi-double flowers ; color,
dark orange, shaded with bright violet, and blotched with choco-
late ; plant a very strong grower, and a profuse and ver}' early
bloomer. It was raised by Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, and named
by him Mrs. Francis B. Ha^'es.

Camellias. — On Thursda}', March 3d, your Committee, by
invitation of C. M. Hove}^ visited the greenhouses of Hovey & Co.
to look at the Camellias, which were in the best possible condition
of bloom. The greater portion of their plants are seedlings grown
by Mr. Hovey, who has made the cultivation of this beautiful
flower almost a life work. As the result of his indefatigable labors,
he had elegant plants, ten to fifteen feet high, covered with flowers
and in fine condition, to show us. In addition to varieties men-
tioned in reports of former j'ears, we noticed the following, the
descriptions being furnished by Mr. Hovey :

Suzette Hovey. — A very distinct and most beautiful variet}',
in color quite new, as also in shape, having the cupped form so

196 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

well known and exemplified in the old Centfenille rose, but double
to the very centre ; of a peculiar bright satiny rose color, more or
less A'eined with carmine, and when about two-thirds open, ex-
tremely difficult to distinguish from the most exquisiteh' formed
rose, except by its foliage ; petals, round, regular, and finely
formed. The plant is also remarkable for its very dense, branch-
ing habit, and the profusion of its flowers, which continue to open
an unusually long period in succession. Leaves of medium size,
ovate, nearly flat, very dark green.

Eva Corinne Hocey. — A very robust and vigorous growing
variety, with large, broad, thick, handsome leaves ; of regular,
branching habit, and remarkably stout annual shoots, terminated
with unusually large, globular buds, which do not open like most
Camellias, by the gradual unfolding of the outer petals, but open
from the centre outward, and while opening have a peculiar and
beautiful appearance, each petal being tipped with white, as in
some dahlias ; as thej- graduallj' expand, the flowers are so full as
to form almost a perfect ball, but keep their elegant cup shape
until they drop. Color, light rose, tipped with wliite ; very large ;
petals large and broad, incurved at the tip. A most distinct and
separate variet3', quite dissimilar to any other.

Mrs. J. R. Carter. — A very pretty flower, of a rosy crimson
color, with a stripe of white in the centre of each petal. Flowers,
medium size, very double, cup-shaped, and full to the centre ;,
petals, large, round. Plant vigorous, of an erect habit ; foliage
of medium size. A beautiful variety, somewhat in the way of
Jetfersonii, but superior to it.

John Cummings. — Another variety of distinct color, being dark
ruddy scarlet, an entirely new tint. Size, medium, quite double,
but not so high in the centre ; petals well shaped. The plant is
moderately vigorous, erect, with rather small leaves, but flowers
freely and abundantly.

Messrs. Hovey's general collection of plants was looking remark-
ably well, and Mr. Hovey may well congratulate himself that at
the age of three score years and ten, he retains his early enthusiasm
for horticulture and a remarkable energy and intelligence, which
few can hope to emulate.

March 5th, Hovey & Co. presented an extensive display of
seedling camellias in twent^'-one varieties.

April 2d, Hon. Marshall P. Wilder placed upon the tables his

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOAVERS. 197

new seedling camellias, Mrs. Julia Wilder, Jennie Wilder, and the
variety A. J. Downing,

BouvARDiAS. — Nauz & Neuner, of Louisville, Kentucky, sent
flowers of Bouvardia eleqans rosea muUiJlora or Willicimsomi, with
a ver}' large truss of flowers, color delicate rose, a lovel}' shade ;
also, their bouvardia Alfred Neuner, a new pure white double
variet}' ; each pip is doubled, like a tuberose ; the plant is of a
dwarf, vigorous habit, and, apparently, a profuse bloomer. The
flowers were received through the mail, and not in the freshest
condition, but by placing them in water, under suitable conditions,
we were able to judge of their character. A member of the Society
has the Alfred Neuner growing, and speaks ver}' favorably of it as
being as free a grower, and as profuse a bloomer as bouvardia
Davidson.

New Ferx. — At the Annual Exhibition, we had from Miss
Mary Pratt the beautiful new crested fern Lastrea Michardsii mul-
tijida. This fern was sent out bj' Messrs. Veitch, and is described
by them as a plant having fronds three feet high, including the
stems, which are a foot long ; the pinnae are upwards of four
inches long in the broadest part, and terminate in a densely fringed
tuft of about fifty long, narrow, acute divisions. Its color is
bright green.

Begonias. — August 13th, A. H. Fewkes showed seedling hybrid
tuberous rooted Begonias ; these were remarkably good flowers,
and in desirable colors.

Eben Bacon has also contributed a very fine collection of these
flowers.

The variet3- Marie Bouchet, with semi-double flowers, exhibited
hy President Francis B, Hayes, was also noticeable.

Dracjenas. — At the Annual Exhibition, F. L. Harris presented
another group of his fine seedling Dracaenas — Nos. 2, 5, 10, 30,
100, and 125.

Epacris. — January- 15, President Francis B. Hayes exhibited a
very beautiful collection of new Epacris.

Ericas. — At the same time, and also on the 7th of May, Presi-
dent Hayes exhibited an equally- fine collection of Ericas. We
are glad to notice an increasing interest in these two classes of
plants.

Orchids. — February 5, James Cartwright exhibited a beautiful
specimen of Sojihronitis grandiflora Avith twenty-one blooms, and
6

198 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

we doubt if it was ever shown in finer condition anj'where. On
the 5th of March we had, from the same, a plant of Dendrobium
Wardianum.

Stenocarpus Cunninghamii has been exhibited b}' Hon. Francis
B. Hayes scA^eral times during the season ; this is a plant not often
found in collections, although not new. Williams describes it as
"a slow glowing but beautiful plant. The stem is erect, the
leaves are from twelve to eighteen inches in length, four or five
inches broad in the widest part ; dark green on the upper surface.
Flowers bright scarlet, and produced from the stem."

Anthuhium Andreanum, from New Grenada, was exhibited by
F. L. Ames. It is described as having leaves of deep green. The
erect flower stalk is longer than the leaf stalk and terminates in a
decurved spadix, ivory white at the base and 3ellow at the tip,
about three inches long and as thick as a swan's quill.

Hymenocallis Macrostephana, of recent introduction, with a
large cluster of pure white flowers, was also shown by Mr.
Ames.

Ipom^a Horsfalli^ is a stove climber, in bloom from Novem-
ber to Christmas ; very free growing, from thirt3--five to forty feet
in length, with an evergreen leaf similar in shape to that of the
Ampelopsis quinquefolia. Flowers, purple-crimson, in large clus-
ters of a hundred or more in a cluster. This is not a new plant,
but desirable in a collection. It was exhibited by Mr. Ames, with
the two preceding, at the Chrj'^santhemum Show, November 9.

AZALEA AND ROSE SHOW.
March 17.

Indian Azaleas were not as largely shown as in some previous
years. Francis B. Hayes, Marshall P. Wilder, Hovey & Co., H.
H. Hunnewell, and Norton Brothers were the contributors, with
about the usual varieties.

Roses were not very numerous. Francis B. Hayes, John B.
Moore, Norton Brothers, and W. J. Vass made very good displays.

Greenhouse Plants were contributed by llove}^ & Co. and
Francis B. Hayes.

The Special Prize of a Silver Cup, value $20, for twenty stove

KEPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 199

and greenhouse plants, distinct species, for nurserymen and florists
only, was awarded to Hovey & Co. for

Alocasia gigantea, Draccena Youngii,

Begonia rubra, Eurya latifolia,

Chorozema varia, La'ania Borbonica,

Chrysanthemum Madam Far- Martinezia erosa,

feuillon, Pandanus Javanicus var.

Cretan Youngii, " utilis,

Dieffenhachia Bausei, " Veitchii,

Dendrohiam nohile, Pelargonium Rollisson'sUnique,

Draccena amabilis, Phododendron midtijlorum,

" Goldieana, ' Tropceolum tricolorum.
" terminalis alba,

Orchids were exhibited by F. L. Ames and James Cartwright.
Forced Bdlbs were shown only by John L. Gardner, but not
of so fine quality as those he presented last season.

The Pelargonium Exhibition, Ma}' 7th, was not a success, no
efforts being made to compete for anj- of the prizes for these
plants.

RHODODENDRON SHOW.

June 4 and 11.

Owing to the backwardness of the season, the award of prizes
for Rhododendrons was postponed for one week, to June 11th, at
the recommendation of Mr. Hunnewell and other large contrib-
utors.

Mr. Hunnewell presented seventy-two named varieties which
were very choice, but agreeably to his customary practice, they
were not entered for competition.

Hon. Francis B. Hayes exhibited the finest group he has ever
shown, a list of which is appended.

Album elegans, Blandj-anum,

Alexander Dancer, Brayauum,

Atrosanguineum, Bronghtoni,

Auguste Van Geert, Bylsianum,

Baroness Lionel Rothschild, Caractacus,

Baron Schroder, Charles Dickens,

200

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Coucessum,

Correggio,

Countess Cadogan,

Countess of Norm anion,

Cynthia,

Decorator,

Delicatissimum, .

Duchess of Edinburgh,

Duchess of Sutherland,
Earl of Shannon,

Everestianum,
Fastuosum flore pleno,
Fleur de Marie,
Francis B. Hajes,
Frederick Waterer,
General Canrobert,
George Cunningham,
Giganteum,
H. H. Hunnewell,
lago,

James Bateman,
James Mason,
Jean VerschafFelt,
John Waterer,
Lad}^ Annette de Trafford,
Lad}^ Armstrong,
Lady Dorothy Nevill or Stand-
ard of Flanders,
Lady Eleanor Cathcart,
Lady Grenville,
Lord Selborne,
Madame Marie Van Houtte,
Marginatum purpureum.

Miraudum,

Miss Meta T. Wilson,

Mrs. Francis B. Haj'es,

Mrs. John Waterer,

Mrs. Milner,

Mrs. Russell Sturgis,

Mrs. Shuttleworth,

Mrs. Thomas Agnew,

Nero,

Nivaticum,

Onslowianum,

Ornatum,

Papilionaceum,

Paxtoni,

Pelopidas,

President Van den Hecke,

Prince Camille de Rohan,

Princess Marj' of Cambridge,

Purity,

Purpureum elegans,

Roseum elegans,

Roseum pictum,

Samuel Morle}',

Scipio,

Sherwoodianum,

Sir Robert Peel,

Stella,

The Queen,

Tippoo Sahib,

Vandyke,

Verschaflfeltii,

William Austin,

Mr. Hayes was awarded the first prize for thirt^^-six varieties,
for eighteen, and for twelve. He also took both prizes for three
trusses of blooms of one variety : the fii'st with Lady Eleanor Cath-
cart, and the second with Miraudum.

Hardy Azalkas. — The prizes for Hardy Azaleas were awarded

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON" PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 201

on the 4th of June as scheduled. Hon. Francis B. Haj-es took
the first prize for eighteen varieties with flowers of

Adelaide, Joseph Baumann,

Ador^e, Macrantha eximia,

Arden, Marie Verschaffelt,

Bessie Iloklaway, Mme. Marie Van Houtte.

Brilliant, Nancy Waterer,

Calendulacea flammea, Radiata,

Comte de Flaudre, Eeine Louise,

Cuprea, Unique,

Graf yon Merau, Saphira.

E. Sheppard took the first prize for six varieties with

Calendulacea elegans, Fama,

Clemence, Graf von Meran,

Cuprea, Pallas.

For a cluster of trusses of one variety Benjamin G. Smith
presented a beautiful cluster of Graf von Meran pleno.

Francis B. Haj'es was the only contributor of Azalea mollis.
Early Clematis were not shown in as large quantities as we ^
supposed they would be. Joseph H. Woodford exhibited a good
collection on the 4th of June.

ROSE AND STRAWBERRY EXHIBITION.

JnNE 28.

The exhibition this season was by far the largest and finest ever
made by the Society, the quality of the flowers being exceptionally
good. Owing to the prolonged coldness of the season the date
was changed from Thursday, the 23d of June, as fixed in the
Schedule, to Tuesday, the 28th.

Special Prizes.

William Graj', .Jr., for the third time competed for and was
awarded the Challenge Cup, for seventy-two as superb roses as
were ever seen in our Hall and which justly deserved the award.
His competitors this year were John B. Moore and Francis B.
Hayes, who exhibited very fine flowers.

202 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Gray presented the following varieties, three of each,
Caroline de Sansal, ' Marguerite Brassac,
Comtesse d' Oxford, Marie Finger,

Duchesse d' Aoste, Marquise de Castellane,

Duchesse de Caylus, Miss Hassard,

fidouard Morren, Mile. Bounaire,

fitienne Levet, Mme. Gabriel Luizet,

Exposition de Brie, Mme. la Baronne de Rothschild,

Felix Genero, Mme. Prosper Laugier,

Fran9ois Michelon, Mme. Victor Verdier,

John Hopper, Perfection des Blanches,

Mabel Morrison, Pierre Notting,

Magna Charta, Richard Wallace.

For the third time the special prizes of silver cups were offered,
and the competition for them was unusually brisk. A Silver Cup,
value $25, for the best three roses of different varieties was
awarded to William H. Spooner, for Duke of Edinburgh, Mme. la
Baronne de Rothschild, and Victor Verdier.

A Silver Cup, value S25, for the best six roses of different varie-
ties to J. S. Richards. The list of varieties was not furnished.

A Silver Cup, value $25, for the best twelve roses of different
varieties to William Gra^', Jr., for

Andre Dunand, Magna Charta,

Charles Lefebvre, Marie Beauman,

fidouard Morren, Mile. Eugenie Verdier,

Thomas Mills, Mrs. Baker,

Jean Soupert, Thomas Mills,

Mabel Morrison, W. Wilson Saunders.

A Silver Cup, value $25, for the best three roses of one variety,
to John B. Moore & Co., for Duke of Edinburgh.

A Silver Cup, value $25, for the best six roses of one variet}", to
Norton Brothers, for Mme. la Baronne de Rothschild.

A Silver Cup, value $25, for the best tw^elve roses of one
variety, to John C. Chaffin, for Mme. la Baronne de Rothschild.

Society's Prizes.
Hardy Perpetual Roses. For six new varieties sent out since
1876, the first prize was awarded to John B. Moore & Co., for
Alfred K. Williams, Doctor Sewell,

Barthelmy Joubert, Grand Due Nicolas,

Boieldieu, Princesse Blanche d'Orleans.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE OJvT PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 203

For the best twenty-four varieties, three of eacli, to Joliii B.
Moore & Co. for

Abbe Braraerel Marguerite de St. Amand,

Charles Lefebvre, Marie Beauman,

Duke of Wellington, Marquise de Castellane,

Dupu}' Jamain, May Turuer,

Ferdinand de Lesseps, Mile. Bonnaire,

Fisher Holmes, Mme. Nachury,

General Fore}', Mme. Victor Verdier,

General Jacqueminot, Paul Neron,

John Hopper, Peach Blossom,

Jules Margottiu, Richard Wallace,

Kate Hausberg, Thomas Mills,

L^-onuaise, Vicomtesse de Vezins.

For twelve varieties, to John L. Gardner, and for the best six
varieties, to the same. No list was furnished of either of these
two.

For three varieties, to John B. Moore & Co., for Perfection des
Blanches, Mrs. Laxton, and Duke of Edinburgh.

Moss Poses. For the best six varieties the first prize went to
John B. Moore & Co. for

Comtesse de Murinais, Prolific or Gracilis,
Lancel or Etna, Violacee,

Lanei, Zaire.

For three varieties, to John B. Moore & Co., for Gloire des
Mousseuses, Crested, and Quatre Saisons.

It will be noticed that the two fine old varieties Duke of Edin-
burgh and Mme. la Baronne de Rothschild still maintain their char-
acter as grand exhibition Roses.

Special Prize for Stove and Greenhouse Plants.

The Silver Cup of the value of $20, for the best Group of twent}^
Sto've and Greenhouse Ornamental Foliaged Plants, was awarded
to S. R. Payson, for

Adiantum Farleyense, Bertolonia Van Iloultei.,

" gracillimum^ Caladmm CJiantinii,

Alocasia Sedeni, " Herold,

" Thibautiana, " Souvenir de Mme.

Artocarpus Cannonii, Andr4^

204 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Cocos Wedclelliana, Dracaena Baptistii,

Croton Lord Derby, " Goldkana,

" Queen Victoria^ " Leopoldii,

" WiUiamsii, Hydrangea Japonica var.^

Cyanophyllum magnijicum, Pandanus Veitchii.

Dieffenhacliia Bausei,

ANNUAL EXHIBITION.
September 13, 14, 15, and 16.

This presented special attractions from the fact that the Ameri-
can Pomological Society-, by invitation, made its exhibition in our
Halls, while the displa}' of plants and flowers was held at Music
Hall. The latter was somewhat differently arranged from the
usual plan, and with excellent effect, having through its centre a
platform containing about eight hundred square feet of surface
upon which were grouped b}' H. H. Ilunnewell and Samuel R.
Payson splendid collections of plants, arranged with artistic skill,
and blending their varied hues with perfect success. On each
side were two smaller platforms filled with plants from F. L. Ames,
Hovey & Co., J. Warren Merrill, Hon. Francis B. Hayes, John
L. Gardner, and Miss Pratt; these were choice in qualit}', though
not all as large as those in the central group, which together with
them, filled the bod}- of the Hall with a mass of beautiful foliage.
Upon the stage in front of the organ, "William Gray, Jr., placed
some fine tropical plants, and on the front edge were ranged a row
of caladiums from Messrs. Hove}' & Co., and Edwin Sheppard.
At the sides of the Hall were stands filled with cut flowers b}' Mrs.
A. D. W^ood, Mrs. E. M. Gill, Messrs. Hovey & Co., C. W.
Ross, J. W. Manning, William S. Ewell, James Nugent, and
others, reflecting the greatest credit on all concerned in the display,
which was the finest we have ever seen.

The seats were removed from the front lower gallery, and two
rows of stands for flowers placed there, which were filled with fine
collections of gladioli from James Cartwright, Norton Brothers,
and A. McLaren ; native flowers from Mrs. C. N. S. Horner and
Miss M. E. Carter ; and foliage and flowers of rare hardy trees and
shrubs from the Arnold Arboretum and W. C. Strong & Co. Under
the gallery Mr. Manning arranged a large assortment of evergreens,
and baskets filled wdth plants from Mr. Ewell, were suspended

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 205

from the front, where there was also a display of orchids from Mr.
Ames.

Special Prizes.

Stove and Greenhouse Plants. S. R. Paj'son was awarded
the Silver Cup of the value of $40, for twelve Oruameutal Foliaged
Stove and Greenhouse Plants. They were

Alocasia gigantea, Draccena Hendersomi,

Anthurium crystallinum^ Erytlirina marmorata,

Cocos Weddelliana, Maranta Van den Seckei,

Croton fasciatus, Pandanus VeitcMi,

" Veitchii, PJn/Uotcenium Lindeni,

Dracoena Baptistii, SpJicerogyne latifoUa.

The second prize for the same, a Silver Cup of the value of $25,
was awarded to F. L. Ames, for

Adiantum Farleyense^ Curcidigo recurvata variegata,

Alocasia Sedeni, Dracoena Baptistii,

" zebrina, Ficus Parcelli,

Ceroxylon niveum (Wax Palm) , Maranta Lindeni,
Croton angvstifoUnm, " virgindlis,

" variabilis, Nepenthes distillatoria.

F. L. Ames took the Silver Cup of the value of $40, for ten
Stove and Greenhouse plants — five foliage, and five in bloom,
with the following :

Foliage Plants.

Adiantum amabile, Cyanophyllum magnijicum,

Areca lutescens, Dracaena Hendersonii,

Cretan Queen Victoria,

Flowering Plants.

Allamanda Schottii, Ixora Williamsii,

Begonia rubra, Odontoglossum grande.
Dipladenia Brearleyana,

The second prize for the same, a Silver Cup of the value of $20,
was awarded to H. H. Hunnewell, for the following :

Foliage Plants.
Areca crinila, Maranta fasciata,

Croton fasciatus, Sphcerogyne latifolia,

Dracoena Bella,

206 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Flowering Plants.
Anthurium Scherzerianum, Ixora Amboinensis,
B'qonia rubra, Nerium Oleander album Jlore

Cleroden drovi fallax, pleno.

Dahlias. The Subscription Prize, a Piece of Plate of the value
of $10, for the best twenty-four dissimilar blooms, was awarded to
E. Sheppard, for

America, John MacPherson,

Annie Neville, John W3'att,

Charles Leicester, King of Primroses,

Constanc}', Letty Coles,

Duke of Connaught, Michael Saunders,

Emily Edwards, Mrs. Hodgson,

Henry Glascock, Mrs. Swan,

Hercules, Paul of Paisley,

James Cocker, Picotee,

J. C. Reid, Prince Bismark,

John Bennett, Stafford Gem,

John Lamont, Vivid.

CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW.

November 9 .

Although very good, this was not as large as in some former
jears, the frost early in October undoubtedly injuring the plants
to a certairf extent. The contributors of plants were Dr. H. P.
Walcott, H. L. Higginson, and Norton Brothers. Cut blooms were
shown by Dr. Walcott, E. W. Wood, B. G. Smith, Mrs. E. M.
Gill, and E. Sheppard.

Orchids were shown by F. L. Ames, in his usual choice kinds.

Miss E. H. Craft presented for the third time a design of
autumn flowers, excelling her previous efforts. The design was the
object of universal admiration for its beauty of form and exquisite
combination of colors.

MISCELLANEOUS EXHIBITS.

President Francis B. Hayes has been a constant contributor
throughout the season, his exhibits being peculiarly valuable, and
in variety of flowers embracing a wide range from week to week,

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 207

seldom duplicatiug his previous shows, and thereby adding greatly
to the hfe and variety of our weekly displays.

Cut Flowers. — The shows during the season have been re-
markably good; Mrs. A. D. Wood, Mrs. E. M. Gill, James
Kugent, Mrs. L. P. Weston, George Craft, and E. Fewkes, com-
peting for the prizes.

Vases of Flow^ers. — AVe notice a great improvement in these.

Annuals. — The prizes for Annuals, such as Petunias, Phlox
Drummoudii, Sweet Peas, Tropseolums, Double Zinnias, Dianthus,
and Marigolds, have found a large competition, and the displays
were remarkably good.

Perennial Phloxes from John B. Moore & Co. were notice-
ably fine.

Gladioli have not been shown in as large quantities as last
season, but ver}- good flowers have appeared from time to time.
August 20th, J. F. Marble was awarded the first prize for twenty
named varieties in excellent flowers ; George Craft, the first for
ten spikes ; R. T. Jackson, for six spikes, and Franklin Batcheller
the prize for a single spike, the variety being Baroness Burdett
Coutts — a very large and beautiful flower; color, delicate lilac
tinged with rose. It is of very vigorous growth.

The exhibitors for the general display were James Cartwright,
George Craft, and Herbert Gleason.

Nymph^as. — August 20th, Edward Haskell, of New Bedford,
presented a fine assortment of Nymphmas in the varieties rubra,
rosea, alba, and caridea. Mr. Haskell is a very successful culti-
vator of this beautifvd genus, and his collection is perhaps un-
equalled in this section of the country.

Native Flowers have not been shown as frequently as in
former years, but on the Gth of August, the collections of Mrs. C.
N. S. Horner and Mrs. A. J. Dolbear were very large, embracing
a great variety, with the names attached.

On the 7th of May, PL H. Hitchings presented several rare
varieties, viz. : — Nardosmia palmata (never shown here before),
Viola Canadensis, V. rostrata, Asarum Canadense, and Gaultheria
procumbens var.

June 28th, the following Alpine Plants, collected on the Craw-
ford la-idle path. Mount Washington, N. H., by Edwin Faxon,
were shown :

208 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Aniostaphylos alpina^ Potentilla frigida^

Azalea procumbens, Rhododendron Lapponicum,

Diapensia Lapponica, Ruhus Chamcemorus.
Empetrum nigrum,

August 27th, Charles E. Marsh and Charles E. Pecker presented
a new variety of Nymj^hcea (Pond lil}') , three weeks earlier than
the common white. It was found two miles from the Kennebec
river.

September 3, O. M. Holmes exhibited Nelumhium luteum, a
very rare native species.

At the Annual Exhibition we had from Mrs. Catherine Starbuck,
of Nantucket, a collection of plants ; among them the following,
which have never been shown here before : — Hypericum adpressum,
Sabbatia gracilis, Spiranthes simplex, and Erythrcea spicata.

The amount of money prizes and gratuities awarded, is $1,494,
out of the appropriation of $1,500.

Prizes have been awarded from the Hunnewell fund to the
amount of $64.

All which is respectfully submitted.

Wm. H. Spooner,

E. H. HiTCHINGS,

J. H. Woodford,

F. L. Harris,
James Cartwright,
Patrick Norton,
Charles W. Ross, ^

Committee

on

Plants and

Flowers.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR PLANTS
AND FLOWERS.

January 1.

Gratuity : —

Francis B. Hayes, Display of Flowers, $1 00

Jandary 8.
Gratuities : —

Francis B. Hayes, Display of Flowers, 1 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, u <. <i 1 00

John L. Gardner, Erica Willmorei, 2 00

January 15.
GratnUies : —

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Display of Flowers, 1 00

W. C. Strong, Moss Rose in pot, 1 00

January 22.
Gratuity : —
Mrs. E. M. Gill, Display of Flowers, 1 00

January 29.
Gratuities : —

Francis B. Hayes, Display of Flowers, . . . . . . 2 00

James O'Brien, Dendrohium mobile and Lilacs, . . . . 1 00

Henry L. Higginson, Bougainvillea and Bignonia, . . . . 1 00

February 5.

Gratuities : —

Francis B. Hayes, Display of Flowers, . . . . . . 2 00

W. C. Strong & Co., Cut Roses, ........ 3 00

" " " " Rose in pot, 2 00

Hovey&Co., Camellias, ......... 1 00

February 12.
Gratuities : —

John E. Peabody, Collection of Plants 5 00

Francis B. Hayes, Display of Flowers, . . . . . . 2 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, ^ « u 1 00

W. C. Strong & Co., Hybrid Perpetual Roses, 2 00

210 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

David Allan, Clianthus Dampieri, . $1 00

John L. Gardner, Violets, 2 00

Hovey & Co., Large Display of Camellias, 5 00

February 19.
Gratuity :

Hovey & Co., Camellias, 2 00

February 26.

Gratuities : —

Francis B. Hayes, Display of Flowers, 2 00

Benjamin G. Smith, Carnations, 1 00

Hovey & Co., Camellias, 2 00

Joseph H. Woodford, Hyacinths, 1 00

C. B. Gardiner, Cyclamen, 1 00

March 5.
Gratuities : —

John B. Moore, Hybrid Perpetual Roses, 3 GO

Hovey & Co., Camellias, 2 00

Henderson Inches, Hyacinths, ........ 1 00

Francis B. Hayes, Display of Flowers, 2 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, u << .< 1 00

March 12.
Gratuities : —

Francis B. Hayes, Display of Flowers, 2 00

Hovey & Co., Camellias, 1 00

AZALEA A^B ROSE SHOW.

March 17.
Special Prize.

OFFERED BY A MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY.

For Nurserymen and Florists only.

Group of twenty Stove and Greenhouse Plants, distinct species,
grown in pots not over eight inches in diameter, six to be in
bloom, Hovey & Co., Silver Cup, value, . . . . §20 00

Societifs Prizes.

Indian Azaleas, Six named varieties, in pots, Francis B. Hayes, . $12 00

Two named varieties, H. H. Hunnewell, 8 00

Specimen Plant, Norton Brothers, 5 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 2J1

Four named varieties, in not exceeding ten-inch pots, Marshall

P. Wilder $8 00

Single plant, in not exceeding a six-inch pot, Hovey & Co., . . 4 00

Hybrid Perpetual Roses. — Single plant. Francis B. Hayes, . . 5 00

Twelve cut blooms, of six named varieties, John B. Moore, . . 6 00

Six cut blooms, of four named varieties, Jolm B. Moore, . . 3 00

Second, John B. Moore, 2 00

Single bloom, John B. Moore, 2 00

Second, Norton Brothers, 1 00

Tender Roses. — Display in dish, basket, or vase, William J. Vass, 5 00

Third prize to Norton Brothers, . . . . . . 3 00

Greenhouse Plants. — Specimen, in bloom, other than Azalea or

Orchid, Hovey & Co., • 5 00

Second, Francis B. Hayes, . . . . . . . 4 00

Orchids. — Three plants, in bloom, F. L. Ames, . . . . 10 00

Second, James Cartwrigiit, . . . . . . . 6 00

Single plant in bloom, F. L. Ames, . , . . . . 5 00

Second, F. L. Ames, 3 00

Cyclamens. — Six "plants, in not over eight-inch pots, in bloom, C. B.

Gardiner, 4 00

Heath. — Single plant, in bloom, John L. Gardner, . . . . 3 00

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 2 00

Primulas. — Three plants, single flowered, in bloom. John L. Gard-
ner, 2 00

Three plants, double flowered, in bloom, Hovey & Co., . . . 2 00

Violets. — Six pots, in bloom, John L. Gardner, . . . . 3 00

Hyacinths. — Twelve bulbs, in pots, John L. Gardner, . . . 5 00

Six bulbs, in pots, John L. Gardner, . . . . . . 4 00

Single bulb, in pot, John L. Gardner, 2 00

Tulips. — Six, in pots, John L. Gardner, . . . . . . 3 00

Narcissus. — Four six-inch pots, John L Gardner, . . . . 3 00

Camellias. — Display of named varieties, cut flowers with foliage,

not less than twelve blooms, Hovey & Co., . . . , 4 00

Second, Hovey & Co., 3 00

Six cut blooms, Hovey & Co., 3 00

Second, John L. Gardner, 2 00

Cut Flowers. — Display filling 50 bottles, not including Roses, Mrs.

E. M. Gill, . . 3 00

Second, Mrs. A. D. Wood, 2 00

Hand Bouquets. — Pair, James Nugent, 3 00

Basket of Flowers. — Best arranged, the second prize lo Mrs. E.

M. Gill, 2 00

Gratuities :

Marshall P. Wilder, Azaleas in pots, . . . . . . 4 00

Francis B. Hayes, a a ^i 4 00

212

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

William J. Vass, Hybrid Perpetual Roses,
Norton Brothers, " " "
W. C. Strong & Co., " " " " in pots,
Mrs. A. D. Wood, Basket of Flowers,
Hovey & Co., Display of Camellias, .
E. Sheppard, Pansies, ....
" " Display of Flowers,
Mrs. L. P. Weston, " " "
Francis B. Hayes, " " '< , .
" " " Rhododendrons and Azaleas,
" " " Camellias, ....
James Cartwright, Orchids, ....
Norton Brothers, Plants, . . . . ^
Hovey & Co., "

March 28.
Gratuities : —

John B. Moore, H3^brid Perpetual Roses,

W. C. Strong & Co., Mnie. la Baronne de Rothschild Roses,

Hovey & Co., Camellias, .......

Francis B. Hayes, Display of Flowers, ....

April 2.

Gratuities : —

Francis B. Hayes, Azalea Charmer,

Hovey & Co., Camellias,

Francis B. Hayes, Display of Flowers, ....
Mrs. E. M. Gill, «c « u ....

April 9.

yllis.

Gratuities : —
Francis B. Hayes, Heaths and Amar
John E. Peabody, Plants, .
" " Orchids,

John L. Gardner, Polyanthus,
Hovey & Co., Camellias, .

" " Azaleas,

" " Epidendrums,

" " Lily of the Valley,

Francis B. Hayes, Display of Flowers,

April 16.
Gratuity : —

Francis B. Hayes, Display of Plants and Flowers,

April 23.

Gratuities : —
John L. Gardner, Plants, ,
Francis B. Hayes, Ericas,

52 00
2 00

2 00
1 00

3 00
1 00

1 00

2 00
2 00

2 00
1 00
5 00

4 00.

3 00

1 00

1 00

2 CO
2 00

1 00

1 00

2 00
1 00

2 00
5 00
2 00
2 00

1 00

2 00
1 00

1 00

2 00

2 00

10 00
2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 213

Hovey & Co., Camellias, .

Francis B. Hayes, Display of Flowers,

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " "

April 30.

^ Gratuities : —
Francis B. Hayes, Display of Flowers,
Mrs. L. P. Weston, " " "
Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " "

Hovey & Co , " " "

Mrs. A. D. Wood, " " "

B. G. Smith, Pansies,

" and Plants,

Lilies in pots.

$1 00
1 00
1 00

1 00
1 00
I 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

PELARGONIUM EXHIBITION.

May 7.

Calceolarias. — Six varieties in pots, John E. Peabody, . . $5 00

Second, John E. Peabody, 3 00

Single Plant, John E. Peabody, 1 00

Table Design, other than a Basket of Flowers. — Mrs. A. D. Wood, 3 00

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 2 00

Gratuities : —

Hovey & Co., Pelargoniums in pots, 3 00

William A. Bock, Seedling Pelargoniums, 3 00

John Parker, Pelargonium Peter Grieve, . . . . . . 1 GO

B. G. Smith, Pansies and Andromedas, . . . . . . 1 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Plants and Flowers, 2 00

Mrs. A. D. Wood, " " " 2 00

Francis B. Hayes, Display of Flowers, 2 00

Hovey & Co., u << .c 2 00

Mrs. L. P. Weston, " " " 1 00

E. H. Hitchings, Native Plants, 1 00

Mat U.

Gratuities : —

E. Sheppard, Cattleya Mossice, 2 00

" Hydrangea Otaksa, ....... 1 00

" Pelargoniums, ........ 1 00

May 21.

Gratuities : —

Francis B. Hayes, Erythrina Crista-galli, 1 00

Mrs. A. D. Wood, Display of Flowers, 2 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, << w i. 2 '00

E. H. Hitchings, Native Flowers, 2 00

George E. Davenport, Native Flowers, 1 00

7

214

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

RHODODENDEON SHOW.

June 4.
Hunnewell Premiums.
Hakdy Azaleas. — Eighteen named varieties, Francis B. Hayes,
Six named varieties, E. Sheppard, ......

Second, B. G. Smith,

Cluster of trusses, of one variety, B. G. Smith, ....
Azalea Mollis. — Six trusses, of different varieties, Francis B. Hayes,

Society's Premiums.

Tkee Peonies. — Six named varieties, Marshall P. "Wilder,

Second, Marshall P. Wilder,

Cut Flowers. — Display, filling 100 bottles, W. K. Wood,

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill,

Hardy Flowering Shrubs. — Twelve named varieties, B. G. Smith,
Native Plants. — Display of named species and varieties, Mrs. C.

N. S. Horner,

Clematis. — Early named varieties, display of cut blooms, Joseph

H. Woodford,

Table Design, other than a Basket of Flowers, Mrs. A. D. Wood,

Gratuities : —

Francis B. Hayes, Ericas,

John B. Moore, Clematis, Iris, etc., ...'...

Joseph Tailby, Carnations, ........

B. G. Smith, Pansies, .........

H. H. Hunnewell, Display,

Francis B. Hayes, " ........

John L. Gardner, " ........

E. Sheppard, "

Mrs. L. P. Weston, "

James Nugent, " ........

Hovey & Co., "

B. G. Smith, "

$12 (5o
4 00
3 00
2 00
2 00

3 00

2 00

4 00

3 00

3 00

4 00

3

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

5

00

5

00

2

00

2

00

2

00

2

00

2 00

1

00

June 11.

Hunnewell Premiums.

Hardt Rhododendrons. — Thirty-six named varieties, one truss
each, Francis B. Hayes, .......

Eighteen named varieties, Francis B. Hayes,

Second, John L. Gardner, .......

Twelve named varieties, Francis B. Hayes, ....

Three trusses of blooms, of one variety, Francis B. Hayes,
Second, Francis B. Hayes,

. 15

00

8

00

6

00

6

00

4

00

2

00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 215

Gratuities : —

H. H. Hunnewell, Rhododendrons,

Hovey & Co., Rhododendrons, Azaleas, and Clematis,
Mrs. L. P. Weston, Display of Flowers, ....
Edwin Faxon, Native Flowers from the White Mountains,
Francis B. Hayes, Display of Flowers, ....
E. Sheppard, u .. t< ....

Mrs. E. JNI. Gill, << ,, c< ....

W. K. Wood, « .. .. ....

$6 00
3 00

1 00

2 00

3 00
2 00
1 00
1 00

ROSE SHOW.

June 28.
Special Prizes.

Hybrid Perpetual Roses. — Twenty-four varieties, three specimens

of each, William Gray, Jr., a Challenge Cup, value, . . $150 00
Three roses, of different varieties, William H. Spooner, Silver

Cup, value, 25 00

Six Roses, of different varieties, J. S. Richards, Silver Cup,

value, 25 00

Twelve Roses, of different varieties, William Gray, Jr., Silver

Cup, value, 25 00

Three Roses, of one variety, John B. Moore & Co., Silver Cup,

value, ■ 25 00

Six Roses, of one variety, Norton Brothers. Silver Cup, value, . 25 00
Twelve Roses, of one variety, John C. Chaffin, Silver Cup,

value, 25 00

Society's Prizes.
Hardy Perpetual Roses. — Six new varieties, sent out since 1876,
John B. Moore & Co., .......

Co.,

Twentj'-four distinct named varieties, John B. Moore &

Second, Warren Heustis, .....
Twelve distinct named varieties, John L. Gardner,

Second, Francis B. Hayes, ....

Third, John B. Moore & Co., ....
Six distinct named varieties, John L. Gardner,

Second, John B. Moore & Co., ....

Third, J. S. Richards,

Three distinct named varieties, John B. Moore & Co.,

Second, Francis B. Hayes, ....

Tiiird, EUwanger & Barry, Rochester, N. Y.,
Moss Roses. — Six named varieties, three clusters of each, John B
Moore & Co.,

Second, John B. Moore & Co., ....

6

00

20

00

15

00

10

00

8

00

6

00

6

00

5

00

4

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

5

00

3 00

216

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Three named varieties, three clusters of each, John B. Moore

& Co., $3 00

Second, William H. Spooner, 2 00

Tea and Boukbon Eoses. — Twelve cut blooms, Norton Brothers, 3 00

General Display, of all classes, Norton Brothers, . . . 10 00

Second, W. C. Strong & Co., 8 00

Third, J. S. Eichards, 5 00

Special Prize.

OFFERED BY A MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY.

Group of twenty Stove and Greenhouse Ornamental Foliaged Plants,
S. E. Payson, Silver Cup, value, ......

Society's Prizes.

Stove and Greenhouse Flowering Plants. — SLx distinct varieties,
in bloom, F. L. Ames, ........

Second, John L. Gardner, ........

Specimen Plant. — Eegard being had to new and rare varieties, F.
L. Ames, ..........

Second, John L. Gardner, ........

Herbaceous P^eonies. — Ten named varieties, Hovey & Co., .
Sweet Williams. — Thirty trusses, of not less than six distinct
varieties, E. Sheppard, ........

Second, A. McLaren, ........

Third, Mrs. E. M. Gill,

Summer Herbaceous Plants. — Display of named species and va-
rieties, filling twenty-five bottles, Hovey & Co.,
Second, James Nugent, ........

Vase of Flowers. — Best arranged, in one of the Society's glass
vases, James O'Brien, ........

Second, Mrs. A. D. Wood,

Third, Francis B. Hayes, ........

Gratuities : —
EUwanger & Barry, Eochester, N. Y., Display of Eoses,
William H. Spooner, " " "

O. B. Hadwen, " " "

Norton Brothers, Basket of Eoses, .
Patten & Co., Tender Eoses, ....
E. Sheppard, Tuberous Begonias, and other plants,
EUwanger & Barry, Trees and Shrubs,
James CartAvright, Orchids, ....
John C. Hovey, Pjeonies and Pyrethrums,
Miss E. M. Harris, Pjeonies, ....
William S. Ewell, Display, ....
Mrs. A. D. Wood, " ....

20 00

10

00

8

00

6

00

4

00

3

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

4

00

3

00

5 00

4

00

3

00

10

00

3

00

1

00

1

00

2

00

10

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

2

00

2

00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 217

Mrs. L. P. Weston, Display,
Francis B- Hayes," "
E. Sheppard, "

Hovey & Co., "

Miss A. C. Kenrick, "

July 2.
Hybrid Perpetual Roses. — Twenty-five blooms, John B. Moore

&Co.,

Second, John B. Moore & Co., .....
Cut Flowers. — Display, filling 100 bottles, W. K. AVood,

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill,

Third, James Nugent, ......

Table Design. — Best arranged, James O'Brien,

Gratuities : —

Francis B. Hayes, Display of Roses, ....

" " " " of Clematis, ....

B. G. Smith, Roses and Paeonies, .....

Mrs. E. S. Joyce, Display of Flowers, ....

July 9.
LiLiuM Candidum. — Twelve spikes, Herbert Gleason,

Second, B. G. Smith,

Vase of Flowers. — Best arranged, in one of the Society's Glass

Vases, James O'Brien,

Second, Mrs. A. D. Wood,

Gratuities : —

Jacob W. Manning, Iris KcBmpferi,

" " " Display of Flowers, ......

Francis B. Hayes,
W. K. Wood,
Miss E. M. Harris,
Mrs. E. S. Joyce,
Mrs. E. M. Gill,

July 16.
Hollyhocks. — Twelve blooms, of twelve distinct colors, John L.

Gardner,

Six blooms, of six distinct colors, John B. Moore & Co.,

Second, Hovey & Co., • .

Three blooms, of three distinct colors, E. Sheppard,

Single spike, John B. Moore & Co., ......

Second, John B. Moore & Co., ......

Cut Flowers. — Display, filling 100 bottles, W. K. Wood,

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill,

Third, Mrs. L. P. Weston,

|2 00
2 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

5

00

4

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

3

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

5

00

3 00

1

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

4 00
2 00

00
00
00
00
00

3 00
2 00

218

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Gratuities : —
Herbert Gleason, Lilium candidum,
E. Slieppard, Hollyhocks, .
" " Pelargoniums,

Hovey & Co., Display of Flowers and Fol
George Craft, " " "

J. W. Manning, " " "

Mrs. E. S. Joyce, " " "

)2 00
1 00

1 00

2 00
2 00
1 00
1 00

July 23.

Perennial Phloxes. — Six distinct named varieties, one spike of

each, the second prize to E. Sheppard,

Pelargoniums. — Twelve double and single varieties, E. Sheppard,
Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill, .

Gratuities : —
John B. Moore & Co., Hollyhocks, .
Miss E. M. Harris, "

James Nugent, "

E. Sheppard, "

John L. Gardner, Erica Parmentieriana
Edwin Fewkes, Petunias, .
George Craft, Sweet Peas and Nasturtiums

" " Display of Flowers,

Francis B. Hayes, " " "

W. K. Wood, " " "

J. W. Manning, " " "

Mrs. E. S. Joyce, '< " "

E. H. Hitchings, Native Plants,

July 30

Hybrid Perpetual Roses. — Twenty-fi

Hayes, .....
Cut Flowers.— Display, filling 100 bottles, Mrs. E
Second, George Craft,
Third, W. K. Wood,
Collection of not less than eighteen named species
Herbaceous Perennials, Mrs. E. S. Joyce,
Second, George Craft, ....

Vase of Flowers. — Best arranged, in one of the
vases, Mrs. A. D. Wood, . ...

Second, James O'Brien, ....

e blooms, Francis B
M. Gill, .

of Annuals and

Society's glass

Gratuities : —
Francis B. Hayes, Hydrangeas,

2

00

2

00

1

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

2

00

2 00

2

00

1

00

1

00

1 00

John B. Moore, Phloxes and Hollyhocks,

5

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

1

CO

r

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 219

Francis B. Hayes, Displaj^ of Flowers, $2 00

E. Sheppard, u << << 1 00

George Craft, << u u 1 00

R. B. Cumraings, Bouquets of Native Flowers, . . . . 1 00

0

August 6.

Perennial Phloxes — Ten distinct named varieties, one spike each,
John B. Moore & Co.,

Second, John B. Moore & Co.,

Petunias. — Collection, filling 30 bottles, Edwin Fewkes,

Second, James Nugent, .......

Third, George Craft,

Cut Flowers.— Display, filling 100 bottles, Mrs. E. M. Gill, .

Second, W. K. Wood,

Third, C. W. Ross,

Native Flowers. — Collection, Mrs. C. N. S. Horner,

Second, Mrs. A. J. Dolbear,

Gratuities : —
J. S. Richards, Gladioli, ....
Francis B. Hayes, Display of Flowers,
Hovey & Co., " " "

E. Sheppard, " " "

Mrs. E. S. Joyce, " " "

R. B. Cummings, Bouquet of Native Flowers,

August 13.

Phlox Drummonui. — Fifty bottles, not less than six varieties,

James Nugent, ......... 3 00

Second, James Cartwright, ....... 2 00

Cut Flowers. — Not less than eighteen named species of Annuals

and Herbaceous Perennials, Hovey & Co , . . . . 3 00

Second, George Craft, 2 00

Gratuities : —

John L. Gardner, Orchids, ........ 3 00

George Craft, Gladioli, 2 00

Henry R. Comley, Dianthus, ........ 1 00

John B. Moore & Co., Gladioli, .100

J. W. Manning, Phloxes, I 00

E. Sheppard, Dahlias, 1 00

A. P. Calder, NymphcBa odorata, var. rosea, . . . . . 1 00

Francis B. Hayes, Display of Flowers, ...... 300

Mrs. E. M. Gill, .c .< << 1 00

W. K. Wood, <. « <c 1 00

Miss E. M. Harris, Design of Ferns and Native Flowers, . . 1 00

3

00

2

00

3 00

2 00

1 00

4 00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

220

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

August 20.

AsTEKS. — Large Flowered, or Victoria, — Thirty blooms, not less

than ten varieties, John L. Gardner, . . ^. . . $4 00

Second, James Nugent, 3 00

Third, Francis B.- Hayes, 2 00

Chrysanthemum. — Thirty blooms, not less than eight varieties,

John L. Gardner, 4 00

Victoria, or Chrysanthemum, or both. — Six plants in pots, John L.

Gardner, 4 00

Pompon. — Six plants in pots, F. Skinner, Jr., . . . . 4 00

Sweet Peas. — Display, filling 25 bottles, Mrs. A. D. Wood, . . 3 00

Second, George Craft, 2 00

Basket of Flowers. — Best arranged, Mrs. E. M. Gill, . . . 2 00

Gratuities : —

Francis B. Hayes, New Begonias, ....... 2 00

" " Display of Flowers, 3 00

John B. Moore & Co., " " " . . . . . . 2 00

B. G. Smith, u u << 1 00

August 20.

Gladioli. — Twenty named varieties, in spikes, J. F. Marble, .
Ten named varieties, in spikes, George Craft, , . . .

Second, John B. Moore & Co.,

Six named varieties, in spikes, E. T. Jackson, . . . .

Single spike, named, Franklin Bacheller, . . . . • .

Display of named and unmamed varieties, filling 100 bottles,
James Cartwright, .........

Second, George Craft, ........

Third, Herbert Gleason,

Gratuities : —

E. Sheppard, Dahlias and Pelargoniums,

John L. Gardner, Dahlias,

Mrs. A. D. Wood, Display of Flowers,

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " "

Hovey & Co., " " "

Mrs. E. S. Joyce, " " "

6

00

4

00

S

00

3

00

1

CO

6

00

4

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

2 00

2

00

1

00

1

00

August 27.

Teop^eolums. — Display filling 25 bottles, William H. Spooner, . 3 00

Second, Francis B. Hayes, 2 00

Cut Floavees.— Display filling 100 bottles, Mrs. E. M. Gill, . . 4 00

Second, Edwin Fewkes, 3 00

Third, Mrs. A. D. Wood, 2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOAVERS. 221

Gratnitips :
James Cartwright, Gladioli,
George Craft, " . .

John L. Gardner, Asters,
James Nugent, Asters and Tropaeolums,
E. Sheppard, New Dahlias and Phloxes,
Francis B. Haj^es, Display of Flowers,
John B Moore & Co., " " "
Miss M. E. Carter, Native Flowers,

)2

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

2

00

2

00

2

00

1

00

September 3.

Hybrid Perpetual Roses. — Twenty-five blooms, Francis B. Hayes, 3 GO

Double Zinnias. — Twenty flowers, not less than six varieties, Fran-
cis B. Hayes, 4 00

Second, George Craft . 3 00

Third, James Nugent, 2 00

DiANTHUs. — Annual and Biennial varieties, — collection filling 50 bot-
tles, Henry R. Comley, 3 00

Second, Hovey & Co., 2 00

Marigolds^ — Twenty-five bottles, three flowers in each, Hovey & Co., 3 00

Second, Francis B. Hayes, . . . . . . . 2 00

Third, George Craft, 1 00

Clematis. — Display of cut blooms, Francis B. Hayes, . . . 3 00

Gratuities :

George Craft,. Gladioli, 2 00

Mrs. A. D. Wood, Display of Flowers, 2 00

Mrs. L. P. Weston, •■^ a a 1 00

Mrs. C. N. S. Horner, Native Flowers, 2 00

ANNUAL EXHIBITION.

September 13, 14, 15, and 16.
Special Prises.

OFFERED BY A MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY.

Twelve Stove and Greenhouse Plants. — Ornamental Foliage,

in not over twelve-inch pots, S. R. Payson, Silver Cup, value.

Second, F. L. Ames, Silver Cup, value,

offered BY an amateur.

$40 00
25 00

Ten Stove and Greenhouse Plants. — Five foliage and five in
bloom, in not over ten-inch pots, not more than one orchid
admissible, F. L. Ames, fiilver Cup, value, . . . . 40 00
Second, H. H. Hunnewell, Silver Cup, value, . . . . 20 00

222

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Subscription Prize.
Dahlias. — For the best twenty-four dissimilar blooms, E. Sheppard

& Son, Piece of Plate, value, $10 00

Society's Prizes.
Greenhouse Plants. — Twelve Greenhouse and Stove Plants of dif-
ferent varieties, one Draesena and one Croton admissible, H.

H. Hunnewell, 30 00

Second, S. R. Payson, ' . . , 25 00

Specimen Flowering Plant. — Francis B. Hayes, . . . . 5 00

Second, John L. Gardner, . . . . . . . 4 00

Variegated Leaved Plants. — Six varieties not offered in the col-
lection of greenhouse plants, Dracaenas not admissible, H.

H. Hunnewell, 12 00

Single specimen, not offered in any collection, H. H. Hunnewell, 5 00

Second, John L. Gardner, 4 00

Caladiums. — Six varieties, E. Sheppard & Son, . . . . 5 00

Second, Hovey & Co., 4 00

Ferns. — Six named varieties, J. Warren Merrill, . . . . 6 00

Second, F. L. Ames, 4 00

Adiantdms. — Six varieties, S. R. Payson, . . . . . 6 00

Second, Hovey & Co., 4 00

Tree Fern. — Single Specimen, J. Warren Merrill, . . . 6 00

Second, Francis B. Hayes, 4 00

Lycopods. — Four named varieties, William Gray, Jr., . . . 3 00

Drac^nas. — Six named varieties, H. H. Hunnewell, . . . 8 00

Palm. — Single specimen, F. L. Ames, 5 00

Second, PL H. Hunnewell, 4 00

Nepenthes. — Three plants, named, F. L. Ames, . . . . 6 00

Agaves. — Six distinct varieties, John C. Hovey, . . . . G 00

Second, Hovey & Co., 4 00

Cacti. — Twelve species and varieties, Benjamin Gray, . . . 5 00
Succulents. — Collection, of twelve species, other than Agaves,

Yuccas, or Cacti, John C. Hovey, . . . . . . 5 00

Begonias. — Tuberous-rooted, — Six named varieties, Francis B.

Hayes, ........... 5 00

Gladioli — Best display, and best kept during the exhibition, of
named and unnamed varieties, filling 100 bottles, James Cart-
wright, . ' • . . . 10 00

Second, A. McLaren, 8 00

Dahlias. — Twelve named varieties, John L. Gardner, . . . 5 00

Second, S. G. Stone, 4 00

Six named varieties, James Nugent, . . . . . . 3 00

Second, S. G. Stone, 2 00

Third, O. B. Hadwen, 1 00

Single named flower. Fancy or Self, John L. Gardner, . . . 2 00

Second, James Nugent, ........ 1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 223

LiLiPUTiAN Dahlias. — General display, filling 25 bottles, J. F.
Marble, ...........

Second, S. G. Stone,

Cut Floweks. — Best disiDlay, and best kept during the exhibition,
filling 100 bottles, Mrs. A. D. Wood, . . .

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill,

Third, Hovey & Co.,

Basket of Flowers. — Best arranged and best kept during the
Exhibition, Mrs. E. S. Joyce,

Gratuities : —
Francis B. Hayes, Collection of Plants,
H. H. Hunnewell, " " "

Miss Pratt, " " "

John L. Gardner, " " "

William S. Ewell, " " "

Hovey & Co.,

Benjamin Gray, Nymphasas,
E. Haskell,

Arnold Arboretum, Foliage of Hardy Trees and Shrubs,
John L. Gardner, Caladiums,
Hovey & Co., Succulents, .
Norton Brothers, Gladioli,
L. W. Goodell, Dahlias and Gladioli,
Samuel G. Stone, Dahlias,
Edwin Sheppard, " . .

O. B. Hadwen, "

William S. Ewell, Hanging Baskets,

" " " Cut Flowers,
Miss A. C. Kenrick, Dish of Mowers,
Miss E. M. Harris, Stand of Flowers,
Henry R. Comley, Dianthus,
Robert Manning, Cornus mascula,
Francis B. Hayes, Display of Flowers,
C. W. Ross,

James Nugent, " "

Hovey & Co.,

J. W. Manning, " "

Mrs. A. D. Wood, " "

Miss M. E. Carter, Native Flowers,
Mrs. C. N. S. Horner, "
Mrs. Catherine Starbuck, Native Plants,
E. H. Hitchings,

October 1.
Dahlias — Twelve named varieties, E. Sheppard,
Second, John Parker, ....

Third, Hovey & Co., ....

P 00
2 00

IG 00
14 00
12 00

5 00

8

00

6

00

5

00

4

00

4

00

4

00

3

00

1

00

5

00

2

00

2

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

5

00

3

00

1

00

4

00

1

00

1

00

5

00

3

00

3

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1

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1

00

1

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3

00

3

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1

00

1

00

5

00

4

00

3

00

224 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Six named varieties, James Nugent, . • . . . . $3 00

Second, E. Sheppard, 2 00

Third, Miss C. Smith, 1 00

Vase of Flowers.— Mrs. E. M. Gill; 4 00

Second, Mrs. A. D. Wood, 3 00

CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW.

November 9.

Chrysanthemums. — Six Large Flowered, or Chinese, H. L. Higgin-

son, 8 00

Second, H. P. Walcott 6 00

Six Japanese varieties, H. P. AValcott, 8 00

Second, H. L. Higginson, 6 00

Fotir Pompon varieties, H. L. Higginson, . . . . . 4 00

Second, H. P. Walcott, . . . , 3 00

Six Large Flowered, or Chinese, in six-inch pots, H. L. Higgin-
son, ........... 5 00

Second, Patrick Malley, 3 00

Specimen Plant, Large Flowered, or Chinese, H. L. Higginson, 4 00

Second, H. P. Walcott, 3 00

Specimen Plant, Japanese, H. L. Higginson, . . . . 4 00

Second, H. P. Walcott, 3 00

Specimen Plant, Anemone Flowered, H. L. Higginson, . . 3 00

Second, H. P. Walcott, 2 00

Specimen Plant, Pompon, H. L. Higginson 3 00

Second, H. P. Walcott, 2 00

Twelve Cut Blooms, Large Flowered, or Chinese, H. P. Walcott, 4 00

Second, E. W. Wood, 3 00

Six Cut Blooms, Large Flowered, or Chinese, Benjamin G. Smith, 3 00

Second, H. P. Walcott, 2 00

Twelve Sprays of Pompons, H. P. Walcott, . . . . 2 00

Second, E. W. Wood, 1 00

Six Sprays of Japanese, H. P. Walcott, . . . . . 3 00

Second, E. W. Wood, 2 00

Display of named varieties of any or all classes, 30 bottles, H.

P. Walcott, 4 00

Second, E. W. Wood, 3 00

Orchids. — Three varieties, in bloom, F. L. Ames, . . . . 8 00

Second, F. L. Ames, . - 6 00

Single plant, in bloom, F. L. Ames, . . . . . . 4 00

Second, John L. Gardner, ....... 3 00

Hand Bouquets. — Pair, James Nugent, . . . . . . 2 00

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 225

Gratuities :
Norton Brothers, Chrysanthemum Plants,
H. L. Higginson, " "

E. Sheppard, " Flowers,
Mrs. E. M. Gill,

Francis B. Hayes, Display- of Flowers, .

F. L. Ames, Plants,

$6 00
5 GO
1 00
1 00
5 00
5 00

November 26.
Gratuity :

H. L. Higginson, Eucliaris Amazonica, . . . , , . 3 00

December 17.
Gratuity :

Francis B. Hayes, Display of Flowers, 2 00

SILVER MEDALS.

January 15. Francis B. Hayes, Collection of Epacris.
February 5. John L. Gardner, Collection of Primulas.

" " Ja.mes Curtwright, Sophronitis grandiflora.
March 5. James Cartw right, Dendrohium Wardiajium.
Azalea and Rose Show, Mar^h 17. F. L. Ames, Orchids.
May 7. Francis B. Hayes, Collection of Ericas.

Rhododendron Show, June 4. Woolson & Co., Collection of Herbaceous
Plants.
" " E. L. Beard, Odontoglossum Roezlii.

Rose Show, June 28. V. H. Hallock, Son, & Thorpe, Seedling Double
Pelargoniums.

July 9. Francis Parkman, Iris Kcempferi in variety.
July 23. Jolm C. Hovey, Seedling Japanese Hollyhocks.
August 13. Jackson Dawson, New Shrubs.
August 20. E. Haskell, Nymphaas in variety.

Annual Exhibition, September 13-16. William H. Spooner, Collection of
Nasturtiums and Tropseolums.
" " David Allan, gardener to Miss Pratt, Lastrea Rich

ardsii multifida.
" " F. L. Harris, Seedling DracsBnas.

" " Jacob W. Manning, Collection of Evergreens.

Chrysanthemum Show, November 9. F. L. Ames, Anthuriiim Andreanum.

" " ISliss E. H. Craft, Design of Autumn Flowers.

December 3. John L. Gardner, Odontoglossum grande.

BRONZE MEDALS.

June 18. Francis B. Hayes, New Rhododendrons.

Annual Exhibition, September 13-16. W. C. Strong & Co , Collection of
Hardy Trees and Shrubs.
" " Samuel Smith, Collection of Single Dahlias.

226 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

FIRST CLASS CERTIFICATES OF MERIT.

February 5. Francis B. Hayes, New Rose, George Bancroft.

February 12. " " " Clematis in Pots.

March 5. Marshall P.Wilder, Seedling Azalea, Marshall Pinckney Wilder.

" " Jackson Dawson, Andromeda Japonica.
Azalea and Rose Show, March 17. Hovey & Co., Seedling Azaleas.
March 28. John B. Moore & Co., New Roses.

" " Hovey & Co., Chrysanthemums.
April 2. Jackson Dawson, Rosa multiflora.
April 30. E. L. Beard, Pansy Odier.
June 28. Francis B. Hayes, Rhododendrons and Roses.
Rose Show, June 28. V. H. Hallock, Son, & Thorpe, Iris Kcsmpferi in
variety.

" " " " F L. Ames, Cypripedium superciliare.

" " " " Eben Bacon, Tuberous-rooted Begonias.

" " " " J. AVarren Merrill, New Ferns.
July 9. Edwin Fewkes, Chrysanthemum carinatum.
" " H. P. Walcott, Seedling Delphiniums.
" " Francis B. Hayes, Lilium Takesima.
July 23. " " " Tuberous-rooted Begonias.

" " " " " Lilium longiflorum var.

" " " " " Seedling Gloxinias.

August 6. John B. Moore & Co., Seedling Phlox, No. 12,
August 13. A. H. Fewkes, Seedling Hybrid Begonias.

" " E. Sheppard, Seedling Delphiniums.
August 20. J. W. Manning, Trees and Shrubs.

" " E. Sheppard, Seedling Gloxinias.
August 27. Hovey & Co., Fifty species and varieties of Trees and Shrubs.

" " TV. C. Strong & Co., Foliage of Hardy Plants.

" " Francis B. Hayes, Rhododendron Princess Helene.

" " GQOTge CTnii, Papaver vmhrosum.
September 8. O. W. Holmes, Nelumhium luteum.

Annual Exhibition, September 13-16. Henry Ross, Alternanthera latifolia
aurea.

" " Hovey & Co., New Single Dahlias.

" " M. H. Simpson, Seedling Coleus.

October 1. Francis B. Hayes, Stenocarpus Cunninghami.
Chrysanthemum Show, November 9. F. L. Ames, Tpomcea Horsfallice.
" " H. P. Walcott, Seedling Chrysanthemums.

PROSPECTIVE PRIZE.
James F. C. Hyde, Hyde's White Gladiolus.

REPORT

or THE

Committee on Fruits,

FOE THE YEAR 1881.

By E. W. WOOD, Chairman.

In reviewing the fruit exhibits of the past year, we can hardly
claim that the result has realized the expectations which the open-
ing season promised. Suffering from extreme cold during the
winter of 1880-81 less than almost any other portion of our coun-
trj', with the ground covered with snow continuously from Novem-
ber till March, a condition most favorable to the roots of fruit
bearing plants, we found in the opening spring there had been little
injury in the fruit gardens. The only cases reported were among
peach trees in exceptionall}^ unfavorable locations.

The season was later than usual, and the first unfavorable re-
ports of the fruit crop came from various parts of the State, that
the rust was more or less severely affecting the strawberries, some
varieties suffering much more severely than others planted side by
side under the same conditions.

Straw^berries. — The Strawberry Exhibition, so far as quantity
and appearance were concerned, was fully np to the standard of
previous exhibitions, but in quality it was decidedly inferior ; owing
to the cool and cloudy* weather while the fruit was maturing, it was
wanting in that peculiar flavor which is the charm of this delicious
fruit.

Several new varieties were shown, but none of marked promi-
nence either for size or beauty, and the Committee hardly feel
warranted in expressing an opinion as to quality until tried under
more favorable conditions. The Sharpless, a comparatively new

228 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

beiT}', was shown in larger quantit}' than any other variety. Owing
to its peculiar and unattractive form, and the objection made to
some extent that it does not ripen evenly, it may be too earl3' to
express a decided opinion as to its desirability for general cultiva-
tion, but the fact that it will doubtless be more generally cultivated
in this vicinity' in the immediate future than au}^ other of the new
varieties, will soon secure for it its true relative position.

Cherries. — Owing to wet weather at the time of ripening, this
fruit was shown in limited quantity and was confined to varieties
previously exhibited.

Currants. — This fruit has been abundant and of good size and
qualit}' ; the exhibits have been fully up to previous years in quan-
tity and quality, but confined more exclusively to the two varieties,
La Versaillaise and Dana's White Transparent ; these are now
very generally grown and may be considered the best representa-
tives of the red and the white currant.

Raspberries. — The exhibits of tliis fruit were not up to the
average of previous years, either in quality or quantity. The
Frauconia was the leading variety shown. This fruit deserves
more attention from our small fruit growers ; it is of easy culture
and meets with a ready sale at good prices, there being little or
no competition from distant growers, as it does not bear tianspor-
tation long distances.

Blackberries. — This fruit was unusually late the past season,
none being shown at either of the exhibitions when prizes were
offered, though some very good specimens were subsequently
shown. Many who formerly grew this fruit to a greater or less
extent have given it up on account of the uncertainty of a crop,
from the canes being killed during the winter. This fact suggests
the inquiry whether we cannot, b3' crossing the Wachusett, or
some other hardy variety, with the Dorchester or Kittatinn}', secure
the hardiness of the former combined with the size and flavor of
the latter. Such a result would be a valuable acquisition to our
small fruits.

Gooseberries were shown in about the usual quantity ; the
prizes for natives were awarded to Smith's Seedling and Downing's
Seedling. Of foreign varieties, B. G. Smith showed some fine
specimens.

Plums. — The continued increase in the number of varieties and
quantity of this fruit, shows that more attention is being given to

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FRUITS. 229

its cultivation, aud with good results. Many have been deterred
from growing the plum on account of the frequent loss of the trees
by the bh\ck wart, and the more frequent loss of the fruit by the
curculio ; but, as the means of combatting these enemies are becom-
ing better Ivbovvu and more generally practised, we may reasonably
expect an increase in this desirable fruit.

Peaciiks. — The Garden Committee, the past season, offered
prizes for the best Peach Orchards, and as a result received invita-
tions from growers in widely different loca ities, and will give you
in their report the results of their examinations. The Fruit Com-
mittee can onl}" supplement their report b}" saying that, while but
few of the larger growers have been exhibitors, the quantity shown
has been considerabl}' in excess of that in previous 3-ears. One
objection made b}' growers to going more extensively into peach
culture, is the difficulty in getting healthy young trees. It is the
exception rather than the rule to find a nursery of 3'oung trees one
year old from the bud, where more or loss are not affected with the
yellows. This would suggest a more careful selection of seed and
a more careful selection of buds with which to inoculate the stocks.

Grapes. — The past season has been the most unfavorable for
this fruit known for many years. At the Annual Exhibition there
were but threes dishes of grapes shown in competition for the six-
teen prizes offered. They were so severely injured by mildew
that in man}' places the more hard}' kinds — among them the Con-
cord— dropped from the vines before maturing. Of the three
varieties shown at the Annual Exhibition, but two were considered
deserving a first prize ; these were JNIoore's Early and the Cottage.
At the exhibition on the 1st of October, first prizes were taken by
the Concord, Delaware, Isabella, Moore's Early, and Francis B,
Hayes. At this exhibition C. E. Grant showed a superior dish of
the Catawba.

Foreign grapes were shown in about the usual quantity ; there
were some larger bunches than have been recently exhibited, but
size had been secured at the expense of color. H. L. Higginson
showed some finely colored fruit, and there were also well ripened
bunches from John L. Gardner. A. W. Nickerson showed the
largest clusters, and had the}' been well colored they would have
been superior to any exhibited for several years.

Pears. — We have had more than an average crop of this fruit
the past season, and the exhibits, taken as a whole, have been
8

230 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

above the average ; but the Annual Exhibition being held at an
earlier date than for several years, and the season being later than
usual, the show of the later and laiger varieties was far below the
average. The October and November exhibitions were among the
best we have ever had. •

Apples. — This being the off year for this fruit, it was not ex-
pected the exhibits would compare favorably with those of last
year, which was one of great abundance; but it is gratifying to
be able to report the amount shown as considerably in excess of
that exhibited in previous odd A'ears. The great difference in the
quantity of this fruit, with such unfailing regularity, upon the odd
and even j-ears, would suggest the inquir3- whether by removing
the blossoms from young trees on the even year, and selecting
scions and buds from trees whose habit is to produce their fruit on
the odd year, a greater equality cannot be secured.

Oranges, etc. — On the 9tli of April we had a display of fruits, mostly
of the genus Citrus, sent by the Southern California Horticultural
Society-, at the suggestion of Lucius G. Pratt, one of our mem-
bers, when on a visit to California. They included oranges of
several varieties, lemons, limes, shaddocks, and raisins, the last
made from Muscat of Alexandiia grapes, grown without iriigation,
and of extra fine qualit}'. The oranges, etc., though not as fresh
as if they had not been exhibited in California, were of good ap-
pearance and fair quality, and the whole exhibit was of much in-
terest. AVe have had no such displaj' since April 11, 1840, when
Charles W. Dabney, United States Consul at Fayal, an Honorary-
Member of the Society, sent from his own garden, where only in
the islands some of them could be found, twelve varieties of
citrons, oranges, lemons, and limes. A First Class Certificate of
Merit was awarded by the Committee to Warren Kimball, of Na-
tional City, Cal., for a Collection of Oranges, Prunes, and Raisins,
and the same to R. G. Clark, of San Diego, for Raisins.

At \he Annual P^xhibition, D. S. Marvin, of AYatertown, N. Y.,
entered his seedling grape, the Centennial, for the Prospective
Prize for gi'apes. Of those previously entered for this prize, the
Hajes was the only one to which the attention of the Committee
was called.

Of the $950 placed at the disposal of the Committee for prizes
and gratuities, they have awarded S749, leaving an unexpended
balance of $201. The Committee felt bound to keep within their
appropriation, and in oifering their prizes adopted substantially

REPOIIT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FRUITS. 231

the list of former ^-ears under the same appropriation, and the
reason for this unusually large uneNpondcd balance is found in the
comparatively small number of prizes awarded for grapes and apples.

Owing to the lateness of the season, the Committee voted, in
conjunction with the Vegetable Committee, to postpone the award
of all prizes one week, beginning with the exhibition of July 23,
and inchidi-.ig the last show before the Annual Exhibition, This
step resulted in a decided improvement in the exhibitions.

The Secretary of the Society has kindly given the Coinmittee the
benefit of his experience by furnlshmg descriptions of new fruits,
which will be annexed to this report.

Our fruit growers were sadly disappointed that, at the Annual
Exhibition, our Grapes, Apples, and Pears,_to a considerable ex-
tent, we:e shown under so unfavorable conditions ; especially as
that exhibition was held in connection with that of the American
Pomological Society, whose exhibits embraced the fruits from widely
different sections of our country, including those from California,
in gi-eat variety. It would have been gratifying to our own exhib-
itors could tliey have shown to the large number of visitors from
the different States what our fruit gardens and orchards produce
in a favorable season.

The fact that more than usual disappointment has attended the
efforts of fruit growers in this vicinity the past season should not
discourage those engaged in fruit culture. These unfavorable cli-
inatic influences are exceptional and less liable to occur than dis-
appointment in almost any other pursuit. Remembering that our
fruits already form an important article in domestic economy and
furnish a luxury for our tables through the entire year, we may
reasonably expect that with enlarged and more systematic methods
of cultivation, improved means for shipping our fruits to foreign
markets, a home market constantly increasing, and a location the
most favorable for export tiade, fruit growing will become one of
the important industries of the State.

Respectfully submitted,

E. W. Wood,

Bevj. G. Smith,

AYAKUiix Fexno, ( Fruit

C. F. Curtis, / Committee.

P. B. HOVEY,

Jacob "W. Manning,

NOTES ON NEW FRUITS.

By Robert Manning, Secretary.

Apple. Highland Beauty. — A seedling from the Lad}^ apple,
raised by E. P. Eoe, of Cornwall-on-the-Hudson, N. Y., and
exliibited by Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, February 5. Small, flat-
tened, somewhat irregular and angular, but hardly ribbed ; one
side higher than the other. Skin clear, smooth yellow, thinly
dotted with irregular russet specks ; toward the sun brilliant car-
mine, dotted with obscure fawn-colored dots, the yellow ground
showing distinct and well defined where overlaid by a leaf. Skin,
thih ; flesh, white, tender, not very juicy, very mild sub-acid ; qual-
ity, "good," but probably the specimens were a little too ripe to
show its best. In size it surpasses its parent, but not in quality.

Pears. Earle's Bergamot. — A seedling raised by the late Hon.
John Milton Earle, of Worcester, Mass. ; exhibited by Edward W.
Lincoln, at the Annual Exhibition, September 13-16. Medium size,
globular obtuse pj-riform. Skin, thick; color, dull green, — some-
times yellow, — with a dull brownish red cheek, and patches of bronzy
russet in the sun ; in the shade, thinly sprinkled with russet dots
of varying size. Flesh, greenish white, very melting and juicy,
with a rich and pleasant flavor. " Very good."

Clapp's Seedling, No. 107. — From Hon. Marshall P. Wilder,
October 22. Large, oblong pyriform, somewhat irregular and
variable. Color, pale j'ellow ; general appearance not unlike that
of the Bartlett. Flesh, ver}' fine grained and jiiic}', acidulous, not
high flavored. It has a fragrance resembling that of the Lawrence.

Grape. Duchess. — Grown by A. J. Caywood, Poughkeepsie,
N. Y. ; presented by Hon. Marshall P. Wilder. Tlie bunches
shown were small, and pretty compact ; berry of small or medium
size, round ; color, pale green, in specimens exposed to the sun
inclining to amber, with a decided bloom. Texture "meaty" or
sometimes with a little pulp, juicy, and sweet throughout the pulp,
in the last point showing a decided step in advance. The skin is
thick, and it would probably' keep and carry well.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR FRUITS.

February 12.
Gratuity : —
Warren Fenno, Josephine de Malines Pears, . . . .

March 17.

Winter Pears. — Any variety, Warren Fenno, Josephine de Malines,
Second, Warren Fenno, Duchesse de Bordeaux,

Winter Apples. — Any variety, W. T. Hall, Northern Spy,

Second, Warren Fenno, Northern Spy, .....

Gratuities : —

A. D. Capen, Collection of Pears,
S. Hartwell, " " Apples, .
George Craft, " " "

B. G. Smith, " « '« , .
C.E.Grant, " " " and Pears,
R. Manning, " " " " "

f 1 00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

00

00

00

1 00

00

00

Gratuity : —
John C. Gray, Apricots,

June 11.

3 00

Gratuity : —
Aaron D. Capen, Strawberries,

June 18.

1 00

June 25.
Gratuity : —
Charles Garfield, Hervey Davis Strawberries,

1 00

ROSE AND STRAWBERRY SHOW.

June 28.

Strawberries. — Four quarts of any variety, J. F. C. Hyde,

Sharpless, Silver Cup, value, $25 00

Four quarts Charles Downing, William Doran & Son, . . . 3 00

Second, Aaron D. Capen, 2 00

Cumberland Triumph, J. B. Moore & Co 3 00

Hervey Davis, J. B. Moore & Co., 3 00

234

MASSACHUSETTS IIOIITICULTURAL SOCIETY.

•field

President Lincoln, J. B. Moore & Co., .
Sharplcss, Warren Heustis, ....

Second, J. F. C. Hyde, ....
Trioniphe de Gand, the second prize to Charles G
Two quarts Brighton Pine, Warren Penno, .

Caroline, C. E. Grant

Charles Downing, Warren Heustis,

Second, Stanley Seaverns,
Cumberland Triumph, J. B. Moore & Co ,

Second, Horace Eaton, ....
Cutter's Seedling, E. W. Wood, .
Duchess, Joseph D. Pitts, Providence, R. I.,
Hervey Davis, the second prize to Charles Garficl
Jucunda, C. E. Grant, .....
Miner's Great Prolific, J. B. Moore & Co.,

Second, Aaron D. Capen, ....
Pioneer, Marshall P. Wilder,
President Wilder, Marshall P. Wilder, .
Sharplcss, L. W. Weston, ....

Second, J. F. C. Hyde, ....
Any other variety, Joseph D. Pitts, Champion,
Collection, not less than six varieties, one quart each, Hovey
Two new named varieties, not previously exhibited, G. H. &
Hale, South Glastonbury, Conn., ....

Second, Hovey & Co., ......

Fifty berries, any variety, Warren Heustis, Sharplcss, .
Cherkies. — Two quarts of any variety, Isaac P. Langworthy,

Second, C. E. Grant,

Gratuities : —
J. B. Moore & Co., Collection of Strawberries,
C. E. Grant, u u .< ...

Co.

L H

$S 00

3 00
2 00
2 GO
2 00
2 00
2 00

1 00

2 GO

1 00

2 00
2 00

1 00

2 00
2 00

1 00

2 00
2 00
2 00

1 00

2 00

4 00

3 GO
2 00
2 GO
2 00
1 00

2 00
2 00

July 2.

Chekries. — Two quarts Black Eagle, C. E. Grant,
Black Tartarian, C. E. Grant,
Coe's Transparent, Thomas S. Lockwood,
Any other variety, C. E. Grant, Black Heart,
Second, C. E. Grant, Elton,
Stkawbeuries. — Two quarts, any late variety, Warren Heustis
Second, Horace Eaton, .......

Gratuities : —
M. W. Chadbourne, Collection of Strawberries,
C. E. Grant, " " '< . .

Warren Fenno, " " "

B. G. Smith, " " " and Cherries,

2

00

2

00

2

GO

2

00

1

GO

2

GO

1

00

2

00

1

GO

]

GO

1

GO

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

235

A. D. Capen, Collection of Cherries, ......

John C. Gray, Peach tree in fruit, .......

July 9.
Currants. — Four quarts, B. G. Smith, Dana's Transparent, .

Gratuities : —
Charles Garfield, Trioniphe de Gand Strawberries, ....

Thomas S. Lockwood, Collection of Cherries,

Horace Partridge, n ^ u .....

July 1G.
Raspberries. — Tvro quarts, any variety, B. G. Smith, Franconia,
Second,- William Doran & Son, .......

Currants. — Two quarts Dana's Transparent, Mrs. E. M. Gill,

Second, M. W. Chadbourne, .......

La Versaillaise, B. G. Smith, .

Second, William Doran & Son, .......

Victoria, B. G. Smith, •

Black Naples, B. G. Smith,

Cherries. — Any variety, Charles F. Curtis, Hyde's Seedling,

Second, C. E. Grant, Downer's Late, .....

Gratuities : —
Warren Fenno, Collection of Cherries, Currants, and Raspberries,
M. W. Chadbourne, Currants, .

July 23

Gratuities : —

Horace Partridge, Cherries and Pears,

C. N. Brackett, Seedling Cherries, .

N. B. White, Currants,

C. E. Grant, " ...

M. W. Chadbourne, Currants, .

Charles Garfield, "

William Doran & Son, " and Raspberries

Aaron D Capen, Raspberries .

Warren Fenno, " . .

J. B. Moore & Co., Gooseberries,

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " and Currants

Alexander Dickinson, Doyenne d'£te Pears,

Marshall P. Wilder, Amire Joannet Pears,

B. G. Smith, June Berries,

July 30.
Gooseberries. — Two quarts Native, B. G. Smith, Smith's Seedling,

Second, Warren Fenno, Downing's Seedling, ....
Pears. — Doyenne d'£te, Warren Heustis, .....

Second, B. G. Smith,

$1 00
3 00

2 00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

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1

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2 GO

1

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2

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236

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Gratuities : —

Charles Garfield, Easpberries, Gooseberries, and Currants, . . $1 00

George Craft, Gooseberries, ........ 1 CO

William E. Coffin, Peaches, 1 00

F. J. Dutcher, Apricots, 1 00

Francis B. Hayes, Black Hamburg Grapes, . . . . . 2 00

R. P. Walsh, Figs, 1 00

Edwin Fewkes, Pineapple, ........ 2 00

August 6.

Pears. — Any variety, Alexander Dickinson, Beurre Giffiird, .

Second, Warren Fenno, " " . .

Gooseberries. — T\yo quarts Foreign, B. G. Smith, Whitesmith,

Second, B. G. Smith, Bang-Up,

Gratuities : —
Charles Garfield, Currants, Raspberries, and Gooseberries,
Warren Fenno, Gooseberries, .
Horace Eaton, " and Peaches,

A. S. Mcintosh, Dorchester Blackberries,
James Nugent, " "

Miss Sarah M. Vose, " "

T. Putnam Symonds, Alexander Peaches,
C. E. Grant, Peaches, ....
Francis B. Hayes, Black Hamburg Grapes,

2 00

1 00

2 00
1 00

1 00

00
00
00
00
00
00

1 00

2 00

August 13.

Pears. — Beurre GifFard, Mrs. Mary Langmaid,

Second, W. S. Janvrin,
Apples. — Early Harvest, Horace Eaton,

Second, Warren Fenno,
Red Astrachan, Horace Eaton,

Second, J. T. Foster,
Large Yellow Bough, AYarren Heustis,

Second, Warren Fenno,
Williams, Warren Heustis, .

Second, B. G. Smith,

Gratuities : —
Charles Garfield, Blackberries,
James Nugent, " ...

A. S. Mcintosh, " ...

A. M. Davenport, Alexander Peaches,
C. E. Grant, Hale's Early and Amsden Peaches,
Samuel Hartwell, Early Beatrice Peaches,

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

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2

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1

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1

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1

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

PRIZKS AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

237

August 20.

Pears. — Clapp's Favorite, John C. Park,

Second, VV. S. Janvrin, ....
Any other variety, C. N. Brackett, Brandywine,
' Second, Hovey & Co., Supreme de Quimjjcr,
Figs. — Any variety. It. P. Walsh, .

Gratuities : —
J. B. Johnson, Blackberries, ....
Warren Fenno, Pears, .....

Hovey & Co., "

Mrs. Mary Langniaid, Pears, ....

M. W. Chadbourne,

J. T. Foster, Apples,

C. C. Shaw, " . .

Caleb Bates, Hale's Early Peaches,

and Apples,

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

August 27.

Pears. — Bartlett, Mrs. Mary Langmaid,
Second, Alexander Dickinson, .
Manning's Elizabeth, Charles Bird,

Second, Alexander Dickinson,
Eostiezer, John C. Park,
Second, Horace Eaton,
Tyson, John C. Park,
Second, A. S. Mcintosh,
Plums. — Any variety, Richard Walsh, Washington,
Second, D. Tucker, Bradshaw, . . . .
Peaches. — Any variety, Richard Walsh, Dr. Hogg,
Second, A. M. Davenport, Early Rivers,

Gratuities : —
Warren Fenno, Apples, Peaches, and Apricots,
B. G. Smith, Pears and Api^les, . . . .

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

9

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

' September 3.

Apples. — Any variety, B. G. Smith, Williams,

Second, Warren Fenno, Gravenstein,
Pears. — Bartlett, Alexander Dickinson, .

Second, Mrs. Mary Langniaid, ....
Any other variety, Warren Fenno, Brandywine, .

Second, Hovey & Co., Doyenne Boussock,
Plums. — Collection, not less than four varieties, Mrs. H. V. Draper

Second, Horace Eaton, .....
Any one variety, Mrs. H. V. Draper, Washington,

Second, H. M. Wiswall, Bradshaw, .

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00
2 00
1 00

.1

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00'

238 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Gratuities : —

A. S. Mcintosh, Collection of Pears, ......

A. M. Davenport, Hale's Early Peaches, ......

M. W. Chadbourne, Peaches and Pears,

September 10.

Apples. — Foundling, the second prize to Warren Fenno,

Gravenstein, the second prize to Warren Fenno, ....
Any other variety, the second prize to Warren Fenno, for Maiden's

Blush,

Peaks. — Andrews, Mrs. Marj' Langmaid, . . . , .

Second, T. M. Davis,

Doyenne Boussock, Charles Bird, ......

Second, Warren Fenno, ........

Any other variety, M. W. Chadbourne, Souvenir du Congres,
Second, Warren Fenno, ........

Peaches. — Any variety, A. S. Mcintosh, Crawford's Early, .

Second, J. B. Moore & Co.,

Gratuities : —
F. J. Dutcher, Collection of Plums, ......

Horace Partridge, Bradshaw Plums, ......

ANNUAL EXHIBITION.

September 13, 14, 15, axd 16.

Special Prizes.

Twelve Bartlett Pears, Mrs. Mary Langmaid, . . . . . 5 00

Twelve Gravenstein Apples, C. C. Shaw, . . . . . . 5 CO

Twelve Peaches, of any variety, F. Bayer, Crawford's Early, . . 5 CO

Twelve Bunches of Native Grapes, J. B. Moore & Co., Moore's Early, 5 00

Regular Prizes.

Apples. — Baldwin, J. T. Foster, 2 00

Second, C. C. Shaw, 1 00

Danvers Winter Sweet, C. C. Shaw, 2 00

Second, J. T. Foster, 1 00

Dutch Codlin, B. F. Hunt, Jr., 2 00

Second, B. G. Smith, 1 00

Foundling, Warren Fenno, ........ 2 00

Garden Royal, C. C. Shaw, 2 00

Golden Russet, " " 2 00

Second, Warren Fenno, ........ 1 00

Gravenstein, William T. Hall, 2 00

Second, C. C. Shaw, 1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

239

Hubbardston Xonsuch, M. W. Chadbourne,

Second, J. T. Foster,
King of Tompkins County, Hovey & Co.,

Second, C. C. Shaw, ....
Lady's Sweet, the second prize to Warren Fe
Leicester Sweet, O. B. Hadwen, .
Lyscom, O. B. Haduen,
Maiden's Blush, Warren Fenno,

Second, C. C. Sliaw, ....
Mother, Jolin Cumminfjs,
Northern Sp3', C. C. Siiaw, .

Second, Warren Fenno,
Porter, A. S. Mcintosh,

Second, M. W. Chadbourne,
Rhode Island Greening, A. S. Mcintosh,

Second, John L. D'Wolf, .
Eoxbury Russet, John L. D'Wolf,

Second, C. C. Shaw, ....
Talman's Sweet, J. T. Foster,

Second, Josiah Crosby,
Washington Strawberry, John C. Park,

Second, Warren Fenno,
Crab Apples. — Hyslop, M. W. Chadbourne,

Second, B. F. Hunt, Jr., .
Transcendent, B. F. Hunt, Jr.,

Second, Warren Fenno,
Any other variety, Warren Fenno, Dartmouth
Pears. — Bartlett, Alexander Dickinson, .

Second, John L. Bird,
Belle Lucrative, John C. Park, . . •

Second, Horace Partridge,
Beurre d"Anjou, Mrs. Mary Langraaid, .

Second, William T. Hall, .
Beurre Bosc, John L. Bird, .

Second, Horace Partridge,
Beurre Clairgeau, William T. Hall,

Second, Charles Bird,
Beurre Hardy, Warren Fenno,

Second, Marshall P. Wilder,
Beurre Superfin, John C. Park,

Second, Warren Fenno,
Dana's Hovey, Hovey & Co.,

Second, B. G. Smith,
Doyenne Boussock, E. W. Wood,

Second, John Cummings, .
Doyenne du Cornice, Warren Fenno,

Second, AVilliam A. Crafts,

V-i

00

1

00

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00

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240

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETr.

Duchesse d'Angouleme, Mrs. Mary Langmaid,

Second, Warren Fenno,
Goo ale, C. E. Grant, .

Second, Warren Fenno,
Howell, John Cunimings,

Second, John C. Park,
Lawrence, Horace Partridge,

Second, William T. Hall, .
Louise Bonne of Jersey, John McClure

Second, Mrs. Mary Langmaid, .
Marie Louise, John L. D'Wolf,

Second, S. G. Damon,
Merriani, A. S. Mcintosh,

Second, William A. Crafts,
Onondaga or Swan's Orange, Horace Eaton,

Second, Warren Fenno,
Paradis d'Automne, Marshall P. Wilder

Second, John L. Bird,
Seckel, C. E. Grant,

Second, Alexander Dickinson, .
Sheldon, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard, .

Second, Mrs. Mary Langmaid, .
Souvenir du Congres, Horace Eaton,

Second, Warren Fenno,
St. Michael Archangel, W. C. Eustis,

Second, Marshall P. Wilder,
Urbaniste, Horace Partridge,

Second, E. W. Wood,
Vicar of Winkfield, the second prize to
Winter Nelis, John L. Bird, .

Second, John C. Park,
Any other variety, Marshall P. Wilder,

Second, Moses Darling, Jr., Kingsessin
Peaches. — Four varieties, the third prize to Alexander

Fourth, Samuel Hartwell, .
Any one variety, A. S. Mcintosh, .

Second, J. B. Moore & Co.,

Third, Samuel Hartwell,
Orchard House Culture, Eichard Walsh,

Second, Richard Walsh,
Nectarines. — Any variety, Warren Fenno,
Plums. — Any variety, Mrs. H. V. Draper,

Second, B. G. Smith,
Native Grapes. — Delaware, the second prize
Moore's Early, J. B. Moore & Co.,
Any other variety, J. W. Talbot, Cottage,

W. C. Eustis,

Clapp's Favorite

to J. B. Moore

Dicki

&Co.,

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

241

Foreign Grapes. — Four varieties, two bunches each, H. L. Hig-
ginson, ...........

Two varieties, two bunches each, A. W. Nickerson,
Two bunches of any Black Grape, H. L. Higginson,
Second, A. W. Nickerson, . . .

Third, J. L. Gardner,

Two bunches of any White Grape, J. L. Gardner,

Second, H. L. Higginson, ........

Gratuities : —
C. C. Shaw, Collection of Apples,
Stephen Salisbury, Dix Pears, .
Marshall P. Wilder, Collection of New Pears,
C. N. Brackett, Collection of Pears,
M. W. Chadbourne, " " "

B. F. Hunt, Jr.,

Horace Partridge, " " "
Francis B. Hayes, " " "

C. E. Grant, " " "
John Ward, " '^ "
J. C. Lovell, Peaches, ....
E. P. Walsh, Plums, Nectarines, and Peaches,
J. C Lovell, Worden Grapes, .
Francis B. Hayes, Figs, ....

$8

00

4

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

4

00

3

00

3

00

1

00

2

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3

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3

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2

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2

00

2

00

2

00

00

CO

00

00

2

00

September 24.
Gratuities : —
C. N. Brackett, Pears, ....
N. D, Harrington, Pears and Peaches,
C. E. Grant, Grapes, Pears, and Peaches,
Samuel Hartwell, Peaches,
J. B. Moore & Co , Peaches and Grapes,
Charles Garfield, " " "

October 1.
Pears. — Beurre Bosc, Horace Partridge,

Second, John L. Bird,
Beurre Clairgeau, William T. Hall,

Second, Jesse Haley,
Beurre Diel, Alexander Dickinson,

Second, T. M. Davis,
Beurre Superfin, Warren Fenno,

Second, Mrs. H. P. Kendrick,
Doyenne du Comice, Warren Fenno,

Second, W. S. Janvrin,
Duchesse d'Angouleme, .John McClure,

Second, Alexander Dickinson, .
Frederick Clapp, Marshall P. Wilder, .

1

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242

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Louise Bonne of Jersey, John McClure,

Second, T. M. Davis,
Sheldon, Mrs H. P. Kendrick,

Second, John McCiure,
Urbaniste, Horace Partridge,

Second, A. S. Mcintosh, .
Any other variety, S & C. Cumming-s, Seckel,

Second, Warren Fenno, IJcurre Hardy,
Apples. — Gravenstein, William T. Hall,

Second, Warren Fenno, ......

Porter, M. W. Chadbourne,

Second, A. S. Mcintosh,

Any other varietj', Warren Fenno, Washington Strawb

Second, Moses Darling, Jr., Maiden's Blush,
Quinces. — Any variety, B. G. Smith,

Second, Horace Eaton, .....
Native Grapes. — Six bunches of Concord, William Do

Second, Charles Garfield, ....
Delaware, S. G. Damon, ....

Second, Horace Eaton, ....
Diana, the second prize to S. G. Damon,
Isabella, J. W. Wellington, ....
Massasoit, the second prize to Joseph S. Chase,
Moore's Early, J. B. Moore & Co.,

Second, Charles Garfield, ....
Any other variety, J. B. Moore & Co., Francis B. Haye

Second, C. E. Grant, Catawba,
Foreign Grapes. — Two bunches, any variety, E. W. W
Hamburg, .....

Second, B. G. Smith, Muscat Hamburg,

Gratuities : —
C. E. Grant, Collection of Pears,
William T. Hall, '^ " "

C. N. Brackett, "
Horace Partridge, " " "

Warren Fenno, " " "

Jesse Haley, " " "

B. F. Hunt, Jr., *'
Aaron D. Capen, Pears,
S. G. Damon, "

B. G. Smith,
M. W. Chadbourne "
Mrs. E. M. Gill,
T. M. Davis, "

Charles Bird, "

E. G. Tutein,

ran &

ood,

Son

Black

and Api)le

$2

00

1

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00

1

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

2

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

CO

00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

243

N. T). Harrington, Pears, .

A. S. Mcintosh, " anil Apple

Marsliall P. Wilder, Seedling Pears,

A. S. Mclntosii, Peaches,

Samuel Hartwell, "

J. B. Moore & Co., "

Mrs. M. T. Goddard, "

M. Darling, Jr., *'

A. M. Davenport, "

Warren Fenno, "

Charles Garfield, Seedling Peaches,

fl 00
2 00
2 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

October
Gratuiiies : —
O. B. Hadwen, Pears,
N. D. Harrington, Peaclies and Pears,
E. P. Walsh, Peaches and Nectarines,
Charles H. Parker, Peaches,
W. W. Nichols, Seedling Peaches, .
Samuel Hartwell, Peaches,

1

00

1

00

2

1

00

00

1

00

1

00

October 15.

Gratuities: —
J. Gardner, Pears, ........,.] qO

A. S. Mcintosh, "••........ 2 00

C. E. Grant, Grapes, Pears, and Peaches, . . . . . 2 00

M. Darling, Jr., Peaches, ••••....] 00

October 22.
Gratuities : —

M. W. Chadbourne, Pears, ••••.... 1 00

N. D. Harrington, Pears and Quinces, . . . . . . 1 00

C. E Grant, Collection of Grapes, . . . . , , . ' 1 00

October 29.
Gratuities : —

Mrs. H. V. Draper, Pears, ........ 1 00

Walter Channing, " ........ 1 00

Nathaniel Kudd, Peaches, 1 00

November 9.

Pears. — Beurre d'Anjou, W^arren Fenno, . . . . . 2 00

Second, William T. Hall, 1 00

Beurre d'Aremberg, Aaron D. Capen, 2 00

Second, Marshall P. Wilder, 1 00

Beurre Langelier, Jacob Eaton, ....... 2 00

Second, T. M. Davis, 1 CO

244

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Dana's Hovey, Hovey & Co.,

Second, A. S. Mcintosh, .
Doyenne du Cornice, Warren Fcnno,

Second, George S. Harwood,
Glout Morceau, A. S. Mcintosh, .

Second, Samuel Mcintosh,
Josephine de Malines, Warren Fenno, .

Second, John L. Bird,
Lawrence, W. S. Janvrin,

Second, Jesse Haley,
Vicar of Winkfield, W. T. Walker,

Second, A. S. Mcintosh,
A\ inter Neiis, T. M. Davis, .

Second, Jacob Eaton,
Any other variety, Warren Fenno,

Second, M. Darling, Jr., .

French Premiums
Apples. — Baldwin, J. T. Foster,

Second, M. W. Chadbourne,
Danvers Winter Sweet, J. T. Foster,

Second, C. C. Shaw, ....
Hubhardston Nonsuch, M. W. Chadbourne.

Second, C. C. Shaw, ....
King of Tompkins County, Hovey & Co.,

Second, C. C Shaw, ....
Lady's Sweet, Warren Fenno,
Northern Spy, C. C Shaw, ...

Second, Warren Fenno,
Rhode Island Greening, the second prize to A
Eoxbury Russet, M. W. Chadbourne, .

Second, Mrs. M. T. Goddard, .
Talman's Sweet, J. T. Foster,

Second, M. Darling, Jr., .

Mcintosh,

Gratuities : —
C. E. Grant, Collection of Pears,
Marshall P. Wilder, •'

A. S. Mcintosh, Pears, .

B. G. Smith,
T. M. Davis,
Lemuel Clapp, "
M. W. Chadbourne, "
George S. Harwood, "
Horace Partridge, " and Grapes,
Warren Fenno, " " Apples,

C. C. Shaw, Apples, ....
B. G. Smith, Lady Downes Grapes, .

$2 CO

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 CO

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00
1 00

2.00

1 GO

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00
2 00
1 00

00

oo

00
00

1 00

3 00
3 00
2 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
I 00

1 00

2 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS. 245

FIRST CLASS CERTIFICATES OF MERIT.

April 9. T\''arren Kimball, National City, Cal., Collection of Oranges,
Prunes, and Raisins.

April 9. R. G. Clark, San Diego, Cal., Raisins.

Rose and Stra-wberry Sho^y, June 28, E. S. Durand, Irvington, N. J., Jer-
sey Queen Strawberries.

July 30. William C. Strong, Gregg (Black Cap) Raspberries.

August 20. H. H. Hunnewell, Stanwick Nectarines.
9

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES.

FOR THE YEAR 1881.

By CHARLES N. BRACKETT, Chairman.

The season of 1881 has proved one of a peculiar character, and
will long be remembered by cultivators of the soil on account of
its many changes and surprises.

The spring was remarkabl}' cold, wet, and backward, and vege-
tation came forward with a slow, and somewhat uncertain pace.
Many of the more tender varieties of vegetable and other seeds,
owing to unpropitious weather at the time of planting, failed to
germinate, and necessitated replanting, thereby causing delaj',
loss, and disappointment to the cultivator. In many localities the
crops of squashes, melons, etc., were total failures. In other
sections acres of growing crops were severely damaged, and in
some instances totally ruined, b}' heav}- showers accompanied by
wind and hail, which also did more or less injury to the fruit crop.

The effects of weather, so unfavorable to vegetation, could
scared}' fail to be noticed in our weekh' exhibitions, which have
during the past year, notwithstanding the persevering efforts o"f
contributors, been inferior to those of the two previous seasons.

From the commencement of the year to the Azalea Exhibition,
March 17, gratuities were awarded for vegetables grown under
glass, to Josiah Crosby, Henry R. Comle^', John B. Moore, Cephas
H. Brackett, and W. H. Richardson, who were the only contri-
butors of forced vegetables for a period of over three months.
To those exhibitors who still persevere in their efforts to keep
alive this interesting feature of our exhibitions during the winter
and early spring months, the thanks of the Society are due, while
from those who appear from some cause to have lost their interest,
or have become discouraged, and have dropped awa}-, we must
hope for better things in the future.

The weekly shows were affected in a marked manner by the
lateness of the season. Tomatoes, which are usually exhibited in

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES. . 247

perfection during the month of Jul}-, when prizes are first offered,
were this season not shown until the middle of August, and no
really fine specimens were seen before August 13. Greeuflesh
melons were called for by the Schedule on the 6th of August, but
none were shown until September 3. Sweet corn, beans, etc.,
were also nearly two weeks behind the usual time.

By the middle of July it was found that few if any of the prizes
offered would be awarded unless the dates in the Schedule were
changed so as to conform more nearl}' to the requirements of the
season. Consequently the Fruit and Vegetable Committees, after
consultation, voted to change the dates of the Schedule in their
respective departments, making them one week later for the
remainder of the season, commencing with July 23, and so on, up
to the Annual Exhibition. Contributors were accordingly notified.
This change as anticipated had the desired effect, and a decided
improvement was noticeable thereafter in all the exhibitions.

The shows of Peas although somewhat later than usual have
been fine. In addition to old and standard kinds, some of the
most promising of more recent introduction were to be seen on
exhibition. A new variety, the Marvel, shown by C. M. Atkinson,
July 16, attracted much attention. Mr. Atkinson says of this
variety, " it was sown on the 30th of April ; it is a sturdy grower,
an enormous cropper, of a beautiful color when boiled, and of most
delicious flavor. I am impressed that it is the very best pea for
mid-season supply-. " Very fine specimens of Omega were shown
on the same date by James Cartwright. At the Rose Show the
first and second prizes for peas were awarded to Samuel G. Stone,
and Samuel Hartwell for Kentish Invicta.

Ma}^ 7 and 14, James Bard, gardener to Harvey D. Parker,
exhibited a new varietj- of Tomato, which originated with him,
called the Parker House Favorite. The specimens were unusually
choice and beautiful ones, and attracted particular notice on this
account. Mr. Bard says it is the best variety of all for forcing,
and a very heavy cropper. For the season of the year at which
the}' were shown, they were decidedly the best specimens we have
ever seen on exhibition.

At the Annual Exhibition some very fine specimens of Living-
ston's Perfection, were shown by George H. Rich, who took the
first prize for the best three varieties ; and a new variety, the
Mayflower, from B. K. Bliss & Sons, took the first prize for any
other variety than those named in the Schedule. The Mayflower

248 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

is a large, handsome, solid variet}-, somewhat after the style of
the Paragon, but said to be earlier than that variety. The shows
of tomatoes, at the weekly exhibitions and at the annual, were
remarkably full and fine. The Acme has been the leading variety,
while the Paragon, Emerj', and other favorites have been well
represented.

The improvement which the past few years have wrought in this
popular vegetable has been both striking and gratifying, and by
contrasting the hollow and wrinkled specimens which we used to
see offered for prizes ten or twelve j'ears ago, with the perfect and
very beautiful specimens to be seen this season at our exhibitions,
its extent will in some degree be appreciated.

These remarks apply equally well to other of our garden vege-
tables, especially to the potato, and the various root crops, where
equal progress has been made.

The display at the Annual Exhibition surpassed expectation, it
being thought the unpropitious season would tell severely upon the
various crops, and, as a natural consequence, affect unfavorabl}"
the Annual Show. In a partial degree this was the result, but not
to the extent anticipated.

Notwithstanding the unfavorable season the display of Potatoes
at the Annual Exhibition was superior to that of the previous 3'ear,
'the varieties being more select, and the specimens better grown.
The main crop however was seriously injured, during the month of
August, b}' blight, which from all accounts appears to have been
general throughout the country. The loss accruing from this
cause, must in the aggregate, have been very great. Early planted
varieties, however, escaped the blight, which would seem to be a
sufficient argument in favor of early planting.

We are indebted toE. S. Brownell, of Essex Junction, Vermont,
for a collection of new seedling potatoes, exhibited b}' him at the
Annual Exhibition, under numbers running from 50 to 55 inclu-
sive, three of which have been named by the originator, and will
be introduced to the public the coming season. We append the
following description of them, as furnished by Mr. Brownell :

BroivneU's Early Telephone (No. 52), I consider one of the best
potatoes that I have ever raised. The vines are light green, stocky,
of medium height, somewhat bushy. The tubers are white, smooth,
of good size, and grow compactl}^ in the hill, with few small ones,
and cook well. Quality excellent, and it is very productive.

BrownelVs Best (No. 50). Stalks medium, color dark green ;

REPORT OP COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES. 249

tubers wliite, somewhat flattened ; eyes nearly even with the sur-
face. The tubers grow compactl}- in the hill, and are of good
size. It is earl}' and xery productive. It cooks evenly through,
is verj' white and flour}-, and in quality not excelled.

Broivnell's Early Mayfloioer (No. 54) is a variety of superior
quality and ver}' productive. The vines are short, thick and
stock.y ; foliage a bright green color. The tubers are oblong in
shape, large size, white, and cook very dry and floury. It is a
vigorous and healthy grower.

Medals were awarded Mr. Brownell for the above-named varie-
ties, at the New York State Fair, the past season. He is certainly
entitled to great credit for his efl:orts and endeavors to originate
new and improved varieties of this valuable esculent. It is only
after four or five years' cultivation that the true character of a new
seedling can be well ascertained ; and when it is well established
in the mind of the cultivator, it requires nearly as many years
more to convince the public of it, so that estabMshing the reputa-
tion of a potato is, after all, a work of many years. Mr Brownell
has, we understand, many other seedlings, which, if they shall
prove on further trial equal to expectations already entertained of
them, will be properly named, and in due time introduced to the
public. Your Committee awarded Mr. Brownell, for six varieties
of new seedling potatoes, the Society's Silver Medal.

Having thus briefly alluded to some of the most noticeable
features of our exhibitions during the past year, we close our
report with the annexed list of awards.

The amount appropriated for prizes and gratuities was $500 00

Income from the Whitcomb Fund, . . . . 30 00

S530 00
Amount awarded in prizes and gratuities, . . . 476 00

Leaving an unexpended balance of . . . . $54 00
All of which is respectfullj' submitted.

C. N. Brackett,

JosiAH Crosby,

Walter Russell, [ Committee

George W. Pierce, > on

Samuel Hartwell, \ Vegetables.

C. E. Grant,

M. W. Chadbourne,

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR
VEGETABLES.

January 29. .

Gratuity : —

Josiah Crosby, Celery, $1 00

February 12.

Gratuities : —

Henry K. Comley, Radishes, 1 00

John B. Moore, Mushrooms 1 00

February 19.
Gratuity : —

C. H. Brackett, Tomatoes and Ehiibarb, 2 00

February 26.

Gratuity : —

W. H. Eichardson, Pierson's Long Green Cucumber, . . . 1 00

AZALEA AND ROSE EXHIBITION.

March 17.

Radishes. — Four bunches Turnip Rooted, Josiah Crosby, . . $3 00

Cucumbers. — Pair of White Spine, C. H. Brackett, . . . 3 00

Lettuce. — Four heads of Tennisball, J. Crosby, . . . . 3 00

Second, H. R. Comley, 2 00

Gratuity : —

C. H. Brackett, Rhubarb and Tomatoes, 2 00

March 26.
Gratuity : —

Josiah Crosb}^ Lettuce and Radishes, 1 00

April 9.
Gratuities : —

Henry R. Comley, Lettuce, 1 00

E. W. Wood, «' 1 00

April 16.

Gratuities : —

Henry R. Comley, Lettuce, 1 00

Josiah Crosby, " ........ 1 00

George W. Pierce, " 1 00

Charles Garfield, " 1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

251

May 7.
Gratuities : —

J. Crosby, Collection, $2 00

Aaron D. Capen, Rhubarb, 1 0"'^

Charles Garfield, Lettuce, • • 1 00

May 14.

Gratuities : —
M. W. Chadbourne, Asparagus,
J. Crosby, Radishes, ....

Marshall P. Wilder, Sion House Cucumber,
John B. Moore, Asparagus, (new hybrid),
Samuel Hartwell, Asparagus, .
James Bard, Tomatoes, (new hybrid, very fine)

1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

May 2L
Gratuity : —
James Bard, Parker House Favorite Tomatoes,

1 00

June 4.

Carrots. — Twelve Short Scarlet, J. Crosby, .
Radishes. — Twelve Turnip Rooted, J. Crosby,
Asparagus. — Four bunches, J. B. Moore, . .

Second, L. W. Weston, .....
Cucumbers. — Pair, C. H. Brackett,

Second, Josiah Crosby, .....
Lettuce. — Four heads, Josiah Crosby, Tennisball,

Second, Josiah Crosby, Boston Curled,
Rhubarb. — Twelve stalks, John C. Hovey, Monarch,

Second, Samuel Hartwell, Victoria, .

Gratuities : —

Cephas H. Brackett, Collection, ....

Charles Garfield, " ....

M. W. Chadbourne, Rhubarb, . . . • '-

2

00

2

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

Gratuity : —
Josiah Crosby, Collection,

June 11.

2 00

June 25.

Gratuities : —
Samuel Hartwell, Challenge Peas,
M. W. Chadbourne, Peas,

1 00
1 00

252

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ROSE AND STRAWBERRY SHOW.

June 28.

Beets. — Turnip Rooted, Walter Russell,

Second, J. Fillebrown,
Egyptian, J. Crosby,

Second, S. G. Stone, .
Carrots. — Intermediate, J. Crosby

Second, W. Russell, .
Onioxs. — Twelve, J. Crosby, .

Second, J. Fillebrown,
Cucumbers. — Pair of White Spine, J. Crosby

Second, C. H. Brackett,
Cabbages. — Four, Walter Russell,

Second, Josiah Crosby,
Lettuce. — Four heads, George W. Pierce,

Second, Walter Russell,
Peas. — Peck, S. G. Stone, Kentish Invicta,

Second, Samuel Hartwell, " "

Gratuities : —
Samuel Hartwell, Challenge Peas,
M. W. Chadbourne, Peas,
C. E. Grant, " ...

C. H. Brackett, Cucumbers,
George W. Pierce, Lettuce,
J. Crosby, Collection,

July 2.

Peas.. — Peck, S. G. Stone, Invicta,

Second, " " Laxton's Alpha,

?2

00

1

00

2 00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

CO

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

I

00

2 00

1

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

July 9.
Gratuities : —

M. W. Chadbourne, Collection, 1 00

Samuel G. Stone, " 2 00

Josiah Crosby, Portugal Onions, 1 00

July 16.
Gratuities : —

Josiah Crosby, Summer Squashes, 2 00

M. W. Chadbourne, Beauty of Hebron Potatoes, . . . . 2 00

C. M. Atkinson, Marvel Peas, 1 00

James Cartwright, Omega Peas, 1 00

Samuel G. Stone, Collection of Beans, 1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES. 253

July 23.
GratiiiUes : —

Marshall P. Wilder, Cucumbers, $1 00

C. E. Grant, Marbleliead Corn, 1 00

W. H. Spooner, Wax Date Beans, 1 00

S. G. Stone, Collection, 3 00

M. W. Chadbourne, Collection, 2 00

July 30.

Squashes. — Four Marrow, J. Crosby, 3 00

Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears, Samuel G. Stone, Marblehead, . . 3 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell, Narragansett, . . . . . 2 00

Third, C. E. Grant, Marblehead, 1 00

Gratuities : —

C. E. Grant, Squashes, 1 00

M. W. Chadbourne, Clark's No. 1 Potatoes, 1 00

Josiah Crosby, Onions, ......... 1 00

James Comley, Laxton's Supreme and Blue Peter Peas, . . . 1 00

August 6.

Squashes. — Four Marrow, Josiah Crosby, . . . . , 2 00

Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears, Josiah Crosby, . . . . . 2 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell, ........ 1 00

Tomatoes. — Gen. Grant, M. W. Chadbourne, . . . . 2 00

Gratuities : —

L. W. Weston, Collection, 2 00

C. E. Grant, Sweet Corn, 1 00

J Crosby, Beauty of Hebron Potatoes, . . . , . . 1 00

M. W. Chadbourne, Clark's No. 1 Potatoes, 1 00

August 13.
Gratuities : —
Samuel Hartwell, Burr's Corn, .
L. W. Weston, Weston's Early Corn,
M. W. Chadbourne, Crosby "

C. N. Brackett, Acme and Emery Tomatoes,
Samuel G. Stone, Collection,
C. E. Grant, " ..

1 00
1 00

1 00

2 00

3 CO
2 00

August 20.
Gratuities : —

M. W. Chadbourne, Collection, 2 00

S. G. Stone, " 2 00

Samuel Hartwell, Corn, . 1 00

254

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Charles Garfield, Tomatoes,

C. N. Brackett, Acme Tomatoes,

Warren Heustis, " "

August 27.
Potatoes. — Peck of any variety, S. Hartvrell, Beauty of Hebron,

Second, C. N. Brackett, Clark's No. 1, .
Beans. — Large Lima, C. E. Grant,

Second, B. G. Smith,

Gratuities : —

George Hill, Greenflesh Melons,

Samuel Hartwell, Burr's Corn,

C. N. Brackett, two varieties Tomatoes,

Samuel G Stone, Collection,

C. K. Grant, "

M. W. Chadbourne, "

Charles Garfield "

Septembek 3.
Greenflesh Melons. — Four specimens, George Hill,

Gratuities : —
Josiah Crosby, Peppers and Corn,
C. N. Brackett, Beans and Tomatoes,
George Craft, Martynias,
C. E. Grant, Collection
S. G. Stone,
M. W. Chadbourne, "
Charles Garfield, "

September 10.
Gratuities : —

C. N. Brackett, Emery Tomatoes,
Samuel Hartwell, Lima Beans, .
C. E. Grant, Collection,
M. W. Chadbourne, "
S. G. Stone, "

$1 00
1 00
1 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

2 00
1 00

1 00

3 00

2 00
2 00
1 00

3 00

2 00
1 00

1 00

2 00
2 00
1 00
1 00

1 00
I 00
1 00

1 00
1 00

ANNUAL EXHIBITION.

September 13, 14, 15, and 16.
Special Prizef.
Cauliflowers. — Best four specimens, J. Cummings,
Celery. — Four specimens, Josiah Crosby,

Regular Prizes.

Beets. — Twelve, J. Crosby,

Second, George F. Stone,

Third, Walter Russell,

po 00
5 00

3 00
2 00
1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

255

Carrots. — Twelve Long Orange, W. W. Rawson,
Second, John L. D'Wolf, .
Third, Walter Russell,
Twelve Intermediate, J. Crosby,
Second, W. Russell, .
Third, John Cummings,
Parsnips. — Twelve Long, J. L. D'Wolf,
Second, Walter Russell,
Third, M. W. Chadbourne,
Potatoes. — Four varieties, one peck each, C. N. Brackett,
Second, Samuel Hartwell, .
Third, Mrs. M. T. Goddard,
Early Rose, C. B. Lancaster,
Second, George W. Pierce,
Third, L. W. Weston,
Snowflake, J, L. D'Wolf,

Second, Mrs. M. T. Goddard,
Any other variety, C. B. Lancaster, Clark's No. 1
Second, J. L. D'Wolf, Beauty of Hebron,
Third, C. N. Brackett, Mammoth Pearl,
Collection of new Seedling varieties, E. S. Brownell, the Society's
Silver Medal.
Salsify. — Twelve specimens, J. L. D'Wolf, , . . . .
Second, Walter Russell, ........

Third, M. W. Chadbourne,

Turnips. — Twelve Swedish, Mrs. M. T. Goddard

Onions. — Peck of Danvers Yellow, J. Crosby, . . . .

Second, ^Valter Russell, . . . . . . . . .

Third, J. Cummings, .........

Red, Walter Russell,

Second, J. Cummings, ........

Third, S. Hartwell,

White Portugal, Josiah Crosby, .......

Second, Walter Russell, . .

Third, S. Hartwell,

Greenflesh Melons. — Four, George Hill,

Second, I. P. Dickinson, ........

Third, John L. D'Wolf,

Muskmelons. — Four, I. p. Dickinson,

Watermelons. — Pair, I. P. Dickinson, Round Solid,

Second, I. P. Dickinson, Black Spanish,

Third, I. P. Dickinson, Peerless, ......

Squashes. — Four Canada, Mrs. M. T. Goddard, . . . .

Second, Josiah Pratt, .........

Third, Warren Fenno, ........

Hubbard, George Hill,

Second, Samuel Hartwell, ........

Third, John Cummings,

$3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

4 00

3 00

2 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 GO

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

256

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Marblehead, John Cummings,
Marrow, George Hill,

Second, John Cummings,
Turban, John Cummings,
Second, Samuel Hartwell,
Cabbages. — Three Drumhead, J. Cummings,
Second, J. B. Tilley, .
Third, Samuel Hartwell,
Red, John Cummings, .
Second, C. N. Brackett,
Third, M. T. Goddard,
Savoy, J. Cummings,

Second, Samuel Hartwell,
Third, W. D. Torbes,
Cauliflowers. — Four, W. W. Rawson,
Second, Walter Russell,
Third, John Cummings,
Celery. — Pour roots, W. W. Rawson,

Second, Josiah Crosby,
Endive. — Four heads, George W. Pierce,
Horseradish. — Six roots, W. W. Rawson,

Second, Walter Russell,
Lima Beans. — Two quarts, Samuel G. Stone,
Second, Benjamin G. Smith,
Third, C. E. Grant, ....
Corn. — Sweet, twelve ears, John Cummings,
Second, Robert Elder,
Third, Samuel Hartwell,
Yellow or Field, twenty-five ears, Mrs. M. T. Goddard
Second, C. N. Brackett,
Third, Robert Elder, .
Egg Plant. — Four Round Purple, Walter Russell
Tomatoes. — Three varieties, George H. Rich,
Second, C. N. Brackett, .
Third, S. G. Stone, ....
Acme, Twelve specimens, John Cummings,

Second, George W. Pierce,
Boston Market, J. Cummings,

Second, Walter Russell,
Emery, J. Cummings, ....

Second, George W. Pierce,
Gen. Grant, John Cummings,

Second, C. E. Grant, ....
Any other variety, B. K. Bliss & Sons, Mayflower,
Second, John Cummings, Paragon,
Martynias. — Twenty-four, George W. Pierce
Second, M. W. Chadbourne,

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

257

Peppers. — Twenty-four, George F. Stone, $3 00

Second, Josiah Crosby, 2 00

Third, Walter Russell . , . 1 00

Cranberkies. — Half-peck, O. M. Holmes, . . . . . 2 00

Gratuities : —

I. P. Dickinson, Melons, 2 00

A. T. Brown, Egg Plants, 1 00

Henry R. Comlej^ Parsley, 1 00

John Cummings, Collection, ........ 4 00

George W. Pierce, " 3 00

Walter Russell, «' 3 00

Samuel Hartwell, " 2 00

C. E. Grant, " 2 00

L. W. Weston, " I 00

W. D. Forbes, " 1 00

George Craft, " 1 00

September 24.
Gratuities : —

Samuel G. Stone, Collection, 2 00

C. N. Brackett, " 1 00

C. E. Grant, " 1 00

October 1.

Salsify. — Twelve specimens, M. W. Chadbourne, .
Brussels Sprouts. — Half-peck, Mrs. M. T. Goddard,
Cabbages. — Three Drumhead, John Cummings,
Second, W. S. Janvrin,
Red, John Cummings, ....

Second, C. B. Lancaster, .
Savoy, John Cummings,
Cauliflowers. — Four, John Cummings,
Celery. — Four roots, Josiah Crosby,

Gratuities : —

B. G. Smith, Lima Beans,
A. W. Nelson, Strawberry Tomatoes,
Samuel G. Stone, Collection,

C. E. Grant, " ...
Samuel Hartwell, " ...
C. N. Brackett, " ...

2

00

2

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

2

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

3

00

2

CO

1

00

1

00

October 8.

Gratuity : —
Samuel G. Stone, Collection,

2 00

258 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

October 15.
Gratuity : —
C. E. Grant, Collection, $2 00

October 21.
Gratuity : —
Josiah Crosby, Celery, , . 2 00

November 5.
Gratuity : —
Josiah Crosby, Celery, 1 00

CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW.

November 9.

Celery. — Four roots, Josiah Crosby, . . . . . . $2 00

Cauliflowers. — Four, John L. Gardner, 2 00

December 3.

Gratuity : —
Josiah Crosby, Celery, . . 1 00

REPORT

OF THE

Committee on Gardens,

FOR THE YEAR 1881.

By JOHN G. BARKER, Chairman.

Although the results of our efforts to awake u a more general
interest in this department of the Societ3''s work have not been
altogether what we hoped for, the past season has shown a
marked increase over the piievious in the number of places to which
the attention of the Committee has been called, and we trust the
record of our doings, which we now present to you, will prove to
be of sufficient interest to cause still greater activity on the part
of all the members of the Societ}^, and that each will do his best
to facilitate the efforts of the Committee in obtaining any informa-
tion that may be worthy of record, and may have a tendenc}'
to advance our cause. We call especial attention to the Hunne-
well Triennial Premiums, and also to the Society's Prizes for the
year to come, with the sincere hope that there may be an earnest
competition for them all.

Pine Hill, the Residence of Hon. Francis B. Hayes.

Our first visit was on the 23d of June, to Lexington, upon invi-
tation of our worthy President, to visit his extensive grounds.
The day was all that could be desired, and in addition to the mem-
bers of the Committee, we were honored with the presence of
many of our distinguished horticulturists, and we noted with plea-
sure that of our worthy Ex-President, the Hon. Marshall P.
Wilder, President of the American Pomological Society, whose
kind and enthusiastic words proved to us that, while advancing in
years, he is as young as ever in his zeal for the promotion of the

260 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

cause of horticulture, which has been to him one of the dearest
objects of his life.

We hardly need to mention that we were received in the most
generous and hospitable manner, of which many have had per-
sonal experience, more than once repeated. After a delightful
repast prepared for us at the mansion house, we were escorted to
the principal object of our visit, the Rhododendron tent, a struc-
ture fifty feet square, arranged in an artistic manner, and planted
with the hybrid varieties of the Rhododendron. The eight stand-
ards were very conspicuous, the varieties, being Lady Eleanor
Cathcart, Concessum, Joseph Whitworth, Jean Verschaffelt, Van-
dyck, The Queen, Mrs. Miluer, and Fastuosum flore pleno. These
fine plants were among the most ornamental on the grounds, as all
must admit, and standing as they did conspicuously above the
dwarf varieties, with their well formed heads of beautiful flowers,
they were objects of great admiration, and indeed when not in
flower the beautiful glossy foliage is very effective. In addition to
the standards there were over one hundred varieties of dwarf
plants, many of them quite new and flowering for the first time in
this country, in all shades of color, from a rich deep scarlet to
pure white. We also noticed fine specimen plants in tubs of the
beautiful Bougainvillea glabra, which were laden with lovely pink
bracts. It deserves a place as a decorative plant in any choice
collection. There was a very fine specimen of Draccena Draco, a
highl}^ ornamental plant which may be brought out from the green-
house among the earliest of plants ; also a fine plant of Alsophila
excelsa, one of the most beautiful greenhouse tree ferns ; and an
Azalea Exquisita, a very large specimen plant, probably the larg-
est in this country, and a mass of bloom. But space forbids
enumerating all the wealth of plants, beautiful in flower or foliage,
with which the tent was crowded.

The general improvements on the whole estate since the Com-
mittee last visited the grounds, when the Hunnewell Triennial Pre-
mium was awarded, are very marked. A large conservatory, forty
by sixty-five feet, has been erected, in the centre of which are
three large camellias from the collection of the Hon. Marshall P.
Wilder ; the varieties are Alba flore j)Zeno and Feastii. A fine
specimen plant of the showy Allamanda Schottii was very noticeable.
Also the beautiful JSfymphcea coerulea, N. flava, and A^. Devoniensis,
and Aponogeton distachyon, all of which can be grown in pots
and tubs as well as in a tank, and are of very easy culture. It is

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS . 261

impossible to make more than brief mention of the objects that
attracted our notice ; there was a large collection of choice Azaleas
selected with much care, and many other species and varieties that
go to make up a choice collection of plants. "VVe were informed
that in future this conservatory will be used for the cultivation of
rare summer flowering plants, and being situated very near the
mansion house, it will undoubtedly be an interesting feature of the
estate. The workmanship of the building is of the very best ; in
the arrangement there is no stage in the centre, it being filled with
large plants ; on the sides there is only low shelving, while at one
end is a raised platform (access being had at either end by steps) •
on which are placed settees, where the visitor can sit down and
look on the plants, the only way to see them properly. Connected
with the conservator}- is the vinery, where the vines were already
in bearing, and their excellent condition was good proof of skilful
cultivation i-eceived. We also noticed, near by, a small s[>an-roofed
house intended for growing roses, and numerous pits and frames,
in which many of the Indian Azaleas are kept during winter, and
which are always valuable adjuncts to a well ordered place.

Our attention was also directed to the pit, forty feet square,
built in the woods ; the sides are of stone, with large double doors
in one end, which in winter are closed up tight, access being had
through one of the skylights in the roof. In this pit are kept the
Hybrid Rhododendrons, Indian Azaleas, Hollies, and all half-hardy
plants. During the winter of 1880 the temperature was carefully
looked after, and was kept at an average of 38° ; two thermometers
were hanging up, one at each end, showing that the temperature did
not vary four degrees all through the season. Ventilation was given
freely every mild day. This has proved a ver}' gratifying success,
and demonstrated the fact that it is not necessar}- to have exten-
sive green and hot houses in order to grow and keep plants for
summer decorative purposes.

In addition to what we have already noticed, we desire to
mention some of the evergreens which have been planted out over
two years, and have proved perfectly hardy.

Abies alba gloriosa.

Abies Engehnannii. — Indigenous to the higher parts of the Rocky
mountains, and a verj' pretty species.

Abies or ientalis. — Already known as a fine lawn tree, but of
somewhat slow growth.
10

262 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Ahies macrophylla. — Mr. Hayes considers this one of the liard-
iest and best ; it is very beautiful.

Ahies x>cndula. — Certaiul}' a very peculiar plant, Init by no
means handsome ; it is perfectly hardy, and should have a place
among evergreens.

Ahies pyramidalis.

Ahies Alcoquiana. — A splendid tree, and j^et scarce.

Ahies diffusa.

Picea Piclita. — A rather small species, with peculiar dark foli-
age ; ver}' hardj', and can be highly recommended for general cul-
tivation.

Retinospora argeyitea. — A ver}^ distinct and desirable variety.

Retinosx)ora filifera. — Also desirable; both this and the pre-
ceding were introduced from Japan.

Retinospora pisifera cmrea, in a bed planted two years, produced
a very pleasing effect. It is a beautiful plant, of compact habit,
with branchlets of a bright golden color.

Among dwarf evergreens which attracted our attention more par-
ticularly were the three following varieties : Abies nigra pumila,
A. Hudsonia, and A. Gregoryana.

Another evergreen of great merit, that has stood the test of
several winters, is Sciadopitys vet'ticillata, the Umbrella Pine of
Japan, which bids fair to become one of the most popular orna-
mental evergreen trees.

Of deciduous trees, the curious Aralia {Dimorphantlius) Mands-
cJiurica, a perfectly hardy tree, with palm-like habit, is a remark-
able novelty and will prove of great vahie in ornamental gardening.

Betula purpurea^ the Purple Birch, is always very effective.

Magnolia hypoleuca is new.

Magnolia Alexandrina closely resembles M. Soulangeana.

Magnolia stellata (Hall's Japan Magnolia) , Mr. Hayes informs
us is the earliest and one of the best.

Pirus Malus fiorihunda.

Acer Negundo foliis aureo variegatis, the golden variegated
Negundo.

Acer Negundo variegata. This is one of the most beautiful
variegated trees, especially when so planted that evergreens form
the background ; Mr. Hayes's largest specimen is twelve feet high,
and was spoken of by Mr. Parsons as one of the best he knew,
and worth a journey from New York to see.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 263

Of the new Japan Maples the following varieties, which have
been planted ont three years and have proved thoroughly hard}',
seem to be among the valuable plants for fliture ornamental pur-
poses, although in many localities it is far from settled what
varieties will prove hardy.

Acer polymorplmm reticulatum.
" " albo variegatam.

" " palmat ifoli U77i rosea p ictis .

" " versicolor.

" " sanguineum.

" " roseo marginatum.

" " palmatifidam.

" " pinnatifidnm atropurpureum .

" " palmatvm.

" " sanguineum variegatum.

" " aureum.

" " atrojnirpureuyn.

" " po/?/ niorph u m .

" Japonicum.
Of over fiftj' varie'ties of Clematis we noted the following six as
most striking.

Froebel. Prince of Wales.

Jackmanni (intense violet Sieboldii.

purple). WilHam Bull.

James Bateman.
Of Hybrid Perpetual Roses, about sixteen hundred plants, in
two hundred of the most select varieties are cultivated.

Of flowering shrubs, we noticed the justly popular Hydrangea
paniculata grandiflora in the highest perfection, both as standards
and bushes. Exochorda grandiflora was very fine ; Sj^ircea Thun-
bergii very delicate, and one of the best of the genus ; Weigela
Lavalleei, is an excellent variety, and Viburnum p)licatum is one
of the verj^ best of the genugg, the habit being particular!}- fine ;
Buist's Variegated Althaea, is ver}' striking and effective, holdino-
the variegation excellentl}*, and must prove ver^' useful. Bignonia
grandiflora jnoecox is a magnificent plant, producing a o-reat
abundance of large deep coppery crimson flowers ; very valuable
and thoroughly hardj'.

Having made special mention of such trees, shrubs, and plants as
seem most desirable, we would add that the general improvement

264 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of the entire estate is veiy noticeable. The aveuue leading to the
Pinetum has been planted on either side with choice evergreens,
and in the grove, over two hundred of Van Houtte's seedling
rhododendrons have been planted under the partial shade of the
large trees. Returning b}' Maple Avenue we noticed that numer-
ous beds had been cut out and planted with rhododendrons, and
the choicest varieties of hardy shrubs, and it is only a matter of
time when these beautiful avenues will be a very attractive feature
of the place. The large masses of hardy rhododendrons near the
entrance to the grounds were in fine order, as were also the hardy
azaleas. The wide extent of lawn with a very commanding view
of the pine woods from the piazza of the mansion house was
exceedingly delightful. The neatly trimmed hedges which shut off
the rear of the house from view, were in splendid condition. It
was noticeable that there were but few beds of plants of the
modern style, but here and there was a bed of Cannas, and then
one of Geraniums and Coleus so placed as to give enchantment to
a distant view. The fine sub-tropical bed at the front of the house
deserves especial mention. It was composed of 3Iusas, Phormium
tenax variegatum, P. Colensoi, P. atroptirpureum, Ficus ekiktica,
Grevillea robubta, Pandanus ulilis, Agave Americana, and Yucca
variegata, the whole bed being carpeted with Coleus and Achyran-
thes, and edged with Agave Americana variegata. We also
noticed in suitable places with good effect on the lawn, a fine pair
of plants of Fourcroya Lindeni; also Araucaria Coohii and A.
excelsa, Musa ensele and Beaucarnea glauca.

In selecting what we have for special notice, in a place so large,
and where there is so much to attract attention, and all worthy of
note, we trust that we have done no injustice to what remains .
unmentioned. We all admire the enthusiasm of our honored
President, and we wish to record our thanks for what he has done
for the advancement of the most beautiful of all arts, horticulture ;
and our earnest wish is that his life njay long be spared to enjoy
the fruits of his labors.

The Chairman also wishes to record his thanks to Mr. Comley,
the accomplished and skilful gardener, to whom on a subsequent
visit he was much indebted for the information obtained, and which
has helped very much to make up this report.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 265

Thomas C. Thurlow's Peach Orchard.

On the 27th of July the Committee visited the Peach Orchard
of Thomas C. Thurlow, at West Newbury. The land selected for
the orchard is the southern slope of a high hill and is not valued
at over fifty dollars per acre ; the space occupied being about three
acres. The trees are eighteen feet apart each way and were
planted in the spring of 1875, and at the time of planting a quart
of wood ashes was worked in the ground around each tree. Mr.
Thurlow thinks it essential that a vigorous growth should not be
encouraged until the trees begin to bear. All the trimming that
has ever been done was in the last of May or the first week in
June, and consisted chiefly in cutting out dead wood. But a small
quantity of fertilizing material has been used ; half a ton of
Pacific guano and a small quantity of the Darling fertilizer was
applied this year, the whole not costing over fifty dollars. The
cultivation has been done with the horse, and the ground has been
hoed by hand but once.

The Committee were much pleased with the appearance of the
trees ; the growth and color of the wood, together with a moderate
setting of fruit gave promise of a very fine crop, which we antici-
pated would give the most satisfactory results. At this time we
could see but two trees that had any appearance of the yellows.
But in a subsequent letter from Mr. Thurlow, under date of
August 3d, we learned that the eight or ten trees of the early
varieties were nearly a failure. The Alexander's Early ripened first,
but nearly all rotted before they were full}" ripe. Then oneortvro
each of Early Louise and Early Rivers went about the same way.
The Early Beatrice, which Mr. Thurlow considers the best early
peach he has, was less affected by rot. In seeking to account for
the rot, it was thought that the unusually wet weather at the time
of ripening, together with the bees and other insects, was the
cause. Mr. Thurlow has noticed large numbers of honey bees
endeavoring to extract the juice from the fruit, and from that
single spot on the fruit the rot set in and eventually the fruit
would drop off the tree.

Under the same date, Mr. Thurlow informed us that the yellows
had unfortunately broken out in the middle of the orchard, where
the very best trees were situated ; and that two 3-ears ago it broke
out in the same waj", and by then cutting down and carrj'ing off

266 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

some twenty-five or more trees he had hoped that it was eradicated,
but to his great disappointment it broke out this year immediately
adjoining where it was in 1879, and thirty more of the ver}- best
trees have been sacrificed. Immediately after the removal of the
trees, lime was put over the stumps of the same, and around
them, and having attended to the liming very thoroughly,
Mr. Thurlow hopes that he has now succeeded in checking this
great scourge to the peach trees. He intends to lime his whole
orchard next spring, besides putting ashes around each tree.

After all that has been written about the yellows, and a very
thorough search for any information that could possibly be of any
value on this point, we must confess that, like many others, we
have not yet found the preventive or the remedy ; but, if it is
caused by a fungus, as many think it is, lime, in a caustic state,
may prove beneficial, and, perhaps, if properly applied from the
time of planting, ma}?^ be a preventive. Mr. John Rutter, of
Pennsylvania, a successful peach grower, and author of a work
on peach culture, advocates such an application.

The committee again visited Mr. Thurlow on the 21st of Sep-
tember, and, although thev did not find so much of a crop as might
have been expected, they desire to mention the Crawford's Early as
being particularly fine, and altogether the l)est flavored fruit ; but,
if nothing further happens to the trees, it seems highly probable
that a good crop ma}- be expected another season, as the wood was
well ripened and in good bearing order. At that time the Craw-
ford's Late also promised well. On the 4th of October Mr.
Thurlow wrote that he had two trees of Osgood's Yellow, which
were nice, and were full without rotting, promising much better
than the Crawford's Late.

In the cultivation of this orchard Mr. Thurlow sa^'S, that if all
the trees are destro^-ed now he is amplj- paid for the trouble he has
been at, and has demonstrated the fact that peaches can be raised
at little expense, and on land that would be of little or no value for
anything else, as the following facts illustrate : The third year
from planting, the fruit realized $100 ; the fourth j^ear, $600 ; the
fifth year, 650, and the sixth, S400 ; in fact, Mr. Thurlow is' so
sanguine in regard to cultivating peaches successfully and profit-
ably, at a price that will bring them within reach of the masses,
that he proposes to buy quite a farm on elevated ground, and
devote it entirely to peach culture. The Committee award to Mr.
Thurlow the first premium for the best peach orchard.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 267

We desire, also, to mention the very excellent condition of Mr.
Thurlow's nursery, and his systematic method of naming trees and
shrube, using ever}' means to give the purchaser just what he
orders, and the best that can be grown. We were much pleased
with his fine bed of Lilium longiflorum^ which at the time of our
first visit was in full bloom, and was estimated to have at least
two thousand flowers. It was well worth a trip to West Newbury
to see.

Marshall Miles's Pkach Orchard.

On the 24th of September the Committee visited the orchard of
Marshall Miles, at Concord, Mass., which was, unfortunately,
entered too late for premium. Mr. Miles has, howaver, at the
request of the Chairman, transmitted an interesting statement,
which is appended to this report.

As far as obtaining a crop is concerned, the trees in Mr. Miles's
orchard wei'e all very heavily laden with fruit, and each was a
perfect picture, and the crop, as a whole, was such as we never saw-
before. Although Mr. Miles informed us that he had thinned out
considerable, evidently too much was left on the trees for their
future good, and flavor was largely sacrificed to abundance of crop.
The cultivation is so well explained in Mr. Miles's statement, that
it is not necessary to speak on that point. The appearance of the
trees was good evidence of the success obtained. The Crawford's
Early were being picked ; the Crawford's Late promised well, but
the Committee were of the unanimous opinion that the Oldmixons
were by far the best. The visit to Mr. Miles was \Qvy gratifying
to the Committee, inasmuch as he has, b\' energ}' and perseverance,
full}' proved that peaches can be successfull}' raised in our uncer-
tain climate, and the Committee unanimously award to hira a
gratuity of $15 for successful cultivation of the peach.

John B. Moore's Peach Orchard and Vineyard.

The same da}^ the Committee visited the grounds of John B.
Moore, and it is needless to speak of the very excellent condition
in which everything was found, as all who know Mr. Moore are f ulW
aware of the superior methods of cultivation adopted by him, which
his exhibits fully attest ; the whole place was a model of neatness
and good order. The young peach orchard promises much for the
future, and the Crawford's Earlj-, in size, and particularly in flavor,

268 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

were the best we have seen and tasted. The viiiej'ard was in good
order also. The Moore's Early grapes were particularly notice-
able ; the fine bunches and highly colored fruit were ampJe evi-
dence that the value of this grape has not been over-estimated.
The fine collection of hardy plants, particularly the Phloxes and
Hybrid Perpetual Roses, was in excellent condition.

We desire to express our thanks to Mr. Thurlow for his unbounded
kindness and hospitality ; also to Mr. Moore and Mr. Miles for
attentions shown the Committee.

Our thanks are also due to Major Ben : Perle}' Poore, of Indian
Hill Farm, AYest Newbur}^, on the occasion of our second visit to
Mr. Thurlow, for kind attention in showing the Committee what he
had been able to accomplish on a waste, barren hill, where once
hardly a blade of grass would grow, but which is now covered with
a luxuriant growth of a great variety of forest trees, both deciduous
and evergreen. We hope at some future time to be able to make
a more extended report of this interesting place. Mr. Poore was
some 3'ears ago awarded the premium of $1,000, by the Massa-
chusetts Societ}' for Promoting Agriculture, for the best plantation
of oak trees.

In conclusion, we would suggest that the Committee be instructed
to visit such places as contain objects of interest, from time to time,
as they see fit, if not invited formally by the proprietors, and to
make such reports as may be of interest to the Societ}^, and pro-
mote the art of horticulture.

John G. Barker,

Geo. S. Harwood.

E. W. Wood.

Henry Ross. ) Committee.

John C. Hovey.

C. N. Brackett.

Wm. H. Spooner.

STATEMENT OF MARSHALL MILES.

Gentlemen: —

The ciiltivatiou given the orchard I desire to enter for premium
is as follows :

The land selected five j-ears ago for mj- peach orchard consists
of three and a half acres, entirely free from stones, the surface
crowning in the centre, thus giving a gentle slope to nearl}' every
point of the compass. The soil is a sandy loam, slightly alluvial,
intermingled with clay to a depth of fifteen inches ; the whole
resting upon a subsoil of 3'ellow loam. This land had been culti-
vated with crops in rotation, including grass, for many j-eurs, and
had been manured with barnj^ard manure, but not liberally.

In preparation for setting the trees, the laud, which was in grass,
■was ploughed in the fall, and again in the spring, and thoroughly
pulverized. The four hundred trees, divided between the Craw-
ford's Early, Crawford's Late, and Oldmixon Freestone, when
set, were one ^-ear from the bud, and were set about the middle of
May, six to ten inches deep, and twenty feet apart each wa}-, so
as to allow the sun access to the roots even when full}' grown.
Great care was used in placing the roots naturally and putting the
earth in firm contact with every fibre. No manure of any kind
was applied at the time of setting, but potatoes were immediately
l^lanted, manured with barnyard manure quite liberally, and hoed
three times ; they produced four hundred bushels of good pota-
toes. No other manure was applied to the trees the first year, but
they were carefully trimmed and headed back sharply, so as to
produce a good shape. This heading in has been continued in
September every year. As soon as the ground was frozen, I
mulched the trees with meadow ha}', covering out beyond all the
roots, carefully keeping the mulching in its place during the win-
ter and until the season was confirmed, thus ensuring the protec-
tion of the buds from too early development. This mulching was
renewed during midsummer, serving as a protection from drought
while modifying the heat of the sun.

The second year I raised a crop of two hundred bushels (in the
ear) of pop corn. It was manured with barnyard manure spread
broadcast and ploughed in. No manure was applied directly to

270 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the trees. The growth of the trees at this time was most Angor-
ous, and they were carefull}^ trimmed back.

The third j^ear I raised a crop of white beans, which was ma-
uured iu the hill with a little hen manure composted liberally with
muck, producing fifty-one bushels of beans. During the season,
which was a very un propitious one, the trees grew rapidly, produc-
ing teu bushels of fruit. Great pains was taken to keep the
growth shapely.

The fourth 3-ear the orchard was ploughed but not planted.
About the loth of May thirty bushels of air-slacked lime was dug
in about the outer circle of the branches, thus reaching the small
roots. In June a mixture of saltpetre waste and wood ashes was
apphed in the same manner. The crop set so abundantly' that
fearing to tax the trees too much, what would have been equiva-
lent to one hundred bnslieis of fruit was picked off in a green
state. The peach crop for that year was seventy- five bushels of
verA' fine fruit.

Last 3'ear the crop of corn, potatoes, and beans, was manured
in the hill ; the corn and potatoes with a fertilizer composed of bone
dust and luuck, and the beans with hen manure and muck. The
crop of peaches was twenty-five bushels of fair, large fruit, but
this was not a peach year.

The present year I have planted no crop among the trees but
have kept the grouud as clean as I could conveniently', and about
the middle of Jul}^ I gave the orchard a light dressing of hen ma-
nure and wood ashes, and applied half a barrel of water to each
tree, to assist in carrying out the crop. I thinued out a large
quantity of green fruit, but think it would have been quite as well
if I had taken out more, although the fruit is of good size and the
trees have borne up remarkably well, ver}' few of them having
broken, owing in part to the ver\' favorable weather. I have mar-
keted up to this date about sixteen hundred baskets of good fruit,
which I should judge to be not much more than two-thirds of the
entire crop, as the late varieties have not 3'et matured.

The cultivation described above ma}' not onl}'' show to a consid-
erable extent what food peach trees need, but may also suggest
how the land can at the same time be otherwise utilized with safety
to the trees.

Respectfully yours,

MARSHALL MILES.

Concord, Mass., Sept. 26, 1881.

TPIE YELLOWS.

The Committee also take the liberty to append to their Report
the following extract from the Annual Report of the Michigan Po-
mological Society, for 1878 (page 262), which they deem a good
summal^^ of what is known concerning the yellows and the best
course to pursue in regard to it, and which may prove useful to
those interested in growing peaches. We may not be able to make
such laws as are proposed in the last paragraph of the extract, but
if all growers can be made to realize the importance of following
these suggestions, the terrible disease ma}' at least be checked, if
not eradicated. The Committee also recommend to peach growers
"The Culture and Diseases of the Peach," b}^ John Rutter; a
book which contains many valuable hints and cannot fail to be a
helpful guide.

More about the Yellows.

The following communication was presented by Mr. N. H.
Bitely, as a compilation of facts elicited by the yellows discussion :

1. That the disease is contagious, and in some manner is com-
municated from tree to tree, from orchai'd to orchard, and from
one neighborhood to another.

2. That it did not originate in Michigan, but was probably
imported from its original home, the peach region of New Jersey,
Delaware, and Maryland.

3. That neither soil nor cultivation is a factor in its spread.

4. That both budded and seedling trees, and all varieties of
either are subject to its attack ; although there are some facts to
show that the'white fleshed peaches are more exempt.

o. That it may be communicated from tree to tree b}" pruning
knife, shears, or saw. Hence the implement used in pruning a
tree should be thoroughly cleaned before making a cut upon
another tree.

6. That no remedy is now known except to destroy Ihe diseased
trees promptly, and to neglect such destruction is sure death to an
orchard, and all other orchards in the vicinitj'.

7. That the prompt eradication and burning of the diseased

272 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

trees may stop it entirely iu an orchard, and at least will greatly
retard its progress.

8. From the foregoing the conclusion seems inevitable that
nothing but a stringent law, for the destruction of the diseased
trees, applicable to the whole State, diligently and energetically
enforced, will prevent the loss of every peach tree in the State.
Without such a law we may bid a long farewell to this most lus-
cious fruit which has so long been both a source of p^de and
revenue to the State. With such a law, so enforced, the future of
the peach will be more hopeful.

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE OF ARRANGEMENTS,

FOR THE YEAR 1881.

The Committee of Arrangements would respectfully submit their
Report for 1881.

The exhibitions throughout the year have been highly gratifying
to the members of the Society and to the public generally, and the
Society has eveiy reason to know that the interest in the cultiva-
tion of Fruits, Flowers, and Vegetables is constantly increasing.

Meetings of the Committee of Arrangements have been held at
stated times during the year, and whenever it was necessary to
consult as to the best means and methods for arranging and
managing the various exhibitions. The Azalea and Eose, the
Rose and Strawberry, the Annual, the Chiysanthemum, and the
weeklj' exhibitions have, if possible, surpassed those of other
3'ears, and have given much pleasure to the manj' visitors.

At the Annual Exhibition, in September, the Plants and Flowers
were shown in the Music Hall, and were so beautifully and artisti-
call}' arranged as to elicit the admiration of every one, and more
especially the members of the American Pomological Society, who
were the guests of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society'.

Records of each meeting of the Committee of Ai-iangements
have been kept by the Secretary of the Society, and might be given
here if necessary', but as they relate only to business details con-
cerning the exhibitions of the Society, they would fail to be of
general interest.

Adopted by the Committee.

•CHARLES H. B. BRECK, Chairman.

MEETING

OF THE

AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

The Eighteenth Biennial Session and Exhibition of the Anierican
Pomological Society was held in Boston on the 14th, 15th, and
16th of September, 1881, at the invitation of the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society. The two spacious halls in the Horticultural
Society's building were devoted to the fruits contributed to the
Pomological Society's exhibition, and to the fruits and vegetables
exhibited by the Horticultural Society, the exhibition of plants
and flowers being held in the Music Hall. The central and two
western tables in the Upper Horticultural Hall were set apart for
the fruits of the Pomological Society, which were gathered from
every part of the United States and the Dominion of Canada,
from New Brunswick to California, and from Montreal to Georgia.
The most noticeable collection was from Michigan. It included
a large variety of apples, pears, plums, and peaches, Monstera
deliciosa; Asimina triloba (papaw) and other western fruits and
nuts ; also an instructive collection of the useful and injurious
insects of the State. S. C. Harlow, of Bangor, Maine, exhibited
14 varieties of pears, and 68 of apples. James H. Ricketts, of
Newburgh, New York, showed 18 varieties of his new seedling
grapes, and Ellwanger & Barry, of Rochester, N. Y., a collection
of new pears and grapes. The Montreal Horticultural Society
exhibited an interesting collection of 34 varieties of applffs ; B.
S. Fox, of San Jose, California, 90 varfeties of seedling pears ;
Dr. J. W. Strentzel, of Martinez, Cal., a collection of grapes,
oranges, tmd a variety of other fruits ; several contributors at Los
Angeles, Cal., showed oranges, lemons, Japanese persimmons,
pomegranates, etc. P. J. Berckmaus, of Augusta, Georgia, also
showed several varieties of the new Japanese persimmons. James
F. C. Hyde exhibited fruit of the Adinidia poJygama, a climbing

AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 275

shrub from Japan, which fruited for the first time in this country
the present year. Hon. Marshall P. Wilder exhibited 1G4 varie-
ties of pears; Hovey & Co., 190 varieties; Warren Fenno, 5?»
varieties; Benjamin G. Smith, 50 varieties; and there were
man}' exhibitors of smaller collections. The whole exhibition
comprised 535 dishes of pears, 188 of apples, 17 of peaches, 17
of plums, 100 of grapes, and 71 of miscellaneous frj,iits, making
a grand total of 928 dishes. The attention of members and dele-
gates at the previous meetings of the Society had been so much
engrossed by the great quantities of fruit exhibited, that the sense
of the meeting at Rochester, in 1879, was that the exhibition of
large collections of fruit was not desirable, but that the show of
fruits should be confined mainl}' to new or rare varieties, or such as
for any reason possessed special interest, and hence the quantity
exhibited was less than in previous 3'ears.

The meetings of the Pomological Society, for the discussion of
fruits, were held at the Hawthorne Rooms, on Park Street, begin-
ning at ten o'clock in the morning of Wednesday the 14th of
September, when the delegates and members were welcomed in
behalf of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society", by the President,
Hon. Francis B. Hayes, who spoke as follows :

Mr. President and Gentlemen of the American Pomological
Society : — In behalf of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society I
cordially welcome 3'ou all who have honored our society and city
by your presence on this occasion. From the Dominion of Canada
to the everglades of Florida, from the Atlantic to the Pacific shore,
all receive our warmest greetings. We feel as if 30U were children
of our own, connected so intimateh' as your society has been with
ours, the elder one, from your birth. If not our offspring, you
are our ver}^ near and dear relations, and as such we welcome 3'ou
to ou" home. It is with pride we receive as our guests so distin-
guished and useful a society as yours, and we are highly gratified
to have the privilege of tendering all the facilities at our command
to make your sojourn with us both profitable and pleasant to you.

You will see in this city and State a commuuit}' diligently
engaged in the peaceful arts of life ; some are well known to 3'ou
as being deeply interested in agricultural and horticultural pursuits.
Here is the home of those who have been largely occupied in
fostering manufacturing industries, illustrated by the two extensive
exhibitions of mechanical art now presented in this city, and in

276 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETT.

opening new avenues of commerce for the interchange of commod-
ities between the different sections of our country, thereby uniting
in the bands of mutual interest and sympath}' all parts of this
continent. If 5'ou are interested in the cause of education, our
public schools, and schools and galleries of art, as well as our
higher seminaries of learning, will be open for j'our inspection.
Should you ^esire to see what we have done in horticulture, you
have admission to the gardens of Hunnewell, Wilder, Pay son,
Sargent, Gray, Gardner, Ames, Hove}', and others. Should 3-ou
be pleased to see places associated with the struggles of our fathers
in asserting and maintaining their cherished principles of religious,
civil, and political freedom, you will visit Plymouth Rock, Lex-
ington, and Concord, and, within the limits of this municipality,
Bunker Hill and Dorchester Heights, as well as Faneuil Hall, and the
Old South Church, from which the tocsin of libert}' was sounded,
rousing rneu throughout the land to unite with heart and hand in
securing their sacred, inalienable rights.

It is a most pleasant thought, Mr. President, that this nation is
at peace with itself and all the world. We have "beaten our
swords into ploughshares and spears into pruning hooks," and the
entire Anglo-Saxon race is now harmonioush' working out together
the grand problems for the extension and perpetuity of freedom
and the advancement of humanity.

In these noble objects, sir, 3'our society has a deep interest.
About one-third of a century* has elapsed since your organization,
and you may look with great satisfaction upon what you have
accomplished. By your instrumentality, chief!}-, the cultivation of
choice fruits has been extended throughout the larger portion of
this continent. You have been far in advance of all others in
promotiug the production of the largest and best varieties of
fruits, and in naming them, so that the world can make its selec-
tion through the information your association has obtained and
disseminated with great labor and liberality. Thus you have
largely contributed to the comfort and happiness of mankind,
besides augmenting in a wonderful manner the wealth of this coun-
try. And, better than all this, your association has exerted a
powerful influence for the common good in bringing together men
of large intelligence and ability from the different sections of this
countr}' and the great Northern Dominion, and thereby cultivating
sentiments of respect and friendship for each other, and estab-

AMERICAN rOMOLOGICAL SOCIEXr. 277

lishing a common brotherhood of laborers, having for the object of
their work, in the development of the resources of nature, the
welfare of mankind.

You must pardon me, gentlemen, for expressing the gratification
I and mv associates have, that in this great work of moral and
material improvement our venerable fellow-citizen, who for several
years filled the chair which I now occupy, is your leader. For
more than thirty' years you have with unanimity selected him to
preside over your body, and you fully appreciate and gratefully
acknowledge how much has been accomplished by your society
through his zeal, indefatigable industry, and wise counsels. Long
may his life of usefulness be preserved to us all !

You, sir, and your associates have the best wishes of the Massa-
chusetts Horticultural Society that your convention may be har-
monious, agreeable, and promotive of the important objects of
your organization ; and we shall hope you may have no cause for
regret that you have honored us by 3-our presence.

At the conclusion of Mr. Hayes's remarks, President Wilder
spoke in the language following :

Mr. President : — In behalf of the American Pomological Society
I beg to return you our sincere thanks for jour kind words of wel-
come, and for the elegant and commodious preparations you have
made for our reception.

We are right glad to be here once more, and to accept of the
hospitalities which 3'ou have so generously extended to us, — here
in the old Commonwealth of Massachusetts, the land of the
Puritan and Pilgrim fathers — here in old Boston, from which
emanated some of the first fruits of American pomology : here
where William Blackstone, the first white settler on our peninsula,
planted an orchard on yonder Capitoline Hill, two hundred and
fifty years ago ; here where John AVinthrop soon after planted a
vineyard and orchard on his island farm in our harbor ; here where
John Hancock had his nurserj- a hundred years ago ; here at the
home of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, the second
permanent institution of the kind on this continent ; and may I
not add, here at the home of your ancient president, where for
more than half a century he has labored for the advancement of
the science of the soil.

But. Mr. President, as I shall address the society more formally
this afternoon, I will refrain from further remarks except to sa/
11

27S MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

that we hope to be honored with 3'our presence and that of the
members of your society during onr discussions.

Mr. Hayes then arose and extended an invitation of the society
to the banquet on Friday even ng, in the following words :

Mr. President : — I respectfully invite 30U and all other members
of the American Pomological Societ}', with youi* ladies, to a ban-
quet which the Massachusetts Horticultural Society will give on
Friday evening next in honor of your association.

The biennial address of the President was delivered in the after-
noon, and the remaining two days of the session were devoted to
receiving the reports of committees, the reading of essajs and
other papers on pomological subjects, and the discussion of the
characteristics and value of the different fruits.

The Banquet.
The banquet at Music Hall, on the evening of Frida}', the
17th, was a fitting conclusion to a week devoted to the study of
nature, and the exposition of her rich offerings of fruit and flowers.
The scene in the great hall was most beautiful and inspiring.
The rare exotics which had been exhibited there through the week,
decorated the platform, the balconies, and the sides of the hall,
imparting to it an air of refinement and elegance ; and tasteful
bouquets were arranged on the tables, or suspended from the bal-
conies. The plants and flowers, and still more, the bright, happy
faces of the hundreds of ladies and gentlemen present, made up a
pictvue at once charming and exhilarating, while the musical
strains that ever and anon came floating from the rear balcony,
where the Germania orchestra was stationed, filled the air with a
concord of sweet sounds that were in happy harmony with the
time and the occasion. Shortly after six o'clock, hearty applause
announced the appearance of the President of the Horticultural
Society, Hon. Francis B. Haj'es, with his Excellency, Governor
Long, on the right, and Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, President of the
Pomological Societ3', on the left, the three taking seats at the front
centre table. Others on the platform, were Ex-Governor Frederick
Smj'th, of New Hampshire, Hon. A. W. Beard, Collector of
the port of Boston, Rev. Samuel K. Lothrop, D.D., Patrick
Barry, First Vice-President of the Pomological Society, Samuel B.
Parsons, of Flushing, N. Y., Dr. John A. Warder, President of
the Ohio Horticultural Society, T. S. Gold, Secretary of the Con-

ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT HAYES. 279

necticut Board of Agriculture, Hon. T. T. Lyon, President of the
Michigan Horticultural Society, Professor AVilliam J. Beal, of the
Michigan Agricultural College, Secretary of the Pomological
Society, William Saunders, of the United States Department of
Agriculture, Hon. J. E. Mitchell and A. W. Harrison, of Phihidel-
phia, Charles M. Hovey and William C. Strong, Ex-Presidents of
the Massachusetts Horticultural Society', Hon. Charles L. Flint,
Ex-Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Agriculture, Henry
A. Breed, of Lynn, one of the founders of the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society, Hon. Thomas C. Amory, Major Ben :
Perle}' Poore, Rev. George E. Ellis, D.D., and Benjamin G.
Smith, Treasurer of the Pomological Society.

Rev. Dr. S. K. Lothrop asked the blessing, and after an hour's
attention to the substantialities of the banquet, the intellectual feast
began with the welcoming address of Hon. Francis B. Hayes,
President of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society,

Address of Hon. Francis B. Hayes.

Ladies and Gentlemen : — The ]\f assachusetts Horticultural
Society' extends to 3'ou all its cordial greetings. Whether you
have come from distant parts of this continent, or from the
neighborhood ; whether you fill high places of state, or hold
other eminent positions, or occupy "the post of honor, the
private station," all are most heartilj' welcomed to this board.
We come here after work has been done, to refresh ourselves in
each other's society, to rejoice together that we are the recipients
of the rich gifts of bountiful nature, and to honor those who have
done so much in developing its resources for our comfort and
happiness. It is most pleasant to see so man}- of the fair sex
gracing these tables. Man can always be sure that his objects are
worthy and elevated when woman is interested in them and mani-
fests her approval of them as she does now hj her presence. The
refining influence of devotion to the cultivation of fruits and flowers
is universally admitted. Home is made delightful by their presence,
and when they are absent, a lower state of intelligence and refine-
ment is immediately noticed. High and ennobling aspirations
belong to the lover and diligent student of nature, which accom-
pany- him as guardian angels in this life, attend him to its close,
and fit him better for entrance into the land of purity and bliss.

We are highlv gratified to welcome here the venerable president,

280 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and so many of the members of the American Pomological Societ}',
our distinguished guests, in honor of whom we are assembled.
You have come to us, Mr. President and gentlemen, bringing your
fruits with you ; not merely the choice and rich display we have
seen upon your tables, but the grand results of 30ur associated
intelligence, your labors, your long and varied experience, teaching
us what are the best fruits, their true names, their quality and
adaptability for growth in the various parts of the territory occu-
pied by your Society, wherein almost all the fruits of the different
zones can be raised. No narrow State or national lines limit your
benign influences. Abroad, as well as at home, you are known as
the first of the great national pomological societies of the world,
and your investigations, studies, and practical experience enligiiten,
improve, and bless mankind.

Mr. President, it affords me and my associates, great i)leasure
to bear witness that though the snows of more than fourscore
winters have fallen upon your head, yet you, the chief of
America's pomologists, are constant]}', diligentl3', and enthusi-
astically at work in promoting the praiseworthy objects of 3'our
society. Though for almost two generations of men, you have
been known in this community as one of Boston's most promi-
nent merchants — and are now, it is believed, the oldest one — and
though 3'ou have held, with honor, high offices of dignity and
trust, both of public and private character, yet, the love of nature
possessing your soul, your peculiar mission seems to have been,
by your example and teachings, and by the use of the gifts of
Providence, to give dignity to the occupation of the tiller of the
soil, and elevate to the highest consideration the science and art
of horticulture and agriculture. Recognizing, ladies and gentle-
men, the eminent services of the venerable president in the foun-
dation, establishment, and progress of the association, of which he
was the first president and its head for more than thirty years, and
at the same time gratefully remembering all, whether present or
absent, who have worked successfully in the same field with him
during that period, allow me to propose this sentiment :

"The American Pomological Society: All honor to it for the
invaluable benefits it has conferred upon mankind! May its
benign influences be extended to and bless the remotest genera-
tions ! "

ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT WILDER. 281

Response of Hon. Marshall P. "Wilder.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, the President of the American Pomo-
logical Society, responded as follows :

Mr. President : — It is a singular and pleasant coincidence that
has brought us together, here at our own homes, in the exchange
of official courtesies. You have the honor to preside over one of
the oldest and most prosperous horticultural societies of our coun-
trj', while I have the privilege of responding for one more exten-
sive, which embraces in its organization not only the Union, but
our entire continent. But the objects of our institutions are much
alike — the promotion of an art which combines in its results the
most perfect union of the useful and beautiful the world has
ever known.

Most sincerely do I thank 3'ou, Mr. President, for your kind
appreciation of my poor labors. You do me no more than justice
when you call me a friend of rural art, for I cannot remember the
time when I did not love the cultivation of the soil.

But, Mr. President, there is no merit in these. They are the
instincts of my nature, and I have been prosecuting them under
the conviction that I could do nothing better for mankind ; and
could my life be prolonged for another fourscore and three years,
I would devote them all to the promotion of this most delightful
and benevolent pursuit. In behalf of the American Pomological
Societ}', I thank 3'OU for the hospitalities and courtesies that have
been extended to us this week.

We are happ}- to be here again in the good old Commonwealth
of Massachusetts, so renowned for the interesting memorial asso-
ciations to which 3-ou most happily alluded in 3'our eloquent welcome
speech on the opening of our convention, the home of free schools,
free churches, and may I not say, free speech ; here, within the
limits of this goodly city, where yonder monument rears its head
in commemoration of those who fell in defence of American inde-
pendence and human rights ; the Old Cradle of Liberty, which still
rocks to the songs of patriotism and freedom ; the Old South,
from w^hence sallied forth that noble baud which converted Boston
harbor into a monstrous teapot, the history and spirit of which
have been wafted by its waters throughout the civilized globe ; and
here at the home of the Massachusetts Horticultural Societ}^ over
which you so gracefully preside. The Massachusetts Horticultural
Society has been a great leader in pomological science. She has

282 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

been the mother of numerous other societies, among which yon
have properly eounted our own, for it was by her authoritj' that I
■was empowered to issue the circular which assembled the National
Convention of Fruit Growers in New York that organized the
American Pomological Society, and nobly has she sustained our
institution to the present daj^.

With the close of these ceremonies the American Pomological
Society will have completed thirt3'-three y^ars of its existence.
It was the first national societ}^ for the promotion of pomology
of which we have any accouut in history. But it is more than
national ; it is American, and embraces the provinces of British
America on the north. It has vice-presidents and fruit committees
in more than fifty States, territories, and districts, through whom
we receive reports of the fruits adapted to their various locations ;
and wherever the pioneer and emigrant take up their homes we
seek to find out what fruits prosper there. It has held its sessions
in the various great cities of our countr}', and now, for the fourth
time, it comes to receive the hospitalities of the Massachusetts
Horticultural Societj'.

Mr. President, we live in an age of remarkable activity and
enterprise, and in nothing is this more to be seen than in the
progress of fruit culture during the present century. Many of us
can remember the time when the only strawberry in our markets
was the wild strawberry of the fields. Now I have on m}' register
the names of more than four hundred kinds which have been under
cultivation in my own day ; and so great has been the increase in
quantit}' that Norfolk, Va., has sent to the Boston market the last
summer over six thousand bushels in one day, and a little town in
our own vicinity has sent ten thousand bushels the present year.
Fifty years ago there w^ere no hardy grapes in our market except
a few Isabellas, Catawbas, and the wild varieties ; now we have
under cultivation more than two hundred kinds, and California
alone can produce not only enough to supply the country, but she
ships entire cargoes of wine to Europe to be manipulated and
muddled over, and sent back to us for consumption. Tlie same
increase may be noticed in the production of the peach, millions
upon millions of bushels being sent to our various markets ; and
so extensive has been the export of apples that Boston alone has
sent to Europe and elsewhere the last year more than six hundred
thousand barrels. *

ADDRESS OF GOVERNOR LONG. 283

But I must briug these remarks to a close. Suffice it to say
that when I reflect on what has been accomplished since the
American Pomological Society was established, the vast territory
which is 3"et to be occupied with the culture of fruits, their import-
ance as an article of food, and as one of the great sources of
national revenue, I pray that my life may be prolonged for a few
years to see more of the great future of pomology ou this continent,
when all of its fruit lands shall have been opened up for cultivation ;
when the Northern Pacific Railroad shall have connected us with
Oregon, "Washington, Puget Sound, Sitka, and southern Alaska,
with climates in many places milder than in New England ; when
the Southern Pacific road, penetrating the rich lands in Mexico,
Arizona and tlie valleys of the Rio Grande and El Paso, already
renowned for their wild fruits and grapes — when these, together
with Texas, larger than all New England and the Middle States —
and those of our vast interior and the immense resources of the
Pacific slope, are all brought into cultivation — and all this is to come.
Then will our country' possess the most productive and remarkable
fruit belt the world has ever known ; as distinguished for the
excellence and abundance of its productions as it now is for its
free institutions, prosperity, and power.

Mr. President, I cannot take mj^ seat without thanking 3-ou
again for the honor you have conferred on our society, for the
brilliant assembly with which you have sin-rounded us, for these
magnificent plants, luscious fruits, and lovel}' flowers, and, better
than all, for the presence of wo^ian, which adds grace, beaut}-, and
interest to the scene.

President Hayes then announced the second regular sentiment
as follows :

"The Commonwealth of Massachusetts; distinguished for pro-
moting the cultivation of the soil as well as the culture of the mind.
Our fathers planted the tree of liberty, and their children gather
the rich fruits in peace and prosperity."

Response of Governor Long.

The Governor said that inasmuch as it was without previous
notice that he was called upon to speak, his friends who were
gathered would be spared any but the briefest remarks. He
could not fail to take advantage of the opportunity to Ihafik

284 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the society, which, during the past fifty years, has beeu one of
the educators not onlj' of this Commonwealth but of the whole
country ; nor could he fail to pa}- the sympathetic regard of all
to the Nestor among the chiefs of horticulture, who represents
the fathers that planted the tree and the children who gather
the fruit, and who enjoys the distinction of being at once the
oldest and the 3'oungest man in Massachusetts. He desired also,
in behalf of the Commonwealth, to welcome so many representa-
tives of other States and Territories, who had come here for the
common good, and who are engaged not only in the interests of
pomology but in securing the common ties which make our States
members of one domain. The culture of the soil goes hand in
hand with the culture of the mind. Go out among the hills, visit
the large rural populations, and you will find, as in the cities, fair
after fair exhibiting marks of increasing progress. The exhibit
which the society is making in a neighboring hall is only an
indication of the work of culture that is going on in the whole
community. The cultivation of the soil is no longer living on the
bounty of the earth ; it is finding out the secrets that lie within,
and securing the rewards which she offers to devoted labor and
skill. Nothing is more suggestive in these days than the increase
in production, not only for the benefit of the rich, but for the
poor, and with all this increase the individual's condition is im-
proved, so that he enjoj's a higher life and greater possession in
all the arts of living. It is teaching the true theology, the true
patriotism, the true loyalt}^, by wl^ch each man works for the com-
mon good by devoting himself to his special pursuit. He who
invents a contrivance, or brings forth a new variety of fruit, is
laying the foundation for the greater comfort of his fellow-men
hereafter. The Governor concluded b}' expressing the pleasure
which it gave him personally' to greet the members of the Pomo-
logical Society' .

After more music. President Haj'es announced the next senti-
ment as follows :

"The President of the United States — The S3'mpathy of the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society and its guests, the American
Pomological Society, assembled in Boston, is extended to our
beloved President and his famil}- in their aflfliction, with the hope
^id prayer that his valuable life may be preserved to bless the
nation."

OTHER SPEECHES. 285

•

Remarks by Collector BiARO.
Hon. A. W. Beard was called on as the representative of the
National Government. He observed that eleven weeks ago the
heart of the nation stood still on hearing the news that came from
Washington. For eleven weeks we have listened to the click of
the telegraph wire, to hear the news of life or death. The strain
upon the sympathies of the nation has had no parallel since the
war. We have seen a terrible thing, that this man, in the prime
of his life and powers, should be stricken by an assassin. AVe
have sought the only thought of relief — that the nation can survive
whether the President live or die ; but this has not stilled our auxiet}'.
The President still waits patiently ; let us emulate his patience.
The calamity was a terrible one, and j'et there has been a silver
lining to the cloud ; for the hearts of all throughout the land have
been united in sympathy, and, whatever the result, the nation will
be the better for it. With our hearts aroused as for a dear father
or brother, let us rely on Him who doeth all things well.

Other Speeches.

The following sentiment was then proposed :

"The City of Boston — Prominent in history from its early
struggles in the cause of freedom ; her free schools, free churches,
and benevolent institutions have borne abundant harvests of rich
fruits in which the people rejoice."

In the absence of Mayor Prince, who sent a pleasant letter,
Alderman C. H. B. Breck responded, as follows :

Mr. President, Ladies, and Gentlemen : In the unexpected ab-
sence of His Honor the Mayor, and representing the City Govern-
ment, I take great pleasure in replying to the sentiment you propose,
and greet with a warm and hearty welcome the members of the
American Pomological Society, who represent every State of the
Union and the Dominion of Canada.

The City of Boston is always ready to welcome every association
devoted to the general good, but when gentlemen of your profes-
sion, whose object is the propagation and cultivation of good
fruits, and the rejection of bad ones, come together here, it deems
you worthy of its highest regards. Our citizens are deeply inter-
ested in the various kinds of fruits ; not so much in their cultiva-
tion as in being able to obtain them cheaply, so that the poor as well
as the rich may buy and eat. We find them pretty plenty gener-

286 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ally, but I am sorry to say they are sold at such high prices that it
takes a well filled purse to buy these life-preserving gifts of nature.

I regret that we have no orchard or vineyard to show you, but
we have a public garden tastefully laid out, with beautiful walks, and
bordered with rare plants and shrubs, with flowers of every hue ; the
perfect taste and order displayed in this place which may alhiost
be called a second garden of Eden, are a source of pride to the
heart of every Bostonian, and I trust you will find time to visit
this lovely spot with its beautiful surroundings.

Hoping that 3'our stay will continue to afford 3'ou the greatest
pleasure while in the city, I again assure you of the best wishes of
our citizens.

The next sentiment was as follows :

" The British Colonies in North America : Bound to this Republic
by common interests*, brought nearer and nearer b}- social inter-
course, and fastened by the golden links of commerce. May their
friendl}' relations with the United States never be interrupted."

Rev. Robert Burnet, D.D., of Nova Scotia, was expected to
respond, but he had returned home.

The following sentiment was next offered :

"The Pomology of the South — From her generous and genial
clime we of the North receive the delicious products of her soil
while ' winter lingers in the lap of spring.' The enterprise and
skill of her cultivators deserve our warmest acknowledgments for
greatl}' prolonging to us the seasons of fruits."

Judge Whitehead, of Norfolk, Va., not appearing to respond to
this sentiment, as had been arranged, three cheers where given for
Old Virginia.

The next toast was

'"The Pomology of the West — The granaries, orchards, and
vine3-ards of the territorial domain of tlie United Slates, vast in
extent, abundant in resources, are treasure houses upon which tlie
world ma^- draw for their supplies."

Colonel N. .J. Colman, of Missouri, responded. He felt he
should be doing injustice to the West if he did not say that every
man and woman in the West felt gratitude to Boston for this
welcome. It is true that the West has not had a Wilder, a Barry,
a Walker, a Manning, and such eminent pomologists, but it can
boast of a Warder, a Longworth, a Kirtland, a Flagg. The

OTHER SPEECHES. 287

speaker alluded to the practical work which is now done in
the "West, making the study of pomology a part of the education
of the young. The West loves the Hon. Marshall P. Wilder as a
dutiful son loves his parent. The Mississippi Vallc}' Horticultural
Societ}', which is to meet at Chicago, will show what the great
West is capable of doing.

Hon. Isidor Bush, of Missouri, presented a greeting from the
Nestor of fruit-growers in the West, Hon. Fred Mtiench, who
sent a bunch of grapes to President Wilder.

The next sentiment read was

" The Pomolog}^ of the North : Despite her cold and unconge-
nial climate, her rough and rocky soil, she produces fruits which
rival in excellence those of the most favored climes."

Charles M. Hovey, Ex-Vice President for Massachusetts, re-
sponded in a pleasant manner, and said, in speaking for the North,
that we feel delighted to give greeting to our friends from all sec-
tions interested in this great subject of pomology. We have gained
so much through this society that we are not obliged individnallj'
to test all the fruits, but can learn by the experience and teaching
of this organization. He alluded to the fruits which the North
has contributed to the country as durable and valuable accessions
to the resources of the people.

The next sentiment read as follows :

" The Pomology of the East: The pioneer iu the progress of
American civilization, scattering its fruits like manna from the
skies all over our land."

Response by Samuel B. Parsons, of New York.

The next sentiment was

" The United States Agricultural Society: The uniform friend
of American Agriculture ; the annals of her history- attest the value
of her former labors. May she never lack the sunshine of patron-
age ; may she reap an abundant harvest of renown."

Responded to by Ex-Governor Frederick Smyth, of New Hamp-
shire, who referred iu an affectionate manner to his various rela-
tions, public and private, with Col. Wilder, and to the interest
which he felt in the cause of American Pomology. ,

Major Ben : Perley Poore, Secretary of the United States Agri-
cultural Societj', was then called for and resi^onded in his usual
pleasant vein.

288 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Then came this sentiment :

" The New York Horticultural Society : Her fruit resources are
ample. May the development of them be compared with the motto
of her State, ' Excelsior.' Glad are we that she is so well carry-
ing out the designs of her founders."

Response by Rev. E. P. Roe.

He said that the influence of the Horticultural Society in Boston
had done much to tone up the Pomological Societ3\ Men are giving
to pomology what is more to be valued than their wealth, namely,
their influence, their brain, and personal effort. The speaker paid
New England the honor of having not only improved the science of
the soil but of having brought forth in abundance the best of all
products, true and honorable men. He also alluded to the valuable
services rendered to Pomology by his friend, Charles Downing.

The following sentiment was proposed :

" The Pennsylvania Horticultural Societ}' : The first permanent
horticultural society established on our continent. Worthily has
she executed her mission as a pioneer. Massachusetts was bound
to follow in the footsteps of so illustrious a leader."

The pertinent response of W. L. Schaffer, President of the
Pennsj'lvania Horticultural Society, was read by A. W. Harrison,
Secretary-, Mr. Schaffer having been obliged to leave.

Then followed this sentiment :

"The New England Agricultural Society: Her vigorous and
intelligent labors have contributed largely to the prosperity of the
countr}'. Gratified that its President has been placed at the head
of the Agricultural Bureau of the nation, we are confident that the
usefulness of the Society will continually increase while its able
President and Secretary conduct its aff"airs."

Hon. George B. Loring, United States Commissioner of Agri-
culture, and President of the Societ}', and Hon. Daniel Needham,
Secretary, being absent, no response was made.

The company then rose and sang, to the tune of " Auld Lang
Syne," the following

Hymn,

Written for the occasion by John G. AVhittier.

O Painter of the fruits and flowers,

We own Thy wise design,
Whereby these human hands of ours

May share the work of Thine !

HYMN BY JOHN G. AVHITTIER. 289

Apart from Tliee we plant in vain

The root and sow the seed ;
Thy early and Thy later rain,

Thy sun and dew we need. •

Our toil is sweet with thankfulness,

Our burden is our boon ;
The curse of Earth's gray morning is

The blessing of its noon.

Why search the wide world everywhere

For Eden's unknown ground? —
That garden of the primal pair

May never more be found.

But, blest by Thee, oiir patient toil

May right the ancient wrong,
And give to every clime and soil

The beauty lost so long.

Our homestead flowers and fruited trees,

May Eden's orchard shame ;
We taste the tempting sweets of these

Like Eve, without her blame.

And North and South and East and West,

The pride of every zone,
The feirest, rarest, and the best

May all be made our own.

Its earliest shrines the young world sought

In hill-groves and in bowers ;
The fittest offerings thither brought

Were Thy own fruits and flowers.

And still with reverent hands we cull

Thy gifts each year renewed ;
The good is always beautiful —

The beautiful is good.

Then came tlie last sentiment of the evening :

"Michigan: In the magnificent exhibition which she has made
to us, we witness a bountiful harvest of good fruits raised on good
soil. We rejoice in the growth and prosperity of the State."

Response of the Hon. W. K. Gibson :

" J/r. President: I appreciate the honor of being called on to
respond to a sentiment so complimentary to the State to which I
belong.

290 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The display which 3'ou have deemed worthy of special notice, is
inferior in appearance and qnality to that we are nsnally able to
make in more favorable seasons.

Mr. President, we do not feel as thongh we were strangers here.
Among its earl}' pioneers Michigan numbered many from New
England, and there has entered into our growth as a State much
of the stiirdiness and integrity of character and somewhat of the
culture characteristic of New England life.

The motto of our State is Si qiiceris peninsulam amoenam
circumsplce^ and, sir, if 3'ou seek for a beautiful peninsula, look
upon her as she lies almost surrounded by the waters of the north-
ern lakes. Every variety of soil, every diversity of climate are
hers. In the southern portion are patches o-f prairie, with hills
and 'valle3S, and rivers and lakes, while at the north the waters of
Lake Superior break against a coast as rocky and wild as that of
New England. Of the fertility of her soil, and its adaptation to
the raising of all kinds of fruit, you have evidence before j'ou
today. Within her borders also are vast forests of })ine and
hard woods, scarcely equalled in varietj- by any State in the Union.

From these forests, sir, within the past few days has gone up,
as from a fiery furnace, a cry of suffering from destitute, hoineless
thousands, which has touched the heart of the Elast as well as the
AVest, and which has met with a generous response in this city.

Mr. President, it seems to me that the heart of the whole nation
has grown very tender within the past few months. That bed of
pain and suffering, upon which the President has lain for so many
weary days, watched over by a loving and heroic wife, has done
more to awaken generous sympathy, and bind together the differ-
ent sections of the country, than all the reconstruction acts ever
passed by Congress. There can be no enmit}' in our hearts
towards those whose fervent prayers have mingled with our own
for the President's recovery. And to Boston, sir, whose heart is
ever tender and responsive to suffering, let me express the thanks
and gratitude of our whole State for the generous donations 3'ou
are sending to relieve those made destitute by the lecent forest
fires.

Mr. President of the Massachusetts State Horticultural Society,
allow me to say that this banquet is something more than a mere
feast of good things. In this you have crowned and dignified
what has preceded it. It comes naturally as a part of what we

SPEECH OF HON. W. K. GIBSON. 291

call the eternal fitness of things. For three days, sir, you have
shown us the noblest fruits and fairest flowers of your soil, and
to night, here in this room, we have had the pleasure of meeting
the noblest fruits and fairest flowers of your intellectual culture.

One speaker has said this evening, quoting from Emerson, that
much of truth goes floating about the world in popular proverbs.
Doubtless this is true, and there is an old saying that every New
Englander when he dies expects to go to — Boston. Now if this
be true, and it probably is, let me express the wish that such soul
ma}' go by the way of Michigan, and, thus escaping purgatory,
reach here through paradise.

President Hayes, in making the closing remarks, expressed the
gratification felt by the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in
having for its guests this evening so many distinguished in the
science and art of horticulture, and wishing all a safe and pleasant
return to their homes, he asked them to unite in singing America,
which was done with enthusiasm, and then the meeting was
dissolved.

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION AND DISCUSSION,

FOR THE YEAR 1881.

The discussions of the past winter and spring, published in Part
I of the Transactions for 1881, make unnecessar}^ an}' extended
report. The labor of jour Committee has been greatl}' lessened
by the accurate and admirable digest of the discussions by the
Secretary, and the Society is largely indebted to him for the super-
vision of all our printed reports.

Horticulture in its present development is not one of the exact
sciences ; hence the importance and usefulness of discussion.
With a hoiticultural temple, the finest in the world, and a library
well known as containing the best collection of horticultural books
in America, and, undoubtedly, with as large a membership of
educated and skilled cultivators as exists in the countrj', our
opportunities are great, and the results of our discussions and
investigations aie expected to be of corresponding value. Much
as the}' have done for us already, they are capable of doing far
more.

Ex-President Parkman, in his valedictor}' address, well said,
"With us, as with all horticultural or agricultural clubs or socie-
ties, discussion is subject to the same evil. It is apt to go round
with the same persons i.i the same groove, keeping all the time at
about the same level of intelligence and knowledge, and so fail to
gain its real object, which is to develop those habits of investiga-
tion and reflection, without which the horticulturist can never be
master of his craft. If members would more generally share in
them, preparing themselves beforehand to do so by recalling what
their own experience may have taught them about the subject
announced, and then, by means of books and journals, comparing

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION AND DISCUSSION. 203

their own results with those recorded by others, our discussions
would become a powerful means of stimulating observation and
thought." The Committee have endeavored to avoid the danger
here pointed out, but, in order that the discussions should reach
the standard in the minds of the Committee, and attain their
highest usefulness, the cooperation of the members of the Society
will be necessary, and the Committee trust that each will be
prepared to do his best in adding to the interest of the meetings.

The report of the Treasurer for 1880 acknowledged the receipt
, of $500, for sales of the Histor}^ of the Society ; since then copies
have been sold to the amount of nearly three hundred dollars.
Your Committee would again call the attention of members who
have not already obtained a copy, to the importance of doing so
without delay, as the number on hand is limited.

A prize of twenty-five dollars has been awarded to Mrs. T. L.
Kelson, of Worcester, for an essay upon "Our Native Plants
adapted for Winter Culture for their Flowers." Several other
essays competing for prizes were received, which, after careful
consideration your Committee felt obliged to reject.

Respectfull}' submitted by

Benjamin G. Smith, ^ Committee

John B. Moore, > on Publication

E. Lewis Sturteyant, jand Discussion.
12

REPORT

OF THE

LIBRARY COMMITTEE

FOR THE YEA^R 1881.

The Committee on the Library submit the following report :
The Society's appropriation and the income derived from the
Stickne^' Fund have been expended in the same manner as in
foi'raer years. The list of periodicals taken has been nearly the
same as heretofore ; the most important changes in the coming
year will be that the Farmer's Magazine, a work very valuable for
man}' reasons, will be omitted, being no longer published, and
that the American Naturalist, which w\as dropped some time ago
for lack of funds, and has been asked for by several members, will
be again taken.

Among the books added to the Library from the Sticknc}- Fund
— which, in number and value, will compare not unfavorably with
the additions made in previous years, — the following are worthy
of special notice : the splendid Monograph of the Genus Lilium,
by Mr. Elwes, the last three parts of which have recently been
received ; the Arboretum Segrezianium ; Verschalfelt's Icono-
graphy of the Camellia ; Watson's Dendrologia Britannica ;
Kotschy's Monograph of the European and Oriental Oaks ; Bois-
sier's fine illustrations of the Flora of Spain ; Hoola Van Nooten's
Flowers, Fruits, and Foliage of Java ; Hallier's Deutschlands Flora ;
Dodel-Port's Anatomical and Physiological Atlas of Botany- ;
Zippel and Bollmann's Auslandische Culturpflanzen ; Cesati,
Passerini, and Gibelli's Flora Italiana ; Schlectendal, Langethal,
and Schenk's Flora von Deutschland ; Emmons's Agriculture of
New York, and the Orchid Album, the last a magnificent work
appearing at stated intervals, conducted by Robert AVarner and
B. S. "Williams, and designed to give colored plates of new orchids

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 295

and uow varieties of old ones, witli cultural notes. From a pui^ly
hortirultural point of view, this publication seems likely to be
second iu value to none.

In the first part of the .year a fresh attempt was made to supply-
our table with nurserymen's and seedmen's catalogues. A circular
prepared by the Secretary of this Committee was sent to all the
leading dealers asking that their lists might be sent to tliis library
from time to time, and setting foi'th the advantage to themselves
likely to result from their compliance. The response to this circu-
lar has been very satisfactory ; we have received the catalogues of
one hundred and sixty-one dealers from all parts of the United
States, and from England, Ireland, Scotland, France, Italy, Ger-
many, Holland, Belgium, and Switzerland. Man^'of these catalogues
are very elaborate, and valuable both horticultural!}' and botanicall}'.
It is the intention of the Committee that these shall be taken out
as other books are, and that they shall be charged on the Libra-
rian's book. Two of the most valuable, H. Caunell & Sons' and
D. M. Ferr}' & Co.'s, are missing, having beeii taken by some
person who omitted to have them charged ; it is requested that
those who have them report the fact to the Librarian.

We must again call the attention of the Society to the need of a
card catalogaie of our colored plates. We have no index to these,
except the work of Pritzel ; if this Society were dead, or if it had
made no growth since the date of that publication, nothing more
would be needed ; but this is a body alive in all its parts ; its
library is expending a large sum annually, and must spend or
forfeit it. How many plates we have received of which we have
no index, we cannot say, but believe that they might be numbered
b}' thousands. The present time is without parallel in horticultural
advance and botanical research ; exploring parties sent out b}- govern-
ments and societies are bringing back new vegetable treasures month
by month ; the great horticultural establishments of Europe have their
own private travellers in all parts of the world, and new varieties
are constantly coming into existence b}' the art of the hybridizer.
The prospect, therefore, is that for a long time to come tliere will
be subjects in abundance for the draughtman's skill. Most of
these plates will come to this lil)rar-y in course of time, but if no
index to all these exists, their value is half lost to us. The cost
of such a card catalogue need not be very great ; there would be
no need of botanical verification of every plate ; a simple list of

296 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETr.

tli^m T\'ith the names under which the^' were issued and the place
where they are to be found is all that is needed. Even if one
series of books only were taken to begin with, it would be some-
thing.

Every frequenter of this librar}- room must appreciate the vast
improvement which has been brought about. The rooms are as
elegant as- could be desired, and the alterations which allow the
superintendent's business and ticket-seller's operations to be
carried on without encroaching upon this apartment, ought to
afford great gratification to the Society as the}' do to this Commit-
tee. We need no longer dread the possible depredations of the
army of hangers-on who accompany the lessees of the halls, and
those who desire to put these rooms to their legitimate use can
now do so without interruption.

For the Committee,

W. E. Endicott, Chairman.

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS.

Books Purchased.

Verschaffelt, Alexandre. Nouvelle Iconographie des Camellias, contenantles

Figures et la Description des plus rares, des plus nouvelles, et des

plus belles varieties de ce Genre. 12 vols, bound in 7. 8vo.

Gand: 1848-1860.
Clarke, C. B., late acting Superintendent of the Calcutta Botanic Garden.

Commelynacese et Cyrtandraceas Bengalenses. (Faucis aliis ex

terris adjacentibus additis.) Folio. 93 i^l. Calcutta, Bombay, and

London : 1874.
Elwes, Henry John, F. L. S., F. R. S. A Monograph of the Genus Liliuni.

Nos. 5, 6, and 7, completing the work. Folio. 17 colored plates.

London: 1880.
Warner, Robert, and B. S, Williams. The Orchid Album, comprising

Colored Figures and Descriptions of New, Rare, and Beautiful

Orchidaceous Plants. Vol. 1, Parts 1-4. 4to. 16 colored plates.

London: 1881.
Lindley, Professor, F. R. S. A List of the Orchidaceous Plants collected in

the East of Cuba, by Mr. C. Wright, with characters of the new

species. 8vo. pamphlet. 1858.
. . Contributions to the Orchidologj' of India. No. 2. Svo.

pamphlet. 1858.

EErORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 297

Gerard, E. La Fleur et le Diagramme ties Orehidees. 4to. pamphlet.

Paris: 1879.
Parnell, Ricliard, M. D., F. E. S E. The Grasses of Scotland, illustrated by

fi<iures drawn and engraved by the Author. 8vo. GG plates.

Edinburgh, and London : 1842.
Baker, J. G., on the English Mints, and Berthold Secmann, Ph.D., on Fara-

daya, a new Australian Genus, and on Plants producing Double

Flowers.* 8vo. pamphlet. [From the Journal of Botany.]
Flora Danica. Fasciculus 50. Folio. Plates 2941-3000. Copenhagen :

1880.
Hallier, Dr. Ernst. Deutschlands Flora. 9th edition, i vols. Royal 8vo.

500 colored plates. Dresden: 1881.
Schlectendal, Dr. D. F. L. von. Dr. L. E. Langethal, und Dr. Ernst Schenk.

Flora von Deutschland. Fiinfte auflage, von Dr. Ernst Hallier.

Lieferungen 1-47. Small 8vo. Manj- colored plates. Gera-Unterm-

haus : 1880, 1881.
Bertram, W. Flora von Braunschweig, etc. Small 8vo. Braunschweig :

1881.
Graf, F. Die Alpenpflanzen. Hefte 22-34. IGmo. 117 colored plates.

Prague: 188 1.
Cesati, V., G. Passerini, and E. G. Gibelli. Compendio della Flora Italiana.

Fasciculi 1-27. Royal 8vo. 81 plates. Milan, Palermo, and Rome :

1878-1881.
Lojacano, M. Contributi alia Flora di Sicilia. 8vo. pamphlet. Palermo :

1878.
Barrelier, Jacobo. Plantas per Galliam, Hispaniam, et Italiam, etc. Folio.

334 plates. Paris : 1714.
Boissier, Edniond. Voyage Botanique dans le Midi de I'Espagne, pendant

I'annee, 1887. 2 vols. 4to. 206 colored plates. Paris : 1839-1845.
Willkomm, Mauritio, et Joanni Lange. Prodromus Flora? Hispanica?, etc.

3 vols. 8vo. Stuttgart : 1861-1880.
Mares, le Dr. Paul, et Guillaume Vigineix. Catalogue Raisonne des Plantes

Vasculaires des lies Baleares. 8vo. 10 pi. Paris: 1880.
Barcelo y Combio, D. Francisco. Flora de las Islas Baleares, etc. 8vo.

Palma: 1879-1881.
Lemoine, Victor. Atlas des Caract^-res Specifiques des Plantes de la Flore

Parisienne et de la Flore Remoise. Livraison 3, in continuation.

8vo. 10 plates. Paris and Reims, 1881.
Sauze, J. -C, et P. N. Maillard. Flore du Dopartement des Deux-Scvres.

3 vols. 12mo. Niort: 1872-1880.
Liegard, A. Flore de Bretagne. Small 8vo. Paris : 1879.
Ardoino, Honor6. Flore Analytique du Departement des Alpes-Maritimes.

2d edition. 12mo. Menton and Nice : 1879.
Johnson, Thomas. Descriptio Itineris Plantarum Investigationis ergo Sus-

cepti, in Agrum Cantiarura Anno Dom. 1G32, etc., Nup. edit.

T. S. Ralph. Small 4to. London : 1849.

298 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Pierre, L., Directeur du Jardin Botanique de Saigon. Flore Forestiere de la
Cochinchine. Public sous les auspices du Ministere de la Marine et
des Colonies. Fasciculi 1-3. Large folio. 48 plates. Paris. [Still
publishing.]

Kurz, S., Curator of the Herbarium, Eoyal Botanic Gardens, Calcutta.
Forest Flora of British Burma. Published by order of the Govern-
ment of India. 2 vols. 8vo. Calcutta: 1877.

Burmann, Nicolaus Laurens. Flora Indica cui accedit series Zoophytorum
Indicorura nee non Prodromus Florje Capensis. Small 4to. 67
plates. Leyden : 1708.

Hoola Van Nooten, Madame Berthe. Fleurs, Fruits, et Feuillages choisis
de r He de Java. 3d edition. Folio. 40 colored plates. Brussels :
1880.

Gregg, W. H. A Text Book of Indian Botany, Morphological, Physiolcgical,
and Systematic. Parts 1 and 2. 12mo. 165 wood-cuts. Calcutta :
1881.

Kegel, E. Flora of Toorkestan. Vol. 3, Parti, Primulacea; and Liliaccae.
4to. 22 plates, part colored. 1870.

Aitchison, J. E. T., F. L. S., on the Flora of the Kuram Valley, Afghanistan,
and C. B. Clarke, on Indian Begonias. 3 plates. [From the
Journal of the Linnean Society.] 8vo. 1879, 1880.

Czerniavsky, W. Periodical Appearances in the Life of Plants in Late
Autumn, Winter, and Spring, in Sookhoom, Transcaucasia. [Rus-
sian.] 8vo. pamphlet. Tiflis : 1879,

Zeller, Mrs. Hannah. Wild Flowers of the Holy Land. Small 4to. 54
colored plates. London : 1880.

Mathews, William, M.A. The Flora of Algeria, considered in relation to the
Physical History of the Mediterranean Region and Supposed Sub-
mergence of the Sahara. 8vo. Map. London: 1880.

Willis, Oliver R., Ph.D. Catalogue of Plants growing withovit cultivation in
the State of New Jersey, with specific descriptions of all the Violets
found there, directions for collectors, teachers, and students, and a
Directory of Botanists. Revised and enlarged edition. 8vo. New
York, Chicago, and New Orleans : no date.

Hemsley, W. B. Eiologia Centrali-Araericana ; Botany. Parts 1-9. 4to.
50 plates. London: 1879-1881.

Hughes, The Reverend Mr. GritSth, A.M. The Natural History of Barbados.
Folio. 29 plates. London : 1750.

Polakowsky, H. Die Pflanzenwelt von Costa Rica, etc. 8vo. Dresden : 1879.
[XVI. Jahresbericht des Vereins fiir Erdkunde, zu Dresden, pp.
25-124.]

Rodrigues, J. Barbosa. Enumeratio Palmarum Novarum quas Valle Flu-
minis Amazonum. 8vo. pamphlet. Sebastianopolis : 1875.

Wallace, Alfred Russel. Palm Trees of the Amazon and their uses. 12 mo.
48 plates. London: 1853.

Link, H. F., Fr. Klotsch, and F. Otto. Icones Plantarum Rariorum Horti
Regii Berolinensis. 4to. 2vols.ini. 48 colored plates. Berlin:
1841-1844.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 290

Pfitzer, Dr. Ernst. Dcr Botanisclie Garten der Univcrsitiit Heidelberg. Ein
Fiihrer fiir dessen Besucher. 8vo. Heidelberg : 1880.

Todaro, Augustino. Hortus Botanicus Panormitanus, ete. Vol.]. Folio. 2-t
colored jjlates. Palermo : 187G-1878.

Lavallee, Alphonse. Icones Select* Arborum et Fruticum in Hortis Segre-
zianis coUectorum. Livraisons 2 and 3 in continuation. Folio. 12
plates. Paris, London, and Madrid : 1881.

Dodel-Port, Dr. Arnold and Caroline. Anatomical and Physiological Atlas
of Botany. Parts 1-3. 18 large folio plates, with 12mo. Handbook
to each part. Translated and edited by D. McAlpine, F. C. S.
Esslingen, Edirihurgh, and London : 1880.

Messer, Frederick A. A New and Easy Method of Studying British Wild
Flowers by Natural Analysis, etc. 8vo. London : 1880.

Bailey, W. Whitman, B. P. The Botanical Collector's Handbook. Small
8vo. 30 wood-cuts. Salem: 1881. [Naturalist's Handy Series,
No. 3.]

Wood, Alphonso, A. M., and J. Dorman Steele, Ph. D. Fourteen Weeks in
Botany. Small Svo. New York, Chicago, and New Orleans : no
date.

. The American Botanist and Florist. 8vo., 524: wood-cuts.

New York, Chicago, and Troy : no date.

Plant-Life. Popular Papers on the Phenomena of Botany. Small 8vo. 148
wood-cuts. London : 1881.

Henderson, Peter. Handbook of Plants. Large 8vo. New York : 1881.

Moore, Thomas, F. L. S., F. E. H. S., Curator of the Botanic Garden, Chel-
sea. Epitome of Gardening, with an introductory chapter on the
Principles of Horticulture, by Maxwell T. Masters, M. D., F. R. S.
Small 8vo. 207 wood-cuts. Edinburgh : 1881.

Moore, Thomas, F. B. S., and William P. Ayres, C. M. H. S. The Garden-
er's Magazine of Botany, Horticulture, Floriculture, and Natural
Science. 3 vols., small 4to. Colored plates and wood-cuts. London :
1850, 1851.

Des Cars, A. A Treatise on Pruning Forest and Ornamental Trees. Trans-
lated from the seventh French edition, with an Introduction, by
Charles S. Sargent, Professor of Horticulture in Harvard College.
Small Svo. Plate and 53 wood-cuts. Boston: 1881. [Publications
of the Massachusetts Society for the Promotion of Agriculture.]

Wood, Samuel. The Forcing Garden ; or, How to Grow Early Fruits, Flow-
ers, "Vegetables, etc. Small 8vo. 35 wood-cuts. London: 1881.

Quin, Charles W. Garden Receipts. Small 8vo. London: 1877.

Foster, Mrs. J. Francis. On the Art of Gardening : A Plea for English
Gardens of the Future, with Practical Hints for Planting them.
12mo. pamphlet. London. 1881.

Hogg, Robert, L.L. D., F. L. S., Editor. The Herefordshire Pomona, con-
taining colored figures and descriptions of the most esteemed kinds
of Apples and Pears. Parts 2 and 3 in continuation. Folio. Colored
plates and wood-cuts. London and Hereford : 1879, 1880.

300 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Fish, D. T. The Hardy Fruit Book. Vol. 1, the Apple, Pear, Peach, and
Nectarine. Small 8vo. Many wood-cuts. London : no date.

Lauche, W. Deutsclie Pomologie. Leiferungen 25-46 in continuation. 8vo.
Colored plates of fruits. Berlin : 1880. Erganzungsband ; Handbuch
des Obstbaues. Lieferungen 1-6. 8vo. Wood-cuts. Berlin : 1880-
1881.

Dybdalil, J. A. Jordbasr-og vore vigtigste Frugtbusker-arter, etc. 4 Hefte.
Bvo. 2 colored plates. Copenhagen : 1879.

Clemente y Rubio, Don Simon de Rojas. Ensayo sobre las Variedades de la
Vid Commun que vegetan en Andalucia. 28 colored plates. Memo-
ria sobre el Cultivo de la Vid en Sanlucar de Barramcda y Xerez de
la Frontera, per Don Esteban Boutelou. Idea de la Practica Eono-
logica de Sanlucar de Barrameda 6 del Metodo que alii se sigue en
la Fabrication de los Vinos y algunas observaciones sobre la Destila-
cion de los Aguardientes. Folio. Madrid : 1879.

The Vineyard, etc., being the Observations made by a Gentleman in his
Travels. Small 8vo. London : 1727.

Hooper, E. J. The Western Fruit Book. 12mo. Cincinnati: 1857.

Baker, Charles R. Practical and Scientific Fruit Culture. Large 12mo.
Wood-cuts. Boston : 1866.

Putter, John. The Culture and Diseases of the Peach ; a Complete Treatise
for the use of Peach Growers and Gardeners of Pennsylvania and all
districts aflTected by the " Yellows " and other diseases of the tree.
Small 8vo. Harrisburg: 1880.

Nietner, Th. Die Rose, ihre Geschichte, Arten, Kultur, und Verwendung
nebst einem Verzeichniss von fimftausend beschreibenen Gartgn-
rosen. 4to. 12 colored plates, 106 wood-cuts, and 2 garden plans.
Berlin: 1880.

Berg, Dor. D. Carlos. La Reina de las Flores. Conferencia Popular dada en
la Asamblea General de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina, el i de
Mayo de 1880. 8vo. pamphlet. Buenos Aires : 1880.

Paul, William. Roses and Rose Culture. Fourth edition. 12mo. London :
no date.

■ . Roses in Pots. Fifth edition, 12mo. Wood-cuts. London : no

date.

, The Rose Annual, 1859-GO, 60-61, 61-62. 3 pamphlets, 8vo.

Lonflon : no date.

. Lecture on the Hyacinth, delivered by the request of the Coun-
cil of the Royal Horticultural Society, April 5, 1864, at South Ken-
sington. 12mo. pamphlet.

. An Hour with the Hollyhock. Second edition. 12mo. pamph-

let. London : 1855.
Robinson, William. The Wild Garden, or our Groves and Gardens made
beautiful by the Naturalization of Hardy Exotic Plants ; being one
way onwards from the Dark Ages of Flower Gardening, with sug-
gestions for the Regeneration of the Bare Borders of our London
Parks. New edition, illustrated by Alfred Parsons. 8vo. Many
plates and wood-cuts. London and New York : 1881.

EEPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 301

Halliday, Robert J. A Treatise on the Propagation and Cultivation of the
Azalea Indica. 12mo. 34 wood-cuts. Baltimore : 1880.

Hibberd, Shirley. Greenhouse Favourites ; a Description of Choice Green-
house Plants, with Practical Dii'cctions for their Management and
Cultivation. Small 4to. Colored plates and wood-cuts. London :
1881.

. Familiar Garden Flowers. First series. Small 8vo. 40

colored plates, by F. Edward Hulme. London, Paris, and New
York : no date.

. The Garden Oracle and Illustrated Floricultural Year Book.

1881. 12mo. Wood-cuts. London.

Ilford, William Earlej', Cond. The Villa Garden and Flower Show Manual,
1881-2, and Amateur's Year Book. 8vo. pamphlet. 60 wood-cuts.
London. '

Douglas, James, F. R. H. S. Hardy Florists' Flowers ; their Cultivation and
Management. Small Svo. London: 1881.

Flowering Plants, with instructions how to cultivate them, etc. Square 12mo.
11 plates. London : no date. [Selected from Maund's Botanic
Garden.]

Prior, W. D. Hardy Shrubs, with Descriptions of the most popular kinds,
and Practical Directions for their culture and use. Small Svo.
Colored plates and wood-cuts. London and New York : 1881.

Switzer, Stephen. The Practical Kitchen Gardener, etc. Small Svo. plans.
London: 1727.

Iggulden, William. The Tomato, Cultural Directions, Varieties, and Re-
ceipts. Small Svo. pamphlet. London : 1881.

Dennis, J., B. C. L. The Landscape Gardener, containing the History and
Principles of Tasteful Horticulture. 8vo. Colored plate. London:
1835.

Elliott, F. R. Handbook of Practical Landscape Gardening, designed for
City and Suburban Residences, and Country School-houses, contain-
ing designs for lots and grounds, etc. Second edition, enlarged and
improved. Svo. Plates and wood-cuts. Rochester: 1881.

Fawkes, F. A. Horticultural Buildings. Their Construction, Heating,
Interior Fittings, etc., with remarks on sime of the principles in-
volved, and their application. Square Svo. 123 wood-cuts. Lon-
don : no date.

Emmons, Ebenezer, M. D. The Agriculture of New York. 4 vols. 4to.
Many colored plates of Fruits, Insects, etc. Albany : 1843-1854.

American Agriculturist, Vol. 18. 4to. Many wood-cuts. New York: 1859.
(Towards completing the set.)

Royal Agricultural Society of England. Journal, New Series, Vol. 17, 1881,
Part 1. Svo. London : 1881.

Lawes, J. B., LL D., F, R. S., F. C. S., and J. H. Gilbert, Ph. D., F. R. S.,
F. C. S., F. L. S. Agricultural, Botanical, and Chemical Experi-
ments on the Mixed Herbage of Permanent Meadows, conducted for
more than twenty years in succession on the same land. Part I.

302 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

4to. London : 1880. [From the Philosophical Transactions of the

Royal Societj-.]
Denton, J. Bailey, M. Inst. C. E., F. G. S. The Farm Homesteads of Eng-
land. A Collection of plans of English Homesteads existing in

dilFerent parts of the country, carefully selected from the most

ajiproved specimens of Farm Architecture, etc. Large 4to. Many

lithographs and wood-cuts. London: 1864.
Morton, John Chalmers. The Prince Consort's Farms : An Agricultural

Memoir. 4to. Wood-cuts. London : 1863.
Hoskyns, Chandos Wren. Talpa : or the Chronicles of a Clay Farm. An

Agricultural Fragment. Third edition. 16mo. London: 1854.
Steele, Andrew, Esq., of Crosswoodhill. The Natural and Agricultural His-
tory of Peat-Moss or Turf-Bog. 8vo. Edinhurg, London, and

Dublin: 1826.
Tusser, Thomas, Gent. Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry, etc.

Square 12mo. London : 1672.
Hartlib, Samuel. His Legacy of Husbandry, etc. Third edition. Square

16mo. London : 1655.
Olivera, Eduardo. Estudios y Viages Agricolas en Francia, Italia, Suiza,

Alemania, Holanda, y Belgica. 2 vols. 8vo. Buenos Ayres : 1879.
Falconer, H., M. D., F. R. S. Report on the Teak Forests of the Tenasserim

Provinces. With other papers on the Teak Forests of India.

[Selections from the Records of the Bengal Government.] 8vo.

Maps and plate. Calcutta : 1852.
Pappe, L., M. D. Silva Capensis, or a Description of South African Trees

and Shrubs, used for Technical and Economical Purposes by the

Colonists of the Cape of Good Hope. 8vo. pamphlet. Cape Town

and Leipzig : 1854.
Berthelot, Sabino. Arboles y Bosques. 12mo. Santa Cruz de Tenerife :

1880.
Kotschy, Dr. Theodor. Die Eichen Europa's und des Orient's. Folio.

40 colored plates. Text in Latin, German, and French. Vienna

and Olmutz : 1862.
Krebs, F. L. VoUstJindige Beschreibung und Abbildung der Siimmtlichen

Ilolzarten welche im Mittlern und Nordlichen Deutschland wild

wachsen. Second edition. 4to. 145 colored plates. Brunswick •

1846.
Jiiger, Hermann. Deutsche Biimne und Wiilder. Populiir-iisthetische

Darstellungen aus der Natur imd Naturgeschichte und Geographic

der Baumwelt. 8vo. Plates and wood-cuts. Leipsic : 1877.
Broillard, Ch. Le Traitement des Bois en France, a I'Usage des Particuliers.

8vo. Paris: 1881.
Pla y Rave, D. Eugenio. Manual de Cultivo de Arboles Forestales. 16mo.

Madrid : no date. [Biblioteca Enciclopedica Popular lUustrada.]
Watson, P. W., F. L. S. Dendrologia Britannica : or Trees or Shrubs that

will live in the open air of Britain throughout the year. 2 vols,

8vo. 172 colored plates. London : 1825.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 303

Loiiclon, J. C, F. L. S., H. S., etc. Trees and Shrubs, an Abriil^renicnt of
the Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicuni. 8vo. 2,109 wood-cuts.
London and New York : 1875.
Veitch, James & Sons. A Manual of the Coniferae, containing a general
review of the order, a synopsis of the hardy kinds cultivated in Great
Britain, their place and use in Horticulture, etc. 8vo. Many
wood-cuts. Chelsea, England : 1881.

Langley, Batty, of Twickenham. A Sure Method of Improving Estates by
Plantations of Oak, Elm, Ash, Beech, and other Timber Trees,
Coppice-woods, etc. Small 8vo. London: 1728.

Dupont, E. Les Essences Forestieres du Japon. Svo. Paris : 1879.

Zippel, Hermann, und Carl Bollmann. Avislandische Culturpflanzen in Far-_
bigen Wandtafeln. Svo. with 2 portfolios containing 23 large colored
plates. Braunschweig : 1880.

Gross, Heinrich. Die Wichtigeren Handelptianzen in Bild und "Wort. Small
folio, 36 colored plates. Esslingen : 1880.

Cazzuola, Ferdinando. Le Piante Utili e Nocive Agli Uoniini e Agli Animali
che crescono spontanea e coltivate in Italia. 8vo. 264 wood-cuts.
Turin and Rome : 1880.

I)e Bray, Le Bon. Jean. La Eamie, sa Culture, son Eendement, ses Avan-
tages. Second edition, 12mo. Paris : 1879.

Archer, Thomas Croxen. Profitable Plants, a Description of the Principal
articles of Vegetable Origin used for Food, Clothing, Tanning, Dye-
ing, Building, Medicine, Perfumery, etc. 16mo. 20 colored plates.
London : 1858.

Christy, Thomas, F. L. S. New Commercial Plants, with directions how to
grow them to the best advantage. Parts 1-4, 8vo. Plates and wood-
cuts. London: 1878-1881.

Villa Franca, M. le Baron de. Note sur les Plantes Utiles du Bresil. 8vo.
pamphlet. Paris : 1880.

Karsten, H. Deutsche Flora. Pharmaceutisch-medicinische Botanik, etc.
Lieferungen 1-5, 8vo. 320 wood-cuts. Berlin: 1880.

Salmon, William, M. D. The English Herbal, or History of Plants, etc.
Adorned with exquisite Icons or Figures of the most considerable
species, representing to the life the true forms of those several
Plants. The whole in Alphabetical Order. Folio. Many wood-cuts.
London : 1710.

Miller, Joseph. Botanicum Officinale, or a Compendious Herbal, giving an
account of all such Plants as are now used in the practice of Physi-
cians, with their Descriptions and Virtues. Svo. London : 1722.

Meyrick, William, Surgeon. The New Family Herbal, or Domestic Physi-
cian, etc. Svo. 14 plates. Birmingham : 1790.

Hill, Sir John, M. D. The Family Herbal, etc. Svo. Colored plates. Bun-
gay: 1812.

Medical Botany, or History of Plants in the Materia Medica of the London,
Edinburgh, and Dublin Pharmacopeias, arranged according to the
Linnaean System. 2 vols. Royal Svo. 138 colored plates. London:
1821, 1822.

304 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Martius, Dr. C. F. P. de. Icones Selectaj Plantarum Cr^toganiicarum quas

in itinere per Brasiliam annis 1817-20 institute collegit et descripsit.

Small folio. 76 colored plates. Monaehii : 1828-1834.
Eaton, Daniel Cady. The Ferns of North America. 2 vols. Royal 4 to. 81

colored plates. Salem : 1879, 1880.
Underwood, Lucius M., Ph. D. Our Native Ferns and how to study them,

with Synoptical Descriptions of the North American species. Small

8vo. Wood-cuts. Bloomington, 111. : 1881.
Martens, M., and H. Galeotti. Memoir? sur les Fougeres du Mexique. 4to.

23 plates. Bruxelles : 1842.
Clarke, Charles Baron. A Review of the Ferns of Northern India. 4to. 36

plates. London : 1879. [From the Transactions of the Linnsean

Society].
Scott, John, Curator of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Calcutta. Notes on the

Tree Ferns of British Sikkim, etc. 4to. 18 plates. London: 1874.

[From the Transactions of the Linnjean Society].
Britten, James, F. L. S. European Ferns, with colored illustrations from

Nature, by D. Blair, F. L. S. 4to. Parts 5-27, in continuation.

London, Paris, and New York.
Bellairs, Nona. Hardy Ferns ; How I collected and cultivated them. Small

8vo. London: 1865.
Gatty, Mrs. Alfred. British Sea Mosses, Drawn from Professor Harvey's

"Phycologia Britannica." With appendix of new species, etc. 2

vols, royal 8vo. 80 colored plates. London : 1872.
Gifford, Isabella. The Marine Botanist ; an Introduction to the Study of

the 'British Sea-weeds, etc. Third edition, greatly enlarged and im-
proved, with illustrations. 16nio. Colored and other plates. Brighton

(England), and London: 1853.
Landsborough, Rev. D., A. L. S. A Popular History of British Sea-weeds,

etc. Third edition. 16mo. Colored plates. London : 1857.
Farlow, W. G., M. D. Marine Algae of the New England and Adjacent

Coast. Reprinted from the Report of the U. S. Fish Commission

for 1879. 8vo. 15 plates. Washington: 1881.
Hervey, A. B., A. M. Sea Mosses. A Collector's Guide and an Introduction

to the Study of Marine Algae. 12mo. 20 colored plates. Boston: 1881.
Lucand, L. Figures Peintes de Champignons, suites a ITconographie de Bul-

liard. First Fasciculus. 4to. 25 water color drawings. No date :

no imprint.
Pauchon, A. Recherches sur le Role de la Lumiere dans la Germination.

8vo. Plate. Paris: 1880.
Guillemin and Dumas. Observations sur I'Hybridite des Plantes en general,

et particulierement sur celle de quelques Gentianes Alpines. 4 to.

pamphlet. Colored plate. [Extrait du tome ler des Memoires de la

Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Lu dans la seance du 3 Aout,

1821].
Darwin, Charles and Francis. The' Power of Movement in Plants. Small

8vo. 196 wood-cuts. London : 1880.

IIEPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 305

Alvarez Alvistur, El Ilnio. Sr. D. Luis, Estiulio Experimental acerca de

las Enfermedadcs de la Patata (Solanum Tuberosum). 8vo. pamph-
let. Madrid: 1880.
Orraerod, Eleanor A., F. M. S., etc. A Manual of Injurious Insects. Small

Svo. Many wood-cuts. London: 1881.
Jackson, Benjamin Daydon, Secretary of the Linna?an Society. Guide to

tlie Literature of Botanj- ; being a Classified Selection of Botanical

"Works, including nearly 6,000 titles not given in Pritzel's "The-
saurus." Published for the Index Society. Square Svo. London :

1881.
Britten, James, E. L. S., and Robert Holland. A Dictionary of English

Plant Names. Parts 1 and 2. Svo. London : published for the

English Dialect Societj-, 1878, 1879.
Earle, John, M. A. English Plant Names from the Tenth to the Fifteenth

Century. 16mo. Oxford: 1880.
Ulrich, Dr. Wilhelm. Internationales Worterbuch der Pflanzennamen in

Lateinischer, Deutscher, Englischer, und Franzosischer Sprache.

Second edition. Svo. Leipsic : 1875.
Wills, George S. V. Dictionary of Botanical Terms. 16mo. London : no date.
Morren, Ed. Correspondance Botanique. Liste des Jardins, des Chaires,

des Musees, des Revues, et des Societes de Botanique du Monde.

Svo. pamphlet. Eighth edition, December, 1880. Liege: 1880.
Jougla, le Dr. Les Pyrenees Inconnues. Le Capsir et le Donnezan. IGmo.

Paris: no date. [1881?]
Hole, S. Reynolds. Nice and Her Neighbors. Small Svo. Wood-cuts.

London: 1881.
Burbidge, F. W. The Gardens of the Sun, or a Naturalist's Journal on the

mountains and in the forests and swamps of Borneo and the Sulu

Archipelago. Svo. Wood-cuts. London: 1880.
Bellairs, Nona. Wayside Flora, or Gleanings from Rock and Field towards

Rome. Small Svo. Plate. London : 1866.
Hulme, F. Edward., F. L. S., F. S. A. Familiar Wild Flowers. Second

series. Small Svo. 40 colored plates. London, Paris, and New

York : no date.
Hortus Anglijcus, or the Modern British Garden, etc. By the author of " The

British Botanist." 2 vols. ]2mo. London: 1822.
Hope, Frances Jane. Notes and Thoughts on Gardens and Woodlands.

Written chiefly for amateurs. Edited by Annie J. Hope Johnstone.

Small Svo. London: 1881.
American Naturalist, vols 12, 13, 14. and 15, for 1878, 1879, 1880, and 1881.

4 vols. Svo. Philadelphia: 187S-18S1.
Miiller, E. Flore Pittoresque. Croquis d'apres Nature. 24 folio plates.

Paris, Liege, and Berlin : 1872. [Librairie Speciale des Arts Indus-

triels et Decoratifs.]

306 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Books and Pamphlets Presented.

Masters, Dr. Maxwell T., F. E. S., F. L. S., etc. On the Nomenclature of

Garden Plants. Eead at the Scientific Committee of the Koyal

Horticultural Society, 19th November, 1878.
. Side Lights on the Structure of Composites. Note

on the Dimorphism of Kestiaceie. [Journal of Botanj', February,

1879, pp. 33-37.] Plate.
. Note on the Bracts of Cruciferaa [Linnean

Society's Journal, Botany, Vol. 14, pp. 391-399.]
. Remarks on the Superposed Arrangement of the

Parts of the Flower. [Linnean Society's Journal, Botany. Vol. 15,
pp. 455-478.]
. Note on the Relations between Morphology and

Physiology in the Leaves of certain Conifers. [Linnean Society's
Journal, Botany. Vol. 17, pp. 547-552.] Eead December 4, 1879,
. On the Conifers of Japan. [Linnean Society's

Journal, Botany. VoL 18, pp. 473-524.] Plates 19 and 20. 14

wood-cuts. Eead December 2, 1880. G pamphlets. 8vo. The

Author.
Eobinson, John. The Pine, its Life and Importance in Essex County. 8vo.

pamphlet. [From the Bulletin of the Essex Institute, Vol. 10,

Nos. 7, 8, and 9.] The Essex Institute.
. Our Trees in Winter. 8vo. pamphlet. [From the Bulletin

of the Essex Institute ] The Essex Institiite.
. Notes on the Native and Extensively Introduced Woody Plants

of Essex County, Mass. 8vo. pamphlet. [From the Bulletin of

the Essex Institute, Vol. 11, Nos. 4, 5, and 6, 1879.] The Essex

Institute.
. Ornamental Trees for Massachusetts Plantations. Eead at the

Winter Meeting of the State Board of Agriculture, December, 1880.

8vo. pamphlet. Boston: 1881. The Author.
. The Flora of Essex County, Mass. 8vo. Salem : 1880. The

Essex Institute.
. Ferns of Essex County, Mass. 8vo. pamphlet. [From the

Bulletin of the Essex Institute, Vol. 7, No. 3, March, 1875.]

The Essex Institute.
Torrey Botanical Club, Bulletin of the. G numbers for 1880, and 11 numbers

for 1881, to complete the set. 17 pamphlets, Svo. New York : 1880,

1881. W. E. Girard, publisher.
Plumer, Mary A. An Essay on the Dissemination of Seeds. Eead before

the Essex Institute, July 7, 1881. 8vo. pamphlet. 1881. The Essex

Institute.
A List of Plants growing without cultivation in Maiden and Medford, Mass.

With some Contributions to a Flora of Middlesex County. 18mo.

pamphlet. Maiden, the Middlesex Institute : 1881. George E.

Davenport.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 307

Downing, A. J. The Fruits and Fruit Trees of America. 14th edition.
Small 8vo. New York : 1855. With MS. Notes and Corrections by-
Charles Downing. Also, the Second Revision and Correction, with
large Additions, including the Appendices of 1872 to 1881, and con-
taining many New Varieties. By Charles Downing. With nearly
400 Outline Illustrations of Fruits. New York: 1881. Charles
Downing.

Downing, Charles. Third Appendix to the Fruits and Fruit Trees of Amer-,
ica. 8vo. pamphlet. Outlines of fruits. New York: 1881. The
Author.

Brinckle, AVilliam D. The North American Pomologist. With colored
plates by Alfred Hoffy ; and Descriptions by Dr. Brinckle of Fruits
of American Origin. 1 vol. 4to., and 1 unbound (duplicate) num-
ber. Philadelphia: 1851-1860. Charles Downing.

Lawson, William. A New Orchard and Garden, etc. 8vo. AVood-cuts.
London: 1626. Reprinted at Philadelphia: 1858. William C.
Eustis.

Laliman, L. fitudes sur les divers Travaux Phylloxeriques et les Vignes
Americaines, notamment sur les etudes faites en Espagne i)ar Don
Miret y Tarral, Vocal de la Commission du Phylloxera a Madrid.
8vo. pamphlet. Paris and Bordeaux: 1879, 1880. The Author.

Tisserand, M., Directeur de I'Agriculture. Rapport sur les Travaux Ad-
niinistratifs entrepris contre le Phylloxera, etc. Royal 8vo. pam-
phlet. Map. Paris: 1881. Ch. July.

Hogg, Robert. The Dahlia : its History and Cultivation, with descriptions
of all the best show flowers. 8vo. 9 colored plates. London :
1853. Henry K. Oliver.

Paul, William. The Rose Annual for the years 1877-78, 1878-79, 1879-80,
1880-81. i pamphlets. 8vo. Colored plates of Roses. Waltham
« Cross, Herts. The Author.

Cranston, John. Cultural Directions for the Rose, etc. Sixth edition, re-
vised. 8vo. 1877. The Author.

Dalgas, E. Anvisning til Anljeg af Smaaplantninger omkring Gaarde og
Haver samt til Anlasg af levende Hegn og Anlseg af Pileculture.
Second edition. 8vo. pamphlet. 5 plans. Copenhagen : 1875.
Carl Haussen.

Vilmorin's Illustrirte Blumengjirtnerei. Zweite auflage neu bearbitet und
vermehrt von Th. Riimpler. 8vo. 1,416 wood-cuts. Berlin: 1879.
Vilmorin, Andrieux, et Cie.

Vilmorin's Atlas of Flowers. English edition of the Atlas des Fleurs de
Pleine Terre. 12mo. 1,128 wood-cuts. Paris : no date. Vilmorin,
Andrieux, et Cie.

Vilmorin, Andrieux et Cie. Instructions pour les Semis de Fleurs de Pleine
Terre, etc. Sixth edition. 12mo. Wood-cuts. Paris : no date.
The Authors.

The Lawson Seed and Nursery Company. Agrostaphia, a Treatise on the
Cultivated Grasses and other Herbage and Forage Plants. 4to.
Colored plates. Edinburgh and London : 1877. The Authors.

308 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Sharpe, Charles & Co. Permanent Grass Seeds iised in British Agriculture,

their Description and Properties. 4to. Wood-cuts. Grantham :

1879. The Authors.
B. K. Bliss & Sons. The Potato, How to Cultivate, etc. 8vo. pamphlet.

Wood-cuts. New York : no date. Tlie Authors.
Jamaica, Public Gardens and Plantations of. Annual Report, for the year

ending September 30, 1880, by 1). Morris, M. A., F. G. S., Director.

Large 8vo. pamphlet. Kingston: 1881. Charles Gibb.
Joly, M. Ch. Note sur les Expositions Horticoles. Svo. pamphlet. [Journal

de la Societe Centrale d'Horticulture de France, August, 1879.]

The Author.
. . Note sur deux Societes d'Horticulture aux Etats-Unis. Svo.

pamphlet. [Journal de la Societe Nationale d'Horticulture, 3e

Serie, III, 1881.] The Author.
. Note sur I'Horticulture en Algerie. Svo. pamphlet. [Journal

de la Societe Nationale d'Horticulture. 3e Serie, III, 1881.] The
Author.

Societe Centrale d' Horticulture du Departement de la Seine Inferieure.
Bulletin, Tome 22, Cahier 4, 1880; Tome 23, Cahiers 1 and 2, ISSl.
Svo. Rouen: 1879-1881.

Societe d' Horticulture de la Sarthe. Bulletin, 3d and 4th Trimestres, 1880;
1st and 2d Trimestres, 1881. Svo. pamphlets. Le Mans: 1881.
The Society.

Societe Royale d'Horticulture de Liege. Bulletin Grande Exposition generale
& extraordinarie des Produits de I'Horticulture, July 24-28, 1881.
The Society.

R. Societa Toscana di Orticultura. Bulletino, Vol. 5; Nos. 11 and 12, 1880;
Vol. 6, Nos. 1-10, 1881. Svo. Florence: 1880, 1881. The
Society.

The Canadian Horticulturist, Vol. 4, 1881. Svo. Published by t^e Fruit
Growers' Association of Ontario. Toronto: 1S81. The Association.

Montreal Horticultural Society and Fruit Growers' Association of the Province
of Quebec. Fifth and Sixth Annual Reports, for the years 1879 and
1880. 2 pamphlets. Svo. Montreal : 1880, 1881. Also, extra copies
for distribution. Henry S. Evans, Secretary.

New York Horticultural Society. Monthly Reports for February, March,
April, May, September, and October. 6 pamphlets. Svo. Other
documents. James Y. Murkland, Secretary.

Western New York Horticultural Society. Twenty-first and Twenty-sixth
Annual Meetings, Rochester, 1876 and 1S81. 2 pamphlets. Svo.
Rochester: 1876 and 1881. P. C. Reynolds, Secretary.

New Jersey State Horticultural Society. Proceedings at the Sixth Annual
Meeting, held at Newark, February 10th and llth, 18S1. Svo. pam-
phlet. Trenton: 1881. E. Williams, Recording Secretary.

Michigan State Horticultural Society. Tenth Annual Report of the Secre-
tary, 1880. Svo. Lansing: 1881. Also, extra copies for distribu-
tion. Charles W. Garfield, Secretary.

KEPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 309

Ohio State Horticultural Society. First Report, 18G7 ; Second, 18G8 ; Third,
18G9; Fourth, 1870; Fifth, 1871; Sixth, 1872-3; Tenth, 187G-7;
Fourteenth, 1880-81. 8 pamphlets. 8vo. Columhus : 18G8-81.
George W. Campbell, Secretary.

Indiana State Horticultural Society. Transactions for 1879 and 1880. 2 vols.
8vo. Indianapolis : 1879, 1881. D. E. Hoffman.

Illinois State Horticultural Society. Transactions. New Series. Vol. 14,
for 1880 8vo. Chicago: 1881. O. B. Galusha, Secretary.

Kentucky Horticultural Society. Proceedings at the meeting at Bowling
Green, January 11, 12, and 18,1881. 8vo. pamphlet, Frankfort:
1881. Two copies. J. Decker, Secretary.

Wisconsin Horticultural Society. Transactions for 1879-80. 8vo. Madison :
1880. F. W. Case, Secretary.

Iowa State Horticultural Society. Transactions, Vol. 14, for 1879. 8vo.
Des Moines : 1880. J. L. Budd, Secretary. Another copy from G. B.
Bracket!, and a third from C. L. "Watrous, President. Transactions
for 1880, Vol. 15. 8vo. Des Moines : 1881. C L. Watrous, President.

Kansas Horticultural Report, Vols. 7, 8, and 10, for the years 1877, 1878, and
1880. 3 vols. 8vo. Topeka : 1878, '79, '80. Also, the Second
Report on Forestry, by the Kansas State Horticultural Society, 1880.
8vo. pamphlet. Topeka: 1881. G. C. Brackett, Secretary.

Worcester County Horticultural Society. Transactions for 1847-1851 and
18G5; 1855; 1857-1864; 1867, 1869, 1872, 1873, 1874, and 1876.
Nine pamphlets. 8vo. George Cruickshanks. Transactions from
its formation to the commencement of the year 1847, by George
Jaques. Transactions for 1862 and 1853; 1854, 1856, 1866, 1868,
1870. Seven pamphlets. 8vo. C. E. Brooks, Librarian. Trans-
actions for 1880. 8vo. pamphlet, completing the set. Edward W.
Lincoln, Secretary.

Maine State Pomological Society. Premium List and Regulations for the
Ninth Annual Exhibition, Gardiner, Sept. 20-22, 1881. 8vo. pamph-
let. Gardiner: 1881. "George B. Sawyer, Secretary.

Pennsylvania Fruit Growers' Society. Report for 1880. 8vo. pamphlet.
Plates. Harrisburg : 1880. E. B. Engle, Secretary.

California State "N'^iticultural Commission. First Annual Report. 8vo. pamph-
let. Map and plate. Second edition, revised. Sacramento : 1881.
John H. Wheeler, Secretary.

United States Department of Agriculture. Report of the Commissioner for
the year 1879. 8vo. Many plates and maps. Washington : 1880.
Also, Special Reports, Vol. 2, 1879-80, and Vol. 3, 1880-81. 2 vols.
8vo. Maps, etc. Washington : 1881. Hon. George B. Loring, Com-
missioner.

Campbell, George W., Assistant Commissioner to the Paris Universal Expo-
sition, 1878. Reports of United States Commissioners: Horticul-
ture. 8vo. pamphlet. 1881. The Author.

United States Commissioner of Patents. Report for the year 1852. Part 2,
Agriculture. 8vo. Washington : 1853. The Essex Institute.

13

310 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Maine Board of Agriculture. Twentieth, Twenty-second, and Twenty-fourth
Annual Reports of the Secretary, for the years 1875, 1877, and 1880.
2 vols. 8vo. Augusta: 1875, 1877, and 1880. Z. A. Gilbert, Sec-
retary.

Vermont Agriculture. Sixth Report, by the Superintendent of Agricultural
Affairs, John B. Mead, 1879-80. Svo. Montpelier : 1880. Dr.
Iliram A. Cutting, Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture.

Massachusetts Board of Agriculture. Twenty-eighth Report of the Secre-
tary, for 1880. Svo. Boston: 1881. John E. Russell, Secretary.

Connecticut Board of Agriculture. Fourteenth Annual Report of the Secre-
tary, 1880-81. Svo. Hartford: 1881. T. S. Gold, Secretary.

New Jersey State Board of Agriculture. Eighth Report, for the year 1880.
Svo. pamphlet. P. T. Quinn.

Virginia Commissioner of Agriculture. Third and Fourth Reports, for 1879
and 1880. 2 pamphlets. 8vo. Richmond: 1879,1880. Dr. Thomas
Pollard, Commissioner.

Michigan State Board of Agriculture. Nineteenth Annual Report of the
Secretary, for the year ending August 31, 1880. Svo. Lansing:
1880. The State Agricultural College Library.

Atwater, Professor W. O. Report of Field Experiments with Fertilizers.
ISSO. Svo. pamphlet. The Author.

Nebraska Agricultural College. Report of Experiments at College Farm,
Lincoln : 1880. Svo. pan)i)hlet. H. Culbertson, Superintendent.

Dalgas, E. Hede-Moser og Kjaerjorde. Svo. pamphlet. 4 plans. Copen-
hagen : 1S7G. Carl Haussen.

International Dairy Fair, held at the American Institute, New York City,
December, 1878. Report and Proceedings of the Executive Com-
mittee. Svo. pamphlet. New York : 1879. J. H. Rcall.

American Agricultural Association, Journal of the. Nos. 1-4 2 pamphlets.
Svo. Wood-cuts. New York: 1881. J. H. Reall, Secretary.

New England Agricultural Society. Premium Li-t for their Eighteenth An-
nual Exhibition in connection witii the Worcester Agricultural So-
ciety, at Worcester, Mass., September 6-9, 1881. Tlie Society.

Iowa State Agricultural Society. Report of the Board of Directors for the
year 1880. Svo. Des Moines : 1881. John R. Shalfer, Secretary.

Essex Agricultural Society. Transactions for 1880. Svo pamphlet. Charles
R. Preston, Secretary.

Armada (Michigan) Agricultural Society. Premium List for 1881. 24mo.
pamphlet. Romeo: 1881. Dr J. E. Barringer, Secretnry

Brooklyn Park Commissioners. Report from January, 1874, to December
31,1879. Svo. pamphlet. Maps and photograplis. Brooklyn: 1880.
Also Report for the year 1880. Svo. pamphlet. Brooklyn: 1881.
Edward H. Brundage.

Boston Park Commissioners. Fifth and Sixth Annual Reports for the years
1879 and 1880. 2 pamphlets. Svo. Maps. Boston: 1880, 1881.
The City of Boston.

Chicago South Park Commissioners. Report to the Board of County Com-

EErORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 311

niissioners of Cook County, from December 1, 1879, to December 1,
1880. 8vo. pamphlet. 2 maps. Chicago : 1880. H. W. Harmon,
Secretary.

Mount Auburn Cemetery. Annual Reports of the Trustees for ISGO, 1870,
and 1880, Three pamphlets. 8vo. Boston: 1870, 1880, 1881. J.
Harris Reed, Secretary.

Boston Society of Natural History. Proceedings, Vol. 18, Part 2; Vol.
19, Part 1 ; Vol. 20, Part 3. Three pamphlets. 8vo. Boston :
1876, 1877. Memoirs, Vol. 2, Part 3, Nos. 3 and 4. 2 pam-
phlets. 4to. Boston: 1874. The Society.

Essex Institute, Bulletin of the. Nine numbers to complete the set. 8vo.
The Essex Institute.

Science Advocate. Vol. 2, 1881. 8vo.* Issued by the Natural Science
Society of Atco, N. J. The Society.

Beretning fra den Kongelige Veterinaer-og Landbohojskole for Undervisning-
saaret fra 23de August, 1877, til 22de August, 1878. 8vo. pamphlet.
Copenliagen : 1879. Carl Haussen.

Maine College of Agriculture. Annual Report of the Trustees and Officers.
8vo. pamphlet. Augusta: 1880. M. C. Fernald, President.

Kansas State Agricultural College. Eighteenth Annual Catalogue of Officers_
and Students, 1880-81. 8vo. pamphlet. Manhattan: 1881. Milan
L. Ward, A. M., Librarian.

Missouri University. Thirty-ninth Catalogue, 1880-81. 8vo. pamphlet. 5
plates. Jefferson City: 1881. G. C. Swallow, Professor of Agri-
culture.

Drury College, Springfield, Greene Co., Mo. Eighth Annual Catalogue,
1880-81. 8vo. pamphlet. Springfield: 1881. Rev. Nathan J.
Morrison, D. D., President.

Astor Library. Thirty-second Annual Report of the Trustees, for the year
ending December 31, 1880. 8vo. pamphlet. Albany: 1881.

Mercantile Library Association of the City of New York. Sixtieth Annual
Report of the Board of Direction, May, 1880, to April, 1881. 8vo.
pamphlet. New York: 1881.

Iowa State Library. Report of the Librarian for the years 1880 and 1881.
8vo. pamphlet. Des Moines : 1881. Mrs. S. B. Maxwell, Librarian.

American Antiquarian Society. Proceedings at the Annual Meeting, Wor-
cester, October 21, 1880, and at the Semi-Annual Meeting, held
at Boston, April 27, 1881. 2 pamphlets, 8vo. Worcester: 1881.
The Society.

New England Historic Genealogical Society. Proceedings at the Annual
Meeting, January 5, 1881. 8vo. pamphlet. Boston: 1881. Hon.
Marshall P. Wilder, President.
United States Commissioner of Education. Report for 1879. 8vo. Wash-
ington : 1879. Hon. John Eaton, Commissioner.
Wilber, C. 1)., LL. D., etc. The Great Valleys and Prairies of Nebraska
and the Northwest. Third edition. Small square 8vo. Omaha :
1881. Leavitt Burnham, Land Commissioner Union Pacific Railway.

;12 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Periodicals Taken.

English. — Gardeners' Chronicle.

Gardeners' Magazine.

Journal of Horticulture and Cottage Gardener.

The Garden.

Gardening Illustrated.

Curtis's Botanical Magazine.

Floral Magazine.

Florist and Poraologist.

Journal of Botany.

Country Gentleman's.Magazine.

Farmer's Magazine.

Journal of Forestry.
Frencu. — Revue Horticole.

Revue des Eaux et Forets.
Belgian. — Illustration Horticole.

Flore des Serres.

Belgique Horticole.

Revue de 1' Horticulture, Beige et fitrangere.
German. — Botanische Zcitung.

Gartenflora.
American. — Country Gentleman.

Periodicals Presented.

New England Farmer.

Massachusetts Ploughman.

American Cultivator.

American Agriculturist.

American Garden.

Vick's Illustrated Monthly Magazine.

Empire State Agriculturist.

Gardener's Monthly.

Seed Time and Harvest.

Botanical Gazette.

Botanical Index.

Semi-Tropic California.

American Rural Home.

Rural New Yorker.

Maine Farmer.

Home and Farm.

Prairie Farmer.

Maryland Farmer.

The Industrialist.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 313

Pacific Rural Press.
Florida Despatch.
Boston Daily Advertiser.
Boston Morning Journal.
Boston Post.
Boston Daily Globe.
Boston Evening Transcript.
Daily Evening Traveller.
The Cottage Hearth,

Eeport of the Secretary and Librarian,

FOB THE YEAR 1881.

The many changes which have taken place during the year now
drawing to a close, together with the meeting of the American
Poraological Society, have made it an unusually busy one. Not-
withstanding this, and the added duties of Librarian, the belief
which I expressed in my last report that the Transactions — which
■when it was written were in arrears, owing to my time having been
so largely occupied in getting the History of the Society through
the press — would be brought up, has been verified, though not at
as early a day as if the changes alluded to had not occurred. The
second part of the Transactions for 1881 has been begun and car-
ried as far as is possible at present.

Besides the calls for naming fruits, such as have been men-
tioned in former reports, man}' specimens of* flowers, particularly
native plants, have been presented for name. With the help of
experts in botany almost all of these have been identified, and I
wish here to acknowledge my indebtedness to the Professor of
Botany and to other students of native plants for their valuable
assistance in this work. I would take the opportunity to remark,
for the information of all who ma}- wisli to ascertain the names of
plants, that it is extremely difficult to identify them bj' a single
leaf, as is sometimes expected, or even by several leaves ; but, if
possible, the flowers and fruit should be procured, and if the leaves
vary in character specimens of the root, stem, and floral leaves
should be presented. So difficult is it to identify plants bj' a few
leaves, that some of our most eminent botanists refuse to attempt
it, without specimens of the flowers and the different classes of
leaves. I have not thought it best to pursue this course, and in
most instances have been successful in ascertaining the names of
plants when the specimens presented were far inferior to what is
desirable, and I make these suggestions not merely with the object

REPOUT OF THE SECRETARY AND LIBRARIAN. 315

of saving lahor in identifying plant'^, bnt Ijecanse the chances of
naming them, to the satisfaction of the hiquirers, are much greater
wiieu good specimens are brought, than if we have only two or
tiiree leaves.

In regard to the Library, I would say that in addition to the
routine work of purchasing books, keeping the various records
required, delivering books for use here or for home study, etc.,
my attention has been especiall}' directed to ascertaining what sets
of periodicals and other books are imperfect and should be com-
pleted. Much work is needed in this direction, and a beginning
has at least been made. In connection with the allusion above to
the records, I may mention, that the name of every book added to
the Library is required to be entered more or less fully in the vari-
ous records, probably six times on the average.

To those who are. in the habit of using the Library freely, it is
unnecessary' to say anything of its great and yearh' increasing
value. But these are but a small part of the whole Society, and
it is to be hoped that as the Library grows from 3'ear to year, the
number of members who avail themselves of its invaluable priv-
ileges will increase, and that the benefits which it will confer in the
future ma}- be more nearly commensurate with its capabilities. In
this connection it will be of interest to chronicle the growth of a
taste in the community for artistic work, as shown by the increased
number of calls for correct plates of flowers to assist in painting
and embroidery.

EGBERT MANNING,

Secretary and Librarian.

TREASURER'S REPORT,

FOR THE YEAR 1881.

RECEIPTS.

Balance on hand, January 1, 1881,

$ 3,675 06

Rent of Stores,

10,274 94

" " Halls,

5,398 17

Admissions and Assessments,

1,242 00

Mount Auburn,

2,187 26

Four Exhibitions,

1,637 00

Sale of History, . . . . .

278 50

Sundries,

16 85

Interest on Bonds, C. B. & Q. R. R., .

105 00

Amount of Prizes not drawn,

293 40

(ft-Tf; 108 18

EXPENDITURE

^^O ^ JiUO J.O

s.

Salaries,

$2,325 00

Labor,

1,083 23

Incidentals,

238 75

Heating and Water, less paid by tenants.

482 81

Gas, .

1,025 59

Repairs on Furniture and Fixtures,

404 95

Taxes,

3,127 50

Committee of Arrangements,

250 00

Librar}'' Accessions, Stickney Fund,

700 00

" " Periodicals, Binding

etc., .

199 88

Repairs on Building,

619 62

Expenses of F'our Exhibitions,

1,152 94

Stationery, Printing, and Postage,

1,622 31

Interest,

3,899 98

Garden Committee,

17 45

Insurance, .....

30 00

Extra Repairs on Building, .

5,292 55

Balance of cash on hand to new accouu

:, 2.635 62

$25,108 18

TREASURER'S REPORT. 317

ASSETS.
Real Estate, Furniture, and Exhibition ware, . $256,585 56

Library last year, 19,846 24

Added this year, 899 88

20,746 12

Bonds, Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy, at par, . 1,500 00

Stereotype Plates, etc., and copies of History, . 421 50

Cash on hand, December 31, 1881, . . . 2,635 62

$281,888 80

LIABILITIES.

Mortgage debt bearing interest at 5^ per

cent., payable September, 1883, . .$60,000 00

Loan, without interest, payable to Harvard

College in 1899, 12,000 00

Note due Massachusetts National Bank, . 12,000 00

$84,000 00

Surplus, $197,888 80

MEMBERS.

Number of life members by last report, 572

Added, 20

Commutations, .... 5

Deceased, .

Annual Members,
Added,

Commuted,
Deceased,

' 597

•

15

271

15

286

5

6

—

11

582

275
Total membership, . . 857

Income from above :

20 Life Members, . $600 00

15 Annual " . 150 00

5 Commutations, . 100 00

196 Assessments, . . 392 00

$1,242 00

318 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Eeport of the Finance Committee upon tlie former Treas-
urer's aeeouuts is as follows :

The 3fassac7iusetts Horticullural Society in account with E. W.

BuswELL, Treasurer.
1881. B3' balance in treasury, Jau. 7, 1881, . . $3,675 06
" Total income as per receipt book, . . 18,174 76

S21,849 82
1881. To cash paid as per disbursement

book, $16,662 02

Balance to new account, . . 5,187 80

$21,849 82

Boston, June 10, 1881. We have examined the above, and find
it correct, and the balance of cash on hand fift3--one hundred
eighty-seven dollars and eighty cents, as stated.

C. O. WiiiTJiORE, ") Finance
Francis B. Hayes, | Committee.

The Finance Committee having audited the accounts of the
undersigned, made the following report :

The Massachusetts Horticultural Society in account with George

W. FowLE, Treasurer.
1881. By balance in treasury, June 3, 1881, . . $5,187 80
Total income as per receipt book, . . 27,6Gi 02

$32,848 82
1881. To cash paid as per disbursement

book, $30,213 20

Balance to new account, . . 2,635 62

$32,848 82

Boston, Dec. 31, 1881. We have examined the above account
and find it correct, and the balance of cash on hand two thousand
six hundred and thirty-five dollars and sixtj'-two cents as stated.

C. O. Whitmore, ") Finance
Francis B. Hayes, J Committee.

The undei'signed entered upon the discharge of his duties as
Treasurer on June 1, 1881, his predecessor holding the office dur-
ing the previous portion of the past year. The preceding items

treasuree's report. 319

of receipts aud expenditures are taken from the Treasurer's books.
The expenditures for repairs have been considerable during the
past 3'ear, being required to put the building in good order, and
make improvements which were demauded, all of which were
authorized by vote of the Societ}-. For what has been accom-
plished, the expenditures have been quite reasonable. We have
to compete with rival halls, aud now, since the improvements have
been made, our halls are more in request than they were before,
aud, in consequence thereof, we have already been considerably
benefited by an increase of rentals. Yet we may not expect, in
future, so large an income from the halls as we have formerl}^
received, as new halls have lately been completed near our build-
ing. We must look to the improvement of our stores for a larger
income, which is required for the purposes of the Society'. Our
receipts from Mount Auburn for the past j'ear fell short of the
previous year, but we hope we may obtain, in the future, an in-
crease of receipts, as a portion of the income, which otherwise we
should have received, was appropriated by the Proprietors of Mount
Auburn to the improvement of newly purchased land, from the
sales of which we may expect remunerative returns.

GEO. W. FOWLE, Treasurer.

320

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

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MOUNT AUBURN CEMETERY. 321

Massachusetts Horticultural Society,

To The Proprietors of the Cemetery of Mount Auburn, Dr.

For one-fourth part of the following expenditures for grading new lands for
sale, during 1881 :

Pearl Avenue to Eagle Avenue.

1,028% days, men, $2,057 50

871^4 " man and horse, 3,051 12

$5,108 62

One-fourth part is, #1,277 15

Mount Auburn, December 31, 1881. J. W. Lovering, Supt.

I certify the foregoing to be a true copy of accounts of improvements fo
the year 1881, rendered by the Superintendent.

H. B. Mackintosh, Treasurer.

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

The Committee on Publication have much pleasure in adding to
these Transactions, a paper on Edible Fungi, by Dr. E. Lewis
Sturtevant, and also a Calendar of the Flowering of Trees and
Shrubs in 1881, by John Robinson, Professor of Botany and
Vegetable PhN'siology to the Society, in continuation of that for
1880, which ma}^ be found in Part I of the Transactions for that
year, page 161.

A LIST OF EDIBLE FUNGI,

COMPILED BY E. LEWIS STURTEVANT, M. D., SOUTH FRAMINGHAM, 3IA8S.

Agaricus.

The name of Mushroom is applied collectivelv to certain of the
larger fungi, but is more usually restricted to Agaricus campestris^
and the species confounded with it. There are many varieties of
mushrooms which can be classed as edible, but as the bad proper-
ties depend upon the degree in which a poisonous alkali is devel-
oped— a circumstance which varies with climate and situation — even
those species which are usualh' wholesome may at times prove
deleterious. Thus the common mushroom is said to be poisonous
in Ital}', although a most valued article of food almost CAcry where
amongst European epicures, and largeh' an object of cultivation.
Dall mentions eating of two or three species, in Alaska, all pois-
onous in our climate, but in that extreme northern region proving
to be innocuous and eatable, though quite tasteless. Nievhoff, in
1G65, mentions mushrooms or toadstools in Batavia, called Kulet
bv the Malayans, and Jamor by the Javanese ; some of a red,
others of a pale green color, and some of which are used "here
like as in Europe, and are eaten with wine and sugar." In Japan,
Thunberg in 1775 saw various sorts which were in great request,
common in the shops, dried for sale, and in almost daily use both

A LIST OF EDIBLE FUNGI. 323

for soups and sauces. Mushrooms were held in detestation by the
ancient Hindus, the legislator Yama declaring the eating them
"whether springing from the ground or growing on a tree fully
equal in guilt to the slaj'ing of Brahmen" (W. Jones). They are
eaten now by the Lepchas of India (Hooker). The mushroom
appears not to haA'e been cultivated by the Romans of antiquity.
Pliny, however, mentions that they were highlj- prized by the epicures
of his time, and notices those which grew at the roots of the oak
as being highly- esteemed. In Poland and Russia above thirty
sorts are eaten by the peasantry, not onl^^ in their fresh state, but
dried and preserA^ed for wiuter consumption ; in Lapland, called
mocJioviki and used b}' the people. In France, German}-, and
Italy, says Badham, funguses not only constitute for weeks to-
gether the sole diet of thousands, but the residue, either fresh or
dried, or variously preserved, in oil, vinegar, or wine, is sold by
the poor, and forms a valuable source of income to many who
have no other produce to bring into the market. In England
many species are consumed in a fresh state, or made into sauces.
In 1876 some one hundred and forty tons of edible fungi were ex-
ported from the island of Otaheite in a dried state, with a declared
valueof $28,000. In America they prove a valued food to the epicure.
Du Pratz, in his History of Louisiana, notes the use of a kind of
agaric by the colonists of epicurean tendencies. Not only in China,
saj-s Cooke, but also in the Himalayas and in the Rocky Moun-
tains, as well as in Terra del Fuego, New Zealand, and Australia,
to say nothing of European countries, certain species afford whole-
some and nutritious food.

Agaricus campestris, L. — A cultivated fungus, which is quite
variable. Badham enumerates five varieties. The wild form is a
native of northern climates. Cooke enumerates var. prntensis^ Vitt.,
in pastures ; A-ar. siloicola^Y \tt.^ in woods; var. hortensis, Ault.,
the cultivated form ; var. vaporarms, Otto ; var. rufescens, Beck.
The Paris growers have several varieties : the small white, greatly
esteemed and always eaten whole ; the large white ; the cream-
colored ; and the gray, very large, sometimes measuring thirteen and
one-half inches in diameter. This mushroom is coudemued in the
markets of Rome. In Milan but recently eaten. In the Venetian
States scarcel}' known. It is regarded as a suspicious species in
Hungar}'. At Vienna it meets with a welcome. In France, in
Britain, and in the United States, it is the one most extensively

324 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

consuracd. The dail_y production of mushrooms in and about
Paris is estimated at about twenty-five tons (Robinson). The}' are
eaten fresh, canned, dried, grated to powder, and bottled in butter
or oil.

Called in French champignoji comestible; in Dutch hamj)ernoelje ;
in German essbare blatterscliumme ; in Spanish seta; in Italian pra-
tajolo or 'pratolino.

Among the species of mushrooms which are used as food, we
note the following : —

A. acerbus, Bull. — Eaten at Milan (Vittadini).

A. cegeiita, Fr. — An excellent mushroom, of an agreeable odor
and flavor (Cordier).

A. albellus, DC. — Classed by Cooke as esculent.

A. alutaceus, Pers. (Syn. Bussula acres, Badh.) — Ranked by
Vittadini among the safe kinds and even when raw "a dainty
food." Berkeley reports it as esculent when j-oung, but remarks
that acrid specimensoccur. Badham does not advise its use as
food.

A. amethystinus, Scop. — Cordier says esculent, and of exquisite
taste.

A. awygclalinus, Curt. — Found in the United States. Dr.
Curtis says it can scarcely be distinguished when cooked from the
common mushroom.

A. ayiisatus, Pers. — Said by Unger to be edible.

A. AquifoUi, Pers. — Said by Unger to be edible.

A. aromaticus, Roques. — Called an edible species by Unger.

A. arvensis, Schoef. — Sent in enormous quantities to Covent
Garden, London, where it frequently predominates over A. cam-
pestris. Some persons prefer this, which has a stronger flavor, to
the ordinary mushroom, and it is the species most commonly sold
in the autumn in the streets of London and provincial towns.
According toPersoon, it is preferred in France; and in Hungary
it is considered as a special gift from St. George. It has acquired
in England the name of horse mushroom, from the enormous size
it sometimes attains. Withering mentions a specimen that weighed
fourteen pounds (Cooke). Occurs in California (Ilarkness &
Moore, " California Fungi").

A. arvensis, Schoef., var. exquisitus, Vitt. — Said by Mrs.
Hussey to be esculent, and to possess a resemblance in taste to
bitter almonds.

A LIST OF EDIBLE FUNGI. 325

A. arvensis, Schoef., \ar. villaticus^Jivowd. , which ofteu forms
rings in meadows in England, is said by Cooke to be esculent.

A. atramentarius. Bull. — The young specimens are said by Bad-
ham to form a fine ketchup.

A. attenuatus, DC. — Classed by Ungeras edible.

A. aurdtus, Krombh. — Stated by Cordier to be sought as a
food in middle France.

A. aureus, Pers. — Classed by Unger as edible.

A. aurantiacus. — Was known to the Romans under the name of
Boletus, and as always occurring in the chestnut forests of southern
Europe. It is this species which Nero calls cihus deoruvi, or food
of the gods (Unger).

A. Auricula, DC. — Classed by Unger as edible.

A. homhycinus, Schoef. — Eaten in Tuscany (Cordier) and is
enumerated bj' Curtis as esculent in the United States.

A. brevipes, Bull. — Stated by Paulet to be esculent and very
delicate.

A. Ccesai'eus, Scop. — Called in Germary /ia(se?'?i)j^, and univer-
sally eaten on the continent of Europe. In the United States it
grows in great quantities in oak forests, but Dr. Curtis pronounces
it the most unpalatable of fungi.

A. ccespitosus, Curt. — Found in the United States in enormous
quantities, and is reckoned by Dr. Curtis a very fair esculent, bet-
ter than A. tneUeiis, Fr.

A. caligatus, Viviani. — Called esculent by Cordier.

A. candicinus, Badh. — One of the best funguses of southern
Italy (Badham). It makes the greatest show in the Italian mar-
ket places (Cooke).

A. cardarelkif Fr., of Europe, is enumerated as edible by
Mueller.

A. Gustaneus^ Bull. — Reported by Berkeley as esculent.

A. cepcestipes, Weinm. — Called esculent by Cordier.

A. Columbetta, Fr. — Enumerated b}- Curtis as edible in the
United States. It is found in Britain, but not eaten (Cooke).

A. comatus, Badh. — Young specimens used for making ketchup
(Badham).

A. consociatus, Curt. — A species confined to the United States,
and is enumerated by Curtis as edible (Cooke).

A. corlinellus, DC. — Edible according to Unger.

A. cretaceus, Fr. — In Frauce considered edible, and of excel-
14

326 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

lent quality (Cordier). Said by Curtis to be edible in the United
States.

A. cya(7iiformis,'Bi\\\. (Sjn. A. platyceps, Vers. ; A. tardus, Ters. ;
A. cereus, Pers.) — Called edible by Cordier.

A. cylindraceus, DC. — Called esculent by Cordier.
A. dealbatus, Pers. — Cooke says a dish of young individuals
makes a most excellent stew. Marked by Harkness & Moore as
edible in California.

A. delkiosus, L. — One of the best agarics. Its flesh is firm,
juicy, sapid, and nutritious. The milk is red and subsequently
turns green (Badham). Sowerby says it is very luscious eating.
James Smitli says it is the most delicious mushroom known.

A. dimidiatus, Bull. (Syn. A. corymcopioi, Pers. ; A. inconstans,
Pei-s. ; Pamis conchatus, Fr.) — Cordier says edible and of agree-
able savor and odor.

A. dryinus, Pers. — Called edible by Cordier.
A. eburneus, Bull. (Syn. Hygrophorus ebiirneus, Fr.) — Said
by Cordier to be esculent, and to possess an agreeable odor and
flavor. It occurs in South Carolina, and is edible (Curtis) .
A. Eryvgii, DC, of Europe, is edible (Mueller).
A. esculent^is, Jacq. (Syn. A. perpendicularis, Bull.) — Said by
Cordier to be esculent, and in spite of its small size to be held in
esteem in Austria. Eatable, says Berkeley, but not much esteemed,
on account of its bitter flavor. It is called at Vienna, where large
baskets appear in the markets in spring, nagelschwamme. The
smallest of the edible species, says Cooke. It occurs in the United
States.

A. excoriatus, Sehaeff., a pasture mushroom, is excellent
(Cooke). Occurs in the United States (Curtis; Harkness &
Moore) .

A. exquisitus,Badh. (Syn. A. (reorgrji. With.) — Often attains the
weight of five or six pounds. It is considered less delicate than A.
campestris in Britain, but looked upon in Hungary as a special gift
from St. George. Persoon describes it as superior to^l. campestris
in smell, taste, and digestibility, and hence generally preferred in
France.

A. exiinctorius, L. — An edible species of Europe.
A. fossidatus, Cooke. — Found on the Cabul hills, where it is
collected and dried, and forms an article of commerce with the
plai".s (Cooke).

A LIST OF EDIBLE FUNGI. 327

A. fragrans, Sow. — This fragrant species, with a sweet, auise-
like odor, is pronounced edible by Cordier.

A. frumentaceus, Bull., of the United States, is commended as
edible by Dr. Curtis.

A. fusipes,lin\\. (S^^n. A. crassijyes, Schaeflf.), if carefully dried
can be kept to enrich gravies, says Mrs. Hussey. It cannot be
commended for a stew on account of its toughness, notwithstand-
ing the agreeableness of its flavor. Badham sa3-s the young
plants make an excellent pickle, while the full grown ones may be
stewed. Found esculent in California (Harkuess & Moore).

A. gc(mbosiis,FT. (Syn. A. Gregorii^'L.) — Esculent, says Cordier,
and frequently eaten in Scandinavia. Cooke says it is the mouclieron
or mousseron of the French, and highly esteemed in France and
Italy. Guillarmod includes it amongst Swiss esculents. Professor
Buckman sa^-s it is one of the earliest and best of English mush-
rooms.

A. GarridelU, Fr. — Pronounced esculent b}* Cordier. Its
odor and flavor are agreeable.

A. geminus, Paul. — Paulet saj's this species is yery good to eat.

A. Georgii, L. (Syn. A. graveolens, Sow. ; A. prumdus, Vitt.) —
Mrs. Hussey saj^s the odor is like newly ground flour ; the taste
agreeable raw, scent extremely powerful when dried, and excellent
for food.

A. geotropus, Bull. — This species, especiall3- one of its varieties,
is considered excellent ; equal to mau^-, and superior to most of our
edible fungi. It is recognized as esculent in the United States as
well as on the continent of Europe (Cooke).

A. gfganteus, Schoef. — The scent is slight but agreeable. Escu-
lent (Mrs. Husse}').

A. gilvus, Pers. — Called edible b}' Cordier.

A. glandulosus, Bull, — Recorded as edible in the United States
(Cooke).

A. gracilenitis, Kromb. — Esculent (Cooke) .

A. graveolens, Pers. — Delicate to eat, and is used frequently
in middle France (Cordier).

A. griseiis, Pers. — Esculent, according to Reveil (Cordier).

A. gymnopodius, Bull. — Recorded as esculent bj' Cordier.

A. Jiaematochilis, Bull. — Stated by Unger to be esculent.

A. hariolorum, Bull. — Said by Bulliard to have a very agree-
able taste, and is nearly without odor. Esculent.

328 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

A. Jieterophyllus, Fr. — Mrs. Hussey saj^s the taste is mild, like
pure hog's lard, never acrid ; an extremely excellent article of
food. Badham says it tastes like the crawfish when grilled.
Vittadini and Roques pronounce it a most excellent species for
food purposes.

A. liolosericeus, Fr. — Prouounced esculent by Cooke.

A. hypopitJiyus, Curt. — Confined to the United States, and
enumerated by Curtis as esculent.

A. ilicinus, DC. — Classed bj' Unger as edible.

A. illlnahis, Fr. — Edible in California (Harkness & Moore).

A. incarnatus, Pers. — Called edible by Unger.

A. infundibuliformis, Bull. — Called edible by Unger.

A. laccatus, Scop. (Sj'n. A. amelhysteus, Bull.) — Called edible
by Cordier, but the stalks are rejected as being too leather3' .

A. Iacry7nabundus, Cooke. — This doubtful species is used by
the smaller ketchup manufacturers in Britaiu (Cooke).

A. leiocepJialus, DC. — The flesh of this esculent species is firm,
and the odor agreeable (Cordier).

A. leochrormis, Cooke. — Certainly wholesome (Cooke).

A. lepidas, Fr. (Syn. Eussula lepkla^ Fr. ) — Flesh extremely firm,
crisp, and brittle, perfectly mild, esculent, and excellent (Mrs.
Hussey) .

A. longepis. Bull. — Called edible b}' Harkness & Moore.

A. marzuolus, Fr. — An European species; edible (Mueller).

A. mastoideiis., Fr. — Esculent (Cooke). Occurs in the United
States (Curtis).

A. maxtmus, Fr., of the United States, is pronounced esculent
by Cooke. It is figured b}' Sowerby under the name of A.
giganteus.

A. melleus, Vahl. — A species common on rotten stumps in Eng-
land, but it is very acrid, and would not be an acceptable article
of food in England even if free from danger (Berkeley). One of
the commonest of all edible fungi in the public markets of Vienna,
where it is called hdUimasche. Esculent but not commendable
(Cooke). Catalogued as edible by Curtis, of North Carolina, and
Harkness & Moore, of California.

A. momeron, Bull. (S^'u. A. p)rnnahis, Vitt.) — Classed as edible
by Unger.

A. mucidus, Schrad. — Esculent according to Chevalier (Cordier).

A. musairias, Cooke. — Mau}^ instances have been recorded of

A LIST OF EDIBLE FUNGI. 329

poisoning bj^ this fungus, yet it capnot be doubted that it is eaten
in Russia. It is supposed that the poisonous quality is removed
by the mode of cooking, salt and vinegar being used, and long
boiling (Cooke).

A. mutabilis, Schoef. (Syn. A. marginatus^ Batsch. ; A. candici-
nus, Pers. ; A. annularius, Bull. pi. 543, O. P.) — (A. annularius,
Bull. pi. 377 is poisonous.) — Mrs. Hussey says it is esculent, and
its flavor peculiar, resembling gingerbread. Called esculent by
Cooke. Catalogued as esculent in the United States (Curtis ;
Harkness & Moore) .

A. nebularis, 'Batsch. (Sj'u. A. jjHeolarius, Hull. ; A. canalicalatus,
Schurm. ; A. turgiclus, Grev. ; A. caseus, With.) — Mrs. Hussey
says this is extremely- tender and digestible when carefully cooked.
Persoon recommends it as ver}' agreeable in flavor. All who have
tried this fungus, says Cooke, agree that it is of a most delicate
flavor, and easy of digestion. Badham says the odor is strong,
like that of curd cheese, and the taste is grateful. Called esculent
in the United States (Curtis) .

A. nudus, Bull. — Cordier says esculent ; very good and delicate ;
feeble odor, agreeable flavor.

A. odorus, Bull. — Cooke sa3-s this species has the reputation of
supplying a rather delicate, even exquisite, dish. It does not
appear to be eaten on the continent of Europe, and Eoques con-
siders its alimentary qualities as doubtful. Classed as edible by
Mueller. Catalogued as edible by Harkness & Moore for Cali-
fornia.

A. Oniscus, Fr. — Occurs in California, and is called edible by
Harkness & Moore.

A. OrceUits, Bull. (Syn. A. pallidas., Sow.) — Odor of fresh meal
and cucumbers, esculent and excellent (Mrs. Hussey) . A very
delicate mushroom. It has the peculiar smell of a cucumber rind
or syriuga leaf (Badham).

A. oreades, Bolt. — A little buff fungus of excellent flavor,
which when dried may be kept for years. It is called Scotch bon-
nets. It is famous for the flavor it imparts to rich soups and
gravies. It is much used in a dried state in France and Italj*.
(Badham) .

A. ostreatus, Jacq.' — So universally eaten that it is included in
almost every list and book on edible fungi. It is the most com-
mon species in Transylvania, tons of it sometimes appearing in

330 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the markets. It does not possess that delicate flavor which is
found in many species, and although extolled by some beyond its
merits, it is nevertheless perfectly wholesome, and, when 3'oung
and carefully cooked, not to be despised (Cooke). It is found
growing on the poplar and willow (Vittadini), apple and laburnum
(Berkeley), elm and ash (Badham). It occurs in the United
States and is listed as esculent.

A. ovinus, Bull. — Edible according to linger.

A. ovoideus, DC. — Classed b^- linger as edible.

A. paloviet, Thore. (Syn. A. virens, Scop.) — Called edible by
linger.

A. pei'sonatus, Fr. (Syn. A. hicolor, Pers.) — Flesh very thick,
solid, but not tough, mottled ; flavor pleasant with a slight earthi-
ness, resembling beet-root; esculent (Mrs. Hussey). Sold under
the name of Blewitts in Covent Garden market, London. When
not water-soaked it is a fine, firm fungus with a flavor of veal
(Badham) .

A. petaloides, Bull. — Called edible by Cordier.

A. jyileolarius, Sow. — Flesh white, moderately thick in the cen-
tre ; flavor and smell agreeable: esculent (Mrs. Hussey).

A. piperatus, Scop. — Though very acrid when raw, it loses its
bad qualities entirely by cooking, and is extensively used on the
continent of Europe, prepared in various ways (Badham) .

A. pometi, Fr. — Recorded as edible in the United States (Hark-
uess & Moore).

A. praecox, Pers. — According to Lenz and Schaeffer, esculent.

A. prcestans, Cord. — Called edible by Cordier.

A. p>ratensis, Schaeff. — Edible in California (Harkness &
Moore) .

A. procerus, Scop. — The parasolscJnvam of the Germans, the
columelle of the French, the ruhhola maggiore of the Italians, the
eogomeles of the Spaniards. One of the most delicate funguses of
England (Badham) and sold in Covent Gaixlen market (Berkeley).
In Italy and France it is in high request. In Austria, Germany,
and Spain is eaten. Occurs in Pennsylvania (Cooke) and Cali-
fornia (Harkness & Moore).

A.prumdns, Fr. (S3-n. A. Sotberbeii, Kromb.) — Flesh white ; odor
agreeably of flour ; esculent (Mrs. Hussey) . A. prunuhis, Yitt.,
(Syn. A. monceron, Bull.) is said by Badham to be the most
savory fungus with which he is acquainted. Balbi calls it a rare
and most delicious agaric, and says it is eaten fresh.

A LIST OF EDIBLE FUNGI. 331

A. pudiciis, Bull. — Esculeut, saj-s Berkeley. Certainl}' whole-
some, sa^'s Cooke.

A. racJiodes, Vitt., in a j-outhful state is excellent eaten in sub-
stance ; when old, and in texture like chamois leather, the ketchup
it affords is scanty in quantity but super-excellent in qualit}' (Mrs.
Hussey). It maybe eaten (Cooke). Catalogued for the United
States h\ Curtis, and b}' Harkuess & Moore.

A. radicatus, Bull. — Enumerated as edible in the United States
(Cooke) .

A. rhodopoliaa, Fr. — Esculent according to Paulet.

A. ruber, Schoef . (S3'n. A. griseus, Pers.) — The colomha rossa of
the Tuscans, and delicate and light of digestion (Badham).

A. rubescens, Pers. (Syn. A. verrucosus, Bull.) — Cordier says it is
largely consumed in Lorraine, being very delicate. Eoques speaks
equally well of it. Dr. Curtis enumerates it as edible in the
United States.

A. Bussula, Schaeff. — Cordier saj's it is used for food in Austria.
It is enumerated by Curtis as edible for the United States.

A. scdigiius, Fr. — Rare in England, but not uncommon on the
continent of Europe and in the United States. In Austria it is
commonh' eaten (Cooke).

A. sambuciensis, Cord. — Classed as edible by Unger.

A. sapidus, Poir. — Called edible by Unger.

A. scorodonius, Fr. — Said by Cordier to be edible, and in fre-
quent use in Lusace, France.

A. scriiposus, Fr., has the odor of fresh meal, is of an agree-
able taste and flavor, and is esculent (Cordier) .

A. silvaticus, Schaeff. — Called edible in California (Harkuess
& Moore) .

A. socialis, DC, has a good reputation in the Lower Pyrenees,
but they eat the head, and not the«stalk, which is leathery (Cordier).

A. soUtarius, Bull. — Cordier says the flesh is white and of ex-
quisite taste.

A. spadiceus, Cooke. — This doubtful species is used by the
smaller ketchup manufacturers in Britain (Cooke) .

A. speciosus, Fr. — Enumerated by Curtis as esculeut in the
United States.

A. spectabilis, Fr. — Esculent, according to Letellier (Cordier).

A. splendens, Pers. — An edible European species (Mueller).

A. squarrosus, Muel. — Enumerated as esculent for the United

332 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

States b}^ Curtis, and has been found to be wholesome in Britain
(Cooke) . »

A. strobiliformis, Fr. — Esculent (Berkeley ; Cooke). United
States (Curtis).

A. subdulcis, Pers. — Edible (Uuger).

^4. siihocreatus, Cooke. — Sent, as is believed, from China to
Singapore to be eaten (Cooke) .

A. tessulntus, Bull. — Recorded as edible in the United States
(Cooke).

A. tigrinus, Bull. (Sj'n. Lentinus tir/rinus, Fr. ; A. Dunalii^
DC.) — Said by Cordier to be edible, and of agreeable taste and odor.

^1. tortilis, Bull. — Called edible b}^ Unger.

A. translucens, DC. — Called edible b}' Cordier.

A. idmarius, Bull. — Found on the elm, the poplar, and the beech.
Its taste and smell are agreeable (Badhara). Is common not onl}'
in Britain, but also in North America, and is by some preferred to
A. ostreatus. Although perfectly wholesome, there is not much
flavor in it (Cooke). Edible ; its flesh firm, compact, of an agree-
able odor and savor (Cordier).

A. vaginatus, Bull. — Badham says it will be found inferior
to but few agarics in flavor. Cordier calls it a delicate food.

A. violaceus, L. — Badhara says a handsome fungus and edible.

A. virescens, Schoef . — The flesh is sweet and agreeable to
the taste like a hazel nut (Kromb. ) . Its odor is very agreeable
without being penetrating ; its flavor is exquisite when cooked
(Persoon) . Eaten raw the flavor is sweet and pleasant, like a fresh
hazel nut (Corda). Syn. A. hifidus, Bull. ; Russnla eniginosa,
Pers. An exceedingly delicate fungus. It is eaten in Italy, and
said to be eaten in France and England (Badham).

A. virginevs, Jacq. — Cordier says of an agreeable taste and
feeble odor, eatable. Badham" says A. virgineus, "Wulf, is a
small fungus of pleasant taste and disagreeable odor.

A. volemum, Fr. — Very delicious even when eaten raw, and
celebrated from earh' times (Vries) .

Boletus.

. Boletus echdis. Berk. — This fungus, says Berkeley, is considered
by most people an excellent article of food, and has sometimes been
cultivated artificially- in its native woods. It is a native of Europe,
and is catalogued for North Carolina by Dr. Curtis, and for California

A LIST OF EDIBLE FUNGI. 333

b}' Harkness & Moore. Badham says its tender and juic3' flesh, and
its delicate and sapid flavor, render it equally acceptable to the plain
and the accomplished cook. It maj' be truh- said to improve ever}'
dish of which it is a constituent. This is believed, sa^'s Cooke,
to be the snillus eaten hj the ancient Romans, who obtained it
from Bithynia. This species is common in England, but as a rule
does not seem to please the English palate. In Vienna and
Hanover, cut into thin slices and dried, it is exposed for sale in
every market. In Lorraine it is eaten under the name of Polish
mushrooms. In the department of Gironde, in France, great
quantities are preserved and sent annually to the Parisian markets,
strung on thread and dried, as they are in Russia.

Large quantities of mushrooms are consumed throughout the
world, but their general use we give under Agaricus. There are
many species of Boletus which serve or ma}'- serve as food, col-
lected in their wild state. In Australia the natives of Swan River
Colou}^ eat several species ; two of the principal the}' call numar
and woorda, and the latter Drummond thinks might be advantage-
ously substituted in cultivation for the common mushroom, as it
has the same flavor, and is much easier of digestion.

Among edible species are : —

B. cereus. Bull. — In Europe, edible according to Cordier.

B. cestivalis, Fr. (Syn. TubijJorus cestivalis, Paulet ; B. cepa^
Thou.) — This, according to Paulet, is among the most fragrant and
delicious, as assuredly it is among the largest of the Boletus tribe
(Mrs. Hussey) . The flesh is firm, of a milky flavor when raw,
and it is a more excellent species than B. edulis. It occurs in
woodland pastures in Europe.

B. a^irantiacus, Bull. — Said by Cordier to be edible.

B. badius, Fr. — Called edible by Cordier.

B. bovinus, Fr. — A fungus of heathery fir woods. It occurs in
Europe, in the Carolinas (Curtis), and in California (Harkness &
Moore) . . Cooke says the taste and smell is sweetish and agree-
able. Krombholz, that it is much sought after in Europe as a
dish, and is good when dried.

B. carinthiacus, Jacq. — Classed by linger as edible.

B. castaneus, Fr. — Eaten in Europe, but Cooke says is of
inferior flavor. It has a mild, pleasant taste when raw. Credited
by Curtis to the Carolinas.

B. cJirysenteron, Fr. — This species is said to aflbrd very poor

334 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

eating, and some authors consider it injurious, but persons have
been known to have eaten it (Cooke) .

B. coUinitus, Cooke. — Dr. Curtis of Carolina recognizes it as
esculent, and adds that it has been pronounced delicious b}' some
to whom he has sent it.

B. elegayis, Fr. (Syn. B. lutens, Kromb. ; B. Jlavus, Bolton,
With., Fr. ; B. Grevillei, Grev., Berk.) — Mrs. Hussey says the taste
is pleasant. Corda calls it " excellent diet." Cordier says edible,
but not delicate, the yellow flesh having feeble savor and fungus
odor. Badham remarks that he has eaten it. Curtis catalogues
it for North Carolina. It also occurs in California.

B. flavidus, Fr. — Stated to be edible by Curtis, of North
Carolina.

B. fragranSi Vitt. — Found in woods under oaks. Cooke pro-
nounces it esculent.

B. granulatuSf L. — Eaten on the continent of Europe (Cooke),
and has been eaten by Curtis in North Carolina.

B. liepaticus, DC. — Said by Unger to be edible.

B. impolitus, Fr. — Called esculent by Cooke.

B. kuruma, Sieb., of Japan, is called kuruma by the Ainos,
and is edible. Siebold enumerates it as growing on Quercus beroni
at Yeso.

B. lecuomelas, Fr. — Called edible by Curtis, in North Caro-
lina.

B. luridus, Berk. — A suspicious species, but it has been known
to have been eaten with impunity. Cooke says he should be sorry
to repeat the experiment.

B. moscliocarycmus, Rumph. — Eaten as a delicacy on the Bunda
Islands (Unger).

B. Obsonium, Paul., a mushroom found in the woods in the
South of France, is a good food (Cordier).

B. ovinus, Sch. — Called edible by Curtis of North Carolina.

B. Homano, Ottav. — Eaten in Rome (Badham).

B. saguarius, Rumph. — Eaten on the Bunda Islands as a delicacy
(Unger) .

B. scaber, Fr. — Common in Britain and on the continent of
Europe. It presents two forms. The odor is slight, the taste
subacid. It has an agreeable flavor when cooked. When dried
it loses all odor, and is then insipid and unfit for food (Badham).
A fresh specimen, says Mrs. Hussey, selected before the tubes

♦

A LIST OF EDIBLE FUNGI. 335

have changed color, will be found very agreeable boiled. Is eaten
iu France when young, says Cordier. Much inferior to B. eclulis,
says Cooke. Eaten by Curtis in North Carolina. Is found also
in California.

B. subtomentosiis, Fr. — Said to be ver3' poor eating, and some
authors have considered it injurious. Cordier says it is edible ;
Trattinneck, that it is eaten in German3\ Curtis catalogues it as
edible in North Carolina.

B. versipelUs^ Fr. — Classed as edible by Curtis for North
Carolina, and by Harkness & Moore for California.

BOVISTA.

More then one species of this fungus appear in the bazaars of
India, as at Secunderabad and Rangoon (Cooke), and one species
is commonl}' sold in the bazaars of the Deccan and Burma
(Berkele}'). They are commonl}' known as iniff-halls, and are
common iu our fields, pastures, and woods.

Bovista nigrescens, Fr. — Said bj' Berkeley to be eatable when
young, but apt to have an unpleasant taste when old. Cooke says
it is eaten in the United States.

B. plumhea, Fr. — Easily known by its leaden hue when dry.
Cooke says it is eaten in the United States, and is stated to furnish
a ver}^ palatable dish. Cordier gives as synonyms, Lycoperdon
plumbeum, Vitt., and L. ardosiacum, Bull., and says it is edible.

Clavaeia.

Many of this genus of fungi afford excellent articles of food,
but they are not much used in England, probably from the scarce-
ness of the larger species (Berkeley). In the United States a
large number are catalogued by Curtis as edible.

Clavaria amethystina, Bull., on the continent of Europe is pre-
ferred by some to all the other species, and is said to possess a
very fine flavor (Cooke) . Badham says simply, an edible fungus.
Cordier saj^s edible, and of a fine taste.

C. aiirea, Schaeff. — Said by Cordier to be excellent eating. It
is enumerated by Curtis as edible in the United States.

C. botrytis, Pers. — Edible and in common use in Carinthia
according to Cordier. Cooke says common in the Vosges. Curtis
mentions it as edible in the United States.

336 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

C. cinerea, Bull. — Called in France pied de coq, galUnole, etc.
In Ital}' dttola rosea, and in both these countries it is eaten
(Cooke). Badham calls it an esculent species. Cordier says eat-
able, but injurious if eaten in quantity.

C. coralloides, L. (Syn. C. alba, Pers.) — Said by Cordier to be
edible. Cooke says much esteemed in Germany, Italy, Switzer-
land, etc. Badham says of most excellent edible quality.

C. crispa, Jacq. (Syn. JSj)arassis crispa, Fr.) — Said by Cordier
to be eaten in Alsace. — Said by Cooke to be very large, re-
sembling in size, and somewhat in appearance, a cauliflower. In
Austria it is fricasseed with butter and herbs, and is excellent eat-
ing. Catalogued bj' Curtis as edible in the United States.

C. cristata, Pers. — Catalogued as edible in the United States
by Curtis, and by Harkness & Moore.

C. fastigiata, L. (Syn. C. pratensis, Pers.) 7— Called edible by
Cordier. Is also mentioned for California by Harkness & Moore.
In Germany it is eaten under the name of ziegenbart (goat's beard) ,
according to Roques. C. fastigiata, DC, is found in the Caro-
linas, and is called edible by Curtis.

C flava, Pers. (S3'n. C. coralloides, Bull.) — Said by Cordier to
be excellent to eat, and much sought for in Germany. Curtis says
edible in the United States, and Harkness & Moore class C. flava,
Schaeff., as edible in California.

C.formosa, Pers. — Cordier says its white flesh is edible, and of
a delicate tapte. It is catalogued as edible for the United States by
Curtis.

C. (Spai'assis) laminosa, Fr. — Said by Cordier to be edible
and of excellent taste. Is listed by Curtis as edible in the United
States.

C. macropus, Curt. — Edible in the United States (Curtis).

C. muscoides, Curt., of the United States, edible (Curtis).

C. pistillaris, L. — Eaten in Poland, Russia, and Germany
(Cordier) .

C. pyxidata, Curtis. — Edible in the United States (Curtis).

C rubella, Schaeft'. — Edible, according to Unger.

C. rvfescens. Berk. — Sold in Hanover, where it is esteemed
(Berkeley) .

C rvgosa. Bull. — A common British species, also found in the
United States. Edible (Cooke) . Badham says an esculent species.
It is however too small to repay collecting.

A LIST OF EDIBLE FUNGI. 337

C. strkta, Pers. — Edible, as Uuger states.

C. subfilis, Curt. — Edible in the United States (Curtis) .

C. tetragona, Curt. — Edible, according to Curtis, iu the United
States.

C. iiliginea, Curt. — Edible iu the United States (Curtis) .

C vermicidaris, Berk. — Said by Berkeley to be extremely
delicate when dressed.

C. vermiculata, Scop. — Called edible b}' Cordier.

Craterelll's.

CixUerellus davatus, Fr. (Syu. Gomjyhus truncatus, Pers.) — A
fungus classed by Cordier as edible.

C. cornucojnoides, Pers. (Syu. Peziza cornucopioides^ L.) —
Stated by Cordier to be edible.

Cyttaria.

Cyttaria Berteroi, Berk. — Was seen b}' Darwiu in Chili, and is
eaten occasionally, but apparently not so good as C. Darwinii
(Cooke).

C. Daricinn, Berk. — A globular bright yellow fungns of Terra
del Fuego, found growing in vast numbers on the birch trees, and
in its tough and mature state collected b}- the women and children
to be eaten uncooked. It has a mucilaginous, slightly sweet taste,
with a faint smell like that of mushrooms. With the exception of
a few berries, chiefly of a dwarf arbutus, the natives eat no vege-
table food besides this fungus (Darwin).

C. Gunnii, Berk. — Abounds in Tasmania, and is held in repute
amongst the settlers for its esculent properties (Cooke) .

Helvella.

Some few species of this genus of fungi are recorded as eaten.

Helvella Ccdifornica, H. & M. — Catalogued for California as
edible by Harkn^ss & Moore.

H. crispa, Fr. (Syn. H. leucophcea, Pers. ; H. Mitra, Bull.) —
Said by Cordier to be edible. Berkeley says esculent, and when
well stewed forming an acceptable dish. Cooke says equal to the
morel in taste. Badham says of an agreeable odor, and of a
general resemblance to the morel in taste. Occurs in California,
according to Harkness & Moore, and edible.

338 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

H. elastica, Bull. — Called edible by linger. Cordier sa3's
esculent, but of too small a size to be much sought after.

H. esculeuta, Pers. (Syn. Gyromitra esculenta, Fr.) — Said by
Badham to be esculent, and of agreeable odor. Berkeley' says it
is much eaten on the continent, but in some conditions appears to
be daugerous. Plaikness & Moore catalogue it as edible in Cali-
fornia.

//. gelafinosa, Bull. (Sj'n. Leotia lubrica, Pers.) — Said by Cor-
dier to be eatable, but of small size.

H. grandis, Cumino. — Eaten in France (Cordier).

H. ivfola, Fr. — A large species, not British, but extends to
North America. Edible (Cooke).

H. lacuvosa, Afz. — Cordier says eaten in Provence and in Pied-
mont. Berkeley says when well stewed an acceptable dish. Bad-
ham classes it as inferior to H. crispa, but esculent. Cooke says
an excellent substitute for the morel, and occurs in Carolina.

H. 3IonacheUa, Fr. — Called edible by Unger.

H. ramosa, Schaeff. — Classed as edible bj' Unger.

H. sulcata, Afz. (Syn. Gyromilra esculenta, Fr.) — Said by
Cooke to be rarelj^ found in Britaiu, but more common on the con-
tinent, where it is held in esteem.

Hydnum.

The species furnish, says Unger, onl}' an unpalatable nutriment.
Quite a large number are, however, mentioned as edible, and some
are greatly praised by experts.

Hydnum Auriscalpinm, L. — One of the most elegant fungi of
Britain, not uncommon on fir cones (Berkeley). Cordier says it is
eaten in Gascony and Tuscany, but is a food little worthy of being
sought for.

H. ca2nit-3Iedus(ie, Bull. — Occurs on trunks of trees. It is com-
mon in Italy, and in parts of Austria, where it is reckoned among
the edible species (Cooke). Cordier says frequently eaten in Ilaly,
and of agreeable odor and savor. It occurs in the United States
(Cooke) .

H. corcdloides, Scop. — Occurs on decayed forest trees. Cordier
gives as a synonym, H. ramosum, Bull., and calls it a delicate
food. It occurs in Germany, Switzerland, and France, and is
esteemed esculent (Cooke). In California it grows on oaks, and

A LIST OF EDIBLE FUNGI. 339

looks like a large white mass of coral, and when young maj' be
safely eaten (Moore) .

H. Erinacenm, Bull. — Eaten in Germany and France (Cooke).

H. imbricatum, L. (Syn. H. cervinum, Pers.) — Called edible
by Cordier. Mueller says it is a wholesome mushroom of delicious
taste. Cooke says it is eaten in Germany, Austria, Switzerland,
France, and elsewhere. It occurs on the ground in pine woods in
Carolina, and is esculent.

H. ivfiihdibulum, Swartz. (Syn. H. fusipes, Pers.) — Classed
as edible b}' Cordier.

H. Icevigatum, Swartz. — Eaten in Alpine districts (Cooke).
It is called edible in the United States by Curtis.

H. repandum, L. — Affords, says Berkeley, an excellent article
of food if carefully dressed, and is scarcely exceeded in delicacy
by any fungus. The general use made of this fungus throughout
France, Italy, and German^', leaves no doubt, says Eoques, of its
good qualities. Known in France as eurcJion, Hgnoche, and arres-
teron. In the Vosges as barhe de vache andj^ied de mouton. The
flesh is firm and white, rather hot to the taste when raw, but mild
when cooked (Cooke). The smeU like that of horseradish (Bad-
ham) . Cordier says edible, and in common use in France. Occurs
in California, and Moore says that stewed slowly it is excellent.

H. rufescens, Schaeff. — Called edible by Cordier. Mentioned
by Curtis as one of the edible species of the United States.

S. subsquamosum, Batsch. (Syn. S. badium, Pers., H. squa-
mosum, Bull.) — Called edible by Cordier. Mentioned, also, as
edible, by Curtis, in the United States.

H. violaceus, Alb. et Schw. — Said by Cordier to be edible, yet
little sought for food, notwithstanding its taste and agreeable odor.

HtGROPH GEL'S.

Few, if any, says Berkeley, are admitted to English kitchens,
though no doubt some are wholesome.

Hygrophorus cJirysodon, Curtis. — Enumerated for the United
States as esculent b}^ Curtis.

H. niveus, Fr. — Common in mossy pastures in England. When
found large enough, may be eaten, says Cooke.

H. pratensis, Fr. — Perfectly wholesome, and is sometimes
eaten in France, Germany, Bohemia, and Denmark (Cooke). It

340 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

is included among the esculent species of the United States by
Curtis.

H. virgineus^ Fr., though small, is well worth the trouble of
collecting. Except that it is occasionally eaten in France, it does
not enjoy much reputation abroad (Cooke) .

Lactakius.

The species of this genus are often exceediuglj^ acrid and dan-
gerous, yet this class of fungi seem to be eaten almost indiscrimi-
nately in Russia, when preserved in vinegar and salt, in which
condition they form an important item in the kinds of food allowed
in their long fasts. One or two species have been found in the
Himalayas, but Europe and North America appear to be their
principal habitat.

Lactarius angustissimus, Lasch. — Esculent iu the United States,
according to Curtis.

L. deliciosus, Fr. — Found in the markets of Paris, Berlin,
Prague, and Vienna, and is esteemed in nearly all the countries of
Europe (Cooke). L. deliciosus^ L., is credited as esculent in
California by Ilarkness & Moore.

L. insularis, Fr. — Esculent in the United States, according to
Curtis and Harkness & Moore, It is not reputed edible in
Britain (Cooke).

L. piperatus^ Fr. — Classed in England with dangerous, some-
times poisonous, species ; but Curtis says it is cooked and eaten in
the United States. Harkness & Moore list it as edible in Califor-
nia.

L. subclulcis, Fr. — Esculent in the United States, according to
Curtis, but not reported as edible in Britain (Cooke).

L. volemus^ Fr. — An esculent species, celebrated from early
times, and is said to resemble lamb's kidne}'. Beikeley saj-s it is
mild, and forms an excellent article of food. Called esculent in
South Carolina by Curtis, and in California b^^ Harkness & Moore.

Lycoperdon.
The species are produced abundantly in almost every country,
but are so variable that it is often very difficult to distinguish them
(Berkeley). Badham saj-s all those more or less spherical white
funguses with a membranaceous covering, and filled when young
with a white, compact, homogeneous pulp, which we call jniff'-b alls,

A LIST OF EDIBLE FUNGI. 341

are good to eat, and are to be compared to sweetbreads for the rich
delicac}' of their unassisted flavor. More than one species appear
in the bazaars of India, as at Secunderabad and Rangoon (Cooke).

Lycoperdon ai dosiaciim^ Bull. (Syn. Bovista plumhea,Yers.) —
Given by Cordier as edible.

i. Bovista, Li. — Badham says no fungus requires to be eaten so
soon after gathering as this ; a few hours will destroy the compact-
ness of the flesh, and change the color. Berkeley- says that when
quite young, it is one of the best of fungi, if cut in slices and fried.

L. giganteum., Fr. — This puff-ball is, when well manipulated, an
excellent addition to the breakfast table. It is especially esteemed
in Italy (Cooke). L. giganteum, Batsch, is classed among the
edible fungi of California by Harkness & Moore.

Marasmius.

Marasmius oreodes, Fr., the Fair^'-ring champignon, enjoys,
says Cooke, a good reputation, but local. Though small, it is one
of the most delicious of edible fungi (Cooke). Berkeley saj^s one
of our very best edible fungi. It is pronounced esculent by Curtis
in Carolina, and in California by Harkness & Moore.

M. scorodonius, Fr. — Consumed in Germany, Austria, and
other countries of the continent of Europe, where, perhaps, its
garlic odor has been one of its recommendations as an ingredient
in sauces. It is called, in German}', lauchscJiu-amme and liagyma
gomba (Cooke). It is enumerated for South Carolina by Curtis.

MORCHELLA.

The morels occur in various parts of the world, but the greater
part of those used in Britain come from German^'. In Cashmere
a large quantity is collected. They are much used by cooks to
flavor gravies, and dressed in various ways make an excellent dish.

Morchella bohemica. Kromb. — Eaten in Bohemia (Cooke).

M. Caroliniana, Bosc, of the Southern United States, is
edible (Cooke).

M. conica, Pers. — Eaten, according to Unger. It occurs in
California (Harkness & Moore).

M. costata, Pers. — Less esteemed than the edible morel, but
alimentar}-, and found in Italy (Cordier) .

M. crassipes, Pers., the gigantic morel, is esculent (Cooke).

Jf. deliciosa, Fr. — Eaten in Java, and in Cashmere (Cooke).
15

342 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

M. esculenta, Pers. — The common morel. Every one knows
the morel, says Badham, that expensive Inxuiy which the rich are
content to procnre at great cost from the Italian warehouses, and
the poor are fain to do without. It is held in very high estimation
in Britain, says M'Intosh, but is little cared for in the Roman mar-
kets. Berkeley says the greater part of the English supply comes
from German}'. It is found, according to Curtis, in South Caro-
lina ; and in California, according to Harkness & Moore.

M. gigaspora, Cooke. — Eaten in Cashmere (Cooke).

M. rimosipes^ DC. — Occurs in France and Bohemia, and is escu-
lent (Cooke).

M. semi-libera., DC. — Esteemed in France, Italy, Germany,
England, etc., says Cooke. Badham says it is much less sapid
than the morel, but esculent. Berkele}' says it has a bad reputa-
tion, and requires some caution in its use.

Mylitta.

In the Neilgherries, South India, a substance is occasionally
found which is allied to the " native bread" of southern latitudes. It
is found at an elevation of 5,000 feet. The natives call it " a
little man's bread," in allusion to the tradition that the Neilgherries
were once peopled by a race of dwarfs. It is an uuderground
fungus, of the genus Mylitta. Mr. Scott says it seems very closely
allied to, if really distinct from, the so called native bread of
Tasmania (Cooke).

Mylitta austraUs, Berk., the native bread of Australia, is a
large, subglobose fungus, sometimes man}' inches in diameter, with
a black skin which chips off in little fragments, enclosing a veined
white mass which at first is soft, and has a peculiar acid smell, but
when dry becomes extremely hard and horny. It is eaten b}' the
natives (Berkeley).

Pachyma.

Pachyma Cocos Fr. (Syn. Lycoperdon solidum, Gron.) — The
Tuckahoe. This curious production, although often included with
fungi, is not a fungus, as is proved by the examinations made by
Berkele}'. It is eaten in the United States, and, as it consists
almost entireh" of pectic acid, it is sometimes used for making
jelly (Cooke). It is a large, hard-crusted fungus, says Pickering,
growing underground in sandy pine barrens along the alluvial

A LIST OF EDIBLE FUNGI. 343

Atlantic border of North America. It was eaten from early times
by the Semiuoles. It is meutioned by Fontaneda : the okeepenauk,
a round root as large as a man's head found by Hariot, eaten
raw b}^ the natives on the Roanoke, may also be compared. The
tockowhongh, of the natives on James River, is enumerated by
Strachey, and described bj* Schweiuitz as observed by him in Caro-
lina, and is known to grow as far North as 40° in peninsular New
Jersey.

Sprigley, in 1669, mentions it in Virginia as eaten by the
natives, under the name of hickaJio., and of late years it is meu-
tioned as occurring in Kansas and Arkansas. Hanbury says it is
called Full-ling in China, and made into edible cakes which are
frequently sold in the streets.

P. Hoeln, Fr. — A truffle which Mueller says occurs in China,
particularly in the province of Souchong, and its flavor is most
agreeable.

Paxillus.

Paxillus giganteus, Fr. — Catalogued as edible in California by
Harkness & Moore.

-F. involutus, Fr., though very common in Europe, is not eaten,
yet it is included by Dr. Curtis with the esculent species of the
United States (Cooke).

Peziza.

Peziza Acetabulum, L. — Said by Badham to be an utterly
insipid fungus, depending entirely for flavor upon the sauce in
which it is served. It is called esculent by Cordier and Cooke,
and is found in Carolina.

P. aurantia, CEd. (Syn. P. coccinea, Bull.) — Classed as eat-
able by Cordier.

P. badia, Pers. — Called eatable by Cordier.

P. cochleata, L. — Eaten in the north of France (Cordier) .
P. cochleata, Huds., is gathered in Northamptonshire, England, as
a substitute for morels (Cooke).

P. leporina, Batsch. — Eaten in France (Cordier).

P. macropus, Pers. (Syn. P. stipata, Bull.) — Eaten by the poor
in France (Cordier) .

P. onotica., Pers., a species of remarkable beauty, is eatable
(Cordier) .

344 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

P. venosa, Pers. — Has a nitrous odor and fungoid flavor, but is
edible (Cooke).

P. vesiculosa, Bull. — Edible. Its savor is feeble and agreeable
(Cordier).

Phallus.

Phallus mokersin, Berk. — In China the volva is eaten (Berkeley).

POLYPORUS.

The species vary much in point of substance, a few being so
soft as to be esculent, and others hard and woody or corky.

Polyporus BerJieleii, Fr. — lutensel}' pungent when raw, but
when young and before the pores are visible, it may be eaten with
safety, all its pungency being dissipated by cooking. It occurs in
the United States (Cooke) .

P. conjliiens, Fr. (S3"n. P. aHemidorus^ Lenz.) — Eaten about
Nice. Its flesh, says Cordier, is pale ; its savor a little sharp.
In the United States Dr. Curtis considers it superior eating.

P. corylinus, Mauri. — Grows upon the old trunk of the cob-nut
tree. It is excellent for food, and is cultivated artificially, the
corylus logs being sold in the Roman markets, and then being
watered and put b}- in a cellar (Badhara).

P. cristatiis, Fr. — Enumerated by Curtis as edible in the
United States.

P. frondosus, Schrank. — Recommended highly as food by
Paulet. The people of the Yosges eat it, and it is sold in the
Roman markets. Vittadini has not included it among the esculent
fungi in his work, and Persoon does not recommend it on account
of its toughness.

P. fuligineiis, Fr. (Syn. Boletus polyporx(S. Bull.) — Called edible
by Cordier.

P. gigarttens, Fr. — Ver^- large and leather}- when old, esculent
when young. On the continent of I^urope its esculent qualities
are known and appreciated (Cooke). Occurs also in Carolina,
and termed esculent by Curtis.

P. intybaceus, Fr. (S3n. P. frondosus,^ev\\.) — Xo fungus, says
Mrs. Hussey, is more esteemed as an article of food than this.
Eaten raw, the taste is very agreeable, but it leaves a slight astrin-
gency upon the palate. Cooke says it sometimes attains the
weight of forty pounds, and is esculent when young and all agree
that it is excellent.

A LIST OF EDIBLE FUXGI. 345

P. leucomelas^ Curt. — In the United States called edible by
Curtis.

P. ovinus, Berk. — Said by Berkeley to afford a grateful food.
It is enumerated by Curtis as esculent in the United States.

P. poripes, Fr. — When raw, tastes like the best chestnut or fil-
bert, but is rather too dry when cooked, says Curtis'. Is found in
the United States.

P. squamosus, Fr. — The edible qualities cannot be declared first
rate. Mrs. Hussey says one might as well think of eating saddle-
flaps. Young specimens, before they have acquired the leathery
consistency, would serve for an occasional meal. In this stage
they are prepared for the table in some parts of Europe (Cooke).

P. stdfureus, Fr.- (Syn. P. citrinus^ Pers.) — Collected in the
environs of Nice and served as a food, but its qualitj' is inferior
(Cordier). In the United States Dr. Curtis considers its eating
just tolerably safe, but not to be coveted.

P. tuheraster. Pers. — Confined to Naples, and is procured by
watering the pietra funghaia, or fungus stone, a kind of tufa, in
which the mycelium is imbedded (Cooke). It is cut into slices,
boiled several times in milk, then beaten out with a flat board and
fried in oil (Persoon).

P. umbellatus., Fr. — Stated by Fries to be esculent. Cordier
saAs it is emplo3ed as food in Germany and in Sweden.

POLYSACCUM.

A species of puff-ball which inhabit sandy tracts in warm coun-
tries.

Polysaccum crassipes, DC. (Syn. Sderodermatinctorium.'PeTii.) —
Said by Cordier to be eaten in Italy.

RUSSULA.

Some of this species of fungus are extremely acrid, while others
are mild and esculent. They are much esteemed on the continent
of Europe, though seldom used in England.

Rassula adusta, Fr. — Catalogued as edible in the Carolinas
and in California (Curtis ; Harkness & Moore) .

P. alutacea. Fr. — Said by Cooke to be b}' no means despised
as a food, although Badham has placed it amongst species to be

346 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

avoided. It is marked as esculent in the Carolinas by Curtis, and
in California by Harkness & Moore.

a. decolorans, Fr. — Said to be esculent b}' Cooke.

R. heierophylla, Fr. — Common in woods. Vittadini pro-
nounces it unsurpassed for fineness of flavor. Roques gives also
an account iii its favor as consumed in France. Harkness &
Moore mention it as edible in California.

B. lactea, Fr. — Cooke says found in the United States and escu-
lent.

B. ochroleuca, Curtis. — Edible in the United States (Curtis).

B. vesca, Fr. — Pronounced esculent by Cooke.

B. virescens, Pers. — In France this species is said to be pre-
ferred by some to the ordinary mushroom, and is known in the
south b}- the name of verdette. It is common in Languedoc, where
it is collected (Cooke). Vittadini and Rogers speak well of it,
and the peasants of Milan toast it over embers, and eat it with a
little salt.

Tremella..

Tremella foliacea, Curtis. — Catalogued as edible in Carolina by
Dr. Curtis.

T. mesenterica, Pers. — Said by Cordier to be eaten in Ger-
many as a morel. It is catalogued b}- Curtis as edible in the United
States, and T. mesenterica, Retz, is given by Harkness & Moore as
edible in California.

Tuber.

In the market of Apt, France, alone, about 3,500 lbs. of truffles
are exposed for sale ever}' week during the height of the season,
and the quantity sold during the winter reaches upwards of 60,000
lbs., whilst the department of Vaucluse j'ields annually upwards
of 60,000 lbs. (Cooke). In England truffles are sought for almost
exclusively by dogs of a particular breed ; but on the continent of
Europe sows are used for the same purpose, and they are raked
up b}' persons who have a peculiar knack in recognizing the spots
where they are likely* to grow. In Poitou it is a common practice
to enclose a space upon the downs, sowing it with acorns, and
when the oaks attain size enough to shade the ground, there is
sure to be a crop of truffles. In the South of France truffles have

A LIST OF EDIBLE FUNGI. 347

been procured in woods by watering tlie ground, previously pre-
pared, with water in wliich the parings had been steeped (Berkeley).

Tuber ocstivum, Vitt. — The truffle most commonly collected
in Britain (Cooke). Cordier saj^s it is T. albidum, Caesalp., and
is less delicate in taste than the T. cibarium and T^ hrumale.

T. albidum Fr. — Occurs with T. cestivum, but is smaller and
less agreeable in taste, according to Mueller.

T. album. Bull. — Said by Unger to be edible.

T. hrumale, Mich. — The Winter truffle. Esculent (Cooke).

T. cibarium, Sibth. — TheCommon truffle, or Blacktruffleof middle
and South Europe. When full grown it rarely exceeds the size of
a lai'ge walnut. It grows from two to ten inches under the ground
(M'Intosh) . The European names for the truffle are, in French
trtiffe; in German truffel; in Dutch aardnoot; in Italian tartufo nero.
It seems to have been the udnon of Dioscorides.

T. leonis, in Algeria occupies, sajs Figuier, the place of all
the truffles of Western Europe.

T. magnatMm, Pico. (Sj-n. T. griseum, Pers.) — Cordier describes
this, species as delicate and very fine. Cooke says, a truffle eaten
in France. Mueller says the Grey truffle is one of the most
esteemed. Thompson calls it the Piedmontese truffle, the most
celebrated varietj', occurring abundantl3^ in the mountains of
Piedmont, and sold at an enormous price.

T. melanospermum, Vitt. (Of France, Germany, and Italy.) —
Thompson says it is the truffle of the Paris markets, is richly
scented, and also greatly superior in flavor to the common sort.

T. mesentericum, Vitt. (Syn. T. cibarium, Corda.) — Said
by Cordier to have a strong odor and savor, and to be edible, but
little sought for.

T. moschatus, Bull. (S3'n. Melanogaster variegatus, Tul.) —
Used in the west of England as a substitute for truffles, under the
name of Red truffle. It has, however, none of the delicate aroma
of the real truffle (Berkeley). Cordier says it is edible, but not
delicate. Harkness & Moore catalogue it as an edible fungus of
California.

T. niveum, Desf. (Syn. Terfezia Leonis, Tul.) — Not equal,
says Berkeley, to the T. cestivum, though it has of late attracted
notice in Algiers from its abundance. Cordier says, eaten by the
Arabs. Cooke, that it is used as an esculent in Damascus.

348 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

T. rvfum, Pico. — Called by Mueller the Red truffle. Com-
mon, especially in vineyards, and much used for food.

Verpa.

Verpa digitaliformis, Pers. — Vittadini states that it is sold in
the Italian mai'ket, although only to be recommended when no
other esculent fungus offers, which is sometimes the case in spring.
Badham says this fungus is not to be despised as food when we
cannot get better, nor to be eaten when we can.

DATE OF FLOWERING OF TREES AND SHRUBS,
IN EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS, 1881.

BY JOHN ROBINSON, PROFESSOR OF BOTANY AND VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY
TO THE SOCIETY, SALEM, MASS.

April 14, Corylus Avellana.
16, Corylus Americana.
19, Epigjea repens (for sale on Boston streets).

Alnus glutinosa.

Alnus incana.
25, Salix Smithiana.

Salix ferruginea.

Salix caprea.

Salix acuminata.

Salix discolor.

Salix Forbesiaua.

Salix supularis.

Salix "Kilmarnock."
" Dirca palustris.

Taxus baccata, t'ar. Canadensis.

Erica carnea.

Thuja occidentalis.

Rhododendron Dahurieum.

FLOWERING OF TREES AND SHRUBS, 1881. 349

April 25, Ehododeud'.on chrysautbum.
Larix Europfea.
TJlmas Americana.
Populns alba.

27, Sabx vimiualis.
Cornus mascula.
Sbepberdia argentea.

28, Popidus balsaniea, var. candicans.
Popubis tiemiUa.

May 1, Popubis trerauloides.

3, 8abx humilis.

4, Magnolia couspicua.
Forsytbia viridissima.
Forsytbia ForUmei.
Ulmus montaua.

5, Ulmus camipestris.
Acer platanoides.
Andromeda Japonica.
Forsytbia suspensa
Larix leptolsepis.
Laurus Benzoin.

6, Populus grandidentata.
Popubis dilatata.

7, Salix livida, var. occideutalis.
Cassandra calyculata.
Myrica Gale.

8, Salix tristis.
Salix alba.
Salix fragilis.
Larix Americana.
Ribes rubrum.

9, Prunus triloba.
Magnolia Soulangeana.
Amelanchier Canadensis.
Cbamsecyparis (Retinospora) obtusa.

10, Acer saecbarinum.
Lonicera cserulea.
Lonicera cibata.
Salix Candida.
Prunus domestiea.

350 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

May 10, Buxus sempervirens.
Berberis repens.
Lonicera ciliata.
Andromeda floribnnda.
11, Ribes aureiim.
Ribes cereum.
Ostiya Virginica.
Spiraea Thunbei-gii.
Salix tenuifolia.
Salix cordata.
Salix triandra.
Salix purpurea.
Salix Andersoniana. .
Negundo aceroides.
Betula lutea.
Thuja occidentalis.
Abies balsamea.

Amelanchier Canadensis, var. oblongifolia.
Fraxinus Americana.
Fraxinus excelsior.
Fraxinus pubescens.
Nemopanthes Canadensis.
Rhamnus alnifolia.
Prunus Pennsylvanica.

14, Fagus sj'lvatica.
Betula lenta.
Cercis Japonica.
Prunus Americana.
Berberis Aquifolium.
Vaccinium Pennsylvauicum.
Picea alba.

15, Daphne cneorum.
Rhododendron (Cunningham's White).
Pirus (Mains) floribnnda.

Acer Pseudo-Platanus.
Quercus coccinea.
Rhododendron Rhodora.
Quercus rubra.
Pirus Mains.
Andromeda polifolia.

FLOWERING OF TREES AND SHRUBS, 1881. 351

May 15, Prnnus Persica.

Prunus domestica.
Prunus Arraeniaca.

16, Ledum palustre.
Ledum latifolium.
Ledum thymifolium.
Loiiicera coerulea.

Prunus Cerasus (Double, White and Pink).

Acer cissi folium.

Syriuga vulgaris.

Rubus deliciosus.

Rhodotypos kerrioides.

Kerria Japonica.

Sambueus pubens.

Spirjea prunifolia.

Spiraea callosa.

-lEsculus glabra.

Cercis Canadensis.

Prunus domestica (Double Plum) .

17, Celastrus Orixa.
Acer Pen nsy Ivan icum.
Cornus florida (bracts opening) .
Crataegus coccinea.

Ribes X Gordoni.

Prunus Hallii.

Hydrangea Japonica.

Celtis Audibertiana.

Ribes palmatum.

Abies Nordmanniana.
19, Picea excelsa.
22, ^sculus Hippocastanum.

Prunus (Weeping Cherry).

Wistaria Sinensis.

Juglans cinerea.

Quercus tinctoria.

Pinus sylvestris.

Picea Cephalonica.

Picea nigra.

Abies Alcoquiana.

Pinus Banksiana.

352 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

May 22, Pirus baccata.

Pirus arbutifolia.
Pirus Toringo.
Rhododendron nudiflorum.
Staph3iea Bnmalda.
Staphylea trifoliata.
Spiraea oblongifolia.
Spiioea crenata.
Spirgea la2\'igata.

Spiraea chamiiedrifolia (S. confusa of gardens),
Spiraea obovata, var. hypericifolia.
Amelanchier vulgaris.
Quercus Daimio.
Quercus dentata.
Pruuus maritima.
Prunus pumila.
Euonymus alatus.

Ribes Grossularia, var. Uva-crispa.
Ribes sanguineum.
Ribes floridum.
Ribes px'ostratum.
Forestiera acuminata.
S3Tinga Persica.
Syringa vulgaris, var. major.
Caragana arborescens.
Prunus nana (Double Almond).
Prunus Persica (Double Peach) .
Crataegus coccinea.
Hippophae rharanoides.
Lonicera Tartarica.
Berberis Thunbergii.
Vacciuium corymbosum.
Betula alba, var. pubescens.
Betula alba, var. Dalecarlica.
Betula fruticosa, var. Gmeliui,
Ribes saxatile.
Ribes multiflorum.
Celtis occidentalis, var. crassifolia.
Celtis Tournefortii.
24, Ribes rotundifolium.

FLOWERING OF TREES AND SHRUBS, 1881. 353

May 24, Eibes nigrum.

Ribes Cyuosbati.
Akebla quinata.
Pterocarya fraxinifolia.
Carpiniis Diiauensis.
*-(5Csculus flava.
25, Platanus occidentalis.
28, Magnolia acuminata.
Magnolia cordata.
Magnolia Fraseri.
Buekleya disticliophylla.
Leiophyllum biixifolium.
June 1, Syringa Persica, ^'ar. laciniata.
Jamesia Americana,
Pinns rigida.
Berberis vulgaris.
Acer Tartaricum, var. Ginnala.
Carya alba.
Carya porcina.
Juglans nigra.

Rhododendron calendulaceum.
Cratiegus Oxycantha (Single and Double, Red and

White.)
Spirsea trilobata.
Magnolia Umbrella.
2, Vibnrnum Opnlns.

Rhododendron ponticum.
Rhododendron (Azalea) mollis.
Rhododendron (garden varieties.)
Viburnum lantanoides.
Xanthoceras sorbifolia.
Picea pungens.
Laburnum vulgare.
Quercus alba.
7, Quercus glabra.
Rosa alpina.

Rosa alpina, var. glandulosa.
Rosa spinosissima.
Rosa montana.
Vaccinium ovatum.

354 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

June 7, Louicera spinosa.

Menziesia feiruginea.
Eubus crattegifolius.
11, Philadelphus corouarius.
Robinia Pseudacacia.
Nevieusia Alabameusis. •

13, Juglans Sieboldii.
Neillia Mantsurica.
Berberis Sinensis.
Berberis emarginata.
Berberis Canadensis.
Euonymus pulchellus.
Euonymus Europaeus.
Rosa rugosa.
Lonicera involucrata.
Lonieera oblongifolia.
Viburnum -plicatum."
Viburnum pubeseens.
Viburnum Lentago.
Cornus circinata.
Cornus stolonifera.
Andromeda ligustrina.
Andromeda Catesbai.
Elseagnus urabellatus.
Cornus alternifolia.
Crataegus Crus-galli.
Liriodendron tulipifera.

15, Chionanthus Virginica.
Spiraea eallosa, var. Indica.
Philadelphus corouarius, var. Shrenkii.
Philadelphus corouarius, var. ledifolius.
Rosa blauda, va7'. cropularia.

Rosa acicularis.
Clematis Mandshurica.
Potentilla Salesovii.
Vinitoxicum (from Japan.)
Syringa Josikaea.

16, Pinus Cembra.
Philadelphus inodorus.
Euonj-mus alatus.

FLOWERING OF TREES AND SHRUBS, 1881. 355

June 18, Clematis coccinea.
Acer Tartaricum.
Ptelea trifoliata.
Acer spicatum.
Crataegus parviflora.
Rosa multiflora.
Vaccinium stamineum.
19, Rhus Toxicodendron.
Kalmia angustifolia.
Philadelphus hirsutus.
Celastrus umbellatus.
Elseagnus parviflora.
Gymnocladus Canadensis.
Rhus cotinus.

Rhododendron brachycarpnm.
St^'rax Japouica.
Magnolia, var. Thompsoni.
Philadelphus coronarius, var. variegatus.
20, Cladrastis tinctoria.
Vitis aestivalis.
Syringa Amurensis.
Vaccinium erythrocarpum.
Menziesia globularis.
Lonicera hirsuta.
Lonicera flava.
Lonicera caprifolium.
Viburnum dentatum.
Cornus alba.
Cornus paniculata.
Neillia opulifolia.
Tamarix Gallica.
Viburnum acerifolium.
22, Menziesia polifolia.

Kalmia angustifolia, var. rubra.
Gaj'lussacia dumosa.
Cocculus Japonica.
Tamarix tetrandra.
Vitis Labrusca.
Gaultheria Sliallon.
Colutea haleppica.

356 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

June 22, Rosa canina.

Celastnis punctatus.

Rosa alba.

Rosa rubifolia.

Rosa Pugetii.

Aralia pentaplijMla.

Euon3mus Americanus.

Rosa moUissima.

Rubus villosiis, var. flore-pleno.

Rosa Beggariana (of gardens) .

Andromeda mariana.

Erica tetralix.

Phellodeudrou Amurense.

27, Magnolia glauca.
Philadelphus grandiflorus.

Sambucus Canadensis, V(trs. aurea, variegata, and

laeiuiata.
Gleditschia triacanthos. •
Deutzia crenata (single and double).

28, Actiuidia p6lygama.

29, Viburnum nudum.

50, Rhododendron maximum,
Andromeda pulverulenta.
Cytisus nigricans.
CVtisus capitatus.
Ligustrum vulgare.
Lonicera sempervirens.
Rosa rubiginosa.
July 2, Sambucus Canadensis (type).
Tilia Europsea.
Itea Virginica.

Rubus frondosus, var. laciuiatus.
Euonymus atropurpureus.
Ceauothus Americanus.
Lonicera Japonica (Hallii).
Halimodendron Japonicum.
4, Rhus typhina.

Lonicera brachypoda.
Rubus thyrsiflorus.
Rubus cordifolius.

FLOWERING OF TREES AND SHRUBS, 1881. 357

July 6, Castanea vulgaris, va7'. Americana.

10, Rhododeudron viscosum.
Spiroea salicifolia.

11, Cladrastis Amurensis.

15, Coruus sericea.
Rosa setigera.
Clematis crispa.
Sambucus Ebulus.
Spiraea Douglasii.
Spirffia arisefolia.

Spiraea callosa, var. alba (second flowering) .

Clematis angustifolia.

Catalpa Kaempferi.

Hydrangea arborescens.

Hydrangea radiata.

Castanea pumila.

Fallngia paradoxa.

Rubus phsenicolasius.

16, Catalpa bignonioides.
22, Tilia Americana.

Rhus glabra.

Rhus glabra, var. laciniata.

Wistaria Sinensis (second flowering) .

Teeoma radicans.
25, Koelreuteria paniculata.

Pavia macrostaehya.
29, Tamarix Chiuensis.

Hj^pericum Kalmianum.
• Buddleia curvifolia.

Spiraea laevigata.

Hypericum patulum.
Aug. 2, Cephalanthus occidentalis.

Clematis Flammula.

Hypericum aureum.

Hypericum proliferum.

Vitis aconitifolia.

Vitis heterophylla.

Spiraea millifolium.

Amorpha canescens.

Erica vagans.
16

358 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Aug. 2, Calluna vulgaris.
4, Spirsea tomentosa.
6, Hibiscus Syriacus.
8. Aralia Chinensis.
14, Hydrangea paniculata.
Oxydendrum arboreum.
Sept. 12, Callicarpa gracilis.

Vitex Agnus-Castus.
Oct. 21, Hamamelis Virginica.

^assacljuscfts liortiailtiu"aI Soriek

OFFICERS AND STANDING COMMITTEES FOR 1882.

President.
FKANCIS B HAYES, of Boston.

Vice-Presidents.

JOHN B. :\IOORE, of Concord. BENJA^IIN G. SMITH, of Cambridge.

JOHN CUMMIIS'GS, of Woburn. CHARLES H. B. BRECK, of Boston.

Treasurer and Superintendent of the Building.
GEORGE W. FOWLE, of Boston.

Secretary and Librarian.
ROBERT MANNING, of Salem.*

Recording Secretary.
ROBERT MANNING, of Salem.

Professor of Botany and Vegetable Physiology.
JOHN ROBINSON, of Salem.

Professor of Entomology.
SAMUEL H. SCUDDER, of Cambridge.

^taridirj^ Corqniittee,^.

Executive.

The President, FRANCIS B. HAYES, Chairman.

The Ex-Peesidents, MARSHALL P. WILDER, CHARLES M. HOVET, JAMES

F. C. HYDE, WILLIAM G. STRONG, FRANCIS PARKMAN, WILLIAM

GRAY, Jr.; Chairman of Fixance Committee, H. H. HUNNE-

WELL; F. L. AMES, CHARLES H. B. BRECK, JOHN C.

hovey, henry p. WALCOTT.

* Communications for the Secretary, on the business of the Society, should be addressed to him at Horticul-
tural Hall, Boston.

360 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Finance.

H. HOLLIS HUNNEWELL, CHAIRMAN.

FRANCIS B. HAYES. F. L. AMES.

Publication and Discussion.

BENJAJMIN G. SMIIH, Chairman.

JOHN B. MOORE. WILLIAM H. HUNT;

Establishing Prizes.

CHAIRMAN OF COMMITTEE ON FRUITS, Chairman.

CHAIRMEN OF C03IMITTEES ON FLOWERS, VEGETABLES, AND GARDENS,

EX OFFICII S; C. M. ATKINSON, P. BROWN HOVEY, FEARING BURR.

Library.

WILLIAM E. ENDICOTT, Chairman.

THE PROFESSOR OF BOTANY AND VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY

AND THE PROFESSOR OF ENTOMOLOGY, EX OFFICII S;

HENRY P. WALCOTT. FRANCIS H. APPLETON.

J. D. W. FRENCH. E. P. RICHARDSON.

Gardens.
JOHN G. BARKER, Chairman.
CHAIRMEN OF C0M:MITTEES ON FRUITS, FLOWERS, AND VEGETABLES,
EX OFFICIIS; GEORGE S. HARWOOD, HENRY ROSS, E. L. BEARD.

Fruit.
E. W. WOOD, Chairman.
P. BROWN HOVEY. CHARLES F. CURTIS. O. B. HADWEN.

BENJAJVIIN G. SMITH. J. W. MANNING. WARREN FENNO.

Plants and Flowers.
WILLIAM H. SPOONER, Chairman.
PATRICK NORTON. JAMES CARTWRIGHT. J. H. WOODFORD.

F. L. HARRIS. CHARLES W. ROSS. DAVID ALLAN.

Vegetables.

CHARLES N. BRACKETT, Chairman.

JOSIAH CROSBY. GEORGE W. PIERCE. CHARLES E. GRANT.

WALTER RUSSELL. SAMUEL HARTWELL. M. W. CHADBOURNE.

Committee of Arrangements.

CHARLES H. B. BRECK, Chairman.

CHAIRMEN OF COMMITTEES ON FRUITS, FLOAVERS, VEGETABLES, AND

GARDENS, EX OFFICIIS;
JOHN C. HOVEY. CHARLES H. HOVEY. WILLIAM H. HALLIDAY.

C. M. ATKINSON. JAMES COMLEY. CHARLES F. CURTIS.

JOSEPH H. WOODFORD. WARREN HEUSTIS.

MEMBERS FOR LIFE

Change of residence, or any inaccuracies, should be promptly reported to the Secretary.

Adams, George E.,
Albro, Charles,
Alger, R. F.,
Allan, David,
Ames, F. L.,
Ames, Frank M.,
Ames, George,
Ames, P. Adams,
Amory, Charles,
Amorr, Frederick,
Amory, James S.,
Anderson, Alexander,
Andrews, Charles L.,
Andrews, Frank W. ,
Andros, Milton,
Appleton, Edward,
Appleton, Francis H.,
Appleton, Wm. S.,
Atkins, Elisha,
Avery, Edward,
Ayer, Adams,
Ay ling, Isaac,

Bacon, George,
Bailey, Edwin C,
Baker, William E.,
Bancroft, John C,
Banfield, Francis L.,
Barnard, Rev. C. F.,
Barnard, James M.,
Barnard, Robert M.,
Barnes, Walter S.,
Barnes, William H.,
Barney, Levi C,
Barratt, James,
Barrett, Edwin S.,
Barrows, Thomas,
Bartlett, Edmund,
Bates, Amos,

Medford.

Taunton.

Hinsdale.

Belmont.

North EastoQ.

Canton.

Boston.

Brookline.

Boston.

Hingham.

Swampscott.

Boston.

Brookline.

Reading.

Peabody.

Boston.

Belmont.

Boston.

Brookline.
Concord, N. H.
Boston.
Milton.
Boston.

Everett.

Somerville.

Boston.

Cambridge.

Concord.

Dedham,

Newburyport.

Hingham.

Bates, Caleb, Kingston.

Bayley, John P., Boston.
Beal, Alexander, Dorchester.
Beckford, D. R., Jr., Dedham.
Bell, Joseph H., Quincy.

Bemis, Emery, Grantville.

Berry, James, Boston.

Bickford, Weare D., AUston.
Birchard, Charles, Framingham.
Black, James W., Boston.
Blagg, Samuel, Newbern, N. C.

Blanchard, J. W., Boston.
Blaney, Henry, Brookline.

Blinn, R. D., Lexington.

Bliss, William, Springfield.

Bocher, Ferdinand, Boston.
Bockus, Charles E., Dorchester.
Bond, George W., Boston.
Borland, John N., New London, Ct.
Botume, John, Stoneham.

Bouve, Thomas T., Boston.
Bowditch, Azell C, Somerville.
Bowditch,J.Ingersoll,Boston.
Bowditch, Wm. E., "

Bowker, William H., "
Brackett, Cephas H., Brighton.
Brackett, Charles N., Newton.
Bradish, Levi J., Boston.
Bragg, Samuel A. B., Mattapan.
Breed, Henry A., Ljmn.
Bresee, Albert, Hortonville, Vt.

Brewer, John Reed, Boston.
Brewer, Otis, "

Brigham, William T., "
Bright, William E., Waltham.
Brimmer, Martin, Boston.
Brintnall, Benjamin, "
Brooks, Francis, Medford.

Brown, Charles E. , Yarmouth, N. S.

362

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Brown, Edward J.,
Brown G. Barnard,
Brown, George B.,
Brown, Jacob,
Browncll, E. S.
Bruce, Nathaniel F.,
Bullard, William S.
Burnett, Joseph,
Burnham, T. O. H. P.
Burr, Fearing,
Burr, Matthew H.,
Buswell, Edwin W.,
Buswell, Frank E.,
Butler, Aaron,
Butterfield, Wm. P.

Cadness, John,
Cains, William,
Calder, Augustus P.,
Capen, Joiin,
Carlton, Samuel A.,
Carruth, Charles,
Carruth, Nathan,
Carter, Miss Sabra,
Chamberlain, C. W.,
Chupin, N. G.,
Chapman, Edward,
Chase, A. J.
Chase, Daniel E.,
Chase, Hezekiah S.,
Chase, William M.,
Cheney, Benjamin P.
Child, Francis J.,
Child, William C,
Childs, Francis,
Childs, N. R.,
Claflin, Henry,
Claflin, William,
Clapp, Edward B.,
Clapp, E. W.,
Clapp, James H.
Clapp, Lemuel,
Clapp, William C,
Clark, Orus,
Clark, William S.,
Clark. W. L.
Clarke, Miss CoraH.,

Brookline.
Boston.

Woburn.
Essex June, "V
Stoneham.
Boston.
Southborough.
, Boston.
Hingham.

New York.

a (c

Wakefield.
Arlington.

Flushing, N. Y
South Boston.
Boston.

Somerville.
Boston.
Dorchester.
Wilmington,
Arlington.
Brookline.
Arlington.
Lynn.
Somerville.
Boston.
Worcester.
, Boston.
Cambridge.
Medford.
Charlestown.
Dorchester.
Brighton.
Newton.
Dorchester.
Walpole.
Dorchester.

Boston.
Amherst.
Neponset.
Jamaica Plain.

Clay, Henry,
C'leary, Lawrence,
Clement, Asa,
Cleveland, Ira,
t.Cobb, Albert A.,
Coburn, Isaac E.,
Codnian, James M.,
Codman, Ogden,
Coffin, G. Winthrop,
Coflin, William E.,
Converse, E. S.,
Converse. Parker L.,
Coolidge, Joshua,
Copeland, Franklin,
Cox, George P.,
Coy, Samuel I.,
Craft, George,
Crocker, George O.,
Crocker, Uriel,
Crosby, Josiah,
Crowell, Philander,
Crowell, Randall H.,
Cummings, John,
Curtis, Charles F.,
Curtis, Geoi'ge S.,
Cushing, Robert M.,

Dsggett, Henry C,
Damon, Samuel G.,
Dana, Charles B.,
Darling, Charles K.,
Davenport, Edward,
Davenport, Geo. E.,
Davenport, Henry,
Davis, Curtis,
Davis, Hervey,
Dawson, Jackson,
Deblois, Stephen G.,
Denny, Clarence H.
Denny, R. S.,
Denton, Eben,
Dewson, Francis A.,
Dexter, F. Gordon,
Dickerman, Gao. H.
Dickinson, Alex.,
Dike, diaries C,
Dix, Joseph,

Dorchester. •

West Roxbury.

Dracut.

Dedham.

Brookline.

Everett.

Brookline.

Lincoln.

West Roxbury.

Boston.

Maiden.

Woburn.

Watertown.

West Dedham.

Maiden.

Boston.

Brookline.

New Bedford.

Boston.

Arlington.

Chelsea.

Woburn.
Jamaica Plain.

Boston.

Boston.

Arlington.

Brookline.

Boston.

Dorchester.

Boston.

Cambridge.
Cambridgeport.
Jamaica Plain.
Boston.

Dorchester.

Braintree.

Boston.

Somerville.
Cambridgeport.
Stoneham.
Boston.

MEMBEES FOR LIFE.

363

Dorr, George,
Dove, George W.W.,
Durant, William,
Durfee, Mrs. F. B.,
Durfee, George B.,
Dutcher, F. J.,
D'Wolf, John L.,

Eaton, Horace,
Eldridge, Azariah,
Eldridge, E. H.,
Ellicott, J. P.,
Endicott, William E.,
Eustis, William C,
Everett, George,
EA^erett, Otis,
Everett, William,
Ewell, William,

Fairchild, Charles,
Farlow, John S.,
Faxon, John,
Fay, IVrrs. E. L.,
Fenno, J. B.,
Fewkes, Edwin,
Fillebrown, John,
Fisher, James,
Fisher, Warren,
Flagg, Augustus,
Fleming, Edwin,
Fletcher, John W.,
Flint,' Charles L.,
Flint, David B.,
Flynt, William N.,
Foster, John H.,
Fowle, William B.,
Freeland, Chas.Wm.,
Freeman, Abraham,
French, Jonathan,
French, J. D. W.,
Fuller, Henry Weld,

Galvin, John,
Gardner, Henry N.,
Gardner, John L.,
Gibbs, Wolcott,
Gillard, William,
Gilson, F. Howard,

Dorchester.
Andover.
Boston.
Fall River.

Hopedale.
Boston.

Quincy.
Yarmouthport.
Boston.
Jamaica Plain.
Canton.
Hyde Park.
Concord.
Boston.

Dorchester.

Belmont.

Newton.

Quincy.

Chelsea.

Boston.

Newton Highl'ds

Arlington.

Boston.

West Newton.

Chelsea.

Boston.

Watertown.

Monson.

Boston.

Auburndale.

Boston.

Dorchester.

Boston.

West Roxbury.

Belmont.

Brookline.

Cambridge.

Boston.

Reading.

Glover, Albert,
Glover, Joseph B.
Goddard, A. Warren,
Goddard, Mrs. M. T.,
Gorham, James L.,
Gould, Francis,
Gould, Samuel,
Gray, James,
Gregory, J. J. H.,
Greig, George,
Grinnell, Joseph,
Groom, Thomas,
Grundel, Hermann,
Guild, J. Anson,

Hadwen, ObadiahB.,
Hall, Edwin A.,
Hall, George A.,
Hall, George R.,
Hall, John R.,
Hall, Lewis,
Hall, Stephen A.,
Hall, William F.,
Halliday, William H.
.Hammond, Gard. G.
Hammond, Samuel,
Hanson, P. G.,
Harding, C. L.,
Harding, George W.
Harding, Lewis B.,
Harding, W. C,
Hardy, F. D., Jr.,
Harris, Charles,
Hastings, Edm. T.,
Hathaway, Seth W. ,
Haughton, James,
Haven, Alfred W.,
Hayes, Daniel F.,
Hayes, Francis B.,
Hayward, Daniel H.,
Hazeltine, Hazen,
Head, Charles D.,
Hilbourn, A. J.,
Hill, George,
Hill, John,
Hilton, William,
Hitchings, E. H.,
Hodgkins, John E.,

Boston.

Brookline.
, Newton.
Jamaica Plain.
Arlington.
Boston.
Wellesley.
Marblehead.
Newton.
New Bedford.
Dorchester.

Brookline.

, Worcester.

Cambridgeport.

Chelsea.

Bristol, R. I.

Boston.

Cambridge.

Revere.

Brookline,
, Boston.

Woburn.
Cambridge.
Dorchester.
Boston.

Cambridgeport.

Cambridge.

Boston

Marblehead.

Boston.

Portsm'th, N. H.

Exeter, N. H.

Boston.

No. Cambridge.

Boston.

Brookline.

Chelsea. •

Arlington.

Stoneham.

Boston.

Chelsea.

364

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Hollis, George M.,
Hollis, John W.,
Holt, Mrs. S. A.,
Hooper, Robert C,
Hooi)er, Thomas,
Horner, Mrs. C. N. S
Hovey, Charles H.,
Hovey, Charles M.,
Hovey, John C,
Hovey, P. Brown,
Howe, George,
Howland, John, Jr.,
Hubbard, Charles T.,
Hubbard, G. G.,
Hubbard, J. C,
Hubbard, William J.,
Huckins, J. W.,
Humphrey, F. J.,
Humphrey, G. W.,
Hunneman, Jos. H.,
HunnewoU, H. H.
Hunt, Franklin,
Hunt, Moses,
Hunt, William H.,
Hyde, James F. C,

Grantville.
Brighton.
Winchester.
Boston.
Bridgewater.
, Georgetown.
Cambridge.

a
Cambridgeport.

Boston.
New Bedford.
Boston.
Cambridge.
Boston.

Dorchester.

Dedham.

Boston.

Wellesley.

Boston.

Concord.
Newton.

Inches, Henderson, Boston.

Inches, Herman B., "

Jackson, Abraham, Boston.

Janvrin, William S., Revere.

Jeffries, Jolin, Jr., Boston.

Jenks, Charles W., "

Joyce, Mrs. E. S., Medford.

Kakas, Edward,
Kendall, D. S.,
Kendall, Edward,
Kendall, J. R.,
Kendrick, Mrs. H. P.,
Kennard, Charles W.,
Kennedy, George G.,
Kenney, Jolm M.,
Kent, John,
Keyes, E. W.,
Keyes, George,
Kidder, Henry P.,

Medford.

Woodstock, Ont

Cambridgeport.

Woburn.

Allston.

Boston.

id

Roxbury.
Charlestown.
Denver, Col.,
Concord.
Boston.

Kidder. Natli'l T.,
Kimball, A. P.,
King, Franklin,
King, William S.
Kingman, Abner A.
Kingman, C. D.,
Kinsley, Lyman,
Kittredge, E. A.,

Lamb, Tiiomas,
Lancaster, Charles B.
Lawrence, Amos A.,
Lawrence, Edward,
Lawrence, James,
Lawrence, John,
Lee, Henry,
Leeson, Joseph R.,
Lemme, Frederick,
Leuchars, Robert B.,
Lewis, A. S.,
Lewis, William G.,
Lincoln, George,
Locke, William H.,
Lodge, Giles H.,
Loftus, John P.,
Loomis, Jason B ,
Lord, George C,
Loring, Alfred,
Loring, Caleb W.,
Loring, George B.,
Lovett, George L.,
Low, Ariel,
Lowder, John,
Lowell, Augustus,
Luke, Elijah IL,
Lumb, William,
Lunt, Charles H.,
Lyman, Theodore,
Lyon, Henry,

Mahonej', John,
Mann, James F.,
Mann, Jonathan,
Manning, Jacob W.,
Manning, Mrs. L. B.,
Manning, Robert,
Mansfiekl, Henry S.

Boston.

Dorchester.

Boston.

Brookline.'

Middleborough.

Cambridgeport.

Boston.

Boston.
, Newton.
Brookline.
Charlestown.
Groton.
Boston.

Newton Centre.
Natick.
Boston.
Framinghani.

Hingham.

Belmonf.

Swampscott.

Boston.

Chelsea.

Newton.

South Hingham.

Boston.

Salem.

Boston.

c c

Watertown.

Boston.

Cambridgeport.

Boston.

Jamaica Plain.

Brookline.

Charlestown.

Boston.
Cambridge.
Cambridge.
Reading.

Salem.
Blackstone.

MEMBERS FOR LIFE.

365

Marsliall, Frederick,

, Everett.

Martin, Darius A.,

Chilsea.

Martin, John S.,

Boston.

Matthews, Nathan,

"

McCarty, Timothy,

Providence, R. I,

McClure, John,

Revere.

Merriam, Herbert,

Weston.

Merriam, M. H.,

Lexington.

Merrifield, W. T.,

Worcester.

Mills, Charles H.,

Boston.

Milmore, Martin,

u

Minton, James,

Dorchester.

Mixter, Charles,

Boston.

Moore, John B.,

Concord.

Moore, John H.,

"

Morrill, Joseph, Jr.,

Boston.

Morse, Samuel F.,

"

Morse, Sidney B.,

a

Morse, William A.,

"

Motley, Thomas,

West Roxbury.

Mudge, George A.,

Portsni'th, N. H

Mudge, George W.,

Lynn.

Munroe, Otis,

Boston.

Needham, Daniel,

Groton.

Newhall, George,

Dorchester.

Newman, J. R.,

Winchester.

Newton, Rev. W. W.

, Boston.

Nichols, Mrs. F.,

Dorchester.

Nickerson, Albert W.

, Dedham.

Norton, Charles W.,

Allston.

Nourse, Benjamin F.

, Boston.

Nourse, Benjamin F.

, Cambridgeport.

Oakman, Hiram A., No. Marshfield.

Osgood, Jas. Ripley, Boston.
Otis, Theodore C, "

Oxnard, George D., "

Packer, Charles H.y Boston.
Page, Thomas, "

Paine, Robert T.,
Palmer, John P., *'

Park, John C, Somerville.

Parker, Augustus, Boston.
Parker, Harvey D., "

Parkman, Francis, Jamaica Plain.

Partridge Henry, Dunkirk, N. Y.

Partridge, Horace,
Paul, Alfred W.,
Peabody, John E.,
Pearce, John,
.Peck, O. H.,
Peck, W. G.,
Pierce, Silas,
Penniman, A. P.,
Perkins, Augustus T.,
Perkins, Edward N.,
Perkins, William P.,
Perry, George W.,
Philbrick, William D.
Phillips, John C,
Pierce, Dean,
Pierce, George W.,
Pierce, Henry L.,
Pierce, Samuel B.,
Poole, Benjamin C,
Poor, John R.,
Potter, Joseph S.,
Prang, Louis,
Pratt, Lucius G.,
Pratt, Robert M.,
Pratt, William,
Pray, Mark W.,
Prescott, C. H.,
Prescott, Kben C,
Prescott, W. G.,
Prescott, William G.,
Preston, George H.,
Preston, John,
Pringle, Cyrus G.,
Proctor, Thomas P.,
Prouty, Gardner,
Putnam, Joshua H.,

Ramsay, A. H.,
Rand, Edward S.,
Rand, Miss E. L.,
Rand, Oliver J.,
Rawson, W. W.,
Ray, Joseph G.,
Rayner, John J.,
Reed, George W.,
Richards, John J.,
Richard^. William B .
Richardson, C. E ,

Somerville.

Dighton.

Salem.

West Roxbury.

Franklin.

Arlington.

Boston.

Waltham.

Boston.

Brookline.

Maiden.

,Newton Centre.
Boston.
Brookline.
Everett.
Dorchester.

Chelsea.

Somerville.

Arlington.

Boston.

West Newton.

Boston.

Winchester.

Maiden.

Cornwallis, N.S.

Boston.

Quincy.
Boston.
Dorchester.
Charlotte, Vt.
West Roxbury.
Littleton.
Brookline.

Cambridge.

Boston.

Newton Highl'ds.

Cambridgeport.

Arlington.

Franklin.

Lexington.

Boston.

Cambridge.

3(56

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Richardson, Geo. C,
Robbins, I. Gilbert,
Robbins, Natlian,
Robeson, W. R.,
Robinson, J. H.,
Robinson, John,
Rogers, John H.,
Ross, Henry,
Ross, M. Denman,
Ross, Waldo O.,
Ruddick, Dr.Wm.H.
Russell, George,
Russell, John E.,
Russell, Waher,

Cambridge.

Boston.

Arlington.

Boston.

Dorchester.

Salem.

Boston.

Newton.

Boston.

, South Boston.
Woburn.
Leicester.
Arlington.

Sampson, Geo. R., New York.
Sanborn, Amos C, Cambridgeport.
Sanford, O. S., Cordaville.

Sargent, Charles S., Brookline.
Sargent, Ignatius, "

SaviUe, Richard L., "

Sawyer, Timothy T., Charlestown.
Scott, Charles,
Scudder, C. W.,
Sears, J. Montgomery, Boston.
Seaver, Nathaniel, East Boston
Seaver, Roliert,
Shaw, C. C,
Shaw, S. P.,
Sheafe, Charles C,
Sheafe, William,
Sheldon, Oliver S.,

Newton.
Brookline.

Jamaica Plain.

Milford, N. H.

Cambridge.

Boston.

Brookline.

Milton.

Shimmin, Charles P., Boston.
Shorey, John L., Lynn.

Skinner, Francis, Boston.
Slack, Charles W.,
Slack, Lewis, Brookline.

Smith, Benjamin G., Cambridge.
Smith, Calvin W., Grantville.
Smith, Charles H., Jamaica Plain.
Smith, Chauncey, Cambridge.
Smith, E. N., San Francisco.

Smith, George O., Boston.
Smith, James H., Needham.
Smith, W. B., Boston.

Snow, Eben, Cambridge.

Snow, Miss SalomeH., Brunswick, Me,

Southmayd, John K.,
Sparhawk, Edw'd C,
Spaulding, Edward,
Spaulding, M. D.,
Speare, Alden,
Springall, George,
Springer, John,
Stetson, Nahum,
Stickney, Rufus B.,
Stimpson, George,
Stimpson, H. H.,
Stone, Amos,
Stone, George P.,
Stone, Phineas J.,
Story, E. Augustus,
Strong, William C,
Sturgis, John H.,
Sturgis, Russell, Jr.,
Sturtevant, E. Lewis,
Sumner, Edward,
Surette, Louis A.,
Swain, Charles D.,

Taft, JohnB.,
Tappan, Charles,
Taylor, Horace B.,
Thacher, Alfred C,
Thayer, Henr\',
Thayer, Nathaniel,
Thurlow, Thomas C,
Tilton, Stephen W.,
Todd, John,
Tolman, Benjamin,
Tolman, Miss H. S.,
Torrey, Everett,
Turner, John I\L,
Turner, Roswell W ,
Turner, Royal W.,

Boston.

Brighton.

Jamaica Plain.

Boston.

Newton Centre.

Maiden.

Sterling.

Bridgewater.

Somerville.

New York.

Cambridge.

Everett.

Newton.

Charlestown.

Brighton.

Newton Centre.

Boston.

S. Framingham.
Dedham.
Concord.
Roxbury.

BostoTi.

Dorchester.

N. Cambridge.

Boston.

Newburyport.

Boston.

Hingliam.

Concord.

Boston.

Charlestown.

Dorchester.

Boston.

Randolph.

Underwood, Guy C, Boston.
Upham, Henry, Brookline.

Vass, William J., Boston.
Vose, Benjamin C, Hyde Park.

Wainwright, Wm. L., Braintree.
Wakefield, E. H , Chelsea.

MEMBERS FOR LIFE.

367

Walcott, Edward,
Walcott, Henry P.,
Wales, George O.,
Walker, FAw. C. R,,
Walker, Samuel A.,
Walker, T. W.,
Walley, Mrs. W. P.,
Ward, John,
Wardwell, W. H.,
Ware, Benjamin P.,
Warreu, George W.,
Washburn, Andrew,
Wason, Elbridge,
Waters, Edwin F.,
Waters, George F.,
Watts, Isaac,
Webber, Aaron D.,
Weld, Aaron D.,
Weld, Dr. Moses W.,
Weld, Richard H.,
Weld, William G.,
Weston, Leonard W.,
Weston, Seth,
Wetherell, Leander,
Wheelwright, A. C,
Whipple, John A.,
Whitcomb, Wra B.,
White, Benjamin C,
AVhite, Edward A.,
White, Francis A.,

Pawtucket.
Cambridge.
Braintree.
Dedham.

Walthani.

Boston.

Newton.

Newton Centre,

Beach Bluff.

Boston.

Hyde Park.

Brookline.

Newton Centre.

Newton.

Belmont.

Boston.

West Roxbury.

Boston.

Brookline.
Lincoln.
Revere.
Boston.

Medford.
Boston.
Boston.
Brookline.

Whitely, Edward,
Whiting, Nathaniel,
Whitmore, C. O.,
Whittle, George W.,
Whytal, Thomas G.,
Wilbur, G. B.,
Wilcult, Levi L.,
Wilder, Edw. Baker,
Wilder, Henry A.,
Wilder, Marshall P.,
Willard, E. W.,
Wilhams, Aaron D.,
Williams, Benj. B ,
Williams, Philander,
Willis, George W.,
Willis, J. C,
Wilson, Henry W.,
Wilson, Wm. Power,
Winsliip, F. Lyman,
Winship, Herman,
Woerd, Charles V.,
Woerd, C. V., Jr.,
Wood, Luke H.,
AVood, R. W.,
Wood, William K.,
Woods, Henry,
Woodward, Royal,
Wright, George C,
Wrisley, Frank,

Cambridge.

Brookline.

Boston.

Somerville.

New York.

Watertown.

West Roxbury.

Dorchester.

Boston.

Dorchester.

Newport, R. I.

Boston.

c (

Taunton.

Chelsea.

Boston.

South Boston.

Boston.

Brigiiton.

Waltham,

Marlborough.
Jamaica Plain.
West NcAvton.
Dorchester.
Brookline.
West Acton.
New York.

ANNUAL MEMBERS,

Abbott, S. L., M. D.
Adams, Charles F.,
Adams, C. S.,
Allen, Andrew F.,
Allen, Calvin,
Allen, Nathaniel T.,
Ames, R. W.,
Anderson, Charles J.
Atkinson, Chas. M.,
Atkinson, Edw^ard,
Atkinson, W. B.,

, Boston.

Quincy.

Framingham.

Arlington.

Boston.

West Newton.

Boston.
, Longwood.

Brookline.

Bacon, Augnstus,
Bacon, William,
Bard, James,
Barker, John G.,
Barnes, Parker,
Batchelder, G. W.,
Beard, Edward L.,
Beebe, J. Arthur,
Bird, Charles,
Bird, John L.,
Bliss. B. K.,
Bock, William A.,
Bolles, Matthew,
Bolles, William P.,
Bolton, John B.,
Boott, William,
Bowditch, E Francis,
Bradlee, JohnT.,
Breck, Charles H.,
Breck, Charles H. B ,
Brewer, Thomas M.,
Brooks, George,
Brown, A. S.,
Brown, Atherton T.,
Brown, Benjamin F.,
Brown, Jona. Jr.,
Brown, Joseph T.,
Bryant, G. J. F.,

Newburyi^ort.

Boston

Framingham.

Lynn.

Boston.

Dorchester.

Cambridge.

Boston.

Revere.

Dorchester.

New York.

N. Cambridge.

Boston.

Somerville.

Boston.

Framingham.

Boston.

Brighton.

u

Boston.

Brookline.

Jamaica Plain.

Boston.

Charlestown.

Somerville.

Boston.

Bull, E. W.,
Bullard, Calvin,
Burley, Edward,
Burr, Charles C,
Butler, Edward,

Capen, Aaron D.,
Carter, Maria E.,
Cartwright, James,
Chadbourne, M. W.,
Chaffin, John C,
Chapin, Gardner S.,
Chapin, George H.,
Chase, Henry L.,
Chase, Joseph S.,
Cheney, Amos P.,
Clark, James W.,
Clark, Joseph,
Clark, Joseph W.,
Cobb, Jonathan H.,
Coe, Henry F.,
Comley, James,
Cox, James F.,
Crafts, William A.,
Crosby, J. Allen,
Cruickshanks, J. T.,
Curtis, Daniel T.,
Curtis, Joseph H.,

Concord.

Boston.

Beverly.

Newton.

Wellesley.

Mattapan.

Woburn.

Wellesley.

Watertown.

Newton.

Arlington.

Watertown.

Lynn.

Maiden.

South Natick.

Framingham.

Canton.

Dedham.

West Roxbury.

Lexington.

Abington.

Boston.

Jamaica Plain.

Natick.

Boston.

Darling, Moses, Jr., South Boston.

Davenport, A. M., Watertown.

Davis, Frederick, Newton.

Davis, James, Boston.

Davis, Thomas M., Cambridgeport.

Day, George B , Boston.
Dean, A. J., ^ "
Dolbear, Mrs. Alice J., Somerville.

Doogue, William, Boston.

Duffley', Daniel, Brookline.
Dupee, James A., "

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

369

Dyer, Mrs. E. D., Eyota, Minn.

Eaton, Jacob,
Edgar, William,
Ewings, Luther B.,

Falconer, John,
Falconer, William,
Farrier, Amasa,
Farrier, Mrs. C,
Faxon, Edwin,
Fay, Henry G.,
Felton, Arthur W.,
Fenno, Warren,
Fletcher. Edwin,
Foster, Joshua T.,
Fowle, Charles L.,
Fowle, George W.,
Fowle, Henry D.,
French, William E.,
Frost, George,
Frost, Stiles,
Fuller, William G.,

Gane, Henry A.,
Gardiner, Claudius B.
Gardner, John,
Garfield, Charles,
Gaut, Samuel N.,
Gilbert, John,
Gilbert, Samuel,
Gilbert, W. A.,
Gill, Mrs. E. M.,
Gleason, C. W.,
Gleason, Herbert,
Godbold, G. A.,
Goddard. Thomas,
Goodwin, Lester,
Gould, William P.,
Grant, Charles E.,
Graves, Frank H.,
Gray, Howard,
Gray, William Jr.,
Gray, William, 3d,
Greene, Malcolm H.,
Grew, Henry,
Guerineau, Louis,

Cambridgeport.

Newtonville.

Boston.

Rochester,

Cambridge.

Stoneham.

Jamaica Plain.

Brookline.

West Newton.

Revere.

Acton.

Medford.

Dorchester.

Jamaica Plain.

Boston.

West Newton.

Boston.

Stoneham.

West Newton.
jNewburyport.
Dedham.
Medford.
Somerville.
Boston.

Neponset.

Medford.

Boston.

Maiden,

Chelsea.

Boston.

Brighton.

Jamaica Plain.

Boston.

West Newton.

Dorchester.

Malvern, Ark.

Hall, William T., Revere.
Hamlin, Delwin A., South Boston.
Harris, Miss Ellen M., Jamaica Plain.
Harris, Frederick L., South Natick.
Hartwell, Samuel, Lincoln.
Harwood, George S., Newton.
Haskell, Edward, New Bedford.
Hatch, Samuel, Boston.

Hayes, John L., Cambridge.

Hayward, George P., Hingham.
Hazleton, H. L., Boston.

Hersey, Alfred H.,
Hersey, Edmund,
Heustis, Warren,
Hews, Albert H.,
Higbee, Charles H,
Hill, Benjamin D.,
Hill, Miss Katie A.
Hinckley, Mrs. D. F., Chelsea.
Howe, Rufus, Marlborough

Hingham.

Belmont.

No. Cambridge,

Salem.

Peabody.

Lowell.

Ireland, George W., Somerville.

Jameson, G. W.,
Jones, Moses,
Jordan, Samuel,

East Lexington.

Brookline.

Yarmouth.

Kelsey, Fred W., Waverly, N. Y.
Kendall, Jonas, Framingham.

Kennard, Martin P., Brookline.
Kenrick, Miss A. C, Newton.

Lamprell, Simon,
Lang, John H. B.,
Langworthy, I. P.,
Leavens, E. W.,
Lee, Francis H.,
Livermore, Miss M.,
Loring, Charles G.,
Loring, John A.,
Lothrop, David W.,
Lothrop, H. A.,
Lothroi), Thornton K.
Lowell, John,

Marcou, Mrs. J.,
Markoe, G. F. H.,

Marblehead.

Dorchester.

Chelsea.

Maiden.

Salem.

Mt. Auburn.

Boston.

West Medford.
Sharon.
, Boston.
Newton.

Cambridge.
Boston.

370

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

May, F. W. G.,
McDermott, Andrew,
Mcintosh, A. S.,
McLaren, Anthony,
Mellen, George M.,
Merrill, J. Warren,
Merrill, S. A.,
Minton, Peter J.,
Morandi> Francis,
Morris, Thomas D.,
Morrison, Hugh,
Morton, James H.,
Murray, Daniel D.,
Muzzey, Rev. A. B.,

Boston.

Boston.

Forest Hills.

Brookline.

Cambridgeport.

Danvers.

Forest Hills.

Maiden.

Boston.

Bay View.

Boston.

Brookline.

Cambridge.

Ridler, Charles E., Kingston.

Roberts, Edward, Hyde Park.

Rogers, John F., Cambridge.

Ross, Charles W., Newtonville.

Russell, George, Boston.

Nightingale, Crawford, Dorchester.

Norton, Michael H., Boston.
Norton, Patrick, "

Noyes, George N., Auburndale.

Nugent, James, Boston.

O'Brien, James, Jamaica Plain.

Oldreive, Richard, Newton.

Olney, Richard, West Roxbury.

Owen, John, Cambridge.

Park, William D.,
Parker, John,
Parsons, W^illiam,
Patterson. James,
Payson, Samuel R.,
Phillips, Nathaniel,
Pickering, Mrs.E.C,
Plimpton, W. P.,
Power, Charles J.,
Pratt, Mrs. Mary L.,
Pratt, Samuel,
Prince, Thomas,
Putnam, Charles A.,
Putnam, Henry W.,

Boston.

Cambridge.

Boston.

Dorchester.

Cambridge.

West Newton.

S. Framingham

Hingham.

Chelsea.

Boston.

Salem.

Randall, Macey, Sharon.

Ranlett, S. A., Melrose.

Richards, John S., Brookline.

Richardson, E. P., Lawrence.

Richardson, Horace, Framingham. Turner, Nathaniel W., "

SafFord, Fred'k M ,
Saunders, Miss M. T.,
Saville, George,
Sawtcll, J. M ,
Schlegel, Adam,
Schmitt, Georg A.,
Scott, A. E.,
Scott, George H.,
Scudder, Samuel H.,
Shattuck, F. R.,
Shedd, Abraham B.,
Shedd, Arthur B.,
Shepherd, C. W.,
Shcppard, Edwin,
Sherman, Japhet,
Simpson, Michael H.,
Sleeper, John S.,
Snow, Eugene A ,
Southworth, Edward,
Spooner, William H ,
Sprague, Charles J.,
Squire, John P.,
Starbird, Louis D.,
Stevenson, Hamilton,
Stone, Eliphalet,
Stone, Samuel G.,
Storer, Charles,
Story, Miss Sarah W.
Strahan, Thomas,
Sullivan, J. L. D.,
Swan, Charles W.,

Tailby, Joseph,

Talbot, Josiah W.,

Tapper, Thomas,

Tobey, Miss M. B.

Todd, Jacob,

Torrey, Bradford, "

Trautman, Martin, Boston.

Dorchester.

Salem.

Quincy.

Fitchburg.

Boston.

Brookline.

Lexington.

Allston.

Cambridge.

Boston.

Lexington.

West Newton.
Lowell.
Medford.
Saxonville.
Boston.
Melrose.
Quincy.
Jamaica Plain.
Boston.
Arlington.
Maiden.
Woburn.
Dedham.
Charlestown.
Natick.
, Brighton.
Chelsea.
Sonierville.
Boston.

Wellesley.

Norwood.

Canton.

Brookline.

Boston.

EXTRACTS FROM THE CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAAVS. 371

Underwood, Wra- J., Belmont.

Van der Veur, P. W., New York.
Vaughan, J. C, Chicago, 111.

Vinton, Mrs. C. A., Boston.

Walker, Charles H.,
Walker, Joseph T.,
Walker, William P.,
Watson, David,
Webster, John,
Wellington, Chas. A.,
Wellington, Jos. V.,
Wells, Benjamin T.,
Weston, Mrs. L. P.,
Wheatland, Henry,
Wheeler, Miss Ann C
Wheildon, Wm. W.,

Chelsea.

Boston.

Somerville.

Maiden.

Salem.

E. Lexington.

Cambridge.

Boston.

Danvers.

Salem.

,Cambridgeport.

Concord.

White, Nelson B.,
Wliitney, Joel,
Whiton, Starkes,
Wilde, Hiram,
Williams, Dudlej^
Wilmarth, H. D.,
Wilson, B. Osgood,
Wilson, George W.,
Wiswall, Henry M.,
Withington, Henry H.
Wolcott, Mrs. J.W.,
Wood, Mrs. AnnaD.
Wood, Miss C. S.,
Wood, E. W.,
Woodford, Jos. H.,

Norwood.
Winchester.
Hingham Centre.
Kandolph.
Jamaica Plain.

Watertown.

Maiden.

Watertown.

, Jamaica Plain.

Boston.

, West Newton.

Newton.

Zirngiebel, Denys, Needham.

EXTRACTS FROM THE CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS.

SECTION XXVI.— Life Members.

The payment of thirty dollars shall constitute a Life Membership, and
exempt the member from all future assessments ; and any member having
once paid an admission fee, may become a Life Member by the payment of
twenty dollars in addition thereto.

SECTION XXVII. — Admissiok Fee and Annual Assessment.
Every subscription member, before he receives his Diploma, or exercises
the privileges of a member, shall pay the sum of ten dollars as an admission
fee, and shall be subject afterwards to an annual assessment of two dollars.

SECTION XXIX. — Discontinuance of Membership.

Any member who shall neglect for the space of two years to pay his annual
assessment, shall cease to be a member of the Society, and the Treasurer shall
erase his name from the List of Members.

The attention of Annual Members is particularly called to Section XXIX.

HONORARY MEMBERS.

A * flenotes the member deceased. Correspondents of the Society and others will
confer a favor by communicating to the Secretary information of the decease,
change of residence, etc., of Honorary or Corresponding Members.

*Benjamin Abbott, LL. D., Exeter, N. H.

*JoHN Abbott, Brunswick, Me.

*HoN. John QtjiNCY Adams, LL. D., late President of the United States,

Quincy.
*Prof. Louis Agassiz, Cambridge.

*WiLLiAM T. AiTON, late Curator of the Royal Gardens, Kew, England.
Thomas Allen, Ex-President of the St. Louis Horticultural Society, St.

Louis, Mo., and Pittsfield, Mass.
*HoN. Samuel Appleton, Boston.
*HoN. James Arnold, New Bedford.
*Edwakd Nathaniel Bancroft, M. D., late President of the Horticultural

and Agricultural Society of Jamaica.
*HoN. Philip P. Barbour, Virginia.

*DoN Angel Calderon de la Barca, late Spanish Minister at Washington.
*Robert Barclay, Bury Hill, Dorking, Surrey, England.
*James Beekman, New York.
*L'Abbe Berlese, Paris.
*NiCHOLAS Biddle, Philadelphia.
*Dr. Jacob Bigelow, Boston.
*Mrs. Lucy Bigelow, Medford.
*Le Chevalier Soulange Bodin, late Secretaire General de la Societe

d'Horticulture de Paris.
Hon. George S. Boutwell, Groton.
*JosiAH Bradlee, Boston.
*HoN. George N. Briggs, Pittsfleld.
*Hon. James Buchanan, late President of the United States, Lancaster,

Penn.
*Jesse Buel, late President of the Albany Horticultural Society, Albany,

N. Y.
*HoN. Edmund Burke, late Commissioner of Patents, Washington, D. C.
*Augustin Pyramds de Candolle, Geneva.
Hon. Horace Capron, Ex-U. S Commissioner of Agriculture, Washington,

D. C.
*CoMMODORE Isaac Chauncey, U. S. Navy, Brooklyn, N. Y.

HONORARr MEMliERS. 373

*Wakd Chipman, late Chief Justice of New Brunswick, St. John.

*Leavis Clapikr, Philadcliihia.

*HoN. Henry Clay, Lexington, Ky.

H. W. S. Cleveland, Chicago, 111.

*ADjnRAL Sir Isaac Coffin, Bart., England.

*Zacciieus Collins, late President of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society,
Philadelphia.

*Eoswell L. Colt, Paterson, N. J.

Caleb Cope, Ex-President of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, Phila-
delphia.

*William Coxe, Burlington, N. J.

*John p. Cushing, Watertown.

*Charles W. Dabney, late U. S. Consul, Fayal, Azores.

*HoN. John Davis, LL. D., Boston.

*SiR Humphry Davy, London.

*Gen. Henry Alexander Scajoiel Dearborn, Koxbury.

* James Dickson, late Vice-President of the Horticultural Society of London.

*Mrs. Dorothy' Dix, Boston.

*Capt. Jesse D. Elliot, U. S. Navy.

*HoN. Stephen Elliot, LL. D., Charleston, S. C.

*HoN. Henry L. Ellsworth, late Commissioner of Patents, Washington, D C.

*Allyn Charles Evanson, late Secretary of the King's County Agricultural
Society, St. John, N. B.

*Hon. Edward Everett, LL. D., Boston.

*Hon. Horace Everett, Vermont.

*r. Faldermann, late Curator of the Imperial Botanic Garden, St. Petersburg.

*HoN. Millard Fillmore, late President of the United States, Buffalo, N. Y.

*Dr. F. E. Fischer, late Professor of Botany at the Imperial Botanic
Garden, St. Petersburg.

*HoN. Theodore Frelinghuysen, late President of the American Agricul-
tural Society, Xew Brunswick, ^ew Jersey.

*Joseph Gales, Jr., late Vice-President of the Horticultural Society,
Washington, D. C.

*George Gibbs, New York. •

*Stephen Girard, Philadelphia.

*HoN. Robert T. Goldsborougii, Talbot County, Maryland.

*Ephraim Goodale, South Orrington, Maine.

*Mrs. Eebecca Gore, Waltham.

*HoN. John Greig, late President of the Domestic Horticultural Society,
Canandaigua, N. Y.

*Mrs. Mary' Griffith, Charlies Hoi^e, N. J.

*Gen. William Henry' Harrison, late President of the United States,
North Bend, O.

*S. P. Hildreth, M. D., Marietta, O.

*Thomas Hopkirk, late President of the Glasgow Horticultural Society.

*David Hosack, M. D. late President of the New York Horticultural
Society.

17'

374 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

*Lewis Hunt, Huntsburg, 0.

*JosEPH K. Ingersoll, late President of the Pennsylvania Horticultural

Society, Philadelphia.
*Gen. Andrew Jackson, late President of the United States, Nashville,

Tenn.
*Mrs. Martha Johonnot, Salem.

*Jared Potter Kirtland, M. D., LL. D., East Rockport, O.
*Thomas Andrew Knight, late President of the Horticultural Society of

London
*Gen. La Fayette, La Grange, France.
*Le Comte De Lasteyrie, late Vice-President of the Horticultural Society

of Paris.
L. a. H. Latour, M. p., 139G St. Catherine street, Montreal, Canada.
*Baron Justus Liebig, Giessen, Germany.

*Prof. John Lindley, late Secretary of the Horticultural Society of London.
Franklin Litchfield, U. S. Consul at Puerto Cabello, Venezuela.
*JosiiDA Longstreth, Philadelphia.
*Nicholas Longworth, Cincinnati.

* Jacob Lorillard, late President of the New York Horticultural Society.
*John C. Loudon, London.
*HoN. John A. Lowell, Boston.
*Baron Charles Ferdinand Henry Von Ludwig, late Vice-President of

the South African Literary and Scientific Institution, Cape Town,

Cape of Good Hope.
*Hon. Theodore Lyman, Brookline-
Col. Theodore Lyman, Brookline.

*HoN. James Madison, late President of the United States, Montpelier, Va.
*Mrs. Charlotte Marryatt, Wimbledon, near London.
Joseph Maxwell, Eio Janeiro.

D. Smith McCauley, U. S. Consul-General, Tripoli.

*HoN. Isaac McKim, late President of the Horticultural Society of Mary-
land, Baltimore.
Rev. James H. Means, Dorchester, Mass.
*James Mease, M. 4)., Philadelpliia.
*Lewis John Mentens, Brussels, Belgium.
*Hon. Charles F. Mercer, Virginia.
*Fran90is Andre Michaux, Paris.
Donald G. Mitchell, New Haven, Conn.
*Samuel L. Mitchill, M. D., LL. D., New York.

*HoN. James Monroe, late President of the United States, Oak Hill, Va.
*ALrRED S. MoNsoN, M. D., late President of the New Haven Horticultural

Society, New Haven, Conn.
*HoN. A. N. MoRiN, Montreal, Canada.
*Theodore Mosselmann, Antwerp, Belgium.
Baron R. Von Osten Sacken, Heidelberg, Germany.
Baron Ottenfels, Austrian Minister to the Ottoman Porte.
John Palmer, Calcutta.

HONORARY MEMBERS. 375

*HoN. Joel Parker, LL. D., Cambridge.
Samuel B. Parsons, Flushing', N. Y.

*HoN. Thomas H. Perkiks, Brookline.

*A. Poiteau, late Professor in the Institut Horticole de Fromont.

*HoN. James K. Polk, late President of the United States, Nashville, Tenn.

*JoHN Hare Powel, Powelton, Pa.

*Henry Pratt, Philadelphia.

*William Prince, Flushing, N. Y.

*Eev. George Pdtnam, D. D., Roxbury.

*CoL. Joel Rathbone, late President of the Albany and Rensselaer Horti-
cultural Society, Albany, N. Y.

*Archibald John, Earl of Roseberry, late President of the Caledonian Horti-
cultural Society.

* Joseph Sabine, late Secretary of the Horticultural Society of London.
*DoN Ramon de la Sagra, Havana, Cuba.

Henry Winthrop Sargent, Fishkill, N. Y.
*SiR Walter Scott, Abbotsford, Scotland.

*John Shepherd, late Curator of the Botanic Garden, Liverpool, England.
*JoHN S. Skinner, late Editor of the American Farmer, Baltimore, Md.

George AY. Smith, Boston.
*Stephen H. Smith, late President of the Rhode Island Horticultural Society.
*HoN. Charles Sumner, Boston.
*HoN. John Taliaferro, Virginia.

*Gen. James Talmadge, late President of the American Institute, N. Y.
*Gen. Zachart Taylor, late President of the United States, Baton Rouge,
La.

* James Thacher, M. D., Plymouth.
John J. Thomas, Union Springs, N. Y.

* James W. Thompson, M. D., Wilmington, Del.
*Grant Thorburn, New York.

*M. Du Petit Thouars, Paris.

*Le Vicomte Hericart de Thurt, late President of the Horticultural
Society of Paris.

*MoNS. TouGARD, late President of the Horticultural Society of Rouen,
France.

*Gen. Nathan Towson, late President of the Horticultural Society, Wash-
ington, D. C.

*HoN. John Tyler, late President of the United States, Williamsburg, Va.

*Rev. Joseph Tyso, Wallingford, England.

*HoN. Martin Van Buren, late President of the United States, Kinder-
hook, N. Y.

♦Federal Vanderburg, M. D., New York.

*Jean Baptiste Van Mons, M. D., Brussels, Belgium.

*Gen. Stephen Van Rensselaer, Albany, N. Y.

*JosEPH R. Van Zandt, Albany, N. Y.

*Benjamin Vaughan, M. D., Hallowell, Me.

*Petty Vaughan, London.

37 G MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

*Rev. N. Villeneuve, Montreal, Canada.

*PiERRE Phillippe Andrb Vilmorin, Pans.

*James Wadswortu, Geneseo, N. Y.

*NATriANiEL Wallich, M. D., late Curator of the Botanic Garden, Calcutta.

*Malthds a. Ward, M. D., late Professor in Franklin College, Athens, Ga.

*HoN. Daniel Webster, Marshfield.

*noN. John Welles, Boston.

*Jeremiah Wilkinson, Cumberland, R. I.

«

Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, Boston.
*Frederick Wolcott, Litchfield, Conn.
*AsHTON Yates, Liverpool, England.

*Lawrence Young, late President of the Kentucky Horticultural Society,
Louisville.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

A * denotes the members«deeeased.

*JoHN Adluji, Georgetown, D. C.

Dox Francisco Aguilar, U. S. Vice-Consul at Maldonado, Banda Oriental
del Uruguay.
*MoNS. Alfrot, Lieusaint, France.

James T. Allax, Ex-President of the Nebraska State Horticultural Society,
Omaha, Neb.

A. B. Allen, New York.

Rev. Thomas D. Anderson, South Boston.
*Tho3ias Appleton, late U. S. Consul at Leghorn, Italy.
*CoL. Thomas Aspinwall, late U. S. Consul at London, Brookline.

P. M. Augur, State Pomologist, Middlefield, Conn.
*Isaac Cox Baknet, late U. S. Consul at Paris.

Patrick Barry, Chairman of the General Fruit Committee of the American
Pomological Society, Rochester, N. Y.
*Augustine Bausiann, Bolwiller, Alsace.
*Eugene Achille Baumann, Railway, N. J.
*Jo§EPH Bernard Baumann, Bolwiller, Alsace.

Napoleon Baumann, Bolwiller, Alsace.

D. W. Beadle, St. Catherine's, Ontario.

Prof. W. J. Beal, Lansing, Michigan.
*Noel J. Becar, Brooklyn, N. Y.
*Edward Beck, Worton College, Isleworth, near London.

Rev. Henry Ward Beecher, Peekskill, N. Y.

Louis £douard Berckmans, Rome, Ga.

Prosper J. Berckmans, Augusta, Ga.
*Alexander Bivort, late Secretary of the Societe Van Mons, Fleurus, Bel-
gium.
*Tripet Le Blanc, Paris.

*Charles D. Bragdon, Pulaski, Oswego Co., N. Y.
*William D. Brinckle, M. D., Philadelphia.

*George Brown, late U. S. Commissioner to the Sandwich Islands, Beverly.
*JoHN W. Brown, Fort Gaines, Ga.

Dk. Nehemiah Brush, East Florida.

Arthur Bryant, Sr., Ex-President of the Illinois State Horticultural

Society, Princeton, 111.
*RoBERT BuiST, Philadelphia.
*Dr. E. W. Bull, Hartford, Conn.

William Bull, Chelsea, England.

378 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Rev. Kobekt Burnet, Ex-President of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Associa-
tion, Pictou, N. S.

Alexander Burton, United States Consul at Cadiz, Spain

IsiDOR Bush. Busliberg, Jefferson Co., Mo.

George W. Campbell, Delaware, Ohio.
*Francis G. Carnes, New York.
*CoL. Robert Carr, Philadelphia.
*Rev. John O. Choules, D. D., Newport, R. I.
*Rev. Henry Colman, Boston. »

*James Colvill, Chelsea, England.

Benjamin E. Cotting, M. D., Boston.
*Samuel L. Dana, M. D., Lowell.

J. Decaisne, Professeur de Culture au Museum d'Histoirc Naturelle, Jardin
des Plantes, Paris.
*James Deeuing, Portland, Me.
*H. F. Dickehlt.

*SiR C. Wentworth Dilke, Bart., London.
*HoN. Allen W. Dodge, Hamilton.

Rev. H. Honywood D'Ombratn, Wcstwell Vicarage, Ashford, Kent, Eng-
land.
*Andrew Jackson Downing, Newburg, N. Y.

Charles Downing, Newburg, N. Y.

Parker Earle, Cobden, 111.
*F. R. Elliott, late Secretary of the American Pomological Society, Cleve-
land, 0.

George Ellwanger, Rochester, N. Y.
*George B. Emerson, LL. D., Winthrop.
*Ebenezer Emmons, M. D. Williamstown.
*Andrew H. Ernst, Cincinnati, O.
*Nathaniel Fellows, Cuba.
*Henry J. Finn, Newport, R. I.

*W. C. Flagg, late Secretary of the American Pomological Society, Moro, 111.
*Michael Floy, late Vice-President of the New York Horticultural Society,

New York City.
*John Fox, Washington, D. C.
*HoN. Russell Freeman, Sandwich.

Andrew- S. Fuller, Ridgewood, N. J.

Henry Weld Fuller, Roxbury.

Hon. Robert W. Furnas, President of the Nebraska State Horticultural
Society, Brownville, Neb.
*Augustin Gande, late President of the Horticultural Society, Department

of Sarthe, France.
*RoBERT H. Gardiner, Gardiner, Me.

♦Benjamin Gardner, late U. S. Consul at Palermo, Sicily.
*Capt. James T. Gerry, U. S. Navy.

♦Abraham P. Gibson, late U. S. Consul at St. Petersburg.
*R. Glendinning, Chiswick, near London.

CORIIESPONDING MEMBERS. 379

Prof. George L. Goodale, Cambridge.
Charles W. Gordon, U. S. Consul at Rio Janeiro.
Prof. Asa Gray, Cambridge.

O. B. Hadaven, Ex-President of tiie Worcester County Horticultural Society,
Worcester.
*Charles Henry Hall, New York. \^

♦Abraham Halsey', late Corresponding Secretary of tlie New York Horti-
cultural Society, New York.
*Dr. Charles C. Hamilton, late President of the !Fruit Growers' Association

and International Show Society of Nova Scotia, Canard.
*Rev. Thaddeus Mason Harris, D. D., Dorchester.
*Thaddeus William Harris, M. D., Cambridge.
*John Hay, late Architect of the Caledonian Horticultural Society.
♦Bernard Henry, late U. S. Consul at Gibraltar, Philadelphia.

Shirley' Hibberd, Editor of the Gardener's Magazine, London. .
*J. J. Hitchcock, Baltimore.
Egbert Hogg, LL. D., Editor of the Journal of Horticulture, London.
♦Thomas Hogg, New York.
Thomas Hogg, New York.
J. C. Holding, Ex-Treasurer and Secretary of the Cape of Good Hope

Ajfricultural Society, Cape Town, Africa.
Eev. S. Reynolds Hole, Caunton Manor, Newark, Nottinghamshire,

England.
Fisher Holmes, Sheffield, England.
Sir Joseph Hooker, K. C. S. I., Director of the Royal Botanic Garden,

Kew, England.
JosiAH Hoopes, West Chester, Penn.
Prof. E. N. Horsford, Cambridge.
♦Sanford Howard, Chicago, 111.

*Dr. William M. Howsley, late President of the Kansas State Horticul-
tural Societjr, Leavenworth.
♦Isaac Hunter, Baltimore, Md.
♦Isaac Hurd, Cincinnati, Ohio.
George Husmann, Professor of Horticulture in the University of the State
of Missouri, Columbia.
♦Prof. Isaac W. Jackson, Union College, Schenectady, N. Y.
Thomas P. James, Cambridge.
Edward Jarvis, M. D., Dorchester.
J. W. P. Jenks, Middleborough.
William J. Johnson, M. D., Fort Gaines, Ga.
Samuel Kneeland, M. D., Boston.
♦Mons. Laffay-, St. Cloud, near Paris, France.

♦David Landreth, late Corresponding Secretary of the Pennsylvania Horti-
cultural Society, Bristol, Pa.
C. C. Langdon, Mobile, Alabama.
*Dr. William LeBaron, late State Entomologist, Geneva, 111.
G. F. B. Leighton, President of the Norfolk Horticultural and Pomological
Society, Norfolk, Va.

380 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

*E. S. H. Lkonard, M. D., Providence, R. I.

*Andre Lekoy, Author of the Dictionnaire de Pomologie, Angers, France.

J, Linden, Ghent, Belgium.

Hon. George Lunt, Scituate.
*F. W. Macondkay, San Francisco, Cal.
*James J. Mapes, LL. D., Newark, N. J.
*A. Mas, late President of the Horticultural Society, Bourg-en-Bresse, France.

Dr. Maxwell T. Masters, Editor of the Gardeners' Chronicle, London.
*James Maury, late U. S.'Consul at Liverpool, England.

T. C. Maxwell, Geneva, N. Y.
*WiLLiAM Sharp McLeay, New York.
*James McNab, late Curator of the Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, Scotland.

Thomas Meehan, Editor of the Gardener's Monthly, Germantown, Pa.
*Allan Melvill, New York.

John Filler, M. D., Secretary of the Horticultural and Agricultural
Society of Jamaica.
*Stephen Mills, Flushing, N. Y.
♦Charles M'Intosh, Dalkeith Palace, near Edinburgh.

J. E. Mitchell, Philadelphia.
"^Giuseppe Monarchini, M. D., Canea, Isle of Candia.

^douard Morren, Editor of the Belgique Horticole, Liege, Belgium.
*HoRATio Neavhall, M. D., Galena, 111.
*David W. Offley, late U. S. Consular Agent, Smyrna, Turkey.

James Ombrosi, U. S. Consul, Florence, Italy.
*John J. Palmer, New York.
*ViCTOR Paquet, Paris.

*JoHN W. Parker, late U. S. Consul at Amsterdam, Holland.
*Andre Parmentier, Brooklyn, N. Y.

William Paul, Waltham Cross, London, N.
*SiR Joseph Paxton, M. P., Chatsworth, England.
*John L. Payson, late U. S. Consul at Messina, Sicily.
*CoM. Matthew C. Perry, U. S. Navy, Charlestown.

*David Porter, late U. S. Charge d' Affaires at the Ottoman Porte, Con-
stantinople.
*Alfred Stratton Prince, Flushing, N. Y.
*WiLLiAM Robert Prince, Flushing, N, Y.

P. T. QuiNN, Newark, N. J.

Rev. Rdshton Radclyffe, London, England.
* William Foster Redding, Baltimore, Md.

D. Redmond, Ocean Springs, Miss.

Dr. S. Reynolds, Schenectady, N. Y.
*JoHN H. Richards, M. D., Illinois.

Charles V. Riley, U. S. Entomological Commissioner, Washington, D. C.
*MoNS. J. RiNz, Jr., Frankfort-on-the-Main, Germany.
*Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, Herts, England.

William Robinson, Editor of The Garden, London.
*Dr. J. Smyth Rogers, New York.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS. 381

*Capt. William S. Rogers, U. S. Navy.

Bernard Rosier, M. D., Athens, Greece.
*TiiOMAS RoTCH, Philadelphia.
*George R. Russell, Roxbury.

John B. Russell, Newmarket, N. J. *

*Rev. John Lewis Russell, Salem.

William Saunders, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
*WiLLiAM SiiALER, late U. S. Consul-General at Havana, Cuba.
*William Shaw, New York.
*Caleb R. Smith, Burlington, N. J.
*Daniel D. Smith, Burlington, N. J.

*GiDEON B. Smith, late Editor of the American Farmer, Baltimore, Md.
*JoHN Jay Smith, Germantown, Penn.
*HoRATio Sprague, late U. S. Consul at Gibraltar.

Robert W. Starr, Port William, Nova'Scotia.

Dr. Joseph Statman, Leavenworth, Kansas.
*Capt. Thomas Holdup Stevens, TJ. S. Navy, Middletown, Conn.

William Fox Strangewai', British Secretary of Legation at Naples, Italy.

Dr. J. Strentzel, Martinez, Cal.
*JuDGE E. B. Strong, Rochester, N. Y.
*James p. Sturgis, Canton, China.

William Summer, Pomaria, S. C.

Francis Summerest.
*Prof. Michele Tenore, late Director of the Botanic Garden at Naples,

Italy.
*James Englebert Teschemacher, Boston.
*RoBERT Thompson, Chiswick, near London.
*George C. Thorburn, New York.

Prof. George Thurber, Editor of the American Agriculturist, New York.
*JoHN TiLSON, Jr., Edwards ville, Illinois.

*Cav. Doct. Vincenzo Tineo, Director of the Botanic Garden at Palermo.
*LuTHER Tucker, Editor of the Cultivator, Albany, N. Y.

Carey Tyso, Wallingford, England.
*Louis Van Houtte, Ghent, Belgium.
*Alexander Vattemare, Paris.

*Emilien de Wael, late Secretary of the Horticultural Society, Antwerp,
Belgium.

John A. Warder, M. D., President of the Ohio State Horticultural So-
ciety, North Bend, O.

Anthony Waterer, Knapp Hill, near Woking, Surrey, England.
*J. Ambrose Wight, Editor of the Prairie Farmer, Chicago, 111.

Benjamin Samuel Williams, HoUoway, London, N.

Prof. John Wilson, Edinburgh University, Scotland.
* William Wilson, New York.
*HoN. J. F. Wingate, Bath, Me.
*Gen. Joshua Wingate, Portland, Me.
♦Joseph Augustus Winthrop, Charleston, S. C.

CONTENTS

Page

Pbefatoey Note, . . . . . . , , . . 119

Business Meeting, April 2, 1881 ; Proceedings of American Pomological
Society presented, p. 121; Annual Appropriations, 121; Amendment to
Constitution and By-Laws, ........ 121, 122

Business Meeting, May 7; Resolutions in memory of George B.Emerson,
LL. D., Hon. John C. Gray, Henry Vandine, and E. Fred. Washburn, pp.
122-124; Decease of Hon. Andrews Breed announced, 124; Election of
members, .......... 125

Business Meeting, June 4; Resolutions in memory of Hon. Andrews Breed,
pp. 125, 126; Letter from Mrs. Lucy B. Lowell, 126; Letter from John C.
Gray, 127 ; Resignation of Treasurer, 127 ; Appointment of Treasurer, 127 ;
Appointment of Librarian, .....,,. 127

Business Meeting, July 2; No quorum, ...... 128

Business Meeting, August 6 ; Vote concerning eligibility of officers rescind-
ed, p. 128; Report on repairs of building, 128; Nominating Committees
appointed, 128 ; Election of members, ...... 129

Business Meeting, September 3; Report of Nominating Committee, 129;
Declination of C. O. Whitmore as Chairman of Finance Committee, 129;
Delegates to American Pomological Society, 130; Report on services of
former Treasurer, 130; Election of members, ..... 131

Business Meeting, October 1 ; Annual Election, pp. 131, 136; Proposals for
membership, 131 ; Services of Charles O. Whitmore, 131 ; Decease of Sam-
uel Downer announced, 132; Address of Dr. John A. Warder on Arbori-
culture, 132-136 ; Thanks from American Pomological Society, . . 136

Business Meeting, November 5 ; Appropriations recommended, pp. 136, 137 ;
Decease of Hon. John A. Lowell announced, 137; Resolutions in memory
of Samuel Downer, 137, 138; Vote concerning Arnold Arboretum, 138;
Election of members, . . . . . . . . . 138

Business Meeting, December 3; Resolutions in memory of Hon. John A.
Lowell, pp. 139, 140; Reports of Committees on Flowers, Fruits, Vegeta-
bles, Publication and Discussion, and Library read, 141 ; Prospective
Prize, 141 ; Report of Secretary and Librarian read, 141 ; List of Prizes for
1882 reported, 141 ; Election of member, ...... 141

Business Meeting, December 10; Proposal of member, p. 142; Report of
Committee of Arrangements read, 142; Report of Committee on Gardens
read, 142; Schedule of Prizes adopted, 142; Remarks on Reports, 142; An-
nouncement of Meetings for Discussion, 142; Correspondence with the
Royal Horticultural Society and the Imperial German Academy of Natu-
ralists, . . . 143, 144

CONTENTS.

Page
Business Meeting, December 17, .... . . 145

Meeting for Discussion; Native Plants for Winter Culture, by Mrs. T. L.

Nelson, pp. 145-149; Discussion, ....... 149-154

Business Meeting, December 24; Prospective Prize for Essay, . . 154,155

Meeting for Discussion; Ornamental Arboriculture, by John Robinson,

pp. 155-170; List of Trees, 170-179; Discussion, ..... 179-183

Business Meeting, December 31, ....... 183

Meeting for Discussion; Ornamental Arboriculture, .... 183-189

Report of the Committee on Plants and Feowebs ; New and Rare Plants
and Flovi^ers, pp. 190-198; Azalea and Rose Show, 198, 199; Rhododendron
Show, 199-201; Rose Exhibition, 201-204; Annual Exhibition, 204-206;
Chrysanthemum Show, 206; Miscellaneous Exhibits, 206-208 ; Prizes and
Gratuities awarded, . . . . . . . . . 209-226

Report of the Committee on Fruits, pp. 227-231 ; Notes on New Fruits,

232; Prizes and Gratuities awarded, ...... 233-245

Report of the Committee on Vegetables, pp. 246-249; Prizes and Gra-
tuities awarded, ......... 250-258

Report of the Committee on Gardens; Residence of Hon. Francis B.
Hayes, pp. 258-264; Thomas C. Thurlow's Peach Orchard, 2C5-267; Mar-
shall Miles's Peach Orchard, 267; John B.Moore's Peach Orchard and
Vineyard, 207, 268; Estate of B. Perley Poore, 268; Statement of Marshall
Miles, 269, 270; The Yellows, ....... 271,272

Report of the Committee of Arrangements, ..... 273

Meeting of the American Pomological Society; Introductory Exer-
cises, pp. 274-278; The Banquet, 278, 279; Address of President Hayes.
279, 280 ; Response of President Wilder, 281-283 ; Speech of Governor Long,
283,284; Speech of Collector Beard, 285 ; Other Speeches, 285-291 ; Hymn
by John G. Whittier, ......... 288, 289

Report of the Committee on Publication and Discussion, . . 292, 293

Report OF THE Library Committee, pp. 294-296; Library Accessions, . 290-313
Report of the Secretary and Librarian, ..... 314, 315

Report of the Treasurer, ........ 316-319

Report of the Finance Committee, ..;... 318

Mount Auburn Cemetery, ........ 320, 321

List of Edible Fungi, by E. Lewis Sturtevant, ..... 322-348

Date of Flowering of Trees and Shrubs in Eastern Massachusetts,

by John Robinson, ......... 349

Officers and Standing Committees for 1882, ..... 359, 360

Members of the Society: Life, pp. 361-367; Annual, 368-371; Honorary,

372-376; Corresponding, ........ 377-381

Extracts from the Constitution and By-Laws, .... 371

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