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TRANSACTIONS

assatljitsttts llorticttltiiral ^ocictg,

rOE THE YEAE 1885.

PART I.

BOSTON :

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY
1885.

The following papers and discussions have been circulated to
some extent in the form of slips reprinted from the reports made
by the Secretary of the Society in the Boston Transcript. As
here presented, the papers are printed in full, and the discussions
are not oul}' much fuller than in the weekly reports, but, where it
appeared necessary', have been carefully revised bj' the speakers.

Tlie Committee on Publication and Discussion take this oppor-
tunity to repeat what they have before stated, that the Society is
not to be held responsible for the certaint}' of the statements, the
correctness of the opinions, or the accuracy' of the nomenclature in
the papers and discussions nowor heretofore published, all of which
must rest on the credit or judgment of the respective writers or
speakers, the Societj' undertaking only to present these papers and
discussions, or the substance of them, correctly.

O. B. Hadwen, 1 Committee on

"William H. Hunt, V Publication and
Francis H. Appleton,J Discussion.

TRANSACTIONS

^assiariutiscttsi gavlicultumi ^atiti^.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, Januaiy 3, 1885.
A duly notified stated meeting of the Societ}' was holden at 11
o'clock, the President, John B. Moore, in the chair.

The President delivered his annual address, as follows : —

Address of President Moore.

Ladies and Gentlemen of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society : —
Again we have assembled hereto commence anew our work, and
also to look back upon the past and to profit by its teachings. The
last has been an eventful year in the historj^ of this Society, and
the first in which tlie death of a President has occurred.

Hon. Francis B. Ha3'es, then in the full vigor of mature man-
hood, was, on the 20th of September, suddenly called from his
earthlj' duties to a higher life. Mr. Hayes, as President, served
this Society well ; he was attentive, energetic, and vigilant in the
performance of his duties ; a good financier, an excellent presiding
officer, urbane in manner, and courteous to all. He was an enthu-
siastic lover of trees, plants, and flowers, and of everything per-
taining to rural life ; and constantly' interested in acquiring infor-
mation upon horticulture from books, as evinced by his use of our
library, as well as of his own.

His country home, at Lexington, under his lavish expenditures
and extensive improvements both in buildings and grounds, was
fast becoming one of the notable estates in the suburbs of Boston.

6 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The large and frequent contributions from his gardens of flowers,
fruits, and vegetables have added much interest to our exhibitions.
By his death this Society has met with a great loss. His funeral
was attended by many of our members, who followed the body to
its resting-place in Mount Auburn, that beautiful garden of the
dead established by this Society many years ago.

This Societ}- has alwa3's been proud of the record of its founders ;
them, and those other members of our Societ}-, true friends of hor-
ticulture, who have passed awa}-, we remember with gratitude.
The}' commenced a noble work, which we, who have had the bene-
fits of their experience and example, are to continue. It is in the
natuie of a trust, which we are bound in honor to improve for th«
benefit of those who come after us.

At the same time let us not forsfet the debt of gratitude which
we owe to the living — to our venerable Ex-President Wilder, who
has devoted a long life to the advancement of the science and the
practical development of horticulture, and who still, in his green
old age, is as anxious for new horticultural products and meth-
ods of cultivation as a young beginner. To the other Ex-Presi-
dents, and to many members who have aided the Society in its
progress, — to the tried friends of this institution, who have so
often assisted in making our exhibitions attractive, by sending to
our halls rare and beautiful plants from their conservatories, and
who by other substantial aid afforded to our Society have done so
much for the encouragement of horticulture, — to all of these we
owe a debt of gratitude.

The awarding committees report that the weeklj- shows have
been larger, better, and more full}' attended than usual.

The four large shows, at which the public have been charged a
small admission fee, have, under the prudent management of the
Committee of Arrangements, who have had them in full charge,
jDroved more successful than usual, not only in the quantity and
quality of the exhibits, but also in the receipts for admission,
which were much larger than in previous years.

The public appreciation of the beauty of our exhibitions isj'early
growing ; and, as the taste for beautiful flowers and fine fruit in-
creases, so will the desire to attend our exhibitions become greater
every year, until instead of hundreds there may be, in the near
future, thousands to crowd our halls.

The amount of money appropriated for prizes, for the year 1884,
was $3,450; this has been increased to $5,100 for the year 1885.

ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT MOORE. 7

A polic}' of liberal premiums, so far as may be warranted by a
prudent regard for the condition of the Society's finances, is the
true course to adopt to secure the most successful exhibitions.

With this liberal inducement in the increase of premiums, let
our cultivators of flowers, fruits, and vegetables remember that
soon this cold winter will have passed and spring will liave come ;
let us all be prepared in time to take full advantage of the seasons,
and bring to our halls the rarest and best products of our skill,
and, by such united efforts on the part of all, make our displays
better than any we have ever had. And let each of our members
realize the importance of his individual contribution ; for it is their
aggregated aid that makes our large displays.

We have, so far as horticulture is concerned, one of the most
extensive and best libraries in this country. The privilege of its
use is of much more value to an}' person seeking information in
regard to plants, fruits, flowers, and vegetables, than the cost of
membership in the Society ; and those who love rural life, who ad-
mire plants and flowers for their beaut^', who desire to grow the
luscious fruits which ripen so well under our bright sunshine, who
look with wonder and respect upon the noble trees that adorn our
streets and pleasure grounds, many of them of much more than a
century's duration, can well consult the books on these shelves for
information as to what, when, and how to plant to produce the
most favorable results.

But, though we have one of the best libraries, I could wish that
the accommodations for the books were more commensurate with
their value. The Chairman of the Committee on the Library', in
his report, again asks for more room for the large accumulation of
books for which we have no adequate provision, and suggests, as a
remedy for this, that we build a galler}' around this room, fitted
with cases. By the report of the Secretary and Librarian we are
informed that there have been added to the librar}-, since the year
1878, 1,400 books and 750 pamphlets, many of them rare and of
great value. Some books of the least value are stored in other
rooms in this building, and many of the slielves in the book cases
in this room contain double rows of books. This is an important
matter, and the request of the Library Committee should be con-
sidered and prompt action taken.

The Secretary-, who is also Librarian, has attended to his duties
in that careful and correct manner for which he is noted. Frequent
calls upon his time for information relating to the library, identifi-

8 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

cation of fruits and botanical specimens, and a multitude of other
points, prevent his getting the Society's Transactions in print as
soon as would be desirable, and for that reason it would appear
to be proper to furnish him some assistance.

The papers and discussions before our Society have increased in
interest very much in the last few years, with a good prospect of
tlieir being still better the present season. The information brought
out at these meetings adds very much to the worth of our Trans-
actions, and is much sought for by the public. To make these
meetings as useful as possible every member should contribute all
the aid in his power.

The Treasurer not having settled with the Mount Auburn Cem-
etery Corporation will be unable to make his report today. He
is also Superintendent of the Building, which he has managed
carefully and economical!}', and he is entitled to credit therefor.

The awarding committees of our Society have performed their
duties In a prompt and faithful manner, and have given good satis-
faction the past 3'ear. The Committee of Arrangements liave per-
formed their duties well, and shown good taste and excellent judg-
ment in the management of the four large exhibitions, which
thereb}' have resulted in greater pecuniar}' advantage than usual to
the Society.

In many of the States of the Union horticultural societies are
directly encouraged by grants of money, or by the printing, at the
expense of the State, of large editions of their transactions for
public distribution ; the youthful State of Kansas having in each
of the years 1882 and 1883 appropriated $4,500 in aid of the State
Horticultural Society. Considering -the large amount of money
awarded by our Society in premiums, it would appear a fair ques-
tion whether it is not entitled to State bount}^ for that purpose,
to the same amount, and on the same conditions, as it is given to
the agricultural societies of the State. I therefore recommend to
the Society an early consideration of this matter.

On motion of C. H. B. Breck, the thanks of the Society were
presented to President Moore for his address, and it was referred
to the Executive Committee to consider the recommendations con-
tained in it.

The President, as Chairman of the Executive Committee, re-
ported the reappointment by that Committee of Robert Manning,

DECEASE OF FRANCIS LYMAN WINSHIP. 9

as Secretary and Librarian, and George W. Fowle, as Treasurer of
tlie Society and Superintendent of tlie Building, for tiie year 1885.

Tlie appropriations recommended by tlie Executive Committee,
on the 1st of November and the 6th of December, 1884, came up
for final action, and were voted by the Society, as follows : —

For Prizes and Gratuities, —

For Plants and Flowers $2,500

For Gratuities for the encouragement of the exhibi-
tion of flowers during the winter months . . 100

For Fruits 1,500

For Vegetables 800

For Gardens 200

$5,100

For the Committee on the Library, for the purchase
of Books and Periodicals, Binding of Books, and

Incidental Expenses of the Committee . . . $300

For continuing the Card Catalogue of Plates . . 100

For the Committee on Publication and Discussion . 200

For the expenses of the Committee of Arrangements, 300

C. H. B. Breck announced the decease, on the 10th of Decem-
ber, of Francis Lj'man Winsliip, for many years Recording Sec-
retary of the Society, and moved the appointment of a committee
to prepare memorial resolutions. The motion was carried, and the
Chair appointed Mr. Breck, William J. Underwood, and John C.
Hovey, as that committee.

Arthur W. Blake, of Brookline, was proposed by Hon. Mar-
shall P. Wilder, as a Life Member of the Society.

John L. Gardner, of Boston, and
Miss Annie C. Putnam, of Boston,

having been recommended by the Executive Committee, were, on
ballot, duly elected members of the Society.

Joseph H. Woodford moved that the Society' appropriate a sum
not exceeding $20, to supply the deficiency in the subscription for

10 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

silver vases for prizes for roses, at the Rose Exhibition in June
last. The motion was referred to the Executive Committee.

Adjourned to Saturday, January 10.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

The Climate and Horticulture of New England.

By John E. Russell, Leicester.

Mr. President, Gentlemen and Ladies: —

This sharp January day, with hard, deep-frozen ground and
threats of lower temperature, is not unseasonable in our climate,
nor does it interfere with the work of the members of our Society.
It allows time for the winter meetings ; and I thank you for
honoring me with an invitation to address this the initial gathering
of the 3'ear. Let me, sir, congratulate the Societ}' upon the good
work of the last year. I rejoice to know that our membership is
enlarged, our influence spreading, our exhibitions so zealously
maintained and so well attended, and our treasury' in such a satis-
factory condition.

At this opening meeting, a few remarks upon the climate of our
region and the history of our horticulture may not be out of place.

To the horticulturist climate is a topic of ever-present interest.
Like our English cousins we are alwaj's growling about it, and
whenever at loss for conversation we " resume the weather." I
have often thought, in the midst of one of our terrible winters
which so try the courage and irritate the nerves, that our hard New
England was too inhospitable to be the- habitation of man. At this
gloomy period I have j-earned, as those who wait for the morning,
for the miracles of spring, so vivid upon these Northern shores,
and for the beauties of June, the crown and glory of the New Eng-
land year.

In my wide experience, whether under the rosy light reflected hy
the tideless Mediterranean, or where the great swell of the Pacific
breaks upon shores whose verdure never fails, and tropic islands
the glorj' of whose fronded palms delights the voyager from afar,
I have experienced no such sensation of joj' as comes with our
delicious June. It is a new heaven and a new earth, making good
to us the doctrine of compensation, and purging our minds of all
unhappy recollections of winter. But it is so short !

It was in the early summer of their first experience that Edward

CLIMATE AND HORTICULTURE OF NEW ENGLAND. 11

Winslow, Governor of Plymouth Colony, wrote to England with
enthusiasm of the climate and the flora, the vines, sweet with their
delicious perfume, the wild " damsons," and the forest roses, and
the richness of the sea-food.

No doubt he expected that June would last until December. He
had yet to learn of the power of the midsummer sun, and the parch-
ing droughts that were to threaten the very existence of the colo-
nists. His clusters of thick-skinned, foxy grapes have surel}- set
the children's teeth on edge ; his acrid damsons have disappeared
from our sj'lva ; and the treasures of food hidden in tlie sea-sands
chiefly serve to vary our sustenance during the season of clams.

A true descendant of the Pilgrims, the eloquent Rufus Choate,
said: "Take the climate of New England in summer, hot today,
cold to-morrow, mercur}' at eighty degrees in the shade in the
morning, with a sultrj' wind south-west. In three hours more a
sea-turn, wind at east, a thick fog from the bottom of the ocean,
and a fall of forty degrees. Now so dry as to kill all the beans in
New Hampshire, then floods carrying oft' all the dams and bridges
on the Penobscot and the Androscoggin ; snow in Portsmouth in
Jul}', and the next day a man and a yoke of oxen killed by light-
ning in Rhode Island. You would think the world was coming to
an end. But we go along. Seed-time and harvest never fail. We
have the early and the latter rains ; the sixty days of hot corn
weather are pretty sure to be measured out to us ; the Indian sum-
mer, with its bland south winds and mitigated sunshine, brings all
Tip, and about the 2oth of November, being Thursday, a grateful
people gather about the Thanksgiving board, with hearts full of
gratitude for the blessings that have been vouchsafed to them."

There is a popular belief that rough and inclement climates are
the especial nurses of the spirit of independence ; hence the heroic
lines, alwaj-s quoted in the after-dinner speeches of our friends from
New Hampshire : —

" Man is the nobler growth our realms supply,
And souls are ripened in our Northern sky."

But is it not true in historj' that the barren and inhospitable
regions have been saved from enslaving conquest by their lack of
attraction to the conqueror?

In Gibbon's first volume it is related that Scotland did not feel
the yoke of imperial Rome because of her rough climate. The

12 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICrLTUEAL SOCIETY.

native Caledonians were indebted for their independence rather to
their poverty than to their valor. " The masters of the fairest and
wealthiest climates of the globe turned with contempt from gloom}'
hills assailed by the winter's tempests, from lakes concealed in blue
mists, and from cold and lonely heaths over which the deer of the
forest were chased bv troops of naked barbarians." The boasted
liberty of the Swiss has been due to the inaccessible and repellent
nature of their glaeier-clad Alps, while the sunny slopes of Ital}'
have been the scenes of war and rapine.

"Italia I O Italia I hapless tliou
Who didst the fatal gift of beautv gain ;
A dowry fraught with never-ending pain,
A seal of sorrow stamped upon thy brow 1 "

The great calamities that came upon mankind early in our era,
when the civilization of the world was overwhelmed by barba-
rians, were caused by the armed immigration of the Northern races
seeking a better couutr\'. They came not as armies, but as moving
peoples. They had with them all that they loved and all that they
possessed: their Dacian women, their young barbarians, their
troops of Scjthian cavalrj', their hei-ds of coarse, rough-haired
cattle ; their homes were where they encamped. They left their
Arctic allegiance behind ; they exchanged with gladness the waters
of the Don and the Volga, murmuring under imprisoning ice, for
the sunny slopes of the Arno, the Rhone, and the Guadalquivir.
They left the gloom of Northern forests, the dark shadows of fir
and birch, for the fruitful groves and vineyards of Italy.

The causes of the emigration that commenced a settlement upon
the stern coasts of Massachusetts at the beginning of winter, when
December winds howled through the forest and tossed the freezing
foam upon the rocks, were not similar to those I have described.

" Xo lure of conquest's meteor beam,
Xor dazzling mines of fancy's dream,
Nor wild adventure's love to roam.
Brought from their fathers' ancient home,
O'er the wide sea, the Pilgrim host! "

A thirst for freedom of the soul, freedom of thought, and a
larger measure of freedom of life. — a desire that two centuries had
been kindling, and which had to be satisfied, — led to the reckless

CLIMATE AND HORTICULTUEE OF NEW ENGLAND. 13

attempt which, pursued with so much of suffering, destitution, and
misery, almost perished in the New England wilderness during
that first winter, but which did live to found a colon}' and a nation.
They took no thought of climate, — they lived but to die, — their
vision looked beyond the dreary shore of Plymouth to that peifect
climate,

"Where everlasting spring abides,
And never withering flowers ; "

and the}' bore without complaint, but with much liome-sickness, the
fierce extremes of their new home. There is no record b}' ther-
mometer of the first hundred years of the occupation of New Eng-
land, as this simple and necessary instrument was not made
practically available until the beginning of the eighteenth century,
so that we have no knowledge of the degree of heat they experienced,
but we do know from their records that in one respect the climate
has changed but slightly since then, — that drought w as an ever-
present menace to the struggling colonists. The experience of
their earliest planting also shows that unaccliraated English plants
could not bear the fervor of our sun ; for, of the six acres of barlej-
and peas put in, not only with faith, hope, and prayer, after the
Christian manner, but, as a precautionary measure, well ihanured
with fish, after the heathen Indian style, the barlej' was indifferent
good, and the peas not worth gathering ; they came up well and
blossomed, but the sun parched them in the blossom, and the hope
of the Pilgrim husbandman was frustrated. Their first summer
was undoubtedly xevy earl}-, for the}- began tillage in March, and
it was very hot.

Subsequent seasons were later, and the English garden seeds
yielded abundantly ; for we have the enthusiastic testimony of the
Rev. Francis Higginson, who, in 1629, wrote, " Our Governor
hath store of green pease growing in his garden, as good as I ever
eat in England. Our turnips, parsnips, and carrots are bigger and
sweeter than is ordinar}- to be found in England ; here are store
of pompions, cowcumbers and other things of that nature which
I know not."

Probably there has been little change in the climate ; the forest
was not so all-pervading as writers have usually assumed, — there
■was much clear land, and the Indians burned over great tracts,
the fires running until material was exhausted, or rains quenched
the flames. Now, as then, winter prevails the greater part of the

14 MASSACHrSETTS HOETICULTURAL SOCIETY.

year. Enrlv in September the gardener expects frost ; later in the
month the low lands are hoar with rime. October, with bland,
charming days, has a killing night breath. November ends even
the show of vegetable life, and thenceforward. " a leafless branch
his sceptre, winter rules the inverted year."

Though we have our open and mild winters at long intervals,
the mean temperature is below 32''. with frequent sudden ranges
below zero. In tMs period of intense cold, the streams are locked
in thick-ribbed ice ; the ground, often bare of snow for weeks,
freezes to a depth of three or four feet ; there is no sign of life in
herbaceous plants, and the loosened winds howl o'er the pendent
globe. Nor does the scene assume the beauty that belongs to vege-
table growth until late in the spring: usually " Winter lingering
chills the lap of May." Summer comes with June, and though it
has been asked, "What is so raic as a da}' in June?" — from the
advent of our divine month there will be one-quarter of the year
without frost : nature is often yet more benignant, and we have
four months of warm weather.

With this climate we have a thin, hard, stony soil ; the few
plants necessary for the support of man (for of the thousands
known to botany he uses scarcely a hundred) perish in winter,
and must be continually renewed from seed, or by the preservation
of their roots, bulbs, or tubers.

Our summer, though all too brief, is hotter than in the tropical
or equatorial region of our continent, and favorable to the growth
of any plant that will mature within ninety days. Plants of warm
regions that, introduced here, endure the inclemencj- of the winter,
we call ** hardy," and adopt them into our flora.

Science has labored in vain to determine why one plant endures
severe cold without harm, and another withers and perishes. An
inhabitant of the tropical world, stumbling over the rocks firm set
in the frozen surface of a Massachusetts pasture, or floundering in
the snow-drifts of a swamp darkened by hemlock boughs, and
gaunt with the bare limbs of birch trees, would start with amaze-
ment to see the glossy, dark leaves of evergreen kalmia or rhodo-
dendron, so like the tropical foliage of lemon, orange, or cacao.
If he cuts the wood, he finds it, like them, hard and fine of grain ;
the imperceptible, unexplained difference in character being in
the power to live through the winter. This remarkable difference
is also noticed in bulbs and tubers ; but as yet unaccounted for.

Our cold winter does not exempt us from the introduction of

CLIMATE AND HORTICULTURE OF NEW ENGLAND. 15

pestilent weeds that are by nature hardy and cosmopolitan, and
that, taking advantage of the exchanges of agriculture, travel
about the globe, unbidden guests, with such vigorous aggression that
their extermination, in our methods of culture, seems impossible.

Our fervent ninety da^'s of summer, though not enough for the
great majority of tropical plants, enable us to make gardens that in
edible richness surpass the prodigality of the tropical world ; albeit
the plants which we there produce, — that minister so much to
health, comfort, luxury, or actual necessity-, — have been intro-
duced to our use from the far South.

The vegetable contributions of the New World to the Old were
from the regions of tropic warmth. The maize, or Indian corn,
though spread b}^ savage necessit}' to the extreme limit of culti-
vation at the time of the discovery of America, was a child of the
sun. Tobacco, the ubiquitous solace of life ; the potato, that has
enabled the world to sustain its population so easih' ; the tomato,
chocolate, quinine, and an infinite variety of tropical flowers, were
furnished from the boundless resources of the equatorial world.
Imagine a pharmacopceia without quinine, — a malaria-infected
world without its remedy, — people whose imembittered existence
should be shaken and racked with chills and fever, and no
antidote !

When our fathers landed upon the shores of Plymouth they
could form no idea of the flora of the region. Those who lived to
see the miracles of the New England spring were filled with glad
surprise at its sudden beauty. They gathered with delight, first,
the lovely arbutus ; later, the pale, single roses of the forest.
When the wild grapes blossomed, charming the vagrant breezes
with fragrance, and their broad leaves unfolded, they knew wh}'
the Norseman, skirting these shores in summer, had called it a
Land of Vines. Then they reddened their fingers with the wild
strawberries, and told thumping stories about them in letters
home, — travellers' tales, such as, that "ships might be loaded
with their abundance."

It is necessar}' for man to plant seed and till the soil, even in
savage life. I take it that the New England Indians were no
mean farmers, and that their agriculture was quite extensive.
The Pilgrim watched the squaw preparing the ground cleared by
fire upon the banks of a stream ; her simple hoe, a clam shell
or shoulder blade of deer, tied with thong of hide or muscle to a
stick. Thej' worked their laud near the water, to be convenient

16 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

to the gi'eat store of herring or shad, and in the mellowed earth
they put one or more fish, and dropped the golden grain of maize ;
the Pilgrim saw its blades of tender green seek the light and shoot
upward with tropical vigor, color, and form. The grass grains
of the Old "World, waving in billow}' richness, were the tj^pes they
knew. Wheat, rye, and barlej-, ancient as our race, and making
the staff that has supported the toiling steps of ever}' generation
of men, were familiar to them. What must have been their sur-
prise when they saw this child of savage horticulture respond to
the ardent kisses of the sun, spread its broad leaves, exalt its
towering blossom, shed its fertilizing pollen, and ripen its prodi-
gal grain !

It was their wonder and their safet}' ; it was God's gift and
mercy that bj' it, upon these rugged shores, they might live, and
that the wanc\ering witness of his word should be preserved and
established, — a proof of his lasting love and watchful power.

This bantling of the Indian squaw is now the king of all the
cereals ; whose field is a continent, and whose surplus loads the
boards of nations that would otherwise perish. This ver}' season
the American farmers have raised in ninety days eighteen hundred
millions of bushels upon lauds that stretch from the sandy shores
of Plj^mouth to the gate of the Pacific, and from where the cool
streams leap to the untempered waters of the North Atlantic to
the turbid tide of might}" rivers dark rolling to the Southern Gulf.

The maize was the only useful plant of the family of grasses
that the English settlers found in their new home. The tame
grasses of Europe that now wave in our meadows, the cereals,
roots, and fruits of civilized life, had to be carefully introduced,
supported, and cultivated, to form the wide basis of our present
agriculture and horticulture.

The native flora of New England was not sufficient for the sup-
port of man. There was game in the forest, and fish in the streams
and waters of the coast; but timber, ice, and rocks were the sole
productions of the shore. Miiy I not say that there was not a wild
plant of all our region that has ever been cultivated into value,
from the time of its discovery until now? It may perhaps be
proper to except several small fruits, and also to speak of the sugar
maple, one of the most beautiful of our native trees, readily trans-
planted or raised from seed. It is of vigorous growth, its foliage
clean and rich in summer, and when ripened in autumn gorgeous
in varied colors. While yet the snow-drifts lie heavy in the wood,

CLIMATE AND HORTICULTURE OF NEW ENGLAND. 17

before the blue-bird — harbinger of spring — is heard, it ma}- be
tapped, and its sap, identical in composition with the juice of
tropic cane, produces a peculiar sugar well known to us all. I
have tasted it when sent to me in foreign lands, and its wild flavor
has so brought back the odor of the forests of my native hills, that,
sick for home, I have stood in tears upon the alien strand.

The natural emigration of plants is to kindlier soils, or to those
climates that offer favorable conditions of growth. The most
remarkable case of emigration is that attributed to the Cocoa
Palm. Its original country is supposed to be Cejlon, where, on
the coast of Colombo, there are vast groves, scarcely interrupted
by other trees. These forests of palm are of immemorial antiquitj' ;
from this, or from the similar coast of Malabar, the great nut,
falling into the water, is borne on the currents of the Pacific. Its
germ of life and the albuminous matter within are protected bj' its
rough shell ; it may float for months, perhaps for years, until
washed by the surf upon the sand of a coral island ; here it sinks
into the sand — in darkness, moisture, and heat ; it swells, sprouts,
and grows ; the albumen of the inner shell nourishes the root ; it
begins as a single leaf, and at length it stands a mighty column,
taller than the mast of a great admiral, bearing aloft the glor}' of
its leaves and its centre of continuous flowers, the crowned monarch
of the vegetable kingdom. Thus has the palm been distributed
to all parts of the tropical world reached by the currents of the
ocean.

Seeds that are winged are carried by tlie wind, that bloweth
where it listeth ; others are disseminated by birds. Some attach
themselves to the hair or fur of animals, and so move about the
world. We cannot tell why, when we cut oflf a forest of pines,
oaks spring in their place ; or why, from fallow lands, a forest of
walnut should be evolved as from the inner consciousness of the
earth. Our Massachusetts soil probably received all its share of
plants that would survive upon it ; it was kind to a rich variety
of arborescent species, its flora containing a larger number than
any other region of similar extent in the north temperate zone.
The Appalachian flora, in which ours is included, has in a compara-
tively small area twice as mau}^ species of trees as grow naturally
in all the Continent of Europe ; but if the cocoa-nuts floated on
ocean currents reached our chilly shores, they never remained over
winter. Our fathers soon found that the earth yielded its increase
only to the hand of toil, and set themselves early to the great

18 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

work not onl}^ of planting a nation in the wilderness but also of
providing food for its maintenance.

At this time grasses were not cultivated in England, and the
wild herbage served here, as in the British Islands, for the cattle
that were imported in considerable numbers shorth' after the set-
tlement of Plymouth. Wheat, r3'e, barle}', beans, carrots, parsnips,
and turnips were soon introduced, and added to the corn, squashes,
and tobacco of Indian agriculture ; so that in 1629 planting and
gardening became tiie boast of the colonists, who wrote back to
England: "Wee abound with such things as, next under God,
doe make us subsist ; sundrie sorts of fruits, as musk-millions,
water-millions, Indian pompions, and many other odde fruits that
I cannot name."

Later botanical investigation revealed further natural richness
without "the art or helpe of man," in the existence of " Purse-
lane, Sorrell, Peneriall, Yarrow, Mirtle, Saxafarilla," and though,
in their boasting, they would have included the nauseous choke-
cherry as yielding clusters of cherries like grapes, they confess
that the acrid juice did so " furre the mouth that the tongue did
cleave to the roof thereof, and the throat wax hoarse with swallow-
ing them." Their idea was, in such cases, to tame the fruit, which
was wilder than the Indian himself, and in this direction we see
the best effort of the horticulturist.

The slow process of pomology began when Governor Winthrop
planted the seeds of Pippins on an island of Boston harbor, which
grew, and gladdened the sight of the Puritan with blossoms that
Eden knew, and in 1639 on the 10th of October, there were ten
fair pippins, fruit of that seed, " there not being one apple or pear
tree planted in any part of America except on that island." Tiie
next year Governor Endicott commenced a nursery of seedling
trees at Salem, and, trees being scarce, and land pleut}-, he ex-
changed trees for land, — two young trees for an acre. Peregrine
White, himself the earliest fruit of Plymouth shore, planted apples,
and indeed the whole colony was full3' alive to the importance of
apples. Quantity was desired rather than qualit}', the purpose of
planting so largely being to make " Syder," to which our pious an-
cestors were greatly addicted.

The desire of the Puritan, distant from help and struggling for
bare existence, to add the Pippin to his slender list of comforts,
and the sour " syder" to clieer his heart and jog his liver, must be
considered a fortunate circumstance. Perhaps he inclined to cider

CLIMATE AND HORTICULTURE OF NEW ENGLAND. 19

for the same reason that the Chaplain of Newgate, in Jonathan
Wild's time, gave for his love for rum punch, — " because it was no-
where spoken against in the Scriptures." He found a new home
for the most useful fruit that has been given to man, and a soil and
climate that have improved its quality and increased its vahie be-
yond any possible expectation of the earlier cultivators. Pears
were not neglected : the trees of common, heavy bearing varieties
grew to great size in large orchards, the fruit being made into perr}",

— another species of " red-eye," now happil}' forgotten. It may be
noted that the canker-worm was waiting for the advent of the ap-
ple, and the curculio was in ambush for the plum.

This cider interest may perhaps explain the fact that no nur-
series of improved grafted fruit were established in New England
until our lime. The seedling trees must have grown with great
rapidity and produced enormous!}', trees making seven to nine bar-
rels of cider being common in all orchards. Villages of forty to
fifty families made from two to three thousand barrels of cider ;
every cellar was full of it ; it was drunk, sold, given away, and
there were " woes and babblings" in consequence.

On Long Island, the Linngean Botanic Garden of the Prince
famil}', at Flushing, was commenced in the middle of the last cen-
tury. Here were splendid collections of foreign and native fruit and
ornamental trees. There were other nurseries on the island ; also
in New Jersej', Peunsj'lvania, and South Carolina, and gentlemen
of this neighborhood had to send there, or to England, for trees.
In 1822, John Lowell, writing in the " Massachusetts Agricultural
Repository," vol. vii, p. 137, said: "We are utterly destitute in
New England of nurseries for fruit trees on an extensive scale.
We have no cultivators upon whom we can call for a supply of the
most common plants of the smaller fruits, no place to which we
can go for plants to ornament our grounds. We have not a single
seedsman who can furnish us with seeds of annual flowers upon
which we can put reliance." A year later he wrote in the same
journal complaining that, " A traveller ma}' traverse Massachusetts
from Boston to Albany and not be able to procure a plate of fruit,

— except wild strawberries, blackberries, and whortleberries, —
unless from the hospitality of private gentlemen."

The Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture had been
established in 1792, b}' wise, public-spirited, generous gentlemen.
It became a beneficent institution, and still flourishes in a youth
that I trust may be immortal. The value of its assistance to the

20 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

general agriculture of the Commonwealth cannot be over-rated,
and it is always on the alert to give practical assistance to the
farmer.

In 1801 this Societ}' gave $500 for the establishment of a pro-
fessorship of Natural Histor}' at Cambridge, and a committee was
appointed to procure subscriptions for its permanent endowment.
This resulted in the establishment of tlie Botanic Garden con-
nected with the Universit}', and was one of the causes that led to
the formation of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in 1829.
From this time the pursuits of gardening and pomolog}^ took their
rise, — evidences of increasing taste and a moi'e refined civilization.

"The garden," said Lord Bacon, "is the purest of human
pleasures ; it is the greatest refreshment to the mind of man,
without which buildings and palaces are but gross handiworks ; and
man shall ever see that when ages grow to civility and elegancj',
men come to build statel}', sooner than to garden finel}', as if
gardening were the greater perfection." It is a pursuit alike
adapted to either sex ; it is the relaxation of genius, a refuge from
the toil of commerce and the cares of state.

Think what it adds to the refinement and luxury of life. Look
back in the records of fiftj' j'ears, or examine the recollection of
each one here present, and see how small and poor was the list of
fruits and their varieties ; and those were confined to the gardens
of the wealthy. Now 1 may say that, in m}- annual visits to the
agricultural fairs, I see, each year, in remote towns of the Com-
monwealth, exhibitions of fruit and flowers such as the whole
nation could not have made in my boyhood.

The grape — the type of luscious fruits, the inspiration of
poetry, the adornment of eloquence — is but of yesterdaj' in our
cultivation. It is but about sixt}' years since valuable American
varieties were first brought into notice ; now we have numerous
seedlings and hybrids brought into our market b}'' the ton from our
own vineyards, and sold as cheaply by weight as apples.

About the same time that this work began the berries were
confined to the wild varieties of the woods and the fields. We
have only to go back to 1839 to find on the record that then was
first exhibited tlie Hovey's Seedling strawbeny, which so stimulated
the emulation of gardeners ; and the splendid variety' originated by
President AYilder, with its surpassing flavor, was not given to the
world until 1865. Now the list of that noble familj' is as long as
the British peerage.

CLIMATE AND HORTICULTURE OF NEW ENGLAND. 21

What time is left me, to speak of the progress made since the
foundation of tliis Society in the cultivation of flowers ! What
great proportions do we see in the trade of the florists ! What an
increase in the taste of the people ! How flowers are taken to
decorate ever}' scene of the drama of existence ! How bare would
the world seem without the refinement of their presence ! Our
feeling for them is fitly expressed in the language with which Eve,
when expelled from the forfeited garden, mourns with deepest
tenderness : —

" O flowers,
That never will in other climate grow,
My early visitation, and my last at even,
Wliich I bred up with tender hand
From the first opening bud, and gave ye names !
Who now shall rear ye to the sun, or rank
Your tribes, and water from the ambrosial fount? "

Discussion.

At the conclusion of Mr. Russell's remarks Benjamin G-. Smith
moved a vote of thanks to him for his eloquent address, which was
unanimously passed.

Charles M. Hovey was called on, and expressed himself as much
pleased with the resume of the progress of gardening in New
England, which had been given. He agreed with Mr. Russell
that there have not been any great changes in the climate since
the first settlement was made in Massachusetts by the Pilgrims.
We remember only the extraordinary seasons, and hence our im-
pressions of changes are erroneous. Forestry is now attracting
much attention, and the planting of forests is urged as a means
of preventing droughts. But drought, as remarked by the lecturer,
was an ever-present menace to the Pilgrims before the forest had
been cut off, as it is to us today. We must go on in the practice
of gardening, not expecting any change for warmer or colder. ^

F. L. Capen was struck with one point mentioned by Mr.
Russell, — that the Indians were in the habit of burning off the
forest, and he thought this might account for the droughts
experienced by the first settlers. The subject of sewerage and
fertilizers is of great interest. Many towns are barren and
unproductive ; and if farmers cultivated the ground better they
would not be obliged to cultivate so much, and they could then

22 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

devote more attention to forests. If all the fertilizing material
were saved we might cultivate forests that would vie with those of
California.

Leander Wetherell had been much interested in the remarks on
drought. The clearing of our forests seems to have a decided
effect on our springs and streams of, water in time of drought,
making them dry up more quickly ; but the average rainfall does
not vary from year to 3"ear as much as is generally supposed.
Cutting away the forests allows the water to escape more rapidl}'.

The Indians were mainly hunters, and not corn-growers to any
large extent, and the3' burned off certain areas to give the squaws
an opportunity to cultivate the ground, but not enough to destroy
the hunting. The speaker had kept a meteorological register, but
had not been able to see any change in the climate from cutting
off the forest. There seems to be a wide difference among writers
as to the connection of drought with the clearing of land, but all
are agreed that forests retain water and prevent springs from
drying up. Farmers will not apply fertilizers to forests until thej'
have more than enough for other crops. The farmer who plants
in well-tilled soil, and takes good care of his crops, will, now as
heretofore, be successful.

Robert T. Jackson said that if all the trees are removed from
any region the rains will run off in a few days, and evaporation
will be more rapid, and if the forests cut awa}' were sufficiently
extensive the climate will be changed. Climate is much affected
by the ocean currents. The western shores of the Atlantic are
much colder than the eastern shores in the same latitude ; the
climate of Labrador, for instance, is much more severe than that of
the British Islands. The temperature of Newport, R.I., is ten
degrees highcf than that of Boston, and the season is three weeks
longer. The Irish 3'ew will flourish there, and the waters contain
many marine animals not found north of Cape Cod. All these
differences are due to the Gulf Stream, which warms the adjacent
countries.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder said that the influence of climate on
all animal and vegetable life is such that a thorough knowledge of
it is necessaiy to success in cultivating plants or breeding animals.
He expressed his deep interest in the welfare of the Society, which
lies very near his heart, and in promoting the interest of these
meetings. Such discussions are the great improvement of the age.
This Society has exercised more influence than any other horticult-

CLIMATE AND HORTICULTURE OF NEW ENGLAND. 23

urul society' on this continent. Mr. Wilder congratulated the
President on his inauguration, and hoped that all the days of his
administration would be as bright as this da}'.

Col. Henry W. AVilson said that the matter of tlie climate lies at
the foundation of all things ; it must be considered in planning a
house or a garden. There has been a good deal of speculation as
to the effect of forests upon climate. Man}' assert with emphasis
that the recent irregularitieis in rainfall are due to the destruction of
forests ; and 3'et there is now more forest in Massachusetts than
ever before within the memory of man. One town has five thou-
sand acres more than sevent3'-five years ago. There is a difference
in the character of storms. In some 3'ears we have drought, not-
withstanding a great rainfall, and in others a meagre rainfall and
no drought. The extraordinaries remain fixed in our minds. There
are places on the earth where the plantin'g of trees has seemed to
be followed immediately by increased precipitation of moisture.
The rainfall in Massachusetts has increased ten per cent in fort}-
years ; in the last ten years it was ten per cent more than in the
first ten years of the last forty. In Utah the rainfall has increased
ten per cent; in the Central States the increase has been eight
per cent in the same time. It is idle to speculate on causes when
the facts are not fully known ; the result can only be a distortion
of facts to support some pet theory ; and no man succeeds in any
scientific investigation who mounts a hobby. It is warmer in
England than here ; but the fruits there are not equal in flavor to
ours, because the summers are cooler and the winters are warmer.
Planting forests increases the retentiveness of the soil ; the ground
is spongy, and the water passes away slowly. Thus the woodlands
may be made to be great natural reservoirs upon the hill-sides for
our future water supply. Snow-drifts remain in the forests longer
than on the open ground. There are thousands of acres of laud in
this State which somebody has got to cover with forests. We get,
on the average, sufficient precipitation of moisture, but some
years there is too much and other years not enough.

William T. Brigham presented, on behalf of his brother, Charles
B. Brigham, M.D., of San Francisco, Cal., a photograph of double
and single Tuberous-rooted Begonias. Dr. Brigham has a great
variety of these plants, having collected every kind that he could
procure. Some are like double almonds, and others like small
white roses, the colors being as various as the forms. The thanks
of the Society were voted to Dr. Brigham for the photographs.

24 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

O. B. Hadwen, Chairman of the Committee on Discussion, ex-
pressed the gratification of the Committee at the attendance at this
first meeting of the season, and announced that on the next Satur-
day, Col. Henry W. "Wilson would read a paper on " Mulching."

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday. January 10, 1885.
An adjourned meeting of the Society- was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, John' B. Moore, in the chair.

David Nevins, of Framingham, was proposed by Hon. Marshall
P. Wilder as a Life Member of the Society.

The Annual Report of the Committee on Gardens was read by
John G. Barker, Chairman, accepted, and referred to the Committee
on Publication.

The Secretary read a letter from M. Ch. Joh". of Paris, a Corre-
sponding Member of the Society, inviting contribntions from
the members of the Society to an International Exposition of
Horticultural Products, at Paris, May 20-31, of which M. Joly
is president. The subject was referred to the Executive Com-
mittee.

The Secretary' also read a letter from the New England Meteor-
ological Society asking the cooperation of horticulturists and others
in the work of establishing a system of simple meteorological
observations throughout the New England States.

Adjourned to Saturday, January 17.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Some Coxsideratioxs Regarding the Practice axd Utility of

mulchixg.

By Col. Henry W. Wilsox, Boston.

Some months since, at a general discussion of agricultural
matters, a gentleman of experience and reputation as a cultivator

CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING MULCHING. 25

confessed to a lack of practical information upon the subject of
mulching, and expressed a wish that some one might give light
upon the subject.

"Without presuming to be able to add anything to what has pre-
viousl}' been uttered, or to furnish any great amount of light, the
writer can give the result of a good deal of reading, considerable
observation, and some practical experience in the matter from
twenty to twent3'-five years ago, together with his deliberate con-
clusions derived from these sources.

Mulching was tried by him as thoroughly and. fully as it could
be by anybody, with vines, fruit trees, shade trees, strawberries,
and raspberries ; and the outcome of it was just what it will con-
tinue to be with each successive generation as it comes along
and gets its experience in the old-fashioned, practical waj'.

More recently but little has been said about this subject ; and, at
the risk of repeating much that man}' are familiar with, the writer
has summarized what seemed of interest to him while he was
enthusiastic over the matter, that those to whom the subject is
comparatively new may avoid useless labor and experiment.

About all of the discussions nowadays that relate to crops of any
kind, before they are finished, take into consideration more or
less the rainfall or drouth. One has a vivid recollection of some
dry season or earl}' frost, and as the rains descend in June and
July, causing summer floods and spoiling the hay crop by an insuffi-
ciency of sunshine to cure it, he thinks that more rain falls now than
when he was a boy. Another remembers with greatest distinct-
ness an exceptional year of rains and freshets, and now there are
not man}' years in New England when he will not think that the
early and latter rains, as a rule of the seasons, are deserting us, and
soon to be forgotten. Recollections of youth give but a poor
means of comparative meteorology, and the most accurate obser-
vations and records of specialists in this department are often
misleading.

A year of greatest rainfall may be also a year of such scarcity
of moisture, at the proper season, as to be a year of drouth, while
another year of less than average rainfall may be a year of fruit-
fulness and abundance.

In the year 1881 15 inches more rain fell in Boston than in
the preceding year, and still 1881 was a year of drouth, because
there was a deficiency of moisture during the months of April,
July, August, and September ; while in 1880 there was a deficiency

26 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

in eveiT summer month except Jul}', in wliich there was an excess
of 2f inches, and this 3'ear (1880), with a deficiency of nearly 12
inches below the average for ten years, was a year of good harvests,
although the scarcity of rain in April, May, and June, with exces-
sive temperature, gave a light hay crop ; while 1881, with a rain-
fall 3.43 above the average for ten years, was a j-ear of drouth and
failure of crops. I give these two 3'ears as an illustration of the
fact that the record of total rainfall is no measure of the fruitful-
ness of the year ; but we can rest pretty certainly assured of one
thing, — that wljile, for a period of fifty years, records have shown
the earth receiving an undiminished average amount of moisture
and heat, still the periodical distribution is unequal and unfavor-
able ; so that in New England we may count upon a continuance
of the experience of the Pilgrim Fathers, which has come down to
us with our other inheritance, — a legac}^ of periodical and fre-
quently recurring drouth.

The effects of drouth are so baneful and discouraging to the
cultivator that men in everj' age have sought eagerl}' to counter-
act it. The means employed generally correspond with the meas-
ure of the skill and experience of the times in which they are
undertaken.

In the few thoughts and experiences which are here arranged
there is no claim to originality or special authority ; but the writer
has been at some trouble to collect and summarize points which
seem to be essential in the recorded observations of those who
have given time and study to the subject, and which appear to
cover the matter prett}' well, — only this and nothing more.

One resource, toward which many hav6 instinctivel}' turned, is to
cover the soil about the plant to be protected with some cheap
and abundant material which will break the force of the sun's rays
and check the evaporation of moisture with the consequent radia-
tion of heat ; this has been termed mulching.

It is one of the most natural things in the world for a reflecting
man to think that, as he finds in the forest a mossy carpeting
which covers the ground and keeps it continually' moist, even so
a similar covering in our gardens and about trees and vines"
would repress noxious weeds, resist the drying action of the sun
or wind, and generall}- prove to be a very useful thing. Men
argue that in the realm of nature everything seems to work about
right ; that checks and balances are there prett}' evenly distributed,
and that it is generall}- safer and wiser to follow natural processes.

CONSIDERATIONS EEGAEDIXG MULCHING. 27

To this end about eveiy material that seemed suitable to covei'
the soil as a mulch has been used first or last ; leaves of both
evergreen and deciduous trees, straw, haulm, ha}^ both from salt and
fresh meadows, rushes and sedge grass, spent tan, sand, sawdust,
chips, and bristles have all been tried with a great variety of
crops and an equal!}' great uniformity as to the results.

The horticultural literature of from thirty' to thirty -five years
ago was occasionally flecked with the experiences of enthusiastic
amateurs, and it may be of interest toda}' to recall some of them
in their chronological order.

In 1845 a gentleman of Ithaca, N.Y., planned an arbor over one
of his garden wallis and, in anticipation, planted eight or ten
grape vines of difljerent varieties (York Claret, Isabella, and
Catawba) on the sides of the walk. • Subsequently, and without
any reference to the vines, he covered the walk thickly with refuse
or spent tan bark from the tanner}'. The next year, having changed
his mind as to the arbor, he removed the vines to another part of
the garden, and was surprised to find that they had sent vigorous
roots from one to three feet into the tan, in some instances even
to the very surface, and had filled it with a multitude of small
fibres, to the extremities of which small particles of bark adhered.
The vines appeared to be perfectly healthy and vigorous, and
the circumstance so impressed liim that he afterwards continued
to make a liberal use of old tan bark with success in the treatment
of his vines ; but, being an amateur, he omitted to mention it lest
it should prove to be new only to himself.

In the spring of 1847 a hundred and fifty fruit trees were set
out in an orchard having a good, dry soil ; one-third of them were
mulched with litter six inches deep ; the season was hot and dry ;
of the mulched trees all lived and thrived, while of the others fif-
teen died.

Mr. H. W. S. Cleveland, in New Jersey, found that mulch of
old chips prevented pears from cracking and seemed to impart a
superior flavor to the fruit ; the bark of the trees also had an in-
creased smoothness.

Native grapes were saved from rot and mildew by mulching.
In the fall it was drawn back from the stems of the vines to avoid
harboring mice and other vermin.

In 1848 a writer in the "Gardeners' Chronicle" treated the
subject of mulching more as a matter of top-dressing, claiming
that much food is thus speedily furnished to a sutfering tree. He

28 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

regarded with satisfaction the great number of surface roots which
he observed to be encouraged by top-dressing, and considered
them to be an evidence of permanent benefit. He deemed it one
great advantage of mulching that, when, under its stimulus, the
tree makes a too rampant growth, by the removal of the mulch in
whole or in part, the tree may be thereby checked and subdued in
its growth.

With currant and raspberry bushes the use of mulching was
recommended ; also the addition of five or six inches of good soil,
which stimulated and nourished a strong growth of surface fibres.

In the autumn of 1848 a gentleman who had previously ob-
served the grievous efi'ect of drouth upon his trees planted some
nuts of native forest trees, which in due time germinated, and the
young trees received constant care and attention. While gathering
the nuts in the fall a quantity was left in a hole in the ground,
and subsequently covered with some prunings of trees. In July
he observed that green shoots were forcing their waj' through the
brush, and upon examination found that some of them had made
a growth of three feet from the nut, while his carefully tended
seedlings had grown only four inches. The reason for this seemed
so apparent to him that he immediately forked up the soil about
all of his trees, both great and small, and watered and mulched
them well, but with what material he omitted to state. In two or
three days new buds made their appearance ; in three weeks, trees
whose leaves had previously fallen made shoots nearly a foot in
length.

In the spring of 1849 a quantity of fresh spent tan bark was
hauled directly from the tanner}', and a heavy dressing of it was
put upon a vine-border ; the remainder, amounting to six or eight
cart-loads, was put in a heap at the distance of a few feet from an
Isabella grape vine. Upon examination in the autumn it was
found that the vine had sent its roots up into the tan heap more
than a foot above the surface of the ground, and their fibres had
spread in every direction. Never had so fine grapes been raised in
the graper}' as after this dressing of fresh spent tan was applied.

A writer in May, 1850, stated that he had tried mulching with
all sorts of material, — straw, litter, seaweed, and whatever else
he could get of a like nature, — not only upon newly transplanted
trees, but also upon all kinds of garden vegetables, melons, and
flowering shrubs. He seemed to think that the great advantage is
with newly transplanted trees, and he had found it easy thus to

CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING MULCHING. 29

cultivate some delicate garden favorites, which had given him a
good deal of trouble before he tried it. Although he was not
prepared to take the ground with some that mulching is more
beneficial than a coat of manure, he expressed the opinion that it
is of great value, especially to the fruit and ornamental tree
grower.

In 1850 an experienced horticulturist reported that he used spent
tan to spade into his stiff clay soil, with good success ; also as a
mulching for strawberries, pear trees, and shrubs. It was free from
mouldiness ; and roots struck in it readilj', especially runners of the
strawberry.

Mulching, with buckwheat straw, pear trees that were set after
being long out of the ground and very dry proved successful,
when similar trees not so treated did not recover.

An orchard of six hundred apple trees, which had been planted
four or five years, and had seemed to be checked in growth, was
mulched four inches thick for about four feet around each tree with
coarse fresh meadow hay aud buckwheat straw ; the effect was a
good stimulation of vigorous growth, ample bloom, and enormous
crops of fruit. Moss, which had begun to gather upon some of the
branches, peeled up and dropped off, while the whole appearance
of the orchard was entirely changed.

With strawberries the same writer had excellent results, using
spent tan bark, applied two inches thick, after New Year's, to a
strawberry bed that had been previously covered with asparagus
haulm, and was not suflSciently protected from frost. The plants
were being lifted b}- the alternate freezing and thawing, but the
tan bark prevented further injury and gave good success.

A writer in 1851 advocated mulching trees with any suitable
material as far as their branches extended ; also mulching of
dahlias with soft spongy meadow or swamp moss. With the same
tubers planted side by side, and having the same treatment other-
wise, the moss-mulched dahlias far outgrew and outbloomed the
others.

The same kind of moss was used to mulch flower seed beds.
With these the plan was to prepare the soil nicely and sow the seeds
as usual, covering them with the damp moss, aud put a flower-
pot or seed pan over them, watch them carefulh', aud when the
seeds germinated, to lift the pan little by little, until the plants
acquired color and strength, when the moss was removed. This is
the plan now generally adopted for the successful germination of

30 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

those seeds which require much time with constant and uniform
moisture as well as warmth.

Another writer who had previousl}' advocated mulching as a
good practice, testified to his continued faith in its advantages, and
said that his dwarf pear trees made masses of fibrous roots in a
single season, and quite double the amount made by other trees
similarly situated but not mulched. He also testified to the ex-
cellence of tan bark for strawberries.

Andrew J. Downing was an advocate for the use of tan as a
mulch for strawberries, preferable to straw, litter, or leaves. A
covering of two inches of tan gave good protection against frost,
and the plants came out of the winter in better condition than
those mulched with an\' other material. He had a special word of
commendation for the use of spent tan bark as a mulch for newly
transplanted Norway spruces.

In the South it was noted that thorough mulching was a great
benefit to fruit trees which had been recently transplanted from
Northern nurseries, and obviated one great difficulty in the accli-
mating of such trees in the South.

In December, 1847, after the ground had frozen solid, a gentle-
man mulched about three-fourths of his strawberrj- bed with some
old spent tan bark that had been upon his place for eighteen
months. The tan was spread evenly over the entire surface to the
depth of three inches, and for three j^ears the diflference between
that part of the bed and the other was very marked in favor of the
application of the tan bark.

In the fall of 1850, having about one-fourth of an acre of fine
strawberry plants that were put out in th6 previous spring, seeking
to profit bj^ his successful experience, he proceeded, just before the
ground was frozen, to cover them with fresh tan bark riglit from
the tannery. The result was quite unexpected and equally unsatis-
factory, for in the spring nearly all the plants were either dead or
utterl}" ruined, and he was greatl}' puzzled to know what did the
damage. His only consolation was to know that a neighbor of his
also lost all of his plants in the same wa}', and from the same
cause. Another neighbor, who had for ten years used tan as a
mulch for strawberries, was ready with his explanation ; he attrib-
uted the loss to an excess of the tan bark covering over and
around the crown of the plant. He was accustomed to use not
more than a quarter of an inch in thickness immediately around
the plants, but covered the rest of the surface from one to two

CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING 3IULCHING. 31

inches deep. He had never lost any of his plants as a result of
this practice, but thought that the_y were greatly benefited. The
only covering which he permitted to be placed over the plants in
the winter was a slight litter of straw, and this was removed earl}*
in the spring, or as soon as the warmth began to stimulate the
plants to growth.

Another cultivator says that one inch of tan bark is enough for
a mulch ; three inches will produce fermentation, and greatl}' in-
jure if not kill the plants. He thinks, however, that, according
to his experience, the best mulch is a highl}' tempered steel rake,
with eight-inch prongs, applied at least once a week during the
season. This conclusion is worthy of note as being the first pub-
lished intimation which I have met, that tiltJi is the best method
of promoting a moist condition of the soil, and enabling vegeta-
tion to endure a drouth, and this was thirty years ago.

I have here recounted tlie experience of horticulturists of a gen-
eration gone by, because it is identical with what is heard con-
stantl}' nowadays, as men go on repeating the experience of
their fathers, without stopping to inquire to what their success or
failure was owing. Perhaps I ma}' say right here, that within the
last twenty years I have tried pretty much the same line of ex-
periments, as far as they are stated, and have come to identical
results.

I am not insensible to the claims that are urged, that tan bark
contains more or less tannin, and that tannic acid is an element in
the strawberry plant, and, therefore, a coating of spent tan is bene-
ficial to the plant. In either wish to start anew, or to be drawn
into a controversy upon this subject, on which volumes have been
alread}' written. We are considering mulching solely as a means
of promoting the moisture of the soil.

I am also aware that in the culture of the gooseberry the soil
in June and July seems to be too hot for the plant, and a covering
of leaves seems to impart coolness tO' the soil, and thus obviate
this difBculty ; but every one who has tried this expedient has
before long found all of his roots on the top of the ground, which
is just where the}- ought not to be.

I know of a vineyard where the cultivator covered about one-
half of the surface with rushes, chips, and weeds that were washed
ashore on the beaches of an adjacent river. An unexpected
advantage was noted, which was, that although rose-bugs were as
abundant as the year previously, when a half-dozen lads gathered

32 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

a round half-bushel of the pests by hand-picking, the3-ear that the
mulch was tried but few bugs were found in that part of the vine-
yard, while in the other the}' were as thick as ever. The cunning
insects seemed to appreciate the fact that this covering of the
earth made a very unfavorable place of hibernation for their young,
and discreetly avoided it. But here, as elsewhere, the tendency
of the mulching was observed to be to encourage a rank growth of
surface roots.

By the use of dry leaves, sawdust, and spent tan, cultivators
have been able to maintain a moist condition of the surface of the
soil, but all have noted that an abundant growth of fibrous roots
was stimulated near to the surface. The immediate result of the
application seemed to be all that could be desired, and to include
all of the elements of success ; but subsequent and repeated obser-
vations, accompanied by thoughtful reflection upon the functions
of soil and vegetation, together with persistent efforts to reach the
desired result by other means, have caused me seriously to doubt
the value of mulching as a system to counteract the effects of
drouth, except with newly transplanted trees, or to facilitate the
germination of the nuts of most forest trees, and certain other
seeds.

General experience has shown pretty clearlj' that substances
which quickl}- decay are not to be preferred for this purpose ; thus
straw has proved to be more satisfactory than hay or rowen ; pine-
needles than the leaves of deciduous trees, and spent tan than saw-
dust.

There is no gainsaying the repeated experience that any or all
of these materials will check evaporation, and thus contiibute to
the retention of moisture, but are we entirely certain of the as-
sumed fact, that this end cannot be better attained in some other
way, or that moisture is the sole or chief requisite for successful
cultivation 'i

It is certain that, as a general condition of success, warmth is
not less necessary than moisture. Any covering of the earth,
although it may, by its non-conducting qualities purely-, prevent
evaporation, will nevertheless as surely prevent the absorption of
heat by the soil, although, of course, obstructing radiation of heat
previously' acquired.

The warmth which stimulates vegetation in these latitudes comes
from without, and by absorption. It is also inevitable that a cov-
ering which screens the surface of the earth from the action of the

CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING MULCHING. 33

sun and air deprives it of the agencies most active and useful in
elaborating food for plants, and thus promoting fertility.

Few people realize what a wonderful laboratory exists in the
soil ; how curious, how delicate and intricate are its processes, — so
mysterious that the skill of the chemist is yet as unable to rival
or reproduce that which is known as it is to detect or explain tlie
unknown.

So far as facts have been ascertained the}- serve to show that,
even though the chemical elements of fertilit}' are supplied in
sufficient quantity, still the stimulating actions of heat, light, and
air are the leading essentials of plant growth. Moisture is a con-
tributory element after the fact, and can be either supplied or re-
served in variou* ways. To suppl}- it is the work of irrigation ;
to reserve it is the work of cultivation.

It is easy to see, with but little experience, how a mulch of any
suitable substance that simpl}' retains moisture will counteract or
diminish the beneficial effects of heat, light, and air; but, for at-
taining the highest excellence in cultivation, we must procure the
lesser benetit without surrendering the absolute requisites ; and
there cannot be much doubt that a mulch, while it checks evapo-
ration, also retards the chemical activity of the soil.

If the mulching material is of a kind which soon decays it may
be dug into the soil when its use as a mulch is ended. But my
observation is to the effect that, if this final disposal is good for
anything, it were better to have dug it in at the beginning rather
than at the end.

Mulching may serve to keep the surface moist ; but it will be
found that the portion in contact with the ground is apt to mildew,
and encourage fungous growth, which neither indicates nor promotes
healthful vegetation. We are cautioned, therefore,* against the
use of easil}' decaying or fermenting substances. A careful ex-
amination of the under surface of most of these mulchings will also
develop the fact that it is a snug harbor for slugs, snails, worms,
and all minor sorts of vermin, — at least that has been m}' experi-
ence.

On the other hand, if the material is one which cannot be bene-
ficially or properly dug into the soil, after its use as a mulch has
ceased, such as tan, sand, or sawdust upon light soils, then the
labor of spreading and afterwards gathering and removing it is by
no means inconsiderable.

A coatino- two inches thick on an acre amounts to about three

34 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICrXTURAL SOCIETT.

hundred single loads of stuff, which must cost, at least, fifty or
sixty dollars to spread and remove. How many times could you
go over an acre, with a cultivator, for fifty dollars? Certainh* more
than thirty.

It has been always observed and mentioned by experimenters
that the use of mulching induced a profuse growth of fibrous roots
to push up to the surface in their search for moisture and nourish-
ment, more particularly and decidedly when the mulch contained
nitrogenous matter, or other elements which stimulated the growth
of the plant.

It is also not a little remarkable that none of those who have
recorded this fact so repeatedly have noted that this is not a use-
ful result. As a permanent condition of a plant to enable it to
resist all the vicissitudes of our climate, its feeding roots should
be below the surface ; and although the ill effects of their being
too near the surface may not be so apparent in those crops which
are annual as the}- are with the strawl)erry, yet with all plants of a
permanent character, such as vines or fruit trees, the pushing of
these fibres to the surface should be discouraged.

Vegetation should be encouraged by aU means to go downwards
for its moisture, wherever it maj- ramble for its nutriment.

The roots of the strawberry and clover have been traced five
feet below the surface, and the grape root has been found at the
depth of eleven feet. They will always descend in search of
moisture to the depth at which the ground waters stand in the soil
during the season of greatest activity and growth. Wherever the
air can penetrate the earth depend upon it that a root will find it
out and follow.

How can the temporary advantages of mulching be otherwise
attained permanently? A little thoughtful examination will indicate
the answer. Careful investigation of the condition and mechanical
effect of lieat and soil uix>n moisture develops the fact that, except
when the rains are replenishing the earth, moisture is continually
ascending in the soil by the process of capillary attraction, to be
absorbed at the surface b}- the air with which it comes in contact.^
In a well-cultivated field, not more than from one-tenth to one-
eighth of the rain that fell u^x^n the soil finally passed off b}' per-

3 Ib Englaad, daring ten years' ob&ervaiions, only 4-3.4 per cent of the rainfall percolated
into the soil and passed atear through the draine; while 6o.6 per cent nae accounted for as
eraporated from the Eurface of the uncoitivated £oiL With cropped land the evaporation was
yet more coneiderable, varying with the crop.

CONSroERATIONS REGARDING MLXCHIXG. 35

eolation ; the remainder was drawn to the surface and evaporated
by the process described ; or contributed to the support of vegeta-
tion. The natural tendency of earth3' matter thus to raise water is
not generall}' appreciated, but can be readily seen when so dry and
porous a material as coal-ashes is deposited upon a slightly
damp surface. Although the heap be quite large, yet, in a short
time, I have observed the dampness to have penetrated through
the entire mass from below. Anything that breaks up the uniform
continuity of the texture of the soil, by which atom after atom of
water is brought to the surface, will accomplish the first step in
retaining the moisture of the soil, under conditions favorable to
vegetation.

Now mulching does not do this at all. It onl}' checks or mod-
erates the approach of the atmosphere to the moistened surface of
the soil, and therefore retards evaporation to that extent ; but the
reason why there is alwa^'s so much moisture beneath the mulch is
because the capillary action of the soil elevates the water to the
surface faster than it can evaporate.

Any material of loose texture that is a good non-conductor of
heat will, when applied to the surface of the ground, retard the
movement of the air and prevent evaporation.

Spent tan bark meets this requirement better than any other ma-
terial that can be applied to the laud. It is light and porous, and
therefore retains a cushion of confined air, which is one of the
best non-conductors in nature. The gentle showers, which simply
moisten the earth, pass through it readily, as do the heavier rains,
which are absorbed and longer retained.

Now dr^' soil is likewise an excellent non-conductor, made
doubly such by being loosened and pulverized, and thus intermin-
gled with air. This is preciselj- the condition of the soil after a
thorough cultivation ; when thus rendered fine and light the sur-
face becomes trulj' a cushion of air and dry earth, the continuity of
the insensible process of convection of the water of the soil is
broken, the point at which the upward passage of the water of the
soil ceases is removed to the depth of the cultivation, the free ac-
cess of the air to the continuously moist surface is hindered, and
3'ou have accomplished all of the beneficial effects of mulching in
a cheaper, more intelligent, and scientific manner.

Years of observation and considerable experience have indicated
clearl}- that the best mulching is the hoe, or the rake and cultivator.

Many an observant farmer has borne his testimony to the sue-

36 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICl?LTUEAL SOCIETY.

cess with which he has carried his cornfields through a drouth,
when those of his neighbors have withered, b3' simply keeping the
surface of the soil mellow with repeated cultivation. The surface
was thus kept in a condition perfectly fitted to absorb the falling
rain, whether it came in a shower or a storm, and after each fall of
rain, as soon as the surface became dried, it was again pulverized
bv the rake or cultivator, and thus brought into precisely the fa-
vorable condition before described.

Surface irrigation has not succeeded with the grape for the same
reason that mulching cannot permanently, because the tender roots
are drawn too much toward the surface, and are thereby in peril of
injur}' from atmospheric changes.

Cultivation, on the other hand, suppresses weeds, obviates the
tendency of the fibrous roots to come too near to the surface, keeps
the plane of the moist earth covered alwa3'8 with a non-conducting
mixture of dry soil and air, and thus facilitates the free admission
of the atmosphere to carr}' on those combinations with and among
the elements of the soil which are so essential to perfect success.

The best kept and most fruitful vineyards which I have ever seen
were those in which the best tilth was manifest.

This was notably apparent at the visit of the Committee on Gar-
dens to the vineyard of our honored President last September.
The whole surface of the ground was as light and smooth as the
liberal allowance of gravel stones would permit ; not a weed was to
be seen an^'where, but every indication of the master's belief that
cultivation means stirring the surface of the soil thoroughly and
often.

High tilth is b}' many regarded as a sort of a substitute for irri-
gation, and has proved successful where ordinary- care and cultiva-
tion have failed.

Let me not be understood to say that there are not times when
a mulching around newly planted trees, or with some small fruits,
may be found of temporary benefit and therefore satisfactory' ; but
it does seem to me, from an observation of the experience of
many men in many places, during many years, as well as from
thorough personal experiment under a great variety of conditions
of heat and rainfall, that mulching is but an indifferent substitute
for tilling the soil, and that an industrious man, with the rake or
cultivator, will obtain vastl}' more satisfactor}' results by their dili-
gent use than the disciple of mulching will with his mulch.

CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING MULCHING. 37

Discussion.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder was called on, and said that Col.
"Wilson had full}' covered the subject. Thoroughh' stirring the surface
of the soil enables us to avoid the danger of injuries by injudicious
mulching. Tan has the tendency mentioned by the essa3'ist, to
draw the roots too near the surface, and other materials are more
or less objectionable for the same reason. The young rootlets are
liable to injury by frost if too near the surface. Another objection
to mulching is the production of weeds by the use of improper
material, such as hay. The speaker uses rowen or aftermath for
mulching his strawberries, covering the ground not more than an
inch deep, so as to permit the access of the sun and air. The
short clippings of lawn grass form one of the best materials for
mulching. There is an advantage in mulching, whether b}' tine
soil or otherwise, but the former is the cheapest and best way of
effecting the objects aimed at. It should be remembered that all
the food of plants must be in a soluble state, and hence the
necessity of retaining in the soil the moisture which percolates
into it.

George A. Tapley said that when he began planting young pear
trees, years ago, he mulched nearly all over the ground ; but one
dry da}' his mulching took fire, and, though he saved his buildings,
he lost some of his trees. After that, he discontinued mulching
and took up thorough cultivation and fine tilth instead, and had had
no difficult}' since.

William D. Philbrick stated that the currant and gooseberry, as
well as the raspberry and blackberry, are much benefited by
mulching : they like a cool, moist soil ; while the grape, which
needs all the heat of our summers, and more, does better without
mulching. As a general thing the action of the cultivator is better
than mulching.

Leander Wetherell mentioned some instances where mulching
had been extremely beneficial. In one garden which he knew,
where the soil was gravelly, trees were preserved by mulching.
Capt. Pierce, of Arlington, who was called the " King of Or-
chardists," used to mulch under his Williams apple trees just
before the fruit began to fall, and afterwards raked up the
material for other purposes. The editor of the " Rural New
Yorker " mulches his potatoes about two inches in depth with
swamp hay run through a cutter. The best mulch is the free use

38 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of an iron rake, with long, sharp teeth ; if tliis plan is pursued the
roots will feed where they ought to feed. Deep culture has a
favorable effect in preserving a crop from injury by drought.

Benjamin G. Smith said that all good cultivators agree as to the
benefit of stirring the soil, but in some cases mulching ma}' be of
service. He used sand as a mulch under his apple trees, and they
appeared to be benefited by it. It is clean, and does not harbor
insects or seeds of weeds, does not bake after rain, and is not in
danger of fire. It is especially valuable on strong clay or heavy
loams. Mr. Smith quoted, from tlie " Report of the Michigan
Pomological Society" for 1876, pp. 104, 105, 162, 163, passages
concerning the best and worst materials for mulching.

"William H. Hills said that he was in the nursery business years
ago, when mulching was generally recommended, and he is still of
the opinion that sometimes it is very valuable. In setting 3'oung
pear trees, with few fibrous roots, he mulched with good effect, and
sheltered the stems of the trees from the sun with paper. Since then
there has been a change in theory and practice with regard to mulch-
ing. Some recommend heavj' mulching and others light. The most
serious objection to it is tlie drawing of the roots to the sui'face, so
that when the mulch is removed they are liable to iujnry in an un-
favorable season. The onh* question is whether we can get along
without it ; in most winters we can, for a good covering of snow
is the best mulch. Hay from the salt marshes, which he gets
boated up the Merrimac river, never brings in foul seeds, but swale
hay does, unless cut very early, and the produce of the seeds will
grow even on high, dry land. Small fruits ripen in the season
when most liable to suffer from drouth, and consequently are
much benefited by mulching. It also protects strawberries from
being soiled.

Mr. Smith said there are cases where mulching is an absolute
necessity. He covers the ground between his rhododendrons and
azaleas with forest leaves, whicli are never removed, but added to
year after year.

Mr. Hills asked, Wliat is the objection to applying mulch to a
strawberry bed in autumn and removing it in spring?

Mr. Wilder said that a winter covering is not properlj' a mulch.
He covers his strawberries with aftermath in autumn, takes it away
in the spring, and replaces it when it is necessarj' to keep the
fruit clean.

President Moore said that a coverinor in the fall is not a mulch

FOREST TREE PLANTING. 39

but protectiou. He always removes such a covering in the
spring.

Col. Wilson said that in his paper he studiousl}' avoided all refer-
ence to winter protection, for that is an entirely different thing
from mulching. In California the farms and vine3'ards are not
cultivated as with us ; cultivation is something that they do not
fully understand there, but where it is practised they obtain the best
results. He got his best ideas on cultivation as a substitute for
mulching there. Anything that mildews is bad for mulching. The
best material is that which, while keeping the ground moist, affords
the freest and most perfect circulation of air.

Mr. Wilder said that he felt great pleasure that these meetings
are continued, bringing horticulturists together to compare their
experiences. The lecture toda}' is a most satisfiictory explanation
of the philosophy of mulching.

O. B. Hadwen said that all present were delighted with the
essay, which is on a most important subject. It might be advisa-
ble to mulch dry, gravellj' soils when it would not do for strong,
retentive soils.

Mr. Hadwen, as Chairman of the Committee on Discussions,
announced that on the next Saturda}- Aver\- P. Slade would read a
paper on " P'orestry."

BUSINESS MEETING.

Satuuday, January 17, 1885.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, John B. Moore, in the chair.

No business being brought before the meeting, it adjourned to
Saturda}-, January 24.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSIOxV.
Forest Tree Planting.

By Avery P. Slade, Somerset.

The subject of Forest Tree Planting on worn-out lands, though
to a limited extent familiar in practice, does not receive that at-
tention which its importance demands. The interest recently

40 MASSACHUSETTS HOETICLXTUEAL SOCIETY.

awakened in the public mind in regard to the depletion of our
forests may be regarded as a sufficient apology for inviting j'our
attention to the topic announced.

Some one has estimated that no less than 100,000 acres of wood
and timber lands mnst be cleared daily to supply the demand for
fuel and for the A'arious industries of the country, to say nothing of
the vast amount that is annually destroyed by forest fires and
decay. This demand would necessitate the yearly cutting of
31. "200. 000 acres, an area somewhat larger than the State of New
York. From this fact we are in a measure enabled to comprehend
with what rapidity our forests are disappearing.

If the removal of the forests changes the meteorological condi-
tions of a country, or if the amount of rainfall in a given territory
is in some degi'ee proportional to the area covered by forest, the sub-
ject assumes an importance which cannot well be overrated. I think
it is stated that Prussia, relying on the correctness of this hypoth-
esis, requires, by legislative enactment, that for every tree felled
two shall be planted. While the Legislature is powerless to stay
the axe of the woodman, it might yet do much to encourage the
planting of forest trees, and might thus in some degree avert the
evil consequences which must surely attend the final or even partial
destruction of the native forest.

Pasturing exhausted soils, or cropping them with rye, yields
but a poor return ; and nothing has a more demoralizing effect on
an agricultural community than the cultivation of large areas
with very small profits. There are thousands of acres in Massa-
chusetts which really yield no profit to the cultivator, but which,
if planted with AYhite Pines, at a triflingexpense. would pay a rea-
sonable rate of interest on the investment : and this planting would
speedily convert large areas of unproductive land in Eastern
Massachusetts into delightful groves, adding a positive beauty to
the landscape and forming a source of wealth to the community.

I have spoken of the White Pine (Pinus strobus) because I
regard it as best adapted to our climate, and to the soil of most of
our waste lands. A soil in which the AYhite Oak flourishes will
produce grass ; and a soil that suits the Chestnut will grow grain ;
but the White Pine not only grows rapidly on land apparentl}'
destitute of all plant food, but actually enriches the soil on which
it grows.

I am aware that this tree cannot be successfully grown on lands
near the seaboard, and would urge for such localities the planting

FOREST TREE PLANTING. 41

of some species known to be suited to the soil and climatic condi-
tions there encountered. The Pitch Pine (Pinus rigicla) seems to
struggle for existence on the sea-coast, and is of slow growth, and
produces a wood of little value except for fuel ; and he who shall
introduce in its place a hard}' tree of rapid growth under a like
exposure, should be regarded as a public benefactor.

The trees of softer wood, whose fibre is susceptible of being
reduced to pulp, and rolled into paper, may prove as valuable to
the next generation as the oak has been to the present. Iron has
already supplanted oak in marine architecture, and paper may yet
take the place of both.

To encourage and promote any new enterprise we have first to
show that it is safe and profitable as a business undertaking. We
therefore propose to examine this subject of Forest Tree Planting in
the light of an investment.

In the case of every experiment that has come wuthin m}- knowl-
edge the result has proved eminently satisfactorj'. Although in
many instances pines have been planted because the land would
produce nothing else, and often for the purpose of gratifying the
taste by covering a rock}' hill-side or sandy plain, and not with a
view to profit, and though they have rarely, if ever, received any
culture after planting, in no instance that I have investigated has
the outlay failed to prove a paying investment.

Mr. Zebulon Pratt, of Bridgewater, purchased 25 acres of worn-
out land in North Middleboro, near the village of Titicut, for which
he paid S9 per acre. Having a desire, as he says, to improve the
view, and to learn the result from a moderate outla}', but not an-
ticipating a profit, he had it set to white pines, in the spring of
1863, at an expense of S6 per acre, and two years after paid a
man $47 to fill up the vacancies where some had died, making
the whole cost of setting $200.

The plants were from 6 inches to 18 inches in height, and
were set in straight rows 10 feet apart each way. Mr. Pratt wrote
me, in December, 1883, in answer to inquiries, " that the trees are
now probablj-frora 12 to'16 inches in diameter, and in a thrifty condi-
tion," and that he has from time to time been awarded premiums by
the Plymouth County Agricultural Society for the best plantation
of pines. The lot is taxed for 8800, which is based on a two-thirds
valuation ; and as towns are inclined to favor experiments of this
kind, it is fair to presume that the assessors' valuation is not too

42 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

high, and that the cash value of the lot is not far from Si, 200.
Comparing this with the outla\', we have :

Cost of land S225 00

Setting trees 195 00

Taxes for 20 years 120 00

Aggregating $540 00

D»

which sum. in 20 years, at 5 per cent compound interest, amounts
to $1,431, or $231 more than the estimated yalue of the plantation.
But Mr. Pratt says that he did not embark in this enterprise for a
profit, but to benefit the inhabitants of the village, and that he
might be remembered pleasantly by those coming after him.

Had he planted this grove with a view to profit soleh', he would
undoubtedly have set the trees at intervals of 10 feet b}- 6, instead
of 10 feet by 10, thus having 726 to the acre, instead of 425 ; as it
is pretty generally conceded that pines standing at G feet b}' 10
will make a growth of more value than when planted at a greater
distance. When planted 10 feet by 10 there is more growth of
branches, which are of little value, and less growth of bod\-, than
when planted nearer. Now if 425 trees to the acre brings the
value of the lot up to $1,200, then 726 trees to the acre would be
worth upwards of $2,000, which sum is 0272 more than the whole
investment would have amounted to at 6 per cent compound in-
terest for 20 years.

After receiving Mr. Pratt's letter I visited the lot, and examined
it as well as I could, and was well paid for doing so. The plan-
tation covers a sterile ridge, consisting of sand and gravell}^ loam,
sloping east and west, and evidently well suited to the growth of
white pines. So far as m3- examination extended I could discover
no vacancies in the rows caused b}' trees dying out. But what
surprised me most was the number and extent of the lateral
branches. Beginning near the ground, each tree seemed to vie
with its neighbor in throwing out horizontal branches in every
direction. These limbs were from 5 feet to 15 feet in length, and
interlocked with each other in all imaginable ways, forming, in
many places, an absolutely impenetrable jungle. The conviction
was irresistible that, had these trees been properly- trimmed from
time to time (and the wood so obtained would have paid the ex-

FOREST TREE PLANTING. 43

pense), their present value would have been euhanced at least 33
per cent.

Here were said to be 10,775 trees, and, could the whole growth
have been thrown into the trunk, they would, I think, have been
worth, at a moderate estimate, at least 25 cents each ; or a sum
total of $2,G94, exclusive of the ground the}' stand on.

Mr. J. D. G. Williams, of Eaynham, in answer to some
inquiries, says that he set a piece of pine in 1850 ; the value of
the land was SlO per acre, and the cost of setting $5 per acre ;
and after 25 years' growth the standing wood was sold to a Mr.
Thayer, of Taunton, for $150 per acre, leaving the land, as he
says, in good order to set again. A very large profit on this
investment is apparent without demonstration.

Mr. Williams also set a piece of pine in 1841 on land of the
saiiie vahie, the cost of setting being $6 per acre. This is perhaps
one of the earliest experiments of the kind made in Bristol
count}'. These trees, apparently, came to maturity in 1876, as
no perceptible growth has been observed since tliat time. They
were set in rows not equidistant but varying from 6 to 9 feet, and
from 4 to 6 feet from each other in the rows. A portion of this wood
is still standing, and attracts more or less attention. The lot has
an eastern exposure, and the trees in the first row on the east side
were evidently set for a wind-break, being not more than 4
feet fiom each other. They are large, with many strong, angular
branches, resembling in shape an oak as much as a pine, and
containing as much timber, tree for tree, as those less exposed,
though not of so good a quality. This lot was examined in 1876
by an experienced lumberman, with the view of buying it, and
his estimate of tlie wood at that time was 75 cords to the acre.
About two-thirds of this wood or timber is suitable for box boards,
and is worth at the mill, three miles distant, $6 per cord. No
arithmetical process is required to show that the outlay here has
been a profitable investment.

The late Mr. Richard Sampson, of Middleborough, set a piece of
pine on land too poor to cultivate. The growth is now 31
years old, and the wood has been estimated to be worth $150
per acre. But if the worth of an article is what it will bring in
market, a much higher figure would better represent its value.
This piece, which contains about 10 acres, is remarkably tlirifty,
and its growth during the next decade will greatly increase its
value.

44 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The groves of which we have spoken may well be stj'led self-
made groves, for, excepting the occasional removal of a dead tree,
they have received no treatment calculated to hasten their growth
or improve the quality of the timber. One noticeable feature in
all the groves I have examined is an absence of uniformit}^ in
the size of the trees ; though all are nearly equal in height, they
are of diameters varying from 10 to 20 inches. Occasionally we find
a tree of the smaller size, which has struggled for equality from 10
to 20 years, when it was overpowered and its life crushed out by
its big and thrifty neighbor ; while the larger trees appear to live
out all their days, and rarely die, except of old age.

The foregoing instances of rapid growth and satisfactory results
are not exceptional cases ; they were selected for notice because
1 was able to get items relating to their histor}' with greater
facility, and more in detail, than I could in the case of other
groves. Plantations of pines from 5 to 30 years of age may be
found in Norton, Mansfield, Taunton, Raynham, Easton, Ran-
dolph, Middleborough, and the Bridgewaters ; all giving promise
of remunerative results.

In investigating this subject I have been somewhat perplexed at
the wide range of opinion found to exist in regard to the details of
pine culture. One gentleman says the}' should not stand nearer
than 10 feet to each other, and should occasionally be trimmed ;
while his neighbor asserts that they should be planted verv thick)}',
letting nature do the trimming and the fittest survive. Others say
that artificial trimming is often followed by death, and always by
oozing of the gum or sap, causing dark spots in the lumber, which
the tree will never outgrow ; whereas, if the limbs are allowed to
fall from natural causes, the wounds that may result quickly heal,
and the lumber will be of a better quality. One lumberman asserts
that if the tree is trimmed when the sap is dormant no bad or
injurious effect will follow ; while his partner advised me, in a sort
of confidential manner, that if the trimming is done when the sap
is in motion, the wounds will quickly heal without injury to the
tree. Who shall decide, when doctors disagree? A difference of
opinion also exists in regard to the age at which the pine should
be cut, to yield the greatest profit. A gentleman of my acquaint-
ance, in whom I place great reliance, having a grove 31 years
old, found, by careful experiment, that the growth of the last 10
years equalled that of the first 20.

A point on which all agree is that the j'oung seedling pines

FOREST TREE PLANTING, 45

should be carefulh' sorted before setting, and those uniform in size
and vigor should be set together. Tbe propriety of this is obvious,
as no one would propose to feed a calf and a two-vears old steer
in the same manger. I have no practical experience in the cultiva-
tion of pines, but, had I a piece of land which I desired to set for a
profitable investment, I would plough the land in the fall, aud set in
the following spring. I would carefull}' assort the plants, and set
those of the same size by themselves, at intervals of 10 feet by
8, thus using 543 seedlings to the acre. I would run a culti-
vator between the rows about twice a year until the plants had
l)ecome well rooted, and attained the height of 3 or 4 feet. I
would also, with a sharp knife, cut off one or two of the lower
lateral branches or shoots, alwaj's cutting upward, so that the
bark on the under side would not be stripped or torn f)om the
trunk. This I would do annuall}' so long as any branches re-
mained within m}' reach. By ploughing I should secure to the soil
whatever organic matter in the shape of moss or grass there might
be on the surface, and bj' using the cultivator I should destro}- or
greatl}- discourage any plant that might undertake to subsist on
the scant}' food of my pet seedlings, and at the same time increase
the absorbent power of the soil, and thus furnish a greater amount
of moisture, so essential to the thrift of a j'oung tree in the early
stages of its growth. Bj' early and judicious pruning I would
throw the growth into the trunk, and gradually accustom its smooth
and tender bark to resist the effects of the sun's ra^'s, from which
nature evidently designs it shall be shielded b}' a profusion of
lateral branches. This mode of culture would reduce to a mini-
mum the risk of loss by fire. By carefully assorting my trees I
would found my colony on a basis of equalit}-, giving seedlings of
the same size and vigor equal chances in the race of life, and thus
to a great extent avoiding that inequality in size which so much
lessens the beauty of the grove.

The treatment above outlined might perhaps be profitably varied
by sowing broadcast between the rows the seed of the White
Bii'ch (Betula alba var. popuiifoUa) . This should be done when the
pines are 4 or 5 years old. Being the only deciduous tree which
is known to flourish best where the land is the poorest, they would
soon overtake the pines, and b^' their dense and rapid growth
would so check the lateral branches of the pines that pruning
would be unnecessary. At the end of 12 or 14 years the bi]-ches
should be cut, when they would probably yield as many cords per

46 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

acre as they were years old. A natural growth of birches would
follow their removal, and would mature with the pines.

Emineut medical authorit}' assures us that where pines are
grown to any considerable extent ihe atmosphere becomes satu-
rated with a sort of resinous vapor, peculiarly adapted to soothe
and alleviate the sufferings attendant on pulmonary complaints.
As nearly all lung diseases are supposed to be the legitimate prod-
uct of the climatic influences of iS'ew England, not onh' our inter-
ests but our dut}' to humanity should stimulate our efforts to
further this industry.

Thus far I have spoken chiefly of the White Pine because it is
well adapted to all worn-out, sandy soils away from the sea-shore, is
easily propagated, grows rapidly, and at 30 years of age repre-
sents more value than any other forest tree in New England.
Experiments are not wanting where other forest trees of various
kinds have been grown from seed, giving satisfactory- results.

One instance is that of Mr. Zachariah Allen, of Providence,
R.I., where an old pasture, containing 40 acres, and valued at
$15 per acre, was seeded to a variety of forest trees. An accurate
account current was kept, showing that the lot, for a period of
57 3'ears, paid 6 -^^;j per cent per annum on the original invest-
ments.

Mr. Joseph S. Fay, of Wood's Holl, Mass., late a member of
the Board of Agriculture, has very kindly given me some of his
experience in forest tree planting, briefly stated, which I here in-
troduce. He says: '"The greater part of a place I bought at
Wood's Holl some j^ears ago was made up of hill}* pasture land,
— worn-out, sandy, gravelly soil, with many bowlders. It was
exposed to high winds from Buzzard's Bay, and was of very
little value for cultivation. I began by trying some seed of the
native Pitch Pine, sowing it broadcast on the surface in the spring.
I afterward bought seeds of the Scotch Pine, and some other
varieties, and sowed it from time to time, until I had covered
about 100 acres. I used some White Pine seed; but this kind
is not suitable to the sea-shore, and unless sheltered from the
salt water does not thrive. The native Pitch Pines did well for a
time, but they seem of late to be taken with a blight, that has
destroyed many of tbem. The Scotch Pines have done ver3- well,
and will make good fuel, though I am doubtful as to Aeir value
for timber. I suppose my planting for the last lo^fears will
average 15 feet in height, which is 1 foot a year, and a thick

FOREST TREE PLANTING. 47

forest now covers ni}' hundred acres. Being sown broadcast, they
have come up too thickly, and I have trimmed out hundreds of
loads for fuel, yet those taken out are hardly missed. My neigh-
bors on the Cape plant with a hoe, — that is, cut a place in the
sod and drop the seed ; others run light furrows, 6 or 7 feet
apart, and drop the seed in the furrows at like intervals, and
cover lighth', or even not at all, as you may judge b}' mine being
scattered on the short grass or moss. The object in planting by
their method is the saving of seed, and, moreover, knowing where
the seed was dropped, they can see whether it has failed to come
up. Some of the seed may not start or be visible for a year or
two. Where you are, I suppose White Pine is a natural growth,
and would do well. Seeds of the different pines can be procured
at most of the Boston seed-stores. I would recommend the
American Red Pine (Pimis resinosa) ; but the seed is very scarce,
and not readily found. It is the Norwa}' Pine of New Hampshire,
and a ver}' tine and valuable species, the wood somewhat like the
Southern Yellow Pine. You will see from what I have written
that my work has mainly been in pines grown from seed sown
broadcast, involving the least possible labor and expense. I have
planted Chestnuts, which have made a very satisfactory growth,
and would advise planting them, and Black Walnuts, if you have
good soil and rocky land.

" I have planted man}' thousands of other varieties, covering a
large surface, among which are the Scotch or Eluropean Larch,
Scotch Birch, English Sycamore, Norway Spruce, Willow, and
White Ash, all of which have done well. In sowing pine seed
broadcast improve the time after a light snow in March or April,
so that you can see where the seed falls, that the planting may be
uniform and not too thick. If the land is not too poor, Black
Walnuts, Butternuts, and especiall}- Chestnuts, planted from the
seed, would I am sure prove profitable investments. The seed-
ling Ash, if planted 3 feet by 3 even, would in a few 3'ears
yield salable hoop-poles, amply pa3'ing cost and interest,"

The foregoing statement plainly shows what has been done in a
quiet wa}-, involving but little labor and expense, by one having
the will and energy to do it.

Mr. Frederick Matthews, of Yarmouthport, Mass,, states that he
has during the last 40 years planted for himself and neighbors
about 3U0 acres of Pitch Pine. This tree is of slow growth ;
yet some of the older plantations seeded by Mr, Matthews

48 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTmAL SOCIETY.

reached, years ago. a stage in their growth when it was deemed
profitable to cut them for fuel : and he is now cutting gooti-sized
wood for his own consumption in a grove only 30 yeai-s planted.
He has within a few years noticed a blight, which has proveii
fatal in many cases. ^

He gathers the cones in October, and, after thorough drying for
two months, shells and cleans the seed, and plants in the spring,
with a machine of his own construction. He thinks it pays a mo<i-
eratc interest on the iuvestmeut. and is acquainted with no other
tree that is equally adapted to the soil and climate of Cape Cod,
or that could take the place of the Pitch Pine.

This tree, as we have remarked, is of slow growth, even under
favorable circumstances, and its rate of growth is retarded as you
approach the sea-shore, until, face to face with the ocean, it is so
slow that even a careful observer can scarcely see any cliange from
year to year. This is a discouraging fact ; but he who would dot
the sea-coast with groves as yet knows of no species that will root
itself in the moving sand, and flourish in defiance of ocean gales,
which spend their fury on the coast. Observation and somewhat
extended inquiries strongly favor the belief that there is no tree
so well adapted to take the place of the Pitch Pine, and to cover
the loose, sandy areas of our coast, as the once noted Ailanthus
{Ailanthus glandulosa). Being aware of the prejudice existing
against this tree, inherited chiefly from a former generation, let
us examine its merits, and render a verdict in accordance with the
facts.

The Ailanthus is a deciduous tree. and. we are told, is abundant
in the northern provinces of China, and-indigenous to that country.
In 1750 it was introduced into Europe as an ornamental tree, and
was brought to this country about 1S20. From its rapid growth
and tropical appearance it soon became a favorite, and was
planted extensively in the cities of New York, Philadelphia, Provi-
dence, and Xewp>ort ; and the demand for the young trees far
exceeded the supply. As soon as the trees were old enough to
produce flowers it was discovered that they emitted a very offen-
sive odor, and the pollen which fell on the roofs of neighboring
houses rendered the water collected from those roofs unfit for drink-
ing or culinary purix)5es. On discovering these objectionable
characteristics, those who had been cherishing this rare exotic

1 lids blisbt and ttsax Doiiced by Mr. Fay are doubtless caased bv ibe Pine Moth uf Xan
tadbet, (feluMi/nwtraaa).

FOREST TREE PLANTING. 49

were sncldenl}' seized with disgust, and war was declared against
the offending Ailanthns, resulting in its almost complete extermi-
nation. A few trees may still be found, scattered over the Island
of Rhode Island, and in some of the villages of New England, —
lineal descendants of a despised and persecuted generation.

The objection to the Ailanthus which operated so swiftly to its
discredit disappears quite as quicklj' when it is regarded in the
light of a forest tree. The wood possesses many valuable quali-
ties. Its specific gravit}' is said to be but little less than that of
the Oak, and more than that of the Black Walnut. It is of a pale
cream color, admits of high polish, seasons readily' without check-
ing, and is a strong, durable wood when kept from the weather.
Professor Sargent, to whom I am indebted for much valuable infor-
mation relating to the Ailanthus, says, in his " Notes on Trees and
Tree Planting,"^ "There ai'e thousands of acres of shifting sand
and barren soil along our sea-coast, southward, too poor and too
exposed to produce, naturall\-, anything but a scantv crop of beach
grass, on which the Ailanthus would thrive, and which, thus cov-
ered, would add enormously to the natural products of the country.
Such plantations would amply and speedih' repay the original cost,
both in direct income and b}' the protection it would afford to more
valuable land. Valuable timber, for purposes of construction,
might not grow on soil so poor and exposed, but immense quanti-
ties of fuel, easily accessible to market, would be produced from
land now worse than useless to its owners. On almost ever}' in-
land farm there is some old, neglected gravel-pit, or bank, or knoll,
too stony and poor for cultivation, which might be profitably
planted with the Ailanthus ; and these plantations would provide
in a dozen j-ears, more or less, a large amount of valuable fuel, and
might be cut, and cut over again indefinitel}', as there seems to
be no limit to the power of this tree to throw up suckers from
the roots. Or, if permitted to grow from 20 to 40 years,
such plantations, costing but little to make, and occupying land
good for no purpose but to pay taxes on, would produce a material
valuable for industrial purposes, for which a ready sale at good
prices could always be obtained."

Mr. George P. Marsh, in remarking upon the efforts of the
Russian government to cover with forest growth the northern
coast of the Black Sea, where the loose, sandy soil, to the depth

1 Read before the JIassachusetts Board of Agriculture ia 1877.

50 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of a foot, is liable to bo moved with eveiy changing wind, says :
" The tree best suited to this locality — and, there is good reason to
suppose, to sandy plains in general — is the AilantJms glandulosa.'
With testimonials like these it is certainly safe to give the tree a
fair trial. There is no soil so poor, and no situation so exposed,
that it will not grow there. It is propagated as easily as the
blackberry. A piece of the root tlie size of your finger when
planted will produce a tree, and the seed, whether scattered on the
surface, or covered with soil, will quickly germinate. One objec-
tion to the Ailanthus as an ornamental tree was its tendency' to
throw up suckers from its roots, and thus reproduce itself without
limit, — a positive virtue when cultivated as a forest tree. Unlike
the oaks and pines, it increases in size most rapidly during its
earliest years. The perfect adaptation of the Ailanthus to the
localities mentioned may be justly regarded in the study of the
origin of varieties as an evidence of design.

In view of the foregoing facts, however imperfectl}' presented
here, it is not easy to account for the general apathy found to exist
on this important subject. Capitalists are eagerly seeking per-
manent investments promising not more than three or four per
cent per annum, while the industry' we advocate pays a better
dividend, and in every instance has proved financially successful.
One of the motives which prompted Mr. Pratt to plant his grove,
he says, was, " that he might be remembered pleasantly by those
coming after him." To this must be added the genuine satisfac-
tion of having contributed to increase the wealth of the country,
at the same time clothing the sterile hill-side with verdure. This
is, in itself, a dividend, which, though ntit contributing directly to
swell the cultivator's bank account, nevertheless possesses a value
not easily overrated.

Discussion.

"William C. Strong was called on, and said that it was a very
great surprise to him that the people of Massachusetts do not
cover their barren hill-sides with trees. He knew a sand-bank in
wdiich there was apparently not a particle of organic matter, where
a gentleman, living opposite, planted white pines, which ai'e now
growing thriftily, and present a much pleasanter appearance than
the naked sand.

At the meeting two weeks ago we were told that the early
settlers of New England complained of drought, and the con-

FOREST TREE PLANTmG. 51

clnsion was drawn that the}' suffered as much as we do from that
cause, and that the climate has not been affected by cutting off
the primeval forest.

The first settlers did not cultivate as deeply as is done now,
and so had not the protection from drought which deep cultivation
affords ; and it does not follow that the climate has not been modi-
fied. The rainfall and thermometer might not show much change,
but the speaker thought the more delicate test of the hygrometer
would. Streams flow more rapidly and are of briefer duration
than formerly. In Maine lichens flourish on trees more generally
than they do here, showing a moister atmosphere ; here they are
found onh'^ in swampy locations. Mr. Strong hoped that the
lecture would be of practical benefit. On some farms it would be
better to devote half the ground to trees and spend more time on
the other half than to attempt to cultivate the whole.

Joseph Clark said, in answer to an inquir}^ how much shelter is
necessar}' for white pines on the sea-coast, that it is more difficult
to cultivate them on the side of a hill next the sea than on the
sheltered side ; but he thought they could be established, espe-
ciall}' when planted thickly. The Austrian Pine is the best
for planting on the sea-coast, though the Scotch Pine is hardy
there. The "White Pine will flourish six hundred feet from the
ocean.

Edmund Hersey thought that the paper read covered the ground
very well, but there was one tree not mentioned — the Red Cedar, —
which, in his judgment, might take the place of the Pitch Pine on
the sea-coast. It will grow on the poorest land, where grass will
not grow, and will stand the ocean spray and even the wind on
the ocean bluffs. He did not believe the Pitch Pine ought to be
encouraged, and would cut it down as soon as he could find any-
thing to take its place. It will cover poor land, but the Red Cedar
will do so nearl}' as soon. The Salix purpurea (Purple Willow)
will grow on high, sand}' land, and in four years will make excel-
lent hoop-poles ; and the speaker thought it would be more profit-
able than pine. He did not approve the recommendation of the
essayist to plant white birclies among white pines, but would
plant the pines thickly enough to shelter each other. The birches
would crowd out the pines.

Mr. Hersey did not think we are suffering greatly from cutting
ofi" forests, but did think we ought to attend to tree planting. "We
do not train our forests so that they will be most profitable ; we

52 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

do not leave the good seedling trees and thin out the poorest ones,
as we sliould do. If our fathers had done this we should have
better trees than we have now, and we should do it for the sake of
coming generations.

John Robinson said that in planting trees we should not OA'er-
look those most in demand for timber, such as the Butternut,
"White Oak, Chestnut, and White Pine. The wood of the Red
Pine (rinus resinosa) resembles that of the White Pine so closely
thai it is difBcult to tell them apart. This tree is most desirable
for its beaut}' ; it resembles the Austrian Pine, but is preferable as
being a native species. Foreign species which are worthless here
frequenth' have valuable native counterparts. B3' taking cuttings
of the Ailanthus from female trees we can avoid the objectionable
odor. Tliere are many trees which will thrive south of Ca[)e Cod
which will not succeed north of that peninsula, as we know the
Cape Cod plants flourish in Long Island and New Jerse\- and along
the Southern coast. He had seen the Salix purpurea growing
wild at Beverly within a stone's throw of the ocean, and the Salix
alba at the exposed " Salem Xeck," as healthv as in the interior.
In the white pine woods along the Beverly shore there are trees
two feet in diameter, where the}' have the protection of other trees,
and but a few hundred feet inland they thrive without such pro-
tection.

Professor Robinson did not agree with those who thought that
pruning forest trees is going to injure them, but it must be done
proper!}', as in Europe, where forestry is a science. There a man
goes round with a bilUiook, and cuts the limbs off close, and covers
the wound with coal tar. The best tinw to do this is in winter,
when the trees are dormant, as the growth is not checked then,
and as soon as the tree begins to grow the wound will begin to be
covered. If the pruning is left to nature there will be innumer-
able pins several iuelies long, each of which will make a knot in
several boards when the trunk is sawed up, but if cut close only
one or two boards will be affected.

It is evident from the Census Report on Forest Trees that our
Western forests are being destroyed with fearful rapidity, and that
ten or twenty years hence Chicago will not be the great lumber
market it is now. The same reckless destruction is going on at
the South, and along the Pacific coast, thougii we may be improv-
ing in New P2ngland. Just such meetings and discussions as this
are necessary to awaken the people to the need of tree planting

FOREST TREE PLANTING. 53

and protection, and make them understand that we must have laws
for the protection of forests.

J. W. Manning said that the Red Cedar is an excellent tree
for bleak places, and is easilj' transplanted. He had set out ten
thousand, of which not one in ten died. He thought the lumber
supply is improving in the White Mountains. Fires destroy more
wood than cutters, and are fed by the waste, rotten trees left by
the lumbermen ; but there are no Norway Pines among theSe, for
they do not decay at the heart.

Fire is one of the most difficult things to deal with ; one lum-
ber man estimated that it does a hundred times as much damage
as the axe. Sometimes the soil is composed of spongy vegetable
matter to the depth of two or thiee feet ; the trees root all through
it and if it is burnt off trees will never flourish there again. He
had seen white pines five feet in diameter where the soil below
looked like ashes.

Asa Clement said he had been much interested in Mr. Slade's
paper, and concurred in almost ever3'thing he had said. He spoke
with regret of the noble White Oaks once common in our forests,
but now exhausted, having been used for ship-timber. They were
dug up to get knees for ship-building ; the carpenters would bring
patterns to get such as were wanted. He has White Oaks and
Hickories which he has been nursing for forty or fifty years. Some
manufacturers have to send hundreds of miles to get such timber
as thej' want. In cutting firewood for tiie Lowell market iiis
practice is to cut clean, and leave the stumps to sprout, as hard-
wood trees will do if not too old. He hoped that such discussions
as this would arouse men to care for the timber they have, and to
provide for the future, and not destro}' trees for the sake of de-
struction.

Mr. Strong could not agree with the recommendation of some,
to prune in summer. It is true that the wound will be covered
sooner, but the shock to the tree from taking off large limbs is
much greater than when the tree is dormant.

William H. Hunt said that the question before the meeting is a
very important one. There is a diflference between the situation
here and that at tlie West. Taking the country as a whole the
forests are disappearing, but here they are increasing. In New
England there is much land not profitable for cultivation, on which
much labor has been expended that has been substantially thrown
awaj', — land so stony that no one ought to have attempted to

54 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

cultivate it. Many acres of such land are now growing up to
wood, and if left to nature will inevitably gradually' work into
forest. He has a farm which contains a pasture of about fifty
acres, where such a change is going on, and he assists it as far as
possible. The best thing that owners of rough pastures can do
with them is to leave them to grow up into forest, and help the
process a little. A little care to exclude cattle will be well repaid,
for the food they gel from them is not valuable, and if the injury
to the forest is reckoned, the food obtained will not balance it.
The White Pine is the best tree for such pastures as have been
mentioned : the lumber is always in demand. The trees which
have grown up in this way have been mostly cut off at an early
age, and little has been left to grow into large timber. The
speaker had a black walnut tree two feet in diameter, which he cut
down, and which made considerable lumber for the inside finish of
his house. He had found the black walnut difficult to transplant ;
he had tried trees two or three feet high, and they had lived, but
had not made a rapid growth, — not as much as he expected.

Mr. Hunt agreed with Mr. Strong that the climate has changed
here as a result of cutting oflF the forests. The culture of the early
settlers was not as deep or as complete as ours is now. He thought
that the planting of trees in the West would bring about a change
in the climate there.

Mr. Hersey's experience had been that black walnut trees are
not difficult to transplant.

Mr. Strong thought that generall}- it would be better to procure
seedlings of forest trees than to sow seed. The seedlings can be
bought very cheap of nurserj'-men. Young White Pines can be
picked up in the woods without cost.

J. W. Manning said that the Red Pine is very abundant in some
localities. It is adapted to peculiar soils, where rye will not grow.
At Fryeburg, Me., there is a forest of these trees 80 feet high.
There is a Black Walnut in Saugus almost 5 feet in diameter, and
one in Billerica 12 feet in circumference. The black walnut is
easy to transplant.

Col. Henry W. Wilson thought we could easil}' satisfy' ourselves
that raising forests is a good thing ; but there is little inducement
to do it here, for it offers a temptation to every loafer to go through
the young plantations with a gun and dog, spreading destruction
by fire. Col. Wilson alluded to the associations connected with
trees, and the love entertained for them ; they are a source of satis-

FOREST TREE PLANTING. 55

faction to the planter and his children. It is good to encourage the
planting and growth of nut-bearing trees ; the right to their fiuit
can be enforced. Man}' of them, like the Hickor\' and Chestnut,
are difficult to transplant, having long tap-roots ; which are a source
of vigor of growth ; and the best way to raise them is to put a nut
into the ground wherever a tree is wanted. The black walnut tree
will grow here, and makes the most valuable lumber, good boards
being worth $125 per 1,000 feet; but it is a tree to grow for 100
years hence ; it requires 50 years to grow, and 50 more to solidifj-
and mature. A tree 50 3'ears old has not half the value of one 100
years old.

The speaker called at a place in Hampden count}-, which afforded
an illustration of what a farmer can do b}' caring for a wood-lot.
In a 40-acre lot on this farm the thinnings last year comprised
500 chestnut railroad ties, which sold at from 50 to 60 cents each.
Basswood, in some places, brings $8 per cord, for paper stock. We
must study the growth of trees, and the soils and markets, and adapt
them to each other. There is an exigenc}' for applying a system
of forest planting to whole districts in New England. In the best
farming districts there are abandoned farms, within 65 miles of
Boston, where not a spear of grass grows that is of any use to
man, and the only thing to be done is to let them grow up to
wood.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, who had just come in, was called on,
and said that he had heard only Col. Wilson's remarks, which he
fully approved. We have a great quantity of land in New Eng-
land which can be made productive onl}' b}' planting with trees.
There are still immense quantities of timber in Alaska, Oregon,
and Mexico, which will afford supplies for a long time to come.
The necessity for planting forests in New England has been over-
looked, but a spirit is now abroad which is arousing the people to
its importance, and he thought we should not realize the fears which
have been entertained of the exhaustion of the supph' of lumber,
and of other evils arising from the destruction of our forests.

It was announced that on the next Saturda}' Edward L. Beard
would read a paper on " Herbaceous Plants vs. Bedding Plants."

56 MASSACHrSETTS HOKUCCTLTUIIAI. SOCIEXr.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Satukpat, Jannary 24. 1S85.
Av : -i meeting of tbe Society was holden at 11 o'clock,

the r. - JoHS B. MooKE. in the chair.

Hon. Marshall P. TTilder annouDced the decease of the eminent
pomologist, Charles^ Downing, of Newburg, X.Y., a Corre-
sponding Member of the Society, whose life had been most useful,
and whose death was a gre^t loss to the cotmtry ; and moved that a
cc»mmittee be appointed to" prepare memorial resolutions. The
motion was carried, and the Chair appoiut^-d as that Committee
Mr, "Wilder. "William C. Strong, and Bobert Manning.

Adjourned to Saturday, January 31.

[Here follows, at Tol, 5, page 268, of the Society's Records,
i:. \ \.:e of January 28, 1885, the record, directed by vote of
*.-. " . V on the 4th of October, 18S4, to be made, of the enclos-
ing of the Society's land on Bromfield and Bosworth streets, b.it
it is not deemed necessary to print it. It is also recorded with
Suffolk Deeds, lib. IGM, fol. 146.]

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

HT.RBACEors Plakts ?\«. Bedpikg Plaxts.

By Ed'Wjsjed L. Bkasd, Camlaidg-e.

Probably most of those gathered here are quite familiar with
'F''^' - and their attractive features : but a keen faculty of
- _ the pan of the borucnhurist is not requisite for

deteeiing the fact that in every quarter, — in the small garden, as
well as in tl-T _ ' ^ of the more favored, what are popularly
known as be. _ ^ts have so far usurped the place of their
less obtrusive relatives, hardy herbaceous plants, that the latter
are, to a large extent, unappreciated, because foi^otten and un-
known. These remarks apply not only to hardy plants but to some
beat: ^s not altogether hardy, but such as the gardener

who>^ -_ : his profession rises above the mere drudgery often

incident to its pursuit may, with the aid of cold frames and cov-
ering, protect through our trying winters with comparative ease ;

HERBACEOUS PLANTS VS. BEDDING PLANTS. 57

being more than recompensed in spring and summer b}' the unique
beaut}' of blossom with which some of the more tender species are
favored.

I have set the two classes of plants — the hardy and the more
tender bedding plants — against each other for our consideration
and comparison. The latter includes the Geranium, Coleus, Alter-
nanthera, Pyrethrum, Lobelia, and others, and depends for effects
upon color and strong, often glaring, contrasts. That is to saj",
most bedding effects have these characteristics. Some combina-
tions of bedding plants, in certain gardens, have these faults
less obtrusively displaced, and often a harmony in the blending of
colors is apparent, forming a pleasing picture in a wide frame of
green, where distance and also perspective tend to soften, and at
the same time to enhance, the effect of the contrasts. These effects,
produced with bedding plants in combination with large and
small succulents, aided here and there with the hardier palms and
bromeliads as adjuncts to the whole, are noteworthy and com-
mendable, bringing into play the utmost fancy, skill, and taste of
the gardener ; who each year seeks for new combinations of
color and form. Such displavs show favorabl}' in certain loca-
tions, where they are but one feature among many others and do
not wholh' absorb the gardener's interest and attention.

But in this country', where gardening as an art is still something
of a weakling, these pleasing horticultural pictures must neces-
sarily be confined to the gardens of a few wealth}' persons, who are
fortunate enough to command the services of able gardeners whose
taste is marked and preeminent. I would not have it inferred
that all men of wealth are so favored, for in man}' instances I
have known the master and the man, while intending to beautify
an estate, to be joint partners in making it hideous and a complete
exposition of bad taste and vulgarit}', when in other hands it
would have been made strikingly beautiful.

Bedding out, as generally' practised by the amateur and gardener,
is like the first attempts of a tyro in painting, — A'ery crude and
inharmonious. Ignorance of the character and value of plants,
in their relation to the picture or mosaic to be formed, is, perhaps,
the chief difficulty in these instances. In man}', and, I may sa}', in
most, places where a gardener is intrusted with power to fill up
and arrange the beds for the season, will be found a yearly recur-
rence of the monotonous, never-blooming reds and j'ellows, with a
few inconspicuous and ding}' intermediate colors, which, in our

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60 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Indifference and ignorance, in relation to the higher details of
gardening, are so general that it will not be possible to revolu-
tionize them in a day ; nor shall we see a decided increase in horti-
cultural taste and refinement until lapse of time, and further
growth in civilization, shall have afforded those opportunities of
research and experience which are needed to teach all the beautiful
possibilities of floriculture, and shall have demonstrated to us that
among the fruits .'^nd flowers may be found delights, which, once
tasted, will never be willingly forgotten or relinquished.

But a hopeful augury for the future appears in the rapid and un-
precedented increase of popular interest not raerel}- in tlie outward
forms and varieties of plants, but in their culture, development,
and improvement as well. Within ten years amateur and pro-
fessional horticulturists have originated many striking novelties
and improvements in popular flowers, and we already see our
seedling roses, chrysanthemums, and carnations sent abroad
to grace the pages of foreign catalogues. All this marks decided
progress; mostl}', it must be confessed, confined to the pro-
fessional grower, but with such a start we have every reason to
hope that in this great country, with its varied climates, we shall
yet develop a circle of skilled amateurs, who, while the}' niay
not outrival such men as Ewbank, Maw, Horner, Ellacombe, Wil-
son, and many other noted Englishmen of the same class, ma}' at
least achieve sufficient success to have their names, and the results
of their labors, similarly esteemed. Tlie present list of American
amateurs, who devote their attention with any marked results to
the improvement and development of the floral world, is a very
small one ; and it will remain so until we find our gardens filled
with a more varied selection of plants, and until a greater general
knowledge concerning them shall have been diffused, through the
influence of such organizations as this Society.

When I undertake to advocate, against the popular and well-
known system of bedding, a resort to the great family of compara-
tively unknown hardy plants, and bespeak for them consideration
and cultivation, it is not with the hope or expectation of any im-
mediate general revolution in practice, but rather of inducing some
few to give up their beds of scarlet Geraniums and gaudy Coleus,
and find new pleasures among the Lilies, Narcissuses, Irises, and
the thousand and one other beautiful members of the hardy family.

My remarks are directed more especially to the possessors of
small gardens, — those little plots of ground scattered in all

HEKBACEOUS PLANTS VS. BEDDING PLANTS. 61

directions about us, — the majority' of which at present have no
attraction in summer but a few starved and ill-appearing plants,
brouglit from the florist, and left to themselves and tlie famil}- cat ;
and permitted, like the latter, to run wild at their own conven-
ience. Under these conditions it is no wonder tliat many people
who can afford to have a garden, and who tell you they enjoy
flowers, attain no real success, and gradually lose interest in
their flower beds, until weeds and grass blot out even their first
attempts at gardening.

To be a successful horticulturist one must have a competent
knowledge of his subject ; and this, like all things where success
is desired, requires effort and study. Such knowledge once gained
opens the way to easy methods, and the discouragements which
attend the first developments of horticultural taste give way to
the certain consummation of all that is undertaken. Knowledge
brings new delights in the garden, and what once seemed impos-
sible to achieve, becomes not a task Jjut a pleasure of absorbing
interest. Drudgery' ceases to be drudgery' because of a certainty
of accomplishing all that is undertaken. I think all will agree
that this is the secret of success, and that those who are willing
to learn through patient stud}- the habits and requirements of ever}--
thing which takes root, grows, and blossoms, have no reason to
doubt the result.

My suggestions so far have been more in the abstract than in the
concrete ; and I will now turn from any arguments for or agaiust
the favorites of different cultivators, and consider how our gardens
may be made beautiful by the culture of hardy plants.

It is useless to hope for success without, at the outset, making
reasonable preparation for the growth of these plants. Most of
them are deeper rooting than bedding plants, and Iherefore the
beds for their reception must be trenched or spaded to a depth of
two feet, and well manured. Most herbaceous plants aie good
feeders, and require good soil. Beds must not be located under
trees, where the roots of the latter can impoverish the soil. Many
of the failures in the cultivation of these plants are due to neglect
and consequent starvation, and the grower, discouraged by his
indifferent success, pronounces' them worthless, when, on the
contrary, had he given them due attention at the proper time,
they would have proved themselves worthy of all the care bestowed
ou them.

Robinson sa^'s, in this connection, the idea that, once these

62 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

hard}' plants are planted, they will go on satisfactorily for many
3^ears without any further cultivation is one of the greatest delu-
sions possible ; for, unless the soil in which they grow is kept in
good order, the vigor of display and of bloom ceases to be what
it should, and the whole thing is a failure ; still it must not be
inferred tliat the}^ require the attention of yearly transplanting.
An annual top-dressing of well-rotted manure, or leaf mould, is a
great aid to most hardy plants, but they dislike the spade, and
ought not be dug about, except when lifted or divided. It is well
to let the leaves which fall upon herbaceous beds remain there
during the winter, this natural covering and nutrition proving
beneficial.

A large proportion of this family is greatly benefited by being
lifted every few years, and divided and transplanted. Pyrethrums,
Phloxes, Delphiniums, Narcissuses, and the rest, all feel the good
effect of transplanting and division at intervals of two or three
years. Many make rapid growth and form large clumps in the
ground, and these can be lifted and divided in early spring, before
active growth begins, and successfully transplanted. This facility
is a benefit to the grower, who can increase his stock without cost,
and contrasts favorably with the constant labor and expense requi-
site to keep up the stock of bedding plants, the propagation of
which, even where the facilities exist, is, as I have shown, a serious
tax upon time and space.

One of the favorite arguments used against the cultivation of
hardy plants is that they do not give continuous bloom through
the summer, and that the beds containing them are not as showy
as those which afford a mass of color, Tike those filled with gera-
niums or petunias. This is very true where no provision is made
for a succession of bloom b}' selecting such varieties as come into
bloom at different periods in the year. The intelligent grower,
however, does not make this mistake ; and here it may be said
that the greatest loss under the bedding-out system is that of the
blossoming in spring and early summer of Tulips, Scillas, Grape
Hyacinths, Narcissuses, hard}' Primroses, Saxifrages, Irises, Fritil-
larias, Globe Flowers, Crocuses, and hosts of other choice plants
and bulbs, rarely seen under general cultivation.

Our list of spring-blooming hardy plants and bulbs would be
greatly extended could we include the varieties which are hard}^ in
England, but whose endurance through our trying winters is uncer-
tain. Cold frames, therefore, should be utilized for this class,

HERBACEOUS PLANTS VS. BEDDING PLANTS. G3

and a more general use of these conveniences shonkl be favored.
In them, Violets, Anemones of all the earlj-blooming kinds.
Forget-me-nots, Primroses, Hellebores, Hepaticas, Pansies, and
many other beautiful things can be grown to greater perfection
than in a greenhouse. It only needs that the possibilities of
frame culture should become fully known and understood to
insure to the amateur who lacks a greenhouse the greatest success
with the class of plants I have named. With frames open to the
sunlight, and protected by the usual methods, one ma}' have flowers
in plenl}' from January till June. The Pansy, which is everybody's
favorite, is rarely seen in perfection except in a cold frame.

The arrangement of hardy flowers in the garden affords so much
scope for taste and knowledge, that it would require a volume to
make plain tlie numerous and various phases of grouping tliat ma}'
be devised with an eye to effect and continuity of bloom. The
landscape gardener, in laying out lawns, etc., endeavors to form
groups of trees and shrubs of contrasting habit of foliage, through
which pleasing vistas for the eye may be open. Only tlie inexpe-
rienced will proceed to dot in here and there an individual tree or
shrub, which, by its isolation, loses its effect. We must carry this
idea into the flower garden, in our arrangement of hardy plants,
so far as it relates to the grouping of a number of one species or
variety by itself. A hundred Daffodils growing gregariously is a
much finer sight in bloom than if the same number were scattered
or dotted over the surface of a bed, and by carrying out this idea
with all the dwarfer plants, much better results are attained ; and
we can extend it, if space permits, in combinations of hardy flower-
ing shrubs, the use of which I favor most decidedly in forming
our beds of hard}' flowers.

We have few dwarf shrubs like the Hollies and Yews of England,
which, with their shining foliage, are such additions to flowering
beds there, but in place of the latter we can use, for the backs of
such beds as rest against a wall or fence, and for the centres of
beds which stand upon the lawn, the dwarfer hardy Rhododen-
drons, the Kalmia, Barberry, Sjnrcea Thunbergii, Hydrangea panic-
vlata, and here and there some of the stronger growing roses,
which seem to have been supplanted nowadays by the more deli-
cate and tender exhibition sorts. The latter, for general display,
cannot be compared with varieties like Mad. Plantier, Harrison's
Yellow, and many of the climbing roses, like Baltimore Belle
which, though a climber, is a most beautiful sight when left to

64 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

scramble over a slight support in a bed or border. The Japanese
Rosa rugosa and the white variety are t\YO of the finest plants
that I know of for use in such a bed as I contemplate. Both have
dark, shining, and persistent foliage, which is not subject to insects,
and the blossoms and hips, especially of the red variety, must be
seen to be appreciated. I may also include hard}' Azaleas, the
Japan Quince, Viburnums, Weigelas, Andromedas, etc. ; but I
hnrdh' need to give an extended list of those appropriate for the
purpose I have named, as thoy are perhaps better known than the
herbaceous plants. No bed, however, can be made quite effective
without them, and they take on new beaut}' when combined as I
have suggested. I refer to them as valuable additious necessary
to the effect in planting. In small beds, a specimen of this
class here and there breaks the level and relieves the eye as to
general effect, besides affording bloom, and in larger beds the
dwarfer kinds, two or three of each, may be planted together, at
intervals. There should be no crowding, but ample room should
be left between them for colonies of hardy and dwarfer plants.

In conjunction with the shrubs ma}' be planted the taller and
more robust members of the hardy family, but so that they shall
not be unfavorably dwarfed and overgrown by the former. Among
these are the broad-leaved Funkias, or Plantain Lih', the best
varieties of which are ovata, Sieboldiana, grandijlora, and sub-
cordata, all of which are bold and graceful, lending a tropical
effect, and they are quite hardy and vigorous. The Hemerocallis,
or Day Lily, is another graceful and strong-growing plant which
looks well grouped with shrubs. Among the best species are
Thunbergii, Kivanso plena, disticJia plena, and JJava. To these
may be added the Delphiniums, which are taller growing, and may
be planted, in groups or isolated, among the shrubs. By this I do
not mean under the shrubs, but at distances affording room for
growth and development, without either wasting room or over-
crowding. There are so many beautiful varieties of these that no
collection is complete without them. Some of the newer kinds
throw up spikes of bloom nearly three feet in height, and as
regular in form as those of hyacinths. The Delphinium, by cutting
down some of the flower spikes, can be kept in bloom up to frost.
Another valuable plant to combine with these is Oaltonia candi-
cans, formerly known as Flyacinthus, This has proved to be
quite hardy ; and, while isolated specimens are not so noticeable, a

HERBACEOUS PLANTS VS. BEDDING PLANTS. 65

group of them, with their bold spikes of white wax-like flowers, is
a sight which commands attention.

In such beds nothing is finer among the taller plants than the
Clematis, trained loosely to a light support, or, what is better, left
to climb over the taller roses, with the blooms of which it affords
a fine contrast. Among these Jackmanni^ Fortunei, Flamniula ^ and
some of the hardier of the hj^brids are best. Clematis coccinea,
especially, looks best grown in an open bed, and left to itself to
find support on neighboring plants. It has a scrambling habit,
but it is a beautiful object when in perfection. Another plant seldom
seen, and yet worthy of a place in every garden, is Latliyruslati-
foUus, the Everlasting Pea. There are three varieties of this, which
I have seen, — graiidijloncs, a brigiit scarlet ; alhiflorus^ the white ;
and a striped variet}'. Tliis splendid perennial loves to be undis-
turbed, clambering over any support near it, and flowers incessantly,
especiall}' if not allowed to form seed. Its flowers are especially
adapted for cutting, and last long after being cut.

Among the herbaceous plants none are more striking than the
Campanulas, and no bed ought to be without them in variety*.
There are man}' dwarf and Alpine species, wliich are particular as to
location, and need especial care, but among those which are robust
enough to flourish in tlie border are CaipcUica, persicifolia, and
the tlouble variety of this, both white and blue, and Van Houttei.
C. glotneiata Daliurica is one of the fiiiest, but I do not know whether
or not it is hardy here. These are dwarfer plants, all good for
cutting, and I would favor their being planted in groups of two or
more. As companions to these, and among the finest of all hardy
plants, are the double and single P\ rethrums. When once estab-
lished, they form strong clumps, and are profuse in bloom. The
double kinds most of us liave seen on exliibition here, but tiiey
are generally unknown except among amateurs, who are familiar
witli their merits. I know of no choicer flower for cultivation in
the garden, where cut flowers are wanted. Tliey are as desirable
as the Chrysanthemum, and there is a delicate refinement about
the flowers, as well as diversity in color, which ranges from pure
white to brilliant shades of scarlet. They are quite hard}', but
like good food and occasional division. The single ones I do not
so much fancy, tliougli good colored varieties are verj' stiiking.
With a stock of these in the garden, few would wish to exchange
them for bedding plants.

Among other good things are the white and red Dictamnus Frax-

66 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

inella. Both this and the Campanulas and Pyrethrnras grow to
about the same height, and can be grouped liarmoniousi}-. Among
the taller growing perennials for centres of beds, Phloxes form
attractive masses of color, and the later hybrids are so bright and
vivid that a group of them here and there holds the eye, while
their habit is favorable for use in small beds. The}- are more
attractive when used in combination with other plants than as
isolated specimens.

Then we have the Lilies, a family' altogether too little known
and understood. They can be planted among the Rhododendrons
and taller shrubs, where their heads of bloom will shoot up in their
respective seasons with an appropriate background of green, that
adds ver^' much to the effect. The protection thus afforded them
is valuable, and in a well-made bed the majorit}' of the more
robust are certain to thrive. All lilies look better in groups than
as single specimens. The old Tiger lil^' affords one of the most
chaiining bits of color when left to multiply and bloom in masses
in conjunction with other plants. Lilium condidum^ Martagon^
umbellatum, longijlorum^ the varieties of speciosum like Melpomene,
prcecox, rnhruvi^ and others, are among tlie best. Liliinn aiiratum
is one of the finest species, but cannot be depended upon to thrive
for an}' length of time in most locations.

The Tritomas, with their flame-like flowers, are fine autumn-
blooming plants, and when a mass of them comes into bloom in
Se|)tember they light up the garden with their orange and yellow
spikes, which resemble, in their gradation of color, a red-hot bar of
iron. The}' are hardy in England, but not so here, and have to be
lifted, and stored in a cool place secure from frost. They require
so little trouble, however, that anj- garden of hard}' plants ought
to include them, especially' as they bloom in connection with
the Japanese f Anemones, of which the white variety' known as
Honorine Jobert, especially forms a splendid contrast with the
Tritomas. What can be finer as a garden plant than this, with
its masses of pure white flowers, larger than a silver dollar, with
yellow stamens? And 3^et it is not generall}' seen, though it
has been introduced for some time. Both this and the rose colored
variety are hard}', and should be planted in quantity. They
blossom until the frost cuts them down, and are among the latest
out-doov flowers we have.

The Irises can be used to great advantage in mixed beds, and
their magnificent flowers, often comparing favorably with the

HERBACEOUS PLANTS VS. BEDDING PLANTS. 67

Orchids, command general admiration. With a few exceptions,
thev are strong growers, and multiply rapid)}', most of them bloom-
ing in early spring and summer. The A^arieties are numerous, but
Persica, reticulata, and the English, Spanish, and German species
are among the best for general use. The last-named species is
robust, ever}' shade of color will be found among its varieties, and
they are unparalleled in beauty. Hybridization has produced a
large number of greatly improved varieties, which can be pur-
chased at reasonable cost and made most etfective in the garden.
The Japan Iris Kcempferi is even more gorgeous tlian any of its
fellows, and if it could be relied upon in the border, it would
not have a peer in the family to which it belongs. Our drj' sum-
mers, however, are unfavorable to it, as it likes a moist situation,
partialh' shaded. "We have seen how Mr. Parkman has produced
new seedlings of this, which rival any of European origin, and,
with plenty of water in summer, and protection from too much
stagnant moisture in winter, we ought to make it thrive as he
has done. It is worth the effort to establish it in mixed beds. I
have known some varieties to produce flowers ten inches across.
There are many other gorgeous species and varieties, but these
will suffice for general use.

No collection of hardy plants wojuld be complete without the
Pseonies. The}' are stately and noble in growth, with fine colors,
and the huge flowers of many of the varieties are fragrant. Both
the single and double forms of the Tree paeony (Pceonia Moutan),
are fine, and they are the first to bloom but they are of tall
growth, and for the mixed bed are not as useful as the herbaceous
kinds, hybrids of P. officinalis, crossed with such varieties as albi-
Jiora, Sinensis, and edulis. From these have sprung magnificent
forms embracing unequalled colors. An extended list of named va-
rieties is given by English and Continental growers, and by some
of our own nurserymen. Some are inclined to speak contemptu-
ously of the Pseony, associating it with antiquated garden flowers ;
but a knowledge of the great improvement effected by hybridization
will suffice to change this into admiration. Pceonia tenuifolia Jlore
pleno is a dwarfer kind, but one of the most striking, resembling a
large rose of vivid color.

Another good thing, not well known, and a striking object in
the garden, is the Double Sunflower {Heliantlius multijioriis Jlore
pleno). This must not be confounded with the tall simflower. On
the contrary, it is dwarf and compact, bearing vivid yellow flowers,

68 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

quite double, and about the size of a Dahlia. It is not so formal
as the tall kind, and is veiy useful for cutting.

The Poppies embrace some varieties worth}' of culture every-
where. Those of us who have seen a mass of Fapaver orientale
know what a brilliant thing it is, with its immense, fiery-scarlet
flowers, six inches across, marked with great blotches of black.
This, with some of its varieties, such as bracteatum and concolor,
should be used as positive colors in arranging our beds of hardy
flowers for effect, and there are few things that could take their
place.

The Aquilegias, or Columbines, we cannot ignore. Some of
them bear most exquisite flowers, and are of graceful habit. A.
cceralea, Ski7meri, and clirysanlha^ with quite a number of hybrids,
are the most noticeable. A. glandulosa is perhaps more striking
than any other. A bed of it which I saw last summer was be-
witching in its beauty. Unfortunately it is not certain to thrive in
this climate, having Alpine characteristics.

Among the most useful plants for grouping in the centres of
beds are Anchusa Jtalica, GypsopMla paniculata, Lychnis Chal-
cedonica plena and Lychnis Viscaria plena, the perennial Lupines,
Foxgloves, Rhexia Virginica, TroUius or Globe Flower, Ascle-
pias tuberosa, some of the §ner hardy Asters, among which are
very beautiful forms, — Coreopsis auriculata, Coryclalis nobilis,
Dianthns barbatus, or Sweet William, in its many varieties, Dicentra
spectiibilis, some of the more robust Saxifrages, and Tricyrtis
hirla. Lack of space forbids further detail, though I should like
to name and consider very many other attractive species, not gen-
erally known. I have endeavored to name the species and varie-
ties which should form prominent features in the hardy garden.
The grower of long experience can name many more equally
beautiful, but, in the limited space afforded me, this must suffice,
as I wish to speak of the hardy bulbs and dwarfer spring-blooming
plants, which, after all, are the delight of the garden. These
come before summer's withering heat and drought, and, following
so soon on the retreat of winter, we can more keenly appreciate
the wealth of blossom they afford. Having filled the centres and
backs of our beds or borders as I have indicated, let us plant in
the foreground, among the dwarfer perennials, as many hardy
bulbs as we can afford to purchase and can safel}' locate.

First and foremost are the Narcissuses. They do not need the
praise of any one to make them favorites. Those I will name

HERBACEOUS PLANTS VS. BEDDING PLANTS. 69

are hardy and easy of cultivation. There is an infinite variet}'^
of them, presenting slight variations in form and color appreci-
able only b}' the expert, but the following are distinct, and will
give the best results. All of them, as well as the otlier species
of bulbs that I ma}' name, can be found in any English, and in a
few American, catalogues : —

Narcissus bicolor Horsfieldii;
" " Empress;

" " Emperor;

" maximns;

" obvallaris, or Tenby Daffodil — a splendid flower;

" incowparahilis Stella;
" " plenus;

" " aurantius plenus ;

" " sulphureus plenus ;

" poeticus ornatus — the best of this group ;
" " plenus;

' ' cernuus plenus ;

It will pa}' to plant Narcissuses in well-prepared soil, and give
them yearly dressings of manure. The best time to lift and divide
them is in August, when they are completely at rest.

With the Narcissuses we can associate in groups Scilla Sibirica,
of the most brilliant blue, which looks at its best when planted in
clumps of a hundred bulbs or more ; also Scilla 7iiitans and S.
campanvlata, which bloom later ; and Tulipa Gesneriana elegans
and T. Greigi, all magnificent species. These are hardy, and do
not need to be lifted yearly, like the early Tulips. They are, more-
over, far more graceful as garden flowers.

With them we can associate some of the long-stemmed Tulips,
which seem to have gone out of fashion along with the queer but
striking and artistic Parrot Tulips. Here and there can be planted
Crocuses, including C. speciosus, C. serotinus, and C. satiuus, and
near them the seldom seen autumn-flowering Crocus (Culchicum
autumncde). These are all invaluable, the flowers being large,
showy, and abundant.

Adonis vernalis, a dwarf perennial plant, which sends out its
bright yellow flowers almost before the snow disappears, may be
associated with these. Chio7wdoxa Lucilice, or Glory of the Snow,
is a brilliant spring-blooming bulb, somewhat akin in habit to

70 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Scilla Sibirica, and with cultivation niaj'' excel it ; but to my
fancy the latter is the brighter and better of the two, besides
being much less expensive. With such dwarf-flowering varieties
as I have named it is appropriate to plant the Snowdrops (Galan-
thus) and Grape Hyacinths (Muscari). Of the former, in addi-
tion to the type, may be named Ehvesii, plicntus, and Redoutei.
These are much finer and more distinct than the type.

The Muscari are little known, but they form attractive groups
and are fragrant. Atlanticum^ botryoides, and moscliatum are the
best adapted to this purpose. We cannot include the spring-
blooming Anemones, and it is a pity, though nothing is finer for
cultivation in cold frames with Pansies.

The quaint Fritillarias, Colchicums, and Winter Aconites should
be used, and, where there is room, b3' no means forget to make
plantations of Lily of the Valle}'. How often we see tliis starved,
and often running out, when good culture would achieve the best
results ! It is exceptional to see it in vigorous cultivation. The
mat which it forms should be broken up and thinned out from
time to time, and the crowns should be top-dressed yearly with
fine manure. It then takes on a different aspect, the spikes of
bloom reaching twice the size of those from the starved plants.
It is improved by being planted in open situations rather than
under trees, as is generally the rule.

In these beds can be dotted here and there groups of Pansies
which have been wintered in cold frames ; and Primroses of the
hardy t3'pe can also be used with the best effect. Our winters are
too severe for Pansies and Primroses ta thrive continuously out of
doors, and a cold frame will be found a great help to those who
cultivate hardy flowers.

Those who have gardeners, and those who have not, will find
the care of a few cold frames involves comparatively little trouble,
and in them can be wintered many interesting half-hard 3- bulbs and
plants, like Narcissus Bulbocodium, Geum coccineum pUnum ^ Hel-
lebores, Violets, Pansies, and, last but not least. Pinks and Carna-
tions. I do not refer to our Perpetual Carnations, used for winter
blooming, but to the hardier border Pinks and Carnations, like
Lord Lyons, Mary Morris, Mrs. Simkins, Blush Clove, The Gov-
ernor, and mau}' others. These can be safely wintered in a frame,
in pots, and turned out into the open bed in spring, where, asso-
ciated with the dwarfer plants, they are especially satisfactory and
beautiful, furnishing cut blooms in abundance, of the most durable

HERBACEOUS PLANTS VS. BEDDING PLANTS. 71

and delightful character. The}' can be lifted again in the fall, and
transferred to winter quarters ; and the}' are easily propagated by
cuttings or layers. Those who have once successfully cultivated
this race of plants, and found out their proper treatment, will
agree with me that the}' offset an entire garden of bedding plants.

The cultivation of such flowers as the Carnation, Anemone,
Hardy Primrose, Polyanthus, Auricula, etc., is becoming better
understood in this country. What seemed insurmountable obsta-
cles to success, in Jthe way of summer heat and winter cold, are
overcome b}' the patience and skill of growers who give their
attention to what they undertake. Hardy Primroses are not easy
to carry through the summer in this climate, as the red spider has
a fondness for them during the hot weather. I have four lights of
them now in splendid condition, but they were wet with the hose
twice a day during the warm weather, and that is the sole secret
of success with them.

Where there are bare spaces in our beds, we have such bright
and pretty, close-growing plants as the Sedumsand Phlox subulata
to cover them. Many of the former are hardy in this country,
and bloom so profusely that they dazzle the eye with their pro-
nounced yellow, which is the predominating tint. They thrive in
any well-made and not over-moist garden bed, and ought to be
more generallj' cultivated, which would be the case if they were
better known. Phlox subulata is of dense and spreading habit,
the rose colored flowers entirelj' hiding the plant, and forming a
mass of color from three to six feet across in favorable locations.
There are numerous other low-growing and creeping hardy plants,
which should be freely planted in the hardy garden. The}' serve
to greatly diversif}' the color of bloom and foliage, and are of
great practical aid in keeping the surface of the ground cool and
moist during the summer.

I have outlined in a very crude way m}' ideas about the hardy
garden, confining myself to essential and prominent points, of use
to those who have little knowledge of the subject. All of the
plants I have named will give the grower a wealth of bloom from
spring to fall, and the bed can be cut from again and again with-
out injury, supplying flowers for the house, where, under the
bedding system, there would be few, if any.

Those who desire to add to their beds of hardy plants, and are
willing to take the trouble of lifting or renewing each season, may
grow in them Gladioli, Tigridias, Asters, Dahlias, Scabious,

72 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Antirrhinums, and any of the finer tender bulbs or annuals.
They will certainly give added brilliancy to garden beds and
repaj- all extra trouble. It is important to note that the culture
of tender plants is made possible under the plan I propose, while
the bedding sj'stem crowds out all other plants than those which
are necessary to form the lines and masses of color ; and this fact
has been demonstrated b}' the gradual disuse of the finer, hardy
plants.

All hardy plants can be obtained from such growers as Woolson
& Co., of Passaic, N.J., who make a specialty- of them; Ellwan-
ger & Barrj^, of Rochester, N.Y. ; and man}' of our own local
nurserymen. The rarer varieties which cannot be secured here
are supplied by Thomas S. Ware, of Tottenham; Peter Barr, of
London ; and others in England.

In this climate spring is the proper time in which to plant all
hard}^ herbaceous plants, as distinguished from hard}' bulbous
plants. The latter, which are usually at rest in the fall, should
be planted in October or early November. English growers
recommend fall planting for all hardy plants ; but there the
ground does not freeze hard, if at all, and no injur}- is done to
newly located plants.

With this last practical hint I will bring my outline of general
ideas to a close.

There are many works on Hard}' Flowers in which the inter-
ested reader will find at greater length the ideas I have endeavored
to concentrate ; especially in Robinson's "English Flower Garden"
he will find the best thoughts upon this subject, which should be
read and studied by every one interested in the culture of hardy
flowers. Such study must surely lead all to a sense of the poverty
and bareness everywhere exhibited under present methods, when
we have at hand the resources of this and every other continent
fiom which to draw together under our own eyes, and in our own
gardens, the very 4lUe of the floral kingdom, whose now unrecog-
nized claim to our appreciation, dowered as they are with all that
is graceful and beautiful, must and will, if we but consent to give
them room and care, afford us unexpected revelations of the
resources, the graces, the never-ceasing pleasures and joyful sur-
prises to be found in our hardy gardens.

HERBACEOUS PLANTS VS. BEDDING PLANTS. 73

Discussion.

In reply to an inquiry as to what plant would make a good
edging, Mr. Beard suggested the dwarf variegated Fiinkia ; but
he did not particularl}- favor edgings in gardens.

Mr. Beard went on to speak of the Aquilegia glaiidulosa as he
saw it in the Botanic Garden at Cambridge, where nothing could
compare with it. Most people make a mistake in transplanting
their Narcissuses at about the time when frost comes and they have
begun to grow. Those who have never grown Tulips have little
idea of their beauty. Tulipa Gesneriana will stand as long as it
is supplied with food. Crocuses sliould not be put into beds with
a single bulb dotted here and there, but should be planted in
groups. The speaker mentioned a garden, which he saw in Bal-
timore, over a hundred years old, and containing twenty acres,
in which were great groups of flowers, such as we rarely see now ;
among others a mass of Muscari moschatum., twenty feet across,
the fragrance of which was perceptible a mile awa}'. There are
no more beautiful flowers than Anemone coronaria and A. fulgens ;
they are cultivated in England as Pansies are here. Last spring
Mr. Allan demonstrated that it is possible to grow Auriculas more
easily than many other thing? which are more generally cultivated.
Few people realize the fact that bedding plants afford the mem-
bers of the household but little opportunity to go out and cut
flowers.

William E. Endicott said that he did not altogether like edgings,
but where they are necessary Sempervivuras make the best. Almost
any kind will do well for a great many years. The Erysimum
jmlchellmn is a dense, carpet-like evergreen, about three inclies
high, which early in spring throws up numerous spikes of bright-
yellow fragrant flowers, and is adapted for edgings. There are
also annual species.

Warren H. Manning tliought Mr. Beard's paper very interesting
and instructive. The dwarf Phloxes deserve more attention than
the}' have received. The light and dark varieties of Phlox subu-
lata are ver}' pretty in the border or rockery.

William C. Strong said that the essayist presented his paper in
the character of an advocate. He threw all classes of herbaceous
plants into the scale, and they outweighed the bedding plants ; but
the speaker thought we ought to be thankful for bedding plants.
He admitted that they had been more popular than they deserved

74 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

to be, but lie did not advise giving thera up altogetlier. An
essa3'ist could say something in their favor.

John G. Barker said that his S3mpathies were in a large measure
with the essayist. The speaker, as years roll on, is more and more
impressed with the importance of cultivating herbaceous plants.
Though we cannot discard bedding plants entireh', we should use
them with discretion. In extending the grounds of the cemetery
at Lynn, of which be is superintendent, he makes a special point of
hard}^ trees and shrubs, and has lately planted two beds on lots
owned by private parties.

He uses tender plants to fill vases, but thought we might find
substitutes, and believes tliat we can in future create a taste for
hard}' plants in grounds of small extent. There are places in his
own city where the owners, after spending from thirty to a hun-
dred dollars a year for three or four years, for bedding plants,
have become discouraged, and given up cultivating flowers alto-
gether, and laid tlie ground down to grass. If the same amount
of money had been paid for hardy herbaceous plants, the result
would have been far more satisfactory. The speaker is fond of
natural eflfects, which may often be produced at small cost, as in
the cemetery at L^'un, where Clematis Jackmanni and Virginia
Creepers were planted at the foot of a rough stone wall, which they
have covered, and have cost no more trouble than weeding and
cutting oflT the ends of the shoots. The effect is fine, and the
expense was small.

He has a large bed covering the basement of his cottage, the
background being composed of such shrubs as Hydrangea panicu-
lata (the type, which is more erect fn growth than the variety
grandiflora) ^ the larger Deutzias and Spiraeas, Paul's Scarlet
Thorn, Delphiniums, etc., and, in front of these. Phloxes, different
varieties of Irises, Aquilegia cceridea, Spircea palmata, Lilmm
umbellatum, and the Japan lilies ; with Castor-oil plants, Eulalia
Japonica, and Canuas where some of the shrubs died out, which
give it a sub-tropical effect. Still furtlier in front are the lower
kinds of herbaceous plants, and the whole are arranged without
formal lines. He had a visit from the late K. R. Mudge, who
admired the bed, and wanted one like it, though he had great
quantities of Coleus and Achj-ranthes in long lines of ribbon
gardening. From such a bed as the speaker had described he
could cut flowers freel}' and have plenty left. He had some rocks
lying naturally, where he cleared out the soil in front and carted

HERBACEOUS PLANTS VS. BEDDING PLANTS. 75

in leaf mould and planted Kalmias on the upper part of the bed,
with Rhododendrons, Azaleas, and Andromedas in the lower part,
and in this bed many varieties of lilies are planted, which bloom
later than the shrubs mentioned. This has proved a very satis-
factory arrangement, and is one which many might have.

He did not think bedding plants could ever be dispensed with
in cemeteries, but their use can be very much modified, to the
advantage of all. Tlie present system of bedding has been
greatly overdone, and it is to be hoped that herbaceous plants,
which, when properly arranged, can be made to produce the finest
effects, will speedily be brought into more general use.

E. W. Wood thought that the essayist could have given just as
beautiful a picture of annuals and bedding plants as he had of
hardy herbaceous plants. There are two classes of plant-growers ;
first, those who raise flowers for the market, and, second, the
amateurs, who cultivate them for their intrinsic beauty. Fashions
change in flowers as well as in dress, but every fashion brings
some really beautiful things, which outlive the fashion. A few
j-ears ago everything was in lines ; and the speaker mentioned a
border at the late Alvin Adams' place, where there were i'lve rows
of harmonious colors in curved lines, producing a most beautiful
effect. Then came solid beds, such as we have seen at Ex-Presi-
dent Gray's. Now the tendenc}" is to herbaceous plants ; but the
pendulum swings to extremes and we forget the beautiful lines.
Tiiere are many bedding plants which it will be hard to wipe out.
There are some herbaceous plants and annuals that produce good
effects in combination with more costly and delicate plants. Sweet
peas, for instance, can be used in connection with greenhouse
flowers ; and we could not spare the Asters.

Mr. Beard admitted that he could do something in the direction
of writing an essa}- in favor of bedding plants. He did not advo-
cate wiping out bedding plants altogether. Herbaceous plants
leave room for the very plants mentioned b}'^ Mr. Wood ; bedding
plants leave no space for anything else, and people who spend
their money for them get discouraged and give up gardening
altogether.

Mrs. H. L. T. Wolcott said that the speakers at these meetings
usually address themselves to florists, and as long as florists find
it profitable to sell bedding plants we shall have them. Women
have been held up to disgrace for making crazj' patchwork, but the
hideous beds of glaring colors often seen in our public squares

76 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

reminded her of craz}' patchwork more than an3'thing else. She
saw a garden in the county where she lives which was equally
objectionable in this respect. It is a waste of time to make such
beds, or any other ugly thing. She does not believe in planting
flowers in straight lines. She alluded to the beautiful water-lilies
exhibited here last fall by Mr. Sturtevant, and said that we ought
to have them, in place of the flower beds, in the Public Garden.

Henry Ross said that he did not hear Mr. Beard's essay very
well, but should want to read it and make one more patchwork bed.
He wanted to go and see Mr. Beard's garden, which, his neighbors
said, was wonderful. He believes in shrubs, herbaceous plants,
and bulbs, and wants them all, but to give perfection you want
flower beds also. The number of plants proposed is too great for
small gardens. You cannot get in enough to give a succession of
blooms. He has advocated partially doing away with bedding
plants and having more herbaceous plants. He likes to visit
picture galleries, and on entering one has stood entranced by some
beautiful picture, and the same effect was produced on him when
he saw the arrangement of bedding plants at Forest Hills, which
required as much artistic skill as painting. At Es-President Gray's
he has gone round the grounds and looked across the lawn, with
its solid beds of gernniurns and background of shrubs and rocks,
and tlie beauty of the scene has so entranced him that he wanted
to look at it in perfect silence. It adds to the attractions of bed-
ding plants that we have them only a few months in the year.
Taking them awa}^ would remove one of the greatest beauties of
our gardens. He wants both bedding and hardy plants, and does
not believe we can get the best effect with onl}- one ; but if he could
have only one in a small garden, he would have the bedding plants.
Shrubs give bloom but for a short time, but with carpet bedding
we can have beauty through the season.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder was much pleased with the remarks of
Mr. Ross. The pendulum may swing too far, as Mr. Wood sa3's.
What is the object of bedding plants? Is it not the ornamentation
of our grounds ? What else will give such a constant show of color
for three months? The effect produced by bedding plants cannot
be attained in any other wa}'. But the materials must be used
with taste and discretion, and the work must be well done. He
had never seen anj^thing so beautiful in carpet bedding as at
Forest Hills. Mr. Beard's lecture will be a check to the extrava-
gant and injudicious use of bedding plants ; but the speaker would

HERBACEOUS PLANTS VS. BEDDING PLANTS. 77

be sorry to see the system which has made our parks so beautiful
wholl3' given up.

John Robinson said that different persons look at the subject
under discussion from different stand-points. One has a large
estate and another a small city garden, and the latter will plant the
portion nearest to tlie street for beauty, without reference to cutting
flowers, and in the rear he will plant anj'thing that lie fancies, for
cutting or any other purpose. It is possible that most of those
who have spoken ma}' be right from their respective stand-points.
He does not himself like the crazy patchwork style. He had
recently seen near an old mansion a mound of Sempervivums,
etc., in the garden, which might as well have been artificial, and
the stiff bedding plants at the sides might have been likewise as
well made of tin. He did not object to a little border of bedding
plants, but to make the whole garden of them_is hideous.

Mr. Beard regretted that no one seemed able to take the middle
ground, which he was aiming at. At such places as Mr. Hunne-
well's the gardeners can combine plants so as to make a beautiful
picture ; but in small places this cannot be done. The owner of a
small garden will get a florist to plant his lines ; but 3'ou can't cut
flowers from bedding Pyrethrums or Alternantheras or Coleus or
Achyranthes. His remarks were intended for the owners of small
grounds. He has only nine thousand square feet of land, but
with the aid of cold frames he can cut flowers from January to
January. Those who advocate the use of bedding plants in such
places desire the unattainable. He would not come here to plead
for bedding plants, but few have tried herbaceous plants. AVhat
is a bed of Coleus alongside of a bed of Carnations, that you can
cut and smell? Bedding will die of its own weight in small
gardens ; he would not abolish it in large parks, etc., if he could.

A paper on " Old and New Roses," by Joseph H. Bourn, of
Providence, R.I., E^x-President of the Rhode Island Horticultural
Society, was announced for the next Saturday'.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, January 31, 1885.
An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, John B. Mooke, in the chair.

78 MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Hon. Marshall P. "Wilder, Chairman of the Committee appointed
at the last meeting to prepare resolutions in memory of Charles
Downing, presented a report, which he introduced with the fol-
lowing remarks : —

Mr. President: — I hold in my hand the resolutions which have
been prepared in memory of the late Charles Downing ; but I ask
the privilege of offering a few remarks as my tribute to his memory
before presenting them. The decease of Mr. Downing is to me a
most afflictive event. He and I were associated together for nearly'
half a centurj^ in efforts to advance the pomology of our countr}-.
Succeeding, as he did, his brother, A. J. Downing, whose eulogy
it was my sad duty to pronounce thirt3--two ^ears ago, he became
the author of the " Fruits and Fruit Trees of America," all the edi-
tions of which have been dedicated to my name from the first.
These circumstances have drawn us more and more closel}^ together
by the ties of affection and friendly regard. I knew him well, and
I can truly say I never knew a more truthful, conscientious, and
upright man in all the relations of life. As a pomologist he was
world renowned for his knowledge, accurac}^, and gooil judgment,
and he has had a longer experience in the stud}' of fruits than any
other man of whom I have any record, either in this or any other
country. His books will ever be precious memorials of good fruits
and good men, — of a life whose great object was to make others happy
in the enjoyment of the beauties and bounties of creation. Charles
Downing is gone, but his name will live in the hearts of grateful
millions as a benefactor of mankind. Ere long I shall follow him ;
but I fond!}' trust that we shall meet again in those celestial realms
where we may gather fruits from the trees of life, that perish not
with the using. Oh, 3'es ! there is another life above, where we
ma}' meet the friends we love.

The resolutions were then read as follows : —

Resolved, That the members of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society desire to express at the earliest opportunity their sorrow
at the removal from earth of their late friend and Corresponding
Member, Charles Downing, of Newburg, N. Y.

Resolved, That his life has been a blessing to mankind, and
that his death is a loss not only to our nation but to the whole
pomological world.

DECEASE OF CHARLES DOWNING. 79

Resolved, That while we thus speak we would acknowledge
most gratefully the Divine goodness which spared him to us so
long, and that although his star has now set, it has left a golden
record, which will illumine the annals of pomology while the earth
shall bear fruit or the love of nature shall have a place in the soul
of man.

Benjamin G. Smith was called upon, and said that in the de-
parture of Charles Downing pomolog}' had lost its leader. The
connection of the speaker with the American Pomologieal Society
brought him into close association with Mr. Downing, and he
should always cherish and keep alive the memory of their inter-
course.

Robert Manning spoke of his acquaintance with Charles Down-
ing and A. J. Downing, many ^^ears ago. Charles Downing's
acquaintance with the numerous varieties of fruits introduced to
cultivation in the last half-century was doubtless more extensive than
that of any other person in this country, and it is not probable
that any man will, in the future, become possessed of so wide
knowledge, for Mr. Downing gradually grew into it as tlie fruits
were from time to time made known. Many of those described in
the various editions of the " P^ruits and Fruit Trees of America"
have been rejected on account of their poor qualit}' ; and many
possessing much merit have been superseded b}' better kinds, yet
if all were still in existence it would be an unprofitable task, even
were it possible, for any one now to" undertake to identify- and de-
scribe them.

Mr. Downing was extremely cautious and conscientious in pro-
nouncing an opinion on the identity or quality of a fruit, and
never, among all the multitude of new fruits submitted for his
judgment on their quality, rated one higher than it deserved. The
speaker mentioned particularly a day spent with Mr. Downing
four or five years ago, when they drove around the environs of
Newburg, and visited many of the beautiful gardens and grounds
there, including the former residence, with the nursery and speci-
men grounds, of Mr. Downing. In the afternoon they visited the
cemetery, a section of which was under the charge of Mr. Downing,
where they saw the grave of his brother, by whose side, in the
soil whicl) he loved, cultivated, and adorned, Charles Downing's
mortal remains were laid.

William C. Strong said there were two prominent American

80 MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTURAL SOCIETY.

names which had a world-wide celebrity among pomologists, one
of which we cherish as with us today, and the other is now taken
from us. Mr. Downing had rare fitness for the special work to
which he gave his life. He was not a public man, and rarely raised
liis voice, even in gatherings of pomologists and horticulturists.
The vast amount of knowledge accumulated by him on his special
branch of horticulture could not be communicated to any one, and
we cannot but asiv what becomes of such stores of information?
for it is not to be supposed that it perishes with the mortal life of
one who has acquired it. We should feel grateful for the example
and benefit of such a life, and live in confidence of meeting
again.

Joseph H. Bourn spoke of meeting Mr. Downing at the ses-
sions of the American Poraological Society, where the heart and
hand of every one was opened to him. His life was spent in com-
muning with the beauties of nature, and all will honor him as the
leader in American pomology.

President Moore said that he had not the pleasure of an inti-
mate acquaintance with Mr. Downing, but, from what he knew of
him, regarded him as a particularly unselfish and conscientious
man.

The resolutions were unanimously adopted.

Mr. Wilder then presented a painting which Mr. Downing had
directed to be sent to him for the Societ3-, the following letter
being read : —

Newbukg, N.Y., April 27, 1880.
My dear Friend Mr. Wilder : —

The fruit painting which I have requested to be sent to the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society after my death it may be of
some interest to them to know how it was obtained. After the
Annual Exhibition of the Newburg Bay Horticultural Society in
1862, Mr. Charles Tice (a self-taught artist of this city) requested
specimens of fruit to make a painting, which was readil}' granted,
and after being executed it was purchased by the Society.

The following season it was offered as a prize for the best gen-
eral collection of fruits, which it was ni}- fortune to obtain.

CHARLES DOWNING.

It was Voted, That the thanks of the Society be presented to
William Wait, the executor of Mr. Downing's will, for his kind-

REPORT OF EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 81

ness and promptness in sending tlie painting, with the expression
of the Society's appreciation of the gift, and grateful acknowledg-
ments therefor.

The Executive Committee reported, recommending that the in-
vitation of M. Ch. Joly to participate in the International Horti-
cultural Exhibition at Paris be accepted, and that the President
appoint a delegate thereto. The report was accepted and adopted.

The Executive Committee also recommended that an invitation
from Hon. George B. Loring, United States Commissioner of
Agriculture, given at the request of the National Cotton Planters'
Association of America, to send delegates to a Convention of
those interested in Agriculture, to be held in New Orleans on Feb-
ruary 10, in the Grand Hall of the Exhibition, to continue one
week, be accepted. It was voted that the President appoint dele-
gates.

The Executive Committee also reported in regard to the sug-
gestion in the President's Address, referred to them, whether this
Societ3' is not entitled to State bounty to the same amount and on
the same conditions as is given to Agricultural societies ; that it is
expedient to send a member to the State Board of Agriculture.
On motion of Edward L. Beard, the President appointed Mr.
Beard, John C. Hovey, and Charles N. Brackett a committee to
nominate a member. The Committee reported the name of E. W.
Wood, who was thereupon elected a member of the State Board
of Agriculture for three years.

The Executive Committee also reported their approval of the
appropriation of a sum not exceeding twenty dollars, to suppl}'
the deficiency in the subscription for Silver Vases for prizes at the
Rose Exhibition in June, 1884, this appropriation having been
moved at (he meeting on the 3d of January, and then referred to
the Executive Committee.

Adjourned to Saturday, February 7.

82 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.
Old and New Roses.

By Joseph H. Bourn, Providence, R.I.

The roses appi'opriate to tins climate and localitj' for out-door
culture, called Reviontant and Hybrid Tea, are the most valuable,
if not the most beitutiful, of all the groups of Sappho's " queen of
flowers." A lack of the requisite specific knowledge of the most
approved and hardy varieties, uuited to ignorance of their practi-
cal treatment, delayed an interest which the rose admirer now
manifests when he looks in pleasurable admiration at the im-
proved forms of nature's sweet offering, indubitably excelling the
rhodon and rosa thus spoken of in the remote past b}' the poet : —

"Dear to earth, thy smiling bloom;
Dear to heaven, thy rich perfume."

The Greeks adored this flower of the highest antiquity, and the
Romans bestowed praises on its loveliness. Anacreon sang its
primal birth ; Homer extolled its gracefulness, and borrowed its
brilliant colors to paint the glowing richness of the rising sun;
Herodotus exulted over the sixty petalled varieties which grew
spontaneously in the gardens of Midas in Macedonia; Catullus
vaunted its charms ; and Horace admired " the richly tinted face,
whose bloom is soon fled ; " Virgil contrasts the pale sallow witli the
blushing hues, and extols the roses of Poestum with their " double
spring." Those costl3' ornamental gardens, destroyed almost
ten centuries ago, no longer shed the morning fragrance of rose
perfume. Nettles and brambles encumber the footpath of the
traveller, and, like a poetic memorv of the past, the cyclamen and
the violet now trail among the debris of the old cit}'. Ausonius,
writing at the very close of Latin literature, draws from the
roseries of Psestum a picture of " beauty doomed to premature
decline," and tells of watching " the luxurious rose beds, all
dewy in the young light of the rising dawn-star." Roses bore
away the palm from all flowers during the sovereignty of
Augustus and subsequent rulers ; but Cicero did not approve of
the custom, introduced l\v those who were given to luxurious
entertainments, of taking their meals reclining on rose leaves.
Verres, a Roman governor of Sicil}', gave audiences wearing

OLD AND NEW ROSES. 83

wreaths of roses upon his head and around his neck, sitting upon a
cushion made of the finest of Malta linen, full of sweet-scented rose-
buds. Cleopatra and Nero extravagantly decorated their banquet-
ing halls with rosy ornaments and garlands; and distinguished
guests were greeted amid roseate bowers, while the merry
dance went round in an atmosphere redolent with roscal odors.
Every evidence exists that we must connect the rose with the lore
of antiquity ; for the ancients preserved its luxur}', and it was
the ornament of their festivals, their altars, and their tombs ;
while their poets made it the syml)ol of innocence and moilesty,
of grace and beauty. It is probable that the Romans had roses
of similar species with some of those we now cultivate, since they
practised sowing the seed, as well as propagating by cuttings, b}^
grafting, and by budding. Hot-house growth was also understood
and practised, says Seneca ; and it was a boast to have carried
this flower so far towards perfection as to surpass the cultivators
of Alexandria, Memphis, and Rliodes. That the rose never
fatigues is shown b}' the reputation it has maintained through
all the ages. Although a hundred generations have succeeded
each other, it is still a queenly belle, notwithstanding it did not
escape the devastation attendant on the revolution of empires, or
the more desolating invasions of the Huns and the Goths.

But while we do not ignore an historical interest in the rose,
the subject of more practical inquiry is, what roses can we suc-
cessfully grow in our gardens? I answer, none but such as are
planted under the conditions which the laws of nature certainl3'
require, followed by special watchfulness until the trees become
well rooted and established in vigorous growth ; and then intelli-
gent study must be given to the varied habits and conditions of
growth of each variet}'. The most popular, because the most
useful, roses, are the Remontants, whose special beauty consists
in the shell form of the large petals, softly recurving in their glis-
tening freshness of color ; and for decorative purposes, the varieties
should be the free-flowering kinds, noted for elegance and bril-
liancy en masse, in preference to those possessed of great symmetrj-
of form. Tlie favorites of a generation ago — Madame Zoutman,
Blanche-fleur, Ch6n6dol6, and Paul Perras — are unsurpassed to-
day in qualit}', hardiness, and fragrance combined ; but the
Remontants, on account of their freedom of bloom, are now re-
garded as the most important of the many groups of roses cultivated.
The modern classes of the rose claim no less than twenty species

84 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

as their progenitors ; and frora the proneness of nature's offspring
to assume new styles and shades arise individuals differing frora
their parents. To give a correct knowledge of the rose now so
popular, we must become so acquainted with certain types in this
group, — which gather together many varieties whose excellent
qualities nre the result of artificial selection, — as to learn tliat there
are peculiarities that pertain to families which have distinct attri-
butes b}^ which they may be distinguished from otiiers.

In 1842 and 1843 rosarians were delighted vfith the Baron Pre-
vost and La Reine, now regarded as the oldest types and most
enduring and freest bloomers, favorite examples of which are Paul
Neyron, Madame Boll, Anna de Diesbach, and Madame Nachilr}'.
In 1846 was introduced the Giant of Battles, rich in color, but
fleeting, of slight odor, subject to mildew, and ditflcult to propa-
gate, and, on account of the poor constitution of these varieties, the
Prince Camille family have taken their place.

In 1852 the General Jacqueminot appeared as a most valuable
acquisition, and frora its great popularity this family is now the
most numerous of all. Its members are invariably of shades of
red and crimson, moderately hard}', and generally highly perfumed.
Leading examples are Marie Rad\', Pierre Notling, and Marie
Baumann.

In the same year originated the Victor Verdier, having numerous
descendants, tender, and of slight fragrance, and yet a valuable
collection on account of their free flowering, good illustrations of
which are Mile. Eugenie Verdier, fitienue Levet, Countess of
Oxford, and Captain Christy. Of all the families it is the best for
forcing.

In 1853 the Jules Margottin was a surprise, — almost odorless,
and difficult to piopagate from cuttings, but making very vigorous
plants whet) budded. Some of our most popular and elegant roses,
— Madame Gabriel Luizet, John Hopper, Duchesse de Vallara-
brosa, Madame Lacharme, Magna Charta, and Rev. J. B. M.
Camra, — are of this family.

Tlie flowers of most perfect form presented themselves in the
S6nateur Va'isse type, like Madame Victor Veidier, Mrs. Laxton,
and E. Y. Teas, followed by the Charles Lefebvre, of less vigorous
habit ; the Prince Caraille group in 1861, magnificent in their dark
velvety shades ; prominent members of which are Monsieur
Boneenne, La Kosi^re, Baron de Bonstetten, and Jean Liabaud ;
but shy bloomers in the autumn ; the Alfred Colomb, elegant in

OLD AND NEW EOSES. 85

form and color, and odorous ; the Duke of Edinburgh, beautiful
when grown in a moist, cool climate, but fading under our hot sun ;
and lastly, the Baroness Rothschild, a superb rose of extreme
delicac}', with an exquisite foliage, and of great value to the florist
for greenhouse culture.

Tliere is a t3-pe recently introduced, more valuable than any I
have spoken of, called " Hybrid Tea," of which La France was tlie
original in 1869, of silvery rose color, and having the combination
of tlie Provence and Tea perfumes.

It is now regarded as a decided advance in the art of rose cult-
ure to obtain new varieties which shall comliine the hardiness of
La Reine and Paul Neyron with the free-blooming qualities and
fragrance of Bon Silene and Souvenir d'un Ami. In this class
nature has been relied upon to accomplish what we wish b}' sow-
ing the seed promiscuous!}', producing some flowers that are tea
scented, while others show the Tea blood in the foliage. Roses of
this family, which are looked upon with much interest, and which
have novelty and promise of usefulness, are the Duke and Duchess
of Connaught, Cheshunt Hybrid, Viscountess Falmouth, Madame
Alexander Bernaix, Madame filienue Levot, Julius Finger, Wil-
liam Francis Bennett, and Lady Mary Fitzwilliam.

The roses of the past have been the product of nature, umiided
bv human efljort, while those of the present chiefly come from
sowing the seeds of varieties which have not been crossed. The
roses of the future maj- and should be produced principally as the
result of artificial fecundation and hybridization. Our aim should
be to control and assist nature as far as possible in her tendeuc\'
toward variation ; and in order to obtain new sorts of marked in-
dividuality', we should avoid crossing varieties too much alike, for

" This is an Art
Which does mend Nature, change it rather ; but
The Art itself is Nature."

Some physiologists are of the opinion that, in hybridizing, the
offspring assumes the foliage and habits of the male, while the
flowers are influenced more by the female. If this be so, the head
and hands may look for any result the mind may suggest ; and at
least we must conclude, from the advance made within a brief
period, b}' the introduction of new groups, that there is much
which is desirable in the rose that we do not already possess, but
is yet to be obtained. While the botanist collects and examines

86 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the pi'oductions of nature, and arranges them in classes and orders,
which he again divides into genera and species, pointing out their
propeities and uses, the florist applies the art of culture, with the
view of fashioning them to his own taste. Since nature's plants
are all open to improvement, the originating new and improved
kinds by the product of a mixture of two ditferent species is one
of the most fascinating departments of the floricultural artist;
who is moving continually amid ideal scenes, knowing what forms
he wishes, but not what he will obtain.

So every year the florist has disclosed some new and progressive
charm ; and while he has caused an increased interest in roses
generally, and a better demand for them, yet they are rarely seen
in the perfection of their loveliness, from a want of judicious
selection and ti'eatment. The roses of all lands are with us, but
changed in their constilution, — some weakened, others strengthened
by a change of diet, climate, and care. The rosery should be both
exposed and sheltered, a place of sunshine and of shade ; the
centre clear and open, and the protecting screen around. The
requisite conditions of a spot selected for rose culture cannot
always be judged by the mere texture, depth, or character of the
soil, even in conjunction with climate and situation ; for it is more
a matter of actual experience than calculation. The rose trees
should be so arranged that the sun will shine upon them from its
rise to meridian, and then leave them in shadow and repose. The
hardy may preferably be planted in the autumn, the tender in the
spring. Set plants of one or two years' growth, and prune before
planting, for the shortening of the shoots and roots reduces the
number of buds which draw upon the' sap, and a more vigorous
growth follows. Choose a day when the earth is easily worked
and friable, for planting. Place the roots three to six inches
under the surface, and set deeper in light and dry than in strong
and moist soils. Transplanting should occur once in five or six
years, but budded and grafted varieties more frequently become
impaired ; the wood, annuall}' weaker, does not attain that maturity
and size necessar}' to the production of fine flowers. If we
carefuUv remove a tree in this condition we shall find large, sucker-
like roots, almost destitute of fibres, wliich have been burying
tliemselves in the earth each succeeding 3'ear. Removed farther
from the reach of nourishment, the bush dwindles and becomes
debilitated, which is remedied by replanting in the autumn,
cutting off" the suckers and pruning the roots.

OLD AND NEW ROSES. 87

Roses may be grown to perfection in ordinary garden soil, but
they must be cultivated, and the ground thoroughly drained, dug,
and fertilized, and rendered as porous as possible. In clay loams
the use of sand, lime, soot, burnt earth, and loose, light vege-
table matter, like leaves decayed to mould, will alter the texture
and improve the qualit}-. At the time of planting strong fertil-
izers are not required, but when the trees have become established
the}' like rich soil, which should be made light for the delicate
rooting kinds, and more tenacious for the robust and hardy ; and
it would be reasonable that the classes and varieties differing in
their nature should have more than one soil, that each may receive
that which is the most suitable. A knowledge of the several ingre-
dients of the earth in which our bed of roses is planted would
afford desirable information, in order that we may appl^^ at the
right time the proper kind of fertilizers ; and a renewal of the
surface soil with old pasture loam every two or three 3'ears will
suppl}' important elements unattainable b}'^ any other method.
The upper earth should be kept light and loose, in order to readily
admit those constituents which cause growth, and the soil should be
filled witb sucli particles of food in the particular form necessary to
unite with the air and water, avoiding the application of more fertil-
izers in a soluble state than the plants can consume. A critical ob-
server and careful grower might say that the earth should be filled
with stimulants in diflferent stages of decomposition, that the tree
may, in all conditions of growth, have plenty of food ; to be
applied often, in a weak, liquid form, when the plants are growing
and especially flowering. An application of bone and potash acts
favorably when the earth is removed from the bushes in tlie spring.
A frequent sprinkling of water at evening adds health to the foli-
age, and is a preventive of insect destruction ; and it is best to
imitate nature, and wet the earth thoroughly only when dry, with-
holding water until again needed.

Pruning is the most important and difficult operation to perform
with success, on account of the extent of the genus, made up of
varieties differing so much from each other in habit and character ;
and as so much is dependent on circumstance, much must be left
to the judgment of the operator. Autuum and spring pruning
both have their helps and hindrances, for with some roses the latter
is unfavorable to the development of branches and flowers. It is
a good rule to prune all but the sensitive kinds in the autumn, but
to leave the shorteniug of the shoots until spring. An improved

88 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

symmetrical form is obtained by disbudding, or rubbing out some
of the eyes wlien swelling, which method of pruning takes the
place of thinning out the weaker branches, whereby the remaining
buds produce stronger wood, and conscquenth* there is a healthier
and larger surface of foliage. The important results which arise
from pruning are, the maintenance of the tree in health and vigor,
giving a form agreeable to the eye and advantageous to the devel-
opment and display of its blossoms, and securing an abundance of
fine flowers. The most desirable and pleasing form for trimming
is that of a pyramid, or half oval, where all of the shoots and
branches receive a due portion of air and sunlight ; and we should
never forget to look to the name, to know the habit and character
of the variet}' to be pruned, to ascertain if it is a strong or weakly
grower, and whether or not the finest flowers are produced indis-
criminately from the low, middle, or top germs.

There is no ro\-al road to the elegant garden of roses. Al-
though a more generalh' diffused taste for the cultivation of this
charming race of plants is manifest, few have a sufficient kno\Yl-
edge of their habits to know how to grow them intelligentl}'.
Besides, we must see these choicest gifts of nature to be acquainted
with their excellences. In most of our gardens there are no spe-
cial attractions to the rosarian, but a happ}', peaceful home to the
entomologist. Yet there are pleasing spots which receive studious
attention, where nature seems to have expended all her wealth
in rendering the earth blossomy beautiful with the simple loveli-
ness of the roses ; most elegant at sunrise, when newly dilated b}'
the breath of morn, and showing all that freshness in which consist
peculiar charms, too soon vanishing before the radiance of a sum-
mer's sun. In their purit}' and splendor these souvenirs of love
and friendship blush and gleam amid their glossy leaves.

I am often asked what varieties are to be most commended for
garden culture. All of the several types have some peculiar and
distinct characteristic wliich is valuable. I should therefore elect
from the dilTerent families according to the number desired, regard
being had to variety of shades, hardiness, and freedom of bloom,
giving preference to those whose petals are abundant, and regularly
and gracefully disposed ; and, usually, the thicker these are the richer
the tints and the longer the flowers endure. Dark roses, as a rule, are
the first to fade ; but Louis Van Houtte, Marie Baumann, and
Alfred Colomb rank high for permanency of color. The rose
shades that are the most durable are illustrated in Marquise de

OLD AND NEW ROSES. 89

Castellane, Eev. J. B. M. Caram, Marguerite de St. Amand, and
Jules Maigottin; and from the pink choose Eugenie Verdier,
Baroness Rothschild, and Comtesse de Serenye. Jean Liabaud,
Baron de Bonstetten, John Hopper, La Rosieie, Madame Gabriel
Luizet, Paul Neyron, Marcliioness of Exeter, Thomas Mills, Anna
de Diesbach, E. Y. Teas, Maurice Bernardin, Madame Hippolj'te
Jaraain, Charles Darwin, Abel Carri^re, Madame Victor Verdier,
and Monsieur Boncenne are grand garden roses ; while Marie
Verdier, Lady Sheffield, Duchess of Bedford, Madame Scipion
Cochet, Alfred K. Williams, Duke of Teck, Pride of Waltham,
Mrs. Jowitt, Harrison Weir, Merveille de Lyon, Ulrich Briinner,
Earl of Beaconsfield, Helen Paul, and Countess of Roseberry are
less known, but quite fine and estimable. Some of you are familiar
with many of the new roses, — Antoine Mermet, Alexandre Dupont,
Joseph Metral, Louise Cretien, Madame Delavaux, Souvenir de
Leon Gambetta, Violette Bouyer, Centenario de Camors, Fanny
Giron, Marie Lagrange, and Ernest Prime. A few of the new
French Remontants of 1884, which will soon be presented for your
approbation, are, from Pernet, the Baronne Nathaniel de Rothschild,
a large, globular, delicate rose color; from Levet, the Madame D.
Wettstein, cherry* red ; from Gonod, the fitendard de Lyon, a large,
fine shape, purplish crimson ; also the Souvenir de Labruy^re, vivid
rose, centre darker ; from Dubreuil, the Admiral Brisbet, a fine-
scented, pinkish crimson ; and from Liabaud, Docteur Dor, large,
tea-scented, dark cherrj' red, shaded darker ; Madame Pitaval,
light cherr}' I'ed ; Madame Stinouge, purplish red, and Monsieur
Hoste, velvet}' crimson. From Guillot, the Gloire Lyonnaise, fine
form, free and scented, creamy white, with yellow centre. Ever}'
season brings out novelties, but few real gems, mostly imitations
of familiar acquaintance ; and we must not expect to meet with the
improvement of former 3'ears, but must rest satisfied with the more
gradual development usual among plants that have been long in
cultivation.

With all the beauty which the rose possesses, we cannot speak
of perfection in any one variety, and the fine qualities that are
manifest in one season are not likely to be obtained in another ;
while hindrances to good culture are constantly presenting them-
selves to the most experienced and best informed. Some varieties
will flower only in June ; others are handsome but not fragrant,
like Charles Lefebvre and fitienne Levet ; the petals of some fade
as soon as exposed to a shower, or a strong mid-day sun, like

90 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Madame Nachury, and Gloire de Bourg-la-Reine ; others do not
open well, like Pierre Notting, Empress of India, and La France.
Some are slow growers, others have delicate stems. A few are
subject to mildew, which spreads and affects otheis, and should not
have a place in the garden, like the Countess of Oxford, Sir Garnet
Wolseley, and Caroline de Sansal. Nearl}^ every best rose that is
grown has some defects, and many are somewhat tender, like
Marquise deCastellpne, Baroness Rothschild, and Eugenie Verdier.
The best and most certain means for preservation of rose trees
that have a delicate habit is to give plenty of air and sunshine, the
influence of which agents hardens the texture of the wood and
renders it impenetrable to insects. The largest intelligence, united
with constant vigilance, will reward us annually with only a few
flowers which have the requisite qualities of richness and per-
manency of colors combined with fulness and gracefulness of
form, and sweet odor.

Autumn flowers, I am inclined to believe, are improved when
grown on trees raised from cuttings rather than from the bud or
graft; for those that are worked are in an artificial condition, and
less able to contend throughout the season with adverse influences
than such as carry their sap in continuous currents. The luxuriantly
growing wood should be allowed to bear moderatel}' until the time
for the late blooms. Erangois Michelon, Fisher Holmes, Monsieur
Noman, Marguerite de St. Amand, Victor Verdier, Boieldieu,
Annie "VYood, and Alfred Colomb are esteemed for large, hand-
some, late flowers.

When blooming in native wildness and simplicity the rose is
universally admired bj' the botanist, while it has manv attractions
to the casual observer ; and the wild roses of our woods and hedges,
though of a simple type, are the impersonations of elegance and
beauty. They adorn the solitude where they grow ; and glancing,
half concealed, from their green bowers must have reminded the
Pilgrim, in the wilderness, of home. In connection with the de-
lightful study of botany, our lovers of scientific explorations and
of beauty in the field could add attractive graces to our highways
and by-ways by adopting the customs of the Hungarians, among
whom the finest kinds of roses are found blooming in unfrequented
places, produced by budding the wild varieties, which the ladies
of rank and fashion do in their rambles.

We cannot but decide that the Eemontants are of a most het-
erogeneous character, and that the varieties are so different in

OLD AND NEW EOSES. 91

their nature as to require varied culture and treatment. Our re-
marks have had special reference to out-door growth ; but there
are some of this class that do not expand their flowers freely- in the
open air, though beautiful when forced ; while others, of rare ex-
cellence in the garden, are of little worth for tlie greenhouse. The
Baroness Rotlischild, fidouard Morren, Mabel Morrison, Hippolyte
Janiain, Madame Gabriel Luizet, Duke of Edinburgh, Magna
Charta, Thomas Mills, Anna de Diesbach, Mrs. Harry Turner, and
Anna Alexieff, have a health}' habit for forcing, are of pure colors,
and of full, symmetrical form. Early spring flowers of these and
other free-growing varieties are obtained by cutting well-ripened
wood from out-door trees late in the autumn, and grafting upon the
Mauetti and other stocks, which have plenty of fibres to gather
food for their support in December. The cultivation of this class
by artificial means has been 3'early increasing to meet the demand
for these sweet reminders of our summer time. The}' are called
bj' florists, in the winter, fancy roses, and produce sparingl}' flowers
of surpassing elegance, which command large prices, on account of
the demand for them and the extra care requisite to produce good
specimens. Attention is now being given to these beautiful but
costly dainties of nature in your vicinitv, and distinguished success
has been obtained bj^ 3'our honored President, and others, producing
better flowers tlian are grown from like varieties in the open air.

The arrangement of roses cut from the tree is a matter of taste
in regard to which there does not exist a unanimity of sentiment,
else we should be wearied with a continued sameness. But there
are certain fixed laws that regulate the decorative art in flowers.
Too many blooms are used for single baskets and bouquets,
where they are crowded together promiscuousl}', exhibiting a mass
of petals, the form and coloring of each separate flower being in-
distinct, with little of its own foliage to render the proper eff'ect.
The more nearly roses are shown as they naturally grow the better
eflfect they produce. The stiff, artificial stem, without the leaf of
the flower, propped up by smilax, ferns, and other green than its
own, is not like nature. Hand bouquets of roses and buds are
more beautiful when made of the same variety with its own foli-
age, stems long and loosely bunched, having a small number, well
chosen, of sweet odor. A collection in basket form, or for parlor
decoration, had better lack a flower than have one too many, the
object being to form a graceful, refreshing, and suggestive picture,
preserving an " easy negligence mixed with art." Show each

92 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

bloom separate!}', reposing in its own green, and remember that a
few colors have a prettier effect than many. If a com!)i nation is
thonght to be desirable, red, white, and buff are pleasing. The
beauty of roses is much impaired when they' are displayed in
masses. As a rule, if there are to be many flowers, use the deli-
cate shades ; if few, the deeper tones ; and we should not forget
that large and choice roses are always most effective when dis-
played in standards pi'oper for their reception as single specimens.
Born in the East, the rose has been diffused, like the sunlight,
over all the world. Syria, according to some writers, took its
name from Suri, a species of rose indigenous to that country.
From the Celtic word " rhudd," signifying red, we trace a resem-
blance in the names by which various nations distinguish this plant,
— Rhodon, Rosa, Rosier, Rosajo, Rosal, Rosiera, Rosenstock. Clas-
sical writers, from Homer to Horace, extol the rose above all other
flowers ; and those who loved beauty most have been its greatest
admirers. The rose is "the honor and beaut}' of flowers," sa3'8
Anacreon ; and it is spoken of at the Persian feast as

" The floweret of a hundred leaves,
Expanding while the dew-fall flows,
And every leaf its balm receives."

In the beginning of the ninth centur}' Charlemagne manifested
an appreciation of this particular flower, and later the hanging
gardens in Hispania, under the Moorish dominion, were lielil}' and
heavil}^ decorated in brilliant bud and-bloom of roses. How ele-
gantly Cowper describes the expanding rose, filled with the rain-
drops of the passing shower, as " weeping for the buds it had left
with regret ; " and Cowle}' sings of a rose, surpassing those we have
on earth, that the angels scattered from gilded baskets : —

" Some did the way with full-grown roses spread,
Their smell divine, and color strangely red;
Not such as our dull gardens proudly wear,
Whom weathers taint and winds' rude kisses tear."

The Empress Josephine was passionately devoted to the rose,
and sought for every novelty which the nations of Europe pos-
sessed, in order to gratify her pleasures in the garden at Mal-
maison ; and it is said of her, that in all her greatness, a single
rose in her hair surpassed the jewelled diadem. In almost the last

OLD AND NEW ROSES. 93

letter Mr. Longfellow penned, he spoke of arranging some won-
(ieiful Newport flowers in his library- under the lamps, '• — fancying
ra^-self back in the days of the troubadours playing at the floral
games of Toulouse."

Memory bears us up tlie stream of time, when we are to believe
the roses in the famous gardens of the East were as pure and
steadfast as now, relics of Eden's bowers, " sweet nurslings of the
vernal skies, bathed in soft airs." The same resistless beauty
was doubtless manifest, fltiunting in the shades of early morn ; the
same sunshine loved them tiien, because the}' were so fair; the
same closing and fading of tlie petals were descried under the drop-
ping of Ihe dews in the gloaming. Tlie ages certainly liave not
detracted from the loveliness of beauty's queen, nor has constant
association made the rose less alluring. The admirer of tlie rose
in summer time in this favored locality can sit before his favorite
flower in mute admiration, and find refreshment, rest, and peace
in the parterre, as he surveys with delight his collection, whose
brightness and sweetness bring tender memories, solaces, and
hopes, while the reflections awakened by floricultural nomen-
clature afford new sources of enjoyment. He seems for a brief
period to dream of other climes, in the companionship of distin-
guished friends and acquaintances, all attired in richest apparel.
The counts and countesses, dukes and duchesses, princes and
barons, lords and marquises, queens and empresses, sultans and
presidents, cardinals and doctors, generals and captains, senators
and reverends, ladies and knights, madames and mademoiselles
are a royal family, grand and graceful when expanded to fullest
beauty '• of flowers purple, red, and white, like sapphire, pearl, and
rich embroidery," amidst rosebuds blushing through their bovvers
of green, more lovely still the more concealed.

" There a noble crew
Of lords and ladies stood on every side,
Which, witii their presence fair, the place much beautified."

And so we talk, when the earth is clad in snow-white robes, " of
the sweet season that bud and bloom forth brings." Now our
thoughts again revert to the delights of spring and summer, full
of sunny days and roses. They carry us also to the primitive
home of our cherished flower, where the objects of admiration are
never exhausted ; where the Syrian and Musk rose, replete with

94' MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTURAL SOCIETY.

dewy wine, cover the sacred ground. No frost there visits the
grass. Emblems of life continually exist, and roses glow in gem-
like tints, hanging in cataracts from the gra}' walls of the fortified
villages, topped by a crown of foliage. Amid such scenes the
traveller exclaims in wonder, " Who can paint like nature ! " as
he views this shadowy curtain of gorgeous colors on mouldering
stone-work when the sun goes down behind the amethyst-tinted
hills.

" Soon we shall see the swelling buds,

As one by one their tender leaves unfold;
As if they knew that warmer suns were near,
Nor longer sought to hide from winter's cold."

Transitor}', almost ephemeral, is a rose's brief life of joy ; but

its sweetest gift is preserved in soft perfume as w^e drink the

breath of the crushed, roral leaves, after they have fallen and
withered.

*' She did not care to see their glorious hues,
Fearing the richer perfume slie might lose."

" Yet, though thou fade,
From thy dead leaves let fragrance rise.
And teach that virtue lives when beauty dies."

" And yet may sweet things with us stay;
As in the garden roses blow
In white and red, — just as they lay
In white and red so long ago."

Discussion.

Edward L. Beard said, that the greatest obstacle to rose culture
is that people do not understand the method of keeping the bushes
free from insects. This is the greatest necessity' in rose culture,
and nothing but eternal vigilance will effect it. People complain
that their bushes are eaten up, and want some easj' method of
keeping them clean ; but there is no royal road to this result-
Roses require pruning, and sometimes get soil-sick, and the soil
must be renewed ; but keeping them clean is a more important
point than either of these ; it is the great necessity to make rose
culture popular. Insecticides must be constantly applied, and

OLD AND NEW ROSES. 95

the best is soapsuds ; all that is made in the house should be
saved, to give the rose bushes a bath two or three limes a week.
The next best insecticide is water from the hose. Tobacco
water and hellebore powder are excellent, bnt whale-oil soap,
unless carefully applied, is destructive of the foliage as well as the
insects. Rose-bugs must be picked off b^^ hand. Tliere is a
beetle which cuts the foliage at night, and drops to the ground, but,
unlike some insects, there is only one crop of them. The speaker
picked a quart one night, and the next aliout half as many; the
third night only a few ; the fourth night none were to be found,
and there were very few the next year.

William C. Strong said that Mr. Bourn's paper contained a
great deal of eloquence and a great deal of practical information.
His experience was that pruning roses in the fall is injurious : the
winter often kills a great deal of wood ; and we can see better in
the spring whether any pruning is necessarj^ beyond removing the
dead wood. His experience also is that roses grafted on the
Manetti stock, even the strongest growers, — General Jacqueminot,
for instance, — give the best results. He would add to the list of
desirable roses the Jiosa rugosa, which, though the flowers are
single, has admirable foliage, and is surpassingly beautiful as a
shrub.

John C. Hovey agreed with Mr. Beard in regard to insects. He
asked wh}- so little is said of the white Cottage rose, which he had
seen in old gardens, and thought verj' desirable. All the plants
that he had ever seen were old. He had been unsuccessful in
raising it from cuttings or seed.

Benjamin G. Smith said that among his earliest recollections
was that of the Cottage rose. He has a plant which he got twenty-
eight years ago. He regards it as a most satisfactory variety.

Rev. A. B. Muzzey had listened with much interest to the his-
torical account of the rose, given b}' the essayist, from which it
appears that it has been a favorite in all ages. Undoubtedly it is
the favorite flower of a majority now. In his father's garden were
two large, white rose bushes, from the flowers of which rose-water
was made ; but much less of this is made now than formerl}-.
Roses were grown in the house more successfuUj' in former years
than in modern times ; in his early days he knew a lady who
cultivated them with great success, but, although she continues the
same methods, she fails. Tlie speaker asked what is the cause of
this change — is it the atmosphere, or the food, or the illuminating

96 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

gas, or is it due to the varieties? It is extremely desirable to
ascertain the cause of failure, for nothing is so delightful in the
parlor or stud}- as blooming roses.

John C. Hovey had known a number of cases similar to that
mentioned by the preceding speaker, where, before gas was intro-
duced, roses did well. He thought the cause of failure was some-
thing put into the soil or taken out of it.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder thought the paper which had been
read a remarkable one, historically and scientifically, and also for
its beauty and eloquence. He did not know how he could contro-
vert anything that the essayist had said. He was surprised at the
close study which the writer had made of the various classes of
roses. When the paper is examined it will be found that he has
given us just the information we want. Mr. Wilder concluded by
moving a vote of thanks for this remarkable paper, which was
unanimously passed.

President Moore said, in answer to Mr. Muzzey's inquiry, that
the use of coal stoves, air-tight stoves, furnaces, and gas had
made it more difBcult to grow roses and other plants in the house
than formerly, but they can be grown in an old-fashioned kitchen
with a large chimney and a wood fire, as well as ever. The
Cottage rose is difficult to propagate by cuttings, but easy by
layers. It is very beautiful for a fortnight in June.

Mr. Strong did not agree with the President in regard to fur-
naces ; he tliought them one of the best protections against impure
air. A well-constructed furnace, with a wrought-iron dome of
sufficient size, an ample evaporating pan, and introducing plenty
of fresh air, will give us the best atmosphere we can have in-doors
in cold weather. Plants in the house must be kept free from dust,
and will want showei'ing and care to keep awa}' the red spider, —
the worst of all insects.

Mr. Hovey said he did not refer to gas from a furnace, but to
illuminating gas.

Joseph H. Woodford said that in his experience it was impos-
sible to grow roses in parlors ; they can be grown in the kitchen,
where the air is cooler and moister and changed ofteuer. In out-
door culture they must have very rich soil. In the fall he banks them
up with earlh six or eight inches high, and fills the space between
the rows with good strong manure. In the spring the ground is
levelled, and the portion of the plants covered will be found to be
unhurt by the winter. All Remontants are tender and should be

METHODS OF FRUIT CULTURE AND FORESTRY. 97

protected. He would never prune roses in the fall under an}'
consideration. The greatest trouble is from insects. He had
succeeded in keeping his roses clean by applying hellebore with a
dredging-box early in the morning. Three applications should be
made, — the first before the buds form, which kills the first insects
that come ; the second before they bloom ; and the third after
blooming, — which will be sufficient.

The Chairman of the Committee on Discussion announced that
the subject for the next Saturday would be, " Methods of Fruit
Growing ; " to be opened with a paper bj' Professor S. T. Maynard.
of the Massachusetts Agricultural College.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, February 7, 1885.
An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 1 1 o'clock,
President Moore in the chair.

The Annual Report of the Treasurer was read by the Secretarj-,
accepted, and referred to the Committee on Publication.

Arthur W. Blake, of Brookline, and
David Nevins, of Framingham,

having been recommended b}' the Executive Committee as mem-
bers of the Society, were on ballot duly elected.

Adjourned to Saturday, February 14.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

The President having retired, the chair was taken by Vice-
President Benjamin G. Smith. The following essay was read by
the author : —

Methods of Fruit Culture and Forestry.

By Professor S. T. Matnard, Amherst.

In travelling through many sections of Massachusetts, and in
fact of all the New England States, one of the most striking

98 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

features that meet our view, outside of the villages, is the vast
amount of waste or unproductive land. On every hand we see
rouo-h, stony hill-sides, almost barren plains, brush-covered
pastures, and swamps that produce little but brush and coarse
weeds. In many sections much of the land is becoming dotted
over with forest trees, and showing unmistakable signs of total
neglect.

In looking over the census of Massachusetts, for 1875, I find
that at that time there were in this State alone 1,469,988 acres
of unimproved land, exclusive of that so covered with trees as to
be classed as woodland. This land is devoted principalh* to
pasture ; but the income derived from this source must be very
small, for I find that five acres, on the average, are required to
support each farm animal pastured for six months, including sheep
and calves. The average value of such land is given as 827 per
acre, and probably ranges from $5 to $50. The question then
naturall}' arises, What can we do to improve this land, and how
can we get a larger income from it? Since the use of chemical
fertilizers has become general, much of the smooth land that can
be cultivated has been taken up and made to produce paying
crops.

Throwing out the 469,988 acres as being free from stones, so as
to be easily cultivated, which, I think, is a fair estimate, we have
left 1,000,U00 acres, that, in its present condition, cannot be profit-
abl}' cultivated. It is generally conceded among farmers that
pasture land cannot be profitabl}- improved by the application of
special fertilizers and seed without cultivation, or at least very
few follow in that line of improvement, so that we must look for
other means for an increased income. Two ways present them-
selves by which such land can be made more profitable : First, by
planting forest trees ; and, second, by planting with fruit trees.

When I began this paper I had in mind the title, " Methods of
Forest Plantitig and Fruit Growing in Turf," and j'ou will pardon
me, I know, if I touch upon the matter of forest tree planting in
turf before I consider the methods of Iruit culture adapted to such
land.

Probably all of the gentlemen present can recall instances where
the native White Pine, the Austrian and Scotch Pines, the Norway
Spruce, the Larch, the Elm, Maple, Ash, and other trees have
been planted in turf, and have made a satisfactory, and in some
cases a remarkable, growth. One or two examples will suffice to

METHODS OF FRUIT CULTURE AND FORESTRY. 91>

illustrate this point. Upon a poor, gravelly' hill-side, on the col-
lege farm at Amherst, where nothing but brambles and wliite
birches would grow, were planted, ten years ago, a lot of European
Larch and Scotch Pine trees, about two and a half feet high. The
trees were taken from a nursery about half a mile distant, one
squad of students digging thera, while another squad was planting.
The holes were dug about fifteen inches deep and eigiiteen inches
in diameter, and after planting the trees the soil on the upper side
of the hole was moved to the lower side, to form a basin to catch
the water as it runs down the slope. Nothing was applied in the
way of additional fertilizing material, but the surface soil was used
first about the roots, and the subsoil spread upon the top. With
the exception of about a dozen trees, all lived, and after about two
years began to grow rapidly. This lot last fall furnished a flag-
staff for the barn at the Experimental Station, from one of the
larches, thirt3' feet long, seven inches in diameter at the base, and
two and a half inches at the top. Many of the Larch trees are
larger than this, and the lot will average about thirty-eight feet high,
and six inches at the base. The Scotch Pines, planted at the same
time, upon the same land, have not reached as great height, but
are of greater diameter, and have made more branches. Had a
mulch been used after planting, or a little bone or some other
special fertilizer been added, the growth would have been much
more rapid the first two years ; and the}' would now be larger, as is
shown b}' a few specimen trees from the same lot that were planted
on equall}' poor soil, but which were mulched, and have had a few
shovelfuls of compost put around them at different times. One of
these larches now measures eleven iuches in diameter at the base,
and forty feet high, and there might be cut from it three lengths
for posts : one large stick eight feet long, that could be sawn so as
to make two posts five and a half inches thick at the base and
three and a half inches at the top, one round post seven inches
thick at the base, and five inches at the top, and one good vine-
^•ard post ; the whole worth at least fift}' cents per tree. Reckon-
ing the average value at one-half the above, and estimating 1,000
trees to the acre, w-e have a value of $250 per acre.

In 1871 a lot of white pine seedlings were taken from an old
pasture and planted along a hedgerow where an old Virginia
fence had been removed. The ground was full of roots of all sorts
of brush, which made the digging of the holes very laborious.
Three rows were planted, about five feet apart each way, the trees

100 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

when planted being about three feet high. None of them died,
and now their average height is about thirty-three feet, and the
diameter at the base about nine inches.

Of deciduous trees we may see in ahnost ever}' village examples
of rapid and health}' growth in turf land. Where the growth has
been unusually rapid may also be found evidence of a great abun-
dance of plant food ; but perhaps no greater amount than is often
found in pasture land that produces such luxuriant crops of brush
as many of them do. I would not advise the attempt to grow any
crop on a soil that has not in it, naturally or otherwise, an
abundance of plant food, but I feel certain that land which will
produce large crops of brush naturally, may be made, with a
little outlay, to produce a satisfactory growth of either forest or
fruit trees.

In planting such land it is essential to success to select that which
is suited to the growth of the kind of trees desired. Before planting
I would line out the land, by stretching a wire or cord across the lot
and setting stakes, to secure uniform intervals between the trees.
Then, if there is much brush, I would remove it along the line of
the row. If time and help are limited I would cut only a path two
or three feet wide, and remove the rest when other work was less
pressing than during the spring. One of the best ways to get rid
of the brush is, in the fall after the ground is frozen, or in open
winters, when there is no snow upon the ground, to take a broad-
bladed bog-hoe, grind it sharp, and hoe off the brush close to the
surface of the ground. All the smaller brush like that of huckleberry,
blueberry, sheep laurel, etc., may be easily cut close to the ground,
and many of them will fail to start again ; while the grass and other
herbaceous plants will work in rapidly and assist greatly in chok-
ing out brush which starts later into growth. The brush should
be raked up in piles between the spaces for trees, and the holes dug
in these cleared paths. It may look hke a great task to dig holes
in much of our rough, stony land, but as it is of little consequence
whether the trees are exactly in lines or not, the variation of a few
inches will almost always enable us to dig holes at sufficiently near
the proper distance, and very few spaces will have to be passed by.
A man with proper tools — a stout sharp spade, a bar, and a bog-
hoe with a pick on one end — will dig from two hundred to five
hundred per day. In a piece of newly cleared woodland, where
the rocks were as thick as they will average in our pasture lands,
and the ground was full of roots of the heavy growth of wood re-

METHODS OF FRUIT CULTURE AND FORESTRY. 101

moved, I employed a man last spring who could dig two hundred aud
fift}' holes for apple and peach trees in a day. This was rather more
than I wanted to do mj-self, but I did succeed in keeping up with
him for about two days. From this experience I am satisfied that
in much of our old pasture land an ordinary laborer would dig
more than that number per da}^ After the trees have been
planted, the brush and other coarse material should be drawn
close up under them, and if the soil is very poor it would
probably be found a good investment to use from a quarter to half
a ton of fine ground bone to the acre at the time of planting.

The second method of utilizing the above-described lands is
b}- planting them with fruit trees. Of all the various branches of
agriculture or horticulture in New England, fruit culture, I believe,
offers the greatest inducements for the future. Nowhere in the
world can fruit of such quality and beauty be grown as our apples,
pears, plums, peaches, and cherries, and the improved transporta-
tion facilities, and methods of preservation, have very largely in-
creased the market for it.

The history of the cultivation of all fruits shows us that ''the
more good fruit the people have, the more they want ; " and there
is almost a certainty that good fruit in the future will bring pay-
ing prices.

For several ^-ears past I have taken the position, that, with the
use of chemical fertilizers, and the brush, grass, and other coarse
material growing upon much of our stony land that cannot be
cultivated, such land can be made to produce paying crops of
fruit ; while the land that can be cultivated, should be used for
other purposes. I am still almost alone in this position ; yet I
can see some marks of progress, and am more and more convinced
that a system can be worked out by which entirely satisfactory
results may be obtained.

After an extended examination of the apple trees of many sec-
tions of the State I find, as a rule, that the oldest, most healthy,
and productive trees are generall}' growing in turf, and that in
a great man}' old pastures seedling trees are springing up, and
growing with great vigor. There seems to be little difference in
the vigor aud hardiness of trees growing in turf, whether they
started from seed where the}' are now growing, or were trans-
planted, the condition of the soil being the same.

In orchards that have been cultivated for a few years and then
seeded down for a time, aud this process kept up, the trees soon

102 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

become weakened and liable to disease, and often die long before
the}' are full}' grown.

The vigor witli which a newly transplanted tree starts into
growth — other things being equal — depends upon the amount
of moisture and plant food in the soil, in condition for the roots to
take it up as needed. Trees do not start into growth as quickly
when planted in turf as when in tilled ground, for two reasons:
first, the moisture is rapidly carried off by the numerous leaves of
the grasses and other plants ; and, secondly, the plant food is ab-
sorbed by other active roots as fast as it is prepared.

In cultivated land the moisture is kept from escaping by con-
stant stirring of the soil, and, there being no other feeding roots in
the soil, the trees get an abundant supph* of plant food as it
forms.

The question, then, to be answered, in the turf system of planting,
is, can we svpply the proper conditions of moisture and plant foodf
If we can is there an}' reason wh}' our hill-sides may not become
covered with productive orchards and profitable forest plantations?
B_y the addition of a few handfuls of fine ground bone, or bone
and potash, to the soil used in filling around the roots of the trees
at planting, and by the use of mulching material, both of the above
conditions may be easily and cheapl}'^ obtained, and trees thus
planted will make as rapid growth as in cultivated land, and be
much more hard}', and live to a greater age.

If there is not enough mulching material on the land it may
often be easily obtained from an adjoining lot, or such substances
as machine shavings, sawdust, spent, tan, wool waste, bristles,
straw, leaves, and other like materials may be used. It will be
urged by some that the effect of the mulch will be to cause the
roots to run so near the surface as to be injured by the extremes
of our climate. This might be the case upon land tiiat is culti-
vated, but here it is only needed until the trees have become well
established, and is spread only a few feet around the tree. If the
land is given up to the growth of trees only, the decaying grass
and leaves that fall down annually will keei) up the fertility of the
soil until they begin to bear, when, if annual crops of fruit are to
be expected, additional plant food in some form must be used.
Should the brush growing upon the land after a few years not be
needed for mulching, it may be piled up while green, and in a few
more years will become a mass of vegetable mould, that will make
the best kind of top-dressing for fruit trees or other crops.

METHODS OF FRUIT CULTURE AND FORESTRY. 103

As we know little of the methods of planting those orchards
now found succeeding in turf land, I will give the details of a plan
based upon the experience of planting a twent^^-acre lot recently
cleared of heavy wood, and a part of an old pasture now in pro-
cess of preparation for spring planting.

In planting fruit trees we must select land suitable to the
growth of the fruit we intend to produce. The apple succeeds
best upon a deep, moist, sandy loam ; the pear, plum, and quince
upon soil heavier than is required for the apple, and the peach and
cherry upon lighter and higher land. The process of clearing and
planting is as follows : With a reel containing No. 14 galvanized
wire, with drops of solder at intervals of fifteen feet, to mark the
places for stakes, the land is laid out by first staking off two oppo-
site sides, at proper distances ; then from side to side stretch the
wire taut enough to raise it above obstacles like large stones, stout
brush, etc. At intervals of thirty feet put a large stake for an
apple tree, and midway of each space put a smaller stake for a pear,
plum, peach, or cherry tree. Then fifteen feet from this set a
row of all small stakes for trees of one kind, of lesser growth
than apples, and then fifteen feet from this line stake out a line
like the first. In this way we have the spaces marked out for
apple trees thirty feet apart, and the others intermediate. The dis-
tance for the apple trees will be considered by many to be too
small ; but if, instead of pruning the trees by cutting out only the
inner branches as is commonly done, so as to form a straggling
head, the end branches are occasionally headed in, there are
but few varieties that will need more than that space. After having
the land staked out, if there is much brush — and the more small
brush the better — it may be cleared off as suggested for forest-
tree planting. If the winter ofl'ers no time for cutting the brush,
as described, it may be mown off with a common brush scythe in
August. Cut at this time, many 3'oung, tender shoots are thrown
out, and, growing late, are often entirely destroyed by the cold.
The process of digging the holes has already been described, and
sliould begin as soon as the frost is out of the ground, or it may
often be done the fall previous to planting.

It is generally advised not to use any fertilizing material, except
the surface soil, in planting fruit or ornamental trees, but I have
never seen injury result from the use of well-decomposed manure,
ground bone, or bone and potash, in moderate quantities, mixed
thoroughly with the soil. Before planting, one to five handfuls of

104 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

gronud bone, or one to three of boue and potash, may be thrown
so that a portion shall fall into the hole and the remainder upon the
pile of soil nsed for filling in abont the roots. After planting, the
mulching material is to be drawn about the trees, covering a space
of from three to four feet in diameter.

Trees planted in the manner described will make a vigorous
growth at once, and will be more hardy and live longer than those
planted in cultivated land ; while the cost of land and its prepara-
tion for planting will be far less than if the land were smooth and
cultivated.

Until the trees are large enough to bear the land should be de-
voted wholl}' to their growth, and after they begin to produce fruit
more plant food must be applied in some form, and animals must
be turned in, to assist in the destruction of injurious insects that
develop in and feed upon the fruit. For the destruction of the
codling-moth, apple-maggot, and curculio, sheep, swine, cattle,
and horses may be turned in ; and if the plum is grown, poultry
also must be employed to preserve the fruit from the attacks of the
last-named insect.

As to the results of the above-described method of fruit grow-
ing a few examples must suffice. I find the following account of
an old orchard in the " Torrington (Conn.) Register : " — " Proba-
bly' the largest orchard in this town is on the Levi Hodges farm.
Col. Hodges set out about a thousand apple trees, and about eight
hundred of them are now large, health}' trees. Most of the orchard
is on a steep hill-side, and if the apples drop they keep on rolling
until they reach the bottom. The ground is very rock}' and good
for little else, but the exposure is a warm one, with favorable con-
ditions for the growth of the apple. Sheep are allowed to run in
the orchard, which the owner considers an element of its success.
It is an otf or odd 3'ear orchard, except one portion, which
has worked around to bearing the even year. The crops for the
past sixteen years are as follows: In 1871, the j'ield was 1,200
bushels; 1873, 2,500 bushels; 1875, 2,000 bushels; 1877, 600
bushels; 1879, 600 bushels; 1881, 900 bushels; 1882, 800
bushels; and the present season, 1,000 bushels."

Of the newly planted orchards I will give an example or two, as
an illustration of the use of fertilizers to give the trees a start.

Last spring Hon. James J. H. Gregory, of Marblehead, the
well-known seedsman, planted one hundred apple trees in turf on

METHODS OF FRUIT CULTURE AND FORESTRY. 105

the borders of an old pasture, and he now reports them all alive
and as having made a good growth.

Upon a piece of very stony land that had man}' 3-ears ago been
ploughed, but which was fast covering over with pitch pine trees
and blackberr}' vines, were planted last sprino- one hundred and
seventy-five small No. 2 peach trees, averaging not much over
a quarter of an inch in diameter at the base. The holes dug
for the trees were not over fifteen inches in diameter. At planting,
a single large handful of bone and potash was thrown across the
hole and upon the pile of soil. After the roots were covered with
about two inches of soil another handful was scattered in, and the
remainder of the soil filled in. After planting was over, about the
first of June, two more small handfuls of the same fertilizer were
sown upon the surface around each tree, and a line of turf about
one spade wide was turned over, so that the land was cultivated
for about three feet around the tree. The total cost of trees,
fertilizer, and labor was just six cents per tree. Only five or six
trees died, and the remainder have made an entirely satisfactory
growth.

There being no mulching material near at hand, none was used ;
but, as the early part of the season was rather moist, they did not
suffer from drought. The mulch will be applied next summer, and
it is expected that in afewj'ears there will be as fine an orchard of trees
on that lot as can be found on any cultivated field of equal fertility.

Discussion.

Hon. James J. H. Gregory said that it had struck him as
very reasonable that waste land could be utilized for fruit growing.
The idea of Professor Maynard was a novel one, and the speaker
inclined to the belief that the practical result would be of great
pecuniary value to our State. A few years ago it was a question
what farmers here should do with their apples ; but since then the
great business of evaporation has grown up. The exportation of
apples has also grown to an immense business, and we can almost
claim that it belongs to us by our position in the best apple pro-
ducing belt ; which runs through central New England. Outside
of this belt there is no competition in growing apples for market,
and the speaker believed that the exportation and evaporation of
this fruit are destined to increase immensely. The Western apples
are larger than ours, but consumers complain that when evaporated

106 MASSACHTSETTS HOETICrXTTTRAT. SOCEETT.

they are insipid and have not the spirit and high flavor desired in
cooking-apples, and which ours possess. It behooves us to make
the most of these facts, and now. to aid in doing so. comes in the
plan of utilizing waste lands. Apples from strong, rocky pasture
lands are superior in quality to those grown on rich, moist soils.
It is rare now to see a young orchard : farmers were discouraged,
by the glutted condition of the market a few years ago. from plant-
ing them, and have neglected those previously planted ; but it is
time now to begin again. People do not like to give their best land
to orchards, but, if they can be brought to see that waste lands
may yield apples, they will plant. The speaker has acted on Pro-
fessor Maynard's plan. He has planted Baldwin trees in pasture
land on portions inaccessible to the plough.

O.B.Hadwen said that Professor Maynard had introduced a feat-
ure of fruit growing which most of us had not thought of. There is
a verj- large area of land in this State, such as rocky land where rich
soil has accumulated in the hollows, that is better fitted for apple
growing than for anvthing else. Apples are not the most profitable
crop on the best Ian 1, but if they can be grown on comparatively
waste land when properly enriched, it will be a gain, for a barrel
of apples is better than an empty barrel. The speaker was favor-
ably impresseti by Professor Maynard's idea of pruninsT apple trees
so as to keep them well in hand. There is a doubt whether the culti-
vation of apples can keep pace with the foreign demand, and if
anything can be done to supply it from our waste lands it should
be done.

William C. Strong was not surprised at the hesitancy shown in
speaking on the subject, as the view presented was new to most of
those present. Most of the land of the members of the Society is
smooth and rich, and they had not anticipated that waste lands were
to come into competition with their long-subdued and tilled lands.
The speaker had great respect for the opinions of Professor Maynard
and Mr. Ha Iwen. and admitted that what they had said has force.
Professor Maynard indicated that such places as he described are es-
pecially suited to the apple, which is similar in its nature to forest
trees ; and possibly standard pears may be included. But the idea
of cutting away brush and digging little holes to plnnt fruit trees
sounds strange to us. yet when it comes from a gentleman of such
good sense it must, have weight. Still the speaker felt that the
first-prize fruit would continue to come from cultivated orchards.
though it might not always be of the finest quality for the table ; and

METHODS OF FRUIT CULTURE AXD FORESTRY. 107

growing prize fruit is a very different matter from the profitable
growing of fruit for sale, which he believed could be done on rocky
land. For minor fruits, such as the peach, etc., culture is essen-
tial. He was glad to hear the essayist and others speak so confi-
dently in regard to raising fruit on waste lands. People speak of
the low price of apples, but we should think of the prodigality of
nature and the low price at which the}- can be produced. "VTe
should aim to produce fruit at the least expense.

E. TV. "Wood said that small fruits would hardly be included by
the essayist in his plan of culture. A feeling of depression in re-
gard to the culture of apples existed a few years ago, due largely
to low prices and canker-worms. He did not think we ought now
to anticipate a glut of apples : the market is practically unlimited.
He was not yet prepared to believe, however, that apples can be
grown in brush land. They can be planted there, but will not give
good fruit without fertilizing. Farmers need not, however, take
their most valuable lands for orchards. There is no question that
a hill-side, and rocky at that, is best for apple trees, provided the
soil is strong enough. He would not plant pear trees between apple
trees : the pear is longer lived than the apple. Peaches can be
grown between apple trees without any difficulty, as they are pretty
sure to die out before the apple trees get large. He knew a peach
orchard of three acres at Grafton, where the best crop sold for
thirty-five hundred dollars, and that of the next year for about two-
thirds as much. Last year the buds were all killed, and this j-ear
it is the same ; but if we cau get an occasional crop it is the best
paying of all fruits. It is true that they need less fertilizing than
other fruits. The speaker did not believe in apple trees flourishing
in an old, compact soil ; if one does it must be in a spot peculiarly
favored otherwise.

For evaporated apples, large fruit, free from knots, is wanted.
Mr. Wood doubted whether we could compete with the West in
this part of the business, but in shipping we have the advantage of
more highly flavored fruit, and of being nearer to the point of ship-
ment. A barrel of apples costs as much to transport as a barrel
of flour. In some localities apple trees have been eaten by canker-
worms every year for thirty years so that the trees looked as if they
had been burnt over. Where they prevail to such an extent they
are a great nuisance ; but there are persons who will guarantee to
keep an orchard clear for ten cents per tree. They do it by spray-
ing with Paris srreen.

108 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Asa Clement spoke of reading in a newspaper advice to plant
fruit trees in waste land ; but in his vicinity such lands arc of ver}'
poor qualitA'. Professor Maynard does not mean such land as this,
but strong soil that holds moisture pretty well. Thirt}- years ago
the speaker planted apple trees in newl}- cleared pasture land,
where in some places there was so little soil among the rocks that
he had to cart it in, to get enough to set the trees in. Tliese trees
have done well. The cattle run among them until September,
when the}' are excluded in order to save the windfall fruit. He
thought well of the suggestions of the essayist. Apples can be
grown without much cultivation, but if planted in waste land it
must be the right kind ; the light soils must be left for pines and
larches. He has some trees fifteen years planted that look well ;
those tliirty years old look as if they wanted something to help
them along. He strews a little ashes and bone around his trees,
which improves the pasture. If thej'- had regular supplies of food
they would go right along. Some of his trees are in heavy land,
where the spiings are too near the surface in some places. He
advised to plant apple trees where a growth of oak or hickory or
other hard wood had been cut off. He has a few Roxbury Russet
trees, which are not satisfactory ; the Baldwin succeeds better. He
thinks that apples from young trees keep best, and that a medium-
sized apple keeps better than an overgrown one. There is no
difference in quality between apples from cultivated and unculti-
vated land. He has successfully set apple trees so large that it took
three men to carry one.

Mr. Hadwen said it was well understood by ever}' one who
grows apples that they must be fed with proper fertilizers, and
neither Professor Maynard nor any one else can do it without.
The question is whether it is any more expensive to give nourish-
ment to trees in grass than in ploughed ground. Professor May-
nard recommends not to cut the grass around the trees, but to leave
it on the ground, as crops removed from the ground exhaust it.

The speaker has an orchard planted in 1843, and ploughed and
fertilized since then. The trees have grown very large, but if not
pruned the fruit is not so large as in grass. Fruit ripens earlier
in tilled land than in grass ; the ploughed ground absorl)s more
heat. Some kinds, among which are the Northern Spy and Holden,
will be a month later in grass than in ploughed laud. Trees in
grass, enriched annually, give the best fruit so far as regards
quality. Prize fruit must be grown with the best cultivation, and

METHODS OF FRUIT CULTURE AND FORESTRY. 109

then somebody must pick out the specimens. There is a good
opportunit}- for those who have suitable pasture land to try what
can be done by planting it with apple trees. A tree in cultivated
land may be as much neglected as it can be in pasture land.

Mr. "Wood said that Mr. Hadwen was right in saying that no
one can grow apple trees without feeding them. Tlie speaker
repeated his previous statement that apples and peaches can be
grown with less manure than other fruits, but not in hard, compact
sward, which intercepts ever3thing that 30U want for the trees.
Trees must have more care than is commonly given them ; farmers
have not been encouraged to give their trees the care they need.
There is no profit in apples the off year ; but the speaker believes
that in fifteen or twenty years the apple will be one of the most
profitable crops.

Mr. Gregor}^ thought that acid apples would sell best, when
evaporated. The Western fruit looks well, but the sharp apples
will take the palm. Professor Maynard made the point that trees
should be manured when set out. Apple trees will begin to bear
in twelve years from planting, and the whole expense up to that
time could not be more than $100 per acre. Mr. Gregorj^
believed it would pay to grow them as food for cattle and hogs.
He has sixty acres of pasture land with wild apple trees almost
thick enough for an orchard, and has had men at work for weeks
grafting them. Land where such trees vvill grow will give good
apples. He is always careful to graft so high that a cow cannot
reach the grafts with her horns to break them. He has often seen
four feet of growth on the grafts in such trees.

Edmund Hersey said that it was his fortune or misfortune to be
always trying experiments in agriculture, and he sometimes thinks
that the more we experiment the less we know. He has felt a
great interest in fruit growing, but is not satisfied with the results
he has thus far attained. There are so many conditions to be
considered that it is difficult to grasp them all. He gave an
account of two orchards which he planted to ascertain whether it
is best to keep apple trees in cultivation or to mulch them, as
nature docs. The land in which he tried this experiment con-
sisted of half an acre of gravelly knoll, running down to richer
land ; another portion was a little richer. All the trees had the
same care in planting ; the land to be mulched was not ploughed.
The result was that at first the ploughed orchard grew rapidly ;
the other made shoots of only a foot or a foot and a half in length.

110 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

When the cultivated orchard was read}' to bear, many of the trees
which had grown most rapidly were injured by bursting of the
bark, and some were wholl}' killed ; but he saved a majority of the
trees. To ciieck this excessive rapidity of growth the orchard
was laid down to grass. The other orchard was heavily covered
with coopers' shavings — hardwood and pine — eight or ten inches
in depth, and made a prett}' good growth right along. Porter
trees in it give four or five barrels of apples every other j-ear.
Trees on the brow of a hill where the gravel shows, and the soil is
so poor that grass will not grow there, made a good growth and
gave some very good apples. He afterwards discontinued mulch-
ing ; but the orchard still gives good apples. He did not wish
to be understood as saying that the superiority of this orchard
was due to its not being cultivated, and to the other being culti-
vated. The condition of the atmosphere is one point to be consid-
ered. He means to mulch again. He can use a great variety of
material for mulching ; red cedar boughs are one of the best
materials. He would not use ha}' or grass, because it burns
through, and he thinks trees need something cooling. His own
experience taught him that two feet of common gravel over the
roots of trees would start them up wonderfully' ; atid he knew a
case fifty years ago, where several apple trees, then apparently
past their prime, had four feet of gravel filled around them, which
renewed their vigor, and they have continued to bear good crops
until now. It is good to cover the ground five or six inches deep
with peat muck. He gave the results of his experiments only, —
the facts but not recommendations, — and would not undertake to
sa}' what is the best way to raise trees.

Samuel Hartwell said that he has an orchard in good fruit soil,
and takes a good deal of pride in the trees ; and another in grass
land, where the trees are not worth as much as when they were
planted He knows a man in Marlborough, who had exceedingly
fine apples, when the}' were generally poor, from land in pasture
for twent}' 3'ears, but he thought there were few such situations as
that. He would not advocate planting apple trees in small patches
in pastures, for they would be apt to be neglected. It might do to
la}' orchards down to grass once in fifteen or twenty years. In his
best orchard he has peach trees planted between the apple trees,
three peach trees to one apple tree. The peach crop is destroyed
three years out of four, but it pays when he gets one.

GARDEN FLOWERS. Ill

Benjamin G. Smith expressed the opinion that apple culture in
its present development is not an exact science.

Professor Ma3'nard said that they have at the Agricultural
College a peach orchard planted seventeen j'ears ago, where many
of the trees have given ever}' indication of the yellows ; yet a
large part of the diseased trees are now in perfect health. The
treatment was to furnish abundance of plant food, especially
muriate of potash. He thinks this, in connection with good feed-
ing, a specific remed}' for the yellows. Muriate of potash tends
to retard the ripening of the wood, while phosphoric acid hastens
it, and hence it may be well to use ground bone in connection with
the muriate of potash. He thought that by this treatment peach
trees might be carried to twenty-five 3'ears of age and kept healthy.

The Committee on Discussion announced that on the next
Saturdaj' Mrs. T. L. Nelson would read a paper on " Garden
Flowers."

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, February 14, 1885.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
Vice-President Benjamin G. Smith in the chair.

No business being brought before the meeting, it adjourned to
Saturday, February 21.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.
Garden Flowers.

By Mrs. T. L. Nelson, Worcester.

With the awakening of spring come the first flowers, pale and
delicate, alike in native and cultivated species. Under the snow
they have been waiting, and they seem to shrink from the light.
As the season advances brighter colors appear. Crocuses, Scillas,
Hyacinths, Crown-imperials, Tulips, Narcissuses, and many other
flowering bulbs make our gardens gay. These were all planted
out in the autumn, and need not enter into this discussion.
Nevertheless they are an important feature in the garden, which

112 MASSACHUSETTS HOETICUT.TURAL SOCIETY.

must necessarily be almost without flowers through the spring
months unless we have spring bulbs. None that I have mentioned
need be renewed or transplanted ever}' year, except Hyacinths,
which are best the first year, and gradually' deteriorate. In the
spring it is more pertinent to take up the subject of summer
flowers, and for this reason I shall confine myself to flowers that
come after spring bulbs have done blooming. Among the many
flowers worthy of cultivation it is difficult to select a few of which
to speak. I hope you will not think because I speak of particular
kinds that I consider them the most worth}' of cultivation ; I
mention them because I have grown them, and they are familiar to
me. There was a time, and not very long ago, when we could
have taken up the subject of familiar garden flowers and disposed
of it in half the time we can now. Times have changed, and
flowers have multiplied in number and species, until it would take
half a dozen papers like this to exhaust the subject, or even to
treat it fairly. Not only have we more known species, but each
is divided into almost countless varieties, so that it is simply
impossible to speak of more than a small portion of our cultivated
flowers in the short time allotted to this subject today ; therefore
I will talk of some flowers that grow in my garden.

Roses have been so ably and exhaustively treated and discussed
by this Society that little remains to say of them. For every variety
of years ago there are hundreds now. In the old time people
never thought of improving the rose. Why should they? Had
not the rose been sung and praised from time immemorial? And
were not the same roses good enough for them ? I suppose it did
not enter into the minds of our forefathers that there could be an}'
improvement. The Damask was the rose among roses. The
Centifolia, or Cabbage, as it is commonly called, the old White
rose, and some other sorts were grown in all old gardens. Well
do I remember the rose bushes in our home garden, laden with
their wealth of fragrant blossoms, and the low red roses, which
were my beau-ideal in childhood. These old roses are like voices
of the past to aged people. Except as souvenirs, they have been
superseded by an entirely new class.

Take the Lily. From a very few varieties, what an outgrowth
there is ! We have them from many countries. .There are seed-
lings, hybrids, and sports. As with all flowers, collectors are on
the lookout for new sorts every year. The lilies to which " Solo-
mon in all his glory " was not to be compared were probably

GARDEN FLOATERS. 113

Amaryllis lutea, a small yellow lilj' which blooms abundantl}' in
Palestine. What would have been said if the lilies in question
had been auratum!

The Gladiolus, not manj* ^^ears ago, was confined to a very small
number of varieties, but now their name is legion. Not only is
there increase in quantity but also improvement in quality. The
flower must not only be distinct but superior, or the growers dis-
card it.

Careful hybridization has brought and is bringing about a great
many changes. In no flower is there greater change than in the
Dahlia, the seed of which was introduced into Spain from Mexico
in the latter part of the seventeenth centur}-. The seed produced
three distinct varieties, one semi-double and the other two single.
These seedlings were called Dahlias, after a Swedish botanist
named Dahl. They were distributed throughout Europe, and were
the only varieties grown for some years. After a time some one
experimented with seed, and finally succeeded in producing double
flowers, when the single were discarded as worthless. Later it
was introduced into this country', and was considered the flower.
Then it went out of fashion, for there is fashion in flowers as well as
in everything else. "Within a few years the Dahlia has again come
into notice. We have it in a great variety of colors, double and
single, large and small. I like the single sorts best for cut flow-
ers. Either single or double flower abundantly the first 3'ear from
seed, provided the seed is sown early in the spring, and the plants
are put out as soon as possible — that is, as soon as there is no
danger of frosts. After the first year there is no dlflScultj- in propa-
gating by tubers.

Helianthus multijlorus jlore plena ^ the Perennial Sunflower, is not
as extensively cultivated as it should be. I find quite old people
know it better than younger ones, for it had been lost to cultivation
until some one found it, probabh' in some old garden. I cannot
see how any one could let it go who once had it in his garden. It
is herbaceous and perfectly hardy, commencing to bloom in mid-
summer and blooming until severe frosts. It is a beautiful plant,
growing from four to six feet in height, and producing abundantly
perfectly double pure yellow flowers, about three and a half inches
in diameter. Altogether it is the most showy flower for cutting
and for garden decoration that I know of.

There are many hard}' plants and shrubs worthy of cultivation
which require no special care, and there is a growing tendency

114 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

toward hardy flowers, especlall}' herbaceous and bulbous sorts.
What is more beautiful in late summer and autumn than Anemone
Japonicaf The white variety, Honorine Jobert, is the finest.
Often it grows four feet in height. Large bunches of dark' green
leaves are surmounted b}' numerous pure white, single flowers, re-
sembling those of Hellehorus niger (Christmas Rose). It is her-
baceous and hardy, onl}' requiring a little compost in the fall.
One very acceptable feature of this,pJant is the fact of its thriving
in partial shade, and as almost everybody has some such place
which is rather hard to fill, it just supplies the want.

Early in summer we have Pceonia tenuifolia, with its delicatel}'
cut foliage and double flowers, the color and size of a Jacqueminot
rose. This is also an herbaceous plant.

The new, hard}' Amaryllis Hallii is very beautiful. It makes
its foliage earl}' in spring, and after maturing it dies down. Late
in the summer the flower stalks spring up almost like magic, so
rapid is their growth, and produce a number of pink blossoms
which are unlike any other Amaryllis or Lih' with which I am ac
quainted. I consider it a great acquisition to the list of hard}'
bulbs.

Euphorbia coroUala is an exceedingh' valuable plant. The
flowers are white, quite small, in panicles, and keep a long time
after being cut, making it ver}' useful for cut flowers. It is an her-
baceous plant.

The Oriental Poppy is a very showy flower, and deserves a place
in the garden. It is a perennial, but is easily grown from seed,
and blooms tbe second yea.Y. Most people like it because it makes
so much show when in bloom, and after that it requires no care.
It is also very hardy.

The hardy Pentstemons are useful flowers, and are well worth
cultivating. They are very easily grown, and I should miss mine
ver}' much.

The Hollyhock is a great favorite. People wlio have grown holly-
hocks in old times remember them as purely single flowers, or at
most semi-double, and they look on the hollyhock of todav as
entirel}' disconnected with the old-fashioned flower of long ago.
Their plants were hard}' and came up year after year ; ours must
be protected, or the place where they were will be vacant in the
spring. They must be taken up, and covered in a cold frame, or
protected in such a manner as not to feel the effects of freezing
and thawing. It is a good plan when you have one or two rows

GARDEN FLOWERS. 115

to put some compost and leaves around the plants, and cover with
sashes and matting, or something of the kind ; or, what is easier,
to plant against a fence, and a stake will keep the sashes in place
without the trouble of making frames. The}' are grown exten-
sively from seed. The seedlings require ncj protection the first
year be3'ond a little compost around the roots. Each 3'ear brings
a more varied range of color. From white to black we have al-
most every color and shade.

The Clematis is considered hard}" ; but many complain that a
blight has fallen on some of their plants. In many cases they
flourish in the same location for 3-ears. I have a number of varie-
ties which get no special care beyond a little mulching in the
autumn. They have been out a number of years, always come
up strong in the spring, and flower profusel}' through the sea-
son. I think Clematis Flammula one of the finest climbers we
have. It seems more like a jasmine than a clematis. Indeed
when I first saw it, it was in a private garden, and they called it
C. jasviinoides, and under that name I tried more than two years
to get it. The foliage is small and bright, unlike that of any other
clematis that I know. The flowers are pure white, very delicate,
covering the whole plant, and verj' like the jasmine in fragrance.
C. VUicelli I find very hardy ; and the variety alba has survived
two winters. Jackmanni and some other old varieties, as 1 have
before said, I have no difficult}' in growing ; but some newer sorts
which I have tried the last two or three years have come up, and
suddenly withered and died. Perhaps, as some dealers say, there
is a disease among them. They say they dare not recommend
them as they used to do. All I can say is that they disappear,
and from no apparent cause.

There is a great range in bedding plants ; some are desirable for
cut flowers, some only valuable for garden decoration, and some
answer both purposes. Among tlie last named are the semi-double
Geraniums, and they are so beautiful and useful we might discard
the single in their favor, and gain by it.

Gladioli we must have, and an}' one who will may grow them.
With the descriptive catalogues sent out by reliable dealers one
can hardly go astray in selecting varieties, but as a rule it would
be better to choose from exhibition flowers, by which one can judge
better than by descriptions. A great many new varieties do not
satisfy our expectations, and there are so many comparatively new
ones which are really fine and reasonably cheap, tliat it does not

116 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

pay to invest much by way of experiment. On tlie other hand,
some fine varieties never are cheap, because they propagate slowly,
either b}' increase of bulbs or by bulblets. I have some that I
have had several years, with little increase, and I can see by them
wh}' the price keeps about the same on some bulbs, while others
just as good are comparatively cheap. An example of the latter
is Eugene Scribe, which increases rapid!}- and never produces a
poor spike. I wish there were more varieties as good, j-et it is
cheap and accessible to all. The seedlings originated in this
country are, in my opinion, as fine in proportion to tlie number
grown as those raised in France and England. I had some un-
bloomed seedlings last season from C. L. Allen & Co., of Garden
City, N.Y., among which I found some spikes of rare merit. A
few which they had set aside for name were superb. Also, by
the courtesy of Mr. Allen, I bloomed their seedling Gen. Sheridan,
a very fine scarlet, not ^et on the market. I have also had seed-
lings from V. H. Hallock, Son, & Thorpe, which were very fine.
James Vick has furnished us with some excellent varieties. I
think Longfellow very fine indeed. There is no need of mention-
ing the fine seedlings produced by the members of this Society, as
they have spoken for themselves when on exhibition. With the
seedlings that are being produced in this country there will soon
be no need to send abroad, if, indeed, there is now. I have pur-
chased bulbs from home and abroad, and I find I cannot get as
satisfactory results the first j'ear from imported bulbs as from home-
grown. After the first 3'ear there is little difference. I never
make up my mind as to the merits of an imported gladiolus the
first year it blooms. Gladioli grow in almost any soil, unless it is
wet and heavy, under which conditions the}' will not thrive or pro-
duce fine flowers. A sunny location, with light, loamy soil, partly
sand, and well enriched, with plenty of water in dry times, suits
them well. The bulbs must not be planted toQ near the surface;
from three to four inches in depth, according to the size of the
bulb, is about right. Remember, the new bulb or corm is made
above the old bulb.

Tuberous Rooted Begonias ought to be grown in every garden.
I prize them more highly than any other bedding plant, for with
me they are truly bedders. They stand the rain much better than
any other bedding plant that I have ever grown, from tlie fact that
the blossoms have thick, waxy petals, and as they close when it
rains, the water slips off the outside of the flower. As soon as the

GARDEN FLOWERS. 117

rain is over the blossoms open as bright as if there had been no
rain, and seem to look with surprise on their bedraggled neighbors.
Last summer I bedded out about fifty varieties, amongst them
Pearcei, which I had never seen outside the greenhouse. I never saw
such fine plants of that variety. The}^ were literally covered with
the lovely blossoms, which stood well above the handsome foliage.
I cannot see wh}^ this class of begonias is not more generally
grown for bedding purposes, except that they are rather new. I
protected mine with newspapers and cloth until the last week in
October. Then I lifted them in boxes and let them ripen off.
The tubers maj' be kept in sand during the winter, being ex-
amined once in a while to see that they do not get so dry as to
wither, or so wet from any cause as to decay. In the spring they
may be planted quite close together in a box of earth, where they
will start without anj' heat. As I said before, they will stand a
great deal of cold. We all remember the hard frost the latter part
of last May. I trembled for my begonias, which had been planted
out only a few days before. I had protected them with flower-
pots from the sun in the hottest part of the day and from an}'
change that might occur at night. Over these I put some carpet-
ing, and the}' were not affected in the least by the extreme cold.
I speak of my experience thus minutel}' to show how valuable I
consider them for bedding. Another important fact is that they
commence to bloom when quite small, and flower without inter-
mission through the season.

I cannot stop to enumei'ate the annuals, biennials, and greenhouse
plants, that help make up our gardens, nor shall I touch on shrubs,
as the}' form a subject by themselves.

It seems as though some new plague in the way of disease,
worm, or bug made its appearance every year. The last two
years have been no exception. I thought last year that I had
every worm or insect injurious to plant-life, known or unknown,
in my garden. 1883 brought the aphis on 'lilies, which in many
instances destroyed them entirely. Last season I determined to
experiment with tobacco water. I have several beds of lilies,
comprising perhaps twenty-five varieties. One bed I mulched
about three inches thick witii tobacco stems that had been steeped
to syringe rose bushes. I threw them wet about the stalks and
let them remain through the season. Although the plants were
perfectly covered with the pests the previous season none came
last year. The others were as bad as they could be, and I doubt

118 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

very much whether some of them will come up next spring. I
brushed and s^'ringed with cohl water and tobacco water, but all
to no purpose.

It is time to think of sowing seed. Annuals must be sown soon,
in order to have them bloom eaily, for the space between seedtime
and harvest is short, and we must be up and doing. Biennials if
sown early will, many of them, bloom the Qrst year, and those
that do not will, by being started early, make stronger plants and
be better able to withstand the winter. Truly the spring is a
busy time to all growers of flowers. Dame Nature has been stor-
ing her forces, and spring flowers are only awaiting her oixlers to
appear. The snowdrop and crocus will soon be here, and the
thought of the dainty blossoms fills us with gladness and delight.
Birds will not tarry long, for despite the weather they come,
bringing comfort to hearts weary with waiting for winter to be
over. No matter how hard the storms are after thej^ come,
winter cannot stay long, for the couriers of spring have arrived.
Let us remember, as we admire the beauties of ^the floral king-
dom, —

" God might have bade the earth bring forth

Enough for great and small,
The oak tree and the cedar tree,

Without a flower at all.
We might have had enough, enough,

For every want of ours,
For luxury, medicine, and toil,

And yet have had no flowers.

"Then wherefore, wherefore, -were they made,
All dyed with rainbow light,
All fashioned with supremest grace,

Upspringing day and night : —
Springing in valleys green and low,

And on the mountains high,
And in the silent wilderness
Where no man passeth by?

" Our outward life requires them not:

Then wherefore have they birth?
To minister delight to man ;

To beautify the earth ;
To comfort man ; — to whisper hope,

Whene'er his faith is dim;
For whoso careth for the flowers

Will care much more for him ! "

GARDEN FLOWERS. 119

Discussion.

Rev. A. B. Muzze}' expressed the pleasure he felt in hearing an
essa}' from a lady, and especially so good a paper, giving not only
the result of experience in the culture of flowers but evidence of
a love of nature. Ladies are peculiarl}- successful in cultivating
flowers, and their experience is verj' valuable.

Mrs. Nelson said, in answer to an inquiry whether tuberous
rooted begonias would stand the sun, that they will bear it better
than fuchsias, but not as well as geraniums. Hers get the morning
sun and a part of the mid-day sun. It is better to shade them in
the afternoon.

Edward L. Beard agreed with Mr. Muzzey in his tribute to the
lady members of the Society. He looked to them not only for
papers at these discussions but for cooperation in all the work of
the Societ3-. He had been struck in years past with their en-
thusiasm and earnestness, and hoped, in coming time, for acces-
sions to their numbers.

The extremes of our climate are such that many beautiful flowers
which are grown out-doors in England cannot be grown here, but
with intelligent management we can grow many that we do not
now. Besides many hard\' Pentstemons, natives of our own
countrj', there are forty or fifty varieties of florists' hybrids,
which, though only half-hardy, are among the most beautiful
flowers in the garden. They can be grown without difficult}' if
lifted, and wintered in a cold frame. They are easily propagated
by cuttings or by division, and he has lost very few. The Double
Geum, which is one of the most beautiful perennials, but not hardy
here, should have the same shelter. Mr. Beard thought he had
had as much experience as an}- one with tuberous rooted begonias.
There is no more beautiful flower for bedding, but there is a great
difi'erence in the hardiness of the varieties. The double kinds will
not stand the hot summer sun. He has raised two or three hun-
dred double seedlings. The single kinds vary in hardiness, but
there are some that will stand the sun ; among them are Vesuvius
and P^niperor. In the greenhouse tuberous rooted begonias are
subject to rust, and require a great deal of air. He put them in a
cold frame facing south, and most of them burned up. He con-
cluded that it was impossible to grovv them in open beds without
partial shade ; evergreen boughs stuck around and among them
will answer this purpose. It is difficult to keep the tubers over

120 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

winter, on account of their liability to rot in midwinter ; he had lost
a quarter part of his. The best place to keep them is on a com-
paratively dr}- shelf in the cellar, at a temperature of about
fifty-five degrees. They may be propagated by cuttings, and so
perpetuated. The new varieties seem tender, like the new roses.
Seedlings raised here from imported seed are hardier than the
named varieties imported. The}' are easily raised from seed, which
should be sown ab-^nt the first of January, so as to be ready for
planting out early in the season for summer decoration.

Mr. Beard said he should like to see the Narcissus more cul-
tivated ; there are man}' new and beautiful kinds. Every one
should grow them. They will not do in damp soil, but want a
place where the bulbs will mature in July. Another most desirable
plant is the Carnation, — not the tree Carnation, but a hardier
race, which, though not quite hardy, is susceptible of cold frame
cultuie. There are from fifty to seventy-five kinds which are never
seen in gardens here. Three years ago he imported thirty or forty
varieties, of which he lost but few, and he has propagated from
them, and in spring will plant thorn out ; but those who plant them
out and let them alone will be disappointed. They might be pro-
tected by putting a cold frame over them without lifting, but in
this case the bed should be raised one or two feet. Among the
best varieties are AY. P. Milner, Mary Morris, Mrs. Simkins, Blush
Clove, and The Governor. Cold, stagnant moisture in the ground
is deleterious to them ; and it is the same with Lilium auratum and
other tender lilies, which should be planted in raised beds.

Every one who loves a garden should have a cold frame. They
are ordinarily dug out about two feet in depth, and lined with
plank or brick, and in winter should be banked up with leaves, and
the glass should be covered with mats and shutters.

E. W. Wood was much pleased with the practical value of Mrs.
Nelson's essay. Flowers will grow for those who love them, and
the exhibition tables both here and at Worcester bear witness to
the skill of the writer in the cultivation of flowers. He had hoped
that this would prove a field-day (ov the ladies, who have more in-
formation in regard to the subject before the Society than most of
the male members. It would be for tlie health of ladies to work
in gardens more than they now do, and it would afford tliem quite
as much opportunity as their dresses and room papers to cultivate
their taste for colors and arrangement. The speaker referred to
the methods of originating and introducing new varieties of flowers,

GARDEN FLOWERS. 121

and said that, instead of accepting tlie glowing descriptions in
florists' catalogues, it would be better to go to horticultural exhibi-
tions, where one can see cA'ery week the productions of the best
gardeners, with the names attached, which can be noted and selec-
tions made.

Mr. Beard said, in answer to an inquiry' whether flowers can be
bloomed in a cold frame in winter, that there are few that can,
but there are man}' that will bloom in early spring. His theory of the
cold frame is that it is a place for the storage of plants, to grow for
winter blooming. He grows in them a succession of plants which
give him greater pleasure than those in the greenhouse, including
the Polyanthus, English Primrose, and Auricula, of different colors.
The Polyanthus needs a cool, dvy place, and must be raised from
seed every year. From the end of January until summer sets in
they are a mass of bloom. Pansies will bloom in a cold frame
from January to June ; after that the}' are out of place. He sows
the seed in August and uncovers the frame at all seasons when it
is not too cold. The Anemone coronaria, a very beautiful flower,
may also be cultivated in the same way. He raises it from seed
very successfull}' ; he sows the seed in January and gets plants
large enough to set b}' autumn. He has also had great success
with imported tubers. He lifts these after flowering, and stores
^ them in sand and replants in the fall. In England and the south
of France it grows wild. Hepaticas also — not the hardy native
species, but the double pink and double scarlet varieties — may be
grown in the same way, as may also Myosotis dissitiflora and other
varieties of Forget-me-nots. Violets do better in a cold frame than
in a greenhouse, where they feel the effect of constant forcing. In
cold frames they can be propagated from year to year. Mr. Robert
Pratt's were the finest the speaker had ever seen ; they are grown
under natural conditions, in frames onl}', and never forced. The
Narcissus Bidbocodium,<ov Hoop Petticoat Narcissus, and the white
variet}' are very desirable for cultivation in cold frames. The
Calochortus or Mariposa Lily is a most beautiful flower, of which
there are fifteen or twent}' species indigenous to the western coast
of North America ; it is said by many that it cannot be grown here,
but it can be with the aid of a cold frame. They can be grown out-
doors in England. There is now a great rage in PLuglaud over the
different species of Helleborus ; within the last three or four years
we have gained more knowledge of them than we ever had before.
Here and in England they need the protection of cold frames, but

122 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

in Ireland the.v are quite hardy. The speaker has some plants of
Hellehorus angustifolia, from which he has cut flowers considerably
larger than the white Ane7none Japonica. Few could appreciate
them without seeing them. The Hellebores flower about Christ-
mas, and are known as Christmas Roses. There are many inferior
varieties, of ding}' colors, and not worth growing ; that named is
the best. Frame culture requires the maximum of light, but is not
very difficult, attention to airing at all times, except on days when
zero weather prevails, being most important.

Mr. Wood said that cold frames and hot-beds are two very dis-
tinct things. Only pansies and violets are grown by florists in cold
frames. He believed that better bedding plants could be grown in
hot-beds than in greenhouses ; cuttings might be struck, and the
whole stock grown in them. The}- may be used to great advan-
tage, when nearly exhausted, in hardening off plants to prepare
them for summer. He practises this method, and the plants grow
stout and stocky.

Mr. Beard said that Mr. Wood had struck a very important
point. A greenhouse-grown plant is apt to flag when planted out-
doors, but a hot-bed, with a slight bottom heat, gives just what is
wanted to inure it gradually to the out-door air. He would plunge
tuberous rooted begonias in a nearly spent hot-bed and gradually
harden them off, and other plants the same, giving abundance of
air, and finally lifting the glass entirely before transplanting. This
is a secret that all have not learned.

Joseph H. Woodford said that one of our best florists places
portable cold frames over his Lilies-of-the-valley, and gets flowers
two weeks earlier than the speaker can-, though his plants are in a
light, sandy soil, in full sunshine. The frames are placed over the
plants about the first of March, and the frost soon comes out, and
the plants begin to grow. The plants are in beds about six feet
wide. The lilies-of-the-valley are the worst treated of all flowers,
being put into corners and under the shade of trees, when they
should have full sunshine and light, warm, rich soil. It is a great
mistake to let them grow too thickly, as is generally done. They
should have alternate rows, a foot wide, cut out, so as to renew
the bed, and the dug spaces should be manured. The surplus
plants can be given to the neighbors. They increase like sti'aw-
berries, only that the runners are under ground.

DECEASE OF FRANCIS LYMAN WINSHIP. 123

On motion, it was voted that the thanks of the Society be pre-
sented to INIrs. Nelson for her interesting address.

The Committee on Discussions announced that on the next
Saturday, Hon. James J. H. Gregory would read a paper on
" Potash ; Where Found in Nature ; its Uses in Agriculture, and
the Cheapest Sources of Supply."

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, February 21, 1885.
An adjourned meeting of the Society- was holden at 11 o'clock,
President Mooke in the chair.

Charles H. B. Breck, Chairman of the Committee appointed on
the 3d of January' to prepare a memorial of Francis Lyman Win-
ship, reported the following: —

Whereas, It has pleased Almighty God to remove from a sphere
of usefulness F. Lj^man Winship, a member of the Massachusetts
Horticulturnl Society for more than thirty years, who during that
time served faithfully for ten years as Recording Secretary of the
Society, and for five years as Chairman of the Committee of Ar-
rangf'ments, and whose influence added largely to the advancing of
the interests of the Society, and the promotion of a spirit of good-
will and friendship among its members, —

Eesolved, That we who were associated with liim sincerely mourn
his loss, and the loss sustained b^' the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society.

Resolved^ That we deepl}' s^-mpathize with the famil}' of the
deceased in their great bereavement, and Implore for them consola-
tion from Him who has taken a beloved husband and father.

Resolved, That these resolutions be placed on the records of this
Society, and that a copy be transmitted to the family of the

deceased.

Chas. H. B. Breck, ^

W. J. Underwood, > Committee.

John C. Hovey, )

124 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Breck, in presenting the resolutions, said tliat he could
hardly find language to express his grief at the loss of a life-long
friend, who was honorable in all his transactions ; who gave per-
fect satisfiiction as Chairman of the Committee of Arrangements
and as Recording Secretary of the Society ; and whose genial and
social nature not only made him many personal friends, but led
them to feel an interest in the Societ}'.

William C. Strong said that by the death of Mr. Winship an
old landmark was removed from the Society. He was a genial
companion and an active and honored member of the Society, and
succeeded the speaker as Recording Secretary. He was the last
representative of the famous Winship nursery, having succeeded
the brothers who founded it and were largely instrumental in the
dissemination of fruit and ornamental trees and plants.

President Moore agreed with all that had been said by the two
speakers who had preceded him. He had noticed that Mr. Win-
ship always had a kind word for ever}' one.

The resolutions were then unanimously adopted.

Adjourned to Saturday, February 28.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.
Potash in Agriculture.

At this meeting a paper was expected from Hon. James J. H.
Gregory, of Marblehead, on " Potash, Where Found in Nature, its
Uses in Agriculture, and the Cheapest Sources of Supply." Mr.
Gregory was prevented, by an accident to a railroad train, from
being present, and a call was made on the President for his views
on the subject.

President Moore said that all that is needed to be supplied to
plants as food is nitrogen, phosphates, and potash, in some form.
Sometimes, if the first two are supplied, the crops will fail for want
of potash. The soils in this State are generally deficient in potash,
but feldspar soils have plent}'^ of it. There is not much feldspar in
this vicinity, but there is a good deal in some places in New
Hampshire. In such places the application of potash produces
little eflTect. Some crops, such as asparagus, cabbages, and

POTASH IN AGRICULTURE. 125

potatoes, require a great deal of potash. Dr. Goessmann's anal}^-
sis of the ashes of the roots and tops of asparagus showed more
than lifty per cent of potash. This convinced the speaker that on
man}' soils it is not supplied in sufficient quantity to asparagus,
and now he has a bed of an acre and a half on a poor soil that
naturall}' produced a growth of pitch pine and birch, and never had
a shovelful of dung. It was dressed with potash and bone, and
from it were cut the bunches which received the first prize last
j-ear. This treatment will be continued until signs of failure are
perceived. The cabbage family and all fruits require potash, if it
is not in the soil alread}' ; but if there is plenty already it is of no use
to apply more, though some cultivators, who have increased their
crops by applying it, have made the great mistake of thinking to
secure a further increase b}' applying more when there was already
enough in the soil. A gentleman in Dighton applied a large
quantity of wood ashes to his ground, which added nothing to his
crop ; but he had previously dressed it liberally with muriate of
potash. Market gardeners near large cities find stable manure the
cheapest source of all plant food, and they use it very freely, and
find little benefit from the use of ashes or potash ; for where thirty
cords of stable manure are used to the acre, as is sometimes done
b}' market gardeners, it furnishes all the potash needed. Neither
bone nor potash evaporate, and they leach but little.

Major Henry Emery said that he considered potash the most
essential food for all vegetables, especially potatoes ; one hundred
bushels of which, with the tops, furnish b^' analj'sis one hundred and
seventy-nine pounds of potash and fifty-one pounds of phosphoric
acid. In boiling a bushel of washed and peeled potatoes it was
found that they lost thirty-two per cent of their potash and twenty
per cent of their phosphoric acid, and the water in which they
were boiled killed grass when poured on it. In rich lands, or when
manured with dung, potatoes are often scabby, but in land newly
burnt over, or when manured with potash, they never are. He
strews it along his rows of potatoes, and seldom sees a puncture of
the skin. Potatoes need more potash than any other crop, but
corn will not kernel out at the tips of the ears if there is not suffi-
cient potash in the soil. Potash is excellent for grass, and, when-
ever applied to it, brings in clover, which contains a large quantit}'
of nitrogen. Its action in this respect has never been explained.
The speaker thought that potash or any other fertilizer would
leach out of a sandj-, gritty soil, unless some green crop, such as

126 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL, SOCIETY.

clover 01- buckwheat, was ploughed in, which would retain not onl}'
the potash, but the nitrogen and phosphates. He had used seven-
teen tons of commercial fertilizers in a year to advantage, and
prefers potash in the form of muriate. When he uses stable manure
he sprinkles potash over it.

"William H. Hunt said that in common with most farmers away
from cities he had found a deflciency of manure. He had bought
a good deal of stable manure, which cost him eight dollars per cord
at his farm iu Concord, and at this price he considered it an expen-
sive manure. Some years ago he began buying phosphates and
other commercial fertilizers, but concluded that they paid only
with exceptional crops. He then began with the elements, bone
and ashes, buying a large quantity of the former at his farm, and
using freely on grapes and strawberries, and was much pleased
with the results. Since then he has bought from three to ten tons
of bones yearl}-, and ashes when he could get them. He found
that it did not pay to use acid to reduce bones ; unlike potash, it
is not valuable as a fertilizer, and the same money expended for
potash would produce better results. Last year he used eighteen
hundred or two thousand pounds of potash, which cost four and a
half cents per pound. It comes in casks of about four hundred
pounds each, and is as hard as stone. He used four or five parts
of bone to one of potash. The bone, which is ground, but not very
fine, is spread in the barn cellar. The potash is broken with a
sledge-hammer, and dissolved to saturation in a large kettle of
boiling water. It is then turned on the bone, and sets up a great
heat, evolving nitrogen, to absorb which plaster is used. Kieserite
(sulphate of magnesia) is a better absorbent, but costs more. It
is also Itself a good fertilizer for grapes. The mixture of bone
and potash is allowed to stand two or three weeks, and is turned
over several times, and each time covered and mixed with plaster
or loam. It is considerable trouble to reduce bones in this way,
but it gives a better return for the money than buying fertilizers
iu the market. After the heap has fermented, large pieces of bone
can be crushed in the fingers. He uses no other fertilizer than this
on his strawberries, and it is equally good on grapes. He has put
no animal manure on his grapes since they were set out, but dressed
either with ashes or bone and potash in some form, and this treat-
ment has been so satisfactory that he will continue it. A neighbor
has used a similar preparation of bone and potash on his pear
trees, making the fruit better and fairer. The speaker did not

POTASH IN AGRICULTURE. 127

know that he had done the best thing, but he could recommend
the preparation for almost an}' crop. He had used it in connection
with hen manure on corn and other crops with excellent results.
He had sometimes been cheated in buying wood ashes. In hand-
ling the potash care mast be taken not to get it on the clothes or
person. Muriate of potash will have no effect in reducing bones.

William C. Strong said all are agreed that potash and phosphates
are useful fertilizers, but we want to knovv the best form. He in-
quired of the President whether he had used bone-black or fine
ground bone undissolved.

President Moore said that he used bone-black pretty largel}' one
3'ear, and had also used bone in all other forms. In choosing he
is governed largely by the price, and watches to see where he can
get it cheapest. He can afford to appl}- it pretty freely, as it does
not waste, but will come into use at some time. If steamed and
ground fine it will last three or four years. Potash does not waste
in a sandy soil, but combines with it. The best form of potash is
wood ashes, if the}' can be got cheap and pure, such as Canada
ashes with five or six pounds of potash to the bushel ; but it is not
eas}' to get them pure. Wood ashes contain phosphates as well as
potash, and this is why ashes are preferable to muriate of potash,
and why leached ashes are sometimes nearl}' as good as unleached.
He reduces bone b}' spreading three or four bushels of ashes, and
then wetting the bone and putting it on the pile, using three pounds
of ashes to one of bone. It will heat and give off ammonia, and will
need turning over and covering with loam, peat, or plaster. It
should have a prett}' thick covering, in giving which you extend
the fertilizer ; but this you can afford to do when you can't afford
to buy it extended. In Mr. Hunt's plan the potash is more caustic,
and there is more danger of wasting the ammonia. Many people
are deceived in buying muriate of potash, a high grade of which
contains eighty-three per cent of muriate of potash, which is equal
to fifty-five per cent of pure potash.

Bone-l)lack is bone burnt as you would burn coffee, and is used
b}' sugar refiners for filtering sugar ; after it has been used it is
burnt over to get rid of the impurities, and the fine part is screened
out and sold as bone-black. It is bought by manufacturers of
fertilizers to dry off their mixtures, being in the form of a fine, dry
powder well adapted for that purpose. There is more phosphate
in bone-black than in any other bone, but the ammonia is all burnt
out of it. There is less ammonia in steamed bone than in fresh,

128 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

but still a considerable quantity, — so much that it will heat in a
cask.

A. W. Cheever had composted fine steamed bone with ashes as
described bj- previous speakers. It evolved a great heat and a
disagreeable smell, and he covered it with loam. He applied it to
pasture laud, and the grass was improved, but whether profitably
or not he could not say. A dealer in chemical fertilizers told him
that, if potash alcnc is wanted, muriate or sulphate is cheapest.

Major Emery was still of the opinion, though the President dif-
fered from him, that a very fine, sandy soil will not retain potash,
but if vegetable matter is ploughed in, the soil will hold the potash.
Some soils will hold whatever is put into them. He had reduced
bones bj' placing them in a pit and putting potash over them, and
covering with two feet of loam. In this way he got his bone pure.
The mixture was applied to cabbages with good results. In
steamed bones three per cent of the nitrogen is lost. It is true
that the ashes of asparagus have a large proportion of potash, but,
like all plants that grow quickly, asparagus makes very little ashes.
Poplar wood ashes have a larger percentage of potash than oak
wood ashes, but the slowly growing oak makes more ashes than
the quickly growing poplar.

W. H. Hills said that he had tried the experiment of dis-
solving whole bones and succeeded, though a chemist said he could
not do it. He first tried sulphuric acid, and burnt his fingers and
his pocket. If a half-hogshead is used, and there is a nail driven
through it, the acid will eat the nail and leak out. He recom-
mended a wooden vat, made like those used by cider-makers, with-
out any metal. His greatest trouble'is to get wood ashes. He
sometimes tempts the pedler of soap to leave his load with him,
and if he set out to collect ashes, would take soap to pay for them
in preference to cash. Canada ashes are good if pure. A neigh-
bor of his gets them pure, but they come rather high, — about
thirty-three cents per bushel. Dr. Nichols says that ashes will
cut or saponify finely ground bones in a few hours, and that it is
not necessar}' to spend two or three weeks, and there would be a
saving in ammonia as well as in time. Some scientific men say
that plaster drives off ammonia, but Dr. Nichols says it does not.
The speaker uses bone and wood ashes as he does stable manure —
all he can get. He thought bone and ashes should be applied in
the fall, or in very early spring, to have the effect show the first
year. The second crop is often benefited more than the first. It

POTASH IN AGEICULTUEE. 129

takes some time for it to become mixed whh the soil. Bone alone
is of little value the first year, even when ground fine. Ashes
alone do not act as soon as he used to think the}' did. He does not
think they benefit cabbages the first year. In an experiment with
ashes applied late in s[)ring, on a square rod of grass, the product
weighed half a pound less than on the adjoining square rod ; but
after the fall rains the effect of the ashes was seen. He doubts
whether ashes alTect young corn so promptly as is supposed, though
they might if used in connection with hen manure. His soil is a
sandy loam, not very light.

Major Emery said that in Dover ashes are much used on grass on
cla}' soils, and the effect is seen the first 3'ear, and will last about
four years.

Mr. Hills said that his father-in-law uses all the nnleached ashes
he can get, and has the handsomest growth of timotli}' he ever saw.

President Moore feared that Mr. Hills's statement in regard to
the difficulty of dissolving bones in acid might be misleading. He
had dissolved many tons of bones in acid and there is no trouble
about it when you know how. He used an old feed-trough, putting
in a hundred pounds of bones, and then mixing fifty pounds of
acid with the same bulk (not weight) of water in a tub, and pouring
it on the bones, and stirring it up with long-handled hoes. The
greatest difficult}' comes from the mixture being in a wet state. He
uses plaster or dry soil to assist in drying it. If too much acid is
used it is left of the consistency of melted India-rubber. He had
dissolved whole bones with acid, but it is very difficult, and he
advised those present not to try to dissolve any but prett}' fine
bone. Bone cannot be ground fine enough for plants to lake up
without being dissolved.

O. B. Hadwen said that, from the statements made here today,
we can conclude that finely ground bone and potash are excellent
food for crops. He had used many tons of each, and had never
failed, when they were properly applied, to get good results. In
Mr. Hills's experiment there was probably not rain enough to dis-
solve the potash in the ashes ; crops cannot take up food until it is
presented to them in solution. The most natural source of potash —
wood ashes — is getting short. If near a cit}' a farmer can avail
himself to a certain extent of stable manure, but away from the
city he must use commercial fertilizers, and we can sum up the
matter by saying that potash and bone are the cheapest.

Mr. Hills did not want to leave the impression that he did not

130 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

approve of ashes as a fertilizer. The other fertilizers, applied at
the same time with the ashes in his experiment, gave excellent
results. Perhaps if he had applied the ashes earlier in the season
he might have seen the result earlier. He uses nearly all his
ashes in combination with bone, believing that when so mixed and
heated up both are in a better form for plant food. He has a great
opinion of ashes, but would like to see the effect of his manures
immediately.

President Moore suggested that there might have been sufficient
potash in Mr. Hills's soil before the ashes were applied. The
asparagus bed before mentioned was on a high, dry, sandy loam.
The natural growth was pitch pine ; this had been cut off about
twenty-live years before, and the land allowed to run wild ; thej'e
was not a stick on it worth saving. He applied eight hundred
pounds of steamed, dried, and ground bone, and five hundred
pounds of muriate of ix>tasli to the acre, early in spring. They
were mixed together before applying, and no other fertilizer was
used. He gets as good asparagus there as anywhere. Tbe ground
had never been cropped before the asparagus was planted. The
carting of stable manure and working it into the ground would
have cost nearlj* as much as the bone and potash used. He has a
vineyard on the same soil, which is underlaid at the depth of
about two and a half feet with stones as large as paving-stones,
and has cobble-stones mixed through it, so that he had to use a crow-
bar in digging holes for a grape trellis. The grapes planted there
do not suffer from drought ; the roots run down about fifteen or
sixteen inches, the ground being ploughed to that depth. The
cobble-stones are left for mulching. Professor Stockbridge told
him that, if he were in the western part of the State, the}' would
put him in an insane asylum if he attempted to cultivate such land.

Mr. Strong thought the statement of the President most sur-
prising. When he saw his (the President's) vineyard on such a
soil as had just been described it was a great surprise to him that
it should do so well, but his surprise was still greater in regard to
the asparagus, our ideas of its requirements are so different.
He thought that, while the effect of bone meal is immediate, it is
also more or less lasting.

President Moore thought that bone and potash are far better
than stable manure for fruit of any kind. The color and flavor
of fruit are affected by the fertilizers used. He believes that the
color and quality of his peaches have been improved by the potash

POTASH IN AGRICULTURE. 131

applied. "When the Garden Committee visited the peach orchard
of Mr. Miles, in Concord, which was then bearing a great crop,
they were surprised to find the fruit on the speaker's trees much
higher colored and higher flavored. This orchard was on the same
sandy soil as the asparagus bed before spoken of. Excepting that
they make cultivation more difficult the stones are a benefit to the
ground. They keep the soil moist, like a mulch. Professor
Goessmann thinks that certain applications will affect the flavor
of fruit, and is now experimenting on this point.

Mr. Hills had a small Benoni apple tree in soil so poor that it
made neither wood nor fruit, to which he applied a peck of ashes in
midsummer, and the next year it made a foot of growth and was
overburdened with fruit. This answered the question whether his
soil had not ashes enough already.

Samuel Hartwell said that he uses a ton each of ashes and bone
annually on his asparagus with so good results that he will con-
tinue the practice, and might also apply them on his peach
orchard.

Asa Clement said that he bought raw bones for fifty cents per
hundred pounds, and broke them with a sledge-hammer, and
reduced them by packing in ashes, or by dissolving in potash.
He got good results, but it was too much work to break the bones
in that way. He preferred to use steamed bones, which must have
acid to dissolve them. He had been unable to find any place
where he could get raw bones ground.

The Chairman of the Committee on Discussion remarked that,
though disappointed by the non-arrival of the essayist, the meet-
ing had been most instructive. All present knew something
which the}' did not know when the}' came here. He announced
for the next Saturday a paper on " The Leaf as a Studj'," by
Dr. G. Austin Bowen.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, February 28, 1885.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, John B. Moore, in the chair.

No business being brought before the meeting, it adjourned to
Saturday, March 7.

132 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

The Leaf as a Physical Study,

By George Austin Bowen, M.D., "Woodstock, Conn.

A consideration of the little things of life is often of more direct
advantage and greater interest than the study of the larger and
more elaborate subjects which present at once their every feature
and detail, leaving nothing of note or promise to be discovered by
a critical examination. In this connection the subject of today
will, I trust, repa}' us for a closer inspection than at the first
glance would be thought possible.

How utterly insignificant appears the leaf as among its myriads
of fellows upon a lofty bough in summer it quivers with ever3'
breath of passing wind, — quivers and gyrates with an unending
rhythmical motion, as though, impatient with its circumscribed life,
it would gladly sever its connection with its parent twig and seek
a position less obscure ; or when, with the quickening breeze, hfe
brightens, and it seems to frolic and laugh with its companions
as they bow and flutter to its boisterous caress ; or in those
golden days of autumn when the air is hushed and still, as though
fearful of breaking the charm that has cast its magic spell over all
nature, and the view over fields and hills shows that softened hue
so pleasing to the eye, and we see the leaf, now still and quiet, re-
ceive its long-anticipated freedom, and flutteringl}' fall in many
a graceful circle to the dampened earth, to be again lost to thought
and vision amid the multitude, piled many inches deep ; or, again,
when the searching and piercing wintry winds have routed it out
from its obscurity, and with man}' a rude buffet sent it scurrj'ing
down the frozen street, playing with it for a moment in some
sheltered corner, then carrying it high in air and tojing with it an
instant before carrjing it awaj' from vision, to be lost in some
obscure place, there to silentlj' moulder away and become a
portion of this life-sustaining earth. So small a thing as a leaf,
ruthlessly torn and strewn by the fingers of the thoughtless school-
girl, or crushed beneath the tread of the dainty maiden as she
saunters through the wooded by-way, unnoted because of mul-
titude, of little interest to us because common, — this little leaf
and its kindred must serve us for a theme todaj', and, if we stud}'
it well, we shall see that out of this infinitesimal comes a grand
and glorious page of nature, resplendent with beauty, sliowing

THE LEAF AS A PHYSICAL STUDY. 133

plan, purpose, and design, and results therefrom stupendous in
magnitude.

Let us consider the leaf in that broad view adopted by the
physiologist, who looks upon it as a part of matter, having its
functions to perform, and its relationship to other great creative
powers of nature. The botanist must take the second position ;
and to him we will leave the details of classification and scientific
arrangement, which, though important and absolutely necessary
when we study it as scientists to unlock the secrets of nature, are
unnecessary to our present purpose.

The word leaf is of Saxon origin, and means broad and flat, —
just what the leaf is. It is a characteristic word of that strong
and expressive language.

Before we have the leaf we have the bud, which consists of a
brief cone-shaped axis with a tender growing point, bearing a pro-
tective covering of imbricated scales and incipient leaves. Within
this bud the botanist will point out to us the rudimentary leaf and
bud envelopes, and will classify' with the greatest minuteness the
various characters therein presented, and a day could be profit-
ably spent with him in considering the vernation of the bud alone ;
but as physiologists we pass on.

During m}' lonesome drives in spring-time I have whiled away
many wear}' hours, and shortened the miles, by noting the bud
development of our native trees and shrubs. Nothing can be more
satisfactory to the lover of nature than to witness this evidence of
awakening vitality, for it tells him that the inclement season has
passed, and that the beauties of the spring-time are at hand. The
great swollen buds, with their varnished surfaces, can present to
the thoughtful man a sermon of trust and immortalit}', more pregnant
with everlasting truths than all the theological reasonings we hear
from the pulpits.

The growing bud throws off its now useless scales, and we liave
the miniature leaf before us ; tender in its fibre, delicate in its
tracery of outline, and beautiful beyond the painter's art in its
softened coloring. A few da^'s of warm sunshine and balmy winds,
and what a change has taken place upon the whole face of the
country ! Every shrub and tree is loaded with verdure ; bleak
woodlands are now delightful resorts, and the brown fields are
transformed into seas of emerald ; hundreds of thousands of tons of
foliage have appeared — from whence?

The leaf is full grown, and from now till fall carries on its

134 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

peculiar functions, which present questions of intense interest to the
student of nature.

Anatomicalh' considered the leaf is a portion of the substance of
the bark, expanded into a broad, thin plate by means of a woody
framework, or skeleton, issuing from the inner part of the stem.
Tliis plate is called the lamina, or blade of the leaf, and consists of
two parts, the framework and the parenchyma. The framework is
made up from the branching vessels of the foot-stalks ; which are
woody tubes pervading the parenchyma, and carrying nourishment
to every part. From the analogy of their functions these vessels
are called veins. The parenchyma consists of two parts or strata,
more or less distinct ; arranged differently in different leaves accord-
ing as their natural position is horizontal or vertical. Externally
the leaf is covered with a layer of empty, united cells, mostly tubular,
forming a superficial membrane called the epidermis, which is
analogous to the cuticle that covers our own bodies. Its office in the
leaf is to check evaporation. The surface of the parenchyma,
immediately beneath the epidermis, is composed of one or
two layers of oblong cells, placed perpendicular!}' to that sur-
face, and more compact tlian the la3'er of cells beneath them,
which constitutes the lower stratum, and which contains in
addition, in common with the whole epidermis, the stomata,
or mouths, which are little clefts through the epidermis, and
are always placed over and communicate with the inter-
cellular passages. These little openings are guarded by valves,
which are supposed to regulate transpiration. The number of
these mouths, or stomata, is simply astonishing, A single square
inch of surface of the leaf of the common garden rhubarb contains
5,000, the garden iris 12,000, the pink 36,000, and the hydrangea
160,000. Note the immense number of them. We shall allude to
this point further on. Our leaf is also provided with glands, which
are cellular structures, serving to elaborate and hold the peculiar
secretions of the plant, such as aromatic oils, resins, hone}',
jioisons, etc. A gland may be merely an expanded cell at the
summit or base of a hair, or it may be a peculiar cell under the
epidermis, giving to the organ a punctate appearance, as in the
leaf of the lemon. Other glands are compound, and are either
external, as in the sundew, or internal reservoirs of secretions, as
in the rind of the orange. Whatever their construction or posi-
tion, the}' are important adjuncts to the legitimate office of the
leaf.

THE LEAF AS A PHYSICAL STUDY. 135

The beautiful green of the leaf, so restful to the e^'e, is a waxy
substance termed chlorophyl {chloros, green, and pliyUnn^ a leaf).
It is soluble in chloroform and ether, but insoluble in water, and
floats in the fluid of the cells as minute granules. The liglit of the
sun seems to be essential to its formation. Although found in
vast abundance in the vegetable kingdom, hundreds of tons being
everywhere about us, chemists can tell, or have told us, but very
little about it. The}' have not yet ascertained its component
elements, much less their relative proportions. They cannot tell
whether it contains iron or nitrogen ; they have only got so far
that they can sa}' it is never produced in ^he absence of com-
pounds capable of supplying those elements. It is possible that
it ma}- contain more than one substance, or that the leaf green of
all plants is not in every respect identical. Chlorophyl is found in
those cells of plants where the absorption and decomposition of
carbonic acid gas go on ; with which characteristic process of
vegetable life it is closely connected. Thus starch granules are
formed in the midst of a complex material, to which the name of
protoplasm is given, this formative material being dyed as it were
with chlorophyl. It is then extremely probable that chlorophyl,
under the sun's radiant energy, stands, in relation to carbonic
acid gas which is decomposed by plants, in very much the same
position of importance that htemaglobin does to the gas of our
own blood; showing that the principle called "life" in the
vegetable kingdom is similar to that in the animal. Solutions of
chlorophyl present a very fickle color when viewed in different
positions, being either bright green, opaque red, or vermilion.

A second coloring matter is also found, common alike to fruits
and flowers ; as in the leaves of the red cabbage, the skin of the
grape, and in that majestic queen of the garden, thedalilia. It has
passed at different times under various names ; but now I believe
colein is the term most generally accepted, from coleus, a genus of
plants in many species of which it occurs abundantly. It is
generally very irregular in distribution ; and might be called one of
the curiosities of the leaf, as it has no important office to fulfil.
The chemist is full of information regarding this principle, and
gives as its percentage composition, — carbon, 57.7 ; hydrogen, 4.7 ;
oxygen, 37.6 ; making it identical with the coloiing matter of red
wine and most red, blue, and pur|)le flowers and fruits, and with the
red pigment of some of the varieties of the beech ; for with am-
monia it becomes violet, indigo, green, and yellow. May we not

136 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

look for the cause of our brilliant autumn colors to these chemical
changes? Coleiu is not to be confounded with that other color
material of plants, the well-known madder, so long used to dye the
color called Turkish red, which is a principle of the root and not
the leaf, — at least it is not stored in the leaf as are the others.

These are dr^* facts, perhaps ; but ever since m}' earl}^ school
days I have noticed that the drier the fact the more solicitous
some one appeared to be that I should learn it. It now seems to
be my turn to present, or recall, a few dr\' facts to your minds.

Thus w^e have the leaf, beautiful in its design, elaborate in its
construction, presenting the same general characters, whether
grown on the land or in the water, and varying in size from the
diminutive, almost microscopic, leaf to that of the renowned and
gigantic Victoria regia^ which, in the waters of its native Guiana,
presents a surface of eight, twelve, or even fifteen feet in
diameter. The attenuated leaves of the far northern forests,
although excelled by the profuse unfolding of those of the
tropics with their unending variety of form and coloring, and
anomalies of structure and habit, give us nevertheless the same
physiological conditions, which, briefly stated, are as follows, and
are all included under the term aeration, or respiration, which is of
the same vital importance in the vegetable world as it is in the
animal : —

1. The absorption of carbonic acid (C Oo) from the air under
the stimulating influence of the sun's light.

2. The absorption of oxygen (0) when the influence of the
sun's light is obscured or removed.

3. The formation of carbonic acid by the union of the ox3-gea
thus obtained with the free or nascent carbon alread}" in the tissues.

4. The assimilation of carbonic acid from whatever source it
ma}' be derived, which process, under the sun's light, decomposes
the carbonic acid, retaining the carbon ; and

5. Eliminating the oxygen, — one of the greatest functions of
the leaf.

6. The exhalation of carbonic acid when the sun's raj'S are
obscured, or darkness prevails.

7. The reduction of the volume of sap by transpiration.

We see b}' this enumeration that there are two phases of respira-
tion, seemingl}' directly opposed to each other, and evidently

THE LEAF AS A PHYSICAL STUDY. 137

occasioned by the light and heat of tlie sun. Snrelv we onght to
derive satisfaction from the thouglit that, as we till our fields daring
the intense heat of the summer, the sunlight that exhausts us is
at the same time giving us more oxygen to breathe, and is storing
up food for our futiue sustenance in the plant we cultivate. The
thought -will not render the toil less fatiguing, but the consolation
comes from the knowledge that we get the upper hand of nature
when we harvest the crop.

To understand the full office of the leaf we must know that the
sap that flows so freely in tlie spring is largel}' composed of water
absorbed by tlic roots of the plants. This water holds in solution
minute quantities of gas and mineral salts, and adds thereto on its
upward way dextrine and sugar, which it dissolves out of the cells
as it comes in contact with them, gaining in density as it nears the
leaf. Within the leaf it parts with much of its water, having no
longer a use therefor, receiving in its place carbon, and the digested
juices acted upon by the chlorophyl, as it passes througli the surface
of the leaf; from thence, b}' means of the leaf-stalk, it passes into
the cellular and woody tissues of the bark, and continues its down-
ward passage, making deposits of food, first in the cells of the pith
at the base of ever}' incipient bud ; then a copious store in the
cambium region ; giving also a good portion to the medullar}- ra3's,
some to be carried outward to the cortical la3-er, and some inward
for solidifying the wood ; and lastly the richest portion is sent to
the root, ever}' branch and fibre being filled. The return sap also
contains nitrogen, to a limited extent, and minute portions of mineral
matter. From this nitrogen are first organized the protein sub-
stances, analogous in composition to the living tissues of animals ;
and cellulose, the peculiar principle of vegetable tissue, having in
it the exact elements of water, C12 Hm Ojq. The action of chloro-
phyl upon this substance develops gum, sugar, and starch, which
are nutritive products common to all plants, and are stored away
for future use, as fat is stored away in our own and all animal
systems. As examples we have sugar stored up in the root of the
beet, and in the stalks of corn, sugar-cane, and sorghum ; and starch
in the tubers of the potato. Tliese substances, with cellulose, are
all composed of carbon and the elements of water, often in identi-
cal proportions. Thus, cane sugar, C12 H12 Oi2 ; grape sugar, C12
Hii On ; gum, C12 Hjo Oio ; starch, Cj, Hjo 0^ ; cellulose, C12 Hjo Ojo.
The ease with which these five general products of leaf elaboration
are converted into one another, both in the growing plant and in the

138 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

chemist's laboratoiy, is accounted for by ttie similarity of their
chemical conditions. Thus, starch, gum, and cellulose ma}' recon-
vert b}- some change in the arrangement of their constituent atoms,
or they may become sugar by the addition of one or two atoms of
water.

Thus we have the ph^'siological action of the leaf, presenting to
the scientific mind one of the most interesting pages of nature's
hand-book. It is ar. interesting study, not alone because curious,
but because it has had no little part to perforin in rendering this
world habitable for man. In a brief glance at its action in this
connection we recognize its relationship to our soil, which we
know to consist of two parts, the mineral and the organic. The
mineral is but the disintegrated and pulverized rock, containing, to
be sure, many ingredients that enter into the composition of plants,
such as potassa, soda, silica, and the universal lime, all more or
less soluble in water. But what would our soil be if this were all?
It would be but a collection of rock}' hills and sandy wastes, like
the great Sahara. But, mingled with the mineral matter, we find
the organic matter, which consists of the remains of former tribes
of plants and animals, and the products of their decomposition,
carbonic acid and ammonia. But, as the earth supported vegetable
life before it did animal, we see the important place given to our lit-
tle leaf; year after year, century after century, age after age, has the
leaf gone on elaborating the juices of plants, extracting carbon
from the air and leaving, by the final decay that comes to all, its
organism to the soil, making it such as we have it today, a life-
supporting element, affording, in its tillage, the occupation of a large
majority of civilized men.

But it is not the soil alone that has been created by the instrumen-
tality of our hastily surveyed leaf, for we find within its depths
hidden stores of coal and petroleum, enough to last for centuries
to come. From whence came they? What has our perishable leaf
to do with the formation of coal? It placed it there. That is, it
developed the gigantic pines, ferns, and lycopodiums from which it
was composed, and in doing so may have had much to do with
rendering our atmosphere respirable for animals. We are indebted
to M. Brongniart for a very ingenious hypothesis which he has
raised upon tlie fact that'an increased quantity of carbon may, un-
der peculiar circumstances, be assimilated by the leaf He supposes

» Carpenter's Principles of Comparative Physiology.

THE LEAF AS A PHYSICAL STUDY. 139

that, at the epoch of the growth of those enormous primeval forests
which supplied the material of the coal formation, the atmosphere
was highl}' charged with carbonic acid, as well as with humidity ;
and that from this source the ferns, lycopodiaceae, and coniferse
of that era were enabled to attain their gigantic proportions. He
imagines that they not only thus converted into organized products
an immense amount of carbonic acid which had been previously
liberated b}- some change in the mineral world, but that by
removing it from the atmosphere they prepared the earth for the
residence of a higher class of animals. It is now regarded by
scientists as a fixed fact that the whole vast accumulation of carbon
at present in the earth was at one time a component part of the
atmosphere, and recent investigations and experiments justify the
assertions of M. Brongniart. Five parts in ten thousand is the
amount of carbonic acid now contained in our atmosphere, and this
seems to be in general as much as plants require ; but it is not at
all improbable that in those early epochs a higher percentage may
have existed, for we know by direct experiment that plants will
thrive in an atmosphere of from five to eight per cent of carbonic
acid, provided they are supplied with strong sunlight; and we
know that in those regions where a larger percentage does exist
plants seem to thrive with increased vigor. Tlius, in the Lake
Solfatara, in Italy, where carbonic acid gas escapes from the bottom
with such violence as to give the appearance of ebullition, floating
islands are constantl}' being formed, which consist of confervse
and other simple cellular plants. The celebrated springs of Got-
tingen, which abound in carbonic acid, are another example ; for
there, also, we find the surrounding vegetation of increased luxu-
riance ; appearing earlier in spring, and continuing later in autumn.
So it may be that the leaf rendered our atmosphere respirable,
as well as keeps it so today, by the removal of an ingredient so
destructive to animal life.

Let us analyze this a little further. What do we mean by the
statement that leaf action is keeping our atmosphere respirable
today ?

One of the great drawbacks or hindrances to rapid investigation
in an}' of the natural sciences is the temptation to depart from the
main line of study, and to search out tlie side questions ; because
nature is so complex in her structure that we cannot search one
line far without finding it linked and interlinked with those which
seem to be of equal, or even greater, importance. Keeping this

140 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

in view then, we will content onrselves with the simple statement
of the phenomena of animal respiration, without going at all into
its interesting details. In the act of respiration the animal absorbs
oxygen from the air b}' means of the blood cells, or disks, which,
so to speak, come in contact with it as it is spread out in the
tissue of the lungs. At the same time that it absorbs its oxygen
it liberates large quantities of carbonic acid gas. Vegetable res-
piration is the reversfc of this : ox3-gen is eliminated, and carbonic
acid gas received. Thus are the two kingdoms of the organic world
dependent upon each other, the plant furnishing the ox^ygen that
the animal consumes, and the animal the carbonic acid that the
plant consumes. Is there not an evidence of reasoning and design,
from some source, in this arrangement?

But the question that comes most pertinently home to us today
is. How are we, as farmers and horticulturists, to derive any benefit
from a knowledge of leaf physiology? How are our acres to be
benefited thereby? Can we insure better and larger crops? I
answer, most assuredlj', Yes, if we will systematically put in prac-
tice the ideas we gain from a study of our subject ; not only indi-
vidually, but collectively, for oftentimes if we would profit by
Nature's laws we must enact state and national laws to harmonize
with them.

Let us take an example of the latter point. We have all of us
suflfered more or less from the effects of drought, and we hear much
said in connection, therewith regarding the preservation of our
forests. The press of the country, both agricultural and general,
is filled with it at times. The leading arguments seem to be that
the dank, moist atmosphere of our woodlands is occasioned b}' the
deep shade from the foliage preventing the sun's warm rays from
penetrating and dispersing it by evaporation, and that the soil of
woodlands is also protected from the parching effect of the sun's
influence and from drying winds ; consequently' such soils prove to
be reservoirs for water, and in time of drought will keep the streams
well fed. Undoubtedly these views are correct, and forests do
pla}' important parts in lessening the injurious effects of drought ;
but to my mind there is a stronger reason yet why these leaf
treasuries should be carefully guarded. We have seen that the
surface of the leaf is abundantly supplied with mouths, or pores, for
the transpiration of sap. Numerous experimenters have investi-
gated this subject, and have placed on record many interesting facts
connected therewith, which go to show that the quantity of pure

THE LEAF AS A PHYSICAL STUDY. 141

water dail}' transpired is immense, and that forests make a damp
atmosphere for miles around, simply from this transpired matter.

According to Hales, a cabbage presenting a surface of 2,736
square inches exhaled from da}' to day nineteen ounces, and on
some days as high as twent3-five ounces, and these days of twelve
hours only; a sunflower from twent}' to thirty ounces, etc., etc.,
long lists being given. According to Johnston, tlie English
agricultural chemist, a field in crop to grain or grass will transpire
from 3,000,000 to 5,000,000 pounds of water in its season's growth ;
an immense amount, we must all acknowledge. We know that a
rainftill of one inch is equal to one hundred and one tons of water to
the acre. At this ratio, could all this evaporated water be returned
in the shape of rain, it would amount to an inch and a half or two
inches. If one acre of grass can give a result as wonderful as this,
what will be the effect of large tracts devoted to forestry ? In this
connection we cannot but admire the silent workings of Nature, as,
unseen and almost undetected, she carries on these stupendous
operations.

The leaves of aquatic plants perform essentially the same offices
as those which have their habitat upon the land, and there is
reason for the belief that the\' in no small degree contribute to the
purification of the waters wherein they grow, and of which, in many
instances, both we and our cattle drink. When our various State
legislatures are called upon to pass laws regarding the purification
of streams, as in time the}' will be, and as is now being done in
Connecticut, we shall hear more and know more of the action of
the leaves of aquatic plants regarding this important office.

We see carbon extracted from the air through the leaf, and
stored within the living tissues of plants, — a process universal
throughout the whole vegetable world. It is within our province
as inquiring agriculturists to follow it still further, and learn of its
action within the soil we cultivate ; for it becomes incorporated with
it, sooner or later, as organic matter, by the decay of vegetable
growth. During the decay a portion of the matter escapes in the
form of gas ; the remainder undergoes a slow process of combus-
tion, leaving tlie carbon as charcoal, in which form it always
remains one of the most indestructible elements. The agricultural
value of charcoal does not consist iu the fact that it is a component
of plants, but upon otlier offices of great importance which it per-
forms. It makes the soil retentive of manures, because it is one
of the greatest absorbents of gases known, receiving them not

142 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

alone from the deca3'ing matter of the soil, but from the air as
well. Both air and water, in their circulation through a carbona-
ceous soil, readily part witli their fertilizing gases to this greedily
absorbing agent. It also gives power to the soil to absorb moist-
ure, because it is itself an absorbent of water. We all know with
what great rapidity peat}'^ soils, which are simply carbonaceous soils,
absorb moisture, and with what evident reluctance the}' part with
it. Decayed vegetable matter darkens the soil, rendering it
warmer ; for we all know that a dark surface will absorb more of
the sun's rays than a light one. A dark coat is warmer to our
backs than a white one, although of the same weight and texture.
The decay of vegetable matter is always accompanied by the evo-
lution of heat, — perhaps not sensible to our feelings, but the
rootlets of the growing plant realize it and are quick to respond to
it. Is there not food for reflection here? Is our little leaf to be
despised when its changes and many influences are thus traced out?
I think not, for it opens the whole theory of the application of
manures, either of our barn-3'ard composts, or of the so-called
commercial fertilizers.

Aside from its utility in agriculture, we can view carbon as a
wonderful curiosity' of nature, for in its universality of condition
we find it varying from lampblack, with its velvety softness, to
the unyielding hardness of the brilliant diamond.

The grasses of the world, over six thousand species, or nearly
one-sixth of all the flowering plants, can legitimately come within
the subject of our inquir}-, for they are leading crops in most sections.
The principal point is that a leaf, when grown, never changes its
form or size, and that when quickly grown its size is far larger
than when its formation is slower. The leaves of grass follow this
rule ; hence would we have large grass we must grow it quickly,
producing a large leaf, valuable not alone for itself, but because it
also adds to the volume of the stem.

The fruit culturist will thoughtfully consider the subject of
pruning in its relation to the proportionate capacity of the leaf
to the plant and the fruit, and will guard his knife accordiugl}'.

The anatomy of all leaf}' structures ; the physiology depending
thereon, including absorption and imbibition ; the circulation of
nutritive fluids; respiration, exhalation, nutrition or growth,
secretion, the evolution of electricity and heat, and the chemistrj^
of leaf action, should all be familiar ground to the agriculturist,
for tlie leaf is the most important portion of the plant, — the busi-

THE LEAF AS A PHYSICAL STUDY. 143

ness portion, so to speak, — and he who would grow liis crop well
must understand the relationship.

Putting aside its phj'siological histor}-, and looking at it from a
commercial point of view, we see grand and ever-increasing tests
of its utility as supplying food or comfort to man. Beginning
with our simple garden vegetables whose leaves are edible, we
stray from one item to another with augmenting interest, for we
find that our subject includes those leaves in vast abundance whose
medicinal qualities restore our impaired functions, — tea, the solace
of old women, with the leaves of thirty-two different species used as
substitutes, and as many more tried and rejected ; and tobacco, that
vile weed so universallj' used to soothe the pett}' and perplexing
cares of man. Our little leaf stores up food in the form of grain,
and grain we know forms the chief food of man, besides enabling
him to get rich on " corners." ]t furnishes dyes soft and beau-
tiful, and offers the artist subjects for his easel. The decorator
copies it to beautify the interior of our homes ; the architect refers
to it as the first material used in constructing dwellings ; and Holy
Writ assures us that it was the first article used for clothing by the
first human pair in the earliest historic period. The geologist finds its
impressions and petrifactions deeply' buried within the ground, and
infers much of earth's history therefrom ; the botanist revels in its
unending beauties, and lends his aid to the naturalist in solving
the vexed problem of evolution ; but to the phj-siologist alone are
its gigantic labors in making this world habitable for man revealed.

Discussion.

"William C. Strong thought Dr. Bowen's paper exceedingly
interesting. It had been impossible for him to conceive of any
means for the production of such vast quantities of carbon as are
found in the form of coal, but the theory that plants formerly had
the power of absorbing more carbonic acid than they do now
might account for these deposits. The remarks of the essayist on
this point had suggested to him whether it would be possible to
produce in our plant houses an atmosphere with an excess of
carbonic acid gas, as in the primeval ages, and thereby to increase
the luxuriance of growth. The possibilities of vegetable growth,
as seen in the tropics and sometimes in greenhouses, are extraor-
dinar}'. A single e3'e-cutting of a grape vine has in one season
made a growth of thirty-six feet.

144 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

Dr. Boweu thought it would be difficult to introduce carbonic
acid gas into plant houses without shutting off' ventilation. Owing to
the diffusibility of gases, without which we should have layers of
gases on the surface of the earth, carbonic acid gas rises from the
bottom and mingles with the air. M. Brougniart's theory as to
the abundance of carbonic acid gas, and the growth of primeval
forests occasioned b}' it, has been very carefully' examined. Tiiis
extraordinary luxuriance is one of the greatest curiosities, physio-
logically considered, of plant growth.

Francis H. Appleton said that he had always looked on leaf-
mould as most desirable in gardening, but he found it difficult to
accumulate enough.

Dr. Bowen said, in answer to an inquiry, that few animal re-
mains are found in coal beds. The gigantic animals appeared
later, and were partiallj' dependent on the luxuriant growth of
leaves for their support. It is a question whether there were any
larger animals in earl^' ages than the whales of the present day.
The gigantic lizards were scattered over a long time ; there were
cnlj- one or two species at an}- one epoch.

Henry Xloss said that he had gathered all kinds of leaves, but
had thought pine leaves rather injurious to plants. He uses them
for covering, but finds them difficult to remove in spring.

Dr. Bowen knew no reason why pine leaves should be injurious.
They would not absorb the sun's rays as much, and they do not
contain as much fertilizing material as those of deciduous trees,
and lienee tliere might be some difference in two beds covered with
these two kinds of leaves. Pine leaves contain a gum whicli is dif-
ficult to dissolve, and therefore are longer in decomposing. They
make good bculding, though they have not much absorbent proj)-
erty. All leaves contain crystals of oxalate of lime, which has a
little fertilizing value.

Mr. Strong remarked that few plants grow under pine trees.

Dr. Bowen thought this was owing to the thick mulch formed by
the pine leaves, and the dense shade, rather than to any injurious
substances in the leaves.

A. W. Cheever said that he had used pine needles as a cover-
ing for strawberries, and considered it the best he had ever tried.
The}- keep down weeds. He had plouglied them in when he
planted corn and other crops with no injurious effect.

Benjamin G. Smith said that one of the best gardeners in the
Society recommended pine leaves as a mulch for strawberries.

PROPAGATION OF TREES AND SHRUBS FROM SEED. 145

Dr. Bowen said, in answer to an inquiry, that oak leaves are
long in decaj'ing, and partially deca^-ed leaves have the power of
holding moisture.

The subject for the next week was announced as the " Propaga-
tion of Trees from Seeds," to be opened with a paper by Jackson
Dawson, gardener at the Arnold Arboretum.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, March 7, 1885.
An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, John B. Moore, in the chair.

William C. Strong moved that a Committee of five be appointed
to consider and report what amendments, if an^', are necessary to
the Constitution and Bj'-laws. The motion was unanimously car-
ried, and the Chair appointed as that Committee, Mr. Strong,
Edward L. Beard, E. W. Wood, C. H. B. Breck, and Samuel
Hartwell.

Charles M. Hovej' moved that the doors between the Library
room and the office of the Treasurer and Superintendent be
opened at proper times. On motion of William H. Spooner it
was unanimously voted that Mr. Hovey's motion be laid on the
table.

Adjourned to Saturdaj-, March 14.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

The Propagation of Trees and Shrubs from Seed.

By Jackson Dawson, Jamaica Plain.

I have been asked to make a few remarks on the raising of trees
and shrubs from seed. It is an old subject, and one that has been
spoken and written on from time immemorial until the present da}' ;
so that I feel as if I had nothing new to tell. But we are a new
generation, and, notwithstanding all that has been said upon the
subject in the past, there are many among us who hardly know

146 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

anj'tliing about the life of a tree, or how long it takes a seed to
germinate ; and scarcely give an^- thought to a matter whicli should
now attract the attention of every intelligent observer of nature who
takes an interest in the forest wealth of our country. And tlicre
is no reason whj' every man, who has a lot of barren land, should
not plant and care for a few acres of trees every year, using the
kinds most suitable to the soil of his farm, and thereby securing a
permanent investmciit for his childien, as well as adding to the
resources of his country. Oar forests are fast disappearing, and
if we keep on doing in the coming generation as we have done in
the past we shall soon have a country of barren hills and treeless
plains. Our watercourses will be torrents in the spring, and dry,
gravelly beds the rest of the year. I might mention a few of the
causes of the destruction of trees that could be prevented. First.
The woodman, who cuts all that is of any use to him in a commer-
cial wa}', and destroj's all, or nearly' all, that is left. Second.
Forest fires, which are our greatest curse, in whatever way they
may originate, — it ma}' be a spark from a locomotive, a wad from
the gun of some sportsman, or the smouldering fire left by some
camper-out, which has been blown about by the rising wind ;
these often start fires that may destroy' much valuable property.
Many people do not think of the value of a tree, and do not care
where a fire may end so long as it does not affect their interest.
I have seen man}' acres of woodland burning, not ten miles from
Boston, and no one attempted to stop it until it threatened to burn
some little shed ; then the whole community turned out to stop
it, but as long as it kept in the woods they did not care. This mat-
ter should be looked into, and strict laws be ma'le, which would
protect all who might plant trees or forests ; for they are one of the
greatest sources of national wealth and comfort. I might say that
there is scarcely a business that can be successfully carried on
without the use of forest trees or their productions.

But I am getting awa}' from ni}' sulject. The raising of trees
from seed is the natural wa}' of propagating them. Nature shows
us that, and employs man}- agents to carrj- out her designs. In the
first place, seeds drop from the trees to the ground and are covered
by the falling leaves, or by the grass and weeds, which keep tliem
from the drying winds until they germinate. They are scattered
b}' the winds, and many fall in the crevices of rocks, and on good
ground, or other favorable situations ; the}- are floated down rivers
and brooks and are left in the rich mud along the banks. Thev

PROPAGATION OF TREES AND SHRUBS FROM SEED. 147

are carried man}' miles from their original station by the birds;
and the larger seeds, such as acorns and nuts, are carried away by
squirrels, mice, and other animals, and buried for future use as
food, and a great many of tliese germinate. I think that for many
rows of tine oaks and hickories along the boundary walls of old
farms we are indebted to the planting of the squirrels. While we
can learn much from nature, we can also improve upon her methods,
and supply ourselves with trees in a more economical way. It is
true, if nature is left to herself, and men stop destroying, she will
soon cover up the ruins made by man, for she sows with a liberal
hand ; but there are so m:iny enemies at work, and so many condi-
tions to take into consideration, that only a small percentage of
the seed that drops to the ground germinates ; possibl}'' not one
in a thousand comes to maturity. For this reason we cannot afford
to raise our forests as nature shows us.

The sowing of tree seed where the trees are to remain is poor
econom}', and should not be undertaken except where it is impossi-
ble to phiut; such sowing should be the exception, not the rule.
A much gieater quantity' of seed is required ; it necessitates more
labor; more spots have to be replanted, and it is not generally
satisfactory' in its results. The soil and situation are so varied
that the seed cannot be properly cared for, as it can be in the
compact form of frames, seed beds, or nursery rows, where they
can be protected from insects or inclement weather.

The first consideration in seed-sowing is to determine what 3'ou
want to plant; the second, to procure your seed as fresh as possi-
ble ; the third, to prepare a suitable soil and situation to plant them
in ; the fourth, to know what depth to cover them and how long to
wait for the seed to come up. It would be impossible for me at
this time to go through the whole list of trees and shrubs that
would stand the climate of New England ; therefore 1 will confine
myself to those that are most useful. Except in a few cases given
for the sake of illustration, those named in the following list are all
hard}' in the vicinity of Boston, and are representatives of most
of the families of trees that will stand our climate : —

Acer rnbrum, Red Maple,

" saccharinum^ Sugar ''

" dasycarpum, White "

" plat'inoides, Norway "

u^sculus Hippocastanum, Horse Chestnut,

148

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Ailanthus glandulosa,
Alnns glutinosa,
Amelanchier Canadensis and

varieties,
Betula papyracea^

" lenta,

" nigra,

" alba,
Carjnnus Caroliniana,
Gary a alba,
" sidcdta,
" porcina,
" amara,
Castanea vidgaris var. Ameri-
cana,
Castanea pumila,
Catalpa bignonioides,

" sppciosa,
Celtis occidentalis,
Cercis Canadensis,
Cladrastis tinctoria,
Cornus jlorida,
Cratcegus Crus-galli,

" tomentosa,
Cercidiphyllum Japonicum,
Diospyros Virginiana,
Fagiis ferruginea,

" sylvalica,
Fraxinus Americana,

" pnbescens,

" sambucifolia,

' ' excelsior,
Gleditschia triacantlios,
Gymnocladas Canadensis,
Ilex opaca,
Juglans cinerea,

" nigra,
Kalmia lati folia,
Liriodendron Tulipifera,
Magnolia acximinata,

" cor data,

" Umbrella,

Tree of Heaven,
European Alder,

Shad-bush,

Paper Birch,

Black or Cherry Birch,

Red or River "

English White "

Hornbeam,

Shell-bark Hickory,

Western Shell-bark Hickory,

Pig-nut,

Bitter-nut,

American Chestnut,
Chinquapin,
Catalpa,

Western Catalpa,
Nettle tree or Hackberry,
Judas tree.
Yellow- wood,
Flowering Dogwood,
Cockspur Thorn,
Black or Pear Thorn,

Persimmon,
American Beech,
English "

White Ash,
Downy "
Water "
English '*

Three-thorned Acacia,
Kentucky Coffee tree,
American Holly,
Butternut,
Black Walnut,
Mountain Laurel,
Tulip tree,
Cucumber tree,
Yellow Cucumber tree,
Umbrella tree,

PROPAGATION OF TREES AND SHRUBS FROM SEED. 149

Moms rubra,
" alba,
Nyssa multijlora,
Ostrya Virginica,
Pi'rus Americana,
Platanus occidentalis,
Populus balsamifera,
Phellodendron Amurense,
Prunus serotina,
Quercus alba,
" bicolor,
" palustris,
" rubra,
' ' coccinea,
Rhododendron maximum,
Robinia Pseudacacia,
Salix alba.
Sassafras officinale,
Tilia Americana,

" Europoia,
Ulrnus Americana,
" racemosa,

" camx)estris,

' ' montana.
Viburnum Lentago,
Taxus baccata vvly. Cana-
densis,
Ginkgo biloba,
Larix Eicropma,
Juniperus Virginiana,
Thvja occidentalis,
Abies balsamea,

" concolor,

" pectinata,
Tsvga. (Abies) Canadensis,
P.seudotsuga (Abies) Douylasii,
Picea nigra,

" alba,

" excel sa,
Pinus Strobus,
" resinosa,

Red Mulberry,

White "

Tupelo, or Sour Gum,

Hop-Hornbeam ,

American Mountain Ash,

Button-ball tree,

Balm of Gilead,

Amoor Cork tree.

Wild Black Cherry,

White Oak,

Swamp White Oak,

Pin Oak,

Red "

Yellow-barked Oak,

Great Laurel,

Locust,

White Willow,

Sassafras,

Basswood,

Linden,

White Elm,

Corky "

English "

Scotch "

Wayfaring tree,

American Yew,

Maiden-Hair tree,

European Larch,

Red Cedar,

American Arbor Vitse,

Balsam Fir,

Rocky Mountain Silver Fir,

European Silver Fir,

Hemlock,

Douglas Fir,

Black Spruce,

White "

Colorado Spruce,

Norway Spruce,

White Pine,

Red "

150 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Pinus rigida, Pitch Pine,

" sylvestris, Scotch "

" Austriaca, Austrian Pine.

As you perceive, the majority of this list are American trees.
I know there are many foreign trees that will do well in New Eng-
land, but, without being partial, I must say I believe that with few
exceptions America.i trees are tlie best in the American climate,
both for use and profit ; and in almost all undertakings in this
country the first question is. Does it pa}'? Of course we have
those among us who take a special delight in all that is beautiful,
and gather together from all parts of the world everything in the
plant line that can be grown in our climate. Such tnen are public
benefactors, but we have too few of them ; most of those who plant
want to reap the benefit, eitiier directly or indirectly, as soon as
possible, and to such I say, Let us plant American trees.

Soil akd Situation. — In selecting a place for the seed beds the
soil for all large seeds should, if possible, be a deep, rich, mellow
loam, avoiding, if possible, all thin, gravelly soils or heavy clays. The
soil should be well manured with good, rotten manure, one 3'ear
old, and ploughed or trenched from twelve to fifteen inches deep,
and well pulverized with a harrow. All coarse stones, quitch-grass,
or other rubbish, should be raked off so as to have the land in the
finest condition possible. If the land is full of weeds it would be
well to manure heavil}' and plant one 3'ear with crops that would
be well cultivated ; or to plough it frequently during one season, so
that it may be as clean as possible when the time comes for sow-
ing. If there is anything that tries one's patience, it is attempting
to grow seedlings in a soil that is already full of weed seed. The
land should be well sheltered from the north and west winds, either
by a hedge or fence. If it is springy or low it should be well
drained. If the seeds are to be sown in beds they should be laid
out five feet wide, with an alley or pathway two and a half feet
wide ; this will give ample room to work the beds from both sides.
The beds should be raked fine, and if to be sown broadcast they
will then be ready for the seed. A great many people prefer to
sow broadcast ; but I think that method requires more labor and care
in weeding. I prefer to sow in rows nine inches apart across the
bed, — especially if there are a large number of varieties, or only a
limited number of plants are wanted, — or in long nursery rows eigh-
teen inches apart if to be worked by hand, or from two and a half

PROPAGATION OF TREES AND SHRUBS FROM SEED. 151

to three feet if to be cultivated by Iiorse-power. The reason I pre-
fer the short rows is that in beds so ph^nted you can keep the soil
well stirred betw^een them, which yon cannot well do when sown
broadcast ; they are also easier to shade and water, if necessary',
than the long nursery rows, and in the fall they are much more
easily protected.

Sowing. — The seeds should never be sown when the ground is
wet, or when it is raining ; the soil at the time of sowing should
be neither wet nor dry, but in such condition that it can be raked
without clogging. If sown when wet the soil is apt to bake hard,
and a great many seeds will scarcely come through, while, on the
other hand, if the soil is too dry the seed is apt to work out unless
covered deeper than is desirable.

A supply of water should always be at hand ready to use during
dry weather on all light-rooted plants ; but for large, deep-rooted
plants this is unnecessary, except in protracted drouglits. It is
also well to have a number of light lath screens to shelter the most
delicate plants from the hot sun. Having the ground well prepared,
and all else necessary, we can begin sowing as soon as we can get
the seed. If in the fall, we begin with tlie oaks, as acorns do not
long retain their vitality, out of the ground. Neither does the seed
of chestnut, chinquapin, hickory, or beech. To insure good
success these must all be planted, or put in boxes of earth, as
soon as possible. If sown broadcast the nuts should be scat-
tered thinly and evenly over the bed, pressed down with a light
wooden roller, or the back of a spade, and covered a little more
than the diameter of the seed, — which would be nearly an inch for
beech, chestnut, and oak, and from one to two inches for hickorj'^,
black walnut, butternut, and horse chestnut. If the same seeds
are sown in drills they should be from two to three inches deep,
and from one to two inches apart in the row. If not pressed down
they will need from half an inch to an inch more covering than
those pressed down. Some prefer to make shallow drills with a
plough and sow the nuts very thickly ; this will give a great many
more plants to a given space, but they will not be so strong.

The Maples, with the exception of Acer ruhrum and Acer dasy-
carpuni (these two species ripen their fruit in May and June),
should be sown as soon as possible after gathering, and, whether
in drills or broadcast, should not be covered more than twice their
diameter. If covered too deei) they sprout and rot, not having
strength enough to break through a great depth of soil. If maple

152 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

seed is allowed to get thoroughly dry, and is kept so until spring,
very few, if any, will come up until the second year ; while, if sown
as soon as gathered and subjected to a good freezing, the greater
portion will come up the following spring ; though a few may wait
until the second year.

The Ash (Fraxinus) must also be sown as soon after gathering as
possible, if wanted to come up the first year. The Carpinus (Horn-
beam) and the Osirya (Hop-Hornbeam), unless sown in the au-
tumn, will not come up until the second 3'ear. The Nyssa (Tu-
pelo), Cornus florida, Amelanclder Canadensis (Shad-bnsh), Celtis
occidentalism the viburnums and thorns, seldom come until the sec-
ond year, although there are a few exceptions, as some varieties
will come if exposed to freezing, while of others not a seed will
germinate even if frozen. The plum, peach, apple, and pear never
come up evenly the first year unless the seed has been frozen or kept
in boxes of moist earth. A great man}' roses will not come up the
first year, even after having been frozen, although the seed of
hybrids will, if frozen for a week or two, come up in less than a
month. The Tulip Tree invariably takes two j'ears, and, as the
proportion of good seed is as one to ten, it should be sown very
thickly to insure even an ordinary crop. I find a good plan, which
saves much time and labor, is to take some good-sized boxes, and
fill with seed and fine sand in alternate la^'ers ; bui-ying the box in a
well-sheltered place and leaving it there one season, lifting out the
sand in the spring and sowing the seed thickly in rows, and cover-
ing lightly.

Such seeds, as those of Cercis Canadensis, GleditscJiia triacanthos,
Cladrastis tinctoria, and Gyninocladus Canadensis, being verj' hard,
should have boiling water poured over them, and then stand for
twenty-four hours, when they may be passed through a sieve, the
mesh of which corresponds to the size of the seeds to be operated
upon. All those not passing through the sieve may be considered
fit for sowing, while the rest should be treated to another hot bath
until they have all swollen lo the required size. If sown dr\' the}'
will keep coming up a few at a time for a year or two. The Ai-
lanthus, Cjitalpa, Morus, Platanus, Birches, and Alders are best
sown in spring, as soon as the ground is chy enough to work. The
ground should be very fine, antl. whether in beds, broadcast, or in
(h'ills, the seed should be very lightly covered ; and if a slight screen
or shade were used it would be of great benefit to the young seed-

PROPAGATION OF TREES AND SHRUBS FROM SEED. 153

lings until thej- had made the second oi' third rough leaf, when the
shade could gradually be dispensed with.

The White and Scarlet Maple, the Elms, and Betula nigra ripen
their seed in early summer, and should be sown in freshh' prepared
beds as soon as gathered. At this time of the year the weather is
often quite warm and dr}', therefore these summer-sown seeds
should be carefull}'^ attended to as regards watering, and possibly
liglit shade should be given. Where a large amount is planted,
and no screens are at hand, birch brush laid thinly over the bed is
a great help. If well taken care of they will malie plants from six
to twelve inches high the same season. I would sa}', before going
further, that my rule is alwa3's to cover seed sown out of doors
in an}' ordinar}- loamy earth a little more than their own diameter,
and if \Q\y light and sandy nearly twice as deep, but if the soil is
a cla}', as lightly as possible ; and it maizes no difference whether
broadcast or in drills. I know there are a few trees whose seed
will come up if covered quite deep, but they are exceptions, not the
rule.

The Magnolia should not be sown out of doors in this climate
before the 20th of May, as it does not do well if sown when
the ground is cold. The H0II3' {Ilex opaca) is the slowest to
germinate. Treated like other seeds, a few — say one in a thou-
sand — will come up in the first year, a few hundreds the second
3'ear, and the remainder the third year. Such has been my experi-
ence. The Black Alder takes two 3'ears.

Such seeds as those of Magnolia, Rose, Mountain Ash, Cra-
taegus, Celastrus, Euonymus, and Viburnum, which are inclosed in
a flesh}' pericarp or pulp, where space is of account, and also
for convenience of sowing, I macerate in water at seventy or
eighty degrees for one or two weeks, when they may be washed
out and sown before they are thoroughly dr}'. This often helps
germination, and more in the magnolia than an}' other plant I
know. If the magnolia is sown when gathered, there is an oil in
the pulp that surrounds the seed, which, as soon as it begins to
rot, seems to penetrate the seed and make it rancid. I have fre-
quently noticed that of the seed of the magnolia, that was not
washed clean, few germinated ; the pulp, in rotting, so soured the
soil that it became full of fungus, which damped off" many of the
young plants, necessitating their removal to fresh soil to save
them ; while of those washed and sown under the same circumstances
all came up and grew well. Of course this may not occur ia

154 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

nature, where the seed is exposed to the air and weather, or eaten
b}' the birds and voided ; but I am speaking of artificial cultiva-
tion. When magnolia seed is to be sown out of doors in New
England it is best, after washing it out, to put it in pots or boxes
of sand, — that is, in alternate layers of sand and seed, — and place
it in a frame or cellar, where it does not freeze, until the time of
sowing in May. This is a good way to keep seeds for which we
may have no place prepared, or which may arrive in late fall or
winter, when it is impossible to get them into the ground. Very
often it is more convenient to put seeds away in this manner until
spring, than to sow in the fall ; but it will not answer for seeds
which need frost.

When seeds are sown in the fall it is well, as soon as the ground
is frozen, to cover the beds or rows with a light covering of hay,
pine needles, or leaves ; which will keep the ground from heaving,
and the heavy spring rains from washing up the seeds. If closely
looked after, the covering may be left on until the seed shows signs
of germination, which, in the case of large nuts, will be in June,
when it should be carefully removed ; this will also save a great
amount of weeding.

All seed beds and rows should be kept free from weeds and,
except where sown broadcast, as soon as up the ground should be
hoed or cultivated frequently ; this causes the 3'oung plants to push
with greater vigor, and makes them better able to withstand
drought. If the weather becomes very warm and dr^' the beds or
rows of young seedlings should be well watered once or twice a
week, — not by a slight sprinkling on the surface, but b}' a
good thorough soaking, wetting the ground six or eight inches in
depth. After the 1st of September the waterings ma}' be dis-
continued, to allow the plants to ripen up their growth.

At the approach of winter all young seedlings that were sown
in drills will stand better if a plough is run between them throwing
a furrow against the stems, so as to cover them several inches
deep ; this keeps the young plants from heaving with the frost, and
also keeps the water and ice from settling around the 3'oung stems,
which often causes great injury. Those sown broadcast should
have a slight covering of hay or leaves, as soon as the ground is
frozen, which is usually from the 25th of November to the 1st of
December in this vicinitj'.

Second Year's Treatment. — About the first or second week in
April the covering should be removed, the young trees carefully taken

PROPAGATION OF TREES AND SHRUBS FROM SEED. 155

up, and the tap roots cut well back ; the cuts should be clean and
smooth, so they will quickly callous and send forth plenty of 3'oung
fibres, which would take some time if the cuts were not smooth. If
any of the tops are crooked they should be cut back to a good
strong eye ; this will cause them to make a straight leader.
When taking up the young trees, they should not be exposed to
dr3'ing winds, or hot sun, even for a few minutes, but as soon as
taken up the}- should be tied in bundles, and the roots well
sprinkled with water, and covered with a mat, or piece of old
bagging, and kept moist until they are planted. There is no doubt
that a great man}' failures in tree planting could be traced to the
drying up of the roots before planting, and it has often been a
wonder to me how some trees grew at all, considering the treatment
the}' received.

The Nursery. — Having a good piece of land well prepared,
eitlier by trenching or ploughing, mark out rows three feet apart
with a spade or plough ; if with a plough go twice in a furrow,
which will usually make the drills deep enough for trees one year
old, and, if they are to remain only one year, one foot apart will do
for the larger growing kinds, and six inches for the smaller ones ;
if to remain a longer period a much greater distance will be
required.

In transplanting trees the roots should be well spread and the
soil worked well in about them, and well firmed with the feet.
Our seasons for planting are often so short that we have to plant
in all kinds of weather, though it is best not to plant when the
ground is wet, if it can be avoided. The best time is when the soil
is dry enough to crumble easily ; it can then be worked among the
finest roots, even if there are a great many of them, by taking hold
of the tree and giving it three or four good shakes as the soil is
being spread around the roots ; but it is hard work to get it among
the roots when it is wet and pasty. After planting, weeds should
never be allowed to get a foothold in the nursery, but it should be
cultivated at least once every two weeks, and all weeds cut out
with a hoe between the plants. This will help the tree to with-
stand a long drought much better than it otherwise would, and at
no great cost.

At the end of the second year almost all deciduous trees, if for
forest planting, will be as large, as it is profitable to plant in large
quantities. If wanted for ornamental pui-poses tliey will need to be
transplanted at least every two or three years, and carefully pruned

156 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETr.

into proper shape until they have reached the desired size. If
often transplanted they may be successfully removed when from
fifteen to eighteen, or even twentj' feet in height ; though I believe
that vigorous young trees, from one to three feet high, when set
out where they are to remain, will make much finer specimens if
soil, preparation, and care be equal.

The Conifers, such as Pine, Spruce, Larch, Cedar, and Hemlock
require much mors attention and care to grow from seed than any
other class of trees, and many of the finest kinds it is impracticable
to raise out of doors in our New England climate, though the com-
mon ones with care and attention may be raised quite successfully.
The ground for these seeds should be a light, rich loam, deep and
well pulverized, or, if not rich, made so with a good dressing of well-
decomposed manure. The beds should be laid off five feet wide,
and the alleys three feet. Along both sides of the beds, at inter-
vals of five or six feet, drive a row of small posts that will rise six
or eight inches above the surface of the beds. The beds should
be a few inches higher than the paths, so that water will not stand
on them. The situation should be as sheltered as possible both
from the mid-day sun and drying winds ; the north or east side of
a hedge or fence is a favorable position. The beds being all pre-
pared and raked ver}' fine, as soon as the weather becomes settled
— say from the 10th to the 20th of May — the seed may be sown
thinl}', in rows six inches apart, across the beds, or broadcast, and
slightly covered, — certainly not more than twice their own diame-
ter. The sowing in rows is most convenient in working them,
both in the way of keeping the beds clean and stirring the soil
among the young plants. If sown broadcast they should be
lightly raked in and the bed rolled with a light wooden roller. I
would here say that all seeds sown during warm, dr^^ weather are
much benefited by having the ground lightly rolled over them.
The sowing being completed, place on the posts before mentioned
lath screens made the width of the bed, with the lalhs not more
than an inch apart. This will screen the plants from the sun and
in part protect them from the birds, which often pick up the young
seedlings that are just breaking ground. If no laths are handy the
seed beds can be covered with pine, hemlock, or cedar branches,
quite thickly at first; but the beds must be watched carefully, and
as soon as the young plants begin to appear the branches should
be gradually removed, until only enough are left to slightly shade
the young plants, and these should be raised some inches above

PROPAGATIOX OF TREES AND SHRUBS FROM SEED. 157

the plants. It is a good plaa where pine needles are plenty to
cover the seed bed thinly between the rows with them ; this keeps
down the weeds, saves much watering, and keeps the soil from
washing or baking. If the ground is very dry at the time of sow-
ing they will require a slight watering ; otherwise they will not
need it. In my experience there are few seeds that require so
little water as those of conifers during germination.

The critical time with young conifers is the first three months
of their existence, until they have made the crown bud ; after that
time there is very little danger, but until then extreme watchful-
ness is very necessary ; a great quantity of rain or a scorching
sun will often prove fatal to thousands. Stirring the soil after
heavy rains, and tilting the screens as soon as the sun is gone from
them, or sifting dry soil amongst the beds of over-wet seedlings,
is of great benefit. After the muggy weather of August is past
they will require very little care the rest of the j^ear. At the ap-
proach of cold weather they are best protected by a slight cover-
ing between the rows, and a few pine branches or a little meadow
ha}' spread over the tops of the young plants will keep them in
good condition until spring.

The Pines, such as the Scotch, Austrian, and Red, should not
stand more than one year in the seed bed witliout transplanting,
unless sown very thinly. The White, Black, and Norway Spruces
will bardly be fit to transplant until the end of the second season.
The Larch makes better plants if transplanted at one year, but
will stand two if thinly sown. The Silver Fir, Balsam Fir, Hem-
lock, and others of that section may stand in the seed bed two
years, while the Arbor Vitae should be transplanted after the first
season. The seeds of the Juniperus and Taxas, of all species,
do not germinate until the second 3'ear, and it is well to treat them
as I have recommended for all slow-growing seeds. The Ginkgo,
if fresh, will come up the first year, though I have had them lying
in the ground two years. The Pinus Cemhra and otherStone
Pines will lie in the ground until the second 3'ear, though a few
may come up the first.

The seeds of the Conifers, with the exception of the Silver Firs,
will, if kept in a cool, dry place, retain their germinating powers
for a number of years, and even under adverse circumstances. A
few years ago we had some branches of Finns contorta sent us,
which had the cones of six years upon them. Each cone was
opened separately and the seed carefull}' sown and labelled, and a

158 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

portion of all but one grew, and that one was only two 3ears old,
while the oldest rei)resented the seventh year. White, Scotch,
Austrian, and Pitch Pine seeds came up fairly after being kept five
years, and might possibly have been several years old when re-
ceived. I have found in my experience that too much moisture is
fatal to the germination of old seeds, especially resinous or oily
ones. If sown in soil that is barely moist, and covered with drj'
sphagnum, so as to prevent the escape of tlie little moisture in the
soil, many will grow ; while if treated in the ordinar}' way the seed
will swell and then rot.

A friend of mine, who does not like too much care, has a very
simple way of raising annually several thousand seedlings of the
Norway Spruce, and no doubt other evergreens might be grown
under similar conditions. At the back of his house he has a ^^4hite
pine grove, wliich is trimmed up ten or fifteen feet ; the soil is a
light, sand}' loam. In this he digs several beds, rakes them fine,
and early in May sows the seed, rakes it in lightly, and sprinkles
the bed lightly with pine needles. If the weather is very dr}' he
gives the bed one or two waterings ; if not dry, he lets it in a great
measure take care of itself. In these beds the seedlings remain
two years, when he transplants them into nursery beds, where
they soon make nice young plants.

The Box System. — The remarks that I have made would apply
to those who wish to raise trees in large quantities, and where the
loss of a few hundreds in transplanting would be of no material
account. To those who might wish to plant an acre or so everj'
year, and want no failures, I would recommend another system,
which requires less space and labor, though pcjssibly more atten-
tion, but in the end any one could transplant the most difficult
trees, such as oak, hickory', or chestnut, with no loss. For want of
a better name I have called it the " box system." No doubt it
has often been used, but I have not heard of any one using it
largely except ui} self. By this method every root is preserved,
and not even a fibre destroyed ; there are few if any large tap roots
to cut off, and even if grown in the nursery afterwards they lift
with finer roots than the seedlings grown in the ordinar}' way ; and
though they will not make so vigorous a growth the first year as
the}' would in the open seed bed, at the end of the second year
after transplanting they are ahead of those of the same age grown
in the ordinary way ; and with no failures. Nine years ago we
transplanted from the seed boxes to a hill-side, in sod ground with

PROPAGATION OF TREES AND SHRUBS FROM SEED. 159

no preparation except to turn over the sod with a spa^e where
each tree was to go, some hundreds of oaks one 3-ear old, and
today the}' are fine 3'oung trees, from six to nine feet high,
well formed, and much more vigorous than those grown in the
nursery, which have had a great amount of care and labor be-
stowed upon them. I believe that if man}' of our early planters
had used this system in growing oaks, hickories, and other hard
wood trees, the}' would not have had so many failures to com-
plain of.

In the first place procure a lot of common boxes, such as may be
had at any grocery store ; any kind of boxes will do, though
a uniform size is best, as they occupy less space in a six-foot frame,
when packed away, than boxes of various sizes would. I usually
get those that have contained canned goods, or soap, as they are
nearly equal in size, and with two cuts of a splitting-saw you have
from each box three flats, from three to four inches deep, which is
a good depth for any ordinary seed. With a half-iuch auger bore
three or four holes in the bottom of each box for drainage. This
will be sufficient for large-rooted plants, while the finer seeds will
require to be well drained with broken pots, coarse siftings of peat,
or any coarse material that Avill allow the moisture to pass off
readily. As soon as the seeds are ripe, in the fall, get togetlier a
good pile of compost, made as follows ; two parts rotten sod, one
part peat, and one of sand, and if the seeds to be sown are oak,
hickory, beech, chestnut, or walnut, add a portion of good rotten
manure. For such seeds as 1 have mentioned fill your boxes two-
thirds full of the compost, and press down firmly with a board or
the hand. Sow the seeds evenly and press them down in the soil,
covering them from half an inch to an inch in depth, according to
their size. On one corner of each box smooth off a place with a
plane or knife, rub over with white lead, and write the name of the
seed and the date of sowing. This takes only a few minutes, and
is of much value afterwards, especially where a great variety of seeds
is sown. It is much better than labelling in the ordinary way, and
there is no danger of the record being lost in moving the boxes
from one position to another. The finest seeds — such as maples,
elms, birches, alders, and others — should be covered, according to
the size of the seeds, about their own diameter. After sowing, the
seeds should have a good watering v\ith a fine rose, to settle the
soil. The boxes can then be piled four or five deep in a pit,
the sashes placed in it, and at the approach of cold weather they

160 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ma}^ be oovered with meadow ha}', or leaves. This does not keep
the boxes from freezing, but when once frozen it keeps them so
until spring. If no pit is available the boxes can be piled six or
seven deep in a well-sheltered spot, covering the upper boxes with
a few boards, the whole to be covered with leaves or other litter.
In the case of all the seeds I have mentioned as taking one or
more j'ears to germinate it is unnecessar}^ to cover the boxes with
litter ; but it is well to cover with boards, so that mice or squirrels
may not get at the seed ; and in man}' cases seed that has been so
frozen will often come up the first season, which otherwise would
not have come until the second. As soon as the weather is
settled, which is usuall}- about the middle of April, choose a well
sheltered spot, level, and hand}' to water. If the aspect can be an
eastern or south-eastern one I like it better, as they get the early
morning sun, but not the scorching sun at noonday. Place all
the boxes containing the nuts, acorns, and other large seeds to-
gether, in beds of three boxes wide. This will make it very
compact, and much easier to care for them than if the boxes con-
taining seeds of the same class are scattered about. The only
attention these will require is to keep them well watered and free
from weeds ; but for such seeds as maple, ash, Carpinus,
Crataegus, elm, Cladrastis, and others of like nature, it would be
well to cover the boxes with lath screens until they have made the
second or third rough leaf, when they might be gradually hardened
off and finally exposed fully to air and light. If a few sashes
could be spread to protect all delicate growing seeds it would be
of great advantage, and as soon as well up they could be treated
the same as the others.

The use of lath screens on seed beds saves a great amount of
labor in watering, and if the plants are neglected for an hour or so
the results are not so disastrous as when the young seedlings are
fully exposed to the sun. Any boxes of seeds that do not come
up before the last of June will hardly appear that year, but will
require to be kept moist, the same as tiie growing plants. I
usually place all such boxes together in a shady spot and cover
them to the depth of an inch or more with sphagnum, and by
giving them a good watering once or twice a week they are carried
safely through the summer. At the approach of cold weather they
are gathered together, piled five or six deep as before, and
covered for the winter. When spring comes on they will need to
be treated as seed that has just been sown. For the finer seeds,

PROPAGATION OF TREES AND SHRUBS FROM SEED. 161

such as azalea, rhododendron, kalniia, and others, a special treat-
ment is required, which 1 will speak of later.

In the fall of the first 3'ear the boxes of young trees may be
gathered t(jgetLier and wintered in a deep pit or frame and slightly
covered with meadow ha}'. If no frame is available, three or
four inches of pine needles or leaves may be placed over the
boxes, and they may then be left until spi-ing ; but on no account
should the boxes be left without any protection, as the young
seedlings will then suffer very much in so little depth of soil.

All seedling trees can be transplanted when very young as
easily as cabbages or tomatoes if taken as good care of; and
man}' of them are benefited by the operation. We transplant
thousands of them ever}- year with but little loss. The best time
is when they are making their first or second rough leaf.

In the spring of the second year all the young seedlings should
be transplanted from the seed boxes to the nursery beds, or the
larger ones planted where they are to remain ; and for chestnuts,
hickories, and oaks I believe it is best to plant them from the seed
box to the field where they are to remain. If planted in nursery
beds, or rows, the treatment will be the same as I have spoken of
under the head of treatment in nurseries.

The boxes I have mentioned are usually from fourteen to sixteen
inches square, and will hold from 100 to 125 oaks, hickories,
chestnuts, or beeches ; 175 to 200 ashes or maples ; 250 birches or
elms ; and so on according to the growth of the plants. Where a
greenhouse can be used for this purpose, with frames to harden oft
the young seedlings, much better results can be obtained, and
many of the finer seeds can be grown, which it is next to impos-
sible to grow in large quantities out of doors.

In conclusion I would sa}' that, while I have not mentioned every
tree by itself, the general principles are the same for aU ; that as
a rule the soil should be of the best description and sheltered ; that
all seeds should be covered only a little, if any, deeper than the diam-
eter of the seed ; that they should be kept clean from \veeds, the
watering well looked to, and the shading, in the case of the finer
seeds, be carefully attended to. They should be protected tlie first
season, and in the end will well repay all the care and attention
that have been bestowed upon them ; and anyone owning a few acres
of land, who will plant a few boxes of chestnuts, black walnuts,
beech, oak, hickory, or other hard wood trees, that are usually con-
sidered so difficult to transplant, after growing them one year in the

162 MASACHUSSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

boxes and transplanting the following spring where they are to
remain, will be astonished to see how much land can be covered in
a few years with health}- young growths of hard wood with very
little trouble or expense. And in New England, as well as in
other parts of our countr}', we have too man}- acres lying idle,
which it would be more profitable to plant with trees than an3thing
else.

Rhododendrons, Azaleas, and Kalmias. — The propagation
of these from seed demands great attention and care, and cannot
be successful!}' done out of doors, but requires a greenhouse.
The best soil to grow young seedlings of this class is composed
of good peat, loam, and sand, in equal parts. The sand should
be fine, but sharp and clean, having no clay or iron in it. Earthen
pans are best to sow the seed in, as there is less danger of
fungus than with boxes ; but after the first transplanting boxes
may be used. Being all ready to sow, — say about the first week
in January, — the pans should be well drained by fiilling them
one-third with broken crocks, over which put a covering of
sphagnum, or the coarse siftings of peat, so that the soil will not
work in among the drainage ; then put in about two inches of the
compost mentioned above, have it well firmed, and give the pans a
gentle watering with a fine rose to settle the soil. As soon as
settled the seed can be sown quite thickly, but evenly, over the
surface. They should then be covered with the slightest possible
covering, — not more than the sixteenth of an inch, — after which
put over the pans a covering of fine sphagnum, give a gentle
syringing, and place in a temperature of seventy degrees. After
sowing, the seed should on no account be allowed to get dry ; but
at the same time saturation should be avoided. The seed will
usually come up in from two to three weeks, and in the meantime
the pans will have to be examined occasionally to see if the seed
is coming. As soon as it shows signs of germinating the coarsest
of the moss should be gradually removed, and when the seed is
fairly up a slight sifting of fresh soil among the young seedlings
will help to strengtlien them. As soon as they have made the first
rough leaf they should be pricked off thickly in boxes or pans of
fresh soil prepared as for the seed, carefully syringed, and kept
growing in a high temperature and moist atmosphere. Such
delicate seedlings as rhododendrons at this stage should never be
transplanted in a shed or room where there is any draught, but
always in the close, moist atmosphere they are grown in, as the

PROPAGATION OF TREES AND SHRUBS FROM SEED. 163

roots are so delicate that only a moment's diying makes them
almost worthless. After five or six weeks the plants will have
covered the surface of the ground in the boxes, when they will
again need transplanting, this time half an inch apart, and to be
otherwise treated the same as before, alwa3's being sure to use
fresh soil and clean boxes at each transplanting. At this stage, if
ever3'thing has been carefully attended to, the}' will grow very
rapidl}', and will need transplanting the third time, and, if properly
cared for, the}' will need to be planted two inches or more apart.

This frequent transplanting in fresh soil each time keeps the
plants from damping and also forms the foundation of a vigorous
plant for the future. If rhododendron seedlings are left long in the
seed box or pan they are apt to be attacked by a minute fungus,
which will often carry off thousands in a night. The best remedy
I have found to check it is, at tlie first signs of its appearance, to
heat a shovelful of sand quite hot and sift it amongst the young
seedlings, using a very fine sieve. Many would think that it
would destroy the plants at this tender age, but it does not ; I
have tried it on almost all kinds of young seedlings, and have
found it very effective in destroying the minute fungus which is
such a pest among young plants. About the first of September
more air and less moisture may be given, so as to harden the
plants off preparatory to their removal to winter quarters, which
should be a deep frame or pit in some sheltered situation. They
may be put in this pit the first of October ; or sooner, if you need
the house for other purposes. In this pit they should have plenty
of air every pleasant^day, but should be covered every night to
keep them from frost as long as possible. This can readily be
done in most seasons up to tlie middle of December or the first of
January by a single mat ; they can then be covered with mats, or
meadow hay, and will only need to be uncovered once every two
weeks for an hour or so to guard against damp or excessive moist-
ure, which will often cause a fungus even in a cold pit if kept
long without air. In the spring, about the first of May, they can
be transplanted into well-prepared beds of peaty soil or a light,
sandy loam of good depth. If dry weather sets in they will
require plenty of water, as they are not deep-rooted at this time ;
if water is handy I give them a good syringing every evening as
soon as the sun begins to leave the bed, until the middle of
August, when I withhold all moisture so that the plants may ripen
well before winter sets in. If they have been well cai-ed for they

164 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

will be from six to seven inches liigh at the end of the second
season.

At the approach of cold weather a slight covering of leaves
between the j'oung plants, and covering the tops with pine bonghs,
or coarse meadow ha}^, to keep the sun off, will carry the plants
through the winter in safety. The following spring they ma}- be
planted in the nurser}-, where they can remain until used. The
same treatment will apply to Azaleas, Kalraias, and other Erica-
ceous plants, only the Azaleas grow much more rapidly than the
others, and at the end of the second season such species as
mollis and calendulacea will have quite a number of flower-buds
on them, while the Rhododendrons will scarcely show signs of
flowering until the fourth or fifth ^-ear.

Discussion.

J. H. Bowditch was much pleased with the practical character
of the essay, but did not agree with Mr. Dawson in regard to the
use of boxes hy the average cultivator, who, the speaker thought,
would prefer to plant the seed where the tree was to remain.

Mr. Dawson said that it would be advisable for amateurs to tr}^
the box plan ; it would be easier than any other wa}', especially
for deciduous trees. There is no loss whatever in transplanting
from the boxes, while from the nursery a large percentage is lost.

Mr. Bowditch thought most farmers would rather open a furrow
with a plough, and drop half-a-dozen nuts or acorns where they
want trees, and then cover with the plough. The work would
be done at once, and in the easiest possible way.

O. B. Hadwen thought Mr. Dawson's paper exceedingly practi-
cal. He has not himself given much time to planting forest trees,
but has had trees from Mr. Dawson which, though very small when
planted, have done well. Planting trees should be encouraged,
both for practical use and for ornament. He finds the seeds of all
the trees in his grounds, that are large enough to produce seed,
springing up around them ; and has seedlings of Nature's planting,
of hickories, black walnut, several species of maples, English,
Scotch, and American elms, tulip tree, several magnolias, including
Soulangeana, pine, larch, and Norwaj' spruce.

William C. Strong thought Mr. Dawson's paper so complete,
and his rules so simple, that no one could err in following his direc-
tions. It would be a wQvy valuable guide to young nurserymen.

PEOPAGATION OF TREES AND SHRUBS FROM SEED. 165

He doubted, however, whether growing 3'oung seedlings would be
A'er^' pi'ofitable here ; they are raised verj- cheaply in Europe and
the West, and are not in demand here. The essayist calls his
method simple, but it appears difficult, as if more was required
than Nature requires, yet it is not so. Nature sows the seed in the
fall, covers it with leaves, and it is frozen and thawed. Nature
provides lavishly of seed, and can afford to do so, for a single tree
will sometimes produce millions of seeds.

The essaj'ist had given directions how to induce seeds to vege-
tate the first season. The speaker, after subjecting seeds to the
action of frost, had put them in a gentle hot-bed, treading the
manure down well ; and this not only induced many to vegetate
which would not otherwise have done so, but caused a prodigious
growth, — double and quadruple the size of the seedlings imported.
This method induces the roots to strike down. He had witnessed
Mr. Dawson's method of sowing in boxes, and he gets admirable
results for his purpose, which is largely to raise stocks for graft-
ing ; it is the way for that. The speaker agreed with Mr. Bow-
ditch, that planting out-doors, where the trees are to remain, is
the most economical way. Mr. Dawson is very successful, but it
is because it is Mr. Dawson who watches over the work. But
Nature is a good school-master as well as Mr. Dawson. The
speaker could not understand why Nature has placed oil}' matter
around magnolia seeds, which it is necessary' to wash away, but he
never saw a magnolia seed vegetate with the pulp around it.

Mr. Bowditch remarked that it is ver}- important to plant oak,
beech, and chestnut seeds when fresh, and not allow them to become
dry.

Col. Henr}^ "W. Wilson had been much interested in Mr. Daw-
son's paper, which he thought well adapted to the wants of members
of the Society who desired to grow a few trees and be sure of
having them genuine. Mr. Dawson's method is best ; it gives the
conditions of Nature. Those who grow seedlings in large quanti-
ties are often negligent, and their stock cannot always be relied on.
He had been disappointed, after planting and tending trees two or
three years, to find that the}' were not what he bought them for.
Magnolia conspicua turned out to be M. acuminata. The walnut
and chestnut vary greatly in size and quality, and he hoped that at
some time Mr. Dawson would tell us how to have them of large
size and fine quality, and the walnuts with thin shells. He would

166 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

also like to know how to graft hickories ; a friend of his had suc-
ceeded once and failed forty times.

Mr. Dawson suggested that there might not have been any fraud
in regard to Col. "Wilson's magnolias ; the cons2)icua ma}' have been
grafted on the acuminata and the graft broken off.

President Moore said that the paper which had been read was
very interesting to him. It shows the reasons for failure in raising
seedlings. It gave kim great satisfaction to raise anything from
seed himself, whether it paid in dollars and cents or not, and he
liked to know how to do it.

Aaron D. Capen wanted people to cultivate a taste for trees,
and to plant rough, rock}- pastures with them. This can easily be
done in autumn by taking a small iron bar and making a hole
about two inches deep, and dropping in a chestnut, hickory nut, or
acorn. He had seen quite a grove of chestnuts planted in this
way. If a gentleman in middle life will do this he will wake up
some morning astonished at the results. It can easily be done in
the course of a pleasant ramble ; if you take fiftv nuts in your
pocket twenty of them will grow, and Nature will take care of
them. If you want trees for tiiuber plant them rather thickl}^,
but if you want them for ornament or for the nuts they should have
room to spread thirty feet or more. The speaker had sent choice
hickory nuts of his own raising to a friend in Georgia. Trees
with only tap roots are more apt to blow over than those with
spreading roots.

Mr. Dawson said, in answer to an inquiry as to the best time to
plant apple aud pear seed, that it must either be planted in the
fall, or washed out of the pomace and packed in sand aud placed
in a cellar. It may be sown with a drill in the spring. If not
put in sand, but allowed to get dry, onlv part will come up the
first year. He had seen the seeds of apples and peaches planted
of which none came up until the second year.

President Moore said that he had kept apple seed in boxes in
sand successfulh' until spring.

The Committee on Discussion announced for the next Saturday
a paper by Hon. Marsliall P. "Wilder, on the " Nomenclature of
Fruits," after the reading of which Hon. James J. H. Gregor}-
would speak of " Nitrogen in Agriculture."

THE XOMEXCLATURE OF FRUITS. 167

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, March 14, 1885.
An adjourned meeting of the Societ}' was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, John B. Moore, in the chair.

The Secretary read a letter from Mrs. Martha F. Winship,
acknowledging the receipt of the resolutions passed by the Society
in memory of her husband, the late Francis Lyman Winship, with
the thanks of herself and her children therefor.

Adjourned to Saturda}', March 21.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

The following paper was read by the Secretary : —

The Nomenclature of Fruits.

By Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, Dorchester.

3fr. President: — I deeph* regret that my health will not permit
me to be present and take part in the discussions of today. The
subject of this paper has claimed m}' attention for many years ; and
as president of the first great leading pomological society in the
world I felt it my duty, in conjunction with a special committee
of that society, to incorporate in ms' last address my views on the
importance of the subject. These have been communicated to
the principal horticultural and pomological societies of our own
and other lands, and have been accepted and approved of as a
necessary reform in the nomenclature of fruits. The Massachu-
setts Horticultural Society has joined most heartily in this reform,
and I hope will continue to progress in it.

It is surprising that this work has not been entered upon before.
By some it has been considered as too aggressive ; but all reforms
are necessarih' aggressive, and, as shown bj' experience, must be
gradual in their progress.. All agree, however, that long, super-
fluous, inappropriate, indelicate, ostentatious, and nnraeaning
titles should no more be applied to our fruits. We may not be
able to correct all the errors of the past, but we may prevent the
repetition of them in the future. Hundreds of varieties once known
in our catalogues have become obsolete for want of good proper-

168 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ties, and so it will be in the fiitnre ; and we shall retain only such
as, by their excellence and adaptation to our situation and wants,
are worthy of extensive cultivation. Like the Baldwin apple, the
Bai'tlett pear, the Concord grape, and other renowned fruits, let
such varieties be dedicated to perpetual remembrance by appro-
priate names, so that we may hand down to future generations a
system of nomenclature, pure and plain in its diction, pertinent
and proper in its application, and wliich shall be an example, not
only for fruits, but for other products of the earth.

Let us have no more Generals, Colonels, or Captains attached to
the names of our fruits ; let us have no more Presidents, Governors,
or titled dignitaries; no more Monarchs, Kings, or Princes ; no
more Mammoths or Tom Thumbs ; no more Nonsuches, Seek-no-
furthers, Ne Plus Ultras, Hog-pens, Sheep-noses, Big Bobs, Iron
Clads, Legal Tenders, Sucker States, or Stump-the- Worlds. Let
us have no long, unpronounceable, irrelevant, high-flown, bombas-
tic names to our fruits, and, if possible, let us dispense with the
now confused terms of Pearmain, Pippin, Belle, Beurre, Calebasse,
Doyenne, Seedling, Beauty, Favorite, and other like useless or im-
proper titles to our fruits. Tlie cases are ver}' few where a single
word will not form a better name for a fruit than two or more.
Thus shall we establish a standard worthy of imitation by other
nations, and I suggest that we ask the cooperation of all pomolog-
ical and horticultural societies in this and foreign countries, in
carrying out this important reform. These are the suggestions
w^hich I have before made, and which have been extensively adopted
by the pomological world, and I see no reason for retracting any-
thing I have said on this subject. This reform cannot be accom-
plished at once ; but it has the merit of putting a stop to the im-
proper dedication of some of the most beautiful works of nature
with improper, ostentatious, irrelevant, and useless terms.

In my address to the American Pomological Society I have
spoken of the importance of the establishment of short, plain, and
proper rules to govern the nomenclature and description of our
fruits, and our duty in regard to it ; and I desire once more to
urge upon this Society the importance of aiding in this good work.
The American Pomological Society has taken up the work in
earnest, and soon, in conjunction with this and other societies, we
shall have a reform wortliy of its position, age, and character.
I see no reason win- the principle should not be carried further
than has yet been done in the Catalogue of the Pomological

THE NOMENCLATURE OF FRUITS. 169

Society, as, for instance, b}' the substitution of Lucrative for Belle
Lucrative, and Nelis for Winter Nelis. Pomologists ma}- differ as
to how far it should be carried, but b}' comparison of views we
shall come to a final agreement, and the reform, we confidently
believe, will at least save us from objectionable names in the
future.

Discussion.

Robert Manning said that the agitation of the subject before the
Society was begun nearly forty years ago, when "Rules of Po-
mology " were adopted b}' this Society and other horticultural
societies. In 1867 similar rules were adopted by the American
Pomological Society. The improvement proposed b}^ Mr. Wilder
was adopted by Professor Decaisne, of the Jardin des Plantes, in
his magnificent work, the "Jardin Fruitier du Museum,'" com-
menced in 1858, but to Mr. Wilder belongs the credit of first
making it practical in American pomology. Some eminent po-
mologists have advocated retaining well-established names, such
as Rhode Island Greening, even though long, when like that they
are well established and easily pronounced ; and perhaps it will be
found best to retain familiar names, even if so long that they
would not now be applied. The principle advocated b}' Mr.
Wilder has been applied to the nomenclature of vegetables in the
publications of the Society, the Clark's No. 1, Beauty of Hebron,
and Early Rose potatoes becoming Clark, Hebron, and Rose, and
the speaker suggested that it be applied also to the names of gar-
den flowers and 'ornamental plants, thus avoiding such names as
Ilex AgnifoHum parvifoUa conspicna argenteo-maryinata ; or,
not to take so extreme an instance, Waterer's Holly is infinitely
l^referable to Ilex Aqiufolium xar. Watereri. On this point he
commended to the attention of those interested a little tract by
Dr. Masters, editor of the " London Gardeners' Chronicle," on the
" Nomenclature of Garden Plants."

E. W. Wood expressed his regret that Mr. Wilder could not be
present to speak of the subject under discussion, which is one of
great interest to him as well as to all frnit growers. All we can
do is to follow out the suggestions which he has made. It is not
only important that fruits should be called by simple, sensible
names, but that each should have one standard name, such as the
American Pomological Society' has endeavored to establish. The
Baldwin apple, or Woodpecker as it was originall}- called, has

170 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

been known In' seven different names, and the Nickajack apple —
a variety widely cultivated in the Southern States — has, according
to Downing, no less than thirty-six sj'nonyms.

David W. Lothrop said that his attention was drawn to the sub-
ject by reading Mr. Wilder's address as President of the American
Pomological Societ}' , and he was a little surprised to find him so
severe in the pruning of names. Names, perhaps, may well be
divided into three classes : first, descriptive names, such as
Moore's Early, Seaver Sweet, Hunt Russet, Roxbiuy Russet, or
Red Astrachan ; and, in the judgment of the speaker, it would be
well to retain such names though they might be composed of more
than one word. Second, names given in honor of the originator
or disseminator of a fruit, like Baldwin or Bartlett ; or the towns
in which they were natives, as Concord Grape and Hubbardston
Nonsuc4i. The third class comprises such names as embrace hon-
orary titles, as Captain, General, President, Bishop, etc., or those
that are vulgar, coarse, or uncouth. To all of this class the speaker
objected, the former being too common, the latter degrading.
Mr. Meehan, the editor of the " Gardener's Monthly," says that
Washington is a better name for a pear than President Washington
would be. In regard to foreign names the speaker thought we
can hardly claim the right to change them, though man}' of those
of French roses are very long aud repellent. Even in our own
country, societies have but little control over the names of fruits
and fiowers.

William C. Strong said that the majority of horticulturists are
poor French scholars and pronouncers, and they find such names
as fitoile de L3'on and those of many other French roses extremely
diflacult to write or speak. He moved that a committee be ap-
pointed to consider the subject of a reform in the nomenclature of
garden plants. The motion was carried, and the chair appointed
Mr. Strong, E. W. Wood, Edward L. Beard, and Robert Manning
as that Committee.

The discussion of Nomenclature ceased here, and the Chairman
of the Committee on Discussion announced the following paper,
which was read by the author : —

NITEOGEN IN AGRICULTURE. 171

Nitrogen in Agriculture.

Bj' Hon. James J. H. Gregory, Marblehead.

What is nitrogen ? The air mass surrounding the earth to a
depth of nearl}' fifty miles is composed of about four-fifths nitrogen
in combination with one-fifth ox3'gen gas. There are always right
at hand unnumbered thousands of tons of nitrogen. But this vast
store of potential wealth is unfortunately never available to the
agriculturist. His chemistry has never ^-et mastered the problem
of drawing upon atmospheric nitrogen for plant food.

He has tcr depend for his supply wholly on that which has been
incorporated into the structures of plants or animals. His sole
resource consists in the wastes of these organic structures ; in the
form of excrements, or of dead remains, either from land or sea.
The ammoniated liquor from the gas works is waste produced from
the remains of ancient forests now consumed as coal.

The same is true of animal life as of plant life. While over
three-fourths of the air we breathe is nitrogen, and while it enters
so largely into the composition of our bodies, it appears totally
inert in respiration, and enters the system solel}' through the
organs of nutrition and in the form of vegetable or animal sub-
stances used as foods. As the product of animal decay, in drinking-
water it is sometimes prejudicial to health, causing ' dangerous
fevers.

Combined with h3'drogen, in the proportion of 82 parts to 18
of the latter, it becomes ammonia ; one of the most common forms
in which, from the waste of both animals and plants, nitrogen is
fed to our crops. It is well to fix in the mind that in changing
nitrogen to ammonia, in any manure analysis, we must add about
one-fifth to the quantity given. The other most important form of
nitrogen is nitric acid. This is a combination of nitrogen with
oxygen ; and nitrates, of which we see frequent mention in all
works on manures, are a combination of nitric acid with soda,
potash, and other materials, which are called bases.

It appears to be a settled conviction among men of science, as a
result of many experiments, that plants cannot take up pure nitro-
gen directly from the air. The theory is that they are able, to a
greater or less degree, to get their supply through the water that
carries it in some form in solution into the soil ; and also, indi-
rectly, from the air which permeates the soil and under its influences
yields up its nitrogen. Also there is nitrogen latent in the soil,

172 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

having been accumulated there, that can be set free, to serve as
plant food, b}' the action of certain substances, such as lime and
plaster.

There is a general belief among agriculturists that plants have
ways of collecting nitrogen still but little kuown. Some extremists
have gone so far as to deny an}' necessit}' for feeding nitrogen to
our crops, asserting that these can of themselves collect from natural
sources all they require. There is a growing belief that their
power to supply themselves from natural sources is greater than
they have hitherto been credited with.

It has been observed, moreover, that different kinds of plants
have different capacities for taking up nitrogen. Clover is an ex-
ample ; for, though nitrogen enters largel}' into its composition, it
has such a cnpacit}' to help itself to the good things that surround
it that it needs ver}^ little artificial help ; while wheat, though it
needs but little nitrogen, is so daint}' a feeder that it insists on a
large artificial supply from which to pick out that little.

Where Nitrogen or Ammonia Comes From. Waste of the
Fisheries. — One of the principal sources from which manufact-
urers of fertilizers obtain their ammonia is the fish-waste or offal
which the}' pick up all along the coast from Maine to Florida. The
chief part of this waste is from the fish known by various names
in different localities, as " manhaden," "heart-heads," "moss-
bunkers," and in the South as " fat-backs." These are caught in
nets and boiled to secure the oil, in which the}' are rich, at various
establishments along the coast and its bordering islands. After
boiling, the water and oil are pressed out of the mass, and the
residue is sometimes thrown into heaps to heat and dry ; at other
times it is put directly into barrels and pressed in. In this condi-
tion it is known as " pomace," or " chum." If it is to be sold as
fish-guano it is spread on large platforms to dry, after which it is
ground. Fish-guano is sometimes treated with acid, but whether
this is done or not it is a valuable fertilizer.

As a general rule three barrels of fish before cooking make one
barrel of the chum. The fertilizer manufacturer dries and grinds
it, using it crude, or treating it with acid, to make the nitrogen and
phosphoric acid directly available for plant food. Sometimes,
when the catch is a large one (over two hundred thousand fishes
are at times taken in a single haul of the net — enough to load two
or three vessels of fifty tons each) , and the quantity of fish is
greater than the oil factories can take care of in hot weather, the

NITROGEN IN AGRICULTURE. 173

surplus is sold to the neighboring farmers at tiie best price that can
be got.

Besides the mauhaden there are numerous other fish-wastes,
all rich in nitrogen and phosphate. On two occasions I have
purchased cargoes of spoiled herring ; in one instance nine
hundred barrels, at the rate of fift}' or sixty cents a barrel, which,
as a barrel weighs about two hundred pounds, would be about
five dollars |)er ton. In some instances the fish are preserved in
salt, which adds one-quarter or more to the weight ; in others they
are fresh, with the oil in them, which does not add to their value
as manure, for oil is nearly pure carbon, which is of no value for
the purpose ; on tlie contrar}-, it somewhat hinders their decompo-
sition.

Occasional!}', during the fall fishing, on the fishing-banks near
the coast, a supply of pollock will accumulate, more than the
market will take ; when they can be purchased at a price that will
mate cheap manure. A few 3ears ago, to help sustain the market,
1 left a standing order with our fishermen that I would pa}' twenty-
five cents a hundred pounds for pollock ; the result was twenty
thousand pounds of fine large fish, weighing from eight to fifteen
pounds each, just out of the water, hauled to my manure heap.

Not long ago vast quantities of waste were made in the heads,
sound-bones, and entrails, which accumulate at fishing ports.
These were for j'ears dropped into the ocean as refuse. ISo im-
mense was the waste, that at the Isles of Shoals, off the New
Hampshii'e coast, the harbor actually became so nearly closed to
navigation that the inhabitants, on two occasions, had to dredge
it out. I am told that beneath some of the long wharves of
Gloucester, Mass., the great fishing town of the United States,
there has accumulated an almost immeasurable quantity of this
bone refuse. When, a few years ago, the heads, sound-bones,
and entrails became a market article, I used to bu}' it at $o or
$6 a cord on board the cars ; a cord weighs from three and a
half to four tons. It was an exceedingl}' cheap manure, but a very
disagreeable one to handle, the smell being anything but ottar
of roses ; while it took a vast quantity of soil to compost it. After
remaining some months, oftentimes the heads would not be fully
decayed, making the mass extremely disagreeable to handle, while
there could only he a rough guess made as to how much of it would
become plant food the same season it was applied. Of late years
the fish are for the most part cleaned before the vessels reach port,

174 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and the waste is thrown overboard. At places along the coast,
where bay-fishing is conducted on a large scale, there can be some-
times found a liver or blubber chum, it being the refuse after
oil is extracted from fish-liver. If a j^ear old it loses moisture,
and consequently' weight ; and is therefore richer. This liver
chum is a pasty, sticky substance, generally sold at a figure con-
siderably below its value by analysis. I have bought it as low as
$4.50 per ton the present season (1885) ; and it is rarely higher
than S12, although by analysis it is worth $18.83 per ton. I would
advise cutting liver refuse with sharp sand, to make it fairly fine.

Halibut chum is the refuse from the heads of halibut, which
are cooked under high pressure, to extract the oil that exists in
the bones. The result is to leave the bones in such a state that
they can easily be crumbled. Naturally this is especially rich in
phosphoric acid. It anal^'zes worth $19.99 per ton, and is sold at
from $6 to $10.

This chum is usually engaged beforehand b}' dealers in fe#il-
izers ; but a wide-awake man, by looking around, can generally
pick up a supply.

The waste of herring and mackerel at the fishing towns is some-
times made up into chum, being first boiled, to secure what-
ever oil they contain. These usually contain more or less of salt,
having sometimes as high as twenty per cent, which makes them
about as salt as kainite ; and, like the potash-bearing mineral,
they therefore need to be used with some care, lest the proportion
of salt present should injure the roots of growing plants.

There is another waste of the fisheries which has come into the
market of late years; I refer to the skins, bones, and fins of
salted fish. These come from the fish that are stripped and sold,
boxed, free of bones. It is a heavy article, and the strips come
a little tangled. Fertilizer manufacturers usuallj' monopolize this,
though it can sometimes be picked up at Gloucester at from $3.75
to $15 per ton.

Dog-fish are a small species of shark, weighing from three to five
pounds each, which, in the summer season, swarm along the New
England coast on the inner fishing-banks, driving away most other
fish. They are very easily caught, and, their muscles being very firm,
are rich as manure. The great trouble in manipulating these has
been due to the flesh being of such a stick}', oily nature that acid
will not readily act upon it. Still, they are used very largely as a
source for ammonia by one large fertilizer manufacturer in the

NITROGEN IN AGRICULTURE. 175

vicinity of Boston, who composts them with horse manure, and,
I infer, lets his compost heaps remain two years before using,
when the objection disappears. Being so abundant along the
coast, and so cheap, costing, at wholesale, but a dollar a
hundred fish, they are well worthy the attention of farmers who
live along the shore ; for, though it might be necessary to keep
them over a year, the investment would pay an interest of some
hundred per cent. The fishermen in many localities would catch
them if there were a market for them. The oil from the livers
averages about a cent each fish ; and with one cent from the livers
and another from the fish itself, quite a fair business can be done
during the hot months.

Waste salt that has been once used on fish contains in it some
fish-waste, such as blood, and particles of the flesh and scales of
the fish ; for tliis reason it has some value as manure, in addition
to its action on crops as salt. The fish scales analyze in the vicin-
ity of 16 per cent in ammonia, and 40 per cent in phosphate of
lime ; they decompose more slowly than the flesh of the fish.

Fish manure, having the same origin as Peruvian guano, has the
same constituents ; but not in the same proportions, for ages of
deca}' have reduced the guano greatly in bulk, and in the same
proportion have concentrated it. All forms of chum have a
large proportion of water in tlieir composition. The fish heads
and backbones have as high as GG per cent. The chum pressed
bj' a hand press has about 50 per cent, and that from a hydraulic
press about 40 per cent. The average of the whole fish, as taken
from the water, is about 80 per cent. The fish-guano, made from
dried fish-waste, contains, on an average, 7.8 per cent of nitrogen.
In making fish-guano the waste is dried in the sun, or by waste
steam, and when sufficiently dry is ground, and sold at about $33
per ton.

The shells of lobsters, of which vast quantities accumulate at
canning factories, are ground up and sold as plant food. They
are a complete manure, and especially rich in nitrogen ; analyzing,
nitrogen, 6.2, potash, 0.2, phosphoric acid, 2.3 percent.

How TO Handle Fish-Waste, and the Best Way to Feed
IT TO THE Crops. — All fish-waste used in a very ciude state is
very stimulating, as might be inferred from its composition, and,
being i)urchased at a low figure, is often used by farmers with a
very liberal hand. As a consequence their crops are sometimes
" burned up," as the phrase is. They are apt to infer that, if they

176 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

cannot see the fish in an}' part of the soil of tlie compost heap as
they pitch it over, such soil can have no richness.

Now, one of the wonderful properties of di\y soil is the avidity
with which it takes ammonia to itself; and it ma}' always be safely
inferred that, in a well-mixed compost heap of fish-waste, the
ammonia has diffused itself through every portion, and, all being
assumed to be rich plant food, it should be used accordingly.
Owing to the great richness of manure made from fish in bulk it
is wiser, even after composting it, to use it broadcast, rather than
in the hill.

Fish chum or pomace, may be used eitlier broadcast and
harrowed in, or by first composting with poor manure, to enrich
the latter. If, after being broken up fine, it is put in tliin layers
with the manure, it will help the development of heat, which will
tend to fine it up, so that it will combine with the mass when it is
pitched over. A third way is to compost it with soil, waste turf,
muck, or sawdust. In whatever way composted it is always good
farming to take careful note of how many barrels go into the heap,
so that we may know how much of potash, ammonia, and phos-
phoric acid we are applying to any given crop, and govern our-
selves accordingly. There are two mistakes made in applying too
heavily to one in applying too sparingly.

It is surprising how penetrating is the ammonia in fish-compost.
For this reason, in making a heap, the bottom layer of soil should
be a foot or more in thickness. I have seen cases where, the fish
being used liberally, the soil was full of ammonia for several feet
below the surface. In making the compost heap, after spreading
the bottom layer, which should be thiclrer when whole fish, or the
coarser waste, is to be used, cover with waste sufficient to just hide
the soil ; then cover with sod or soil about six times the depth of
the fish, and thus proceed, scattering raw ground plaster over each
layer of fish before covering with soil, at the rate of fifty pounds
of plaster to five hundred weight of fish. The chemical changes
which take place through the agency of the plaster produce sul-
phate of ammonia and carbonate of lime. After the pile has been
built to four or five feet in height, suiround the entire heap (it
should be on level ground) with a little embankment of fine soil.
This will catch the liquid that often runs from it when the fish
begins to decompose, as well as catch what may be soaked from it
by heavy rains ; while it will also be handy for filling up the holes

NITROGEN IN AGRICULTURE. 177

that are apt to show themselves in the top as decomposition pro-
gresses, letting out bad odors unless promptl}' closed.

As the presence of oil or salt tends to check decomposition, fish-
waste containing much of these liad better be composted with
stable manure rather than soil, as the heat from the manure will
promote decomposition. If decomposition is slow to start, un-
leached ashes, or lime and plaster, may be mixed with the mass ;
but be sure to cover such heaps with soil. When manure is not
used, the compost heaps sliould be made, if possiMe, before warm
weather closes ; and, after it lias lain a couple of weeks, should no
heat be found by driving a bar dowu, and testing it, then pitch
it over to let the air in, and cover tlie outside lightly with soil.
Stable manure which has heated and become " fire-fanged," thereby
losing its nitrogen, can sometimes be bought at half price, and th-e
nitrogen can be restored by composting it with fish.

Where chum is used, after having been made fine it can be ap-
plied directly to the surface of tillage land in the fall, and harrowed
in or ploughed lightly under, to be thrown up near the surface by
a deeper ploughing in the spring. If left on the surface I find it
is spreading a table all winter long for the crows of the country.

By applying the chum in the fall it will have the advantage of
rain and frost aiding to subdivide and dissolve it. Fish-skins, for
use on tillage land, had better first be composted. If to be used
on sward land for grass, spread thin in the fall or ver^- early spring.

How MUCH Fish- Waste should be used to the Acre? — To
determine this we must consider two points : First, what proportion
of it will make digestible plant food the fii'st season ; and, secondly,
what and how much of the phosi)horic acid and ammonia found- in
them do the crops we propose to raise requii-e? I think we can
assume, as a general truth, that nearly all the ammonia becomes
plant food the same season it is applieil, while not much over one-
half the phosphoric acid can be safely counted on. If we use
fish-waste on the same land the second year we may assume that
all the phosphoric acid is available, for by that time the half left
over from last season will have decomposed.

Waste fish, particularly manhaden, are often used along the sea-
coast as a top-dressing for grass. This is a great forcing process,
and for a time enormous crops of ha}- can be grown ; but eventu-
all}', and especially on light soil, the crops grow less and less,
when generally a larger quantity of fish is applied, resulting in
still more harm, until the soil utterly refuses to respond, bakes

178 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

hard, and becomes apparently barren. The trouble is, it has had
an enormous application of ammonia and phosphoric acid, but
nearly none of potash ; and the result is what always will ultimately
happen on any soil where one of the three requisite elements of
fertilizers is left out. Such soils are dying for tlie want of potash.
To lecuperate them, apply potash or manures rich in potasb, and
their fertility can be restored. Soils abounding in clay will bear
fish-manuring without showing injury longer than those of a
gravelly- character.

Other Sources supplying Nitrogen. Guano. — At the head
of "fertilizers," as distinguished from barn manure, stands guano.
This ma}' be defined as rotten sea-bird dung, with rem;iins of birds
intermixed. It is found on thousands of islands; but in large
quantities on only a few. Being excrement of birds that feed on
fish, it would, therefore, be found to contain the same manure
elements as fish remains, but that rains dissolve and wash away
the ammonia, leaving beiiind onl}' phosphate. A few islands,
however, lying near the Peruvian coast, are rainless ; as what
would otherwise be the rain-bearing wind of that region loses all
its moisture in passing the high dry crest of the loft}- Andes.
These islands yield a guano that is rich in ammonia.

There are several kinds of guano in. the market, known as
Rectified, Guaranteed, Standard, Lobos, Navassa, Caribbean, etc.,
of which the first three named are varieties of the Peruvian (some-
times also called Chincha, or Guanape, according to the locality
where iound), all ricli in ammonia: Standard containing from
nine to ten per cent. ; Lobos from five to five and one-half, and
Guaranteed from six to seven. Each -is rich in phosphoric acid,
nearly all soluble ; and has from two to three per cent of potash.
The Navassa and Caribbean Sea guanos are rich in insoluble phos-
phoric acid, but are entirely wanting in nitrogen and potash. The
Standard is quoted to me, at the time of writing (Februar}', 1885),
at $63 per ton of 2,240 pounds, and the Lobos at $48. . The
analysis published by dealers gives to the former from nine to ten
per cent of ammonia, twelve per cent of phosphoric acid, and
three per cent of potash. The dealers assert there is no manipu-
lation of guano except by adding sulphate of ammonia.

It is claimed that the nitrogea in the guano has a value over
that contained in manure into which enters fish blood or meat as
a supply of ammonia (hence called " organic nitrogen ") ; inas-
much as in the guano it is in a form ready to be taken up by plants.

NITROGEN IN AGRICULTURE. 179

while the fish blood and meat must first pass through the stage of
putrefaction, during which part of the nitrogen is set free in a
pure state, and being, in that condition, inert as plant food, is
partly lost. This loss has been estimated to be from one-sixth to
one-third the total amount of nitrogen contained in the substance.
Be the reason what it may, no one fertilizer has given such uni-
versal satisfaction as guano. It is, indeed, the standard by which
we almost instinctively measure the value of all other fertilizers.

Farmers, in buying, should remember the difference in quality
between Lobos and the -Standard, and should see tliat the price
corresponds. I was told of an instance in central Massachusetts,
where last season a person mixed a little guano with salt-cake, as
the residue of the manufacture of sulphuric acid is called, and sold
five hundred tons of the stuff as a fertilizer. He was prosecuted,
but, being a law^'er, found some loophole in the law through which
he crawled.

It is proper to state, right here, tliat the fertilizers now in the
market into whose name the word " guano" enters, however good
they ma}' be, have not, as far as I can learn, a particle of Peruvian
guano in their composition. I must also add that dealers in fertil-
izers assert that the amount of real Peruvian guano imported is but
trivial, compared with the quantity sold as such ; and that some of
that imported into this country from England has been found grossly
adulterated. All that we farmers can do is to buy it under a war-
rant that it contains given quantities of nitrogen, phosphoric acid,
and potash. Dealers say that, in bringing the nitrogen up to that
required for standard, sulphate of ammonia is used. Assuming
this to be true, and that it was not obtained from any organic
source, it would be of the same value as if obtained from the guano
itself. From tests I made on grass land I found that Peruvian
guano started the grass earlier than did an equal amount of sul-
phate of ammonia applied at the same time, side b^' side, on an
equal area. Tliis satisfied me that its nitrogen was not derived
wholly, if at all, from waste fish or meat.

Ten years ago the New York Agricultural Society took up the
matter of the adulteration of Peruvian guano, purchased eleven
bags of as many dealers, and had them analyzed. The result gave
values differing from $38.33 to $107.68, though each was sold at
the same price per ton. In the report of the Connecticut Agricult-
ural Station for 1881 it is stated that while Peruvian guano used
formerly to contain not more than one or two per cent each o

180 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY .

soda, sulphuric acid, and chlorine, the sample analyzed that 3'ear
contained about thirteen per cent of sulphate of soda (salt-cake),
and eleven per cent of common salt.

The Chincha Islands, which, in past 5-eavs, have been the great
source of Peruvian guano, lie near the coast of Peru, — barren
granite rocks, with great depth of water close to the shore, so that
in places the largest vessels can lie alongside and be loaded from
the land by a shc^t entering the hold. The guano, a thoroughly
rotten mass of bird-dung, in which are mixed feathers, carcasses,
and eggs, was from four to a hundred feet in depth. Old salts
have told me that they brought up the same material from deep
bottom, on the flukes of their anchors. Had they said a substance
looking the same, I could better believe them. From twelve to
fifteen million tons have been taken from the Chincha Islands
alone. Bat guano is sometimes extensively found in large caves
in various parts of the world ; but it varies greatly in quality.

In applying guano, the Standard, which is especially rich in am-
monia, should be applied to those crops wliich are especially am-
monia-loving ; while the Lobos should be used on those which need
phosphoric acid more than they do ammonia. The potash required
beyond what the guano contains may be added in the form of
muriate or sulphate of potash. The quantity of guano to be used
will vary with the condition of the soil in natural strength and its
richness by manuring in past j'ears, the range being from two hun-
dred and fifty to eight hundred pounds per acre. The manner of
applying will depend somewhat on the crops to be raised ; but a
good general rule is to appl}' a part before the crop is planted, and
make one or two applications at different stages of its growth. If
scattered broadcast it should be harrowed in at once, to prevent
the escape of ammonia. Tliat used in drills I find it easy to mix
thoroughly' with the soil b}' drngging through the furrow the top
of a stocky red cedar, to which a stone weighing eight or ten
pounds has been firmly tied ; or a brush broom similarly weighted
answers very well. When used in the hill, farmers who employ
help will need to look sharply after them ; for I find ver}' few farm
hands will take the care necessary to incorporate it in the soil so
thoroughly as to avoid destroying the young plants. In all hand-
ling of this powerful manure we must bear in mind the danger of
its contact with \'Oung roots of the sprouting seed. I recall that
a dozen years ago a foreman, who assured me that he knew all
about the handling of guano, planted for me a couple of acres of

NITROGEX IN AGRICULTURE. 181

cabbages. A few days after the}- had broken ground I noticed
the very dark color of the leaves, and, mistrusting the cause, ran
m}' fingers under the plants, and brought up the pure guano. All
that piece was replanted.

To insure, as far as possible, a thorough admixture with the soil
in hill-planting I have a rule for each man, — after the guano has
been scattered over a area as large as a dinner-plate, and cov-
ered shallow, — to .aw his six-tined fork three times through it one
way, three timer .arough it the transverse wa}-, and then, holding his
fork perpendicularly in the middle, give it a twist around. Some
advocate mixing it with two or three times its bulk of earth before
applying. While this insures a thorough mixture, it adds consid-
erably to the labor of distribution ; and, since the plan of dragging
the cedar-boughs in the drill has worked well, I have adopted that
as a saving of time. However, when there is an3-thing of a breeze
blowing, it is wise to adopt some such method ; otherwise 3'our
neighbors' fields will be apt to share the manure with 3'ours.

Let me here say, I have found it an excellent plan, when dis-
tributing fertilizers, to take the earlier part of the day ; for I find
that, as a rule, the calmest portion. It is a good way in handling
almost an}' fertilizer except guano, — a little damp soil is best
for this, — to have plenty' of water at hand, and pour a half-bucket
now and then into the barrel you are spreading from, stirring it
then with a hoe until, while dr}' enough to spread freely, it is too
damp to blow awaj*. If applying to the surface, always do it, if
possible, just before a rain.

I sometimes use giiano on onions, to hurrj^ up the bottoming of
the crops, — about two hundred pounds to the acre. Having
scattered it with the hand, immediatel}' follow with a slide-hoe, to
work as much of it as possible into the soil, and to save loss of
ammonia. This is an excellent fertilizer to use, in connection
with barnyard manure, in the earl}' season, to give the crops a
start.

Market gardeners in the vicinity of our large cities have ver}- little
respect for phosphate and special fertilizers, but, using from ten
to twelve cords of stable manure to the acre, think highly of guano
at the rate of a thousand pounds, or bone at the rate of two thou-
sand pounds, per acre as an adjunct ; or, when stable manure alone
is to be depended upon, they allow from twenty to thirty cords.
Assuming the stable manure costs $7 a cord, the expense in the
latter case is greater by from $70 to $120 than when guano is used in

182 MASSACHTSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCLETT.

conjunction with a less supply from the stable. Now it is the nitrates
that start the plants of the market gardener, and these the guano
contributes ; while the development of nitrates in stable manure
requires a degree of heat which the soil does not receive until the
season is somewhat advanced. TTithout knowing it, gardeners
are using this vast amount of barn manure to get a small stock of
plant food which they might easily procure in the fertilizer market,
readv made and directly available, in the form of guano, or nitrate
of soda. It would be wiser to dispense with three-quarters of the
heavy manuring, and use one-half the saving in purchasing nitrate
of so<^la : the balance might go into their pockets as clear saving.

Hex Masube has by some been compared in value to guano ; but
I regard this as an over-estimate, though it contains three times as
much nitrogen as barn manure. It is a grand principle that no more
nitrogen, phosphoric acid, or potash, can be obtained from the
manure of any animal than is fed to it in its food. An ordinary
hen will eat about two bushels of corn a year, and the larger
breeds about one-half more. From this they must take the ma-
terial for about one hundred and twenty-five eggs annually, a
chansre of feathers, keep up the animal heat, and make up the
orrowth of the body, besides performing the various functions on
which life depends. Xow, subtracting what is required for these
purposes, the waste element in our two bushels of corn shrinks to
very small proportions. We must also take into account the fact
that the droppings which we save are confined almost wholly to
those made during half of the twenty-four hours. By analysis two
bushels of corn contains, in nitrogen, potash, and phosphates,
forty-six cents in value. From this stand-point it will be seen
that the droppings of a hen for a year cannot contain nearly the
value sometimes claimed for them. I estimate its value at from
fifteen to twent}' cents. For many years I collected hen manure
at a cost of a dollar per barrel, but afterwards reduced its price
to seventy-five cents, and thought it, at the latter price, a cheap
manure until I tested it side by side with an equal value of guano.
Moreover it is a sticky mass, difficult to handle ; and it is worth
any one's while to experiment, if it were only to realize the advan-
tage in the handling of any commercial fertilizer over hen manure,
even in its finest state. It is generall}* composted with muck or
dryish soil, — three parts of muck to one of manure, — and the
com[X)st should be made as fine as possible. A rake is the best
tool to do this with, if it is sticky. It should be turned over in

XITROGEX IX AGRICtXTUEE. 183

three or four days, and a six-tined fork is a good implement for
this purpose.

Sulphate of Ammoxia. Nitrate of Potash. Xitrate of
Soda. — The first of these is a by-product of works where coal
is used for tlie raanufacture of gas, and is one of the principal
soarces supplying nitrogen. It looks like rather coarse salt, and
is marketed in barrels, or larger casks, up to huge tierces weighing
from a thousand to fifteen hundred pounds. It is readily soluble
in water, but does not waste in the air. Nitrate of potash (salt-
petre) is usually too dear a source to be available for procuring
nitrogen. Nitrate of soda is found in the interior of Chili, on the
surface and in the soil. It is a remarkably stimulating fertilizer.
If there is much rain it will waste before plants can take it up.
Mr. Lawes advises to apply it only when not more than three feet
in depth of the soil will be moistened. From one hundred to two
hundred pounds per acre is excellent to give grass a start in the
spring ; it should not be applied until the leaf has made a growth
of three or four inches. In dry seasons it is better and cheaper
than sulphate of ammonia, as the latter needs a degree of moist-
ure to make plant food. Still, on the whole, the sulphate of
ammonia is considered the better investment; for, Jirst, it is not
likely to be lost in the atmosphere ; second, it is not too soluble ;
third, it has the power of clinging to the ingi'edients of the soil ;
clay will hold it persistently, and even pure sand, washed with
water, will retain a large portion of it ; and, fourth, its ammonia is
readily changed into nitric acid by the action of the soil. Nitrate
of ?oda, we are told, "is ver}* liable to be adulterated with white
sand or broken quartz, and with salt or the cheap potash salts.
. The purchaser should see that it dissolves entireh' in
water, and does not taste distinctly of salt."

I sometimes use sulphate of ammonia to hurry along crops of
onions that are rather backward, spreading two hundred pounds
per acre just before the\' begin to bottom, and working it into the
soil with a slide-hoe.

Castor-Pomace. — This is a waste product of the West, being
the cake left after the oil has been pressed from castor beans. In
using it care should be taken to keep it where animals cannot
reach it. The men who spread it ought to walk with the wind ;
for, though not poisonous, it is extremely unpleasant in contact with
the eyes or month. It is a favorite manure for tobacco. I have
used car-loads of it in former 3"ears, on general crops, with good
results.

184 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

AzoTiN, Ammonite, Tankage. — The first two of these are ani-
mal wastes which have been exposed to the vapor of naphtha to
extract the giease. (Of hate 3-ears glue- waste, of which in its
crude state for 3'ears I used from one to two hundred cords annu-
ally, is also so treated.) The residue is dr}' and brittle, and rich in
ammonia, and every way superior for fertilizing purposes to the
same substances before treatment. These are not usually found in
the retail market, but are purchased b}' manufacturers of fertil-
izers, at prices based on their percentage of nitrogen and phos-
phoric acid, as shown by analysis in each lot offered for sale. Job
lots, of from five to ten tons, can sometimes be purchased of
brokers, or from great slaughtering establishments like that of
Armour & Co., of Chicago. Tankage is a waste product from the
intestines and other parts ; it contains more or less of bone, easily
crumbled, and is not uniform in fineness.

Dried Blood is the blood of the slaughter-house with most of
the moisture removed, leaving it in good mechanical condition for
handling. It is very rich in nitrogen, and is largely used by the
manufacturers of fertilizers. Tliere are two grades, the light and
the dark colored ; the latter being kiln-dried. Sometimes, when
the heat has been too great, it is partially burned, to the destruc-
tion of a portion of the ammonia. The nitrogen in blood acts
ver}' readily as plant food.

Cotton-Seed Meal had better be first fed, as the manure from
it is almost as rich in fertilizing materials as was the meal before
feeding ; for, as I have stated elsewhere, full-grown animals take
but a small percentage of the potash, phosphoric acid, or nitrogen
that exists in their food ; while butter takes none. Occasionally
spoilt cotton-seed meal can be found in the market that is nearl}'
as good for manure as the best of meal, and, being generally valued
at about three-fifths as much, is a very cheap source of nitrogen
and phosphoric acid. When spoilt in salt-water transportation it
is generally in very hard lumps, which have to be ground in a
mill.

One high recommendation of castor-pomace and cotton-seed
meal is, that their manure elements are in condition for immediate
use as plant food.

Hoop and Horn Shavings and Leather. — All of these are
very rich in nitrogen ; but it is not readil}' available in these sub-
stances, and therefore their value in the market is less than it
would otherwise be. Hoof and horn shavings analj'ze as high as

NITROGEN IN AGRICULTURE. 185

11.81 per cent nitrogen ; if steamed and then ground, the nitrogen
the}' contain becomes, in a degree, available. Wiien used to adul-
terate superphosphate, as they very rarely are, being ground up,
the particles can be readilv detected by the microscope. Horn-
waste is mostly' in thin, bulky shavings, which are marketed in
huge bags. Several years ago I purchased a ton to test its avail-
abilit}- and value, not having anj' idea of the peculiar mechanical
condition of the article. Standing at m}' door one morning I saw
a team coming down the street, with a bulk of bags piled as high
as a large load of hay. While I was wondering what new product
had come to town, the driver stopped abreast of my house, and
told me he had a ton of horn-waste bearing my address. I got rid
of this elephant the shortest and easiest wav, b}' tumbling it into
the manure cellar, and throwing the daily manure upon it until it
disappeared from view. My men found combs, more or less per-
fect, among the mass, enough to supply their families for a year or
more. This stuff is verj^ rich in ammonia ; but, though by la3'er-
ing it witli horse manure, it might be softened and dissolved by
fermentation, it is nevertheless so bulky that, even at a low figure,
few farmers would care to invest in it. Leather scraps are an ex-
cellent material for mulching, and in time will decay and fertilize
the ground ; but if worked into tillage land they are a nuisance.
They are also excellent for covering blind drains. I have seen
drains put down thirty 3'ears ago, and then covered with this mate-
rial, which are still in good working order.

In closing this subject I cannot do better than to quote the able
remarks of Professor Goessmann : " The air contains at all times
carbonic acid, and in most instances also nitric and nitrous acid
and ammonia. The soil absorbs continually more or less of the
former, and receives the nitrogen compounds in rain and snow.
Once absorbed by the soil the}' find access to the plant by the
roots, as carbonates and nitrates, where the}' assist in the forma-
tion of the organic portion of the plant. Besides this direct sup-
port of plant growth they serve, also, the very important purpose
of increasing the supply of inorganic plant food; for they aid in
the disintegration of the soil."

Discussion.

Mr. Gregory said, in reply to an inquiry, that he used niti'ogen,
in the various forms of which he had spoken, on vegetables ; he

186 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

had never used it in fruit-growing. He mixes his fertilizers to suit
different crops, using more potash for potatoes, and less nitrogen,
than for cabbages or onions.

Major Henr}' Emery spoke of the effect of an excess of ammonia
on the seeding of plants. It will give a hu-ge crop of fodder from
corn, but the ears do not kernel out, and the same is the case with
other plants. Corn wants phosplioric acid and potash,

Mr. Gregory said that he used fifty tons of fertilizers last year,
which was but a small part of the whole quantity of manure used
b\' him. He applied to corn, first active ammonia and afterwards
something to perfect the seed. Corn does not need a great deal
of nitrogen, — two per cent is enough, — but it wants a good deal of
phosphoric acid. He thought a mixture of ammonia from different
sources — the greater the number the better — was preferable to
that from onl}' one source. He did not wish to give the idea that
plants want a great deal of ammonia.

Leander Wetherell thought nitrogenous manures, at the price
they command in the market, too expensive to be purchased
by farmers. He had tried superphosphate on good coin land,
and found it better without than with ammonia. The corn was
measured in baskets, and one basket was weighed, and the prod-
uce was sevent}' bushels of shelled corn to the acre, and a friend
of his from Ohio said he never saw better corn there. The free
application of ammonia tends to produce too much foliage and too
little grain. A gentleman in Worcester got, in this way, an im-
mense growth of wheat straw, but not enough grain to pay for
threshing. Professor Atwater found that in man}' parts of Con-
necticut the soil did not need nitrogen.' The only real question in
regard to fertilizers is, whether farmers can afford to use them.
They work well in connection with stable manure ; superphosphate
will make corn ten or fifteen days earlier than if it is not used, —
a very important consideration in frost}' seasons. The best course
for farmers is to buy the constituents of fertilizers and mix for them-
selves.

Major Emery had used night-soil on corn, and got an immense
quantity of fodder, but little grain. He had also used it on
timothy grass, five hundred cubic feet of which, by measurement,
is called a ton, but, treated with a large quantity of night-soil, it
will give a thick bottom of short fodder, with little or no head, and
will require six hundred and fifty cubic feet to the ton ; being de-
ficient in the elements of mineral weight, which is given to the stalks

40.22

pounds

39.31

11.30

18.57

17.13

74.78

83.92

NITROGEN IN AGRICULTURE. 187

by the proper proportional qiiantit}' of potash and phosphoric acid
to correspond with the nitrogen.

Fifty bushels of corn (the estimated crop of au acre), of fifty-
eight pounds to the bushel, weighs 2,900 pounds. This weight of
corn will require 3,000 pounds of stalk and cob when dry, and will
contain : —

Ammonia ....
Phosphoric acid
Sulphuric " .
Lime ....

Magnesia ....
Potash . . ...

Silica ....

If the quantity of potash and phosphoric acid is lessened, and
the ammonia increased, it tends to increase the fodder and lessen
the seed ; but, if the ammonia is left out, a good, flinty corn will
be the result. The stand would not look so well through June
and a part of July, but at the harvesting the crop would be good,
notwithstanding there was no ammonia.

The fiost which often occurs about the tenth of September does
much damage to late corn unless it is cut up before the frost
and laid down or shocked, when it will harden and make fair
grinding corn. If allowed to stand in the hill and the leaves are
frozen, though not sufficiently to freeze the corn, the result will
be soft corn. All chemical changes in the stalk cease after the
leaves are frozen.

Col. Henry W. Wilson said that, functionally, nitrogen is the
sack of the human S3-stem ; the husk, and never the filling. Nature
has provided pretty generally almost all the nitrogen wanted by
plants, if other elements are furnished and the land is well-tilled.
He believes that Nature replenishes her stores of nitrogen from
the air. Farmers will do well to cease from the wild hunt for
pure nitrogen. One great advantage of plaster is that it furnishes
the base for compounds with nitrogen. Cyanogen is the element
most in demand for peach trees.

President Moore said that the subject of nitrogen had puzzled
him a good deal, but he had made up his mind in regard to it, and
now he does not pay a dollar specially for it, though he might get
some incidentally in bone, etc. He finds that with good cultivation

188 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and plenty of phosphates and potash he gets as good crops as when
he bought large quantities of sulphate of ammonia. Thorough
tillage will develop the inert nitrogen of the soil in warm weather.

Mr. Gregory said that he did not bring nitrogen forward as a
panacea. He spoke of the value of crude kainite, containing
about thirty per cent of common salt and thirty per cent of chloride
of potash. Agricultural chemists in Germany had found more
ammonia in heaps oi' manure, when kainite was used, at the end of
the year than there was before. Like salt or plaster it has the
propert}- of bringing out the latent power in the land, and produc-
ing crops that would not be got from it by high manuring. It has
been found especially beneficial on low land, at the rate of about
five hundred pounds to the acre. But the speaker warned those
who might use it that it drives the soil.

A paper by Joseph H. Woodford, on " Heating Greenhouses,"
was announced for the next Saturday.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, March 21, 1885.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, John B. Moore, in the chair.

No business being brought before the meeting it adjourned to
Saturday, March 28.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.
Heating Greenhouses.

By Joseph H. Woodford, Newton.

Mr. President and Members of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society : —
I have been asked by your Committee to sa}' a few words about
Heating Greenhouses, and they were particular in their request
that what I should say should have a tendency to stimulate the
discussion of this most important subject, so as to develop a gen-
eral plan best adapted for the purpose ; and, with this end in view,
I bes to submit the foUowins remarks .

HEATING GREENHOUSES. 189

I will say, in the first place, that simplicity and economj' in the
construction of heating apparatus have not yet been evolved from
the minds of inventors to an extent sufficient to enable them to pro-
duce a simple, cheap, and at the same time efficient boiler for
heating greenhouses, b}^ either hot water or steam.

Any one would suppose that, with the great demand as a stimu-
lator, and the wonderful facilities within the reach of inventors,
some one of them would have turned his attention to this want of
the horticulturist, and would have produced, long ere this, a heat-
ing apparatus, which, in its different sizes, would meet the wants of
all ; and of such moderate cost as not to nearly bankrupt the hor-
ticulturist before he completed his greenhouse.

In this connection I would say, that I think the horticulturist
also is somewhat to blame for this state of affairs ; for, when he
contemplates building a greenhouse, what, as a general thing, does
he do but look around and ask his neighbor what heater he is
using, and then, without thought, adopt the same ; or, perhaps,
some other which some one else recommends as being superior? I
know of onl}' two horticulturists, in all mj' acquaintance with the
craft, who are trying to improve their heating apparatus b}' their
own handiwork ; and what they are seeking for is simplicity of
construction, econom}' of fuel, and at the same time efiiciency.

In the one case a bank of horizontal pipes, surmounted by a coil
of pipe, and all surrounded by brickwork, does good service, but
with great waste of heat, which passes away up chimney, and
ought not to be allowed to escape without doing Service.

This waste heat might be used in heating water for watering
plants, by placing in the chimney, in such a manner as not to in-
terfere with the draught, a stack of pipe, through which the water
should pass before using. This would be economy in tlie use of
fuel, for we all know that a great quantit}^ of heat passes off up
the chimne}' which does no work and is wasted. Some authorities,
who liave looked into this important subject, say that half of all
the heat, generated in or under the best of our horticultural heating
apparatus, passes off without doing an}- good except to help heat
up all out-doors. If we could build a tire which would last all
night, and at the same time be of just sufficient intensity to prop-
erh- heat the water in our boiler, there would still remain the same
appreciable waste of heat. But even this cannot be done ; and the
question comes up, for that reason yet more exigently, what can be
done with the heat that has been generated, but not utilized, under

190 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the boiler, and is on its wa}' up the chimne}'? If we cannot use
this waste heat in anj- other way I think my suggestion of a coil
of pipe in the chimney a good one where forced water is used, for
all the water passing through it would become warmed to such a
degree as to make it much more acceptable to growing plants than
cold water, direct from the service-pipe or cistern.

The other gentleman to whom I alluded has constructed with
his own hands a bank of pipe with the ends built into the sur-
rounding brickwork and a fire-box underneath. The construction
is fault}-, and not to be recommended. On the top of the brick-
work he has enclosed another space, through which he carries the
water pipe to irrigate his growing crops. No doubt this last pro-
cess will be beneficial, yet b}' it he does not utilize the waste heat,
but is drawing constantly from the heated furnace. Therefore I
am of the opinion that he would get still better results by carr}'-
ing the irrigating water through a coil of pipes in the chimne}-.
We all know that the temperature of a greenhouse can readil}'^ be
reduced, and the groM'th of plants sadly checked, by the promis-
cuous introduction of cold water ; and, therefore, we see the neces-
sit}' of providing an economical means of supplying only warm
water to growing plants.

Taking the foregoing remarks as a basis for my superstructure,
I would further say, that a greenhouse heater should be constructed
on scientific principles, such as shall secure adaptability for the
purpose for which it is intended, together with simplicity of con-
struction, and ease of getting at it for cleaning and repairs.

Under tlie first proposition we will sa}' that the method of
heating greenhouses by pipes conveying either hot water or steam
is now conceded to be the best in use, and this presents the vital
question : How can we heat water most economically and most
expeditiousl}'? Shall we continue, blindl}-, to use those boilers
which are constructed in such a manner as to present to the fire a
great mass of water in one solid bod}' to be heated, or shall our
boiler be constructed of pipes whereby the same body of water
shall be exposed to the warming influence in small streams, and
with augmented heating surface in the same space?

It strikes me that the same fire will heat the same quantity of
water if divided in small tubes much more quickly, and to a
more intense heat, than if in one body. Now it is an established
fact that the hotter water can be made in the boiler, the faster it
will circulate through the pipes, and in this way, and this only,

HEATING GREENHOUSES. 191

can a large space be heated either by hot water or steam. This
point is worthy of close study and careful consideration, for the
end to be attained by the horticulturist is the successful growing of
plants, and to do this properly, in our cold winter climate, heat in
requisite amount must be supplied all over the greenhouse, to pro-
duce the teuiperature required for the crop ; and the onl}- way to
have at command proper temperature is to be able to heat the
water in the boiler quickly.

Now, -it seems to me that, for a successful heating apparatus, the
water must be presented to the fire in such small, continuous
divisions that it will become hot in the shortest space of time pos-
sible ; therefore I would have m^^ boiler constructed of tubes,
and placed over the fire in such a manner that the greatest possible
surface of pipe will be exposed to the heat before the heat shall
pass off up the chimnej' and be lost. The construction can be
ver}' simple, and not expensive. For example : A bank of 1 ^-inch
pipe, occupying a space 5 feet long, 2 feet high, and 2 feet wide,
bridged in the middle b}' tiles, so that the heat from the fire built
under one end shall pass through the bank twice before reaching
the chimne}'. Let the bank of pipe be enclosed in brickwork, the
top of this brickwork resting on gas-pipe bearings. The whole
structure shouhl project into the greenhouse, thereb}' saving all
the heat radiated from the furnace. The feed door should be out-
side, to prevent coal gas from entering the greenhouse while
stoking. This plan will make a fire-box 2 feet wide by 2 feet
long, which would be sufficient for heating two greenhouses 100
feet long by 20 feet wide. The water is to pass in at the bottom
of the bank of pipe, and out at the top, thus being in oyie continu-
ous small stream of 100 feet long through the bank of jDipes.

The flow of water in one stream through such a length of pipe
(one hundred feet), and over a live fire, ought to heat the water
very hot in a short space of time, there!)}' making it flow through
the radiating pipes with such velocity as to cause its rapid return
to the boiler after giving off its heat as required. This is the
great secret of successful heating, and I ask for it your most care-
ful consideration, for, with a higher initial temperature and rapid
circulation, we shall not require such large radiating pipes as four
inches to heat our greenhouses, nor so manj- of them ; for what we
require to properly do the work will be kept very hot, even in the
return section, by the constant and rapid passing of the current
through the fire in one continuous small stream.

192 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

I would construct the flow-pipe in such a manner, as it passes
from the boiler, as to immediately empt}' itself into a stand or
expansion pipe near the boiler, and on the top of this stand-pipe I
would have a valve which would open under a definite pressure,
liable to be generated in case of the great heat in the water induc-
ing steam and otherwise entailing an explosion.

Some persons — and I am one of them — assume to say that the
accumulation of steam in this stand-pipe will act as a force, pro-
vided the valve is weighted, propelling the hot water through the
radiating pipes, thereby very much increasing its natural velocity,
and returning it again to the boiler before it loses its heat. I can-
not say, from actual experience, whether this stand-pipe will act
as a force or not, but am confident it will so act, and that this
theory will stand the tests of science and experience against any
other theory.

I have never yet seen the expansion-pipe thus placed near the
boiler ; \et, when we reflect on the action of hot water and steam,
it seems to me that this is the proper place for it, and I hope that
the plan I now propose will so commend itself to some enterpris-
ing horticulturist that it will be tried at once, for I believe that
in this way, and this onh", can we accelerate the flow of hot water ;
and therein lies the whole secret of successful heating. I conceive
that this stand-pipe can be placed in such a position in the green-
house, and the flow can be taken from it at such a depression,
as to preclude the necessity of placing the boiler below the level
of the surface of soil in the greenhouse. This is another very
important point in construction, and is worth}' of great attention.
Ever}- l)oiler-pit I know of is a dark, damp hole, exceedingly
objectionable in every possible way, often filled with water, and
disagreeable to enter. But, with the method of construction I
suggest, the whole arrangement will be on the surface of the
ground, and the care of the fire can be looked at as a pleasure
rather than a dread.

The cliimne}- should receive the smoke on a level with the grate,
or lower down, so that all the gases from the coal will be
consumed over .the fire and among the pipes constituting the
boiler.

The radiating pipes in the greenhouse are to be in number suflji-
cient to properly heat the space required, and no viore. To have
more than enough pipes is detrimental, because the surplus causes
the water to move sluggishly, whereas our object is velocity, and

HEATING GREENHOUSES. 193

this can onl}' be attained with the least qnantit}^ of pipes to
accomplish the proper heating.

Another veiy important point in construction is, that the radiat-
ing pipes should be continuous and without a break till they
again reach the end of the greenhouse wliere tlie boiler is situated,
gradually falling to this point so that no air will remain at anj'
point in the pipes when filled Avith water.

A single pipe will cross the entrance end of the greenhouse on a
level with the door-sill, conducting the water directly to the boiler,
thus making a continuous circulation.

The radiating pipes should be four in number, two inches in
diameter, of wrought iron, with screw joints. Tlie\- should be
painted black with a preptiration of oil and lampblack, for when
they are so painted tliey radiate more heat than if left in their
natural state, and they are also preserved from rust by this appli-
cation of paint. They should also be hung up one above the other
around the inside of tlie greenhouse clear of the wood-work and
the ground, so that all the heat radiated from the pipes will go to
heat the air in the house, instead of being absorbed by contact
with exterior masses.

A greenhouse 100 feet long, 20 feet wide, and 10 feet high under
the ridge-pole, built half-span roof, with the longest roof facing
south, will require about 900 feet in length of 2-inch wrought iron
pipe. This would give a radiating surface of about 590 square
feet, amplj' sufficient to properly heat the house I describe. The
glass surface will be about 2,300 square feet, and the solid con-
tents of house about 15,000 cubic feet. The quantity of water
in the boiler and radiating pipes will be about 130 gallons.

I wish to say a word in regard to the construction of the
grate under my boiler. I would make it of 1^-inch gas-pipe,
leading from a 4-inch pipe-head, which head can be extended
to take in fresh air. This fresh air will pass through the grate
into a conductor placed along one side of the greenhouse under
the radiating pipes. This conductor can be constructed of old
4-inch pipes, perforated with graduated holes the whole length for
the equal distribution of warmed air into the greenhouse.

This is quite a novel idea, but one which will, I think, commend
itself to you as feasible, when you once reflect on the quantitj- of
heat wasted in the ash-pit, and which will be made to contribute
to heating the grate-bar pipes, through which a great quantity of
air must pass when these pipes are hot. At all times this grate

194 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETr.

■will indirectly introduce a supply- of fresh air to the house, and in
quantity sufficient to keep the air in the house alive and sweet,
without the necessit}^ of opening ventilators in dull and unsuitable
weather. I do not know of so good a manner to introduce fresh
air to a greenhouse as tliis, and at so little expense to the heating
apparatus b}- the absorption of heat.

There should be doors so constructed in one side of the brick-
work as to enablf^ one readily to inspect the pipes, and to keep
them free from ashes and dust that will lodge upon them. Ashes
and dust on boiler-pipes act as a repellent to the heat, thereby
causing great waste of fuel, for it takes a great deal hotter fire to
heat dirty pipes than clean ones.

Such a construction as I have tried to describe, it seems to me,
will do more heating with less expense of fuel than the very much
more expensive apparatus now used in nearly every greenhouse
in this section of country can possibly do, and as it is simple in
detail, easily comprehended, and not liable to get out of order, I
confidently commend it to you as the best heating apparatus for a
greenhouse.

I sincerely hope that ray few remarks will stir up a discussion of
the subject which will only end when we accomplish the purpose
for which we are assembled, and that is to devise a cheap and
economical way of heating greenhouses.

Since writing out the foregoing remarks I have had my attention
called to another gentleman, Mr. George Cartwright, who has been
quietly at work with this same end in view (the economical heating
of his greenhouse), and, singularh' enough, he has adopted some
of my most important suggestions, an^ they work most admirablj'^.
He has his stand-pipe close to the boiler ; but in one point it is not
constructed as I have proposed, inasmuch as the water from his
boiler enters the stand-pipe at the bottom, whereas in ni}' construc-
tion it enters about midway, and I think my method best, as it
seems to obviate a part of the water pressure from the stand-pipe
on the boiler.

Mr. Cartwright's boiler is cylindrical, and it is also the fire-box,
open at the top and bottom, and resting on fire-bricks just above a
shake-grate, and the coal is fed in at this top of the cylinder.
When he starts the fire a direct draught is opened into the chimney ;
but when the fire is well alight the direct draught is closed, and the
heat passes, over the top edge of the fire-box and water-jacket, down
the outside, all around, and enters the chimney below the boiler.

HEATING GREENHOUSES. 195

In this wa}' he gets nearly all the good of his fire in heating water
in the boiler or jacket. His copper boiler is 2^ feet high b}' 16 or
18 inches diameter, and he heats a house 180 feet long by 15 feet
wide with five 2-inch pipes.

This idea of heating water under pressure was first brought to
my attention by Mr. Denys Zirngiebel, who has it in successful
operation at his place in Needham. And now I learn that Mr. A.
P. Calder has adopted the same plan, and, if he is present, will tell
us of his success. Before I put any thought into this subject I
never supposed that water could be heated much hotter than the
steam point ; and it cannot if it is not confined ; but when you once
confine it and apply heat you can bring it to almost any high tem-
perature 3'ou desire, therefore 3-ou will readily see that large spaces
can be heated more quickly' when pressure is used. I know of a
great number of greenhouse men, who are warming their houses by
trying to heat from twelve hundred to fifteen hundred gallons of water
with a jacket boiler surrounding a fire, but with the boiler exposed
to the damp air of the stoking-pit. In some instances they begin
an intense fire at noon, and keep it up till ten o'clock at night,
melting the coal into clinkers, wasting great quantities of heat and
causing great anxiety. A gentle continuous fire under my boiler
will keep the water always hot, and can be kept in the proper con-
dition, when a cold night overtakes one, to immediately respond to
a good stoking, and carry the temperature to a point to allay all
anxiety, so that one can rest in peace.

Heating greenhouses is very similar to heating dwelling-houses.-
Some people think that ii the cold air box is wide open a great
amount of heat is sure to enter the rooms, whereas the opposite is
the result; and the inmates of those houses are cold, and often re-
mark that the furnace is not a good one. Now, if some one would
kindl3- close the air-box down to a space six inches square, all the
air coming through such a space would be warmed, and the furnace
pronounced a good one. Just the same experience happens with
radiating pipes in the greenhouse ; two-inch pipes can be kept very
hot with an ordinary fire, such as would only just warm four-inch
pipes ; therefore I would caution horticulturists not to put in more
pipes than they can properly heat ver}" hot, for when we get more
than can be so heated we are throwing away fuel, and jeopardizing
our plants.

196 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Discussion.

E. "W. Wood was called on b}' the President, and said that he was
onl}' a learner, and had never seen a heating apparatus of the kind
described in operation. If we can get a more rapid circulation, and
less fire will keep it up, that is an advantage ; but at present he
goes to bed with more confidence than if he had only two-inch pipes
in his greenhouse Nothing retains heat better than water. He
replenishes his fire at three P.M., and banks it at seven. A cold
windy night like the last night makes it very difficult to keep a
proper temperature in the greenhouse. He would rather have it
10° below zero and still, than 15° above and windy. He does not
think so much heat is lost up the chimney as he formerlj- did ; it
does not amount to much except while the draught is open to start
the fire. A neighbor who thought, from his chimney' being so hot,
that a great deal of heat was lost through it, ran it up the length
of a house on a side hill ; and although veiy hot while he was mak-
ing the fire, shortly afterwards it was nearlj^ as cold as if there had
been no fire in it.

James Cartwright had known a boiler tried with a brick partition,
as recommended by the essayist, which was afterwards taken out
and a plate of iron was inserted, so placed as to avoid a downward
draught, and it did better. He would prefer to have a dividing
partition horizontal rather than vertical, as his experience had
shown that it would work better ; and it is better not to have a flue
dip downwards. He thought a boiler built of pipes, as recommended
by the essayist, should have them connected at both ends b}- means
of a box or drum, instead of b}' returning bends in the pipe, which
would make too much friction and obstruct circulation through the
boiler, so that there would be danger of the pipes being cold in
the morning. He thought a boiler built on the plan recommended
should be from eight to twelve feet long : five feet would be too
short. The stand-pipe was correctly placed near the boiler ; when
too remote the boiler will sometimes make steam and throw the
water out of the stand-pipe, and then when the steam subsides the
pipes will not be full and the circulation will stop. His son (Mr.
George Cartwright, who was mentioned b}' the essayist) has his
flow-pipe dropping to the end of the house, and the return-pipe
dropping also ; and he uses less fuel than with large pipes. The
return-pipe is hot enough in the morning to burn your hand. If
you get water very hot, with bell joints there is danger of their

HEATING GREENHOUSES. 197

opening, but with screw-joints 3'ou can go to bed and feel safe.
He uses a copper boiler two and one-half feet deep, with a fire-pot
twent3'-two inches in diameter, and carries about ten pounds' pres-
sure ; and is now heating a house by means of five two-inch pipes
with greater ease then formerly, when he used seven four-inch
pipes, and it takes less coal to do it. He thought a copper boiler
would wear better than an iron one over a coal fire.

Mr. Woodford said that in his plan the pipes go round the house
and into the boiler.

Col. Henr}' W. Wilson said that there are certain axioms in
heating, and the best way known to scientific men for heating water
is the best for horticulturists. Great ingenuity has been expended
on apparatus for heating cars. The scheme proposed by the
essa3'ist has been gone over before, and it has been found that 3'OU
cannot get a draught with a large chamber and a small aperture.
You cannot ventilate a room b}- an opening into one above it. A
vertical boiler is preferable to a horizontal, for all the motive of
circulation is the difljerence in the specific gravity of hot and cold
water. If water is heated you want to give it as rapid a vertical
motion as possible. Friction in large pipes is less in proportion
than in small pipes. Iron is not so good a material as copper or
brass for a boiler, though its greater cheapness makes its use more
general. Copper is a far better conductor of heat than iron. Iron
is a poor conductor; if a perfect conductor be rated as 100 iron
will rate as 14. The thinner the pipe is the better, so far as
regards the conduction of heat. Cast iron, as being thicker than
wrought iron, is not so good, but is preferred, because less subject
to rust. Water itself is a ver^- poor conductor of heat, but is able
to absorb and retain a very large amount ; which can be carried,
b}' convection, to a considerable distance from the fire, — hence
its value as a circulating medium. Lampblack makes an excellent
paint for radiating pipes, causing more rapid radiation, which is
the reverse of absorption. The radiation of lampblack is to that
of iron as 100 is to 64. A tin dipper filled with hot water, if
black, loses heat twice as fast as if bright.

Mr. Woodford said that he would put on a pressure of ten pounds
to promote the circulation.

Col. Wilson said that the b'est car-heaters have no pressure.
Mr. AVoodford is right in placing the stand-pipe near the boiler.
The expansion of a thousand gallons of water caused by heating
to 212° would fill a barrel. With a vertical partition in the stand-

198 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

pipe, it would work twenty-five per cent better. The only advan-
tage in running a water circulation under pressure is to be found
in the slightly higher temperature which can be gained. Pressure
is solely from the effect of steam. A pressure of five pounds to an
inch, equal to about eleven feet head of water, would raise the
temperature of the water when boiling to 238°, instead of 212° as
in the case of open pipes. When we run under pressure we require
stronger apparatus and tighter joints ; and, if pressure were to be
used at all, he would prefer steam, which is yevy easily managed.
There will be a tendency to form globules of steam, which will rise
in vertical pipes, and ever}- particle must be replaced by the re-
turn-pipe. You cannot heat pipes by the plan of the essayist:
there would be no heat in tlie two lower pipes ; the water will
take the shortest route to return. The most intense heat applied
to the surface will not heat water a foot below it.

The speaker formerly objected to steam, but has modified his
opinion in regard to it. He spoke of George Hill's house, at Ar-
lington, as one which it would repay all interested to visit. Mr.
Hill has the newest arrangeuients, and one foot of surface of the
steam-pi|)cs heats thirty cubic feet of the greenhouse. He has an
upright boiler, which is the best heating unit, and the steam goes
to the end of the house, and returns by six pipes an inch and a
quarter in diameter. He uses a pressure of one pound to the
square inch. Tliere is a compensating valve by which a uniform
pressure, equal to 215°, can be maintained for ten hours during sud-
den and severe changes of weather. The pressure could be in-
creased if desirable ; but it is not. The adjustment is simple and
automatic. One of the advantages o'f steam over water is that it
takes but very little time to heat up or to cool off the pipes, and,
with good apparatus in good hands, it is more easily managed
than hot water. Another advantage is, that steam affords the
easiest way to moisten the air of the house when too dr}' ; which is
a protection against freezing in cold weather. A house will cool
off more quickly if the air is drj' than if moist, because the capac-
ity of moist air for heat is three times as great as that of dr}- air.

The studv of this subject will be more profitable to the owners
of greenliouses than that of any other ; indeed, it has an application
to every part of life. Some kinds' of glass will transmit the heat
of the sun better than others. Great care is needed in the selec-
tion of glass for greenhouses. Any one wishing to understand the
very complex questions offered by the subject of heating would do

HEATING GREENHOUSES. 199

well to stud}' the work of Professor Tyndall ou heat. He is the
best autborit}', and bis experiments can be tried by anybody.

Mr. Woodford said that Mr. Zirngiebel's bouses were the first
he ever saw heated under pressure. He has four houses heated by
one boiler, the expansion-pipe being a hundred feet from the
boiler. Tlie furnace is like that recommended in the essa}', though
he could not say about the partition, but it has a coil of pipe, like
a beehive, on top. An arm runs to each of the four houses, and
they are heated better than any others of his houses. The whole
of the water in them moves. He has a ventilator, which he opens,
so that the chimney is cold. The speaker could not understand
why the two lower pipes in the plan proposed by him should be
cold. In this plan the furnace fire goes up and afterwards down.

William C. Strong thought that the use of steam would be more
general in future, especially in large establishments where several
houses are to be heated from one fire.

William D. Philbrick reraaiked that there seemed to be some
confusion of ideas with some of the speakers in regard to the use
of pressure in hot water circulation ; its only advantage is in the
higher temperature which can be given to the pipes ; it does not
render friction less or circulation more rapid, and is objectionable
on account of the greater difficulty in keeping the pipes tight. If
pressure is used, there must be a safety-valve on the stand-pipe or .
elsewhere. It is possible, under high draugliton a windy night, for
the water to boil over and be thrown out, so as to leave the upper
part of the circulating pipes full of air and steam, which would
obstruct the circulation. If he wanted pressure he would prefer
steam. Mr. Hill's apparatus works perfectly.

Mr. Woodford spoke of the advantage of a greater quantit}^ of
water than is found in steam pipes.

Col. Wilson said that this advantage would not exist if the ar-
rangements were properly made. Mr . Hill's house was kept at a
temperature of 40° when the thermometer outside showed 15° be-
low zero. The adjustment is simple and automatic, a variation
of one ounce per square inch in the pressure changing the regula-
tor ; and it obviates the objections previousl}' made against steam.
The speaker knows you can send ten times the heat through
pipes with steam that 3'ou can with water.

Mr. Wood said that he has a steam-heater in liis dwelling-house,
and though he has an automatic arrangement, he burns twice the
coal there that he does in his greenhouse with hot water. He

200 HASSACHrSETTS HQETICTXTTTR AT. SOCTETY.

tfaoogfat the slowness with whidi large water pipes cool off when
the fijne goes oat an advantage, bat steam pipes get cool in fifteen
minates : and too have got to have a certain amoont of heat to
get steam. He makes cp the fire in his greenhonse at three o'clock,
and at seven leaves the draught slight! v open. Mr. Hill grows
cocnmbers in his house, and these require more heat than the
plants in the speakers greenhouse.

George Hill said . that this was his first winter with his steam-
heating a{^>aratn5. ~ He looked at a neighbor's which was satis-
factonr, and pat in the same sized boiler. His house is one
handled and sixty-three feet by twenty, with the boiler at one end.
The steam flows in a two-inch pipe and returns in six pipes an inch
and a quarter each. He can get ap steam with wood in fifteen or
twenty minutes. Last December, when the thermometer was at 15°
below zero, he fired up at eleven P.M.. and gave no more fuel until
nine A.M.. and the temperature did not vary more than two or three
degrees from fifty, withoat any attention. This morning (which was
very cold for the season) the thermometer in this house was up to
sixty, and he had to open the windows and admit air. Nothing more
would be required until two or three P.M. In a cold morning the
coal is exhausted more than in mild weather, when the damper is
dosed. He uses a cast ircMi sectional boiler, under one pound
presBore. He thought it would not be long before we could run
a hoose from six to twenty-four hours by an automatic arrange-
ment. His house is on a side hilL, and he thinks of putting up
another. He might lose some beat up the chimney. With hot
water pipes, if the sun comes out, the large body of heat in the
water is wasted.

Mr. Woodford saud that <^)ening the windows directly against
the pipes and letting in the air would cool off the pipes.

Mr. Strong said that it is a very serious evil, when the sun
comes oat, to have a great body of hot water in the pipes. He
has felt that we extracted more of the caloric from the fuel in
famaees surrounded by water pipes than when steam is used ;
and thooght that with vertical boilers a great deal of the heat
went up the diimney.

Coi. WHsoD said that the steam fire-engine is the most per-
fect generator of steam ; it will heat up in fire minutes. Mr.
Hill's boiler requires only fifteen minutes. Steam travels with
great r^idity. The speaker predicted that the coming boiler will
be small, with the amoont of water reduced to the minimum.

HEATING GEEEXHOUSES. 201

TVater-pipes will rust, and you are gone. He used a three-inch
wrought iron pipe for hot water eight years, and it was so filled
with rust that you could not see through it. Cast iron will not
rust so badly as wrought iron. Asphaltum is a poor conductor;
but it might pay to coat hot water pipes with it to prevent rust.
It has been proposed to use crude petroleum as a heating medium
instead of water, but it would be dangerous to introduce it into
pipes, for it contains water, which the heat would evaporate.
Besides, the inflammable vapors of petroleum are heavier than the
air, and if they escaped from the stand-pipe would flow to the fire-
room, and cause explosions .

Levi W. Hastings said that he has had no experience with hot
water, but has used a steam-boiler like Mr. Hill's, but larger, for
the last three years, and found it satisfactory. He raises chiefly
roses and pinks. He has four houses, each one hundred feet long,
two of which are ten feet wide, one eighteen, and one twenty ;
making six thousand square feet, with span roofs, all heated by
one boiler. If you heat by means of water, and get up in a cold
night and find the pipes c<.»ld, it takes a good while to warm up ;
but he can get up steam in fifteen or twentv minutes. His boiler
works automatically ; he puts on a three-pound weight at night,
and gets up at six in the morning, and finds a pound pressure.
He uses about forty tons of coal in a season. He used from
fifteen to seventeen tons in the first house, and then added two
more houses and used thirty-five tons. The boiler did not work
well, and he put in a larger one, and he thinks he could run double
the number of houses he has now with ten tons more of coal.

The Committee on Discussion announced for the next Saturday
a paper by Professor G. C. Caldwell, of Cornell University,
Ithaca, N.Y., on •• A Comparison of Manures for the Orchard
and Garden."

BUSINESS MEETING.

Sattrdat. March 28. 1885.
An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, John B. Moore, in the chair.

202 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

E. W. Wood announced the decease of Hervey Davis, and
moved the appointment of a committee to prepare memorial reso-
lutions. The motion was carried, and the Chair appointed as that
Committee, Mr. Wood, Robert Manning, and Benjamin G. Smith.

The meeting was then dissolved.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.
• A Comparison op Manures for the Garden and Orchard.

By Professor G. C. Caldwell, Ithaca, N.T.

How to manure the garden or the orchard for the most profitable
results is one of the most difficult questions that the horticulturist
has to meet. Of the biggest and most solid cabbages, the earliest
peas, the largest squashes, the sweetest and most prolific berries,
the handsomest and most delicatel}' flavored grapes, the most lus-
cious peaches or pears, the earliest or the best late-keeping apples,
he has an unlimited variety offered him b}' all the seedsmen or nur-
serymen in the land ; and he need find no difficulty whatever in
laying out to good advantage all the mone}' he has to spare for
use in this direction. Of the most suitable land on which to plant
all these crops there is enough and to spare somewhere in all this
wide country. Of tools and labor-saving machines of every kind,
and of men and animals to run or to use them, there is no scarcity.
In respect to all these supplies there is only embarrassment of
riches ; and no crop need fail of producing good fruit abundantly,
from any want of liberal provision for its highest requirements on
any of these lines.

But is there such a superabundance of suppl}', when we come to
the matter of the highest requirements as to the food for these
crops? Is there a sufficiency of a supplj' of such kinds of food
as will, in the general run of garden and fruit culture, give the
surest results? Is not the gardener's call always for more stable
manure ? and is the call of the fruit grower any less loud ? One
naturally asks, why is this so, when there are, elsewhere at least,
immense if not inexhaustible quantities of the nitrogen, phos-
phoric acid, and potash, that are reckoned as so important plant
nutrients, all to be had for the purchasing, and under so great
competition that they ought to be had for as low rates as they can
be sold for, paying fair profits. They can be had also in every
form of combination, and ever}' degree of assirailability, and in
any desired mixture ; and, further, to save the farmer or the gar-

COMPARISON OF MANURES. 203

dener the trouble of studj-ing out for himself the kind of combina-
tion that his crop needs, mixtures are offered to him, ready made
up, for each crop.

Abundant as these commercial supplies are, they do not seem
fully to answer the purpose ; for I doubt if the demand for animal
manures is any less urgent now than it was before commercial
manures became the important articles of trade that tliey now are.
Yet, in agricultural operations, superphosphates, bone meal, nitrate
of soda, and the like have, in some few cases, been made to take
the place, entirely, of stable manure, with profit.

Perhaps you have heard the histor}' of Mr. Front's farm in
England. Mr. Prout bought this farm in 1861 ; it comprised
four hundred and fifty acres, and its cultivation in the manner
to be described was, therefore, no small plot experiment. It
was, when taken in hand, in a low condition of fertility ; the
owner asked the aid of the eminent agricultural chemist of
England, the late Dr. Voelcker, as to the best wa}^ to bring
the farm into good condition again. The advice was to dress
it well with stable manure. After doing this with unsatis-
factor}- results for two j-ears application was again made to
the chemist, who told the owner to use more stable manure ; he
said he could not aflford it ; then the chemist visited the farm again,
examined it carefull}', and suggested the use of commercial fertil-
izers after a certain plan. The plan was followed, and bone dust,
superphosphate, dissolved guano, and nitrate of soda were the
only manures used from that time on. The crops, — clover, hay,
grain, straw, and everything, — were all sold standing; only an
insignificant quantity of manure was made, the cultivation being
almost entirel}' by steam. This system has now been carried on
for more than twenty years. The estate cost the purchaser in the
beginning, $74,500 ; enough more was spent upon it in improve-
ments to make the total cost about $100,000. The annual clear
profits have been, on an average, about $4,500 ; and it was esti-
mated that the farm could be sold, eight years after it was taken,
for twice what it had cost. Last fall the crops were reported in
the " English Agricultural Gazette " as looking well, and the
system was spoken of as continuing to succeed, although with the
qualification that some fallows had been found necessary.

This is not the only instance on record of this kind of farming.
Other cases have been reported where the system has been followed
for forty years, in Germany. I give these few details in regard to

204 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

this one instance merely to show what can be done with coraraer-
ciiil manures when intelligently used, — to show that they do con-
tain all the food required by crops, — and that, with their assistance
only, a farm can be brought up from a low condition to a higher
one, and held there for a series of years ; and no one can show
that what is true of farm crops sliould not be true of garden and
fruit crops as well, — if not to the same extent, yetto a large extent.
They feed on the same kinds of soil, and in the same manner, and
require the same nutrients in general ; and the same particular
nutrients that are speciall}- important for farm crops are, so far as
we know, speciallj' important for garden and fruit crops ; the pro-
portions required may be different, but perhaps not more so than
they are even for different farm crops : the same mixture of nitro-
gen compounds, phosphate, and potash salts will not answer
equalh' well for wheat and for potatoes, nor even for wheat and for
corn, which are more nearl}' alike than wheat and potatoes.

What are the obstacles in the way of the more extensive use of
commercial fertilizers in the garden and fruit orchard, and of less
dependence on the products of the cit}' and village stables? In
answering this question we naturally ask, first, what does stable
manure contain that is not supplied in commercial fertilizers?

The valuation of a commercial fertilizer in the trade is based, as
3'ou know, on the quantities of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash
that it contains, — some fertilizers containing only one of these
nutrients, others two, and others all three of them. There is no
question that in respect to just these nutrients we can meet the wants
of any crop better by supplying commercial fertilizers than we can
b}' stable manure, if there is an}' difference between the two as to
effleienc}'. But, besides these, the crop must find in the soil, sup-
plied from some source, lime, magnesia, sulphuric acid in the form
of sulphates, of which plaster is one, a very little iron, possibl}'
chlorides, of which common salt is one, and, perhaps, silica.
Every superphosphate contains an al)undance of lime and of sul-
phuric acid. The muriate of potash, brought from German}-, is a
chloride, and contains chlorine. Of iron every soil has an abun-
dance, many thousand times more than an}' crop needs ; and the
same is true of silica ; of magnesia there is enough to be had in
the German kainite. But as to all of these nutrients last men-
tioned— sulphate, chloride, silica, iron, and magnesia — there is
no proof that the average soil is not abundantly rich in them for
the production of good crops. Hence it is that we are justified in

COMPARISON OF MANURES. 205

charging all the cost of a commercial manure to, and in expecting
to get our monej- back from, its nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and
potash ; the rest of the ingredients must be thrown in gratis, as of
no value generallj', although there may be cases where one or
another of them may be of some service. All of these matters the
stable manure also contains in abundance.

So far no one can claim an3-thing for the stable manure that is
not supplied by the commercial fertilizer. The onl}' respect in
which the two materials are distinctly unlike is this : the stable
manure is composed largel}' of dead vegetable and animal matters
in process of decaj' ; the product of this decay is the humus or
vegetable mould of the soil. About one-fifth of ordinaiy stable
manure is made up of this vegetable and animal matter, while
not over six to eight thousandths is potash, five or six thousandths
nitrogen, and three thousandths phosphoric acid. Of nitrate of
soda, so much mentioned as a very useful fertilizer for its nitrogen,
one-sixth is this nitrogen. Of a good superphosphate, as this
fertilizer averages in this countrj', about one-eighth is phosphoric
acid ; and if one desires it, and is willing to pay for it, he can
have a superphosphate with one-third its weight of phosphoric
acid ; of a German muriate of potash from a third to a half maj'
be potash. But in all these materials there is no vegetable mat-
ter, and little or no animal matter.

Here, then, is a clear distinction between the two kinds of manure,
the stable and the artificial : the stable manure has its few thou-
sandths of nitrogen, of phosphoric acid, and of potash, and its
one-fifth of decaying vegetable and animal matter ; the commer-
cial manure onl}' its few thousandths or even less of animal matter,
and its proportions of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash counted
b}' eighths to thirds. About three-fourths of the stable manure is
only water, however ; expel this, and get a manure as dry as com-
mercial manures ordinarily are, and the comparison between the two
will be more just and no less striking ; we shall then see that four-
fifths of this dr}' manure is decaying vegetable and animal matter,
about one-fortieth is potash, one-eightieth phosphoric acid, and
one-fiftieth nitrogen.

Can any way^ be now shown in which this striking difi^erence
between the two kinds of manure may account for the greater
measure of success that is attained in general with the stable
manure ?

As already said, decaying vegetable or animal matter in the soil

206 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

makes humus, or vegetable nionkl. This common ingredient of all
arable soils is not necessar}' for plant growth ; for, on a small scale,
in pot culture good crops have been obtained in a soil as white as
snow, and therefore quite free from any humus, but containing all
the real plant nutrients that have been mentioned. But tliat this
humus is an important ingredient of a fertile soil no one can doubt.
Given two soils equally' rich in nitrogen, potasli, phosphoric acid,
lime and all such mfi^ters, but of which one is poor in humus and
the other rich in it, but 3'et not so excessively rich as a bog or a
muck bed, there is not a farmer or gardener who knows soils who
would not give more for the soil rich in humus than for the other.
In the course of the deca}' of these vegetable matters several acid
substances are formed, and chiefly carbonic acid. These acids act
on the large quantit}- of difflcultl}^ soluble plant food in every arable
soil of fair quality, and aid in bringing it into solution, and thus
within easy reach of the plant. Few farmers realize what a large
native stock of crop food they have in their soils. In the case of
a fertile soil from a Western State, analyzed some time ago in Ger-
many, there would be, by calculation from the analysis, in one acre
of it, and within a foot from the surface, 2,400 pounds of phos-
phoric acid and 7,000 pounds of potash. But nobod}' in New
England has a Western prairie soil on his farm ; nevertheless,
judging from analyses of twenty-five ditferent soils of average
quality by tlie same chemist, we may sa}' that an average good
soil will contain, within twelve inches from the surface, and there-
fore accessible to the crops, and fit for plant food if any means can
be provided for bringing it into solution, 1,500 pounds of phos-
phoric acid, 1,500 pounds of potash, and over 1,750 pounds of
lime. Compare these amounts with those that a crop takes up,
and one can realize more full}' the native value of a good soil. The
quantities of phosphoric acid and potash in pounds, per acre, re-
quired l)y some of the more common crops are shown in the follow-
ing table : —

Phosphoric
Acid.

Potash.

Corn, 50 bushels and its stover .

. 50

70

Potatoes, 150 bushels

. 15

50

Wheat, 25 bushels and straw .

. 18

25

Apples ......

. 20

50

These native supplies, then, so verj- much larger than the 3'early
demands of the crops, if we can bring them into use only a little

COMPARISON OF MANURES. 207

every )'ear, may go far towards producing these crops for the
fanner or gardener. If humus by its decay lielps to bring about
the sokition of these supplies, then it must be useful, since all such
plant food must be taken up in solution.

That the carbonic acid, which is one of the main products of the
decay of humus, does in some wa}' favor vegetable growth is very
neatly illustrated by an experiment preformed many years ago by
Stoeckbardt. Tliree deep glass vessels, two of which had holes
pierced through the bottom, were filled with soil, and peas were
planted ; through the bole in the bottom of one of the vessels and
up through the soil there was passed ever}' da}- a certain quantity
of air, and up tlirough the soil of another of the vessels a mixture
of air and carbonic acid ; the third vessel was left to itself, and the
condition of things in it was about the same as in an ordinary soil
with a ver}' compact and impervious subsoil. The weight of dried
crop produced in the third vessel without any circulation of air was
about 90 grains, in the soil through which air was circulated, 162
grains, and in the soil through which air and carbonic acid were
circulated, 190 grains. In some wa}- the carbonic acid along with
the air helped the crop amazingly, more than doubling it. This was
not necessaril}' because the plant fed on this carbonic acid directly
to supply itself with that most important element, carbon. It has
been proved over and over again that vegetation supplies itself
with carbon, at least mostly, if not entirely, from the carbonic acid
of the atmosphere. The fair presumption is that the carbonic acid
passed through the soil brought more plant food into solution, and
so the crop was more liberal!}' provided with this means of growth.

In support of this presumption we have the fact, demonstrated
also by Stoeckbardt, that the very soil which produced the largest
crop, and therefore had yielded up the largest amount of dissolved
plant food, still contained the largest amount of soluble plant food,
ready for the next crop. The quantity of such soluble food was, in
the soil of the closed cylinder without any circulation of air, 22
grains ; in the cylinder furnished only with air, 43 grains ; and in
the soil to which both air and carbonic acid were supplied, 60
grains.

You will have noticed that the second soil, receiving only air,
also gave a notable increase both of crop, and of soluble plant food
left for the next crop. On first thought this result would appear
to conflict with the explanation given of the increased crop in the
third soil, that it was due to the carbonic acid passed through that

208 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

soil along with the air. But there is not necessarily disagreement
here ; it is quite reasonable to suppose that the humus in tliis soil,
together with the oxygen of the air that was circulated freel}''
through it, produced the same effect and in the same way as
was produced by the carbonic acid ready formed in the third soil.
The formation of carbonic acid from the humus can take place only
in the presence of oxygen, and the more liberal the suppl}- of
oxj'gen the larger will be the production of carbonic acid from a
given quantity of humus. In this second soil we had, as in all the
otliers, the ordinary* quantity of humus ; the supply of air, with its
one-fifth part of oxygen, was liberal ; carbonic acid must have been
produced freely ; and it would have been strange if there had
been no increase of crop. Such a result would have tended to dis-
prove just what we are seeking to prove, that the humus does a
good work for the farmer b}' the carbonic acid given off in tlie soil
as it decays, or oxidizes, which two terms mean much the same
thing.

Another experiment shows in a no less striking manner the part
that humus may take in bringing plant food into solution : a sam-
ple of a sand\' loam was compared with another portion of the
same soil to which some humus had been added ; in the course of
the summer months, while a crop was growing vigorously on these
soils, the quantities of potash that became soluble in the two soils
were as 366 parts in the soil poor in humus to 574 parts in the
other ; the quantities of plant substance produced in the two cases
were 5,040 and 9,800 parts.

That the presence of decaying vegetable matters or of humus in
the soil does increase the proportion of Carbonic acid there, is fully
shown by analysis of the air in the pores of the soil. Tlie air
above the soil contains 3 parts of carbonic acid in 10,000, while
that in the soil may contain ordinarily 100 parts in 10,000; and,
moreover, such richness in carbonic acid is found only in the air of
soils containing humus. A rich dressing of stable manure, or, in
other words, a large addition of decaying, humus-forming sub-
stance, largely increases the quantity of free carbonic acid in the
soil. An asparagus bed that had not been manured for a year con-
tained in the air in the pores of the soil 122 parts of carbonic acid
in 10,000, but when recently manured 233 parts. Anotlier, a sur-
face soil rich in humus, had 540 parts of carbonic acid, a newly
manured sand}* field 333 parts, and the same soil, in wet weather,
1,413 parts, of carbonic acid in 10,000 of its air.

COMPARISON OF MANURES. 209

This function of the humus of the soil can also come into
use, with respect to the plant food added in manures. To me,
one of the most interesting properties of soil is that remarkable
power it has of absorbing certain valuable plant nutrients, holding
them in a difficultly soluble condition near the surface, so that, how-
ever much rain may leach through the ground, they will be only
very slowly carried down deeper, or washed out altogether. Thus
the soil behaves with phosphoric acid, with potash, and with the
ammonia that is so valuable for its nitrogen. For these three sub-
stances an}'^ arable soil that is not too sandy is a most trustworthy
savings-bank. Therefore, although we should make much account
in buying a fertilizer of the proportion of soluble phosphoric acid,
or potash, or nitrogen compounds in it, yet, in all probability, to
sa}' the least, our crops take up but a little of these nutrients be-
fore they are changed by this fixing power of the soil into a diffi-
cultl3' soluble condition.

Why, then, it will naturall}^ be asked, should we pay ten cents a
pound or more for soluble phosphoric acid when we can get good
insoluble acid for six cents or less, if what we put on the soil as
soluble so soon becomes insoluble? For this reason, parth', that
the even distribution of the food through the soil is a matter of
much importance. Any one can easil}' understand that if a bottle
of the much-advertised, and I suppose very useful tonic, Hors-
ford's acid phosphate, were poured over half a bushel of soil, and
washed in with a slight drenching of water, phosphoric acid would
be far more thoroughly mixed with that soil than, by au}^ reason-
able amount of stirring such as one could afford to give to a
cultivated field, he could distribute two ounces of dry superphos-
phate through the same quantity- of soil. So, when 400 pounds of
superphosphate are applied to an acre of soil, in spite of the best
of the usual cultivation that could be given to that soil the fertil-
izer would remain in little scattered particles here and there ; but
let the rain take it into solution for a short time, and distribute it
over the surfaces of many hundred thousand particles of soil, so
that the feeding rootlets find it wherever they go, and how much
wider and more even the mixing of the fertilizer with the soil
will be ; and yet, so quickly does the soil seize hold of this trav-
eling plant food, and insolubilize it, if I may borrow a very con-
venient French word with a very plain meaning, that it cannot
stray far oflT.

Practically, then, every crop has to procure all its phosphoric

210 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

acid, all its potash, and a part at least of its nitrogen, from diffi-
cultl}' soluble compounds in the soil ; and I think it is now easy to
understand why, as so often observed, commercial fertilizers do
their best work when used with stable manure : the abundance of
carbonic acid generated by the fresh application of such manure
assists in the re-solution of the insolubilized phosphoric acid and
potash of the commercial manure, as well as of the difficult!}' sol-
uble native food of the soil. Some writers consider this to be
such an important function of stable manure that they condemn
the practice of allowing it to rot in the 3'ard at all ; they would
have all the decay go on in the field, just where the products of this
decay are needed for their action on the soil. It was somewhat
interesting as well as amusing, while I was writing this, to meet
with the statement in an English paper, that a patent had been
taken out in England for charging a soil with carbonic acid through
pipes laid near the surface. A few good results of such a s^'stem
would be worth more in illustration of the principle that I have
been explaining than the patent will ever be worth to the inventor.
No results are given, but you see that it is exactly what Stoeckhardt
did, and I have no doubt that it would increase the yield of crops ;
but, as long as we can still get hold of any humus-forming material
at reasonable rates, we have a far cheaper method of attaining the
same end.

There are other ways in which humus may, and doubtless does,
favor the production of crops ; but, to m}' thinking, all of them taken
together do not sum up for so much as does this one way that I
have been speaking of.

We can compare stable or other animal manures in another yvay
that may explain the reason why less satisfactory^ results are some-
times obtained with the latter ; I refer to the comparative cost of
plant food in the two kinds of manure. You are aware that the
Directors of the Experiment Stations of Massachusetts, Connecti-
cut, and New Jersey have, in the past few years, conferred to-
gether in the spring to determine what ma}'^ be considered as a fair
valuation per pound, of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash, in
their various degrees of solubility as found in these manures. The
figures thus given represent the retail cost of these substances, in
the markets of the State where they are sold as raw materials to
be worked up into the various brands of fertilizers offered for sale
during the year.

On the basis of this scale of values adopted for 1884 I think it

COMPAEISON OF MANURES.

211

is fair to assume that when a gardener or a farmer bnj'S potash in
a commercial fertilizer, with the same degree of solubilit}- and
availability for plant food as in ordinary animal manures or other
animal waste used for manure, he will have to pay at least five
cents a pound for that potash ; for phosphoric acid of like solubility
and availability as in these domestic manures he would pay about
nine cents a pound, and for nitrogen, sixteen if not eighteen cents ;
I take the lower figure to be sure that I am within bounds.

How do these prices compare with those actuall}- paid for these
plant nutrients in such animal or vegetable manures as gardeners
or farmers buy?

Two or three years ago there came to me from a gentleman of
this neighborhood a series of questions as to the comparative
cheapness of several of these manures. The questions could be
answered, at least with approximate satisfaction, since the inquirer
was fortunately able to give me the cost per ton, at his own place,
of all the materials in question. I had not time to analyze samples
of the manures, and for the necessary information as to their com-
position I had to refer to the tables giving the average composition
of such matters ; if m^' estimates could have been based on actual
analyses of the materials, the}' might have been somewhat, but cer-
tainly not very, different.

The results of m}' calculations are set forth in the following
table : —

Kind of Manure.

Cow manure ....
Horse manure . . .

Night-soil

Rockweed

Fish-chum, half dry
Hen manure ....
Tanners' waste . .

'O

1,000 pounds contained

Cost, in

cents, pel

of

of the

o

o

8

o

i~i

a

o

a

ft

o

g.-3

.a

60

O

g.-d

S^

o

■.-.

.a =3

o

S

Ph

Ph

s

PL,

$1 16

4

1.6

3.6

19.2

10.8

1 54

7

1.5

9.5

14.1

7.9

43

7

14.0

2.0

2.8

1.6

1 21

4

2.3

4.0

20.5

11.5

6 50

43

50.0

....

9.1

5.1

4 00

10

6.0

5.0

27.0

15.0

78

72

19.0

....

0.9

0.5

6.0
4.4
0.9
6.3

8.4

212 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

If m}' figures are not wrong, the cow manure is not a cheap
source of plant food ; it would have to be looked upon as more
costly than commercial fertilizers were it not for the large amount
of humus-forming material that it contains ; this may offset the
high cost of the important plant nutrients in it. But then we have
just as much of this humus-forming material in horse manure ; and
the important plant nutrients in that, instead of being more costly
than in the commercinl fertilizer, are actuallj^ cheaper. The night-
soil costs nothing except for the hauling ; the plant food in it is
remarkably cheap, costing only about a fifth as much as in horse
manure ; and one can see no reason wh}' a pound of nitrogen in it
should not be just as good for ci'op production as a pound of the
same nutrient in horse manure. Rockweed is an expensive manure,
much more so than commercial manures, while the plant food in
it certainh' cannot be any more available or valuable than in fine
bone meal, or in good horse manure, or than in the fish-chum,
which provides nitrogen and phosphoric acid at half the cost.

Hen manure is another expensive fertilizer : its plant food costs
more than that in any other fertilizer, natural or artificial. Even
nitrogen in ammonia salts costs only twentj'-two cents, and phos-
phoric acid in the best superphosphate only ten cents a pound.
From my point of view I should say that a great deal more was
paid for that manure than it was worth. As to the tanners' waste
I had to do some guessing ; I took it to be most!}' hair and clip-
pings of fresh skins ; it cost nothing, except for the hauling. If
I was right in ni}' conjecture as to its. character, it is rich in both
nitrogen and phosphoric acid, and is by far the cheapest manure
of all ; but its action may be much slower than many of the other
manures in the list, which would detract from its value. Granting
all that, it would still appear to be a very cheap manure.

Making all due allowance throughout these estimates for the
possible deviations from the general average composition of such
materials, I still aflSrm that where thej' come out so widely apart as
the}' do in some cases, the}' indicate real and undoubted differ-
ences in the cost of the plant food, that may be of considerable
practical importance to the buyer of such manures.

We may look for a moment, before I close, at this same matter
from another point of view. On the University farm at Cornell,
Professor Roberts, by a careful system of saving and housing his
stable manure, and rich feeding of his stock, largely milch cows,
has obtained a product that, analyzed in my laboratory, was found

COMPARISON OF MANURES. 213

to contain .7 per cent of nitrogen, .4 of phosphoric acid, and .84
of potash. The manure was applied at the rate of ten tons
to the acre, which quantity would contain about 150 pounds
of nitrogen, 80 of phosphoric acid, and 160 of potash. These
amounts of the three nutrients would cost, in a commercial
fertilizer, at the same rates per pound as in the other calcula-
tions whose results have been given, about $40 ; but this ten
tons of manure did not begin to cost so much, — it was the
waste of the animals producing a revenue by their milk or
growth or work. It did undoubtedly cost something, but I think
it is safe to say not over $1.50 a ton, or half as much as the horse
manure, of which an account has been given above. This would
make the plant food in it cost less than half as much as in that
manure, and much less than in commercial fertilizers.

It may seem to many that thus far I have spoken onlj' unfavor-
ably' of the use of commercial fertilizers ; but I would not wish to
leave 3'ou with the impression on your minds that I regard them
with disfavor. On the contrary', I do not believe we could get
along without them in general crop growing ; and I see no reason
why, if the}' are judiciously used, they should not do as much for
horticulture as they are doing for agriculture. If the farmer
succeeds better in getting profitable returns from an investment in
a certain quantity of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash in a
superphosphate than the horticulturist does, it may be because the
latter has not learned by experience, as the former has, how to get
such returns ; and as long as he can procure animal manures by
any sort of management he will continue to use them rather than
get out of the ruts and learn how to use something else in place
of them. So far as the humus is concerned, on whose apparent
usefulness I have dwelt so long, its due proportion in the soil can
be maintained by green manuring, and without getting or making
much stable manure ; or by spreading over the uplands some of
the contents of the muck deposits that are to be found on so many
farms.

In order, however, to enable these commercial manures to com-
pete with the cheaper plant food in animal manures, they must be
bought at such rates, and in such ways, as to reduce the cost of
the plant food they contain to as low a point as possible. A com-
parison of the cost of plant food in mixed fertilizers, such as
superpliosphate and special manures, with cash prices for precisely
the same quality in the raw materials used by the manufacturers

214 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

for making up these mixed fertilizers, shows that in the last two
years consumers have paid from 18 to 20 per cent more for the
plant food in the former than in tlie latter, or the raw materials ;
or, stated in another way, about $33 expended in the raw materials
would buy just as much and just as valuable plant food as would
cost $40 in superphosphates or specials. These figures represent
the average difference in favor of getting the raw materials directly ;
sometimes the superphosphate is sold at such low rates that its
plant food is almost as cheap as in any other form in the market ;
but, on the other hand, the difference is sometimes very much
larger in favor of the raw materials. For instance : in one case a
Connecticut farmer was asked to pay, and perhaps he did pa}', $45
for a certain quantity and quality of plant food that would have
cost him but about $26 in the raw material. These raw materials
are such as nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, dried blood, and
dried and ground fish-waste, an}' of which may be used for charging
a fertilizer with nitrogen ; plain superphosphate — that is, without
am* nitrogen — for supplying the soluble phosphoric acid ; and potash
salts for the potash.

A Connecticut farmer tried this home mixing last 3'ear, using
four tons of dissolved bones, one ton of muriate of potash, and
one ton of sulphate of ammonia, making thus an excellent and
really ammoniated superphosphate ; it cost him, including mate-
rials, freight, and labor, $36.20 per ton ; analyzed at the Experi-
ment Station, it was reported to be worth, at current prices, $45,
which was a very much better showing than was made by any one
of the fifty samples of superphosphate anal3'zed at the same sta-
tion during the year. The consumer had at the same time the
great advantage of knowing just what the mixture was made of;
that, for example, its nitrogen was in the form of sulphate of
ammonia, the most costly and the most valuable form of nitro-
genous plant food, and not of roasted and ground leather waste, an
utterly worthless form of nitrogenous plant food. Other farmers
of that State have done likewise, and with good results also, both
in the analysis and in the field.

Instead of closing with some flourish of a peroration, it will I
think be more in keeping with the character of my lecture if
I should sum up in a few words the main points which I have
attempted to explain or illustrate : —

1. That if the elements needed for the food of the gardener's
or horticulturist's crops cannot be obtained in sufficient quantity

COMPARISON OF MANURES. 215

from stable manure, or other animal waste, they can be procured
in the trade, in unlimited quantit\- ; and in every degree of availa-
bilit}' depending on different grades of solubility ; and in the great-
est variety of mixtures, so as to suit an}' whim or fancy of crop
or crop grower.

2. That profitable crop growing can be carried on, for many
years at least, with these commercial fertilizers alone.

3. That the most evident distinction between stable manure and
commercial fertilizers, and the distinction upon which we should,
therefore, naturally base an explanation of the greater reliability of
the former, is its large proportion of vegetable matter, or humus-
forming material ; of which commercial fertilizers contain practi-
cally none.

4. That soils contain, in a difficultly soluble condition, and
therefore not easily fed upon by the crops, large supplies of all
the needed elements of plant food.

5. That humus, through its decay in the soil, furnishes car-
bonic acid, among other solvent agents ; and this carbonic acid ap-
pears to play an important part in the nourishment of crops by
bringing the native, insoluble stock of plant food within their easy
reach.

6. That even if we add water-soluble plant food to the soil it
becomes largel}' insoluble before the crop can feed upon it, or needs
it ; therefore soluble plant food added to the soil in commercial
fertilizers needs also the help of the humus, finall}-, for its solu-
tion.

7. That plant food in most animal and vegetable residues used
as manures costs much less than in commercial manures.

8. That, in spite of the disadvantages which, under some condi-
tions, attend the use of commercial fertilizers, they are neverthe-
less a very important and necessar}' help in crop growing.

9. That in using these fertilizers the wisest course appears to
be to make one's own mixtures of the raw materials, as well for
securing a better manure as for economy in first cost.

Discussion.

Professor Caldwell said, in answer to an inquiry concerning his
statement that soluble substances are rendered insoluble by being
mixed with the soil, that the nitrogen of nitrogen compounds
passes sooner or later into the form of nitrates, especially if the

216 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

soil is permeable to the air. The nitrates leach rapidly from the
soil, while the other compounds of nitrogen are not so subject to
waste from this cause, and the compounds of phosphoric acid and
potash suffer scarcely any appreciable waste.

Hon. James J. H. Gregor3' was much pleased with the essay,
which dealt with the fundamental points of fertilization, and
brought in one rescuing fact, — that we can use commercial fertili-
zers to raise cow peas or clover, and can make humus b}' plowing
these under. Barn manure is what has passed through the animal ;
the part of the food retained has become a portion of the animal,
and manufacturers ultimately make fertilizers of him. Dung
differs in its composition from the fertilizer made from the flesh
and bones of the animal only in the fact that it is diluted with a
larger quantity of water.

A. W. Cheever remarked that ploughing in green crops as fertil-
izers is practised more in the State of New York than here. A
neighbor of his applied commercial fertilizers to a piece of ground,
and sowed winter rye, which when neai'ly ready to blossom was
ploughed in as a fertilizer for corn, but proved a failure. The
speaker accounted for it bj- supposing that the rye had absorbed
all the immediately available plant food, and did not decay soon
enough to feed the corn.

Professor Caldwell thought Mr. Cheever's explanation probably
correct. It would have been better to put on a crop later in the
season.

William H. Bowker was much pleased with the essay, as well as
with other writings by Professor Caldwell, and felt no fear that his
occupation as a manufacturer of fertilizers was in danger. It made
little difference to him whether he sold the materials of fertilizers
for mixing, or mixed them to suit the wants of farmers. There
must be a margin of profit, and formerly there was a greater profit
on manufactured goods than there is now. It has cost a great deal
to work up the use of fei'tilizers to the present point. No one not
in the trade has any idea of the increase ; and the speaker could not
tell what it would come to in the future. He saw no wa}' to pro-
cure the materials that will be wanted for fertilizers, especially
nitrogen. He advised that farmers keep more stock and feed
better, using artificial fertilizers only as supplementary to barnyard
manure. They should study the feeding of animals in connection
with feeding the soil. He recommended cotton-seed meal as feed
for stock where rich manure is desired.

COMPARISON OF MANURES. 217

Mr. Gregory thought it well for farmers to buy the raw materials
and do their own mixing. He had done so and knew the inside of
the business. The margin which had been referred to as necessary
was due to several causes : manufacturers have to hold their stocks
two years ; bags cost something ; there is much waste, and agents
are expensive, but we are indebted to them for stimulating farmers
to purchase. We ought to allow a little leeway — sa}' three or four
dollars per ton. "We have hardly done justice to the manufacturers
and dealers, but have made them the target for complaint and
abuse on account of failure.

Professor Caldwell thought there was a difference of eighteen or
twenty per cent against mixed fertilizers as compared with the
raw materials, estimating the latter at cash prices. Manufacturers
sell on time.

William H. Hunt was pleased with the careful statements of the
essay. The cost of stable manure was estimated at less than it
costs here ; it would be nearl}' one-half more here. He thought
one of the greatest advantages in using artificial fertilizers is
the ease with which they are applied in the growing season, when
farmers are too busy to put on stable manure. They can be put
on very rapidly. The}' have also a great advantage for remote
fields, the expense of applying them being so much less than that
of applying stable manure as often to make the practical difference
between planting and not planting a crop. Fertilizers can, how-
ever, be used to the best advantage in connection with stable
manures.

Samuel Hartwell was surprised at the low value placed on hen
manure by Professor Caldwell. The New England Agricultural
Society had lately held two elaborate discussions on poultry', and
all considered the excrement a very valuable fertilizer ; it was
supposed to resemble guano. He buys horse and cow manure at
the same price per cord, and, considering the greater weight of
the latter, thinks it more valuable, cord for cord.

Professor Caldwell said that guano is the dried and concentrated
dung of birds fed on fish, and is much richer in plant food than
the ordinary droppings from fowls fed on grain.

Mr. Cheever asked Professor Caldwell's opinion as to the
economy of attempting to improve lands by ploughing in green
crops, either here or in New York. Can we afford to raise clover,
rye, and other crops for ploughing in, with the supplemental use of

218 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

commercial fertilizers ? He had taken the ground that it was bad
management to do so ; and preferred to feed the crops.

Professor Caldwell did not think green manuring an economical
process : it takes time ; and it is better to put the crop through
the animal, where stock feeding is at all profitable. Animals
retain only ten per cent of the food they consume. Clover would
be least profitable of all crops to plough in, because it is so good
for fodder ; it is too good to plough in. When cut it leaves a
great deal of fertilizing material in the stubble and roots, and is an
excellent preparation for wheat. He advised the ploughing in of
green crops only when they cannot be used for fodder. He did
not pretend to stand here as a judge of manures ; but the nitrogen
in the hen manure did cost twenty-seven cents per pound. Ammo-
nia in the form of sulphate or nitrate would have cost onl}- twenty-
two cents. There is a great difference in the quality of hen
manure ; some is taken better care of than others.

Mr. Bowker said he had heard a great deal of talk about applying
the South Carolina phosphate directly to the soil in a finely ground
state, without rendering it soluble, and asked Professor Caldwell's
opinion of it.

Professor Caldwell replied that ver}' few careful. experiments had
been made with the South Carolina phosphates. In Europe
experiments have been made with such mineral phosphates as
they have there, and the results have not been favorable ; but
those found in South Carolina are of better quality. Writers using
the term " South Carolina phosphates" sometimes mean superphos-
phates made from them. Superphosphate containing phosplioric
acid in a soluble or reverted state has a very great advantage
over the mineral, in the ease with which it is dissolved and dis-
tributed in the soil.

Rev. A. B. Muzzey said that when in Europe some years ago
he called on Thomas Carlyle in company with the Massachusetts
Commissioner of Agriculture, and Mr. Carlyle said to them,
"Two men I honor: him who cultivates the soil, and him who
educates the human mind ; — and no other." These two things are
often united, as in these meetings ; where we have a paper, followed
by a discussion of the subject by practical men. He thought the
Committee on Discussions deserved great credit for their sagacity
in the selection of essayists — including one lady. However much
we know, there is more and better yet to be told ; but the informa-

CLOSING PROCEEDINGS. 219

tion elicited at these meetings proves that we are on the path of
progress.

President Moore said that this was the thirteenth and last meet-
ing of the series, and that the Society was much indebted to the
Committee on Discussions, and especially to the Chairman, for
their success. The meetings have improved year after 3'ear, the
series now closed being the best of all.

The meeting then adjourned without day.

CONTENTS.

Page
Prefatory Note 3

Business Meeting, January 3, 1885; Address of President Moore, pp. 5-8;
Vote of Thanks, 8; Appointment of Secretary and Treasurer, 8, 9; Appro-
priations, 9 ; Decease of F. Lyman Winsbip, 9 ; Members proposed, 9 ;
Members elected, 9; Appropriation for Deficiency in Rose Prizes . . 9,10

Meeting fob Discussion; The Climate and Horticulture of New England, by

John E. Russell, pp. 10-21 ; Discussion 21-21

Business Meeting, January 10; Member proposed, p. 24; Report of Committee
on Gardens read, 24 ; Invitation to contribute to International Exposition at
Paris, 24 ; Letter from New England Meteorological Society .... 24

Meeting for Discussion; Mulching, by Col. Henry W. Wilson, pp. 24-36;

Discussion 37-39

Business Meeting, January 17 39

Meeting for Discussion; Forest Tree Planting, by Avery P. Slade, pp. 39-50;

Discussion 50-55

Business Meeting, January 24 ; Decease of Charles Downing, p. 56; Record of

enclosing the Society's Land . . • 66

Meeting for Discussion ; Herbaceous Plants vs. Bedding Plants, by Edward

L. Beard, pp. 56-72; Discussion 73-77

Business Meeting, January 31; Memorial of Charles Downing, pp. 77-80;
Painting presented, 80; Vote of Thanksi 80, 81; Reports from Executive
Committee accepted; International Exposition at Paris; Agricultural Con-
vention at New Orleans; Member of State Board of Agriculture; Appropria-
tion for Deficiency in Rose Prizes 81

Meeting for Discussion ; Old and New Roses, by Joseph H. Bourn, pp. 82-94 ;

Discussion 94-97

Business Meeting, February 7; Treasurer's Report read, p. 97; Members

elected . " .... 97

Meeting for Discussion; Methods of Fruit Culture and Forestry, by Profes-
sor S. T. Maynard, pp. 97-105; Discussion 105-111

Business Meeting, February 14 ...•....-. . Ill

Meeting for Discussion; Garden Flowers, by Mrs. T. L. Nelson, pp. 111-118;

Discussion, 119-122; Vote of Thanks 123

Business Meeting, February 21; Memorial of Francis Lyman Wiuship . . 123,124

Meeting for Discussion; Potash in Agriculture 124-131

Business Meeting, February 28 131

Meeting for Discussion; The Leaf as a Physical Study, by George Austin

Bowen, M.D., pp. 132-143; Discussion • . . 143-145

Business Meeting, March 7 ; Committee on amfending the Constitution and

By-Laws, p. 145; Motion to close door 145

Meeting for Discussion; The Propagation of Trees and Shrubs from Seed,

by Jackson Dawson, pp. 145-164; Discussion 164-166

Business Meeting, March 14; Letter from Mrs. Martha F. Winship . . 167

Meeting for Discussion; The Nomenclature of Fruits, by Hon. Marshall P.
Wilder, pp. 167-169; Discussion, 169, 170; Nitrogen in Agriculture, by Hon.
James J. H. Gregory, 171-185; Discussion 185-188

Business Meeting, March 21 188

Meeting for Discussion; Heating Greenhouses, by Joseph H. Woodford, pp.

188-195; Discussion 196-201

Business Meeting, March 28; Decease of Hervey Davis 201,202

Meeting for Discussion; A Comparison of Manures for the Garden and
Orchard, by Professor G. C. Caldwell, pp. 202-215; Discussion, 215-218;
Closing Proceedings 218,219

TRANSACTIONS

llassacljusttts porticidtural ^ot\t%

FOR THE YEAR 1885.

PART II.

BOSTON :
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY

1886.

TRANSACTIONS

Itlassaclutsicttsi pdotticultural f ocictn.

BUSINESS mee:ting.

Saturday, April 4, 1885.

A duly notified stated meeting of the Society was holden at 11
o'clock, the President, John B. Moore, in the chair.

William C. Strong, Chairman of the Committee appointed on
the 7th of March to consider and report what amendments, if any,
are necessary to the Constitution and By-Laws, read a report,
which, after a second reading by the Secretary, was unanimously
voted to be entered on the records for consideration at the quar-
terly meeting in July.

The report was as follows : —

Massachusetts Horticultural Society, \
Boston, March 28, 1885. J

The Committee appointed to consider the expediency of making
any alterations in the Constitution and By-Laws of the Society,
report, recommending the following alterations :

In Section III., in the sentence " An Executive Committee of
four members," change " four" to " seven," so that the sentence
shall read — " An Executive Committee of seven members."

In the sentence " A Committee of Arrangements of nine mem-
bers," change "nine" to " three," so that it shall read — "A
Committee of Arrangements of three members."

In Section XVI., erase the words " the Ex-Presidents " in the
second line of the section, and change the number " four" in the
third line to " seven," so that the sentence shall read as follows :
"The Executive Committee shall consist of the President, who

226 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

shall be Chairman, the Chairmau of the Finance Committee,
and seven members chosen as provided in Section III."

Also, in the same section, in the sentence "■ And at such meet-
ings five members shall be a quorum," change the number " five "
to " four," so that the sentence shall read — " And at such meet-
ings fom' members shall be a quorum."

Also, in Section XXIII., in the last line but one, change the
number "nine" to "three," so that the section shall close
reading as follows : ' ' And three other members shall be chosen as
provided in Section III., to superintend the same."
All of which is respectfully submitted.

W. C. Strong,

Edwakd L. Beard,

E. W. Wood, ) Committee.

Samuel Hart-s^-ell,

C. H. B. Breck,

Edward L. Beard, Chan-man of the Committee of Arrangements,
spoke of the Special Subscription Prizes for Hybrid Perpetual
Roses offered for the last six years, and of the desirability of
continuing them. No motion was made on this point, and con-
sequently no formal action was taken ; but the sense of the meet-
ing appeared to be that the matter should be left with the Com-
mittee of Ai-rangements.

The following named persons, having been recommended by the

Executive Committee, were, on ballot, duly elected members of the

Society :

Egbert McMillan, of AYhitinsville.

Mrs. James A. Gibbon, of Savin Hill, Boston.

Royal M. Pulsifer, of Auburndale.

George A. Parker, of Halifax.

George H. Peirce, of Concord.

George Cartwright, of Dedham.

Hon. George Hetwood, of Concord.

E. W. Gilmore, of North Easton.

Charles J. Capen, of Dedham.

Philip Power, of Dedham.

Thomas B. Fitz, of West Newton.

Adjourned to Saturday, May 2.

MEMORIAL OF HERVEY DAVIS. 227

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, May 2, 1885.

An adjourued meeting of the Society was boldeu at 11 o'clock,
the President, John B. Moore, in the chair.

E. W. Wood, Chairman of the Committee appointed at the
meeting on the 28th of March, to prepare a memorial of Hervey
Davis, presented the following report : —

The Committee to prepare resolutions in memor}^ of Hervey
Davis would report the following :

Resolved, That the members of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society have learned with deep regret of the decease of then-
associate, Hervey Davis ; and would place on record their recogni-
tion and grateful remembrance of faithful services rendered by him
for many years. He was a member of the Fruit Committee for eleven
years, and Chairman for four years of that time, and discharged
the somewhat difficult duties of that position without fear or favor,
— so far as possible doing justice to all exhibitors. His judgment
was accurate, aud his decisions were rarely questioned. He had
made the culture of fruit a study, aud was successful in producing
the finest specimens, many of which were shown at our exhibitions.

Mr. Davis was also a member of the Executive Committee for
four years, and brought to its deliberatious the integrity and good
judgment which characterized him in all the relations of life.

All the members of the Committee which presents this memorial
were associated with him on the Fruit Committee, and had the
best opportunity of knowing his worth. He will long be remem-
bered as one of the most useful members of the Society.

E. W. Wood, ^

Bexjashn G. Smith, > Committee.
Robert Manning, )

Mr. Smith, of the Committee, spoke of the excellent judgment
of Mr. Davis, and of his constant and prompt attendance at the
meetings of the Fruit Committee.

President Moore expi-essed his concin-rence with the resolutions,
and with the remarks of Mr. Smith. He was for several years

228 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

associated with Mr. Davis on the Fruit Committee, and knew
him to be a couscieutious and truthful man, and of accurate judg-
ment.

On motion of Joseph H. Woodford, it was unanimously voted
that the report be accepted and recorded, and that a copy be sent
to the family of Mr. Davis.

J. FnANK Johnson, of Boston,
having been recommended by the Executive Committee, was, on
ballot, duly elected a member of the Society.

Adjourned to Saturday, June 6.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Satltrday, June 6, 1885.
An adjourned meeting of the Society was holdeu at 11 o'clock,
the President, John B. Moore, in the chair.

C. H. B. Breck announced the decease of P. Brown Hovey,
and moved the appointment of a Committee to prepare memorial
resolutions. The motion was carried, and the chair appointed, as
that Committee, Mr. Breck, Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, and
William C. Strong.

The following named persons, witlr such as they might add,
were appointed to represent the Society at the funeral of Mr.
Hovey : Rev. A. B. Muzzey, Benjamin G. Smith, C. H. B.
Breck, John G. Barker, George W. Fowle, E. W. Wood, Col.
Henry W. Wilson, and Charles N. Brackett.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder moved that a delegation be appointed
to attend the Twentieth Session of the American Pomological
Society, to be held in the state of Michigan next September, this
delegation to consist of

The President, John B. Moore, Chairman.
Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, E. W. Wood,
William C. Strong, 0. B. Hadwen,

Charles M. Hovey, J. W. Manning,

BEQUEST OF BENJAMIN B. DAVIS. 229

Charles H. B. Breck, Charles F. Curtis,

Beujamiu G. Smith, Warren Fenno,

Robert Manuiug, William H. Spoouer,

John C. Hovey, Col. Hemy W. Wilson,

and such others as the President may appoint.

[The name of Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, above entered, was
added to the list by the President.]

The motion was seconded by William C. Strong, and carried
unanimously.

Mr. Wilder then moved that the Society invite the American
Pomological Society to meet in Boston in 1887, and provide suit-
able accommodation for the visiting society. This motion was
referred to the Executive Committee.

On motion of Edward L. Beard, it was voted that the award of
the prizes offered for Saturday, July 4, be postponed to July 11.

The following letter was read by the Treasurer :

Brookline, May 28, 1885.
Mr. Geo. W. Fowle :

Dear Sir, — According to the will of the late Benjamin B.

Davis: "To pay to the Massachusetts Horticultural Society the

sum of five hundred dollars, and I direct that the sum be invested

by said Society, and the income thereof appropriated for prizes

for the best seedling grapes."

As this estate is being now settled, I write to inform you of the

bequest, and to ask if ^^ou will conform to the conditions ; and

also if a check payable to your order will be right.

Yours respectfully,

Moses Withington,

Executor of will of B. B. Davis.

It was voted that the bequest be accepted on the conditions
above named.

The Secretary read a letter from the Special Committee of the
General Union for the Promotion of the Cultivation of Bulbs, at
Haarlem, under tlie patronage of His Majesty the King of the
Netherlands, proposing to offer a first prize of a gold medal, a

f$0 MAS^Ar^TSETis HOi:n:rLrr:s_^ socnrrr.

acwd pnae <tf s ^ liae of a sihrer

MedbL, for Ike >e coi^^ed

for Iwr —I wij 1. ._:.r. „: _; ^.rinff Exhi-

U&m of tibe ^

Ti wTss voted to T S^eretaoy

mf OEM tiie CoEL -:-t

bere£erredto^

The Seei«i: - trook B. E. Feroow.

CogrgpoiliMg ■- F<»eary Congress,

a^i^theco^: _ : - Ar::-^^ ^'^ — r >f

ib^ Co^iress. : _ ^ „ ^ z~.

TW s^jecC was Kr. r _: r:-^.

Ad^tMcaed to Sati£UA.T, J^^^ 1-S.

BUSLVESS lIZZrZSG-

^^~ - '^ne 1-5. 18*5.
Aw aljuiai f <1 wtcer-.z ::' il^ "Mvirrr ^ a at 11 o'doek.

tbt Fresidort. Jobs B. M<>:>eE. m Iht Aair.

Tbe Exrtrtive Co _ was rrfexied the |H«^Matiaii

to igriic guc A' " -TT to hold dB me^di^ in

Bog&ja in IS^" ^jeatfSiBg sodi an JDvita-

tioau and m aecordaaee witt tke report it was Tooted to mrite tbat
Soeie^ tokoid its twestv-firsi ^- - Boston: and tofKOvide

antatie atconiModaiaoBg t^^^r?f~:

TTae" ExeeoSrre f - — fsvor<rf aee^fdi^

:!- i=.Tiaiion of Ifce A^ . - - to eo-opeiate

" ^ ite ^ecSing ii^ i>- ^~ wlneh was

ikmt CoiWMtfcy- T 3d Charks

t" - : John Bot^i^ t^ee to

e r . Jl Cdnsitlee -^- ^_. -. ^„^ ._:'r^ . _^ iorestiy

C ^ resaidtotbe

^y^ifoid pteaented tiie UAkmmg Tote :

JaHs Mt awarded on tiie date in tiw Sekedole
of tte CoHHittee. be awarded on ibe nesEt

MEMORIAL OF P. B. HOVET. . 231

exhibition day. After considerable discussion, the motion was

laid on the table.

SAifUEL.HoAE, of Concord, and

Eliht G. Loomis. of Bedford,
having been recommended by the Executive Committee, were, on
ballot, duly elected members of the Society.

The meetins was then dissolved.

BusLXEss :meetixg.

SATrRi>AT. July 11. IsSo.
A duly notified stated meeting of the Society was holden at
11 o'clock (the preceding Saturday having been a legal holiday).
the President, Johx B. !Moore. in the chair.

The Secretary stated that Charles S. Sargent and -John Robinson,
who were appointed a Committee to co-operate with the American
Forestry Congress at its meeting in Boston, in September next,
were obliged to decline on account of pressing engagements, and.
the Forestry Congress being desirous to have the arrangements for
the meeting made at an early day. the President, shortly after
the last meeting of the Society, appointed William C. Strong.
Benjamin G. Smith, and .John E. RusseU a Committee in their
place. This action was confirmed by the Society, and on motion
of William H. Spooner it was voted that a sum not exceeding
one hundred doUars be appropriated for the expenses of the meet-
ing. It was also voted that Mr. Spooner be added to the Com-
mittee.

C. H. B. Breck, Chainnan of the Committee to prepare resolu-
tions in memory of P. B. Hovey, reported the following :

JThereas. By the will of Almighty God, an esteemed and
honored friend, associate, and co-lalx)rer has been removed from
the scenes of earth to a higher life : therefore

Resoh-ed. That by the death of Mr. Phineas Brown Hovey. a
member of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society from the first
year of its existence, in 1829, — of which period he was a Vice-

232 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIKTY.

President for five years, a member of the Fruit Committee twenty-
four years, and Cliairman of the Committee of Arrangements
ten years, — the Society has lost a member who has faithfully
and diligently fulfilled the duties required of him in the several
positions he held, with honor to liimself and for the best interests
of the Societ}^

Resolved, That the members of the Societ}' deeply deplore the
death of this noble, generous, and kind-hearted man.

Resolved, That these resolutions be placed on the records of the
Society, and a copv transmitted to the family of the deceased,
with the assurance of the heartfelt sympathy of the members of
the Massachusetts Horticultural Societ}'.

Charles H. B. Bkeck, i

"NY. C. Strong, > Committee.

Marshall P. Wilder, )

Mr. Breck added that it was his good fortune to be acquainted
with Mr. Hovey more than fortv years, and their relations were
alwa3's the pleasantest. Mr. Hovey was an honorable and upright
man, and a gentleman in every sense of the word.

Mr. Strong said that he joined very heartily in tlie resolutions.
His acquaintance with Mr. Hovey was not as long as Mr. Breck's ;
l)ut he was associated with him on the Fruit Committee, where he
always found him careful and conscientious. The Society never
had a member more faithful to it in all relations.

President Moore said there were only two members of the
Society' living who joined earlier than '^^Ir. Hove^^ It was his
good fortune to make his acquaintance many years ago ; and he
was associated with him on the Fruit Committee, and he bore
witness to the accuracy of Mr. Hovey's judgment. The annual
exhibitions while Mr. Hovey was Chairman of the Committee of
Arrangements were among the most prosperous held by the
Society. He was an upright and honest man, and one of the
most efficient members of the Society.

The resolutions were unanimously adopted by a rising vote.

The Amendments to the Constitution and By-Laws, proposed at
the meeting on the 4th of April, and then ordered to be entered
on the records, came up for final action, the vote being first taken
on the part relating to the Executive Committee, which was unani-

PRIZKS FOR REPORTS OF COMMITTEES. 233

mously adopted. The vote was then taken on the amendments
relathig to the Committee of Arrangements, which were also
unanimously adopted.

On motion of Edward L. Beard, it was voted that the Com-
mittee on Establishing Prizes report on the first Saturday in
August a list of prizes for Bulbs at the next Spring Exhibition.

It was alsp voted that the Executive Committee consider the
subject of offering prizes for the best reports of Awarding Com-
mittees, agreeably to the rules of the State Board of Agriculture.

J. Wesley Barber, of Newton, and

Oliver Ditson, of Boston,
having been recommended by the Executive Committee as mem-
bers of the Society, were, on ballot, duly elected.

Adjourned to Saturday, August 1.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, August 1, 1885.
An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, John B. Moore, in the chair.

E. W. Wood, Chairman of the Committee on Establishing Prizes,
reported a list of prizes for bulbs at the exhibitions of the Society
in February and March, 1886, which was accepted, and referred
to the Committee on Publication.

The President, as Chairman of the Executive Committee, re-
ported that that Committee had approved the appropriation of a
sum not exceeding one hundred dollars for the expenses of the
Committee on the meeting of the American Forestry Congress.

The President also reported, from the same Committee, a recom-
mendation that the Society offer three prizes of $10, $8, and $6,
for the best reports of Awarding Committees, agreeably to the rules
of the State Board of Agriculture. The report was accepted, and
it was voted that the prizes be offered.

234 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The President appointed E. P. Richardson, Elijah H. Luke,
and George Noyes additional delegates to the meeting of the
American Pomological Society' at Grand Rapids, Michigan, Sep-
tember 9-11.

It was voted that, on account of the funeral of General Grant
occurring on Saturday, the 8th instant, the exhibition appointed
for that day be held on Friday, the 7th.

The following named persons having been recommended by the
Executive Committee, were, on ballot, duly elected members of
the Society :

William R. Cabot, of Brookline,

Jj. W. GooDELL, of Amherst.

Agreeably to the Constitution and By-Laws, the President ap-
pointed the following Committee to nominate suitable candidates
for the various offices of the Society for the ensuing year :
E. W. Wood, Chairman, John C. Hovey, Charles N. Brackett,
John G. Barker, C. H. B. Breck, George S. Harwood, F. L.
Harris.

Adjourned to Saturday, September 5.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Satltedat, September 5, 1885.
An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, John B. Moore, in the chair.

E. W. Wood, Chairman of the Committee to nominate suitable
candidates for officers and standing committees for the next year,
reported a printed list, which was accepted.

It was voted that the Committee be continued, and requested
to nominate candidates in place of any who might decline before
the election.

Dr. Henry P. Walcott, Horace Eaton, Arthur W. Felton, Asa
Clement, Samuel H. Pierce, N. B. White, and Henry L. Parker,
were added to the delegates to the meeting of the American Pomo-
logical Society, at Grand Rapids, Michigan, September 9-11.

ANNUAL ELECTION. 235

The SecretaiT presented, in behalf of M. Ch. Joh' of Paris,
a Corresponding Member of the Societ}^, a portfolio of engrav-
ings and photographs of the International Horticultural Exposi-
tion, held in Paris in Ma}' last. The thanks of the Society were
voted to M. Joly for this and other donations.

The following named persons, having been recommended b}^ the
Executive Committee, were, on ballot, duly elected members of
the Society :

George A. Nickerson, of Dedham.

Joseph B. Robinson, of AUston.

Enoch E. Doran, of Brookline.

Adjourned to Saturday, September 19.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, September 19, 1885.
The meeting of September 5, having adjourned to this day, was
i-alled to order by the President, but no quorum was present and
the meeting was dissolved.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, October 3, 1885.
A stated meeting of the Society, being the annual meeting for
the choice of Officers and Standing Committees, was holden at
11 o'clock, the President, John B. Moore, in the chair.

The Recording Secretary stated that the requirements of the
Constitution and By-Laws, in regard to notice of the meeting, had
been complied with.

The President stated that the business of electing officers would
be first taken up, and, agreeably to the Constitution and By-Laws,
appointed Robert T. Jackson, George Hill, and Cephas H.
Brackett a Committee to receive, assort, and count the votes
given, and report the number.

236 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The polls were opened at teu minutes past eleven o'clock, and
it was voted that they be kept open until one o'clock.

The following named persons having been recommended by the
Executive Committee, were, on ballot, duly elected members of the
Society :

William J. Martin, of Milton.
Frank Wyman, of Arlington.
JoiiN FoTTLER, Jr., of Dorchester.
George B. Chase, of Boston.

Edward L. Beard, Chairman of the Committee on Plants and
Flowers, stated that the appropriation for gratuities to be awarded
by that Committee was exhausted, and asked an additional appro-
priation of $150. The appropriation was voted, subject to the
approval of the Executive Committee.

The polls were closed at one o'clock, and the Committee to
receive, assort, and count the votes, retired, and after attending
to that duty, reported

The whole number of votes to be . . . 224
Necessary for a choice . . . . . 113

And the persons having the number necessary for a choice
were, agreeably to the Constitution and By-Laws, declared by the
presiding officer to have a majority of votes, and to be elected
Officers and Standing Committees of the Society for the year 1886.

Adjourned to Saturday, November 7.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturijay, November 7, 1885.
An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, John B. Moore, in the chair.

The President, as Chairman of the Executive Committee,
reported that that Committee had approved the additional appro-
priation of $150 voted at the last meeting for gratuities awarded
by the Committee on Plants and Flowers.

AMENDMENT OF CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS. 237

The President also reported from the Executive Committee
a recommendation that the Society appropriate the following
amounts for j)rizes and gratuities for the year 1886 :

For Plants and Flowers ($200 of this amount
being for gratuities during the whiter

months), $2,800

Fruits, 1,700

Vegetables, 1,000

Gardens, 200

Total, $5,700

The report was accepted, and, agreeably to the Constitution and
By-Laws, laid on the table until the first Saturday in January.

The Recording Secretary stated that four members had been
elected to the Committee of Arrangements for 1886, instead of
three as provided in the Constitution and By-Laws. The con-
sideration of the subject was postponed to the December meeting.

The Secretary read an invitation from the California State
Board of Agriculture to members of the Society to attend the
Fifth Annual Convention of Fruit Growers, in connection with the
meeting of the Board, at Los Aug'eles, commencing on the 16th
of November and continuing a week or more. The thanks of
the Society were voted for this invitation.

Edward L. Beard, Chairman of the Committee of Arrangements,
spoke of the abuse of members' tickets of admission to the
exhibitions, and offered the following vote : That a Special
Committee of five be appointed to consider the expediency of
revising Section XXVIII. of the Constitution and B^'-Laws,
relating to this subject. The motion was carried, and the ' hair
appointed as that Committee : Mr. Beard, William C. Strong,
E. W. Wood, Charles N. Brackett, and Henry W. Wilson.

On motion of George W. Fowle, Treasurer, the expediency of
amending Section XXIX. of the Constitution and By-Laws,
relating to the 'discontinuance of membership, was referred to
the same Committee.

238 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The following named persons, having been recommended by the
Executive Committee as members of the Society, were, on ballot,
duly elected :

Edwin S. Hill, of Hyde Park.

James C. Melvin, of Newton.

Mrs. FittA,NCis B. Hayes, Senior, of Lexington.

David H. Brown, of West Medford.
V William H. Forbes, of Jamaica Plain.

Jonas P. Hayward, of Ashby.

Edward Frost, of Littleton.

Albert Bowker, of East Boston.

Adjourned to Saturday, December 5.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, December 5, 1885.
Au adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 1 1 o'clock,
the President, John B. Moore, in the chair.

The report of the Committee on the meeting of the American
Forestry Congress was read by William C. Strong, Chairman.

The Annual Report of the C'ommittee on Plants and Flowers was
read by Edward L. Beard, Chairman.

The Annual Report of the Fruit Committee was read by E. W.
Wood, Chairman.

The Annual Report of the Vegetable Committee was read by
Charles N. Brackett, Chairman.

These reports were severally accepted and referred to the Com-
mittee on Publication.

Edwai'd L. Beard, Chairman of the Committee appointed at the
last meeting to consider the expedieuc}' of revising Sections
XXVIII. and XXIX. of the Constitution and By-Laws, reported
that no change was deemed necessary. The report was accepted.

William C. Strong announced the decease of Charles O. Whit-
more, for many years Chau'man of the Finance Committee ; and
moved the appointment of a Committee to prepare memorial

ANNUAL REPORT OF LIBRARY COMMITTEE READ. 239

resolutions. The motion was carried, and tlie Chair appointed, as
that Committee, Mr. Strong, Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, and
"William H. iSpooner.

The President, as Chairman of the Executive Committee, pre-
sented the List of Prizes for the year 1886, agreed on by the
Committee for Establishing Prizes, the same having been ap-
proved by the Executive Committee, and it was adopted by the
Society.

It was voted that the Committee on Publication be requested to
award the prizes offered for the liest reports by the Committees on
horticultural products and gardens.

The subject of one member in excess of the number prescribed
by the Constitution and By-Laws having been elected to the Com-
mittee of Arrangements, — the consideration of which was post-
poned from the last meeting, — was taken up, and it was voted that
the member having the smallest number of votes be dropped from
the Committee.

The following named persons, having been recommended by
the Executive Committee as memljers of the Society, were, on
ballot, dul}' elected :

C. De Kay Townsend, of Melrose.

George H. Rogers, of Waltham.

Avery W. Nelson, of Somerville.

Adjourned to Saturda}', December 12.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday", December 12, 1885.

An adjom-ned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, John B. Moore, in the chair.

The Annual Report of the Library Committee was read by
William E. Endicott, Chairman, accepted, and referred to the
Committee on Publication.

240 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

William C. Strong, Chaii-man of a Committee appointed, at the
Meeting for Discussion on the 14th of March, to consider the
subject of a reform in the nomeuclatm'e of garden plants, reported
that the Committee had noticed many instances where thev -would
recommend changes, but refrained from specifying them, as the
work must be progressive ; but they reconmiended the passage of
the following vote :

Voted, That the Committee on Establishing Prizes, in making
up the Prize Schedule of the Society, adhere as closely as
possible to the rules for the simplification of the names of fruits
adopted by the American Pomological Society ; and apply the
same principles to the names of plants, flowers, and vegetables ;
and that the Committee on Publication pm-sue the same com'se
in the Traxsactions. Also that a record of all such changes be
kept and submitted to the Society for its approval.

The report was accepted, and the vote was passed.

The Chairman of the Committee on Gardens asked further time
to prepare his report, which was granted.

Robert Manning, Secretary and Librarian, read his annual
report, which was accepted, and referred to the Committee on
Publication.

Edward L. Beard, Chairman of the Committee of Arrangements,
moved that there be printed on the members' tickets to the
various exhibitions, instead of the words " Not Transferable," the
following words : ' ' This ticket can be used only by the member
named on it and his immediate family, and if lent or transferred
will be taken up." The motion was unanimously carried.

The Treasm'er called attention to the large amount of assess-
ments due from Annual Members of the Society ; and it was Voted,
That the Treasm-er be du-ected to enforce strictly the provisions of
Section XXTX. of the Constitution and By-Laws, first giving
reasonable notice to such members as are now delinquent.

Also, that the Treasm'er give notice to all persons who have
been elected to membership, but have not paid their admission
fees, to do so promptly or theii' names will be dropped.

Adjom-ned to Satm-day, December 26.

MEMORIAL OF CHARLES O. WHITMORE. 241

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, December 26, 1885,
An adjourued meeting of the Society was holdeu at 11 o'clock,
the President, John B. Moore, in the chair.

William C. Strong, Chakraan of the Committee appointed
December 5th to pre})are resolutions in memory of Charles O.
Whitmore, presented the following report: —

The Committee appointed to express the regard of the Society
for the late Charles O. Whitmore, report as follows :

In view of the decease of Charles O. Whitmore, Esq., the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society desires gratefully to record
its deep sense of indebtedness for his long, faithful, and able
services as Chan-man of its Committee on Finance, and also in
other important offices o^ the Society. His untiring zeal in pro-
moting the welfare of the Society will ever be held in thankful
remembrance.

The Society also extends to the family of the deceased its
sincere sympathy in their present sorrow.

William C. Strong, ^
Marshall P. Wilder, > Committee.
William H. Spooner, )

Mr. Strong added that he regretted the absence of Hon.
Marshall P. Wilder, a member of the Committee, who had been
long and intimately acquainted with Mr. Whitmore, and w±o was
competent to speak of him as few of his friends could. Mr.
Whitmore was a member of the Committee to procure a site
for a new hall for the Society, and also of the Committee to erect
a building. He was fully impressed with the belief that this site,
fronting on a main street and liounded by two side streets, was
the most eligible to be found, and was extremely persistent in his
efforts to secm-e it ; and but for these efforts it is very doubtful
whether we should have acquired this land and building. Though
he had engaged in practical horticulture only to a small extent,
he felt that without the benign influences of the cultivation of
nature men would grow up in heathen darkness.

242 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Robert Mauuiug said that, excepting tlie predecessor of the
present Treasurer of the Society, no one had a better opportunity
than himself to Ivnow of the assiduous aud constant care with
wliich Mr. Whitmore watched over the finances of the Society
during the time he was Chairman of the Finanoe Committee. He
took pleasure in testifying to Mr. Whitmore's devotion to these
and all other interests of the Society.

Benjamin G. Smiuli said that the members acquainted with Mr.
Whitmore would always hold his memory in grateful remembrance.
He spoke of an interview which he, as a member of the Nomi-
nating Committee, had with Mr. Whitmore in regard to the use of
his name as a candidate for the office of President, but, though he
would undoubtedly have been elected, Mr. Whitmore declined to
be a candidate.

William H. Spooner said that Mr. Whitmore's connection with
the purchase of the land and erection of the Society's building
should be strongly emphasized. He was opposed to the move-
ment to secure land on the Back Bay, believing a more central
site preferable ; aud to him, and also to the late P^dward S. Rand,
we are largely indebted for securing this location.

President Moore said that in all probability we should not have
had this hall but for the efforts of Mr. Whitmore. He was
always affable, and had no selfish interest in view in serving the
Society. He might at various times have been President if he had
accepted the nomination.

The resolutions were unanimously passed.

Edward L. Beard, Chairman of the Committee of Arrangements,
read the Annual Report of that Committee. Mr. Beard said that
in presenting this report he felt very great gratification at the
increased interest in the exhibitions, which afforded encoiu-age-
ment to hope for a further increase. If it had been prophesied
beforehand that the receipts from the four paying exhibitions
would increase in a few years from $600 to $3,600, it would not
have been believed ; but the increase of last year over the pre-
ceding year was equal to the whole average receipts for the last
ten years. There is no reason why we should be limited by the
present possibilities around us, and he hoped for a still further
increase in the future.

The report was accepted, and referred to the Committee on
l*ublication.

BOOKS FROM WIILIAM PAUL. 243

John G. Barker, Chaii'man of the Committee on Gardens, read
the Anunal Report of that Committee. Accepted, and referred to
the Committee on Publication.

The President, as Chan-man of the Executive Committee,
reported from that Committee a recommendation that the Society
make the following appropriations :

For the Library Committee, for the purchase of
magazines and newspapers, binding of books, and
incidental expenses of the Committee, . . $300 00
For the same Committee, to continue the Card Cata-
logue of Plates, 100 00

For the Committee on Publication and Discussion, . 250 00
For the Garden Committee, for Prizes (additional

to the $200 recommended November 7), . . 100 00

For the Committee of Arrangements, to cover the

deficiency for the years 1884 and 1885, . . 94 80
The Executive Committee also recommended that an appropria-
tion of $300 be made for the use of the Committee of Arrange-
ments for 1886, this sum to cover all extraordinary expenses of
said Committee.

Agreeably to the Constitution and By-Laws, the above recom-
mendations were laid over until the stated meeting in January.

The President further reported, that the Executive Committee
had approved the offer of the Special Prospective Prize for Seed-
ling Native Grapes, from the fund established by the late Benjamin
B. Davis.

Also, that the Executive Committee had appointed George "W.
Fowle Treasurer of the Society and Superintendent of the Build-
ing, and Robert Manning Secretary and Librarian, for the year

1886.

The Librarian laid before the Society several books by William
Paul, of Waltham Cross, England, a Corresponding Member of
the Society, and presented by him to the Library. The thanks
of the Society were voted to j\L-. Paul for this donation ; and also
to himself and his son, Mr. Arthur W. Paul, for services kindly
rendered to the Society.

244 MASSACHUSETTS HORTCCULTURAL SOCIETY.

Ou motion of Joseph H. Woodford, Chairmau elect of the Com-
mittee on Plants and Flowers, it was Voted, That blank entry-
papers be fnruished to exhibitors for the entr}' of Plants and
Flowers at the large exhibitions of the Society. These entry-
papers to be prepared by the Committee of Arrangements, and to
be sent to exhibitors with an explanatory letter stating the object
to be attained.

The meeting was then dissolved.

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS,

FOR THE YEAR 1885.

By Edward L. beard, Chairman.

As anticipated at the beginning of this year, the increase
of prizes offered by the Society for 1885 has led to a marked
improvement in the competition for them by exhibitors of Plants
and Flowers ; though a large numl)er of the prizes were not com-
peted for. This absence of competition was noticeable where the
Schedule called for specimens of such flowering or other plants as
require time and skill for their preparation. Since the stimulation
of cultural skill among gardeners — professional or amateur — is one
of the leading objects of this Society, it is to be regretted that
there is not a more general rivalry among exhibitors in competing
for such prizes in the Schedule as are offered for specimens of
either hard or soft wooded, and of hardy or greenhouse plants.
These prizes should be made still more liberal, at the expense of
mere displays of cut flowers or flowers from the open garden,
which in many cases do not call for any especial skill in culture.

The classes for specimen Azaleas, Pelargoniums (both Fancy and
Zonale), Heaths, Forced Hardy and Herbaceous Plants, Stove and
Greenhouse Flowering Plants, and Hydrangeas in pots, were
meagrely represented, there being in many cases no entries what-
soever. In the various classes for Specimen Chrysanthemums in
pots there were but two exhibitors, and these did not attempt to
compete for all the prizes offered for trained plants where cultural
skill was a requisite. lu a community where there are numerous
plant growers of acknowledged skill, this Society ought to en-
courage more active competition among them, in place of fostering
the display's of cut flowers, whicii, though attractive in a degree,

246 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

do not properly exemplify the higher aims which the Society has
in view.

The first informal exhibition of the Society was held on
January 10th, when there was a good display of Cut Flowers, etc.,
and one of Native Perennials and Mosses by Mrs. P. D. Richards.
This exhibitor, — who confines herself to showing the wild flowers,
ferns, and mosses, indigenous to this section, — has made some of
the most valuable and interesting exhibits ever noticed in oiu*
records. Every wild plant and flower, moss and fern, has been
gathered in its season, at no inconsiderable expenditure of time and
trouble, and exhibited not only with the botanical name but the
popular English or local name appended. This has proved very
instructive to thousands, and cannot be too highly commended.

On the 24th of January, S. R. Payson exhibited some magni-
ficent specimens of Cattleya Triance, and the newer Cattleya
lahiata Percivaliana, one of the most promising of the few
autumn blooming Cattleyas. One of th€ finest varieties ever
shown of this species was among the number, and the collection
was awarded a Silver Medal.

On the 31st of January, F. L. Ames brought in the new and
very rare Vanda Sanderiana. This magnificent orchid bore a
five-flowered spike, and had never been shown in bloom in this
country. It received a Silver Medal.

On the 28th of February a First Class Certificate of Merit was
awarded to William H. Spooner for blooms of the new English-
raised Hybrid Perpetual rose. Queen of Queens, one of the
whitish-pink class. It is a fine large rose, and promises to be
hardy, though its qualities as a good grower are yet but indefi-
nitely known.

The new Japanese Primida obconica was exhibited the same
day. This is one of the best dwarf plants for winter blooming in
the gi-eenhouse ever introduced, and its rosy white blooms are
persistent. It is perennial in its character, and throws up truss
after truss of bloom the entire winter and far into summer. It
was awarded a Fu-st Class Certificate of Merit.

E. M. Wood & Co., on the same day, offered a lot of sixteen
blooms of Marechal Niel Roses, similar to those shown by them at
other times, which represented the perfection of culture ; and no
other exhibitor, with the exception of N. G. Simpkins, was able
to divide honors with them. A Bronze Medal for cultural skill
was awarded.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 247

The cut blooms of Hybrid Perpetual Roses, shown by John B.
Moore & Son on this and other dates, were rather better than
the average of these noted growers, and but one lot of early
forced Hybrid Roses could compete with them. This was shown
by L. W. Hastings, on the 17th of March. On this day, Henry
Ross exhibited XantJioceras sorbifoUa, a beautiful shrub, which is
of doul)tful hardiness in this latitude.

SPRING EXHIBITION.

March 19 and 20.

This exhibition was held under the serious disadvantage of
excessively and unseasonal^ly cold weather, so that exhibitors of
Azaleas and other large plants were not as numerous as usual, but
this was fully offset by the glorious display of Spring Bulbs and
Orchids. It is not extravagant to say that no such exhibit was
ever made in this country before, and the stimulus given by it to
bulb culture can hardly be estimated.

Arthur W. Blake, a new exhibitor, was first for six Azaleas,
which, though small, were well grown and bloomed, and included
some of the newest and most brilliant varieties. Flambeau being
exceptionalh' good. Mr. Blake was first for four Azaleas and for
a single Azalea, while Hon. Marshall P. Wilder was first for a
specimen Azalea.

Jackson Dawson took the first prize for a single plant of Hybrid
Perpetual Rose with Abel Carri^re, and Mrs. Francis B. Hayes
took the second with Emily Laxton.

There were no entries for the four prizes for twelve blooms of
Gen. Jacqueminot Rose.

The display of Tea Roses was fau-ly good : Catherine Mermet,
Bon Sil^ne, Cornelia Cook, and Niphetos being well shown by
Delay & Meade, Edwin Sheppard, and C. M. Hovey.

John L. Gardner took the first prize for twelve single Hyacinths
in pots. In this lot were

Alba Maxima, L' Incomparable^

Argus, Obelisque,

Charles Dickens, Princess Dagmar,

La Grandesse, Sir John Lawrence,

La Tour d' Auvergne, Snowball.

Laurens Koster,

248 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

C. M. Hovey took the first prize for six Hyacinths iu pots with
Amy, Fabiola,

Baroness Van Tuyll, King of the Blues,

Charles Dickens, Mimosa.

C. H. Hovey & Co. took the first prize for three Hyacinths with
Paix de 1' Europe, Lord Palmerston, and Veronica ; and also the
first prize for a single Hyacinth, with Czar Peter. Messrs. Gard-
ner and C. H. Hovey & Co. had some well grown Hyacinths
iu pans, which is a very effective method of showing this beautiful
spring flower.

While the Hyacinths were particularly good, the Tulips were
poor. Hardy Narcissi were well shown, prominent among them
being the new Welsh Daffodil, Sir Watkin, a form of N. incom-
parabilis. This is distinct and fine enough to take rank with
Emperor, Empress, and Horsfieldii, and is quite hardy. It was
shown by E. L. Beard, who also staged some fine forms of
Cyclamen persicum, quite in advance of the old types of this
charming flower. This is a plant which is not generally well grown,
but which is worth all the attention it requires.

The prizes for a General Display of Spring Bulbs were effective
iu bringing out good collections ; the first prize being taken by
C. M. Hovey. Among the Narcissi shown, were N. obvallaris
(the Tenby Daffodil) and Bulhocodium album, both gems. The
Tenby Daffodil is hardy, the other is not.

Denys Zirugiebel exhibited a large collection of cut blooms
of Pausies in dishes, taking all of the prizes. They were a
superb lot of fancy and show varieties,- with firm petals, and well
up to the standard of a perfect Pansy.

No J'orced Hardy or Herbaceous Plants in pots were shown,
which was unfortunate in view of the opportunities for effective
display in this class.

The first prize for a si)ecimen Greenhouse Plant was taken by
John L. Gardner, who exhibited Imaidophyllum miniatum \ Mrs.
Francis B. Ha^^es was second in this class, with a fine plant of
Rliododendron VeitcJiianum Imvigatum.

Carnations were finely shown by J. A. Foster, whose collection
of long stemmed blooms was tastefully arranged with the foliage,
and took the first prize. Cinerarias and Camellias were well
represented.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 249

The exhibition of Orchids was the best ever made, comprising
over oue hundred plants, many of them unique specimens.
F. L. Ames exhibited

Gattleya amethystoglossa.

Dendrobmm Ainsivorthii, with over 150 flowers.
' ' Brymerianum .

" WarcUanum; several large plants.

" " album.

Oclontoglossum Alexandrce^ and

" Pescatorei; several magnificent plants, one of

the latter bearing sixty flowers on one spike.

Odontoglossum triumplians, with an unequalled spike of bloom.

PhalcBnopsis Brymerianum .
" Stuartiana.

And many others of large size and rare quality.

H. H. Huunewell exhibited

CalantJie Turneri.

Coelogyne cristata, the Chatsworth variety ; a plant three feet
across, and a sheet of flowers.

Cymbidinm Lowi.

Dendrobmm Wcu-dianum,, a fine plant.

Odontoglossum Insleayi.

Plmla^nopsis Schilleriana. Several extra good varieties were
shown, one plant having about seventy-five flowers open.

Sojihronites grandijlora.
Besides numbers of others.

David Allan (gardener to Robert M. Pratt) exhibited

Cypripedium inskpie, one of the finest plants of this species
ever put ou exhibition. It was about four feet across.

Dendrobium Ainsworthii, a well-bloomed plant.

" Wardianum, about a dozen grand plants, most of

them bearing from forty to sixty flowers.

All of the Orchids were interspersed with ferns and brilliant
Anthuriums, constituting such a display as is rarely witnessed. A
gratifying feature of the exhibition was the award of the Society's
Silver Medal to F. L. Harris (gardener to H. H. Huunewell),
David Allan (gardener to Robert M. Pratt), and AV. Robiusou

250 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

(gardeuer to F. L. Ames), for skilful culture of Orchids. The
Botanic Garden at Cambridge, through W. A. Mauda, its
gardener, exhibited forced herbaceous plants, including LUium
tenuifolium, Primula cortusoides, Trillium grandiflorum, and
Doronicum Caucasicum, the last very bright and showy. Jackson
Dawson of the Arnold Arboretum showed fine and well bloomed
plants of Hybrid Perpetual Roses on the Japanese stock, taking
the first prize for three ; and an interesting collection of hardy
Primulas and Polyanthuses in pots, besides forced Kcdmia latifolia.
John B. Moore & Son took the first prize for twenty-four cut
blooms of Hybrid Perpetual Roses, which were even finer than
his magnificent June flowers that for three years have taken the
Challenge Vase. A magnificent bloom of White Baroness took
the first prize for single bloom. This promises to be a finer rose
than the Merveille de Lyon. Messrs. Moore exhibited a plant of
the new Hybrid Perpetual rose, Col. Felix Breton. This is the
darkest rose ever shown, of good habit, promising well for free-
dom of bloom, and very fragrant. It was awarded a First Class
Certificate of Merit.

On the 11th of April, F. L. Ames exhibited the new hybrid
Lcelia PhilbricMana, which received a Fu'st Class Certificate of
Merit. He also had a collection of remarkable Orchids, compris-
ing eight plants of Odontoglossum Pescatorei, all of them fine varie-
ties ; and many other rare and brilliant species.

On the 18th of April, forty-two gigantic flowers of Cornelia
Cook and Catherine Mermet roses were shown by N. G. Simpkins,
and nothino; finer could l)e imagined.

MAY EXHIBrnON.
May 9.

The collection of Pelargoniums at this exhibition was meagre, no
entries for Zonale or Fancy varieties having been made. This
exhibition has not been successful for several seasons. There
was no competition for Calceolarias in pots ; and very few of the
prizes offered were taken.

A fine lot of Auriculas, in pots, was shown by David Allan.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOAVERS. 251

RHODODENDRON SHOW.
June 6.

At this exhibition, the only entry for the Hunnewell premiums
wfis made by Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, who took the first prizes for
twenty-four, twelve, six, three, and single tender varieties of
Rhododendrons. The six tender varieties taking the first prize
were

Baron Schroeder. Lady Grenville,

Jennie Deans, Lady Rolle,

John Walter, W. E. Gladstone.

The varieties taking the first prize for three, were Auguste Van
Geert, Lady Dorothy Neville, and Mrs. Thomas Longman.

There were no entries for Hardy Rhododendrons except in the
class for six. The first prize in this class also was taken b}' Mrs.
Hayes.

There was no competition for Hardy Azaleas.
H. H. Hunnewell had a large and very fine exhibit, of forty-two
varieties of Rhododendrons, thirty Ghent Azaleas, twelve varie-
ties of Azalea mollis, and sixty varieties of Indian Azaleas — not
for competition.

On the 13th of June the exhibition of Rhododendrons was better
than on the regular prize da}^, Mrs. Hayes contributing some new
and strikingly beautiful varieties, some of the best of which
were

Baron Schroeder, Lady Rolle,

B. W. Currie, Minnie,

Concessum, Mrs. Heywood,

Duchess of Connaught, Mrs. Tretton,

Duke of Connaught, Mrs. W. Agnew,

Exquisite. Mrs. Williams,

Fleur de Marie, Sappho,

Francis B. Hayes, Sir Arthm- Guinness,

Helen Waterer, Sir Colin Campbell,

Jack Waterer, Sir James Clark,

James Mason, Sk Joseph Whitworth,

Lady Clemeut, Surprise,

Lady Falmouth, W. H. Punchard.

Mr. Hunnewell also staged a large lot of Rhododendrons and
Azaleas.

252 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

On the "iOth of June, Mrs. Ha^-es again exhibited new varieties
of Rhododendrons, fifteen in number ; and was awarded a Silver
Medal for them. The colors of these were if possible even
more delicate and novel than those shown by her before. Among
them were the following which were noted as the finest :
Baroness Schroeder, Snowflake,

Charles Noble, Souvenir de Prince d'Orange,

INIabel Mears, Vaubau,

Maggie Heywood, Village Maid,

Sir Humphrey de Traft'ord, Vivian Grey.

ROSE AND STRAWBERRY EXHIBITION.

June 25 and 26.

This was not quite up to the average excellence of former
exhibitions, the weather proving uncertain and unfavorable.

Subscription Prizes for Hybrid Perpetual Roses.
There was sharp competition for these ; John B. Moore & Son
taking that for twenty-four varieties, one of each, with the follow-
ing, all in the finest form and condition :

Abel Carri^re, Marguerite de St. Amande,

Alfred Colomb, Marquise de Castellane,

Baroness Rothschild, Merveille de Lyon,

Charles Lefebvre, Mme. Eugenie Verdier,

fitieune Levet, - " Gabriel Luizet,

E. Y. Teas, " Marie Rady,

Francois Michelon, " Victor Verdier,

George jMoreau, Pierre Netting,

Horace Vernet, Queen of Queens,

La Rosiere, Sir Garnet Wolseley,

Mabel Morrison, Ulrieh Brunner,

Marg-ueiite de Roman, Victor Verdier.

Messrs. Moore also took the prize for eighteen varieties, one of
each.

David Allan took the special prizes for twelve and four varieties,
three of each ; and John S. Richards that for six varieties.

John L. Gardner took the Amateur's Prize for twenty-four
different varieties, and the prizes for six of any two varieties,
and eighteen of different varieties.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 253

Society's Prizes.

John B. Moore & Sou were first in the competition for the
Society's Prizes for Hybrid Perpetual Roses, with the exception of
the classes for six named varieties, three of each, and three
named varieties, three of each ; the first prizes for these going to
Johu S. Richards. The first prize for Moss Roses, in both classes,
went to Johu B. Moore & Son.

The lack of competition for the Society's prizes indicates that the
classes are too large, few exhiljitors having *Roses enough to fill a
class where three each of twenty-four varieties are required.

The general display of Roses was fine ; and exhibitors generally
were prompt in renewing their boxes and collections on the second
day of the exhibition.

There was no competition for the prizes for Stove and Green-
house Flowering Plants ; but the show of Orchids was notably
good. F. L. Ames took the first prize for twelve, and also for
six varieties. In his collection, were

Cattleya Gaskelliana, OdoiUoglo^sum Alescandrce,

Gypripedium albo-puiyureum, " Cobbianum,

" ciliare, " maculatum,

Masdevallia Harryaaa magnifica , " Pescatorei^

"• vexiUarium.

David Allan (gardener to R. M. Pratt) and E. W. Gilmore
had fine collections of Orchids ; the former taking the second
prize for twelve plants, and the latter the first for three.

A First Class Certificate of Merit was awarded to F. L. Ames
for the new variegated Stove Plant Leea amabilis, a very promis-
ing species.

All of the classes for Cut Flowers were well represented except
that for Herbaceous Paeonies.

The Saturday Exhibitions through the summer were up to the
average in quality, and attracted more than ordinary attention.

Iris Kcemp)feri was well shown by John L. Gardner on the 11th
of July ; and it is hoped that more attention will be paid to the
cultivation of this beautiful species of Iris.

Hollyhocks were well shown on the 18th of July ; though they
would be far more attractive if exhibited on the stalks, and not in
flat dishes where their beauty is completely lost. E. Sheppard
took the first prize for twelve, and Edwin Fewkes the first for six.

254 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Not a prize for Hydrangeas on the 25th of July was taken ; nor
for Lilium longifiorum. The latter is, in many cases, not proving
hardy ; and its out-door culture has been very much reduced.
The first prizes for Sweet Peas and Verbenas went to Edwin
Fewkes and A. A. Hixon, respectively.

Stocks and Balsams were poorly represented on the 1st of
August ; there being no entry in the former class, and but one in
the latter.

F. L. Temple exhibited Hypericum aureum and GaiUardia
grandiflora, both of which received First Class Certificates of
Merit. A similar Certificate was awarded to Edwin Fewkes for
Milla biflora, which, treated in the same manner as the gladiolus,
is one of the finest white flowered bulbs for the garden yet intro-
duced. A First Class Certificate of Merit was awarded to John
C. Hovey for Orostachys >ipinosa.

John B. Moore & Son took the first prize for Perennial Phloxes
on the 8th of August ; and the first prize for Petunias went to
A. A. Hixon.

William Martin (gardener to Henry P. Kidder) , exhibited some
splendid specimens of Achimenes in pots, and received a First
Class Certificate of Merit.

James Cartwright took the first prize for twenty varieties of
Gladioli on the 15th of August ; and the first for one spike, the
variety being Ambrose Verschaftelt. Mr. Cartwright was also
first for the General Display. The quality of the Gladioli, in
general, was good ; and this exhibition was a fine one. Denys
Zirngiebel exhibited eight pots of his -Seedling White Aster, and
received a First Class Certificate of Merit. Grown in this way,
the Aster becomes highly decorative for conservatories or dwell-
ings.

Edwin Sheppard took the first prize for Truffaut's Asters on
the 22d, Warren Heustis the second ; and Mr. Sheppard was first
for Victoria Asters. L. W. Goodell took the first prize for
Pompous.

At this exhibition, E. H. Hitchings had Utricidaria dcmdestina,
not shown before. A Silver Medal was awarded to N. S. Simpkins
for splendid specimens of Nymphwa rubra, N. Bevoniensis, N.
Zanzibarensis aurea, and N. dentata.

There was a slim show of Lilium lancifolium and Tropfeolums,
on the 29th ; but a good lot of Marigolds was shown by S. S.
Hovev, taking the first prize.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 255

V. H. Hallock, Sou, & Thorpe, of Queens, N.Y., exhibited uiue
varieties of Gladioli, seedlings from Saunderm, all showing the
characteristics of that species ; but all highly decorative and
brilliant in color, yet not up to the standard of a first class Gladi-
olus as to spike and shape of flowers.

A good exhibit of Dianthus was made on the 5th of September,
the first prize going to L. W. Goodell, who has been very success-
ful in improving this flower.

Joseph Tail by exhibited a plant in bloom of the new Tea Rose,
William Francis Bennett, for which a First Class Certificate of
Merit was awarded. This rose can never take the place of the
Gen. Jacqueminot as it has been claimed it would do. It is almost
as single as Safrano, and though handsome and well colored in the
bud state, soon opens and has a tendency to fade. As a rose to
be used only while unopened, it will no doubt prove valuable,
particularly if free in blooming. A First Class Certificate of
Merit was awarded to C. M, Hovey for Tea Rose Perle d'Or, and
one to Edwin Fewkes for Heliotrope Roi des Noirs. This is cer-
tainly the darkest heliotrope known, but lacks that fragrance
possessed by other varieties.

ANNUAL EXHIBITION.

September 15, 16, 17, and 18.

This was, so far as comparison can go, the best, in most respects.
ever held by the Society. It served to demonstrate, however,
that this exhibition has outgrown the halls. In the five thousand
square feet of the upper hall alone, enough plants were grouped
to fill effectively double the space.

Evergreen Trees and Shrubs. — William C. Strong took
the first Hunnewell premium for these.

Stove and Greenhouse Plants. — H. H. Hunnewell took the
first prize for ten, though it was very difficult to decide between
this lot and S. R. Payson's. The successful collection com-
prised

Alorasia macrorhiza var., Ficus Parcelli,

Anthurium crystaUinum, Licuala grandis,

Cisfius discolor, Maranta virginalis,

Crotonfasciatus, Phyllotcenium Lindeni,

Gycas circinalis, Sphcerogyne latifolia.

256 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Specimen Flowering Plants. — David Allan (gardener to R.
M. Pratt) was first for six in bloom, as follows :
Allamanda Schottii, Ixora Westii,

Curcuma Roacoeana^ Nerine coriiscans,

Dipladenia profum , Vallota purpurea .

The plant of Anthurium Andreanum shown by David Allan
took the first prize ior a single specimen in this class.

Vakiegated Leaved Plants (other than Crotons or Dra-
caenas).— Mr. Hunnewell was first for six, as follows:
Alocasia Thibautiana, Dieffenbachia magnijica,

Bertolonia Van Houttei, Maranta fasciata,

Dieffenbachia Bausei, " rosea picta.

G. A. Nickerson took the first prize for a single specimen, with
the finest colored Crotou Queen Victoria ever shown in the hall.

Caladiums. — F. L. Ames was first for foui' as follows :
Candidum, John R. Box,

Duchess of Teck, Mad. Fritz Krechlin.

Ferns. — The first prize for six was taken by F. L. Ames, with
the following named plants :

Davallia 3Iooreana, Microlepia hirta ciHdata,

Gleichenia dicarpa, Nephiyjlepis davaUioides fuj'cans,

" dichotoma, Polypodium plumosum.

Adiantums. — David Allan was first for six, as follows :
A. concinnum, A. gracillimum^

A. cuneatum , A. Mattheivsiana,

A. Farleyense, A. Williamsii.

Lycopods. — Here also Mr. Allan was first with
L. caesium, L. hcematodes,

L. densum, L. variabilis.

Drac^nas. — The first prize for six was taken by H. H. Hunne-
well, who had the following, all finely grown and colored :

D. Bella, D. Mr. Hunneioell,

D. ffarrisii, D. Sheppardi,

D. Lindeni, D. Youngii.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 257

Crotons. — F. L. Ames was first for six, with the following
varieties :

Baron Frank Selliere, Mortefontainensis,

Dayspring, Mortii,

Disraeli, Nevillise.

Palm. — The magnificent plant of Cocos Bonnetti shown hj
S. R. Pay sou took the first prize for a specimen palm.

In Nepenthes, F. L. Ames was first with Ghehorii, hyhrida
maculata, and splendida.

Orchids. — The first prize for six went to F. L. Ames, who had
Ccelogyne Gimimingii, Dendrobiumformosum,

" 3fas.sangeana, " Lowii,

Gypripedium Veifchii, Oncidium incurvum.

For three Orchids E. W. Gilmore was first, with Dendrohium
formoHum giganteum, Saccolabium Blumel majus, and Oncidium
incurvum. The prize for a single Orchid went to F. L. Ames for
Epidendrum, prismatocarpum.

Cut Flowers. — The display of Gladioli, Dahlias, and other cut
flowers, was very bright and well kept up during the exhibition.

A Silver Medal was awarded to David Allan for Alocasia San-
deriayia, and one to H. H. Huunewell for Asparagus phifnosus
scandens.

The platform of Greenhouse and Stove Plants shown by
William J. Martin (gardener to Heury P. Kidder), was deservedly
admired ; the specimens of Fuchsias in flower especially giving
evidence of Mr. Martin's skill ; while the whole lot was well
grown and admirably arranged.

The tank of N\niiphaeas and Nelumbiums from Edward D.
Sturtevaut, of Bordentown, N. J., was exceedingly attractive.
N. S. Simpkins also exhibited fine flowers of Nympha^as in the
same tank.

A very noticeable new plant, Ataccia cristata, remarkable
however only for its rarity and weird form, was exhibited by
F. L. Ames. It was given a First Class Certificate of Merit.

On the 7th of November an especially good plant of Helleborus
niger, in a pot, was shown by John C. Hovey, bearing probably

258 MASSACHUSETTS HOIITICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

fifty pure white flowers. It had been lifted from the open ground,
and the earliuess of its bloom under those conditions was surpris-
ing. This ought to become one of the most valuable plants
for winter forcing.

CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW.
November 12 and 13.

The annual exhibition of Chr^'^santhemums was in many respects
the most successful ever given in Boston ; though the competition
was not what it should have been, some of the strongest growers
of Chrysanthemums being wholly unrepresented.

The upper hall of the Society, comprising five thousand square
feet, was devoted to Chrysanthemums iu pots and the Orchid dis-
play ; while the lower hall was given over to cut blooms, and fruit
and vegetables. Even both of these large halls were inadequate to
hold the aggregated collections.

The first prize for six Chinese Chrj^santhemums was taken by
Dr. H. P. Walcott, with the following varieties :
Baron Beust, Mrs. Forsythe,

Bruce Finlay, Mrs. Sharp,

King of Crimsons, Mrs. Shipman.

These were magnificent plants, in twelve-inch pots, grown
uatm'ally, the blooms not tied down, and each plant between four
and five feet high, — averaging five feet across. The same rating
applied to all the plants exhibited by Dr. "Walcott, which in respect
of growth, were admitted to be the best ever shown in one lot in
this couutr}^

Dr. Walcott was also first for three Chinese : Mrs. Dixon,
Christine, and Alfred Salter. He was also first for six Japanese,
with glorious plants of

Bouquet Fait, La Charmeuse,

Flambeau, Nevada,

Golden Dragon, President Parkman.

For three Japanese, Dr. Walcott came first, with Fair Maid of
Guernse}', Moussillac, and Belle Valantinau.

For four Pompons, Dr. Walcott was first with
Golden Mdlle. Marthe, Mdlle. Marthe,

La Vogue, Salamon.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 259

Dr. Walcott took the first prize for a specimen Chinese
Chrysanthemum, with Gladstone, and the first prize for a speci-
men Japanese Chrysanthemum, with Fernand Feral. His onh'
competitor in these classes was a new grower, Edwin Fewkes,
whose plants, while smaller, were yet well grown and very clean
and perfectly flowered. He took all the second prizes for speci-
mens.

The first prize for forty specimens, not less than ten varieties,
was awarded to E. W. Wood, who staged handsome plants of the
following :

Annis, Mabel Wood,

Bouquet Fait, Madame B. Rendatler,

Citronella, M. Plauchiuan,

Damio, Mr. George Glenny,

Dr. Sharpe, Mr. George Rundle,

Elaine, Prince Alfred,

Fremy, Prince of Wales,

Fair Maid of Guernsey, Semiramis,

Golden Circle, Snowball,

Golden George Glenn}^, Souvenir de Mercedes,

Golden Dragon, Soeur Melanie,

Gray's Golden Beverly, Temple of Solomon,

John Salter, White Eve.

Edwin Fewkes was second in this class and Patrick Malley third.
The first prize for Anemone Flowered Chrysanthemums was
taken by Dr. Walcott with a grand specimen of Timbale Argent.
Other collections were shown by Norton Brothers, Hovey & Co.,
Warren Heustis, and Mrs. Francis B. Hayes. Among the collec-
tions and specimens many new varieties were shown, the Japanese
class predominating.

The display of cut blooms was very large, and hundreds of
seedlings were shown. It is evident that while the disposition to
grow these is laudable, and should be encouraged, on the other
hand there is risk of crowding the field with varieties which are
not distinct or remarkable. Many named kinds have been put on
the market, which a year hence will be thrown aside by growers
as worthless. Standing out in marked distinction from the average
run of seedlings was a magnificent white reflexed flower shown
by Dr. Walcott. This, which was labelled C 10, was considered
the finest white seedling ever shown in Boston, or anywhere else.

260 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

It is a perfectly shaped, globular flower, with firm strap-shaped
petals of such pure color that Elaiue looks dusky beside it. The
petals reflex in such a way that the flower appears to be globular,
and the centre is filled to perfection. The specimen on exhibition
measui'ed nearly five inches. It was awarded a Fu'st Class Certi-
ficate of Merit. Dr. Walcott showed blooms of other fine seed-
lings, notably a yellow and a pink Japanese flower, both very
large and promising, A Silver Medal was awarded Dr. Walcott
for an immense plant of his seedling B 25. This is a small
reflexed flower of vigorous habit, but whose chief charm is its intense
dark yellow color. It is quite distinct in this respect, and wiU
prove a valuable acquisition. Other fine seedlings of Dr. TValcott,
viz. : George AValcott, lilac striped ; Colorado, yellow ; and Algon-
quin, yellow ; were shown and generally adnnred. Mr. Fewkes
exhibited a gi-oup of seedlings, all of good form and color.

A large group of seedlings was shown by Patten & Co., most of
them inclining to be open-eyed : but noticeable for the varying
forms and colors, which were pleasing.

J. Lewis Childs, of Queens, N. Y., staged a good group of cut
blooms, and E. M. Allen, also of Queens, exhibited a bronzy
yellow seedling called Brazen Shield.

In the competition for cut blooms Edwin Fewkes was first, with
twelve blooms of Chinese Chrysanthemums. This was a very
perfect lot ; the names were

Barbara, Mr. Bunn,

Eve, Ml'. Corbay,

Hereward, Nil Desperandum,

Isabella Bott, Princess Teck,

Lady Slade, Rival Little Harry,

Mabel Ward, St. Patrick.

He was also first for six blooms of Chinese, as follows :

General Slade, Mrs. Forsythe,

Guernsey Nugget, Pietro Diaz,

Lord Wolseley, Princess of Wales.

Edwin Sheppard staged twelve cut blooms of Japanese Chrysan-
themums, and took the first prize in this class. The first prize for
twenty-four sprays of Japanese blooms went to Edwin Fewkes, for
unexampled specimens of

REPOET OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 261

Album plenum,
Aurore Boreale,
Baron de Frailly,
Beaut6 de Toulouse,
Bend Or,
Boule d'Or,
Bouquet Fait,
Carmen,
Daimio,
Dr. Mastei's,
Flambeau,
Fulton,

Mr. Fewkes took the first
Chinese, as follows :

Antonelli,

Barbara,

Cherub,

Eve,

Faust,

General Slade,

Golden Queen,

Hereward,

Hero of Stoke Newington,

Isabella Bott,

Jardin des Plantes,

Jeanne d'Arc,

Gloii'e de Toulouse,

Glou-e Rayonnante,

LTncomparable,

La Frizure,

M. Paul Fabre,

Margot,

Mme. Clemence Audiguier,

Moonlight,

Oracle,

President Parkman,

Source d'Or,

Souvenir de Haarlem.

prize for twenty-four spra3"s of

Mabel Ward,
• Mr. Bunn,
Mr. Corbay,
Mr. George Glenny,
Mrs. Dixon,
Mrs. Forsythe,
President Sanderson,
Princess Teck,
Rival Little Harry,
Souvenir de Mercedes,
Talford Salter,
Venus.

Mr. Fewkes was first for six blooms of Japanese :
Baron de Prailly, J. Delaux,

Belle Paule, Mrs. C. Cary,

Chinoisiere, Soleil Levant.

The display of Orchids was large, the stage being filled with
splendid specimens. F. L. Ames took the first prize for three
orchids, showing Cypripedium insigne Maulei, with eighteen
flowers, Odontoglossum Alexandrce^ and Vanda Sanderiana — the
latter bearing a spike of seven highl3'-colored flowers. E. W.
Gilmore was second with Oncidium ornithorynchum three feet
across, Odontoglossum grande^ and a fine specimen of Saccolabium

262 ilASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTURAI. SOCIETY.

Bhi.mei mo.ju.<. The third prize for three orchids was won by
F. L. Ames, with Vanda ccer^jJea, PhalxEnop^U amabUu<. and Cypri-
jiedium Spicerianum, the latter with fifteen flowers open. E. "SV.
GUmore was fourth with Dendrohium fornnom.ra giganteum,
Oncidium varicoaum, and Lyca<-te Skinneri.

David Allan took the first prize for a specimen orchid with Vanda
ncerulea, bearing two large spikes. F. L. Ames was second with a
large specimen of Cypripedium HarriHonianum. TT. A. Manda,
of the Cambridge Botanic Garden, had a fine lot of orchids and
rare greenhouse and hardy plants. Mr. Ames exhibited for the
first time Cypripedium te.<selatum porphyreum, a fine hybrid, and
Cyprifjedium tonsum, a species. Both are striking orchids, and
received First Class Certificates of Merit. There were brilliant
collections of cut flowers from many other exhibitors, which in this
limited report cannot be alluded to in detail.

Hebbaceous Pla^tts. — The prizes for the exhibits of this
season having been taken the greatest number of times by Miss
S. W. Story, the Society's Silver Medal was awarded to her in
conformity with the Schedule ; and the Bronze Medal to Anthony
^j'cLaren, who was second in competition.

PKOSPECtnE Prizes. — There were two entries for the best
Seedling Flowering or Foliage Plant, as follows : V. H. Hallock,
Son, & Thorpe, of Queens, N. Y., entered their Seedling LiJium
speciosum. Opal. This is a good form of sppcioHum, with petals
spotted with carmine. H. B. Watt entered his Seedling Gladiolus,
Fairy. This is a pure white variety,' with a well-formed spike,
and showing evidence of good habit. The Committee defer any
action on these entries until they can have further opportunity to
determine the absolute value of the productions named.

The amount awarded during the year has been 82,716, out
of the sum of 8 2, T-oO appropriated; of this amount 81,712 was
given for prizes, and 81,004 for gratuities.

Respectfully submitted.

Edwi>. L. Beard, \

David Allax, I Committee

J. H. Woodford, ( on

James CARTiVRioHX, / Plants and

Edwin- Fewkes, \ ^,^„.^^.,,

P. XORTOS, /

PEIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR PLAXT>
A>'D FLOWERS.

Jaxtary 10.
Gratuities : —
Mrs. Francis B. Hayes. Camellias and Cut Flowers, . . . .S2 00

Stillman S. Hovev. Cut Flowers, • 1 00

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Native Mosses and Perennials, . . . 2 00

Jaxtart 17.
Gratuities : —

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Camellias, 2 00

W. K. Wood, Vase of Flowers, 2 0»)

C M. Hovey, Camellias and Violets, 1 00

J.orcAKY 24.
Gratuity : —
John L. Gardner, six pots Lilies of the Valley, . . . . 2 00

Jaxttart 31.
Gratuities : —
Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Camellias and Cut Flowers, . . . 2 00

C. M. Hovey, Cypripedium insigne, 2 00

Hellehorus niger, Otto, ...... 1 00

Febrcaky 7.
Ghratuities : —

^[rs. Francis B. Hayes. Camellias, 2 00

Miss Sarah "\V. Story, Cut Flowers, 1 00

February 14.
Gratuity : —
Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Camellias, 2 00

February 21.
Gratuities : —

Jlrs. Francis B. Hayes, Camellias, etc., 2 00

C. M. Hovey, Camellias. 1 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Xarcissns, etc., 100

February 2S.

Gratuities : —

E. M. Wood & Co., sixteen Marechal Niel Roses, . . . 5 00

John B. Moore & Son, Hybrid Perpetual Roses, . . . . 5 00

William H. Spooner. Hybrid Perpetual Roses 1 00

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Camellias and Rhododendrons, . . 3 00

Delay ^<c Meade, Cut Blooms of Xiphetos, Catherine Mermet, and

Cornelia Cook Roses, 3 00

C. M. Hovey, ImantoplvjUum Van Houttei, 2 00

264

MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTUHAL SOCIETY.

C. M. Hovey, Cut Flowers, $3 00

Miss Sarah W. Story, Cut Flowers, 2 00

Stillman S. Hovey, " " 2 00

W. K. Wood, Vase of " " 2 00

March 7.
Gratuities : —

Mrs. Francis B. Hayf^s, collection of Camellias and Cut Flowers, 3 00

John B. Moore & Son, Hybrid Perpetual Roses, . . . . 3 00

Jackson Dawson, Hj^brid Perpetual Roses on Japanese stock, . 2 00

C. M. Hovey, Azalea in pot, 2 00

" " Cut Flowers, 2 00

Miss Sarah W. Story, Cut Flowers, 1 00

William H. Spooner, Hybrid Perpetual Roses, Marguerite de

Roman and Heinrich Schultheis, 1 00

Delay & Meade, collection of Tea Roses, 2 00

March 14.

Gratuities : —

L. W. Hastings, Hybrid Perpetual Roses,

John B. Moore & Son, " " "

William H. Spooner, " " "

Eben Bacon, Pot Rose, Merveille de Lyon,
C. H. Hovey & Co., Camellias,

4 00
3 00
1 00

1 00

2 00

SPRING EXHIBITION.

March 19 and 20.

INDLA.N Azaleas. — Six uarned varieties, iu,pots, Arthur W. Blake, .§12 00

Second, Arthur W. Blake, 10 00

Two named varieties, Arthur W. Blake, 6 00

Second, Arthur W. Blake, 4 00

Specimen plant, named, Marshall P. Wilder, Reine des Roses, . 5 00

Second, Arthur W. Blake, Duchesse de Fernan Nunez, . . 4 00
Four named varieties, in not exceeding ten-inch pots, Arthur

W. Blake 10 00

Second. Marshall P. Wilder, • 2 00

Single plaut of any named variety, in not exceeding an eight-
inch pot, Arthur W. Blake, Amcena Oaldwelli, . . . 3 00
Second, Marshall P. Wilder, Rhenania, . . , . • 2 00
Hybrid Perpetual Roses. — Three plants, distinct named varie-
ties, Jackson Dawson, 8 00

Second, Mi's. Francis B. Hayes, . . . . . . 6 00

Single named plant, Jackson Dawson, Abel Carriere, . . 5 00

Second, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Emily Laxton, . . . 4 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 265

Twenty-four cut blooms, not less than six distinct named
vai'ieties, excluding General Jacqueminot, John B. Moore

& Son, ^12 00

Six cut blooms, distinct named varieties, John B. Moore & Son, 5 00
Single bloom of any named variety, John B. Moore & Son,

White Baroness, 2 00

Second, John B. Moore & Son, Mad. Victor Verdier, . . 1 00
Tender Roses, in Vases. — Twelve blooms of Bon Silene,

S. Mel, 3 00

Second, Delay & Meade, 2 00

Twelve blooms of Catherine Mermet, C. M. Hovey, . . . 5 00

Second, Delay & Meade, . . . . . • • • 4 00

Twelve blooms of Cornelia Cook, Delay & Meade, . . . 5 00

Twelve blooms of Niphetos, Delay & Meade, . . . . 5 00

Second, Edwin Sheppard, 4 00

Twelve blooms of Safrauo, Edwin Sheppard, . . . . 3 00

Second, S. Niel, 2 00

Twelve blooms of Souvenir de la Malmaison, the second prize to

Delay & Meade, 4 00

Orchids. — Six plants in bloom, F. L. Ames, . . . .1200

Second, H. H. Hunnewell 10 00

Third, David Allan, 8 00

Three plants in bloom, H. H. Hunnewell, 8 00

Second, F. L. Ames, 6 00

Third, David Allan 5 00

Single plant in bloom, F. L. Ames, Odontoglossum Boezli, . 5 00

Second, David Allan, Dendrohium Ainsioorthii, . . . 4 00

Third, F. L. Ames, Odontoglossum triumphans, . . . 3 00
Greenhouse Plant. — Specimen in bloom other than Azalea or

Orchid, named, John L. Gardner, Imantophyllum miniatum, 5 00
Second, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Rhododendron Veitchianum

Icevigatum, 4 00

Cyclamens. — Six plants in bloom, Edward L. Beard, . . . 6 00

Two plants in bloom, Edward L. Beard, . , . . . 3 00

Single plant in bloom, Edward L. Beard, 2 00

Heaths, or Epacrises. — Three plants in bloom, the second

prize to C. M. Hovey , 3 00

Hardy Primroses, or Polyanthuses. — Six plants, of distinct

varieties, in bloom, Jackson Dawson, 4 00

Second, Jackson Dawson, 3 00

Cinerarias. — Six varieties in bloom, in not over nine-inch pots,

E. W. Gilmore, 8 00

Second, Edwin Sheppard, 6 00

Third, Jackson Dawson, 4 00

Single plant in bloom, E. "W. Gilmore, 3 00

Second, Edwin Sheppard, 2 00

Violets. — Six pots, in bloom, Edwin Sheppard, . . . . 3 00

266 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Pansies. — Six distinct varieties, in pots, in bloom, Denys

Zirngiebel, f 5 00

Second, C. M. Hovey, 4 00

Fifty cut blooms, in the Society's flat fruit dishes, Denys

Zirngiebel, 3 00

Second, Denys Zirngiebel, 2 00

Third, Denys Zirngiebel, 1 00

Carnations. — Display of cut blooms, not less than six varieties,

in vases, J. A. Foster, 4 00

Second, Denys Zirngiebel, 3 00

Camellias. — Display of named varieties, cut flowers, with foli-
age, not less than twelve blooms of not less than six

varieties, C. M. Hovey, 4 00

Second, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, 3 00

Six cut blooms of not less than four named varieties, with

foliage, John L. Gardner 2 00

Cut Flowers. — Display in the Society's glass vases, W. K.

Wood, 8 00

Second, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, 6 00

Basket OF Flowers. — Best arranged, James O'Brien, . . 8 00
Hyacinths. — Twelve distinct named varieties in pots, one in

each pot, in bloom, John L. Gardner, 10 00

Second, C. H. Hovey & Co., 8 00

Third, C. M. Hovey, 6 00

Six distinct named varieties in pots, one in each pot, in bloom,

C. M. Hovey, 6 00

Second, C. H. Hovey & Co., 5 00

Third, John L. Gardner, 4 00

Three distinct named varieties, in pots, one in each pot, in

bloom, C. H. Hovey ft Co., 4 00

Second, C M. Hovey, 3 00

Single named bulb, in pot, in bloom, C. H. Hovey & Co., Czar

Peter, 2 00

Second, John L. Gardner, Czar Peter, 1 00

Three pans, ten bulbs of one variety in each pan, John L.

Gardner, 6 00

Second, C. H. Hovey & Co., 4 00

Tulips. — Six six-inch pots, four bulbs in each, in bloom, John

L. Gardner, 5 00

Second, James O'Brien, 4 00

Third, C. M. Hovey, 3 00

Three six-inch pots, four bulbs in each, in bloom, the second

prize to C. M. Hovey, 3 00

Third. C. H. Hovey & Co. , 2 00

Polyanthus Narcissxts. — Four six-inch pots, three bulbs in each,

in bloom, Edward L. Beard, 6 00

Second, Edward L. Beard, ■* 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 267

Hardy Narcissus or Daffodils. — Best display, Edward L.

Beard, $6 00

Second, C. M. Hovey, 4 00

Jonquils. — Four six-inch pots, six bulbs in each, in bloom,

C. H. Hovey & Co., 3 00

Second, John L. Gardner, 2 00

General Display of Spring Bulbs, all classes. — C. M. Hovey, 15 00

Second, C. H. Hovey & Co., 10 00

Third, Edward L. Beard, 8 00

Lily of the Valley. — Six six-inch pots, in bloom, John L.

Gardner, . • 4 00

Second, James O'Brien, 3 00

Gratuities : — 4,

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Azaleas and Roses, 10 00

John B. Moore & Son, Cut Roses, 5 00

L. W. Hastings, .< w 4 00

William H. Spooner, pot of Merveille de Lyon Roses, . . . 3 00

Delay & Meade, Tea Roses, 3 00

John B. Moore & Son, New Roses, Lord Frederick Cavendish

and Souvenir de Reine Leveque, 2 00

Jackson Dawson, Roses, Primroses, etc., 5 00

Roses, 2 00

John L. Gardner, Primroses, Mignonette, Anemones, etc., . . 6 00

Frederick L. Ames, Pot Orchids, 20 00

H. H. Hunnewell, Pot Orchids, 10 00

David Allan, gardener to R. M. Pratt, Pot Orchids, . . . 10 00

E. W Gilmore, Orchids 5 00

W. A. Manda, " 2 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Amaryllis 2 00

W. A. Manda, Palms and Foliage Plants, 12 00

" " Herbaceous Plants, in pots 3 00

C. M. Hovey, Pot Plants, 5 00

Joseph Tailby, Wreath 4 00

Benjamin G. Smith, Pinks, etc., 1 00

Miss Sarah W. Story, Cut Flowers, 2 00

David Allan, " " 5 00

H. H. Hunnewell, " " 5 00

Frederick L. Ames, " " . . . • . • 3 00

Stillman L. Hovey, " " 3 00

Edwin Sheppard, " " 3 00

C. M. Hovey, '• " 2 00

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Mosses, etc., 2 00

March 28.
Gratuities : —
John B. Moore & Son, Hybrid Perpetual Roses, twenty-four

varieties, 3 00.

268

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL, SOCIETY.

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Hybrid Perpetual Roses, .

" " " Pot Azaleas and Cut Flowers,
" " " Pot Rose, fidouard Morren,

John L. Gardner, Hyacinths,

Mrs. A. D. Wood, Vase of Flowers,

02 00
3 00

1 00

2 00
2 00

April 4.
Gratuities : —

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cut Flowers,

" " " Pot Rose,

"W. H. Badlam, Primula vulgaris, twelve pots,
John B. Moore & Son, Hybrid Perpetual Roses,

3 00

1 00

2 00
2 00

April 11.
Gratuities : —

Frederick L. Ames, varieties of Pescatorea, .
John L. Gardner, Cytisus elegans, ....
C. D. Kingman, Seedling double white Pelargonium,
Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cut Rhododendrons, .

" " " Cut Flowers,

W. K. Wood,
Miss Sarah W. Story,
Mrs. E. M. Gill,
Edwin Sheppard,
Stillman S. Hovey,

6 00
2 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

April 18.
Gratuities : —

N. S. Simpkins, forty-two cut blooms of Cornelia Cook and

Catherine Mermet Roses, 4 00

W. H. Badlam, Twelve Primroses and six Polyanthuses, . . 2 00

Edwin Fewkes, Plant of Tropceolum tricolorum, . . . . 1 00

Edward L. Beard, Pansies, 1 00

Miss Sarah W. Story, Cut Flowers, 1 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " 1 00

April 2.5.
Gratuities : —

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Ehododendron fragrantUsimum,

Edwin Fewkes, Double Primrose, Cloth of Gold,

Mrs. A. D. Wood, Vase of Flowers,

Miss Sarah AY. Story, Cut Flowers,

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " . . . .

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Native Flowers, .

1 00
1 GO
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 269

MAY EXHIBITION.

May 9.
Indian Azalea. — Single plant in pot, named, C. M. Hovey,

Mad. Miellez,

Second, C. M. Hovey, Chilsoni,

Basket OF Flowers. — Mrs. E. M. Gill,

Second, Mrs. S. S. Hovey,

Pansies. — Fifty cut blooms in the Society's flat fruit dishes,

the second prize to Mrs. E. M. Gill,

Third, "William A. Bock

Gratuities : —

David Allan, Auriculas,

" " Orchids,

Edvpin Sheppard, Orchids,

C. M. Hovey, Camellias

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cut Flowers,

Miss Sarah W. Story, " "

Stillman S. Hovey, " "

Edwin Sheppard, " "

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Flowers,

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " "

May 23.
Gratuities : —

Jackson Dawson, Weigelas, Pyrus, etc.,

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Rhododendrons and Violas,

Miss Sarah W. Story, Cut Flowers,

Mrs. A. D. Wood, " ■' ...

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Flowers,

$6

00

5

00

4

00

3

00

3

00

2

00

5

00

5

00

3

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

2

00

2

00

2

00

1

00

2 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

RHODODENDRON SHOW.

June 6.
Rhododendrons. — Twentj^-four tender varieties, named, Mrs

Francis B. Hayes,

Twelve tender varieties, named, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, .
Six tender varieties, named, " " "

Three tender varieties, named, " " " .

Single truss of any tender variety, named, Mrs. Francis B

Hayes, Towardii, . . .
Six hardy varieties, named, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, .
Hardy Azaleas. — From any or all classes, cluster of trusses

of one variety, Benjamin G. Smith, ....
Tree Pjeonies. — Six named varieties, Marshall P. Wilder, .

§10

00

6

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

1

00

3

00

270

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Clematis. — Named varieties, display of cut blooms, Joseph H.

Woodford, 63 00

Hardy Flowering Trees and Shrubs. — Largest and best col-
lection, named, cut blooms, Benjamin G. Smith, . . 5 00

Native Plants — Display of named species and varieties, one

bottle of each, Mrs. P. D. Richards, 3 00

Cut Flowers. — Display, flUiug one hundred bottles, "W. K.Wood, 4 00

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 3 00

Herbaceous Plantc. —Miss Sarah W. Story, . . . . 2 00

Gratuities : —

H. H. Hunnewell, Forty-two varieties of Rhododendrons,

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cut Rhododendrons, .

Edwin Sheppard, " " . .

H. H. Hunnewell, Thirty Ghent Azaleas,

" " Twelve varieties of Azalea mollis,

" " Sixty varieties of Azalea Indica,

Edwin Sheppard, Azaleas,

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Flowering Trees and Shrubs,

Edwin Sheppard, Primroses, etc., .

Miss Sarah W. Story, Cut Flowers,

Benjamin G. Smith, " "

Robert T. Jackson, Wild Flowers, .

E. H Hitchiugs, " "

Miss Mary L. Vinal, " "

10 00

5

00

2

00

5 00

2

00

2

00

2

00

3

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

2

00

1

00

June 13.
Gratuities : —

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, One hundred and fifty blooms of Rhodo-
dendrons; also Iris and Azaleas 10 00

H. H. Hunnewell Rhododendrons and Azaleas, . . . . 10 00

J. H. Woodford, Clematis and Roses, . ' 2 00

Miss Sarah W. Story, Herbaceous Plants, 1 00

Edwin Sheppard, Cut Flowers, 3 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " 2 00

Mrs. E. S. Joyce, " '• 2 00

Miss S. W. Story, " " 2 00

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Flowers from Essex County, . . 2 00

June 20.
Gratuities ; —

John B. Moore & Son, Roses, Pseonies, and Clematis, including
twelve varieties of Moss Roses, .

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Roses. ....

" " " Rhododendrons, etc.,

" " " Fifteen new Rhododendrons,

Miss Sarah W. Story, Herbaceous Plants,

5 00

2 00
5 00

3 00
1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 271

E. L. Beard, Bosa rugosa alba, and Double Pyrethrum,

John C. Hovey, Double Pyrethrums, four varieties,

Miss Sarah W. Story, Cut Flowers,

J. H. Woodford,

Edwin Sheppard,

Miss E. M. Harris,

Benjamin G. Smith,

Mrs. E. S. Joyce,

Miss Mary L. Vinal, Wild Flowers,

$1 00

1 00

2 00
2 00
2 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

ROSE AND STRAWBERRY EXHIBITION.

June 25 and 26.
Special Subscription Prizes.

Hybrid Perpetual Roses. — Twenty-four of different varieties,

named, John B. Moore & Son, Silver Vase, value, . . $40 00
Second, William H. Spooner, Silver Vase, value, . . . 25 00
Six Roses, of different varieties, named, John S. Richards, Silver

Vase, value, 15 00

Twelve Roses, of different varieties, named, David Allan, Silver

Vase, value, 20 00

Eighteen Roses, of different varieties, named, Johu L. Gardner,

Silver Vase, value, 25 00

Six Roses, of any two varieties, three of each, named, John

L. Gardner, Silver Vase, value, 15 00

Twelve Roses, of any four varieties, three of each, named,

David Allan, Silver Vase, value, 20 00

P^ighteeu Roses, of any six varieties, three of each, named,

John B. Moore & Son, Silver Vase, value, . . . . 25 00

Amateurs' Prize.
Twenty-four Roses, of different varieties, named, John L.

Gardner, Silver Vase, value, 50 00

Society's Special Prizes.
Hybrid Perpetual Roses. — Six blooms of Alfred Colomb,

John B. Moore & Son, 4 00

Second, William H. Spooner, 3 00

Six l)looms of Baroness Rothschild, the second prize to John

B. Moore & Son, 3 00

Six blooms of Jean Liabaud. John B. Moore & Son, . . . 4 00

Six blooms of John Hopper, " " '^ . . . 4 00

Six blooms of Marquise de Castellane, Jolui B. Moore & Son, . 4 00

Second, David Allan, 3 00

Six blooms of Madame Gabriel Luizet, John B. Moore & Son, . 4 00

Second, William H. Spooner, 3 00

Twelve blooms of any other variety, John B. Moore & Son, . (j 00

272 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

Single bloom of any variety, John B. Moore & Son, Fran9oi.s

Michelon, $3 00

Second, David Allan, Merveille de Lyon, . . . . 2 00

Third, John L. Gardner, " " " . . . . i qo

Begular Prizes.
Hardy Perpetual Roses. — Best six new varieties sent ont

since 1880, John B. Moore & Son, .... . 5 00

Twenty-four distinct named varieties, three of each variety,

John B. Moore & Son 20 00

Twelve distinct named varieties, three of each variety, John B.

Moore & Son, 10 00

Second, John S. Richards, 8 00

Third, " " 6 00

Six distinct named varieties, three of each variety, John S.

Richards, 8 00

Three distinct named varieties, three of each variet3% John S.

Richards, 4 00

Moss Roses. — Six named varieties, three clusters of each, John

B. Moore & Son 6 00

Second, William H. Spooner, 4 00

Three named varieties, three clusters of each, John B. Moore

& Sou, 4 00

Hybrid Tea Roses. — Display in boxes, John S. Richards, . 6 00

Second, John S. Richards, 4 00

General Display of Hardy Roses, filling one hundred bottles,

John B. Moore .& Son, 10 00

Second, John S. Richards, 9 00

Third, William H. Spooner, 8 00

Fourth, C. M. Hovey, 7 00

Fifth, Benjamin G. Smith, fl J[)0

Stove and Greenhouse Flowering Rlants. — Specimen Plant
in bloom, named, other than Orchid, David Allan, Erica

Cavendishiana, . . G 00

Second, Frederick L. Ames, Utricularia montana, . . . 4 00
Specimen Foliage f)R Flowering Plant, new and rare, other

than Orchid, Frederick L. Ames, Dichorisandra musaica, . 4 00
Orchids. — Twelve plants, named varieties, in bloom, Frederick

L. Ames, 18 00

Second, David Allan, 15 00

Six plants, named, Frederick L. Ames, 10 00

Second, E. W. Gilmore, 8 00

Three plants, named, E. W. Gilmore, 8 00

Herbaceous PyEONiES. — Ten named varieties, the second prize

to C. M. Hovey, 3 00

Sweet Williams. — Thirty trusses, not less than six distinct

varieties, Edwin Sheppard & Son, . • . . . 3 00
Second, Benjamin G. Smith, 2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 273

Va.si<; of Flowers. — Best aiTanged, in one of tlie Society

vases, Mrs. E. M. Gill

Second, Mrs. A. D. Wood, .....
HEUBACEors Plants. — Miss Sarah W. Story,

Gratuities : —
F. Becker, Plants in Pots. ....
C. M. Hovey, Display of Plants,
W. A. Manda, Orchids and Ferns, .
Frederick L. Ames, Orchids, ....
Saranel R. Payson, "

David Allan, Orchids and Ferns, and Cut Flower

" " Stove and Greenhouse Plants, .

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cut Roses, .
Mrs. E. M. Gill, Display of Roses, .
John S. Richards, Cut Roses, ....
C. M. Hovey, Hydrangea Otalcsa, and Pelargonium
Edwin Sheppard, Delphiniums,
Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Rhododendrons,

" " " " Clematis and Kalmias,

C M. Hovey, Kalmias and Rhododendrons, .
Robert Jackson, Pansies and Hard}^ Orchids,
C. M. Hovey, Pelargoniums, ....
.Tohn C. Hovey, Seedling Pieonies, .
Miss Ellen M. Harris, "

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " . .

Benjamin G. Smith, Sweet Williams,
Joseph Tailby, Carnations, ....
Miss Sarah W. Story, Cut Flowers,
W. K. Wood, " " . .

Edwin Sheppard, " "

C. M. Hovey, " " • .

E. W. Gilmore, .< u , _

Frederick L. Ames, i. u _ _

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Native Plants,

dass

$5

GO

4

00

2

00

40

00

25

00

12

00

10

00

8

00

8

00

5

00

5

00

5

00

2

00

4

00

3

00

3

00

1

00

2

00

2

00

2

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

4

00

5

00

4

00

2

00

2

00

2

00

3

00

July U.

Hybrid Perpetual Roses. — Twenty-four blooms of twenty

four distinct named varieties, John B. Moore & Son,
Delphixiums. — Six named varieties, Edwin Sheppard,

Second, Benjamin G. Smith,

Liliu.m Candidum. — Twelve spikes, Benjamin G. Smith, .

Second. John L. Gardner,

Japax Iris — "Varieties of Iris Kceinpfcri. — Display, John L

Gardner, . • •

Twelve named varieties, J. F. C. Hyde, ....

4

00

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2

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3

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2

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4

00

274 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Vase of Flowers. — Best arranged, in one of the Society's

glass vases, Miss Sarali "W. Story, .$3 00

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 2 00

Cut Flowers. — Display, filling one hundred bottles, Mrs. E.

M. Gill, 4 00

Second, W. K. Wood, 3 00

Herbaceous Plants. — Miss Sarah "VV. Story, . . . . 2 00

Second, A. McLaren, 1 00

Gratuities : —

Joseph H. Woodford, Pansies, 1 00

C. M. Hovey, Native Rhododendrons, 1 00

Miss E. M. Harris, Lilies, 1 00

Miss Sarah W. Story, Cut Flowers, 1 00

Mrs. E. S. Joyce, " " 1 00

Edwin Fewkes, " " 1 00

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Native Plants, 1 00

July 18.
Hollyhocks. — Twelve blooms, of twelve distinct colors, Edwin

Sheppard, 4 00

Six blooms, of six distinct colors, Edwin Fewkes, . . . 2 00

Second, John S. Richards, 1 00

Three blooms, of three distinct colors, Miss Ellen M. Harris, . 1 00
Cut Flowers. — Display, filling one hundred bottles, C. M.

Hovey, 4 00

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 3 00

Third, W. K. Wood 2 00

Herbaceous Plants. — A. McLaren, ...... 2 00

Second, Miss S. W. Story, 1 00

Gratuities : —

Edwin Sheppard, Hollyhocks, ....... 2 00

Miss E. M. Harris, " 1 00

Edwin Fewkes, Tea Roses, 1 00

Miss Sarah W. Story, Cut Flowers, 2 00

July 25.
Pelargoniums. — Six double and six single varieties, named, one

truss each, E. Sheppard & Son, . . . . . . 2 00

Second, C. M. Hovey, 1 00

Perennial Phloxes. — Six distinct named varieties, one spike

each, Edwin Sheppard, 3 00

Second, John B. Moore & Son, 2 00

Verbenas. — Thirty l)ottles, one truss in each, Adin A. Hixon, . 3 00

Seicond, C. M. Hovey, 2 00

Sweet Peas. — Display, filling twenty-five bottles, Edwin Fewkes, 3 00

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 275

Herbaceous Plants. — Anthony McLaren, $2 00

Second, Miss S. W. Story, 1 00

Gratuities : —

W. S. Ward, Hollyhocks, 2 00

A. A. Hixou, Dwarf Nasturtiums, 1 00

" " Pelargoniums, 1 00

Edwin Sheppard, " 1 00

Phlox, 1 00

John B. Moore & Son, Hybrid Perpetual Koses, . . . . 1 00

Edwin Fewkes, Poppies, 1 00

Miss Sarah W. Story, Cut Flowers, 2 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " 2 00

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Flowers, 3 00

August 1.
Balsams. — Twelve spikes, not less than eight varieties, Edwin

Sheppard, 200

Cut Flowers. — Display, tilling one hundred bottles, Mrs. E.

M. Gill, . . ' 4 00

Second, William K. Wood, 3 GO

Third, C. M. Hovey, 2 00

Native Ferns. — Best display, Mrs. P. D. Richards, . . . 3 00

Herbaceous Plants. — A. McLaren, 2 00

Second, Miss Sarah W. Story, 1 00

Gratuities : —

John L. Gardner, two Hydrangeas, 3 00

John B. Moore & Son, Hybrid Perpetual Roses, . . . . 2 00

Denys Zirngiebel, Asters 1 00

Edwin Fewkes, Poppies, 1 00

Edwin Sheppard, Balsams, 1 00

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Native Flowers, 1 00

August 7.
Perennial Phloxes. — Ten distinct named varieties, one spike

each, John B. Moore & Son, 3 00

Second, Edwin Sheppard, 2 GO

Petunias. — Collection, filling thirty bottles, on^ spray in each,

A. A. Hixon, 3 00

Second, John Parker, 2 00

Third, A. A. Hixon, 1 00

Cut Flowers. — Display, filling one hundred bottles, Mrs. E. M.

Gill, • . 4 00

Native Flowers. — Collection, Mrs. P. D.Richards, . . . 3 00

Herbaceous Plants. — Miss Sarah W. Story, . , . . 2 00

Second, Anthony McLaren, 1 00

276

MASSACHUSETTS HOUTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Gratuities : —
John B. Moore & Son, Hybrid Perpetual Eoses,
A. A. Hixou, Petunias, Verbenas, and Sweet Peas,
Benjamin G. Smitli, Roses and Phlox,
Edwin Sheppard, Cut Flowers, ....

August 15.
Glapioli. — Twenty named varieties, in spikes. James Cart^^Tigbt,

Second, Mrs. T. L. JSelson,

Ten named varieties in spikes, the second prize to H. B. ^yatts,
Six " " •• Mrs. T. L. Nelson, .

Second. H. B. Watts

Single spike, named. James Cartwrigbt, Ambroise Verschaftelt,
Display of named or nnnamed varieties, tilling one hundred

bottles, James Cartwrigbt,

Second, H. B. Watts

Third, Edwin Sheppard,

Phlox DnuJiMOxni. — Fifty bottles, not less than six varieties,

L. W. Goodell, . .

Second, C. M. Hovey,

Herbaceous Plants. — Anthony McLaren

Second, Miss Sarah W. Story

Gratuities : —
John B. Moore & Son, Roses and Phloxes,
A. A. Ilixon, Petunias, Verbenas. Sweet Peas, and Dahlias,
L. W. Goodell, Petunias and Verbenas, .
George S. Tuttle, Pompon Dahlias,
Mrs. A. D. Wood, Cut Flowers, .

Mrs. E M. Gill,
Miss Sarah W. Story,
Edwin Fewkes, " "

Stillman S. Hovey, "

August 22.
Asters. — Truftaut's Pjtony Flowered, thirty blooms, not less

than ten varieties, Edwin Sheppard,

Second, Warren Heustis,

Victoria Flowered, thirty blooms, not less than eight varieties,

Edwin Sheppard

Second, William Patterson,

Third, James Cartwrigbt,

Pompon, thirty sprays, not less than six varieties, one spray in

each bottle. L. W. Goodell,

Second, Edwin Sheppard, .......

Basket OF Flowers. — Best arranged, James O'Brien.

Second, Miss Sarah W. Story,

82

00

2

00

1

GO

1

GO

10

00

8

GO

■1

00

5

00

3

GO

1

00

8

GO

G

00

i

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

2

00

1

GO

1

00

1

GO

1

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

,)

00

4 00

5

00

4

00

3

GO

4

00

3

GO

2

00

1

00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 277

Herbaceous Plants, — Anthony McLaren,
Second, Miss Sarah W. Story, .

Gratuities : —
James Cartwright, Display of Gladioli,
H. B. Watts,

W. K. Wood, Gladioli, Asters, and Roses,
E. H. Hitchings, Native Plants,
L. W. Goodell, Petunias and Balsams,
Edwin Fewkes, Dahlias, Zinnias, etc.,
Mrs. E. M. Gill, Asters,
James Cartwright, " . .

Edwin Sheppard, " . .

Mrs. Francis B. Haj^es, Cut Flowers,
Miss Sarah W. Story,
Mrs. E. M. Gill,
C. M. Hovey,
Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Flowers,

82

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

2

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

2

00

August 29.
LiLiuM Lancifolium. — Twelve spikes, the second prize to Miss

Sarah W. Story,

Trop/EOLums. — Display, filling twenty-five bottles, the third

prize to H. B. Watts,

Marigolds. — Twenty-five bottles, three flowers in each, Still-
man S. Hovey

Second, William K. Wood,

Third, Mrs. E. M. Gill, - . . . .
Single Dahlias. — Twenty-four bottles, one spray in each, the

second prize to Edwin Sheppard,

Herbaceous Plants. — Miss Sarah W. Story, ....
Second, Anthony McLaren,

Gratuities : —
James Cartwright, Gladioli, .
V. H. Hallock, Son, & Thorpe, Gladioli,
H. B. Watts,

George S. Tuttle, Dahlias,
Edwin Fewkes, "

Phlox.
" " Cut Flow^ers,

A. A. Hixon. " "

John Parker. " •'

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cut Flowers,
Miss Sarah W. Story, "
Mrs. E. M. Gill,
Edwin Sheppard, " "

2 00

1 00

3

00

2

00

1

00

2

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2

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1

00

2

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

Oo

00

00

00

00

278 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Stillmaii S. Hovey, Cut Flowers, SI 00

William K. Wood, " " 1 00

Mrs. r. D. liichards, Wild Flowers, 1 00

Septembku 5.
Doi'BLK ZiXNL\s. — Twenty -Ave flowers, not less than six varie-
ties, Edwin Slieppard, 3 00

Second, Edwin Fewkes, 2 00

Third, L. W. Goodell, 1 00

DiANTHT'S — Annual and Biennial varieties. — Collection, filling

fifty boxes, single trusses, L. W. Goodell, . . . . 4 00

Second, H. B. Watts, 3 00

Cut Flowers. — Display, filling one hundred bottles, Mrs. E. M.

Gill, 4 00

Second, William K. Wood, 3 00

Third, A. A. Hixon, 2 00

Herbaceous Plants.— Miss Sarah W. Story, . . . . 2 00

Second, Anthony McLaren, 1 00

Orntuities : —

James Cartwright, Gladioli, 2 00

H. B. Watts, " 2 00

L. W. Goodell, Petunias, 1 00

A. A- Hixon, " 1 00

W. C. Strong, Foliage of seventeen varieties of Maples, . . 1 00

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Ehododendrons, 1 00

Edwin Sheppard, Diauthus, 1 00

George S. Tuttle, Pompon Dahlias, 1 00

John Parker, Dahlias, 1 00

Edwin Fewkes, " 1 00

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cut Flowers, 1 00

Stillman S. Hovey, •' " • • - - 00

Edwin Fewkes, " " 1 00

Edwin Sheppard, " " 1 00

Miss Sarah W. Story, " " 1 00

C. M. Hovey, " " 1 00

William J. Martin, " " 1 00

John Parker, " " 1 00

Mrs. P. D. Kichards, Native Plants, 1 00

ANNUAL EXHIBITION.
September 1G, 17, 18 and 19.
Ilunneirell Previiums.
Evekukeex Trees and Sihubs.— Display in pots of other than
Native Evergreens of New England, named, William (,\

Strong $^00

Second, J. W. Manning, *^ 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 279

Society's Prizes.
Greenhouse Plants. — Twelve Greenhouse and Stove Plants, of
dift'erent named varieties, one Dracasna and one Croton

admissible, H. H. Hunnewell, $40 00

Second, Samuel R. Paj-son, 30 00

Third, David Allan, 25 00

Fourth, C. H. Hovey & Co., .20 00

Specimen Flowering Plants. — Six named varieties, in bloom,

David Allan, 15 00

Single named specimen, David Allan, Anthnrium Andreanum, . 5 00

Second, Frederick L. Ames, " " . 4 00

Third, David Allan, Grevillea Preissii, 3 00

Vakikgated Leaved Plants. — Six named varieties, not oftered
in the collection of greenhouse plants, Crotons and Dra-
caenas not admissible, H. H. Hunnewell, . . . . 12 00

Second, Frederick L. Ames, 10 00

Third, Samuel R. Payson, 8 00

Single specimen, named, not offered in any collection, G. A.

Nicjverson, Croton Queen Victoria, 5 00

Second, John L. Gardner. Eunja latifuJia variegata, . . 4 00

Caladittms. — Four named varieties, Frederick L. xVmes, . . 5 00

Second. David Allan, 4 00

Ferns — Six named varieties, no Adlantums admissible, Fred-
erick L. Ames, 8 00

Second, David Allan, 6 00

Adiantums. — Six named varieties, David Allan, . . . . 6 00

Second, Samuel R. Payson, 4 00

Tree Fern. — Single specimen, named, David Allan, . . . 6 00

Second, G. A. Nickerson, 4 00

Lycopods. — Four named varieties, David Allan, . . . . 3 00

Drac.exas. — Six named varieties, H. H. Hunnewell, . . . 8 00

Second, E. W. Gilmore, 6 00

Crotons. — Six named varieties, in not exceeding six-inch pots,

Frederick L. Ames, 6 00

Second, E. W. Gilmore, 4 00

Third, David Allan, 3 00

Palm. — Single specimen, named, Samuel R. Payson, Cocos

Bonnetti, 6 00

Second, C. 'R.B.OMiy S^ Co., PrUchardia Pacifica, . . . 5 00

Nepenthes. — Three plants, named, Frederick L. Ames, . . 6 00

Agaves. — Six distinct named varieties, C. M. Hovey, . . . 4 00

Second, Benjamin G. Smith, 3 00

Succulents. — Collection (other than Agaves or Yuccas) of

twelve named species and varieties, C. M. Hovey, . . 4 00
Orchids. — Six plants, named varieties, in bloom, Frederick L.

Ames, 12 00

280

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTVKAL SOCIETY.

Three plants., name! varieties, in bloam, E. W. Gihnore, .

Second. Frederick L. Ames.

Single plant, in bloom. Frederick L, Ames, Epidendrum

priswMtocarpum,

Glapiou. — Best display, and best kept'during the exhibition, of
named or unnamed varieties, filling one hnndreil bottles,

H. B. Watts

Second. James Cartvnright,

Third. Edwin S^-ppard

Dablias. — Twelve named varieties, Edwin Sheppard,

Second, C. L. Burr

Six named varieties. Edwin Sheppard,

Second, John Parker,

Third, Macey Kandall,

Three named varieties, Edwin Sheppanl,

Single named flower, fancy or self, Edwin Sheppai^l,
liHipmAX Dahuas. — General Display, filling twenty-five bot-
tles, George S. Tattle. . . •

Second, Macey Kandall,

Third, Charles L. Burr.

Cut Flowkrs. — Best Display, and best kept^during the exhibi-
tion, filling one hundred and fifty bottles. Mrs, E, M. Gill, .

Second, C H, Hovey & Co

Third, W. K. Wood,

Basket of Flowers. — Best arranged, and best kept through

the exhibition, James O'Brien,

Second, Mrs. David Allan,

Third, Miss Sarah W. Story,

SS 00
6 00

3 00

10 00

S 00

6 00

6 00

5 00

4 00

3 CO

2 00

3 00

2 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

16 00

U 00

12 00

6 00

5 00

4 0<3

and

Gratuities: —
William J. Martin (gardener to Henry P. Kidder), Greenhonse and

Stove Plants, . . • . '

H. H. Hunnewell, twenty-two Stove and Greenhouse Plants

Cut Flowers,

Frederick L. Ames, thirteen Stove and Greenhouse Plants, .
G. A, Xickerson, Crotons. Dracicnas. and Palms, sixteen plants,
Robert. T. Jackson, Hardy Plants and Evergreens in i>ots. .
Samuel R. Pay son. Plants, ....
Frederick L. Ames, " and Cut Flowers
E, W. Gilmore. " • '• •'

Edwin Fewkes. Dahlias, Sweet Peas, etc.,

John Parker, " etc

Macey Randall, ••

Charles L. Burr, '

Edwin Sheppard. "

E. W. Sewall, Nasturtinms (twenty-eight varieties),
J. S. Johnson.

25 00

15 00

10 00

10 00

3 00

2 00

3 00

2 00

2 00

1 00

2 <X)

2 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

PRIZES AND OKATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 281

C. M, Hovey, Ferns,

" " in Lower Hall,

Stillman S. Hovej-, Asters and Marij;olds,
Robert T. Jackson, "

Miss Sarah W. Story, Herbaceous Plants,
W. C. Strong, Foliage of Trees and Shrubs,
Norton Brothers, Roses, .
L. W. Goodell, Cut Flowers,

John S. Richards, " "

Mrs. Francis B. Hashes, "
Miss Emilie Ropes, "

Miss Sarah W. Story,
Edwin Sheppard, "

X. S. Simpkins, twelve cut Nymphaeas,
E. D. Sturtevant, Nelumbiums and Xymphfeas,
Frank H. Forbes, Bouquet of Foliage and Wild Flowers,
Mrs. P. D. Richards, Native Plants, ....

82

CK3

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1

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3

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2

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1

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1

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1

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1

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2

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.50

00

1

00

2

00

October 3.

Gratuities : —
Edwin Sheppard. Single and Double Dahlias,
C. M. Hovey, Single Dahlias, .
John L. Gardner, Dahlias,
John Parker, " .

Stillman S. Hovey, Marigolds and Dahlia^.
Miss Sarah "W. Story, Cut Flowers,
* Mrs. E. M. Gill,
Mrs. T. L. Nelson, ^' <'

Mrs. P. D. Richards. Wild Flowers,

3 00
2 00
2 00
1 00

1 00

2 00
1 i/j

1 00

2 00

NO\*EMBER

Chratuity : —
John C. Hovey, Plant of Hellehorus niyer.

2 00

chry8anthe:mum show.

November 12 a>t) 13.

Chrysanthemums. — Six Large Flowered or Chinese, distinct

named varieties, one plant in each pot, Henry P. Walcott, . 812 00
Three Large Flowered or Chinese, cUstinct named varieties,

one plant in each pot, Henry P. Walcott, . . 8 00

Second, Edwin Fewkes, 6 00

Six Japanese, distinct named varieties, one plant in each pot,

Henry P. Walcott, 12 00

Second, Edwin Fewkes, 10 00

282 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Three Japanese, distinct named varieties, one plant in each

pot, Henry P. Walcott, S8 00

Second, Henry P. "Walcott, 6 00

Third, Edwin Fewkes, 4 00

Four Pompons, distinct named varieties, one plant in each

pot, Henry P. Walcott, 8 00

Specimen Plant, Large Flowered or Chinese, named, Henry P.

Walcott, Ml-. Gladstone, 5 00

Second, Edwin Fewkes. Mr. George Glenny. . . . . 4 00
Specimen Plant, Japanese, named, Henry P. Walcott. Feruaud

Feral, 5 00

Second, Edwin Fewkes, Carmen, 4 00

Specimen Plant, Anemone, named, Henry P. Walcott. Timbale

d'Argent, 5 00

Best display of forty named plants, in pots, all classes, not less

than ten varieties, E. W. Wood, 25 00

Second, Edwin Fewkes, 20 00

Third, Patrick Malley, 18 00

Twelve cut blooms. Large Flowered or Chinese, named. Edwin

Fewkes, 5 00

Second, Edmn Sheppard, 4 00

Twelve cut blooms, Japanese, named, Edwin Sheppard, . . 5 00

Second, Edwin Fewkes, 4 00

Six cut blooms, Large Flowered or Chinese, named, Edwin

Fewkes, 4 00

Second, Samuel Xeil, 3 00

Six cut blooms, Japanese, named, Edwin Fewkes. . . . 4 00 ~

Second, George W. Creesy, 3 00

Display of twent}'-four sprays, not less than twelve varieties.
Large Flowered or Chinese, named, in vases, Edwin

Fewkes, ' 5 00

Second, E. W. Wood, 4 00

Third, Edwin Sheppard, 3 00

Fourth, Samuel Xeil, 2 00

Display of twenty-four sprays, not less than twelve varieties,

Japanese, named, in vases, Edwin Fewkes, . . . . 5 00

Second, Edwin Sheppard, 4 00

Third, E. W. Wood, 3 00

Fourth, C. M. Hovey, 2 00

Display of twenty-four sprays, not less than twelve varieties,

Pompons, named, in vases, E. W. Wood, . . . . 4 00
Orchids. — Three plants, named varieties, in bloom, Frederick

L. Ames, 10 00

Second, E. W. Gilmore, 8 00

Third, Frederick L. Ames, 6 00

Foui-th, E. W. Gilmore, 4 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 283

Siniile plant, iu bloom, David Allan, Vanda caerulea,
Second, Frederick L. Ames, Cypripedium Harrisianum
Third, E. W. Gilmore,

Gratuities : —
Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Displaj' of Chrysanthemums, .
Norton Brothers, " " . .

C. M. Hovey, " " . ,

Henry P. Walcott, three Seedling " in pots,

Edwin Fewkes, seven " " "

Patten & Co. , Collection of " " cut blooms

Warren Heustis, Ten Chrysanthemums, in pots, .
J. Lewis Childs, Cut " ...

Henry P. Walcott, '• " ...

Mrs. E. M. Gill, '• " ...

Edwin Sheppard, " " and Pelargoniums, etc.,

C. M. Hovey, Greenhouse Plants, .....
W. A. Manda, " " cut blooms of , .

" " Collection of Orchids

David Allan, " " " and Cut Flowers,

Frederick L. Ames, " " " " "

E. W. Gilmore,

Sewall Fisher, '• " Seedling Carnations,

Robert Manning, Snowberry, Coralberry, and Bittersweet,

Miss Sarah W. Story, Cut Flowers,

Stillman S. Hovey, " "

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Design,

Mrs. F. W. Webber, " in Immortelles, .
Mrs. Stillman S. Hovey, Basket of Dried Flowers,
Mrs. P. D. Richards, Native Flowers and Shrubs,

io 00
4 00
3 00

12 00
12 00
8 00
5 00
5 00
4 00

4 00
3 00

2 00

3 00

5 00
15 00

3 00

7 00

8 00

6 00
6 00
3 00
1 00
3 00

3 00
1 00

1 00

2 00

4 00

Gratuities : —

DECEMBEIt 5.

Edwin Sheppard, Pelargoniums,
Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cut Flowers,
Mrs. E. M. Gill,

1 00
1 00
1 00

December 19.

Gratuities .

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cut Flowers,
Mrs. P. D. Richards, Native Plants,

1 00

2 00

SILVER MEDALS.

January 24. Samuel R. Payson, Cattleya lahiata Percivaliana.

" 28. Frederick L. Ames, Five-flowered spike of Vayida San-
deriana.

284 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTLllAL SOCIETY.

Sprin^r Exhibition. March 11^ aud 20. Frederick L. Ameii. Fhahinopsis

Brymerianum.
'• •* •• F. L. Harris (gardener to II. II.

Huunewell), for skilful culture
of Orchids.
'• '• " ♦' William Robinson (gardener to

F. L. Ames), for skilful culture
of Orchids.
" •• ■• David Allan (gardener to R. M.

Tratt). for skilful culture of
Orchids.
June 20. Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, for New Rhododendrons in ISSo.
August 22. X. S. Simpkins, for skill shown in cultivating Xymphira rubra,

X. Deroniensis, X. Zatizibarensis aurea, X.dentata, etc.
Annual Exhibition, Sept. 15-lS. David Allan. Alocasia Sanderiana.

" '■ H. H. Hunnewell, Asparagus plumosus

scandeti"!.
Chrysanthemum Show, Nov. 12 and lo. Henry P. Walcott, Seedling

yellow Chrysanthemum B 25.
December 5. Miss S. W. Story, for Herbaceous Plants during the season
of 1SS5.

BRONZE MEDALS.

February 2S. E. M. Wood i- Co.. sixteen Marechal Niel Roses: and for

cultural skill.
December 5. Anthony McLaren, for Herbaceous Plants iluring the

season of 1SS5.

FIRST CLASS CERTIFICATES OF MERIT.

January 24. Samuel R. Payson, six varieties of Cattleya Triance.

" 2S. C. M. Hovey, Seedling Amaryllis.

February 2S. Edward L. Beard, Pritmtla obconica.

" 28. William H. Spooner, Hybrid Perpetual Rose Queen of

Queens.
Spring Exhibition, March 19 and 20. John B. Moore & Son, New Rose

Col. Felix Breton.
" " " " Edward L. Beard. Narcis>us Sir

Watkins.
March 28. David Allan, Double Clematis Maggie ilitchell.
April 11. Frederick L. Ames, L'vUa Philbrickiana.
August 1. F. L. Temple, Hypericinn aurettm.
" 1. *' '* Craillardia grandiiiora.

1. Arthur H. Fewkes. ynila bidora.
1. John C. Hovey, O/'osfacAys spmosa.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 285

August 7. William J. Martin, gardener to Henry P. Kidder, for skill
in cultivating Achimenes.
" 15. Denys Zirngiebel, eight pots of Dwarf French Asters.
September 5. Joseph Taill)y, Rose William Francis Bennett.
5. C. M. Hovey, " Perle d' Or.
" 5. Edwin Fewkes, Heliotrope Roi des Noirs.

Annual Exhibition, September 15-18. Frederick L. Ames, Dracaena

Massanrjeana.
" " " " H. H. Hunuewell, Z>mcce?ia J/as-

sangeana.
" " " " Frederick L. Ames, Ataceia

cristata.
Heni'y P. Walcott, Seedling
yellow Chrysanthemum C 10.
Henry P. Walcott, Seedling
yellow Chrysanthemum C 56.
Frederick L. Ames, Cypripedium
tojisinn, C. tesselatum, and C.
porphyreum.

Chrysanthemum Show, November 12, 13.

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON FRUITS,

FOR THE YEAR 1885.

By E. W. wood, Chairman.

The fruit crop of the past year throughout the State has been
above the average. A marked feature has been the large excess
of Apples over the amount usually produced in the odd year. In
many orchards in the vState the crop of 1884 was destroyed by late
frosts in the spring, and those orchards have borne a full crop
the past season, thus ver}' nearly equalizing the yield of these two
years. Though the owners lost the crop of 1884, they have
been partly recompensed, and will receive a further substantial
benefit if the trees continue to produce their fruit on the odd
year. In that case, our State will he amply able to furnish an
annual home supply of this fruit, instead of, as now, depending
upon other portions of the country in alternate years, which will
be a decided gain to both producer and consumer. The supply
the past season has been be3'ond the demand for home consump-
tion ; and from ten to twenty thousand barrels per week have
been sent to foreign markets. The prices have been reasonable
for consumers and fairly remunerative to the growers.

The fruit buds on the Peach trees were again destroyed the last
winter. This occurred about the 20th of December, 1884, when
there had been no extremely low temperature ; but immediately
after several successive da^^s of cold west wind it was discovered
that the buds were all killed. From this it appears that such
a result does not depend altogether upon extreme cold ; but may

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FRUITS. 287

occur from other conditions of the atmosphere. Neither the health
nor vigor of the trees seems to be seriously affected, as they have
made fair growth the past season, and are again well furnished
with fruit buds.

Strawberries. — The crop of this fruit was above the average,
and the exhibition more than usually interesting. Of the special
prizes for the best four quarts of any variety, the first and second
were awarded for the Sharpless ; the third, for one of several new
seedlings introduced by P. M. Augur & Sons, of Middlefield,
Conn., called the Jewell. This variety compares more favorably
with the Sharpless in size than any previously shown, and the
Committee thought it better in quality ; and from plants shown
with the fruit it would seem to be unusually productive. It is an
exceedingly strong grower, producing runners of unusual size.
The fourth prize was taken by Warren Heustis, for his seedling
Belmont ; which fully sustained the recommendations previously
given in these reports. As a late variety for market it is specially
desirable. For the best seedling introduced since 1880, the
Societ^^'s Silver Medal was awarded to P. M. Augur & Sons for
the Jewell. For one quart of any new variety not previously
exhibited, the first prize was awarded to Messrs. Augur & Sons
for the Dewey ; which was of fair size, good form and color, and
superior in quality to any other of the new varieties shown. The
second prize was awarded to W. C. Winter for the Lincoln.

There have been the usual displays of other small fruits at the
weekly exhibitions ; though there has been nothing new entitled to
special mention.

Currants have been shown in about the usual quantity. All
the open prizes for Red varieties have been taken by the Ver-
saillaise ; and the prizes for White were divided between the
French Transparent and Dana's Transparent.

Cherries were exhibited in less quantity than for several years.
That this fruit is less reliable and less profitable than some of the
others is shown by the fact that the larger growers give it com-
paratively little attention, devoting their time and space to other
fruits.

Raspberries were shown in about the usual quantity. The Cuth-
bert took the' lead as a prize winner ; this variety seems to have
been generally adopted by the growers. This fruit deserves more

288 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUIJAL SOCIETY.

attention ; it is easily grown, and meets with ready sale at fairly
remunerative prices.

Blackberries. — Tlie prizes for this fruit were all awarded to
the Dorchester. While this variety has proved the most desirable
for exhibition purposes, there are others equally if not more
desirable for general cultivation. It is claimed for the Kittatinny
that it is more hardy, a good cropper, and produces good-sized,
saleable fruit.

Gooseberries were shown in limited quantity. They are grown
to less extent than any other of the small fruits. The prizes were
given to the Downing and Smith's Improved, for Natives ; and to
the Whitesmith and Bang-Up, for Foreign,

Plums were shown in large quantity and variety, forming an
interesting feature of the weekly and annual exhibitions. The
most serious obstacle to growing this fruit is the black wart ; and
the only remedy for this disease, thus far discovered, is cutting it
out immediately upon its appearance, — a process which often
disfigures and not unfrequently destroys valuable trees.

Peaches. — The frequent failure of this fruit within the last few
years has discouraged the larger growers ; and, at least for the
immediate future, its cultivation will be confined mostly to the
private garden, where a few trees may be planted every year.
The fact that this fruit is now frequently destroyed by winters less
severe than it endured in former years, when abundant crops were
produced, would indicate that the trees have become less vigorous
and hardy. Whether any improvement can be secured by greater
care in selecting pits and buds froni healthy trees, is a subject
worthy of consideration.

Grapes. — It has been an exceptionally favorable season for
this fruit. There has been very little mildew, and the continued
mild weather in October gave plenty of time to ripen and gather
the crop. The competition for the prizes has been larger than
for several years ; and the specimens exhibited have been of
superior quality.

FoREiCxN Grapes. — The display of this fruit at the annual
exhibition by David Allan was the finest that has ever come under
the examination of the present Committee. The size, color, and
finish of some of the bunches have rarely if ever been equalled at
any previous exhibitions of the Society.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FRUITS. 289

Peaks have been abundant, and the exhibitions have been well
sustained through the season ; and the competition on some of the
more popular varieties has been so great that the Committee have
been unable to recognize properly all that were offered. There
have been some complaints among growers at the prices realized ;
but those who have had well-grown fruit of such varieties as the
trade demanded, when they compare the prices with those of
other articles, either of luxury or necessity, have little cause for
complaint. The opportunity supplied by the cold-storage houses
for extending the season of some of the earlier pears has been of
great advantage to the growers. All tlie better varieties of
October pears could be furnished in perfect condition for the
Thanksgiving dinner.

Apples. — As already stated above, there has not, certainly for
many years, been so large a crop of apples on the odd year as was
gathered the past season. At this year's Annual Exhibition, for
the first time in the history of our Society, the prizes offered for
this fruit were nearly all awarded.

In addition to the displays at regular exhibitions, specimens
have been received and placed upon the tables in the Librarj'
Room, for exhibition, as follows: —

A. L. Hitchcock sent a cluster of Grape Fruit received from
Florida, resembling Shaddocks, but growing in clusters. This is
the Citrus jjompelmos racemoxiis of Risso and Poiteau.

There were received from the Maine Pomological Society forty-
three varieties of Apples, comprising the most popular kinds
grown iu that State, mau}^ of which were familiar to and are grown
by our own exhibitors.

A collection of Apples was received, through Hon. Marshall
P. Wilder, from Nebraska. They were very smooth and fair, and
of large size ; but hardly in condition to afford a fair test of
quality.

A dish of Seedling Apples was received from John F. Jones,
Contoocook, N.H. They were of large size, perfect form, and a
deep bright red color throughout ; of fair quality, and would make
a very attractive market variety.

Of fruits previously entered for the Prospective Prizes, the
Hayes Grape and the Belmont Strawberry were the only ones to
which the attention of the Committee has been called. P. M.

290 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Augur & Sous have this year entered their Seedliug Strawberry,
Jewell, for the Prospective Prize for that fruit.

Of the $1,500 appropriated for prizes and gratuities for fruits,
the Committee have awarded $1,225, leaving a balance of $275.
A considerable portion of this balance represents prizes offered
for peaches, but not awarded, owing to the failure of the crop,
and the consequent absence of competition.

The increased appropriation for next year has enabled the Com-
mittee to offer new prizes ; and also to add materially to the old
ones, especially for those fruits in which there is the strongest
competition ; and they feel confident that these measures will
result in an accession of new exhibitors, and in more assiduous
efforts on the part of our habitual contributors, thus making our
exhibitions what they should be, — sources of continually increas-
ing interest and instruction.

E. W. Wood, \

Benj. G. Smith, J

Jacob W. Manning, ( Committee

C. F. Curtis, [ on Fruits.

O. B. Had WEN, \

Warren Fenno, /

PREMIUMS AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR FRUITS.

February 21.
Grattiity : —
Asa Clement, Ladj^'s Sweet Apples,

$1 00

SPRING EXHIBITION.

March 19 and 20.
Winter Pears. — A. J. Bigelow, Aujou,

Second, Mary Gardner, Easter Beni-re, .
Winter Apples. — William T. Hall, Northern Spy,

Second, C. Terry, Baldwin, ....
Strawberries. — One pint, T. N. Vail, Sharpless,

Gratuities : —
C. C. Balch, Lemons and Oranges,

A. S. Mcintosh, Apples and Pears,
Mrs. H. V. Draper, Pears,
Eobert Manning, "
C. Sumner Jacobs, Apples,

B. G. Smith, Collection, .

C. W. Grant,
Warren Fenno, "

April -i.

Gratuity: —
T. N. Vail, Sharpless Strawberries,

April 18.
Gratuity : —
William H. Hunt, Hunt Russet Apples, .

May 9.

Gratuity : —
George Hill, Sharpless Strawberries,

June 13.

u

00

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2

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1

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Gratuity : —
0. B. Hadwen, Apples,

2 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

292

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

June 20.

Gratuities : —

Asa Clement, Apples,

SI 00

William Doran & Son, Strawberries

1 00

John B. Moore & Son, "

1 00

C. E. Grant. "

1 00

George Hill, "

1 00

ROSE AND STRAAVBERRY EXHIBITION.

June 25 and 26.
Special Prizes.
Strawberkies. — Four quarts of anj- variety, George Hill, Sharp-
less, Silver Cup, value.
Second, George V. Fletcher, Sharpless,
• Third, P. M. Augur & Sons, Jewell,
Fourth, Warren Heustis, Belmont, .
Best Exhibition of a Seedling Strawberry introduced within
the last five years, P. M. Augur & Sons, Jewell, Silver Medal.

Begular Prizes.
Strawberries. — Forty-eight berries of Bidwell, George V
Fletcher,

Second, William Patterson,
Charles Downing, E. W. Wood, .

Second, C. M. Hovey,

Third, Joseph D. Fitts, .
Cumberland, Benjamin G. Smith,

Second, J. D. Fitts, ....
HerVey Davis, E. W. Wood,

Second, John B. Moore & Son,

Third, B. G. Smith, ....
Hovey, the third prize to C. M. Hovey,
Jucunda, C E. Grant, ....
Miner's Prolific, the second prize to J. D. Fitts,
Seth Boyden, the second prize to E. W. Wood.
Sharpless, George Hill, ....

Second, John B. Moore & Sou, .
Twenty-four berries of Bidwell, the second prize
Champion, the second prize to J. D. Fitts,
Charles Downing, E. W. Wood,

Second, B. G. Smith,
Crescent, B. Judkins, .

Second, L. W. Weston,
Cumberland, William Patterson,

Second, Warren Heustis, .

.S20 00

15 00

10 00

5 00

to J,

D. Fitts

4

00

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PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS. 293

Hervey Davis, E. AV. Wood, $3 00

Second, John B. Moore & Son, 2 00

Jersey Queen, C. M. Hovey, 3 00

Second, J. D. Fitts, 2 00

Manchester, Warren Heustis, 3 00

Second, J. D. Fitts, 2 00

Miner's Prolific, the second prize to L. W. Weston, . . . 2 00

Seth Boyden, E. W. Wood, 3 00

Sharpless, George Hill, 3 00

Second, William Patterson, 2 00

Any other variety, C. E. Grant, Longfellow 3 00

Second, William C. Winter, Seedling No. 10, . . . . 2 00

Third, John L. Gardner, James Vick, 1 00

Collection, not less than six varieties, J. D. Fitts, ... 4 00

One quart of any new variety, P. M. Augur & Sons, Dewey, . 3 00

Second, William C. Winter, Lincoln, 2 00

Cherriks. — Two quarts of any variety, S. Loclvwood, Black

Tartarian, 2 00

Foreign Grapes. — Two bunches of any variety, E. S. Converse,

Black Hamburg, 5 00

Forced Peaches. — Six specimens of any variety, William C.

Winter, 3 00

Gratuities: —

E. S. Converse, Foreign Grapes, 2 00

C. E. Grant, Strawberries, 2 00

July 11.

Strawberries. — Twenty-four berries of any variety, Warren

Heustis, Belmont,

Second, C. E. Grant, Longfellow,

Third, Warren Heustis, Middlesex,

Cherries. — Two quarts of Downer's Late, M. W. Chadbourne,

Second, C. N. Brackett,

Any other variety, Warren Fenno, Norfolk,
Raspberries. — Two quarts of any variety, C. E. Grant, Herstine

Second, William Doran & Son, Highland Hai-dy, .
Currants. — Forty-eight bunches of any Red variety, B. G

Smith, Versaillaise,

Second, M. W. Chadbourne, Versaillaise, ...
Third, William Doran & Son, " ...

Gratuities : —

S. Lockwood, Cherries,

M. W. Chadbourne, Collection,

3

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1

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294

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

July 18.

Raspberkies. — Collection of not less than four varieties, two

quarts of each, William Doran & Sou, 84 00

Second, C E. Grant, 3 00

Two quarts of any variet,y, John B. Moore & Son, Souchetti. . 3 00

Second, B. Judkins, Cuthbert, 2 00

CuERAXTS. — Twenty-four bunches of Versaillaise, B. G. Smith, 2 00

Second, W. K. Wood, 1 00

Any other Red variety, B. G. Smith, Fay's Prolific, . . . 2 00

Second, B. G. Smith, Victoria, 1 00

Gratuities : —
C. E. Grant, Strawberries,
Warren Heustis, "
C. N. Brackett, Cherries,
S. Lockwood, "

Warren Fenno, "

July 25.
Raspberries. — Two quarts of any variet}-, C. E. Grant, Cuthbert,

Second, B. Judkins, Cuthbert,

Currants. — Twenty-four bunches of any Red varietj', B. G

Smith, Versaillaise,

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill, Versaillaise, ....
Tliird, W. K. Wood, " ....

Any White variety, B. G. Smith, Dana's Transparent,
Second, B. G. Smith, French Transparent,
Gooseberries. — Two quarts of any Native variety, M. W. Cluui

bourne, Downing,

Second, B. G. Smith, Smith's Improved

Gratuities : —
JI. W. Chadbourne, Currants,
Warren Heustis, "

Warren Fenno. Gooseberries,
C. E. Grant. Raspberries,

1

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1

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1

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1

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9

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August 1.
Blackberries. — Two quarts of any variety, A. S. Mclntosli,

Dorchester, 3 00

Second, M. W. Chadbourne, Dorchester. . . . . 2 00

Third, L. W. Weston, " .... l 00

Gooseberries. — Two quarts of Foreign. B.G.Smith, Wliite-

smith, 2 00

Second, B. G. Smith, Bang-Up, 1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

295

Pkaus. — Summer Doyenne, Horace Eaton, .

Second, Warren Fenno, .....

Third, B. G. Smith,

Any otlier varietj', A. S. Mcintosh, Madeleine, .
Second, A. W. Nelson, "

Third, Warren Fenno, "

Gratuities : —

C. E. Grant, Raspberries,

Warren Fenno, Gooseberries, ....
M. W. Chadbourne, " and Currants,

Marshall P. Wilder, Seedling Gooseberry,

ArGUST 8.
Apples. — Sweet Bough, Warren Heustis,

Second, Warren Fenno,

Any other variety, Charles F. Curtis, Williams,
Warren Fenno, Red Astrachan,
Pears. — Giflard, John L. Bird, . . . .
Second, Charles F. Curtis, ....

Third, B. G. Smith,

Any other variety, B. G. Smith, Jargonelle,
Second, M. W. Chadbourne, Osband's Summer,

Gratuities: —
B. G. Smith, Gooseberries and Blackberi'ies,

A. S. Mcintosh, Blackberries, ....

B. C. Vose, " ....
M. W. Chadbourne, Collection, ....

C. E. Grant, " . . . .

August 15.
Apples. — Oldenburg, C. C. Shaw, .

Second, Wari'en Fenno, . . . .
Red Astrachan, C. C. Shaw,

Second, Horace Eaton, . . . ,
Third, Warren Fenno, . . . .
Williams, Charles F. Curtis,

Second, Asa Clement, . . . -
Third, Josiah Crosby, ...
Pears. — Clapp's Favorite, Horace Eaton,
Second, John L. Bird, ...
Third, C. S. Hosmer,
Manning's Elizaljeth, Mrs. Mary Langmaid,

Second, Warren Fenno, ...
Any other variety, George Frost, Quimper,
Second, C. N. Brackett, Brandy wine.

$3

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296

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

POREIGN Gkapes. — Two buuclies of any variety, David Allan,

Black Hamburg,

Second, John S. Farlow, Cannon Hall Muscat,

Gratuity : —
Warren Feuno, Collection, . . .

$5 00
4 00

1 00

AuGrsT 22.
Pears. — Bartlett, George S. Hai-wood,
Second, Samuel Mai'twell,
Third, C. N. Brackett,
Rostiezer, George S. Harwood,

Second, C. N. Brackett, .
Tyson, A. S. Mcintosh,

Second, Samuel Mcintosh,
Any other variety, C. M. Hovey, Clapp's Favorite,
Second, Warren Heustis, " "

Peaches. — Any varietj', Warren Fenno, Hale's Early,

Gratuities : —
Warren Fenno, Pears and Apples, ....

M. W. Chadbourne, Pears,

A. S. Mcintosh, "

August 29.
Apples. — Any variety, Samuel Hartwell, Williams,

Second, B. G. Smith, " .

Third, Warren Heustis,

Peaks. — Bartlett, George S. Harwood,

Second, Mrs. A. M. Winn,

Third, Samuel Hartwell,

Any other variety, A. INIcDermott, Clapp's Favorite, .

Second, A. S. Mcintosh, Tyson,

Plums. — Any variety, John B. Moore & Son, Washington, .

Second, Samuel Hartwell, Niagara

Third, B. G. Smith. BradshaAV,

Native Gr.vpes. — Six bunches of any variety, Samuel Hartwell,
Moore's Early,

Second, B. G. Smith, Champion,

Third, C N. Brackett, "

Cfratuities : —
B. G. Smith, Grapes,
Mrs. H. V. Draper, Plums,
Horace Partridge, Grapes,
John C. Park, Crab Apples,
Warren Feuno. Collection,
M. W. Chadbourne. "

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PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS. 297

September 5.

Apples. — Foundling, L. W. Weston, f 3 OC

Second, "Warren Fenno, 2 OC

Gravenstein, Frank Smith, 3 OC

Second, Samuel Hartwell, .« 2 00

Third, Warren Heustis, 1 00

Porter, Samuel Hartwell, 3 00

Second, C. W. Grant, 2 00

Third, Mrs. A. M. Winn, 1 00

Any other variety, Mrs. M. A. Fullick, Williams, . . . 2 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell, Sparhawk, 1 00

Pears. — Andrews, Mrs. Mary Langraaid, 2 00

Second, B. G. Smith 1 00

Boussock, George S. Harwood, 2 00

Second, Horace Eaton, 1 00

Any other variety, William H. Hunt, Clapp's Favorite, . . 2 00
Second, S. Lockwood, " " . . 1 00
Plums. — Collection of not less than four varieties, Samuel Hart-
well, ^ . 3 00

Second, Horace Eaton, 2 00

Third L. W. Goodell, 1 00

Any other variety, F. J. Dutcher, McLaughlin, . . . . 2 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell, 1 00

Native Grapes. — Six bunches of Hartford, Cephas H. Brackett, 3 00

Moore's Early, John B. Moore & Son, 3 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell, 2 00

Any other variety, B. G. Smith, Cottage, 3 00

Second, B. G. Smith, Ives's Seedling, 2 00

Gratuities : —

M. W. Chadbourne, Collection, 1 00

Samuel Hartwell, " 1 00

ANNUAL EXHIBITION.

September 15, 16, 17, and 18.

Special Prizes.

Twelve Gravenstein Apples, C. C. Shaw, .$5 00

Twelve Bartlett Pears, Mrs. Mary Langmaid, . . . . 5 00
Twelve bunches of Native Grapes, of any variety, John B.

Moore & Son, Moore's Early, 5 00

For the lieaviest and best ripened bunch of any Foreign Black
Grape, not less than five pounds, David Allan, Alnwick

Seedling, 8 00

For the heaviest and best ripened bunch of any Foreign White

Grape, not less than five pounds, David Allan, Syrian, . . 8 00

298

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Begular Prizes.

Api'les. — Baldwin, C. C. Shaw
Second, Samuel Hartwell, .
Third, L. W. Weston,
Danvers Sweet, C. C. Shaw,

Second, J. T. Foster,
Fall Orange or Holden, Samuel Hartwell,

Second, C W. Grant,
Fameuse, Horace iiaton.

Second, George V. Fletcher,
Foundling. Warren Fenno, .
Second, L. W. Weston, .
Garden Royal, J. C. McNeil,

Second, Samuel Hartwell,
Golden Eusset, the second prize to Warren Fenno,
Graveusteui, Samuel Hartwell,

Second, Charles H. Stearns,

Third, Warren Heustis,
Hul)bardstou, C. N. Brackett,

Second, L. W. Weston, .

Third, Josiah Crosby,
Hunt Russet, Samuel Hartwell,
Lady's Sweet, Warren Fenno,
Leicester, the second prize to O. B. Hadwen,
Lyscora, Samuel Hartwell, .

Second, C. W. Grant,
Maiden's Blush, C. C. Shaw,

Second, Mrs. A. M. Winn,
Northern Spy, Warren Fenno,

Second, C. C. Shaw, .

Third, W. A. Morse, .
Porter, C. C. Shaw,

Second, Francis Smith,
Pumpkin Sweet, Samuel Hartwell

Second, George W. Stearns,
Rhode Island Greening, C. N. Brackett

Second, W. C. Eustis,
Roxbury Russet, L. W. Goodell,

Second, John L. D' Wolf, .

Third, C. C. Shaw, .
Tolman's Sweet, C. C. Shaw,

Second, J. T. Foster,

Third, Josiah Crosby,
Tompkins King, W. A. Morse,

Second, C. C. Shaw, .
Washington Royal, Samuel Hartwell,

Second, 0. B. Hadwen,

$4 00
3 00
2 00
2 00
1 00

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

3 00

1 00

1 00

1 00
3 00

2 00

00
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3 00

2 00

3 00
2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS. 299

Washiugtoii Strasvberiy, Warren Feuno, $2 00

Any other variety, George M. Stearns, Chenango, . . . 3 00

Second, C. C Shaw, Oldenburg, 2 00

Third, C. C. Shaw, Sudbury Sweet, 1 00

Crab Apples. — Twenty-four specimens of Hyslop, Cephas H.

Braciiett, 2 00

Second, B. Judkins 1 00

Transcendent, C. H. Braclcett, 2 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell, 1 00

Pears. — Angouleme, John McClure, 4 00

Second, Edwin A. Hall, 3 00

Third, W. P. Walker, 2 00

Anjou, Mrs. Mary Langmaid, 4 00

Second, John McClure, 3 00

Third, C. N. Brackett, 2 00

Fourth, E. W. Wood, 1 00

Bartlett, John McClure, 4 00

Second, Mrs. Mary Langmaid, , . 3 00

Third, N. D. Harrington, 2 00

Fourth, A. S. Mcintosh, 1 00

Belle Luci'ative, Mrs. Mary Langmaid, 2 00

Second, Warren Heustis, 1 00

Bosc, George S. Curtis, 4 00

Second, Mrs. Mary Langmaid, 3 00

Third, W. P. Walker, 2 00

Fourth, George S. Harwood, 1 00

Boussock, John B. Turner, 2 00

Second, Marshall P. Wilder, 1 00

Clairgeau, Mrs. Mary Langmaid, 3 00

Second, W. P. Plimpton, 2 00

Third, Charles F. Curtis, 1 00

Cornice, George S. Harwood, 3 00

Second, Horace Eaton, 2 00

Third, Warren Fenno, 1 00

Dana's Hovey, M. W. Chadbourue, 4 00

Second, George Frost, 3 00

Third, Warren Fenno, . 2 00

Diel, Marshall P. Wilder, 3 00

Second, George Newmarsh, 2 00

Goodale, O. B. Had wen, . 2 00

Second, Marshall P. Wilder, 1 00

Hardy, C. F. Curtis, 3 00

Second, A. S. Mcintosh, 2 00

Howell, E. W. Wood, 2 00

Second, C. E. Kichardson, 1 00

Lawrence, Mrs. Mary Langmaid, 3 00

Second, C. N. Brackett, 2 00

300

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Louise Bonne of Jersej-, B. G. Smith, $3 OO

Second, George S. Harwood, 2 00

Marie Louise, John L. D'Wolf, 2 00

Second, A. S. Mcintosh, 1 00

Merriam, John L. D'Wolf, 3 00

Second, Warren Fenno, 2 00

Onondaga, Warren Fenno, 2 OO'

Second, Marshall P. Wilder, 1 00

Paradise of Autui!2:i, C. M. Hovey, 3 00

Second, Marshall P. Wilder, 2 00

Seek el, George S. Harwood, 4 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell, 3 00

Third, Warren Fenno, 2 OO

Sheldon, George S. Harwood, 4 00

Second, Cephas H. Brackett, 3 00

Third, C. F. Curtis, 2 00

Souvenir du Congres, C. N. Brackett, ...... 2 00

Second, Warren Fenno, 1 00

St. Michael Archangel, Warren Heustis 3 00

Second, T. M. Davis, 2 00

Super fin, Warren Fenno, . . • 2 00

Second, A. S. Mcintosh, 1 00

Urbaniste, A. S. Mcintosh, 3 00

Second, John L. Bird, 2 00

Vicar, A. S. Mcintosh, 2 00

Second, S. Lockwood, 1 00-

Winter Nells, W. P. Walker, 2 00

Second, E. W. Wood, 1 00

Any other variety, Warren Fenno, De Tongres, . . . 3 00

Second, Horace Eaton, Frederick Clapp, 2 00

Third, A. S. Mcintosh, Kingsessing, 1 00

Peaches. — Any variety, Warren Fenno, Seedling, . . . 3 00

Nectarines. — Any variety, Warren Fenno, 2 00

Plums. — Not less than four varieties, Samuel Hartwell, . . 5 00

Second, Horace Eaton, 4 00-

Third, John B Moore & Son 3 00

Any other variety, Samuel Hartwell, Jefferson, . . . . 3 00

Second, F. J. Dutcher, McLaughlin 2 00

Third, F. J. Dutcher, Green Gage, 1 00

Native Grapes. — Six bunches of Concord, Cephas H. Brackett, 3 00

Second, Marshall P. Wilder, 2 00

Delaware, Cephas H. Brackett, 3 00

Second, Joseph S. Chase, 2 00

Third, Horace Eaton, 1 00

Massasoit, John B. Moore & Son, 3 00

Second, Cephas H. Brackett, 2 00

Third, Joseph S. Chase, 1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS. 301

Moore's Early, John B. Moore & Son, $3 00

Second, Charles Williams, ...-.,. 2 00

Third, Samuel Hartwell, 1 00

Wilder, John B. Moore & Son 3 00

Second, Marshall P. Wilder, 2 00

Worden, John B. Moore & Son, 3 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell, 2 00

Third, B. Judkins, 1 00

Any other variety, B. G. Smith, Lindley, . ' . . . . 3 00

Second, Marshall P. Wilder, Niagara, 2 00

Third. Samuel Hartwell, Cottage, 1 00

Foreign GuArES. — Four varieties, two bunches of each, David

Allan, 10 00

Third prize. E. H. Luke, r, 00

Fourth, B. G. Smith, 4 00

Two bunches of Black Hamburg, David Allan, . . . . 5 00

Wilmot's Black Hamburg, the third prize to B. G. Smith, . 3 00

Muscat of Alexandria, David Allan, ... . . 5 00

Any other variety, David Allan, Lady Downes, ... . . 5 00

The third prize to E. H. Luke, Golden Hamburg, . . . 3 00

Cranberries. — Half peck, Dwight C. Robbins, . . . . 2 00

Second, C. W. Grant, 1 00

Gratuities : —

Albert Bresee, Apples, 1 00

C. W. Grant, " 1 00

M. W. Chadbourne, Apples and Pears, 3 00

W. A. Morse, " u 'i 2 00

C. N. Brackett, Pears, 2 00

Marshall P. Wilder, " 2 00

Warren Fenno, " 2 00

Mrs. W. A. Winn, " 1 00

Stillman S. Hovey, " 1 00

Michael Finegan, " 1 00

B. G. Smith, '"' 1 00

C. H. Johnson, " 1 00

William H. Hunt, " and Quinces, 1 00

William C. Strong, Grapes, 2 00

John B. Moore & Son, " 2 00

Marshall P. Wilder, " 2 00

A. J. Tillson, Pocklington Grapes, 1 00

Edmund D. Sturtevant, Papaws f.^lsmiJia <?-i7oba), . . . 100

H. L. Barnes, Osage Oranges, 2 00

September 20.

Gratuity: —

Samuel Hartwell, Apples, 2 00

302

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

October 3.

Apples. — Gravensteiu, Francis Smith

Second, TViUiam T. Hall, .

Third, Saniuel Hartvrell, .
Fall Orange. Samnel Hartwell.

Second, C. W. Grant,
Porter, Edmund F. Knight, .

Second, Williani Patterson.
Any other variety, yi. W. Chadbourue, Hubbard

Second, Warren Fenno, Queen,
Peaks. — Angouleme. TV. S. Janvrin,

Second, S. G. Damon,

Third, John McClure.
Bosc. Mrs. Mary Langmaid,

Second. TV. P. "Walker, .

Third. W. S. Janvrin.
Clairgeau. William T. Hall. .

Second, S. G. Damon,

Third, Warren Fenno,
Cornice, George S. Harwood,

Second. Horace Eaton.

Third, Warren Fenno,
Frederick Clapp, Horace Eaton,
Louise Bonne of Jersey. B. G. Smith,

Second, T. M. Davis.

Third, Mrs. A. M. Winn, .
Seckel. George S. Harwood,

Second, X. D. Harrington,

Third, W. C Eustis. .
Sheldon, W. S. Janvrin,

Second. J. W. Knowles, .

Third, John L. Bird, .
Superfin, George H. Dickermau

Second, Warren Fenno,

Third, A. S. Mcintosh, .
Urbaniste, A. S. Mcintosh, .

Second. M. W. Chadboume.

Third. Warren Fenno,
Any other variety. Warren Fenno, De Tongres,

Second, A. S. Mcintosh, Marie Louise,

Third, George H. Dickerman, Howell.
QnxcES.— B. G. Smith, .

Second, Mrs. M. T. Goddard. .
Peaches. — Any variety. Warren Fenno,

Second, N. D. Harrington,

ton

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

303

Native Grapes. — Six bunches of Brighton,

Second, B. G. Smith,

Third, S. G. Damon, .
Concord, A. J. Bigelow,

Second, J. P. Hayward,

Third, S. G. Damon,
Delaware, G. B. Andrews,

Third prize, Horace Eaton
lona, Horace Eaton,

Second, F. H. Perr.v,

Third, B. G. Smith, .
Isabella, S. G. Stone, .

Second, J. P. Hayward,

Third, B. G. Smith, .
Massasoit, John B. Moore & Son,

Second, S. G. Damon,

Third, Cephas H. Brackett,
INIoore's Earlj% John B. Moore & Son,

Second, Samuel Hartwell,
Prentiss, Joseph S. Chase, .

Second, F. J. Dutcher,
AVilder. J. P. Hayward,

Second, John B. Moore & Sou,

Third. S. G. Damon, .
Any other variety, John B. Moore & Son, Hayes

Second. J. P. Hayward, Worden

Third, B. G. Smith, Lindley, .
FoKEiGX Ghapes. — Two bunches of any variety,
JNIuscat Hamburg, .

Second, J. P. Hayward, Blaclv Hamburg,

Third. J. P. Hayward, Syrian, .

Gratuities : —
Samuel Hartwell, Apples,
C. N. Brackett, Pears,

A. S. Mcintosh, " ...

B. G. Smith, '' ...
M. W. Chadbourne, " ...
Warren Feuno, " ...
S. G. Damon, Apples and Pears,
G. B. Andrews, Concord Grapes, . .

C. "W. Grant, Cranberries,

Joseph S. Chase,

J. P.

Hayward

$3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

•1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

2

00

2

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

I

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

Gratuities : —
John F. Jones, Apples,
Robert Manning, Pears,
Clifton H. Paige, "

October 10.

1 00
1 00
1 00

304

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Gratuity : —
N. D. Harrington, Pears,

October 17.

SI 00

CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOAT.

Xo\TEMBER 12 AXD 13.

French Fremhims
Apples. — Baldwin, C. C. Shaw,

Second, Samuel Hartwell,
Danvers Sweet, C. C Shaw,

Second, J. T. Foster,
Hubbardston, 51. W. Chadbourne,

Second, William T. Hall,
Hunt Russet, C. TV. Grant, .

Second, Samuel Hartwell, .
Ladj's Sweet, Warren Fenno,
Northern Spy, William T. Hall, .

Second, Warren Fenno, .
Rhode Island Greening, A. S. Mcintosh,

Second, Samuel Mcintosh,
Roxbury Russet, Cephas H. Brackett,

Second, L. W. Goodell, .
Tolman's Sweet, C. C. Shaw,

Second, J. T. Foster,
Tompkins King, John Parker,

Second, James H. Clapp, .

Society's Pr
Pears. — Angouleme, S. G. Damon,

Second, Yarnum Frost,

Third, T. M. Davis, .
Anjou. William T. Hall,

Second, S. G. Damon,

Third, Warren Fenno,
Cornice, George S. Harwood,

Second, Warren Fenno, .

Third. John McClure, . •
Dana's Hovey, John B. Moore & Son

Second, Warren Fenno, .

Third, M. W. Chadbourne,
Glout Morceau, John L. Bird,

Second, Warren Fenno, .

Third, Marj- Gardner,

82 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00
2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00
1 00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

305

Josephine of Malines, Warren Fenno, $3 00

Second, B. G. Smith, 2 00

Third, John L. Bird, 1 00

Laugelier, S. G. Damon, 3 00

Second, A. S. Mcintosh, 2 00

Third, John L. Bird, ' . 100

Lawrence, Andrew McDermott, 3 00

Second, John McChire, 2 00

Third, William T. Hall, . . '. . . . . . 1 00

Vicar, A. S. Mcintosh 3 00

Second, William T. Hall, 2 00

Third, Samuel Mcintosh, 1 00

Winter Nelis, Andrew McDermott, 3 00

Second, Jesse Haley, • 2 00

Third, E. W. Wood, 1 00

Any other variety, S. G. Damon, Diel, 3 00

Second, B. G. Smith, " 2 00

Third, S. G. Damon, Clairgeau, 1 00

Gratuities : —
C. W. Grant, Apples, .

Mrs. M. T. Goddard, "
A. S. Mcintosh, Pears, .
J. P. Knight, Seedling Japanese Pears,
C N. Brackett, Apples and Pears, .
Warren Fenno, " " "
George Seaverns, Quinces,
R. Manning, " . .

John Parlier, " . .

Jolm B. Moore & Son, Grapes,
C. Terry, "

S. G. Damon, "

George W. Holden, "

M. W. Chadboui-ne, Collection,

2 00
1 00

3 00
1 00

1 00

2 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

1 00

2 00

November 28.
Gratuities : —

T. Putnam Symonds, Apples and Pears,
Joseph S. Chase, Grapes,

2 00
1 00

REPORT

.OF THE

COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES^

FOR THE YEAR 1885.

By CHAELf:S N. BRACKETT, Chairman.

In submitting the followiug report, your Committee have the
pleasure of being able to say that the various vegetable exhibits
throughout the season have been equal in quality to those of any
previous year. The quantity shown at the Annual Exhibition was
perhaps not quite so great as in some former seasons, yet any
deficiency in this respect was we think more than made up by the
variety and superior quality of the exhibits.

The Committee cannot but congratulate the Society on the good
results thus far attained in the department with which they are
connected. There has been an advance in quality from 3'ear to
3'ear in the vegetables exhibited, a constantly increasing interest
on the part of the competitors for its prizes, and a more general
attendance at its exhibitions by the public. When in these
exhibitions, familiar vegetables display from year to year a con-
tinually improving standard of quality, we may safely attribute
this continued increase in excellence rather to improved methods
of cultivation, than to transient and accidental circumstances, or
to exceptional conditions of soil or season.

The policy of offering prizes instead of awarding gratuities,
has justified our favorable expectation dui'ing the past season. In
forced vegetables, during the months of January and Februar}^
we had upon our tables more than double the quantity of exhibits
ever before seen at that period of the year. Many of the speci-

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES. 307

mens were such as could hardly be excelled, and all were uote-
worthy products of skilful cultivation. The high praise which
was accorded them is good evidence of the value set upon this
branch of our exhibitions. The money value of the prizes is
small ; that alone cannot be the impelling motive. Rather the
spirit of rivalry among contributors, which springs from compar-
ing individual results, and the visibly increasing public interest
manifested in om- exhibitions, have resulted in giving us a higher
standard of excellence in our products, and are important
elements in our success.

For much of the interest attending the weekly exhibitions,
especially those of the earlier part of the season, the Society is
under obligations to Messrs. George Hill, Cephas H. Brackett,
W. ^Y. Rawson, George F. Stone, William D. Philbrick, Josiah
Crosby, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, and others, who have made
frequent exhibition of forced vegetables in great variety. Their
contributions consisted of Cucumbers, Radishes, Lettuce, Mush-
rooms, Brussels Sprouts, Dandelions, Rhubarb, Asparagus, Toma-
toes, and Parsley. The especially fine specimens of Asparagus
and Rhubarb shown February 7, were from Mrs. Francis B.
Hayes. As a very successful cultivator of the Mushroom, Cephas
H. Brackett has for several seasons won distinction. He has
uniformly shown the best specimens, and taken the first prizes.
To judge from the character of the exhibits he has made, he
evidently believes that " if a thing is worth doing at all it is worth
doing well." AVe have certainly seen abundant proofs of this at
frequent exhibitions, and of his skill in producing only the choicest
and best specimens of whatever he undertakes to grow. As a
contributor of forced vegetables he has shown a commendable zeal
in sustaining our winter and early spring shows. Now that we are
to have, in the coming season, a full list of prizes for vegetables
grown under glass, we have ground for hoping that this important
and very rapidh" increasing branch of horticulture will become a
yet more prominent feature in our exhibitions.

The liberal increase in the amount placed at the disposal of the
Committee, for prizes and gratuities during the coming year, has
enabled them to offer a list of premiums for forced vegetables to
be shown in the month of April, and also to make other and
important additions and alterations in the Schedule. A glance at
the prize list for 1886 will show an appropriation of $1,000 for

308 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

vegetables. This is an increase on the appropriation of the past
year of $200, and shows not only that the Society fully recognizes
the present usefulness and importance of this branch of horticul-
ture, but that it has a distinct jDurpose and a progressive policy in
thus further encouraging and stimulating the efforts of those
engaged in it.

Most of the specimens offered for prizes the past season have
possessed points of superior excellence. In a few instances,
as may be seen by reference to the list of awards, they have fallen
so far below the standard that the prizes have been wholly with-
held ; sometimes the first has been withheld and the second or
third awarded ; that course being followed which in the judgment
of the Committee was best adapted to each particular case. This
we are aware is exceedingly unpopular with some exhibitors, who
claim that an exhibitor is entitled to a first premium on the mere
o-round that he is the only one competing, although his specimens
may be very inferior. The Committee believe that the stricter
practice should be persistently followed, as thus only can the
standard of excellence be maintained, and poor and inferior
specimens be excluded from our exhibitions.

The weekly exhibitions have, we think, been in advance of
those of last year. Competition has been unusually active, and
the exhibits, both as to quality and variety, have been among the
best, though by no means so large as we hope to see the coming
season.

Peas have been shown in more than the usual quantity. Among
the earlier varieties, the American Wonder still takes the lead,
and at the Rose and Strawberry Show was awarded the first prize
over all competitors. Of the varieties of recent introduction.
Carter's Stratagem, Sharp's Early Paragon, and Invincible, seem
the most deserving of notice. The Stratagem is a new green
wrinkled pea of great merit, and prolial»ly the handsomest and
most productive of its class. The vines grow about two feet in
height, and are covered with immense pods, filled with peas of the
largest size, of the finest quality for the table. This variety was
shown by the Chairman, July 11, and has invariably taken the
first prize during the season, whenever it has been put in
competition. The Paragon and Invincible were shown by C. H.
Hovey & Co. Both were very attractive and both were awarded
prizes, — the Paragon receiving a first prize, and the Invincible
a second.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES. 309

Tomatoes, as iu seasons past, have been a very promineut
feature at our exhibitions. The first prize clay was July 18 ; but
the specimens offered were not considered worthy of the first
prize, and it was consequently withheld. July 25, however, and
also at subsequent exhibitions, the specimens shown were remark-
ably fine, and formed a very interesting and attractive portion of
the display. Great improvement has been made in this popular
vegetable within the past ten or twelve years, in regard to form,
texture, and quality ; yet little advance, if any, has been made in
earliness. Year after year new varieties have been introduced,
which in almost every instance were claimed by the originator to
be from one to two weeks earlier than their predecessors. Experi-
ence proves, however, that if the word minutes had been substi-
tuted in the place of "weeks," it would in a large majority of
cases have come much nearer the truth. At the Annual Exhibition
the display of tomatoes was not as large as that of last year, there
being but forty-one dishes on exhibition, against eighty on the
previous occasion. This was owing mainly to the fact that one,
who in years past has been amongst the largest contributors, tliis
year failed to put in an appearance.

At the October and Chrysanthemum shows the displa3"s of vege-
tables were the largest and best we have ever made at this season
of the year.

The past season has been favoral^le for the growth and develop-
ment of the Cauliflower ; the specimens which have been shown
have never been surpassed, if equalled, and reflected the greatest
credit upon all the contrilnitors. The first prizes on September 5
and October 3, and the Special and first Eegular prizes at the
Annual Exhibition, were all awarded to P. G. Hanson. October
10, some very fine specimens were shown by W. P. Walker,
the largest of which turned the scales at thirteen pounds. At the
Chrj'santhemum Show, the first prize for cauliflowers was won by
Mrs. Mary T. Goddard, who capped the climax with a splendid
specimen weighing fifteen and three-quarters pounds.

The remarks regarding the cauliflower apply equally well to
Celery, which was exhibited in great perfection, not only at the
Annual Exhibition, but also at the October and November shows.
The Special prize at the Annual was awarded to Warren Heustis
for Henderson's Half Early Dwarf. The regular prize was taken
b}' Josiah Crosb}' for Boston Market. The last named competitor
also received the first prize at the October show for the same

310 MASSACHUSETTS HOET [CULTURAL SOCIETY.

variety. At the Clirysauthemum show the first prize for celery
was won by George Hill, with the Arliugtou. So numerous and so
excellent, and in some cases so closely matched in size, beauty,
and quality, have been the specimens exhibited in competition for
the prizes, that more than once the Committee have been some-
what embarrassed in deciding on the awards. They have, how-
ever, strenuously endeavored in all cases to do the most exact
justice to the different competitors ; and if they have failed in this
respect it has been through error of judgment.

One of the leading attractions at the Annual Exhibition was a
new Seedling Potato, grown and exhibited by Albert Bresee of
Hubbardton, Vermont, the originator of the Early Rose and other
valuable varieties. This was the first time he has ever shown it,
and it has not yet been named. There were fifty-two dishes of
potatoes on exhibition, but this seedling of Mr. Bresee exceeded
them all in beauty and general appearance, and was much admired.
The Committee, with others, — among them Hon. Marshall P.
.Wilder, — had an opportunity of testing its quality, and Mr.
AVilder's verdict was, " good enough" : — in which all the members
of the Committee coincide. As an example of the interest mani-
fested by the visiting public with regard to this new seedling, and
to show the confidence with which its value was inferred from its
appearance, it may be of interest to state that an offer of fifty dollars
was made to Mr. Bresee (in the presence of the Chan-man), for the
twelve specimens on exhibition, which was increased to one hundred
dollars after a test of their quality. The offer was not accepted.
This variety will be on exhibition agarii next season, when a more
extended report will be in order, if upon further trial it shall be
found up to the standard which its originator expects it to reach.
Mr. Bresee will enter it for the Prospective Prize, if it fills the bill.

The annexed list shows the amount awarded in prizes and
gratuities for the past season to be $750, leaving an unexpended
balance of 880.

All of which is respectfully submitted.

For the Committee,

C. N. BRACKETT, Chairman.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIP:s AWARDED
VEGETABLES.

FUR

J^VXUARY 3.

Radishes. — Four bunches, George Hill,

Second, George F. Stone,

Cucumbers. — Pair, C. H. Brackett, Brighton,

Second, C. H. Brackett, White Spine,
Lettuce. — Four heads of Tennisball, G. F. Stone,

Second, W. W. Rawson,

Third, George Hill,

Mushrooms. — Twentj--four specimens, C H. Brackett

Gratuities : —
George W. Pierce, Brussels Sprout'^,
Geoi'ge F. Stone, Parsley,

83

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

January 17.
Gratuity : —
C. H. Brackett, Cucumliers and Mushrooms,

2 00

January 24.
Gratuity : —
C. H. Brackett, White Spine and Brighton Cucumbers, and
Mushrooms,

2 00

January 31.
Gratuity : —
George Hill, Dandelions and Lettuce,

2 00

February 7.
Radishes. — Four bundles, George F. Stone, .
Cucumbers. — Pair of any variety, C. H. Brackett, Brighton,

Second, C. H. Brackett, White Spine,
Lettuce. — Four heads of Tennisball, George F. Stone,

Second, George Hill,

Third, W. D. Philbrick,

Mushrooms. — Twenty-four specimens, C. H. Brackett,

3 00
3 00

2 00

3 00

2 00
I 00

3 00

312 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Gratuities : —

George F. Stone, Dandelions and Parslej', 82 00

George Hill. " ^^ << 1 00

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Asparagus, 2 00

W. D. Philbrick, Parsley 1 00

February 14.
Gratuities: —
Mrs. Francis B. Haves, Ehiibarb and Aspai'agus, . . . . 2 00
Isaac E. Coburn, " 1 00

February 21.
Gratuities : —
Orlando F. Xewhall, Tomatoes, Radishes, Mushrooms, Asparagus,

and Rhubarb, ' 4 00

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes. Rhubarb, 1 00

C. H. Brackett, Mushrooms, 1 00

February 28.
Gratuities : —

George F. Stone, Lettuce, 2 00

Josiah Crosby, •• 1 00

C. H. Brackett, Mushrooms and Cucumbers, . . . . 2 00

C. M. Hovey, " 1 00

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Seedling Rhubarb, 1 00

March 7.
Gratuities : —

Josiah Crosby, Dandelions, Radishes, and Lettuce, . . . 2 00
C. H. Brackett, Mushrooms, and two varieties of Cucumbers, . 2 00
Warren Heustis, Celery and Radishes, . - 1 00

March 14.
Gratuities : —

C. H. Brackett, Cucumbers and Mushrooms, 2 00

George F. Stone, Radishes 1 00

SPRING EXHIBITION.

March 19 axd 20.

Radishes. — Four bunches of Turnip Rooted, Josiah Crosby, . §3 00

Second, W. D. Philbrick, . . • 2 00

Third, George F. Stone, 1 00

Cucu>rBERS. — Pair, C. H. Brackett, White Spine, . . . 3 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

313

Dandelions. — Peck, Josiali Crosby, §2 00

Second, George F. Stone, • 1 00

I/ETTUCE. — Four heads of Tennisball, Geoi'ge F. Stone. . . 3 00

Second, Josiah Crosbj-, 2 00

Third, W. D. Philbrick, 1 00

Parsley. — Two quarts, George F. Stone, 2 00

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 1 00

Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens, Charles Winter, . . . . 3 00

Second, W. C. Winter, 2 00

Third, Winter Brothers, 1 00

Gratuities : —

C- H. Brackett, Mushrooms and Cucumbers, 2 00

O. F. Newhall, " 1 00

C. H. Hovey & Co., '• and Tomatoes, 100

E. Saunders, Rhubarb, . • 1 00

March 28.
Gratuity : —

C. H. Brackett, Rhubarb, Cucumbers, and Mushrooms,

2 00

April 11.
Gratuity : —

Josiah Crosby, Lettuce and Dandelions, .

2 00

April 18.
Gratuity: —
C. H. Brackett, Cucumbers, Rhubarb, Tomatoes, Asparagus, and
Mushrooms,

4 00

April 25.

Gratuity : —

C. H. Brackett, Rhubarb, Tomatoes, two varieties of Cucumbers,
Asparagus, and Mushrooms,

3 00

May 2.

Gratuity : —
Warren Heustis, Radishes.

May 9.
Cucumbers. — Pair, C. H. Brackett, Brighton,

Second, C. H. Brackett, Telegraph,
Spinach. — Peck, Josiah Crosby, ....
Lettuce. — Four heads, George F. Stone,

Second, Josiah Crosby,

Rhubarb.— Twelve stalks, C H. Brackett, Victoria,

1 00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

314

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Gratxdties : —
Josiah Crosby, Beets, Carrots, and Dandelions,
C. H. Brackett, Collection, ....
Warren Heustis, " ....

May 16.

Gratuities : —

E. Sheppard, Cucumbers,

M. W. Chadbourne, Asparagus,

May 23.

Gratuities : —

John B. Moore & Son, Asparagus, .
L. ^Y. Weston, " . .

Samuel Hartwell, " . .

W. K. Wood, Rhubarb, ....

June G.
Radishes. — Four bunches of Long Scarlet, Josiah Crosby,
Asparagus. — Four bunches, John B. Moore & Son,

Second, L. W. Weston,

Cucumbers. — Pair, E. Sheppard, Telegraph,

Second, C. H. Brackett, Brighton, ....
Lettuce. — Four heads, George F. Stone,
Mushrooms. — Twenty-four, C. H. Brackett,
Rhubarb. — Twelve stalks, C. H. Brackett, Victoria, 22 lb^

Second, John B. Moore & Son, Monarch, IG lbs. 15 oz.

Gratuities: —
George F. Stone, Spinach,
C. H. Brackett, Tomatoes,

June IS'.

Gratuity : —
Samuel Hartwell, Asparagus,

Gratuity : —
E. Sheppard, Cucumbers,

June 20.

§3 00
2 00
2 00

1 OO
1 00

1

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

2

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

2

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

1 00

1 00

r08p: and strawberry exhibition.

June 25 and 2(;.

Whitcomb Prizes.
Beets — Twelve Turnip Rooted, George D. Moore,

Egyptian, Josiah Crosby,

.$2 OO
2 OO.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

315

Oxioxs. — Twelve, Josiah Crosb}-, ....

Second, Georjre D. Moore, ....
Cucumbers. — White Spine, Warren Henstis,

Second, George F. Stone,

Cabbages. — Four, George D. Moore,
Lettuce. — Four lieads, George F. Stone,

Second, George D. Moore, ....

Peas. — Half-peck, C. N. Brackett, American Wonder,

Second, S. Hartwell, Advancer,

Third, George F. Stone, Dan O'Rourke, .

$2 00

1 00

2 GO

1 00

2 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00
1 00

Gratuities : —
Charles Winter, Tomatoes,
Samuel Hartwell, Asparagus, .
E. Sheppard, Cucumbers,
John B. Moore & Son, Khubarb,

1 00

1 00
1 00
1 00

July 4.

Onions. — Twelve, Josiah Crosbjs .

Second, George I). Moore, ....
Squashes. — Four Long Warted, Warren Henstis,
Cabbages. — Four, George D. Moore,

Second, Warren Heustis,

PE.i.s.— Half-peck, C. H. Hovey & Co., Sharp's Early I

Second, C. E. Grant, Advancer, ...

aragon.

2 00

1 00

2 00

3 00

2 QO

3 00
2 00

July II.

Potatoes. — Twelve specimens, C. D. Kingman, Chicago Market

Second, C. D. Kingman, Savoy,

Third, Samuel Hartwell, Early Sunrise, .
Squashes. — Four Long Warted, J. Crosby, .
Beans. — Half-peck of String, S. Hartwell, .

Second, S. Hartwell, . . . . •
Peas. — Half-peck, C. N. Brackett, Stratagem,

Second, George F. Stone, Advancer,

Third, C H. Hovey & Co., Invincible, .

Gratuities : —

George I). Moore, Beets,

George F. Stone, Lettuce and Cucumbers,

3

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

July 18.

Cabbages. — Four Drumhead, George D. Moore,
Second, Warren Heustis, ....

3 00
2 00

316

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Peas.— Half -peck, C. N. Brackett, Stratagem, . . . . $3 00

Second, C. H. Hovey«& Co., Invincible, 2 00

Third, C. N. Brackett, American Wonder, . . . . 1 00

Tomatoes. — Twelve, the second prize to George D. Moore, . 2 00

Gratuity : —
S. Hartwell, Potatoes,

1 00

July 25.
Potatoes. — Twelve, L. W. Weston, Hebron,

Second, S. Hartwell, Sunrise, ....

Third, L. W. Weston, " ....

Squashes. — Pour Marrow, Josiah Crosby, .
Sweet Corx.— Twelve ears, C. N. Brackett, Marblehead,

Second, Samuel Hartwell, "

Third, George P. Stone, "

Tomatoes. — Twelve, C. N. Brackett, Acme, .

Second, George Hill, Emery,

Gratuities : —
C. N. Brackett, Collection,
Josiah Crosby, Onions,

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

2

00

1

00

August 1.
Squashes. — Four Marrow, Josiah Crosby,
Peas. — Half -peck, C. N. Brackett, Stratagem,

Second, Warren Heustis, Advancer, .

Third, C. N. Brackett, Yorkshire Hero, .
Sweet Corn. — Twelve eai-s, Josiah Cros_by, Crosby

Second, Warren Heustis, "

Tomatoes. — Twelve, George Hill, Boston Market,

Second, C. N. Brackett, Acme,

Third, George Hill, Emery, ....

Gratuities : —
George Hill, Greenflesh Melons,
Mrs. E. M. Gill, Wax Beans, .
Samuel Hartwell, Sunrise Potatoes,
C. N. Brackett, Collection,

2

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

1

00

1

00

2

00

August 7.
Greenflesh Melons. — Four, George Hill, .
Beans. — Half-peck of Horticultural, S. Hartwell,

3 00
3 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

317

Tomatoes. — Acme, C. N. Brackett,
Emery, Geoi'ge Hill,

Second, Samuel Hartwell, ....

Third, C. N. Brackett,

Any other variety, George Hill, Boston Market,

Second, Samuel Hartwell, Perfection,

Gratuities : —

Samuel Hartwell, Lima Beans,

C. E. Grant, Beans,

Warren Heustis, Corn and Peas,

C. N. Brackett, Bliss's Abundance Peas, and Tomatoes,
Cephas H. Brackett, Mushrooms,

August 15.
Greenflesh Melons. — Four, W. W. Eawsou,
Salmon Flesh Melons. — Four, Warren Heustis,

Second, Warren Heustis,

Egg Plants. — Four Round Purple, J. G. Coolidge,

Second, George D. Moore, ....

Gratuities : —

George D. Moore, Parsnips,

C. H. Brackett, Mushrooms,

C. E. Grant, Tomatoes,

M. W. Chadbourne, Corn,

Samuel Hartwell, Collection

C. N. Brackett, "

Mrs. William Houseman, Collection,

$3 00
3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

2 00

1 00

2 00
2 00
1 00

3 00
3 00
2 00
2 00

1 00

1 00
1 00
1 00

1 00
3 00

2 00
1 00

August 22.

Potatoes. — Twelve, S. Hartwell, Savoy,
Second, L. W. Weston, Hebron,
Third, C. N. Brackett, Savoy, .

Beans. — Two quarts of Lima, B. G. Smith,
Second, Samuel Hartwell,

Peppers.— Twelve, C. N. Brackett,

Gratuities : —
W. Heustis, Melons and Corn,
C. E. Grant, Tomatoes, .
C. H. Brackett, Muslirooms, .
M. W. Chadbourne, Okra,
Samuel Hartwell, Collection, .

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

3 00

2 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

3 00

August 29.
Watermelons. — Pair, Samuel Hartwell,
Greenflesh Melons. — Four, Samuel Hartwell,

3 00
3 00

3

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

2

00

0

00

1

00

1

00

i

00

3

00

318 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Gratuities : —

Warren Henstis, Melons, $2 00

Josiah Crosbj', Celery and Carrots, 2 00

C. E. Grant, Corn and Tomatoes, 1 00

Samuel Hartwell, Collection, 2 00

C. N. Brackett, " 2 00

Skptember 5.
Cauliflowers. — Four, P. G. Hanson, .
Celery. — Four roots, George D. Moore,

Second, Josiah Crosby,
Lima Beans — Two quarts, B. G. Smith,

Second, Samuel HartAvell,

Gratuities : —
P. G. Hanson, Turnips and Beets, .
"Warren Heustis, Melons, .
C. E. Grant, Corn and Tomatoes, .
Mrs. W. Houseman, Beans, and Kohl Rabi,
Samuel Hartwell, Collection, .
C. N. Brackett, " ...

ANNUAL P:XHIBITI0N.

September 15, IG, 17 axd 18.

Special Prizes.
Cauliflowers. — Best four, and best kept during the exhil)ition,

P. G. Hanson, . . . .$.5 00

Celery. — Best four roots, and best kept during the exliibitiou,

Warren Heustis 5 00

Begular Prizes.

Beets. — Twelve Turnip Rooted, Walter Russell, . . . . 3 00

Second, George F. Stone, 2 00

Third, George D. Moore, 1 00

Carrots. — TvTelve Long Orange. W. W. Rawson, . . . 3 00

Second, John L. D'Wolf, 2 00

Twelve Intermediate, Josiah Crosby 3 00

Second, W. W. Rawson, 2 00

Third, Walter Russell, I 00

Parsnips. — Twelve Long, W. AV. Rawson, 3 00

Second, John L. D'Wolf, 2 00

Third, George D. Moore, 1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

319

Potatoes. — Four varieties, twelve specimens each, Mrs. M. T

Goddard,

Second, C. N. Brackett, .
Third, Samuel Hartwell, .
Clark, Mrs. M. T. Goddard, .
Second, H. B. Watts,
Third, C. B. Lancaster, .
Hebron, L. W. Wi-ston,
Second, George W. Tierce,
Third, Mrs. M. T. Goddard,
Eose, Mrs. M. T. Goddard, .
Second, George W. Pierce,
Any other variety, George W. Pierce, Savoy,
Second, S. A. Merrill, Savoy,
Tliird, Samuel Hartwell, "
Salsify. — Twelve roots, Charles F. Curtis,
Second, Walter Russell, .
Third, John L. D'Wolf, .
Turnips.— Twelve Flat, P. G. Hanson,
Swedish, P. G. Hanson,
Second, Mrs, M. T. Goddard, .
Onions.— Twelve Danvers, George Hill
Second, George D. Moore,
Third, Walter Russell,
Portugal, Josiah Crosby,

Second, Walter Russell, .
Red, Walter Russell, .
Greexflesh Melons. — Four, Samuel Hartwell,
Second, William Richardson,
Third, Charles F. Curtis, .
Watermelons. — Two, Samuel Hartwell
Second, Benjamin G. Smith,
Third, Walter Russell,
Squashes. — Four Canada, Josiah Pratt,
Second, C. B. Lancaster, •
Third, C. N. Brackett,
Hubl)ard, P. G. Hanson,
Second, George Hill, .
Third, W. W. Rawson,
]Marblehead, P. G. Hanson, .
Marrow, W. W. Rawson,
Second, George Hill,
Third, P. G. Hanson,
Turban, P. G. Hanson, .
Second, W. W. Rawson, .
Cabbjvges. — Three Drumhead, C. B. Lancaster,
Second, P. G. Hanson

$5

00

4

00

3

00

3

00

2

00

1

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3

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2

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1

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3

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2

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3

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2

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1

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3

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2

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1

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3

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b

00

2

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1

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2

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3

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2

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2

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320

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Red, P. G. Hanson, ,$3 00

Savoy, C. B. Lancaster, . . • 3 00

Second, P. G. Hanson, 2 00

Cauliflowers. — Four, P. G. Hanson, 3 00

Second, W. "W. Rawson, 2 00

Third, W. H. Teel, 1 00

Celeky. — Four roots, Josiah Crosby, 3 00

Second, W. W. Rawson, 2 00

Third, Warren Heustis, 1 00

Endive. — Four specimens, George W. Pierce, . . . . 2 00

Horseradish. — Six roots, W. W. Rawson, 3 00

Second, George P. Moore, 2 00

Third, Walter Russell, 1 00

Beaxs. — Two quarts Lima, Benjamin G. Smith, . . . . 3 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell, 2 00

Third, S. A. Merrill, 1 00

Corn.— Twelve ears of Sweet, S. A. Merrill, Stowell's, . . 3 00

Second, J. J. H. Gregory, Mammoth, 2 00

Third, C. N. Brackett, Potter's Excelsior, . . . , 1 00

Yellow or Field, Twenty-five ears, traced, Mrs. M. T. Goddard, 3 00

Second, Horace Eaton, 2 00

Egg Plants.— Four Round Purple, George D. Moore, . . . 3 00

Second, J. G. Coolidge, 2 00

Third, George Hill, 1 00

Tomatoes. — Three varieties, twelve specimens each, C. N.

Brackett, 5 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell, 4 00

Third, J. J. H. Gregory, 3 00

Acme, C. N. Brackett 3 00

Second, C. E. Grant, 2 00

Third, Samuel Hartwell, 1 00

Emery, Solomon Shute, . . . '' 3 00

Second, C. N. Brackett, 2 00

Third, J. J. H. Gregory, . . . . . . . . 1 00

Paragon, George F. Stone, 3 00

Perfection, C. N. Brackett, 3 00

Second, P. G. Hanson, 2 00

Third, Solomon Shute, 1 00

Any other variety, C. N. Brackett, Cardinal, .... 3 00

Second, George Hill, Boston Market, 2 00

Third, Stillman S. Hovey, Favorite, 1 00

Martynias. — Twenty-four, M. W. Chadbourne, . . . . 2 00

Peppers.— Twenty-four, C. N. Brackett, 3 00

Second, George F. Stone, 2 00

Third, Josiah Crosby, 1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

321

Gratuities : —

Albert Bresee, New Seedling Potato, #3 00

J. J. H. Gregory, Potatoes, 2 00

Joseph G. Coolidge, Greenflesh Melons, 2 00

"Warren Heustis, Salmon Flesh Melons, 2 00

George W. Pierce, Bay View Melons, 2 00

P. G. Hanson, Collection of Watermelons, 4 00

P. G. Hanson, Turban Squashes, 1 00

S. A. Merrill, Squash, . 1. 00

C. H.Hovey & Co., Collection of Squashes, 3 00

C. N. Brackett, Goddard Beans, 1 00

Cephas H. Brackett, Cucumbers and Mushrooms 2 00

J. J. H. Gregory, Collection, 5 00

Walter Russell, " 3 00

M. W. Chadbourne, " 2 00

Miss Addle Tornbei-g, " 1 00

September 26.

Gratuity. —

C. N. Brackett, Tomatoes, 1 OO

October 3.
Squashes. — Four Hubbard, P. G. Hanson,

Second, Samuel Hartwell, . ■ . .

Third, Mrs. M. T. Goddard, ....
Marrow, the second prize to M. W. Chadljourne,
Brussels Sprouts. — Half-peck, Mrs. M. T. Goddard,

Second, Edgar P. Bliss, ....
Cabbages. — Three Drumhead, C B. Lancaster,

Second, P. G. Hanson,

Third, C. N. Brackett,
Red, P. G. Hanson, ....

Second, C. N. Brackett,
Savoy, P. G. Hanson, ....

Second, C. N. Brackett, .

Third, C. B. Lancaster,
Cauliflowers. — Four, P. G. Hanson, .

Second, Mrs. M. T. Goddard, .

Third, C. B. Lancaster,
Celery — Four roots, Josiah Crosby,

Second, George F. Stone,

Gratuities : —
Cephas H. Brackett, Mushrooms, .
C. E. Grant, Tomatoes, . . . ,
George F. Stone, Radishes and Lettuce,

3

00

2

00

1

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2

00

3

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2

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3

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2

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1

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3

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2

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3

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2

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1

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4

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3 00

1

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1

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1

00

322

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Beujamin G. Smith, Lima Beaus, $1 00

M. W. Cliadbounie, Melons and Squashes, 1 00

C. N. Bracliett, Collectioa, 3 00

Samuel Hartwell, " 3 00

Edgar J. Bliss, " 1 00

October 10.
Gratuity : —

AV. P. Walker, Cauliflower (weight of largest specimen, 13 lbs.), 2 00

CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW.

NOYEMBEIl 12 AND 13.

Cauliflowers. — Mrs. M. T. Goddard, .

Second, P. G. Hanson, ....
Brussels Sprouts. — Half-peck, G. W. Pierce,

Second, Mrs. M. T. Goddard, .
Celery. — Four roots, George Hill, Arlington,

Second, Warren Heustis, Henderson's Dwarf,

Third, George Hill, Boston Market,

Qratuities : —
L. W. Weston, Hebron Potatoes, ....

A. S. Mcintosh, Artichokes,

C. H. Brackett, Cucumbers,

Mrs. M. T. Goddard, Cauliflower (weighing lo}^ lbs.),
Edgar J. Bliss, Brussels Sprouts, ....

C. E. Grant, Celery,

George F. Stone, White Plume Celery, .

George W. Pierce, Endive

Winn, Kicker & Co., Tomatoes, . . ^ .
Samuel Hartwell, Collection,

$3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

2

00

Gratuities : —
W. W. Rawson, Lettuce,
C. H. Brackett, Mushrooms,

December 5.

1 00
1 00

December 12.

Chratuity : —
Edgar J. Bliss, Brussels Spi'outs,

1 00

Grvatuity : —
George Hill, Lettuce,

December 26.

1 00

REPORT

or THE

COMMITTEE ON GARDENS

FOR THE YEAR 1885.

By JOHN G. BARKER, Chairman.

In bringing before you the report of this Committee for the
year now closing, we do so with a degree of satisfaction tliat the
object sought in the formation of the Committee has been more
adequately attained in this than in some recent vears. In lookino-
over the History of the Society we see that in some former
years they were more frequently called upon than of late ; and at
times it appeared as though all the gardens of any note in this
vicinity had been visited. We cannot avoid a feeling of regret that
opportunities are not even more frequently presented for the per-
formance of the duties of this Committee. With the increase in
the number of gardens and the general advance of horticulture, in
this special line we are hardly keeping pace with the times.
There was no application for the prize for the Amateur Conserva-
tory, or the Collection of Hardy Biennial and Perennial Herbaceous
Plants : and for the Peach Orchard, of course none was expected.

The Middlesex Fells.
The first visit of the season was made July 13th, when by
invitation of the Hon. Elizur Wright, your Committee viewed the
Middlesex Fells. It is doubtless well known to you all that
Mr. Wright has taken a very deep interest in this project from its
earliest inception, and has done all that lay in his power to make
it successful. With a desire that a more extended knowledge of
the Fells should be diffused, especially among the members of

324 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

this Society, your Committee, with other gentlemen, spent a very
delightful day in inspecting under his guidance the territory com-
prising the Fells. We regret that we have not his own account of
the inception and growth of this project, which he had promised
us ; but the labors of our friend have ended. We shall append a
few statistics and facts such as are now at our command, and will
bring to your notice as briefly as possible the object of his desire
and exertions.

At a public meeting held in 1881 in the town of Medford, in the
interest of this project, a letter was read from Mr. John Botume,
in which he said: "The territory contains within itself all the
requirements of a magnificent natural park — fine old pines and
hemlocks, many varieties of oak, walnut, birch, and elm trees ;
superb water views, not only of inland lakes and ponds but of the
ocean, and winding roads and paths among trees through whose
interlaced branches the summer sun hardly penetrates. It appears
to me that its manifest destiny is to be also the most useful com-
pared with any tract of its size. The distance from the Boston
Post Office to its centre is six miles, the same distance that the.
people of Chicago have to travel to reach their great West Side
Park. Her park is artistically beautiful, but it is not nature, and
she would give millions for such opportunities as you have before
you." Mr. Wright said " that the proposition was to subscribe
money enough to buy the property at its assessed value, and then
ask the vState to take it bj' right of eminent domain. The territory
would be put under the charge of competent men, and in fifty
years under proper cultivation and management would produce
forty thousand dollars worth of timber annually, which would be
for the benefit of the State. All the rocks and hills could be
covered with pine in a hundred years." He did not believe a
single proprietor of the one hundred and thirty who own the Fells
would object to the plan proposed.

Perhaps this outline of the project is enough to bring before
you at this time. Nature has done much ; art may help ; judici-
ously laid out paths and roadways from the main roads to the
prominent points could not fail of making this one of the finest
natural parks not only in this Commonwealth, but in this country.

In these days of Forestry Congresses as well as magnificent
parks and gardens, on the latter of which so much money is being
uselessly spent, can this Society do better than to encourage the

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 325

formation of Societies such as the Free Public Forest Association
in Lynn, which has been the means of preserving from devasta-
tion and destruction many naturally beautiful places, which by a
very small expenditure can be made easily accessible, and can be
enjoyed by thousands of our people fully as much as the park and
boulevard ? Let us, as the leading Horticultural Society of
America, do all we can to encourage village improvement societies,
and in every possible way promote the disposition to improve our
suburban towns, villages, and gardens ; let our influence be felt
more than ever outside the walls of this building, and let us wake
up fully to the high privileges and duties that belong to us as
members of one of the noblest educational institutions in this
country.

Garden of Mrs. Mary E. Goddard.

August 19th, the Committee, upon invitation of Mrs. Mary E.
Goddard, went to Hopedale to visit her garden ; and take great
pleasure in making their report of this visit.

The ground comprises about twenty-five thousand feet, and is
devoted largely to a lawn with flower beds cut in the grass.

Perhaps the most noticeable bed was the one on the right of the
walk, near the entrance. It was twenty-eight feet in length by
four and a half feet in width, and planted in three sections' with
Phlox Drummondi, — habeUina occupying the centre, with coccinea
and rosea at the ends. Lengthwise in the centre of the Phlox
Drummondi ros^ea were Blue Victoria Asters ; and similarly in the
coccinea, White Asters, and in the Isabdlina, Red Asters. A
border of Ageratum Tom Thumb surrounded the whole ; the stiff
woody growth of the Ageratum serving to hold the Phlox upright.
By this means all the plants were kept in place without any aid of
stakes or twine. The colors of the flowers blended harmoniously,
and the whole effect of this arrangement, using but a few varie-
ties judiciously placed, was very pleasing, aud fully proved that
it does not require a large expenditure of money to have a nice
bed of flowers tastefully arranged.

Another bed next the wall, sixty feet long and three and a half
feet wide was planted with Single Dahlias, Salvia splendens, and
Zinnias ; with a row of Gaillardia in front, and Tropeolum Spitfire
running over the stone wall.

In front of the house a circular bed was arranged with Cannas

32() MASSACHUSETTS IIORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

in the centre, surroiuuled by a row of Coleus VerschqffeUii, and
outside of tliat a row of Centaurea gymnocarpa.

On the east side of the house a crescent shaped bed contained
three varieties of Coleus, each color being planted separately.

In another bed we noticed Tritoma Uvaria with Canna Ehemanni
in the centre, bordered with Portulacca ; in the spring this bed
contained Pansies.

The piazza was covered with neatlv trained vines of Tropceolum
Lobbianum, Cubcea scaiideni<, and Thunbergias.

Mrs. Goddard says: "I sow my seeds in April in very gentle'
heat, and ought to transplant once before putting into the garden,
but for lack of room omit to do so except with a few plants of
Pyrethrum. I have the flower beds dug veiT deep and made
quite rich, and then a top , dressing of phosphate is dug in around
each plant, and the earth is loosened at least once a week, until
the plants are so large that it is impossible to do so."

Considering that Mrs. Goddard has only a few hot-beds and a
bay window in which to raise the plants that filled these beds, we
think that no one need despair of having a pleasant and attractive
flower garden. Since bedding plants can be obtained at a very
low flgure, there has been a tendency of late to undervalue annuals ;
but here we certainly have a very pleasing example of their effective
use.' We are informed that, aside from the small sum paid for
seeds and ten dollars for extra labor, all tlie work was done by
meml)ers of the household ; and we take pleasure in reporting
this flower garden as the most neatly kept, most tastefully.
arranged, and economically managed of the kind that we have
been called upon to visit. The Committee unanimously award
Mrs. Goddard the premium of $20 for the best arranged and Ijest
kept flower garden.

Vineyards.
As you are all well aware the planting of Vineyards and the
growing of grapes for the million have of late years received a good
deal of attention, and much land before unproductive, or yielding
but small returns from the usual farm crops, has been devoted to
the culture of grapes, witli satisfactory returns. But in th*s
uncertain climate it is still a (piestion with a great many what
variety to plant that will ripen best and market most easily. We
find upon i)K|uiry a general complaint that much unripe fruit has

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 327

been put upon the market the past season — perhaps tolerably
well colored, but still not quite ripe. Indeed, many of the whole-
sale dealers will answer the question " Who sends you the
ripest and best grapes ? " without even stopping to think a
single moment, — " Wh}^ Mr. A's or Mr. B's are always num-
ber one, but while Mr. C's are nice fruit, they did not hang
on the vine long enough, and are not quite ripe." In view of
these facts we have been asked the question more than once,
"What varieties of grapes shall I plant in my garden?" In
order to meet the requirement of one of the members of the
Society, who said to the Chairman of the Garden Committee, " I
have no fault to find, but I want to be told not only that you were
pleased with this one's place, and that one's skill, but how they
did it, and what you would recommend I should do," — we will
answer the one direct question, "What four or five grapes can
I plant in my garden with a reasonable surety in ordinary seasons
of having the fruit ripen ?" As far as our observation and experi-
ence go, and after conference with the Chairman of the Fruit
Committee, we recommend to the amateur, for this climate, the
Moore's Early and Hayes for early ; next the Worden, and later
the Concord and Niagara.

Vineyard of Jonas P. Hayward.
The past season your Committee received invitations from Jonas
P. Hayward of Ashby, and Samuel Hartwell of Lincoln, to inspect
then- vineyards. Mr. Hayward entered two vineyards ; which
your Committee visited twice, the first visit being early in Sep-
tember. We found both vineyards in the highest and best possible
state of cultivation, and the fine clean handsome foliage and good
growth of wood such as is seldom excelled, while the crop of
fruit was certainly one of the evenest it has been our fortune to
see; indeed both vineyards, especially No. 1, afforded evidence
that Mr. Hayward had given thought and time to bring about the
best possible results. He makes the Concord the main crop, and
prefers Thanksgiving time to any earlier date for marketing his
grapes. At our second visit, on the 6th of October, the crop was
ripe, and it was om- privilege to taste as well as look. Several
other gentlemen accompanied the Committee at this time, all
practical growers, and we do not hesitate to pronounce vineyard
No. 1 to be one of the best vineyards of Concord grapes we have

328 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ever inspected. To this vineyard your Committee have unani-
mously awarded the First Prize of $30.

Vineyard No. 2, being on a sidehill, had washed somewhat, but
the general remarks made upon the first mentioned apply equally
to this. Here we found the Niagara, and we are sure that we
only express the opinion of all present, when we sa}' that its
condition exceeded our expectations ; and those who had doubts
in regard to its ripening qualities are now quite ready to give it a
place with the Concord as a very desirable late grape. The
following statement by Mr. Hayward will be read with interest
b}^ all :

To the Garden Committee of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society : —
My vineyard No. 1 contains twelve hundred vines, all Concords,
except one row containing a considerable number of varieties.
It was planted in 1877, in light gravelly loam, the vines being set
six feet apart in rows eight feet apart. The vines are trained on
a four-wire trellis, fruiting two arms of six feet each on each
vine, at the same time growing two canes for renewal.

When the shoots are about eighteen inches long they are cut
back to six leaves ; also cutting all tendrils and all but two of the
growing fruit buds. All laterals are cut back to one leaf, which
has to be done two or three times each season, according to the
vigor of the plant. When the grapes are about the size of peas,
the clusters are straightened, counted, and cut down to thirty or
less. My aim is to raise ten pounds to the vine.

The renewal canes I have sometimes kept cut back to six feet
during the summer ; but for the past two years I have let them
grow as far as they would, which has been from eight to twelve
feet, and then at the fall pruning cut back to six feet. I do not
know which is the better way.

I have tried to raise grapes without fertilizing, but of late years
have applied chemicals to the value of about one cent per vine.
This year I have doubled it. On this vineyard I have applied
this year —

100 lbs. Sulphate of Ammonia,
325 " Muriate of Potash,
400 " Dissolved Bone-black,
75 " Sulphate of Magnesia,
300 " South Carolina Rock Phosphate.

REPORT OF THE COiMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 329

This was thoroughly mixed and evenly sown broadcast. Then,
for an experiment, I sowed one bag of Stockbridge Fertilizer for
Grapes on one-half the vineyard. The difference is hardly
noticeable.

The reason for increasing the amount of fertilizer was that the
foliage had not always been quite satisfactory ; but this year it is
all I could desire. I keep the ground free from weeds, and
cultivate thoroughly with an Acme harrow.

Vineyard No. 2 contains two thousand vines, a part of which is
the oldest vineyard but one in town. Five hundred and fifty
vines were planted in 1867 ; others were added in 1871 and
1872. These are all Concords. In 1881 I added three hundred
Niagaras.

My treatment of this vineyard has been the same as that of
No. 1, with the exception that, being on a sidehill and apt to
wash, it seems to require a larger supply of fertilizer. This year
I have applied as follows :

672 lbs. Muriate of Potash,

1,000 " Dissolved Bone-black,

125 " Sulphate of Magnesia,

150 " Sulphate of Ammonia,

690 " South Carolina Rock Phosphate,

and one bag of Stockbridge Fertilizer, with the same result as
on vineyard No. 1.

J. P. HAYWARD.

Vineyard of Samuel Hartwell.
September 8th the Committee visited Samuel Hartwell's vine-
yard at Lincoln, and found Moore's Early the variety made the
specialty in this case. Mr. Hartwell, unlike Mr. Hayward,
wanted an early grape, his theory being that it can be marketed
quickly and got out of the way without handling more than once.
The Committee made a careful inspection of the vineyard and
were pleased with the mode of training and general cultivation,
and are quite prepared to again recommend the Moore's Early
as the best hardy grape for general cultivation. They unanimously
award Mr. Hartwell the Second Prize of $20 for his vineyard,
and call your attention to his statement subjoined.

330 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

To the Garden Committee of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society : —

Gentlemen, — The vineyard of Moore's Early grape vines
offered by me for your inspection and the Society's prize was
planted in the spring of 1881, the vines being then two years
old and set in rows nine feet apart, and eight feet apart in the
row. The location of the vineyard is on high warm land,
naturally well drained ; the soil is a gravelly loam, with numerous
large stones both above and below the surf ace ; — which inclines
slightly to the eastward. For the past three years no other crop
has been raised on the ground ; and no manure has been applied,
except about five barrels of ground bone and muriate of potash, —
two parts of the former to one of the latter mixed, and applied
broadcast each year. The first two years the vines were tied to
stakes and two buds allowed to grow. In the spring of 1883
trellises were built by setting locust posts at each end of each row,
and also along the rows, leaving two vines in each space between
the posts. Four strands of No. 14 wire were stretched and
fastened by means of staples to each row of posts, the upper
wire being about five feet from the ground. The end posts were
bi-aced to keep the wires straight. To these wires the arms of
the vines, from four to six in number, each from three to four feet
long, are tied, care being taken to distribute the arms as evenly
as possible over the wires. I very seldom tie to the upper wu-e,
as I prefer to have the foliage on it shade the fruit on the other
wires. I find it unnecessary to do any summer tying, and do very
little summer pruning, but usually cut off the ends of branches
inclined to grow between rows, so that the rows will look tidy,
and leave the spaces clear for cultivation, — which is kept up with
the cultivator and hoe until August, or as long as the weeds con-
tinue to grow. The vines have fruited threfe years : in 1883 they
produced about one thousand pounds of fruit; in 1884 about
five thousand five hundred pounds, and in 1885 about nine
thousand pounds. I have always commenced to pick for market
from the 5th to the 10th of September; at the latter date the
fruit is ripe enough to pick clean. I prune the vines in November
and December, leaving from four to six arms of strong, new wood
three or four feet long, as near the roots as convenient. I tie
these arms to the wu-es in mild days in winter, or in early spring.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 331

By the above method, I find most of the work can be done at the
time of the year when I have most leisure.

Respectfully submitted by

SAMUEL HARTWELL.
Lincoln, October 15th, 1885.

In addition to our observations of the vineyard, we were
particularly interested in noticing the culture of the Melon, to
which Mr. Hartwell has given special attention, and the qualities
of which ample opportunity was afforded the Committee to test.
So favorably were we impressed with the result, that we induced
Mr. Hartwell to give us a statement of his mode of cultivation,
which we append, and the Committee unanimously award him a
gratuity of $10 for successful culture of the melon.

John G. Barker, Chairman of the Garden Committee of the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society : —
Dear Sir, — At your request I make a short statement of my
method of planting and caring for the crop of Greenflesh Melons
your Committee saw on my farm early in September last. The
ground is what is termed "old," having been planted four or five
years ; the soil is a gravelly loam, naturally dry, with the surface
inclining to the eastward. It was manured with eight or ten cords
of stable manure, broadcast and ploughed in. The seed was
saved by myself from well selected stock, which, for want of a
better name, I will call the Early Montreal, and was planted
under glass the first week in May. For convenience in transplant-
ing, I made two hot-beds of eight sashes each, locating them quite
centrally in the field ; planted eight seeds in each hill, allowing to
it a space of about six inches square in the bed, and watered
and aired as needed. The land was furrowed both ways,
about five feet apart, and at each intersection of the furrows a
place was dug with a hoe in which to set a hill. I like to have the
plants set as fast as the holes are dug, so as to have the earth as
fresh as possible. When ready to set the plants (which is usually
from the 5th to the 10th of June), after being careful to have
the gi-ound in the hot-bed well wet and kept wet while planting,
a piece of stove pipe about six inches long, to which an iron
handle has been riveted, is pressed down over a hill, a spade is

332 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

forced under the hill, and, with one hand holding the spade and the
other the handle to the pipe, the hill is carried to its allotted space
in the field. After the hill is set in the hole dug to receive it and
the spade withdrawn, I draw the loose earth around the pipe on
all sides, and then withdraw the pipe. I then press down the
earth around the hill, and with a hoe draw as much more as is
needed about the plant. I continue thus with each hill, always
being careful not to distui-b the earth about the roots of the plants.
When they are well established, I thin to three vines in each hill,
cultivate and keep clean, and in due time expect to "reap if I
faint not."

Respectfully submitted.

SAMUEL HARTWELL.

Lincoln, Mass., October 15th, 1885,

The Arnold Arboretum.

Our next visit was on the 26th of August, to the Aniold Arbore-
tum, first stopping at the residence of our Treasurer, by whom
the Committee were hospitably entertained. After a delightful
drive through the pleasant avenues of Jamaica Plain, we found our-
selves at the Arboretum of Harvard College, which contains one
hundred and sixty-five acres of land, quite varied in character.
This is a portion of the well known Bussey Farm, in that part
of Boston formerly known as West Roxbury, and is within a few
minutes walk of the Forest Hills station on the Boston and Provi-
dence Railroad, making it of easy access to visitors. The location
is such that the experiments here made will be of great value to
New England, and of general interest to a large portion of the
whole country. The Arboretum is yet in its infancy, having been
commenced only in 1874, when the seeds of the first trees were
planted ; so that excepting the older trees previously on the place,
of which there are many, a great portion are only nursery plants,
which on account of certain arrangements made with the city of
Boston could not be planted in permanent positions until the laying
out of some of the roadways had been completed. This l)eing
accomplished in part, the coming spring will see many of the
botanical orders planted where they are to remain permanently,
the planting being as far as possible in botanical sequence. Along

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 333

the roadways will be planted both native species and those of
foreign introduction, including all the varieties, so that even one
not possessing special botanical knowledge can at a glance com-
prehend the arrangement and see by comparison the plants which
best endure our climate. The Arboretum will thus be a living
museum, where the nurseryman, gardener, and private land-owner
may come for trustworthy information regarding all trees or
shrubs, which will save them the cost of personal experiments, and
of delays caused by unfortunate selections.

The collection of living plants at the Arboretum is richer in
species than any other in the United States ; numbering at the
present time over two thousand species and varieties of woody
plants. Many of these may prove failures ; but it is the work of
the Arboretum to show by living illustrations what to select and
what to avoid. The collection is being continually increased by a
system of exchanges with botanic gardens and similar institu-
tions, both public and private, in every part of the world within
the temperate zone. Experiments are also being made with seeds
of plants taken from widely different localities, with the hope that
additions may be made to our lists of hardy trees. This has
already been done in several instances, such as Abies concolor^
Pseudotsuga Douglasii, and several others ; the seeds of those
plants brought from the warmer parts of the Pacific coast having
proved of little use to us, in our changeable climate, while seeds
from plants of the same species growing in Colorado under con-
ditions similar to those in New England have produced plants
which, so far, stand our climate as well as our native trees.

Besides planting the living specimens, there has been estab-
lished a Herbarium ; containing an abundance of specimens of
woody plants, collected from various parts of the world, and
plants of the same species from different localities, to aid students
and others in determining the names of species and the effect of
climate and location. There will also be a large collection of all
kinds of woods, barks, cones, and other tree productions that may
be of use in the arts or sciences. These collections are already
very rich in American species, and require a great number of
botanical cases to preserve them. They are at present stored in a
house owned by Professor Sargent, kindly loaned by him for this
pui'pose until such time as a proper building shall be erected on
the Arboretum grounds.

334 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The sources whence seeds are received from time to time are
recorded in a set of books kept for this purpose. They are
numbered in regular order, and by a systematic arrangement notes
are made as to their hardiness, adaptability, usefulness, etc.,
which in future will be of great benefit in determining the history
of these plants, and will form likewise a history of the Arboretum.

The records kept at the Arboretum show that several thousand
plants are annually exchanged with individuals, botanic gardens,
agricultural colleges, and other institutions, not only in this
country but in Eiu'ope, Asia, North Africa, St. Helena, Japan,
the Sandwich Islands, and elsewhere. So wide a dissemination
of plants must be productive of good results.

The past season a Shrub Garden has been made comprising
about two and one-eighth acres, laid out in beds ten feet wide,
by two hundred and seventj'-five feet long, sufficient in extent for
1,157 species and 357 varieties. The shrubs are systematically
arranged, beginning with the order Ranunculaceae, and ending
with Smilaceffi ; and not only botanically, but, as far as possible,
geographically, American plants coming first. Here any one with
even a limited knowledge of plants can take notes of these grow-
ing specimens, which will enable him to gain more knowledge than
months or even years of study from books or catalogues could
give, and will help him to make such selections as he would like to
plant. All this is done at the expense of the Arboretum, thus
giving all who wish to avail themselves of its privileges and
advantages a real school of instruction free of aU cost ; and this
will go on from generation to generation. No other such place is
known where such valuable information can be similarly obtained ;
while Mr. Dawson, the skilful gardener, is always ready to
impart any knowledge in his possession.

There are spaces left open for undetermined varieties, but the
garden now contains 690 species and 250 varieties, with the possi-
bility that from fom* to six hundi'ed new species or varieties will
be added the coming year. This location was mowing land, and
was broken up only a year ago, and it is really astonishing to note
what has been accomplished in so short a time ; we can look upon
this branch of the Arboretum work as one of the noblest educa-
tional agencies existing in any country.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 335

Among the larger orders planted are fifty species of Spiroeas
and thirty-two varieties ; thirty-four species of Clematis ; twelve
species of Euouymus and uiue varieties ; fifteen species of
Rhamnus ; fourteen species of Caragana and three varieties ; forty-
four species of Pruuus and nineteen varieties ; fifty-two species
of Roses and eighteen varieties ; nineteen species of Blackberries
and tweut^^-four varieties ; twenty-eight species of Philadelphus ;
twenty species of Ribes ; fourteen species and seven varieties of
Cornus ; twent3'-oue species of Snowballs and three varieties ;
thirty-one species and eleven varieties of Honeysuckles ; twelve
species and three varieties of Huckleberries and Blueberries ;
sixteen species and five varieties of Rhododendrons ; nine species
and thirteen varieties of Ericas ; and fourteen species and
thirteen varieties of Lilacs.

The use of the present grounds, however, is onlv a temporary
arrangement, the future demanding a larger and more permanent
place.

The coming year will also witness much progressive work on the
Public Park, in the way of planting : mostlv of Coniferous trees
such as Picea, Abies, Larix, and Piuus. These are to be planted
in single specimens and groups. Those of the best known utility
will be planted for permanent effect, while unknown varieties will
be so distributed that, in case they fail or prove unsuitable, the}'
can be removed without defacing or marring the permanent plant-
ing ; the effect in landscape being also carefully looked after. It is
the intention to give the preference to American trees in large
gTOups and single specimens, while native shrubs will be planted
as an undergrowth of the larger trees. For this purpose over
sixty-two thousand plants were collected last fall, comprising all
the best native shrubs in the New England States. Many thou-
sands were planted in the spring of 1885, the most noticeable
perhaps being at a point on the right of the entrance to the
Arboretum, planted with White Pines to correspond with the
magnificent Hemlock grove on the opposite side. Within the
last five years miles of boundary belts have been planted,
comprising all the native trees as far as possible ; and a grove of
Pinus resinosa (the Red Pine) , to the number of fifty or sixty ;
which in ten years will make a fine appearance. This is one of the
most beautiful American conifers, and is well deserving of more

336 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

general cultivation both for ornament and timber. A belt of
trees facing the shrub garden is worthy of especial mention as
containing many fine specimens over twenty feet high, where eight
years ago was a barren sidehill. The trees have certainly made
a remarkable growth, and show how many equally unpromising
locations might be utilized in a most effective manner.

There is a small span roofed greenhouse devoted mainly to
propagating trees and shrubs in winter, by grafting, cuttings, and
seeds ; from ten to fifteen thousand are produced annually. In
spring they are placed thickly in boxes, and as soon as established
are allowed to harden oft" in the frame ground. In this ground
are several deep pits where the plants are stored for the first winter ;
every available place is used, and a look into one of the pits a
few days ago revealed a surprising quantity of young plants,
which will take their places in the nursery rows another season.

Among the many promising trees our attention was particularly
attracted by the following deciduous kinds :

Betula alba, several fine forms.
" nigra.
" papyracea.

Catalpa bignonioides.
" Kcempferi.
" sjyeciosa.

Chidi'ostis Amureitsis.

Fra.vinus Americana. — A remarkably fine form of this species,
with beautiful foliage, bright and shining above and glaucous
beneath, was especially noticeable.

Fraxin us Man dsh u rica .

'' p)otamophyUa. — This and the preceding are from
Northern Asia and Japan.

Jnglans Jfandshurica. — This tree was raised from seed eleven
years ago, and has liorue several crops of fruit.

Phellodendron Aniureuse. — The Amoor Cork Tree. One of the
two original plants raised from seed being pistillate, and the other
stamiuate, seed was perfected. It is believed that this is the first
that has been produced in tliis country.

Prunus Sibirica.

Quercus Daimio.
" macrocarpa.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 337

Quercus palustris.
" Prinos.

" Robitr (English Oak). — Many beautiful forms.
Syringa Japonica. — A very rare species of Lilac from Japan,
flowering in the middle of July ; the trusses are a foot or more in
length and pure white. It is a small tree ratlier than a slu'ub.
Rhus sp. — A beautiful species from Japan.
Magnolia sp. — A very promising species from Japan, which
seems to be more hardy than any we have here. The seeds of
this and the two preceding were contrilnited by President Clark of
the Massachusetts Agricultural College.

Pyrus. — There is a fine collection of species from Northern
Asia and Japau, which are very beautiful in flower or fruit, such
as sjyectabilis, Toringo, and baccata, and theii* varieties.
Of the Conifers we may mention
Abies brachyphyUa^ from Japan.
" concolor, from Colorado. This is one of the finest speci-
mens in the Arboretum.
Abies Fraseri.

" balsamea var. Hudsonica.
Chamcecyparis (Retinospora) obtusa and

" " j^is^/eya, and their varieties. There

is no doubt that the many varieties of this plant in cultivation
came from these two original species.
Jimiperus communi.s aurea.

Picea alba. — A variety known in the nurseries as Maxwell's
Golden Spruce.
Picea alba crerulea.
" Engehnannii.
" excelsa and its many varieties.

" pungens and its varieties, many of which are very hand-
some, and being quite hardy promise to become very desirable for
general ornamental planting.
Pinus Bungeana.
" excelsa.
" flexilis.
" Jeffrey ii.
" Murray ana.
" parviflora.

338 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Pinus ponderosa.

" resinosa.

" Strobiis and its several forms.
Pseudotsuga Douglasii, the Douglas Fir or Red Fir of Oregon.

Among the shrubs were many beautiful varieties from all parts
of the world, to give a description of which would take more time
than oui" hurried visit would allow, but we hope to add many notes
of the Arboretum collection in the near future. In the meantime
those desiring further information are referred to the Tkaxsac-
TiONS of the Society, Part I, 1881, pp. 83-87, and Part I, 1883,
pp. 79-88, as containing a fuller account of many new shrubs
introduced at the Arboretum than can be found in print else-
where.

The following extract from the Bulletin of the Bussey Institu-
tion will be of interest to all, even if the facts are known to
some: "In the spring of 1872, the President and Fellows of
Harvard College received a gift of §100,000 from the trustees
under the will of the late James Arnold, merchant, of New
Bedford, Mass., for the pm'pose of establishing at the Bussey
Institution, a professorship of tree culture, and creating and
maintaining on the Bussey estate an Arboretum, which should
ultimately contain, as far as practicable, all the trees, shrubs, and
herbaceous plants, either indigenous or exotic, which can be raised
in the open ah' at West Roxbm'y. At least two-thirds of the
income of the fund is to be accumuj.ated until the fund amounts
to at least $150,000, and the Bussey estate (Woodland Hill), in
"West Roxbm-y, passes completely into the hands of the President
and Fellows of Harvard College. A particular portion of the
estate has been specified as the site of the Arboretum in the inden-
ture which defines the object and terms of the gift, — a portion
which contains about one hundred and thirty-seven acres, and is
the finest part of the whole estate, as regards the variety of its
soils, the beauty and variety of the trees already growing upon it,
and the lay of the land. An arboretum is intended to educate
the public as well as the special students who resort to it. When
Woodland Hill comes into the possession of the President and
Fellows, the Ai-nold Arboretum will doubtless be laid out as an

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 339

open park, with suitable walks and roadways. It can hardly fail
to become a beautiful, wholesome, and instructive resort, which
will be more and more precious as the population grows denser
about it."

From still another point of view, the Professorship of Arbo-
riculture and the Arboretum are substantial additions to the
Universit}'. The cultivation and preservation of forests will
become in no long time a matter of national concern. The
natm-al forests of the country are already rapidly disappearing,
and wood and timber at no distant day will be scarce and dear
commodities, as they have long been in many countries in Europe.

In April, 1874, Mrs. Motley conveyed all her life interest in
the Bussey estate to the President and Fellows of Harvard College,
so that the whole estate is now at their disposal. In 1872, the
first seed was planted for the Arboretum ; but at that time and up
to the spring of 1879 much of the work, such as the raising of
plants, seeds, and cuttings, done at the Bussey Institution, was
for the Botanic Garden at Cambridge, as well as for the exchanges
of the Arboretum. Since 1879, the whole time has been devoted
to raising plants for the Arboretum ; and the number of new and
rare plants propagated has rapidly increased.

In 1875, there were one hundi-ed and twenty-eight species raised.
In 1877, Mr. Sargent wrote that, judging from the immense
number of letters which were annually sent him, there was a
steadily increasing interest felt in the Arboretum. It was then
but five years since its establishment ; but its usefulness and
influence were already evident, and to its influence could be traced
the planting during that year of nearly a half million trees in the
New England States.

In December, 1882, an arrangement was made with the Park
Commissioners of the City of Boston, which, without interfering
with the scientific aims of the Arboretum, will increase its local
influence by freely opening its collections to the public, and
by seciu'ing for it additional and greatly needed land, suitable
and dignified approaches, and carriage drives.

The objects of the Arboretum may be definitely stated in a few
brief words that all can understand. First, a school of Arbori-
culture for the study of trees and shrubs and their uses for timber,

340 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

for oruameut, aud otherwise. Second, a museum of liviug speci-
mens of all ligneous plants that will stand the climate at West
Roxburv, planted and arranged in botanical order. Third, a
museum for reference, containing a dried collection of all ligneous
plants, properly labelled with the time of flowering, native location,
and, if foreign, the country where they are indigenous ; also a full
collection of specimens of wood, bark, fruit, seeds, etc. Fourth,
a library containing all the best works on Dendrology, for the
use of students or others interested in the science of tree culture.

In closing this somewhat lengthy yet inadequate account of our
visit to the Arboretum, we must not omit to say that its success is
due to the untiring and indefatigable labors of the Director,
Professor Charles 8. Sargent, whose large correspondence, and
thorough knowledge of all that pertains to the duties of his office,
have already given to the horticultural world one of the grandest
educational institutions this generation has been blessed with.
We sincerely hope he may be as successful in the future as he has
been in the past, in the introduction of so many of the most beau-
tiful trees and shrubs to adorn our parks and gardens. We desire
also to acknowledge the courtesy and kind attention of Mr.
Jackson Dawson, the gardener at the Arboretum, who so gener-
ously gave us his time aud valuable information which has enabled
us to make this report.

The Committee award to Mr. Dawson a gratuity of $20 for
skilful propagation and culture of hardy trees and shrubs.

Boston Asylum and Farm School.
The last visit of the season was to the Boston Asylum and
Farm School for Indigent Boys, at Thompson's Island. The
products of the Farm were seen at our Annual Exhibition, in the
Vegetable department, to which it contributed many choice and
well grown specimens. While it has not much to call attention to
in a strictly horticultural way, we are glad to know and to speak
of the value of this institution, its objects being to relieve and to
instruct and employ indigent boys; — the education and refor-
mation of boys who, from loss of parents or other causes, are
exposed to extraordinary' temptations aud are very liable to
become vicious and dangerous or useless meml)ers of society.

REPOET OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. " 341

The island contains one hundred and fifty acres, of which one
hundred are under cultivation, a large part of the work being done
by the boys, who thus acquire a practical knowledge of husbandry.
In the school the studies taught are reading, spelling, writing,
written and mental arithmetic, geography, grammar, history, etc.
Vocal and instrumental music are also taught, and carpenters'
tools, a small forge, and a printing press with the necessary out-
fit, have ])een provided, and everything is done to make the
boys a credit to the institution and themselves when they go out
into the world.

The evidence of thorough training and good care of the boys
is found in the fact that the Superintendent says, "Wherever we
send our boys others are wanted, and the demand in late years
has been greater than the supply." In justice to the institution,
one thing should be mentioned : — it is not a penal or pauper
establishment.

Thompson's Island, on which it is placed, is four miles down
the harbor, and has proved a very healthy spot. We were
surprised to see such an excellent growth of evergreen and decidu-
ous trees, as well as a very fine orchard of pears and apples.
We are greatly indebted to the excellent and justly respected
Superintendent, Mr. William A. Morse, for his invitation to visit
the Farm and School, and for the kind attentions which made the
visit so pleasant. We take great pleasure in calling the attention
of all to the good work done there, and sincerely wish that all the
members of the Society may take the opportunity when offered
to go and see for themselves.

In closing this Report, the Committee desire to call attention to
the changes in the Schedule of Prizes, which they find it necessary
to recommend in view of another season ; and they sincerely hope
for the cooperation of the members of the vSociety in encouraging
those who they know are adopting specialties in the lines for which
the prizes are offered, to compete for the same. They will be
glad to visit any place, or to note any object of horticultural
interest, whether coming within the scope of the prizes or not.
They also ask attention to the Hunnewell Triennial Premiums, and
hope that competitors for them may soon appear. The Committee
would be grateful for any suggestions that may tend to advance
the ol)jects for which it is appointed.

342 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

We recapitulate here the awards previously meutioued : —

To Mrs. Mary E. Goddard, for the best arranged and

Viest kept Flower Garden, the prize of . . . $20 00
To Jonas P. Hayward, for a Vineyard of one acre, the
first prize, ........

Second prize to Samuel Hartwell, ....

Gratuities : — To Samuel Hartwell, for successful culture
of Melons, ........

To Jackson Dawson, for propagation and skilful cul-
ture of hardy trees, plants, and shrubs, .

Approved by the Committee, December 26, 1885.

John G. Barker,

E. W. Wood,

E. L. Beard, f Qarclen

C. N. Brackett,

Benj. G. Smith, [ Committee.

Henry W. Wilson,

Chas. W. Ross,

30

00

20

00

10

00

20

00

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE OF ARRANGEMENTS,

FOR THE YEAR 1885.

In reviewing tlie record of tlie ^^ear, this Committee, as well as
the members of the Society in general, have ground for mutual
congratulation that the principal exhibitions, bringing returns to
the treasury, as well as those to which the public are admitted
free, have proved so successful. The attendance upon the former
were without precedent ; and there is every reason to expect a
steady growth of public interest, especially if the Society adopts
a liberal policy in providing for the accommodation of exhibitors
and visitors. The receipts of the Spring Show were $833.65, of
the Rose Show $402.65, of the Annual Exhibition $1,184.25, and
of the Chrysanthemum Show 81,119.50; — making a total of
$3,540.05. Each Exhibition has shown a decided increase as to
receipts over the same for the previous year, except the Rose
Show, which fell a few cents behind.

This is a marked improvement ; and since the Spring Exhibition
and the Chrysanthemum Show, for 1886, have each been length-
ened to three days in place of two, reasonable expectation can be
entertained of a further advance in the receipts. There has
been no marked increase of expenses in holding these large exhibi-
tions ; and in some instances they have been reduced. It is well
again to reiterate the necessity for some action looking to an
increase of the hall accommodations of the Society, if our large
exhibitions are to continue their growth ; — as the limit of our
resources in this respect has been reached. It is to be hoped
that the Society may be enabled to solve this question in some
satisfactorv manner. The Committee wish in this connection to

344 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

speak in most favorable terms of the assistance rendered them by
the present Janitor of the Hall. His aid in the prompt arrange-
ment of the various exhibitions, has been invalua])le. The Com-
mittee also have liberal aid from the newspapers of the cit}', and
tlieir full reports of the exhibitions have been of the greatest
service to us.

It is evident that the arrangements at the larger exhibitions
would be greath' lacilitated if some sj^stem for the preliminary
entry of collections of Plants and Flowers could be adopted, and
if in all cases exhibitors gaA^e formal notice of their intention to
show in certain classes. This is to be recommended in view of
the great increase of exhibits, and the consequent difficulty in
providing for their proper arrangement in time to open the Hall
to the public. If a l)lank form should l)e adopted, and every
exhil^itor he required to fill up and forward this to the Committee
of Arrangements a few days before each large exhibition, there
would be less confusion, and the labors of the Committee would
be reduced. Exhibitors would not be lilvely to approve this
change at first ; but, in a short time, the system could be made to
work advantageously for all.

Another desirable innovation, which may not be received favor-
abh\ is one which would require the members of the various Com-
mittees who are on duty in the Hall, at the time of the large
exhil)itions, to wear some badge of office. This suggestion is
prompted by the fact that, since these exhibitions have grown to
such large proportions, hundreds come to our halls seeking infor-
mation in regard to plants, flowers, fruits, and vegetables hitherto
unknown to them. It Is the duty of the Society to provide some
way of making this information accessible ; and, while the
members of Committees have no distinguishing mark of office,
our visitors, as experience has shown, do not know to whom to
address tlieir inquiries, and often leave the hall witliout liaving
gratified their desire for knowledge. The course suggested might
impose some trifling additional labor upon members of the Com-
mittees, but it would meet a very positive necessity, and would
promote the growth of horticulture Ijy diffusing information on tlie
subj ct.

Respectfully submitted.

EDWARD L. BEARD, Chammn.

REPORT

OF THK

COMMITTEE OX THE MEETING

OF THE

AMERICAN FORESTRY CONGRESS.

The Committee appointed to extend courtesies to the American
Forestry Congress make tlie following report :

The Congress held its sessions in the Society's large Hall, on
the 22d, 23d, and 24th of September last. Distinguished gentle-
men from various States of the Union and from the Dominion of
Canada were present ; and al)le papers were read, relative to the
important subject of Forestry. It is believed that by these pro-
ceedings a good degree of public interest was awakened in regard
to the cultivation and preservation of our Forests, as having a
direct influence upon our climate, and also affecting the very
quality of our soil. As the subject has such an intimate and
important bearing upon the interests of horticulture, it was
eminently fitting that our Society should join with others in
extending hospitalities to the members of the Congress.

Visits to the Arnold Arboretum, the Middlesex Fells, and other
places of interest, were made at intervals between the sessions.
By the courtesy of the Mayor of Boston, a most enjoyable
excursion down the harbor and a visit to the public institutions
was also afforded to our guests. A visit to the extensive and
instructive forest plantations of INIr. Joseph S. Fay, on the sea-
coast, at AYood's Holl, closed the entertainment provided for the
Congress. For these courtesies a most hearty vote of thanks was
passed, and especially to this Society for the use of its Hall and
Rooms, and to 3'our Committee as its representative.

Wm. C. Strong, ^

Wm. H. Spoonek, > Committee.

Benjamin G. Smith, )

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE OX PUBLICATION AND DISCUSSION

FOR THE YEAR 1885.

In compliance with the usual custom, the Committee ou Publi-
cation and Discussion submit the following report :

The Committee have labored with perhaps increased diligence
diu'ing the past year in promoting the interest of the weekly
meetings for essays and discussions. They have been greatly
aided in their work, not only by the members of the Society, but
by gentlemen outside its membership, who have contributed papers
replete with information and experience. Their very valuable
essays, and the ensuing discussions on topics pertaining to horti-
culture and its kindred interests, have not only been extensively
copied in horticultm-al papers in this country, but also in European
jom'nals.

The subjects for discussion the past year have been especially
horticultm-al, — at the same time embracing that variety which is
conducive to a proper knowledge of well-ordered gardening and
planting. The discussions, following the essays, have manifested
an increasing interest on the part of members ; and also the greater
freedom of expression that weekly practice is sure to impart.

For the result of the labors of the Committee during the past
year, reference may be had to the Traxsactioxs. These, with the
valuable assistance afforded by Mr. Edward Frost to the efficient
Secretary, have been completed up to date, and distributed to
members and others entitled to receive them.

The Committee desu-e to call the especial attention of all mem-
bers not already pro\'ided with the History of the Society, to the
importance of having a copy, which can be done at a price only

COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION AND DISCUSSION. 347

sufficient to cover the cost of making the book. The sale thus far
has not met the hopes and expectations of the Committee, who
believe that, were the interest and value of this work sufficiently
known, every member would desire to possess a copy.

Members having but partial sets of the Transactions of the
Society can have those necessary for completing them as far back
as 1865, by making application to the Secretary.

The Committee during the last year departed from the former
plan of offering prizes for essays on given subjects, and tried that
of engaging experts to prepare papers on their specialties in hor-
ticulture. In the judgment of the Committee this coiu'se has
produced better results than the offer of prizes. The}'' have
expended $120 out of the appropriation of $200.

The Committee were charged by the Society with the duty of
awarding the prizes offered for the best reports of the Committees
to award ptrizes for horticultural products ; and, after a careful
examination of the reports submitted, have awarded the First
Prize of $10 to John G. Barker, for the Report of the Committee
on Gardens. The Second Prize of 88 to Edward L. Beard, for
the Report of the Committee on Plants and Flowers. The Third
Prize of §6 to E. W. Wood, for the Report of the Committee on
Fruits.

Respectfully submitted.

O. B. Had^ven, i

Francis H. Appletox, > Committee.

Wm. H. Hunt. S

REPORT

OF THK

COMMITTEE ON THE LIBRARY,

FOR THE YEAR 1885.

There has been little in the affairs of the Library during the
present year which needs especial notice. The income of the
tStickney Fund and the Society's appropriation have been expended
in the usual manner ; the Card Catalogue has made the same
progress as last year — as much, that is, as the amount expended
upon it would lead us to expect ; and the List of Accessions to
the Library which will be published with this report will show that
the rate of increase has been about the same as in former years.

Very early in the year an impression was found to exist that the
library was declining in usefulness, although, year by year, it was
increasing in bulk ; that not only were the books less consulted
but many useless ones were bought. These criticisms are such as
any member has a right to make. The,-Committee on the Library
understands that it is responsible to the Society for its acts, and
that any mistake or negligence ought to he promptly noticed. It
deems itself fortunate in having had ten months to consider the first
of these criticisms, — that the books are less used, — for it has been
able by observation and inquiry during that time to discover that
such is not the case. The idea arose from the fact that the
number of entries in the Librarian's record-book have decreased
during the last few years ; but, had the examination of these
entries been carried further back, it would have been found that
their number has always fluctuated, sometimes falling oft" to a
remarkable extent in a single year, only to overrun its former
limit in another year or two. For instance, in 1874 the .number of
books taken out was seven hundred and fiftv-eight ; in f875 it was

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 349

ouly five hundred and two, while in three years more it had risen
to seven hundred and ninety-eight. It is plain, therefore, that no
inference can be drawn from two or three years' record. The
largest numbers of entries are those which antedated the custom of
Saturday discussions ; and it is vei-y likely that such numbers will
not be again reached for some time ; perhaps not at all : — the
discussions to some extent supplying the information previously
furnished by this library.

But this Committee does not regard the record of books taken
out as being of very great importance in showing the actual use
of the library, for who knows whether a book taken out is read
wholly or only in part ? Moreover books vary greatly in impor-
tance, yet all make the same show on the book of entries. We
base our opinion that the library is more used from year to year
upon the very great increase of study and reading in the library
room. To determine this point we have made very frequent obser-
vations and inquiries, and all the evidence is toward one conclu-
sion,— that which we have just pronounced.

The second of the criticisms to which we have referred, — that
many useless books are Ijought, — is easily met. Any book is use-
less to him who has no use for it, and we have probably no mem-
ber who cares to use every book in the librar}^ ; but he must be a
very reckless person who shall use the word in its broad sense,
and declare that any book we have is of no use to any one.

Probably this criticism arises from the fact that many books are
bought whose bearing upon practical horticulture is not very
apparent, such as herbals, floras of various countries, monographs
of natural orders of plants, works on systematic botany, geogra-
phical distribution, and the like. In explanation, we can state
that we watch publishers' announcements, book notices, etc.,
closely, and neglect nothing that appears to be of a so-called
"practical" nature and worth procuring; also that we have
bought every book that has been asked for during the year, when-
ever we could without disobeying the wise restrictions imposed by
Mr. Stickney. If any of these purchases appear, to some, superflu-
ous, they should remember that a large proportion of our members
are persons whose interest in horticulture is of a scientific or
literary nature only, and so long as these members pay their
assessments, they have a perfect right to expect that their tastes
and wants shall be considered.

360 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

There is probably uo library, above the level of circulators of
fiction, which has uot many l)ooks that have never been opened
since the day they were bought, but all such are only waiting their
time ; for them the hour may come, and the man, by whom and in
which they may be found almost indispensable.

If exception be taken to some of our books on the ground of
then" being in foreign languages, it must be borne in mind that
most of these have illustrations which anybody may understand ;
and that there are uot more than two works in languages not
familiar to many of our members. One of the two is in Russian, —
it cost us nothing, being a gift ; the other is Japanese and con-
sists almost entirely of plates.

The exhibitions of this Society are models of their kind ; our
prize lists are of unexampled liberality ; our discussions, beside
being attended by as many as this room will hold, are frequently
reprinted in foreign journals : we believe that our library is an
agenc}' uot inferior to either of these in causing the Societv to be
respected and appreciated; containing, relativeh' to its size, a
peculiarly valuable collection of books, and being open freely to
anj' one who desu'es to study here.

There is one more subject upon which our duty will not allow us
to be silent, although it is the very familiar one of library accom-
modations. Everybody can see the state of affairs. Books
crowded and jammed into receptacles which can properly hold not
more than two-thirds of their present contents : others, very
valuable and useful ones, put into cases at the top of the libra-
rian's room, difficult to reach by the really dangerous ladder, and
almost impossible to be taken down ; others stowed in an upper
room, and of no use at present because of their inaccessibility.

This Committee has taken great pains to inquire into the best
way of obviating the difficulty. Plans and estimates have been
secured, consultation has been had with a competent architect,
and yet the end of the year finds us worse off than the beginning.
It is absolutely necessary that something be done.

For the Committee,

W. E. ENDICOTT, Chairman.

REPORT OF THE LIBllARY COMMITTEE. 351

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS.
Books Purchased.

Gray, Asa, LL.D., etc. Synoptical Flora of North America. Vol. 1, Part
2. Large 8vo. New York, London, and Leipsic : 1884.

Hemsley, W. B. Biologia Oentrali-Americana. Parts 18 and 19, February
and November, 1885, in continuation. 4to. G plates. London.

Martins, C. F. P. de. Flora Brasiliensis, etc. Fasc. 93, in continuation.
Folio. Plates. Leipsic : 1885.

Hooker, Sir William Jackson, K. H., D. C. L. Oxou., F. R. A., and L. S.,
etc. The British Ferns, or Coloured Figures and Descriptions,
etc. , of the Ferns of Great Britain and Ireland. With drawings
by Waldo Fitch, F. L. S. 8vo. 66 colored plates. London :
1861.

Willkomm, Maurice. Illustrationes Florfe Hispania?, Insularunique
Balearum. LiA-raisons 7-10, completing tome 1. 4to. 36 colored
plates. Stuttgai-t: 1883.

Pierre, L., Directeur du Jardin Botanique de Saigon. Flore Forestiere
de la Cochinchine. 7« fascicule, in continuation. Large folio.
15 plates. Paris : 1885.

Hamilton, Francis, M. D , F. R. S., and L. S. Commentary on theHortus
Malabaricus. 4 pamphlets. 4to. [Extracts from the Transac-
tions of the Linneau Society.]

Baldwin, Henry. Orchids of New England. A Popular Monograph. Svo.
40 wood-cuts. New York : 1884.

Fitzgerald, R. D., F. L. S. Australian Orchids. Parts 7 and 8, in con-
tinuation. Large folio. 20 colored plates. Sydney, New South
Wales: 1882.

Mueller, Baron Ferd. von. Eucalyptographia ; 10th decade, completing
the work. 4to. 10 plates. Melbourne : 1884.

Lambert, Aylmer Bourke, F. R. S., etc., etc. An Illustration of the
Genus Cinchona; embracing also dissertations, etc., by Baron
de Humboldt, Laubert, and Don Hippolite Ruiz, on Cinchona
Forests, Species of Quinquina, and various Medicinal Plants
of South America : and an account of the Spikenard of the
ancients. 4to. 5 plates. London: 1821.

Naudin, Ch. Recherches sur les Cucurbitacees. [Extraits des Annales
des Sciences Naturelles.] Svo. 21 plates. Paris: 1856-1866.

Klotzsch, J. F. Begoniaceen Gattungen und Arten. 4to. 12 plates.
Berlin : 1855.

Nickles, Napok'on, pharmacien. Notice sur les Gladiolus de France et
d' AUemagne. 4to. pamplilet. 1 colored plate; n. d.

Trinius, Karl Bernhard. Species Graminum iconibus et descriptionibus
illustrate. 3 vols. 4to. 360 plates. St. Petersburg : 1828.

352 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Palisot de Beauvois, A. M. F. J., Membre de I'lnstitut, etc. Essai d'une
nouvelle Agrostographie ; ou nouveaux genres des graminees ;
avec figures representant les caracteres de tous le genres. 8vo.,
with 4to. atlas of 25 plates. Paris : 1812.

Reichenbach, Ludovico. Iconographia Botanica Exotica, sive Hortus
Botanicus, imagines plantarum imprimis extra Enropam inventa-
rum colligens, cum commentario succincto editus. 4to. 250
colored plates. Leipsic : 1827-1830.

Podoens, D. Rembori;. A Nieuwe Herball, or Historic of Plantes: the
whole discourse and perfect description of all sortes of Herbes
and Plantes. Translated from the French by Henry Lyte, Esquyer.
Black Letter folio. Many wood-cuts. London : 1578.

Goodale, George Lincoln, A. M., M. D. Physiological Botany [to form
vol. 2 of "Gray's Botanical Text Book"]. Parti. Outlines of
the Histology of Phaenerogamous Plants. 8vo, New York and
Chicago: 1885.

De Bary, Dr. A., Professor, etc. Comparative Anatomy of the Vege-
tative Organs of the Phanerogams and Ferns. Translated and
annotated by F. D. Bower, M. A., F. L. S., etc., and D. H. Scott,
M. A., Ph. D., etc. 8vo. 241 wood-cuts. Oxford: 1884.

Sketches of the Physiology of Vegetable Life. By the authoress of
" Botanical Dialogues." 8vo. London: 1811.

Smith, Lady, Editor. Memoir and Correspondence of the late Sir James
Edward Smith, M. D., F. R. S., etc., etc. 2 vols. 8vo. "With
engraved frontispiece. London : 1832.

Pratt, Anne. Haunts of the Wild Flowers. With illustrations. 16mo.
London and New York : n. d.

Catlow, Agues, Popular Garden Botany; containing a familiar and
scientific description of most of the hardy and half-hardy plants
introduced into the flower-garden. Square 12mo. 20 colored
plates. London : 1855.

Linnean Society, Journal of the. Vol. XX, Nos. 130, 131. Vol. XXI,
Nos. 132-139, in continuation. 8vo. Loudon : 1884, 1885.

Miller, William. A Dictionary of English Names of Plants, applied iu
England and among English-speaking People to Cultivated and
Wild Plants, Trees, and Shrubs. In two parts, English-Latin and
Latin-English. 8vo. London : 1884.

Knight, Thomas Andrew. A selection from his Physiological and Horti-
cultural Papers, published in the Transactions of the Royal and
Hoi-ticultural Societies. With a sketch of his Life. 8vo.
Portrait and plates. London : 1841.

Hooker, Sir William Jackson. Copy of a letter addressed to Dawson
Turner, Esq., F. R. A. and L. S., etc., etc., on the occasion of the
death of the late Duke of Bedford, particularly in reference to
the services rendered by His Grace to Botany and Horticulture.
Printed for private distribution. 4to. Colored plate. Glas-
gow: 1840.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 353

CandoUe. Alphonse de. Origin of Cultivated Plants. Small 8vo.
London: 1884.

Warner, Williams, and Moore's Orchid Album. Vol. 4, Parts 43-48;
Vol. 5, Parts 49-52, in continuation. 4to. 40 colored plates.
London: 1885.

Lindenia; Iconographie des Orcliides. l"e volume, P" livraison (men-
suelle), J. Linden, Directeur. Small folio. 4 colored plates.
Gand: mai, 1885.

Curtis, Henry. Beauties of the Rose. Volume 2. 4to. 18 colored
plates. Completing the work. London and Bristol : 1853.

The Rosarian's Year-Book, for 1885. Small square 8vo. London : 1884.

Lemaire, C Le Jardin Fleuriste, journal general des progres et des
interets horticoles et botaniques, etc. 4 vols, large 8vo. Wood-
cuts and many colored plates. Gand: 1851-1854.

Baines, Thomas. Greenhouse and Stove Plants, Flowering and Fine-
Leaved Palms, Ferns, and Lycopodiums; with full details for
propagation and cultivation. 8vo. London : 1885.

Hogg, Robert, LL. I)., F. R. S., etc. The Herefordshire Pomona, contain-
ing colored figures and descriptions of the most esteemed kinds
of Apples and Pears cultivated in Great Britain. Part 7, com-
pleting the work. Folio. London and Hereford : 1884.

Salisbury, William. Hints, addressed to Proprietors of Orchards, and to
growers of fruit in general. 12mo. 2 plates. London : 1816.

Fruits, Nuts, and Wine. By various writers. 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 315-450.
Colored plate. [From the Report of the U. S. Patent Office,
1856.]

Roessle, Theophilus. How to cultivate and preserve Celery. Large 8vo.
4 colored plates. Albany : 1860.

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. Transactions. I vol. 8vo. Philadel-
phia: 1839-1844.

Indiana State Horticultural Society. Annual Report; Proceedings of the
Ninth annual session, held at Indianapolis, January 4-6, 1870.
8vo. Indianapolis : 1870.

Gerard, John. A Catalogue of Plants cultivated in his garden in the
years 1596-99. Edited, with notes, references to Gerard's Her-
ball, the addition of modern names, and a memoir, by Benjamin
Daydon Jackson, F. L. S. 4to. Privately printed. London :
1876.

Royal Gardens at Kew, Reports on the progress and condition of, for the
years 1876, 1878, 1879, 1881 and 1882. 5 pamphlets, 8vo.
London.

Chelsea Botanick Garden, — Memoirs, Historical and Illustrative, of the.
8vo. London: 1820.

Brooke, E. Adveno. The Gardens of England. Large folio, with many
vignettes and colored plates. London : 1857.

354 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

City of Boston, Report, aud accompanying statements and communica-
tions relating to a Public Park for : being Citj^ Document No.
123, 1869. Also, No. 15, 1879; No. 118, 1880, with chart; Nos. 2.3,
124, 1881; No. 148, 1882 and No. 150, 1883, relating to the same.

Broolilyn Park Commissioners, Twelfth and Thirteenth Annual Reports.
2 pamphlets, 8vo. Plates. Brooklyn : 1872, 1873.

Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, Description of Plan for the Improvement
of, by Sidney & Adams : adopted by City Councils. 8vo pamph-
let. Philaiielphia : 1859.

. Fourth Annual Report of the Commissioners of. 8vo.

pamphlet, with plates. Philadelphia: 1872.

Scottish Arboricultural Society, Transactions of the, for the years
1857-1880. 9 vols. 8vo. Plates, etc. Edinburgh.

Forestry and Forest Products : prize essays of the Edinburgh Inter-
national Forestry Exhibition, 1884 : edited by John Rattray,
Botanist to the Scottish Marine Station, and Hugh Robert Mill,
Chemist to the same. 8vo. Many cuts and plates. Edinburgh :
1885.

Liebmann, F. M. Chenes de 1' Amerique Tropicale. Iconographie des
especes nouvelles ou peu connues (ouvrage posthume, acheve et
augmente d' un aper^u sur la classification des chenes eng6n§ral,
par A. S. Oersted). Folio. 47 plates. Leipsic: 1869.

Arboretum Segrezianum : Icones Selectse Arborum et Fruticum in Hortis
Segrezianis collectorum. Livraison 6, completing the work.
Folio. 6 plates. Paris : 1885.

Maximowicz, C. J. , Socius Academite. Rhododendrese Asise Orientalis :
forming Tom. 16, No. 9, of "Memoirs de 1' Academic Imperiale
des Sciences de St. Petersbourg." 7th series. 4to. pamphlet.
4 plates. St. Petersburg : 1870.

American Agriculturist. Vols. 1 and 2, bound together, and Vols. 9 and
10, bound together; being for the years 1842 and 1843, 1850 and
1851, 8vos, — also. Vol. 23, 1864, 4to. Illustrated. New York.
[Towards completing the set].

Journal of the New York State Agricultural Society. Vol. XI, Nos. I, 4,
7, 9 : also Vol. XII, No. 12. Albany : 1860 and 1862. [Towards
completing the set].

Agricultural Review and Journal of the American Agricultural Associa-
tion. Quarterly. January, 1882. Vol. 2. No. 1. New York.
[Towards completing the set] .

The Semi-Tropical, a monthly journal, devoted to Southern Agriculture
and Horticulture and to Immigration. Vol 1, Nos. 1 and 3, for
September and November, 1875. Jacksonville, Florida. [Towards
completing the set].

Ontario School of Agriculture and Experimental Farm. Third Annual
Report, for the year ending December 31, 1877. Large 8vo.
Toronto: 1878. [Towards completing the set].

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 355

Royal Agricultural Society of England. Journal. Second Series. Vol.
20, Part 2, October, 1884, and Vol. 22, 1885. 8vo. London.

Christy, Thomas, Jr., F. L. S. Forage Plants, and their economic con-
servation by the new system of " Ensilage." Part 1, Caucasian
Prickly Comfrey; Part 2, Balsamocarpon, and otlier plants con-
taining Tannin. 8vo. pamphlet. 2 colored plates and wood-cuts.
London: 1877.

Christy, Thomas, F. L. S., F. S. C. I., etc. New Commercial Plants and
Drugs. No. 8, in continuation. 8vo. Wood-cuts and colored
plate. London : 1885.

Cooke, M. C. Illustrations of British Fungi. Parts 26-3G, in continua-
tion. 8vo. Colored plates 405-580. London : 1884, 1885.

Lesquereux, Leo, and Thomas P. James. Manual of the Mosses of North
America: with six plates, illustrating the genera. 8vo. Boston:
1884.

Walsh, Benjamin D., State Entomologist. First Report on the Insects
injurious to vegetation in Illinois. 8vo. pamphlet, 1867.

United States Consular Reports. Nos. 8 and 14, June and December,

1881. Nos. 16 and 18, February and April, 1882. Reports from
the Consuls of the United States on tlie Commerce, Manufac-
tures, etc., of their Consular Districts. Published by the
Department of State. 4 pamphlets. 8vo. Washington: 1881,

1882. [Towards completing the set].

Books, Etc., Received by Donation and Exchange.

Thomas, John J. The American Fruit Culturist : Revised Edition.

12 mo. 519 wood-cuts. New York : 1885. The Author.
Strong, W. C. Fruit Culture, and the Laying Out and Management of a

Country Home. 12mo. 34 wood-cuts. Boston : 1885. The

Author.
Green, Charles S. How to Propagate and Grow Fruit. 8vo pamphlet.

2 colored plates, 50 wood-cuts. Rochester: 1885. The Author.
Hogg, Robert, LL.D., F. L. S., etc., etc. The Fruit Manual: a Guide to

the Fruits and Fruit Trees of Great Britain. Fifth Edition. 8vo.

London : 1884. The Author.
Barron, A. F., Superintendent of the Royal Horticultural Society's

Gardens, Secretary to the Fruit Committee, and of the National

^pple Congress, etc. British Apples : Report of the Committee

of the National Apple Congress, held in the Royal Horticultural

Gardens, Chiswick, October 5-25, 1883. 8vo. pamphlet. London :

1884. The Royal Horticultural Society.
Les Vignes Americaines ; Catalogue lUustrfi et Descriptif , avec des breves

indications sur leur culture, par MM. Bush et fils et Meissner,

viticulteurs a Bushberg, Jefferson County, Missouri; ouvrage

356 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

traduit de I'anglais, etc. Montpellier and Paris : 1876. Also the
2d Freuch edition, with 3 colored plates and 149 wood-cuts. 188.5.
Also an Italian edition. Castellanza and Busto Arsizio. 1881. 3
large 8vo. pamphlets. Isidor Bush.

Winchester Record, The. Vol. 1, Numbers 1, 2, and 3, for .January, April,
and J\\\j, 188.5. Printed by the Winchester (Massachusetts)
Historical and Genealogical Society. 3 pamphlets. 8vo. [No 3
contains articles on the History of the Baldwin Apple, by Rev.
Leander Thompson and others.] Waldo Thompson.

Blodget, Lorin. The Principles of Fruit Preservation, as illustrated in
the Fruit Preserving House of N. Helliugs, Esq., near Bristol,
Penns^'lvania. 8vo. pamphlet, with photograph. Philadelphia :
1868. Mrs. Isabella James.

Power, Mrs. S. D. Fruit Pastes, Syrups, and Preserves. For House-
keepers and Fruit Growers. 8vo. pamphlet. Boston : 1885. The
Author.

Paul, William, F. L. 8., etc. Roses and Rose Culture. 5th edition.
12mo. London : n. d. The Author.

. Observations on the Cultivation of Roses in

Pots : — including the Autobiography of a Pot-Rose. Sixth
edition, illustrated, 12mo. London : n. d. The Author.

. The Rose Annual, for 1858-59, forming a continu-

ation of the " Rose-garden and Supplement." 2 pamphlets.
Royal 8vo. 4 colored plates. Completing the set. London.
The Author.
. American Plants ; their History and Culture, with

full descriptions of the best varieties. 12mo. Illustrated.
London and Cheshunt : 1858. The Author.
. Lecture on the Hyacinth : delivered by request of

the Council of the Royal Horticultural Society, April 5, 1864, at
South Kensington. 12mo. pamphlet. The Author.

Eley, James Norman. The American Florist; or, A Guide to the Manage-
ment and Cultivation of Plants in Conservatories, Greenhouses,
Rooms, and Gardens; to which are added Directions for the
Culture of Annual, Biennial, and Perennial Flowers, Trees,
Shrubs, Bulbs, etc., etc. 16mo. Hartford: 1845. J. D. W.
French.

Essex Agricultural Society. Report of the Committee on Flowers, by
John Robinson. [Extract from the Transactions for 1884.] 8vo.
pamphlet. Salem : 1884. The Author.

Begonias, Photograph of Single and Double Tuberous Rooted, grown by
Charles B. Brigham, M. D., San Francisco. Dr. Brigham.

California Fan Palm (Washingtotiia rohusta), Photograph of one raised
from seed at Federal Point, Florida. Edmund H. Hart.

Cobbett, William. A Treatise on Cobbett's Corn. 12mo. 3 plates.
London : 1828. S. L. Boardraan.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COjVEVIITTEE. 357

Sturtevant, E. Lewis, M. D. Kitchen Garden Esculents of American
origin. [Extracts from the American Naturalist, 1885, pp. 444-
457, 542-553, 658-669.] 8vo. pamphlet. The Author.

Palmer, Julius S. Mushrooms of America, edible and poisonous. Imp.
8vo. 12 colored plates. Boston : 1885. The Author.

Flax and Hemp Spinners and Growers' Association, Report to the, April
22, 1885. 8vo. pamphlet. Boston : 1885. A. R. Turner, Jr.

Gregorj', Hon. J. J. H. Fertilizers. Where the materials come from,
etc. 12mo. pamphlet. Boston : 1885. The Author.

Wagner, Professor, Ph. D., etc. Recent inv^estigations on the subject of
Manures. Third revised edition. Translated by J. L. S. Ben-
gough. 8vo. pamphlet. Darmstadt : 1885. The Comite Salitrero,
Iquique, Chili.

Paul, William, F. L. S., etc. Villa Gardening. Third edition, illus-
trated. 12mo. London : n. d. The Author.

Joly, M. Ch. Note sur la nouvelle SeiTe a Palmiers de Glasnevin. 12mo.
pamphlet. Wood-cuts. n. d. The Author.

Science et Nature. Journal Illustree. No. 105, containing an account of
the new greenhouses of the Jardin des Plantes. Wood-cut.
Royal 8vo. pamphlet. Paris : November, 1885. M. Ch. Joly.

Sturtevant, E. Lewis, M. I). An observation on the hybridization and
cross-breeding of plants. Leaflet. [Extract from American
Naturalist, November, 1885. 8vo. pp. 104<'-1044.] The Author.

Crozier, A. A. The Modification of Plants by Climate. 8vo. pamphlet.
Ann Arbor, Michigan : 1885. The Author.

The American Garden. 14 numbers, 4to., 1876-1884. [Towards complet-
ing the set.] George W. Humphrey.

The Semi-Tropical : a monthly journal, devoted to Southern Agriculture
and Horticulture ; and to Immigration. Vol. 1. No. 4. Decem-
ber, 1875. [Towards completing the set.] Hon. Harrison Reed.

The American Seedsman: a magazine and directory. Vol. 1. No. 8.
June, 1885. 8vo. pamphlet. La Plume, Pennsylvania. I. F. Til-
linghast. Publisher.
L' Acclimation Illustree, June 10 and 20, 1882, June 8 and December 14,
1884. 3 pamphlets, 4to. 2 colored plates. Bruxelles fidouard
de Wael, Directeur.

Gazetta del Contadino, November 25 and December 10 and 25, 1884. 3
pamphlets, 4to. Acqui, Italy. M. H. Barilati.

Watson, Sereno. Contributions to American Botany, XII. I., A Histoi-y
and Revision of the Roses of North America. II., Descriptions
of some new species of Plants : chiefly from our Western Terri-
tories. [From the Proceedings of the American Academy of
Arts and Sciences, Vol. XX. Issued Feb. 21, 1885.] The Author.

Macoun, John, M. A., F. L. S., F. R. S. C, Botanist to the Geological and
Natural History Survey of Canada. Catalogue of Canadian
Plants. Part 2. Gamopetala?. 8vo. pamphlet. Montreal: 1884.

358 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Appalachia. Vol. 4, No. 1, December, 1884. 8vo. pamphlet. Boston.
Charles E. Ridler. [Contains articles on the Flora of Willoiighb\-
Notch, etc., by Mr. Ridler.]

Eobinsou, John. Botany in Essex County : a paper read before the Essex
Institute at Topsfleld, June 18, 1884, the Fiftieth Anniversary
of the Formation of the Essex County Natural History Society.
[From the Bulletin of the Essex Institute. Vol. 16. 1884.]
8vo. pamphlet. Salem : 1884. The Autlior.

University of the S^ate of New York, Nineteenth Annual Report of the
Regents of, on the condition of the State Cabinet of Natural
Histoi'y; and the Historical and Antiquarian Collection annexed
thereto. 8vo. pamphlet. Albany : 1866. Two copies. Mrs.
Isabella James. [Contains List of Mosses and other Plants of
the State.]

Hansen, Docent Carl. Plantegeografiske Bema^i-kuinger. 8vo pamphlet.
Copenhagen : 1885. Two copies. The Author.

Matsumai'a, J. , Assistant Professor of Botany in the University of Tokio,
Nippen Shokubutsumeii, or Nomenclature of Japanese Plants in
Latin, Japanese, and Chinese. Supervised by R. Yatabe, Pro-
fessor of Botany in the University of Tokio. 8vo. Tokio,
Japan, 2544 (1884). Francis Skinner.

Moore, Charles, F. L. S., etc., director of the Botanic Gardens, Sydney.
A Census of the Plants of New South Wales. Large 8vo.
Sydney : 1884. Francis Skinner.

Montreal Horticultural Society and Fruit Growers' Association of the
Province of Quebec. Tenth annual report, for the year ending
November 30, 1884. Proceedings of annual meeting, December
18. 8vo. pamphlet. Montreal : 1885. The Society.

Worcester County Horticultural Society. Transactions for A. D. 1884,
■with the Premium Schedule for 1885. 8vo. pamphlet. Wor-
cester: 1885. Edward W. LincolUj^ Secretary.

New York Horticultural Society, Reports of the. December, 1884 ; Feb-
ruary, March, May, and November, 1885; and the Premium List
of the Chrysanthemum Show for 1885. James Y. Murkland,
Secretary.

American Institute of the city of New York. Program and Premium
List of the Exhibition of Strawberries, Roses, Orchids, etc.,
June 18 and 19, 1885. F. M. Hexamer, M. D.

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, Act of Incorporation and By Laws.
Transactions for the year 1865. 2 pamphlets, 8vo, Philadel-
phia: 1861 and 1866. Programmes for the years 1868, 1869, 1872,
and 1874. 3 pamphlets 12mo. ,and one 8vo. Mrs. Isabella James.
Also, Act of Incorporation and By Laws, and a Programme and
Calendar for 1885. 2 pamphlets, 12mo. A. W. Harrison,
Secretary.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 359

Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association. Report of the Twenty-
fourth Annual ^Meeting, January, 1883. 8vo. pamphlet. Colored
plate, and wood-cuts. Harrisburg : 1884. Also, Report for the
year 1884, together with Reports of the State Board of Agri-
culture, the State Agricultural Society, the State Dairymen's
Association, and the State College: — in one vol. entitled Agri-
culture of Pennsylvania. 8vo. Harrisburg: 1885. E. B. Engle,
Secretary. Six copies.

Georgia State Horticultural Society. Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Annual
Meetmgs. Three pamphlets, 8vo. Atlanta: 1880, 1881, and
1883. P. J. Berckmans, President.

Ohio State Horticultural Society. Eighteenth Annual Report, for the
year 1884-5. 8vo. pamphlet. Columbus : 1885. George W.
Campljell, Secretary.

Indiana State Horticultural Society. Transactions for the year 1884,
being the Proceedings of the Twenty-fourth Annual Session ;
with Reports from local societies, Essays, Papers, etc. 8vo.
Indianapolis : 1885. C. M. Holibs, Secretary.

Illinois State Horticultural Society. Transactions for 1884; also Pro-
ceedings of district societies, and various horticultural soci-
eties in the State. New Series. Vol. 18. 8vo. 2 portraits.
Published by the Society. Six copies. A. C. Hammond,
Secretary.

Missouri State Horticultural Society. Report for the year 1884, being a
report of the .workings of the Society for the year, together
with the papers and discussions at the Twenty-seventh Annual
Meeting, held at St. Joseph, December 9, 10, and 11, 1884 : — also
a report of the Semi-Annual Meeting held at Springfleld, June 10
and 11, 1885. 8vo. Jefferson City: 1884. L. A. Goodman,
Secretary. Fifteen copies.

Kansas Horticultural Report, far the year 1884. Proceedings of the
Fourteenth Semi-Annual, and Eighteenth Annual Meetings of the
State Horticultural Society. Vol. 14. 8vo. Topeka : 1885. Also,
Fruit Crop Report, of July 1, 1885, 12mo. pamphlet. The Society.

Michigan State Horticultural Society. Fourteenth Annual Report of the
Secretary, for the year 1884. 8vo. Lansing : 1885. Ten copies.
Charles W. Garfield, Secretary.

Wisconsin State Horticultural Society. Transactions. Vols. 14 and 15,
1883-4, and 1884-5. 8vo. Madison : 1884, 1885. William Trelease,
Secretary.

Minnesota State Horticultural Society. Annual Report for the year 1885.
Vol. 13. Prepared by S. D. Hillman, Secretary. 8vo. St Paul :
1885. The Secretary.

Nebraska State Horticultural Society. Annual Reports, 1878 and 1879.
8vo. with map. Lincoln : 1879. James T. Allan, Secretary.

360 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Cilifomia State Board of Horticulture. Biennial Report, ISSo-lSS*. 8vo.
Sacramento : 1S84. A. B,. Webb. Secretary.

Nova Scotia Fruit Growers' Association and International Show Society.
Transaction? and Reports. ISSo. 8to. pamphlet. Halifax : 1SS5.
C. R. H. Starr, Secretary.

Ontario Fruit Growers" Association. Report for the year 18S4. 8vo.
pamphlet. Toronto : ISSo. 5 copies. D. W. Beadle. Secretary.

California State Viticultural ConAention. Report of the Third Annual
Conrentioji. held December, 1884. Large 8ro. pamphlet. Pub-
lished by the •• San Francisco Merchant." The Publishers.

San Francisco Viticultural District : Report of the First District Conven-
tion, held at the City of San Jose. May 27, 28, and 29. 188.5.
Contained in the •• San Francisco Merchant." July 3, 1885.

Joly. Ch. Note sur la Viticulture en Califomie. 'A review of the
Second Annual Report of the Chief Executive Viticultural r)flicer.
for the years 1882, 1883. and 1884.] 8vo. pamphlet. The
Author.

American Florists. Proceedings' of the rirst Convention held at Cincin-
nati. Ohio, August 12-14. 1885. 8vo. pamphlet. Photograph.
Richmond, Indiana : 1885. William J. Stewart.

Society Nationale et Centrale d' Horticulture de France. Journal. 1885.
12 numbers. 8vo. Congres International d' Horticulture a Paris,
mai 21-23. 1885, Reglement General. 8vo. pamphlet. The
Society. Exposition Internationale des Produits de 1' Horticul-
ture May 2<>-31. 1885, Liste des Exposants. des Produits pre-
sentes, et des Recompensees. 8vo. pamphlet. Paris : 1885. Ch.
Joly.

Societe Centrale d' Horticulture du Departement de la Seine-Inf^rietire.
Bulletin : Cahiers 3 and 4, 1884: 1 and 2, 1885. 4 pamphlets. 8vo.
Rouen: 18^*4. 1885. Cinquantenaire de la Societe: Exposition
at Rouen, Programme. 1886. 8ro. pamphlet. Rouen: 1885. A.
H6ron. President,

Societe d'Horticulture de la Sarthe. Bulletin. 4* trimestre, 1884: 1«- et
2« trimestres, 1885. 3 pamphlets, 8vo. Le Mans: 1884, 1885.
The Society.

R. Societa Toscana di Orticultura. Bulletino, 1885. 12 numbers. 8vo.
Florence, 1885. The Society.

Congres International de Botanique et d' Horticulture d' Anvers, 1-10
aout, 1885. [Circtilar letter, rules, programme, etc.] 8vo. pamph-
let. Anvers. Two copies. M. Ch. de Bosschere, President de
la CoDMnission Organisatrice.
Horticultural Exhibition at Ghent, 1873. Four Photogrs^hs. Charles S.

Sargent.
United States Department of Agriculture. Report of the Commissioner
for the year 1884; with Reports of the Chemist, the Botanist, the

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 361

Chief of the Fore!«try Bureau, the Chief of the Bureau of Animal
Industry, the Entomologist, the Statistician, and by Peter Hender-
son on the cultivation of Alfalfa. 8vo. Washington : 1884.
Hon. George B. Loring, Commissioner. Another copy from
Charles V. Riley.

United States Department of Agriculture. Chemical Division, Bulletin
No. 5. The Sugar Industry of the United States : hy Harvey W.
Riley. 8vo. pamphlet. Plates and wood-cuts, and colored de-
scriptive Agricultural Map of California. Washington : 1885.
Two copies.

. A Descriptive Catalogue of the Grasses

of the United States : including especially the Grass Collections
at the New Orleans Exposition made by the United States
Department of Agriculture, and the State Exhibit of Grasses: —
etc. By Dr. George Yasey, Botanist to the Department of
Agriculture. 8vo. pamphlet. Washington : 1885. William Saun-
ders. Also, a second copy.

. Bureau of Statistics. New Series. Re-

ports, Nos. 14-24. On the Crops of the year, Area of Winter
Grain, Cereal Production and Consumption in Europe : Freight
Rates in Transportation Companies. Number, Condition, and
Value of Farm Animals, Wages of Farm Labor, Distribution
and Consumption of Corn and Wheat, Progress of Cotton Plant-
ing. 14 pamphlets. 8vo. Washington : 1885.
. Agricultural Graphics ; a report of ex-

hibits illustrating agricultural statistics at the World's Industrial
and Cotton Exposition at New Orleans, Louisiana : by J. R. Dodge,
Statistician of the Department of Agriculture. 8vo. pamphlet.
27 diagrams. Washington : 1885. William Saunders. Also, a
second copy.
. Catalogue of the Microscopical Exhibit

of the United States Department of Agriculture at the World's
Industrial and Cotton Centennial Exposition, New Orleans,
1884-85. [Fungi.] By Thomas Taylor. M. D., Microscopist to
the Department of Agriculture. 8vo. pamphlet. Washington :
1885. William Saunders. Also, a second copy.
. The Soils and Products of Louisiana.

including the Parishes of Saint Landry, La Fayette, Vermillion,
Saint Martin's, Iberia, and Saint Mary's. 8vo. pamphlet. Wash-
ington : 1884. The Commissioner.
Miscellaneous : Special Report No. 7.

Tide Marshes of the United States. By D. M. Nesbit. With
contributions from the United States Coast Survey, S. L. Board-
man, Elbridge Morse, and others. No. 8. Cotton in the Empire
of Brazil. By John C Branner, Ph. D. 2 pamphlets, 8vo.
Washington : 1885. The Commissioner.

362 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

United States Department of Agriculture. A Directory of Departments,
Boards, Societies, Colleges, and other organizations in the
interest of Agriculture, Horticulture, Stock-raising, Dairying,
Bee-keeping, Fish-culture, and kindred industries. Svo. pamph-
let. April, 1885. The Commissioner.
Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science. Proceedings of the
First, Second, and Third Meetings, held at Boston, Mass., 1880;
Cincinnati, Ohio, 1881; Montreal, Ca., 1882. Edited by W. J.
Beal and Xj. B. Arnold. 8vo. pamphlet. Syracuse, N. Y. , 1883.
Proceedings of the Fourth and Fifth Meetings, Minneapolis,
Minn., 1883; Philadelphia, Pa., 188-1. Edited by the Executive
Committee. 8vo. pamphlet. Newburgh, N. Y., 1885. E. L.
Sturtevant, M.D.
International Association of Fairs and Expositions. Keport of the Con-
vention held at St. Louis, Missouri, December 3 and -l, 1884. 8vo.
pamphlet. Saint Louis : 1884.
Maine Board of Agriculture. Twenty-eighth Annual Keport, for the year

1884. Svo. Augusta: 1885. Z. A. Gilbert, Secretary.
New Hampshire Board of Agriculture. Thirteenth Annual Report, for
the year ending May 1, 1884. By James <). Adams, Secretary.
Svo. Concord : 1884. William H. Hills.
Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture. Thirty-secontl Annual Report.
With returns of the finances of the Agricultural Societies. Svo.
Boston : 1885. 25 copies. John E. Russell, Secretary.

'■ . History and Progress of, etc. : with a

Report on Fruits, by Hon. Marshall P. Wilder. Svo. pamphlet.
Boston : 1878. Two copies. Mrs. Isabella James.
Massachusetts State Agricultural Experiment Station, at Amherst. First
and Second Annual Reports, 1883 and 1884. 2 pamphlets, Svo.
Boston: 1884 and 1885. Also Bulletins Nos. 14-18, Marcli—
October, 1885. 5 pamplilets, Bvo. C. A. Goessmann, M.D.,
Director.
Essex Agricultural Society. Transactions for the year 1884 ; witli the
Sixty-second Annual Address, iiy Asa T. Newhall, of Lynn.
Svo. pamphlet. Salem : 1SS4. Charles P. Preston, Secretary.
Another copy from Francis H. Appleton. Also, Arrangements,
Premiums, and Committees at the Sixty-fifth Annual Exhibition,
September 22 and 23, 1885. 12mo. pamphlet.
Norfolk Agricultural Society. Transactions for the years 1851 and 1853.

Two pamphlets Svo. ]Mrs. Isabella James.
Rhode Island Society for the Encouragement of Domestic Industry.
Sixty-fifth Ainiiversary. Premium List, etc., for th > State Fair
to be held Sejitember 21-25, 1885, at Narragansett Park. l(3mo.
pamphlet. Charles W. Smith, Secretary.
Connecticut Board of Agriculture. Eighteenth Annual Report, 1884-
1885. Svo. Hartford : 1885. Also, in the same volume, the

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 363

* Annual Keport of the Connecticut Ag-ricultural Experiment

Station for 1884. New Haven: 1885. T. S. Gold. Secretary.
New York Agricultural Experiment Station. Third Annual Report, for

the year 1884. 8vo. pamphlet. Albany, 1885. Also Bulletins,

Numbers l-(i New Series. 8vo. E. Lewis Sturtevaut. M.D.,

Director.
Bliglit, George. (.)ne Hundreil Years Ago. A paper read before the

Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture, at the Centennial

Meeting, February 4, 1885. 8vo. pamphlet. Philadelphia: 1884.

The Society.
Virginia Department of Agricultui-e. Fiftli, Sixtli, Seventh, and Eighth

Annual Reports. 3 volumes and 1 pamphlet. Richmond, 1881-

1885. Also Bulletins — Anah'ses and Valuations of Fertilizers,

Cautionary Observations, Conditions of Crops, Haymaking,

Ensilage, German CloAer, and Sweet Potatoes. Id pamphlets,

Svo. Randolph Harrison, Commissioner.
Georgia Department of Agriculture. Circulars Nos. 61, 03, 65 — 71 and 78,

containing Supplemental Report for the year 1884, Analyses

and Commercial Values of Commercial Fertilizers and Chemicals,

Crop Reports, etc. 10 pamphlets, 8vo. Atlanta, 1885. Extra

copies for distribution. J. T. Henderson, Commissioner.
Indiana State Board of Agriculture. Thirty-fourth Annual Report totlie

Governor, being VoJ. 26, 1884. Svo. Porti'ait. Indianapolis:

1885. Alexander Heron, Seci'etary.
Michigan State Board of Agriculture. Twenty-third Annual Report,

October 1, 1883, to September 30, 1884. Lansing. Michigan :

1884. Mrs. M. J. C. Merrell, Librarian.
St. Louis Agricultural and Mechanical Association. Twenty-fifth Annual

Fair, October 5-10, 1885. Programme, etc. 8vo. pamphlet.

Festus J. "Wade, Secretary.
Nebraska State Board of Agriculture. Fourth Annual Report of the

President and Secretary to the Legislative Assembly of the State.

8vo. Wood-cuts. Lincoln: 1873.
Nel)raska State Fair. List of Premiums, Nineteenth Annual Exhibition to '

})e held at Lincoln, September 11-18, 1885: 12mo. pamphlet.

Hon. Robert W. Furnas, Secretary.
California State Board of Agriculture, Biennial Report of the. 8vo.

Sacramento : 1884.
Sociedad Rural Argentina. Anales, Vol. 19. 24 numljers, large Svo.

Buenos Aires, 1885. Don Jose Maria Jurado. Director.
Associacion Rural del Uruguay. Vol. 15, 1885, Nos. 1-16, 18-24. 8vo.

Montevideo, 1885. Don Francisco Aguilar y Leal, Secretary.
Piper, R. U., M.D. Tlie Trees of America. Nos. 1, 2, and 3 4to. II.

plates. 1855-1858. Edward S. Davis.
United States Department of the Interior. Census Office. Report on

the Forests of North America (exclusive of Mexico), by Charles

364 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

S. Sargent, Arnold Professor of Arboriculture in Harvard
College, Special Agent Tenth Census. 4to. With portfolio
of sixteen large folio maps, descriptively colored. Washington :
1884. The Secretary of the Interior.
United States Department of Agriculture. Report on Forestry, prepared
by Nathaniel H. Egleston. Vol. IV, 1884. 8vo. Chart and
diagram. Washington : 1884. Three copies.

. Miscellaneous : Special Reports : — No. 1.

Address cf Hon. George B. Loring, U. S. Commissioner of
Agriculture, before the American Forestry Congress, St. Paul,
Minnesota, August 8, 1883. No. .5. The proper Value and
Management of Government Timber Lands, and the Distri-
bution of North American Forest Trees, being Papers read
May 7, 8, 1884, at a special meeting of the American Forestry
Congress. Washington : 1884. 2 pamphlets, 8vo. The Com-
missioner of Agriculture.
United States Bureau of Education. Planting Trees in School Grounds :
and the Celebration of Arbor Day. Dr. Franklin B. Hough, and
Hon. .lohn B. Peaslee. 8vo. pamphlet. Washington : 1885. Two
* copies.
Forestry Bulletin. Number 3, .January, 1885. 8vo. pamphlet. New York.
American Forestry Congress. Proceedings at its sessions held at Cincin-
nati, Ohio, in April, 1882, and at Montreal. Canada, in August,
1882. With a notice of the organization of tlie American Forestry
Association united with it at the Montreal session. 8vo. pamph-
let. Washington : 1883. Three copies. Also Proceedings of
the American Forestry Congress at its sessions held at Saint
Paul, Minnesota, in August, 1883. Washington : 1884. Two
copies.
New Hampshire Forestry Connnissiou. Report of .June session, 1885.

8vo. Concord: 1885. William H. Hills.
Essex Agricultural Society. Report of the Committee on Forest Trees,
by .John Robinson, Chairman. [Extracted from the Transactions
for 1884.] 8vo. pamphlet. Salem : 1884. The Author.
The Native Woods of Essex County, Massachusetts: an account of the
general distribution and uses of ; with various determinations as
shown by tests. Extracted from Sargent's Report on the Forests
of North America, with notes by ,Iohn Robinscm. 8vo. pamphlet.
Salem: 1885. John Roljinson.
State of New York. Report (jf the Committee on Agricultui'e, relating
to the subject of the Forests. In Senate, March 20, 1885. No. 40.
Including a paper specially prepared by Professor F. B. Hough.
8vo. pamphlet. The American Forestry Congress.
Ohio State Forestry Association. Proceedings at its meeting in Columbus,
March 28, 1884. Together with a report on the Forest Condition
of Ohio: with chart, etc. 8vo. pamphlet. Columbus: 1884-
The Association.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 365

Anuuaire de.s Eaux et Forets pour 1885. 24« aimee. 24mo. Paris : 1885.

Publisher of the Revue des Eaux et Forets.
Joly, Ch. Note sur le Peuplier du Jardin Botauique en Dijon : Note

snr r a(hnission des conserves de fruits et de legumes dans

les expositions horticoles. [Extraits du Journal de la Societe

Nationale d' horticulture : fevrier et mars, 1885.] 8vo. pamphlet.

Tiie Autlior.
Pliilippine Islands. Catalogue-memoir of a collection of Forestal Pro-
ductions, exhibited by the General Inspection of Woods and

Forests of the : — at the Universal Exposition of Philadelphia,

U. S. A. 8vo. pamphlet. 2 colored descriptive charts. Manila:

1875. Waldo O. Ross.
Nilson, Arvid. Tlie Timber Trees of New South Wales. 8vo. pamplilet.

Sydney : 188-1. Francis Skinner.
Joly, M. Charles. Note sur les Eucalyptes Gt'ants de 1' Australie. Svo.

pamphlet. (! wood-cuts. Paris : 1885. Five copies. The Author.
Penliallow, Professor D. P. The Relation of Annual Rings of Exogens

to Age. [Extract from the Canadian Record of Science, Vol. I.,

No. 3, July, 1885]. Svo, pamphlet, pp. 162-175. The Author.
Soutliwiciv, Edmund B., Botanist and Entomologist, Centi'al Park, New

York City, etc., etc. New Baltimore Village Improvement

Society. Large 8vo. pamphlet. New York : 1885. The Autlior.
Paul. William, F. L. S., etc. The Future of Epping Forest; a paper read

before the Society of Arts, John Street, Adelphi, London,

January 28, 1880. 8vo. pamphlet. The Author.
Bost(m Parks Commissioners. Tenth Annual Report, for the year 1884.

8vo. pamphlet. With two topographical maps. Boston : 1885.

J. D. W. French. Also, a second copy.
Crocker, U. H., and Francis C. Lee. Map and Description of proposed

^Metropolitan Park for Boston. 8vo. pamphlet. Colored map.

Boston : 1870. U. H. Crocker.
Arnohl Arboretum. Report of the Special Committee of the Connnon

Council, on the. Svo. pamphlet, with 4 appendices and plan of

Bussey Farm and Vicinity. Boston City Document No. 134, 1881.
Baltimore Park Connnission. Twenty-tifth Annual Report to the Mayor

and City Council, for the Fiscal Year ending December 31, 1884.

8vo. pamphlet. Baltimore : 1885. The Commission.
Cleveland, H. W. S., Landscape Architect. Outline Plan of a Park

System for the City of Saint Paul. Svo. pamphlet. 1885.
ISIount Auburn Cemetery. Annual Report of the Trustees, together with

the Reports of the Treasurer and Superintendent, January, 1885.

Svo. pamphlet. Boston : 1885.
Wadswortli, Alexander. Plan of the Cemetery of Mount Auburn. A

folded map. Boston : 183(5. William H. Whitmore.
Dearborn, Nathaniel S. Guide through Mount Auburn. 10th edition.

12mo. Plan, and 7(5 wood-cuts. Boston : 185(5. William H.

Whitmore.

366 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Entomological Society of Ontario. Fifteenth Annual Keport. Large 8vo.

pamphlet. Wood-cuts. Toronto : 1885. The Society.
United States Department of Agriculture, Division of Entomology.

Descriptions of North American Clialcidid;ie, from the Collections

of the United States Department of Agriculture and of Dr. C. V.

■Riley. With Biological Notes. (First Paper.) Together with

a list of the described North American Species of the Family.

By L. O. Howard, assistant, etc. 8vo. pamphlet. Washington :

1885. The '"lommissioner.
. Bulletin No. «. The

Imported Elm Leaf -Beetle ; 8vo. pamphlet. Washington : 1885.

Two copies. Also, Bulletin No. 8. The Periodical Cicada.

Two copies. Chai-les V. Riley, Entomologist to the Department

of Agriculture.
. Circular No. 9. Washing-

ton, May 1, 1885. Concerning production and purchase of Eggs
of the Silk Worm. One page circular. Wood-cut. Charles
V. Kiley, Entomologist to the Department.
. Bureau of Entomology. Catalogue of the

Exhibit of Economic Entomology, at the World's Industrial and
Cotton Centennial Exposition, New Orleans, 1884-1885, by Charles
V. Riley, Entomologist to the Department of Agircnlture. 8vo.
pamphlet. Washington : 1884. William Saunders.

Riley, Charles V. On the Parasites of the Hessian Flv. Extract from the
Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 1885, pp.
413-422. 8vo. pamphlet. Plate. The Author.

Krelage, J. H. Rapport de ; Convention Internationale Phylloxerique do
Berne. Proposition, etc. Cougres d' Anvers. 1885. The Author.

Bos, Dr. J. Ritzema, Professeur a 1' fccole d' Agriculture de 1' Etat a
Wageniugen. La Mouche du Narcisse (Merodon equestris F.),
ses metamorphoses, ses mceurs, etc. Large 8vo. pamphlet. 2
plates. Haarlem: 1885. J. H. Krelage.

Unitetl States Department of Agriculture. Report on the Organization
ami Management of Seven Agricultural Schools in Germany,
Belgium, and England, made to Hon. Geoi'ge B. Loring, U. S.
Commissioner of Agriculture, by A. S. Welcli, LL.D. 8vo.
pamphlet. Washington : 1885. The Commissioner.

Ontario Agricultural College and P^xperimental Farm. Tenth Annual
Report: for the year ending 31st December, 1884. 8vo.
Toronto : 1885. Three copies. Also, the Ninth Report, for the
year 1883. James Mills, President.

Massachusetts Agricultural College. Seventeenth, Eighteenth, Nine-
teenth, and Twenty-first Annual Reports, for the years 1871», 1880,
1881, and 1883. 4 pamphlets. 8vo. Boston: 1880, 1881, 1882,
1884. Professor S. T. Maynard.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 367

Purdue University : Scliool of Agriculture. Bulletin No. 5. Concerning
Experiments with Small Fruits. Lafayette. Indiana : November
25, 1885. 8vo. pamphlet. Professor J. Troop.

Illinois Industrial University. Twelfth Keport of the Trustees, for the
two years ending September 30, 1884. 8vo. "With an appendix,
on the Chemistry of the Hog, by William McMurtrie, E. M. ,
Ph. D., etc. Springrield, Illinois : 1885.

Michigan Agricultural College. Statement concerning the Department
of Horticulture and Landscape Gardening in the. Third year's
Report, by L. H. Bailey, Jr., Professor, etc. 8vo. pamphlet.
October 1, 1885. The Author.

Kansas State Agricultural College. Report of the Professor of Agricul-
ture. Experiments, 1884. Svo. pamphlet. Manhattan, Kansas :
1885. Two copies. Also, the Annual Catalogue, 1884-85. F.
Nihart, Librarian.

Smithsonian Institution. Annual Report of the Board of Regents : for
the year 1883. 8vo. Washington : 1885. The Smithsonian Insti-
tution.

Boston Society of Natural History. Proceedings, Vol. 22, Part 4, Octo-
ber—December, 1883, Vol. 23, Part 1, January— March, 1884. 2
pamphlets. Svo. Boston : 1884. The Society.

Scientific Association, Meriden, Connecticut. Transactions for 1884, being
Vol.1. Svo. pamphlet. Meriden : 1885. C. H. S. Davis, M.D.

New York Microscopical Society. Journal, Vol. 1, 18S5, edited by Benja-
min Branian. 9 numl)ers. Svo. New York, 1885. The Society.

Brookville Society of Natural History. Bulletin No. 1. O. M. Meyneke
and C. F. Goodwin, Editors. Svo. pamphlet. Richmond, Indi-
ana: 1885. The Society.

Illinois State Laboi'atory of Natural History. Bulletins Nos. 1, 2, 4, 5,
and index bulletin. 5 pamphlets, Svo. Completing Vol. 1.
Bloomiugton: 1876-1884. Vol. 2, article 3, Parasitic Fungi of
Illinois, Part 1, by T. J. Burrill. Svo. pamphlet. Peoria: 1885.
S. A. Forbes, Director.

Sedalia Natural History Society. Bulletin No. 1. Svo. pamphlet.
Sedalia, Missouri : August, 1885. F. A. Sampson, Correspond-
ing Secretary.

Minnesota Academy of Natural Sciences. Bulletin, Vol. 2, Nos. 4 and
5, December 1S82 and June 1885. 2 pamphlets. Svo. Minneapolis,
1883, 1S85.

Leopoldina, Amtliches Organ der Kaiserlichen Leopoldino-Carolinischen
Deutschen Akademie der Naturforscher. Heft 20, for the year
1SS4. 4to. pamphlet. Halle : 1885. Dr. C H. Knoblauch, Presi-
dent.

Gilbert, John Henry, M.A., LL.D., F. R. S., Sibthorpian Professor of
Rural Economy in the University of Oxford^. On Agricultural
Investigation: — a lecture, etc., 1885. The Society for the Pro-
motion of Agricultural Science. New Brunswick, N. J.

368 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Penhallow, D. P., Prof, and B. Sc. Address delivered at the Convocation
of McGill University, April 30, 1885. 8vo. pamphlet. Montreal.

Joly, M. Ch. Les Eaux d' figout a Paris. Svo. pamphlet. Paris: 188.5.
The Author.

L'Piau a Paris, No. 34, vingt-deuxieme annee de la Journal Illustre, 23
aout, 1885. M. Ch. Joly.

United States War Department. Professional Papers of the Signal
Service; No. 2, Isothermal Lines of the United States, 1871-
1880, by 1st ivieut. A. W. Greeley, Acting Signal Officer; No. 7,
Character of Six Hundred Tornadoes; No. 0, The Reduction
of Air Pressure to Sea Level, at elevated stations west of the
Mississippi River, l)y Henry W. Hazen, A. M. ; with charts;
No. 11, Meteorological and Physical Observations on the East
Coast of British America, l^y Orray Taft Sherman ; No. 15,
Researches on Solar Heat, and its Absorption by the Earth's
Atmosphere, — a report of the Mount Whitney Expedition, by
S. P. Langley. director of the Alleghany Observatory. 4 pamph-
lets and one volume 4to. Published by authority of the
Secretary of War. Washington.

United States Signal Service Notes, prepared under the direction of Brig,
and Bvt. IMaj. Gen'l W. B. Hazen, Chief Signal Officer of the United
States Army. Nos. 12-14, 16-18, and i;», 22, 23. i) pamphlets,
8vo. Washington : 1884, 1885. The Chief Signal Officer.

Boston Public Library. Thirty-third Annual Report. 8vo. pamphlet.
Boston : 1885. Also, Librarian's Qiiarterly Reports, 2(1 and 3d of
1884, 1st and 2d of 1885, broadsides. The Librarian.

Green, Samuel S., Librarian of the Free Public Library, Worcester, Mass.
Library Aids. KJmo. pamphlet. New York : 1883. The American
Library Association.

L)1n"ary Company, of Philadelphia. Bulletin for July, 1885. 8vo.
pamphlet. The Librarian.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Twentieth Annual Catalogue of
the (Officers and Students, with a statement of the courses of
instruction, and a List of the Alumni and of the Society of Arts,
1884-1885. 8vo. pamphlet. Boston: 1884. The Institute.

Bowdoin College. Eighty-third and Eighty-fourth Annual Catalogues, for
the Academical Years 1884-1885, and 188.5-1 88(;. 2 pamphlets.
8vo. Brunswick: 18,84, 1885.

United States Bureau of Education. Circulars of Information, Nos. <>
and 7, 1884, and Nos. 1 and 2, 1885. Also Historical Sketches of
the Universities and Colleges of the United States, edited by Dr.
Franklin B. Hough ; and Building for the Children in the South.
<i pamphlets, 8vo. Washington : 1883, 1884, 1885. Hon. John
Eaton, Commissioner.

New England Historic-Genealogical Society. Address of Hon. Marshall
P. Wilder and the other Proceedings at the Annual Meeting,

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 369

January 7, 1S.S5. Hvo. pamphlet. Boston, 1885. Hon. Marshall
F. Wilder. •

American Antiiiuariau Society. Proceedings at the semi-annual meeting
held in Boston, April 29, 1885. Vol. 3, New Series, Part 4.
8vo. pamphlet. Worcester, 1885. The Society.

Minnesota Historical Society. Biennial Report to the Legislature of
^linnesota. Session of 1885. 8vo. pamphlet. St. Paul : 1884.

Soldiers' Home in Massachusetts at Chelsea. Annual Report of the Trus-
tees, for the year ending July 25th, 1884. Svo. ])amphlet.
Boston: 1885.

Boston Asylum and Farm School for Indigent Boys, Thompson's Island.
Report, etc. Svo. pamphlet. Boston : 1883. Farm School Press.
William A. Morse, Superintendent.

State Bureau of Labor Statistics. Report of Conunissicmers on the In-
ilustrial, Social, and Economic Conditions of Pullman, Illinois.
8vo. pamphlet. September, 1884.

Comptroller of the Currency. Annual Report to the Second Session of
the Forty-eighth Congress of the United States, December 1,
1884. Svo. i)amphlet. Washington: 1S84. H. W. Cannon,
Comptroller.

H()lley, Myron, Life of, etc. 12m(). Boston : 1882. Portrait. Elizur
Wright.

New Brunswick. Report on the Agricultural Capabilities of the Province.
By J. F. W. Johnson, F. R. S., S. L. & E., etc., etc. Svo. pamph-
let. Fi'edericton : 1850. Mrs. Isabella James.

Handbook of Virginia. By the Commissioner of Agriculture. Svo.
pamphlet, with map. Fourtli edition. Richmond : 1SS5. Ran-
dolph Harrison, Connnissioner.

United States Consular Reports. , On the ('ommerce, Manufactures, etc.
of the Consular Districts, Nos. 46-57. Also, Reports on the
Cholera in Europe in 1884 ; on the Trade Guilds of Europe, and
on Lal)or in Foreign Countries. Published by the Department of
State, according to Act of Congress. 15 pamphlets and 3
volumes Svo. Washington : 1884, 1SS5. The Secretary of State.

Periodicals Pukchased.

English. — Gardeners' Chronicle.
Gardeners' Magazine.

Journal of Horticulture and Cottage Gardener.
The Garden.
Gardening Illustrated.
Curtis's Botanical Magazine.
Journal of Botany.
Forestr}^
Woods and Forests.

370 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

French. — Kuvue Horticole.

Revue des Eaux et Foret??.

.Tonnial des Roses.
Bkuuan. — Illustration Horticole.

Belgique Horticole.

Revue de I'Horticulture, Beige et I<]trangere.
Gkrman. — Botanische Zeitung.

Gartenflora.
Ameiucax. — Country Gi^ritleman.

American Naturalist.

Peuiodicals Receivp:u in Exchange.

Gartleuer's Monthly.

Canadian Horticulturist.

Ladies' Floral Cabinet.

American Garden.

Viclc's Illustrated Monthly Magazine.

Miciiigau Horticulturist.

American Florist.

Orchard and Garden.

Fruit Recorder.

Green's Fruit Grower.

Seed Time and Harvest.

Botanical Gazette.

Journal of Mycology.

West American Scientist.

Maine Farmer.

The Home Farm.

Mirror and Farmer. ~^

New England Farmer.

Massachusetts Ploughman .

American Cultivator.

New Englanil Homestead.

Our Countr}' Home.

A mer i can A gri cultu ri st .

Rural New Yorker.

The Husbandman.

American Rural Home.

The Farm Journal.

Maryland Farmer.

Florida Dispatch.

Prairie Farmer.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 371

The Industrialist.

Facitic Knral.

Boston Daily Advertiser.

Boston Morning .Toiu-nal.

Boston Post.

Boston Daily Globe.

Boston Evening Transcript.

Boston Daily Evening Traveller.

The New York Weekly World.

The Cottage Hearth.

REPORT

OF THK

SECKETAfiT AND LIBRAEIAN,

FOR THE YEAR 1885.

Ill presenting to the Society tliis annual rei)ort as Secretary, I
rely upon the knowledge and daily observation of its active
members as a snpplement to the following snggestious, concern-
ing the extent and character of the duties attaching to the office
as matters of ordinary routine.

It will not be unreasonable if we assume that, in general, the
Secretary's routine is necessarily extended in like i)roportion
with the liroadening scope, and increasing variety, of the work
carried on in all departments, — otherwise the neglect would make
itself promptly known in vai-ious ways, that seem thus far to have
}>een fairly well avoided.

The Constitution and By Laws set forth the outlines, and also
some specific features, of duties to be performed in matters of
record, correspondence, and notification, and in the audit and
examination of liills contracted. No essential matters of this
descrii)tion, it is believed, have suffered from neglect during the
year, or now remain seriously in arrears. Yet it is to l)e said that
certain matters, whicli have not come into existence all at once,
but have grown up l)y degrees, and now appear in the character
of important requirements, are at i)resent unfinished, though in a
hopeful stage of advancement.

Of these, one which may be mentioned relates to the List of
Annual and Life Members ; forming a part of the Society's
annual publications. The Secretary assumes a duty not defined
or directly suggested ])y the By Laws (unless under his general
responsibility for whatever is pu))lished), in i)ursuing from time to

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND LIBRARIAN. 373

time, as oi)portiuiity offers, the \'ery necessaiT task of revising
and correcting tliis list ; wliicli coustitntes a ver}' important por-
tion of tlie Society's records. From the necessity of Ids situation,
liaving need to communicate, as occasion may require, with indi-
vidual members, he finds that all changes of residence and dis-
continuance of membership by death or otherwise, are matters to
which his attention ought to be given.

Heretofore, as far as possible — but without especially devoting
time to it, and under urgent call at all times for other needed work, —
he has prosecuted inquiries on all convenient occasions ; and sup-
plied the revisions ascertained to be needed. Recently this work
has engaged his attention more especially, as a matter of growing
urgency.

It had long been suspected that the List of Members stood in
need of revision, but on systematically undertaking it, the need
was found much greater than had been previously supposed. Its
necessity may be judged of from the fact that there are now on
the list the names of about fifty members, who, when last heard
from, were residents of Boston, but whose names are not now to
be found in the Boston Directory. On the other hand, the
Directory contains the names of as many more, who when last
heard from were not residents of this city ; raising the question
whether such members have removed to Boston, but not deciding
it, since there may have been two persons of the same name. A
request is every year printed, at the head of the list of members,
for i>rompt information in regard to cliange of residence or any
inaccuracies ; but this request is seldom heeded. The present
Treasurer, as well as his predecessor, has kei)t careful watch over
the list of members, Imt notwithstanding all these efforts it is
found that a large nuui])er of changes have l»een made, which
have not come to the knowledge of either the Treasurer or the
Secretary.

Inasmuch as the facts in question are often difficult to ascertain
decisiveh', and since experience has shown that, even under the
strongest probabilities, it is hazardous to change the record until
direct and positive evidence is secured from those having a per-
sonal knowledge, the Secretary particularly invites the co6[)eration
of members in this work. Almost every one might furnisli more
or less aid in collecting the required information, and in view of

374 • MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

coming publications, in which the list Avill reappear, it is earnestly
requested that all members will carefully examine it and report to
the Secretary such changes as may be found necessary.

Notice has been given, by circulars addressed to all the members
not known to be supplied, that copies of the otticial History of the
Society, published in 1880, may be had by any desii-ing them. It
was in addressing these circulars that the urgent necessity for a
revision of the list became apparent. The purely incidental way
in which this task of reviewing the record of membership has
arisen and grown into a pressing dut}^ of consideralile magnitude
is very suggestive. It is typical of many other demands upon
the Secretary, created by a variety of other subjects.

These it would be tedious to enlarge upon. They originate
from the character of his ottice as the natural executive channel
for a variety of matters arising in the ordinary working of the
Society, or in the maintenance of its relations to the public, and
to sister societies. To state tliem in a manner at once concise and
comprehensive is probably impossible ; they are here l)arely
alluded to with a confident ))elief that, to all who give the matter
reflection, a further discussion would be superfluous.

The literary work, like the routine business, can scarcely be
detailed — only outlined; but being put into a visilfle form, it
may be said, in a manner, to speak for itself.

It is a gratifying circumstance that, owing to the valuable aid
opportunely extended early in the year, in providing the services of
an able general assistant in the Secretary's oflrtce, employed in this
and other departments of its manifold duties, the Society's Trans-
actions and other publications are fully brought out up to date.

It is a further gratification to remark the fact, — due, of course,
chiefly to the intrinsic value of the essays and discussions, but
perhaps also in some important degree to the care bestowed in
their preparation for the press, — that there has l)een an evidently
increased consideration accorded to them, both among meml)ers
of the Society and the general public. P^xtracts, in greater number
and at greater length than in previous years, have been repub-
lished in the columns of leading journals both at home and
abroad.

In the last report of the Secretary, mention was made of some
inquiries as to the aid afforded by various States for the advance-

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND LIBRARIAN. 375

rneut of horticulture ; aud some of the results of these inquiries
were given. At the time these researches were made, the Report
for 1884 of the California State Board of Horticulture had not
been received ; but it has since been added to our library, and the
Secretary of the Board has called attention to the fact that the
amount appropriated by the State of California for the promotion
of horticulture is larger than in any other state. It seems there-
fore onh' just to add in this place, to the statement made last
year, that in each of the years 1883 and 1884 California's appro-
priation for this purpose was $5,000, and that for the present
year it is $10,000 ; while besides this the state appropriates $15,000
for the Viticultural Board, $5,000 for experimental and scientific
work in regard to viticulture, and $2,500 for the State Forestry
Commission.

In addition to matters already treated of, the Secretary is
charged with the duties of Librarian, which he performs under
the immediate direction of the Library Committee. In the report
of that Committee, accordingly, may be found a more complete
treatment than here, of all matters involved in the use, present
condition, plans of enlargement, and future prospects of this most
valuable aud distinguishing possession of our honored Society.
Such is the rank which must be accorded to it in view of the
present extent and quality of its peculiar literary treasures, its
resources by way of endowment, and the estimation placed upon
it by those devoted to studies promotive of the special objects
of our Society.

Statistics of circulation are out of the argument as regards a
library whose maintenance insures the preservation of the best
fruits of advanced research, in a repository accessible to scholars
and students. As has been well said by competent judges, treat-
ing of a " library for advanced students, or for persons making
researches of a learned nature" — "the benefit reaped from it by
the community cannot be reckoned by any method of statistics.
It is by means of such collections as this that some of the greatest
benefactors of the public are enabled to prosecute their researches
and to do their work."

Decidedly the most valuable part of our library consists of
books by no means adapted or intended for general circulation.
We supply a fair, and, on the whole, a nearly indispensable part

376 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of the current reading of our best practical horticulturists. AVe
divide that field, as a matter of course, with agricultural and
horticultural publications which members procure, for home read-
ing, in other ways. But the books by the possession of which
this Society enjo3's an enviable prestige, and which make its
library the prized resort of scholars in, and lovers of, the ever
advancing art of horticulture, are of a class whose utility is to
be measui'ed, if at all, by another standard than that of more or
less extensive cu-culation. •

For many years the need of additional accommodation has been
pressed upon the attention of the Society, in the reports both of
the Library Committee and the Librarian. An impression prevails,
in the minds of some, that the crowded state of the bookcases
causes inconvenience, and adds to the labors of the Librarian,
only when a book is wanted for use ; and it seems desirable to
correct this not unnatural misapprehension. Not alone when a
book is called for, but daily and continually there is need, for
every volume, of a place where the Librarian can swiftly and
surely lay hand upon it. However infrequently consulted, all
books kept as the propert}^ of the Society should be so shelved as
to be familiar to him, both as to contents and position, — to the
end that each new book arriving may promptly take its right
place, in right relations to the rest.

Failing this, classification is simply impossible, and disorder
and perplexity must increase in a constantly advancing ratio.
Let him do his best and struggle his hardest, the odds are against
him and are daily growing greater ; his most strenuous endeavors
cannot meet and overcome the confusion inevitably entailed by
over-crowded shelves, and compulsory stowage in widely separated
and inaccessible places.

ROBERT MANNING,

Secretary and Librarian.

TREASURER'S REPORT,

FOR THE YEAR 1885.

RECEIPTS.

Cash on hand, as per last report,

$6,795 78

Rent of Halls, ....

6,404 61

Rent of Stores, ....

12,825 36

Admissions and Assessments, .

1,074 00

Library — Sale of Book, .

15 00

Sale of History, ....

94 50'

Mount Auburn Cemetery,

2,713 53

Annual Exhibitions,

' $3,540 05

Less Expenses,

1,009

74

2,530 31

Estate of Benjamin B. Davis, .

:s.

500 00'

$32,953 09

EXPENDITURE

Labor, ......

. $1,246

79

Salaries, .....

. 2,825

00

Incidentals, .....

217

79

Interest Paid, . . . $2,550 0(

)

Less amount received, . 709 li

)

1 840

81

Heating and Water (less paid by Ten

±,0*i:U

ox

ants), .....

301

63

Taxes, ......

1,.536

52

Repairs on Building,

636

08

Lighting,

733

90

Furniture and Fixtures,

59

68

Prizes, ......

3,500

60

Committee of Arrangements,

394

80

Stationery, Postage, and Printing,

1,449

34

Stickney Fund, ....

700

02

Carried forward.

$15,442

96

115,442

96

315

00

100

00

11,233

56

55

96

120

00

583

00

815

00

13

70

4,273

91

378 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Brought forivard, ....

Library, ......

Card Catalogue, .....

Siukiug Fund, .....

Garden Committee, ....

Committee ou Publication and Discussion,

Benjamin B. Dayiv* Fund,

Insui'ance, ......

Forestry Congress, ....

Cash for balance to new account for 1886, 4,273 91

$32,953 09

ASSETS.
Real Estate, Furniture, and Exhibition Ware, . .$256,585 56
Library, last year, .... $23,646 12

Added this year, 1,000 00

$24,646 12

H. H. Hunnewell Rhododendron Prize
Bonds, viz. :
1 Bond C. B. & Q. R. R. for $1,000
and 1 for $500, .... 1,500 00

Sinking Fund Bonds, viz. :

13 Bonds Burl. & Miss. R. R. in Neb.
for $1,000 each, ....

7 Bonds C. B. & Q. R. R. for $1,000
each, ......

Benjamin B. Davis Grape Prize Bond, yiz. :
1 Bond Illinois Grand Trunk R. R.

for $500,

Stereotype Plates, and Copies of History,
Cash on hand December 31, 1885,

$306,021 65
LIABILITIES.

Mortgage Debt, bearing interest at 4^ per

cent per annum, due October 1, 1888, $60,000 00

Loan, without Interest, payable to Har-
vard College in 1899, . . . 12,000 00

72,000 00

11,656

81

6,476

75

583

GO

299

50

4,273

91

Surplus, $234,021 65

treasurer's report. 379

MEMBERS.

Number of Life Members, by last printed

List, 609

Added during tlie year, . . . .16
Commuted from Annual, ... 3

— 19

628

Deceased during the year or now first reported, . . 39

Number of Annual Members, by last

printed List, . . . . .279
Added during the year, . . . .14

Deceased during the year or now first
reported, ...... 7

Discontinued, . . . . .15

Commuted, ...... 3

293

25

589

268

Total Membership, 857

INCOME FROM MEMBERSHIP.

15 Life Members, .... $450 00

14 Annual Members, .... 140 00

202 Assessments, .... 404 00

4 Commutations (including 1 deferred

from 1884), 80 00

$1,074 00

The Finance Committee, having audited the accounts of the
undersigned, have made and subscribed to, on a book kept for
that purpose, the following report : —
The Massachusetts Horticultural Society

In account with George W. Fowle, Treasurer,
Credit : —
By balance in Treasury, December 31, 1884, $6,795 78
" total income during the year 1885, . 26,157 31

$32,953 09

380 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Contra Debit: —
To cash paid out during the year 1885, $28,679 18
" balance to new account, . . 4,273 91

$32,953 09

We have examined the above account and find it correct, and
the balance of cash on hand, forty-two hundred and seventy-three
i^^V dollars.

(Signed) H. H. Hunxewell,

Frederick L. Ames,
H. P. Walcott,

Finance Committee.
Boston, Feb. 5, 1886.

The sum of $11,233 of the surplus funds has been invested in
railroad bonds, to increase the Sinking Fund for the reduction of
the mortgage debt, the Fund now amounting to $18,133. The
sum of $500, received from the estate of Benjamin B. Davis, has
also been invested in a railroad bond.

The amount of interest paid by the Societv has been decreased
from $3,860, paid in 1882, to $1,840 in 1885.

The receipts from the Halls dm'ing the year have been less
than in previous years, — partially owing to reduction of rents in
competition with other halls.

The receipts from the Annual Exhiljitions show an increased
income, but the accommodations of the halls are insutiicient for
the future enlargement of these exhibitions.

GEORGE W. FOWLE,

Treasurer.
Boston, Feb. 5, 1886.

MOUNT AUBURN CEMETERY

381

la t- o c t- c^ o t- o t- I- o
00 -i- -r r-2 c-1 o t- t- :■: 'M oo o

■^ ^ L.~ 30 r-_CO :-J CO Tf C^CO^M

j5 5^" ■- ■ ■ '-s ass's

c ^ S *; H c i' =^^3.-" > '^

CS OJ j5 a ra r- r; P S' O O O)

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S<1 o

O CO

00

CO

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#©■

f©

tif

^ T. —

S °o.H
'^ 00 -g J.

"S ■_• ■^ c:
n ?'| 2

•C +2 ^

'- o « .d
a; <i> —

tt;

;; a: — sj S P3

o5>.

382 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society,

To the Propriktors of the Cemetery of Mouxt Auburx, Dr.

For one-fourth part of the follomug expenditures for grading new lands
for sale during the year 1885 : —

Vesper Avenue.

5074 claj'S, men,

147i •' man and horse, . . . .

Glen Avenue.

581 days, men,

21-ti " man and horse, . . . .

Crystal to Birch Avenues.
2251 days, men, ......

60i " man and horse, . . . .

$1,014 50

515 37

81,529 87

81,162 00

749 88

.$1,911 88

$451 50

210 88

8662 38

84,104 13

One-fourth part of 84,104.13 is, .$1,026 03

J. W. LOVERING,

Superintendent.
Mouxt Auburx. Dec. 31, 1885.

I certify the foregoing to be a true copy ot improvements for the year
1885, rendered by the Superintendent.

H. B. MACKINTOSH,

Treasurer^

assar^usttts portimltural S0rittg,

OFFICERS AND STANDING COMMITTEES FOR 1886.

President.
HENRY P. WALCOTT, of Cambridge.

Vice-Presidents.
JOHN CU.MMLN'GS, of Woburn. CHARLES H. B. BRECK, of Brighton.

BENJAMIN G. S:MITH, of Cambridge. FREDERICK L. A3IES, of North Easton.

Treasurer and Superintendent of the Building.
GEORGE W. FOWLE, of Bostou.

Secretary and Librarian.
ROBERT MANNING, of Salem.*

* Recording Secretary.

ROBERT MANNING, of Salem.

Professor of Botany and Vegetable Physiology.
JOHN ROBINSON, of Salem.

Professor of Entomology.
SAMUEL H. SCUDDER, of Cambridge.

$tandiii^ Coii\ir\ittee^.

Executive.

The Preside>'t, HENRY P. "WALCOTT, Chairman.

The Chairman of Finance Committee, H. H. HUNNEWELL ; MARSHALL P.

WILDER, WILLIAM C. STRONG, F. L. AMES, CHARLES H. B. BRECK,

HENRY WELD FULLER, CHARLES S. SARGENT,

WILLIAM H. SPOONER.

♦Communications for the Secretary, on the business of the Society, should be addressed to him at
Horticultural Hall, Boston.

384 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Finance.

H. HOLLIS HUXNEWELL, CHAIRMAN.

HENRY P. WAECOTT. F. L. AMES.

Publication and Discussion.

O. B. HADWEN, Chaieman.

FRANCIS H. APPLETON. WILLIAM H. HUNT.

Establishing Prizes.

CHAIRMAN OF COMMITTEE ON FRUITS, CHAIRMAN.

CHAIRMEN OF COMMITTEES ON FLOWERS, VEGETABLES, AND GARDENS,

EX OF F I ens ; C. M. ATKINSON, EDWARD L. BEARD, JACKSON DAWSON.

Library.

WILLIAM E. ENDICOTT, Chairman.

THE PROFESSOR OF BOTANY AND VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY

A^■D THE PROFESSOR OF ENTOMOLOGY, EX OFFICII S:

J. D. W. FRENCH. NATHANIEL T. KIDDER.

FRANCIS H. APPLETON. GEORGE W. HUMPHREY.

Gardens.

JOHN G. BARIvER, CHAIRMAN.

CHAIRMEN OF COMMITTEES ON FRUITS, FLOWERS, AND VEGETABLES,

EX OFFICIIS:
CHARLES W. ROSS, BENJAMIN G. SMITH, HENRY W. WILSON.

Fruit.
E. W. WOOD, Chairman.
BENJAMIN G. SMITH. J. W. MANNING. WARREN FENNO.

CHARLES F. CURTIS. O. B. HADWEN. E. P. RICHARDSON.

Plants and Flowers.
JOSEPH H. WOODFORD, Chairman.
F. L. HARRIS. EDWIN FEWKES. - WARREN H. MANNING.

DAVID ALLAN. DENYS ZIRNGIEBEL. ROBERT T. JACKSON.

Vegetables.
CHARLES N. BRACIvETT, Chairman.
SAMUEL HARTWELL. WARREN HEITSTIS. JAMES COMLEY.

CEPHAS H. BRACKETT. GEORGE HILL. P. G. HANSON

Committee of Arrangements.

EDWARD L. BEARD, CHAIRMAN

CHAIRMEN OF COMMITTEES ON FRUITS, FLOWERS, ^'EGETABLES, AND

GARDENS, EX OFFICIIS;

WARREN HEUSTIS. CHARLES L. FOWLE.

MEMBERS FOR LIFE.

Change of residence, or any inaccuracies, should be promptly reported to the Secretary.

Adams, George E., Medford.
Albro, Charles, Taunton.
Alger, R. F., Becket.
Allan, David, Watertowu.
Ames, Frank M. , Canton.
Ames, Frederick L., North Easton.
Ames, George, Boston.
Ames, Preston Adams, Hingham.
Amory, Charles, Boston.
Amory. Frederick, Boston.
Anderson, Alexander, Hingham.
Andrews, Charles L. , Milton.
Andrews, Frank W., Boston.
Andros, Milton, Brookllne.
Appleton, Edward, Reading.
Appleton, Francis H. , Peabody.
Appleton, William S., Boston.
Atkins, Elisha, Boston.
Avery, Edward, Boston.
Ayling, Isaac, Waltham.

Bacon, George, Brookline.
Bailey, Edwin C, Concord, N. H.
Baker, William E., Boston.
Bancroft, John C, Boston.
Banfleld, Francis L., Boston.
Barnard, James M. , Maiden.
Barnard, Robert M., Everett.
Barnes, Walter S., Somerville.
Barnes, William H., Boston.
Barney, Levi C, Boston.
Barratt, James, Cambridgeport.
Barrett, Edwin S., Concord.
Barrows, Thomas, Dedham.
Bartlett, Edmund, Newburyport.
Bates, Amos, Hingham.
Bates, Caleb, Kingston.

Bayley, John P., Boston.
Beal, Alexander, Dorchester.
Beckford, Daniel R., Jr., Dedham.
Bell, Joseph H., Quincy.
Bemis, Emery, Cambridge.
Berry, James, Brookline.
Bickford, Weare D., Newtonville.
Birchard, Charles, Framingham.
Black, James W., Cambridge.
Blagg, Sanuiel, Newbern, N. C
Blake, Arthur W., Brookline.
Blakemore, John E., Roslindale.
Blanchard, John W., Dorchester.
Blauey, Henry, Boston.
Bliun, Richard D., Chicago, 111.
Bliss, William, Springfield.
Bocher, Ferdinand, Cambridge.
Bockus, Charles E., Dorchester.
Bond, George W. , West Roxbury.
Borland, John N., New London, Ct.
Botume, John, Wyoming.
Bouve, Thomas T., Boston.
Bowditch, Azell C. Somerville.
Bowditch, J. Ingersoll, Jamaica

Plain.
Bowditch, William E., Roxbury.
Bowker, William H., West Newton.
Brackett, Cephas H., Brighton.
Brackett, Charles N., Newton.
Bradish, Levi J., Boston.
Bragg, Samuel A. B., Dorchester.
Breed, Henry A., Lynn.
Bresee, Albert, Hubbardtou, Vt.
Brewer, John Reed, Boston.
Brewer, Otis, Jamaica Plain.
Brigham, William T., Boston.
Brimmer, Martin, Boston.

386

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Brintnall, Benjamin, Charlestown.
Brooks, Francis, West Medford.
Brown, Alfred S., Jamaica Plain,
Brown, Charles E., Yarmouth, N.S.
Brown, Edward, J., Weston.
Brown, G. Barnard, Boston.
Brown, George Bruce, Framingham.
Brown, Jacob, Woburn.
Brownell, E. S., Essex Junction,Vt.
Bruce, Nathaniel F., Stoneham.
Bullard, John R. , Dedham.
Bullard, William S., Boston.
Burnett, Joseph, Southborough.
Burnham, Thomas O. H. P., Boston.
Burr, Fearing, Hingham.
Burr, Matthew H., Hingham.
Buswell, Edwin W., New York, N.Y.
Buswell, Frank E., New York, N.Y.
Butler, Aaron, Wakefield.
Butler, Edwai'd K., Jamaica Plain.
Butterfleld, William P., East Lex-
ington.

Cadness, John, Flushing, N.Y.

Cains, William, South Boston.

Calder, Augustus P., Boston.

Capen, John, Boston.

Carlton, Samuel A., Boston.

Carruth, Charles, Boston.

Carter, Miss Sabra, Wilmington.

Cartwright, George, Dedham.

Chadbourne, Marshall W., Water-
town.

Chamberlain, Chauncey W., Boston.

Chapin, Nathaniel G., Brookline.

Chapman, Edward, South Framiiig-
ham.

Chase, Andrew J. , Lynn.

Chase, Daniel E., Somerville.

Chase, George B., Boston.

Chase, Hezekiah S. , Boston.

Chase, William M., Baltimore, Md.

Cheney, Benjamin P., Boston.

Child, Francis J., Cambridge.

Child, William C, Medford.

Childs, Franc-is, Charlestown.

Childs, Nathaniel R. , Boston.
Choate, Charles F., Cambridge.
Claflin, Henry, Newton.
Claflin, William, Newton.
Clapp, Edward B., Dorchester.
Clapp, E. W., Walpole.
Clapp, James H., Dorchester.
Clapp, William C, Dorchester.
Clark, Benjamin C, Boston.
Clark, Orus, Worcester.
Clark, William S., Amherst.
Clark, W. L., Neponset.
Clarke, Miss Cora H. , Jamaica Plain.
Clay, Henry, Dorchester.
Cleary, Lawrence, West Roxbury.
Clement, Asa, Dracut.
Cleveland, Ira, Dedham.
Cobb, All)ert A., Brookline.
Coburu, Isaac E., Everett.
Codman, James M., Brookline.
Codman, Ogden, Lincoln.
Coffin, G. Winthrop, West Roxbury.
Coffin, William E., Dorchester.
Converse, Elisha S., Maiden.
Converse, Parker L., Woburn.
Coolidge, Joshua, Watertown.
Copeland, Franklin, West Dedham.
Cox, George P., Maiden.
Coy, Samuel I., Boston.
Crocker, George O., New Bedford.
Crocker, Uriel, Boston.
Crosby rJosiah, Arlington.
Crowell, Philander, Chelsea.
Crowell, Randall H., Chelsea.
Cummings, John, Woburn.
Curtis, Charles F., Jamaica Plain.
Curtis, George S., Jamaica Plain.
Gushing, Robert M. , Boston.

Daggett, Henry C , Boston.
Damon, Samuel G., Arlington.
Dana, Charles B., Brookline.
Darling, Charles K. , Boston.
Davenport, Edward, Dorchester.
Davenport, George E , Medford.
Davenport, Henry, Boston.

MEMBEE8 FOR LIFE.

387

Davis, Curtis, Camln-idgeport.
Dawson, Jackson, Forest Hills.
Deblois, Stephen G. , Boston.
Dee, Thomas W., Mount Auburn.
Denny, Clarence H., Boston.
Denny, R. S., Dorchester.
Denton, Eben, Dorchester.
Dewson, Francis A., Newtonville.
Dexter, F. Gordon, Boston.
Dickerman, George H., Somerville.
Dike, Charles C, Stoneham.
Dinsmore, William B., New York,

N. Y.
Dorr, George, Dorchester.
Dove, George W. W., Andover.
Durant, William, Boston.
Durfee, Mrs. F. B., Fall River.
Durfee, George B., Fall River.
Dutcher, F. J., Hopedale.

Eaton, Horace, Quincy.
Eldridge, Azariah, Yarmouthport.
Eldridge, E. H., Roxbury.
jGllicott, Joseph P., Boston.
Endicott, William E., Canton.
Eustis, William C, Hyde Park.
Everett, Otis, Boston.
Everett, William, Dorchester.

Fairchild, Charles, Belmont.
Falconer, William, Glencove, N. Y.
Farlow, John S., Newton.
Farlow, Lewis H., Newton.
Farquhar, Rol)ert, Boston.
Faxon, John, Quincy.
Fay, Mrs. Rcbekah L., Chelsea.
Fenno, J. Brooks, Boston.
Fewkes, Arthur H., Newton High-
lands.
Fewkes, Edwin, Newton Highlands.
Fillebrown, John, Arlington.
Fisher, David, Newport, R. I.
Fisher, James, San Diego, Cal.
Fisher, Warren, Boston.
Flagg, Augustus, Boston
Fleming, Edwin, West Newton.

Fletcher, George V., Belmont.
Fletcher, John W., Chelsea.
Fletcher. J. Henry, Belmont.
Flint, Charles L. , Boston.
Flint, David B.. Watertowu.
Flynt, William N., Monson.
Foster, Francis C, Cambridge.
Foster, John H , Boston.
Fottler, John, Jr. , Dorchester.
Fowle. William B., Auburndale.
Freeman, Abraham, Dorchester.
French, Jonathan, Boston.
French, J. D. Williams, Boston.
Fuller, Henry Weld, Roxbury.

Galvin, John, West Roxbury.
Gardner, Hem-y N. , Belmont.
Gardner, John L., Brookline.
Gibbs, Wolcott, Cambridge.
Gillard, William, Boston.
Gilmore, E. W. North Easton.
Gilsou, F. Howard, Reading.
Glover, Albert, Boston.
Glover, Joseph B., Boston.
Goddard, A. Warren, Brookline.
Gf)ddard, Mrs. Mary T., Newton.
Goodell, L. W., Amherst.
Gorham, James L., .Jamaica Plain.
Gould, Francis. Arlington.
Gould, Samuel, Boston.
Gray, James, Wellesley.
Gregory, James J. H. , Marblehead.
Greig, George, Newton.
Groom. Thomas, Dorchester.
Grundel, Hermann, Dorchester.
Guild, J. Anson, Brookline.

Hadwen, Obadiah B., Worcester.

Hall, Edwin A., Cambridgeport.

Hall, George A., Chelsea.

Hall, George R., Fort George, Fla.

Hall, John R. , Roxbury.

Hall, Lewis, Cambridge.

Hall, Stephen A., Revere.

Hall, William F., Brookline.

Halliday, William H., South Boston.

388

MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTURAL SOCIETY.

HaiiuiKJiid, Gardner G., Boston.
Hammond, Samuel, Boston.
Hanson, P. G. , Wobnrn.
Hardinij, Charles L. , Camliridge.
Harding, George W., Boston.
Harding, Lewis B., Boston.
Harding, William C, Stamford, Ct.
Hardy, F. D., Jr., Cambridgeport.
Harrington, Leonar<l P.- Salem.
Harris, Charles, Cambridge.
Hart, William T., Boston.
Hastings, Levi W., Brookline.
Hathaway, Seth W., Marblehead.
Haughton, James, Boston.
Haven, Alfred W. , Portsmouth, N.H.
Haj'es, Daniel F., Exeter, N. H.
Hayes, Francis B., Lexington.
Hazeltine, Hazen, Boston.
Head, Charles D., Brookline.
Henshaw, Joseph P. B., Boston.
Heywood, George, Concord.
Hilbourn, A. J., Chelsea.
Hill, George, Arlington.
Hill, John, Stoneham.
Hilton, William, Boston.
Hitchings, E. H., Boston.
Hoar, Samuel, Concord.
Hodgkins, John E., Chelsea.
Hollis, George M., Grantville.
Hollis, John W., Allston.
Holt, Mrs. Stephen A., Winchester.
Hooper, Robert C, Boston.
Hooper, Thomas, Bridgewater.
Horner, Mrs. Charlotte N. S., George-
town.
Hovey, Charles H., Cambridgeport.
Hovey, Charles M., Cambridgeport.
Hovey, John C, Cambridgeport.
Hovey, Stillman S., Woburn.
Howe, George, Boston.
Hubbard, Charles T., Weston.
Hubbard, Gardner G., Cambridge.
Hubbard, James C, Everett.
Humphrey, F. J., Dorchester.
Humphrey, George W., Dedham.
Hunneman, Joseph H., Boston.

Hunnewell, Arthur, Wellesley.
Hunnewell, H. Hollis, Wellesley.
Hunnewell, Walter, Wellesley.
Hunt, Franklin, Boston.
Hunt, Moses, Charlestown.
Hunt, William H., Concord.
Hyde, James F. C, Newton.

Inches, Herman B., Boston.

Jackson, Abraham, Boston.
Jackson, Robert T., Dorchester.
Janvrin, William S., Revere.
Jeftries, John, Boston.
Jenks, Charles W., Boston.
Joyce, i\Irs. E. S., Medford.

Kakas, Edward, Medford.
Kendall, D. S., Woodstock, Ont.
Kendall, Edward, Cambridgeport.
Kendall, Joseph R., Oakland, Cal.
Kendrick, Mrs. H. P., Allston.
Kennard, Charles W., Boston.
Kennedy, George G., Milton.
Kent, John, Charlestown.
Keyes, E. W. , Denver, Col.
Keyes, George, Concord.
Kidder, Henry P., Boston.
Kidder, Nathaniel T., Boston.
Kimball, A. P., Boston.
King, Franklin, Dorchester. .
Kingman, Abner A., Brookline.
Kingman, C. D., Middleborough.
Kinney, John M., Boston.
Kinsley, Ljqnan, Cambridgeport.
Kittredge, E. A., Boston.

Lamb, Thomas, Boston.
Lancaster, Charles B., Newton.
Lane, John, East Bridgewater.
Lawrence, Amos A., Boston.
Lawrence, James, Boston.
Lawrence, John, Boston.
Lee, Henry, Boston.
Leeson, Joseph R., Newton Centre.
Lemme, Frederick, Arlington.
Leuchars, Robert B., Boston.

MEMBERS FOR LIFE.

38^

Lewis, A. S., Eramingliam.
Lewis, William G., Framingham.
Lincoln, George, Hingham.
Locke, William, H., Belmont.
Lockwood, Rhodes, Boston.
Lodge, G. Henry, Boston.
Loftns, John P., North Easton.
Looniis, Jason B., Boston.
Lord, George C, Newton.
Loring, Caleb W., Beverly Farms.
Loring, George B., Salem.
Lovett, George L. , West Newtou.
Low, Ariel, Roxbury.
Lowder, John, Watertowu.
Lowell, Angustns, Boston.
Luke, Elijah H., Cambridgeport.
Lnmb, William. Boston.
Lunt, Charles H., Jamaica Plain.
Lyman, Theodore, Brooklino.
Lyon, Henry, Charlestown.

^Nlahoney, John, Boston.
Mann, James F., Ipswich.
Mann, Jonathan, Milton.
^Manning, Jacob W., Reading.
Manning, Mrs. Lydia B., Reading.
Manning, Robert, Salem.
Manning, Warren H., Reading.
Marshall, Frederick, Everett.
Martin, Darius A., Chelsea.
Martin, John S., Roxbury.
Matthews, Nathan, Boston.
McCarty, Timothy, Providence, R.I.
McClure, John, Revere.
Melvin, James C, West Newtou.
Merriam, Herbert, Weston.
Merriam, M. H., Lexington.
Merrifield, William T., Worcester.
Metivier, James, Cambridge.
Minton, James, Boston.
Moore, John B., Concord.
Moore, John H. , Concord.
Morrill, Joseph, Jr., Roxbury.
Morse, Samuel F., Boston.
Morse, William A., Boston.
Motley, Thomas, Forest Hills.

Mudge, George A., Portsmouth,.

N. H.
Munroe, Otis, Boston.

Needham, Daniel, Grotou.

Nevins, David, Framingham.

Newhall, George, Dorchester.

Newman, J. R., Winchester.

Newton, Rev. William W., Pitts-
field.

Nickerson, Albert W., Marion.

Nickerson, Geoi'ge A., Dedham.

Norton, Charles W., Allstou.

Nourse, Benjamin F., Boston.

Nourse, Benjamin F. , Cambridge-
port.

Oakman, Hiram A., North Marsh-
field.
Osgood, James Ripley, Boston.
Oxnard, George D., Boston.

Packer, Charles H., Boston.
Page, Thomas, Boston.
Paige, Clifton H., Boston.
Parker, Augustus, Roxbury.
Parker, Mrs. Mary, Wakefield.
Pai'kman, Francis, Jamaica Plain.
Partridge, Henry, Dunkirk, N.Y.
Partridge, Horace, Cambridge.
Paul, Alfred W., Dighton.
Peabody, John E., Salem.
Pearce, John, West Roxbury.
Peck, 0. H., Denver, Col.
Peck, W. G., Arlington.
Peirce, Silas, Boston.
Penniman, A. P., Waltham.
Perkins, Augustus T., Boston.
Perkins, Edward N. , Jamaica Plain.
Perkins, William P., Wayland. ,
Perry, George W., Maiden.
Philbrick, William D., Newton

Centre.
Pierce, Dean, Brookline.
Pierce, George W., Everett.
Pierce, Henry L., Boston.

390

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Pierce, Samuel B., Dorchester.
Poole, Benjamin C, Chelsea.
Poor, John R., Somerville.
Potter, Joseph S., Arlington.
Prang, Louis, Roxbury.
Pratt, Laban, Dorchester.
Pratt, Lucius G. , West Newton.
Pratt, Robert M., Boston.
Pratt, William, Winchester.
Pray, Mark W., Beachmont.
Prescott, Eben C, Boston.
Prescott, William G., Boston.
Prescott, William G., Quincy.
Priugle, Cyrus G., Charlotte, Vt.
Proctor, Thomas P., AVest Roxbury.
Prouty, Gardner, Littleton.
Pulsifer, Royal M., Auburndale.
Putnam, Joshua H., Brookline.

Ramsay, A. H., Cambridge.

Rand, Miss E. L., Newton High-
lands.

Rand, Oliver J., Cambridgeport.

Rawson, Warren W., Arlington.

Jla.y, James F. , Franklin.

Ray, James P., Franklin.

Ray, Joseph G., Franklin.

Reed, George W., Boston.

Richards, John J., Boston.

Richardson, Charles E., Cambridge-
port.

Richardson, George C, Boston.

Rinn, J. Ph., Boston.

Robbins, I. Gilbert, Dorchester.

Bobbins, Nathan, Arlington.

Robeson, William R., Boston.

Robinson, John, Salem.

Robinson, Joseph B., AUston.

Rogers, John H., Boston.

Ross, Henry, Newtonville.

Ro'ss, M. Denman, Forest Hills.

Ross, Waldo O., Boston.

Ruddick, Dr. W. H., South Boston.

Russell, George, Woburn.

Russell, John E., Leicester.

Russell, Walter, Arlington.

Sampson , George R. , New York, N.Y.
Sanborn, Amos C, Cambridgeport.
Sanford, Oliver S., Hyde Pai^k.
Sargent, Charles S., Brookline.
Sargent, John O., Lenox Furnace.
Saville, Richard L., Brookline.
Sawtelle, Eli A., Boston.
Sawyer, Timothy T., Charlestown.
Scott, Charles, Newton.
Scudder, Charles W., Brookline.
Sears, J. Montgomery, Boston.
Seaver, Nathaniel, East Boston.
Seaver, Robert, Jamaica Plain,
Shaw, Christopher C, Milford, N.H.
Shaw, S. P., Cambridge.
Sheldon, Oliver S., Milton.
Shimmin, Charles F., Boston.
Shorey, John L., Lynn.
Skinner, Francis, Boston.
Smith, Benjamin G., Cambridge.
Smith, Calvin W., Grantville.
Smith, Charles H., Jamaica Plain.
Smith, Chauncey, Cambridge.
Smith, Edward N., San Francisco.
Smith, George O., Boston.
Smith, James H., Needham.
Smith, Whitman B., Roxbury.
Snow, Eben, Camliridge.
Snow, Miss Salome H., Brunswick,

Me.
Sparhawk, p]dward C. , Brighton.
Spaulding, Edward, Newton.
Spaulding, Mahlon D., Boston.
Speare, Alden, Newton Centre.
Spencer, Alfred W., Boston.
Springall, George, Maiden.
Springer, John, Sterling.
Stetson, Nahum, Bridgewater.
Stewart, William J., Winchester.
Stickney, Rufus B., Somerville.
Stimpson, George, New York, N.Y.
Stirapson, H. H., Cambridge.
Stone, Amos, Everett.
Stone, George F., Newton.
Stone, Phineas J., Charlestown.
Story, E. Augustus, Brighton.

MEMBERS FOR LIFE,

391

Strong, William C., Newtou Hi.^h-

lands.
Sturgis, John H., Brookline.
Sturgis, Russell, Jr., Boston.
Sturtevant, E. Lewis, Geneva, N.Y.
Surette, Louis A., Concord.
Swain, Charles D., Roxbury.

Taft, John B., Cambridge.
Tappan, Charles, Boston.
Taylor, Horace B., Boston.
Thayer, Henry, North Cambridge.
Thurlow, Thomas C, Newburyport.
Tidd, Marshall M., Woburn.
Tilton, Stephen W., Roxbury.
Todd, John, Hingham.
Tolman, Benjamin, Concord.
Tolman, Miss Harriet S., Boston.
Torrey, Everett, Charlestown.
Turner, John M., Dorchester.
Turner, Roswell W., Boston.
Turner, Royal W., Randolph.

Underwood, Guy C, Roxl)ury.
Underwood, William J., Belmont.

Vass, William J., Brookline.
Vinal, Miss Mary L. , Somerville.
Vose, Benjamin C, Hyde Park.

Wainwright, William L., Braintree.
Waketield, E. H., Camljridge.
Walcott, Edward, Pawtucket, R. L
Walcott, Henry P., Cambridge.
Wales, George ()., Braintree.
Walker, Edward C. R., Dedham.
Walker, Samuel A., Dedham.
Walker, Theophiius W., Waltham.
Walley, :Mrs. W. P., Boston.
Ward, John, Newton.
Wardwell, William H., Newton

Centre.
Ware, Benjamin P., Beach Bluft".
Warren, George W., Boston.
Washburn, Andi'ew, Hyde Park.
Wason, Elbridge, Brookline.

Waters, Edwin F., Newton Centre.
Waters, George F., Boston.
Watson, Thomas A., East Braintree.
Watts, Isaac, Waverly.
Webber, Aaron D., Boston.
Weld, Aaron D., West Roxbury.
Weld, George W., Newport, R. I.
Weld, Dr. Moses W., Boston.
Weld, Richard H., Boston.
Weld, William G., Boston.
West, Mrs. Maria L., Neponset.
Weston, Leonard W., Lincoln.
Weston, Seth, Revere.
Wheelwright, A. C., Boston.
Whipple, .John A., Boston.
Whitcoml), William B., Medford.
White, Benjamin C., Boston.
White, Edward A., Boston.
White, Francis A., Brookline.
Wliitely, Edward, Cambridge.
Whiting, Nathaniel, Brookline.
Whittle, George W., Somerville.
Whytal, Thomas G., New York, N.Y.
Wilbur, George B., West Newton.
Wilcutt, Levi L., West Roxbury.
Wilder, Edward Baker, Dorchester.
Wilder, Henrj^ A., Maiden.
Wilder, ilarshall P., Dm-chester.
Willard, E. W., Newport, R. I.
Williams, Aaron D., Boston.
Williams, Benjamin B., Boston.
Williams, Philander, Taunton.
Willis, George W., Chelsea.
Willis, .Toshua C, Boston.
Wilson, Henry W., Boston.
Wilson, William Power, Boston.
Woerd, Charles V., Waltham.
Woerd, Charles V., Jr., Waltham.
Wood, Luke H., Marlborough.
Wood, R. W., Jamaica Plain.
Wood, William K., West Newton.
Woods, Henry, Boston.
Woodward, Royal, Brookline.
Wright, George C. , West Acton.
Wrisley, Frank, New York, N. Y.

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

Abbot, Samuel L., Boston.
Allen, Andrew F. , Arii^igton.
Allen, Calvin, Roxbury.
Allen, C. L., Garden City, N. Y.
Ames, R. W., Boston.
Anderson, Charles J. , Longwood.
Atkinson, Charles M., Brookliue.
Atkinson, Edward, Brookline.
Atkinson, William B., Newbury-
port.

Bacon, Augustus, Roxbury.
Bacon, William, Roxbury.
Badlam, William H., Dorchester.
Barber, J. Wesley, Newton.
Bard, James, Framiugham.
Barker, John G., Lynn.
Batchelder, G. W., St. Albans, Vt.
Beard, Edward L., Cambridge.
Beebe, J. Arthur, Boston.
Beer, Carl, New York, N. Y.
Bird, John L., Dorchester.
Bliss, Benjamin K., Boston.
Bock, William A., North Cam-
bridge.
Bolles, Matthew, Boston.
Bolles, William P., Roxbury.
Bolton, John B., Somerville.
Boott, William, Boston.
Bottomly, Robert, Astoria, N. Y.
Bowditch, E. F., Framiugham.
Bowditch, James H., Brookline.
Bowker, Albert, East Boston.
Boyden, Clarence F., Taunton.
Bradlee, John T., Boston.
Breck, Charles H. , Brighton.
Breck, Charles H. B., Brighton.
Brooks, George, Brookliue.
Brown, Atherton T., Roxbury.

Brown, David H., West Medford.
Brown, Jonathan, Jr., Somerville.
Brown, Joseph T., Boston.
Bullard, George B., Hiugham.
Burley, Edward, Beverly.
Butler, Edward, Wellesley.

Carter, Miss Maria E., Woburn.
Cartwright, James, Wellesley.
Chaffin, John C, Newton.
Chapin, Gardner S., Chicago, lil.
Chase, Joseph S., Maiden.
Cheney, Amos P., South Natick.
Clai'k, James W., Framiugham.
Clark, Joseph, Manchester.
Clark, Joseph W., Dedham.
Clark, Theodore M., Newtonville.
Collins, Frank S., Maiden.
Comley, James, Lexington.
Crafts, William A., Boston.
Crosby, J. Allen, Jamaica Plain.
Cruickshanks, J. T., Natick.
Curtis, Daniel T., Milton Lower

Mills.
Curtis, Joseph H. , Boston.

Davenport, A. M., Watertown.
Davis, Frederick, Newton.
Davis, Thomas M., Cambridgeport.
DeMar, John A.. Brighton.
Ditson, Oliver, Boston.
Dolbear, Mrs. Alice J., College Hill.
Doogue, William, Boston.
Doran, Enoch E., Brookline.
Doyle, William E., East Cambridge.
Duffley, Daniel, Brookline.
Dupee, James A., Brookliue.

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

393

Eaton, Jacol), Cambridgeport.
Ed2:ar, William, Newtonville.

Farrier, Mrs. Cynthia, Stoneham.
Faxon, Edwin, Jamaica Plain.
Faxon, Marshall B., Melrose.
Felton. Arthur "W. , West Newton.
Fenno, Warren, Kevere.
Fergusson, Thomas M., Philadel-
phia, Pa.
Fisher, Sewall, Framingham.
Fletcher, Edwin, Acton.
Forbes, William H., Jamaica Plain.
Foster, Joshua T., Medford.
Fowle, Charles L., Dorchester.
Fowle, George W., Jamaica Plain.
French, William E.. Boston.
Frohock, Eoscoe R., Maiden.
Frost, Edward, Littleton.
Frost, George, West Newton.
Frost, Stiles, Newtonville.
Fuller, T. Otis, Needham.

Gane, Henry A., West Newton.
Gardiner, Claudius B., Newburyport.
Gardner, John, Boston.
Gibbon, Mrs. James A., Dorchester.
Giftbrd, Stephen N., Duxbuiy.
Gilbert, Samuel, Boston.
Gill, Mrs. E. M., Medford,
Gleason, Herbert, Maiden.
Godbold, Gustavus A., Chelsea.
Goddard, Thomas, Boston.
Goodwin, Lester, Brighton.
Gould, William P., Jamaica Plain.
Grant, Charles E., Concord.
Gray, Howard, Dorchester.
Gray, William, Jr., Dorchester.
Gray, William, 3rd, Dorchester.
Greene, Malcolm C., Dorchester.
Grew, Henry, Hyde Park.
Grover, William O., Boston.
Guerineau, Louis, Cambridge.

Hall, William T., Revere.
Hamlin, Delwin A., Allston.

Harris, Miss EllenM. , Jamaica Plain.
Harris Frederick L., South Natick.
Hartwell, Samuel, Lincoln.
Harwood, George S., Newton.
Hatch, Samuel, Boston.
Hayes, John L., Cambridge.
Hazelton, H. L., Hingham.
Hersey, Alfred H., Hingham.
Ilersey, Edmund, Hingham.
Heustis, Warren, Belmont.
Hewins, James, Medtield.
Hews, Albert H., North Cam-
bridge.
Hill, Benjamin D., Peat^ody.
Hill, Edwin S., Hyde Park.
Hill, J. Willard, Belmont.
Hill, Miss Katie A., Lowell.
Hinckley, Mrs. David F., Everett.
Howe, Rufus, Marlborough.
Hunt, Henry C, Newton.

Ireland, George W., Somerville.

Jameson, G. W. , East Lexington.
Johnson, J. Frank, Boston.
Jones, Moses, Brookline.
Jordan, Samuel, Yarmouth.
Judkins, Rev. B., West Dedham.

Kelley, George B., Jamaica Plain.
Kendall, Jonas, Framingham.
Kenrick, Miss Anna C, Newton.

Lamprell, Simon, Marblehead.
Lang, John H. B., Boston.
Langmaid, Mrs. Mary, Somerville.
Langworthy, Rev. Isaac P , Chelsea.
Lee, Charles J., Dorchester.
Lee, Francis H., Salem.
Livermore, Miss Maria, Mount

Auburn.
Loriug, Charles G., Boston.
Loring, John A., Boston.
Lothrop, David W., West Medford.
Lothrop, H. A., Sharon.

394

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Lothrop, Thornton K., B<^ston.
Lowell, John, Newton.

Manda, William A. , Cambridge.
Marcoii, Mrs. J., Cambridge.
Markoe, George F. H., Roxbury.
Martin, William J., Milton.
Ma}', F. W. G. , Boston.
McDermott, Andrew, Roxbury.
Mcintosh, Aaron S., Roxbury.
McLaren, Anthony, Forest Hills.
McMillan, Robert, Whitiusville.
Meriam, Dr. Horatio C, Salem.
Merrill, J. Warren, Camln-idgeport.
Merrill, S. A., Wollaston.
Meston, Alexander, Andover.
Mills, William, Somerville.
Minton, Peter J., Forest Hills.
Morandi, Francis, Maiden.
Morandi, Francis W., ^Maiden.
Morton, James H., Mount Hope.
Murray, Daniel D., Brookline.
Muzzey, Rev. Artemas B., Cam-
bridge.

Nelson, Mrs. Thomas L., Worcester.
Nightingale, Rev. Crawford, Dor-
chester.
Norton, Michael H., Boston.
Norton, Patrick, Boston.

O'Brien. James, Jamaica Plain.

Park, William I)., Boston.
Parker, George A.. Halifax.
Parker, John, Boston.
Patterson, James, Cambridge.
Payson, Samuel R. , Boston.
Peirce, George H., Concord.
Petremant, Robert, Roxbury.
Phillips, Nathaniel, Dorchester.
Pierce, Sanuiel H., Lincoln.
Plimpton, Willard P., West Newton.
Power, Charles J., South Framing-
ham.
Pratt. Mrs. Mary L., Hingham.
Prince, Thomas, Roxbury.

Purdie, George A., Wellesley Hills.
Putnam, Charles A., Salem.
Putnam, Henry W., Salem.

Randall, Macey, Sharon.
Richards, John S., Brookline.
Richardson. E. P., Lawrence.
Richardson, Horace, Framingham.
Richardson, Spencer W., Boston.
Ridler, Charles E.. Boston.
Roberts, Edward, Hyde Park.
Rol)inson, William, North Easton.
Ross, Charles W., NcAvtonville.

Saflerd, Nathaniel F., Milton.
Saunders, Miss Mary T., Salem.
Saville, George, Quincy.
Sawtell, J. M., Fitchburg.
Schmitt, Georg A., Wellesley.
Scott, Augustus E., Lexington.
Scott, George H., Allston.
Scudder, Samuel H., Cambridge.
Shattuck, Frederick R., Roxbury.
Shedd, Abraham B.. Lexington.
Shedd, Arthur B., Chicago. 111.
Sheppard, Edwin, Lowell.
Sheppard, S. A. D.. Newton.
Snow, Eugene A., Melrose.
Southworth, Edward, Quincy.
Spooner, William H., Jamaica Plain.
Squire, John P., Arlington.
Stearns, jCharles H., Brookline.
Stevenson, Hamilton, Woburn.
Stone, Samuel G., Charlestown.
Storer, Charles, Natick.
Story, jNIiss Sarah W., Brighton.
Strahan, Thomas, Chelsea.
Sullivan, Julius L. 1)., Somerville.
Swan, Charles W., Boston.

Tail])y, Joseph, Wellesley.
Talbot, Josiah W., Norwood.
Temple, Felker L , Somerville.
Tei-williger, S. F., Saratoga Springs^

N. Y.
Tillinghast, Joseph, New Bedford.

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

395

Tobey, Miss M. B., Brookline.
Tobey, S. Edwin, Boston.
Torrey, Bradford, Boston.
Trautman, ftlartin, Boston.
Turner, Nathaniel W., Boston.

Van dei-Veur, P.W., New York,N.Y.
Vanglian,,T. C, Chicago. III.

Walker, Charles H., Chelsea.

Walker, Joseph T., Watertown.N.Y.

Walker, William P., Somerville.

Waterer, Hosea. South Natick.

Webster, John, Salem.

Weld, Christopher Minot, Jamaica
Plain.

Weld, Francis M., Jamaica Plain.

Wellington, Miss C. , East Lexing-
ton.

Wells, Benjamin T., Newton.

Weston, Mrs. L. P., Danvers.

Wheatland, Henry, Salem.
White, Nelson B., Norwood.
Whitney, Joel, Winchester.
Whitou, Starkes, Hingham Centre.
Wilde, Hiram, Randolph.
Wilmarth, Henry D., Jamaica Plain.
Wilson, B. Osgood, Watertown.
Wilson, George W., Maiden.
Wiswall, Henry M., Watertown.
Withington, H. H., Jamaica Plain.
Wolcott, Mrs. Henrietta L. T.,

Boston.
Wood, Mrs. Anna D.,West Newton.
Wood, E. W West Newton.
Woodfoi'd, Joseph H., Newton.
Woolsou, George C, Passaic, N. J.
Worthington, Roland, Roxbury.
Wright, Daniel, Lowell.

Zirngicbel, Denys, Needham.

EXTRACTS FROM THE CONSTITUTION AND HY-LAWS.

SECTION XXVI.— Life Mkmbkrs.
The payment of thirty dollars shall constitute a Life Membership, and
exempt the menil^er from all future assessments ; and any member having
once paid an admission fee may become a Life Member by the payment of
twenty dollars in addition thereto.

SECTION XXVII. — Admission Fee and Annual Assessment.

Every subscription member, before he receives his diploma, or exer-
cises the privileges of a member, shall pay the sum of ten dollars as an
admission fee, and shall be subject afterwards to an annual assessment
of two dollars.

SECTION XXIX. — Discontinuance of Membership.
Any member who shall neglect for the space of two years to pay his
annual assessment shall cease to be a member of the Society, and the
Treasurer shall erase his name from the List of Members.

The attention of Annual Members is particularly called to Section XXIX.

HONORARY MEMBERS.

A * denotes the member deceased. Correspondents of the Society and others will confer a favor by com-
municating to the Secretary information of the decease, change of residence, etc., of Honorary or
Corresponding Members. ■

♦Benjamin Abbott, LL.D., Exeter, N. H.

*JOHN Abbott, Brunswick, Me.

*HoN. John Quincy Adams, LL.D., late Pre.sideut of the United States,
Quincy.

*Profes.sor Loris Agassiz, Cambridge.

♦William T. Aiton, late Curator of the Royal Gardens, Kew, England.

♦Thomas Allen, late President of the St. Louis Horticultural Society,
St. Louis, Mo., and Pittsfield, Mass.

♦Hon. Samuel Appleton, Boston.

♦Hon. James Aknold, New Bedford.

♦Edward Nathaniel Bancroft, M.D., late President of the Horticul-
tural and Agricultural Society of Jamaica.

♦Hon. Philip P. Barbour, Virginia.

♦Don Angel Calderon de la Barca, late Spanish Minister at Wash-
ington.

♦Robert Barclay, Bury Hill, Dorking, Surrey, England.

♦James Beekman, New York.

♦L'AbbA Berlese, Paris.

♦Nicholas Biddle, Philadelphia.

♦Dr. Jacob Bigelow, Boston.

♦Mrs. Lucy Bigelow, Medford. -^

♦Le Chevalier Soulange Bodin, late Secretaire G6n6ral de la Societe

d'Horticulture de Paris.
Hon. George S. Boutwell, Groton.

♦JosiAH Bradlee, Boston.

♦Hon. George N. Briggs, Pittsfield.

♦Hon. James Buchanan, late President of the United States, Lancaster,
Penn.

♦Hon. Jesse Buel, late President of the Albany Horticultural Society,
Albany, N.Y.

♦Hon. Edmund Burke, late Commissioner of Patents. Washington. D.C.

♦Augustin Pyramus de Caxdolle, Geneva, Switzerland.

♦Hon. Horace Capron, late U. S. Commissioner of Agriculture, Wash-
ington, D. C.

♦Commodore Isaac Chauncey, U. S. Navy, Brooklyn, N. Y.

♦Ward Chipjian, late Chief-Justice of New Brunswick, St. John.

HONORARY MEMBERS. 397

*Lewi.s Clapikr, Philadelphia.

*HoN. Henry Clay, Lexington, Ky.
H. W. S. Cleveland, Minneapolis, Minn.

*Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin, Bart., England.

*Zaccheus Collins, late President of the Pennsylvania Horticultural
Society, Philadelphia.

*Roswell L. Colt, Paterson, N. J.
Caleh Cope, ex-President of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society,
Philadelphia.

* William Coxe, Burlington, N. J.

*JoHN P. CusHiNG, Watertown.

*Charles VV. Dabney, late U. S. Consul, Fayal, Azores.

*HoN. John Davis. LL.D., Boston.

*Sir Humphry Davy, London.

*Gen. Henry Alexander Scammel Dearborn, Roxbury.

♦J.oiES Dickson, late Vice-President of the Horticultural Society of
London.

*Mrs. Dorothy Dix, Boston.

*Capt. Jesse D. Elliot, U. S. Navy.

*HoN. Stephen Elliot, LL.D., Charleston, S. C.

*HoN. Henry L. Ellsworth, late Commissioner of Patents, Washing-
ton, D. C.

*Allyn Charles Evanson, late Secretary of the King's County Agricul-
tural Society, St. John, N. B.

*Hon. Edward Everett, LL.D., Boston.

*HoN. Horace Everett, Vermont.

*F. Faldermann, late Curator of the Imperial Botanic Garden, St.
Petersburg.

*HoN. Millard Fillmore, late President of the United States, Buttalo, N.Y.

*Dr. F. E. Fischer, late Professor of Botany at the Imperial Botanic
Garden, St. Petersburg.

*HoN. Theodore Frelinghuysen, late President of the American Agri-
cultural Society, New Brunswick, New Jersey.

*JosEPH Gales, Jr., late Vice-President of the Horticultural Society,
Washington, D. C.

*George Gibbs, New Yoi'k.

♦Stephen Girard, Philadelphia.

*HoN. Robert T. Goldsborough, Talbot County, Maryland.

*Ephr.um Goodale, South Orrington, Maine.

*Mrs. Rebecca Gore, Waltham.

*HoN. John Greig, late President of the Domestic Horticultural Society,
Canandaigua, N.Y.

*Mrs. Mary GRirFrm, Charlieshope, N. J.

*Gen. William Henry Harrison, late President of the United States,
North Bend, Ohio.

*S. P. Hildreth, M.D., Marietta, Ohio.

398 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

*TiiOMAS Hoi'KiKK, late President of the Glasgow Hoi'ticultural Society.

*David Hosack, M.l)., late Pi'esident of the New York Horticultural
Society.

*Lewis Hunt, Huntsljurg, (,)hio.

*JosEPH R. Ingeksoll, late President of the Pennsylvania Horticultural
Society, Philadelphia.

*Gen. Andkkav Jackson, late President of the United States, Nasliville,
Tenn.

*Mks. Mautiia Johoxxot, Salem.

*Jared Potter Kuitland, M.D., LL.D., East Rockport, Ohio.

*Thomas Andrew KniCtHT, late President of the Horticultural Society of
London.

*Gen. La Fayette, La Grange, France.

*Le Comte De Lasteyrie, late Vice-President of the Horticultural
Society of Paris.
L. A. H. Latour, M. p., Montreal, Canada.

*Baron Justus Leibig, Giessen, Germany.

*Prof. John Lindley, late Secretary of the Horticultural Society of
London.

*Franklin LiTcnEiEEi), late U. S. Consul at Puerto Cahello, Venezuela.

*JosiurA LoNGSTRETii, Philadelphia.

*Nicholas Loxgworth, Cincinnati, Ohio.

*Jacoj{ LoRiLLARi), late President of the New Y'ork Horticultural Society.

*JoiiN C. Loudon, Londop.

*HoN. John A. Lowell. Boston.

*Baron Charles Ferdinand Henry Von Ludwig, late Vice-President
of the South African Literary and Scientific Institution, Cape
Town, Cape of Good Hope.

*HoN. Theodore Lyman, Brookline.
Col. Theodore Lyman, Brookline.

*H0N. James Madison, late President of the United States, Montpelier.Va.

*Mrs. Charlotte Maryatt. Wimljledon, near London.
Joseph Maxwell, Rio Janeiro.

*I). Smith McCauley, late U. S. Consul-General, Tripoli.

*HoN. Isaac McKim, late President of the Horticultural Society of Mary-
land, Baltimore.
Rev. James H. Means, Dorchester, Mass.

*James Mease, M.D., Philadelphia.

*Lewis John Mentens, Brussels, Belgium.

*HoN. Charles F. Mercer, Virginia.

*FRANqois AndrI^: Michaux, Paris.
Donald G. Mitch kll, New Haven, Conn.

♦Samuel L. Mitchill, M.D., LL.D., New York.

*HoN. James Monroe, late President of the United States, Oak Hill, Va.

*Alfred S. Monson, M.D., late President of the New Haven Horticul-
tural Society, New Haven, Conn.

HONORARY MEMBERS. 399

*HoN. A. N. Moiux, Montreal, Canada.
*Th6odorp: Mosselmann, Antwerp, Belgium.
Baron K. Von Ostkn Sackrx, Heidelberg, Germany.
*Baron Ottenfels, late Austrian Minister to the Ottoman Porte.
*JoHN Palmer, Calcutta.
*HoN. Joel Parker, LL.D., Cambridge.
Samuel B. Parsons, Flusliing, N.Y.
*HoN. Thomas H. Perkins, Brookline.

*A. PoiTEAU, late Professor in the Institut Horticole de Fromont.
*HoN James K. Polk, late President of the United States, Nashville,

Tenn.
*JoiiN Hare Powel, Powelton, Pa.
*Henry Pratt, Philadelphia.
*WiLLiAM Prince, Flushing, N.Y.
*Rev. George Pitnam. D.D., Koxbuiy.
*C()L. Joel Katiiijone, late President of the Albany and Rensselaer

Horticultural Society, Albany, N.Y.
*Archibali> John, Earl of Roseberry, late President of the Caledonian

Horticultural Society.
*JosEPH Sabine, late Secretary of the Horticultural Society of Loudon.
*DoN Ramon de la Sagra, Havana, Cul)a
*Henry Winthrop Sargent. Fishkill, N.Y.
*SiR Walter Scott, Abbotsford, Scotland.

*JOHN Shepherd, late Curator of the Botanic Garden, Liverpool, England.
*JoHN S. Skinner, late Editor of the American Farmer, Baltimore, Md.
George W. Smith, Boston.
*Stephen H. Smith, late President of the Rhode Island Horticultural

Society.
*HoN. Charles Sumner, Boston.
*HoN. John Tali.4Ferro, Virginia.
*Gen. James Talmadge, late President of the Ainericau Institute, New

York.
*Gen. Zachary T.vylor, late President of the United States, Baton

Rouge, La.
*James Thacher, M.D., Plymouth.
John J. Thomas, Union Springs, N.Y.
* James W. Thompson., M.D., Wilmington, Del.
*Grant Thorrurn, New York.
*M. Du Petit Thouars, Paris.
*Le Vicomte Hi::ricart de Thury, late President of the Horticultural

Society of Paris.
*MoNS. Tougard, late President of the Horticultural Society of Rouen,

France.
*Gen. Nathan Towson, late President of the Horticultural Society,

Washington, D. C.
*HoN. John Tyler, late President of the United States, Williamsburg, Va.

400 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

*Rev. Joseph Tyso, Wallingford, England.

*HoN. Martin Van Buren, late President of the United States, Kinder-
hook, N.Y.

*Federai. VANDERBtTRG, M.D., New York.

*Jean Bai'tiste Van Mons, M.D., Brussels, Belgium.

*Gen. Stephen Van Rensselaer, Albany, N.Y.

♦Joseph R. Van Zandt, Albany, N. Y.

*Ben.iamin Vaughan, M.D., Hallowell, Me.

*Petty Vaitghan, London.

*Rev. N. Villeneuve, Montreal, Canada.

*Pierre Philippe Andr^ Vilmorin, Paris.

*James Wadsworth, Geneseo, N. Y.

♦Nathaniel Wallich, M.D., late Cnrator of the Botanic Garden, Calcutta.

*Malthus A.Ward, M.D., late Professor in Franklin College, Athens, Ga.

*HoN. Daniel Webster, Marshfield.

*Hox. John Welles, Boston.

♦Jeremiah Wilkinson, Cumberland, R. I.
Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, Boston.

♦Frederick Wolcott, Litchfleld, Conn.

♦Ashton Yates, Liverpool, England.

♦Lawrence Young, late President of the Kentucky Horticultural Society,
Louisville.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

*JoHN Adlum, Georgetown, D. C.

*DoN Francisco Aguilar y Leal, late U. S. Vice-Consnl at Maldonado,

Bauda Oriental del Uruguay.
*MoNS. Alfroy, Lieusaint, France.

*James T. Allan, late President of the Nebraska State Horticultural
Society, Omaha, Neb.

A. B. Allp:n, New York.
*Rev. Thomas D. Anderson, D.D., South Boston.
*Thomas Appleton, late U. S. Consul at Leghorn, Italy.
*CoL. Thomas Aspinwall, late U. S. Consul at London, Brookline.

P. M. Augur, State Pomologist, Middlefield, Conn.
*Isaac Cox Baknet, late U. S. Consul at Paris.

Patrick Barry, ex-Chairman of the General Fruit Committee of the

American Pomological Societj^ Rochester, N. Y.
♦Augustine Batimann, Bolwiller, Alsace.
*EuGfiNE Achille Baumann, Railway, N. J.
♦Joseph Bernard Baumann, Bolwiller, Alsace.

Napoleon Baumann, Bolwiller, Alsace.

D. W. Beadle, St. Catherine's, Ontario.

Professor W. J. Beal, Lansing, Michigan.
*NoEL J. Becar, Brooklyn, N. Y.
*Edward Beck, Worton College, Isleworth, near London.

Rev. Henry "Ward Beecher, Peekskill, N. Y.
*Louis JCdouard Berckmans, Rome, Ga.

Prosper J. Berck.^ians, Augusta, Ga.
♦Alex^vnder BiyoRT, late Secretary of the Society Van Mons, Fleurus,

Belgium.
*Tripet Le Blanc, Paris,

♦Charles D. Bragdon, Pulaski, Oswego Co., N. Y.
♦William D. BrinckliI:, M.D., Philadelphia.
=*Georgk Brown, late U. S. Commissioner to the Sandwich Islands,

Beverly.
♦John W. Brown, Fort Gaines, Ga.
♦Dr. Neiiemiah Brush, East Florida.
♦Arthur Bryant. Sr., late President of the Illinois State Horticultura

Society, Princeton, 111.
♦Robert Buist, Philadelphia.
♦Dr. E. W. Bull, Hartford, Conn.

402 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

William Bull, Cliebea, Euiilaud.

Eev. Egbert Burnet, ox-Presideut of the Ontario Fruit Growers'
Association, Burlington, Ontario.

Alexander Burton, United States Consul at Cadiz, Spain.

IsiDOR Bush, Bushberg, Jeflerson Co., Mo.

George W. Campbell, Delawai'e, Ohio.
♦Francis G. Carnes, New York.
*CoL. Robert Carr, Philadelphia.
*Rev. John O. Choules, D.D., Newport, R. I.
*Re\'. Henry Colman, Boston.
*Jame8 Colvill, Chelsea, England.

Benjamin E. Cotting, M.D., Boston.
*Samuel L. Dana, M.D., Lowell.
*J. Decaisne, late Professeurde Culture au Museum d'Histoire Naturelle,

Jardin des Plantes, Paris.
*James Deering, Portland, Me.
*H. F. Dickehut.

*SiR C. Wentworth Dilke, Bart., London.
*HoN. Allen W. Dodge, Hamilton.

Rev. H. Honywood D'O.mbrain, Westwell Vicarage, Ashford , Kent,

England.
*Andrew Jackson Downing, Newburg, N.Y.
♦Charles Downing, Newburg, N.Y.

Parker Earle, Cobden, 111.
*F. R. Elliott, late Secretary of the American Pomological Society*
CleAeland, Ohio.

George Ellwanger, Rochester, N.Y.
♦George B. Emerson, LL.D., Winthrop.
♦Ebenezer Emmons, M.D., Williamstown.
♦Andrew II. Ernst, Cincinnati, O.
*N.\THANiKL Fellows, Cn])a.
♦Henry J. Finn, Newport, R. I.
♦W. C. Flagg, late Secretary of the American Pomological Society,

Moro, 111.
♦Michael Floy, late Vice-President of the New York Horticultural

Society, New York City.
♦John Fox. Washington, D. C.
♦Hon. RrssELL Freeman, Sandwich.

Andrew S. Fuller, Ridgewood. N. J.

Henry Weld Fuller, Roxl)ury.

Hon. Robert W. Furnas, President of the Neljraska State Horticul-
tural Society, BroAvuville, Neb.
*AuGuSTiN Gande, late President of the Horticultural Society, Depart-
ment of Sarthe, France.
♦Robert H. Gardiner, Gardiner, Me.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS- 403

*Ben.jamin Gaudnek, late U. S. Consul at Palermo, Sicily.
*CArT. James T. Gerry, U. S. Navy.

♦Abraham P. Gibson, late U. S. Consul at St. Petersburg.
*R. GhEXDiNNiNG, Cliiswick, near London.

Professor George L. Goodale, Cambridge.
*George W. Gordon, late U. S. Consul at Rio Janeiro.

Professor Asa Gray, Cambridge.

Obadiah B. Hadwen, ex-President of the Worcester County Horti-
cultural Society, Worcester.
♦Charles Henry Hall, New York.
♦Abraham Halsey, late Corresponding Secretary of the New York

Horticultural Society, New York.
♦Dr. Charles C Hamilton, late President of the Fruit Growers' Asso-
ciation and International Show Society of Nova Scotia.
*Rev. Thaddeus Mason Harris, D.D., Dorchester.
♦Thaddeus William Harris, M.D., Cambridge.
♦John Hay, late Architect of the Caledonian Horticultural Society.
♦Bernard Henry, lateU. S. Consul at Gibraltar, Philadelphia.

Shirley Hibberd, Editor of the Gardeners' Magazine, London.
♦J. J. Hitchcock, Baltimore.

Robert Hogg, LL.D., Editor of the .Journal of Horticulture, Loudon.
♦Thomas Hogg, New York.

Thomas Hogg, New York.

J. C. Holding, ex-Treasurer and Secretary of the Cape of Good Hope
Agricultural Society, Cape Town, Africa.

Rev. S. Reynolds Hole, Caunton Manor, Newark, Nottinghamshire,
England.

Sir Joseph Hooker, K. C. S. 1., Director of tJie Royal Botanic Garden,
Kew, England.

Josiah Hoopes, West Chester, Penn.

Professor E. N. Horsford, Cambridge.
♦Sanford Howard, Cliicago, 111.

♦Dr. William M. Howsley, late President of tlie Kansas State Horti-
cultural Society, Leavenworth.
♦Isaac Hunter, Baltimore, Md.
♦Isaac Hurd, Cincinnati, Ohio.

George Husmann, Napa, Cal.

♦Professor Isaac W. Jackson, Union College, Schenectady, N. Y.
♦Thomas P. Jajies, Cambridge.
♦Edward Jarvis, M.D., Dorchester.

J. W. P. Jenks, Middlel)orough.

Charles Joly, Paris.

William J. Johnson, M.D., Fort Gaines, Ga.

Samuel Kneeland, M.D. , Boston.

♦Mons. Laffay, St. Cloud, near Paris, France.

404 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

*David Landreth, late Corresponding Secretary of the Pennsylvania
Horticultural Society, Bristol, Pa.
C. C. Langdon, Mobile, Alabama.
*Dr. Willia:\i LeBaron, late State Entomologist, GencA'a, 111.
Max Leichtlin, Baden-Baden, Germany.
G. F. B. Leighton, Pi'esident of the Norfolk Horticultural and Pomo-

logical Society, Norfolk, Va.
ViCTOK Lemoine, Nancy, France.
*E. S. H. Leonard, M.D., Providence, R. I.

*Andr1^; Leroy, Author of the Dictionnaire de Pomologie, Angers,
France,
J. Linden, Ghent, Belgium,
Hon. George Lunt, Scituate,
*F. W. Macondray, San Francisco, Cal.

* James J. Mapes, LL.D., Newark, N. J.

*A. Mas, late President of the Horticultural Societj', Bourg-eu-Bresse,
France.

Dr. Maxwell T. Masters, Editor of the Gardeners' Chronicle, London.
*James Maury, late U. S. Consul at Liverpool, England.

T. C Maxwell, Geneva, N. Y.
*William Sharp McLeay, New York.
*James McNab, late Cui*ator of the Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, Scotland.

Thomas Meehan, Editor of the Gardener's Monthly, Germantown, Pa.

* Allan Melvill, New York.

*JoHN Miller, M.D., late Secretary of the Horticultural and Agricul-
tural Society of Jamaica.
^Stephen Mills, Flushing, N. Y.
♦Charles M'Intosh, Dalkeith Palace, near Edinburgh.

Joseph E. Mitchell, President of the Pennsylvania Horticultural

Society, Philadelphia.
*GiusEPPE Monarchini, M.D., Canea, Isle of Candia.

£douard Morren, Editor of the Belgique Horticole, Liege, Belgium.
*HoRATio Newhall, M.D., Galena, 111.

*David W. Offley, late U. S. Consular Agent at Smyrna, Turkey.
*James Ombrosi, lateU. S. Consul at Florence, Italy.
*John J. Palmer, New York.
*ViCTOR Paquet, Paris.

♦John W. Parker, late LT. S. Consul at Amsterdam, Holland.
♦ANDRf: Parmentier, Brooklyn, N. Y.

William Paul, Waltham Cross, London, N.
*SiR Joseph Paxton, M.P., Chatsworth, England.
*John L. Payson, late U. S. Consul at Messina, Sicily.
♦Com. Matthew C. Perry, U. S. Navy, Charlestown.
♦David Porter, late U. S. Charge d' Affaires at the Ottoman Porte, Con-
stantinople.
♦Alfred Stratton Prince, Flushing, N. Y.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS. 405

*WiLLiAM Robert Prince, Flushing, N. Y.

P. T. QuiNN, Newark, N. J.
*Rev. W. F. Radclyffe, London, England.
*WiLLiAM Foster Redding, Baltimore, Md.

D. Redmond, Ocean Springs, Miss.

Dr. Edward Regel, St. Petersburg, Russia.

Dr. S. Reynolds, Schenectady, N. Y.
*JoHN H. Richards, M.D., Illinois.

Charles V. Riley, Entomologist to the U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D. C.
*Moxs. J. RiNZ, Jr.. Frankfort-on-the-Maiu, Germany.
*Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, Herts, England.

William Robinson, Editor of The Garden, Loudon.
*Bernhard Roeser, M.D., Bamberg, Bavaria.
*Dr. J. Smith Rogers, New York.
*Capt. William S. Rogers, U. S. Navy.
♦Thomas Rotch, Philadelphia.
*George R. Russell, Roxl)ury.

John B. Russell, Newmarket, N. J.
*Rev. John Lewis Russell, Salem.

AVilliam Saunders, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. 0.
*William Shaler, late U. S. Consul-General at Havana, Cuba.
*WiLLiAM Shaw, New York.
*Caleb R. Smith, Burlington, N. J.
*Daniel D. Smith, Burlington, N. J.

*GiDEON B. Smith, late Editor of the American Farmer, Baltimore, Md.
*John Jay' Smith, Germantown, Penn.
*HoRATio Sprague, late U. S. Consul at Gibraltar.

Robert W. Starr, Port William, Nova Scotia.

Dr. Joseph Stayman, Leavenworth, Kansas.
*Capt. Thomas Holdup Stevens, U. S. Navy, Middletown, Conn.
♦William Fox Strangeway, late British Secretary of Legation at
Naples, Italy.

Dr. J. Strentzel, Martinez, Cal.
♦Judge E. B. 'Strong, Rochester, N. Y.
♦James P. Sturgis, Canton, China.

William Summer, Pomaria, S. C

Francis Summerest.
♦Professor Michele Tenore, late Director of the Botanic Garden at

Naples, Italy.
♦James Englebert Teschemacher, Boston.
♦Robert Thompson, Chiswick, near London.
♦George C. Thorburn, New York.

Professor George Thurber, Editor of the American Agriculturist,

New York.
♦John Tilson, Jr., EdAvardsville, Illinois.

406 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

*Cav. Doct. Vincenzo Tineo, late Director of the Botanic Garden at

Palermo,
*LuTHER TucKEB, late Editor of the Cultivator, Albany, N. Y.
♦Carey Tyso, AVallinsifonl, England.
*Louis Van Houtte, Ghent, Belftinm.
*Alexander Vattemare, Paris.
*Emilien de Waei., late Secretary of the Horticultural Society, Antwerp,

Belgium.
♦John A. Warder, M.D., late President of the (3hio State Horticultural
Society, North Bend, Ohio.

Anthony Waterer, Knapp Hill, near Woking, Surrey, England.
*J. Ambrose Wight, late Editor of the Prairie Farmer, Chicago, 111.

BEN.JAMIN Samuel Williams, Upper HoUoway, London, N.

Professor John Wilson, Edinburgh University, Scotland.
♦William Wilson, New York.
*HoN. J. F. Wingate, Bath, Me.
♦Gen. Joshua Wingate, Portland, Me.
♦Joseph Augustus Winthrop, Charleston, S. C.

CONTENTS.

Business Meeting, April 4, 1885; Report of Committee on Amending the
Constitution and By-Laws, pp. 225, 226; Special Prizes for Roses, 226;
Members elected, 226

Business Meeting, May 2; Memorial of Hervey Davis, pp. 227, 228; Member

elected 228

Business Meeting, June 6; Decease of P. B. Hovey announced, p. 228;
Delegates to American Pomological Society, 228, 229; Invitation to that
Society, 22'J; Bequest of Benjamin B. Davis, 229; Special Prizes for
Hyacinths, 229, 230; Letter from American Forestry Congress, . . 230

Business Meeting, June 13; Invitation to American Pomological Society,
p. 230; Co-operation with American Forestry Congress, 230; Motion
concerning Award of Prizes, 230, 231; Members elected, . • . . 231

Business Meeting, July 11; Committee on Meeting of Forestry Congress,
p. 231; Resolutions in memory of P. B. Hovey, 231, 232; Amendments to
Constitution and By-Laws adopted, 232, 233; List of Bulb Prizes
ordered, 233; Prizes for Reports, 233; Members elected, ... 233

Business Meeting, August 1; Bulb Prizes reported, 233; Appropriation
approved, 233; Prizes offered for Reports, 233; Additional Delegates to
American Pomological Society, 234; Change of Exhibition day, 234;
Election of Members, 234; Committee on Nominations, .... 234

Business Meeting, September 5; Report of Nominating Committee pre-
sented, p. 234; Additional Delegates to American Pomological Society,
234; Photographs from M. Ch. Joly, 235; Members elected, ... 235

Business Meeting, September 19, 235

Business Meeting, October 3; Annual Election, pp. 235, 236; Members

elected, 236; Additional Appropriation for Flower Committee, . . 236

Business Meeting, November 7; Appropriation approved, p. 236; Appro-
priations for Prizes for 1886, 237; Excess of members elected to the
Committee of Arrangements, 237; Invitation from California State
Board of Agriculture, 237; Committee on Amendments to Constitution
and By-Laws, 237; Members elected, 238

Business Meeting, December 5; Reports of Committees on Forestry Con-
gress, Plants and Flowers, Fruits, and Vegetables read, p. 238; Report
of Committee on Amendment of Constitution and By-Laws, 238;
Decease of Charles O. Whitmore announced, 238, 239; List of Prizes
for 18S6 adopted, 239; Awarding of Prizes for Reports, 239; Excess in
number of Committee of Arrangements, 239; Members elected, . . 239

Business Meeting, December 2; Reports of Librarj' Committee, Com-
mittee on Nomenclature, and Secretary and Librarian read, pp. 239,
240; Vote concerning Nomenclature, 240; Members' Tickets, 240;
Members in Arrears and non-payment of Entrance Fees, . . . 240

Business Meeting, December 26; Resolutions in memory of Charles O.
Whitmore, pp. 241, 242; Reports of Committee of Arrangements and
Committee on Gardens read, 242, 243; Additional Appropriations for
1886 recommended, 243; Offer of Prizes for Seedling Grapes approved,
243; Appointment of Secretary, and Treasurer, 243; Books from William
Paul, 243; Vote concerning Entries of Plants and Flowers, . . . 244

COXTEyX:

PJIGE

Kepobt of the CoMitiTTEE OX PLiXTS AXD FLOWERS; Introduction,
p. 245: Satorday Exhibitions, 2-16, 247: Spring Exhibition, 247-250; May-
Exhibition, 250: Rhododendron Show, 251, 252; Rose and Strawberry
Exhibition, 252, ii3: Saturday Exhibitions, 253-2-55; Annual Exhibition,
255-257; Saturday Exhibition, 257,258; Chrysanthemum Show, 25S-262;
Herbaceous Plants, "262; Prospective Prizes, 262; Prizes and Gratuities

awarded 263-285

Repokt of the CoitMrrrEE os Fkctts, pp. K6-290; Prizes and Gratuities

awarded • . 291-305

Report of the CoiDUTTEE ox Vegetables, pp. 306-310; Prizes and Gra-
tuities awarded 311-322

Report of the CoititrrrEE ox Gardex's; Introduction, p. 323; The Mid-
dlesex FeUs, 323-325: Garden of Mrs. Mary E Goddard, 325, 326; Vine-
yards, 326, 327: Jonas P. Haywards, 327-329; Samuel Hartwell's. 329-
331; Mr. Hartwell's Melon Culture, 331, 332: The Arnold Arboretum,
332-340; Boston Asylum and Farm School, 340, 341; Conclusion. . . 341,342

Report of the Cosdottke OF Arraxgemxx-ts, 343,344

Report op the Cojchittee ox the AiiERiCAJX Forkstbt Coxgress. . 354

Report of the CoiorirrBE ox Pcblicattox axt) Discrssiox, . . . 346, 347
Report of the Committee ox^ the Library, pp. 345-550; Library Acces-
sions,—Books Purchased, 351-355: Books, etc., Received by Donation
and Exchange, 355-371; Periodicals Purchased, 369, 370; PeriodicaLs

Received in Exchange, ... 370, 371

Report of the Secretary axd Libbariax, 3T2-376

Report of the Treasueer, 377-3S0

Report of the Fixaxce CoiisimEE, 379, 3S0

MorXT ArBCBX CE5IETERY 381,382

Officers axd Staxdixg CoirjirrrEES for IS^, 383, 384

Me:«bebs of the Society; Life, pp. 385-391; Annual, 392-395; Honorary,

396-400: Corresponding, 401-406

Extracts from the Coxstitctiox axd By-Laws, ..... 395

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