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\CHUSETTS

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SOURCE I

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This book may be kept out

TWO WEEKS

only, and is subject to a fine of ?4-Vfi
CENTS a day thereafter. It will be due on
the day indicated below.

^i.HH 15 1895

WAY It 191*

JAN 2 61S21
APR 2 6 1934

TRANSACTIONS

i^^

msiidiimiis Jflrticiilliiral ^ncitlj),

FOR THE YEAR 1886.

PART I

V> O S T O N :
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY.

18SG.

t>3Z. 0 t

CHAPEL i^^C.-'Sl

The following papers and discussions have been circulated to
sonie extent in the form of slips reprinted from the reports made
by the Secretary of the Society in the Boston Transcript. As here
presented, the papers are printed in full, and the discussions are
not only much fuller than in the weekly -reports, but, where it
appeared necessary, have been carefully revised by the speakers.

The Committee on Publication and Discussion take this oppor-
tunity to repeat what they have before stated, that the Society
is not to be held responsible for the certainty of the statements,
the correctness of the opinions, or the accuracy of the nomencla-
ture in the papers and discussions now or heretofore published, all
of which must rest on the credit or judgment of the respective
writers or speakers, the Society undertaking only to present these
papers and discussions, or the substance of them, correctly.

b. B. Hadwen, l Committee on

William H. Hunt, y Fuhlication and

Francis H. Appleton. Discussion

TRANSACTIONS

^MUthmtt^ 'gaximlUix^l ^wndg-

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, January 2, 18S6.

A duly notified stated meeting of the Society was liolden at 11
o'clock, the chair being taken by the retiring President, John B.
Moore, who delivered the following address :

Address of President Moore.

Ladies and Gentlemen of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society:

It has been the custom of the retiring President to say a few
words to you in relation to the condition of the Society, "and its
past work.

I may congratulate the Society upon its prosperity, and in no
year has it been more marked than in the year 1885. With the
means at command, with their large and valuable library for in-
struction and reference, with the improved and perhaps more
scientific methods of culture adopted by the members, they ought
to have made and certainly have made a great advance in horti-
culture from the time of founding this Society. This can be
observed in the character and beauty of our exhibitions.

Among the causes of this prosperity are the lectures, essays,
and discussions conducted by the Society ; which have been of a
high order, and have given new ideas to our members, and to the
public, who have free admission to the lectures and may take part
in all the discussions. The character and ability of these papers
and discussions have given the Society a high standing, both at

6 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTURAL SOCIETi'.

hoini' and abroad. Much creclit is justly due to the Couuiiitlee on
ruhlication and Discussion for their etiicicncy in this work.

The (inances of tlie Society were never in a more prosperous
condition. Although the amount appropriated for prizes in
188r> was §1,800 more than in 1884, and notwithstanding extra-
ordinary expenditures for improvements in the building, and for
insurance we have, alter allowing for the payment of the prizes
now due, invested in bonds nearly §20,000 ; and there is some-
thing more which has already been earned that may be added.

This prosperity is due among other causes to the good judgment
and care of the Finance Committee and the Treasurer ; and also
to the Committee of Arrangements, who have successfully directed
the exhibitions for which admission fees are taken.

The building is in better condition than a year ago ; the reports
of the various committees are all in ; and, with the aid afforded to
the Secretary, the Tuansactions, which were much delayed, are
now published up to the present time, and bear upon their face
that correct and perfect linish for which our Secretary has so long
been distinguished.

Ladies and Gentlemen, — With my bebt wishes for the continued
prosperity of this Society, I have the honor to introduce to you
the I'resident elect. Dr. Henry P. Walcott.

President Wai.cott, on taking the chair, delivered the follow-
ing inaugural address:

Adukess of PuiiSioENT IIenhy p. AValcott.
Ladies and Gentlemen :

At this first meeting of the new year, in obedience to an honored
custom, it becomes my dut}" as your official representative to briefly
recall some of the events of the past year, to invite your attention
again to the more imi)ortant recommendations of the slnnding
comniittees, and to add the few suggestions that occur to me as to
our future policy.

Of our foruK-r associates who have died in the past year, three
at least should be named, — Mr. P. B. Hovey, who joined this
Society in 1829, and was for some years a Vice-President and
Chairman of one of our most im[)orlant committees; Mr. Ilervey
Davis, for four years Chairman of the Fruit Committee, and a
constant exhibitor; and Mr. Charles O. Whitmore, who freely

ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT HENRY P. WALCOTT. 7

gave to this Society- the great benefit of his financial abilit}', with
results far surpassing the mone}- value of the beautiful statue
with which he adorned this building. In this Hall, so largely the
result of his untiring energ}', he will be long and gratefully re-
membered.

Let me turn for a moment to one* among the living, whose active
concern in this Society has spanned, saving a few months, the
whole of its existence. Venerable leader of us all — old only by
the written record, young in your enthusiasm for our captivating
art — long may you be spared to us and to this world of flowers
and of fruits.

Two only of the original members of the Society are now liv-
ing,— Henry A. Breed, of Lynn, whose presence we gladly wel-
come on this occasion, and John B. Russell, for some time resident
in another state.

The finances of the Society appear to be in a very satisfactory
condition. The Treasurer has not yet made up his final report, as
the accounts of the Proprietors of Mount Auburn Cemetery will not
be ready till later in the month ; but, assuming that we receive the
same sum from Mount Auburn that we did in 1885, and this is
probable, the gross receipts for the year are (including the balance
on hand January 1, 1885) in round numbers $34,330 ; total expen-
ditures $17,723. Of the balance, S16.G07, $6,376 have been
added to the sinking fund, leaving a balance on hand January 1,
1886, of $10,231.

In September last the American Foresti-y Congress met in this
city. In recognition of the necessar}^ and intimate relations be-
tween Forestry and Horticulture, this Society gave to the Con-
gress the use of these halls ; and also appointed a Committee for
the purpose of showing such attentions to the visitors as were
within the power of the Society. The courtesies thus offered were
warml}' acknowledged.

The Committees on Fruits and Vegetables report respectively
exhibitions of interest fully equal to those of preceding years. The
latter committee call attention to the influence of prizes as superior
to that of gratuities in a certain class of awards, and it seems to
me 'that this conclusion may very properly be extended to awards
made at any of the exhibitions. A prize to be awarded for some
well-defined, well-understood quality in plant, flower, fruit, or

*Hon. Marshall P. Wilder.

8 MASSACHUSETTS IIORTICDLTURAL SOCIETY.

vegetable, will, by awakening a sharp competition, be much more
likely to bring out the best skill in gardening than the simple
"gratuity," however large.

Fruits and vegetables have been objects of competition through
so man}' years that any improvement in them must be the result of
unusual skill. A former President publicly expressed the hope
that graj)cs in this country, cultivated under glass, might be brought
to equal the highest results of European culture. The general
opinion, as well as the judgment of the Committee, upon the un-
usual merit of some grapes shown at the Annual Exhibition fore-
shadows the realization of that wish.

Our exhibitions have throughout the year attracted the attention
of the public to a greater degree than ever before — the total re-
ceipts therefrom reaching the very considerable sum of $3,540;
to this general success the Rose Show (owing to unfavorable
weather) makes the sole exception. Yet even then the Presi-
dent of the Societ}' compelled the reluctant elements to yield to
him his wonted prizes. The Annual Exhibition was one of the
most successful ever held by the Society, and perhaps the best.
The receipts of the Ciirvsanthemum Show — nearly equalling those
of the main exhibition of the year — are an evidence of the in-
creasing interest in this flower, possiblj' somewhat influenced by
fashion, but with a real foundation in the fact that its blooming
comes at the dullest season of the floral year. The generous prizes
offered for Bulbs at the Spring P^xhibition, brought out specimens
and collections of exceptional merit; the same wise liberality will,
undoubtedly, secure a success at least equal the coming spring.

The almost priceless collections of plants which have made so
important a part of our displays in past seasons have been again
placed at the service of the Society and the public with the gener-
osity of former years. The Flower Committee express the belief
that the increased competition is a direct result of the larger prizes
of the past year; and, very properly as it seems to me, they urge
the importance of bestowing the great prizes upon specimen [jjants,
rather than upon miscellaneous collections of cut flowers.

The Committee on Gardens, in addition tu the usual report u[)on
the condition of the various private gardens visited, have given
well-deserved and appreciative notice to two subjects of unusual
importance. The lirst of these is the movement for the establish-
ing of a Great Natural Park in the Middlesex Fells. Past eflforts

ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT HENRY P. WALCOTT. 9

iu this direction, Dotwithstanding a general interest on the part of
the public, owed much of their vitality to the untiring, unselfish
work of the late Elizur Wright. It is to be hoped that some one
may succeed to his place, able as he to attract the attention of the
public, and equally willing to make some sacrifices for the general
good. Whatever help the influence of this Society can give will, I
doubt not, be lent to a plan that offers, not to this generation
alone but for all time, the educational advantages of a great wild
garden, unequalled in extent or variety. The second subject
treated is fortunately a fact accomplished, — the Arnold Ar-
boretum, — endowed bj^ an Honorary Member of this Society ; car-
ried to its present stage of success and abundant promise for the
future, through many and perplexing difficulties, by our honored
associate, Professor Charles S. Sargent.

The treasures of this collection, already known to a few, can
only be properly appreciated when the Director's plans for final
planting are fully carried out ; but the advantages of a collection
of trees and shrubs, hardy in this climate and correctly named,
have alread}' been felt.

The Library Committee and the Librarian report a continued
increase in the number of our books, in the use made of them, and
in the facilities offered for their use — but also the old and well-
grounded complaint of insufficient shelf accommodation.

A member of this Committee until the present year, I heartily
agree to all that is said in this and preceding reports, and will
again call your attention to a few points that appear to have occu-
pied the minds of some of our members during the past year. The
great value of this collection of books is admitted ; it is the best
horticultural library in this country, and I know of none in Europe
to equal it, either in the possession of a society, or of a private
individual ; it is a collection rich, not alone in books of scientific or
literary value, but in all that can be found of a distinctly practi-
cal character. The Chairman of the Committee, probably more
familiar with the contents of these shelves than any other member
except our Librarian, has made a practice of consulting book-
notices, catalogues, and advertisements ; from the titles thus col-
lected the Committee has made selection, for immediate purchase,
of those books most likely to meet the general want. The more
valuable works of a scientific character, including Floras, and Re-
ports of learned Societies, have been purchased as occasion offered

10 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

am] our funds permitted. The conveniences for using tlie lihraiv
have, notwithstanding our crowded condition, been much improved ;
the increased though still very insuMicient shelving has made books
more accessible ; the presence of an accomplished Librarian has
helped the inquirer for knowledge to the more direct and shorter
roads; the card catalogue of plant pictures, thanks to the chair-
man's perseverance, has also been of material service.

As the result of these improvements, there has come an enlarged
use of the books. This may be seen in two ways ; by the greater
number of books recorded as borrowed, and by the more numerous
readers here. The record-book (though it does actually show in
the past year more books taken out) is not a conclusive test, for
the following reason, to which I think all familiar with great
libraries will assent : — that an increase in the conveniences for con-
sultation will diminish the number of books taken out. Most of
us come here to obtain information upon some limited subject, — the
identity of a specimen, the question of a name, — if we can ascer-
tain these facts without taking a large and costly volume home
with us, we are glad to do so ; and care very little if the register
does not show that we have been here ; and observation does show
this increase in the number of readers. It is also said that there
are books not taken from the shelves from one year's end to an-
other. Possibly this is so ; and 3'et these very books, when wanted,
ma}- be of the greatest service. It is one of the functions of great
libraries to store the books that the individual cannot afford to
keep. It is also true that many books are in foreign languages.
With regard to these 1 will quote Lord Bacon's sa3ing — "Some
books also may be read by deputy " — and I am very sure that
any information so gained will, in this Society at least, come to
the surface for the benefit of us all.

The Committee of Arrangements, to whose judicious and active
care so much of the success of the exhibitions has been due, state
forcibly the necessity for larger lloor accommodations ; and 1 feel
sure that all present at the Annual Exhibition will agree witii
them. It was much to be regretted that the finest collection ever
brought together by the Socidty should not have been more suit-
ably displayed. A slight experience has brought forcibly to my
attention tlie labor, the expense, and, more than all, the injury to
plants, caused by the carrying of them to the upper hall. It can
easily be understood, then, what serious damages an exhibition in-

APPROPRIATIONS RECOMMENDED. 11

voh^es iu the case of the extremely valuable plants shown by a
number of our pro;nineut exhibitors, — losses that can only be made
whole by the fairly earned consciousness of a great public benefac-
tion, gratefully acknowledged.

With regard, then, to our building, we find that the accommo-
dations for our books. are quite insufficient, that two at least of
our exhibitions have outgrown the floor space of the halls, that
social and business changes have rendered difficult, if not impos-
sible, the earlier and more acceptable use of them ; and I therefore
urge upon the Society the immediate and careful consideration of
what seem to me to be the most important questions now before
us ; the alterations, if any are necessary, and the future uses of
this building.

Ladies and Gentlemen : — You have elected me to this your
highest office.

I approach its many duties with diffidence, knowing full well how
much will be expected of him who follows the many eminent men
who have filled this place ; but confidently trusting in your contin-
ued good will, I shall do all that is in my own power to protect and
advance the interests of the Society.

On motion of Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, the thanks of the So-
ciety were unanimously presented to the outgoing and incoming
Presidents for their interesting addresses.

On motion of C. M. Hovey, it was voted that a committee of
three be appointed to take into consideration the suggestions made
in the President's address. The chair appointed as that Committee
Charles S. Sargent, C. M. Hovey, and F. L. Ames.

The appropriations recommended by the Executive Committee
on the 7th of Novenber and the 26th of December were unani-
mously voted, as follows : —
For Prizes and Gratuities, —

For Plants and Flowers (S200 of this amount

being for gratuities during the winter months) $2,800

For Fruits 1,700

For Vegetables 1,000

For Gardens 300

Total for Prizes and Gratuities . . . $5,800

12 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

For the Libraiy Committee, for the purchase of
magazines and newspapers, binding of books,
and incidental expenses of the Committee . 300

F'or the same Committee, to continue the Card

Catalogue of Plates 100

For the Committee on Publication and Discus-
sion ........ 250

For the Committee of Arrangements, — this sum
to cover all extraordinarj- expenses of said
Committee ....... 300

For the same Committee, to cover the deficiency
in the appropriations for the 3'ears 1884 and
1885 94.80

The Secretary read a letter from Mrs. Mary E. Whitmore, ac-
knowledging the receipt of the resolutions passed by the Society
in memory of her husband, the late Charles O. Whitmore, and ex-
pressing the gratification of the family therewith.

The Secretary also announced that the Schedule of Prizes for
1886 was ready for distribution.

The Chairman of the Committee on Publication and Discussion
announced that the series of meetings for discussion would com-
mence on the next Saturda}' with a discussion of " New Fruits of
Promise;" to be opened by E. W. Wood, Chairman of the Fruit
Committee.

Adjourned to Saturday, January 9. '

BUSINESS MEETING.

Satuuday, January 9, 1886.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holdon at 1 1 o'clock,
President WAixorr in the chair.

On motion of Edward L. Beard it was Voted, That the Com-
mittee charged with procuring a portrait of the Hon. Francis B.
Hayes, late President of the Society, be requested to perform tlie
same duty with respect to ex-President Moore»

Adjourned to Saturday, January 16.

A TRIP TO THE TROPICS. 13

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Owing to a severe snow-storm, but a small number of persons
were present, and the meeting was adjourned for one week.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Satukday, Januarj^ 16, 188G.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holdcn at 11 o'clock,
President Walcott in the chair.

^ The Annual Report of the Committee on Publication and Dis-
cussion was read by O. B. Hadwen, Chairman, accepted, and or-
dered to be placed on file.

Adjourned to Saturda}^ January 23.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

A Trip to thk Tuopics.

By Joseph H. "Woodford, Newton.

Our Committee on Discussions having learned that I lately
returned from a voyage to Central America, and being desirous
that otliers should know more about this wonderful countr}' than
can readily be got from books, have prevailed upon me to relate
m}' experience while engaged in this trip ; and this I will now pro-
ceed to do in as brief a mnnncr as possible.

The voyage commenced on the 8d day of October of last year,
with a thick fog and a head wind. We were compelled to put out
to sea immediately to escape the fog, and then laid our course in
a straight line for the Bahamas, considering that a straight line is
the shortest distance between two points. It may be so in most
cases, but one " can't 'most always tell " if this is the case on a
voyage ; particularly if the ship is having sea mountains to climb
all the way, and finding the steepest ones at the end of the straight
line, in the " roaring forties." Lady Brassey's descriptions of the
s^ns avQund the Bahamas are very interesting and truthful, and I

14 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

refer you lo her account of her trips in the " Sunbeam" for par-
ticulars of very interesting voyages in those waters.

While on the voyage, at times when the weather is pleasant, one
often recalls the words of the old song, —

"A life on the ocean wave,
A home on the rolling deep," —

and uuiler auspicious circumstances it seems beautiful, aiul one
can see a vast deal of comfort and enjoyment in it, but when we
get on shore and away from the haunts of men we recall the other
good old song which says —

" Some love to roam
O'er the dark sea foam,
But a life in tlie woods for nie," —

a life wliieli seems to me, as compared with a life on the ocean
■wave, much more suggestive of the acme of human enjoyment in
this world of ours.

As we approach the coast of the tropics, we arc pleased to notice
the great dili'ereuce in the forests from those we are accustomed to
see. All along the coast the cocoanut palm rears its beautiful head,
and on nearer approach we notice an abundance of its fruit in all
stages of rii)ening. The forests are unlike any we are familiar
with in our ow^i country, presenting a diflerent foliage, and a more
dense appearance down to the water's edge.

Our first landing was at Balize, in T>ritish Honduras, tiie most
important city on the coast, and probably the most enterprising.
The principal portion of the inhabitants arc Spaniards, negroes,
Hindoos, and tlie native Indians, which, with all sorts of interme-
diate strains, make up a motley population peculiar to this coun-
try, and not such as we are accustomed to see at home. Our stay
at Balize at this time was limited, and we therefore had no chance
to study the people, but learned afterwards that they are in gen-
eral lazy, indolent, and very fond of intoxicating drinks. The
hire of an able-bodied man is $1.25 per day ; but it is wortli more
than that to get a day's work from some of them.

The next port we made was Livingston, in Guatemala. The
town consists principally of a considerable number of mud huts ;
all thatched with palm leaves. As it sits on quite an eminence, it
Iiresculs Uu' appearance of a thrifty little town, and this idea is not
dispelled ou lauding. Livingston is situated at the mouth of the

A TRIP TO THE TROPICS. 15

Rio Diilce, a watercourse which extends from a hxrge lake in the
interior of Guatemala to the Caribbean Sea. There are several
sniall steamboats pl3'iug on this river and lake, making regular
trips uji and down, and I have to regret that I was unable to make
a i-ound trip in one of them.

The river after we get over the bar at the mouth is very deep ;
and as it comes down through a lofty range of mountains, densely
wooded to tlie water's edge with tropical forests, it presents to the
lover of inland navigation a most beautiful and enchanting scene.
Just back of Livingston and on the Rio Chocon, Mr. William T.
Brigham, who read a paper before this Society in 1884, has estab-
lished a Tropical Products Company, and is very largely engaged in
growing sugar cane, coffee, India rubber, and in fact all the best
productions of a tropical country, and as Mr. Brigham is present
he will tell us of his success.

The great drawback to the navigation of all the rivers in Cen-
tral America is the presence of sand bars accumulated at their
mouths, so that ships must lie out in the bays, from a half-mile to
one and a half miles from shore, while loading. This is rather
awkward in a rough sea, and often detains ships beyond their time
and at serious expense.

While walking through one of the streets of Livingston I came
upon a man and woman who were building a house. The frame
consisted of some poles set in the ground, and to each side of
these were tied strips of the midribs of leaves of palm, and these
were also tied together, at regular intervals, with some very tough
vine from the woods. I did not see a nail used in the whole struct-
ure. Alongside of this house an excavation had been made about
two feet deep, and in this the soil which had been taken out was
being kneaded into mortar by tlie feet of the man and woman.
After the mud had become adhesive and was of the proper consist-
ency for handling, a small tray full of it would be taken out, and
the process of building up the sides of the house by filling in be-
tween the posts v.'ould go on till the house was complete. The roof
is always finished before the sides, so that the mud is protected from
the rains, and in due course of time it dries and makes a durable
house. I was told that from ten to fifteen years would pass before
the house would require rebuilding. The roof is a thatch, generally
of the fronds of the Cohuue palm ; this is preferred, because it does
not readily take fire. The fronds are split the whole length through

1() MASSACHUSETTS HOi: TKl LTIKAL SOCIETY.

the inidriljs ami then tied to llu' rafter poles. They are laid oji
(luite thick, siilliiMeiitly s(j to make the roof i)roof against leakage,
anil to pnjteel tlu' inmates from the fervent heat of the snn. I
was told liy ouv of the I'Jiglish niercliMids, who was having his
thatch rclaid, that it was better than any <jther kind of roof, as it
kept the luingalow cool and dry. Altout seven feet of rain is the
annual fall in that country, and you will readily see that the roof
is a very important factor in the sum total of one's happiness.

From Livingston we i)roeeeded to Omoa, a picturesque little
village situated in a beautiful indentation of the coast, and at the
foot of the Omoa Mountains; which rise immediately back of the
village to the height of 1),00U feet, and are wooded with beautiful
shrubs and trees to their very summits. Nothing can be prettier
than the view of this village and the surrounding scenery, from the
deck of a steamship ; but as I did not land at this point I cannot
speak of the inhabitants from personal observation.

Our next stop was at Puerto Cortez, one of the most important
points on the coast, being the terminus of the onl}- railway in
Spanish Honduras. The ba}' makes a good harbor, and at one
time while our steamship was there five others lay at anchor along-
side. Some were loading mahogany and cedar for Europe, while
the others were taking bananas, cocoanuts, and an}' other produce
procurable, for the United States.

Puerto Cortez is situated on a tongue of land running out into
the sea, and forming one side of the bay ; and on the centre of this
tongue of land is the railway track. There is no other street in
the village, and the houses and stores are set on i)osts on either
side of this street or track. The land is very low, and in the rainy
season is all submerged except the railway track. Vegetation is
of very quick growth and decays as easily as it grows; therefore
this [)lace is very unhealthy, everybody being subject to malaii-.d
fever. We had not been there more than a week before half our
crew were under the doctor's care, although our ship was a half-
mile from shore. I did not get the fever, as I was careful not to
drink ihe water of the country.

The other terminus of this railway is San Pedro, a snug inland
village, thirty-seven miles from Puerto Cortez. It was proposed
when this railway was beguji to extend it across Honduras through
the capital city, Tegucigalpa, to the Bay of Fonseca on the Pacific
Ocean side ; but after the work was under way, and bonds to the

A TRIP TO THE TROPICS. 17

amount of thirt}- millions of cfoUars had been negotiated in Europe,
it was thought best to have an insurrection and overturn of the
government, so that those who had obtained the money might
retire on a competency without accounting for what they had
received. This was accomplished, and toda}- Honduras is in
consequence the poorest of the Central American States ; with a
railway of only thirty-seven miles in length, and a debt that will
never be wiped out. The railway with its rolling stock and work-
shops is now leased for $1,200 per year, and the trains run as often
as employment offers. We chartered a train of three cars and an
engine to go to San Pedro and return — we taking coal from the
ship to run the engine — and even with this precaution we were
seven hours on the way to San Pedro. However, we were well
repaid for the trip, as the line went through a region of the most
beautiful foliage I ever saw. Banana orchards and cocoanut and
Cohune palms extend for miles along both sides of the track, and
when these were passed forests of unexampled luxuriance greeted us
on every side. All the trees around here have a most curious for-
mation at the ground, as their roots seem to commence far up the
trunk and gradually spread out into huge buttresses ; which afford
the breadth requisite for supporting their enormous growth in the
soft ground of the tropics. This base has not onl}' to support its
own superstrucLure, but also innumerable vines and creepers,
affectionately clinging to the trunk and gaining strength as they
grow, even to the very top. Often the usurping vine grows with
such an overpowering vitality as to completely smother its support.
The branches of nearly all the large trees are covered with all
sorts of orchids and other epiphytal plants, clothing them so pro-
fuseh' that in some instances, when completel}^ soaked with moist-
ure, the mass becomes too ponderous to remain where it grows, and
often there falls at once to the ground a quantity sufficient to stock
a large orchid house. In fact, vegetation is so very rampant in
this country that whenever a seed happens to lodge on a tree, it
almost immediately germinates and begins to grow, and then comes
the struggle as to which will survive the longest, the horse or the
rider. I have seen trees completely covered and smothered by
others of quicker growth, and they presented a wonderfullj'
peculiar appearance.

To a person not accustomed to tropical vegetation, I think the
most striking trees are the Palms. The Cocoanut is the most
2

1(S MASSACHUSETTS IIOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

rmniluir, tis this always grows along the coast, and oftt-n with its
roots in the salt water; where it appears to thrive al)out as well as
on a sweeter soil. Palms of various kinds, some with smooth
trunks, some covered with spines, and some with a fibre suilaMc for
making into cordage, are to be found in all the forests of Central
America. The most beautiful of the large-growing palms is the Atta-
lea Cohune. This resembles in general appeai'ance ayoungcocoanut
palm, but the trunk never becomes so elongated as it increases in
ago. The trunk of the Cohune palm is thicker and more sturdy ;
and at the base of its leaves is found the hempen fibre used for
cordage, together with several bunches of nuts. I think that for
beauty and magnificence of foliage it is the most wonderful of the
Palm famil}-. It grows well only on very rich soil in the interior;
and as portions of Honduras are extremely fertile this palm in
those sections attains its highest perfection. I have seen the
fronds thirty feet in length and four feet broad on miles of trees,
and intermingling overhead in most wonderful luxuriance of
growth ; creating in the mind of an enthusiastic horticulturist a
desire that all other admirers of the beautiful might behold the
same magnificent scene.

This Cohune palm bears at the base of the fronds great bunches
of nuts, exactly' resembling huge clusters of grapes ; and I have
often wondered, when looking over the old family Bible, whether
the artist who made the picture in it usually supposed to repre-
sent two men carrying a bunch of grapes on a pole between them
was not ac(]uaiiited witii the Cohune palm, and whether, in his
desire to perpetuate Die memory of this beautiful and useful tree,
he had not depicted this fruit on its way to the crushing mill — there
to be made into the very finest and best oil either for culinary or
mechanical purposes — instead of grapes to be made into wine.

The woods are full of vines and creepers, in most places so
numerous antl luxuriant as to make the forest impenetrable for
man till he cuts his way through with the ever present machete
(a sword-like knife about three feet long). Sarsaparillas, Dipla-
denias, IJignonias, etc., etc., run wild and in confusion, the useful
and the ornamental all mixed together.

Our next stopping place was at the mouth of the Kiver Ulloa,
and if tiu'ic was ever a place which made me think of Pande-
monium tins was it ; as it was inhabited principally by monstrous
sharks, alligators, mosquitoes, and negroes. The negroes seemed

A TRIP TO THE TROPICS. 19

to be on good terms with all their neighbors, for they were not care-
ful about getting into the water, but they cautioned us to be careful
about getting overboard, as the sharks and alligators were waiting
for a change of diet.

Mahoganj', cedar, rosewood, and fustic are floated down this
river and taken alongside ships in rafts, from which the logs are
detached and hoisted on board. The mouth of this river is con-
sidered a very dangerous place for ships to lie, as it affords no
shelter from hurricanes, which sometimes arise very quickly on
this coast.

After loading what timber we could comfortabl}' take, we re-
turned to Balize, touching at the various ports on our way. As
we were to be detained a day here, I made arrangements to go into
the woods and collect some plants. A donkey, a cart and driver, a
long handled chisel, and a machete completed our equipment, and
we started on the principal street leading out of the cit}^ past the
Governor's house. After going about three miles, the road
became choked and nearlj^ impassable, and we turned about, and
made our collection on our way back to the city. The cart was
loaded to its full extent with as many epiphytal plants as the
donkey could draw, and when I packed them on the wharf pre-
paratory to sending on board I found I had nine quite large cases
full. There might be among them many of no value, but I took
what there was within my reach, knowing that when we have the
plants growing we can easily find out whether they are of any
consequence. Some of the Tillandsias, Billbergias, Orchids,
Cacti, and Aroids collected are verj' curious, and I was well repaid
for my investment of five dollars in the excursion. I was told by
some of the merchants that at a distance of about thirty miles
inland, up among the mountains, I could obtain very much choicer
varieties of orchids, and in quantities sufficient to load a ship ;
which statement I have no reason to doubt.

It would be impossible to enumerate the names of the trees,
shrubs, and plants I saw in the forests, as I had no time for criti-
cal examination ; but I can heartily' recommend the country as a
rich field for botanists or collectors of plants — a region in which
they can fairly revel in nature's voluptuousness.

Its inhabitants are laboring under serious disadvantages. They
have no incentive to any labor beyond that which will pro-
duce their daily bread, as there are no enterprises into which they

20 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

can put any surplus earnings. This makes them laz}', unambi-
tious, and careless; and consequently but small areas of land are
cleared for cultivation. The small farms when once subdued and
planted yield crops all the year round, therefore the husbandman
has continually at hand food for the subsistence of his family.
The currency of these countries is silver, and is at a depreciation
of nearly thirty per cent, so that every ship that goes there for
trade always goes provided with the money current in the country,
to pay for produce. This money can be bought of any of our
bankers at seventy cents to the dollar. The products of the
country are not dear, if one has a near market in which to dispose
of them. "When I was there bananas were worth fifty cents per
bunch, cocoanuts ten dollars per thousand, oranges tift^' cents per
hundred, and lemons, limes, and pineapples were equally cheap ;
and, as these fruits are continuall}' maturing, a ship can be loaded
along the coast at any time. New Orleans, which is but five days
sail by steamship from this coast, is the only large market avail-
able for this perishable fruit.

This counlr}' oilers an abundant field for the exertions of an
enterprising population ; for well directed labor, continuously
applied, is sure to meet with a bountiful return in the notural pro-
ductions of the country. Yet still it remains the lazy man's para-
dise, and probably will until the enthusiasm of the live Yankee
fills the land with homes such as we have in New England.

We completed our return voyage without incident, having boon
about six weeks on the trip.

Discussion.

William T. lirigham, the President of the Tropical Products
Company, was called on bj' the Chair, and said that since ho last
had the pleasure of telling the Society what he thought could be
done in Central America he had again visited that country and
purchased a tract of twent}' square miles, of which three hundred
acres was cleared and planted with cacao, colfee, India rubber
(Castilloa), figs, nutmegs, and oranges, from the Botanic Garden
of Jamaica. They did not intend at first to plant oranges, which
bring only two and a half cents for half a bushel of the fine;!t
(juality. The Castilloa yields at five years from planting eight
gallons of milk, which will make sixteen pounds of rubber. The

A TRIP TO THE TROPICS. 21

rubber trees are planted to shade the cacao and coffee, which will
not endure the full rays of the sun. The Erj'thrina is commonly
uf-ed for this purpose ; but it is of no value otherwise. Until the
cacao and coffee plants are two feet high they are shaded with
mats. They also planted bananas and plantains between their
cacao and coffee plants, and had twenty thousand bunches of ban-
anas, for which they expected to get twelve thousand dollars, but
when these were nearly ready for market floods came and swept
some of them away. When the trees were cut down the trunks,
some of which were a hundred and fifty feet long, were left to rot,
as the}^ would do in two years, but the flood lifted them so that
the}' acted as scythes and cut down the bananas. They got rid of
the logs, but in an expensive manner. The}' had four varieties of
sugar cane from Jamaica, which was planted in the roughest pos-
sible manner, — the Caribs made furrows with hoes, in which the
canes were laid down, and chopped into lengths of two feet as they
sprout onl}' at broken joints ; they were then covered with the hoe
about six inches deep. In nine months they grew nine feet high,
while in the Hawaiian Islands it would take eighteen months to
get that growth ; and the cane was soft and juicy. In Hawaii and
Cuba the cane has to be replanted ever}' five years, losing one
year, but here it does not. He believed sugar could be produced
here at half what it would cost in Cuba ; but they had no machinery,
and with the high duty and low price in the United States it would
not pay. Suitable machinery would cost eighty thousand dollars.
They purchased a large number of pigs, which they fatted on
sugar cane. Their greatest want was a skilful propagator to take
care of their seeds before and after germinating. The seed of the
India rubber tree is very difficult to grow ; only about ten seeds
out of three thousand sent by the Guatemalan Government ger-
minated. The only way to preserve it over a fortnight is to plant
in boxes and water three times a day. He thought an India rubber
tree nursery would be a good enterprise. Not anticipating the
effect of the sun, they selected the dryest land for planting, and
in the dry season it was almost dried up ; so that they Will have to
bring water for their bananas and plantains. In Louisiana the
planters are giving up cane, and planting rice as more profitable.
In Central America the upland rice when sown broadcast grows
six feet high, whereas in Louisiana the speaker had never seen it
more than eighteen inches or two feet high in the swamps, or fifteen

22 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

inches on uplaml. The C'entnil Anieiiean rice is of far better
quality tlian that produeed in the United JStates, but there is no
iiulling machine in the country. Figs grow rapidly, and the foreign
grapes thrive adrairabl}'.

There are in the woods many beautiful timbers for cabinet work
tliat we know nothing about ; l)ut they are liard to get out, for the
soil is so soft that oxen sink iu it almost to their bellies. Many
are so heavy as to sink in water, but sometimes raits are built of
mahogany and these heavy woods are placed on them and so floated
down. There are also man}' valuable drugs, saps, and juices un-
known to us ; one tree when cut down exudes a natural paint.
The Shnaba Cedroyi, found in tlie southern republics, is reputed a
specific for serpent bites.

The states of Central America are almost all burdened with
debts. In one of them a loan of $27,000,000, negotiated in
Europe for Ijuilding a railroad, yielded only $5,000,000 for that
purpose, the remaining $22,000,000 being swallowed up in the
commissions of the negotiators ; and a similar case occurred in
another state. The railroad which was built was of narrow gauge ;
and the sleepers sink in the soil and are eaten b}' insects and soon
break, so that there are only three miles where the}' dare to run a
locomotive. The road is used for the transportation of fruit ;
which in tliirt}- miles of such travel is damaged more tiian b}' a
long sea voyage.

The inhabitants are ready to welcome all foreigners except
Chinese. The duties on imports are very high ; at Puerto Cortez a
dozen cans of tomatoes were charged with a duty of $9.67 ; and a
cooking stove which would cost $26 here cost $140 in Guatemala
Cit}'. The grant to the Tropical Products Company includes a
free port of entry, which in a country where duties are so heavy
is a verj' important concession. Thegovernmenthaskept its word
with the Compau}'. The physique of the natives is fine and labor
is plent}'. The merchants deal principally in aguardiente and
gambling implements.

The Coin[)any sent to the Southern States of our nation for
negroes, l)ut without success, and then used Caribs, who at first
wanted pay in advance but afterwards they did not want their
pay at all. The government encourages intemperance because it
is a source of revenue ; the natives drink pure alcoiiol and lie down
in the gutters. The native laborers must not be induced to lay up

A TRIP TO THE TROPICS. 23

money, for if a man accumnlates ten dollars he is provided for as
far as he can see. The Com pan}' had been obliged to provide and
sell them lanterns for lighting their houses, and shoes for their
feet ; to induce tliem to buy sardines, lobsters, etc. ; and to
encourage the women to use mirrors, beads, ribbons, etc., so that
the}' might spend their money and go to work again. The labor-
ers find that work does not hurt them but improves their appetites.

Negroes from Alabama planted cotton and could pick it every
day in the year ; it grows to a tree in that climate, and it must be
pruned to keep it within reach of the pickers. They had to encour-
age their laborers to raise food, for, though a man could raise
sufficient food for his family with very little labor, they would beg
of countrymen.

In answer to a question how long it took for cotton to grow into
a tree, Mr. Brigham said that in six months it grew so high that he
could not reach the lower branches, and the stem was eight inches
thick, and a ladder was required to pick it. This was in latitude
15° on the Atlantic.

The rainy season lasts about nine months ; every night during
that time it rains so heavily that an umbrella is of no use. The
dry season is not like that of California, where the dust is six or
eight inches deep ; but there are several showers every week. The
highest range of the thermometer was 86°, which is not so uncom-
fortable as 76° in Boston ; and the lowest was 70°. There is no
summer and no wmter, and you can plant so as to have crops
come into use every day in the year. If pineapples are ripe in
January this year, the}' will not be ripe at the same time next
year, but in nine months from the preceding crop ; and the case is
the same with bananas. The pineapples average five pounds in
weight, and the whole interior is eatable. Some bananas form seeds,
but in most varieties the seed is abortive. When sprouting they
look not unlike crocuses. The stem of the banana is cut down as
soon as it has borne its fruit ; it contains a fibre between hemp and
silk in character.

The greatest drawback to settling in the country is the absolute
isolation; the natives are no society. There is malaria, as there
is in all countries where forests are being cleared, but it is probably
not anything like as troublesome as colds are here. His son had
been there three years and was as healthy as any man in Boston.
There is a difference in the character of the coasts ; the low land

24 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

is bordered b}' a fringe of lagoons where mangroves grow, and the
roots collect a scum which corrupts in the tropical sun ; and such
places are exceedingly unhealthy. On the Pacific Coast it is very
unhealthy for white men. !Near Livingston there are limestone
mountains, and the surf rolls in in the afternoon ; and though the
breezes which cause it are uncomfortable for navigators thej' are
good for health. Aguardiente will kill a man quicker there
than here. Calcutta is said to be unhealthy, but if men take care
of themselves and eat vegetables and fruit the}' can preserve their
health. In such hot climates meat can be kept but a very little
while, and in Central America when a cow is killed the}' blow a
conch shell to inform the dwellers in the vicinity that beef is to be
had ; and the meat is cut in long strips and roasted ou skewers.
They have baked beans superior to any in Boston ; the beans are
black and are seasoned with delicate peppers, called chilis, and
tomatoes. In Spanish Honduras there are high valleys with mag-
nificent pasture land, where one can live infinitely better than iu
New England.

In answer to an inquiry whether vegetables could be cultivated
in Central America, Mr. Brigham said that cabbages grow five feet
high and pineapples can be got an}' day. There are no annuals
like tuinips, etc. "Where the refuse of pineapples is thrown out it
grows and forms an impenetrable thicket. The banana is like the
bread-fruit in never forming seeds ; pineapples sometimes form
seeds; the banana will not bear fruit in the shade. Small corms
of bananas require eighteen months to produce fruit. In the
East Indies there are soils where cultivation has been carried on
for thousands of years. The speaker had seen on his plantation
vegetable mould fourteen feet deep. In Costa Rica there is a
deposit of volcanic sand of great fertility. The climate varies be-
tween the eastern and the western coast ; when it is wet in one it
is dry in the other.

Jackson Dawson icmarked that cotton is always shrubby in the
tropics. Sea island cotton grows from fifteen to twenty feet high
in St. Helena.

Fkuits that Pro»iise Well.

The discussion of this subject, which was assigned for the pre-
ceding Saturday but prevented by the storm, was here taken up.
E. W. Wood, Chairman of the Fruit Committee, who had been

FRUITS THAT PROMISE WELL. 25

appointed to lead, remarked that the transition from the glowing
accounts of tropical vegetation to the common fruits of our own
country was great and sudden, especially after the extremely
severe weather which we had just endured, yet perhaps the lat-
ter subject is more interesting practically. It is difficult to con-
fine the subject to new fruits, for man}' that are new in one place
are old in another. A change is not so easily brought about in
fruits as in some other things ; a machine ma}' show its value in
a single year, but it is only by long continued experience that
we decide what varieties of fruit are best. Most fruits are best
in the place where they originated, and deteriorate when they go
away from it, but there are exceptions, such as the Wilson straw-
berry and the Gravenstein apple.

Probably as many good apples have originated in Massachusetts
as in any place of equal extent, and our winter apples possess so
man}' good qualities that it is difficult to surpass them. The Bald-
win grows well, bears early, and is of good size and color, and it
will probably be long before anything will be found to displace it
as a market apple. Worcester county presents some good apples,
among which is the Palmer Greening or Washington Royal ; a
late keeping variety, green changing to yellow when ripe, and of
excellent quality, bringing from fifty cents to a dollar per barrel
more than Baldwins. It originated in Leominster. The Sutton
Beauty has been longer introduced, but is not as well known as it
deserves to be. It is of good size, excellent quality, and hand-
some, and has other good points. A seedling apple sent to this
Society in 1884 by John F. Jones, of Contoocook, N. H., is large
and of solid dark red color and as attractive as the Fameuse. The
Chenango apple is little known here ; it is large, handsome, of fine
quality, and valuable for family or market.

Among the newer pears the Frederick Clapp has been sufficiently
tested to show that it is of superior quality and a good grower and
bearer and should be in every amateur's garden. The President
Clark, a seedling raised by the late Francis Dana, is of the highest
quality, but is not yet disseminated. The Keiffer has been well
written up and well paid for, but there has never been a specimen
shown here that could be considered of fair quality as a dessert
fruit.

Perhaps there has been more improvement in grapes in recent
years than in any other fruit. The Worden and Moore's Early

26 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

have been adopted in general ciiltivalion ; the former is probably
the best of the many seedlings from the Concord. The Cottage,
raised l)y Mr. IJiiU, the originator of the Concord, and the Early
Victor, a native of Kansas, are desirable early kinds. Tiie Niag-
ara ripens with the Concord ; it is a vigorous grower and bears
abundantly, and is a valuable white grape. The Hayes grape has
been tested by most of the members of the Society ; in quality it
is superior to the Niagara. When the Fruit Committee visited
Mr. Moore he set before them wine made from this variet}', which
experts thought the best wine they had ever tasted from a native
grape. The Prentiss, which is said to be a cross between the
native and foreign, is of fine quality ; but has not fulfilled the hopes
entertained of its vigor and productiveness. We shall have to
look to pure natives for these points, which we may hope to com-
bine with the best quality. Rogers's Hybrids, to the number of
forty or fifty, were introduced under the most favorable conditions,
but during the last season, although it was a remarkably favorable
one for grapes, only thirteen dishes were shown at our exhibitions.

In plums, owing to the destruction of trees by the black
wart and of fruit b}' the curculio, almost all the varieties may be
said to be new. The Green Gage is unequalled in qualit\', but
there are many better growers. The Jeffersou, McLaughlin,
AVashington, Bradshaw, and Niagara are among the best.

In strawberries a change is brought about more quickly than in
any other fruit, and we have seen more new varieties ; meanwhile
some old kinds have deteriorated and gone out of cultivation. Kinds
that did well ten or fifteen years ago have become almost obsolete.
The cultivation of the Ilovey was continued until it ceased to pro-
duce good crops, and the same was the case with the Brighton
I'ine. The Triomphc de Gaud has not been shown here for three
years. Among the newer kinds which have become established as
excellent market berries are the Charles Downing, Miner's Prolific,
Shaipless,and Cumberland. The Wilson and C'rescent are exceed-
ingly productive, but of inferior qualit}'. With amateurs the Her-
vey Davis, Wilder, and La Constante are favorites for their fine
quality. Among the newer kinds not yet fully proved, but which
l)romise well, are the Bidwell, Manchester, Belmont, and Jewell.
Some have complained that the Bidwell does not carry out its fruit,
but perhaps higher cultivation will obviate this. The Manchester
is very prolific and of good size. The Belmont has been grown

FRUITS THAT PROMISE WELL. 27

very successfully by the originator ; it is most productive and the
quality is from fair to good — about on a par with the Sharpless.
It is a late variety, with fine flesh, and keeps remarkably well.
The Jewell is perhaps a little better in quality than the Belmont,
and the size compares favorably with that of the Sharpless, while
the form is better. Judging from the plants shown here last sum-
mer, it is very prolific, and it makes very strong runners.

Of the newer raspberries the Cuthbert is most popular and is
becoming generally cultivated. The only new currant is Fay's
Prolific, which in vigor and size of fruit does not compare favor-
ably with the Versaillaise.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder said that we live in an age of enter-
prise and progress in originating and introducing new fruits ; and
though many of them prove of little value the spirit which leads
to this work is commendable. Many kinds once popular have dis-
appeared or are disappearing, and their places must be supplied.
In New England the interest in collecting pears has been so great
that forty years ago A. J. Downing called it a mania. Over a
thousand kinds have been tested ; many have proved of no value,
but from among these collections have come the fine kinds which
stand out like stars in American pomolog}'. Some supposed new
kinds have turned out to be old ones ; like the Bai'onne de Mello,
a variety of high quality, which was discovered last season by
persons who thought it new. Among other fine varieties which
have not been appreciated are the fimile d' Heyst and the Water-
loo ; th8 General Warren, supposed to be a seedling of the late
Francis Dana, proves to be identical with the latter. Mr. Wilder
suggested that premiums should be offered for the resuscitation of
fine old varieties. He considered the Washington Strawberry
apple fully equal in beauty to the Gravenstein, and only second
to it in quality. He could not agree with Mr. Wood in regard
to the Eogers grapes. The Barry, Wilder, and others succeed
with him almost as well as an}' varieties except the Concord and
Moore's Early. Charles Downing preferred the Wilder to any
other native grape. The Lindlc}' is superior even to the Delaware ;
he showed it to eleven connoisseurs, nine of whom pronounced it
best. It is a variety which we cannot dispense with. In some
seasons the Rogers hybrids may mildew, but in others they do not.
The speaker said, however, that his grapes have a very favorable
location. He admired Mr. AVood's good taste in retaining the

28 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Hervey Davis ami Wilder strawberries, the former of which is
a seedling from the latter. He commended the Jewell as a very
remarkable variety ; one plant had fifteen frnit stems, averaging
ten berries to a stem. The Prince is probably a parent of the
Jewell ; it is as high flavored as an}- variety, makes a large stool,
and bears nn abundance of fruit. The Triomphe de Gand continues
to grow witli him as well as any other kind ; a neighbor culti-
vates hnlf an acre and has no other. The Parr}' is jjromising. Of
raspberries the Sonchetti, imported thirty years ago, took the first
prize last year, and is perhaps the most valuable kind for iamily
use. The Marlborough is a most remarkable grower; he had ex-
hibited here a cane nine feet in length. It is not of the highest (pial-
ity, but is very productive and seems perfectly hardy. It pro-
duces a host of suckers — sometimes fifty to a stool — which must be
kept down or the crop will fail. The Caroline, which is a true
hyl)ri(l betweeu the Brinckle's Orange and a Blackcap, is hard}' and
valuable.

O. B. Iladweu, Chairman of the Committee on Publication and
Discussion, remarked that all present had been interested in the
discussion, and had learned from the practical experience of those
who had spoken, and perhaps from long observation of their own,
that new seedling fruits are necessary to take the place of those
which have gone out. He announced for the next Saturday a paper
on the " Cultivation and Transplanting of Forest Trees " by Wil-
liam C. Stronsr.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, January 23, 188G.

An adjourned moctiug of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
Vice-President Hkn.iamin G. SMrrn in the chair.

On motion ol' Francis H. Appleton it was unaniniously Voted^
That the State Board of Agriculture be requested to consider the
desirability of re(juirhifj that every incorporated agiicultural so-
ciety, receiving the State Bounty, shall include the subject of For-
estry in their aiuiual discussions at their Farmer's Institutes.

Adjourned to Saturday, January 30.

THE FOREST INTERESTS OF MASSACHUSETTS. 29

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

The Forest Interests of Massachusetts.

By William C. Stroxg, Newton Highlands.

It is a prevailing impression that the climate of Massachusetts
has changed since the da3's of its early settlement. Bat it is to be
noticed that this impression is vague, and takes form in conflicting
opinions, with the changing seasons, as they may chance to be
either hot or cold, wet or dry.

However trivial may seem the value of such fluctuating and con-
flicting opinions, it is not to be disputed that certain very material
changes, both in the climate and in the soil, have taken place in
this State. The descriptions of early writers concur in showing
that the country was originall}' covered with a heavy forest growth,
from the mountains to the very brink of the sea ; except where in-
terrupted by the salt marshes, the meadows along the shores of
rivers and ponds, and occasional open upland spaces where the
Indians planted their corn. The scouting party sent out from the
Mayflower reported even of Cape Cod that it was " all wooded
with oaks, pine, sassafras, juniper, birch, holly, vines, some ash,
walnut ; the wood for the most part open and without under-
wood, fit either to go or ride in." (Mourt's Relation, 1622.)

In Wood's " New England Prospect, " printed in 1634, the is-
lands in Boston Harbor are described as covered with " good tim-
ber to repair their weather-beaten ships. Here also may be had
masts or yards, being store of such trees as are useful for the same
purpose. "

And in regard to the qualit}' and productiveness of the soil, sim-
ilarly enthusiastic descriptions are given. In 1629 Rev. Francis
Higgiuson wrote, "The aboundant encrease of corne proves this
countrey to bee a wonderment. . . What will you say of two
hundred fould and upwards? . . Our turnips, parsnips, and
carrots are here, both bigger and sweeter than is ordinary to be
found in England."

In the same 3-ear Master Graves describes the luxuriance of
vegetation as follows: — "Thus much I can aflSrme in generall
that I never came to a more goodly country in all my life, all
things considered. If it hath not at any time been manured and

30 MASSACHUSETTS nORTICULTURAL SOCIETV.

busbanded, yet it is very beautiful! iu open lands. . . No place
barren but on the tops of the hills ; the grasse and weedes grow
up to a man's face ; in the lowlands and by fresh rivers abundance
of grasse and large nieddowes without any tree or shruljhe to
hinder the silh. I never saw, except in Hungaria, unto which I
always parallel this countrie, in all our most i-espects ; for every-
thing that is heare, eyther sowne or planted, prospereth far better
then in old England. "

It is to be regretted that no accurate statements are made of the
yield per acre of the various products of the soil. But, judging
from these and many similar general statements which the limit
of time forbids me to cite, we have every reason to believe they
were far beyond the average crops of the present day under like
culture. It is true we read of their occasional failure by reason
of droughts ; and it is certain that droughts occurred then as well
as now. But in judging of their frequency and intensity we are to
bear iu mind that the plowing of early days was the merest scratch-
ing of the surface, that little or no retentive manure was used, and
that at the present day and under such conditions our crops
would prove uniform failures. It is safe to say that, with the ad-
vantage of a virgin soil and with the conservation and more uni-
form distribution of moisture afforded b}- the forests, our ancestors
had good reason for making glowing comparisons with the fertile
soils of Europe.

Turn now to the aspect of our State at the present day, and we
are compelled to admit a mighty cliange. AVe except, with pleas-
ure, the alluvial spots around our cities, which receive special en-
richment and high culture. We point to these with pride, a8 3'ield-
ing products largely exceeding those of the past. But the fertility
of these gardens serves to make the barrenness of the surrounding
hills and plains only the more conspicuous.

These outlying fields have been laid bare for a century or more,
and subjected to the inllueuces of our clear, hot sun, of sweeping
winds, and of wa.-,liing rains. To a large degree the organic deposit
of ages has been exhausted by continued cropping ; or dried and
blown, ov washed, away. So exhausted have many sections be-
come that they are abandoned for tillage and are now neglected
pastures, or are left to a straggling and miscellaneous forest growth.
It is a well known fact that there are, and have been for years,
numerous farms for sale in all parts of the State at a price scarcely

THE FOREST INTERESTS OF MASSACHUSETTS. 31

sufficient to cover the value of the buildings connected with them.
There is a well understood significance in the term " land-poor,"
as applied to a man even in this good old Commonwealth, which
is so prosperous in commercial and manufacturing enterprises, and
furnishes ample markets for all farm products. But the naked
truth is that the lands are not productfve ; the fertility is gone, and
to keep them in heart requires about as much expenditure as the
value returned by them. Of eour?e it is evident that land will be
wanted in the vicinity of our cities and thiiving manufacturing
centres, both for homesteads and also for cultivation, without re-
gard to the question of profit. And there are special lines, as
for example the i)roduction of milk, where there is an encouraging
prospect of remuneration. Indeed, we may say that, with capital,
improved machinery, improved methods, near and excellent mar-
kets, and a large amount of energy and brain, most of our
farms may be made to pay, — still the very statement implies that
the lands are now in a low and exhausted ^tate, and are suffering
from neglect. The same causes which have operated to change
Palestine and other countries of the old world from lands " flowing
with milk and honey " to regions of extreme sterility have been,
and are now, operating in our own land, and we are sitting by as
idle witnesses.

It is, indeed, an ungracious task to report the poverty of the
land. But the fact stares us in the face, and it is folly to shut our
eyes upon a situation so serious. And especially is this so, if by
wise effort it is possible, in a good degree, to ameliorate this condi-
tion. It is true we have a long and difficult problem, in attempt-
ing to change not only the soil, but also the very climate of a
State. But a reversal of the processes which have caused the
changes in the past would surely, if followed for a sufficient time,
restore the original condition of both. If left in undisturbed
possession Nature would, herself, in the course of ages bring
Ijack tlie stately growth of the forests, and restore the pristine
richness of the soil. But, obviously, this is not what we seek.
No one desires to reduce Massachusetts to the condition of a
howling wilderness. What we do desire is to restore a fair
balance between field and forest, — to devote certain sections,
which are unfit for other purposes, to their own legitimate end.

There are thousands of acres of rough hills and of barren coasts
and sandy plains in different parts of the State, which are unfit

32 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

for cultiviition, ami wliicli should be judiciousl}' planted with trees
adapted to the situations in which liicy are placed. Such trees,
wisely phiuted and cared for, would in time vield a better return
than could otherwise be obtained from the soil, while at the same
time this growth would confer an important benelit uiion the sur-
rounding country. *

I need not dwell upon the influences of forests. You all recog-
nize their protection as wind-breaks, the fertilizing effect of their
shade and annual deposits upon the soil ; their power of detaining the
rainfall for a slower descent into the streams ; their radiation
of heat in winter, and absorption of it in summer, and other like
benelicent influences. At our last meeting Vice-President Smith
mentioned that his thermometer was always a few degrees higher
than his neighbors', stating also that there were a few evergreen
trees not far away, which he presumed had some modifying effect.
In a deep forest we do not need the aid of a thermometer to notice
that the modifying effect is very great.

But if the effect of forests is so beneficent, and if, withal, they
are profitable, why then are they not more generally planted?

We have time only in the briefest way to state a few prominent
reasons.

First. With most land-owners, this is an untried industry ; the
processes of planting and of culture are unknown; examples of
success are wauling.

Second. The danger from forest fires is serious ; the risk deters
in many cases.

Third. The benefits of forests extend to adjoining regions, but
the cost is borne only b}' the planter.

Fourth. But, chiefly, the si)irit of the age is against such long
investments.

The main discouragement lies in the last mentioned con-
sideration.

There are a few noteworthy exami)les of gentlemen of wealth
who take pride in the permanent improvement of their estates, and
who can well atlord to disregard early returns. But these eases
are comparatively few. The bulk of our land does not remain in
families from generation to generation, like the entailed estates of
the old world. Tiie tendency is to make real estate, like all other
property, easily transferable and available for present use.
Hence an investment which defers adequate returns for a score or

THE FOREST INTERESTS OF MASSACHUSETTS. 33

two of j^ears, offers a prospect too remote to be inviting. True,
there will be thinnings from the plantation ; which may perhaps be
taken in eight or ten years. But these will scarcely exceed in
value the cost of proper care of the forest. And the average land-
owner really cannot afford to await such distant returns, with the
constant risk of losses by fire.

Tlierc are other discouragements, — such for example as the
absence of saw-mills and other machiner}' for the manufacture of
wood ; which are not now to be found, because the industry has
been abandoned.

Is it then strange that next to nothing is done in forest culture?
Can we reasonably hope for any marked progress so long as
present conditions exist?

It may be said in reply that we are actually improving ; that the
number of acres in wood is greater than it was fifty j'ears ago.
This is doubtless true. But the very statement rather serves to
prove to what an extreme we had drifted. The wood lots which
have grown up during the past fift\' years have in the main sprung
up on wholly neglected lands ; ver^' few have come from judicious
planting. Many a neglected field, having ceased to yield profit-
able crops, has been seized b}^ the white birch and other miscel-
laneous growth ; the result being that we are getting a certain kind
of increased growth, but one of comparatively little value. There
is also an increase of shade trees along our road-sides, and of trees
for ornament in the vicinity of our homes, which are a real gain.
But the result, taken as a whole, is an3-thing but creditable to the
State. And so long as the discouragements continue to be so
many and so serious, it is not reasonable to expect an}' material
progress in the restoration of the forests.

But we ma}- not rest here. It becomes us seriously to inquire
what can be done to remove or to alleviate these discourage-
ments.

I am persuaded that this is an industry which requires and
deserves the fostering care of the government. It is an industry
which vitally affects the common weal ; which if prosecuted
largely would indirect!}' confer great public benefit yet must be
done at private cost, — but cannot thrive without encouragement.
Our legislature has recognized these conditions, and has to some
extent enacted statutes favoring forest planting. But these laws
are meagre in their provisions, and as we have seen have not, thus
3

34 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

far, produced uiiy intuked result. We also need stringent stiitutes
respecting forest fires.

Most of our fires are the result of sheer carelessness ; some,
perhaps, of malice. Strict laws, rigidh' enforced, would prevent a
large proportion of these. The evil is not confined to the amount
of direct loss occasioned by these fires, enormous though this is,
but the constant risk is a standing menace against all enterprise
in forest culture. Our statutes should aflTord the amplest possible
protection in this respect.*

In addition to this, it is time that our legislatures should
consider the expedienc}' of offering bounties for lands devoted
systematically to the growth of trees. We now have a statute
which, under certain restrictions, exempts from taxation low-priced
lands, — lauds which are planted to forest. But this is only a
negative encouragement, and so trifling in comparison with the
conditions imposed that it is doubtful whether it has had any
appreciable elfcct. Another statute, passed in 1882, is intended
to encourage cities and towns in the formation of wooded parks,
giving authority to take lands and providing for their control by
the State Board of Agriculture. Here, again, the aid is meagre
and remote, and is not likeh' to produce any marked results.

On the other liand the offer of even a moderate graded l)ounty
would arrest the attention of farmers, and probably lead to numer-
ous efforts in planting.

And there is surely a warrant for such a subsidy. The whole
State is receiving direct benefit from every acre of forest main-
tained. AVhenever these widespread benefits are enhanced by
forest planting at individual cost, should not the State contribute
its portion? A moderate amount of bounty, it is believed, would
prove a sufficient stimulus to arouse our farmers out of their ijresont
habit of slovenly neglect.

There remains one other wa}- In' which the State could promote
the interests of forestry, and that is by example. We are familiar
with the extensive woik done by European governments in the cul-
ture of forests, and the revenues and satisfactory results which
follow. So well-recognized is the public welfare involved in forest

*A stringent statute in regard to Forest Fires has since been enacted by
the Legislature of Massachusetts, in accordance with a petition presented by
a Coniniittce appointed by tliis Society.

THE FOREST INTERESTS OF MASSACHUSETTS. 35

preservation, that private owners of wood are not allowed to cut
upon their own lands without government supervision.

The State of New York has recently appointed a Forest Com-
mission, and made other provision for protecting the Adirondack
region as the source of supply for the waters of the Hudson, the
Mohawk, the Black, and other rivers, upon which the prosperity of
the State so essentially depends. Can we doubt the wisdom of
such a protective policy ?

It is a practical question for Massachusetts to consider how far
she can encourage the growth of trees on her western mountain
slopes, and on the waste stretches of her eastern coast-range ; and
also how far she can cooperate with her sister States in protecting
the sources of the Merrimac and the Connecticut.

Still nearer to us and of very pressing importance is the ques-
tion— What is her duty in respect to the Middlesex Fells? Here
is a rugged, broken region of four thousand acres, unsuited for
cultivation or for building purposes, yet in close proximity to the
homes of one-third of the population of the State ; a region ad-
apted by nature for a wild forest park, where a large and regular
water-supply might be maintained ; where, after a verj' few years,
timber might be cut, sufficient in value at least to cover all the
cost of maintaining the park ; and where, best of all, a noble ex-
ample might be given of fostering care over an important industrj',
with proof of the feasibility of forest culture, and of the vast ben-
efit of such wild tracts to the neighboring cities. It is a fact so
well recognized that I need not now dwell upon the admirable ad-
aptation of this tract for the purposes indicated. It is a piece of
great good fortune that, though in the immediate vicinity of the
large cities of Lynn, Boston, Cambridge, Somerville, and Maiden,
yet, owing to its natural conformation, it remains to this day com-
paratively unoccupied. And still, though unsuited for ordinary
improvement, it cannot long remain in its present condition. Un-
less secured at an early day it will be invaded by scattering settlers
and the opportunity to take it will be gone.

Here then is an enterprise in which the whole State is inter-
ested. The State should therefore assume it. But the nearer
cities and towns are more largely interested than the more remote
portions. The principle of betterment assessments should there-
fore apply to these neighboring places. But this should not be
made a heavy burden. It should be most distinctly and emphati-

36 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

cally understood tliat these Fells nre to be in no respect like the
adorned parks of most of our cities. Such costly ornamentation
would defeat the ver}- purpose of the enterprise. The charm of
the place should for all time consist in its simple, rugged natural-
ness ; while, at the same time, many practical lessons in forest cult-
ure might there be taught. In how man}' and varied ways would
the influence of such a project be most wholesome, — an honor to
the State, and a source of sure and abundant recompense !

In my judgment, Mr. President, the time has come when the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society should throw the weight of its
active influence in favor of forest laws in general, and of legisla-
tion for the Middlesex Fells in particular.

I may add, in closing, that at the last session of the Forestry
Congress, two of the members of this Society were appointed, with
two gentlemen from each of the other New England States, as a
Committee to promote appropriate legislation by these associated
States in regard to forests ; and that this Committee now holds
the subject under consideration.

Discussion.

Francis W, Brewer thanked the Society, in behalf of the Ameri-
can Forestry Congress, for the use of the Society's Hall for the
meeting of the Congress, last September, and for other courtesies
shown the Congress at that time. He had listened with very great
pleasure to Mr. Strong's paper, the subject of which is of great
and growing importance — more so than most of us have yet real-
ized. The laws thus far enacted in aid of forestry are wholly in-
significant ; the laws of Connecticut provide for a bounty of ten
cents for each tree at the age of three years, and there are similar
laws in INIassachusetts. These are worse than none, for they are
made an excuse for not passing better laws. It would be niucli
easier to begin anew. Organized action is better than individual
effort, and it would be of great service if this society sliould urge
the passage of n law olfering a bounty for judiciously planted
groves. But pending the improvement of the statutes all who
have a bit of waste land should begin planting trees. It is sur-
prising how much land there is in this State of which farmers could
make no use so good as by planting with trees. This would
allow them to concentrate tlicir labors on belter land. A few

THE FOREST INTERESTS OF MASSACHUSETTS. 37

daj's' work in spring and autumn would give them deciduous and
evergreen trees whicti would afford a storehouse of lumber, besides
great enjoj^ment to themselves and their families.

John G. Barker spoke of the loss sustained in the death of
Elizur Wright, who was one of the most earnest promoters of the
Middlesex Fells project, and who had promised to the Garden
Committee (of which the speaker is Chairman) a brief history of
the Fells. The Committee were surprised at the beauty and variety
of scener}' in the Fells, and Mr. Barker endorsed all that the
essayist had said in commendation of the project. If set apart as
a park it would not take many years to produce timber enough to
pa^' all expenses. We are apt to think it takes a longer time to
get retuins from tree planting than it really does. Mr. Barker
spoke of a recent visit to the estate in LiXnn. planted by the
late Hon. Richard S. Fay not a great many years ago ; where the
larch trees had to be thinned out, and a great number were sold
to the telephone company for poles, and smaller ones were sold for
fuel. He was surprised at the returns made in so short a time.
He also spoke of a visit to the estate of Major Ben : Perley Poore
in West Newbury, by the Garden Committee, who could bear
witness to what had been done in restoring a growth of wood to
what was once a barren hill. The growth of wood gave evidence
that land now unproductive can be made profitable by tree plant-
ing. A pond on the top of this hill, which was formerly dry, now
always has water in it. In Lynn, where the speaker resides, they
have a Forestry Society which was formed with the purpose of
purchasing and holding on to natural forests ; the society" has now
not far from a hundred acres, some of which has been donated to
it, and in other cases the owners have met the Societ}^ generously.
These things show that people are becoming aware of the impor-
tance of forest planting, and the speaker hoped this society would
take part in the movement. In Pine Grove Cemeter}^ of which he
is superintendent, there is a stratum of the best loam under rocks,
and it is not much work to remove some of these and plant small
trees. Near the cemeter}' there is a piece of ground producing
birches, which if it had been planted fifteen years ago with
larches would before now have paid an income over the taxes.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder commended with all his heart every
effort for the planting of forest or other trees. Mr. Strong's essay
was a most able and instructive paper, and the speaker approved

38 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of asking for government aid to forest planting. Tlie thouglitthat
ever}- farmer eouUl have a little forest of bis own, on land now use-
less, should be impressed on all. He knew a farmer who reserved
a portion of his land, which grew up to trees that when of proper
age were cut off, and now another growth is coming up. The
Hon. "William Foster owned a part of the Middlesex Fells, and
the project of reserving it as a natural park was a favorite one
with him.

H. Weld Fuller said that it is a matter of vital importance that
we should have health preserved and homes fit for civilized human
beings, and forestr}' strikes at the very root of the subject. All
Europe is alive to the importance of forest planting ; in Austria the
forest area is increasing. Here, until recently, we have had too
many trees, but we are now awakening to the importance of re-
placing some of those which have been cut off. There is no doubt
that some of our waste lands can be made profitable by planting
with trees ; the^' are not like annual farm crops, which require
continual care. He had himself planted trees which are now six
feet in circumference.

0. B. Hadwen, Chairman of the Committee on Publication and
Discussion, said that while the committee had endeavored to give
a horticultural phase to the programme of these meetings, he
knew that the welfare of the State depended largely' on the awak-
ening of public interest in the subject discussed today. He had
had an opportunity to learn the importance of forest planting, both
from others and from his own experience. Forest fires have been
a great hindrance to planting trees, especiall}- in the vicinity of
towns and cities. They are caused to a great extent by careless
bo3's and men. At present you cannot convict unless you can
prove malicious intent, and he wanted the law so amended as to
include negligence on the part of persons above twelve or fourteen
3'ears of age ; and he would like a committee to look into the
question whether taxation on forests should not be lessened if
owned by persons who have little means of support. Taxes
should come from other sources.

The most important forest tree is the White I'ine, whicli is
adapted to all soils — on hilltops and in valleys. It grows rapidl}',
especially with a little encouragement ; where liberally treated he
has seen a growth of four feet in a year. He would transplant
seedlings from the nursery ; wild pines are not worth a tenth part

THE FOREST INTERESTS OF MASSACHUSETTS. 39

as much. They must be judiciously pruned ; it will not do to trim
up a young tree too closel}', but the limbs should be cut off six
inches from the trunk. The stump will then die and can be
knocked off the next year ; and in this way you will get clear pine,
worth from four to six times the value of that from knott}^ trees,
where small limbs have been cut close. The Black Walnut, if
pruned, will be of great value. The Chestnut grows well all over the
State, and always makes good timber. The Larch is a very useful
and rapidly growing tree ; the speaker planted some for ornament,
and twenty-six years after wanted twenty sticks, to square eight
inches by ten and thirty feet long. He could not get them without
resorting to his ornamental trees, and so he cut out alternate trees ;
some of which showed annual rings three-quarters of an inch in
thickness. The larch holds its size well, and makes stiff timber
which cannot be sprung. There are many other trees that will
grow on waste land. Farmers say that tree planting does not
pay, but they who plant will see their account in it, and they or
their heirs will reap great benefit from it.

Francis H. Appleton said that the present laws in regard to
forest fires refer only to malicious or wilful injury-, and if the law
were made to include fires set carelessly' or negligently the judges
could use their discretion in regard to young persons brought before
them for that offence.

E. W. Wood thought that the statements of the essayist in re-
gard to barren lands were perhaps true. Among the early set-
tlers, the farmers had so much land that they could not cultivate it
all. Within the last twenty-five years so much land has grown up
to wood, that we have more wooded land now than we had before
that time. Then the farmers got an income from old wood
lots, but now the wood is largely a new growth. There is not
one-fourth part as much wood used for fuel now as there was
twenty-five years ago. Then there was not a ton of coal used in
the native town of the speaker ; now the fires are all of coal. The
locomotives were all run with wood then. We are likely to have
enough firewood to supply the demand, but not enough timber.
Much of the land where it has been recommended to plant forest
trees is adapted to apple trees ; strong land on rough sidehills is
the best in the world for them, and they will bear full crops in ten
or twelve 3ears, and bring in quicker returns than forest trees.

Mr. Brewer thouo;ht we mioht be in danger of losing sight of the

40 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

fact tlial the argiiniont is uot in favor of cherisliing the wild growtlj,
or of producing firewood, but of systematic planting of trees for
timber.

C. L. Allen of Garden City, Long Island, said that a friend of
his who has a farm on Long Island of two hundred and forty
acres, one hundred and forty of Avhieh is rough land, unlit for
agricultural purposes, thirty or forty years ago cut olf all the wood
except the chestnut from the latter portion and planted locust ; and
this is now the most profitable part of the farm. He goes to his
wood to get money to pay his taxes ; in fact the rou>2h portion of
the farm brings in more mone}' annually than the arable land, with-
out labor other than cutting and carting the timber, and without
manure. The speaker has on his own farm fifty acres of white
sand — as poor as any soil can be — whore a former owner planted
a portion to ailanthus trees, which are nearly as valuable as the
locust, and which will make timber fit for mechanical uses in
fifteen years from the time of planting, and yield a large revenue
on the investment.

William II. Hills of Plaistow, N. IL, said that he was a member
of a committee to investigate the effect of forests on the rainfall
and the tendency of removing them to produce drought in his
State, and it was found that cutting off forests did not aflect the
rainfall, but did produce drought ; the snow melting much more
quickly, making the floods greater in the spring, and the rivers
lower in summer. In regard to reforesting, if he were a young
man, he would like no better speculation than growing and plant-
ing seedling forest trees. It is easily done. Nature is constantly
doing it. He has planted Scotch Larch and Norway Spruce trees
which are now two feet in diameter and are stocking up all his
neighbors' pastuies. Seedlings can be bought of nurserymen at
an exceedingly low rale. One can also easily stock his land with
oaks and nut-beaiiiig trees. He has white birches which sprang
up Iron) seed as thickly as rye, and are now six feet high. The
statutes thus far enacted in New Hampshire to prevent forest
fires are of very little value ; no one has ever been convicted under
them. He lives near the line Itetween New Ilauipishirc jmd Mas-
•sachusetts, and many |)eople come over there from the latter State
and eithei- wilfully or neligently set lire to the forests, and it is
dillicult to detect them in the act, but hundreds of acres are burneil
over. The land is being stripped rapidly by portable saw mills.

THE MOST DESIRABLE VARIETIES OF FRUIT. 41

and in a few years there will be little lieav}' timber left. He
agreed with Mr. Wood that apple trees are more profitable on side-
hills than forest trees, if the soil is suitable.

Professor L. H. Baile}^ of the Michigan Agricultural College,
said that there is more beauty in the Middlesex Fells than in
thousands of acres laid out according to the rules of landscape
gardening. People here do not appreciate their good fortune in
having such a picturesque place near their own doors. In Michi-
gan, where the land is all arable, less attention has been paid to
forest planting than here, and it is almost impossible to make
farmers believe in the necessit}' of preserving trees ; but it will be
only a few years before timber will be scarce, even there. The
sources of rivers and creeks should be protected by preserving the
trees and shrubs around them. The land around the Ohio river is
flooded every year, and is now not lived on. Dunes and knolls
should be planted with trees. The speaker looked to the Eastern
States for examples of judicious and beneficial forest planting.

Edmund Hersej' said that every one who is in love with Nature
will be in love with the subject under discussion. What forests
we have may be turned in that direction where they will be of the
most value. The object should be, not to raise trees for firewood,
but for timber or for ornament, and in both these directions we
might make great progress. In cutting wood we often leave the
poorest trees, and those of least value for timber, to seed our land ;
we should pursue the opposite course. We should never cut off
all the trees, but should leave enough for seed. If our fathers
and grandfathers had done this, we might be reaping the benefit
now. Nature grows many trees that are not desirable. If an
effort had been made two generations ago to encourage the growth
of the chestnut, which is much more desirable than the birch, our
woodlands would be much more valuable than they are now.
Always save those trees which are most noted for their good
qualities.

The subject of the most desii'able varieties of fruit was here
taken up, and Hon. Marshall P. Wilder spoke in continuation of
his remarks on the preceding Saturda}-. There are many valuable
old varieties not now cultivated, and so little known that they
might be introduced as new and promising well. He had done
well by holding on to a good man}' old varieties. Among cherries,
the Windsor is a new and excellent variety — fully equal in tree

42 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and fruit to the Black Eagle. It originated at "Windsor, Canada.
Of sixty varieties that the speaker had proved, the Ked Jacket is
one of the most valuable. The Briton Blackberry (formerly the
Ancient Briton) is more hardy than the Dorchester, which he
formerly esteemed above all others, exceedingly productive, and
should be more generally cultivated. A great object with those
who cultivate for market is to produce the fruits that bring the
most mone}-. Among pears of this character are the Clapp'a
Favorite and the Boiissock. The former must all be picked by the
20th of August. The latter makes one of the most elegant pear
trees ; in Belgium, where it originated, there are trees sixty feet
high. He begins to pick them the ir>th of August, and they
3-ellow up and are all of good qualit}-. The Bartlett may be
picked about the first of September. He has a Buffum pear tree
which bears a crop of twent}' bushels or more ; he begins to pick
them the 20th of September. The Merriam is exceedingly valu-
able ; he begins to thin these also about the 20th of September.
They turn yellow with a brown cheek. Beginning early and pick-
ing a part of the fruit before it is fully grown promotes the growth
of that which is left. The Bosc is always good and there are
never so many in the market as are wanted. The Paradise of
Autumn and Hardy are valuable for market. The Anjou, which
was introduced here about fifty years ago, succeeds throughout
the country, and will be as popular as the Bartlett. The Lawrence
and Langelier come in later. These are all valuable for market.
The dates given for gathering are before they ripen ; all pears
ripen better in the house than on the tree.

There has been most astonishing improvement in grapes in our
day. His vineyard is in a favorable location, and he has but little
mildew. Of black varieties he recommended the Concord, Wor-
den. Wilder, and Barry as kinds which cannot be dispensed with,
eitlier for market or by an)ateurs. Of red grapes the Lindley,
Biighton, and Delaware are best; the Lindley is best of all. Of
white grapes the Niagara makes a vigorous, health}' vine, and is
very i)roductive. Tiie Pocklington always ripens with him. The
Duchess is of superior quality ; the bunches are large but the
berries arc small ; the vine is vigorous and a little tender, but he
always covers il. The Prentiss has disa[)pointed expectation;
though the fruit is excellent the vine is not as lobust as could be
wished. The Jefferson and Lady Washington are a little late;

THE MOST DESIRABLE VARIETIES OF FRUIT. 43

the latter is a fine, vigorous grower, and such an enormous bearer
as to require severe thinning. Tlie time is fast approacliing when
we shall produce as fine grapes out of doors as under glass.

In strawberries he has to settle down on the Charles Downing,
Kentucky, Seth Boyden, Cumberland, and other old varieties.
The Jewell is coming injio a like estimation ; it is one of the most
promising new kinds. The Prince is of high flavor and vigorous
growth.

Mr. Hills said he was glad to know that the Jewell is so promis-
ing. He spoke of the deceptive character of the advertisements
of horticultural novelties ; new fruits are sold at two dollars per
dozen plants, or perhaps two dollars each, and after paying these
prices in two or three years 3'ou find they are of no value. It is
amusing to see the statements, in catalogues, that the accounts of
new varieties are accurate. Last winter he crossed a large num-
ber of strawberries in the greenhouse; fruit on a pistillate plant is
sure to be a cross. Probably he would get nine hundred and
ninety-nine not as good as the parents, but he might get one
better.

Mr. Wilder said that the seed of cross-fertilized strawberries
might be sown immediately, and the fruit could be tested in six
months.

Notice was given that on the next Saturday Rev. J. B. Harrison,
of Franklin Falls, N. H., would speak on " Forestry."

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, January 30, 1886.

An adjourned meeting of the Societj' was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Henry P. Walcott, in the chair.

Edward L. Beard moved that the Committee on Publication and
Discussion be authorized to emplo}' a person to make abstracts of
the papers read at the meetings for discussion, on the day when
read, and prepare copies in manifold for all the dailj' papers in the
city. The motion was unanimously adopted.

Charles N. Brackett, Chairman of the Committee on Vegetables,
announced the decease of George W. Pierce, a member of that

44 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

comniittee, and moved tlic appointment of a committee to prepare
memorial resolutions. The motion was carried, and the chair ap-
pointed as that Committee Mr. Brackett, Warren lleustis, and
George Hill.

Mr. Brackett also moved the appointment of a committee to
nominate a snccessor to Mr. Pierce ; which motion was carried,
and William II. Spooncr, C. H. B. Breck, and J. I). AV. French
were appointed as the Committee.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder moved that a committee be appointed
to prepare a memorial of the late Henry P. Kidder. The motion
was carried, and H. AYeld Fnller, Hon. Marshall P. Wilder and
Francis II. Appleton were appointed as the Committee, Mr. Wilder
declining to serve as chairman.

William C. Strong moved that a committee be appointed b^' the
President to cooperate with other committees and organizations
for the purpose of obtaining more efficient legislation for the plant-
ing and protection of forests in Massachusetts, and particularly of
the tract known as the Middlesex Fells. The motion was carried,
and Charles S. Sargent, William C. Strong, John Robinson,
William II. Spooner, and Francis H. Appleton were appointed bj'
the President as the Conmiittee, — Mr. Strong being at his own
request excused from serving as chairman.

Adjourned to Saturday, February G.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Forestry.

By Rev. J. B. IIaukison, Fninklin Falls, N. II.

The primary thought, when we consider the formation of a
forest, is of a vast sponge of vegetable matter which holds back
the water falling upon it, and increases the area of swamp grounds.
This condition of the soil fornu'rly prevailed in (Jreat Britain, but
great changes have attended the advance of civilization, so that
there are few areas of this character left, but instead we have a
progi'cssive dcHiccation.

Likewise in this country, when (irsl settled by white men, forests
covered tlie whole face of tlic land, and in consequence the streams.

FORESTRY. 45

swamps, and springs were miieh more plentiful and well supplied
than now ; the forest not only retaining the water like a sponge,
but furnishing for the soil a shelter from drying winds and scorch-
ing suns. Then trees were regarded as the enemy of man, for
they were the great obstacle to his gaining a subsistence ; and the
forest was cleared and burned with tireless energy, and children
were educated to think of it as something to be destro^yed. This
went on for several generations and the momentum of the same
feeling continues, and people instinctively destroy forests, when
the necessity for doing so long ago ceased and they ought to
preserve instead of destroying them. Here in America we are
steadil}' and rapidly going on to the same catastrophe that has
befallen older countries.

There is an unfortunate tendency in the American people to
make money in the present, without much regard for future con-
sequences ; and so we have gone on, in a careless, selfish belief that
if we destroy' all the lumber we shall somehow find a way to re-
place it, until we have come to a point where every intelligent
lumberman knows just what supply is left. In a very few years
more we shall come to the extinction of the magnificent white pine
forests of Michigan and Wisconsin, and then a stop will be put to the
settlement of the treeless plains of Dakotah and other territories
b}^ people of moderate means, on account of the scarcit}' of material
for building, which will all have to be brought across the Rocky
Mountains.

Until recently, no means have been used to diffuse information
on this subject, but, depending on our hopeful instincts, we have
felt that in America everything is bound to come out about right,
and that there is no waste that cannot be supplied. It is true that
we can do many things that others cannot, but we must remember
that the limitations of human nature exist for us, and that there
are some things that cannot be replaced. Animals have become
extinct because the conditions under which they lived have passed
away.

Within our own time the careless habits of the hunter have made
the bison almost extinct, and he can never be restored ; and the native
forest is disappearing with him. Lands once endowed with extreme
fertilit}', with as fine forests as ever grew, and having important
relations to civilization, have, through loss of the forests, become
entirely changed in character. In the State of New York vast

40 MASSACHUSETTS lIOKTrCULTUKAL SOCIKTV.

regions onco fiTlile have become thus blighted, and now siiow
league after league of rocky, seamed, and scarred desolation, as
irrecoverable as the deseit of Sahara ; and it is now too late to do
much towards preserving what remains. We go on cutting limber
because it is proHtable, and fire soon comes in among the brush and
debris left, and the soil, being largely composed of vegetalde mat-
ter, is to a great extent consumed. The lirst tire makes it easier
for the next, and soon there is no soil left on slo|)ing grounds, but
it is washed down, choking streams and destroying springs, until the
barren waste that remains is a pitiful sight. Saw-mills are de-
serted, having neither water nor logs to keep them working. There
are iu the Adirondack region the ruins of many saw-mills where
one wonders that a saw-mill should ever have been built. In New
Hampshire the water suppl}' is found to fail ; and when the cause
is inquired into it is found that the springs were at the heads of
ravines covered with forests which the farmers cut off, burning the
dry rubbish. As a result the surface became disintegrated and
too diy for further vegetation, and soon thore was the l)eginning of
a vast chasm, ^^'hole farms have thus been destroyed, and the
sand creeps over them. There are in that State ninny plains
formerly covered with white pine, but which, since the forest was
cut off, have become deserts of shifting sand. People lament
this result, but they are responsible for it.

IIuw to prevent this destruction and rei)lacc our forests is one
of the most iniport:int (piestions of the (lay. The first step must
be to educate tlie piililic to a sense of the urgency of the case.
There has been much agitation of the subject, and much has been
published in the journals of the day ; various agricultural and hor-
ticultural societies are now debating the subject with interest, and
doing much in the right direction, — yet thus far we have not sulli-
ciently protected an acre of forest, or stayed the lumberman's axe
at tiie foot of a single tree. The State of New York has a forestry
commission which last year presented to the Legislature three bills
designed for the [)rotection and renewal of forests, but it was ira-
[jossible to persuade politicians of their necessitj', and only one
was passe<l, and tiiat was first shorn of its most usefid parts. The
result was worse than if nothing had been done. One of the mem-
bers of this commission was a lumberman.

It is a question how far we can depend on the means hitherto
used to awaken- interest in this subject ; proI)ably we have about

FORESTRY. 47

reached the limit of what can be done in this way, and other
measures must be tried. Older regions of the globe, once fertile,
now subsist only a nomadic population ; and by continuing the
course which has been pursued there we shall arrive at the same
result. To prevent this calamity we need first to arouse popular
feeling and awake popular attention. We need to compare what
is done in various locations. We need a National Forestry Com-
mission, armed with large powers for making experiments and
investigations ; and composed, not of politicians who will make it a
source of scandal, but of men who will devote themselves to the
study of the subject, and prepare measures for the action of Con-
gress, presenting a comprehensive plan for the management of
National and State forest lands. We need a change in the temper
and spirit of the people, and in bringing this about we have a vast
educational work before us.

We need a National School of Forestry, with ample resources,
where young men shall be educated in all the va'ious methods
used abroad, and taught how to apply them here, so that they shall
be qualified to manage forests in every part of our countr}- — such
a school as shall make its pupils feel that they have a career before
them, as much as if educated at the military school at West Point,
or the naval school at Annapolis ; for the objects of a school of
Forestry would be quite as important as those of the others.
Such schools exist in European countries, though yet unknown
here because their necessity is not yet perceived ; but we shall have
to modify our ideas to suit the changed conditions of our times.
Before much can be done in protecting forests, the average
American will need a good deal of instruction in regard to the im-
portance and necessity of surrendering some of his private rights
for the public good. We need a periodical to discuss the subject
of forestry, which shall be devoted to persistent education of the
people, not by elaborate aesthetic essays but l)y short, sharp, and
incisive articles, with iteration and reiteration. What we are doing
now is far from being adequate to the necessity of the case, and
, we must be prepared to do a great deal more, or to give up
altogether.

In connection with the protection of forests, thought should be
taken for the promotion of the higher landscape gardening — the
highest art that we have anything to do with in this country. The
genius which produces great pictures and statues is worthy of ad-

48 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

niir;iti(>ii :ui(l respoct, but tliore is no higher work of nrt than that
clone by the man who takes a tract of wild, iiiifi-rtilc ground, and
forms in his mind a picture of wliat may l)e made of it in fifty or
a hundred years, and works to realize that ideal — jjatiently laying
the foundation of what he will never see completed. Such men
we have here now ; there is one in the em[)loy of the Cit}' of
fioston.

All our problems are complicated, and we must recognize the
fact that our environment is peculiar, and we must educate tlie
peoi)le to recognize it. They must realize that private interests
are not the highest objects. AVe might make attractive forest
places near the cities, preserving the Sources of water. Here in
Boston, is the fittest place for a journal devoted to this work.
No method of prosecuting it can be completely adequate which
does not include and provide for an advance in civilization.

Discussion.

"William C. Strong fully agreed with the previous speaker as to
the importance of the sul)ject so elociuentlv presented by him. The
time for talk has passed, and it is time for our own State to take
action. Our statutes are inadequate ; they profess to encourage
forestry, but do not. Low priced land is exem|)ted from taxation
if l)Ianted with trees, but not a tree has been planted as the result
of this exemption. Our i)resent laws on this subject are so meagre
and scattered that no one can tell much about them, and they
should all be repealed ; and a code should be enacted giving effect-
ual encouragement to forest planting, and more eftectually pre-
venting forest fires.

Francis "W. Brewer thanked the Society for devoting two meet-
ings to the sul)ject of Forestry*, which is now l)ecoming recognized
as of vast importance to all classes of people. But, however able
may be our essays and discussions, the wave of progress set in
motion by them soon dies out without further work. All who see the
importance of the subject should be prepared to act intelligently,
for the impetus given will not perpetuate itself. He believed that
such a committee as was proposed would be most useful, and it
would have the more Aveight from combining its action with that of
other organizations. Tlie Committee of two from each of the
New England .States, appointed by the American Forestry Con-

RESOLVE CONCERNING SURPLUS FUNDS. 49

gress to draft laws in relation to forestry, will prepare a draft
founded on the latest and most progressive legislation for its
encouragement, and legislators will be glad to have an agreement
in regard to such legislation on the part of those who ask for it.

Notice was given that on the next Saturday William E. Endi-
cott would read a paper on "Gladioli."

BUSINESS MEETING.

Satdbday, February 6, 1886.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Henry P. Walcott, in the chair.

The Annual Report of the Treasurer was read by the Secretary,
accepted, and ordered to be placed on file.

John B. Moore presented the following preamble and resolve : —

Whereas, The report of the Treasurer shows that there are in his
hands bonds to the amount of twenty thousand dollars, held by
the Society as an investment of surplus funds ; and

Whereas, There is a debt of the Society represented by a mort-
gage upon its real estate, the principal sum of which falls due
within three years :

Therefore, it is Resolved, That the amount of funds in the
treasury, now represented by the before-mentioned bonds, be made
a sinking fund, to appl}' upon the payment of the mortgage debt
when due, and to be placed in the hands of the Finance Committee
as trustees for the purpose aforesaid.

The motion was referred to the Finance Committee.

H. Weld Fuller, Chairman of the Committee appointed at the
last meeting to prepare a memorial of the late Henry P. Kidder,
presented the following report :

A few days ago, the death of our distinguished and honorable

associate, Mr. Henry P. Kidder, was announced, and on every

hand the evidences of deep sorrow and affliction have appeared.

He was well known to the community as a genial, generous, and

4

50 MASSACnUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

philanthropic citizen, and for nearly a qnarter of a century he was
a vahied member of this Society. We cannot, therefore, permit
this occasion to pass without placing on record some expression of
our appreciation of his virtues, and our high respect for his char-
acter and memory. Whereupon, it is

Resolved, That this Society is deeply sensible of the great loss
which we, in common with many other associations and the public,
have sustained by Mr. Kidder's decease. His sound judgment,
sagacious counsels, expansive benevolence, and heart}' cooperation
in whatever tended to elevate, purify, or gladden the lives or
homes of the people were recognized and appreciated hy all who
knew him. Whoever would protect the young, or improve their
habits, tastes, or condition, found in him a willing helper. Grate-
fully recognizing the goodness and bounty of God, he gave freel}'
to His cause, and contributed to spread the beauties of His floral
kingdom for the enjoyment of all.

Many who experienced his kindness will long cherish his
memory; and, like us, will plant his honored name upon their
hearts, and surround it with ever-growing "Forget-me-nots."

Resolved, That these resolutions be placed on record, and that
a copy be transmitted to the family of the deceased, with the assur-
ance of our warm sympathy in their great affliction.

H. Weld Fuller, )

Marshall P. Wilder, > Committee.
Francis II. Appleton, .)

Mr. Fuller added that the time would not be misspent if he said
one word more. It is due to ourselves that some notice should be
taken of the departure of Mr. Kidder, as an incentive to the
young to follow his example. He was known as a man of gener-
osity, and an almoner of the bounty of God. Doubtless he was
such in many instances unknown to us.

Hon. Marshall 1*. Wilder aflirmed the truth of all that was said in
the resolutions in eulogy of Mr. Kidder. He knew him from a
very young man, and he was always modest, genial, and unpre-
tending, with a heart full of desire to promote the best interests of
the community.

The resolutions were unanimously adopted by a rising vote.

The following named persons, having been recommended b}' the

THE GLADIOLUS. IJ^ ^/ <^

Executive Committee for membership in the a^|Cwy, wei^on
ballot duly elected ' ^

^Jj^. "^^

Oliver R. Robbins, of Weston.
Stephen P. Sharples, of Cambridge.
Jacob Hittinger, of Belmont.
Francis W. Brevter, of Hiugham.

Adjourned to Saturday, February 13.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.
The Gladiolus.

By William E. Enbicott, Canton.

The genus Gladiolus as defined in the " Genera Plantarum "
contains about ninety species ; found for the most part in South
Africa, though a few species exist as far north as the equator, and
a few others are natives of Southern and Central Europe.

The varieties which are so conspicuously ornamental in our gar-
dens in August and September are the progeny of three or four
of the South African kinds, hybridized with each other ; the hybrids
being crossed among themselves so extensively that the sorts now
in existence must be over three thousand in number. The first
hj'brid sort, said to have been the offspring of G. psittacinus and
G. carcUnaUs^ was raised in Ghent and was therefore named G.
Gandavensis ; and the great bulk of the varieties since raised are
called " Gandavensis Hybrids."

It is unnecessary for me to dwell upon the beauty of this flower
as it now exists, upon its excellence for purposes of decoration,
upon the length of time a cut spike will last, etc. I will pass on
at once to a consideration of the modes of cultivation and propaga-
tion ; premising that I shall describe only the methods which I have
found satisfactory in my own practice, and that I am quite ready
to believe an equal success may be attained in other wa3's.

The bulbs — horticulturallj' speaking we may call them so, though
botauicall}- they are corms — may be planted as soon as the frost is
well out of the ground, — say b}' the 15th of April, in light soil with
a good exposure, if the planter prefers to do it at that time : still
there is nothing to be gained by doing it so early, for though the
plants will be perfectly healthy their progress will be very slow

52 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

until the soil is well wanned, aiul the flowers will not open earlier
than if planting had been deferred for a month. Unless the month
of I^Iay is likel}' to be so taken up that time cannot then be spared,
I should not advise April planting. M3' own practice is to plant
between the tenth and fifteenth of Ma}'.

The best soil for the gladiolus is a well drained loam, better
light than heavy, for I have observed that where the rows have ex-
tended into moist land the bulbs there planted have neither blos-
somed nor grown as well as they should have done ; and that the
bulbs have been smaller when taken up than the}' were when
planted. The plants will not be likcl}' to suffer from dry weather,
however light the soil may be. Three 3'ears ago the drought was
of unprecedented severity in Canton, so that from about five hun-
dred plants of dahlias I had onl}- one flower, but the gladioli,
growing in the same field, bloomed as well as ever. The soil,
whatever its nature, must be well loosened and pulverized if the
best results are to be attained. I used formerly to grow a few glad-
ioli in my flower garden, where the only way of loosening the earth
was by the spade or digging fork, but I soon found that they were far
behind those planted in ploughed land ; so that now all are grown
side by side with corn and i)otatoes and please me much better
than they ever did before.

The fertilizer I have found best is that sold by the Bowkcr Com-
pany for root crops. The furrows having been made with the plow,
thirty inches apart, the fertilizer is sprinkled therein at the rate of
a gill to about twelve feet of the row. I use none at all except in
the row, because 1 do not believe that the roots extend more than
five inches in each direction. The bulbs are put as nearly four
inches apart as I can easily do it. I drop them from a basket or a
box as 1 walk along the row, there being no need of stooping to
put them in place because, the earth being soft and loose, they stay
where they strike, and seldom roll. It makes no difference how they
lie. I have examined the subject carefully bj' experiment, and
find that if the bulbs are laid with their tops down and the base
up they will come up as soon, blossom as well, and make as good
bulbs for next year's planting as if they had been placed with the
toi)s uppermost. It is very fortunate that such is tiic case, for it
would he a most irksome task to plant a large number if each had
to be carelully put in place ; whereas it is easily done by taking a
half-bushcl basket full on one arm and drc)pping them with the
other hand as you walk along.

THE GLADIOLUS. 53

Those who grow them for sale, having thousands of a kind, per-
haps, cover them with the plough ; but where there are few of a kind
it is better to use the hoe, as the plough would be likely to displace
the labels with which the several kinds should be marked. If the
soil be not extremely light the bulbs should be covered onl}^ four
inches. A week after planting the whole ground should be hoed
lightly or raked ; this will destroy a host of just sprouting weeds
and will not interfere with the growing shoots, which in a week
more will appear above ground, and will grow enough better to pay
for the extra hoeing. The after cultivation is much like that of any
other crop, and maybe summed up in three sentences, "Keep the
ground loose ; Keep the weeds down ; Draw an inch of soil to the
plants." The last operation is designed to give the plants greater
firmness to resist wind and rain, which are so apt to beat them
down when in blossom.

Few flowers will appear before the tenth of August, but for eight
weeks from that time you will have a brilliant display if you have
as many bulbs as you ought to have and can have at a very small
expense.

It is very interesting to observe the different habit of growth in
different kinds. Some will have bright green foliage, others blu-
ish or grayish or yellowish green ; some kinds have it narrow,
others broad ; in some it is erect, in others fan-like, in others
drooping ; some kinds bloom earl}', others late. With me, a crim-
son sort called Couranti fulgens is invariablj' the first to blossom.

If you have man}^ bulbs it is useless to try to support the flower
stalks in any wa}-. If you are determined to do it, you can drive
a few stakes and stretch a wire along, to which to tie the stalks ;
but it is better to cut such as are top-heavy. In the future, possi-
bly, no gladioli will be grown which are not rigid enough to resist
wind and rain. It is a good plan to prevent the maturing of seed
except when you want it for sowing ; both because seed bearing is
alwaj-s exhausting, and because if the stalks be cut off as the
flowers fade the rows will have a neater and more pleasing appear-
ance.

When the frosty nights begin no more flowers will open, and it
will be time to think of taking up the bulbs. We read a great
deal in the English gardening journals of the importance of let-
ting the plants stand until the tops shall have died down. Not
only is there no need of this, but doing it will increase the labor of

54 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

" liftino;" full}' eiglit-fokl ; for instead of having; a good handle to
each bulb 3'ou will have to grope about in the soil to find it. My
plan of "lifting" is to have a man go along the rows with a spade,
thrusting it in under the bulbs ; not raising them out of the ground,
but onl}' loosening the soil. I follow, taking the stalks in my hand,
as many as I can grasp, pulling up the plants, to which very little
earth will adhere, and leaving each kind by itself with its label
near it.

This labor is very light, for me at least, and the task is quickly
done. The stalks are cut off the same day, as closely as possible
to the bulbs ; which are then gathered up in boxes and put into a
place out of reach of the frost, where the}' sta\' until Decem-
ber, when the dry roots, the old withered bulbs, and the bulblets,
are taken off; the clean bulbs are then removed to my cellar,
where they remain until the tenth of May comes again. As I aim
to lift the bulbs as near the tenth of October as possible, it will be
seen that the}' are out of the ground seven months in every year.

Propagation. — There are three ways of propagating the gladio-
lus in its special varieties, and one way of raising new kinds.
The first way to be mentioned is merely a curiosity of propaga-
tion, and of no practical use. The Uower stalks of most kinds
have a leaf on the lower end, — if the stalk be cut below the leaf
and inserted into moist sand, a small bulb will usually be formed
in the axil of the leaf.

A second way is by cutting the bulb into pieces. If a
bulb be stripped of its husks, there will usually be found
two large buds at the top and smaller ones in a line down
each side. Just as every bud of a grape vine may be made into
an independent plant, so every bud of a gladiolus bulb may
be made to grow, and form a bulb. Some of the buds are
double or triple and will make two or three bulbs. Nevertheless
it takes so much care and attention to make the smaller buds
start that, practically, it is not advisable to cut a bulb into more
than two pieces. Care must be taken in peeling the bulb not to
break off such shoots as may already have started. If the bulb
be left uncut, it is not often that more than one bud will grow,
though some kinds will increase very rapidly without cutting. The
two species psittaiinus and dracocephalxs will usually yield three
or four l)ull»s for every one planted.

The only way of propagation, however, that can be called rapid,

THE GLADIOLUS. 55

is b}' the little bulblets, or " spawn," which form about the base
of the large bulbs. These will start reaclil^y enough in the spring
if the hard covering be peeled off, or if it be simply cracked by
pressure between the fingers.

New kinds, of course, are only to be had by raising seedlings ;
which every one who gardens for pleasure ought to do. Unless
some special object be aimed at, good results will be obtained by
using the seed of any good sort. Most who raise seedlings, how-
ever, will prefer to cross the best kinds only — at any rate the seed
of poor kinds ought never to be used. If you prefer to use seed
of your own growing, you will find the latter part of the day bet-
ter than the morning for the purpose of cross-fertilizing your
flowers, for the pollen then is dryer though less abundant. As
the instrument, I think a wooden toothpick, cut to a wedge-shaped
end, is better than a camel's hair brush. The three parted stigma
should be operated upon when spread partly open, but not too
broadly. It is well to protect in some way the flower fertilized
from the visits of bees and humming-birds, which are usually busy
the whole day among the blossoms.

In Rand's treatise on bulbs, fall directions are given for rais-
ing seedlings, — directions which should be studiously disregarded.
The seed should be sown in boxes or seed pans, about the first of
January. As much of it will be poor and as the true seed is very
small in comparison with the broad flake which contains it, it may
be sown so thickly as to cover the surface of the soil. One-fourth
of an inch of covering will be enough. In about twenty days the
seedlings will be up, and must be kept clear of weeds and grass.
They vrill grow until October ; and the boxes or pans should then
be put awa}' in some perfectly' dry place. The seedling bulbs will
be found to be from the size of a pea to that of an acorn, and
are to be put into the open ground at the next planting time. A
large part of them will blossom before frost.

Nothing in the whole art of horticulture 3'ields more pleasure
than raising seedlings; and, although the poor ones will outnum-
ber the good ones many times over, the latter will more than repay
the trouble.

As for the gladiolus disease, of which we hear so much, I know
nothing of it. I have never seen it, though I have had a very
large number of bulbs for many years. The only insect that is at
all troublesome is a black, soft-bodied one that eats the bios-

56 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

soms. It is the same that is found on golden-rod, and that is
BO destructive to asters. It prefers the light flowers ; and is a
nuisance for a little vrhile, but is soon gone.

Slightly altering the words of an old writer, I may say — "All
your labor, past and to come, about a collection of gladioli is
lost unless you label well." It is imi)ossibIe to keep up a collec-
tion without labels. I have sometimes given my neighbors col-
lections of gladioli with labels and been told — " I don't care for
the names if the flowers are good." From year to year they have
saved the largest bulbs for the next year's planting, and, as the
largest bulbs are always those of one or two sorts, I have been
frequently' told that the bulbs had degenerated, and that most of
the kinds had changed, so that they were now of only one or two
kinds.

The best way of labelling that I have found is to have strips
of zinc five inches long by an inch wide. On these the names
are written, and by means of a wire the labels are fastened to
cedar sticks fourteen inches long and two thick. The reason for
having labels and sticks so large is that there is danger that a
careless man might displace a smaller one, with hoe or cultiva-
tor. The boxes in which I keep my bulbs are long enough to
hold the label, stick and all, so that, with two hundred and thirty
named sorts, the trouble of keeping them true to name is very
trifling. Another safeguard against confusion is to make a list
of the kinds, in the order in which they were planted. This ought
to be done as soon as planting is over.

Some 3'ears ago when G. lourpureo-auratus was exhibited here,
Mr. Spooner, for the Flower Committee, remarked that although
it was not very striking in itself, it might be of great use in hy-
bridizing. The event has remarkably fulfilled his prediction, for
by using this species a new strain has been produced of a bril-
liancy and beauty equal to those of the Gandavensis tribe, while
yet very different in aspect. Lemoiue was the first to introduce
these hybrids to the public, and they are frequently called after
him the " Lemoiuci strain." As yet, few of these make a line
spike, their beauty lyifig chiefly in the individual flowers.

I am sometimes asked whether these hybrids are really hardy as
stated. The question cannot be answered in one word. One
parent, imrimreo-axindua^ is perfectly hardy, and I have seen it
naturalized in niowing-llclds ; the other parent, Gandavensis, is not

THE GLADIOLUS. 57

hardy, though a bulb or two will frequently live through a favor-
able winter. Their offspring partake of the nature of both, and
are hardy or not according to the predominancy of one or the other
parent ; but, while many are hardy enough to survive the winter,
not one will bloom if left out one-half as well as if taken up in
autumn.

There are man}- other species of which I should like to speak,
were this paper not already so long. I hope they will be noticed
in the discussion.

The gladiolus is not as much grown as it ought to be. Few
people, comparatively, know anything of the finer sorts, and I have
been told, upon excellent authorit}', that there is very little sale
for named kinds. It is not unusual to find in catalogues the
statement that excellence and high price do not necessarily go to-
gether ; that some of the cheapest are as good as some of the
dearest. There can be but little incentive under such circum-
stances, to buy high-priced bulbs ; this is one obstacle to the ex-
pansion of gladiolus culture. Another is in the prices themselves.
Although novelties, if they are really fine, may properly be set at
a high rate, there seems no good reason for putting old kinds at
$3, $2, or Si. It is a pity that some dealer could not make a be-
ginning in this matter by pricing them according to their excel-
lence and not putting them too high. This, however, is a matter
beyond my province ; it is likely that good reasons for the present
practice exist. Another unfavorable circumstance is that people
will not buy small bulbs, though some of the best kinds never make
large ones.

I have heard the remark made that no further progress with
this flower seems likely — an ill-considered statement. We have
not a single really good yellow 3'et ; all are defaced with dull
purple stains. There is then a whole series in prospect, ranging
from sulphur to orange, not one of which is yet attained. Then
in the dark shades not much has been done ; though probabl v we
may yet see a gladiolus as dark as a black pansy. New and odd
styles of coloring may yet be obtained : I have had one or two
hints among m}' own seedlings. For instance, a flower came last
year which was grained all over with yellow on a red ground — an
unpleasing combination ; but a white ground similarly' grained with
scarlet would be fine indeed. Another flower consisted of three
scarlet and three pure white petals placed alternately ; — a striking

58 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

flower, but too violently so to be altogether pleasing. But these
are hints only and show that new things are yet in store. I do not
think it impossible that we may j-et have blue ones. Improvement
may also be looked for in length of spike. Shakspeare and Meyer-
beer are perfect in form but not long enough in spike ; some of
the newer kinds have twelve or fourteen flowers open at once, and
we should not be satisfied until flowers are produced of such sub-
stance that the first shall still be good when the twentieth opens.

There is no use in winding up with a select list of kinds ; two
persons lately gave lists of the best twenty-four : only one appeared
in both lists. There are too many kinds for any one to name the
best twelve or twentj'-four. Nevertheless it ma}^ not be out of
place to name a few that are undoubtedly of excellent quality,
though others mfty be better.

Meyerbeer. — Brilliant orange scarlet with darker Ijlotch ; perfect
shape.

Shakspeare. — "White, flamed rosy-pink with deep rose blotch.
This flower is thick and waxy, and of unsurpassed shape.

If these two varieties made longer spikes I think the}^ would
stand at the head of all known kinds.

Bernard de Jussieu. — Does not usually make a good spike, but
the cherry-purple flowers have a tint of blue which makes the var-
iety distinct and desirable.

Citrinus. — The best of the many 3'ellows I have tried.

Colbert. — Deep cherry with white stain on the lower petals.

Cond&. — INIuch resembling Meyerbeer, but lighter and a little
larger.

Jupiter. — Tall spike of dark red flowers flamed with mahogany
brown.

Mary Stuart. — Old but not yet surpassed among white-and-rose
varieties.

Milton. — Ver}' fine, with thick, waxy petals ; white marbled with
rose.

Norma. — White, tinged with lilac.

Rebecca. — A tall spike with large flowers ; pure white, with car-
mine feathering on the lower petals.

Vivien. — Ver}' much like Rebecca but with thicker petals, and
therefore a little I)cttcr.

Schiller. — A ShaUspcarc with crcaiiiy yolluw ground.

THE GLADIOLUS. 59

Talisman. — A very fine kind, making a tall spike of flowers
which are cherry, bordering on violet, and with a white throat.

Thomas Methven. — The most vigorous sort I have seen. Flowers
reddish purple with white throat. The whole flower has a bluish
cast.

Sir Brasidas. — Very light salmon throughout ; wholly unmarked.
The only one of its color.

Baroness Burdett-Coutts. — Yevy large and fine ; rosy lilac.

Ball of Fire. — Well-named, being of the most vivid, glowing
crimson imaginable.

Africaine. — Deep, dull crimson marked with white ; peculiar and
striking.

Victory. — A low-growing sort ; intense crimson flamed with
black.

Jordamis. — A tall-growing kind ; color, a soft crimson. This
has sometimes fifteen flowers open at once on the same spike.

Abricot. — Very large flower, apricot color, slightly tinged lilac.

Col. Benton. — Brilliant scarlet and golden j^ellow, — a very fine
showy sort, which always attracts attention.

The variety which took the first prize for a single spike last
year, Ambroise Verschaffelt, is an old kind which may be bought
for fifteen cents.

Discussion.

William H. Spooner said that about twenty-five 3'ears ago he
grew twenty-five thousand bulbs of Gladiolus Brenclileyensis ; which
produces an enormous number of bulblets, thereby increasing very
rapidl3\ He supplied seedsmen and florists ; and this perhaps led
to the growth of a taste for the cultivation of the gladiolus in
this country. He succeeded in producing many fine kinds by hy-
bridizing ; in doing this he found it necessary to cover the flowers
with gauze, to keep out bees and humming birds. The species
jnirpureo-auratus will yet be the parent of new and novel kinds.
Mad. Vilmorin produces enormous bulbs — as large as turnips. He
gave up raising gladioli on account of the rust.

Professor Wolcott Gibbs spoke of the possibility of producing
hybrids with Gladiolus papilio, which is a native of South Africa
or Ab3'ssinia. It is closely allied to G. purpureo-auratus, and he
thought it might give us a new strain. There is too much same-
ness in the h^^brids of G. purpureo-auratus ; they all have a dull
purple tint, and brighter colors are wanted. There has been no

GO MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

great advance in these hj-brids since Lemoine began. The best yel-
low gladiolus is raetole, and the best white is Diamant. At
Newport, R. I., where Professor Gibbs cultivates his gladioli, the
autumn continues two weeks later than at Cambridge, and although
it is cooler early frosts are rare.

l\Ir. Endicott said it is true that the In'brids of jnirpureo-miratus
do have a good deal of purple, but it is possible to get brilliant
colors. G. Gandavensis is not likely to cross-breed with ^nirimreo-
auratus without assistance. G. dracoceplmlus never makes any
pollen whatever in his grounds.

Robert T. Jackson said that he had a few bulbs of G. dracoceph-
ahis which grew to enormous size ; he had one six feet high.
The colors are very fine and show the possibilities of better ; there
are blood red, light red, black, bright yellow, and silvery. The
bulbs of hybrids increase with great rapidit}', and he has had four
spikes of tlowers from one bulb. The kinds wliich increase rapid-
ly are more desirable than those which do not, and gardeners-
should note which the}' are.

Mr. Endicott said that the bulbs can be cut into as man}' pieces
as the}' show eyes, either at the time of planting or earlier, with-
out danger of rotting. If cut with the spade in lifting they will
keep through the winter. lie keeps them in boxes in an ordinary
cellar ; any cellar where potatoes keep well will answer ; it should
not lie too damp, nor too dry. In Christmas week he has found his
boxes half full of water ; he turned otf the water and dried the
bulbs for convenience, but they do not need careful coddling, and
these grew perfectly well in spite of the soaking.

Some of the species are excellent pot plants for winter or early
spring llowering ; they should be potted in October or November,
and grown, slowly at first, in a cool greenhouse. G. ramosus and
G. ringens are eligible for this purpose. The rnmostis section never
flowers but once if pol-grown. G. nanus has the trimaculatus
blood. G. papilio is extremely beautiful as a pot plant. G. rin-
gens grows from twelve to fifteen inches high and has round foli-
age ; the llowcr is l)lue ;uid very small. G. iristis if i)lanted in
October will flower in April ; it is very fragrant part of the day ; it
was crossed with G. Gatidavensis by Herbert. G. Milleri is light
yellow. G. scgdiim and G. Bijzantinus are hardy and flower best
when left in the ground ; if potted they grow to a certain height
and then rot. The(ilieut varieties are not good to force in pots,

THE GLADIOLUS. 61

but can be forced in a bed of earth, and can be left in the green-
house year after 3'ear. Forcing G. Colvillii alhus or The Bride has
not been successful, but a neighbor of the speaker has been giving
them strong bottom heat from the beginning and his are looking
well.* G. nanus should not be forced to flower too early — May or
June is early enough. Mr. Charles A. Putnam has been success-
ful with this species by planting in raised beds, in the autumn, — the
flowers appearing in June. G. carneus succeeds under the same
treatment.

Edward L. Beard said that his experience with G. Colvillii has
been the same as Mr. Putnam's, who has grown it as a hardy bulb ;
it is not satisfactory to force, but succeeds in the open ground if
lifted after flowering and before making a second growth. The same
treatment is applicable to Ixias and other Cape bulbs, which require
a period of rest. They sometimes grow a foot high before frost,
and this is the critical period ; to prevent this they shuld be dug
up as soon as the foliage begins to decay and kept dry and planted
again before the ground freezes, thus giving a season of enforced
rest, which is what this class of bulbs wants. The speaker has
from five to seven hundred bulbs of Gladiolus Colvillii in a heavy
soil. Mr. Putnam's soil is light and he has wintered Ixias and
similar bulbs successfully.

Gladioli will not succeed permanentlj' in heavy soils ; they
will lack vigor and will not perpetuate themselves ; they like a light
soil well cultivated. The large English growers alternate them
with potatoes. He approved the essayist's plan of ploughing ; and
would let the ground rest in winter. G. X)urpureo-auratus repro-
duces itself freely and is very ornamental in the open ground.
They multiply freely by bulblets, — sometimes twenty-five from one
bulb, and should be grown in quantity instead of pelargoniums,
coleuses, etc. Man}' English varieties are very uncertain in our
climate, being feeble and lacking in vigor. He would like a list
based on the vigor, strength, and freedom of multiplication of the
varieties.

Such varieties as Colvillii if ready for planting when received
would be injured l)y keeping out of the ground. They will make
shoots an inch or two in length in winter. He covers all his bulbs
with about six inches of well rotted manure in winter. The best
protection is that which will shed water, which is very destructive ;

* These all failed to flower.

62 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

— as is shown by tlie success of ]\Ir. Putnam, whose ground is slop-
ing and well drained so that water never stands on it. Lilium
auratum needs the same soil.

Mr. Endicott said he gave his gladioli plenty of room, so as to
run a cultivator between them, but they can be planted more
closely. He had seen Brenchleyensis only four inches apart, and
the bulbs apparently must almost have touched each other. Those
who will take the pains can have a great number in a very small
space. Thev will grow well at a distance of three by six inches
apart ; but it is more trouble to take care of them than where they
have plenty of room. If his space were limited he would plant
them closel}'.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder spoke of the practical and sensible
character of the essaj'. The Gladiolus Natnlensis was introduced
here moie than fifty years ago, and a colored plate of it was pub-
lished by C. M. Hovey in 1834 in the first volume of his maga-
zine. In considering the improvement of the gladiolus, hybridiz-
ing appears in a very favorable light; we see that it opens abound-
less field. It may be applied to every farail}- of vegetables. He
could remember wiien not a tree pa^ony had a shade of red in it,
when all at once came Eiizabetha, for which he paid about three
hundred francs. There is no end to variety when the species once
" breaks," and we may get a blue gladiolus. He would not be sur-
prised if some of those present should live to see a blue rose.
Professor Gray was not surprised when the speaker told him of his
success in crossing the Liliuvi kutcifoliuvi with Gloriosa superba.
He had seen a statement in the " Gardeners' Chronicle" that the
strawberry and raspberry had been crossed ; he could not credit
it, but it might be possible for all that. The blackberry has been
crossed with the raspberry. Mr. Wilder concluded by urging those
present to go on in crossing fruits and flowers, and the}' would
produce varieties whicli would cause their names to be remembered
with gratitude.

O. li. Iladwen said that the essa}- was most satisfactory and in-
structive. The gladiolus will keep a long time in water in the
house ; he had ke[)t them good two weeks, and over ; when start-
ing on a journey he put a vase of gladioli in the car, and at the
end of the journey, which lasted twelve days, the flowers were in
good condition. Its colors are fine and happily blended. He
had indulged in cultivating a large numl)er of varieties, and had

THE GLADIOLUS. 63

now come to a point where he was willing to weed out ; twenty-
five varieties would satisfy him. He mentioned the following
twelve kinds as having been satisfactory in his garden :

Africaine. Jupiter.

Baroness Burdett-Coutts. La Perle.

Celimene. La V^suve.

De Lessep's. Mary Stuart.

Eugene Scribe. Meyerbeer.

Horace Vernet. Shakspeare.

John B. Moore spoke of the importance, in crossing gladioli, of
strong robust kinds that do not grow high but will support them-
selves, so as to bring about a change in habit similar to that which
has been produced in phloxes. The finest growth of gladioli that
he ever saw was on Cape Cod ; he dug down to see what they had
to feed on, and found them heavily manured with decomposed
cow dung. He would depend on that, but if he used phosphate
would want more than a gill to twelve feet of a row. Otliers
might not start with so good land as the essayist, and the plants
must have food. He did not approve the essayist's plan of drop-
ping, though it might answer, but it is difficult to drop them six
inches apart, and it would not be much more work to throw them
in hap-hazard and then place them regularly. He had pursued
this method in planting seed onions, of which he had raised acres,
and found that if turned on one side they will grope round before
growing up. He likes to see straight rows, and the cultivator or
weeding hoe can be run much nearer to the plants.

Mr. Endicott said that he had used even less than a gill of fer-
tilizer to twelve feet, and the plants did very well. In his method
of planting thej^ are in tolerably straight rows, though he did not
sa}' it is the best way. He thouglit it not fair to compare the glad-
iolus with the phlox, which makes a spreading head that you must
look down upon, while the gladiolus looks straight at you.

Mr. Wilder here introduced to the meetiug the Hon. James
Grinnell, a member of the State Board of Agriculture, who was
deputed by the Board to attend the exhibitions of the Society
during the past year. Mr. Grinnell said that his own operations
had not been so much in the way of cultivating those things which
beautify life as those which are useful. It was a pleasure to him

64 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

to be appointed to represent the Board at the exliil)itions of the
Societ}' ; he made his report to the Board the day l)efore, and he
could not find hmgiiage to sa}' more in it than he did, and truth
would not allow him to say less. He regarded the Massaehusetts
Horticultural Society as the most important institution of the kind
in the country, and these meetings as the best source of informa-
tion on the subjects discussed.

Mr. Jackson said his experience had been that it is easier to
hybridize species of gladioli than to cross the Gandavensis va-
rieties. He plants in rows a foot apart and six inches apart in the
row, four rows forming a bed, with a space of thirt}- inches between
the beds. He uses cow manure, but had found hen manure to give
a very vigorous growth. He had seen Mr. P^ndicott's rows, and
the}' were very straight, and the plants were tall, with magnificent
spikes.

Mr. Spooner said that he had found hen manure apt to produce
warty roots on roses. The Richard Ca'ur de Lion and Mary
Stuart are admirable hybrid gladioli.

Mr. Jackson had found no injurious results from hen manure,
but he would mix it with the soil more carefully than other ma-
nures.

Mr. Moore said that hen manure agreed with his roses.

John G. Barker said that if fifty or a hundred gladioli were
planted quite thickly in a bed, and the ground between carpeted
with mignonette or sweet alyssum, it would produce a very pleas-
ing effect, and for small gardens such an arrangement would be
preferable to coleuses, etc. Edward S. Hand, Jr. had excellent suc-
cess in cultivating gladioli at (Jlen Ridge, where the soil was quite
sandy ; he used plenty of decomposed barn-yard manure. He had
a row of Gandavensis varieties in the vine border, which were left
there when it was covered with manure in autunni, and when un-
covered they were found to be uninjured.

Notice was given that the paper for the next Saturday woulil be on
" Bulbs and Tubers for Outdoor Culture," by Mrs. T. L. Nelson,
tile subject being i)artially a continuation of that of today.

MEMORIAL OF GEORGE W. PIERCE. 65

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, February 13, 1886.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was liolden at 11 o'clock.
President Walcott in the chair.

William C. Strong, from the Committee appointed January 30
to obtain more efficient legislation for the planting and protection
of forests in Massachusetts, submitted the draft of an act for the
prevention of forest fires, and the following vote :

Voted, That the Massachusetts Horticultural Society approves
of the proposed act entitled " An Act for the Protection of the
Forests of the Commonwealth," as presented by its Committee,
and directs the Committee to urge the passage of the same.

The vote wa.i unanimously passed.

Charles N, Brackett, Chairman of the Committee appointed on
the 30th of January to prepare a memorial of George W. Pierce,
reported as follows : —

The Committee on resolutions in memory of George W. Pierce,
report the following :

IVhereas, It has pleased the All-wise Disposer of events to re-
move from us, by death, our fellow-member and associate, George
W. Pierce, therefore —

Resolved, That we thereby sustain the loss of one of our most
useful and respected members, whose interest in this Society and
its objects was deep and abiding ; one who, as a member of Com-
mittees, has for many jears rendered it valuable service, and dis-
charged his duties with promptness and fidelity ; and one for whom
his fellow-citizens testified their confidence and esteem, by fre-
quentl}' calling him to positions of honor and trust.

Resolved, That as a testimonial of respect for our deceased
friend and co-laborer we desire to record our appreciation of his
■ worth; and that we shall always miss his valued counsel, kindly
words, and cheerful, whole-hearted work in our midst ; and that
it will be our privilege to cherish the memory of one who by his
genial nature, courtesy, and social qualities won the respect of
those whose privilege it was to associate with him.

Resolved, That the above resolutions be entered on our records,

66 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and that the Secretary be requested to transmit a cop}' of the
same to the family of the deceased, as an expression of sympathy
in their afllictive bereavement.

C. N. Brackett, ^

AVarukn Heustis, >■ Commiltee.

Geoiiqe Hill, )

The rcsohitions were unanimously passed.

Adjourned to Saturday, February 20.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Bulbs and Tubers for Out-door Culture.

By Mrs. T. L. Nelson, Worcester.

Again it has pleased you to ask me to open the day's discussion ;
whether you have chosen wisely the result must decide. As I
recall tlie instructive discussions that have been here conducted,
I am anxious rather to listen to your words of wisdom and expe-
rience ; and can only hope that what I am able to offer may serve
by wa}' of suggestion to set your thoughts in motion. A small
body dislodged from the mountain side causes the avalanche. It
may be that I shall advance some idea which will open the way
for and serve to start an avalanche of wisdom.

One who did not know the enormous will-power and eneigy of
the people of New England might wonder why such lovers of
fruits and flowers do not seek a more genial climate. But the
same spirit which brought their forefathers here bids thorn cling to
the land of their ancestors' adoption. The frigid winters and
scorching summers sometimes dishearten, but do not entirely' dis-
courage. True as the needle to the polo, the New Enghindor gathers
up what is left from their ravages, and patiently as he can (for
there is a limit to human serenity) repairs damages, replaces
winter-killed plants, protects from the severe rays of the sun, and
leaves the result, as he must, with Ilira who sends the sunshine
and the rain.

There arc, perhaps, three certain summer months, with a pos-
sible fourth if there is no early frost. What, thou, in this brief
season, can we grow in the way of bulbs and tul)ers, tiiat will give
pleasure and profit?

The subject of bulbs and tubers for out-door culture is a broad

BULBS AND TUBERS FOE OUT-DOOR CULTURE. 67

one. Much has been said upon it, and we have much still to learn.
Experience, that best though sternest of tutors, is each day teach-
ing us something new. Sometimes the lesson is dearly bought,
but if the result is favorable we must not repine at the cost. But
results are often very aggravating, as, for instance, after we have
petted plants in the greenhouse or conservatory, if we find, by ex-
perimenting, that they do better out of doors, — either bedded out
or in a cold frame.

There are no invariable rules for cultivating any plant, so much
depends on the location and exposure. Two gardens may be
found, growing side by side but where one only is sheltered from
northerly' winds, and these gardens will be in many respects en-
tirely unlike. The gardener should select the best places, or what
seem to be the best places, for his different plants, and if it proves
that the}^ do not thrive where placed, he must next 3'ear change
the location. No amount of obstinacy will make a plant grow if
it is not at home. I have changed plants, that did not thrive,
several times, and until they seemed to grow as if, at last, they
were exactl}' suited. There is no pleasure in growing a plant that
simply drags out a miserable existence.

It is well, as far as practicable, to change every year the loca-
tion of many kinds of bulbs, and their kindred ; and of bedding
plants as well. One plant will absorb the element that another
has declined ; so that change is very beneficial. We must also
take special note of the country from which our tubers, etc. come,
and of its conditions of sun, soil, and climate. Some plants re-
quire partial shade, others the unobstructed rays of the sun.

The careful student of nature takes note of all these matters,
and the result well repays him. I often hear one person say to
another " I wish I were as successful in my garden as you are in
yours," when I cannot help feeling amused, knowing how the
plants have been set out, and how cared for, in the unsuccessful
garden. I cannot think its owner intended to be negligent ; but
on the other hand I know that the envied one is a more thorough
student and more diligent in finding out how to make his plants
grow.

Bulbs, tubers, and corms (or hard bulbs as the last are com-
monly called) are elongated root-stalks ; and are simply store-
houses for the embryo plant, serving to nourish and sustain it un-
til the roots start ; which is generally from the base. Bulbs enlarge

68 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and throw out bulbs from their sides and tops, and sometimes up-
on the stem of the plant itself. Tubers increase in size and pro-
duce eyes or buds, and can be divided into as many pieces as
there are buds. Corms increase generally- from the top of the old
corm, which decaj's.

In speaking of different bulbs, tubers, and corms, I shall make no
attempt to treat them distinctively, but shall use the word bulb to
indicate all, as that is a term generally so used, and it would con-
fuse man}- people to adhere to the more exact scientific terms ;
moreover it is not of these store-houses thnt we propose to speak
toda}', so much as of their contents and culture.

It is not the quantity of suggestions that is valuable, in most
cases, but the quality. Therefore it is better to discuss a few
kinds of bulbs thoroughly than to touch on and treat superficially
every sort we can think of. No valuable knowledge is gained in
the latter case, but only a jumble of shallow suggestions of no
great use to any one.

In the northern states we have quite a large number of indigen-
ous Lilies, Arums, etc. ; but we cultivate vciy few of them, be-
cause we like them best in their native haunts. If cultivation
would improve them it would be worth while to transplant them to
our gardens, but in most cases it is quite diflicult to make them
grow at all, and still more so to make them grow satisfactorily-. It
is best therefore, speaking generally, to forbear all cultivation of
native plants and bulbs, unless we have places for them as nearly
as possible like that from which the}- come ; although our native
lilies, L, Canadense and L. superbnm, do well in cultivation, and
well repay the cultivator.

As I understand, this paper and the discussion which is to fol-
low are mainly for the benefit of members of this Society. There-
fore let it be distinctly understood that we are speaking chiefly in
reference to INIassachusetts cultivators, and considering wlial can
be of use in Massachusetts gardens.

It would be of no i>resent practical use to speak of Spring bulbs,
since all that can be successfully cultivated are, or should be,
already in the ground ; — the snowdrop, hyacinth, crocus, tulip,
narcissus, — in short all that go to make up our habitual s[)ring
display.

Our climate is so variable that we can never toll when we are
out of the reach of frosts. Location makes a dillcivnce of a week

BULBS AND TUBERS FOR OUT-DOOR CULTURE. 69

or ten days. There may be a time when, in some sunny and shel-
tered spots, we feel sure we might plant anything without fear of
frost, while yet, within a hundred feet, we may find the ground
frozen so hard that we could not expect to plant for ten days.

There are some bulbs that will take no hurt if the ground freezes
an inch after planting, and there are others that feel the slightest
chill. I have planted gladioli early and had the tops chiUed, yet
with no injury ; but tuberoses must wait until the ground is
thoroughly warmed and likely to stay so.

Lilies are among our most trustworthy- allies after the galaxy
of spring flowers has passed away. Lilium candidum is one of the
hardiest species, but it is also the most particular about the
time of planting. The bulbs must be planted when they are in
the dormant state ; which is the last of August or the first of Sep-
tember. The bulbs start in the autumn, and the foliage remains
green through the winter. The bulbs will not bloom if disturbed
after they commence growing. L. longiflorum is not as liard^' as
many of the other varieties, from the fact that its bulbs are liable
to start in the fall if the weather is warm. It is best to cover early
with leaves or light compost, as a hard frost after the bulbs have
started almost invariably kills them. This lily is easil}' trans-
planted. Several 3'ears ago some bulbs were sent me in the spring,
from the west, which bloomed almost as soon as those wintered in
my own garden. I have transplanted them while in full bloom,
taking care to disturb the roots as little as possible, and the next
spring they came up strong and vigorous. L. aurattim is quite
uncertain, even with the best of protection. I pkint a few bulbs
every year, and charge the cost to account of " bedding plants.''
I think they are worth growing if I get only one season's bloom
from them. I do not mean it to be understood that I do not win-
ter an^^ of the bulbs of this species, but merely that L. auratum
cannot be depended upon like L. candidum and L. speciosum.
Last season my bulbs were extremely satisfactory, and flowered
finely. One bulb produced two stalks with thirteen blossoms on
' each ; another eleven on a single stalk ; and several bore six each.
Were I to get no more than two blossoms from a bulb, I would
still grow them.

All the varieties of L. speciosum are hardy. Album Proecox is
a much finer white variety than Album. Rubrum, Koseum, Punc-
tatum, Melpomene, and Purpuratum are all desirable varieties.

70 MASSACHUSETTS nORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

L. pardaUmim (sometimes called "leopard lily") is line and
hardy. L. excelsum,, (bright buff) is one of the most beautiful
lilies we have in cultivation. L. Brownii is rare and costly; and
with its peculiar purple outside and the pure white, waxy inside
presents a striking contrast to L. loncjijlorum and the varieties of
that species. L. Leichllini, L. monadelphum and L. Parryi are all
fine yellow varieties. All the varieties of L. Martagon are good.
L. Chalcedonicum (Scarlet Turk's Cap) is one of the best. L.
tenuifoUum, one of the earliest (if not the earliest), is a lovely
scarlet lily, with reflexed petals and ver}- slender stems and foli-
age. L. pomponium. verum is ver}' much like L. tenia'foUum^ but
is a little more robust and flowers a little later. There are many
inexpensive species like Thunbergicnium, ^imhellatxim, and tirjri-
num and its varieties which are showy and perfectl}' hardy. I
have not intended to give a complete list of lilies, and indeed have
only mentioned those which I have mj-self grown.

There is no special mode of cultivation : at least, there are no
precisely uniform conditions of soil and exposure that are impera-
tive. I have seen equall}' fine lilies grown on high and on low
land. But on low land they will not thrive unless the soil is
thoroughly drained, for water at the roots, or wet heavy soil, is
fatal. Therefore drain the wet soil thoroughly ; and make it light
and rich. Remember it ia not the bulb that needs feeding, but the
roots beneath it. If the soil is light, make it rich ; and between
the bulbs plant annuals, or some light bedding plants, which wil^
serve to keep the surface cool and moist.

The Ikis in its many varieties is one of the best of our hardy
garden tubers. It increases rai)idly and forms large clumps, and
I believe all the varieties are hard}'. This genus is widely repre-
sented, many countries contributing. The English, Spanish, and
German species form, as their names indicate, a European group.
Japan contributes the best of all — /. Kcempferi. This iris has a
very wide range of color, and some of the blossoms strikingly re-
semble some varieties of valuable orchids. All of the genus are
of the easiest culture, abundant moisture being tlie chief require-
ment. Some soils that are fatal to the lily will suit the iris. Large
quantities are annually imported from Holland, and many are
grown in this country. Except for new varieties, the home grown
are the most valuable.

IIekbackous P/EONIEs arc reliable garden plants. I sa}' reliable

BULBS AND TUBERS FOR OUT-DOOR CULTURE. 71

because they never winter-kill. Ttie}' bloom at different seasons,
so that there is a succession of bloom all through the early sum-
mer months. The whole family is very showy and especially
adapted to large gardens. The foliage is bright and attractive
and perfectly free from insects. P. tenuifoUa has tuberous roots,
and the foliage is entirelj^ different from that of other pajonies —
being, as the name indicates, ver}' finely divided. The blooms are
small, and of a clear bright red not unlike that of a rose, which it
closely resembles also in form.

Gladioli are by far the most valuable of all the summer bloom-
ing bulbs. They are easy to grow, easy to keep, and exceedingly
valuable for cut flowers. If a spike is cut when there is only one
flower out, it will keep on blooming in water at least a week, and
at a season, too, when most flowers would be entirely faded in two
days at the most. I would not plant gladioli in beds for show ;
but planted in groups, with low or medium low growing plants,
they are very ornamental. The foliage must be allowed to grow
in order to mature the bulb, or corm, which is forming at the top
of the old one; and when grown, as advised, with other plants
the ripening foliage is partially concealed and is not unsightly ;
whereas a whole bed of gladioli alone, with the blooms cut off, is
anvthing but attractive.

Water is an essential requisite in the cultivation of gladioli.
When the ground becomes dry, water well, so that the roots be-
neath the bulb will be thoroughly wet. Sprinkling when the ground
is dr}' is worse than no water at all. It is far better to stir the
earth around the roots than to supply water to the plants merely
on the surface. To water a dry bed or border thoroughly requires
a great deal of patience, but no one ought to attempt to cultivate
flowers unless blessed with a large stock of that useful commodity'.

If you wish your spikes to grow straight be sure and stake them
early. A crooked spike of flowers, of an}' kind, is unsightly. If
one wants a bed for cutting, it is just as satisfactory and ver}^
much cheaper to buy a hundred or two of first quality mixed bulbs ;
but if not many are wanted (as comparatively few have room for
a bed made entirely of one kind of flowers) by all means get
named varieties. If you look over some reliable dealer's lists of
named varieties, for three or four successive years, you will find
that each year a few new varieties are introduced at from four to
six dollars each. The year after they are put out, you will observe

72 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

a marked reduction in the prices of some ; in others not much.
The difference is generally due to the varying habit of the bulbs ;
some being of robust growth while others are weak. The strong
bulb will throw up from two to four spikes of bloom, and each
spike represents a bulb forming. The weak grower will perhaps
exhaust itself in giving one spike and will make a ver}- small bulb.
The stroug variety will be cheaper because it increases so rapidly,
while for some reason the weak grower is still retained, and its price
keeps up. The prolilic bulbs are the ones that are desirable ; some of
the finest exhibition varieties are comparatively cheap, and many de-
sirable sorts are very cheap. Eugene Scribe and ]\Iary Stuart (pink),
Meyerbeer and Phcjebus (scarlet), Nestor and Pactole (yellow
with colored markings), Martha Washington (clear lemon color),
Beatrix, Shakspeare, and La France (white or nearly so), Lean-
der and Baroness Burdett-Coutts (mauve), and Africaine (very
dark) are some very fine varieties ; and none of them are very ex-
pensive. One can form but very imperfect ideas of varieties from
descriptions. The best way if you are uncertaiu is to visit an ex-
hibition of named gladioli. There you will find both new and older
sorts, and, as they may be assumed to be correct!}- named, you can
select the kinds that suit 3'ou best. Old varieties, or those that
have been shown before, will of course be true to name, but the
ver}' new ones will have to be taken on trust until their faces be-
come familiar.

TuBERous-ROOTED Begonias are very valuable in the garden.
There are a great many varieties; and here again, unless one
wishes for a select few, mixed bulbs do very well in the border ;
but if only a few are wanted get named kinds so that variety of
color may be insured. I think the single-liowered stand the rain
better than the double, for the reason that the single shut a little
closer and the rain cannot penetrate the blossom. Those who have
grown this class of begonias will remember that the blossoms keep
closed in cloudy and rainy weather. I can tell pretty nearly
whether or not it is going to rain by glancing at my bed of be-
gonias. Sometimes tliey seem rather undecided anil are about half
closed, but generalh' it is one way or the other.

Mont Blanc is the best white variety that I have grown. Annie
Laing is a very fnie variety with large, pale [)ink blossoms of great
substance. Countess of Kingston is a very large fine scarlet.
Robusta Perfecla (scarlet) and Kobusta I'erlecta Kosea are Ernst

BULBS AND TUBEES FOR OUT-DOOE CULTURE. 73

Benary's seedlings and are very fine varieties. B. Pearcei has
beautifully marked foliage and bright yellow flowers. These bego-
nias need the sun only part of the day and for that reason are
doubly valuable in the garden, where most plants require all the
sun they can get.

Dig the tubers late in the autumn and let them dry off in boxes.
I think it does not hurt the roots in the least to let the tops freeze,
as the tubers are already matured and ready for their winter's rest.
Store them in a cool place and do not give them any water unless
they get too dry, in which case they would shrivel without water.
If the bulbs are kept moist they will decay, for they need absolute
rest when in a dormant state. These begonias are easily grown
from seed. The seedlings bloom the first year if the seed is
planted early enough. The seed is ver\- fine and must be lightly
covered and kept moist by glass or paper.

Gloxinias can be grown ver}- finely in a cold-frame, either
planted out or plunged. I grew them last summer in a temporar}'
cold-frame with excellent success. The location should be the
same as for tuberous-rooted begonias.

My frame was left uncovered during several unexpected rains
and showers. The first time I expected to see the foliage spoiled ;
but before the sun came out I put on the sash and covered the
glass with newspapers until the foliage was dry, and they were not
injured in the least. Gloxinias are easily grown from seed, re-
quiring the same treatment as begonias. In the greenhouse they
will, if started early, bloom in August or September. Mine were
planted in midsummer and, as there was no bottom heat, started
slowly and did not bloom until the following season. If the}' do
not bloom the first season the bulb will be of good size and easier
to keep over winter. The bulbs of the gloxinia require to be kept
dry when resting.

Single temporary cold-frames are, I find, very convenient in the
garden, as they can be put on a pile of leaves or earth ; and in
man}- gardens this is a great advantage, more especially where all
the ground has to be utilized.

Agapayitlms umhellatus is one of the few blue flowers that are
really blue. Some people take the Agapanthus from the pot and
plant it out in the border and it does well.

Some of the summer-blooming bulbs are better kept in pots or
tubs ; still they can be made \cry effective in the open border.

74 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Amaryllis lutea is a hard}' species which blooms in early autumn,
at a time when yellow flowers are scarce, and it is, therefore, very
accej)tixl>le. A. Ilallii is also hardy and is a lovely pink variety,
blooming in August. A. Belladonna major, minor, and alba are all
summer blooming bulbs. They bloom planted out in the border
in August and .September, and require entire rest after they have
matured their foliage. A. formosissima is another bulb useful both
for bedding and cut flowers. Its beautiful, velvety crimson blooms
when arranged with fine white flowers make a charming combina-
tion for a vase. Planted out when the ground is warm it soon
starts, and throws up with the leaves a flower-stalk bearing one
blossom. Shortly after, another blossom appears ; and then the
bulb matures, and forms side bulbs. The foliage remains green
until killed by the frost. Store the same as other dormant bulbs ;
being careful not to cut the foliage close to the bulb, for the bud is
formed in the top of the bulb. A. Jolinsonii will bloom in the
ground, and some reserve it for bedding out in summer, by keep-
ing the bulb dormant through the winter.

There are many places in the garden and about the house where
a pot of Vallota purpurea is ver^' ornamental.

The Zephyranthes in all its varieties of pink and white is desir-
able, and requires no care beyond planting out in the spring, lift-
ing in the autumn, and storing in winter.

Ismene calathinum is very beautiful in the garden. The plant
18 fine without the flower ; I think it much handsomer than many
plants that are grown for foliage only. The leaves are lance-
shaped, about two and a half feet in length, of a deep glossy
green, and remain green until killed by the frost. The flowers
are borne on a stout stalk about three feet in height, and are
trumpet-shaped, al)out four inches long, of a beautiful white, and
exquisitel}' fragrant. Strong bulbs produce two stalks, and the
bulbs increase rapidly. They must be kept perfectl}' dry through
the winter. Store them in sand, and start them by giving them
water while in the sand. "When started, plant them out where
they can be kept moist.

Choretis alba is easily grown and produces a cluster of pure
white flowers not unlike some of the Pancratiums. The blooms
keep in wat(!r several days.

Pancratium calathinum lias flowers very nuich like those of
Choretis alba and they both thrive under the same treatment and
in almost any soil.

BULBS AND TUBERS FOR OUT-DOOR CULTURE. 75

The TiGRiDiAS are all showy and worthy of a place in the garden.
T. grandiflora alba is beautiful in contrast with T. concMjiora
and T. pavonia, the two old varieties so familiar to all. It is a
dead white with deep crimson markings, and the three planted
together form a vei-y showy group.

Milla biflora is quite new. It has slender rush-like foliage and
white, tubular, star-shaped flowers of great substance, about two
inches across, borne on long, slender stems. Each flower-stalk
has from two to five flowers.

Caladium esculentum (related to the fancy-leaved Caladiums)
is fine for specimen plants, for which large bulbs are best, or it
may be planted in groups. The leaves are often eighteen inches
across.

Richardia albo-macidata is a very ornamental variet}"^ of Richar-
dia JEthiopica, our common Calla. The leaves are irregular!}'
spotted with white and much smaller than those of the common
Calla. The flower is proportionately small and has a violet throat.

Amorphophallus Rivieri is a stately plant. The bulb grows to
a, very large size, and as it increases the plant enlarges in propor-
tion ; the centre throws up a thick stalk, very curiousl}' spotted,
and the spathe unfolds like an inverted open umbrella. The fo-
liage is as curious as the stalk, but is a beautiful green on the upper
surface. It makes an elegant plant for the lawn. After the tops
are killed by the frost, the bulbs should be stored like gladioli, and
planted out in spring without starting. I have seen the plant
potted in August and it did not wilt or appear in the least dis-
turbed. Apparently as the plant had stopped growing the large
bulb was abundantly able to support it, and it did not feel the
change like a fibrous-rooted plant. The roots are fleshy, and have
small tubers at the extremities.

Tritoma Uvaria grandiflora is a very conspicuous plant ; the
blooms look like spikes of flame, hence the name — "Red-Hot-
Poker." It makes a great show in the garden at very little cost.

Galtonia (Hyacinthus) candicans, a plant not unlike a giant
snow-drop, with its spike of drooping greenish-white flowers, forms
a striking contrast to the Tritoma.

The Tuberose is as easily flowered in the ground as any other
bulb. As it takes about four months from the time of starting to
bring it into flower, it must be started either in a hot-bed or in a
greenhouse. If you have neither of these, plant out the bulbs

76 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

in a sunny place, when the ground is thoroughly warmed, and
after they have started give plenty of water. If there is no frost
until late in autumn they will bloom in the ground ; but it is not
best to risk it. When they are well budded, pot in good soil and
let them stand a few days in the shade. Afterwards give them
the sun and keep well watered. If the weather holds warm leave
them out of doors, but in case of a cold snap take them in. We
generally have a few chilly daj-s with light frost earl3' in Septem-
ber— just enough to chill tender plants, and then there follows
warm weather. Tuberoses are verj' easily chilled, but if they are
taken in during turns of cold weather they can be left out to
bloom.

A high bed of autumn leaves, with a few inches of soil on the
top and a temporary frame with a sash, gives heat enough to start
many kinds of plants in the spring, and tuberoses start readily in
the gentle heat from such a bed. Place the bulbs in a shallow
box close together in good soil, and you will soon find them finely
started with a mass of roots, and ready to bed out. By getting a
month's start in this way they will bloom in August.

I shall touch lightly on the Dahlia, although it is a very impor-
tant tuberous-rooted plant, and its glory continues until the frost
comes and cuts it down. The only drawback is its requiring so
much room to grow in. Still there are places where such plants
are very much needed ; and the Pompous and single varieties are
especially desirable.

When we are complaining of our severel}' cold winters and hot
summer's sun, we are apt to forget that we are mercifully spared
some other evils. No earthquakes, tornadoes, or floods devastate
our loved New England. Our hard winters make us long for aud
quicken our enjoyment of warm weather. Now —

"Naked and lone the rosebush fair,"

reminds us of the time when —

" The buds swell out in the warm May air."

Only a little while and we may say —

•' Lo, the winter is past,
The rain is over and gone ;
The llowers appear on tlie earth;
Tile lime of llie singing of birds is come."

BULBS AND TUBERS FOR OUT-DOOR CULTURE. 77

Discussion.

William E. Endicott said that the Amaryllis lutea spoken of by
the essayist is now called by botanists Sternbergia lutea, and
inquired whether it would stand out over winter.

Mrs. Nelson replied that it would ; her plants were taken up by
mistake, but her friends have left theirs in the ground, as they
should be. It must be covered like Lilium longiflorum.

Mr. Endicott said that there is a species of Agapantlius, A. minor
var. Mooreamis, not so fine as the common kind, but it is decidu-
ous and may be treated like the dahlia. The flowers are smaller
and of a deeper blue than those of A. umhellatus. The flowers
recommended by the essayist are mostly old varieties, to which many
later kinds might be added. The Cypella is an excellent little
flower, resembling the Tigridia. Trlteleia unijiora and Milla hijlora
are perfectly hardy, but force easil}'. There is another white spe-
cies of Ismene besides calathinum. AmorphopJiallus campanula-
tiis and A. hulbiferus are fine species much like the well known A.
Rivieri. Tritonia aurea, from Caffraria, has a bright yellow
flower. Montbretia crocosma'Jiora was orange colored in the type,
but either it has sported or seedlings have given us varieties.

Mr. Endicott urged the growing of dahlias from seed. They
grow with great vigor, planted in the open ground like corn, and
flower nearly as early as if tubers were planted. The seed of
single kinds is sure to produce good varieties ; that of double
kinds may give a good flower out of two or three hundred. He
had sown seed of white Pompon asters, and got every type, the
principle of variation being strongly- established. In saving seed
the flowers should be cut when nearly withered, and hung in a dry
place. Double Composite flowers make seed freely.

Robert T. Jackson said that Mr. John Richardson, who is now
eighty-seven years old, has raised dahlias for fifty years, and he
always saves the seed only from within half an incji of the outside
edge.

Mr. Endicott said that he had found the Begonia discolor espe-
ciall}' valuable out-doors. He has plants under an apple tree
which thrive well, and the foliage is ornamental. It is perfectly
hardy, but it is better to take it in during winter because then it
flowers more strongl}-.

President Walcott inquired the experience of those present with

78 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Bessera elegans. With him it barely flowered the middle of Octo-
ber. It was so extensively advertised by the New York florists
that he thought it must do well.

Mr. Endicott said that his did not flower at all.

Mrs. Nelson said her experience and that of her friends was the
same as Mr. Endicott's.

President Walcott had found Sternbergia lutea hardy without
protection ; it sends up leaves after flowering.

Warren H. Manning recommended Amaryllis Ilallii.

E. II. Ilitchings asked whether any one had cultivated anj- of our
native bulbs.

Mrs. Nelson replied that she had tried Arethusa bulbosa and the
Yellow and Pink Cypripediums.

Mr. Manning remarked that the Cypripediums have fibrous
roots.

Mr. Endicott recommended Trillium grandijlorum.

Mr. Jackson said that he had propagated Trillium grandijlorum
by division of the root ; it makes but little seed. He succeeds
with T. erytJu-ocarjmm in moderate shade with leaf-mould and cow
manure.

Robert Manning said that he had found the Trillium grandi-
jlorum form seed freely, but he had not succeeded in causing it to
germinate, though it is plump and apparently perfect. He has
two plants which in May form hemispheres two feet in diameter,
each having sixty of the large white flowers. He thought it the
finest of all our native plants for garden culture, to which it sub-
mits perfectly. When a boy he cultivated successfuU}' Erythro-
nium Americanum (Dog-tooth violet) which has a bulbous root.

Mrs. Nelson said that a friend of hers has a plant of Trillium
grandijlorum on a rockery, as large as a half-bushel.

Mr. Hitchings said that a friend in Chelsea cultivates Trillium
grandijlorum successful!}', but has never succeeded with T. ery-
Ihrocarinim.

The Chairman of the Committee on Discussion announced for
the next Saturday a paper on " The P'ood Question," by Edward
Atkinson.

THE FOOD QUESTION. 79

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, February 20, 1886.

An adjourned meeting of the Societ}- was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Henry P. Walcott, in the chair.

The Librarian laid before the Societ}' a complete set of the
Transactions of the Norfolk Agricultural Society, presented by
Henry O. Hildreth, its last Secretary, in remembrance of Hon.
Marshall P. Wilder, for twenty years President of that Society.

Mr. Wilder acknowledged the personal compliment extended to
him in the terms of the donation. He said that he was glad to be
remembered, and still more glad to have this valuable series of books
in the Library to perpetuate the memory of the Norfolk Agricultural
Society. At its meetings he made his first efforts in behalf of agri-
cultural colleges ; which were seconded by some of the most re-
markable Americans who have ever lived, — Daniel Webster,
Edward Everett, Horace Mann, Robert C. Winthrop, Josiah
Quincy, and others. Soon after, he was sent to the State Senate
and elected President, where he made the first definite movement
to promote agricultural education, presenting a bill which passed
the Senate unanimously, but was lost in the House. He has,
however, lived to see his views in regard to agricultural education
carried out. He claimed no merit for these efforts, for he only
followed the instincts of his nature and his sense of duty.

The thanks of the Society were unanimously voted to Mr.
Hildreth for his donation to the library'.

Adjourned to Saturday, February 27.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.
The Food Question.
By Edward Atkinson, Boston,
Ladies and Gentlemen:

I will not begin this address as I did when I spoke to the Farm-
ers a few days ago, and said that I had been brought before
them to show them what I did not know about agriculture.

I will say that I am here, perhaps, to bring before you the
reasons why the methods of horticulture should be in some meas-

80 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ure extentlecl to agriculture. 1 am or rather 1 once was a good
gardener — when I cultivated my own garden ; but when I became
so busy as to find it necessary to give directions to a gardener,
rather than to do the pleasant work myself, my garden gradu-
ally deteriorated ; and now, when it has become appareutl}' one
of the obnoxious necessities of life to leave a pleasant country
place and to go to the seaside in the middle of the gardening
season, my last opportunity for practising horticulture has almost
entirely ceased.

The direction in which the production of food is or should be
tending is toward horticulture, rather than toward agriculture, — to
the intensive, rather than to the extensive, s3-stem of production.
If the tendency to horticulture or to the methods of horticulture
shall help to substitute the use of the products of the garden, —
vegetables and fruit, — for a part of the enormous consumption of
meat, and especially of fat, I doubt not the benefit will be two-fold.

With this tendency to the intensive system of cultivation is
coming, or has come, the necessity for treating the soil as a labo-
ratory, rather than as a mine.

So far as I have been able to watch the progress of science in its
application to the production of food, the principal attention
seems first to have been given to the assumed natural fertility of
the soil, rather than to its capacity to become fertile under intelli-
gent treatment. It may be observed, by the vvay, that this method
of treating the subject and of depending so much on tlie original
fertility of land has led to what I believe to be some very serious
errors in the science of political economy ; for instance, to the
temporary adoption of the theory propounded by Malthus, that
population tends to increase more rapidly than the means of sub-
sistence. This dogma was published something less thau a cen-
tury ago; since that date, whatever may come in the future, the
means of siibsisteuce have increased in vastly greater measure
than the population of the world ; while modern science applied
to the art of distribution has rendered the world almost a unit in
its possil)ility of enjoying the abundant production of each and
every section.

When Malthus propounded this dogma, the value of a bushel
of wheat was exhausted in from a hundred to a hundred and
fifty miles of transportation even whore there were good highways;
today wheat is carried by millions of bushels more than half way

THE FOOD QUESTION. 81

around the world at a fraction of its value, and live beasts are
carried five tliousand miles on their own hoofs. In the modern
steamer the little cube of coal, which weighs one ounce and
which will pass through the circumference of a quarter of a dol-
lar, will drive a ton of wheat and its proportion of the steamer
two miles. Compare this economy of the force of fuel with the
waste of coal in our cooking stoves and ranges, and you may get*
some idea of the margin for economy in the household applica-
tions of science.

Again, no man yet knows the potential of a single acre of
land anywhere, in respect to its possible production of food. We
may perhaps say that it must 3'et be quite impossible for a single
aci'e to sustain more than a given number of persons ; but who can
say what that given number of persons really is? And who can
say how far the next discovery in the application of science to the
use of land may increase that number — whatever it now is.

One of the most interesting developments of this subject was
conducted by the lat5 Farish Furman of Georgia, a son-in-law, I
believe, of Professor Le Conte, the chemist.

After the war ended, being reduced to poverty, he first tried,
the law ; then he entered into politics, but becoming dissatisfied
with both, he went back to the worn-out soil of an old Georgia
plantation.

At the time when he undertook to get his living out of this land
it would produce only one-eighth of a bale of cotton to an acre, — a
crop which would not pay the cost. He did not, I believe, at first
study the chemistrj' of the soil, but he studied the chemistry of the
cotton plant ; and he theorized a compost which, being put into
the laboratory of the soil, would, he believed, increase the yield
of cotton.

He then looked around for the cheapest materials of which his
theoretic compost might be practically made. He found them in
the waste of the neighboring woods, in Stassfurt potash, in the
phosphate beds of South Carolina, and in other materials available
at moderate cost.

He measured the quantities needed and the price ; and he applied
this compost year by year to the worn-out soil of his paternal
acres, until he achieved a crop of two bales of lint cotton to an
acre ; and thereby made himself a man of independent means.
What had the original fertility of the soil to do with this ? He
was a loss to the cotton country when he died.
6

82 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

But he has not been alone. Others liave taken a similar course ;
and, supi)lementing the theory of the compost by an exact knowl-
edge of their land (usually more fertile than that on which Mr.
Furman did his ^vork) many iSouthern farmers have achieved equal
or greater results. This is one of the beneficent results of liberty.

The heaviestcrop, of which I ever obtained a record, was raised
near Memphis, Tennessee, by digging a hole with a post auger as
if to set a fence post; filling that with a well adjusted compost to
sustain the tap-root of the cotton plant, and adding thereto a little
surface manure to nourish the horizontal roots, which serve to hold
the plant in position more than they do to feed it.

Now let us turn from this example toother experiments (of very
recent date, especially in this country) in which the nourishment of
man in the cheapest and best manner has been the objective point.
In this, as in all else that I may have to say to you, I speak from
observation more than by personal knowledge ; and I shall only at-
tempt to coordinate the respective lines of investigation, and per-
haps to theorize a little upon the conclusions to which they seem
to lead. I have not the least id^a whether much of what I may
liave to say may not be very old and trite, or whether it will be as
novel to you as it was to me when my statistics led me to consider
other points of the food question.

It is but a few years since the scientists of Germany and then
those of England turned their attention to the food question, and
attempted to reduce the requisite proportions of the different chem-
ical ingredients of food to a scientific formula. Having established
certain data in respect to the relative proportions of nitrogenous
material or protein, of fats, and of carbo-hydrates or starchy
materials which are essential to the wholesome nutrition of work-
ing people, — they next appear to have sought for the materials in
which these several nutrients are to be found at the lowest cost in
money. So important has this investigation become in German}'
where a poor soil is called upon to sustain an over-dense popula-
tion, and where, even if all men were productive units, there
might not be enough for a good subsistence, and yet where one in
about twenty-two (some authorities make it one in sixteen and a
half of all men of arms-bearing age) is called upon to waste his
time in a standing army, even during the condition of passive war
which in Europe is called peace, while the labor of another one in
every twenty-two mustgoto sustain himself and the idle soldier, —

THE FOOD QUESTION. 83

SO importaut, I say, has this investigation become as to have incUiced
the German government to undertake its completion, and to pub-
lish dietaries, each of which gives the right proportions of the dif-
ferent kinds of food necessary to sustain a working man, according
to the chemical formula established by Professor Voit, together
with the prices at which such food can be purchased.

The tables of these dietaries have already been published in this
country, having been translated by Professor William O. Atwater,
of Middletown, Ct. ; who kindly furnished them. to me to be in-
cluded in the appendix to my address, lately given at the meeting
of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, held
at Ann Arbor, Michigan, in August last. Copies of that address
I have not now available ; a new edition is about to be printed,
but the same tables ma}' be found in the Report of the meeting of
the Chiefs of the Bureaus of Statistics, of which copies can prob-
ably be obtained from Col. Wright, the Chief of the Massachu-
setts Bureau.

Following this line of investigation, other dietaries have been
computed (if we may use that expression) b}^ Sir Lyon Playfair
and others in England, while a vast deal of most useful work has
also been accomplished in the same direction b}^ Professor At-
water, of which the results are in print.

These several dietaries of home and foreign origin are interest-
ing, not onlj' because they tend to reduce the nutrition of commu-
nities to a science, but also because they furnish us a fairly adequate
standard of comparison as to the relative conditions of working
people in German}-, in England, and in this couutr}'. They are
suggestive of future political and social complications, of which
the mutterings can be heard all over Europe. If you will com-
pare the dietaries already given by Professor Atwater with those
of Professor Voit, you will observe how inferior is the subsistence
which can be bought in Germany at a cost of about eighteen cents
a da}', even if it be theoretically sufficient, as compared to the very
much more generous diet which can be purchased in this section
of the United States at the same cost.

Now let us consider the connection between the nutrition of the
man and what we may call the nutrition of the soil. Human life,
animal life, and plant life are but three names for the conversion
of certain forces ; these forces, for convenience, we call protein,
or nitrogen, the correlative of muscle ; fats, or the correlative of

84 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

heat ; and phosphates, potash, starch or carbo-hydrates, the correla-
tives of animal fat, and of bone and sinew, — when absorbed in the
human system.

The inherent fertility' of the soil may support plants for a little
while without well-balanced sustenance. The i)lant may derive a
part of its sustenance from other sources than the soil ; but with
few exceptions the sustenance of the plant is held in correlation
to the sustenance of the soil by bonds which cannot be severed.
In a similar way the animal may live a little while on its own fat,
if it shall have secured a supply* somehow and somewhere ; but it
also must be rightly sustained, if life is to be prolonged.

The man must have a suitable proportion of each of these ingre-
dients in order to attain full and mature development ; the soil
must be supplied with the same ingredients according to its wants ;
the beast, again, must be fed in the due proportion. All organic
/ life seems to be capable of being put into a chemical formula,

varying in proportion but not in its constituent terms. Each and
all are sustained by much the same chemical elements, — each of
course in different measure and in different proportions. Is not
our problem that of balancing the forces without waste, alike with
respect to soil, beast, and man?

If, then, the scientist can tell the man what proportion of
animal or vegetable food will suffice to sustain him in full vigor
and strength, according to the proportion of nutrients, and can
direct him in what proportions, and of what kind of food
he shall partake, it may happen that ere long he may tell each of
you exactly what ingredients to buy and to put into the laboratory
of your gardens in order to support each kind of plant in full
vigor at the lowest cost ; he may first ascertain exactly what you
have in the soil or in the air which rests upon it, or in the water
which permeates it ; and next what 3'ou must add for its deficien-
cies, or in order to make the ingredients already present fully
effective. lias this j'ct been accomplished? Have you not as yet
more confidence in your own empirical method — j'our observation
and the results of your own practice, than you have in agricultural
theory? Yet we know how much human food men waste — may
you not be wasting plant food also?

It appears that if the man is fed only with starch and fat he will

y become feeble or starve, even if these are furnished in apparently

ample measure. It also appears that if he is fed oply with the

THE FOOD QUESTION. 85

nitrogenous portion of his food, while perhaps he may not starve,
he ma}^ yet die for lack of heat or for want of some other element
of life.

Has the correlation of forces, thus illustrated, been considered
fully either in agriculture or in horticulture ? Has not agricultural
chemistry thus far consisted, to a great extent, in mere prelimi-
nary investigations? Is it not, as yet, very greatl}' empirical in its
application ? And is not this in pai-t the reason why the practical
farmer so greatly despises the book farmer ? He remembers that
almost all the scientists utterly condemned ensilage, while the
skilful farmers, who tried it, have almost all doubled their silos.

Are we not just at the beginning of the true application of
science to the nutrition both of the soil, the plant, the beast, and
the man ?

Let us consider a moment. Nitrogen is the most expensive and
moreover the most necessary element of nutrition, so far as either
soil, beast, or man is concerned. It is floating all about us. It
constitutes by far the greater proportion of our atmosphere ; but
no man has yet fully solved the problem of combining the nitro-
gen of the atmosphere in a speedy and effective way. "Whenever
that is accomplished, the problem of plant and animal sustenance
will have been solved for centuries to come, if not forever.

Now there are certain plants which are known as renovating
plants. Why? Because in some way they serve as a link or
medium by means of which nitrogen is gathered, somehow and
somewhere ; either from the atmosphere, or, as one of the French
chemists now believes, from the microbes which float in the atmos-
phere. By means of these renovating plants, turned under in a soil
already containing its necessary supply of phosphates and the
like, the soil is stored with nitrogen, thereafter to yield up food to
the plants which are not of the renovating kind, — such as wheat,
rj'e, barley, and the like.

Clover, buckwheat, beans, cow-peas, and a few other plants are
well known as renovating crops, when turned under. But now
coraes the doubt. Our greatest crop is Indian corn. Is this
plant, or is it not, a renovating crop? If it is, how shall the soil
be enriched by its use ? Shall we turn it under as we do clover
and buckwheat? By no means. We will presently consider how
it may best be made use of, if it is the trap to catch the nitrogen.
Prof. Atwater believes that it is. Sir J. B. Lawes has believed
that it is not.

86 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Before Prof. Atwatcr was obliged to stop, for the time, in his
investigations for want' of adequate means (which I hope and
believe will veiy soon be supplied to him) he had caused several
hundred experiments to be made in raising Indian corn, with and
without nitrogenous manure. The result of all these experiments
in different parts of the East and of the West came to this : that,
by the scientilic application of phosphates and potash, which
are now eabily obtained at ver}' low cost, crops of Indian, corn
were made averaging a little less than forty-two bushels of shelled
corn to the acre, on what was called poor or exhausted land.
Greater crops were made, of course, by the addition of nitrogenous
manure ; but where this consisted of anything but stable manure
which was on the premises, and reckoned at low cost, the addi-
tional crop of corn did not pay for the cost of the purchased
nitrogen.

It has also been conclusively proved that by beginning with
phosphates and potash, raising more and more stock, and then
adding stable manure to the other ingredients, the crop of Indian
corn could be steadilj" increased. *

"Where, then, does the corn plant obtain its nitrogen? "Where
does the clover get its nitrogen? "Where does the Southern cow-
pea, which thrives on the poorest land in the South — land so
poor that it is often said "that 'ere bit of land ain't even lit to
grow pea-vines on" — where does the cow-pea get its nitrogen?

Is the Indian corn the missing link for New England? If it is,
the future of New England agriculture is assured beyond a ques-
tion, because by means of the corn plant we can, in my judgment, at
this time within twenty-five miles on each side of the Connecticut
river, within the State of Massachusetts, raise all the beef that the
people of Massachusetts require annually ; and perhaps at less
cost than it can be procured in any other way.

This seems as rash an assertion as a theorist can presume to make ;
but it is no more rash than the word which I ventured to speak
some years ago in an address that I delivered at the opening of
the JNIanufacturers' and Mechanics' Institute, in which I made the
following statement : — " If I were to say to you that, next to the
abolition of slavery and the use of the railway and the steamship,
the re-discovery of the method of saving green crops, called ensi-
lage, will [)rove to be the most important event in its ellcct on the
material welfare of the present century, you may suggest that a

THE FOOD QUESTION. * 87

commission of lunacy be appointed to examine the condition of
my brain ; and yet I venture to say so." This was on the 9th of
September, 1882. I am now able to cite facts strongl}^ corrobor-
ating the prediction then made.

Mr. C. "W. Garrett, of Enfield, N. C, ripens his corn, gathers it
before hardening, and then converts the stalks, Jind leaves, still
green and succulent, into ensilage at a cost of one dollar a ton.
He used to buy northern hay a few years since. He also makes
ensilage of cow-pea vines, rich in nitrogen, at a cost of a dollar and
a half per ton, and feeds his working mules upon it without any
grain ; at the same time raising beef and feeding milch cows.

At the recent meeting of the farmers who practise ensilage in
New York, Col. Smith, of St. Albans, Vt., gave testimony to the
effect that he had planted, harvested, and put into his silo more than
six hundred tons of ensilage during the last year, at a net cost of
seventy-seven cents per ton ; and he confirmed the evidence of
others that two tons of ensilage, such as he makes, are equal in
nutritive properties to one ton of the best hay.

Mr. Powell, of the firm of Smiths, Powell, & Lamb, of Syracuse,
N. Y,, testified to the fact that his firm were feeding more than
six hundred milch cows upon ensilage, and were making the best
of butter, winter and summer. At a recent national competition
the}' had taken the first prize for the best butter ; the second
prize for the second best ; and the first prize for the third quality.
I first ordered some of their butter for trial ; and have since made
an arrangement for a monthly supply throughout the year.

When the value of ensilage for milk production was questioned,
a " silo" farmer in Connecticut, Mr. Strong, bore witness that he
was supplying the Brunswick Hotel of New York with all the
milk consumed in that house, and had done so for several years.*

*The subjoined communication embodies important statements which are
best presented in the writer's own words : —

Saltville Stock Farm, Saltville, Va., \
February 9, 1886. /
Hon. Edavard Atkinson, Boston, Mass.

Dear Sir : — I beg to acknowledge the receipt of your valued favor of the
2d instant, and also to thank you for the "Massachusetts Ploughman." I
have been very much interested in reading tiie discussion on the subject of
the production of beef in New England and the East, and have long been of
the opinion that it could be produced to better advantage, and with better

88 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The silo which Lord Walsingham built in accordance with the
suggestion of my neighbor, Consul Henderson, whom I inoculated
with the virus live or six j'ears since, was the flrst of 1183 now in
Great Britain, and the report of the Ensilage Commission of the
Privy Council, of which Lord Walsingham was Chairman, bears
witness to the success and importance of the matter.

Accepting as a fact that the Indian corn plant in Massachusetts
will secure its supply of nitrogen in some way or somehow from
natural sources, wherever the soil it grows in is fertilized with

profit, in the East than it could in the West — taking the price which it could
be sold for, quality, etc., into consideration: and that it only needed the
same kind of "brain and capital" that is engaged in the manufacture of
cotton, to demonstrate the fact.

In reply to your questions — I am like most farmers, I do not keep my
accounts enough in detail to enable me to say accurately what any one prod-
uct costs. The farm that I have has 10,600 acres ; about one-half in grass
and cultivation. I made a crop of tobacco last year of 60,000 pounds. I have
2,800 sheep, 150 horses (mainly Clydesdales), and about 600 head of cattle,
of which 450 are registered Short Horns, being the largest herd of registered
Short Horns in the world; the cost of all are so blended tliat I cannot give
you the exact figures for any one product, though I can give an estimate that
Is satisfactory to my own mind, but it would be more satisfactory if I could
give you the cost in figures, the same as you can the cost of a yard of calico ;
but I will give you my estimate, the best that I can.

Question 1st. — At what cost can you put good corn ensilage into the
silo?

Answer. I estimate that corn which will yield sixty bushels per acre, will
make thirty tons of ensilage per acre ; and that it can be grown and put into
the silo at .$1.30 per acre [ton is intended].

Question 2d. — How many tons will carry a steer one year for green
fodder?

Answer. I think that forty pounds [per daj'] is a large feed for a yearling
steer, and seventy-five pounds for a two-year old steer.

Question 3d. — What do you feed with the green fodder?

Answer. This depends much on the kind of cattle, and how they are to be
handled. If they are to go on grass in the spring, good sweet ensilage will
keep them growing all winter ; if they are to go to the butcher in say June
or July followinf^, I feed them all of the cotton seed meal and corn (ground
with the cob), that they can digest. Cotton seed meal costs twenty dollars
per ton at this depot.

Question 4th. — At what cost can you make a steer ready for the butcher,
at twenty months old?

Answer. Very much depends on the treatment and care of the feeder, and
whether fed on grain and ensilage, or partly on grass, as in this part of the

THE FOOD QUESTION. 89

300 pounds of muriate of potash and 150 pounds of phosphate of
lime at a cost of S7.50 per acre, — then the best speculation of the
day may be to bu}^ up the deserted hill farms Ij'iug each side of the
Connecticut River, within a range of thirt}- or forty miles, in order
to convert them into beef factories for the supply of Boston. We
will sa}^ nothing of milk, butter, and cheese.

"What then is needed in the application of science to the produc-
tion, distribution, and consumption of food? Each acre of land
may require a little different proportion of the nutrients, as each
man may call for a little more or less nitrogen, a little more or less
fat, or a little more or less starch ; or as different plants may vary
in the same way. But has notj, the time arrived when, by means of
close observation, and b}" the application of science, the ration due
to the soil, the ration due to the plant, and the ration due to man
can be measured and defined, and its cost ascertained, with exact-
ness and certainty? — No one has, however, jet been able to
answer the conundrum which I put about a year ago : "What is
the cost of making a pound of beef?"

The nutrients which are contained in the several standard
rations of Voit, Playfair, and others vary somewhat in the relative
proportions of the several ingredients ; but Prof. Atwater has re-
duced them to "calories" or equivalents of heat, and by this
standard they are all very nearly identical. The standard of each
and all for one day's ration of an adult working man is a little
more ihs{,n three thousand equivalents of heat. The waste of some
New England families is made apparent by the fact that Prof. At-

country. A steer is simply a machine for making beef and fat; and you
might as well undertake to run a large steam engine with little or no fuel as
to make beef without plenty of food, and feeding it as carefully as you would
feed an engine ; and it will pay for attention as well as an engine. I estimate
that I can make beef here of the best quality at four cents per pound, live
weight, and that it can be made in New England at five cents per pound,
and that the steer should weigh from fourteen to fifteen hundred pounds
at twenty to twenty-four months old.

The making of beef is in its infancy in the United States, and in my opinion
the Eastern States will hold their own with the West — and as soon as more
capital and brains take hold of the matter, as they have of other manu-
facturing interests, that large sums could be made, and a better return on the
capital secured than in any other manufacturing business.

Yours very truly,

G^0. W. PALMER.

90 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

water has reduced the actual rations which have been given liim l)y
Commissioner Wright and, in some cases, he finds that the food
consumed or wasted yields 7800 mechanical equivalents of heat
per man.

The dietaries of a large number of mechanics, operatives, and
working people in Massachusetts, gathered by Col. Wright,
coincide closel}' with other figures and proportions of food con-
sumption which I obtained in Massachusetts and Maryland.
(The proportion of animal food, and its proportionate cost, are
even greater here than in some rather startling statistics which
I shall. give 3'ou presently.)

Average weight of food per person. . lbs.

Meat and fish 89

Milk, butter, cheese, and eggs . . .1.29

Animal food 2.18

Vegetable food 3.02

5.20

Cost of meats (average) 11 cts.

INlilk, butter, cheese, and eggs .... G

Animal food . . . . . . . 17

Vegetable food ...... 8

Nutrients, by weight. lbs.

Protein ........ -"^S

Fat 41

Carbo-hydrates . . . . • .1.17

25 cts.

1.86

The excess or waste is almost wholly in the fat, of which .13 lbs.
or less than one-third the average consumption noted would suflice
according to Voit's standard ; which, as compared with Playfair's
and those of two other authorities, is the highest of all.

The " calories" or equivalents of heat in the several standard
dietaries of Voit and others range from 3031 to 3159.

The corresponding units in our Massachusetts dietaries aver-
age 4410 ; or about GOO above the standard of the German soldier
when engaged in a forced march or in the most severe work of war.
We may be thankful for llie possibility of this abundance if it
does us any good ; luit let us [)rate no more al)uMt the "greasy"
German when we fat three times as much fat ourselves.

THE FOOD QUESTION. 91

This huge excess was not always to be had ; there was a time of
short commons once in New England, and then our grandfathers
had gumption enough to get the most out of the least money.

In illustration of the wa}' in which the process of natural selec-
tion ma}' go on without exact intelligence as to what is being done,
it is interesting to observe that the oatmeal of the Scotchman is
ver}' nearly an ideal food. It contains the three nutrients which I
have named, in almost the exact proportions of Volt's standard
ration ; and we find the Scotchman, who has been brought up on
oatmeal, a stalwart, vigorous, and effective laborer in every branch
of work to which he applies either his muscle or his mind.

Again, the fried fish balls or the brown bread and baked beans
of New England are found to contain nearly the right proportions
of nutrients required, according to Voit's standard. The pease
porridge, seasoned with savory herbs, in which a little bit of pork
is stewed, the common food of the French Canadian, is again con-
sistent with Voit's standard.

The macaroni and grated cheese of the Italian laborer again cor-
responds to this standard, — the cheese, so much neglected in this
countr}', furnishing the right proportion of protein.

And, again, the hog and hominy of the Southern negro, in the
proportion in which it is served — one peck of meal to three and
one-half pounds of bacon for a week's supply — corresponds very
nearly with the same standard.

In all these cases, by a process of natural selection, people who
have but little money to apply to the purchase of food, have
found out how to get the largest value and the most adequate
nutriment at the least cost. '

AYhat we have now to do is to bring this economic practice into
a scientific form, and to show how to get the same good subsistence
in rations of greater varietj^and of more appetizing properties than
those which are named, and yet at the same cost.

1 can, toda}^, at anj- of our markets in Boston, buj' the trim-
mings of beef at one-half a cent to one cent a pound, and can con-
vert them into bouillon in this little vessel which I have by me,
and which I m3-self invented, by the use of a common kerosene
hand lamp, p,s you see.*

Adding to this bouillon, bread purchased at the price at which

* During the delivery of the address, the process was in progress.

92 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the Howe National Bakeiy sells it in New York, to wit : three
cents per pound, and perhaps a little dish made from skimmed
milk with cheese stewed in it, I can make a full and nutritious
da3''s ration thoroughly cooked in this cooker, except as to the
bread, with an expenditure of less than seven cents per day for
as much as it is necessary or suitable for me to eat. What we
need is the right direction of force.

I have said that we should convert the waste lands of Massa-
chusetts into beef factories, rather than misuse land and its prod-
uct by the conversion of corn into pork. Here is a recent
development, very novel to me and doubtless to most of you,
brought out by a chance remark of mine to Professor Atwater. I
said to him, one day, " I believe the Western men compute five
pounds of shelled corn to one pound of pork."

" Well," said he, " then they waste about four pounds of corn."

I replied, " How is that? I have always looked upon pork as
condensed corn."

''Then," said he, "j'ouhave made a mistake. I will make a
computation and give it to you."

I will not weary you with the exact figures, but they show that
Indian meal, although not quite so near to Volt's standard in its
relative proportions of nutrient as oatmeal, is next to it in its
nutrient value.

Assuming that it takes 1000 lbs. of corn to make 200 lbs. of
pork, we have in that corn nearly 900 lbs. of nutrients, well bal-
anced. When this is fed to hogs we have wasted all the starch,
a considerable part of the protein, and we have almost nothing but
fat, — and only 180 lbs. of that.

The general result of Professor Atwater's investigations, applied
to the dietaries furnished him b^- Col. Wright from the statistics
of Massachusetts, serves to prove that the great waste in New
England is in the enormous excess of fat ; which we eat, but cannot
properly digest and assimilate.

Therefore beef ratlier than pork is the farmer's proper objective
point ; because in the production of beef we obtain from the starch
and fat of the corn plant a larger proportion of protein or nitrogen
than can be found in pork, or, indeed, in most other kinds of
animal food.

The same remark applies to the production of milk and cheese
(especially of skimmed milk cheese), provided it is stewed in such

THE FOOD QUESTION. 93

a way that it can be digested. One pound of skimmed milk cheese,
if cooked in a suitable way, affords more nutrition than three
pounds of the best beef.

When I first accepted the invitation to give this lecture, I sug-
gested to Mr. Appleton of your Committee that the title should
be " Was Nebuchadnezzar so badly off, after all, when he went to
grass."

Nebuchadnezzar had lived on the fat of the land, as we do ; and
when he went to grass, he went to a more wholesome food. We
need more vegetables and less fat — more garden and less farm.

No address of mine would be complete unless it contained some
figures ; and I will now venture to repeat some figures upon food
which I have given elsewhere, but which I am very sure will bear
repetition, even if they weary you a little in their recital.

I suppose that what has led to my being here today is, mainly,
the fact that I have attempted to measure the price of life, and to
determine, more exactly than any one has yet done, the proportions
and relative cost to working people of food, clothing, and shelter,
under present conditions of life.

My earliest investigations had for their objective point a deter-
mination of the money value of the annual production of this
country — an appalling problem, but one which I ma}' believe has
been solved with approximate accuracy, for the reason that many
lines of similar investigation, which have since been pursued
under the supervision of Col. AVright, Prof. Hadley and others,
have led to almost identical conclusions. Not to weary you with
incomprehensible figures of unnumbered millions, I will simply
announce, as a fact appearing at the end of the whole investiga-
tion, the following, viz. : that the average sum earned by, and so
available for subsistence of, each adult person does not, as regards
nine-tenths of our population, exceed forty cents per ciay.

The working group (as distinguished from the family group)
consists of three persons, i. e., each person, who is engaged in an}'
kind of gainful occupation for which he or she is paid in money
wholly or in part, sustains two others. The family group is a
fraction under five persons. Ninety per cent of the people of the
United States who are engaged in any kind of gainful occupation
are what may be called working people in the narrow sense of the
word. I, myself, claim to be a working man ; but what I mean is
that ninety per cent of the people of the United States are in the

94 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

position either of laborers, mechanics, fivctor\' operatives, domes-
tic servants, or small farmers who work liarder than their hired
men ; or are clerics, salesmen, teachers in the common schools, or
engaged in similar occupations, — people whose accumulated
wealth consists merely of small savings, and whose daily bread
depends substantially upon their dail}" exertion.

With respect to this ninety- per cent each one, npon the average,
must be sheltered, clothed, and fed on what forty cents or less will
buy each day, — profits and taxes having been previously' set aside
from the aggregate production. Here, in the East, where ma-
chinery has been most effectively applied, the average income of
each person in those classes may be rather more. In the South
and "West, where manual labor is applied in greater measure, it is
certainl)' less.

AVitli respect to this class of persons, one-half the price of life
is the price of food. Of each fifty cents which a mechanic in
Massachusetts will expend for himself and his family, twenty-five
cents on the average will be paid for food, sui^ilying one adult per-
son for one day. We may count two children of ten years of age or
under as equal to one adult in their consuming power.

Of this expenditure of twenty-five cents, — if the subsistence
of the factory operatives of New England and of the Middle States
may be taken as a fair standard of the whole (they being chiefly
adult women) — the proportion of each kind of food is substantially
as follows : —

9i cents for meat and fish, — of which about three and a half

cents is for beef.
5 " for milk, butter, and cheese.

^ " for eggs.
2 A " for bread.
2 " for vegetables.

2 " for sugar and syrup.

1 " for tea and coffee.

1 " for fruit, salt, spice, pickles, etc.

23i cents in all ; U cents may be added for sundries, making 25
cents per day per adult.

You will observe that three-fifths of this sum is expended for
animal products, — meat, fish, milk, butter, cheese, and eggs ; and

THE FOOD QUESTION. 95

since food is one-half tlie price of life, it follows that three-tenths
of the entire price of life for ninet}^ per cent ol the population of
the United States is expended for animal products, provided peo-
ple on the average live as well as the factory operatives of New
England and the Middle States. I do not suppose that they do
live as well ; but we may say, I think with certainty, that by so
much as they eat less or poorer food they are inadequately served.

This is not a high standard, — far from it ; but all observation
sustains Professor Atwater's scieutiflc analysis. It consists too
much of meat, and too much of fat. It is not a scientific ration.
A scientific ration quite as nutritious, quite as varied, and much
more wholesome can be purchased for from one-half to two-thirds
the money. The women in the Sherborn Prison are well nourished
at about one-half the expense which I have given, to wit : at about
thirteen cents a day ; and notwithstanding their customary bad
condition when sent to prison, and though remaining for terms
too short to admit of putting them in a condition of complete
health, they yet gain both in weight and strength, almost in-
variably.

Computing b}" this standard of the factory operatives of New
England and the United States, we reach results in millions, that
are somewhat astounding. If each person in the present popula-
tion of the United States (counting two children of ten years or
under as one adult) is served in this proportion, the meat and fish
ration eaten b^- them costs each year . . $1,825,000,000

The milk, J)utter, and cheese, at the rate of •

one-half to two-thirds of a pint of milk per
day, one to one and one-fourth ounces of but-
ter, and a scrap of cheese, cost, at average
retail prices $912,500,000

The eggs, at one for every other day, at
twelve cts. per dozen, amount per year to
over $91,000,000

$2,828,500,000
Vegetable food, tea, coffee, etc., 1,825,000,000

$4,653,500,000*

*At the average of the ration of the working people of Massachusetts,

96 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The consumption of poultry and eggs, at retail prices, taken
separately, conies to at least the value of $200,000,000 per year ;
or more tlian the combined value of the product of the silver mines
and the product of the pig-iron furnaces, with the entire wool
clip added.

These rations or proportions may well be considered when eco-
nomic legislation is under consideration.

The least conspicuous industries are tlie most important ; and
the most aggressive and overbearing, like the silver interests (so
called), are of the least possible consequence. The product of
the hen yards, in eggs alone, is, as I have so often had occasion to
say of late, more than double that of the silver mines.

At three and a half cents to each person per day for beef, the
value of the beef consumed within the limits of the United States
would be in the neighborhood of $600,000,000 a year; or more
than the entire product of all our textile factories put together.
How much more it is than three and a half cent's worth a day
cannot be computed.

I have thus brought before you in a hasty manner three separate
directions in which the application of science has j'et a vast and
almost unexplored field : —

First. Determination of the ration due to the land ; — science
applied to the production of protein, fat, and starch in vegetable
growths, in right proportions for the food of beasts as well as of
man.

Second* Science applied to the consumption of protein, fat,

which I have previously given you, the consumption of the present popula-
tion of the people of this country would be —

Meat and fish, 11 cents a day, . . $2,007,500,000

Milk, butter, cheese, and eggs, C " " . . 1.095,000,000

Vegetable food, 8 " " , . 1,440,000,000

25 §4,542.500,000

Mr. David A. Wells estimates our liquor bill at about . 500,000,000

Total, over $5,000,000,000

This is too much, because we live better in Massachusetts than they do in
many ])lace.s, and our food costs more here than it does in the West. Yet I
think $4,000,000,000 would not be too high.

How much of It is wasted?

How much is badly cooked?

Can you bear to think of it?

THE FOOD QUESTION. 97

and starch by beasts, in the production of meat and dairy products
at the lowest cost.

Third. Science appUed to the consumption of food b}' man.

To these must be added the most difficult problem of all — sci-
ence applied to the retail distribution of perishable products.

There is one street in Boston which I suppose is the most costh'
one to pass across that can anywhere be named. It is Commer-
cial Street. On its eastern side good fish are often sold at whole-
sale for one-half a cent per pound. On the western side of the
street fish of the same qualit}' are sold at from six to ten cents per
pound. Why does it cost so much to carr}' fish across that street
for distribution ?

Here is Samuel Howe's bread. Three cents a pound for most
excellent bread. Here is the bread sold b}^ a prominent baker at
his shop in Boston which is nearest to the dwelling places of the
poor. The price is nearly six cents per pound. The bread is no
better than that made b}' Samuel How^e, if as good. Where is the
Samuel Howe of Boston ?

The meat in this cooking vessel is good meat, of which enough
can be bought in Quinc}' Market every day to feed one thousand
people — as I am assured by the market-men.

Where is the measure of intelligence, on the part of those who
need to save their money, which may enable them to buy this
meat, and to cook it properly, as readily as I can do it? To be
sure the price would rise a little if it were in demand for anything
but rendering into fat — yet now it is all wasted.

It has been in dealing with these subtle problems in economic
science that I have gone so far afield in the treatment of matters
of which I found myself very ignorant at the beginning, and of
which even today I know but little if any more than ^'ourselves.
All that I can do is to urge upon you the vast importance of these
matters, and to suggest to the members of the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society that there is need of the application of right
principles and accurate methods, like those of horticulture, in the
.production of beef, milk, butter, cheese, and eggs, as well as in
the production of vegetables and fruit.

When this shall have been done, the science of agriculture will
perhaps be as far advanced as the science of floriculture and of
fruit production has already' been througli the efforts of this
Society.

98

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

What we most need is to save waste. We are wasting good
land in New England b}' letting it lie idle for want of brains and
capital ; laborers to work it are wanting. We are wasting hay b}-
feeding it to stock when chopped corn stalks wonld serve as well.
We are wasting food on every table — perhaps proportionately
more on the tables of the poor than on those of the well-to-do. We
are smothered in our own grease, and, like Nebuchadnezzar,
we need to be sent to grass.

But what if we saved all this wasted wealth — what should we
do with it? Perhaps it would bring about the realization of the
dream of the labor reformer — eight hours for work, eigiit hours
for sleep, and eight hours for leisure.

When we earn our leisure bj' saving waste we shall perhaps know
what to do with it. The " Old Bohemian," in his Cookery Book,
says that " leisure consists in the diligent and intelligent use of
time." Whether the leisure which I have devoted to this lecture
merits the second adjective in his definition, I leave to you to decide.

The apparatus mentioned on page 91 as in operation during
the lecture is shown in vertical section in the subjoined illustraliou.

THE ALADDIN COOKKK.

THE FOOD QUESTION. 99

REFERENCES TO CUT.

AAAAA — Box made of pine wood 1}^ to 3 inches thick, according to size

of cooker.
B— Lining of tin or tinned copper fitted with arm of copper B' B' through

which the water circulates, and in which it is heated by the lamp L.

This arm should be 3 inches broad by 1 inch deep.
CC — Cooking vessel which may be of metal ; preferably of porcelain or of

glass.
DD — Felt lining to cover.

E — Cord attached to perforated ears or rings F F.
GGGGG — Water in circulation, heated by lamp L to about 200° .
HH — Hood of tin around the arm B' B', to concentrate the heat upon it.
I — Vent to tin hood for draft.
J — Tin guard to keep heat from wood.
K — Faucet to draw off water.

L — Lamp with wick }^ to 1 inch wide, according to size of cooker.
M — Orifice for thermometer.

N — Orifice to cooking vessel, with screw cap for thermometer.
Rounded corners are desirable inside for convenience in keeping clean.
Begin with tepid or cold water if glass vessels are used.

The essay was also illustrated b}'^ samples of Samuel Howe's
bread ; which was cut up and tasted by many of the audience with
satisfaction — it was not quite so white as the Boston bread but was
of excellent quality.*

Discussion.

O. B. Hadwen said that he highly approved the essay. We are
the most extravagant people on the face of the earth ; and the
time is coming, and we are not far from it, when the principles

* Since this paper was read, the author has supplied the following detailed
directions and illustration, for constructing a cheaper form of this cooker :

Take a common butter firkin or keg, marked AAA on the diagram. In this
put a wooden pail, marked BBB, or an unpainted tin pail, so as to make a
distance of about one inch between. Pack this space between the two with
sawdust, CCC. Over the edges of the firkin and the pail, which should be on
a level, place the annular tin cover, BD, to prevent water or grease getting
into the sawdust. Cover the firkin with a wooden cover, E. Put also an in-
side cover, E, over the pail. Inside the pail, with room enough around it
for at least half an inch of water, place a porcelain jar or stone pot, F, in
which put the food to be cooked. Insert two large corks, GG, through the
wall of the firkin and of the pail, each pierced with a half-inch hole. In these
holes place a tin or copper pipe, IIR, half an inch in diameter, packed water-
tight; any other method of securing a water-tight joint maybe used. Fill
the pail with water so as to cover both the orifices to these pipes. The water

100

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

laid down by the essayist must be applied amongst us, as necessity
has caused Iheiii to be in other nations.

Hon. Marshall V. Wilder said that he could not allow the essay-
ist to go away without au assurance of the great gratification we
had derived from listening to his suggestions. By his wisdom he
has given us food for thought, enough for the rest of our lives. The

is marked WW. At the place marked A'/iT, broaden tlie water pipe so as to
get more heat. It should here be wide enough for the edges to project out-
side the lamp chimney, with the under side concave, and then the condensed
moisture will not drop upon the chimney and break it. Set the whole appa-
ratus on the edge of a table. Underneath the tin or copper arm or pipe, IIJT,
set the hunp /, on a chair or stool. If a tin hood J, is put around this tin
pipe a little way from it, the water in the pipe will be heated more rapidly.
Light the lamp with the wick low at first, and keep it low until tlie metal hood
is heated; then put it up high, and after that it will not smoke.

" - hI

t

SAj..; .' ^

"

pi^

w

-•

■<

fea/e % Size

Since this form of the cooker was designed, I have had one made of two
firkins — worth ten cents each — and about fifty cents worth of tin work. In
a stone pot I have made most excellent beef bouilli ; and fricasseed chicken out
of very ancient hens; and have cooked half a ham, etc., etc.

Meat may be cooked in Us own juice or in water. After the food is cooked
it will merely keep hot, and become more tender, as long as the lamp is kept
Imrning.

THE FOOD QUESTION. 101

speaker hoped the essa^'ist might have been able to give us infor-
mation in regard to the kinds of fruit most desirable as food. He
(Mr. Wilder) has it on his table every da}- in the year, mostly un-
cooked, and has not had a serious case of dysentery in his family
for fift}' 3'ears — an exemption which he attributed to the free use of
ripe fruit. He concluded by moving a vote of thanks to Mr.
Atkinson for his very useful and interesting lecture, which was
unanimously passed.

Mr. Atkinson said he knew the value of fruit, and most heartily
concurred with what Mr. Wilder had said of its value. The great
problem in regard to this as well as other perishable commodities
is how to get tliem to the consumer without too great expense for
packages, transportation, and distribution. They frequently cost
the consumer two or three times the wholesale price. Bananas
contain more nitrogen than any other fruit. He still recollected
the taste of some dried bananas sent to his father forty years ago ;
and he hoped to see this fruit become plenty and cheap. The
economical side is the most serious part. The wheat of which the
excellent bread shown here as sold at three cents per pound was
made probably came from Dakota. One man can produce 5000
bushels of wheat in 300 days, and this makes 1000 barrels of flour.
The labor of one man puts the wheat into the barrel, the labor of
one man and a half moves it from Dakota to New York, and one-
half a man's time keeps the entire machiner}" of manufacture
and movement in order. The speaker estimated that the labor
of seven persons would yield to a thousand men their proportion
of bread. In Boston bread costs six cents per pound instead of
three, and the largest part of this cost is in getting it from the
mouth of the oven to the mouth of the consumer. In New York
the price is three cents ; in London four cents. The hardest
problem connected with the food question is the retail distribution
of products.

William C. Strong said that so many points had been sug-
gested by the essayist that we hardly knew what to say. Mr.
Cushman, of Plymouth County, says that he cannot afford to use
hay to make milk, and has made other very positive statements of
what he can and cannot afford to do. Mr. Atkinson's paper has
opened a wide field ; the question before us is the maintenance
of our men and women.

President Walcott said it is certain that the most perfect condi-

102 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

tions of physical life, in Massachusetts, exist in our penal institu-
tions. The inmates of the prisons at Concord and Sherborn are
better fed and clothed than the average workingman. If we
should do as much for the law-abiding citizen, it will be a greater
triumph than success in horticulture.

Mr. Atkinson, in reply to an inquiry from a lady how to cook
cheese, referred to Williams's " Chemistry of Cooking." He gave
an account of an experiment of his own in making a cheese
soufflt'C which proved delicious. He took a pound and a half of
the skimmiest cheese (which he broke up with a hatchet), two
loaves of stale baker's bread, two quarts of skimmed milk, salt,
pepper (black and Cayenne), dry mustard, and about a salt
spoonful of bicarbonate of soda. The mixture was kept simmer-
ing over night in a water-bath ; and at breakfast the fish balls and
brown bread were neglected for it. Though it was not indi-
gestible, one who partook of it very freely was made sick, so much
nitrogen and protein making it too rich. One pound of skim-
med milk cheese, which has sometimes been sold for a cent and a
half pfer pound, if rendered digestible is worth as much as three
pounds of sirloin beef, costing sixty cents — that is, it has as much
nutritive value. Cheese is too much neglected as an article of food,
in this country. The Parmesan cheese. served with macaroni is
a cooked cheese. In Italy it is common to serve grated cheese
with vegetable soup, and he had had it thu? served in New York.
When stewed, or grated and cooked in soups or with macaroni,
it is digestible and cheap food.

In answer to an inquiry, Mr. Atkinson said that butter is only
fat — it gives the element of fat required in a well balanced dietary.
Oleomargarine when well made of good suet is a wholesome fat
food ; and, if sold for no more than it is fairly worth, he saw no
objection to using it. He thought the dairy people were making a
mistake in fighting it.

O. M. Tinkliam, of North Pomfret, Vt., said that a person, near
this city, has kept from six Imndred to a thousand swine, which
were fed on city refuse until it was thought to give them the
cholera. These hogs were cooked in great vats, the fat floating
at the top, and five hundred tubs of it were seen marked with the
name of a person in New England who runs a creamery.

President Walcott said that he had had as much to do with the
execution of the laws in regard to oleomargarine as any one, and

MEDALS FOR HYACINTHS. 103

be thought the State amply protected ; there is no possibility of
selling a pound of oleomargarine under any other name.

Mr. Atliinson said, in pursuance of his previous statements,
that good bread can be made for less than three cents per pound.
We need a capitalist who will seek his fortune in making bread.
Bread made of American flour is sold in London for less than
four cents per pound.

The announcement for the next Saturday was a paper by W. W.
Eawson, on " Vegetable Growing."

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, February 27, 1886.
An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
Vice-President C. II. B. Breck in the chair.

William H. Spooner, Chairman of the Committee appointed
January 30, to nominate a candidate to fill a vacancy in the Vege-
table Committee, caused by the death of George W. Pierce,
reported the name of P. G. Hanson, of Woburn, who was there-
upon unanimously' elected.

The Secretary announced that the medals offered b}' the Roj'al
Union for the Cultivation of Flower Roots, at Haarlem, to be
awarded for the best exhibitions of Hyacinths at the Spring Ex-
hibition of this Society, had been received. He also laid before
the Society a letter from the above mentioned Union in regard to
medals to be offered as prizes for flowering bulbs at the Spring
Exhibition of this Society, in 1887, and a letter from the Penn-
sylvania Horticultural Society (which had received the same
proposition) in regard thereto. The subject was referred to the
Committee on Establishing Prizes, with full powers.

Adjourned to Saturday, March 6.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Vegetable Growing.

By Wakren W. Rawson, Arlington.

This subject is one which enlists the attention of very many
of our horticulturists at the present time. In the practical pur-

104 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

suit of it, success depends more on the man tlum on anythino;
else ; presuming bini to have secured the proper soil, which should
be a light sandy loam. In the vicinity of any of our cities, large
and small, can be seen small places devoted to the growing of
vegetables, either as a special business or in connection with
some other branch of agriculture. It is now one of the principal
lines of business carried on in the vicinity of large markets, and is
'every year growing larger and larger, and extending farther and
farther from the cities. The suburban land is Ijecoming too valu-
able for this use, being wanted for building lots or for manufact-
uring establishments, which must be located near the large cities
on account of railroads and help. These requirements are fast
filling up the suburbs of Boston for five or six miles out ; within
which distance scarcely any land available lor gardening now re-
mains unappropriated.

The varying demand of the markets governs the amount of
business done by growers in the large suburban towns ; but the
product of two or three acres can be readily disposed of in almost
any town containing from four to five thousand inhabitants — and
in such markets the prices are much better than in large ones,
and a profit is sure on a limited quantity.

The vegetables grown are comprised in the following list : —
Artichokes, Asparagus, Beans (Bush and Pole), Beets of various
kinds, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbages (early and late). Carrots, Cauli-
flowers, Celery, Corn, Cucumbers, Dandelions, Egg Plants, P2n-
dive. Leeks, Lettuce, Martynias, Melons, Mushrooms, Onions,
Parsley, Parsnips, Peas, Peppers, Potatoes, Radishes, Rhubarb,
Salsify (Oyster Plant), Sea Kale, Spinach, Squashes, Tomatoes,
Turnips, and Water Cress.

There are many varieties of some of these ; but time and space
will not permit me to speak minutely of them all. I will there-
fore give an account of the soil and mode of cultivation needed by
some, and describe their peculiarities ; selecting the most impor-
tant, and taking them in the order in which they appear in the
foregoing list : —

AuTiciiOKES (Cynara Scolymns). — The soil required is a deep
sandy loam. In this country the artichoke is but little known,
as people generally have not learned to use it ; but it is of the easiest
possible culture, being hardy in our climate and readily propagated
from roots or suckers. The Green Globe is the i)rincipal variety. It

VEGETABLE GROWING. 105

should be grown iu rows three and a half feet apart, and the plants
two feet apart in the row. The flower head, which should be taken
before it has reached maturity, is the edible portion, and is eaten
either cooked or in the raw state. The shoots are sometimes
blanched in the same manner as endive, and are then used as a
salad.

Asparagus. — This will thrive on almost any sandy soil, even if
quite light ; and the lighter the soil, other things being equal, the
earlier the crop may be got off. It may be grown continuously
on the same land almost any number of years without being
renewed. It takes four years from the sowing of the seed before
a full crop can be cut. In preparing the land a liberal dressing of
manure should be given, and this should be thoroughly and
deeply worked in. In setting the plants, care must be taken to
spread the roots out properly, the best plan being to plough out
light furrows or drills three and a half or four feet apart, and
put the plants a foot apart in the rows. When the plants have
become sufficiently established to be fit for cutting, this is fol-
lowed up each season until about the first of July, or when green
peas begin to come on. After this the tops are allowed to grow
until fall, when they are mowed oft' and a liberal dressing of
manure is put on.

This vegetable is one of the best for shipping, and therefore it
ma}' be grown at a considerable distance from market, where land
is cheaper and where it ma}' be made much more profitable than
if grown on the high priced land very near the large cities. The
two principal varieties are the Conover's Colossal and Moore's New
Giant. The former has long been the leading market sort, but
it is claimed that the newer strain is superior in size and quality.

Beans. — The English or broad varieties are but little grown in
this countr}', but are worth}^ of more general cultivation than they
have received. They will succeed best in a strong moist soil,
and cool situation. They should be planted as early as the ground
can be properly fitted in spring, in drills three feet apart, the
beans five or six inches apart in the drill. When the pods begin
to form it is well to pinch off the ends of the shoots, so as to
throw the nourishment into the pods instead of letting it go to in-
crease the size of the plants.

The Bush varieties are quite an important crop in our market
gardens, and will succeed best on a rather light sandy loam.

106 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

They should be grown in drills three and a half feet apart, the
beans being put about six inches apart in the drill. The ear-
liest market varieties are the Six Weeks and Early Mohawk.
These are followed by the White, Black, and Golden Wax, which
are succeeded b}- the Yellow Cranberry and Dwarf Horticultural.
All these are planted in this locality about the first week in May.

The Pole varieties are less hard}' than the bush sorts, and are
planted about two weeks later ; in rows three and a half feet apart
and hills two feet apart in the row. The principal varieties are
the Red Cranberry, Pole Horticultural, Sieva or Small Lima, and
Large White Lima.

Although there are some other sorts of garden beans, these are
the leading ones grown.

Beets come next in order. The earliest are the Egj'ptian,
Eclipse, and Bastian. B}" some the Egyptian is called the earli-
est, but others say the Bastian is just as early, and others the
Eclipse. The Egyptian is a very earl}- beet, and is very good
when small ; but when full grown it is wood}-, and of very poor
quality. The Bastian is, I think, just as early ; it is not a true
blood beet, but is sweet and of very good quality at all times of
the year. The I^clipse is quite new, having been in the market
only four or five years; it is a blood beet, very fine grained, of
good shape and good at all seasons of the year ; and it is perhaps the
most popular of all beets at the present time. The next we shall
name is the Dewing ; this is the kind most extensively grown, and
is in my judgment the best of all for summer and winter, being a
true blood beet and not growing too large for table use. It is
the kind most used for greens, and is in favor for the family
kitchen garden. There are several kinds grown for feeding cattle,
such as the Long Red, Red Globe, Yellow Globe, and French
Sugar.

Beets are grown, especially the earlier varieties, as a first crop,
and are planted by machine in rows twelve inches apart ; rows be-
ing left out at proper intervals for celery, as is done on ridges for
horse-radish. Of the three earliest sorts above mentioned, two crops
can be grown on the same land each year ; the first being sown
about the fifteenth of April and a second about the fifteenth of July.
Beets require g(X)(l land, well manured ; and if desired early must
be left quite thin in the row. The late ones or those of the second
crop can be grown clo.ser together; this applies also to the kinds
used for cattle, and many tons of these can be raised on an acre.

VEGETABLE GROWING. 107

The Cabbage is one of the largest of vegetable or market gar-
den crops. The soil selected should be a deep loam, quite moist,
for the early crop ; and good strong land for the later. The kinds
are very numerous. The Early York is about as earl}' as any
grown ; the heads are very close and rather small. The Early
Etampes is very similar ; the head being quite pointed. The Earlj^
Wakefield is one of the best ; it is quite large and early and is ex-
tensivel}' grown, as is also Henderson's Early Summer, which is
almost the only one at the present time grown in New England
for second early. The latter is about a week later than the Wake-
field, but is ver}' much larger — more like the Flat Dutch, but earlier.
There are many strains of this variety which have been produced
by selection within the past few years. The originator of this
cabbage was Mr. Abram Vansicker, of Jamaica, L. I. The seed
first obtained was bought by Peter Henderson for a very large
price, and the variety received the name of the Henderson Cab-
bage ; or Henderson's Early Summer. Fottler's Improved Bruns-
wick is a ver}' fine variety, of which too much can hardly be said
in commendation. It is very large, and one of the best kinds in
cultivation for late summer or earl}' fall use. It is about two
weeks later than Henderson's Summer. Next come the Flat
Dutch and the Stone IMason, both adapted for fall and winter use ;
the Marblehead Mammoth, which is A'ery large ; the Curled Savo}',
preferred by some for winter use ; and the Drumhead Savoy, ver}'
much larger than the Curled and much more profitable to grow.

Red cabbages are used for pickling ; there are two varieties, the
Large Red Drumhead and the Small Red Dutch.

The quantity of manure that may be applied to this crop is very
large. It will take twenty-five cords of fine manure to the acre,
with a ton of chemical fertilizer, and a liberal suppl}' of water in dry
seasons. It is thought by some that hog manure is not fit for cab-
bages, but I save all my manure from my cellar, where I keep
fifty or sixty large hogs, for my cabbage crop.

Cauliflowers. — Within the past few years this vegetable has
-become quite popular in our market, and during the past season was
very abundant and of the finest quality, but not very profitable ;
the price ruling ver}' low. The season was very favorable for their
growth and every one made good flowers ; which has never before
been the case within my recollection. The varieties are the Early
Snow^ball, Extra Early Erfurt, Half Early Paris, and Algiers. The

108 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Snowball will head well at an}- season of the year and under
almost any ciicumstances, if it has the proper culture. The Er-
furt is very similar to the Snowball ; or, in other words, the Snow-
ball is a variety of the Erfurt ; as is also the Sea Foam, whicli I
consider the best of all varieties. The Half Early Paris is but
very little grown at present, the Erfurt and its varieties being
so much better. The Algiers is best for late, being very large,
and is most grown on Long Island.

Celery. — This vegetable has increased in use and popularity'
more than any other in the past ten years, being now one of the
leading vegetables in our market ; and no table would be consid-
ered complete without a large bunch of well bleached celerj'. Its
cultivation requires very moist land, or a sandy loam with plent}'
of water for irrigation.

The kinds chiefly sold in our market are the Arlington for early
and the Boston Market for late. The Boston Market is the best
of the two for keeping, although the Arlington has kept very well
until February. The Arlington if planted about the fifth of April
will be ready for banking by the first of August, and will continue
all the season. The time required to ripen or blanch the celery at
that season of the 3'ear is about ten daj-s, but as the season ad-
vances and the weather grows cooler, a longer time is required.
If to be marketed at about Thanksgiving time the Arlington celery
should have its first banking at the beginning of October, and the
Boston Market a week earlier. It is quite a difficult matter to
arrange the banking of ten or twenty acres of celer}' so as to
have a well distributed supply all the time from the first of August
throughout the season.

This crop is mostly' grown after some other, affording a second
use of the land the same year ; in this way it can be made quite
remunerative, but 1 do not consider it a ver}' profitable crop at the
prices which ruled during the last season. When the price will
average one dollar per dozen for the season through, there is
somctliing left for the producer.

Clcumbkus. — Very few vegetables are so popular, and lew are
so difficult to grow, as the cucumber — especially in the winter sea-
son. From seeing them exhibited on our tables at almost all
seasons of the year, an^- one might suppose they are very easy to
produce ; but there are about as many failures as successes, in
growing them in the winter. Many think that when cucumbers

VEGETABLE GROWING. 109

bring twenty-five cents apiece there must be a profit, but really the
time Trhon the}' pay best is when they bring ten or twelve cents
each at wholesale. They are cultivated in hot-beds and hot-houses.
The}' require a high temperature ; and the greatest diflflculty iu
growing them in winter is that the temperature may chance to fall
below a given point ; and then they begin to show it, and decline
or die ; but if a high temperature is continually maintained, and
proper care and a sufficient quantity of water is supplied to them,
their success is almost certain.

Corn. — This crop is not verj' extensively cultivated b}'' market
gardeners, as it is not sufficienth' profitable for growing on high-
priced land. Nevertheless it is grown by them to some extent for
the first early market ; and more largely* in the farm gardens farther
away from the city. The soil should be a well prepared sandy loam,
enriched by about six cords per acre of stable manure, broadcast,
and about two cords applied in the hill or drill ; or, if preferred, a
dressing of fertilizer ma}' be used in the hill instead of the manure ;
but it is always well to have some manure put on broadcast for the
crop to feed on when that supplied in the hill is exhausted. Plant
in rows three or three and a half feet apart, with the hills three
feet apart iu the row ; drop five or six kernels per hill, and after-
wards thin the plants to three or four ; cover about three-fourths of
an inch deep. Afterwards the ground should be frequently stirred
b}' cultivating and hoeing.

Dandelions. — This vegetable is one of the earliest and best,
as well as most healthful, of spring greens. The seed is sown
iu the early spring, and it requires the growth of all one season
to establish a large root. This is left in the ground over winter
for spring growing. For forcing, it ma}' be dug up and set in
rows in a hot-bed or hot-house. The plants can be brought for-
ward for market at any time, by putting the glass on the beds, or
applying heat in the hot-house. The roots are used sometimes for
making beer ; they are dug and dried, and are then ready for use
at any time.

Endive. — This is another vegetable for which there is only a
very limited demand. It is used as a salad, and by some is highly
esteemed. The culture is very simple, and it will succeed on
almost any good garden soil. Select if possible a spot where
the plants will not be fully exposed to the heat and drought. Sow
in rows, thinning the plants to one foot in the row.

110 MASSACHUSETTS HORTIOULTDRAL SOCIETY.

It is not read}' for use until it has been blanched, which is
effected by tying the leaves together at the top and letting them
remain for a few weeks, or until whitened.

'Leeks. — This is a somewhat peculiar member of the Onion fam-
ily, and is of quite eas}' culture. Sow in rows or drills in April,
and thin the plants to eight or ten inches in the row. As the
plants increase in size thej* should be earthed up, so as to blanch
the bulbs, which are the edible portion. They are used cliiefly
in soups and stews, for flavoring. There are two principal va-
rieties, the Musselburgii Broad Flag and the Giant Carentan.

Lettuce. — This is one of the principal crops of the market
gardener, especiallj- in the winter, and is grown very extensively
in this vicinit} , supplying not only our own market, but to some
extent that of New York and also of Philadelphia. There are many
who devote a large number of sashes to the growing of lettuce in the
w'iuter season, afterward using tlie glass for cucumbers and other
plants in spring. There are also at the present time many houses
heated b}' steam, or hot water, used for growing lettuce. When I
built my houses it was said by some of our old and experieuced
market gardeners that thc}^ never would pay. But it is a note-
worthy fact that toda)' the same men have houses of their own,
and use them for the same purpose.

Not many years ago it was thought that lettuce could not be
raised for less than one dollar per dozen heads ; but today we sel-
dom get over sevcntj'-five cents, and would like to have it average
as high as fifty cents, for all grown under glass. That grown in
the tield can be raised and soUl at a much smaller price, say fifteen
or twenty cents per dozen.

There are but very few varieties grown here. The White-Seeded
Tennisball and Curled are chosen for forcing, and the Black-
Seeded Tennisball and AU-The-Year-Kound for out-door culture.
To have lettuce the whole season, it must be sown every ten days
throughout the year and twice transplanted into beds for winter ;
the first time four inches apart ; the second time eight inches in
hot-houses or seven inches in hot-beds ; which will give fifty heads
under each sash three feet by six. The proi)er distance for outside
culture is twelve inches each way. To secure this, some sow the
seed in rows twelve inches apart and, when the plants reach a
proper size, thin them out to twelve inches in tlie row ; but it is
better to sow in a bed and transplant to the proi)er distance. The
plants will usually make better heads if treated in this way.

VEGETABLE GROWING. Ill

Martynias. — The young seed pods of this plant are used for
pickling. The plants shoukl be fully three feet apart each way,
as they are of very spreading habit.

Mushrooms. — This is a very peculiar crop, and one that is in
many respects quite difficult to grow. The best plan is as fol-
lows : —

Take fresh horse manure and use only the finer portion of it,
shaking out all the straw and coarser part. Mix this with fresh
loam, one part of loam to two parts of manure, and turn every
day, to keep it from burning, until the fiery heat is nearly all out of
it. Prepare a bed, about four feet wide and as long as required ;
put in the mixture about eight inches in depth, making it very
solid as it is pat in. Let it remain in this condition until the tem-
perature of the mass has fallen to ninety degrees. Then make holes
two or three inches deep, at intervals of twelve inches each way,
into which put the spawn, using pieces about as large as a hen's
egg. Cover the spawn and let it remain for eight or ten da3's ;
then cover the whole bed with fine loam to the depth of two inches,
making it firm with the back of a shovel or spade. The bed must
be in a covered situation, and the prepared soil kept <:\vy from the
commencement ; and must be in a dark place with the temperature
at about fifty degrees.

If everything is favorable, the mushrooms will appear in six or
eight weeks. As regards watering, every grower must use his own
judgment.

MusKMELONS. — This crop differs materially in culture from the
watermelon, and must have land of good quality in order to suc-
ceed well, while the watermelon will produce a good crop, if pro-
perly treated, on land which most people would call poor. The
muskmelon will succeed best, other conditions being favorable, on
a recently turned soil. The best way is to turn the land over at the
proper time and then apply about five cords of manure broadcast,
using a spreader, if you have one. After harrowing thoroughly,
the ground should be marked off with furrows run six feet apart
each way. A shovelful of manure should be applied in each of
the hills ; which should be slightly raised, so that water will not
stand around the plants. Seven or eight seeds should be put into
a hill, so as to make due allowance for insects. After the plants
have got their fourth leaf well out and have obtained a good start,
they should be thinned to three in a hill. Cultivate both ways

112 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

thoroughly, the same as a crop of squashes or other vines would be
treated. Tliey should never be hoed or worked around when the
leaves are wet with rain or even dew. They are a rather uncertain
crop, and are but very little cultivated by our market gardeners.

In picking for market, it is an easy matter to tell when the fruit
is ready to pick, as the under side of the melon will be lightly
streaked with yellow. If picked at this stage it will be in good
eating condition by the time it reaches the table of the consumer.

The melons of this class are all yellow fleshed. There are sev-
eral varieties, but the Arlington Long Yellow is almost exclusively
the one raised for our market. In shape it is oblong, skin thickly
netted, flesh thick and of fine flavor. The Surprise is a variet}' of
quite recent introduction, and of considerable merit for the home
garden ; but is not large enough for market. The White Japan is
a quite popular sort of most excellent qualit}-. It is of medium
size, with a pale yellow skin, wliile the flesh is golden in color.

Cantaloupes. — The culture of this class of melons is the same
as is above recommended for muskmelous, except that the}' are
usually started under glass and afterwards transplanted, in order
to hasten them along.

The Arlington Kutmeg is the leading first early variety, and is
followed by the Ilackcnsack, which is one of the most popular
sorts for the main crop. The latter varietj' is of good size and of
excellent quality. The Casaba is a large late variety, and in
the Northern States requires to be started under glass in order to
ripen its fruit before frost. The seed is planted usually about the
first of May, and the plants should be set out in the field about the
tenth of June. The bed is usually placed near the centre of the
field where they are to be grown. The seed should be sown on
sods nine inches square, so that thirty-two hills are started under
each three feet b}' six sash.

The INIontreal Market is the largest melon of its class now in
cultivation, deriving its name from having been originated and
largely grown in the vicinity of INIontreal. This is started under
glass earlier than the others, and is grown almost invariably in the
beds until the time of picking. The flesh is green and very thick,
and it is considered the best variety in existence for table use. They
often bring as high as one dollar each at wholesale. As they pro-
duce more vines than the other varieties, more room must be given
to them. Where one hill is planted under each sash, the beds

VEGETABLE GROWING. 113

should be set so that the hills will be twelve feet apart the other
way, aod one plant per hill at this distance is sufficient. In picking
for market it should be remembered that the fruit is never ripe
until it will part readily from the stem.

"Watermelons. — These are but little grown in market gardens,
as, like corn, they are not sufficients profitable. Large quantities
are grown and shipped hei'e from the South, and can be sold much
lower than those raised in this locality can be.

The}' require warm land, and should be planted in hills eight
feet apart each wa}' as soon as the weather becomes settled — say
about the middle of Ma3\ Cover about half an inch deep, and
press the soil down firmly so as to hold the moisture.

The varieties are numerous. The Phinney's Elarl}', Black Span-
ish, and Mountain Sprout are among the leading ones, and are as
good as an}'.

Onions. — These are grown quite extensively both from sets and
seed. They require a well enriched heavy loam, highly manured —
say at the rate of twenty cords per acre ; or, if manure is not plenty,
a dressing of from a thousand to twelve hundred pounds of some
good fertilizer may be made to answer a good purpose. The crop
is either bunched and marketed early, or harvested at the regular
time and sold then by the bushel or barrel. The principal yellow va-
riety is the Danvers Yellow, and the leading red sort is the Red
Wethersfield. Tlie White Portugal or Silver Skin is the white
variety, and is raised principally from sets and, bunched for early
marketing.

Parsnips. — These are usually made a second crop, following a
first crop of either spinach or radishes. The seed is very difficult
to get up, and should be sown quite early so as to avoid drying up
before it germinates. Parsnips are orenerally sown on ridges to-
gether with either spinach or radishes ; and are put in drills four-
teen or fifteen inches apart, the earlier crops being sown in rows
between. These will be out. of the way before the parsnips will
crowd tiiem. The lidge system has two advantages over flat cul-
ture,— first, that the}' seem to grow better, and next, that when left
in the ground over winter they will not suflfer from the water set-
tling over them and rotting them out, as often happens in flat
culture.

Peas. — This is one of the leading first early crops of the mar-
ket garden, but at present is less profitable than formerly ; owing
8

114 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

to tlu' fact that Southern growers ship North in such quantities as
to lower i)rieos and render the market very uncertain.

In this locality the usual practice is to let cabbages or squashes
follow peas as a second crop. If squashes are to follow, the peas
are sown in double rows about three and a half feet apart, alter-
nating with spaces of about five feet in which the squashes are
planted about the first of June, and in hills about ten feet apart
in the row. This will be before the peas can be removed.

When peas are cultivated in this manner the earliest varieties are
always chosen, as the later ones could not be got off early enough.
They are usually sown about the first of Ai)ril, or as sooaas the
ground can be worked. If later crops are desired, continuous sow-
ings may be made ever}' week or ten days until the first of August.

The number of first early smooth varieties is large, but in realit}*
all the following are only selected strains of the Daniel O'Rourke,
and many of them are no better — Breck's Excelsior, Seventeenth
of June, Maud S., Carter's First Crop, Early Caractacus, Hero,
and nearly all of the so-called " First-and-Bests " sent out by
seedsmen as especially early.

Among the earliest wrinkled sorts are the Kentish Invicta and
Blue Peter, but the Rawson's Clipper (which resembles the In-
victa in appearance) surpasses all others in earliness, as has been
proven b}- comparative tests the past season. The American
Wonder, Little Gem, and Advancer are medium early wrinkled
varieties ; and these are followed in their season of ripening by
the Clmmpion of England, Blue Im[)erial, and Tall and Dwarf
Marrowfats.

The Stratagem is fast becoming one of the leading late varieties.
It is of large size, a heavy yielder, and of the best quality ; and
has the advantage over other varieties of being much easier to
pick. The number of bushels of i)ods raised from a bushel of seed
varies from one hundred to one hundred and lift}', and tiie price
usuall}' averages about one dollar per bushel.

Pei'imcks. — This crop is but little grown in the market garden,
and indeed is nowhere raised to any great extent, except in the
home garden for a family supply. Those raised in the market
gardens are mainly sold to the pickle factories. The plants while
young are very tender, and require starting early, and careful
treatment under glass. They should be treated in the same man-
ner as egg plants or other vegetables of tropical nature. Light

VEGETABLE GROWING. 115

saudy soil is best adapted to them, although they can be grown on
almost any good land. It is advisable to delay putting out the
plants in the spring until the weather becomes settled, — say about
the twentieth of May. The Bell (or Bull Nose), Squash, and Cay-
enne are the principal varieties.

Potatoes. — These are almost entirely grown as a farm crop, so
we will not give them much attention here. Their culture has
been so much discussed in agricultural papers and books that it
would seem as if little more could be said. Yet everything has
not been learned about the crop, for we believe no one yet knows
effectual preventives of the scab and other diseases which affect
the tubers. And there are many points in the culture of potatoes
which will no doubt be improved upon in time, so that we shall
raise larger and better crops.

Radishes. — This vegetable is grown quite extensively, being
forced in hot-beds and hot-houses and, in spring time, grown out
of doors. The seed is sown under glass in rows about four inches
apart. The French Breakfast variety is the one chief!}' raised in
houses. For outside beds the Long Scarlet is sown. Sometimes
this is the sole crop, and sometimes one row in three is sown to
carrots, which come along after the radishes are pulled. The rad-
ishes are sown in rows four inches apart, and thinned out to two
inches in the row. About three pullings are generally made, after
which the carrots are large enough to thin out ; and these occupy
the ground until their turn comes for market. The Long Scarlet
radishes are pulled when about the size of clothes-pins. They are
tied in bunches of ten each, and sold by the dozen bunches.

The kinds most extensively grown in this vicinity are the French
Breakfast, Scarlet Turnip-Rooted, Scarlet Olive-Shaped, and Long
Scarlet. The White Turnip-Rooted and Black Spanish are grown
in other places. The soil for radishes of all kinds must be quite
sand}', thoroughl}' pulverized, and well manured.

IloKSE-EADisH. — This vegetable is grown quite largel}' at pres-
ent. It is planted in ridges ; one row on each ridge, at intervals
of three feet between the rows, and the plants a foot and a half
apart in the row. The plants are grown from pieces of the root,
about half an inch long, which must be placed in the ground about
two inches deep. The ground must be thoroughly worked, free
from stones, and well manured. It is usuall}' grown for the sec-
ond or third crop, before which may come spinach, or beets, or

116 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL ROCTETY.

Iiotli. Carrots sometimes share the space on tlio ridges ; and some,
in cnitiVatin*; cabbages, place a plant of horse-radish between
each cabliage and its neighbor, and so get quite a good crop; but
I do not think this is as profitable a wa}' as on ridges.

It is prepared for table use by grating up and putting into bot-
tles. It niiiy be either dug up with the spade, or ploughed out
when as much as a row is wanted at a time ; the latter is the best
way, because it gets out all the roots. It is sold by weight, or in
bunches, or by the barrel.

RiiuBAur.. — This is now quite extensively grown, both in field
culture and by forcing under glass. The plants are sometimes
grown from the seed ; or eyes may be taken from old plants. By
the latter plan one year's time is saved. They are set about four
feet apart each way, on well prepared land ; which should be of a
light porous character. If the land is heavy it will retard the growth
of the crop somewhat, and a few days' time in getting into market
sometimes makes a difference of one-half in the pi'ice ol)tained.
The stalks ought never to be pulled the first year, as it requires
one year for the plants to get established.

This is one of the first out-door crops to come into market ; as
the first pulling is usually made, in this vicinity, about the last of
April or the first of May, and the stalks continue to furnish a sup-
ply until about the first of July, or for a senson of two months.

For marketing it is put up in bundles, varying in weight from fif-
teen to forty pounds, the weight increasing as the season advances.
It is sold only Ijy weight: the price varying from one to two cents
per pound ; and at this price an acre would return from three hun-
dred to four hundred dollars. In the fall, after the tops die down,
a coat of manure is J.'iven, and the following spring this is lightly
turned under with a fork. It will not do to put a i)lougii iu, on
account of disturbing the roots.

When the crop is forced it may be done either by taking up the
plants and setting thickly in hot-beds or hot-houses, or by having
the plants in the ground about three feet apart, and setting frames
over them so as to force their growth. In the last mentioned
method the glass is put on the beds about the first of February.
The price of the forced crop varies even more than that of out-
door growth, so that it would be impossible to estiniali' the pro-
ceeds very exactly; but live dollars i)er sasii, three foet by six,
would be a fair estimate.

VEGETABLE GROWING. 117

The two varieties mosth' grown here are are the Linnpeus and
Victoria ; the former being on many accounts the most desirable.
Like all the rest it is very earl}^ and productive.

Salsify. — The culture of this vegetable, although at the pres-
ent time quite limited, is slowly increasing, as it seems to be grow-
ing in favor with consumers. It is as 3'et, however, less popular
in this market than in some other places. The crop will succeed
best in a light sand3' loam, well enriched and thoroughly worked
before sowing. The method of culture is almost entirely the same
as for carrots or parsnips. The seed should be sown as early as
the ground can be worked ; and the roots will be ready for market-
ing the following fall and during the winter and spring ; but the
winter supplj' of course has to be dug and stored before the ground
freezes up, although the roots are not injured in the least by freez-
ing, and may, if desired, be left in the ground over winter, and
dug as soon as the frost is out in the spring.

In marketing the roots are tied in bunches of twelve each, none
but well-shaped roots being used.

There is but one variety, although there is much room for im-
provement in size and smoothness of root.

Spinach. — This is becoming one of the leading crops of our
market gardens, being in use during the whole of the year. The
winter supply, at present, is usually brought from the South ;
but formerly it was stored during the winter season, and marketed
as required.

The crop that comes early in the spring is commonly sown
about the first of September, and at the approach of winter is
protected with a covering of hay or boughs. This covering being
removed as soon as the frost is out in the spring, the spinach will
start almost immediately. When cultivated in this way, it is
usually ready for cutting about the middle of April. This crop
generally lasts until about the first of June, when that which has
been sown in the spring will be ready for marke'ting.

The receipts per acre vaiy greath', as the price obtained de-
pends altogether upon the supply. It is sold by the bushel. The
receipts from an acre, in a season when the yield is generally large,
will probably be about two hundred dollars ; in a 3'ear when the
general crop is a short one, they may reach as high as a thousand
dollars.

It is sown on beds about twelve feet wide ; ten rows being put

118 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

in each bed. The purpose in view in sowing on tliese beds or
ridg^es is to prevent water from settling on the plants ; as it would
kill them out. The sowing is done with a seed drill. About
eight pounds of seed of the Arlington, or ten pounds of the spring
variety, will be required for an acre.

For spring culture, it ma}' be sown in almost an}- convenient
manner ; either as a separate crop or with other crops. Frequent
sowings are usually made, with a view of furnishing a continuous
supply.

The crop will bear a liberal amount of manure, and for tlic fall
sown crop a dressing of about seven hundred pounds of sulphate
of ammonia is usually given in the spring.

For the first spring sowing the Round Thick-Leaved is generally
used. For later crops the Long Standing is preferable, as it will
not go to seed in summer weather as quicklj- as the Round Thick-
Leaved.

For either the fall or spring cutting, the Arlington or Pointed-
Leaved is the favorite sort, as it is very hardy, and is better liked
in the market than the Prickly-Leaved, which is sometimes sown.

The Savoy-Leaved is a curled sort, and is not only ver}' orna-
mental in appearance but of good quality. This is a ver}' desir-
able variety for the home garden.

Squashes. — These are quite extensively cultivated ; both inde-
pendently, and as a crop to follow one that is earlier removed. They
are often planted with a crop of peas, the plan being to leave out
ever}' third row of peas, thus providing a space of live feet in
width in which to jjlant the squashes ; putting the hills ten feet
apart in the row. The peas will be off the ground before the
squash vines are large enough to be in the way.

When planted alone they are put in hills ten feet apart each
way, and unless they follow a crop which has been heavily ma-
nured it is necessary to apply a dressing broadcast as well as in
the hill. If the borel-s are ever troublesome, mix a shovelful of
coal ashes in the soil with the hill, and there will be no injury from
them. It is not best to plant the general crop for winter supply
much before the hrst of June, but the Marrows for early use are
often planted as early as the last week in April, being protected
with boxes until the weather becomes warm and settled.

For the summer supply, the White Bush Scallop and the Yellow
Summer Crookueek are the principal varieties. For early fall and

VEGETABLE GROWING. 119

winter use the Marrow has no equal, while the Hubbard is the
standard hard shelled winter sort. The American Turban is also
quite popular. But the Essex Hybrid is just as good in every
particular, and has the advantage of being hard shelled, like the
Hubbard, and consequently keeeping better than the Turban.

Tomatoes. — This is a crop which is now very extensively
grown. With the great increase in its consumption which has
occurred within the past few years, there has been a correspond-
ing improvement in varieties ; not so much in respect to earliness,
perhaps, as in size and quality. Certainl}' there can be no gar-
den product much more perfect and handsome than the well
ripened fruit of some of our leading varieties.

The tomato is in most respects of easy culture, although it re-
quires some care, and a good deal of labor and expense, to get the
plants properly started in the spring.

For the early crop the seed should be sown in a hot-house or
hot-bed about the middle of February, and after reaching sufficient
size the seedlings should be transplanted to four inches apart ; in
in order to induce a stocky growth. The second transplanting
should be made before the plants commence to crowd and grow
spindling, and this time they should be set eight inches apart.
This last transplanting before their final removal to the open
ground is always made in hot-beds ; but where the seed is started
in a hot-house the first transplanting is usually made in the house,
and the plants are allowed to remain until removed to the hot-bed.
At the second transplanting, about the twenty-fifth of May, the
plants ma}' generally be set in the open ground, and should be
planted in rows six feet apart, with plants five feet apart in the row.

Tomatoes are usually planted to follow a crop of spinach, and
but little more manure is applied except in the hill, for which two
cords will be sufficient, and will ]Hish the crop along wonderfully.
Five or six cords per acre is usually put on where the crop does
not follow spinach. Clean culture should of course be given.

In this vicinity the first picking is often made by the middle of
July, and at that early date usuall}' brings a good price, some-
limes as high at ten dollars per bushel ; but the price soon falls,
and often gets down below a paying rate. The price varies great-
1}', but on an average the proceeds of an acre would amount to
about six hundred dollars.

The varieties are numerous, but there are few of real superi-

120 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ority. The Cardinal is a promising sort, of recent introduction.
It is early, of large size, very smooth, and in every way desirable.
The Acme was for a time a leading sort ; and, although it rots
badly, is very desirable where it can be grown. The Mayflower
is highly recommended as a ver}' early, smooth sort, equally de-
sirable for market or home use. Livingston's Favorite and Ter-
fectiou are two most excellent sorts, and are both good shippers,
and not liable to rot or crack. The Emery is the first early mar-
ket variety. It is of good size, and, considering its earliness, is
of good quality ; but of course the very early sorts cannot be ex-
pected to be as solid as the later varieties.

There are numerous other sorts, such as Canada Victor,
Conqueror, Hathaway's Excelsior, Essex Hybrid, Trophy, and
others ; but those described are the leading ones.

TuKXiPS. — This vegetable is not ver}' extensively grown for
market, except the strap-leaved varieties, which are quite largeh*
used for bunching, and are also desirable for fall and early winter
use. The Swedes and lluta-bagas are mostly raised as a farm crop.

Water-cress. — This is but little grown, as the demand is very
limited. It is raised on very moist land, along the borders of
marshes or streams, and is sold in our market in bunches, being
used as salad.

I have now gone through the list of garden vegetables ; though
in a somewhat hurried manner, and mentioning only a very few
points in connection with each. All vegetables offered in mar-
ket require considerable care and attention — some more than
others, and success in growing and disposing of them requires an
observance of all the points mentioned, and many more, too num-
erous to notice at this time.

The progress in vegetable culture has been very great in the
past ten years, as our exhibitions have abundantly shown. But
there is still room for improvement ; and with the accumulated
knowledge of the present day, the many kinds of fertilizers, the
better machinery and tools, and the great improvement in varie-
ties, there is every opportunity for the i)roduction of better veg-
etables than ever before, and time only can sliow wliat further
results will be attained.

VEGETABLE GROWING. 121

Discussion.

William D. Philbrick inquired of Mr. Rawson what he con-
sidered the best manure for earl}' cabbages.

Mr. Eawson replied that he used commercial fertilizers liberally
in addition to barnyard manure. He never knew fertilizers to do
an}' harm.

In answer to a question as to the quality of the Trophy tomato,
Mr. Eawson said that it is hard round the stem and is objected to
by the pickle makers for that reason, but it is a good variety for a
family garden.

In answer to a desire for further information concerning cauli-
flowers, he said that they will absorb a great deal of manure ; he
never knew them to get too much. Last year they were very
successful ; if there was anything to object to it was that they
grew too well ; everybody had them, and they were too cheap.
They are sold by the pound to the pickle factories ; they began at
four cents and fell to two and a half. They are composed of
about seventy-five per cent water, and it requires a great deal of
moisture to cultivate them successfully. The year before last he
had six acres from which he sold $3,500 worth of cauliflowers ; he
devoted his steam pump to them, running it continuously for four
weeks, with two men by day and two to relieve them at night. If
he had not irrigated th'em the crop would not have brought more
than $1,000. In irrigating, he first ploughs the land into ridges,
and runs the water in the channels thus formed between the rows,
about once in a week or ten daj's. Cauliflowers do not show the
effect of diy weather until they are about to head, and if there is
danger of a check then the application of water will cause them
to go right on. Poor crops come from the lack of manure or
water, or from poor seed. The variety selected makes some dif-
ference ; the Early Paris is good, but if it grows large it becomes
loose. The Erfurt is very solid, and will grow in all situations,
and not one in a hundred will miss heading. Last year he raised
fifteen varieties, and found two or three Erfurts very fine and free
from mixture, which he saved for seed. Cauliflowers are grown
very extensively on Long Island ; the Algiers is the variet}^ chiefly
cultivated there ; it attains the weight of from ten to twelve
pounds, but requires a season four or five weeks longer than other
kinds. Cauliflowers are attacked b}^ a small black flea as soon as

122 MASSACnUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIEXr.

they get out of the ground ; the onl}' remedy is to drown them out
by sprinklin<:; freclj' three times a day with a hose until the plants
get three or four leaves. Owing to the ravages of this Ilea he had
frequently sold plants to cultivators to whom he had previously
sold seed. He had sold cauliflowers from under glass for four
dollars per dozen.

Mr. Rawson said that he knew of no remedy for the cabbage
maggot, but the cabbages will recover from the injuries caused l)y
it. He recommended to heap the earth round the cabbages by
means of a plough and hoe, and then tread it down, half-covering
the head. He had known a crop saved in this wa^' after the
first of July.

He transplants all his celery ; he sows in drills only to raise
plants for sale. He sows in the shade of a fence, digging the
ground lightly and treading it down hard ; then he rakes it so as
to make the surface verj- fine, sows and covers very lightly, and
waters frequently. It should have sun half the day. It may be
sown on the north side of a fence used for protecting hot-beds ; he
takes down his fences about the time the celery plants come
along.

A paper by Edward L. Beard, on "The Progress of Orchid
Culture in America," was announced for the next Saturday.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, March 6, 1886.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Henuy P. Walcott, in the chair.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, President of the American Pomo-
logical Society, presented a cop}' of the Proceedings of that
Society at its Twentieth Session, September 9-11, 1885. Mr.
Wilder said tliat he had great pleasure in doing this personally.
When President of our Society, he was authorized by it, as Chair-
man of a ('umniittec in connection with Couunittees ajipoiuted by
the Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New Haven Horticultural So-
cieties, and the Board of Agriculture of the American Institute, to

THE PROGRESS OF ORCHID CULTURE IN AMERICA. 123

call a convention, which, from this small beginning, ultimately
grew into the American Pomological Society, extending over not
only our own country but the British Provinces. He rejoiced that
he had lived to see the progress, to their present advanced position,
not only of our own Society but of its child, the American Pom-
ological Society.

The thanks of the Society were voted to Mr. Wilder for his
donation.

The following named persons, having been recommended by the
Executive Committee, were on ballot duly elected members of
the Society : —

Nathan D. Harrington, of Somerville.

P. M. Augur, of Middlefield, Conn.

Prof. Charles L. Jackson, of Cambridge.

Dr. George E. Francis, of Worcester.

Adjourned to Saturday, March 13.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.
The Progress of Orchid Culture in America.

By Edwakd L. BEA.ED, Cambridge.

As compared with the few who have a knowledge of the struc-
ture, formation, and habits of the wonderfully varied class of
plants known as Orchids, the majority have so slight if any
knowledge of them, that it will be proper at the outset of this
paper to state, as briefly as possible, the peculiar characteristics to
which they owe their distinct isolation from all other classes of
plants. While the Orchidacese are scattered throughout the world —
their more marked and beautiful forms being chiefly centered in a
belt of territory embracing the tropics, with scattering examples in
the temperate zones — and while the various species and their flowers
are marked by the strangest peculiarities of growth, form, and color,
its classification as a family, in a botanical sense, is due to the singu-
lar formation of the organs of reproduction ; which are more or
less the same in every species, no matter how widely separated
from one another as to geographical location, or as to formation
or color of flower, or growth of bulb or stem. These peculiarities
need not be stated in detail, but only in a general way, to distin-

124 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

gnisli tlic fniiiil\' from others whose flowers possess in common the
same facilities for re[)roiliiction, and boar the stamens, pistil, pollen,
etc., in a more familiar shape. Lindley's description of the Orchid
famil}', in a botanical sense, is as clear and concise as any which
can be given. He says: "The order owes its chief peculiarities
to the following circumstances : firstly, to the consolidation of all
the reproductive organs, such as the pistil, stamens, etc., into one
common mass called the column ; secondh', to the suppression of all
the anthers except one in the mass of the order, or two in Cypri-
pedeae ; thirdly, to the peculiar condition of its pollen, which in-
stead of the typical powder takes the form, in most cases, of a
waxy mass ; fourthly, to the very general development of one of
the inner leaves of the perianth, or petals, in an excessive degree,
or in an unusual form." As an instance of this, we have the gay
lip of the Cattleya, or the upright banner of the Cypripedium.

Another notable fact, connected with this famil}', is the singular
inabilit}- of the flowers of orchids to fertilize themselves as in
the case of other families. Owing to their peculiar construction,
the}' depend upon the efforts of insects for the transfer of pollen
from one to the other, and in some species, like the Coryanthes,
the insect which attempts a visit to the flower has a strange pro-
cess to go through before he can be liberated with the pollen.

There are some exceptional species like certain of the Cypripe-
diums, Phaius, and others of that class which grow in the ground,
or on rocks near the ground, but b\' far the greater number of or-
chids are epiphytal in character, — that is, they grow upon stems or
branches of trees, at greater or less elevation from the ground ; and
I may at this point correct the popular impression that the Orchid
is a parasite because of its habit of growth. It is not a parasite in
any sense, as it takes no life from the branch upon which it grows,
but draws its main sustenance from the air and moisture whicii sur-
round it, its roots also taking some slight nourishment from the
layer of vegetable debris or fibre which generally accumulates upon
the liml)sof trees in the tropics, where decay is rapid. In that re-
gion, the linest orchids are often found in the tops of the highest
trees, and at such an elevation that it is almost impossible to secure
them except by cutting down the tree, or b}' engaging the services
of expert native climbers. Collectors and travellers tell us that in
journeying through the habitats of orchids, few are seen in the
lower shades of the forests ; which are singularly bare of that

THE PROGRESS OF ORCHID CULTURE IN AMERICA. 125

wealth of bloom popularly supposed to be their chief characteristic.
Perched high in air, and shaded by the foliage of the tree
upon which it grows, the Orchid finds its home ; and the peril-
ous experiences of collectors in their attempts to find the location
of some new and rare species, of which little had previouslj- been
known, would fill many volumes. Instances are not uncommon of
expert collectors having been sent thousands of miles across the
ocean, to some reiriote portion of South America, India, or the
Malaj-au archipelago, to secure some special orchid, of which a
specimen or two may have been previously gathered and brought
home. Most of these expeditions have proved successful, while
others have failed, and many valuable lives have been sacrificed in
the unhealthj'^ climates of the tropics. In addition to these perils,
millions, I may say, of plants have been lost in the effort to bring
them from the far distant interiors to the sea-coasts, and thence to
their destination. Many localities in South America, and other
countries, have been so thoroughly stripped of choice species and
varieties of orchids, that few of them are now to be found iu those
particular places ; though it must not be inferred that the supi)ly of
other species from other localities is exhausted. Orchids in their
home fortunately form vast quantities of seed; and these
germinate freely and form the basis of a new supply, if the process
of collection is not carried on too closely year after year in the
same localities.

It is worth while in this connection to refer to the fact that, in
some portions of South America, an export tax is hereafter to be
levied upon all shipments of orchids ; and it remains to be deter-
mined whether this will in any way affect their indiscriminate de-
struction, or increase their value. The process of raising seed in
our own glass houses is too uncertain and tedious, and requires too
great skill and patience, to warrant the belief that any large sup-
ply will result from this source.

I ma}- depart, for a moment, from my subject, to show what pa-
tience is required to raise orchids from seed under glass, even sup-
posing the skill attained that is requisite to hybridize the orchid
flowers, and to sow and raise the seed, which is a very delicate pro-
cess, orchid seed being as fine as dust. Dendrobiums have been
flowered iu from three to four years from the date of sowing the
seed, and the ripening of the seed consumed an additional year;
which is about the shortest period of germination and growth

126 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

known. IMasdevallias occupy from five to six years before they
are strong enough to flower. The majority of other Orchids,
however, occupy longer periods than this ; while Ltolias and
Cattleyas ai'e from ten to fourteen years in germinating and
reaching the flowering state. Examples where nineteen years
have been consumed are recorded. A large proportion of the
seed sown under glass never germinates, notwithstanding the
exercise of the greatest care. Thus it will be seen that the cul-
tivation of orchids from seed is an undertaking surrounded b}*
difficulties almost insurmountable except by those who have
exceptional skill and patience, and are willing to wait half a life-
time for results.

Such a man was John Dominy, of England, who in 1853
began the hybridization of orchids at Exeter, and continued
his efforts for a long period, producing in his time some very
remarkable hybrids, all of them marked by increased vigor and
bearing the characteristics of the parent plants in an improved
degree. I do not know how many seedling orchids Dominy
raised altogether, but those deemed worthy to receive names
were twenty-six in number. Mr. Dominy's first hybrid orchid
that flowered was Calanthe Dominii. The first hybrid Cattleya
was C. hyhrida, which was afterwards lost, but was soon fol-
lowed by C. Brabantice. The well-known Cypripediani Harris-
ianum was the first hybrid of this genus flowered, and w^as
named after Dr. Harris, who had first suggested to Dominy the
possil)ility of artificially crossing orchids.

Mr. Dominy's work closed some years ago, as he had grown
desirous of leaving it to younger hands, and it was taken up b}'
Mr. Seden, who in 18GG commenced his labors at the same
nurser}', and has progressed uninterruptedly in this interesting
pursuit ever since, producing about fifty-six hybrid forms of
orchids ; and it is safe to say that large numbers of his seedlings
have not yet been flowered, and remain in reserve to delight
the orchidologist of future years. Seedling orchids have been
raised in other foreign gardens ; the magnificent Dendrohium
Ainsworthii being the result of a cross in Dr. Ainsworth's col-
lection at Manchester in 1874. There have been scattering
examples in other gardens, and a few seedlings have been
raised in this country, but these were not perpetuated. The cool
orchids, such as Odontoglossums, though seeding freely in

THE PROGfKESS OF OKCHID CULTURE IN AMERICA. 127

their own conntiy, have never been successfully crossed, and we
have no artificial hybrids in this large section of the Orchid fam-
il}'. The hybrid orchids which have been produced by artificial
fecundation, and which have been put into commerce so far, or
named, number about eighty-eight, and they are divided nearly
as follows : Ansectochilus, one ; Calanthe, five ; Cattleya, seven-
teen ; Ch3'sis, two ; Goodyera, two ; Dendrobium, eight ; Cypripe-
dium, thirty-nine ; Loelia, eight ; Masdevallia, two ; Phaius, two ;
Thunia, one ; Zygopetalum, two. It will be noticed that the most
numerous progeny of the hybridizer's skill are among the Cypripe-
diums, and next among the Cattle3'as. There is every reason to
believe that sooner or later crosses will be made among the
Odontoglossums, the Phaltenopsids, and other genera which have
hitherto failed to produce seed, or whose seed when produced has
failed to germinate. One of the reasons given for failures to get
good seed in England is the absence of strong sunlight ; and, as
we have ample quantities of almost tropical sunlight in this
country, there is ground for hoping that hybridizers on this side of
the water ma}" succeed in making crosses which have not hitlierto
been accomplished ; though whether the patience necessary for the
subsequent development of the seed into growth, and the plant into
maturity, is possessed by our horticulturists, remains to be proved.

In summing up the general results of orchid-raising from seed,
with its attendant care, watchfulness, an"d long waiting, it may be.
questioned whether it will ever prove in the popular sense a-
profitable undertaking : more probably we must depend for our
supplies upon Nature's own handiwork amidst the forests of the
tropics, where orchids are at home.

It is but a few years ago that the great family of Orchids, with
its members represented in nearly if not quite all the temperate as
well as the tropical countries of the world, was comparatively un-
known among the flower growers and flower lovers of the United
States ; and even at the present time the great mass of intelligent
people have but a vague and indefinite idea of the habits and won-
derful variations of this family of plants ; and of its startling
eccentricities of growth and flower. This is not more remarkable,
however, than the superficial knowledge of the mass of people con-
cerning the more common flowers ; which, indigenous to their own
State or County, and springing up under their very feet, are rarely
known by name or regarded with more than passing interest. It

128 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

is pleasing to note an increased desire among intelligent and re-
fined persons to know more about our native flowers and their names
and lial)its ; which ma}" be accepted as one of tlie best evidences of
growing civilization. It is only among the oldest as well as the
most progressive nations, that the highest type of horticultural
taste can be found.

This growth of interest noted above has extended to the Orchid
family, and it is noticeable that crowds of persons are invariably
attracted to the brilliant displays of these plants in flower at the
various exhibitions of this Society ; to the neglect, it must be con-
fessed, of man}' more common i)lants which at least have the ad-
vantage of being more graceful in leaf and stem ; for, with a few
exceptions, such as the stately Angnccums, Vandas, Cymbidiums,
and some others, the Orchids are not attractive when out of flovver,
except to the connoisseur or expert. To these the Orchids are
objects of fascination and deep interest, whether in flower or not ;
and immense sums of moue}' are spent in forming collections of
the rarest varieties obtainable. It would be interesting to con-
sider some of the expenditures which have been made by collectors
from time to time for unique specimens of orchids. An example
of this may be noted in the alleged sum of §3,000 paid for a single
plant of Vauda Sanderiana by the late Mrs. INIorgan of New York.
There is some doubt expressed as to the truth of this, but, if true,
it was a notable case of what I might denominate extravagant
•expenditure ; and we know she never hesitated to pay the price
for any special orchid which she desired to possess. I knew of
one mass of Odontoglossum Londeshoroiighianum^ covering a space
about the size of a door, which cost her a thousand dollars, but a
year or two later it had entirely disappeared through faulty culture.
In her collection were magnificent specimens of such " miffy "
subjects as Batemannias and IJolleas, which cost several hundreds
of dollars each, and these too were lost. Mrs. Morgan undoubt-
edly paid higher prices for orchids than an}' other buyer in this
or any other country, but her purchases were not marked by the
wisest judgment, and so when her immense collection came to the
hammer it did not bring anything near the original cost. Some
years ago a single plant of Cypripedium Stonei platytcenium
brought aJbout Si, 200 at a sale in London, and prices approxima-
ting this figure have since been itaid for specimens of newly
discovered species at once rare and beautiful.

1HE PROGRESS OF ORCHID CULTURE IN AMERICA. 129

In this country, where the cultivation of these plants is not so
general as in England, prices for imported orchids have not ruled
high, but it is noticeable that within the past year the rage for or-
chid flowers has tended to increase the demand for plants and en-
hance their value. It is not probable that the prices of good orchids
will ever rule lower than at present ; while for fine varieties of spe-
cies connoisseurs are always ready to pay fancy prices, one plant
of an exceptionally fine variety bringing twenty times the cost of
an ordinai-y variety of the same species. A large number of the
orchids in this country were imported from England, where there
are large horticultural establishments, one of which has employed
from ten to fourteen men at one time collecting orchids in the
tropics. The collection of orchids in this way has been noticeably
increased within the last five or seven years. As a consequence,
man}' species which cost large sums of mone}' are now worth much
less, but, as I have stated, the price of good orchids is about at
its lowest ebb, and there is likel}' to be an upward turn.

The sale of orchids by auction in New York has also increased
largely within the last five years, most of the plants sold in this
wa}' being newly imported ones ; and thousands of these are sold
by one firm from April to November, about twelve to fifteen
sales taking place in this period. In their auction room, which
is the haunt of most of the orchid growers, maj* be found
hundreds of imported orchids just as the}' have been gathered
from the trees ; and very dry, uninteresting, and valueless they
appear to the uninitiated, but the expert in such matters can
tell at a glance the value or quality of this or that shrivelled
clump of bulbs, which, under conditions of moisture and warmth,
will soon plump up and start into growth. The competition
among growers for these dj-y bits is often spirited when some
especially rare variety is offered, and I have seen from S50
to $75 offered for what most persons would have consigned to the
rubbish heap ; but, under care and cultivation, this in a year or two
was likely to be greatly increased in value over the first cost, though
it must be added that many imported orchids never recover after
removal from their native haunts, and die in sjDite of the most
skilful culture. No collection is exempt from losses in this way,
even established plants dying off mysteriously, and without
apparent reason ; yet the majority of orchids are hard to kill, and
with proper cultural conditions they are no more difficult to grow
9

130 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

than many other plants. Ample moisture in the growing season,
atmospheric moisture being absolutely necessary, cleanliness, fresh
air, and (except in the winter time, from December to March, when
most orchids rest), a clear bright light without exposure to the
direct sunlight, are the essentials of good culture; but I will
refer to this later.

Thousands of the " cool" orciiids from the high mountains of
South America have been destroyed, in this country and in Eng-
land, b}' the application of too much heat. Many of these cool
orchids come from altitudes ten and twelve thousand feet above
the sea level — regions of perpetual moisture, and where ice
forms — so that our tropical summers combined witli overheated
glass houses in winter have swept them off in large quantities.
But the culture of this class of orchids is now understood, and, as
a proof of this, at Mr. Ames's place at North Easton ma}' be
found a house over one hundred feet in length, facing the north,
and containing, I think, the finest grown lot of cool orchids in this
country. This house is always cool and moist, in summer as well as
winter, and the conditions which surround these plants at home
are well imitated.

These, superficially stated, are some of the 'features of general
interest peculiar to orchids ; though pages more might be written,
full of interest even to the novice. There is no denying the
peculiar fascination which surrounds orchid culture. The strange
forms of the flowers, displaying in every species more or less diver-
gence from those of others, the fantastic habit of growth, the un-
deniable beauty of most of the flowers, and, not least, the fact
that the plants are comparatively rare and expensive, and conse-
quently not likely to become common — all these are reasons for
the enthusiasm which characterizes the orchidist at home, as well
as abroad.

The growth of Orchids was attempted abroad years before any
attention was given them in this country. In the records of the
Botanic Garden of Harvard University at Cambridge, Mass.,
mention is made of a single orchid which the garden possessed
in 1818. It was the well-known P/ia»<s gfraHdi/o/m.?, still grown
in many collections. The first orchid exhibited in this country,
of which we have any record, was Oncidium Jlexnosuvi^ still a
favorite, and a good orchid. This was shown by Marshall V.
Wilder before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, June 24,

THE PROGRESS OF ORCHID CULTURE IN AMERICA. 131

1837. In September, 1849, James Dandas and Robert Buist
were awarded the first and second prizes for orchids exhibited
before the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society at Philadelphia ; but
the species are not named. We find the first trace of any orchid
collection, in America, in Boston about 1837 — John Wright Boott,
whose garden occupied the ground where the Revere House now
stands, owning a small lot of orchids sent from England. This
collection was scattered, but in 1846 Caleb Cope of Philadelphia,
who still lives, had a greenhouse devoted to orchids. He was
also the first to flower the Victoria regia in this country.

In the meantime small collections of a few species had grown
up around Boston, and in 1854 Edward S. Rand owned what was
considered, at. the time, a fine collection, and many of the plants
were specimens of considerable size. Previous to 1850 Erastus
Corning, of Albany, N. Y., owned some orchids, such as Phaius,
Cypripediums, Cattleyas, Epidendrums, and a few other genera ;
and about 1850 he brought from England thirty species of orchids,
including Vaudas, Aerides, etc., and thus laid the foundation
of his wonderful collection, which today is, without doubt, the
finest in America, and one of the best in the world. Isaac Buchan-
an of Astoria, L. I., long known as one of the earliest florists
in this country, who still lives, and whose love for orchids
continues as keen as ever, brought Cattleya Mossiae, from England
in 1840, and gradually increased his collection until, about 1860 ,
he had a large number of plants. Mr. Buchanan never lost an
opportunity to add to these, and (although buying and selling con-
tinually) he had as many as 2,000 orchids in his collection at one
time, and probably many more than that number. His collection
was largely dispersed some time ago, though he still retains some
of his plants. Thomas Hogg maintained a fine collection near
New York about 1850, but this was dispersed some years later.
The collection of Cornelius Van Voorst, of Jersey City, was a
noted one in its day, and doubtless the best in this country at that
period. It existed from about 1857 until 1870, when it was
broken up. M. Lienau, of the same city, owned, after the
dispersion of Van Voorst's collection, the best lot of orchids in
this country, but in 1873 this was also dispersed, part of the
plants being taken to Germany by Lienau, and the I'est of them
being sold at auction. There were a number of other orchid-
growers in this country previous to 1860 — among them Gen. John

132 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

F. Kathl)Ono, of Albany, N. Y., who founded his collection about
1853, and still maintains it in fine form. Louis Menand, of
Alban}-, was another. He had a few species as early as 1846, and
has kept pace with the progress of their culture, and is considered,
with Buchanan, amongst the pioneers of orchid-growing in this
country. One of the most enthusiastic of our American orchidists
was Edward S. Rand, Jr., who, leaving Boston some years since,
settled in South America, where he gave much attention to collect-
ing orchids, and made some experiments in growing the Indian
orchids, such as Phalaenopsids, Vandas, and Aerides, upon the
trees and trellises surrounding his dwelling at Para. His collec-
tion near Boston, started in 1S73, was an exceptionally good one,
embracing fine specimens of nearly every species then introduced.
His work on Orchid Culture embodied some valuable information,
especially on points relating to orchid culture in this countr}-.
Mr. Rand's collection was kept up for a short time onlv, most
of the valuable specimens going to Mr. Frederick L. Ames, of North
Faston. From about 18G5 up to the present time, orchid growing
in America has been more general, and is now widely diffused over
the country ; so that, in place of the dozen or fifteen collections kept
up twent}' years ago, almost entirely in the Eastern states, we
find good collections scattered all through the Northern states, and
iu Canada. Many of these collections number from one thousand
to one thousand five hundred plants, and are rich in fine varieties
and large specimens.

The most rapid growth of the orchid fever has, however,
been within the last ten years. "Within that period, English
nurserymen have enormously increased the importations from
the tropics, and as a result of the activity of their trained
agents, most of them experienced botanists and familiar with the
orchid family, unexplored sections have been penetrated, and
hitlierto unknown species brought to light. ]\Iany more exist
which collectors have not found, or, having found, have not suc-
ceeded in introducing alive. An estimate has been made by good
authority that not less than five thousand species exist, of which
two thousand iiavc been, oi- are, in cultivation. In tlie Ibrniei- ])art
of the statement there is much of conjecture, but in regard to the
latter there is no doubt. Discoveries of new orchids of very prom-
inent distinctiveness are likely to continue as long as indefatigable
collectors arc kept at work in the tropics, urged on l)y the desire of

THE PROGRESS OF ORCHID CULTURE IN AMERICA. 133

orchid fanciers for new varieties ^Thich sliall outrival any of those
previously brought into cultivation.

It would be interesting to review thoroughly the immense
quantity and variety of new Orchids introduced since 1875, but
the lack of space will not permit this to be done ; suffice it to
say, however, that since that year such Orchids as Vanda
Sanderiana, Odontoglossum cirrhosicm, Bollea ccelestis, Aerides
crassifoUum, A. Laiorenceae^ A. Sanderianum, Cypripexlium Laio-
renceanum, C. Spicerianum, Cattleya Lawrenceana, CymbkUum
Lowianum, Dendrohimn sujyerbiens, and hosts of new Masdevallias
(a genus, by the wa}^, which in 1830 was thought to have but
three species) have been discovered ; besides unlimited numbers
of varieties of species, like Odontoglossum crispum, Cattleya
Triance, etc. When we look over such a collection as that of
Corning, at Albany, and find there alone over eleven hundred
species, assembled from every part of the tropical world, with ad-
ditions constantly coming, the contrast with the dearth of orchid-
aceous knowledge in 1830, fifty-five years ago, is startling; then
— as Lindley puts it — "the orchidaceous plants of tropical
America were scarcelj^ known either in gardens or herbaria ; those
of the Philippine islands were unheard of ; and the numerous Javau
species were only puzzles which the Dutch had the means of
unravelling."

The increase of trade collections in America has not been in
proportion to the growth of collections owned for private use or
pleasure. As stated previously, Isaac Buchanan, Louis Me-
nand, and Robert Buist were the first to take up the growth of
orchids in a commercial way ; and no doubt even they were im-
pelled to it more by a personal interest in Orchids than by any
hope of great gain. Mr. Buchanan has a small collection left, but
he does not give that space to orchids which he formerly did.
American floriats, with one or two exceptions, have found it dif-
ficult to keep up a profitable trade in orchid plants, owing to the
competition of English nurserymen, and the large auction sales in
New York. Mr. George Such, of South Amboy, N. J., li^d the
finest trade collection ever maintained in this country. It embraced
fine specimens bought from private collections, many of the best
plants from the Lienau and Van Voorst sales having been added
to it. Mr. Such imported largely direct from Mexico, South
America, India, and elsewhere. Thoasands of valuable orchids

134 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCfETr.

were sold from this establishment, many of them particularly fine
varieties, which are difficult to duplicate now. Mr. Such's green-
houses "vvere resorted to b}' all orchid growers. They were doubly
attractive because always neat and clean ; and the dispersion of his
collection by auction about three years ago was an era among
orchidists. There were over four thousand five hundred plants
disposed of, and over twelve thousand dollars was realized at the
sale.

Mr. Menand, at Albany, N. Y., has about four hundred and fifty
species in his collection, where they are associated with other
plants, such as camellias, cacti, etc., while many are grown in the
open air in summer. He grows some kinds to better advantage
than almost any other cultivator in this country. A. F. (vhat-
field, of Albau}', maintained a trade collection for j'ears, and
imported and disposed of many fine plants ; but I do not know
whether he still keeps it up to any extent. William Matthews,
of Utica, N. Y., is getting together a good trade collection.

The largest collection of orchids kept for sale purposes is prob-
ably that of A. Brackenridge, at Govanstown, Maryland. This
gentleman a few years ago started as an amateur with a few plants,
but now has four houses devoted to them, which he states contain
sixty thousand plants. He grows the best known kinds, which am-
ateurs would most easily succeed with ; and has met with remarkable
success in disposing of plants all over the Union. During the past
year he has disposed of over six thousand Lycaste Skin-
7ieri alone. He has collectors in the tropics, and proposes to im-
port largely of the Mexican and Central American orchids. He
does not deal in specimens, but in the smaller plants which find
more ready sale to small growers.

John Saul, of Washington, D. C, started his trade collection
in 1879. He has been a large importer, and his houses, three in
number, each 100 feet long, contain nearly 10,000 plants. In his
collection are 3,000 Dendrobiums and 1,000 Cypripediums, besides
Cattleyas and all the better class of orchids. Tiic number of
species and varieties approximates 600. In the warm climate
of Washington the Indian Orchids flourish exceedingly well, but
it is very dillicult to keep the cooler orchids during the summer
in a proper state of health. There is no trade or amateur
collection south of Washington of which I have any knowledge,
with the exception of a small one owned b}' Dr. Richardson,
at New Orleans.

THE PROGRESS OF ORCHID CULTURE IN AMERICA. 135

William C. Wilson, of Astoria, L. I., is another commercial
dealer in orchids, and also transacts an immense business in other
plants. He started as early as 1870 to increase his stock of
orchids, and since that time, he writes, he has disposed of from
40,000 to 50,000 plants of different varieties. He now has from
300 to 400 different varieties of the most popular kinds, and
grows them largely for supplying cut flowers, which within a year
or more have become fashionable, and are in great demand.
Another promising commercial grower is Henry Siebrecht, of
New Eochelle, N. Y. His collection was founded about three
years ago and has made rapid growth. It now numbers about
3,700 plants, comprising 1,500 Cattleyas, 400 Laelias, 500
Cypripediums, 500 Aerides, Vandas, Saccolabiums, etc., and
400 Odontoglossums, with miscellaneous kinds making up the re-
mainder. Among these are fine specimens of valuable kinds, and
the plants are well grown.

One of the best lots of orchids around New York is that owned
by John S. Bush, at Tremont, N. Y. The plants were in a very
robust state of health when I last saw them. There are here about
2,300 plants, of which 398 are Cattleyas, 357 Dendrobiums, 200
Phalaenopsids, 271 Cypripediums, 134 Vandas and Aerides, 662
Odontoglossums, 100 Calanthes, 70 Coelogynes, etc. William
Bennett, of Flatbush, L. I., has a collection of orchids for trade
purposes ; but I do not know how large or valuable it is.

There are few commercial places around New York where some
orchids are not grown ; but the above collections are the only
ones I know of which are large enough to be noted. Benjamin
Grey, at Maiden, in this State, has a large span-roofed house
about 100 feet long devoted to orchids. Here he has about 3,000
plants, made up of 17 species of Cattleyas, 27 of Cypripediums,
36 of Dendrobiums, 13 of Epidendrums, 12 of LiBlias and about
50 other genera ; in all there are over 200 species and varieties.
Mr. Grey is an orchid grower of long experience and his plants
are cultivated for the flowers only, no plants being sold. The
plants here are grown without any shading whatever, and in conse-
quence are ver}' free bloomers.

In New York city more particularl}', orchid flowers have become
so popular that the few who grow them find it difficult to meet the
demand. A year ago they were not in such request, and though
the present demand seems to be confined to New York, the

136 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

rage for them as they become better known and the siippl}' in-
creases is likely to spread to other cities. The kinds which
are most profitably grown for trade purposes are — Cattleya
Triance, C. Mossice, C. Mendelii, Ccelogyne cristata, Ladia anceps,
L. au(um))aUs, Cypripediuvi insigne, C. Spicerkinum, C. Harris-
iaiiiim, C. villosuvi, Lycaste Skinneri, Odontorjlossum crispum-, 0.
Pescatorei\ 0. liossi major, and Dendrobium nohile. Many more
can be added to this list, but good collections of these kinds, well
grown, are more profitable than mixed collections of less reliable
and more expensive varieties. If the present demand for orchids
proves to be a steady and growing one, their cultivation for cut
flowers on a large scale will prove profitable. Florists in the
vicinity of New York judge that the fashion for orchid flowers is
in its infancy, though it must be confessed it is confined almost
entirely, at present, to the ultra fashionable society of New York,
where a craze is often as ephemeral as it is sudden.

There are but two botanical gardens in the United States that
maintain collections of orchids. That at Cambridge, Mass.,
before referred to, had the honor of growing the first orchids of
■which we have record in this country, awa}- back in 1818. This
garden has held many fine plants in its time, but they have not
always been successfully grown ; and man}- rare and valuable kinds
have been lost through bad treatment. With the present new
houses well adapted to them, and with treatment on the part of
the present gardener, W. A. Manda, calculated to insure a
robust growth, the collection is decidedly improving. In 1883 it
contained 273 plants and 167 species and hybrids ; but now, only
three years later, the garden has 828 plants in 378 species and
hybrids. There are a stove, an intermediate, and a cool house
devoted to them.

The United States Botanic Garden at Washington, under the
care of William K. Smith, dates its collection of orchids from
1852, when there was a small lot grown. Aih'ides odorata and
Vanda teres were grown there as far back as ISao. The collec-
tion of 120 species remained stationary' for a long time, but has
been increased in later years untir it now embraces 52 genera
and 247 si)ecies and varieties. There are 32 species and varieties
of Dendrobiums and 22 species and varieties of C3'pri[)odiums.
The collection contains some fine groups of Cattleyas, etc.

The private collections of this country which are sufli-

THE PROGRESS OF ORCHID CULTURE IN AMERICA. 137

ciently extensive to warrant specification are about twenty
in number ; but • there are many other small lots scattered
in different parts of the country, and grown by amateurs who
have just started in orchid culture. First among the private
collections is that of Erastus Corning, located at Albany, X. Y.
This was begun about 1850, and its growth has been constant
ever since, and now, though closely rivalled by two others, it has
no equal in this country ; and I regret that 1 have so little space
to describe it. Nine houses are devoted to the orchids, to wit :
a Cattleya house, 100X20 feet; Cypripedium house, 50X17 feet;
Dendrobium house, 60X22 feet; Oncidium and Lycaste house,
60X22 feet ; Phalaenopsis house, 50x22 feet ; Vanda house, 40X17
feet; a north or cool house, 36X12 feet, devoted to Masdeval-
lias, and another cool north house, 60X12 feet, for Odontoglos-
sums. There is, in addition to these, a resting house, 30X17
feet, where deciduous orchids which need a long period of rest,
during which they are kept dry and cool, are housed. A house of
this character is a necessity where a large collection is grown, and
here are kept such things as Bletias, Cyuoches, Mormocles, Den-
drobiums, and other species which are not particularly ornamental
when at rest ; and they are thus exempted from the exciting effects
of heat and moisture from fall until spring, when growth com-
mences.

Mr. Coming's collection has been for 3-ears under the skilful
care of William Gray, who as an orchidist is at the head of his
profession. The collection embraces the immense total of over
12,000 plants, a large number of them magnificent specimens, in
size from a foot to several feet across. There are over 1,100
species and varieties, and among these are 48 species and varieties
of Aerides, 19 of Angrjecums, 11 of Calanthes, 135 of Cattle3'as,
16 of Coelogynes, 18 of Cymbidiums, 91 of Cypripediums, 102 of
Dendrobiums, 31 of Epidendrums, 72 of Laelias, 16 of Lycastes,
34 of Masdevallias, 98 of Odontoglossums, 68 of Oncidiums, 12
of Phaius, 58 of Phalaenopsis, 22 of Saccolabiums, 13 of Stan-
hopeas, 36 of Vandas, and from one to eight or ten species of
ever}' other genus worth}' of cultivation.

Some idea may be gained of the size of this collection from
the numbers in some of the genera, to wit : 6,000 Odontoglossums,
2,000 Cattleyas, 500 Dendrobiums, 400 Calanthes, 300 Cypripe-
diums, 300 Lycastes, etc. The collection contains many unique

138 . MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

kinds not to be found in Europe, especially of Phalsenopsis. Of
the latter there are such rare kinds as P. Corningiana, P.
Bi'i/merianum, P. advena, P. marmorata, P. Valentini, P. fas-
ciata, P. 2ieiche7tbachiana, P. media, P. Veitchii, P. hrachyodon,
P. leuchorrhoda alba, etc. Among other noted plants are Aerides
Lobbii rubrum, A. WilUamsii, Cattleya Marstersonioi, C. super-
bissima, C Osmanii, C. triopthalma, Cypripedium Schroederoe, C.
Arthurianum, C. candidibulum, Dendrobiuvi Corningii, D. Ward-
ianum ochroleucum, Lodia Veitchii, L. callistogloHsa, L. Schroederii,
Odontoglossum elegans, 0. Wilckeanum jlava, 0. Shuttleworthii, etc.

The method of growing orchids in this collection has been
greatly simplified in recent 3'ears. There is no dipping of plants
when dr}', and it would make one of the ancient orchidists shudder
to see the free use made of the hose for all the plants, especially
in the hot season, when they are growing. Air is more freel}'
admitted than ever before, and shading is much less used for all
the hard leaved plants, like Cattleyas, Laelias, etc.

Some ten years ago or more Frederick L. Ames started a
collection at Noi'th Eastou, Mass. Plants from the Rand collection
were purchased soon after, and from that period until now nearly
ever}- new variety or species in cultivation has been added from
time to time. The Kimball collection, at Rochester, contains a
larger number of plants, but that of Mr. Ames is in point of rare
varieties the second best collection in America. It is particularl}'
noticeable for the Odontoglossums, Masdevallias, and other cool
orchids, while the Cattleyas and Cypripediums are in great force,
the latter embracing about every species, variet}', and hybrid
known. A few years ago a house facing north was built for the
cool orchids, and the general judgment is that it contains the
best grown lot in the country ; the plants number about 1,200, and
when they are in bloom offer a spectacle of exceptional beauty.
There is a large span-roofed house in two compartments ; one de-
voted to Cattleyas and intermediate classes, and the other to the
warmer orchids. A large stove or warm house, originally built
for palms and ferns, contains many orchids, and there are two or
three other houses in which they are arranged. Another house has
just been l)uilt, for the accommodation of the large additions which
have been made during the past year.

The total number of plants is between 3,000 and 4,000. 1 am
unable to give tlii' exact number or a list of species or varieties.

THE PROGRESS OF ORCHID CULTURE IN AMERICA. 139

but among the gems of the collection are such as Aerides Van-
darum^ A. Bohanianum, A. HouUetianum, A. expansum, Anyrcecuvi
bilobum, A. hyaloides, A. cryptodon, A. Scottiayium, A. Chail-
luanum, Calanthe Sedeni, etc. The Cattleyas are in splendid
shape, and among some 200 or more plants of C. Triance are
some of the finest forms known. It is not necessary to enumerate
the Cypripediums, as there is hardly a rare kind that is not grown
here. Among them is C. Stonei platytceMium. Among the im-
mense quantities of Dendrobiums are eighteen plants of those most
exceptionally rare and beautiful kinds, D. Ainsworthii and D.
sple7ididissimum, and in fact the most costly varieties of Den-
drobiums, rhalsenopsids, Odontoglossums, etc., are represented,
in many eases b}' two or three examples. There is not space to
enumerate all of the features of this collection, upon which
neither money nor skill has been spared. It is and has been for
years under the care of William Robinson.

The collection of William S. Kimball, of Rochester, N. Y., is
comparativel}' a new one, but it is now one of the best three in
the country, and at the present rate of progress is likely, within
a few years, to stand second to none. It was started in 1883, and
now numbers 4,211 plants, with 123 genera and 852 species.
Among these are 63 varieties of Odontoglossums, 65 varieties of
Oncidiums, 24 varieties of Vandas, 52 varieties of Cattleyas, 34
varieties of Aerides, 18 varieties of Angraecums, 48 varieties of
Masdevallias, 33 varieties of Ltelias, 66 varieties of Cypripediums,
23 varieties of Phatenopsis, 16 varieties of Saccolabiums, 84
varieties of Dendrobiums, and 17 varieties of Lycastes.

Mr. Kimball has perhaps the best Vandas in the country —
among them the splendid Vanda Lowii from Mrs. Morgan's collec-
tion, which is eight feet high. The collection of Augrsecums and
Saccolabiums is unsurpassed, and there is but one other collection
which surpasses it in the variety of Cypripediums. Mr. Kimball is
a most enthusiastic orchidist and lets no opportunity pass to secure
a rare and good orchid. His houses are models, having every
^appurtenance and facility for the perfect growth of plants in
them. They are under the care of George Savage. In addi-
tion to the orchids Mr. Kimball has a lily house which contains a
tank 22X65 feet wherein are 24 varieties of Nymphseas and three
varieties of Nelumbiums. He expects to flower in this tank next
summer the Victoria regia.

140 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

These alread}' named arc the three largest collections in the
country ; but some of those which are not so large are the results
of years of experience and careful selection on the part of their
owners. That of Gen. John F. Rathbone, at Alban\', is such
a one. lie has five houses devoted to orchids, and his collection
comprises 100 or more Phala^nopsids, 500 Cattleyas, 100 Cypripe-
diums, 400 Odontoglossums, etc. His houses are filled with the
best varieties of every orchid of value, and the plants are finely
grown. Gen. Rathbone has been an orchidist for twenty-two
years, and iu that period has grown some of the finest plants
in the country, and bloomed as many fine specimens as any other
grower in tliis country. Some magnificent Vandas and other
varieties which he grew into huge specimens were afterwards
bought by Mr. Ames.

Jay Gould's collection (Ferdinand Mangold, gardener), at Irving-
ton, N. Y., is a large one, numbering 2,211 plants and 287
varieties. Mr. Gould is fond of orchids and palms, and his
houses are being steadily filled up with new additions, which are
well cared for by Mr. Mangold. Among the varieties of this col-
lection are 10 of Aerides, 53 of Cattleyas, 4 of Cyrabidiums, 26 of
Cypripediums, 38 of Dendrobiums, 9 of Epidendrums, 16 of
Loilias, 9 of Lycastes, 18 of Odontoglossums, 24 of Oucidiums, 6
of Saccolabiums, and 6 of Vandas. In order to show how the
collection is made up it may be stated that there are, besides those
of other kinds, 27 Aerides, 496 Cattleyas, 340 Cypripediums, and
728 Dendrobiums.

De Witt S. Smith, Lee, Mass., is another orchid lover, who has
successfully built up a fine collection Avhich will number perhaps
from 1,500 to 1,800 plants, distributed nearly as follows: 300
Cattleyas in 31 varieties, 125 Cypripediums in 32 varieties, 200
Dendrobiums in 42 varieties, 80 Litilias in 14 varieties, 150 Phahe-
uopsids in 10 varieties, 23 .Saccolabiums iu G varieties, 40 Aerides
in 14 varieties, 400 Odontoglossums in 25 varieties, and 50 On-
cidiums in 11 varieties. There are man}* fine varieties in these
houses, such as Cattleya amethystoglossa, C TriancG in mau\'
fine forms, C. Exoniensis, Lcelia elegans prasiata, and perhaps
the finest plants of Cypripedium niveum and C. Sjyicei-iayium in
this country. There is a strong representation of Lwlias ; and
a few years ago Mr. Smith had some of the best plants of
Saccolabium in cultivation.

THE PEOGRESS OF ORCHID CULTURE IN AMERICA. 141

At Staatsburgh, N. Y,, is a iiicel}^ grown lot of orchids owned
b}' William B. Dinsmore, who devotes four houses to their culture.
Three of the houses are each 40X16 feet, and there is a lean-to
house for the Mexican plants 14X65 feet. This collection was
started about six years ago. The larger part of the Cattleyas
and Lffilias are specimen plants, averaging from 25 to 30 bulbs
each ; and there are unusually good specimens of Phalaenopsids,
one plant of 7-*. ScliUleriana bearing last year 134 blooms. There
are 1,109 plants in all, of which 510 are Cattleyas, 117 Cyp-
ripediums, 72 Oncidiums, 63 Lselias, 56 Dendrobiums, 52
Phalfenopsids, and 38 Odoutoglossums.

Coming nearer home, we find at Mr. H. H. Ilunnewell's beauti-
ful place at Wellesley, under the care of F. L. Harris, a very satis-
factory collection of orchids, the cultivation of which is most
intelligent and instructive. There are 1,250 plants distributed
among several houses, one house being devoted to cool orchids.
There are 150 Dendrobiums in 31 varieties, 45 Lycastes in 4 var-
ieties, 80 Cypripediums in 22 varieties, 250 Cattleyas in 20
varieties, 60 Aerides and Vandas in 18 varieties, 75 Laelias in 10
varieties, 20 Masdevallias in 8 varieties, 200 Odoutoglossums in
30 varieties, 100 Oncidiums in 16 varieties, and 80 Phalaenopsids in
6 varieties, including good plants of all the very best kinds, and
many fine specimens and noteworthj' varieties. The treatment here
is of the more modern kind, and robust health is the result.

Another of our home collections is that of Samuel R. Payson, at
Belmont, Mass. Here are 1,432 plants, grown by D. Aird. Cat-
tle^'as, Dendrobiums, and Odoutoglossums are the features of this
collection, and they are all well cultivated. There are 75 Phalaen-
opsids, 330 Cattleyas, 180 Dendrobiums, 414 Odoutoglossums, 23
Aerides, and 25 C3'pripediums, besides a good selection of other
well-known kinds. The cool orchids are in a north house, while
two span-roofed houses are devoted to others ; the Dendrobiums
being rested in the graperies and large conservatory. The Cat-
tleyas are particularl}' well grown, and when in bloom afford a
brilliant sight. This collection has been in existence for quite a
number of years.

In close proximity to Mr. Payson's we have the well-known col-
lection on the Pratt estate, in Watertown, Mass., under the
supervision of David Allan, who has increased the number of
plants ver^- largely in late years, so that they now tax the capacity of

142 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the houses in which the\' are grown. Cattle3'as, Dendrobiums,
Lfelias, and rhah\?nopsids are the chief features here, and all are
adniirabl}' cultivated. There is a fine collection of cool orchids
forming, which has improved ver}' much in the last two j-ears,
now numbering fully 1,000 plants. Among the Cattleyas are
numerous fine specimens of C. Triance, many of exceptional
quality ; and large masses of C. Mossioi. Lcelia anceps and L.
autumnalis are grown in large quantities and in a very vigorous
condition. The Dendrobiums number about 800 plants, and those
who saw Mr. Allan's specimens of D. Wardianum in this hall
last spring will understand how well the}' are grown ; and this
applies to all the other varieties as well. The entire number of
plants in this collection is over 4,000. They are not grown in anj'
one house but are changed about among the numerous houses as
may best suit the cultural requirements.

John Wallace, of New York, grows about 1,200 to 1,300 plants
at his home in Patersoh, N. J. ; and, which is remarkable, success-
fully takes the entire care of them himself, although he goes to
business dail}'. It is an example of what an enthusiast in orchid-
growing ma}- do. Mr. Wallace's collection embraces most of the
finer kinds in cultivation, and among them many rare hybrid and
choice varieties. C. F. Erhart, of Brooklyn, has a well grown
selection of 625 plants in 48 species and 2G8 varieties. He has
of Ai'rides 10 varieties, Cattleyas 29 varieties, Dendrobiums 32
varieties, Cypripediums 22 varieties, etc.

In Vermont, at St. Johnsbury, may be found a strong lot
of orchids belonging to Col. Franklin Fairbanks. This comprises
600 plants and was formed seven years ago. It is made up of
good specimens of Phalaiuopsis, Dendrobiums, and other standard
genera, and the plants are in fine health. Ex-Governor Fair-
banks, in the same place, has a house 60 feet long filled with
orchids which are mostly large specimens, and many of the Cat-
tleyas, Dendrobiums, etc. are especially fine plants. This col-
lecti<ju also was formed seven years ago.

Another veteran orchid-grower is Capt. Cliarles II. .Snow, who
ten or twelve years ago started a small collection near Baltimore ;
which has since grown to ample proportions, filling a house 70
feet long, there being from 1,000 to 1,500 plants, mostly Cat-
tleyas, Lielias, and Dendrobiums. Capt. Snow is an amateur who
gives much personal attention to his plants. The collection of

THE PROGRESS OF ORCHID CULTURE IN AMERICA. 143

"VV. H. Perot, near Baltimore, was once a most promising one, sev-
eral houses having been filled with plants numbering at least 1,500
to 2,000. It is a matter of regret that it is now nearly dispersed.

Another good collection is that of William Barr, at Orange,
N. J. A house 72x22 feet is devoted to it, and contains some
250 plants, which are grown in different sections of the house
very successfully. A large part of this collection is made up of
Cattleyas, Odontoglossums, Oncidiums, Dendrobiums, and Cypri-
pediuras, with a fair proportion of other genera.

The collection of Henry S. Hollingsworth, in Brooklyn, is of
good extent, numbering 877 plants and over 300 varieties.
Mr. Hollingsworth personall}^ cares for his plants, giving them
more air and less heat than is usual, and with beneficial results ;
a course which all amateurs would do well to follow.

In the Western States, as a rule orchids are not numerous,
though many amateurs there are forming the nuclei of collections
which, in all probability, ten years hence will closely rival those
of the Eastern States.

About the best collection in the West, of which I have any knowl-
edge, is that of W. H. Chadwick, of Chicago, Illinois. This lot
of plants is a very good and comprehensive one. It embraces
about 522 distinct sorts, though the total number of plants is
larger than this figure. There are 64 sorts of Dendrobiums, 36 of
Epidendrums, 48 of Cattleyas, 42 of Odontoglossums, 40 of
Oncidiums, 14 of Vandas, 26 of Cypripediums, 22 of La?lias, and
16 of Masdevallias, with a large representation of Central Ameri-
can and South American species.

Alexander Mitchell, of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, has a collection ;
but I have not been able to secure an}' detailed information con-
cerning it.

Charles E. Hay, of Springfield, Illinois, has a nice small lot of
miscellaneous plants grown in two houses, embracing all of the
standard kinds. There are three or four other small collections in
Illinois and Wisconsin, but none suflficiently large to note.

I have not been able to secure full information in regard to the
collections around Philadelphia, where one would naturally expect
to receive every aid towards helping on the cause of orchid
growing. The collections however in this section are by no
means large, as compared with those I have described ; and can
only take rank with the small lots scattered about in different

144 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

sections of the country Avhich, with perhaps nn exception or two,
are not important enough to wurrant description. Mrs. Baldwin
has a fairly good collection ; and other private growers are F. T.
S. Darlcy, Mrs. R. S. Mason, II. Pratt McKean, Mrs. William
Weightman, H. C. Gibson, Clarence II. Clark, and two or three
others.

In Baltimore, besides Capt. Snow, the orchid growers are con-
fined to two others, T. Harrison Garrett and Robert Garrett ;
both of the latter are forming collections, which in time will very
likely become of importance.

Mr. T. Harrison Garrett's collection was commenced about
four years ago, and the plants are, with a few exceptions, small
ones, but the selections have been made with care, and there is a
l^rospect that the collection will become a noticeable one. Three
houses are devoted to it, and the total number of plants is 1,347.
They are divided into about 600 distinct species and varieties.
The East Indian house contains 51 G plants, the intermediate
house 234, and the cool orchid house 597 plants. Among the
notable genera are 242 CattlcN'as in 5G species and varie-
ties; 35 Phalicnopsids, in 10 species and varieties; 21 Vandas,
in 13 species and varieties; 25 Aerides in 13 species; 70
Laelias in 20 species; 198 Dendrobiums in 68 species; 143
Oncidiums in 32 species ; 94 Odontoglossums in 36 species.
Mr. Garrett is moreover very much interested in our native
Orchids, and has collected a large number of species.

An experiment has been mach; here with a double glass roof for
Orchids, and Mr. Grant, the gardener, writes that it has proved
highly snccessful, and not only the orchids like it, but thetenderost
fern stands the summer's sun without llinching. The upper glass
is about an inch from the lower glazing ; and no artificial shading
of any kind is used. It is stated that the Cattleyas, Dendrobiums,
etc., made bulbs of remarkable strength, which were much shorter
jointed, and which flowered witii greater freedom. Double glazing
has been used before on other houses, but I have the imi)ression
that it has not been well received. This practical testimony in its
favor is therefore the more noticeable.

At Troy, N. Y., A. R. Smith, a most ontluisiastic amateur,
grows a small collection to which, like all orchidists who really love
their plants, he gives much individual care. The collection of

THE PROGRESS OF ORCHID CULTURE IN AMERICA. 145

Mrs. Gardner Brewer, at Newport, R. I., numbers about 400
plants, nearly half of which are large specimens of Vandas, Cypri-
pediums and Angrsecums. There is one other small collection in
Newport, but it is not large enough to notice.

One of our most promising local collections is that of E. W .
Gilmore, at North Easton, Mass., whose plants have often been
exhibited here. Mr. Gilmore has constructed a north house,
where he has over 500 well grown Odontoglossums and other
cool orchids. This collection numbers altogether 1,275 plants ;
among them 90 Phalfenopsids, 100 Cattleyas, 140 Dendrobiuras,
etc. The plants are cultivated in three houses well adapted to
their growth, and there are few if any better collections of the
size of this to be found.

Among other small collections, ma}' be noted that of Henry
Graves, of New York City, who has a few hundred orchids and is
building a house, and another is that of M. Shaw, at Eau Claire,
Wisconsin, who grows about 500 orchids in a house 18X60 feet.
In addition to the growers I have mentioned there are, as I have
said, some others scattered over the country, but their collections
are small. I hoped to be able to give some idea of the size of
each of these, but my requests for information have not met with
the desired responses. I have, however, given data enough to
enable those who are interested in the culture of orchids to form
some conception of the growth and extent of the orchid fever in
this country. This paper is of course superficial in character, but,
as matter of record, it has its points of interest for those who
give any time or attention to the subject it discusses.

Before closing, it is desirable to refer to the primary rules which
ought to govern orchid culture in this country and this latitude.
The great obstacles to the successful growth of orchids, as I have
found after some years of experience and personal attention to them,
are — First. The lack of proper and constant atmospheric moisture
during the season of active growth. Second^ The want of a con-
stant supplj' of fresh air during growth, and still more during
the resting period, from November to April. Third, The lack of
cleanliness. Fourth, Over shading the houses during growth, as
well as during the resting period. These four points are the
cardinal ones in orchid culture, all other requirements, such as
potting material, proper receptacles for growth, etc., being of little
moment beside these ; and want of proper knowledge of them all,
10

146 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

or of some of them, is the cause of Jill failiiros, to a greater or
less extent.

Our climate is naturally chy and arid compared with that of
England, from whence we have had most of the hand-books and
rules to govern orchid amateurs. The tendency of these is to lead
the inexperienced to believe, after reading up on the subject, that
too much atmospheric moisture and air can be given. In this
respect, however, modern culture has made great progress. The
most successful grower now does not hesitate to leave open both
top and bottom ventilators of the orchid house, during the sea-
son of growth, whenever the outside temperature ranges above
fifty-five degrees, except when there may occur a rapid fall of tem-
perature of the outside air. In consequence, all kinds of orchids
may be freely syringed over head even twice a day during growth,
and the walks and benches thoroughly saturated. There is little
danger of losing the growth of Cattleyas b}- syringing when the
maximum amount of air is given. Slow but solid growth is made
in this wa}-, favorably contrasting with the weak, watery growth
made in a close, heavily shaded house ; and ever}' orchid grower
should arrange to give fresh air through the winter, the period
of rest. This is the time when orchids, with the exception of a
few species from the hottest climates, become debilitated and lose
their vigor.

A night temperature of 50° is better than one ranging from 55°
to 60°, and Cattleyas and many other intermediate kinds, if in
robust growth, will do well in a night temperature of 45°. For
the majority of all orchids, tropical or intermediate, in winter, a
comparatively low temperature is better than a high temperature
maintained at the sacrifice of all the atmospheric moisture, drawn
out b}' over-heated pipes. The latter condition is the cause of so
mauj' of our orchids coming out of their winter rest shrivelled and
weakened ; when, had they been subjected to lower temperature
and had more atmospheric moisture and more sunligiit, their bulbs
would be plump and well ripened aixl ready to start into strong
growth.

Air ought to be given by bottom ventilatf>rs in winter if the
temperature outside is very low, and on all brigiit, sunny days
the top ventilators should be open. There are many other
successful ways of ventilating, but by some method or other
fresh air should bp had all the year round. Some of the

THE PROGRESS OF ORCHID CULTURE IN AMERICA. 147

English orchid houses are especially constructed with flues
opening upon the hot water pipes, which distribute constantlj- a
supply of fresh air without creating injurious cold drafts ;and such
a plan is without question a very excellent one. From the first of
December to the middle of February, in this latitude, all shading
should be removed from orchid houses, and the full benefit of
ever}' ray of sunlight secured. A few species like the Phalsenopsids,
Bolleas, Pescatoreas, some of the Cypripediums, and some other
scattering examples are benefited by slight shading in winter, on
very bright days, but the number is less than might be imagined ;
and even Plialvenopsis Schilleriana enjoys the winter sunshine with-
out injury. Full exposure to all the sunlight which may be had in
winter is of great benefit to orchids ; it ripens the bulbs, solidifies
the growth, and stimulates the flowering qualities ; and stronger
growth and better root action result in the spring. So important
is this, that the glass should be clean and free from everything
which might serve to obstruct the sun's rays. In many collections
you will find the opposite state of things, but a close observation of
most of the larger and best grown collections of the country justi-
fies the conclusions I have stated.

From the middle of February, or the first of March, to the first
or middle of INovember, according to the incline of the house,
roller shades of the thinnest cheese cloth, running on slats
elevated six inches from the glass, are better than whitening
the glass, as they serve to keep the houses much cooler than if the
sun's rays strike directly upon the glass. For a large number of
houses shading of this kind m'av not be possible, but it is by far
the best method yet devised ; the great advantages being that on
cloudy days the shades can be raised and the benefit of the eai'ly
morning and late afternoon sunlight can be secured without in-
jury, and above all, in this hot climate, a cooler and more moist
condition of the atmosphere can be maintained in the houses.

Orchids which are not kept clean cannot be health}', and what
with white and brown scale, black and yellow thrip, and green fl}',
the cultivator needs to be alert. I believe in mild fumigation once
a week, as the only proper method for keeping a house clear of
thrip and green fly, tiiough many growers have an impression
that orchids do not like tobacco smoke. I have never known one,
even of the thin-leafed kind, to be injured by a light fumigation
properly given ; and two of these in succession, or one given ever\^

148 MASSACHUSETTS IIORTICUT.TURAL SOCIETY.

week, will certninly keep a house clean from these pests. I may
add that tobacco stems placed under the benches and kept moist
are invaluable preventives of thrip and green fly ; and they must
be replenished when the strength departs. Most tender ferns
will, however, be injured by this process ; nevertheless, I can
strongly recommend it for orchids. Plenty of fresh air is one of
the best preventives of all kinds of thrip, green fly, and red spider.
If growers start with clean plants, they can save themselves great
trouble by the "ounce of prevention" in the way of mild fumiga-
tion. It is easier to keep out insect pests than to get them out
when once established. White scale does more injury tiian is
credited to it. Nothing but careful sponging and brushing "with
soapsuds or insecticide will eradicate it. It is an insidious pest,
and ruins the plant before an inexperienced person will detect it.
Ever}' orchid ought to be sponged over with clean water two or
three times a year ; but this is a rule not as generally regarded as
it should be, for in manj- collections dust and dirt are allowed to
accumulate upon the leaves, to the great detriment of the plants.
There are many other points in orchid growing which could be
taken up and discussed in this paper, but a grower will find them
of minor consideration in comparison with those I have mentioned.
Personal knowledge of details is of the greatest value, but the be-
ginner as well as the old hand at orchid culture must keej) in sight
the four prime requisites of success which I have stated, if they
expect to maintain their orchids in robust health for any period of
years.

DiSCOSSION.

Rev. A. B. Muzzej' was ready to say that eminent patience is
genius, — he knew no better definition of that word. Think of it,
that in the culture of orchids a man has devoted nineteen years to
a single experiment ! Now let us carr}- that same spirit into the
work of this Society, and we shall have something of the glorious
beauty in this specimen* before us, as the result. He bade the
Society God speed in all its attempts to promote horticulture ; and
moved a vote of thanks to the essayist for his patient, thorough,

* A fine, large plant, abtimlantly bloomed, of Dendrohium Wnjdianiitu,
from A. W. Spencer.

THE PROGRESS OF ORCHID CULTURE IN AMERICA. 149

and admirable essaj- — which, as a record of what has been
done, would find no superior.

The vote was passed unanimously.

President Walcott said tliat the paper was one well deserving
a full discussion, and called on William Robinson, gardener to
F. L. Ames.

Mr. Robinson said there was one point he should like to refer
to, in regard to collections of Cypripediums. He thought that
Mr. Ames has as large a collection of this genus as any grower
in thp United States, and as large as any private individual has
grown anywhere. He had given to Mr. Beard, as the number in
Mr. Ames's collection, about seventy-one species ; but did not in-
clude varieties or American species, so probably Mr. Coming's
and Mr. Ames's might have come pretty nearly together as to
numbers, if he had counted the varieties and American species in
the latter collection.

Speaking of what Mr. Beard had said about keeping the temper-
ature down to fifty-five degrees at night, he thought it a little
difficult, particularly in view of such weather as last week's, to
keep the house at that temperature during the night and raise it
again in the day time so many degrees. Such a temperature may
be had and such changes made, provided you have your house so
constructed that 3'ou can run it without absorbing the moisture by
such rises in temperature. Conditionall}'^, he would grant that 3'ou
can keep the house at fifty-five degrees, and then run it up in the
day time ; but bethought few orchid houses are so constructed
that this can be done.

He thought that the greatest preventive of green flies is
putting tobacco stems on the floor and on the pipes. No one
trying this will be troubled much with green flies afterwards..

Mr. Beard said his own experience had been that tobacco used
as recommended by Mr. Robinson is no less effective than in the
form of smoke. Ferns are liable to be injured b}' the tobacco in
either form, but when fumigation is employed they can be taken
aut, and returned to place after the process is concluded. He
remembered that Mrs. Morgan's collection, some years ago, was
overrun with the yellow thrip, which is much worse among orchids
than any other insect, with the exception of cockroaches ; but she
put in several barrels of tobacco stems, which were constantly
dampened and replenished, and the result was that in a short time

150 MASSACHUSETTS IIOKTICULTUIIAL SOCIETY.

the thrip was pretty well eradicated; so that he could bear testi-
mouy to support Mr. Robinsou's recommendatiou of tobacco
stems for extiri>ating all insects that can l)o killed b}' fumigation.

His own experience in regard to running up the heat of orchid
houses is that, if the weather is so cold that the temperature can-
not be run nj) without great fire heat, it is better to let the day heat
remain at fifty-five degrees, rather than attempt to raise it ten
degrees. Saturation of the air with moisture is essential in orchid
culture. Their native homes are in regions where moisture is con-
stantly around them, and the combined sunlight and fire heat of
artificial culture are injurious to them, if they have no atmospheric
moisture to counteract it. It is better to allow the temperature to
remain low ratlier than attempt to run it up.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder could not allow the subject to be closed
without saying that this paper is one of the most able and elab-
orate, on the growth ot orchids, that he had ever heard. It is also
a very valuable addition to floricultural history ; and it will be so
esteemed in the Old World, from whence we receive so many of our
fine orchids. He did not doubt that we should see it copied in the
leading horticultural journals in Europe. Mr. Beard had stated
that the speaker presented the first orchid exhibited in this Society.
This was very nearly filty years ago, but he well remembered the
plant ; it was Oncidium Jiexnosum. It covered a large space on
the wall of his greenhouse ; and, if he recollected rightly, had a
hundred and seventy-six individual flowers. He was surprised to
see that so few of the collectors to whom Mr. Beard had referred
had a large number of Oncidiums. He believed that Mr. Beard
had reported Mr. Hunnewell to have about a hundred species and
varieties ; if so, that is probably the largest collection of On-
cidiums in the country.

This paper shows how im i:ensely a subject may grow in the
course of half a centur}'. Beginning with that little plant of On-
cidium which had been spoken of, these immense collections have
grown up since that time in our country. He might say that the
orchids are the most gorgeous plants in creation ; and he felt ex-
tremely obliged to our generous contrilnitors, who do so nuich to
increase the interest in that order by their exhibitions here, — to
Mr. Ames, Mi. Hunnewell, Mr. Payson, Mr. Pratt, and otliers,
who spare no expense whenever they can add anything beautiful
and valuable to their collections. Mr. Ames told the si)caker that

PROTECTION OF BIRDS. 151

he had a single plant for which he paid almost a thonsand
dollars.

Mr. Robinson said that the plant mentioned is a Vaiida San-
der iana.

Mr. Wilder added that we have reason to be thankful for what
has been aecomplislied, and to hope that this order of plants will
receive more and more attention, as he had no doubt it would. It
is easy of cultivation, and man}' of the most beautiful species are
cool orchids that can be grown with great ease.

James Cartwright was called on and said that most of his or-
chids are Cypripediums. He has one hundred and twenty plants,
which he grows in very cool houses, the temperature having been
down to forty degrees a good many times this winter.

Notice was given that, on the next Saturday, Dr. G. Austin
Boweu would read a paper on " Homestead Landscapes."

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, March 13, 1886.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Henry P. Walcott, in the chair.

On motion of William C. Strong, seconded by Rev. A. B.
Muzzey, the following preamble and resolution were unanimously
passed : —

Whereas, The Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of
Cruelt}'^ to Animals has petitioned the Legislature of Massachu-
setts to enact a law making it the dut}' of all teachers of public
schools in this Commonwealth to instruct their pupils, in such man-
ner as the School Committees of the several cities and towns shall
determine, in regard to the importance of protecting our insect-
eating birds and their nests, and to treat the lower animals kindly ;
and whereas, we believe it to be for the benefit of this Common-
wealth that such instruction be given in the schools :

Resolved, That we do most earnestly ask the Legislature of
Massachusetts to grant the petition of said Massachusetts Society
for the Prevention of Crueltv to Animals.

152 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The preamble and resolution were signed by the President and
Secretary of the Society, to be presented to the Legislature of the
State as a petition.

Adjourned to Saturday, March 20.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.
Homestead Landscapes.

]{y George Austik Bowe>-, M.D., Woodstock, Conn.

There is no word in the English language of deeper significance
than that good old Saxon one '' home." It in some way expresses
more of human heart and feeling, and of the conditions and senti-
ments that characterize a true manhood and womanhood, than any
other word in our extensive vocabulary. Its utterance at once
brings to mind scenes of domestic happiness. Home is the one
centre around which revolve all the feelings and aspirations that
stimulate our daily exertions ; and it is the only place that affords
the tranquillizing influences so necessary for refreshment after the
rude contacts and the busy turmoil of our outside life. Love and
joy — happiness and peace — are expressed in its very name. The
thoughts of wanderers on sea and land revert to it with deep and
persistent emotion ; and the heart of man everywhere derives from
it a contentment that can never be supplied from any other source
— for it is the only place in all this world where hearts are sure of
each other.

The influences of home create and develop not only the char-
acter of individual men, but of mighty nations. Kefined sentiments,
lofty aspirations, and purity of moral character are developed far
more by the unseen influences of home teachings, and home sur-
roundings, than by all other causes combined. The home life of
any nation is the truest index of that nation's civilization. Looked
at the world over, the comparison of homes with character justifies
this broad conclusion. Stating it in one aspect, I suppose we
should say — "As a man is, so lie makes the home." But does not
that home, once made, tend to keep him true to the impulses that
inspired him in estal)lisliing it? And does it not exert a yet more
wonderful infiuence upon his children, whose characters are still
in the plastic stage of formation? Therefore the expending of
time, thought, and study upon the problem of improving the

HOMESTEAD LANDSCAPES. 153

homes of all classes is not only permissible, but presents itself as
a duty owed to the individual, to the family, and to the com-
munity. And surely no section of our broad land offers better
opportunities and facilities for refining and elevating homes than
our own loved New England.

The rude homesteads of New England, peopled by a sturdy race,
have exerted, and are this day exerting a perceptible influence
upon our national prosperity and character, but under the inevit-
able law of change, and the universal tendency to variations, they
have gradually been modified in style and character. The humble
cabin, built of logs and picturesque in its simplicity, in time gave
place to the more commodious though still humble cottage, which
in its turn succumbed to the square two story structure with its
ell ; a type so dominant in the architecture of the Eastern States, in
times comparatively recent, that it ma}' be said to be character-
istic of those times. Fashion ruled in our fathers' days as well as
in our own ; but she is a fickle goddess, changing every day, incon-
stant as the wind, and the shapes she but lately considered as
Ideally perfect in regard to style and convenience are today looked
upon as antiquated and uncomfortable. The surrounding lands
changed their aspect with the dwelling, as the actor changes his
dress to correspond with the character. Fields freshly hewn out
from the forest, stump-decorated, harmonized well with the log-
built cabin. The cottage, built later in the subdued clearing, and
surrounded by well walled fields, told of the prolonged toil that
had been bestowed upon the land, fitting it for tillage by the simple
implements of those early days ; and showed the prosperity of its
inmates. The subsequent square farm house, with long-sloped
rear roof and extensive ell, and several small buildings around,
was likewise in keeping with the time of its construction, and the
enlarged labors and productions of the farm. Thus the dwellings
and the land have ever been characteristic indications of each
other's prosperit}', and are so toda}- . But at the present time we
observe contrasts more marked than at former periods, chiefiy due
, to the concentration of population in towns and villages, which
has succeeded the more scattered distribution of an earlier day ;
also to the consequent change in the choice of crops for cultiva-
tion ; to the increased wealth and prosperity of the' people ; and to
the exodus of city dwellers to the country during the summer
months.

154 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

All new countries have presented the same succession of changes,
in the various phases of progress from pioneer life to that char-
acterizing old established settlements ; and when that point has
been reached, certain other conditions have uniformly succeeded.
It requires no prophet to tell what the future of New England will
be. The history of all older Anglo-Saxon civilization will prob-
ably indicate the course of our own.

I have never for one moment entertained the idea that the New
England States have seen their best days, and in time will be left
out in the cold — desolate and unlovely. I believe that the}' will
always hold the lead in the future, as in the past ; that from their
geographical position wealth must naturall}* come to them, and
that in time — and not a very long one either, as we view national
growth — we shall present as attractive scenes of cultivated land-
scapes, and imposing homes, as do the most civilized countries of
the old world. And certainly no region can offer better oppor-
tunities than our own, with its w'ooded hills, open valleys, and
picturesque lakes and streams. We have but to give a little
thought to the subject, and then let our work follow in fulfilment
of it.

Do you ask when the era of beauty is to begin? I answer that
it has already commenced, and I can point to many sections that
show the fruits of this thoughtful purpose. It is to be attained
gradually and by accumulation of individual cflbrts ; not by a great
uprising. Each minute coral insect builds only its own diminutive
dwelling, but the resulting aggregations make the beautiful archi-
pelago. I would not have you tear down and radically reconstruct
your homes in more elaborate designs ; but let each one simply
ask — Wherein can my own homestead be made to harmonize with
this coming change? Where can I correct its deficiencies, and
where enhance its merits, making it more attractive to the eye,
more comfortable for occupation, and — for this is practical New
England — at the same time increase its revenue.

If asked to furnish a description of an ideal country home, you
would scarcely describe the present average country residence, and
hold it up as a model for others to copy. And yet, taking any one
of these homes, and looking at its outlines and surroundings, any
person who possesses even a slight knowledge of architecture and
landscape gardening might at once point out many features that
could be changed eutirel} , or modified, or enlarged; which being

HOMESTEAD LANDSCAPES. 155

done, with the supply of a few additional embellishments, such as
trees, rocks, or other out-door objects, and a porch, piazza, bay
or landscape window added to the house, would completely trans-
form the appearance of the place. And those most intimately ac-
quainted with it would be driven to doubt whether that particular
part of the brain, which phrenologists denominate " locality," was
not at fault and deceiving them.

It is thus that I would have you look at your homes with me to-
day. Some of them, I know, are examples of the most skilful
construction, and have been embellished by lavish expenditure,
and are finished country homes. All that I would say to the
possessors of such is — Enjoy them to the utmost, and be thankful
that you have them. But man}' others, I know, stand in need of
a little criticism, and, as we proceed to develop our subject, we
may be able to bring forward suggestions that will be of general
benefit.

The first suggestion that I would offer is this — that expenditure
of money does not alwa3's bring a return in true beauty. I have
in mind one lawn that remains dull, flat, and uninteresting,
although it has absorbed money enough to have made earthly
paradises of all the estates in the village, had it been expended
with good judgment.

A first general rule is that every building should, as far as pos-
sible, conform to the character of its site and of the surroundings.
Place a castle on the hill, and a cot in the valley — never the re-
verse. The most incongruous piece of architecture that I have
ever seen was a Swiss cbalet in a closely built city street. Such
an instance affords an example to be avoided.

Another imperative rule is to preserve the salient features of a
landscape. A lawn preserving the natural slopes of the ground,
with easy circuitous pathways, is far more pleasing than a dead
level, with all the lines at right angles. A rocky border, a precip-
itous gorge, or a tangled thicket is oftentimes better treated by
embellishment than by removal. Even boulders, expensive objects
.to remove, become useful features when made centres or back-
grounds for appropriate shrubbery.

There is an old saying, which is full of truth, that will apply to
him who commences to improve his home and surroundings ; it is
— "Plan the patch before the cloth is cut." To begin wisely, a
plan should first be outlined ; and can afterwards be gradually

156 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

worked out in detail. Tliere are two ways of doing this. One
way is to employ a high-toned architect to reconstruct the house,
and a landscape gardener and a brace of surveyors for the lawns
and tields. It sounds well to talk about them, and they are very
interesting objects to look at while they are at work, but will not
be likely to exhibit as much agility and animation as j'ou j'our-
self will when they have finished, and present their specilications
and bills.

In country localities congenial society is oftentimes scarce ;
therefore the country resident is forced to seek his pleasures and
recreations in and about his own homestead, and therein lies a mine
of crude satisfaction, to him who has the ingenuity to work it into
a tangible shape. I would, therefore, advise a second way,
one which has the double advantage of annihilating the expense,
and increasing the satisfaction. It is to draw the plan yourself.
Perhaps you say you cannot. I say 3'ou can if you will.

Having thus arbitrarily settled that point, we will now com-
mence work. Take some bright morning when your digestion is
good, and you feel at peace with your neighbor who borrows and
never returns, and when the note you gave to settle your fertilizer
bill is not quite due ; then enter upon the task with a determination
to have a feasible plan before evening.

Take the house (irst. Scan it with an eye critical of its defects,
and study to find a remedy for each. Should you be so fortunate
as to have an old-time house, with ample chimney, shallow eaves,
and quaint little windows, content yourself with its simplicity.
.Seek to make only such additions as will be suggestive of '' solid
comfort " and will be in keeping with the quiet air that invests
all such venerable dwellings. Do not tr^' to modernize it, for it
cannot be done ; architect and builder will only impair or destroy
the charm that time has placed as a spell around it.

But these old structures may receive improving touches. A
wide spreading porch over the door, having bracket supports in-
stead of posts or pillars, will add to rather than diminish its
quaint and homelike charm. Do not make the porch heavy and
solid, with straight timbers, but shape the edges and bevel the
ends till they have an artistic effect, however rough in workman-
ship. A broad, low piazza, with light supports, might be per-
missible, should a re-entrant angle be presented by a projecting
portion of the building. Consider all such proposed additions

HOMESTEAD LANDSCAPES. 157

with the mind's eye ; trace them on paper, to be filed with the
ground plans, as notes of ideas for future development.

Do not forget to include, in your scheme of improvement, re-
moval of the lilac and sweetbrier bushes from before the windows.
Let these and similar shrubs be placed at a respectful distance
from the house, and let vines be planted in their place ; which, in
a few years' time, will cover the unpretending structure with a
mantle of living green, and will thereby add greatly to its health-
fuluess as well as beauty.

Should the house be of more recent construction, a bay window
may be thought of in the place of the flat one, which now gives
light to the living room ; or a landscape window, should that room
be one of ample proportions. Consider the planting of vines here
also, for they are becoming to all classes of dwellings, from the
humblest cottage to the most elegant mansion. No feature in the
landscape gives so much interest as well placed vines ; the wonder
is that they are so little used.

Perhaps when you look at your own dwelling, neither of these
distinctive types meets your vision, but you behold a modern
American dwelling, with its shams and false pretences, painted
with as much gorgeousness as a Chinese lantern, replete with all
the so-called modern conveniences of furnaces, hot and cold
water, shoddy plumbing and sewer gas. If so, go no further in
your plans for landscape ornament, but devote j-ourself in earnest
to the sanitary problem. Too many such houses generate and
harbor the germs of scarlet fever, diphtheria, and kindred diseases.
It will not be prudent for you to proceed in other improvements
until fully assured on this point ; for the modern American house —
the blending of the styles of Queen Anne and Robinson Crusoe,
Gothic church and Virginia cabin — Ionic, cubic, and diabolic, is
more often a death trap than a protecting home.

A house must be viewed from many different standpoints — as a
connoisseur of pictures views a work of art from all directions.
Especial regard should be had to its site and immediate surround-
ings ; for a house requires a suitable frame or setting as much as
a picture. This is especially true of a dwelling placed upon a hill ;
where, without some effective surroundings, it is likely to look bare
and cheerless. This appearance, however, can be relieved by
planting trees in such positions as, in time, to shut it in somewhat,
yet not so close as to overshadow it. It needs a background of

158 MASSACnUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

tall trees, wliicli will break up the regularity of the sky line formed
by the straight roof. The outbuildings should be kept from an
undue prominence by groups or bands of evergreens.

As the plan slowlj' unfolds before us and as we depart from the
house, a lawn inevitabl}' presents itself to the mind, fur there is
no one feature that gives a greater air of elegance and comfort to
a place than a well grassed lawn. It may often be an expensive
toy that scarcely repays the labor bestowed upon it ; but it also
may be an object of great beauty, and one which, without any con-
siderable expense of money or toil, seems always in order. I do
not propose now to enter into the details of the construction of a
lawn, for they must vary with the conditions of ever}' place. Any
one, who inclines to study and improve his opportunities in this
direction, maj' find all needed assistance in earlier publications of
this Society.

The forming of a lawn will at once sweep away one of the
greatest blemishes of our countrj^ homes — the little door-3'ard
fences, running to every corner of the house and enclosing spaces
too small for any practical use, harboring noxious weeds, and en-
couraging the presence of tangled and decaying grass, thus rend-
ering the ground damp and unwholesome. The}' are inconvenient,
unattractive, expensive, and unnecessary. Make a marginal note
on your plan for tiieir immediate removal.

Next proceed to stake out a driveway leading from the highway
to the house, including a circular or oval turn convenient to the
front door, and continuing to the stable ; this should be at least
twelve feet wide, and should follow the easiest and most access-
ible route. I'athways should also be staked out, leading from
the house to the highway, the well, the various outbuildings, and
places most frequented. One simple rule will dictate the route of
all paths and driveways, and insure a graceful outline. It is
merely to follow tlie trail one would naturally make in going from
one point to another. Instinctively the feet will seek the easiest
direction, avoiiling rocks, shrubs, and undulations. Did you ever
follow a cowpath through a rough pasture? No one will give
cattle credit for engineering science, yet the path they make will
always be found the easiest and most direct route from point to
point, which is just the object we aim at.

When your paths have been thus staked out, trace them on j'our
plan ; the intervening spaces will form the lawn. Let me advise

HOMESTEAD LANDSCAPES. 159

in this — do not plan to grade it too mucli ; aim simply to smooth
the surface, retaining all prominent or curious rocks and native
shrubbery.

It is an almost universal fact that lawns in our Eastern States are
too small. In other sections they seem to understand this point
better, and do not hesitate to devote several acres to this use, and
certainly no one item can contribute more of an air of elegance to
even a humble place, than an extensive opening around the dwell-
ing. To get this, it is oftentimes necessary to throw the fields
adjacent to the house into one large enclosure.

The general outlines of a plan are perhaps all that one can
secure in the first draft. A few groups of shrubber}' can be in-
dicated, in what might be called naturally fit positions, such as at
the divergence of paths, at the ends or sides of rocks, at the base
of cliffs, or as screens to outbuildings, etc. ; but the details must be
left to future development.

We find many instances of partially well planned homes through-
out the country-, the house and the immediate grounds affording
pleasing examples of what refined taste, aided by wealth, can
create, but the care of the occupant having gone no further, unless
in building miles of useless stone walls. But I would have the re-
sults of an artistic directing mind apparent over the whole farm,
no less than in the dwelling and immediately about the door. The
same careful planning should be given to ever}' acre of the land,
not perhaps with a view to equally elaborate embellisliment, but to
get it out of the rough state into one more refined — as park-like
and artistic as possible.

Have the kindness at this point not to judge me too hastily and
accuse me of fostering ideas of fancy farming, but bear with me
awhile, and I will endeavor to show that it is practical farming
that I advocate, adapted to practical New England, where every
day must be made to count as a bread-and-butter day. A leisurely
saunter over the farm will suggest a multitude of changes, which
would enhance the working advantages Of the place and the
pecuniary interest of the owner.

A bit of old wall, with stumps of broken bar-posts rising from
moss-filled turf, and a growth of red osier standing gallantly over
all — these make a subject for a vei'y pretty picture to display on
one's library wall ; but the actual presence on the farm of a
long line of such fencing will hardlv be attractive. It gener-

IGO MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ally fails to turn stock, and alwa^-s becomes a harbor for
brush, and that little nuisance the woodchuck. The thought-
ful farmer's judgment does not hesitate long regarding walls.
He knows that thej' are expensive to maintain, that large
fields are easier to cultivate than small ones, and that it is about
as expensive to rela}- a tumbling wall as to remove it altogether ;
hence all unnecessary walls shall be doomed, and the material shall
be used to reinforce those that are actually necessary — and a good
wall is in some situations a necessity ; but it is never picturesque,
as is an old one, and this is so simply because it is fast reverting to
wild and natural conditions. No artist would select as a subject
for a picture a good substantial stone wall, such as covers the
farm requirements of" horse high, bull strong, and pig tight." He
could not make it attractive — neither can the farmer, who under-
stands less of art; therefore the fewer he embellishes bis land
with the better. '

The inquisitive eye will also be quick to perceive the possibili-
ties of an old " alder run ;" even though the land be unsuited to
cultivation, it can be put to more profitable use than harboring
the undesirable wild growths which infests it now. A strong-armed
man would soon finish the job of cutting them, and with no great
stretch of the imagination one ma}' picture in their place a grove
of maples and elms, with a few outstanding willows; and possibl}'
a fish pond, to be created by an inexpensive dam. I have heard
of one use and but one for alders on a farm — it was that " the
cattle loved to brush through them to remove the flies." The far-
mer who gave me this valuable piece of information owned two
brindlc cows and a roach-backed calf, and had alders enough to
do the brushing for a drove of western steers.

The natural landscape of our New England farms is diversified.
I feel positive that you will not question this point. It is like our
weather, showing a maximum variety in a minimum of space;
smooth fertile fields, sandy dunes, rolling hills, and. abrupt crags
are commingled in a wa}' to bewilder all but geologists. A prairie
farmer has no diversified problems of utilization to solve; his
farm is equally fertile in all parts, and is as square and monoto-
nous as a checker-board, but his eastern ))rother can pick out a bit
of strong land only here and there, and it is a question what he
is to do with the larger remaining portion to make it remunerative.
He is forced to pay taxes upon it, though deriving no income.

HOMESTEAD LANDSCAPES. 161

These comparatively or wholly barren spots are found more o r
less upon all our farms. They cannot be given away, for unfor-
tunately they are scattered about like bad men in a community ;
not in one section where they can be set aside by a dividing line.

A plan for farm improvement must necessarily embrace many of
these unattractive spots ; but if j'ou will give them proper thought
and care the}' can be made to produce five per cent and possi-
bh' seven per cent annual profit on their taxed valuation, at the
same time presenting to the eye an attractive picture both in sum-
mer and winter. If thoughtful care will do this — and hundreds of
men are ready to testify that it will — there should be no hesitation
in adding, on our plan, a marginal note to plant these unprofit-
able places with suitable trees — larch, pine, hemlock, chestnut,
or whatever variety seems best suited to the spot.

Developing our plan still further, let it embrace good solid farm
roads, to be so laid out as to render the greatest number of fields
accessible. This will naturally include the filling in of low wet
spots, and the grading of steep ascents. Should a running stream
be crossed bj' this internal highway, design a strong substan-
tial bridge with a rustic railing (which is cheaper and handsomer
than one of finished timbers), and do not be content with a ford.

Plan to clear away bushes from roadsides and to replace them
with trees ; plan for trees in pastures, on steep hill-sides, and in all
the more inaccessible corners. Include here and there a close
planted evergreen hedge or windbreak for exposed situations ; in
short go over the farm till you are familiar with every rod you
own, and have some well matured plan for its improvement.

A pretty plan on paper, with neat marginal notes, as described,
would be looked upon by many as a "castle in Spain," or in
that yet more indefinite localit}' — the air. And this, in truth, is
what the plan itself is. But I believe in air castles ; I regard
them as most excellent property ; I believe that all good business
men build them ; yet they do not rest there, but strive to bring
them down to a terrestrial foundation.

, We do not use adages and proverbs as much as our ancestors
did, but a few still linger in daily use, among them one that up-
holds me in my proposition ; it is this: "Well begun is half
done." A well considered plan means not onl}' sj'stematic work,
but economical work. The great advantage of such a plan is that
not one stroke of work will be lost ; each part can be worked to
11

162 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the advantage of another ; tlius, are a few loads of earih required
in grading? Tiie bed of the future roadway will supply it, and
the excavation made will serve as a convenient dumping ground
for stones removed from the fields.

But how is our plan to be executed? Shall it be as public parks
are created, b}' employing a host of laborers, gardeners, and sur-
veyors, the labor of teams and the blasting of rocks, creating
chaos and finallj' bringing out a crude landscape, that requires
time for ripening, so to speak, by arboreal growth? Well, it can be
done in that wa}-, but my word for it you would not enjoy it
much, if you are a true lover of nature and a patient woi'kcr. I
have seen men improve their places in that manner, but it gener-
ally absorbed their bank balances, their credit willi their friends,
and their wives' dowries.

The true method is to work it out by one's self, as wo have
supposed the planning done ; and to a methodical man there is no
pleasanter occui^ation to be found than in tiius carrying gradually
forward long cherished designs. It is surprising how fast a place
■will grow in beauty under a directing mind, without much visible
effort being made in that direction, mainly by bits of chance work,
as it miglit be termed.

For example, in making excavations, or in removing stone
walls, a large boulder may present itself. The question at once
arises wiiat is to be done with it. The plan will show that it is
needed at the divergence of a pathway, where it becomes an
object of natural fitness ; or it may be dragged to the side of a
lawn, to become in due time an accessory in a prospective grou))
of shrubbery, or it may be thrown into a ravine to aid in the l"oi-
mation of a cascade.

Again, there is no more attractive feature about a country place
than a shaded pathway climbing a rude steep ; but it would be
expensive work to drag stone expressly for the needed steps, and
much time might be consumed in seeking out and collecting a suf-
ficient number of proper shape and proportion ; whereas they are
frequently presenting themselves one by one as other labors are
carried on, and can be easily deposited where they will soon be-
come of service ; and so in many similar ways a feature, olijec-
tionable in its original situation, may, at a slight expense of time,
be made a leading advantage in another.

The prominent attraction of all country' scenery around residences

HOMESTEAD LANDSCAPES. 163

or farms is in the trees, and the shade afforded b}- thera. I care
not how costly a dwelling may be erected, or how lavish the ex-
penditure upon roads and pathways, and in adorning the grounds
with fountains and statuary ; the place if destitute of trees will
look cold and dreary in winter, with the bleak winds coursing
over it. and be heated in summer like a Sahara under the untem-
pered glare of the sun. vSuch places can never be homes of com-
fort, but will be abodes of malcontent.

Contrast the greater charm of the more humble dwelling sur-
rounded by trees, which screen it from the force of both wind and
sun ; offering in the warm season a cool retreat beneath their
spreading boughs, and imparting freshness and vitality to the air
by moist and fragrant exhalations from their leaves ; beautiful in
summer, not only by their shade, but also by their variety of form
and foliage ; and in autumn by the rare coloring they spread over
the landscape, excelling the work of any artist's brush ; and later
imparting to the air the soft warmth of their decaying leaves ;
and even in winter showing variety of form and modest coloring
assumed by branch and twig. Surely no one would think of liv-
ing in the country without surrounding his dwelling with trees ;
not only the land adjacent to the house, but the whole farm should
be made to receive from them the benefit they bestow. There-
fore, the man who plans wisely for external home adornment will
devote much time and thought to the study of arboriculture, and
his grounds will show his proficiency therein by the skill displayed
in so grouping his trees as best to bring out their characteristics.

I am sorry to say that the ordinary country dweller seems to
have an aversion to trees, and where one is found who has some
fondness for them, he often shows a fearful ignorance of their
actual value. I cannot conceive how the descendants of tree-
cultivating Europeans can have acquired the tree-destroying habits
of the present generation, unless it be because their fathers,
having to hew their farms out of the wilderness, thought only of
clearing them of all trees, and thus their offspring derived from
them a tree killing instinct, just as we see children of dissolute
parents inheriting their instincts to crime.

Whatever the cause may be, the average Yankee seems to have
a natural aversion to all indigenous growth, and as soon as a tree
shows a stem that can be split for cordwood, he is uneasy till he
has prostrated it with his axe ; and he never feels in fit mood to

1C4 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

sin<i the psalms of praise and thanksgiving in liis cluirch service
till he has cleared from the higliway every tree large enough to
give shelter or i)]easure to the weary traveler. "We are slowl}^
beginning to realize that there is a wholesale destruction going
on, which needs to be stopped. I tiust that I may live to see
the time when a man who cuts down a tree of an}' description,
without legal authority, will be punished as a criminal.

A few suggestions may be in place here regarding the location
of trees, shrubs, and vines. The latter should be used to cover
exposed ledges, rustic trellises, railings of bridges, arbors, and
especially the dwelling. In the case of non-supporting climbers,
or plants wliich are partialh' so, like the woodbine, I have found
one of the best aids in ordinary' wire staples, such as are used to
secure wire netting, — a size smaller than those used for wire fenc-
ing. These should not be set enclosing the vine, for in future
years they would interfere with its growth ; but should be driven in
beside it, the vine being fastened to them by hempen twine. There
is a general opinion that vines render a house damp, but such is not
the case ; the multitude of rootlets thej' throw out absorb much
moisture, and no house is so dry as the vine clad one. A beauti-
ful effect is sometimes produced by planting vines at the base of
trees, and allowing them to ascend to the branches, and there run
riot, and hang in wild festoons. The woodbine and trumpet
creeper are both very effective when growing in this way.

Shrubs should never be placed very near a house ; especially
avoid planting them under the windows, which is a common cus-
tom. Let the grass grow to the very foundation walls. A natural
situation for them seems to bo about rocks, at the base of cliff's,
or at angles and turns in i)aths and roadways. They are effective
ornaments when grouped in lawns, or as screens for outbuildings,
bleaching grounds, etc.

Trees should never stand close to the house, but should be at a
distance just sudicient to prevent their overhanging the roof ; and
should be of a kind that will grow higher than the topmost ridge,
thus securing a pleasing sky liu(! as before advised. Keeping the
trees at the proper distance will allow the house to stand out in
distinct view, showing its individuality; and will permit the sun's
rays to strike almost every part of it, at some period of the day.

Trees on a lawn should never be planted so thickly as to pre-
vent them from assuming their proper individual characters and

HOMESTEAD LANDSCAPES. 165

distinguishing forms. If evergreens are planted, they should not
be trimmed up from the ground, but allowed to branch throughout
their entire length of stem. The same may be said of weeping
trees, and of most of the birches.

In planting trees for landscape effect on actual farming ground,
a good deal of thought is necessary in order to avoid encroaching
upon tillable lands, and to occupy such only as are unfitted for
profitable cultivation ; and also to so place the trees as not to
produce the formal effect of lines or blocks. If, however, there is
no outlying spot which can be thus occupied, and made to break
up an undesirable regularit}', a similar effect can be secured by
making a careful selection of varieties, and so interspersing them
as to give an irregular sky line with a broken border line and con-
trasted colors.

Formality is always to be avoided, and 3'et there will be much
that must be regular. For instance, many wind-breaks must of
necessity be so placed as to give a straight outline. Here and
there, however, according to the nature and value of the land, the
trees can be placed in irregular groups, composed of a number of
varieties, thus affording a pleasing park-like effect.

In developing a homestead landscape, there is one thought that
should always be kept in mind. We must remember that we are
not merely creating a park, but are looking for profit as well as
pleasure. We are aiming to conduct our farming according to
business principles, and, while gratifying a taste for beauty, we
have a need for dollars and must plant accordingly. Therefore
our varieties cannot always be the most ornamental, but must
consist largely of those most in demand for timber. Our plan
contemplates that in due time the thinning out, and the occasional
clearing off of well grown spots, will aflford a cash income, besides
providing fuel for household needs.

To go gradually and complete!}' over an ordinary farm, in the
manner described, utilizing its waste places and bringing beauty
as well as profit out of deformity', will require not only much time
and labor, but also a large amount of nursery stock. On the first
mental calculation of the capital necessary, it might seem, to a
poor man, to amount in itself to a prohibition. So it would if all
the money had to be expended at once, and all the trees had to be
purchased of the nurseryman, but as the plan is to be advanced
gradually, and to be carried out mainly by one's self, there will be

IGG MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTCIIAL SOCIETY.

ample opportunity to procure the stock dieaply fis the work ijoes
on. To give a clearer idea of the suggestion here intended, allow
me to relate some bits of personal experience.

Four years ago one of my townsmen, pointing to a row of
shapely elms in front of his house, said that when working one
day in a neighbor's garden he took them up as seedlings, brought
them home with him at evening, and planted them in his own
garden ; from whence in a few years the}' were removed to their
present location, where they have become trees of pronounced
beauty.

Shortly after this conversation occurred, being engaged in work-
ing a roadway on my own place after the plan described in this
paper, I discovered a number of seedling elms, twenty-five of
w hich I transplanted to a locality suitable for their further growth.
Soon after this, I discovered b}' the roadside a number of seedling
balsam firs ; eighty-five of these were soon screened from the sun
under the seat of my buggj', and before nightfall were placed in
company with the elms. In other drives, seedling hemlocks,
chestnuts, arbor vita?s, tulip trees, beeches, maples, white and
yellow pines, etc., presented themselves, and were added to the
collection, making quite a complete nursery. In the fall, hickory
nuts, chestnuts, and horse chestnuts were planted, and the seed-
lings gave me much delight by their peculiarities of growth the
following season.

These have been transplanted in such a manner that I expect in
time to place them in permanent positions, and have them suc-
ceed,— even the diflicult hickory. You see that from this sugges-
tion, caught from my neighbor, has grown a line home nursery ;
from this in the spring I shall transplant at least tweuty-tivc well
grown trees, which being removed at the right time, and without
the roots becoming at all dry, will be much more sure to grow
than those which I might obtain in the market. These trees
liave not cost me one dime in ca&h. Every item of labor con-
nected with them has been done by myself personally — which
was also to my physical benefit.

Another source of supply for a farm nursery is the nurseryman
who grows from seed ; who will sell seedling ornamental or
timber trees, at from one-quarter of a cent to two cents each,
according to the variety. Five dollars so invested will give a tine
start to a farm nursery, and in a short sjjacc of time will create a

HOMESTEAD LANDSCAPES. 167

decided improvement upon the place. Larger trees from two to
seven feet high and cut back to the ground are sold at slightly
advanced rates. These ma^^ be planted in the nursery, or in per-
manent locations. Thej' will throw out strong new shoots, and
soon surprise us by their tree-like form.

I cannot close this paper without making some allusion to our
native shrubs, man}' of them rivalling those imported from more
favored climes. A lawn decorated with such shrubs can be made
exceedingly attractive, and with only the cost of transplanting.
Such are the common barberr}', may apple, clethra, elderberry,
thorn apple, the beautiful laurels, and the brilliant black alder,
the various viburnums and cornels, and the clematis, bitter-sweet,
and woodbine, so attractive for covering stone walls and fences as
well as our houses. Surely, with such resources at hand, no one can
make any excuse for living in a barren unattractive home. I
have transplanted many fine specimens from the roadsides ; discov-
ering them when in full tiower, stopping then not only long enough
to admire them, but to mark them, by fastening a few inches of
surgical bandaging material to branch or stem, and making a
note in mj' memorandum book, which enabled me to identify the
locality in the fall, after the leaves had fallen, and when they could
be more safely removed.

Land in New England is cheap — lower than in many parts of
the West ; but it will not always remain so. The West will fill up
and a check will be placed upon emigration. A reaction will fol-
low in this as in everything else. These older states will here-
after sustain more than double the populations that they now do.
There will come a rise in land values, which in turn will impel us
to more thorough tillage ; and with the general advance in taste and
culture, which in our democratic country can never be confined to
one class, a corresponding impression will be stamped upon even
these rocky hills, making them artistically beautiful as well as
abundantly productive. These transformations will do much to
change the wandering instinct, now so prominent a characteristic
of our people, into that better trait called inhabitiveness or love of
home, which is the direct outcome of civilization, and the best
index of its advancement.

168 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Discussion.

William C. JStrong said that all would agree that the paper
which had been read contained many valuable suggestions. He
was pleased with its tone, and with the idea that every man might
become his own landscape gardener. Planting trees so as to bring
out their individual characteristics is ver\' desirable when it is
possible, but sometimes we must have groups of trees for shelter,
or rows for wind-breaks, where individual characteristics are lost.
He liked the idea of planting vines to keep houses dry. The
Kenilwoith and P^nglish ivies are not suited to our climate ; but
we have a wealth of material in our native vines. The woodbine
is more graceful than either of the two just mentioned. We want
sunlight, and must take care not to make our houses dam|) by
planting trees too near. He had seen cases where he would have
put the axe to trees, because they were too near the house. He
liked the elm for a roadside tree or to grow near a house, because
it is not dense like the maples, but lofty and open so as to admit
air beneath.

Dr. Bowen said that he was not a professional landscape gard-
ener. His idea is that even the simplest country dweller, living
in the humblest home, can render his abode as attractive as any
of the cottage homes of England, of whose beauty so much has
been said ; and this would not be expensive, for the materials are
near at hand.

John G. Barker said that the suggestions of the essayist are
such as we shall all agree to. He lives in a brick house covered
with Ampelopsis Veitchii^ which is better than [)aint. He did not
know that the vines made any perceptible difference in the damp-
ness, but they improved the appearance very much. The remarks
made in regard to planting trees near houses reminded him of a
plan made for improving the grounds around his house, which in-
cluded a clump of white pines on the northeast side, that would
have shut off tiie view from the dining room and sitting room win-
dows. He made a yard which it was desired to hide from view,
and here a trellis was built, in front of which were planted lilacs,
Hydranrjca paniculata grandijiora, Paul's scarlet thorn and other
shrubs; and, in front of tiiese, herbaceous plants, some of which
are in flower from early spring to autumn. He can sit at the sec-
ond story window and look over the tops of the shrubs.

HOMESTEAD LANDSCAPES. 169

We are too apt to do what others say and not to look round and
work out plans for ourselves. A friend in the country had a stone
wall, which he thought it best to remove and put a picket fence in
its place ; but there was plenty of woodbine round, and he was ad-
vised to plant this and clematis against the wall and let them run
over it ; he did so and was much pleased with the results. In
the cemetery which the speaker has charge of, he was obliged to
build a piece of stone wall, and this was covered in the same way
with excellent effect. The woodbine needs a little pruning to keep
it within bounds.

He agreed with Mr. Strong in regard to trees ; there is nothing
better than the American weeping elm, especially for broad
streets. For streets, they are better than maples, but the latter
are proper for lawns. There are some tulip trees in East Saugus,
which are very beautiful, especially when in flower. Their upright
growth adapts them for narrow streets. The superintendent of
tree planting in L3mn has come to the conclusion that young trees
are better than large ones cut down. The trouble with many
people is that their faculty of adaptation is never developed. The
speaker advised any one who is thinking of planting trees to take
the catalogue of some nurseryman who has a good variety, and go
to the nursery and make notes of what is best adapted to the pur-
pose in view ; or, better still, to go to the Arnold Arboretum. It
is astonishing what an amount of valuable information we are to
have from that source for the mere trouble of going and getting it,
or, indeed, how much can now be obtained. He felt grateful to the
Committee for having brought the subject of the essay before the
Society.

Col. Henrj' W. Wilson said that the whole genius of our age is
against planting trees, on account of the slow returns from them.
The black walnut and white pine do not reach perfection for lum-
ber until they are over a hundred years old. Men cut down pine
trees as soon as they will bring eight dollars per thousand for box
boards. Our people are possessed by the spirit of unrest ; when
they plant corn they want to see it up the day after to-morrow.

The question is how to show, to men who want trees for orna-
ment, some means of getting large handsome trees speedily. A
man does not generally feel justified in making a country residence
before he is fifty years old, and then his expectation of life is only
twenty years. Fine trees are often destroyed in laying out streets,

170 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

or can be found in pastures of a size ordinarily considered too large
to be transplanted, but with sufHcient care they might be safely
removed, and would produce an immediate effect. The speaker
had often transplanted large trees with success. It is a beautiful
thing to take a tree six, eight, or ten inches in diameter, which
would perhaps otherwise be destroyed, and put it where it is
wauted, and do the work in such a manner that in a year it would
not be known that it had been transplanted. The late lion. Josiah
Quincy planted an orchard in his old age, and lived to eat of the
fruit for twenty-five years. It is important in planting trees to
attend to the location and condition of the soil ; they love moisture,
and evergreens are often supposed to have been winter-killed when
in reality they have died of drought. But they must have drain-
age, for a superfluity of moisture is equally deleterious. If, after
the holes are dug, they are found full of water, another location
should be selected, for no tree will grow in stagnant water. One
must either be familiar with these points or procure the services
of a competent person.

Col. Wilson advised the planting of trees that will bear nuts ;
he loves to go nutting still. He would plant grafted trees of some
line variety of chestnut or other nuts, rather than to raise them
from seed, and then he would be sure of getting fine nuts. There
are many places in New England where the black walnut will
flourish.

There are many estates that require wind-breaks. People plant
grape vines in exposed places and the leaves are broken by winds,
and also evaporate more water than they would in a sheltered place,
and are attacked by mildew. Grapes cannot be brought to the
highest perfection except in still air. In encouraging the planting
and growth of trees will be found the hope of establishing homes.

Our cities ought to own the lands upon which rainfall is gathered
for their water suj^pl}', and keep them covered with forest trees,
thus preventing pollution at the source. The money that has been
spent by the city of Boston in other directions to secure the
purit}' of the water supply, would have bought a hundred thou-
sand acres of land.

Notice was given that on the next Saturday John G. Barker
would read a i)aper on " The Care and Embellishment of Ceme-
teries."

THE CARE AND EMBELLISHMENT OF CEBIETERIES. 171

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, March 20, 1886.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holdeu at 11 o'clock,
the President, Henry P. Walcott, in the chair.

No business being brought before the meeting, it adjourned to
Saturday, March 27.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

The Care and Embellishment of Cemeteries.

By John G. Barker, Superintendent of Pine Grove Cemetery, Lynn.*

In approaching the subject assigned for our consideration to-
day, it will not be out of place to look first of all at some of the
cemeteries in foreign lands, and glance verj' briefly at the history
of their origin ; especially as this Society is recognized as the
originator in the first "garden cemetery" in this countr}'. It is
admitted, however, that the idea had been already carried iuto ef-
fect in other countries, some time prior to the establishment of
Mount Auburn.

Mr. Loudon, in his "Encyclopedia of Gardening," says: "The
cemeteries of the Jews may be considered as a species of garden.
We find that Abraham, when Sarah died, purchased from the
children of Heth a 'field, and all the trees which were within its
limits, or on its borders' as a place of burial. It appears, from
Abraham having declined the choice of any of the sepulchres of
Heth, and fixed on a spot ornamented with trees, that burial-
places in those days were considered scenes of beauty, as well as
of mournful associations. The idea is confirmed .by the circum-
stance of the sepulchre in which our Saviour was laid being in a
garden."

It is also said in the work above quoted that, in the Netherlauds,
cemetery gardens were first commenced by the emperor .Joseph ;
but they did not for a long time become common, though trees
were frequently planted in churchyards.

No one, I suppose, who has ever been in Paris, or ever read of
it, is without some knowledge of P6re la Chaise ; which was set
apart as a cemetery, after an act had been passed by the French

* Since this paper was read Mr. Barker has been appointed Superintendent
of Forest Hills Cemetery, Boston.

172 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

legislature prohibiting burials within the precincts of towns, and
was first used in 1804. Concerning it I should say that, although
many shrubs and flowers are used for decorative purposes within
its limits, yet it is in fact an3thing but a garden cemetery, for
it is said that between 1804 and 1832 nearly thirty thousand
monuments were erected within it. "This burial ground," Ilaz-
litt observes, "is tricked out and overacted, as if there were noth-
ing sacred from impertinence and affectation." Mr. A. Strauch
says on this point : "It is calculated that over one hundred millions
of francs have been expended in the erection of monuments to tlie
dead ; manj' of them are, however, disfigured by ridiculous inscrip-
tions and other ornamental puerilities." He r.ays further : "It
may perhaps be justly contended that the rivalry of art which
abounds here weakens the effect which the solemn character of
the place ought to inspire." Indeed many of my own personal
friends who have visited Paris corroborate this statement, and say
that amongst all the cemeteries of Paris, though thov are richer
in works of art than ours, none display that beautiful alliance of
nature and art which may often be found in our own.

The English cemetery at Lisbon is said to be very picturesque.
It contains a handsome chapel, and is planted largely with pine
trees, and adorned with shrubs and flowers.

The practice of the continent, in removing burial places from
towns to the country, was first imitated in England about the year
1825. Among the earliest examples was one near Liverpool ; and
others were formed at Birmingham, Manchester, and other large
cities and towns throughout the couutry. The principal London
cemeteries are those at Kensal Green (begun in 1834), the West
London, Highgate, Abney Park, ^Junhead, Tower Hamlets, and
Norwood ; all of which are laid out and planted with ornamental
trees and shrubs — most of them with a view to picturesque
effect. Later many have sprung up, in various parts of England,
laid out on the landscape lawn [)lan, which are in striking contrast
with the old churchyard burial grounds ; i)artaking more of our
own rural cemetery style.

It is unnecessary at this time to make more than brief allusion to
our own Mount Auburn. The narrative of its oiigin already in print
in the Histouy of tiik .Socikty, and undoubtedly familiar to you,
needs no repetition, and the object sought to be secured in its es-
tablishment is also familiar to you all. Those of us who, though

THE CARE AND EMBELLISHMENT OF CEMETERIES. 173

having had uo part in its formatiou, are permitted to contem-
plate the noble result owe a perpetual debt of gratitude to the
projectors of this enterprise, the influence of which has pervaded
the entire countr}'.

But I am to speak to you more particularly on the Care and
Embellishment of Cemeteries. Did time permit, I should attempt
to give some thoughts relating to the Laying Out of cemeteries more
particularly than is possible in this paper ; for, in the care of any
place, much depends on whether or not it is judiciously laid out in
the beginning. A proper understanding of this dependence, or in
other words a proper regard for the future, is a point every intelli-
gent landscape gardener should study. Only a few miles from
here, in a town where, around the houses of many of the residents,
good taste prevails to a unusual degree, I could take you to a
small cemetery so injudiciously laid out, with so man}' needless
avenues and paths, that in keeping it merely tid}' more than
double the amount of labor is required that a place of that size
ought to take ; and I am sure I make no misrepresentation when
I say one-third of the land is wasted. Thus it happens that in
compiling accounts of actual outlay in care and maintenance of
grounds, we often remark the great cost of the care of some as
compared with that of others, of nearly or exacth' the same size ;
there being so many circumstances that differ in any two places
compared.

Unless in the case of a flat surface, it is impossible to lay out
any cemetery to the best advantage without first viewing the
grounds. Any location, be it ever so small, should be seen with
all its surroundings before a stake is driven ; and before any plan
is adopted we should be sure it is what we want. In other words,
I should reverse the usual order of work ; I should sa}- the grounds
for a cemetery should be laid out first, and the plan made last.

There are those who palm themselves off as landscape garden-
ers, yet cannot lay out two places differently if their lives
depended upon it — when you have seen their plan of one place,
you get at one look all th.ey have in them ; and I can assure you I
do not say this at hap-hazard. Some men's bump of adaptation,
if they ever had any, seems never to have got developed.

It requires something more than a citj- office, or the accident of
an acquaintance with some influential trustee or lot holder, to
enable one to lay out a place for the whole future as well as the

174 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETV.

present, and in a maimer that will always he acceptable. And is it
not true that, in some places under such influence as I have indi-
cated, we witness in our visits a piece of mere heteroijeneous botch
work ; where trees, shrubs, plants, and flowers are huddled in to-
gether, without any regard to habit of growth, taste in arrangement,
or anything else? And this is called landscape gardening ! And
when these trees, shrubs, etc. are grown up, who can wonder that
even tlie ordinary man who does his own thinking is dissatisfied?
I think it is not difllcult to see how it is that some other places
look better than such as these.

Of course every cemetery has an entrance of some kind ; and
let me say, right here, this is the very place where a diligent care
of the grounds should be at once apparent. Our visitors are
brought there b}' no ordinary circumstance of life ; and we should
always be careful that their first impression is cheerful and
pleasant. I would make it so attractive, and keep it so neat, that
the thoiiglits and emotions of the person would at once be relieved
of gloom, and refreshed by the joyful contemplation of a bright
and happ3' scene.

Be sure of this first impression ; but do not stop here — do not
expend so much of your energies here that you must neglect the
rest of the grounds. Wherever 3'ou can plant a rare tree, or a
group of nice shrubs, or a bed of flowers, do so ; and do not let
the marble and granite monopolize tiie ground anywhere.

A few weeks ago a friend asked me, " Do you ever go to such
a place? " " Yes, I have been there," was my answer. " Well,"
he continued, " I was there a short time ago. The entrance
looked nice, and our expecLations were all excited ; but really that
was all there was to it ! " Now just imagine such a feeling — one
transient good impression at first, and nothing more. We want
a sustained in)i)ression ; good at first, and good all the wa}'
through.

Most of our larger cemeteries have adopted the i)lan of setting
apart, at the sale of ever}' lot, a portion of the purchase money,
wiiifh shall constitute a fund for the perpetual care of the same.
The advanlages of this plan at once commend it to every pur-
chaser ; and it is greatly to be regretted, in the case of many of our
cemcter}' corporations, that they did not have foresigiit sufficient
to add this feature long ago. It will need no extended argu-
ment to convince every close observer that a provision for the per-

THE CARE AND EMBELLISHMENT OF CEMETERIES. 175

petual care of every lot, combined with the lawn plan of laying
out the grounds, makes it much easier to care for them than when
they are laid out in the old style, and with libert}' to every
purchaser to establisli his own grade, so that one lot is high and
another low. As I am writing I call to mind a cemetery, a portion
of which is quite level, and yet on this very part the amount of
filling put in is so great that the paths have the appearance of
ditches, more than anj'thing else ; and long flights of- steps are
necessarily provided to very many of the lots to make them
accessible ; and the interments cannot be more than a foot or two, if
so much, below the grade of the avenues and paths. Imagine
this to take care of!

Have not I succeeded in showing why it is that a man can do
double and in some cases treble the effective work, where the
grounds are laid out on the lawn plan ? In the one case thei'e is a
bank or terrace to nearly every lot that he works on, and the
sickle is in constant use ; in the other, he has little use for any-
thing but his mowing machine and the wooden lawn grass rake.
Again, remember that, under our hot suns in July and August,
nothing can be more unsightly than a long extent of dried up sun-
burnt banks and terraces. Considering all these facts, are we not
justified in advocating the landscape lawn plan, both for effective-
ness and economy, in the care of our cemeteries?

Practical experience teaches me that an all-important point, in
the care of our cemeteries, is a proper division of the work. For
years I have laid out our work in sections ; assigning two men onl}'
to a section. Their duty is to keep all lots trimmed and quite clean,
the flower beds free from weeds, and the vases watered ; and (when
the grass does not grow so fast as to keep them constantly busy)
they are also expected to keep the paths and avenues clean, in their
respective sections. I hold one of these two men responsible for
the work ; and, by so doing, if I see a neglected lot at any time, I
know just whom to go to about it. He cannot tell me — " 1 did not
do that last." I try to have a general oversight of the work, exam-
amiuing it myself once every day, and twice if other duties do
not prevent me. I think it is well the Superintendent should be ex-
pected often ; and sometimes it is well for him to go when he is not
expected. To be still more explicit, I believe the Superintendent
should as far as possible know everything that is going on, allow
no one to stand between him and his men, and above all, if possi-

17G MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

l)lc, know ;ill his lot lioldtM's. He is the responsible man. and
above all others, has need to be complete!}' familiar with all the
details of the place ; and by this familiarity, together with habit-
ual and systematic planning for his men, he is enabled to use to
the ver}' best advantage all the means at his command for the care
of the place ; and what is true of this department of work is
also true of all others.

Having thus, though briefly and imperfectly, considered the Care
of a cemetery, let us now turn to its Embellishment ; though one is
so much a part of the other that I may not succeed in keeping
them distinct. I think we shall all agree that the Avenues and
Paths are ver^- important features. Those at the entrance should
always be of a width proportionate to the surroundings ; they
should be well extended, and the curves easy. I have found that
for the principal avenues, aside from those at the entrance,
eighteen feet wide is a good standard to adopt ; and three feet
and six inches for the paths is quite sufficient. The surface should
always be rounded enough to throw the water into the gutters.
Nothing adds more to the appearance of a place than well kept
avenues and paths, and nothing detracts more from it than
neglected ones. A job well done is sure of giving good satis-
faction ; and work of this kind should be of the best.

Wliorever it is necessary, and at the same time feasible, to carr}'
off the water, it will be found best to la}' a drain pipe in the
avenue along its border — a foot deep is enough — with a catch
basin at that part where the most water concentrates ; so carrying
it to the most accessible point of discharge. This is preferable
to paved gutters, especially where good stones cannot be obtained
for the work. A nicely paved gutter of selected beach stones, of
uniform size, makes a handsome finish sometimes ; but they can-
not be obtained everywhere.

As all cemeteries have more or less of paved gutters, it may not
be amiss to speak here of their caie. It may be thought that these
are very expensive to keep clean, but it is not so; it is very sel-
dom that they have to be weedeil by hand. >Vhen the grounds
have their spring raking up or cleaning, tiie gutters should be
thoroughly swept with a stiff broom. Tliis is generally in the
latter part of April ; after that, I always keep three barrels of brine
on hand, and — weeds or no weeds — these gutters are watered with
it once in two weeks ; and with an occasional sweeping they are

THE CARE AND EMBELLISHMENT OF CEMETERIES. 177

alwaj's clean. Use it alwaj's on a bright sunny day. This is an
eas}' and very satisfactory waj- of caring for the gutters ; an ex-
perience of several years supports my statement. I think this is
an important point to attend to in the care of our cemeteries ; for,
no matter how thoroughly you may do all the rest, if you neglect
this it will detract more from the appearance of the grounds than
can be made up by any efforts whatever towards other em-
bellishment.

The edges of the avenues and paths should never be so high as
to attract notice ; keep them low, but properly defined ; use the
scuffle hoe and fine rake freely when the weeds are scarcely per-
ceptible, and j-ou will be surprised to see what a distance two men
can go over in a da}'.

You will expect to hear something about the Lots ; and I remark,
first of all, that without good grass you may plant whatever else
you please, and yet never have a good looking lot. Let all the
ground be well prepared ; do not be disturbed if the compost heap
is reduced. Before sowing, give the seed something to feed on.
I cannot recommend attention to this work too strongl}'. I know
by sad experience the great drawbacks from the want of thorough
preparation. Proprietors whose lots were graded years ago, and
who have them cared for by the year, are surprised that theirs do
not look as well as man}' others ; the fact being that, at the time
those lots were graded, the work was usually let out by the indi-
vidual purchaser to the man who would do it cheapest ; while now
every lot, in an}' well conducted cemetery, is thoroughly prepared
before it is sold.

I have in my mind an owner of a large well laid out lot, who is
willing to pay any reasonable bill for the care of it. On that lot
there is not over four inches of good soil. He is willing to top-
dress it — but I have not persuasive power enough to get his con-
sent to make thorough work, by taking out the gravel and
replacing with good loam and manure, and then seeding down
anew. Top dressing is good, but food for the deep roots is better ;
a dry spell will soon convince a close observer of this fact. By all
means let us have good grassing.

As long as time lasts, I suppose marble and granite will be used

for decorative, as well as for memorial purposes. We scarcely

ever think how little the original intention of the projectors of

Mount Auburn was conformed to, during the many years when

12

178 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

fences and granite cnrbings were permitteil to surround the lots,
giving it more the appearance of a marble and granite yard than
anything else ; especially when viewed from a distance. It is not
until within a few years, comparatively speaking, that the land-
scape lawn plan has been carried out there. It certainly' is a de-
lightful spot ; but only imagine how much more charming a place
it would be, were the whole of these naturally beautiful grounds
brought into accordance with the intentions of its founders.

Happily' man}' of the old unsightly hedges and fences are giving
way, each 3'ear, to grassy slopes and rare trees and shrubs ; so
that in this modern style the views of the founders are becoming
realized. I make these remarks in friendly criticism and not in
a captious spirit.

Not long ago a lady, who owned a small lot, said to me : "I
want some shrubs, or plants, or both, on my lot ; what do you
advise?" — In the centre was set a weeping Kilmarnock Willow
(which can be easily removed if a monument is erected), and on
each front corner a plant of Yucca aloifolia ; with a Spirsea and a
Hydrangea placed near the back corners, in the space in the rear
of the lot. Properly cared for, this simple arrangement will look
well for years to come.

I do not advise flower beds on lots, although many wish for
them, but I do think a good-sized vase, well filled, and placed in
the centre of the lot (especially where there is no monument), is
very desirable.

So far, I have referred more particularly to small lots. Of
course larger ones will admit of more extended work ; but still the
principles for treating small lots will apply to larger ones. We
must remcmljcr, of course, to attain all the variety we can in the
embellishment introduced ; and yet also that an clfect of neatness
and simplicity is what we should equally strive to secure ; and
that anything like ostentation is entirel}' out of place.

It is a good thing that tastes and customs change. We all feel
how much better it looks to see on a large lot, or indeed on a lot
of any size, one handsome monument, with simple markers set at
each grave to designate whose it is — than a quantity of head-stones,
some of one design and some of another, such as were once com-
mon. A superintendent's advice is often sought on this very
point. Sometimes the matter is presented in this way : " I have a
lot in the old part of the cemetery. I inherited it from my father.

THE CARE AND EMBELLISHMENT OF CEMETERIES. 179

I want to improve it and I do not know what to do with it. It
looks bad ; still I dislike to disturb what m}' father did." This I
know is an ill-advised sentiment ; and I would take that friend and
reason with him, as kindl}' as I know how, and would show him, by
what had been done on other old lots, what his might be and ought
to be made. By taking this course, if he is really in earnest, you
can usuallj' win him to your views : but be assured it will take
kindness, and not " you must," to gain your end.

I can show you a beautiful vista where once was an assemblage
of unsightly' hedges and iron fences, with ragged banks and ter-
races, half dead trees and scraggy shrubs. We now have there a
range of well kept lots, with vases and beds of flowers, and choice
trees and shrubs ; the whole area is a pleasure to all, and not
one of the several proprietors would restore its former condition
on an}' account. It took time, of course, to accomplish this result.
But it has been done, and this single example has done more to
influence others to make like changes than any amount of argument
could possibl}' have done.

On the larger lots, of a thousand or more square feet, a good
way is to form a circle, described about the centre of the lot. This
will leave spaces in the back and front corners, which may be
planted, if you please, with Cnt-Leaved Birch on the back corners,
Deutzia gracilis in the front, or Yucca aloifolia, or anj^thing to suit
your taste, if not of too strong growth ; place a tree in the centre,
to occupy it until you are read}* with your monument. This idea I
gain from a plan in my possession, furnished from Spring Grove
Cemetery, at Cincinnati.

It is a good practice, adopted in many cemeteries, to furnish
every owner with a plan of his lot drawn to a scale ; and cause all
the graves to be correctly defined upon it. A book of duplicates
of tliese plans is kept at the office of the cemeter}*, one. page being
devoted to each lot. In this way all mistakes are prevented, even
if there is neither monument nor headstone on the lot, as each suc-
cessive interment is recorded on the proprietors' plan, and also on
,the l)ook at the office.

While we cannot control all tastes we can influence very many.
Some of you will sa}-. Tell us how you do it. The first thing is to
know 30ur people, and find out what their wants are, and then
adapt yourself to them.

I have tried to efface all lines implying the exclusiveness of

180 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

wealth ; both in 1113' own work, and outside of it as far as my in-
fluence could reach. Let me give you an idea of one section laid
out this season.

The section is bounded bj' three avenues and a path ; it is about
150 feet long by 112 feet wide. We will suppose ourselves standing
on an avenue facing the section. All the front lots contain 300
square feet each, except one of 400. The borders are 5 feet wide ;
tlie lots 20 feet deep. Next, or in the rear of the front lots, is
another space 5 feet wide, for trees ; next, a width of 9 feet run-
ning the entire length, 150 feet; then a 2-foot border. Here is
our single-grave section ; then a path 3 feet and 0 inches wide,
then another row of lots, 18 feet deep, with a border of 2 feet on
both front and back ; these lots are of 300 feet area. Next comes
a path 3 feet and 6 inches wide ; then, again, a border of 2 feet ;
then follows a 9-foot space. Here we have another single-grave
section, and back of this is a space 5 feet wide for trees ; again,
lots 20 feet deep, with a border of 5 feet, bringing us to the
avenues. These lots in the last tier contain 200 square feet
each.

Now, what are the advantages of this plan ? I reply, we have
small and large lots together, and still separated from each other ;
we have uniformity, and ample space for trees and shrubs. Here
the rich and poor will be laid together, and 1 never hear the re-
mark, " Because I cannot buy a large lot, I am driven into a back
corner," or a low place. Since the adoption of this plan, I have
not heard one word of complaint from an}' source. .Small lots we
must have ; and I think this plan admits them to much better ad-
vantage than where a large space is specially assigned for them
alone, and the headstones are so close together that you find it a
very diflicult job to clean about them.

The planting of trees and shrubs, in the cemeter}' of which I
have charge, is controlled entirely by the Trustees ; and with
*' perpetual care " tliere is no reasonable objection to this restric-
tion. Large trees are not planted on the avenues, but only between
the lots, on the back of tiie front row. I follow substantially the
same plan in all the sections, yet I never lay out two alike if I
can avoid it. It is well to vary as nuich as you can, adapting j'our-
self to the wants of the people ; and if you adhere to the land-
scape lawn [)lan you can keep all unpleasantly distinctive lines
out of sight, and maintain a uniform neatness throughout which
no other system will allow.

THE CARE AND EMBELLISHMENT OF CEMETERIES. 181

For the embellishment of such spaces as are available for the
purpose, I would recommend a free use of shrubs and herbaceous
plants. I would never plant very close, but would let each have
room to show what it is. This matter is one I should find difficulty
in giving rules for. The best qualification I can think of is a good
knowledge of trees, shrubs, and plants ; this will be a great assist-
ance in making successful and effective arrangements. Observe
everywhere you go what will do well and what will not, and keep
your note-book constantly by you. Few rules will apply every-
where. Never let the nurseryman's catalogue rule you ; it may
help your search, but go and see the plants for yourself, taking the
catalogue with 3'ou ; check what you find that you like, and when
you al-e ready to order this will assist you much. Above all
places go to the Arnold Arboretum, where everj'thing is plainly
named. Even one visit will save you many dollars, and much
annoyance. You will discover that you need not experiment for
3'ourself with unknown things ; here you may see them growing
— and free of expense. After this 3'OU will know how to buy and
not be disappointed ; you can be your own agent in purchasing, for
you have seen nature in reality, and not on paper in chromo style.

I believe in massing the different kinds of flowering shrubs, but
not in swamping them. But before any kind of planting is done,
prepare your beds in the best possible way — it will pay to do it ;
and if you do not, disappointment will be your doom.

I have one ornamental piece, on a flat surface, seen on all sides.
It is broad in the centre, and comes to a sharp point at either
end. In the centre of the piece a Salisburia adiantifolia is planted,
and at each of the ends are six or eight plants of Yucca aloifoUa.
On the edges between the Yuccas at each end is a. row of low-
growing Phloxes — all seedlings. The spaces between the Phloxes
on the sides and the Yuccas at the ends are filled in with Hydrangea
panicidata grandiflora ; the whole forms a ver}' satisfactory bed.

Another prominent corner, of good size and triangular in shape,
is planted as follows : at the point on the back, about thirty feet
from the avenue, is a very fine specimen of Virgilia lutea ; half
way between this and the avenue is a Kilmarnock Willow, grafted
high. Between these, and bordering two sides, are Spiraeas,
Wiegelas, Deutzia scabra and D. crenatajl. p/., Forsytlda viridis-
sima, and Hydrangea paniculata grandiflora; and on the front
Deutzia gracilis ; these are all grown as specimen plants, and they

182 MASSACHUSETTS IIOUTICDLTURAL SOCIETY.

barely touch each other. A circle of live feet is kept open around
each, and the grass spaces are cut at the same time with the lots
on each side. I assure you this is a very satisfactor}' group of
flowering shrubs. Other groups might be mentioned, but it would
take more time, I am sure, than you would like to listen, and per-
haps I have said enough to indicate my ideas of this part of the
work,

I would plant single specimens of both trees and shrubs where-
ever there is space for them, if the condition of the treasury will
permit. Do not be discouraged if you cannot set them all in one
season; keep at it — plant some every ^^ear. Don't put them in
hap-hazard ; look out for effect, and get all the pleasing vistas you
can ; and you will be surprised to find what a few years of steady,
persevering, faithful work will do.

If I am not mistaken, the great beauty of the celebrated Spring
Grove Cenieter}', at Cincinnati, is due largely to the skill and taste
shown in the arrangement of the trees and shrubs ; of which the
late Mr. Strauch, the gifted landscape gardener and superin-
tendent, made a special study. I am also informed that West
Laurel Hill, Philadelphia, is particularl}- interesting on account of
the beauty of the arrangement of the trees, and for this the name
of John Jay Smith, the eminent horticulturist and warm hearted
gentleman, whose love of the beautiful knew no bounds, will ever
be held in grateful remembrance. This plan, I believe, was his
last effort ; and no more magnificent monument could perpetuate
his memory.

I may mention not inappropriately as examples of cemeteries
worthy of our attenticu — besides Mount Auburn, already named —
Forest Hills, well known to all, and the delight of ever}' one;
.Cedar Hill, Hartford, Ct., laid out on the plan of Spring Grove,
Cincinnati, — most beautiful for situation; Swan Point, Provi-
dence, It. I., wonderfully improved under the superintendence of
Mr. MeCarty, well known to most of us ; Woodlawn, at Chelsea, so
successfully managed by our honored associate, H. AVeld Fuller;
and also Newton Cemetery, one of the prettiest of all suburban
cemeteries, for which nature and art, here most beautifully com-
bined through the admirable taste of Mr. Ross, the respected
superintendent, have made a reputation extending far and wide.
Doubtless many others might be mentioned, but these will sutlice
for this occasion.

THE CARE AND EMBELLISHMENT OF CEMETERIES. 183

la many of our cemeteries, especially those owned by the cities
or towns in which the}^ are located, a considerable area is occupied
by what is linown as the City or Town Lot. We know that
our friends who are compelled, from necessity, to malce the
principal use of these public burial places are just as sensitive,
and have just as much grief in the loss of kindred, as the most
favored ones, who have means to do as they wish. Remembering
this, we want no one to feel the dollar division in the cemetery ;
and how to avoid placing these humbler graves on one side, or
isolating them, is a question that has perplexed us all.

In many of these places disorder seems the rule ; in other
words, every one does as he pleases. Large headstones are
erected where there is too little room for them ; elsewhere, un-
shapely wooden boxes or trellises are placed around graves, and
are frequently left to decay and disfigure the grounds ; and, not
unfrequently, unsightly mounds are raised over the graves. It is
not difficult to see why a lot that has been filled in this way is hard
to keep in order. I have noticed that in some cemeteries hedges
have been grown to surround these special burial-places ; but I
cannot commend that, for when you see such a hedged-in place,
3'ou are impelled to look inside, and the result invariably is a
disappointment.

Let me ask you how it would work to establish and post up, to
be seen, read, and obeyed by all, the following

Rules and Regulations Concerning Public Lots.

1. No graves in these lots can be reserved for future use.

2. No wooden structures of any kind will be allowed on these lots,

unless it be for the protection of tablets or for the purpose of
placing flowers in during the winter season.

3. No raised mounds over the graves in these lots will be allowed ;

but persons wishing to cultivate flowers upon them are invited
to do so.

4. No headstone will be allowed over two feet wide at the base,

or over three high from the grade of the lot ; and the stone

upon which the number of the grave is cut must be retained,

unless the number is cut upon the headstone.

In addition to this, when an interment is made and you hand

to the friends the card designating the place, date, etc., let these

rules appear in print on the back of each card ; and in this way

184 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

every one will be informed of tliem. An arrangement of this kind
has greatly assisted ns to keep our grounds at Lynn in an orderly
condition.

There are a great many who will desire to cultivate flowers on
the graves of their friends, and among them some who will ask
what they shall plant. Very many have pansies — and with a deep
cool soil, kept moist, they will flower long into hot weather. I
would recommend setting a Geranium or two among them ; and, if
you like, edging with Daisies, or Forget-Me-Nots and Daisies, or
Echeveria secunda glauca on the edge, with Alternanthera par-
onychyoides nest; and, if there be room for a centre row. Geran-
ium Crystal Palace Gem, or Santolina, will look well if the work
is rightly done.

Some may want all hard}' plants ; in such cases the common
Ground Myrtle or Periwinkle is most used, and is very satisfactor}' ;
the deep green leaves contrasting finely with the delicate blue
flowers. The Ivj' is also used ; and when covered in winter and
occasionall}" top dressed does verj' well ; this can be edged with
the small hardj' Euonymus radicans variegata^ and with a little
trimming and care the whole will last many seasons without any
transplanting. There is a pretty little Retinospora — plumosa
mirea, I think it is — which is very bright, and would contrast
beautifully with the Euonymus or the Iv}', and might be used to
good advantage. I have not tried it, but observation justifies me
in speaking of it. Another hardy plant, which I have read of but
do not know, viz., Camjianida i^usilla alba, is highly recommended
for planting on graves ; and is said to produce a dense mass of
pure white flowers. There undoubtedly are many other plants, as
yet unknown to me, adapted for planting on graves ; but I think I
have said enough to prove, and trust 1 have convinced you, that
our public burial grounds need not be places that people would
rather avoid than visit.

Unless I make some allusion to the use of greenhouse and bed-
ding plants, I shall hardly have fulfilled my task. We cannot visit
any one of the many beautiful cemeteries in this vicinity without
perceiving that the use of these plants adds very much to its
attractiveness ; although I am aware that it takes many months of
labor to produce a bed which gives pleasure but a few brief weeks.
I have both heard and seen in i)rint some very severe criticisms on
what may be called our summer mode of embellishment, denying

THE CARE AND EMBELLISHMENT OF CEMETERIES. 185

that we are repaid in the return we get for the amount we spend.
I do not intend to discuss this point here, but I must say that
careful observation compels me to admit that a greenhouse will
prove a valuable adjunct to any cemetery. I think also that con-
sidering the comparative ease with which the usual style of bed-
ding can be arranged, and the quickly effective results afforded
by soft-wooded plants, the tendency, in a measure at least, to
displace hardy plants is quite natural. We all know how quickly a
bed of the former plants will look well. Indeed, if they are
properly grown and well hardened off, so as not to lose their leaves
after being turned out of the pots, they look well the moment the
planting of the bed is finished ; and I think this is the commend-
able point in their use. Nevertheless, I will venture this assertion
— that a more thorough knowledge of the hardy plants and
shrubs, on the part of those who la}^ out and have charge of
our cemeteries (especially the smaller ones where a professional
gardener is not employed) , would be likely to add more of perma-
ment beauty and attractiveness to them than an}' one thing I could
recommend. I confess that, until of late 3'ears, I have not
appreciated their value. There are very few places where some-
thing could not be done in this way.

In a cemetery, not be^'ond the reach of any of us, a landscape
gardener was employed to present plans for the improvement of a
very sightly portion of the grounds, devoted not to burial but to
ornamental purposes. The plan in due time was presented, and
accepted by the trustees ; and, as I have since seen it, I can
assure you it made a beautiful picture ; but before being executed
it was placed in the hands of a competent person for criticism. As
regards trees and shrubs, the criticism was based mainly on a
report of a Special Committee of this Society, on the causes of
the injuries to vegetation in the winter and spring of 1871-2 ; and,
on consultation had with persons of acknowledged ability and
much experience, it was concluded that not one-third of the trees
and shrubs recommended on the plan for this particular place
were in the least appropriate. A glance at the plan, by any
experienced and practical man, would convince him that this was
no prejudiced judgment. The criticism having been reported,
orders were given to execute the plan as far as adapted to the
location ; and, where it was not, to make such changes in it as
would contribute to the permanent beaut}' of the place. I might

186 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

tell you where it is, and you would, I feel sure, be welcome to go
and see for yourself. A more thorough knowledge of the grounds
and a little closer observation would have been of great help to the
designer, and would have made his work more satisfactory. The
bedding recommended in this plan was positively worthless.

But to resume the thread of my thoughts — I do think that, where
more tlian one man is required for service in winter, a greenhouse
can be carried on to good advantage ; for a great deal of time in
stormy and cold weather can be well employed tiiere. Plants for
vases and general ornamentation must or should be had in every
well ordered place ; and it is very much better to raise them, because
then you can propagate just such ones as you know you would like
for your next season's work, and be sure of having them on hand.

In the smaller places and where help is kept onh' a part of
the time, it will be found that great improvement can often be
made merely by keeping the fences all in order, the headstones all
upright, the grass closely cut, and the avenues and paths perfectl}'
clean. Let so much be done if nothing more, but if possible set
out a few trees. If you cannot do all you want to at once, tr3''
again, and yet again — as many times as need be until your desires
are accomplished, and in a few years 3'ou will be astonished to see
how the whole appearance of the place has been changed. Many
a town or village cemeter}*, now neglected, could be made a source
of pleasure to all the people by a small annual expenditure ; and
no place is too poor to do something.

I believe we should use our influence as a Society in this direc-
tion ; for a well kept cemelery is an ellicient educator in any
community, and does much to mould the tastes of those who visit
or even merely pass by it.

Allow me to mention one instance. In the year 1874 I planted
in groups and single specimens a few plants of Hydrangea panic-
ulala (jrandljlora ; these were certainly the first planted in Lynn,
or for many miles around. When tlu'se plants bloomed, they
were the admiration of every one ; and when it was learned that
they were thoroughly hardy scores and hundreds were sold, and
the same is true of other shrubs and flowers. 1 could give you
the names of several owners of large estates who have added to
their collections shrubs and plants which they flrst saw growing in
our cemetery, being attracted to them as they were driving l)y.
More than once these occurrences have led to ac(]uaintance antl

THE CARE AND EMBELLISHMENT OF CEMETERIES. 187

friendship of the most deh'ghtful nature. On this point allow me
to quote a few words from the pen of onr countryman, the late
A. J. Downing, who in writing to Loudon's (Loudon) "Gar-
dener's Magazine " said :

"Beside the three principal cemeteries of Boston, New York,
and Philadelphia, there are at least a dozen others in progress in
the neighborhood of other cities. It is remarkable that these
cemeteries are the first really elegant public gardens or promenades
formed in this country. In point of design, keeping, and in so far
as respects the variet}' of rare flowering shrubs and trees intro-
duced, they are much superior to the majority of country' resi-
dences here, and may therefore be considered as likelj" to affect, in
a very considerable degree, the general taste for laying out and
embellishing grounds. Hundreds of the citizens who ramble
through them form perhaps their first acquaintance with many
species of plants there, and apply the taste thus acquired to their
own gardens."

It is just forty-seven 3'ears ago since these views were expressed,
and however true then they are perhaps doubly so now. Tliere is
no one thing that we so much under-estimate as our influence over
others. Let us plant right that others may be rightl}- guided ; let
our tastes be such as others can safely follow ; let us select such
trees, plants, and shrubs as will withstand the changes and severity
of our climate. Others will do the same and so will be saved from
following, to the doom of bitter disappointment, the misguided
many who purchase under the seduction of goi'geous chroraos, and
from agents with whom they are unacquainted. Our cemeteries,
even more than our public parks (as there are many of the former
where there are few of the latter), may be made public educators,
and so benefactors, of the masses, when occasion brings them to
visit and contemplate these most sacred and dear of all spots on
earth.

I have tried to think what general rules or maxims could be
suggested, in condensed form, by way of help to such as are inter-
ested in the subject under consideration. Perhaps I cannot do
better than reproduce to you some advice offered bj^ our late Cm--
respondiug Member, Dr. John A. Warder. It is certainly prac-
tical, and will reward our attention even if we do not agree to all
of it. Regarding cemeteries, Dr. Warder wrote :

'■'■First. There should be perfect security and permanence in
the title and against intrusion,

188 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Second, Insuring peaceful quiet and perfect repose to all who
may be brought within the sacred limits.

Third. The landscape should embrace a diversified surface of
land and water.

Fourth. The area should be covered with green turf in broad
stretches,

Fifth, Shaded by umbrageous trees, singly distributed at inter-
vals or in open groups,

Sixth, And reaching on either side to masses of foliage of differ-
ent hues, deciduous or evergreen, according to the situation. The
outside boundaries should be concealed by these ; and, at the same
time, from various commanding eminences, open and unobstructed
vistas across the demesne, and to distant objects of interest,
should be carefull}' preserved.

Seventh. Easy access to all parts of the grounds should be pro-
vided by smooth, hard roads and paths, kept in perfect order.

Eighth. Of all things and above all, we should enjoin severe
simplicit}' and strictl}' good taste in the decoration of the graves,
and the mementoes offered to the dear departed ones.

Ninth. In the modern rural cemetorj* we want no selfish, repel-
lent, and obtrusive fences as enclosures to our lots, ever decaying
and ever reminding us of the egotistical claims and pretensions of
individuals, in this common meeting place of rich and poor, where
all of us, from the highest to the lowest, are at last reduced to a
common level, and to a condition in which there is and should be
no resi)ect of persons.

Tenth. Lastly, and in connection with the sentiments alread}'
presented, as appropriate accompaniments and conditions of the
sacred precincts of the cemetery, let us carefully avoid another
great danger that is incurred in our desire to pay due respect to
the memory of our dead — let us avoid making such a sacred spot
appear to be only one vast advertisement of the stone cutter's
thriving trade. Instead of this constant repetition of granite and
marble, shaft and obelisk, of pretentious mausoleum or cenotaph,
some persons will prefer to place a mass of native rock, partially
faced for an inscription. Others again will prefer to mark the
spot, most dear of all the earth beside, by planting a memorial tree
to mark the last resting place of their dear departed friends."

Perhaps we cannot follow out all these ideas to the letter, they
being intended especially for new cemeteries; but certainly they

THE CARE AND EMBELLISHMENT OF CEMETERIES. 189

will help us in the attainment of what may be feasible. I cannot
say that I agree, to the letter, with all these suggestions ; but
they are so good on the whole that I feel quite safe in quoting
them in this connection.

I would again advise, no matter bow small the place, never to
start a new cemetery without some arrangement for the perpetual
care of all the grounds. This is of too great importance to be
neglected ; for, as I have alread}^ said, however well your grounds
are planned the entire beauty will soon be lost if this has been
left without due provision. Take care also that no slovenly, un-
skilful person has charge of your new cemetery ; the whole com-
munity are interested in its proper maintenance, and it is little
less than sacrilege to place it in charge of an incompetent man ;
as may be seen by the way some are managed. I have read that
the clown in "Hamlet" served iis a grave digger, but he was
hardly the man to have charge of a cemetery.

Mr. President., Ladies^ and Gentlemen : I hope I have not tired
you all out b}' taking so much time ; and yet I feel that I have
hardly begun, there is so much to be said on this subject. It is
one in which we all have a common interest. My own heart is in
the work ; and if I have succeeded in saying anytliing to promote
in any way the Care and P^mbellishment of our Cemeteries, I shall
feel grateful to the Committee for assigning to me the duty that I
fear I have so poorly performed toda^-.

Discussion.

Samuel A. B. Bragg was called on and said that the paper read
had covered the ground so fully that he could hardly add anything.
He was formerly Superintendent of Mount Hope Cemetery, and
when there received visits from the Garden Committee of this
Society, whose members gave him many vnluable suggestions. He
was particularly struck with the account, in Mr. Barker's paper,
of the man who wanted his lot improved, but did not want the
headstones removed. He had himself had such a case ; the lot
looked well in spring, but soon dried up and looked worse than
the roadside ; in some places the soil was only three inches deep.

He thought the essayist seemed inclined to plant rather too
many trees and shrubs in lots. In his experience many lot owners
inclined to planting too many or too large trees and shrubs, and he

190 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETT.

was ol)liged to discourage it. The Sugar Maple is about the onl}'
shade tree suitable for planting in cemeteries. It is clean and
never soils the tablets. Mr. Barker recommended planting the trees
well back from the avenues, but the object of the speaker was
to shade the avenues. They were formerl}' planted liack from
the avenues at Mount Hope, but he changed the plan and set
them at about six feet from the avenues and trimmed them up
to twelve feet ; and was laughed at, but in a few 3'ears the
aspect changed ; the trees were not too near the avenues, and
the sun could shine on the grass. A mistake was made in the
old parts of the cemetery in allowing the limbs of trees to
grow too low, and to shade the ground so much that tlioro was no
green grass under them. He used to talk with Mr. JMoulton, the
Supei'intendent of Forest Hills Cemetery, on this point, and he
was finally convinced and pruned up the old trees, and the young
ones as they were planted.

One of the trustees of the Cemetery had Norway spruce and
maple trees set so closely around his own house that the speaker
wanted him to take awa}' some of them, and prune up others, so as
to give a view of the Blue Hills. Before long, the spruces came
away and the maples were trimmed up. This was six or seven
years ago, and the gentleman has lived there since that time and
kept up an open wood fire without buying any wood.

At Mount Hope Cemetery, which belongs to the City of Boston,
there is a pauper lot ; another where friends pay the cost of dig-
ging graves, and a third where single graves are sold for about
twelve dollars each. In the first two lots no tablets are allowed,
but the graves are all levelled off and designated only by little
markers; in the third tablets are allowed, but are restricted to
thirty-two inches in height and two feet in width, and no wooden
structure of any kind is permitted. One exception to this last
rule was made, in the case of a little wooden tablet describing the
vacancy in the home, caused by the departure of the sleeper be-
neath. If ail rules were carried out to the letter it might some-
times lead to harsh and arbitrar}' treatment.

Warren H. Manning said that there might be a dilTereneo of
opinion in legard to planting trees in cemeteries, but lie thought
they were apt to l)e too thick ; as at Mount Auburn. Vistas should
be left open ; and llie trees should not l)e so thick that the grass
will not glow under thorn. Trie trustees of cemeteries have power

THE CARE AND EMBELLISHMENT OF CEMETERIES. 191

to remove trees, and to prohibit the planting of them where it is
judged that the}' will be too close.

Mr. Barker did not wish to be understood as advocating the
planting of too many trees. If those present should visit Pine
Grove Cemeterv the}- might think the trees are not thick enough.
In the old parts the avenues are damp ; but he had tried to plant
the new ones so that neitlier he nor his sucessors would be obliged
to thin out. Certainly there have been more mistakes made in
planting too many trees than too few. No man can take a plan
and sit down in his office and mark the positions of trees ; he must
know what people want. Nor can avenues be laid out to advant-
age without regard to the contour of the ground. If avenues are
put in proper places great saving may be made in the cost of
grading. The planting of trees and the laying out of paths and
avenues must both be adaped to the ground.

Samuel Hartwell said that the town of Lincoln, where he re-
sides, has lately established a new cemeter}'- where there are man}'
huckleberry bushes, and he wanted to know how to eradicate them.
The ground has been surveyed and a plan made, and five thousand
feet of roads built at a cost of two thousand dollars. One acre of
the ground is quite heavily wooded with oaks and maples, and he
wanted to know how to treat them to the best advantage.

Mr. Barker said that nothing could be more beautiful than the
old trees described by the preceding speaker. At Oak Hill
Cemetery, Georgetown, D. C, such trees have been retained, and
paths have sometimes been curved to save a fine tree even at the
expense of losing a lot. At Pine Grove Cemetery there are so
many stones that they are obliged to trench the whole ground five
feet deep to get rid of them, and all huckleberry bushes and similar
growths are effectually destroyed in this operation. In the land-
scape lawn system the lots are marked by a stone post six or eight
inches square at each corner, the top being set even with the sur-
face of the ground.

O. B. Hadwen said that he did not feel competent to discuss the
paper, but its value would be appreciated when printed in our
Transactions. It affords much information on a subject of which
little is known, and when lot owners understand the situation there
will be less annoyance and trouble to the superintendents of cem-
eteries, where all must sooner or later go.

192 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Hadweu, as Chairman of the Committee on Discussions,
announced for the next Saturda}' a paper l\y Professor G. C.
CaUlwcll, of Cornell Uuiversit}', Ithaca, N. Y., on "Nitrogen:
Why the crops must have it and where they must get it."

BUSINESS MEETING.

Satukday, March 27, 1886.
An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Henry P. Walcott, in the chair.

No business being brought before the meeting it was dissolved.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Nitrogen : "Why the Crops Must Have It and Where They

Must Get It.

By Professor G. C. Caldwell, Ithaca, N. Y.

In beginning the study of the atmosphere as a source of supply
of the nitrogen of vegetation, we are at once confronted with the
familiar fact of the abundance of this substance existing there in
the free or chemically uncombined state, it being simply mixed
with the oxygen ; which is also present in large quantity. This
supply of nitrogen would furnish, if the crops could use it, an
amount a hundred thousand times greater than the most greedy of
them could dispose of. The first question which it is natural that
Ave should consider is, Cannot plants force this free nitrogen into
those chemical combinations containing nitrogen, which form such
an all-important part of the contents of their cells, and for pro-
ducing which they must have nitrogenous food of some kind?

It ouglit not to be necessary to discuss this question now. It
has been demonstrated, by the most com[)etcnt investigators who
have ever entered the field of agricultural research, that plants
cannot assimilate the free nitrogen of the atmosphere — that, in
other words, while it is in the free or chemically uncombined state,
it is of no use whatever for plant food. Houssingault, in France,
now one of the oldest living chemists of renown — whose work
commands the highest confidence throughout the chemical world —
was the first to investigate this great question in such a manner as

NITROGEN : WHY AND WHERE CROPS MUST GET IT. 193

to get convincing results. Many years later Lawes and Gilbert,
of Eno;land — whose work for the advancement of agiriculture is
known, respected, and impUcitly trusted wherever there are farmers
who read and think — associating with themselves the late Dr. Pugh,
who, after his return to this country from his studies in Europe,
broke himself down in his herculean efforts to build up an agricul-
tural college in Pennsjdvania, obtained results fully confirming
those of Boussingault.

But it may be asked, If Boussingault had settled the question so
conclusively, what was the need of its being investigated again,
at such lavish expense and with such great care ?

It was because, unfortunately, another man had meanwhile
attacked the difficult problem, and had reported results diametri-
cally opposite. This man was Georges Ville, a Frenchman, of
whose training as a chemist aud an investigator we have no very
satisfactorj- information. It is said that he was a watchmaker by
trade, and Napoleon III, in gratitude for political services ren-
dered, gave him the charge of an important agricultural institution
near Paris.

He is a ready writer, and has given us a book on
manures, which has been translated and published in this country
as well as in England. The work contains many ideas that take
with the farmers, and there is reall}' much in it that is good for
them to read. A second edition of this work was issued a year
or two ago ; the attention of the author had been called to a num-
ber of errors in his first edition, so plain that he could not deny
that they were such ; 3'et he refused to allow them to be corrected,
insisting that the book should be published just as it was at first,
mistakes aud all. This little incident, related to me by Dr.
Gilbert when in this country a short time ago, shows how much
regard this investigator and agricultural instructor has for the
truth. %

This work contains the doctrine of the assimilability of the free
nitrogen of the atmosphere ; and this makes the book popular, for
it is a popular doctrine with the average intelligent farmer who
gives any thought to the question of the nitrogen supply, and who
believes in the renovating virtue of clover. And there are some
who believe in the doctrine apparently because the}' think it ought
to be so. A prominent agricultural investigator, now in charge
of an important experiment station in this country, is recently
13

194 MASSACnUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

quoted, b}' the horticulturist to wliom he made the remark, as fol-
lows : " While the question is not settled, I am inclined to the
opinion that, if nature in furnishing so al)un(lant a supply did not
give plants the abilit}' to use it, she is not so wise as she is
represented." While intelligent men think and talk in this way,
it is not out of place to discuss this ver}' important question, and
see what grounds there are for the doctrine to rest ui)on. If it is
wrong it is pernicious, as all wrong doctrines are, and it should
be exposed.

These researches were carried out by all the parties on the same
general plan. The plants were grown in soils containing either no
nitrogen compounds at all, or a;ccuratel3' known quantilies ; so
that it could be determined at the end of the experiment just how
much nitrogen the crop had gained from that source. Taking
account of the fact that the atmospheric air always contains a small
quantity of nitrogen compounds, besides its large quantity of
uncombined nitrogen, the plants were supplied either with meas-
ured quantities of air, so that the possible amount of combined
nitrogen that they could get from that source could be estimated ;
or the}' were supplied with washed air from which all combined
nitrogen had been removed, so that they could get none at all
from that source. The amount of combined nitrogen in the seed
was determined by careful analysis of a sample of the kind of
seed planted. At the end of the experiment the whole quantity of
combined nitrogen in the products was no less careful!}' deter-
mined, hy the usual methods of chemical analysis. Evidently,
if the combined nitrogen in the products of the experiment
exceeded that in the soil, seed, and air from which the plant
could get its supplies of food, then free, uncombined nitro-
gen must have been forced into combination during the growth of
the plant.

Boussingault's first experiments, in 1837, '38, and '39, were not
so carefully conducted as his later ones in 1851, '52, and '53 ; the
plants were grown in free air, but protected from the rain, from
which they might otherwise have obtained a considerable quantity
of coml)ined nitrogen. Clover appcnred to be able to gain nitro-
gen, over and above what was supplied to it, but oats gained
none. But, since the clover had access to a certain though
exceedingl}- small amount of combined nitrogen in the air with
which it was in free contact, there is no proof here, as Boussin-

1

NITROGEN : WHY AND WHERE CROPS MUST GET IT. 195

gault himself allowed, that there was any assimilation of free
nitrogen. In his later series, the plants were supplied with air
previously deprived of all compounds of nitrogen ; and this time
neither leguminous nor cereal plants made any gain in nitrogen.

Ville's experiments were carried on from 1851 to 1856. In
these, several plants were grown together in a large, iron-framed
glazed case. His results were various ; in the case of some
plants and some series of trials there was no gain of nitrogen ; in
others there was a gain, amounting to from four to five times as
much as was contained in the seed and any other accessible sup-
pi}'. In still other cases there was forty times as much combined
nitrogen in the crop as was supplied. The power of gaining
nitrogen was not confined to leguminous plants, although they
seemed to possess it in greater degree than the cereals — wheat,
rj'e, or Indian corn. These startling contradictions of the results
obtained by the well known Boussiugault excited so much interest
that a committee of the French Academy of Sciences, one of the
most renowned scientific associations in the world, was delegated
to watch over some new experiments made by Ville. After dis-
charging their duty as well as they could, for they could not be
expected to keep watch at all hours of the day and night during
a three months period of growth of the experimental plants, they
couid state no other conclusion than that this new experiment,
made by Ville under their supervision, was consistent with the
conclusions that he had drawn from his previous labors.

Finally, in 1857, '58, and '59, seeing that it certainly could not
be considered as a settled question, Lawes, Gill)ert, and Pugh
took the subject in hand. I wish I could take the time to show
here how carefully they went to work to guard their experiments
from all possible sources of error ; for then your conviction might
be as firm as mine, that free nitrogen is no food for plants. Let
it suffice now to* say that Boussiugault, accepting their invitation
to visit them while the experiments were in progress, was so well
satisfied with the manner in which the work was conducted, as to
.declare that he would abide by their results, whatever they should
turn out to be. Ville was also invited over to inspect their
methods, but he never came. He was, however, prevailed upon
to send over the identical case in which his own experiments "were
conducted, and in which such remarkable gains of nitrogen
were made.

19G MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

As to the results of these last experiments, as has been already
stated, the}' fully confirmed those obtained by lioussingault, and
that renowned investigator could accept them wilhf)ut an}* change
of his own views. And one of the most intcrestini!; features of
these results was that, in Ville's iron-frumed glazed case, they
were precisely the same as under the glass shades used in the
English experiments — there was a complete failure to get, not
merely the large gains of nitrogen that Ville reported, but any
gains at all. There were twelve of these shades, each nine inches
in diameter and forty inches high, and with several plants under it,
standing in a row, flanked by Ville's case. In order to show
that all the necessarj' conditions for successful plant growth, except
a supply of combined nitrogen, were fulfilled under these shades,
several seeds were planted in a pot of garden soil, and put under
one of them, and subjected to the same treatment during growth
as the plants under the other shades ; the growth of these plants
from these seeds was as healthy and normal as could be expected
where they were so much crowded, and it was conclusively shown
that nothing was lacking but room for their free development.

Still some skeptics might sa}' that if j'ou should only allow a
better chance to the plant, by giving it a vigorous start in the
beginning, it might then be able to do what it could not do if
starved and stunted from the outset in a barren soil. Tn order to
meet such a criticism, the plants under some of the shades were
supplied with a known quantity of ammonia salts, containing a
known quantity of nitrogen, several times during the season ; but,
although these plants grew more vigorously than those which
received no other nitrogen than that contained in the seed planted,
there was yet no gain of nitrogen over and above what was thus
supplied.

The question now naturally arises, How did Ville get such
results, and especially- how did he succeed in convincing the com-
mittee of the French Academy that his results were correct, when
conducting another experiment under their watchful inspection?
How is it possible that the same apparatus should have yielded
one result in Paris and another at liothamstead in England?
Can it be possible that Parisian nitrogen is any more easily
assimilable than English nitrogen? I believe that his first results
were the natural consequences of a leak into his apparatus, some-
how and somewhere, of combined nitrogen in some form ; and I

NITROGEN : WHY AND WHERE CROPS MUST GET IT. 197

am not the only one to hold this belief. Such leakage could easily
occur unless great care were taken to guard against it ; and some
precautions that a trained chemist would naturall}^ take might not
be thought of by a trained watchmaker. I am assured, further,
that the verdict of the committee of the Academy was secured
through a fraud. This fraud consisted in the substitution, during
the night previous to one of the latest visits of the committee,
of more healthy and vigorous plants for the feeble ones which had
grown in the case, and which showed by their appearance that they
were suffering for want of some constituent of their natural food ;
and as they had been supplied with everything but combined nitro-
gen, it is reasonable to suppose that it was for want of this that
they had suffered. The- substituted plants, that had been put
into the case that night, were the ones really analyzed, and used
as evidence of the assimilability of free nitrogen. Dr. Pugh,
who communicated this information to me, received it directly from
one who saw the sickly plants in the case at night, and the
healthy ones there the next morning. This piece of shameful
history offez's the only solution of what would otherwise be an
inexplicable riddle.

Furthermore, I believe in these results that have been given us
by Boussingault, and by Lawes, Gilbert, and Pugh, because they
are reasonable. They are in full accord with what we know of
the chemical properties of nitrogen, and of the kind of food, other
than nitrogenous, that the plant depends upon for sustenance.

Any who have studied chemistry at all know that there are two
sharply distinct classes or substances dealt with in that science,
namely, the elementaiy substances, and the chemical compounds ;
that the elements are bodies that we have not yet been able to
break up into two or more different and distinct bodies ; that a
compound body is made up by the chemical union of two or more
of these elements ; that oxygen, nitrogen, gold, silver, iron, etc.,
are elements; and that water, ammonia, phosphoric acid, lime,
etc., are compound bodies. Now the plant is made up entirely of
. compound substances — and, leaving for the moment its nitrogenous
food out of consideration, with respect to all its other food it is
absolutely certain that it feeds only on compound bodies or chemi-
cal compounds ; this is one good reason why we should expect
that it would not feed on the element, nitrogen, but on some of
the various compounds of nitrogen which we know by experience

198 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

to be excellent plant food. Another good reason is that, of all
the elements, nitrogen is the one most nnwillingl}- forced into
chemical combination ; there is not another clement of common
occurrence that is so well satisfied to remain alone by itself as
nitrogen is. Very powerful chemical persuasion has to be brought
to bear upon it, to get it out of its state of isolation ; never was the
most confirmed old bachelor more obstinate in maintaining his
bachelorhood. It would be singular, indeed, if the plant, while
feeding as to everything else on chemical compounds onl}', should
have the heavy work put upon it of forcing unwilling nitrogen into
combination. It is evident enough from all our experience that it
does not do that work if it can get nitrogen elsewhere — and there
is not a particle of reliable proof that it does that work under any
circumstances whatever.

Other chemists in France have investigated this question on a
small scale, but with contradictory results. There is not time to
speak further of their work. But I must give a brief account of
the experiments made b}- Professor Atwater, of Connecticut, within
the past three or four years. These were made with peas, grown
in sand which had been completely freed from plant food by wash-
ing and strong heating, after which it could contain no nitrogen.
The plants were fed with solutions applied to the sand, containing
known quantities of all the nutrients required, including a certain
amount of nitrogen compounds. They were left in the open air,
except when necessary to put them under shelter to prevent them
from getting any unknown quantities of nitrogen compounds from
rain or dew. In all but one out of fifteen such experiments, car-
ried on in two successive years, there was a gain of nitrogen over
and above what was supplied in the seed and food. This gain was
in two cases fully equal to all that the plants took from the nutri-
tive solutions with which they were fed, and the plants, according
to the observations of the experimenter, seemed the better able to
make these gains, the more the conditions of their nourishment, as
to the quantity and kind of food supplied, were like those of ordi-
nary growth in the field. On the basis of his results, Prof. At-
water estimated that an acre of peas, fairly well fed, might gather
in, from some source other than the food supplied in the soil, from
70 to 120 pounds of nitrogen. It would require over 700 pounds
of nitrate of soda, costing about §19, to supply 120 pounds of
nitrogen. •

NITROGEN : WHY AND WHERE CROPS MUST GET IT. 199

The conditions of Prof. Atwater's experiments were such that
there would seem to be no source from which this nitrogen could
have been derived other than the atmosphere. But still he does
not venture to claim for his results that they necessarily give sup-
port to the doctrine that free nitrogen is assimilable. We are,
then, naturally led to consider the atmosphere as a source of com-
bined nitrogen. There is alwa^'s a minute quantity of ammonia
there, in a gaseous form, and a minute quantity of nitrate. Ac-
cording to the theory of an eminent French agricultural chemist,
the millions of pounds of nitrates carried into the sea every year
by all the great rivers, which is almost entirely the product of the
wastage of the human and other animal inhabitants of the land —
are converted, through the agency of the vegetable and animal life
of the sea, into ammonia. This is given off into the air above the
water, and wafted b}' the winds over the land. Thus, if this not
unreasonable theorj' be true, there is provision for the constant
replenishment of the supply of combined nitrogen in the atmosphere.

Although the quantity appears to be small — only one part in
530,000 parts of air — yet in the laj-er of air, four miles high, over
each acre of land there are about 140 pounds of this plant food,
very precious to the crops if they can get hold of it. When we
consider that the air is in constant motion, not only in horizontal
directions but also upwards and downwards, it is not difficult to
understand how a large portion of this ammonia may be brought
in contact with vegetation and the soil, during the growing season.
But, when it comes within reach, how can vegetation take posses-
sion of it ?

First. To some extent — no one can say how much — through
the foliage. It has been proven by experiment that a plant can
supply itself with nitrogen in this way, if its leaves are exposed to
air containing ammonia gas. It is very natural that clover, with
its great abundance of foliage, should be supposed to have the
power to help itself to nitrogen compounds from the air more lib-
erally than wheat with its much smaller leaf surface ; and this
v.iew appears to be supported by the well known fact that clover is
a good crop to come before wheat, which needs nitrogen in the
soil. But such very few experiments as have been performed, to
test this supposed special feeding power of clover on nitrogen
compound's in the air, do not support this view ; and the beneficial
effect of clover preceding wheat can be accounted for, at least to a

200 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

large extent, in another way. Those who so strongly insist that
clover feeds upon the air foiget that in every arable soil, such as
clover is usually raised in, there are many hundreds and often some
thousands of pounds of nitrogen in chemical combination, although
in forms not readily assimilable. But, for all that, it may not be
denied that, with the breezes almost constantly bringing fresh por-
tions of air in contact with the foliage, at least a little and per-
haps more than a little of their nitrogen may be gained in this
way. But it should be noticed in this connection that man}' of
Boussingault's first trials were made under very much the same
conditions as those fixed by Prof. Atwater. In nearly all cases
there wore slight gains of nitrogen wh6n the plants were grown
with exposure to free air ; but ihej were ver}' small, falling very
far short of those made by Prof. Atwater's plants.

But this ammonia of the air can also reach the plant by way
of the roots, through the power possessed b}' the soil of absorbing
gases within its pores. That such absorption of ammonia does take
place has been proven by experiment. It is an operation that may
go on all the time, day and night alike, and during as much of the
year as the soil is open to the access of the air. It cannot be told
how much combined nitrogen may be brought within reach of the
crops in this way, for it is about impracticable to determine with
any degree of accuracy the rate of this absorption. Koenig in Ger-
many estimated it at about thirty pounds per acre and year ; but
in such a manner that his result was not after all much better than
a pretty reliable guess. It the quantity is as large as this, how-
ever, it is a valuable contribution to the nitrogen suppl}*.

Perhaps you are acquainted with the history of that rather re-
markable system of culture, that was carried on for a dozen years
or more by Rev. Mr. Smith, on the Lois Weedon farm in England
— the results of which furnish such a striking illustration of what
can be accomplished by tillage alone. The fields were divided off
into strips three feet wide. In the first year of the course, every
alternate one of these strips was planted with three rows of wheat,
a foot apart ; the spaces thus left between the rows being wide
enough to permit full and complete culture by hand, during a
large part of the growing season. The unoccupied three-foot
strips were most thoroughly cultivated during the whole season ;
largely by hand labor. In the following year these unoccupied
strips were in their turn planted with wheat, in rows a foot apart.

NITROGEN : WHY AND WHERE CROPS MUST GET IT. 201

and the planted strips of the previous year were in their turn sub-
jected to thorough tillage. Thus the system was continued for
twelve years and without the use of a particle of manure. The
results were somewhat astonishing. You will observe that on
each acre of wheat only half was really occupied by the crop, in
each year ; while the other half, consisting of the three-foot vacant
spaces, was being cultivated in preparation for the next year. But
on each acre so treated — only half of it really bearing a crop, and
that half in rows a foot apart — the yield was as great as on
manured land prepared for and sown with wheat in the ordinary
manner. The average crop per acre was 25 bushels ; and in the
eleventh year the yield amounted to 37 bushels, with 2 tons of
straw .

Now experience and experiment go to show that wheat is,
generally, especialh- thankful for a manuring containing nitrogen ;
on Mr. Lawes' experimental grounds any other constituent of
manures could be spared better than the nitrogen ; hence it is
reasonable to infer that the extremely thorough and unceasing
tillage of the soil at Lois Weedon, exposing as it did constantly a
fresh and porous surface to the air, so facilitated this direct absorp-
tion of ammonia, or (as it may yet appear) of nitrogen in some other
shape, from that great reservoir, as to make these large crops pos-
sible without the addition of any nitrogenous manure to the soil.

There is yet another wa}', already incidentally named, for ni-
trogen compounds in the air to reach the plant through the soil.
Besides ammonia, there is always some nitrate in the air. Both
compounds are ver}' soluble in water, and consequently every
rain will carr}' nitrogenous plant food to the soil. At several
of the experiment stations in Prussia, the quantities of nitrogen
thus brought within the reach of vegetation during the j'ear were
carefully determined ; these quantities were found to be quite
different in different places ; the largest amount was 21 lbs. to the
acre, and the smallest 2 lbs. ; and it was also found that nitrogen-
ous manures were most effective at that place where the natural
supply of combined nitrogen was smallest. This is one observa-
tion going to show that these natural supplies have an appreciable
value.

Various averages have been given for the quantity of com])ined
nitrogen thus carried down to the soil in the course of the year.
Where extremes may be so far apart, averages have to be taken

202 MASSACHUSETTS UOllTICULTDKAL SOCIETY.

witli a considerable margin ; but we may perhaps allow tluit from
ten to twelve pounds of nitrogen per acre will be provided for the
crops or, rather, carried down to tlie soil ever}' year ; some of it,
hov\ever, in the cold season when no crop is growing. An acre's
crop of clover requires about 100 lbs. of nitrogen ; of Indian corn,
80 lbs. ; of timothy, 45 lbs. ; of potatoes, 44 lbs. Therefore the
supply in the rain is far from suQicient, even if all of it should
come at the right time, and be at once taken up by vegetation ;
but such complete use of it is not at all probable.

So much for the nitrogen that the crops may possibly gather
from compounds of nitrogen in the atmosphere. Now, while still
affirming that the principle is well established that there is, in the
living plant, no power to cause nitrogen to enter into chemical
combination, it must be granted that there seem to be evidences of
such a power working, in quiet and unobtrusive ways, outside of
the plant, or quite independently of its vital activity. Two discover-
ies in this direction have been made by Berthclot, an eminent
French chemist. lie has shown, first, that through the electrical
relations existing between the earth and the atmosphere, and es-
pecially- in the presence of certain very common vegetable products,
nitrogen is quietly persuaded into chemical combination. But we
have not, as yet, the least idea how much or how little nitrogen is
likely to be thus made available to vegetation. The importance of
this discovery seems small in comparison with the later one, made
known only last year. In this Berthelot found that free nitrogen
is absorbed by chiy — whether pure or mixed with sand — and is
converted into some form of combination that is neither ammonia
nor nitrate. When a pot of ordinary loam was exposed freel}' to
the air, so that it might take possession of all the combined nitrogen
that could reach it in the rain or dew, or by direct absorption of
ammonia, it was found to contain considerably more nitrogen,
taken up, by this newly discovered method, from the free nitrogen
of the air, than was collected by all the other methods ; the action
of the clay appearing to be entirely independent of the combined
nitrogen already existing in the air. It was found, further, that
this absorption of free nitrogen was dependent upon the coopera-
tion of minute living organisms, called bacteria; for if the soil is
previously sterilized, as it is called, by heating it up to the boiling
point of water, when all such organisms are killed, and it is then
exposed only to air lillcicd through cotton, through which no fresh

NITROGEN : WHY AND WHERE CROPS MUST GET IT. 203

supply of these organisms can make their wa}", this absorption of
nitrogen ceases.

This useful work of these organisms goes on most rapidly under
just those conditions of the soil and air that are most favorable for
vegetable growth ; nitrogen is most rapidly absorbed in this wa}' in
summer, and the operation does not go on in winter. Berthelot
estimated that at least from 25 to 30 pounds of nitrogen may be
absorbed, in the season from April to October, by the soil of an
acre. This seems to me to be one of the most curious and inter-
esting discoveries that has been lately made in regard to this nitro-
gen question ; and it is the more interesting when regarded in
connection with the fact that another kind of bacteria work upon
the insoluble and uuassimilable nitrogen compounds in the soil ;
slowlj' converting them into nitrates, than which there is no better
form of nitrogenous plant food. As friends or foes, tliese very
minute beings stand in close relation to our comfort and hapi)iness.
From their apparent connection with many dangerous animal dis-
eases, we have come to regard them much more as enemies than
as friends ; and since it is now quite clearly proven that the}' are
the cause of the pear blight, and their baneful influence in connec-
tion with diseases of the vegetable kingdom is thus established, we
have become still less kindly disposed towards them ; but by the
time that all the phases of their work shall have been clearly made
out, we may find that its sum total shows a beneficial balance in
our favor.

To sum up the whole matter — we find that there are five ways
in which vegetation may get nitrogen more or less directly from
the atmosphere : —

First. By means of the ammonia compounds and nitrates,
already formed there, and which are conveyed to the foliage and
to the soil by the fogs, dews, and rains, and to the soil by the
snows of winter.

Second. B}' the direct absorption of gaseous ammonia com-
pounds from the air by the foliage.

Third. By the absorption of gaseous ammonia compounds by
the soil, in the same manner that any porous body will absorb any
gas to which it is exposed.

Then follow the two ways which involve the direct conversion of
free nitrogen into nitrogen compounds, but not by the plant itself:

Fourth. Through some electrical action, in the presence of pro-

204 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ducts of vegetable growth ; this may take place, possibly, in the
very tissues of the plant itself.

Fifth. lu ordinary arable soils, wherever the air penetrates
them — and the more abundantly the freer the access of air, other
conditions being favorable — by the help of a certain class of the
living organisms called bacteria.

In some of Boussingault's earlier experiments, in all of his later
ones, and in all of the experiments of Lawes, Gilbert, and Pugh,
the plants were excluded from all of these sources of supply ;
these experiments simply proved that plants can make no use of
the free nitrogen of the atmosphere through any power possessed
by them of working it up into compounds containing nitrogen.
Ville pretended to exclude his plants in his iron-framed glazed
case from all these sources of nitrogen, also ; but as they were
somehow supplied with nitrogen compounds not mentioned in his
account of his work, his experiments prove nothing.

Prof. Atwater's experimental plants were excluded from the
first source of supply- only, the ammonia and nitrate brought down
by the rain ; they had the full benefit of all the other sources, so
far as free exposure to the air is concerned ; but the soil that he
used was simply sand charged with known quantities of plant food.
As sand has little power of absorbing gases, he himself does
not think that much nitrogen would become serviceable in that
way ; and as Berthelot's results, where the assistance of the
bacteria came in, were obtained with soils containing clay, it re-
mains yet to be determined whether these bacteria will do the
same work in a sand. Finding little else to stand upon, in ex-
planation of his results, Prof. Atwater refers them, at least in part,
to the electrical action above mentioned ; but further investiga-
tions must show whether so large gains could be made in this way
alone. It seems to me very doubtful, and, for my own part, I must
consider his results as not yet satisfactorily explained.

There is, I think, good and sullicient evidence, in this summing
up of the several modes in which the crops may derive nitrogenous
food from the atmosphere, and in my statement of the facts on
which that summing up is based, —

First. That nitrogenous food can be obtained from that source,
directly or indirectly, in considerable quantity, under favorable
conditions.

And, Second, lliaL there are possibilities of supply by some of

NITROGEN : WHY AND WHERE CROPS MUST GET IT. 205

these methods of transfer of nitrogen from the air to the plant,
whose limits have not yet been determined.

Therefore we can unhesitatinglj' admit that our crops may get a
portion of their nitrogen from the air, as appears to be plainly
shown by many experiments and much experience ; and we can do
this without being in the least degree forced to admit that plants
can assimilate free nitrogen, and without being forced to cast a
shadow of a doubt on the reliability of the researches of Boussin-
gault and of Lawes, Gilbert, and Pugh — investigators to whom
the science and the art of agriculture owe such a \evy large share
of the progress that has been made in the last thirty years, and
whose trustworthiness we cannot afford to call in question.

Discussion.

President Walcott expressed the thanks of the Society to Pro-
fessor Caldwell, for the conclusive paper which he had read.

John B. Moore was called on and said he was glad that Pro-
fessor Caldwell had demonstrated the correctness of the opinion
which had been expressed here in previous years, that plants
possess the power of in some way absorbing nitrogen from the air.
He was surprised at the view of the lecturer, that M. Ville's
experiments were not trustworthy ; his book caused a great deal
of thought and did good. He thought that others than chemists
could perform such experiments as those of M. Ville, and that,
with his own practical knowledge of cultivation, he could apply
the results of experiments as well or better than chemists.

William H. Hunt said that he was in Paris when M. Ville was
giving a course of lectures, and he attended one where the
audience consisted of two persons besides himself, in a room that
would accommodate three or four hundred persons. The courses
were free, and the lectures on interesting subjects by good authori-
ties were well attended.

President Walcott said that formerly- monsters were considered
thq worst enemies of the human race, but now minute organisms
are. But these germs have themselves so many enemies that it is
difficult to cultivate them when wanted as subjects of study. The
results of experiments of Professor Schlosing on the power of
bacteria to produce nitrification agree with those of Berthelot,
quoted by Professor Caldwell. It was shown that the function is

20(5 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

possessed by some soils more tlian others, and that plants have
no power to do it without the assistance of bacteria,

Mr. Moore said that for the last two or three years we had
heard much of bacteria destroying plants, and he was glad to know
that they produced some benefit to the soil.

Professor Caldwell said that pear blight was the first instance
where bacteria have been connected with vegetable disease.

Hon. Marshall P. AVilder referred to an article in the "Pro-
ceedings of the Twentieth Session of the American Pomological
Society," by Professor J. C. Arthur, in which he gives an account
of some experiments, going to show that pear blight is caused by
bacteria, and said that it might all be true. We had been taught,
and it seemed to him very probable, that nitrogen is very dormant
and ineffective until brought into contact with other substances.
We have long known the effect of ammonia on plants when it has
been washed down out of the air b^- a shower, and this is more
forcibly demonstrated in the greenhouse, by sj'ringing the plants
with a weak solution of ammonia. The proper administration of
heat, light, air, and water are the most important points in the
cultivation of plants. He was amazed to see how the professors
dittered in the results of their experiments in regard to nitrogen,
and it looked to him quite probable that these differences were due
to fraud.

Professor Caldwell said that the subject of his paper today was
suggested by a remark, made by Mr. Moore, when he (Prof. C.)
read a paper on a kindred subject here last year, that plants get
their nitrogen in some way from the air. The subject announced
for today was a much broader one ; he had shown in his previous
paper only what plants must get from the air ; he intended now to
show that in every arable soil there is an immense supph' of nitro-
gen. The entire results of experiments on this subject must be
based on trustworthy chemical analysis, and he wanted to show
how the contradiction occurred ; it was entirely impossible to ol)tain
such results as those of M, Ville by fair means. Lawes and Gil-
bert would not have repeated their exi)erimeuts, if it had not
been neccssarv to demonstrate the incorrectness of M. Ville's
statements.

President Walcutt said that nitrogen is the " mugwump" among
gases. It stands around without much to do generally, but when
a great occasion arises it comes in, yet it cannot be depended on
for a permanent alliance.

THE NOMENCLATURE OF FRUITS. 207

The Chairman of the Committee on Publication stated that John
B. Moore, who had been announced to speak on the " Growth of
Plants " on the next Saturday, would be unable to do so, and that
an opportunity would be afforded to discuss such subjects as might
be brought up at that time.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, April 3, 1886.

A duly notified stated meeting of the vSociety was holden at 11
o'clock, the President, Henry P. Walcott, in the chair.

Edward L. Beard said that the Rose and Strawberry Show
would be the next great exhibition of the Society, and spoke of
the Challenge and other Vases, which had been offered as Special
Prizes for Roses at previous exhibitions, and had excited greater
interest than the Society's prizes. The money for these prizes
had been raised by private subscription, but he thought the time
had come when the Society could afford to pay them from its own
funds. The results of the Spring Exhibition were most flattering,
and, as he did not wish the Society to take a retrograde step, he
moved that the Executive Committee consider the expedienc}^ of
making an appropriation for Special Prizes for Roses at the Rose
Show in June, on the basis of the list of Special Subscription
Prizes offered last year. The motion was carried.

The following named persons, having been recommended by the
Executive Committee, were on ballot duly elected members of the
Society :

Clement M. Hammond, of Hyde Park.
Charles G. Wood, of Boston.
Dr. Hosea M. Quimby, of Worcester.
Adjourned to Saturday, April 10.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

The Nomencla'ture op Fruits.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder said that the object of the reform in
the names of fruits, which the American Pomological Society is en-

208 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

deavoring to cfTect, is the suppression from the catalogues
throughout our country of all long, improper, indelicate, irrel-
evant, ostentatious, and superfluous titles, and to prevent an}'
such appellations being hereafter applied to some of the most
beautiful objects which the earth has ever brought forth.

The}' desire to suppress all roj'al titles such as Emperor, King,
or Prince ; all political titles such as President, or Governor ; all
military titles such as General, Colonel, or Captain ; all indelicate
names like Hog-pen, Sheep-nose, or Big Bob ; all ostentatious
names such as Excelsior, Ne Plus Ultra, and Stump the World ;
and all long names, of which Doyenne Gris d'lliver Nouveau and
Vingt-cinqui^me Anniversaire de Leopold I. are instances. The}'
desire also to strike off the hundreds of Beurres and Doyennes
from the names of our pears, where it is possible to do so, and
hereafter to write simply Anjou, Diel, and Boussock in place of
Beurre d'Anjou, Beurre Diel, and Dqyenne Boussock. There are
however some instances, such as the old Beurre Gris, Doyenne
Blanc, and Doyenne Gris, where the Beurre and Doyenne must be
retained, because the varieties bearing them are the original types
of certain classes. Fortunately very few of the many pears
originated in this country have the term Beurre prefixed — he did not
think of more than one ; and did not recollect that Doyenne has
ever been applied to an American fruit. The term Beurre (butter)
was originally applied to a pear of buttery texture, to distinguish
it from one with breaking flesh ; but as all the latter class have
now gone out of cultivation (except a few varieties used only for
cooking) it has lost its significance, and the sooner it is dropped
the better. Doyenne, Bon Chretien, and Calebasse were names
designating classes of pears, with reference to form as the chief
distinguishing mark; but tliese have never been adopted in naming
our American pears. The Massachusetts Horticultural Society
about forty years ago established a classification of the forms of
pears, of which the circle was the basis, and from this were de-
duced, as modifications, the compound forms — ovate, obovate,
pyriform — obtuse, acute, and ovate pyriform, etc. This classili-
catiou has been adopted by Downing, Thomas, Barry, and
other leading authors in their works on fruits ; indeed, no one
who pretends to be a pomologist will undertake to describe pears
without reference to this classification.

It is desirable that names of fruits should consist of one word

THE NOMENCLATURE OF FRUITS. 209

only, having a meaning somewhat appropriate to the variety ;
but sometimes we meet with obstacles to the application of this
principle, as in the case of the Clapp's Favorite pear, there being
also a Frederick Clapp and a Lemuel Clapp. So, also, we cannot
omit .the word Winter from "Winter Nelis, because there is an
Autumn Nelis and a Barbe Nelis ; and other instances might be
given. Among apples we have several Spitzenbergs, Russets,
etc., words which should be dispensed with as far as possible, but
we cannot always drop them. Again, the terms "Beauty" and
" Choice," as well as "Favorite," not being, distinctive appella-
tions, are in most instances better dispensed with. There are
manj' other terms which are senseless and useless, such as Seedling
and Pippin (the latter of the same signification as the former,
but applied only to apples) ; for all varieties of fruits are originally
seedlings. Those renowned fruits — the Baldwin apple, the Bartlett
pear, and the Concord grape — afford examples of short, appropriate,
sensible, and easily remembered names, and it is to be hoped that
in the future many such varieties may be added to those we already
possess, and be dedicated to perpetual remembrance by equally
appropriate names. In a word, we desire to establish a sj'stem of
nomenclature which shall be pure and plain in its diction, pertin-
ent and proper in its application, and which shall be an example,
not only to our own, but to other countries.

H. Weld Fuller said that all would approve the remarks of Ex-
President Wilder in regard to improper or irrelevant names. It
is desirable that all names of fruits should have reference to
locality, qualit}-, or other characteristics.

O. B. Hadweu said that those who originate new fruits worthy
of cultivation, instead of giving them local names, should bring
them before a horticultural society and have names bestowed by a
competent committee, and then they would go out with proper
authority. An excellent apple which originated in Worcester
County was called the Hog-pen, because the original tree sprang
up near a hog-pen ; and this is the wa3- such names creep in ; but
in ,this case the name was changed by the Worcester Count}' Hor-
ticultural Society to Holden Pippin, which all must admit to be a
great improvement. The subject is a very important one, and not
only apples and pears, but all fruits, large and small, and also
ornamental trees, plants, and flowers should be named by horti-
cultural societies after careful consideration.
14

210 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Colonel Henry "\V. "Wilson spoke of the dlfliculty experienced by
those unacquainted with the French language, in pronouncing the
many French names of pears and other fruits, such as Glout
Morceau, Duchcsse d'Angouleme, and Louise Bonne of Jersey ;
and the last two are also objectionable on account of their langth.
When the Clapp's Favorite pear was introduced it was proposed
to name it the Wilder. Such names as Stump-the-World are not
a credit to those engaged in the cultivation of fruit, and intelligent
persons when the3' hear them ask why they are used,

Mr. Wilder said, in reference to the Clapp's Favorite pear, that
when it was introduced the Massachusetts Agricultural Club de-
sired to possess the control of the variety, and give to it his name ;
but Thaddeus Clapp, who originated it, preferred to have it
dedicated to the famil}' name, and a figui-e of the pear is carved
on his monument in Forest Hills Cemetery.

E. W. Wood, Chairman of the Fruit Committee, said that the
Committee were very glad to adopt the change in the nomenclature
of fruits on account of the saving of labor to them by the shorten-
ing of names. Last autumn he visited the fair of the Housatonie
Vallc}' Agricultural Society, where there was the best exhibition
of apples he saw during the whole season, but many of the apples,
and a majority of the pears, were wrongly named. There was no
requirement that a dish of fruit must be rightlj' named to receive
a premium. The case was the same at Natick, but at this year's
exhibition there it will be required that all fruits shall be correctl}'
named, or the}' cannot receive prizes. Persons who visit the ex-
hibitions of our Societ}' are becoming more familiar with the
names of fruits. " A rose by any other name would smell as
sweet," but the speaker did not see how fruits could be intelli-
gentl}" cultivated under wrong names. The multiplicity' of names
b}' which our fruits are known is sometimes perplexing ; the
Baldwin apple has seven synonymes, and Downing describes one
variety which has no less than fort}'. In reading the reports of
the exhibitions of fruits, sometimes, owing to the multitude of
synonymes, we do not know what we are reading about ; and
therefore we want uniformity in names. There are seventy
varieties of plunis, of which the word "Gage" forms part of the
name ; the originator of each hoped to get glory by using the name
of Gage. Sometimes there may be a necessity for more than one
wold in a name. The speaker approved INIr. Hadwen's suggestion

THE ADVANCEMENT OF HORTICULTURE. 211

that new productions should be named b}- horticultural societies ;
people claim the same right to name a fruit as to name a child,
but if the suggestion could be adopted it would be of great benefit.
The reform in nomenclature originated in the right place, the
National Society, which will continue to revise the names of fruits.

Mr. Wilder said that the American Pomological Societ}' claims
and exercises the right to change improper names.

Rev. A. B. Muzzey said that from his long connection with our
Society, which probably began earlier than that of any other per-
son in the room except Mr. Wilder, he felt the deepest interest in
it. Fifty years ago he began to cultivate fruit, and attached what
many persons thought unnecessary importance to the correctness
of the names. Cultivators should consult and compare their fruits,
so as to be sure of their correct names. We might begin now and
here, by the appointment of a committee on this subject. Mr.
Muzzey spolvc of the influence of the ladies in the completion of
Bunker Hill Monument, which had remained a long time unfinished,
and a source of mortiflcatiou, until the ladies took hold of the work
in a manner that led Judge Story to say, "The monument is
built !" So here, in its lady members, this Society has the strong-
est part of humanity, and the time will come when the ladies will
not feel so diffident in speaking as they do now.

Edward L. Beard thouglit it would be well for the Society to
consider the best method of extending the interest in horticulture
beyond the sphere in which its influence has thus far been exer-
cised, and to points where there is at present much ignorance of
horticulture and a great deficienc}' of horticultural taste. It would
be exceedingly desirable to organize some broader system of
encouraging, through local societies, a general improvement of
all the productions of the soil. By this means we might get
results which would be a great blessing to dwellers in our
smaller towns. The question is how best to encourage the
enterprise of local horticultural societies. The horticultural so-
cieties in Worcester, Springfield, Newton, and other places have
effected much good, and similar societies should be formed
wherever possible. The people who come to our exhibitions see
what are the best fruits and flowers, and admire them, but only a
few have knowledge of how they are produced ; and we are bound,
as the leading horticultural society of the countr}', to suppl}^ the

212 MASSACHUSETTS IIORTICULXUKAL SOCIETT.

want as far as we can. We may go on exhibiting, but until we teach
people how to produce the fruits and tiowers and vegetables liere
disphiyed, we have failed of the greatest results.

Joini G. Barker expressed his appro\*al of what j\Ir. Beard had
said. As instancing the need of information, he said that he saw
at the excellent agricultural exhil)ition at Asliby, last autumn,
Clapp's Favorite pears, marked Pound ! At the exhibition of tlie
Houghton Horticultural Society at L3'nn, begonias were marked
bignouias ; and other plants had equally incorrect names aflixed.
Cultivators have catalogues from which they might obtain the cor-
rect names, but they will not take the trouVile. He suggested that
this society might send delegates to the local societies, who sliould
note such errors as he had mentioned, and impart the infornuitio'i
needed for the correct naming of the productions exhibited. As
superintendent of Pine Grove Cemetery at Lynn, he was glad to give
information to all who visit it ; but he had not thought it proper
to label plants there. He thought that the information acquired
at the cemetery in regard to plants, shrubs, and trees had had a
marked influence on those who had laid out grounds since he had
been superintendent, and that, if those who have the care of public
grounds would take the time and pains to give information to per-
sons asking it, it would have a good iutlueuce.

Mr. Had wen said that he could recollect very well the first exhi-
bition of the Worcester County Horticultural Society in 1840 ; at
which there were ver}' few fruits correctly named. He also re-
membered when the only flowers generally seen were a few varie-
ties of roses in June, and the tiger lily in autumn, but now he sees
a great variety of flowers, and the growers can generall}- tell their
names. Ladies have set as good an example as men in growing
flowers, both here and at Worcester. Men have given their time
to their farms, and consequently have been obliged to leave the
cultivation of flowers largely to their wives. Me s*ometimes brings
home what he supposes to be a new plant, and Mrs. lladwen tells
him her mother had the same thing fifty years ago.

Mr. Wilder said that we are very much indebted to ladies for
the improvement api)areut in the cultivation of flowers. He spoke
of the time, very early in the history of this Society, when it was
proposed to elect Mrs. Gore, wife of the Governor of this State,
and Mrs. GrifBth, of New Jersey, honorary members, but some
thought the proposition of doubtful expediency, because a woman

THE ADVANCEMENT OF HORTICULTURE. 213

made trouble iu the garden of Edeu. As we go on in refinement,
we shall not only have ladies at our side, but shall have more and
more aid from them in the training of flowers.

Edmund Hersey said that the Hingham Horticultural Society
holds meetings for discussion every mouth, summer aud winter.
The influence of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society reaches
to Hingham. They have learned from it how to arrange the
plants at their annual exhibitions ; and he believes they have things
as well arranged as any society except this. He suggested that
we might follow the method of the Massachusetts Society for Pro-
moting Agriculture, which as earl}' as 1813 sent out circulars urging
the formation of local societies. One existed in Hingham from
1814 to 1830, which may have afforded the suggestion of forming
the present one. He advised that some means be used to secure
the formation of local horticultural societies ; wherever such a soci-
ety is formed we shall have the strongest men cooperating with us.

Joseph H. Woodford called attention to the fine display- of
flowers on the table, among which were a large collection of cam-
ellias from C. M. Hovey, including his new seedling, Florence
Hove}' ; Rhododendron Veitchianum loevigatum aud other beau-
tiful greenhouse rhododendrons from Mrs. Francis B. Hayes; a
fine seedling Amaryllis from Mrs. E. M. Gill, and beautiful or-
chids from Robert Blair and F. L. Ames. Mr. Woodford added
that village improvement societies are probably the strongest
agents for beautifying towns. There is always local talent that
can be utilized.

Henr}' Ross agreed with all that had been said in favor of local
societies. The Newton Horticultural Society has exerted a bene-
ficial influence, not alone for the present, but for all time ; it will
be seen more in the next generation than now. It has done a
good work in the encouragement it has given to the cultivation of
flowers in school grounds.

President Walcott said that the whole question how best to ad-
vance horticulture is a significant one, and everything the society
can do for its advancement in a wider field should be done. Local
improvement societies meet the want in a great measure. While
a member of the State Board of Health, Lunacj', and Charit}', he
was struck with the view taken by the superintendents of the great
State institutions, of the influence of flowers and their cultivation
on the inmates. At Tewksbury, the great dumping ground for

214 MASSACHUSETTS IIOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the refuse of humanity — brought there not bj' misfortune alone —
Mr. ]\Iarsh, the superintendent, found the influence of flowers most
beneficial; and the superintendent of the Hospital for the Insane
at AVorcester, and others, would acknowledge the aid derived from
flowers.

The Chairman of the Committee on Discussions announced that
on the next Saturday Hon. Marshall 1\ AVilder would read a i)aper
on the " Ripening and Preservation of Fruit."

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, April 10, 1886.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
Vice President Benjamin G. Smith in the chair.

No business being brought before the meeting, it adjourned to
Saturday, May 1.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.
The Ripening and Preservation of Fruits.

By HoK. MARSHALL P. WILDER, Dorchcster.

Mr. President : — In compliance with the request of Mr. Had-
wen, Chairman of the Committee on Discussion, I have consented
to address this meeting on the Ripening and Preservation of
Fruits.

So much has been written and said on this subject that I cannot
expect to offer much, except in confirmation of what I have uttered
in former addresses.

The principles upon which success must ever depend are now so
well established that it is onl}' necessary to bring them to mind
for our government. The preservation of apples through the win-
ter months is now prettv well understood, but with the pear,
grape, and other delicate fruits more care is requisite.

The ripening of fruit depends on the saccharine fermentation ; this
is followed b^' the vinous and acetous fermentations. To prevent

THE RIPENING AND PRESERVATION OF FRUITS. 215

these, and preserve fruit iu all its beauty, fresliness, and flavor,
the temperature must be uniform, and kept below the degree at
which the fermentation or ripening process commences. Mr.
Robert Manning, iu a prize essay, said — " The ripening of fruit is
the completion of the chemical process by which starch is trans-
formed into sugar, and is the first step toward fermentation or
deca}' ; therefore, whatever promotes fermentation will hasten the
ripening ; whatever retards fermentation will tend to its preserva-
tion."

Late fruits may remain on the trees until severe frosts are
feared, but should be gathered with great care. Summer pears
should be picked some days before the ripening process com-
mences. A summer pear ripened upon the tree is generally' infe-
rior. In respect to the latter Mr. Patrick Barry has so aptly
expressed m}^ own opinion that I use his language : " The process
of ripening on the tree, which is the natural one, seems to act
upon the fruit for the benefit of the seed ; as it tends to the forma-
tion of woody fibre and farina. AVhen the fruit is removed from
the tree at the commencement of ripening, and placed in a still
atmosphere, the natural process seems to be counteracted, and
sugar and juice are elaborated instead of fibre and farina." Thus
pears which become meal}' and rot at the core if left on the tree
to ripen, are juicy, melting, and delicious when ripened in the
house.

"With the increase of fruits their preservation in the most perfect
condition has become a matter of great importance ; various
methods have been adopted, both in this and other countries, for
this purpose, many of which have been failures. Nearly half a
century ago the first houses of which I have any knowledge were
built for the preservation of fruits by the retardation of their
ripening. Most of these were controlled by ice ; others by the
use of chemicals and apparatus with revolving fans to diff'use the
cool air through the various rooms.

About twenty years ago several patents were secured for the
preservation and long-keeping of fruits and other commodities by
Messrs. Shaler, Nyce, and Smith. Professor Nyce of Ohio had
one of his houses built in Boston, to be controlled by ice, and
many constructed upon his plan are still in use in our large cities
and towns for the preservation of meats as well as fruits.

Mr. Nathan Hellings, of Pennsylvania, also informs us of the

216 MASSACHUSETTS HOHTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

method he pursued in 18G<s in building ii house ibr the preservation
of fruit, whieh proved vcr}' successful. He used no chemicals or
machinery, but regulated the temperature of the house by the use
of ice, and was able to keep it at from 34° to 36°. The atmosphere
was so cool and dry that no moisture was deposited on the walls,
and there was no dripping from the ceiling. The most constant
attention was given to the ventilation ; and light was entirely
excluded, to prevent ripening and shrivelling. With these arrange-
ments so perfected, no gases or mixtures of gases with atmospheric
air were ever generated. His fruit, when brought out, retained its
primitive freshness and health for a longer time than that we
usually have from modern storehouses, and in these houses he
kept apples two or three years in perfect condition. His houses
are still in successful operation near Bristol, Pa.

But the most common method for small establishments and pri-
vate use is the construction of houses with walls of non-conducting
materials, and with well drained and thoroughly cemented cellars.
{Such was the house built by M. Victor Paquet of Paris about
forty 3'ears ago — which he managed without the use of ice or
chemicals — an account of which was given in the illustrated Tuans-
SACTiOKS of this Society in 1847. The house was built with outer
and inner walls, having a space of three feet between ; it was in
fact a house within a house, and so arranged that the temperature
could be controlled at will ; it was kept at a little below 40°
Fahrenheit. Our climate differs so much from that of Paris that
we cannot follow all of M. Paquet's plans. Sullice it to say that
by this process, without the use of ice, he kept his fruits in perfect
condition until June.

On this plan, fruit houses may be constructed at a very moder-
ate expense, in which fruits may be kept in all their beauty,
freshness, and llavor through the entire season. The Anjou pear
was exhibited before this Society as late as the month of May, by
the late Mr. (iardner Brewer, from his retarding house.

Mr. Charles F. Curtis, one of the fruit merchants of this city,
informs me that there is no decided preference between a cold
storage house controlled by chemicals and one where ice is used.
Each has its advocates.

The fruit house of Ellwanger & Barry, at Bochester, N. Y., is
a building whose walls and lloor are lined with straw and boards,
with cellars underneath for storing fruit. When the mercury goes

THE RIPENING AND PRESERVATION OF FRUITS. 217

ten or twelve degrees below zero, a few degrees — three or four —
of frost get in, but the boxes and barrels are all covered with
straw mats and are never reached by the frost.

When the late fall and winter pears are gathered they are put in
bushel or half-bushel boxes, and placed on the north side of a
building, outside of the fruit house and protected. They are kept
there as long as the weather will permit; b^' that time the room
has got thoroughly cooled and ready to receive the fruit. Thej'
have both pears and apples there now in perfection.

In the report of the Michigan Horticultural Society for 1882 is
an account, by Mr. S. W. Dorr, of a fruit house constructed by
him, on the cold air system, without the use of ice. He lays down
the principle that, in order to keep fruit for anj^ great length of
time, the store-room must be frost-proof and kept at a low, even
temperature — three or four degrees above freezing — with suffi-
cient ventilation to carry off all moisture and impurities. He was
able to keep his house within three degrees of freezing for five
months ; and when the temperature outside changed sixty degrees
in twenty-four hours, the change in the fruit room was impercep-
tible. Again, when the thermometer fell to points varying from
six to twenty degrees below zero, five days in succession, the
temperature scarcely changed one degree in the fruit house. This
result was effected by building a house with triple walls, fifteen
inches in thickness, ten inches of which was filled with sawdust.

One chief condition of success consists iu the state in which the
fruit goes to the cooler. It should be taken before any sound spec-
imen begins to show ripeness, and no single fruit should be stored
that has fallen to the ground ; for, however perfect it may seem,
sooner or later that dropped fruit will make its presence known,
and will often cause the decay of the whole package unless noticed
in time ; which rarely happens when, hundreds of bushels are
piled one above another for a month or two. The fruits intended
for cold storage houses should go directlj' 'from the orchard.
The cause of so many failures — iu storing pears, for instance — is
that the fruit is often bought of different parties, much of it im-
perfectl}' packed, and coming to hand in no condition to go to the
cooler ; perhaps it has been gathered weeks previously, or carried
long distances and become more or less bruised, and rendered in
all respects unfit for keeping in this way. The past fall hundreds
of bushels of Bartlett pears that were nearlj^ ripe were stored by
small fruit venders who knew nothing about the subject.

218 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTDUAL SOCIETY.

The after conditions of success may be briell^' stated as follows :
The perfect control of temperature, light, and moisture ; all experi-
ence shows that, without such control, success cannot be attained.
Storage apartments must be dark, dry. uniformly and moderately
cool, and constructed so as to exclude at pleasure the variable
external atmosphere. Apples may be kept at a lower temperature
than pears — sa}- thirty-four to forty degrees.

After many years of experience, both with and without ice, I
have adopted a house built in a cool, shady aspect, with the
door on the north ; and with a thoroughly drained and cemented
cellar, having small double windows which may be opened or
closed at pleasure. In this way I am enabled to keep my late fall
and winter pears until February or March in good condition.
Mr. John J. Thomas writes me that in a fruit room of this kind,
by admitting air on cold nights, and closing the entrances when
the air is warm, he has had sound Lawrence pears in March, and
Josephine of Malines in April, and Baldwin apples in Jinie.

My late fall and winter fruits, intended for long keeping, are
allowed to remain on the trees until frost is apprehended. They
are then gathered with great care into bushel boxes, and placed
in tiers of boxes six or seven feet high, and covered with boards,
on the north side of my fruit house, where they are kept until the
ground begins to freeze. They are then removed to the cellar, and
there piled up in the same manner, with thin strips of boards or
shingles between the boxes, until wanted for use ; when the boxes
are looked over and the most mature are from time to time taken
out. In this way I keep pears until March or April in perfect
condition.

In regard to the use of ice, I would sa}' that where fruits are
kept for some months under its iniluence at a very low temperature,
they seem to lose much of their Uavor ; the cellular tissue also
seems to have become dry and to have lost its vitality, or powci-
to resume the ripening process. Experience proves that, for the
common varieties of the pear, about forty degrees of Fahrenheit is
the temperature best suited to hold this process in equilibrimn.
The proper maturing of fruit thus preserved demands skill and
science. Different varieties require different degrees of moisture
and heat, according to the firmness of the skin and tlie texture of
the llesh. Thus some varieties of the pear will ripen at a low tem-
perature and in a comparatively dry atmosphere, while others arc

THE RIPENING AND PRESERVATION OF FRUITS. 219

improved by a warm and humid air. Some varieties of the pear,
ripening with difficulty and formerly esteemed only second rate,
are now pronounced of excellent quality because the art of matur-
ing them is better understood. Great improvement has been made
in the handling, packing, and preservation of fruits, so that they
are delivered in perfect condition from distant places, every class
of fruit having its suitable style of package. So well is the art of
keeping grapes now understood that we have them in our markets,
in such fine order as to command from fifteen to twenty cents per
pound, until the mouth of May.

Discussion.

H. Weld Fuller said that there was considerable range of tem-
perature in the houses mentioned ; the essayist had advised forty
degrees for pears, but he would like to hear something further in
regard to temperature.

Mr. Wilder replied that his remarks referred principally to
pears, and more especially some varieties which, ripening earlv, are
more delicate than others, and will not bear so low a temperature.
The Bartlett pear may easily be kept for a long time in a cold
house, but it loses its flavor after being exposed to a low tempera-
ture for two weeks. It is very important that the temperature
should be uniform, and so low as to prevent fermentation. He
once had a house controlled by ice, and fonnd that forty degrees
would hold fermentation in 'check. His cellar sometimes gets
below freezing and then he covers with mats, as Ellwanger & Barry
do. In reply to a question whether the important point is not
that the temperature, whatever it is, must be uniform, he said
that it is, but it must be kept within certain limits — not too high
or too low.

David B. Flint said that he once had a crop of very fine Easter
Beurre pears which were frozen hard on the tree, but he sprinkled
them with water so as to thaw them slowly, after which they hung
on the tree for two weeks. They were then wrapped in paper
and packed carefully in a box and put on a table in the cellar, and
on Christmas Da}^ he went to New York and shut up the house,
and the pears were not looked at until he came back on the 9th of
May, when he expected to find them rotten, but they were in per-
fect condition and fi*iely ripened ; and he distributed them among

220 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIKTV.

friends and phj-sicians, for sick persons. He thought they must
have been frozen while in the cellar, for it was half out of ground
and had only an eigiit-inch wall, with a window of single glass near
the pears. His partner once put a bushel box of pears into an
out-house and forgot them until spring, when the}^ were taken out
in perfect condition.

William H. Hills of Plaistow, N. H., said there are many things
about the keeping of fruit that are dillicult to explain. He sup-
posed that keeping a uniform temperature would preserve fruit.
Last fall the New Hampshire Agricultural Society' offered pre-
miums for Earl}' Bough apples, and he wrapped bis in paper and
packed them in jars in gypsum to keep them until the exhibition.
.Some that he left in his odice, which was warmed b}' a stove, kept
to December and then dried up, while those which he took to the fair
kept four days with dilliculty. He did not understand how apples
kept on the ground, when they would freeze on a shelf. He
has kept apples sound in tight barrels while those in more open
casks decayed. He has built a dry cellar, where the thermometer
sometimes falls to twenty-eight degrees, and then if more warmth
is desired, he puts in a lighted lamp, which raises it to thirty-two
degrees or more, and here apples keep exceedingly well though
the thermometer is as low as twenty-seven or tweut3--eight degrees
half the time. There has been much discussion as to whether
apples should be kept dr}- or damp. He knew an instance where
water got into a cellar, yet the apples kept well.

Mr. Wilder said that the i)reservation of apples on the ground
arises from the moisture in the ground extracting the frost ; as
syringing plants, when frozen in the greenhouse, thaws them with-
out injury. He had aimed, in his paper, to show how cheajily a
fruit house can be made, and how fruit can be kept with a
little care.

Mv. Hills thought that freezing apples once might not injure
them, l)ut repeated freezing and thawing would, and handling
while frozen would injure thera.

O. H. Had wen said that it is one thing to cultivate apples and
another to i)reserve them. We are fortunate in living in a section
whore fruits do not all ripen at one time ; cspeciall}' the large
fruits, such as the ajiple and ])ear, which extend over a long period.
As Mr. Wilder had said, uniformly cool temperature is the impor-
tant puiiil ; if irregular, the ripening is a ma(ter of uncertainly.

THE RIPENING AND PRESERVATION OF FRUITS. 221

It is not desirable to preserve fruits at the expense of losing their
flavor. Housekeepers take fruits when in their best condition,
and put them up in glass jars, and the flavor is preserved ; it is
easily done, and they are always readj- for nse. The Gravenstein
and Palmer apples are unrivalled in quality and can be kept in
perfection ; pears also may be kept perfectly. He thought, as a
rule, if we extend the keeping of fruits, we extend the price.

Eobert Manning thought that the most critical time in regard to
keeping fruit is the warm days in autumn — the lovel}' Indian
Summer days of October. Especial care is then needed to carry
them past this time. They should be piled up on the north side
of a building, or if kept inside the doors should be open during
the night and closed by day. Last October was uncommonly
warm, and therefore unusually difficult to keep fruit through.

Mr. Wilder said, in answer to an inquir3^ that everything de-
pends on the condition of fruit when it is placed in the storehouse.
His superintendent watches the picking of his fruit with the
greatest care ; every fruit is handled as carefully as an egg. The
dealers in Boston who buy pears in the market to keep in the cool
houses often suffer loss from the careless way in which the fruit
has been handled. Fruit placed in the storehouse bruised and in
uneven condition as to ripeness wnll never keep.

Mr. Hadwen said that fruit designed to be kept should be picked
before it is too ripe. He had kept green Boussock pears for four
weeks. It is especially desirable in gathering winter apples, such
as Baldwins or Greenings, which ara wanted to keep late, that
they should not be too ripe.

The Chairman, Benjamin G. Smith, said that shippers liegin
gathering apples two or three weeks before it is generally done.

E. W. Wood agreed with Mr. Manning that the time of warm
autumn weather is a critical one in the keeping of fruit. He gen-
erally picks his Anjou pears about the tenth of October, and last
year the}' ripened about the end of that month and he had to send
them to market. Every year apples are found under leaves, per-
fectly sound, in the spring. He thought those who store apples like
to have the temperature as low as 30° and from that to 28°. Every
year they get caught and frozen, but this is not considered an
injury if the fruit is not wanted for immediate use. His father
had stored apples in tlie cellar and found them frozen, but he
allowed them to thaw without moving and they came out in per-

222 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

feet condition. Tiiey must not be sluikeu while frozen. People
ask why fruit does not keep as well as it used to, but the}' are
thinking of old-time cellars in the country, where there were no
furnaces, and the cellars had to l)e banked uj) to keep out the
frost. He thought the opinion of dealers is that houses where ice
is used are apt to be damp from the waste of the ice, and that con-
sequently the flavor is not as good and the fruit does not keep as
well as where chemicals are used. In the cold storage house on
North street, which is five stories high and a hundred and fifty feet
dee[), with an engine in the attic, and kept cool by the use of chem-
icals, it is so dry that matches laid an3'where will light with perfect
ease, and he was under the impression that fruit comes out of such
a house with better flavor than from an ice house. Cold storage is
a great convenience to fruit growers ; Bartlett or other pears can be
stored when there is a surplus, and put on the market as it will
bear them, thus producing a very beneficial effect by equalizing
prices and preventing the gluts that were so common Ibrmerl}-.
The Vicar is the only kind that was carried through to the first of
Fel)ruary this year.

Mr. Hills said that fruit from different soils will vary in keep-
ing ; he watches his fruit and picks that of trees on warm soils first ;
if he followed the oi)posite course, those on warm soils would be
all ©n the ground before he got to them.

Joseph H. Woodford said that all depends on the time of pick-
ing ; if fruit is left on the tree till fully ripe it will not keep. The
sooner a i)ear is picked, after it attains its full size, the better. He
was latel}' in Central America, and when he went to buy some
bananas to bring home the dealers asked him whether he wanted
full ripe, or two-thirds, or three-quarters. They said full ripe fruit
would not keep but two days, while two-thirds ripe woidd keep till
lie got home ; and it did, but did not have the flavor of fully grown.
The interru[)tion of tlu! rii)cning process is what keeps fruit, but
the temperature nuist be uniform after this interruption.

]\Ir. Flint said that he once kept nine or ten barrels of apples
on the trees till the S)th of November, when his neighbors thought
they were spoiled, but he piled the barrels up on the north side of
a building until Christmas, and then put them in the stable and
covered with straw, and they kept finely till A|)ril.

Mr. Wood said that Mr. Flint's ai)ples probably kept cool on
the tree. He once i)icked some Iloxbury Russet apples very

THE RIPENING AND PRESERVATION OF FRUITS. 223

caref all}' and left them in piles on the ground until they were covered
with a foot of snow ; they were afterwards packed in barrels in
coal ashes and opened the middle of June, when the}' were very
nearly perfect — plump, with the fiesh crisp and juicy, and of fine
flavor when others had lost their flavor. The air was excluded
from them and the temperature was even. Fruit rooms in
dwelling houses, even though separated from the furnace cellar,
do not compare with farmers' cellars for keeping fruit.

Mr. Wilder said that the last season was one of the worst he
had known for keeping fruit. The opinion that fruit, when kept
in houses where cold is produced b}- chemicals, comes out with
better flavor than that kept in ice houses maj' be correct, but there
is difference of opinion on that point.

Referring to this being the last of the series of meetings
for discussion, Mr. Wilder said that he could not allow the
occasion to pass without expressing the great interest he felt in
these discussions, and the pleasure and profit he had derived
from being able to attend so man}' of them. Next to the exhibi-
tions of the Society, nothing has conduced so much to its popular-
ity and usefulness as these weekly discussions. The bringing
together of persons, interested in the same objects, to compare the
results of their experience, is the most powerful agency in advanc-
ing progress and improvement in our age, and so it will continue
to be in all coming time. The knowledge obtained at these meet-
ings is valuable to all those who attend them, and moreover is very
widely disseminated by the publication of our proceedings. Many
of the papers read have been printed in full, not only in our
American journals, but also in the horticultural journals of Eng-
land. He therefore felt a deep interest in the perpetuation of these
meetings, and hoped that they might be continued from year to year,
and that the Society might go on, with increasing prosperity, long
after he should have been consigned to the bosom of mother earth.

The meeting then adjourned without day.

The following letter from Parker Earle, President of the
American Horticultural Society, was received by Mr. Wilder too

224 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

late to be incorporated ii)to his paper, but is deemed, by the Com-
mittee ou Publication, of sufficient interest to be printed here.

CoBDEN, III., April 10, 1886.
My Dear Mr. Wilder: —

I have just now returned from my winter home on the Gulf
Coast, and find your letter awaiting me. My son tells me that he
dropped you a line explaining the delay.

I am glad you are preparing a paper on the important topic of
" The Ripening and Preservation of Fruits." I am very willing to
contribute suggestions from my own experience, which has mostly
been confined to cold storage for exhibition purposes, and to* re-
frigeration during transportation. I have also been a frequent
visitor to cold storage houses which were carrying fruits for com-
mercial purposes.

The best results I have known in cold storage on a large scale
have been accomplished without ice, l)ut by ice-making machinery
— the Pictet sjstem, or the Boj'ie system will do this — where the
cold is produced in the storage rooms by the circulation of refrig-
erated brine, at a temperature of 16° Fahrenheit, through extensive
systems of iron pipes placed in the tops of the cooling rooms; the
amount of brine circulated (and hence the amount of the cold
produced in a given room) being regulated b}' stopcocks. This
system is perfectly adapted to large or moderate sized establish-
ments, and the degree of cold can be adapted to the varying wants
of the rooms with ease and certainty.

Next to this come the cold houses where large bodies of ice
are stored above the fruits, the amount of cold being determined
by the sliding of doors or valves. In all cases the houses should
be constructed with several dead air spaces in the walls and floors
(very chea[)ly secured by successive linings of building i)aper, sep-
arated by strips of wood). In smaller rooms the ice can be in-
troduced daily, according to the wants of the produce stored ; and
tiie degree of cold ciisily tletermined by tiie quantity. For this
purpose an ice pan, with proper drainage, can be arranged in the
upper part of any room sulliciently isolated from external influ-
ences, and the ice put in as wanted.

The most successful refrigerator cars are ItuilL u[)<)n this plan.
The Titfany car, which is by far the best adapted of any for the
transportation of fruits, is constructed with a \' shai)ed ice pan

J

k

THE RIPENING AND PRESERVATION OF FRUITS. 225

C""--^^^,,,^'^) running the entire length of the car ; this pan being
tilled through the top of the car. This pan reaches to within one foot
of the wall of the car on eachs ide. The operation is simpl}' this :
The warm air, laden with surplus moisture, rises from the load of
fruit below, passes over the ice, which cools the air and condenses
the moisture, and the air descends cold and* comparativel}' dry.
The result is constant circulation of the air in the car (or the
room) without an^" machinery, or any ventilation ; and the con-
stant cooling of the cargo, with an atmosphere sufficiently dry for
the good of the fruit. It is all done by that force which causes
heat to ascend and cold to descend. It makes no difference
whether the storage room be ou the ground or on wheels.

There is no doubt that the durabilit}^ of all fruits is increased
by a proper amount of cold. But it has been, a common belief
that fruits exposed to artificial cold would, when taken out, decay
much more rapidly than the}' uaturall}' do. I think this is a de-
cided mistake when the cold has not been excessive. For instance,
the exhibits of apples and other fruits from certain States, made
at the great International Exhibition of Fruits in connection with
the World's Exposition at New Orleans, were in part placed in
cold storage in that cit^^ sevei'al mouths before they appeared on
our tables. It was generally expected that the\' would melt down
in a verj- few days. But they lasted in a most surprising manner.
As a general thing they lasted for a good many weeks upon the
exhibition tables. I particularly recall some plates of Maiden's
Blush apples, from Pennsylvania, which were in cold storage for
three months, and then stood upon our tables in Horticultural
Hall, which was nearl}' all glass in walls and roof, in good condi-
tion for over two months. In fact, the manner in which this cold
storage fruit, from many States and from across the sea, endured
the exposure in our moist and often quite warm palace of horticul-
ture was a surprise and gratification to all who had any knowledge
of the facts.

My own experience in the transportation of strawberries, rasp-
berj'ies, blackberries, and other fruits to market in Tiffanj^ cars,
and the excellent keeping quality they have shown when taken
out, has been most encouraging.

For all these purposes we want no chemicals, no machinery for
the circulation of the air, and no ventilation ; simply perfect isola-

226 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

tion from outside indnt'iicos, tlie right amount of ice, or other
cooling agenc}', and a free chance for the air of the apartment to
come in contact witli tlio ice, or cooling pipes, to deposit its moisture
and i)art with its heat.

I have the honor to remain, with great regard and esteem,

• Ver}' truly yours,

Pahker Earle.

ERRATA

On page 66, line 9 from bottom, for "serenity" read "endurance.
On page 67, line 2, for "tutors" read "teachers."

CONTENTS.

Pagk.

Prefatory Note ......... 3

Business Meeting, January 2, 1886; Address of President Moore, pp. 5, 6;
Address of President Walcott, 6-11 ; Vote of Thanks, 11 ; Committee on
President's Address, 11; Appropriations, 11, 12; Letter from Mrs.
Mary E. Whitmore, 12; Schedule of Prizes Ready, 12; Meetings for
Discussion Announced ........ 12

Business Meeting, January 9 ...... . 12

Meeting for Discussion, Postponed ...... 13

Business Meeting, January IC ; Report of Committee on Publication and

Discussion read ......... 13

Meeting for Discussion; A Trip to the Tropics, by Joseph H. Woodford,

pp. 13-20; Discussion, 20-24; Fruits that Promise Well . . . 24-28

Business Meeting, January 23; Vote concerning Forestry at Farmers'

Institutes .......... 28

Meeting for Discussion; Th6 Forest Interests of Massachusetts, by
William C. Strong, pp. 29-36; Discussion, 30-41; The Most Desirable
Varieties of Fruit ......... 41-43

Business Meeting, January 30; Reports of Meetings, p. 43; Decease of
George W. Pierce and of Henry P. Kidder announced, pp. 43,44; Com-
mittees on Nomination and Forestry Legislation appointed . . 44

Meeting for Discussion; Forestry, by Rev. J. B. Harrison, pp. 44-48;

Discussion .......... 48, 49

Business Meeting, February 6; Report of Treasurer read, j). 49; Resolve
concerning Sinking Fund, 49 ; Memorial of Henry P. Kidder, pp. 49, 50 ;
Members Elected ......... 51

Meeting for Discussion; The Gladiolus, by William E. Endieott, pp.

51-59; Discussion ......... 59-U4

Business Meeting, February 13; Report concerning Forestry Legisla-
tion, p. 05; Memorial of George W. Pierce . . . . . 65,66

ME!eting for Discussion; Bulbs and Tubers for Out-door Culture, by

Mrs. T. L. Nelson, pp. 66-76 ; Discussion ..... 77-78

Business Meeting, February 20; Transactions of Norfolk Agricultural

Society presented ......... 79

Meeting for Discussif)N; The Food Question, by PMward Atkinson, pp.

79-99; Discussion ......... 99-103

1 CONTENTS.

Business MiiEXixo, February 27; Electioa of Member of the Vegetable

Committee, p. 103; Prizes for IJulbs ...... 103

Meeting fok Discussion; Vegetable Growing, by Warren \V. Rawson,

pp. 103-120; Discussion ........ 121,122

Business Meeting, March 6; Proceedings of American Pomological

Society presented, pp. 122, 123; Members Elected .... 123

Meeting for Discu.ssion; The Progress of Orchid Culture in America.

by Edward L. Beard, pp. 123-148; Discussion .... 148.151

Business Meeting, March 13; Protection of Birds . . . 151,152

Meeting for Discussion; Homestead Landscapes, by George Austin

Bowen, M.D., pp. 152-1G7; Discussion ...... 168-170

Business Meeting, I^Iarch 20 ....... 171

Meeting fok Discussion; The Care and Embellishment of Cemeteries,

by John G. Barker, pp. 171-189; Discussion ..... 189-192

Business Meeting, March 27 ...... . 192

Meeting fou Discussion; Nitrogen: Why the Crops Must Have It and
Where they Must Get It, by Prof. G. C. Caldwell, pp. 192-205; Discus-
sion ... . 205-207

Business Meeting, April 3; Special Prizes for Roses, p. 207; Members

Elected 207

Meeting for Discus.sion; The Nomenclature of Fruits, pp. 207-211; Ex-
tending the Influence of the Society ..... 211-214

Business Meeting, April 10 ....... 214

Meeting for Discussion; The Ripening and Preservation of Fruits,
by Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, pp. 214-219; Discussion, 219-223; Letter
from Parker Earle ......... 223-226

TRANSACTIONS

^^^

imi\t\miis Jorticuliural ^ocietg,

FOR THE YEAR 1886.

PART II.

BOSTON:
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY.

1887.

TRANSACTIONS

Ufassiidntsctts g0t*tintlfual ^omi^.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, May 1, 1886.

The meeting of April 10 having adjourned to this day was
called to order by the President, Henry P. Walcott, but no
quorum was present and the meeting

Adjourned to Saturday, June 5.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, June 5, 1886.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Henry P. Walcott, in the chair.

The following named persons, having been recommended by
the Executive Committee, were, on ballot, duly elected members
of the Society :

Edward C. Cabot, of Brookline.

T. R. Callender, of Wellesley Hills.

Vaknum Frost, of Belmont.

The meeting was then dissolved.

232 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICDLTURAL SOCIETr.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, July 3, 1886.

A duly notified stated meeting of the Societ}' was holden at 11
o'clock, the President, Henry P. Walcott, in the chair.

The President reported that the Executive Committee had ap-
proved the appropriation of 8235 for prizes for roses at the Rose
Show in June, in addition to the amount previously appropriated.
The appropriation was unanimously voted by the Society.

William C. Strong moved that in compliance with the regula-
tions of the State Board of Agriculture a prize of SIO be offered
for the best plantation of ship timber, and that the prizes offered
last year for the best reports of awarding committees be offered
the present year.

The motion was unanimously carried.

On motion of Edward L. Beard, it was voted that the Secre-
tary be authorized to send to the meeting of the Society of Amer-
ican Florists, in Philadelphia, August 18, a letter expressing the
sympathy of this Society with the aims and efforts of the Society
of Florists, and that William J. Stewart be the bearer of the
letter, as the representative of this Society.

Charles Ripley, of Dorchester, and
Luther Auams, of Brighton,

having been recommended by the Executive Committee as mem-
bers of the Society, were, on ballot, duly elected.

Adjourned to Saturday, August 7.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, August 7, 1886.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Henry P. Walcott, in the chair.

The President, as Chairman of the Executive Committee, re-
ported a recommendation that some preparatory action be taken

PHOTOGRAPH OF AMERICAN FLORISTS. 233

by the Committee on Establishing Prizes, in reference to the meet-
ing of the American Pomological Society in this city, in 1887 ;
and also that the same Committee consider the subject of Fores-
try Prizes. The report was unanimoush- adopted.

Agreeably to the Constitution and By-Laws, the President ap-
pointed the following Committee to nominate suitable candidates
for the various offices of the Society for the year 1887 : Wil-
liam C. Strong, Chairman ; C. H. B. Breck, Edward L. Beard,
Charles N. Brackett, Charles F. Curtis, Francis H. Appleton, C.
M. Atkinson.

Adjourned to Saturday, September 4.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, September 4, IS'-'G.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Henry P. Walcott, in the chair. William C.
Strong, Chairman of the Committee to nominate candidates for
officers and standing committees for the next 3'ear, reported a
printed list which was accepted. It was voted that the Commit-
tee be continued and requested to nominate candidates in place of
any who might decline before the election.

On motion of William C. Strong, it was voted, as the sense of
the meeting, that the Committee on Plants and Flowers should
award, during the present month, such gratuities as they deem for
the interest of the Societ}', not to exceed $200, in anticipation of
the approval of the Executive Committee and of the Society at
the October meeting.

The Secretary presented, in behalf of William J. Stewart, a
photograph of members of the Society of American Florists,
taken in the grounds of George W. Childs, at Philadelphia. It
was voted that the picture be accepted and that the thanks of
th.is Society be presented to Mr. Stewart therefor.

Julius A. Palmer, Jr., of Boston, and
Francis B. Snow, of Dorchester,

having been recommended by the Executive Committee as mem-
bers of the Society, were, on ballot, duly elected.

The meeting was then dissolved.

234 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, October 2, 188G.

A stated meeting of the Societ}-, being the Annual Meeting for
the choice of officers and standing committees, was holden at 11
o'clock, Vice-President C. H. B. Breck in the chuir. The Record-
ing Secretary stated that tlie requirements of the Constitution and
Bj'-Laws in regard to notice of the meeting had been complied with.

Agreeably to the Constitution and By-Laws, the chair appointed
Charles L. Fowle, William H. Spooner, and Robert Manning a
Committee to receive, assort, and count the votes given, and re-
port the number.

The polls were opened at a quarter past eleven o'clock, and it
was voted that they be kept open for one hour. It was also voted
that the check list be used.

The Chairman reported from the Executive Committee a recom-
mendation that an additional appropriation of $200 be made for
the Committee ou Plants and Flowers for gratuities. The appro-
priation was unanimouslj' voted.

The following named persons, having been recommended by the
Executive Committee, were, on ballot, duly elected members :

Duncan Aird, of Belmont.
George Mc William, of Whitinsville.
Edward J. Forster, M. D., of Charlestown.
John H. Haines, of Roxbury.

The polls were closed at a quarter past twelve o'clock, and the
Committee to receive, assort, and count the votes, after attending
to that duty, reported

The whole number of ballots cast ... 48
Necessaiy for a choice 25

And the persons having the number necessary for a choice
were, agreeably to the Constitution and By-Laws, declared by the
presiding officer to have a majority of votes, and to be elected
Officers and Standing Committees of the Society for the year
1887.

Adjourned to Saturday, November G.

VOTE TO DISPOSE OF BONDS. 235

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, November 6, 1886.

An adjourned meeting of the Societ}' was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Henrt P. Walcott, in the chair.

The President, as Chairman of the Executive Committee, re-
ported from that Committee a recommendation that the Society
appropriate $6,000 for prizes for the year 1887. Also, that in
view of the meeting of the American Pomological Society, an ad-
ditional sum, not exceeding $500, be appropriated for Special
Prizes for Fruits at the Annual Elxhibition.

The report was accepted, and, agreeabl}' to the Constitution
and By-Laws, laid over until the stated meeting in January.

On motion of William H. Spooner, it was Voted, That the Com-
mittee of Arrangements make inquiries in regard to a more spa-
cious hall for the Annual Exhibition.

On motion of Edward L. Beard, it was unanimously Voted,
That the Finance Committee be authorized to dispose of the
bonds purchased as a Sinking Fund, and apply the proceeds
towards to the payment of the mortgage debt on the Society's
building.

The following named persons, having been recommended by the
Executive Committee for membership in the Society, were, on
ballot, duly elected :

Elbridge Baker, of Wellesley.

William P. Rich, of Chelsea.

AViLLiAM H. Teel, of West Acton.

Leverett M. Chase, of Roxbury.

Professor William G. Tousey, of College Hill.

John W. Scott, of Nahant.

Allen V. Abbott, of Boston.

Adjourned to Saturday, December 4.

236 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

BUSINESS mep:ting.

Saturday, December 4, 1886.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, IIenky P. WALCOx-r, in the chair.

The Annual Report of the Committee on Vegetables was read by
Charles N. Brackett, Chairman, accepted, and referred to the
Committee on Publication.

The Annual Report of the Committee on Plants and Flowers
was read by Joseph H. Woodford, Chairman, accepted, and
referred to the Committee on Publication.

The Chairman of the Committee on Fruits asked for farther
time to prepare his report, which was granted.

The President as Chairman of tlie Executive Committee, pre-
sented the Schedule of Prizes for 1887 with the recommendation
that $3,300 be appropriated for Prizes and Gratuities for Plants
and Flowers instead of the $3,000 previously recommended, and
also that the Schedule be referred back to the Committee for
Establishing Prizes, for amendment, so as to leave a balance of
$150 for gratuities. The report was accepted, and the Schedule
was referred as therein recommended.

It was Voted, That notice be given, in the report of the meeting
in the daily papers, to all members who wish to discuss the Sched-
ule, that it will be considered at the next meeting of the Societ}',
and that when this meeting adjourn it be for one week.

The Committee of Arrangements were authorized to secure the
Great Hall of the Mechanics' Building for the Annual Exhibition
in 1887, on the most favorable terms.

The President read the following Report and Vote, which had
been addressed to him : —

Sir: The Commiltee api)ointcd at the meeting of the Society held
on the second day of Januarv, 1886, to consider the suggestions
made by the President in his inaugural address in regard to the
necessit}' of procuring better accommodations for the exhibitions

REPORT ON A BUILDING FOR THE SOCIETY. 237

of the Societ}' than it now enjoys, beg to report : That, in their
opinion, the building owned b}^ the Society cannot be altered to
meet the requirements, either in space or convenience, of an ex-
hibition of plants which would properly illustrate the actual devel-
opment and importance of Massachusetts Horticulture. More
space is required for our exhibitions, and space into which large
plants can be easily and safely transported without the risk which
attends their transportation to the second or third stor}' of any
building ; and more space is absolutely needed for the unsurpassed
and inestimabl}' valuable library of the Societ3\

Your Committee has examined various sites in different parts of
the city with the view of recommending the purchase of a piece
of land and the erection upon it of a new building adapted to the
actual needs of the Society. It has not been possible, however,
to find any piece of unoccupied land in a suitable locality and of
sufficient size for this purpose. Your Committee, nevertheless,
has caused to be prepared a plan which is now submitted for your
consideration, of a proposed horticultural building, which they
believe will, if it can be built, afford the Society all the accommo-
dations it will require, and the}' recommend that the President of
the Societ}' be authorized, in the name of the Societ}', to petition
His Honor the Mayor of Boston for authority' to erect a building
of this general character on the Public Garden of the city at some
convenient point on Boylston Street.

It seems to be peculiarly fitting that the exhibitions of the So-
ciety should be held in the garden of the cit}-, and it is the opin-
ion of your Committee that if this scheme can be adopted the
usefulness of the Society will be greatly extended, to its own ad-
vantage and to the benefit of the people of Boston. It is sug-
gested, in case this plan can be adopted, that a portion of the
second stor}' of the building should be finished as offices and
offered to the city of Boston for the use, without rent, of the Mu-
nicipal Board of Park Commissioners, who very properly would
thus become closely associated with our Society, whose influence
might properly be exerted in shaping and influencing the Park
policy of the cit3^ It is proposed to supplement the building with
a large tent, to be used at the time of our principal exhibitions ;
in which large plants could be grouped easily, safelj^ and
effectively. The cost of such a building is estimated to be fifty
thousand dollars, a sum of money which can be easily raised upon

238 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the property of the Soeiety. Your Committee recommeud the
passage of the enclosed Vole, iiud beg to be discharged.

C. S. Sau<;ent, ")

C. M. HovEY, > Committee.

F. L. Ames. )

The Vote, recommended by tlie Committee, is as follows :

Voted, Tliat the President of the Society be requested to peti-
tion His Honor the Mayor of Boston, for authority to build, under
conditions to be arranged hereafter, a building at some point on
Boylston Street in the Public Garden, for the uses of the So-
ciety.

The Report was accepted and the Committee discharged, and
the Vote was adopted.

The following named persons, having been recommended for
election as members of the Society, were, on ballot, duly elected :

Edwin H. Jose, of Cambridgeport.
Aaron Low, of Essex.
Dr. OiiKEN S. Sandeus, of Boston.
Augustus Andrews, of Dorchester.

Adjourned to Saturday, December 11."

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, December 11, 1886.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holdcn at 11 o'clock,
the President, IIenhy P. VValcott, in the chair.

On motion of P^dward L. Beard it was voted that the considera-
tion of the Schedule of Prizes for 1887 be fust in order. The
Committee on Esta])lishii)g Prizes reported the Schedule, amended
in accordance with the instructions given on the 4th instant. The
subject was fully discussed by Mr. Beard, the President, William
J. Stewart, William C. Strong, Jose[)h II. Woodford, C. ]\l. Ilovey,
andE. W. Wood, and the Schedule thus amended was then referred
back to the Executive Committee for a[)proval, agreeably to the
Constitution and B^-laws.

DECEASE OF HON. MARSHALL P. WILDER ANNOUNCED. 239

The annual report of the Fruit Committee was read by E. W.
Wood, Chairman, accepted, and referred to the Committee on
Publication.

The annual report of the Library Committee was read by Wil-
liam E. Endicott, Chairman, accepted, and referred to the Com-
mittee on Publication. Agreeably to a recommendation in this re-
port, it was voted that the Society's Silver Medal be conferred
upon George E. Davenport, in recognition of the services
rendered b}' him to the Society by the presentation in 1875 of the
valuable Herbarium of Ferns formed by him, and especially of his
continued zeal in adding to it many rare and valuable specimens.

Robert Manning read his Annual Report as Secretary and Li-
brarian, which was accepted and referred to the Committee on
Publication.

Adjourned to Saturday, December 18, at 11 o'clock.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, December 18, 1886.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Henry P. Walcott, in the chair.

President Walcott addressed the meeting as follows :

It seems strange that an official announcement of the death of
one of the oldest and earliest members of this Society should be
in any sense a surprise ; and yet we who, within two short weeks,
saw in this hall, busy with the affairs of his best-loved association,
a man of eighty-eight years, who had carried the vigor of middle
life into extreme old age — we have felt the shock of a sudden
parting. Marshall P. Wilder was a member of this Society since
1830, president for several years, and member of the Executive
Cbmmittee at the time of his death — always a leader here — he
was an interested exhibitor and competitor at our latest exhi-
bition. A loving admirer of our past, he gladly recognized the
merits of the present time, and looked forward contentedly to a
future improvement, though it might not be his work.

240 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIKTY.

We shall miss him ami we shall mouin for him, yet was he su-
premely fortunate in his death.

" Why Mccp we, then, for him who, having won
The bound of man's appointed years at hist,

Life's blessings all enjoyed, life's labors done,
Serenely to his final rest has passed?

And I am glad that he has lived thus long,

And glad tliat he has gone to his reward ;
Nor can I deem that Nature did him wrong,

Softly to disengage the vital cord.
For ere his hand grew palsied and his eye
Dark with the mists of age, it was his time to die."

Ex-President W. C. Strong said that the members of the So-
ciety were in the presence of a great sorrow. Mr. Wilder had
been with them so long and his presence had been such a benedic-
tion that it was haul to give him up. The speaker moved that a
committee be appointed to submit resolutions on the death which
had occasioned so great a loss to the Societ}' ; which motion was
unanimously passed.

The Chair appointed as that Committee Ex-Presidents Strong,
Hovey, and Hyde, Edward L. Beard and Robert Manning.

On motion of Benjamin G. Smith, the following persons were
appointed a Committee to attend the funeral of Mr. Wilder, on
the next day :

The President, Henry P. Walcott.
The Ex-Presidents, —
Charles M. Ilovey, William C. Strong,

James F. C. Hyde, Francis Parkujun,

John B. Moore.

The Vice-Presidents, —
John Cummings, C. H. B. Brcck,

Benjamin G. Smith, Frederick L. Ames.

Members of the P>xecutive Committee, —
H. H. Hunnewell, Charles S. Sargent,

H. Weld Fuller, William H. Spooncr,

and the following named niembers : —

Kobcrt Manning, John G. Barker,

George W. Fowle, Edward L. Beard,

APPROPRIATIONS FOR 1887. 241

John Robinson, O. B. Hadwen,

E. W. Wood, Francis H. Appleton,

Joseph H. Woodford, John C. Hovey,

Charles N. Braekett.

The President, as Chairman of the Executive Committee, re-
ported a recommendation that certain changes be made in the
prizes proposed to be offered for Chrysanthemums, and that an
additional sum of $154 be appropriated for Prizes and Gratuities
for Plants and Flowers. The Schedule was then referred back to
the Committee for Establishing Prizes.

The President also reported, from the Executive Committee, a
recommendation that the following appropriations be made for
the year 1887 : —

For the Library Committee, for the purchase of
magazines and newspapers, binding of books
and incidental expenses of the Committee . $300

For the same Committee, to continue the Card

Catalogue of Plates 100

For the Committee on Publication and Discus-
sion 250

For the Committee of Arrangements, — this sum
to cover all extraordinary expenses of said
Committee ....... 300

Agreeably to the ConstiXution and By-Laws, all the appropria-
tions recommended were laid over until the January meeting.

The meeting was then dissolved.

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS,

FOR THE YEAR 1886.

By JOSEPH II. WOODFORD, Chairman.

The exhibitions during the year about to close have been of un-
paralleled excellence. Competition has l)eeii stimulated by the
largely increased premiums, and a general interest, manifested by
both old and young members, to make our exhibitions worthy of
the name and reputation of the leading Horticultural Society in
this country has filled our halls to repletion on each exhibition
da}' with the choicest plants and flowers. Constant additions to
the list of competitors have made the arrangement of exhibitions
somewhat embarrassing to your Committee, inasmuch as it has
been difficult at times to know just how to apportion space for the
different exhibits. Yet working in harmony with the able Com-
mittee of Arrangements, we have incurred very few complaints of
even seeming injustice or partiality ; and it has been one of the
aims of your Committee to treat all with the utmost courtesy and
consideration, giving to each exhibitor, in the order of application,
the best space left unoccupied, for the display of plants or flowers.

The Society is to be congratulated on the success of its prize
exhibitions, for never in its historj- has the quantity or quality of
the exhibits been ecjualled. If more space is not soon ac-
quired, your Committee, in conjunction with the Committee of Ar-
rangements, will be compelled to limit contributors at our great
exhibitions to allotments of space, which must be applied for
in advance.

We are glad to be a])le to report such an enthusiasm in floricul-

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 243

ture, and the wonderful success of this year's exhibitions, and
now beg leave to review the shows in succession, as they took
place during the year.

Beginning with the 2nd of January, E. Sheppard placed upon
the table some fine blooms of new and old Pelargoniums. Mrs.
Francis B. Hayes showed a good plant of Epacris, and a variety of
cut flowers from the greenhouse. C. M. Hovey exhibited eight
plants of Helleborus niger in varieties, but mostly of muddy colors.
Some of the varieties of this plant are desirable and are very
useful when well grown and of clear colors.

January 9. Mrs. A. D. Wood showed several pots of Freesia
refracta alba, well flowered, and Mrs. F. B. Hayes and Mrs, E.
M. Gill cut flowers in variety.

January 16. Edwin Fewkes exhibited six pots of Roman Hya-
cinths with numerous good spikes of flowers ; and Mrs. F. B.
Hayes a large variety of cut flowers.

January 23. David Allan was awarded a First Class Certificate
of Merit for JJrceolina pendula aurea, a bulbous plant, like Nerine
in growth, with gracefully drooping flowers. John B. Moore &
Son showed fine specimens of Hybrid Perpetual Roses Mad.
Gabriel Luizet and Marquise de Castellane. Mrs. A. D. Wood
arranged a nice vase of flowers. C. L. Allen & Co. were awarded
a First Class Certificate of Merit for skill in the culture of Hinze's
White and Black Carnations, the blooms shown by them being very
fine. Mrs. F. B. Hayes showed a large variety of cut flowers.
Jackson Dawson showed six varieties of Helleborus niger.
Mrs. P. D. Richards exhibited Hepatica triloba m bloom, and va-
rious wild berries from the wood.

January 30. James Comley was awarded a First Class Certificate
of Merit for a seedling Hybrid Tea Rose, which he has named Fran-
cis B. Hayes ; color crimson tinged with magenta, quite fragrant
and strong growing. Mrs. F. B. Hayes exhibited the new Rhodo-
dendron Star of Flanders, and a large variety of cut flowers. C.
M. Hovey brought a seedling Camellia. Jackson Dawson showed
Lily of the Valley and Andromeda Japonica in pots, both well
flowered.

February 6 was the first prize day of the 3'ear ; and although
the morning was very cold the exhibition proved a fine one.
Mrs. A. D. Wood, who has been the largest cultivator of Free-

244 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

sia refracta alba, took the first prize for well-grown pans of that
useful ilower. Edwin Fewkes and INIrs. E. M. Gill took the first
and second prizes for Roman Il3'acinths. J. B. Moore & Son
showed some excellent blooms of Hybrid Perpetual Roses. Mrs. F.
B. Hayes exhibited splendid forced Lilacs and a large quantity of
cut fiowers. The fragrance of Lilacs at this inclement season of
the year is very grateful ; and the blooms, of a delicate white,
were shown in profusion.

February 13. Mrs. F. B. Hayes exhibited plants of Eriostemon
my rti folium, and E. microphyllum ; also splendid cut flowers of
Roses, Orchids, etc. Mrs. A. D. Wood contributed a hand-
some vase of flowers. C. M. Hovey made a fine show of Aza-
leas, Camellias, and other cut flowers.

February 20. As the Spring approached, the exhibitions £ys-
sumed greater magnitude, although as yet there had been little or
no incentive in the wa}^ of prizes. Mrs. F. B. Hayes showed Rhod-
odendron Veitchianum, a grand plant, with large white fragrant
flowers ; also two good Azaleas, a Dendroblam nohile, and a variety
of cut flowers. J. B. Moore & Son showed fourteen varieties of
Hybrid Perpetual Roses in perfection, among which were Duke of
Tock, Mrs. Harry Turner, and Marquise de Castellane. C. M.
Hovey showed about twenty varieties of Camellias, Mrs. E. M. Gill
and S. S. Hove}', cut flowers in variety, Mrs. A. D. Wood,
Freesia refracta alba, and Mrs. P. D. Richards a collection of
ferns, mosses, and wild berries.

February 27. The weather was very cold this morning, never-
theless there was a fine exhibition. J. B. INIoore & Son contrib-
uted some beautiful Hybrid Perpetual Roses, among which were
Mrs. John Twombly, Sir Garnet Wolscley and Fisher Holmes.
Mrs. F. B. Hayes sent two pots of Rose Magna Charta in fine
bloom, besides a large quantity of cut flowers. C. M. Hovey
brought a large and varied collection of Camellias, and Edwin
Fewkes and Jackson Dawson, Roses in variety.

March G. James Comley entered for the Prospective Prize a
seedling Hybrid Tea Rose, to which he has given his own name;
color pink ; of robust growth ; a cross between Baroness Roths-
child and President. J. B. Moore & Sou were awarded a First
Class ('erlificatc of Merit for superior culture of Hybrid Perpet-
ual Roses, particularly Mad. Gabriel Liiizct ; the blooms shown
today were most beautiful. Jackson Dawson exliibited Roses

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 245

grown on a Japan stock. The plants were taken from the open
ground in November, and were of superior growth and quality.
E. M. "Wood & Co. presented some ver}^ large Cornelia Cook
Roses. Norton Brothers showed fine blooms of Baroness Roths-
child Roses. David Allan was awarded a First Class Certificate
of Merit for a well flowered specimen of Cattleya Boezlii speciosa.
A. W. Spencer exhibited a large plant of Dendrobium Wardia-
num — a very fine specimen and well flowered. C. M. Hovey
showed a large collection of Camellias, also Andromeda Japonica^
Double Cinerarias, and Azaleas. Among the latter was a very
large cluster of a fine white seedling, named Snowball. James
O'Brien showed some Cyclamens of remarkably vivid colors, and
forced Lilacs. Mrs. F. B. Hayes sent a large display of Azaleas,
Himalayan Rhododendrons, etc. E. Sheppard brought twelve pots
of Cinerarias, and cut flowers in variet}^ ; Mrs. E. M. Gill, a fine
plant of Amar^'Uis Aurora and a quantity of cut flowers ; and
S. S. Hovey and Mrs. A. D. Wood, cut flowers in variety.

March 13. Jackson Dawson exhibited twelve pots of Hybrid
Perpetual Roses grafted on the Japan stocks Rosa multiflora and
R. paroiflora — very fine bushy plants, and wonderfully floriferous.
J. B. Moore & Son showed splendid blooms of Hybrid Perpetual
Roses, including Baroness Rothschild and White Baroness. Theo-
dore N. Vail contributed twelve pots of Cinerarias ; Mrs. F. B.
Hayes, Roses, Azaleas, and elegant Rhododendrons ; C. M.
Hovey, a fine collection of Camellias ; John L. Gardner, some
extra large Neapolitan Violets ; Mrs. E. M. Gill, a variety of cut
flowers; and Mrs. A. D. Wood, a nice basket of flowers; the
whole making an excellent exhibition.

SPRING EXHIBITION.

March 24, 25, and 26.

The grand Spring Exhibition opened March 24, and was
at once conceded by all who visited it to surpass anj' of its
predecessors. On entering the Lower Hall we were greeted with a
fine collection of Azaleas contributed by the veterans of our Soci-
ety, Hon. Marshall P. Wilder and C. M. Hovey. Azalea exguisita,
from Mr. Wilder, was fully seven feet in diameter ; and Azalea
Suzette, from Mr. Hove}^ was of about the same size — both evir
2

246 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

dently companions of these gentlemen in their 30uth. A Bronze
Medal was awarded to Miss Dove, of Andover, for Ouvirandra
fenestralis, or Lace Plant, a native of Madagascar. This was
a fine specimen, fully four feet in diameter, and was displaj'ed
in a large tub in the Lower Hall.

The arrangement of the Upper Hall, which was completely
filled with plants and flowers, was in excellent taste, the table and
platforms being so convenient!}' placed as to allow visitors free
access to view the different exhibits from all sides. At the rear
end of the Hall, on a receding stage, was arranged a grand col-
lection of sixty Indian Azaleas, contributed by Arthur W. Blake.
These consisted of the newest and choicest varieties, and were
completely covered with their pure and beautiful flowers. At the
rear of this fine group, and interspersed among it, were grace-
fully drooping Palms, the whole forming one of the most brilliant
features of the show.

Hj'brid Perpetual Roses, in pots, were staged by Jackson Dawson,
Mrs. F. B. Hayes, N. T. Kidder, and E. Sheppard. Cut blooms
of Hybrid Perpetual Roses were shown in profusion by J. B.
Moore & Son, Mrs. F. B. Hayes, S. Niel, W. H. Elliot, E. Shep-
pard, N. S. Simpkins, and Mrs. E. M. Gill.

Orchids were shown in great variety by F. L. Ames, David
Allan, H. H. Hunnewell, E. W. Gilmore, N. T. Kidder, and W.
A. Manda. The collection of orchids staged by David Allan
was most beautifully interspersed with choice Adiantums and
other ferris ; thereby greatly adding to the gorgeous beauty of
their flowers. Some of the most beautiful of the orchids exhib-
ited were as follows :

Cattleya amethystoglossa, Dendrobium Wardianum,

" Lawrenceana, Odontoglossum Alexandrce,
" Triance, " nebulosum,

Codogyne Jlaccida^ *' Pescatorei,

" cristata, " Roezlii album,

Cymbidium Linawianum, " tnumphans,

Dendrobium Ainsworthii, Phalcenopsis Schilleriana,

" densijloriim, " Stuartianaj)unclata,

" Dominii, Cypripediums in variety,

" Linawianum, La^lias " "

" nobile, Oncidiums " "

" splendidissimum, yan(]afi. " "

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 247

The Dendrohium nohile presented by David Allan was a grand
specimen with over four hundred flowers.

Hardy shrubs and herbaceous plants were shown by C. M.
Hovey ; Cyclamens by James O'Brien, and E. Sheppard ; Hardy
Primroses by Joseph Tailby, and Edwin Fewkes ; Cinerarias hy
E. W. Gilmore, E. Sheppard, and George Seaverns ; Violets, in
pots, by N. T. Kidder, S. Niel, and E. Sheppard — those from Mr.
Kidder were very fine. Carnations, of six varieties and in large
bunches, came from J. A. Foster. C. M. Hovey showed a fine
collection of Camellia blooms, a plant of Gesnera macrantha,
and a good collection of Azaleas and Pelargoniums.

The prizes for Dinner Table Decorations were well competed for,
W. A. Manda carrying off the first prize. The foundation of his de-
sign was a well branched plant of Bilbergia, which afforded a
collection of natural vases holding the water and the flowers —
a very novel and effective arrangement. The other prize winners,
in order, were J. O'Brien, Mrs. E. M. Gill, C. M. Hovey, and
Miss S. W. Story.

A Bronze Medal was awarded to Weigand Brothers, for "Wei-
gand's Giant Mignonette, bearing the largest spike of that de-
lightfully fragrant flower that has been yet produced here.

John N. May was awarded a Silver Medal for the new Tea
Rose The Bride. This is a sport from Catharine Mermet, in
color white, but very slightly' tinged with pink on the outside pe-
tals ; as beautiful in form as its parent, and fully as floriferous —
a valuable acquisition to the list of White Tea Roses.

W. A. Manda made a grand display of forced herbaceous
plants, from the Botanic Garden of Harvard University, and they
attracted a great deal of attention, as it was quite a new feature
of our exhibitions to have this class of plants so largely shown in
pots at this season of the year. Jackson Dawson staged some
good seedling Azaleas ; also Primroses and forced hardy shrubs.
E. W. Gilmore showed in his collection of plants some very fine
specimens of Calceolarias ; and he was awarded a gratuity for
elegant arrangement of plants to produce a good general effect.
N. S. Sirapkins exhibited three pots of English Primroses, which
for beauty of growth and profusion of flowers received the praise
of every one who saw them.

A First Class Certificate of Merit was awarded to Charles J.
Powers for a new double white Narcissus ; and the same to

248 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Denys Zirngiebel for Pinks : La Purit6, white, aud Andalusia,
yellow fringed. They had the appearance of being splendid vari-
eties and of great promise.

Gratuities were awarded to S. S. Hovey, E. Sheppard, aud
George Seaverns, for cut flowers in variety ; J.B. Moore «feSon for
three vases of splendid Hybrid Perpetual Roses; and Mrs. F. B.
Hayes for a general display of flowers and plants, among the latter
of which was a remarkabl3- large specimen of Cocos WecJdelliana.
Gratuities were also awarded to II. H. Huunewell for plants and
cut flowers ; F. L. Ames, for orchids and cut flowers ; and David
Allan, for ferns, orchids, and cut flowers.

The display of Dutch Bulbs was the most extensive and the
most beautiful ever witnessed in our halls. C. M. Hovey and C. H.
Hovey contributed pots of these elegant and show}' flowers by the
hundred, and their exhibition alone was a revelation to many of
what a feast of beauty can be spread out — and at very little ex-
pense or trouble — by any one who is disposed to cultivate these
easily grown plants.

Their method of flowering these plants is as follows : — They
procure the bulbs in September or October and pot them in good
rich soil, and then bury the pots in a cold frame. The object
gained by burying the pots is that when the roots of the bulbs be-
gin to grow they will not be forced upward and out of the pots,
the weight of earth on top holding the bulbs firmly in place. About
a month before the bulbs are wanted in flower, the pots are
brought into a moderate greenhouse, where, if they are properly
watered and attended to, the}' are sure to produce an al)undance
of splendid fragrant flowers. Bulbs are the easiest of all plants
to flower well, for the}' are already grown to produce flowers when
we buy them.

The General Union of Holland for the Promotion «f the Culti-
vation of Bulbs may well be esteemed a public benefactor, for in
its desire to increase the cultivation of bulbs it has furnished, to be
offered by our Society, gold and silver medals for hyacinths in
bloom. Our friends abroad not only grow the bulbs Ibi' us, but by
their munificence stir up a competition for skill in flowering them ;
giving us both the benefit of the flowers and the honor of wearing
medals which they [)rovi(le.

At this exhibition C. II. Hovey won the First Prize, a Gold
Medal, for fifty pots of Hyacinths ; these l)eing a very superior col-

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 249

lection of well flowered bulbs. CM. Hovey won the Silver Gilt
Medal and the Silver Medal, as second and third prizes, for
collections of fifty pots.

The names of the bulbs in the collection taking the Gold Medal
are as follows :

Agnes, bright carmine. Josephine, brilliant red.

Argus, dark blue, white eye. La Grandesse, white.

Baron Von Tu3'll, deep purple. Laurens Koster,double,dark blue.

Blanchard, white. Lord Derby, rich red.

Blondin, porcelain blue. Lord Wellington, pale pink.

Bouquet Tendre, delicate rose. Louis Philippe, double, light blue.

Canning, deep porcelain blue. Mad. Zoutman, double, deep pink.

Charles Dickens, soft rose. Mrs. BeecherStowe, rich rosy red.

Circe, very dark red. Norma, waxy pink.

Cissa, sky blue. Paix de I'Europe, white.

Cosmos, deep rose. Pelissier, very dark red.

Czar Peter, porcelain lilac. Pieneman, deep rich blue.
Fabiola, pink, carmine striped. Queen Victoria, white.

Garrick, double, blue. Seraphine, very delicate pink.

General Pelissier, light blue. Veronica, carmine red.

Gertrude, rosy pink. Vesta, white.

Ida, fine yellow. Von Schiller, deep crimson

striped.

N. T. Kidder carried off the Society's first prize for twelve
pots of Hyacinths ; C. H. Hovey the second ; and CM. Hovey
the third. N. T. Kidder took the first prize for six pots of Hya-
cinths ; Edwin Fewkes the second, and C M. Hovey the third.
CM. Hovey took the first prize for three pots of Hyacinths ;
N. T. Kidder the second, and C H. Hovey the third. CM.
Hovey took the first prize for one Hyacinth, and C H.
Hovey the second. N. T. Kidder took the first and second
prizes for a pan of ten Hyacinths, and C M. Hove^^ the third.

Tulips, in pots, were shown in great profusion by CM. Hovey, N.
T.' Kidder, and C H. Hovey. The show of Narcissus, Daffodils, and
Jonquils, by C M. Hovey, was superb, and the general display of
spring bulbs by him was grand in the extreme. Lilies of the Val-
ley, in pots, very fully flowered and very fragrant, were exhibited
by Jackson Dawson, E. L. Beard, and C M. Hovey, and Ane-
mones by Jackson Dawson.

250 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

After following the Schedule of Prizes in the above report, we
noticed that a great man}' other plants of special merit were placed
on the stands and tables, but space will not allow of a detailed ac-
count of them ; suOice it to say that the Spiing Exhibition of this
year will long be remembered as being replete with everything es-
sential to make it appreciated by the public, and well worthy of
our Society.

April 3. CM. Hovey entered for the Prospective Prize his seedling
Camellia, Florence Hovey ; color mauve crimson, flower large and
symmetrical. Mrs. F. B. Hayes exhibited some ver^' fine flowers of
Himalayan Rhododendrons, such as R. Henderiajucm, R. Veitchi-
anum^ M. arboreum, R.jasminoides, etc. ; also a good variety of cut
flowers of Roses, Azaleas, Lapagerias, etc. Mrs. E. M. Gill was
awarded a First Class Certificate of Merit for a seedling Amaryllis —
Italia — beautifully striped with crimson on a white ground, clear in
color, vigorous in habit and of a good form. A. W. Spencer and
F. L. Ames each exhibited well flowered plants of Dendrohium
chrysotoxum ; Edwin Fewkes pots of tulips, and Miss S. W. Story
cut flowers in variety. Jackson Dawson presented a noble plant
of Rosa multijiora^ from Japan. The flowers are white, single,
and in great panicles, very fragrant : it is a splendid lawn plant,
being entirely hardy in this climate. This plant had, by careful
computation, two thousand four hundred flowers and buds on it,
and was awarded a First Class Certificate of Merit.

April 10. A very large collection of pans of forced hardy
plants was presented bj^ W. A. Manda, among which were Aqui-
legia oxypetala^ A. glandulosa and A. cairulea. A. glandulosa
was particularly fine ; color light blue, tipped with white ; large
flowers, and dwarf in habit. A First Class Certificate of Merit
was awarded for it. C. M. Hovey contributed a collection of Cam-
ellia blooms, a seedling Amaryllis, and Rhododendron Countess
of Sefton. Miss S. W. Story and S. S. Hovey brought a variety
of cut flowers.

April 1 7, Robert T.Jackson was awarded a First Class Certificate
of Merit for Primula viscosa var. nivalis ; pure white in color ;
flowers comi)act, foliage thick and glossy, and plant dwarf in habit.
Mr. Jackson alfsu showed a collection of pol^anliuis primroses, includ-
ing Golden Laced and Hose-in-hose. E. Sheppard showed four-
teen new varieties of Pelargoniums in fine large trusses ; also,

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 251

Rhododendrons, Azaleas, and Heaths. E. H. Hitchings made
quite an interesting display of that harbinger of Spring, the He-
patica triloba, both blue and white ; also, Tussilago, etc.

April 24, C. M. Hovey entered for the Prospective Prize the
seedhng Azalea Memory of Mrs. Hovey ; color white, with lower lip
shaded greenish yellow. He also showed Azaleas Eulalia Hovey
and Mrs. J. R. Carter, and a plant of Rhododendron Duchess of
Sutherland. Miss A. C. Kenrick showed blooms of Magnolia
conspicua and Mrs. F. B. Hayes a plant of Rhododendron Coun-
tess of Haddington. Mrs. P. D. Richards exhibited native flowers
in variety and and a large collection of Ferns, Mosses, etc., from
the wild woods.

May 1. As usual at this season of the year, all cultivators of the
soil are so busy in their gardens and greenhouses that they do not
find time to devote to our Saturday exhibitions. Consequently
the contributions have been somewhat curtailed of late ; and more
particularly today, when only two exhibitors appeared, Mrs. E. M.
Gill and Miss S. W. Story ; each of whom exhibited cut flowers in
variety. In Mrs. Gill's collection we noticed some good large
pansies.

MAY EXHIBITION.

May 8.

This being a " prize day," although every one having to do with
plants and flowers is very busy at this season of the year, a fair
show was made, which resulted in drawing a goodly attendance,
notwithstanding the weather was rainy. C. M. Hovey was the
only exhibitor of Pelargoniums in pots ; and although his plants
did not show that superior excellence in cultivation usually seen in
his exhibits he was awarded the first and second prizes for Fancy
and Zonale Classes. Mr. Hovey was also awarded the second and
third prizes for three Indian Azaleas, the first prize not being
awarded. N. T. Kidder received the first prize for a single plant
of Azalea, the variety being Distinction ; and Hon. Marshall P.
Wilder took the second prize with Louis Van Houtte. C. M.
Hovey's first prize collection of Hardy Bulbs was very good,
while J. H. Woodford's second prize collection was only ordinary.
Mrs. E, M. Gill received the first prize for a Basket of Flowers.

252 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Her collection of fifty blooms of Pansies wa3 composed of very
large and fine specimens, and she received the first prize for the
same ; J. II. Woodford being second, and E. Sheppard third.

Hardy Herbaceous Plants were exhibited in great profusion ;
these are to be commended for permanent gardens, as a judicious
selection will insure continuous bloom throughout the whole sea-
son.

The collection of Orchid blooms from David Allan was a lovely
feature of this exhibition, and was greatly admired. Mrs. F. B.
Hayes sent a fine collection of greenhouse and hardy flowers,
among which were Himalayan Rhododendrons, Double Flowering
Cherries, (the common and Waterer's varieties). Magnolias?
Daphne Cneorum, and Japan Pears with very large and showy
flowers. N. T. Kidder exhibited fine Gloxinias ; and David
Allan some good Auriculas. This plant is hardy when protected
from the sun b}' shading with evergreen boughs. E. Sheppard
showed fine trusses of Pelargoniums.

The collection of Herbaceous Plants and Shrubs shown by W. A.
Manda, from the Botanic Garden, was very interesting. Robert
Manning brought a large yase of cultivated Trillmm grandijlo-
rum, which was remarkably fine and showed a decided improvement
in consequence of generous garden treatment. Wild flowers were
shown by Mrs. P. D. Richards, E. H. Hitchings, and C. W, San-
derson. The display was large and varied, and attracted much
attention. Prof. W. P. Wilson sent from North Carolina Asnrum
Canadense, A. arifoUum, (Wild Ginger), and Chrysoganum
Virginianum. There were cut flowers in profusion from Miss
S. W. Story, J. H. Woodford, and Mrs. L. P. Weston.

May 15. The exhibition of Herbaceous Perennials and other
hardy plants and shrubs was remarkably good today. The Flower-
ing Apples shown by Mrs. F. B. Hayes deserve special notice, as
they are very floriferous and highly ornamental as lawn trees.
Miss A. C. Kenrick showed blooms of Magnolia Soulangeana., M.
Lennei, and M. speciosa. Cut flowers were shown in profusion by
Mrs. L. P. Weston, Mrs. E. S. JoN'ce, and Mrtj. E. M. Gill.

May 22. As the Spring progressed, the interest in our Saturday
exhibitions increased. Another interesting and instructive show of
garden shrubs, herbaceous plants, and wild flowers, was made
today, and a great number of appreciative visitors were present.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 253

Among the numerous collection from the Botanic Garden were
Iris Iberica and some splendid Cactus blooms. From the Arnold
Arboretum Jackson Dawson brought eight varieties of Lilacs,
some of them much superior to any now in general cultivation —
notably Syrivga pubescens and S. villosa.

J. W. Manning also showed a large number of Flowering
Shrubs, all of which were named. The other contributors were
Miss S. W. Story, J. H. Woodford, Mrs. E. M. Gill, Edwin
Sheppard, Mrs. L. P. Weston, and E. H. Hitchings. Mrs. P.
D. Richards brought fifty species of wild flowers, including ten
varieties of native violets. James W. Clark brought the Wild
Mandrake, {Podophyllum peltatum)^ Mrs. H. L. T. Wolcott, Pan-
sies ; CM. Hovej', a Hydrangea and Tulips ; and Frank Forbes a
bouquet of wild flowers.

May 29. The exhibition was enlivened by a grand collection
of forty-three named varieties of tender Rhododendrons and
seventy-two varieties of hardy kinds, the first of the season, from
H. H. Hunnewell, foreshadowing what might be expected at the
prize exhibition for this class of shrubs on the next Saturday.

Mrs. F. B. Hayes also contributed a large collection of flowers
and foliage from trees and shrubs, among which were twelve va-
rieties of Japan Maples, four varieties of Hawthorns, six varieties
of Lilacs, and three varieties of Horse Chestnuts. Hon. Marshall
P. Wilder sent a large collection of Tree Peonies, among which
was a fine seedling named for him by the originator. Dr. J. P.
Kirtland, and a seedling of his own, named Mima.

J. W. Manning made an interesting show of herbaceous plants,
and he was awarded a First Class Certificate of Merit for Onosma
stellulata. The same award was made for Gaillardia grandijlora
maxima^ to W. A. Manda ; who staged a large collection of her-
baceous plants besides. J. H. Woodford showed six pans of Clem-
atis, in great variety. E. H. Hitchings showed a fine collection
of native plants, imcluding a large vase of Azcdea nudijlora, very
beautiful and fragrant.

RHODODENDRON SHOW.

June 5.

This Exhibition of Rhododendrons was the most extensive and
complete within the recollection of the oldest members of our So-

254

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ciety. Tlie largest contributor to this grand show was H. H. Hun-
newell, who placed in the Society's vases over one hundred named
varieties of tender and an equal number of hardy kinds, which,
with a line of brilliant Azaleas between, completely filled a
large table running the whole length of our hall. In view of this
unprecedented displaj^, your Committee voted unanimously that the
very highest tribute of appreciation within their power should be con-
ferred upon this sumptuous exhibition, and therefore the Society's
Gold Medal was awarded to Mr. Hunnewell, for his magnificent
display.

Some of the most beautiful varieties (nearly all half-hardy)
were as follows :

Bacchus.
Baron Schroeder.
Baroness Rothschild.
Crown Prince.
Duchess of Bedfoi'd.
Duchess of P^diuburgh.
F. D. Godman.
Frederick Waterer.
George Paul.
Helen Waterer.
James Mcintosh.
John Walter.
Kate Waterer.

Lady Grey Egerton.

Marie Stuart.

Martin F. Sutton.

Michael Waterer.

Mrs. Arthur Hunnewell.

Mrs. W. Agnew.

Princess Mar^' of Cambridge.

Ralph Sanders.

Sigisraund Rucker.

Sir Joseph Whitworth.

William Austin.

W. E. Gladstone.

Most of the prizes for Rhododendrons were taken by Mrs. F. B.
Hayea, she having filled a large table with these blooms ; which,
taken with the other llowers shown by her, made b}^ themselves a
irrund exhibition. Some of the finest of her varieties were

Auguste Van Geert.

Austin Layard.

Baroness Lionel de Rothschild.

Bricc Find lay.

Charlie Waterer.

Countess of Cadogan.

Countess of Ilchester.

Countess of Normanton.

Duchess of Bedford.

Duke of Portland.
Earl Cadogan.
Earl Haddington.
E. W. Waterer.
Frank Gomer Waterer.
Jack Waterer.
John Maclure.
Lady Harcourt.
Lady How.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 255

Lord Selborue. Oliver Haywood.

Lord Wolseley. Omer Pacha.

Blarchioness of Lausdowne. P. H. Waterer.

Miss Alice de Rothschild. Princess Louise.

Mrs. F. Hankey. Princess of Wales.

Mrs. Layard. Purity.

Mrs. Russell Sturgis. Robert Marnock.

Mrs. Tom Agnew. Samuel Morley.

Mrs. Tritton. Sir Richard "Wallace.

Mrs. Williams. ' The Queen.

Nero. Victoria.

Mrs. Ha3'es, E. Sheppard, and C. M. Hovey showed some fine
trusses of Azaleas. Tree Paeonies were shown by Hon. Marshall
P. Wilder ; German Iris by A. H. Fewkes and J. W. Manning ;
Clematis in variety by J. H. Woodford ; Hardy Trees and Shrubs
by J. W. Manning ; one hundred bottles of cut flowers, each, by
Mrs. A. D. Wood, Mrs. L. P. Weston and Mrs. E. M. Gill ;
Native Plants by Mrs. P. D. Richards and E. H. Hitchings.

A varied collection, and one of unusual excellence was brought
from the Botanic Garden by W. A. Manda ; included in it was
a large plant of Sarracenia Jlava, well flowered, for which he was
awarded a Bronze Medal. W. H. Spooner exhibited the Stanwell
Perpetual Scotch Rose, which is hardy, fragrant, and a perpetual
bloomer.

Denys Zirngiebel was awarded a First Class Certificate of
Merit for Myosotis Empress ; a new kind, of deep blue color.

Jackson Dawson brought from the Arnold Arboretum eighteen
new seedling Rhododendrons, for which he was awarded a Silver
Medal. He also exhibited a very large collection of beautiful
new flowering shrubs, all named.

Sewall Fisher exhibited seven varieties of new seedling Carna-
tions possessing good qualities sufficient to warrant the Commit-
tee in awarding the Society's Bronze Medal.

E. L. Beard staged five well bloomed plants of Cattleya MendeUL
There were a great many other interesting features in this exhibi-
tion, which, coupled with those of the preceding one as noted,
have made these days memorable in the history of our Societ}'.
They mark many degrees of progress in the cultivation of Hardy
Flowerino; Shrubs.

256 MASSACnOSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mrs. p. D. Richards staged about seventy species and varieties
of Native Plants, including nearly all that were then in blossom in
this vicinity ; a very interesting collection for the student, as they
were all named. E. H. Ilitchings also presented a large collec-
tion of named native flowers, including eight native Orchids,
viz :

Arethusa bulbosa, Cyprfpedmm puhescens (rare) ,

Calypso borealis, Liparis Uliifolia^

Corallorhiza innata, Oi-diis spectabilis,

Cypripedium acaule, Pogonia verticillata.

June 12. The interest in floriculture was certainly' on the in-
crease, for this exhibition was the best we have ever seen
when not a "prize day" — although the grand show of roses,
made by our principal growers, was only a forerunner of the
" feast of roses " to occur at the Annual Rose Exhibition a few
days later.

Extensive displays of roses were made by W. H. Spooner,
Warren Ileustis & Son, B. G. Smith, and J. S. Richards. Among
Mr. Spooner's collection we noticed several fine varieties of Moss
Roses. John B. Moore & Son contributed Paul's new single Hy-
brid Perpetual Roses, White and Ciimson. Jackson Dawson
brought from the Arnold Arboretum a collection of nineteen
species of roses, which were of great interest to botanists.

H. H. Hunnewell contributed seventy named varieties of Rho-
dodendrons ; the following were noted as among the finest :

Duchess of Connaught, Mrs. Walter,

Jack Waterer, Purity,

Madame Cavalho, The Queen.
Marshall Brooks,

Mrs. F. B. Hayes also sent a splendid collection of Rhododen-
drons ; some of the more striking were

Charles Noble, Mrs. Hey wood,

Congestum nigrum, Oculatum nigrum,

Conspicua, Sir Joseph Whitworth (very
Delicatissimum, dark color).

Fastuosum flore pleno. Surprise (very line truss),

John Spencer, William Cowper.
Lady Rowc,

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 257

Mrs. Hayes was awarded a First Class Certificate of Merit for
a new seedling Clematis, flowers very large, color light lavender
with purplish bars ; a very handsome flower.

F. C. Hook exhibited a large collection of Aquilegias, of clear
delicate colors, fine forms, and in great variety ; for which he was
awarded a First Class Certificate of Merit. Jackson Dawson
showed a new Hydrangea from China, hardy, and of a soft yel-
low color, for which the same award was made. He also showed
a large collection of hardy flowering shrubs, gathered from the
four quarters of the globe.

W. A. Manda brought from the Botanic Garden an interesting
collection of herbaceous plants. J. W. Manning had also a large
collection of plants of the same class ; among them we noticed a
fine spike of Lilium monadelphum. Collections of cut flowers
were shown by Miss S. W. Story, Mrs. L. P. Weston, Mrs, E. S.
Joyce, Mrs. E. M. Gill, Mrs. A. D. Wood, and Miss E. M. Har-
ris. E. H. Hitchings brought wild flowers from the woods, in-
cluding a large vase of Kahnia latifolia.

June 19. It is not usually the case that flowers in great vari-
ety are brought in on the Saturday just preceding one of our
great prize exhibitions, but today proved an exception, for very
interesting collections from various exhibitors were presented.
Among them was a fine display of Aquilegias from A. H. Fewkes,
to which was awarded a First Class Certificate of Merit. Mr.
Fewkes also showed five varieties of good Moss Roses, and vari-
ous other flowers.

J.W. Manning exhibited nine varieties of Herbaceous Pieonies —
Sulphurea, Alba, Old Pink, Claptoniana, Fulgida, Humeii, Louis
Van Houtte, Bicolor, and Delachii. William Hobson showed
thirty-three varieties of Dianthus barbatus. and B. G. Smith a
large collection of Roses, Pseonies, etc. E. H. Hitchings brought
a large collection of wild flowers, including Kalmia latifolia of a
very deep pink color.

ROSE AND STRAWBERRY EXHIBITION.

June 22 and 23.

The Annual Exhibition of Roses, Stove and Greenhouse Plants,
and Cut Flowers, at this season of the year is looked forward to

258 MASSACHUSETTS nORTICULTDRAL SOCIETY.

l)y all lovers of the beautiful in nature as an event of great
importance, (jreat anxiety is also manifested by the expected
exhibitors, and much care is exercised in the selection of the vari-
ous specimens for exhibition. The season has been propitious,
and the " Queen of Flowers" is dressed in her best robes waiting
only the gardener's pleasure when she shall be introduced to her
admirers at the Hall. The various exhibits are arranged and the
large hall is completely filled with a collection of floral beauty
unrivalled by any previous exhibition.

Beginning with the schedule numbers in order, the awards were
as follows :

Hybrid Perpetual Roses. — To Warren Heustis & Son, the first
prize for twelve Merveille de Lyon : these were superb, both in
size and color. David Allan and John B. INIoore & Son, for Alfred
Colomb ; David Allan, and Mrs. F. B. Hayes, for Baroness Roths-
child ; Mrs. F. B. Hayes, and John B. Moore & Son, for John
Hopper; W. H. Spooner, for Merveille de Lj'on ; Mrs. F. B.
Hayes, and David Allan, for Mad. Gabriel Luizet: J. B. Moore &
Son, for Mad. Victor Verdier ; J. B. Moore & Son, for Thomas
Mills ; W. H. Spoouer, for six new varieties sent out since 1882.

For seventy-two blooms, J. B. Moore & Son were awarded the
first prize, and Warren Heustis & Son the second. For thirty-six
blooms, J. S. Richards took the first prize, and J. B. Moore & Sou
the second. For eighteen blooms, W. H. Spooner received the first
prize, and J. S. Richards the second. For nine blooms, J. S.
Richards received the first prize, and Mrs. F. B. Ha3-es the second.
For six Moss Roses, J. B. Moore & Son received the first prize.
For three varieties of Moss Roses, in clusters, Edwin Fewkes re-
ceived the first prize, J. B. JMoore & Son the second, and W. H.
Spooner the third. For the display of Hybrid Tea Roses, J. S.
Richards was first, and Warren Heustis & Son second. For the
general display, filling one hundred bottles, W. H. Spoouer was
first, J. S. Richards second, J. B. Moore & Son third, Edwin
P'ewkes fourth, and B. G. Smith fifth.

One of the great features of the Rose Show was the spirited
competition for the special prizes offered by the Societ}'. Tliese
prizes were of such value as to call forth the best exertions of our
rose growers, and a lively contest was the result ; and a large col-
lection of splendid blooms was staged.

The first prize for twenty-four blooms of Hybrid Perpetual Roses

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 259

(no duplicates) was awarded to David Allan ; the second prize to
J. S. Richards.

The prize for twelve varieties of Hybrid Perpetual Roses, to J.
L. Gardner.

The prize for eighteen varieties of Hybrid Perpetual Roses, to
J. S. Richards.

The prize for six varieties of Hybrid Perpetual Roses, to J. B.
Moore & Son.

The prize for a general display of Roses grown in open culture —
all classes except Hybrid and Moss, to C. M. Hovey.

The prize for a Table Decoration of Roses, to J. H. Woodford.

The first prize for twenty-four varieties of Hybrid Perpetual
Roses, by an amateur, to J. L. Gardner; the second to J. S.
Richards.

Stove and Greenhouse Plants. — The first prize for five was
awarded to J. L. Gardner, who also took the first prize for a Speci-
men Flowering Plant with HhyncJiospermum jasminoides.

F. L. Ames took the first prize for a Specimen Foliage Plant,
and C. M. Hovey the second ; the plant in both cases being
Draccena LindevL

Orchids. — F. L. Ames was awarded the first prize for twelve
Orchids, viz : —

Aerides expansum, Epidendrum vitellinum majus.

Cattleya Mendelii, Lcelia Schrcederi,

Cymbidium Loivianum, Masdevallia Harryana,

Cypripedivm harhatum superhum, Odontoglossum Alexandres,

Cypripedmm caudatum roseum, Odontoglossum Cobbianum,

Dendrobium thyrsiflorum. Vcmda tricolor.

The second prize was awarded to David Allan.

The first prize for six Orchids was awarded to David Allan ;
the second prize to F. L. Ames ; and the third to Thomas Greaves.

F. L. Ames took the first prize for a specimen Orchid with
L(«lia purpurata, and Thomas Greaves the second with Cattleya
Mendelii.

Herbaceous Peonies. — The first prize was awarded to John
C. Hovey for a very fine assortment, as follows : —
Cambridge, Perfection,

Dorchester, Rosea Elegans,

F. B. Hayes, Rubra Superba,

Grand! flora, Festiva,

Norfolk, Splendens.

260 ^MASSACHUSETTS nORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The first eight in the list are seeclHugs, raised by John Richard-
son of Dorchester, and are not only remarkable for their very double
fine forms and brilliant colored tlowers, but also for their great size
when compared with most of the imported varieties. A number of
them have been exhibited and noticed in former reports of our Com-
mittee, viz, : Perfection was awarded a Silver Medal in 1869 ;
Dorchester received a First Class Certificate of Merit in 1870 ;
Rubra Superba the same in 1871, and Grandiflora the same in
1883.

The second prize went to Hon. Marshall P. Wilder.

Sweet Williams. — The prizes were awarded to E. Sheppard,
L. W. Goodell, and Edwin Fewkes, in order as named.

Vase of Flowers. — Mrs. E. M. Gill, took the first prize,
Mrs. A. D. Wood the second and Miss S. W. Story the third.

A Bronze Medal was awarded to Edwin Fewkes & Son for
Delphiniums having splendid compact spikes and beautiful colors.
Denys Zirngiebel showed Delphinium Breckii, the new Clove
Pink Mrs. Simkins, and an improved Candytuft. Robert Man-
ning exhibited a large vase of Actinidia polygama, in fine bloom,
which was much admired. This is a comparatively' new climber
from Japan, not oul}' beautiful in flower and foliage but (when
the pistillate and staminate parts are both present) producing
fruit of pleasant flavor.

W. A. Manda made a fine display, from the Botanic Garden, of
orchids, stove and greenhouse plants, and cut flowers. David
Allan's orchids were again shown interspersed with ferns, palms,
and cut flowers, which gave his collection a very beautiful appear-
ance.

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Miss Mary L. Vinal, and E. H. Ilitch-
ings brought great quantities of wild flowers from the woods,
which attracted much attention. Numerous other contributors
made excellent displays of flowers, the aggregate of which, added to
the graceful decorations of the Hall, produced a grand effect,
fully appreciated by a large number of visitors.

July 3 will long be remembered as one of the " rosy " days ol
the year. Since the grand annual show on the 22d and 23d of
June, your Committee had caused to be constructed a stage, run-
ning the whole length of the centre table in the Lower Hall, for the
purpose of exhibiting roses in the Society's vases, singly, and in
a manner such as to give visitors a chance to study each rose by

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 261

itself, and to see the beauty of each individual flower. The vet-
eran rose-growers were appealed to, and they came forth in their
strength, contributing not less than seven hundred of the choicest
blooms, which made the hall not only radiant 'with beauty but
redolent with their delicious fragrance. Your Committee feel con-
siderabh' elated at the success of this arrangement, for it was
conceded b}^ all who saw it to be the very best table of Roses ever
exhibited before our Society.

A Silver Medal was awarded to John B. Moore & Son for their
grand show, comprising one hundred and sixty named varieties of
Hybrid Perpetual Roses, with a large number of duplicates.

J. S. Richards staged over two hundred unnamed varieties of
Hybrid Perpetual Roses, and he was awarded a Bronze Medal.
Warren Heustis & Son staged fifty Hybrid Perpetual Roses, and
Mrs. F. B. Hayes sent in about one hundred and fifty.

This exhibition comprised in its entirety a " feast of roses "
never to be forgotten. It was undoubtedly the finest display of
roses, considering the lateness of the season, ever made in this
country.

A wonderful and novel display of hardy Alpine Sempervivums
was made by John C. Hovej^, comprising forty-five species and
varieties ; and he was awarded a Bronze Medal. The names are
as follows :

Acuminatum. Globiferum.

Arachnoideum. Grandiflorum.

Arenarium. Heterotrichum.

Assimile. Heuffeli.

Arvernense. Hirtum.

Boutignianum. Hispidum.

Braunii. Hutesi.

Calcareum. Longifolium.

Chrysanthum. Lamotti.

Compactum. Montanum.

Cornutum. Neilrichi.

Dollianum. Niederi.

Elegans. Patens.

Fimbriatum. Pilosella.

Flagelliforme. Powelli.

Glaucum. Reginse Amaliae.

3

262 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Rubicuntla. Spinosum.

Kutheuicum. Stenopetalum.

Rupestre. Tectorura.

Scblehani. Tectorura rusticiim.

Snittspani. Tomentosum.

Sordidum. Triste.
Soboliferum.

John L. Gardner was awarded a Silver Medal for Japan Irises
{L'is Koempferi) , shown in rose boxes ; they were remarkably
fine blooms of this species.

This day also marked the beginning of our weekly Saturday
shows ; and as our report is liable to be too verbose for publication
if we enter into detail with each exhibition, we will only notice
those features of each presenting uncommon interest. The prizes
are always recorded, and as the Committee's record list is printed
herewith for the information of those interested, it will not be neces-
sary in this report to detail the names of all the prize-takers.

July 10. Japan Irises were shown today b}' John L. Gardner,
James F. C. Hyde, and E. Fewkes & Son. Those shown by Mr.
Gardner were magnificent blooms and gave evidence of great skill
in cultivation.

John B. Moore & Son showed several large vases of superior
blooms of Hybrid Perpetual Roses.

Samuel P. Fowler was awarded a First Class Certificate of
Merit for seedling Asdejnas tnberosa of various shades of yellow.

The collections of Flowering Shrubs and Plants from the Arnold
Arboretum and Botanic Garden, and the displays of Hardy Her-
baceous Plants and Native Plants by our usual exhibitors, were all
quite full and received favorable comment froui a large attendance
of visitors.

July 17 was Prize Day for Hollyhocks, and the display was vcr}-
large. Besides those offered for prizes, collections were shown by
C. F. Curtis, W. S. Ward, George Seaverns, Miss E. M. Harris,
and Mrs. E. S. Joyce. The show of wild llowers was also very
full. Mrs. Richards' collection comprised between sixty and
seventy species. Mrs. H. 1). Wilmarth presented a large vase of
the beautiful Sahhalia chlorokles^ including a white variet}'.
Frank C. Ii3'(le showed about oue hundred species and varieties of
wild flowers. The displays of herbaceous plauts were also large
and good.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 263

July 24 was Prize Day for Perennial Phlox and Sweet Peas.
The latter flower has deservedly come to the front of late, and is
being very greatl}' improved. We noticed in M. B. Faxon's dis-
play twelve named kinds, some of them very beautifully colored.
We look for much more extended cultivation of this very fragrant
flower in the immediate future. The display of Hollyhocks was
also very fine, particularly the exhibit made by J. F. C. Hyde, for
which he was awarded a First Class Certificate of Merit.

Rare plants exhibited today were a great attraction. F. L.
Ames presented Cattleya Gaskelliana with fifty-one gorgeous
flowers, and he was awarded the Society's Silver Medal. David
Allan showed Grammatophyllum Ellisii, a new orchid from Mad-
agascar, and it was awarded a First Class Certificate of Merit.
C. M. Hovey showed a yellow Hedychium, Eugenia myrtifolia,
and flowers of Stuartia pentagyna.

Mrs. F. B. Hayes sent a most beautiful new Godetia with white
flowers blotched with carmine ; also a Scabious of novel form and
color, together with Gloxinias, Achimenes, etc. W. H. Spooner
again showed the Stan well Perpetual Scotch Rose. Walter Blanchard
showed some very beautiful Double Poppies, pure white edged with
carmine. Collections of flowers were also shown by E. Fewkes &
Son, Miss E. J. Burbank, W. A. Manda, E. Sheppardand others.
The Hj-drangea plants shown b}' J. L. Gardner were very fine,
particularly the Otaksa, which occupied the centre of the stage,
and presented a grand appearance. Native Plants in large variety
were displayed by Mrs. P. D. Richards and E. H. Hitchings.

July 31. Another full exhibition today and several things of
unusual excellence. J. W. Manning showed a large collection of
Herbaceous Plants, among which was Lilium sujjerbum, with a
stalk ten feet long, surmounted with twenty-one flowers. W. H.
Spooner showed the Perpetual Scotch Rose Stanwell, which was
in its second blooming of this season. J. F. C. Hyde was
awarded a First Class Certificate of Merit for splendid blooms of
Double Holl^'hocks. Jackson Dawson brought from the Arnold
Arboretum nine species of Hard}' Heaths and seven species of
Hypericums.

Severance Burrage staged a collection of wild flowers, including
Lilium Philadelphicum, color reddish chocolate — a very distinct
variety, found at Osterville ; and Lygodium palmatum, found in
West Newton. W. A. Manda, Mrs. Richards, and Mr. Burrage

264 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETr.

made good and varied showings of Native Ferns. Mrs. P. D.
Richards, Frank C. Hyde, Miss Mary L. Vinal, and E. H. Hitch-
ings showed very interesting collections of wild flowers.

August 7. The exhibition of wild flowers today was some-
thing wonderful, and showed the indefatigable perseverance of our
collectors. Severance Burrage showed one hundred and eighty
species and varieties, all named, while Mrs. P. D. Richards and
E. H. Hitchings had each nearly as many. E. H. Hitchings
presented a large vase of Lilium superbum^ which well deserved
its specific name. W. H. Spooner again showed the Perpetual
Moss Rose Salet. This is a fine variety and blooms all summer.

August 14. The principal attraction toda}' was Gladioli. The
best shown were by James Cartwright. M. B. Faxon filled fifty
vases with new and old varieties of Sweet Peas, and he was
awarded a First Class Certificate of Merit, for superior culture of
this most beautiful and fragrant flower.

F. L. Ames was awarded a First Class Certificate of Merit for
Cattleya Eldorado Amesiana. Among Mrs. F. B. Hayes' collec-
tion of beautiful flowers, we noticed Bignonia prcecox, one of the
most beautiful of that genus. Warren Heustis & Son made an
excellent display of Hybrid Perpetual Roses, and N. T. Kidder
made a fine display of Achimenes.

August 21 was Prize Day for Asters, and the display exceeded
any ever before recorded, both in quality and quantity. The cen-
tre table running the whole length of the hall was covered by M.
B. Faxon, who placed thereon for display two thousand three
hundred blooms ; besides one hundred blooms on another table
for prizes. He was awarded the First Prizes in the Poeony and
Victoria Classes, and the Second Prize for Pompous. Besides
those whose names appear in the Prize List, more or less exten-
sive displays were made by S. S. Hove}', W. W. Rawson, W.
Patterson, Mrs. F. B. Hayes, Miss S. W. Story, P. T. Jackson,
Warren Heustis & Son, and Mrs. E. M. Gill, there being in all
thirteen contributors.

J. Warren Clark showed seedling Gladioli of rare excellence,
and he was awarded a Silver Medal therefor. He was also
awarded a First Class Certificate of Merit for a seedling Gladiolus
named Excelsior, having sixteen expanded flowers.

Warren Heustis & Son filled a large vase with La France Roses,
of garden culture. This is probably the best garden rose yet in-

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 265

troduced, for it is very fragrant, of good color, and always in
bloom.

August 28. A very large collection of Single Dahlias was shown
by W. A. Manda, filling one hundred and fifteen bottles ; and as
the blooms were of superior excellence, they were awarded a Silver
Medal. A First Class Certificate of Merit was given to Denys
Zirngiebel, for improved Asters. Elegant specimens of La France
Roses were shown by Mrs. F. B. Hayes and Warren Heustis &
Son.

September 4. This was Prize Day for Annuals, and besides
the competing collections W. A. Manda filled the entire centre
table, comprising seven hundred vases. J. L. Gardner exhibited six
well-grown Fuchsias, for which he was awarded a First Class Cer-
tificate of Merit. J. W. Clark made another display of fine seed-
ling Gladioli, and H. B. "Watts showed a large collection of Le-
moine's superb new hybrids, among which was Enfant de Nancy ;
very remarkable for its deep velvety crimson color. A First Class
Certificate of Merit was awarded to Mr. Watts for them. George
S. Tuttle showed very handsome Liliputian Dahlias, he having the
finest strain in this vicinity. Mrs. P. D. Richards displayed sev-
enteen species of Solidago, and nineteen species of Asters, all
correctly named — each genus " native and to the manor born."
The collections of plants and flowers by other exhibitors taxed
the hall to its utmost capacity, making altogether a fine show.
This was the last of the regular Saturday Exhibitions, audit is a
pleasure to record thatj owing to the interest manifested in these
weekly shows, nearly all the prizes offered in the Schedule have
been taken ; although this left but a small balance for gratuities.
Nevertheless, the innate love for the beautiful by which our con-
tributors are animated has not been deadened by mercenary mo-
tives,— they have given freely of their abundance, and have
thereby made our weekly shows a procession of grand successes.

ANNUAL EXHIBITION.

September 14, 15, and 16.

The Annual Exhibition was memorable for its completeness in
every particular. In fact, the contributions were so extensive as
to embarrass the Committee of Arrangements, by the excess of

266 MASSACHURKTTS IIOUTICULTUUAL SOCIETY.

horticultural treasures whieli were poured in from all the famous
greenhouses, conservatories, and stoves in this vicinit}'. Enough
plants were massed on the allotted platforms to fill effectively a
much larger hall than we have at our disposal. Yet when these
plants were arranged, under the guidance of the skilful and elli-
cient head gardeners of the several establishments represented,
never did the Ilall present such a grand appearance.

One of the principal attractions was the tanks of Water Lilies
and Nelumbiums which were placed near the entrance. Here
were seen, and appearing perfectly at home in their native ele-
ment, specimens of the order of Nympha^aceae ranging from the
magnificent Victoria regia down to the most diminutive member.
The flowers of Nymphcea Devoniensis, N. dentata rubra, and N.
Zanzibar iensis shown by N. S. Simpkins, were the largest and
best specimens ever exhibited, and of the finest colors. For the
first, INIr. Simpkins was awarded the Society's Silver Medal.

Edmund D. Sturtevant was also awarded a Silver Medal for a
new variety of Victoria regia, the flowers of which on first open-
ing are pure white, but before the end of the second day gradu-
ally change to dense pink or deep red — a very curious transforma-
tion.

Evergreen Trees and Shrubs. — W. C. Strong was awarded
the first Hunnewell prize for these, having shown a fine collection ;
which was used to decorate the stairway and entrance.

Stove and Greenhouse Plants. — The prizes for six Green-
house or Stove Plants were awarded to S. R. Paj'son, F. L.
Ames, G. A. Nickerson, and N. T. Kidder, in order as named.

Specimen Flowering Plants. — The first and third prizes foi
the best three went to David Allan, and the second to F. L.
Ames. For one Flowering Plant, the first, second, and third,
to F. L. Ames, David Allan, and N. T. Kidder, respectively.

Variegated Leaved Plants. — The prizes for the best six were
taken by F. L. Ames, N. T. Kidder, and C. M. Hovey
The first and second prizes for single specimens were
awarded to G. A. Nickerson, for Crotons Queen Victoria and
Variabilis, two magnificently colored i)lants nearly eight feet high
and densely clothed ; the tiiird prize to J. L. Gardner, for Eurya
latifolia, a very large specimen.

Caladiums. — Finely colored plants were shown b}' N. T. Kidder.

Ferns and Lycofods were exhibited in great profusion by

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 267

F. L. Ames, David Allan, N. T. Kidder, G. A. Nickerson, and
CM. Hovey, and they were generally very large and well-grown
specimens.

Drac^nas, Crotons, and Palms. — Very fine specimens were
shown by H. H. Hunnewell, E. W. Gilmore, F. L. Ames, and

G. A. Nickerson.

Nepenthes were shown by S. R. Payson and F. L. Ames.

Orchids came from F. L. Ames, E. W. Gilmore, David Allan,
C. M. Hovey, W. A. Manda, and H. H. Hunnewell.

Cut Flowers. — The stands of flowers of one hundred and
fifty bottles each were very fine, and were kept in good condition
by renewals every day. Prizes for these were awarded to Mrs.
E. M. Gill, C. M. Hovey, and W. K. Wood, in order as named.

The Baskets of Flowers were also of great excellence, and
reflected the good taste of the fabricators. The prizes went to J.
O'Brien, Mrs. A. D. Wood, Mrs. E. M. Gill, and Miss S. W.
Story, in order as named .

Dahlias. — The large flowered kinds were not equal in quality
to those shown last3'ear, but the Liliputians far exceeded in quality
all at past exhibitions, those shown by George S. Tuttle deserving
special mention for excellence in form and colors.

W. A. Manda's collection of Plants from the Botanic Garden
deserves special mention. It was arranged at the far end of the
Hall, extending up into the alcove, in a pleasing and graceful
manner, and forming a splendid bank of tropical foliage such as
is but rarely seen, even in an exhibition of the magnitude of ours.

J. L. Gardner staged a fine collection of stove and greenhouse
plants. Among the latter were excellent examples of Fuchsias.

H. H. Hunnewell was awarded a First Class Certificate of
Merit for Davallia Figiensis, a fern with dark glossy green foliage,
and the same for seedling Dracaenas. W. C. Strong showed a
large collection of Foliage of Variegated Trees and Shrubs.
Other exhibits of excellence were made by numerous persons,
which added to the general effect, and the whole produced a grand
show of which the Society may justly feel proud.

October 2. Although no prizes were offered for flowers toda^',
a fair exhibition was made by eight of our regular contributors,
proving that the interest in our shows still exists, and will con-
tinue to the end of the year, only to begin again with the incom-

268 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ing of the New Year. W. H. Spooner showed a large bunch of
the Moss Rose Salet, confirming what we had before seen of its
habit of blooming all the season.

October 23. E. W. Wood showed a fine plant of Chrysanthe-
mum Alexandre Dufour, an avant- courier of what was to come a
little later on.

CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW.
November 10, 11, and 12.

The Chr^'santhemum Exhibition this year was not of such supe-
rior excellence and finish as we recollect two years ago, yet if
some of our older growers are not as successful as the}' could
wish there are others coming forward to fill up the gaps, so that
as the year draws to a close we do not lack for a continuation of
bloom, at a season when summer's glorious flowers are no more.

The plants, when critically examined, were not quite equal to
those of the two preceding years. Yet, when viewed en mosse,
they presented a wealth of color and brilliancy fully compensating
for any deficienc}' in the individual flowers. The upper hall was
filled with plants in pots, while in the lower hall three long tables
were filled with cut flowers, orchids, and ferns.

The new Seedling Chrysanthemums shown this year deserve
more than a passing notice, for some of them were of exceeding
excellence, and we have no doubt that on further acquaintance
they will prove so good as to obtain a high place in the estimation
of growers. Our worthy President, Dr. Walcott, presented ten
fine plants ; one of which, B. 25, received a Silver Medal last year,
and now full}' sustained the commendation for wealth of bloom and
beauty of color (deep yellow) that it received when first exhibited.
Dr. Walcott was awarded the Society's Silver Medal for his gen-
eral collection of seedlings, and First Class Certificates of Merit
for C. 22, a large pink Japan variety, and Nevada, a large white
Chinese variety. C. 10, which was certificated last year, still main-
tained its position for beauty of form and color, yet like all the other
Chinese varieties, this season, the plants exhibited were not well
grown. Arthur H. Fewkes' collection of seedlings was remark-
ably superior. They were grown from seed which had been cross-
fertilized by hand, and the successful results of this systematic
crossing showed plainly in the :il)uiidance of flowers and the bushy

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 269

habit of plants grown naturally, without pinching. His method
is to be . commended as the right one to produce new colors and
plants of superior quality. He was awarded the Society's Silver
Medal for his general collection of seedlings, and First Class
Certificates of Merit for President Hyde, a large Japanese Gold-
en-ball ; Lizzie Gannon, a Japanese variety of medium size and
plump, quilled, clear yellow flowers ; and H. A. Gane, a Japan-
ese flower, pink in color, of large size — the plant very florifer-
ous. The seedlings above enumerated show an advance in the
right direction, and the method of attaining them is hereby com-
mended.

Mrs. M. J. Plurastead showed cut blooms of seedling Chrysan-
themums, one of which presented a delicate clear pink complex-
ion ; and so fine a form, that it was deemed worthy of a name :
your Committee named it " Mrs. Leighton " and awarded it a
First Class Certificate of Merit.

Edwin Fewkes & Son staged about one hundred plants, which
taken as a whole were the best collection exhibited. Messrs.
Fewkes received the first prize for Thirty Plants, and the first
prizes in all the classes of cut blooms they competed for. Presi-
dent Walcott's general collection of Chrysanthemum plants (not
entered for competition) showed careful cultivation, the plants
having attained very great size and being well flowered. Mrs.
Francis B. Hayes showed about thirty plants. Edwin Sheppard
exhibited some fine plants and an endless variety of cut blooms.
J. W. Scott, gardener to George Abbott James, and P. Malley
staged some fine plants. Hon. Marshall P. Wilder also staged
thirty plants of sturdy growth and well flowered. William Mar-
tin showed some fine plants of Japanese kinds, and some well
grown standards. W. A. Manda showed some of the best grown
Chinese and Pompon varieties in the Hall, but as thej' were not
entered in competition they received only gratuities.

The most noticeable feature of our show was the scarcity of
Chinese flowers, most of the growers saying their plants of that
class " went blind " this year, but they are unable to account for it
in a satisfactory manner so that the trouble may be avoided in the
future. It will be well to compare notes and try to arrive at a
solution of the difficulty.

The display of Orchids was very good. F. L. Ames's collection
was handsomely interspersed with ferns and palms, thus giving

270 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

hxa stand a very fiiiislietl appearance. He received the first and
second prizes for three phmts, as follows :

Catlleya gigas imperialism Miltonia Clowesii^
Cattleya marginata, Oncidium varicosum,

Coelogyne Massangeana, Vanda cosrulea.

William Martin, gardener to N. T. Kidder, received the third
prize for three plants, and the second prize for a single plant.

Mr. Ames received the first and third prizes for single plants —
Renanthera coccinea and Cypripedium Harrisianum respectively.
We also noticed several other very beautiful plants in Mr. Ames's
collection, viz :

Cattleya fausta crispa, Tillandsia'Lindenii vera^

Oncidium Rogersii, Vriesia brachystachys.

W. A. Manda brought also a good collection of orchids and
cut flowers from the Botanic Garden.

Norton Brothers showed the following roses in perfection ;
Mermet, The Bride, William F. Bennett, American Beauty,
Perle des Jardins, and La France.

Charles F. Evans, of Philadelphia, showed a new white rose
called The Puritan, one of Bennett's hybrids. This rose is re-
markable for wealth of foliage close under the bud, pure white
color, and sturdy growth. It was awarded a First Class Certifi-
cate of Merit.

John Henderson of Flatbush, N. Y., exhibited a new Tea Rose
named P6re Gontier. This rose is crimson scarlet in color, of
good fragrance, and larger than Bon Sil6ue but similar in form.
It possessed enough good qualities to warrant the Committee in
awarding it a First Class Certificate of Merit,

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, had a fine collection of Roses, Ca-
mellias, Lapagerias, and other cut flowers, and Edwin Sheppard
presented a large variety of Pelargonium flowers, which, with
their vivid colors, made a bright spot on one of the tables. Other
exhibitors contributed to this annual show, and by their offerings
aided to make it worthy of our Society and a splendid ending of
the year's successful exhibitions.

J. W. Manning, having gained the greatest numl)cr of fust
prizes for Herbaceous Plants during the season is entitled to the

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 271

Society's Silver Medal, and Mrs. L. P. Weston, being second, is
entitled to the Bronze Medal. The first prize for Annuals was
taken by Mrs. E. M. Gill the most times and she is entitled to the
Society's Silver Medal, and as Miss S. W. Story was second she is
awarded the Bronze Medal.

Special prize No. 137, oflfered by a Member of the Society
for the best six blooms of any Hybrid Perpetual rose, to be judged
by a scale of points, was not awarded. Special prize, No. 138,
offered by another Member for the best twelve blooms of Mer-
veille de Lyon was awarded to Warren Heustis. The sum of $62
was awarded in prizes from the " Hunnewell Premiums" for
Rhododendrons and Azaleas.

The amount appropriated by the Society for the use of our
Committee was $3,235. Of this amount, $2,276 has been
awarded in prizes in accordance with the Schedule, and $929 in
gratuities.

We close this report with congratulations to the Society on the
success of its exhibitions.

Jos. H. Woodford,

Robert T. Jackson,

Denys Zirngiebel,

Edwin Fewkes, ^ Committee.

Warren H. Manning,

F. L. Harris,

David Allan.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR PLANTS
AND FLOWERS.

January 2,
Gratuities: —

C. M. Hovey, Hellebores in variety, $2 00

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cut Flowers, and Heath in pot, . . . 2 00
Edwin Sheppard, Cut Flowers, 1 00

Jancary 9.
Gratuities: —

Mrs. A. D. Wood, Freesias in pots, 3 00

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cut Flowers, 1 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, <« .< 1 00

January 16.

Gratuities: —

Edwin Fcwkes, six pots of Roman Hyacinths, 1 00

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cut Flowers, 1 00

January 23.

Gratuities: —

Mrs. A. D. Wood, Vase of Flowers, 1 00

John B. Moore & Son, Six Hybrid Perpetual Roses, . . . 1 00

Jackson Dawson, Hellebores in variety, . . . . . . 1 00

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cut Flowers, 1 00

January 30.
Oraiuitiis: —

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cut Flowers, 2 00 •

Jackson Dawson, Lily of the Valley and And^-omeda Japonica, . 1 00

February 6.

Fkeesia Refracta. — Four pots in bloom, Mrs. A. D. Wood, . 4 00

RuMAN Hyacinths. — Six six-inch pots, Edwin Fewkes, . . . 4 00

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 3 00

Gratuities: —

Mrs. A. D. Wood, Freesias in pots, 2 00

John B. Moore & Son, Roses, 1 00

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cut Flowers, 3 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " 1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 273

Februakt 13.
Gratuities: —

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cut Flowers, $2 00

" " " " Roses, 1 00

<• " " " Eriostemon myrtifolium and E. micro-

phyllum, ........... 1 00

Mrs. A. D. Wood, Vase of Flowers, 1 00

February 20.
Gratuities: —
Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Orchids, Azaleas, and Cut Flowers, . . 5 00

February 27.
Gratuities: —
John B. Moore & Son, fourteen Hybrid Perpetual Roses, . . 2 00
Edwin Fewkes, five " " "... 1 00
Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, two Roses in pots. Magna Charta and Em-
ily Laxton, 2 00

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cut Flowers, 3 00

C. M. Hovey, Cut Camellias, 2 00

March 6.
Gratuities: —

Alfred W. Spencer, Dendrohium Wardianum, . . . . 2 00

Mrs. F. B. Hayes, Cut Flowers, 3 00

C. M. Hovey, Camellias, 2 00

Edwin Sheppard, Cinerarias and Cut Flowers, . . . . 2 CO

James O'Brien, Cyclamens, ........ 1 00

Jackson Dawson, fourteen varieties of Roses on Japan stock, . 1 00

E. M. Wood & Co., Cornelia Cook Roses, 100

Norton Brothers, Baroness Rothschild Roses, . . . . . 1 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Amaryllis and Cut Flowers, 1 00

March 13.
Gratuities: —
Jackson Dawson, twelve Hybrid Perpetual Roses, on Japan stock, . 5 00
John B. Moore & Son, Hybrid Perpetual Roses, Baroness and White

Baroness, 2 00

Theodore N. Vail, twelve pots of Cinerarias, . . . . . 2 00

C. M. Hovey, Camellias, 2 00

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cut Flowers, 2 00

274 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

SPRING EXHIBITION.

March 24, 25, and 26.

Indian Azaleas. — Six named varieties, in pots, Arthur W.

Blake, $15 00

Second, Marshall P. Wilder 12 00

Third, Arthur W. Blake, 10 00

Two named varieties, William Martin, gardener to Nathaniel T.

Kidder, 6 00

Second, Arthur W. Blake, 4 00

Specimen Plant, named, William Martin, 6 00

Second, Arthur W. Blake, 4 00

Four named varieties, in not exceeding ten-inch pots, Arthur W.

Blake, 10 00

Second, Marshall P. Wilder, 8 00

Third, Arthur W. Blake, 6 00

Single plant, of any named variety, in not over an eight-inch pot,

Artlmr W. Blake, 3 00

Hybrid Perpetual Roses. — Three plants, distinct named varieties,

Jackson Dawson, ......... 8 00

Second, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, 6 00

Single named plant, William Martin, 4 00

Second, Edwin Sheppard, 3 00

Six cut blooms, distinct named varieties, John B. Moore & Son, . 4 00

Second, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, 3 00

Tender Roses in Vases. — Twelve blooms of Bon Sil^ne, Samuel

Neil 3 00

Twelve blooms of Catherine Mermet, W. 11. Elliott, . . . 5 00

Second, Edwin Sheppard, 4 00

Twelve blooms of Cornelia Cook, W. H. Elliott, . . . . 6 00

Second, N. S. Simpkins, 4 00

Twelve blooms of Marechal Niel, W. 11. Elliott, . . . . 5 00

Twelve blooms of Niphetos, Edwin Sheppard, . . . . 5 00

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill 4 00

Twelve blooms of Safrano, Samuel Neil, 3 00

Second, Edwin Sheppard, 2 00

Twelve blooms of Souvenir de la Malmaison, Edwin Sheppard, . 5 00

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill 4 00

Orchids. — Six plants in bloom, Frederick L. Ames, . . .15 00

Second, David Allan, gardener to Robert M. Pratt, . . . 12 00

Tliird, E. W. Gilmore, 10 00

Tiiree ])hint8 in bloom, II. II. Hun.iewell, 8 00

Second, David Allan, C 00

Third, Frederick L. Ames, 5 00

Fourth, William Martin, 4 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 275

Single plant in bloom, David Allan, . . . . . . $5 00

Second, Frederick L. Ames, . . . . . . . 4 00

Third, Frederick L. Ames 3 00

Fourth, E. W. Gilmore, 2 00

Stove or Greenhouse Plant. — Specimen in bloom, other than

Azalea or Orchid, named, H. H. Hunnewell, . . . 6 00
Hardy Flowering Shrubs and Herbaceous Plants, Forced. —

Six in pots, six distinct varieties, C. M. Hovey, . . . 10 00

Cyclamens. — Six pots in bloom, James O'Brien, . . . . 6 00

Second, Edwin Sheppard, 4 00

Three plants in bloom, Edwin Sheppard, . . . • . 3 00

Second, James O'Brien, ........ 2 00

Single plant in bloom, Edwin Sheppard, . . . . . 2 00

Heaths. — Three plants in bloom, the second prize to Mrs. F. B.

■ Hayes, 3 00

Primroses. — Double-flowered, the second prize to C. M. Hovey, . 4 00
Hardy Primroses or Polyanthuses. — Six plants of distinct vari-
eties, in bloom, Joseph Tailby, . . . . . . 4 00

Second, Edwin Fewkes 3 00

Cinerarias. — Six varieties, in bloom, in not over nine-inch pots, E.

W. Gilmore, 8 00

Second, Edwin Sheppard, . 6 00

Third, George Seaverns, ........ 4 00

Single plant, in bloom, E. W. Gilmore, . . . . . 3 00

Second, Edwin Sheppard, 2 00

Violets. — Six pots, in bloom, William Martin, . . . . 4 00

Second, Samuel Neil, 3 00

Third, Edwin Sheppard 3 00

Pansies. — Six distinct varieties in pots, in bloom, Edwin Sheppard, 4 00

Second, William Ward, 3 00

Third, S. S. Hovey, ' . . . . 2 00

Fifty cut blooms, in the Society's flat fruit dishes, Edwin Shep-
pard, 3 00

Second, William Ward, 2 00

Third, S. S. Hovey, 1 00

Auriculas. — Twelve in pots, in bloom, the second prize to David

Allan 4 00

Carnations. — Display of cut blooms, not less than six varieties, in

vases, J. A. Foster, ........ 5 00

Camellias. — Display of named varieties, cut flowers with foliage,
not less than twelve blooms, of not less than six varieties,

C. M. Hovey, 5 00

Six cut blooms, of not less than four named varieties, with

foliage, C. M. Hovey, 3 00

Second, C, M. Hovey, 2 00

Centre-Pieoe for Dinner Table. — Best designed and best kept

during the exhibition, W. A. Manda, 20 00

276 MASSACITDSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Second, James O'Brien, S15 00

Third, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 12 00

Fourth, C. M. Uovey, 10 00

Special Prizes for Bulbs, offered by the General Union of Holland for the
Promotion of the Cultivation of Bulbs.

Htacinths. — Fifty named bulbs, in fifty pots, forced in pots, not more
than two of any one variety,

C. H. Hovey, the First Prize, a Gold Medal.

C. M. Hovey, the Second Prize, a Silver Gilt Medal.

C. H. Hovey, the Third Prize, a Silver Medal.

Society's Prizes.

Hyacinths. — Twelve distinct named varieties, in pots, one in each

pot, in bloom, William Martin, $10 00

Second, Charles H. Hovey, 8 00

Third, C. M. Hovey, 6 00

Six distinct named varieties, in pots, one in each pot, in bloom,

William Martin, C 00

Second, Edwin Fewkes, 5 00

Third, C. M. Uovey, 4 00

Three distinct named varieties, in pots, one in each pot, in bloom,

C. M. Hovey, 4 00

Second, William Martin, 3 00

Third, Charles II. Hovey, 2 00

Single named bulb, in pot, in bloom, C. M. Hovey, . . . 2 00

Second, Charles H. Hovey, 1 00

Three pans, ten bulbs of one variety in each pan, William Martin, 6 00

Second, William Martin, ........ 4 00

Third, C. M. Hovey 3 00

Tulips. — Six six-inch pots, six bulbs in each, in bloom, C. M. Hovey, 6 00

Second, Charles II. Hovey, 4 00

Third, William Martin, 3 00

Three six-inch pots, six bulbs m each, in bloom, C. H. Hovey, . 4 00
Polyanthus Narcissus. — Four seven-inch pots, three bulbs in each,

in bloom, Charles H. Hovey, . . . . . . . 6 00

Second, C. M. Hovey 4 00

Hardy Narcissus and Daffodils. — Best display, C. M. Hovey, . 8 00
JoNQUiLe. — Four six-inch pots, six bulbs in each, In bloom, Charles

II. Hovey 3 00

General Display of Spring Bulbs. — C. M. Hovey, . . . 15 00
Lily of the Valley. — Six six-inch pots, in bloom, Jackson

Dawson, . 6 00

Second, C. M. Hovey, 4 00

Third, Edward L. Beard 3 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 277

Anemones. — Three pans, Jackson Dawson,
Second, Jackson Dawson, .

Plants ,

Gratuities: —
W. A. Manda, Herbaceous Plants, forced,

" " " Primula obconica, . . . .

" " " Orchids,

David Allan, Ferns, Cut Flowers, and Orchids,

Arthur W. Blake, Display of Azaleas,

Frederick L. Ames, Orchids and Cut Flowers,

H. H. Hunnewell, Plants and Cut Flowers,

Miss Sarah W. Story, Table Design,

C. M. Hovey, Azaleas and Pelargoniums,

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, General Display of Flowers and

" " " " Cocos Weddelliana,
E. W. Gilmore, elegant arrangement of flowering plants,

" " " six Calceolarias, ....

Jackson Dawson, Azaleas, Primroses, and forced Shrubs
John B. Moore & Son, three vases of Roses, .
N. S. Simpkins, three pots of English Primroses,
C. M. Hovey, Gesnera macrantha,
Arthur H. Fewkes, Collection of Narcissus,

S. S. Hovey, Cut Flowers,

Edwin Sheppard, " "

George Seaverns, " "

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Native Plants and Mosses,

April 3.
Gratuities: —

Frederick L. Ames, Dendrobium chrysotoxum superhum, . . 3 00
Robert Blair, gardener to Alfred W. Spencer, Dendrobium chryso-
toxum, ........... 1 00

Mrs. F. B. Hayes, Rhododendrons and other Cut Flowers, . . 3 00

C. M. Hovey, Cut Camellias, 2 00

Miss Sarah W. Story, Cut Flowers, 1 00

Edwin Fewkes, four pots of Tulips, 1 00

April 10.
Gratuities : —

W. A. Manda, pans of Forced Hardy Plants, 3 00

C. M. Hovey, Camellias, 1 00

April 17.
Gratuities: —

Robert T. Jackson, twenty-four bottles of Polyanthus Primroses, . 1 00

Edwin Sheppard, Pelargoniums, etc., 1 00

E. H. Hitchings, Native Plants, 100

4

$4: 00

3 00

25 00

5 00

5 00

15 00

10 00

10 00

10 00

6 00

10 00

8 00

3 00

5 00

4 00

3 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

278

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Apbil 24.
Gratuities: —

C. M. Ilovey, three pots of Azaleas, $1 00

Mrs. Francis 13. IIa3'cs, Rhododendron Countess of Iladdington, . 1 00

Miss Anna C. Kenrick, Magnolia conspicua, . . . . . 1 00

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Native Flowers, 1 00

Mat 1.
Gratuities: —

Miss Sarah W. Story, Cut Flowers 1 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " 1 00

MAY EXHIBITION.

May 8.

Pelabgonitms — Four named Show or Fancy varieties, in pots,

Charles M. Ilovcy $8 00

Second, Charles M. Hovey, . . . . 6 00

Six named Zonale varieties, " " •< .... 8 00

Second, ... <i u u .... 6 00
Indian Azaleas. — Three plants, in pots, named, the second prize

to Charles M. Hovey, 5 00

Third, " " " ........ 4 00

Hardy Bulbs. — Collection of blooms, C. M. Hovey, . . . 6 00

Second, Joseph H. Woodford, ....... 4 00

Basket of Flowkks. — Mrs. E. M. Gill, 6 00

Pansies. — Fifty cut blooms, in the Society's flat fruit dishes, Mrs.

E. M. Gill, 4 00

Second, Joseph H. Woodford, 3 00

Third, Edwin Sheppard, 2 00

Hekbaceous Plants. — Largest and best arranged collection,

named, Mrs. L. P. Weston 2 00

Second, J. W. Manning, 1 00

Gratuities: —

David Allan, Orchids, 3 00

" " Auriculas, . . . • 3 00

William Martin, Gloxinias, 2 00

Robert Manning, Trillium grandiflorum, . . . . . 1 00

W. A. Manda, Collection of Herbaceous Plants and Shrubs, . . 5 00

Edwin Sheppard, Cut Pelargoniums, . . . . . . 2 00

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cut Flowers, 2 00

Miss Sarah W. Story, " " 2 00

Mrs. L. P. Weston, " " 1 00

J. H. Woodford, " " 1 00

Mrs. P. I). Richards, Wild " • 3 00

0. W. Sanderson, «' " 1 00

E. H. Hitchings, Native Plants and Flowers, 1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 279

May 15.
Gratuities: —

W. A. Manda, Slirubs and Herbaceous Plants, . . . . $3 00

J. W. Manning, Herbaceous Plants, 2 GO

Mrs, E. M. Gill, Pansies and Cut Flowers, 2 00

Mrs. L. P. Weston, Cut Flowers, Wild Flowers, and Shrubs, . 2 00

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Flowering Apples and Roses, . . . 1 00

Miss Anna C. Kenrick, three kinds of Magnolias, . . . • 1 00

Mrs. E. S. Joyce, Cut Flowers 100

E. H. Hitchings, Wild Flowers, 2 00

May 22.
Gratuities: —

W. A. Manda, Cactus and other Cut Flowers, 3 00

J. W. Manning, Hardy Shrubs, named, 2 00

Jackson Dawson, nine (two new) Syringas, . . . . . 1 00

Edwin Sheppard, thirteen Tulips, named, 1 00

Miss Sarah W. Story, Hardy Shrubs, 1 00

Mrs. L. P. Weston, Cut Flowers, 2 00

Joseph H. Woodford, " «' 100

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " and Pansies . . . . 100

E. H. Hitchings, Native Flowers, 3 00

Mrs. P. D. Richards, " " 2 00

May 29.
Gratuities: —

H. H. Hunnewell, Cut Flowers of named Rhododendrons, . . 5 00
Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cut Blooms and Foliage of Trees and

Shrubs, 5 00

Marshall P. Wilder, two Seedling Paeonies, 2 00

W. A, Manda, Hardy Perennials, 2 00

J. W. Manning, " " 1 00

Joseph H. Woodford, Clematis, 2 00

E. H, Hitchings, Native Flowers, 2 00

RHODODENDRON SHOW.

June 5.

Rhododendrons. — Twenty-four tender varieties, named, Mrs.

Francis B. Hayes, 10 00

Twelve tender varieties, named, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, . . 6 00

Six " " " " ic <c << . . 3 00

Three " " " " <(<<<< . . 2 00
Single truss of any tender variety, named, Mrs. Francis B.

Hayes, 1 00

280

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Eighteen hardy varieties, named, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, . . $10 00

Second, C M. Hovey, 6 00

Six hardy varieties, named, the second prize to C. M. Hovey, . 2 00
Single truss of any hardy variety, named, Mrs. Francis B.

Hayes, 1 00

Hardt Azaleas. — Fifteen named varieties, one truss each, Mrs.

Francis B. Hayes, 8 00

Second, Edwin Sheppard, 6 00

Twelve named varieties, C. M. Hovey, 6 00

Cluster of trusses, of one variety, C. M. Hovey, . . . . 2 00

Second, C. M. Hovey, 1 00

Society's Prizes.
Tree Peonies. — Six named varieties, Marshall P. Wilder, . . 3 00
German Iris. — Six distinct varieties, Arthur H. Fewkes, . . 3 00

Second, J. W. Manning, . 2 00

Clematis. — Named varieties, cut blooms, J. H. Woodford, . . 4 00

Second, J. H. Woodford, 3 00

Hardy Flowering Trees and Shrubs. — Largest and best collec-
tion, named, cut blooms, J. W. Manning, . . . . 6 00
Native Plants. — Display of named species and varieties, one

bottle of each, Mrs. P. D. Richards,

Second, E. H. Hitchings,

Cut Flowers. — Display filling one hundred bottles, Mrs. A. D.

Wood,

Second, Mrs. L. P. Weston,

Third, Mrs. E. M. Gill,

Herbaceous Plants. — Mrs. L. P. Weston,

Second, J. W. Manning, ........

Oratuities: —
W. A. Manda, Display of Plants and Flowers,
Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Rhododendrons and Azaleas,
Edward L. Beard, Cattleya Mendelii,
Jackson Dawson, Shrubs,
C. M. Hovey, Rhododendrons, etc., .
J. S. Richards, "

William H. Spooner, Perpetual Scotch Roses,
Arthur H. Fewkes, Iris and Aquilegias, .
Edwin Sheppard, Cut Flowers,
Miss Ellen M. Harris, <• «• . .

L. W. Goodell, .... . .

Joseph H. Woodford, Vase of Flowers, .

4

00

3

00

4 00

3

00

2

00

2

00

1

00

15

00

10

00

8

00

3 00

2 00

1

00

1

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

June 12.
Oratuities: —

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Rhododendrons, . . . . . . 5 00

H. II. Hunncwell, " 6 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 281

Jackson Dawson, Hardy Flowering Shrubs,

William H. Spooner, Cut Blooms of Roses,

Warren Heustis, " " "

Benjamin G. Smith, " " "

John S. Richards, " " "

Miss Ellen M. Harris, Peeonies, etc.,

Joseph H. Woodford, Clematis, etc.

John C. Hovey, Pyrethrums,

J. W. Manning, Hardy Perennials,

W. A. Manda, Cut Flowers,

Miss Sarah W. Story, "

Mrs. L. P. Weston, "

Mrs. E. M. Gill, "

Mrs. A. D. Wood, "

Mrs. E. S. Joyce, "

E. H. Hitchings, Native Flowers,

So

00

3

00

2

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

2

00

2

00

2

00

2 00

2 GO

1

00

1

00

ROSE AND STRAWBERRY EXHIBITION.

June 22 and 23.

Special Prize, Offered by a Member of the Society.

Hybrid Perpetual Roses. — Best twelve blooms of Merveille de
Lyon, Warren Heustis,

Special Prizes.

Hybrid Perpetual Roses. — Twenty-four of different varieties,

David Allan, gardener to Robert M. Pratt, Silver Vase, value,

Second, John S. Richards, Silver Vase, value, . . . .

Twelve Roses, of different varieties, named, John L. Gardner,

Silver Vase, value,

Eighteen Roses, of different varieties, named, John S. Richards,

Silver Vase, value,

Eighteen Roses of any six varieties, three of each, John B. Moore

& Son, Silver Vase, value,

General Display of Roses, grown in open culture, all classes ex-
cept Hybrid and Moss, Charles M. Hovey, Silver Vase, value.
Best and best kept design of Roses, in receptacles other than

vases, Joseph H. Woodford, Silver Vase, value, .
Amateurs' Prize, Twenty-four named roses, J. L. Gardner, Silver
Vase, value, ......

Second, John S. Richards, Silver Vase, value.
Six blooms of Alfred Colomb, David Allan, .

Second, John B. Moore & Son, .
Six blooms of Baroness Rothschild, David Allan,
Second, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, .

$10 00

30 00

15 00

15

00

25

00

25

00

15

00

18

00

30

00

15

00

4

00

3

00

4

00

3 00

282

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Six blooms of John Hopper, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes,

Second, John B. Moore & Son,

Six blooms of Marquise de Castellane, the second prize to Jolm B
Moore & Son,

Six blooms of Merveille de Lyon, William II. Spooner,

Six blooms of Madame G. Luizet, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, .
Second, David Allan,

Six blooms of Victor Verdier, John B. Moore & Son, .

Twelve blooms of any other variety, JohnB. Moore & Son, .
Second, David Allan, .

84

00

3

00

3

00

4

00

4

00

3

00

4

00

G 00

4

00

Begular Prizes.

Hardy Perpetual Roses. — Best six new varieties sent out since

1882, the second prize to William H. Spooner, . . . 4 00
Seventy-two blooms, not less than eighteen varieties, Jolin B.

Moore & Son, 20 00

Second, Warren Ileustis, • 15 00

Thirty-six blooms, not less than ten varieties, John S. Richards, . 10 00

Second, John B. Moore & Son, 8 00

Six distinct named varieties, three of each, William H. Spooner, 8 00

Second, John S. Richards, 6 00

Three distinct named varieties, three of each, John S. Richards, . 4 00

Second, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, 3 00

Moss Roses. — Six named varieties, three clusters of each, John B.

Moore & Son, .......... 6 00

Tliree named varieties, three clusters of each, Edwin Fewkes, . 4 00

Second, John B. Moore «& Son, 3 00

Third, William H. Spooner, 2 00

Hybrid Tea Roses. — Display in boxes, John S. Richards, . . 6 00

Second, Warren Heustis, 4 00

General Display of Hardy Roses, filling one hundred bottles,

William II. Spooner, 10 00

Second, John S. Richards, 9 00

Third, Jolm B. Moore & Son 8 00

Fourth, Edwin Fewkes, ........ 7 00

Fifth, Benjamin G. Smith, C 00

Stove and Greenhouse Flowering Plants. — Five distinct named

varieties, in bloom, not Orchids, John L. Gardner, . . 15 00
Specimen Plant in Bloom. — Named, other than Orchid, John L.

Gardner, Rhyncospermura jasminoides, . . . . . 6 00
Specimen Foliage or FL<)WERiN<i Plant, new and rare, other than

Orchid, Frederick L. Ames, Dracccna Lindeni, . . . 4 00

Second, C. M. llovey, " " ... 3 00
Orchid.— Twelve plants, named varieties, in bloom, Frederick L.

Ames 18 00

Second, David Allan, 15 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 283

Six plants, named, David Allan, $10 00

Second, Frederick L. Ames, 8 00

Third, Thomas Greares, 6 00

Single specimen, Frederick L. Ames, L^Zmiswrp-wra^a, . . 6 00

Second, Thomas Greaves, Cattleya Mendelii, . . . . 5 00

Herbaceous Pjeonies. — Ten named varieties, John C. Hovey, . 6 00

Second, Marshall P. WUder, 5 00

Sweet Williams. — Thirty trusses, not less than six distinct varie-
ties, Edwin Sheppard, 3 00

Second, L. W. Goodell, 2 00

Third, Edwin Fewkes, 1 00

Vase of Flowers. — Best arranged, Mrs. E. M. Gill, . . . 5 00

Second, Mrs. A. D. Wood, 4 00

Third, Miss Sarah W. Story, 3 00

Herbaceous Plants. — J. W. Manning, 2 00

Gratuities : —
David Allan, Orchids, Ferns, Palms, and Cut Flowers, .
Frederick L. Ames, Orchids, Ferns, Palms, and Cut Flowers,
W. A. Manda, Orchids and Stove Plants, .

" " " Display of Plants and Flowers,
John L. Gardner, Ericas and Pelargoniums,
Edwin Sheppard, Delphiniums, etc.,

" " Roses, ....

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " ...

John S. Richards, " .
O. B. Hadwen,

Robert Manning, Actinidia polygama,
Denys Zirngiebel, Delphinium Breckii, etc.,
John L. Gardner, Iris Kcempferi,
Charles M. Hovey, Kalmias, etc.,

" " " Hydrangea,
Robert T. Jackson, Plants and Flawers, .
Mrs. E. M. Gill, Basket of Flowers,
Miss Sarah W. Story, Display of Cut Flowers
Mrs. A. D. Wood, " " "

Mrs. L. P. Weston, " " " '*

Thomas Greaves, " " " "

E. H. Hitchings, Native Flowers,
Mrs. P. D. Richards, " " .

Miss Mary L. Vinal, " " and Grasses

15 00

10 00

10 00

5 00

3 00

3 00

2 00

2 00

2 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

3 00

3 00

2 00

2 00

2 00

3 00

3 00

1 00

July 3.

H-fBRiD Perpetual Roses. — Twenty-four blooms, twenty-four dis-
tinct named varieties, in vases, John B. Moore & Son, .
Second, John S. Richards,

4 00
3 00

284

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIKTY.

Delphiniums. — Six named varieties, Edwin Fewkes & Son, .

Second, Edwin Fewkes & Son

Third, Anthony McLaren, ... . . . .

LiLiuM Candidum. — Twelve spikes, Benjamin G. Sniiih,

Second, Joseph H. Woodford,

Cut Flowers. — Display, filling one hundred bottles, Mrs. E. M.
Gill,

Second, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes,

Third, William K. Wood,

Herbaceous Plants. — J. W. Manning,

Second, Mrs. L. P. Weston,

84

00

3

00

2

00

3 00

2

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

2

00

1

00

Gratuities: —
Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, one hundred and forty Hybrid Perpetual

Roses,

Warren Heustis & Son, fifty Hybrid Perpetual Roses,

J. W. Manning, Japan Iris, etc., .

Edwin Fewkes & Son, " "

Charles M. Hovey, Native Rhododendrons,

Joseph H. Woodford, Grasses,

Mrs. L. P. Weston, Cut Flowers, one hundred bottles, .

Edwin Sheppard, Cut Flowers,

Mrs. E. S. Joyce, " "

Frank C. Hyde, Wild Flowers,

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Native Flowers,

July 10.

Japan Iris (Varieties of Iris KcBmpferi'). — Best collection, John L.
Gardner, ..........

Second, Edwin Fewkes & Son,

Third, J. F. C. Hyde

Six named varieties, Edwin Fewkes & Son,

Vase of Flowers. — Best arranged. Miss S. W. Story, . . .

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill,

'Herbaceous Plants. — J. W. Manning,

Second, Mrs. L. P. Weston,

Gratuities: —
John B. Moore & Son, Hybrid Perpetual Roses,
Mrs. L. P. Weston, Cut Flowers,
Miss Ellen M. Harris, " "
Mrs. E. S. Joyce, " "

Miss Sarah W. Story, " "
Edwin Sheppard, " "

Jackson Dawson, Hardy Summer Flowering Shrubs,
Severance Burrage, Native Flowers, eighty species,
Frank C. Hyde, " " . . . .

1 00
I 00
1 00

1 00

2 00
2 00
1 00

1 00

2 00

00
GO
00
00
00
00
00
00

1 00
1 00

00

00

00

00

2 00

2 00

1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 285

July 17.

Hollyhocks, Double. — Twelve blooms, twelve distinct colors,

Edwin Sheppard, .$4 00

Second, Edwin Fewkes & Son, 3 00

Six blooms, six distinct colors, J. F. C. Hyde, . . . . 2 00

Second, Charles M. Hovey, 1 00

Cut Flowers. — Display of one hundred bottles, Charles M, Hovey, 4 00

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 3 00

Third, William K. Wood, 2 00

Herbaceous Plants. — J. W. Manning, 2 00

Second, Mrs. L. P. Weston, 1 00

Gratuities: —

Edwin Sheppard, Hollyhocks, 2 00

Miss Ellen M. Harris, " 1 00

George Seaverns, " 1 09

Charles F. Curtis, " 1 00

John L. Gardner, Cypripediums, Gloxinia, and Heath, named, . 3 00

C. M. Hovey, Aerides odorata and Hydrangea gymnoclada, . . 1 00

W. A. Manda, Cut Flowers, Display, 2 00

Mrs. L. P. Weston, " " one hundred bottles, . . . 2 00

Mrs. E. S. Joyce, " " 1 00

Edwin Fewkes & Son, " " 1 00

Miss Sarah W. Story, " " 1 00

Frank C. Hyde, Native Flowers, one hundred varieties, . . 1 00

Mrs. P. D. Richards, " " 1 00

July 24.

Hydrangeas. — Two plants of different varieties, in tubs or pots,

John L. Gardner, . ........ 5 00

Pelargoniums. — Six double and six single varieties, named, one

truss of each, C. M. Hovey, 2 00

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 1 00

Perennial Phloxes. — Six distinct named varieties, one spike of

each, Edwin Fewkes & Son, 3 00

Second, Edwin Sheppard, 2 00

Verbenas. — Thirty bottles, one truss in each, Isaac E. Coburn, . 3 00

Second, C. M. Hovey, 2 00

Sweet Peas.— Display of twenty-five bottles, J. F. C. Hyde, . . 3 00

Se cond,William P. Martin, 2 00

Third, Marshall B. Faxon, 1 00

Herbaceous Plants. — J. W. Manning, . . . . . . 2 00

Second, Mrs. L. P. Weston, . . . . . • • 1 00

Gratuities: —

Frederick L. Ames, Orchids, 5 00

David Allan, " 2 00

286

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETT.

Edwin Slieppard, Hollyhocks, .
C. M. Ilovey, Eugenia and Hedychium,
Joseph II. Woodford, Sweet Peas, .
J. \V. Manning, Flowering Shrubs, .
Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cut Flowers,
Mrs. L. P. Weston, " "

Miss Sarah W. Story, " «' .
W. A. Manda, " " .

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Flowers,
Miss Mary L. Vinal, " •' .

§2 00

00
00
00
00
00
00

1 00

2 00
1 00

Jdlt 31.

Stocks. — Six varieties, one cut plant of each, Edwin Sheppard,
Cur Flowers. — Display, filling one hundred bottles. Mrs. E. M
Gill,

Second, C. M. Hovey,

Tiiird, William K. Wood, .
Native Flowers. — Mrs. P. D. Richards,

Second, Severance Barrage,
IIbrbaceocs Plants. — J. W. Manning, .

Second, Mrs. L. P. Weston,

Gratuities: —
W. A. Manda, Stove and Greenhouse Herbaceous Plants and Ferns,
Severance Barrage, Native Flowers, ninety varieties,
Frank C. Hyde, *• " seventy-eight varieties, .

Mrs. P. D. Richards, " "

Miss Mary L. Vinal, •' "

E. H. Hitchings, " "

Jackson Dawson, Hardy Hypericums and Heaths, ....
George Seaverns, Princess Beatrice Sweet Peas, ....

Edwin Fewkes & Son, Dahlias and Hollyhocks

Mrs. E. S. Joyce, Cut Flowers,

Mrs. L. P. Weston, " "

Miss Sarah W. Story " "

Edwin Sheppard, •< ««

3 00

00
00
00
00
00
00

1 00

5 00
2 00
2 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
I 00
1 00
I 00

AUGUBT 7.

Perennial Phloxes. — T«n distinct named varieties, one spike each,

Edwin Sheppard, . • g 00

Second, Edwin Fewkes 4 Son, 2 00

Petunias. — Collection, filling thirty bottles, one spray in each, Ed-
win Fewkes & Son, . ........ 3 00

Second, H. B. Watts, 2 00

Thir«J, L. W. Goodcll, 1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 287

Cot Flowers. — Display, filling one hundred bottles, Mrs. E. M.

Gill, ^4 00

Second, C. M. Hovey, • 3 00

Third, William K. Wood, 2 00

Native Floweks. — Collection, Severance Burrage, . . . 3 00

Second, Mrs. P. D. Richards, 2 00

Hekbaceods Plants- — J. W. Manning 2 00

Second, Mrs. L. P. Weston, 1 00

Gratuities: —

C. M. Hovey, Pelargoniums, 1 00

Edwin Fewkes & Son, Dahlias, I 00

W. A. Manda, Cut Flowers, 3 00

Mrs. L. P. Weston, "
Miss. S. W. Story, "
L. W. Goodell, ' "
H. B. Watts, "

Edwin S. Hill, "

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

E. H. Hitchings, Native Flowers, 1 00

AUGOST 14.

Gladioli. — Twenty named varieties, in spikes, James Cartwright, . 10 00

Second, H. B. Watts, 8 00

Ten named varieties, in spikes, Edwin Sheppard . . . . 6 00

Six named varieties, in spikes, F. Bacheller, . . . • 5 00

Second, H. B. Watts, 8 00

Single spike, named, H. B. Watts, ...... 1 00

Display of named and unnamed varieties, filling one hundred

bottles, James Cartwright, 8 00

Second, H. B. Watts, 6 00

Third, Edwin Sheppard, 4 00

Phlox Drummondi. — Fifty bottles, not less than six varieties, Ed-
win Sheppard, 2 00

Second, A. A. Hixon, ........ 1 00

Herbaceous Plants. — J. W. Manning, 2 00

Second, Mrs. L. P. Weston, 1 00

Gratuities: —

'Frederick L. Ames, Orchids, etc., 2 00

Warren Heustis & Son, Roses, . 2 00

Edwin Fewkes & Son, Dahlias, 1 00

George S. Tuttle, " (Pompon), 1 00

E. W. Sewall, Poppies 1 00

C. M. Hovey, Pelargoniums, 1 00

288

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mrs. Francis B. Ilaycs, Cut Flowers,

Mrs. E. M. Gill,

Miss Sarah W. Story, "

William K. Wood, "

W. A. Manda,

A. A. Nixon, "

Edwin S. Hill, "

John Parker, "

Mrs. L. r. Weston, "

William Martin, "

E. II. Ilitcliings, Native Flowers,

83 00

2 00

2 00

2 00

2 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

2 00

AUGDST 21.

Asters. — Truffaut's Paeony Flowered, thirty blooms, not less than

three varieties, Marshall B. Fa.xon, . . . . . 5 00

Second, L. W. Goodell, 4 00

Third, James O'Brien, 3 00

Victoria Flowered, thirty blooms, not less than eight varieties,

Marshall B. Faxon, 5 00

Second, John L. Gardner, 4 00

Third, James O'Brien, 3 00

Pompon, thirty sprays, not less than six varieties, one spray in

each bottle, L. W. Goodell, 4 00

Second, Marshall B. Faxon, 3 00

Basket of Flowers. — Best arranged, James O'Brien, . . . 4 00

Second, Mrs. A. D. Wood, 3 00

Tliird, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 2 00

Herbaceous Plants. — J. W. Manning, 2 00

Second, Mrs. L. P. Weston, 1 00

Gratuities: —

Marshall B. Faxon, Display of Asters, 8 00

James Cartwright, Gladioli, ........ 2 00

H. B. Watts, " 2 00

E. Fewkcs & Son, Dahlias, 1 00

C. W. Iloitt, " 1 00

George S. Tuttle, " (Pompon), 1 00

John C. Hovey, Amaryllis Ilallii, ....... 1 00

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cut Flowers, 2 00

Mrs. L. P. Weston, .... 2 00

W. A. Manda, .... 2 00

Joiin Parker, .... 1 00

Miss Sarah W. Story, " «. 1 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, .... 1 00

Mrs. Anna 1). Wood, .' .« 1 00

Warreu Ileustis & Son, " " 1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 289

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Flowers, $1 00

E. H. Hitchings, " " 1 00

Frank C. Hyde, " " 1 00

August 28.

LiLiUM Lancifolium. — Twelve spikes, Herbert Gleason, . . 3 GO

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 2 00

Tkop^olums. — Displaj', filling twenty-five bottles, Marshall B.

Faxon, 3 00

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 2 00

Third, Horace Eaton, 1 00

Marigolds.— Twenty-five bottles, three flowers in each, the second

prize to C. M. Hovey, 2 00

Third, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 1 00

Herbaceous Plants. — J. W. Manning, 2 00

Second, Mrs. L. P. Weston, 1 00

Gratuities: —

J. W. Clark, Seedling Gladioli, 3 00

H. B. Watts, Gladioli, 2 00

Edwin Sheppard, Gladioli, Dahlias, and Asters, . . . . 3 00

John L. Gardner, two Orchids, 1 00

O. M. Holmes, Nelumhium luteum, 1 00

Warren Heustis, Roses, ......... 1 00

George S. Tuttle, Pompon Dahlias 1 00

W. A. Manda, Nasturtiums and Marigolds, 1 00

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cut Flowers, 2 00

Marshall B. Faxon, " " 2 00

William K. Wood, " " 1 00

John Parker, " " I 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " 1 00

Mrs. L. P. Weston, " " 100

Miss Sarah W. Story, " " 1 00

Edwin S. Hill, .. .< 1 00

Mrs. P. D. Richards " " 1 O'J

Frank Hyde, " " ...... 1 00

September i.

Double Zinnias. — Twenty-five flowers, not less than six varieties,

Edwin Sheppard, 3 00

Second, James O'Brien, 2 00

Third, L. W. Goodell, 1 00

DiANTHUS. — Annual and biennial varieties, collection filling fifty

bottles, single trusses, L. W. Goodell, 4 00

Second, H. B. Watts, 3 00

Third, James O'Brien, 2 00

290 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Cot Flowkrs. — display filling; ono liimdrid bottlis, James O'Brien, §4 00

Second, William K. Wood, 3 00

Third, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 2 00

IlERnxcEocs Plants. — J. W. Manning, 2 00

Second, Mrs. L. P. Weston, 1 00

Gratuities: —

W. A. Manda, Annuals, 3 00

Edwin Fewkes & Son, Dahlias, etc., 2 00

Warren Ilcustis & Son, Asters, 2 00

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Roses, etc., 2 00

George S. Tuttle, Dahlias, 1 00

John Parker, " 1 00

Mrs. Starkes Whiton, " . 100

II. B. Watts, cut spikes of Hardy Gladioli, 1 00

Marshall B. Faxon, Cut Flowers, 1 00

Miss Sarah W. Story, " " 1 00

Edwin Sheppard, " " 1 00

Mrs. L. P. Weston, " " 1 00

Edwin S. Hill, " " 1 00

John Parker, " " 1 00

Mrs. P. D. llichards, Solidagos and Asters, 2 00

Severance Burrage, Wild Flowers, 1 00

Frank C. Hyde, " " 1 00

ANNUAL EXHIBITION.

Septembbr 14, 15, IG, and 17.

ITunnewell Premiums.

EvEUGUKEN Trees and Shrubs. — Display in pots of other than
Native Evergreens of New England, named, William C.
Strong $8 00

Society's Prizes.

Greenhouse Plants. — Six Greenhouse and Stove Plants, of dif-
ferent named varieties, one Croton admissible, Samuel K.

Payson, * 40 00

Second, Frederick L. Amos, 30 00

Third, G. A. Nickerson, 25 00

Fourth, William Martin, gardener to Nathaniel T. Kidder, . 20 00
Specimen Floweuino Plants. — Three named varieties, in bloom,

David Allan, . . . • 15 00

Second, Frederick L. Ames, 10 00

Third, David Allan, 8 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 291

Single specimen, named, not offered in any collection, F. L.

Ames, $5 00

Second, David Allan, 4 00

Third, William Martin, 3 00

Variegated Leaved Plants. — Six named varieties, not offered in
the collection of greenhouse plants, Crotons and Dracaenas

not admissible, Frederick L. Ames, 12 00

Second, William Martin 10 00

Third, C. M. Hovey, 8 00

Single specimen, named, not offered in any collection, G. A. Nick-

erson, ........... 5 00

Second, G. A. Nickerson, 4 00

Third, John L. Gardner, 3 00

Caladiums. — Four named varieties, William Martin, . . . 5 00
Fbens. — Six named varieties, no Adiantums admissible, Frederick

L. Ames, 8 00

Second, David Allan, 6 00

Third, G. A. Nickerson, 4 00

Adiantums. — Six named varieties, Frederick L. Ames, . . . 6 00

Second, William Martin, 4 00

Tree Fern. — Single specimen, named, C. M. Hovey, . . . 6 00

Second, G. A. Nickerson, 4 00

Ltcopods. — Four named varieties, William Martin, . . . 3 00

Second, David Allan, 2 00

Dracjsnas. — Six named varieties, H. H. Hunnewell, . . . 8 00

Second, E. W. Gilmore, . • 6 00

Crotons. — Six named varieties, in not exceeding six-inch pots,

E. W. Gilmore, 6 00

Second, Frederick L. Ames, 4 00

Third, David Allan, 3 00

Palm. — Single specimen, named, G. A. Nickerson, . . . . 6 00

Nepenthes. — Three plants, named, Samuel R. Payson, . . . 6 00

Orchids. — Six plants, named varieties, in bloom, Frederick L. Ames, 12 00

Second, E. W. Gilmore, 10 00

Third, David Allan, 8 00

Three plants, named varieties, in bloom, David Allan, . . 8 00

Second, Frederick L. Ames, 6 00

Single plant, in bloom, Frederick L. Ames, 6 00

Second, C. M. Hovey, 4 00

Third, David Allan, 3 00

Gladioli. — Best display, and best kept during the exhibition, filling

one hundred bottles, H. B. Watts 10 00

Dahlias. — Twelve named varieties, Edwin Sheppard, . . . 4 00

Second, John Parker, 3 00

Six named varieties, Edwin Sheppard, . . . . . . 3 00

Second, Mrs. Starkes Whiton, 2 00

Three named varieties, Edwin Sheppard, 2 00

Second, Macey Randall, 1 00

292 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

LiLiPUTiAN Dahlias. — General display, filling twenty-five bottles,

G. S. Tuttle §3 00

Second, Macey Kandall, 2 00

Third, Edwin Sheppard, 1 00

Cot Flowers. — Best display, and best kept during the exhibition,

filling one hundred and fifty bottles, Mrs. E. M. Gill, . . 16 00

Second, C. M. Hovey U 00

Third, William K. Wood, 12 00

Basket of Flowers. — Best arranged, and best kept through the

exhibition, James O'Brien, 8 00

Second, Mrs. A. D. Wood, 6 00

Third, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 5 00

Fourth, Miss Sarah W. Story 4 00

Gratuities : —

N. S. Simpkins, Collection of Nymphaeas, 20 00

W. A. Manda, Collection of Plants, 25 00

John L. Gardner, " " " 10 00

H. H. Hunnewell, " " " 5 00

W. A. Manda, " " Ferns, 10 00

David Allan, Gloxinias and Ferns, 5 00

William C. Strong, Variegated Leaved Trees and Plants, . . 3 00

J. W. Manning, Herbaceous Plants, 2 00

Marshall B. Faxon, Pansies, 2 00

Edwin Sheppard, Cut Flowers, 5 00

George Seaverns, " " ' . • . 5 00

Mrs. F. B. Hayes, " " 3 00

John Parker, " " 2 00

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Flowers, 8 00

October 2.
Gratuities : —

Marshall B. Faxon, Pansies, 1 00

L. II. Farlow, Odontoglossum grande, ...... 1 00

John Parker, Dahlias, 1 00

Edwin Sheppard, " 1 00

W. II. Spooner, Moss Rose Salet, 1 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Cut Flowers, 1 00

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Flowers, 1 00

Walter E. Coburn, " " 1 00

October 23.
Gratuity: —

E. W. Wood, Chrysanthemum Alexandre Dufour . . . . 1 00

October 30.
Gratuity: —

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cut Flowers, 1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 293

CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW.

November 10, 11, and 12.

Chrysanthemums. — Six Large Flowered, or Chinese, distinct named
varieties, one plant in each pot, the third prize to John W.

Scott, gardener to George A. James, #10 00

Six Japanese, distinct named varieties, one plant in each pot,

Edwin Fewkes & Son, 16 00

Second, E. A. Wood, 13 00

Third, William Martin, gardener to Nathaniel T. Kidder, . . 10 00
Four Pompons, distinct named varieties, one plant in each pot,

P. Malley, 10 00

Specimen Plant, Large Flowered, or Chinese, named, P. Malley, 6 00

Second, William Martin, 5 00

Third, E. A. Wood, 4 00

Fourth, J. W. Scott, i^ 00

Specimen Plant, Japanese, named, P. Malley, . . . . 6 00

Second, Edwin Fewkes & Son, 5 00

Third, William Martin, 4 00

Fourth, John W. Scott, 3 00

Specimen Plant, Pompon, named, P. Malley, . . . • 6 00

Second, William Martin, 5 00

Third, E. A. Wood, • . . 4 00

Fourth, J. W. Scott, a 00

Specimen Plant, Anemone, named, P. Malley, . . . . G 00

Second, E. A. Wood, 5 00

Specimen trained standard, any class, William Martin, . . 6 00

Second, Edwin Fewkes & Son, 5 00

Third, Edwin Sheppard, 4 00

Best display of thirty named plants, in pots, all classes, not less

than ten varieties, Edwin Fewkes & Son, . . . . 30 00

Second, P. Malley, 25 00

Third, Marshall P. Wilder, 20 00

Fourth, Samuel Neil, 15 00

Fifth, J. W. Scott, 10 00

Twelve Cut Blooms, Japanese, named, in vases, Edwin Fewkes

& Son, 6 00

Second, Edwin Sheppard, 5 00

. Six Cut Blooms, Large Flowered, or Chinese, named, in vases,

Edwin Fewkes & Son, 4 00

Second, E. A. Wood, 3 00

Third, P. Malley, 2 00

Six Cut Blooms, Japanese, named, in vases, Edwin Fewkes &*Son, 4 00

Second, E. A. Wood, 3 00

5

294

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Display of twi-nty-four sprays, not less than twelve varieties,
Large Flowered, or Chinese, named, in vases, Edwin Fewkes

& Son, $8 00

Second, Edwin Sheppard, 6 00

Third, J. W. Scott, 5 00

Display of twenty-four sprays, not less than twelve varieties,

Japanese, named, in vases, Edwin Fewkes & Son, . . . 8 00

Second, Edwin Sheppard, G 00

Third, E. A. Wood, 5 00

Fourth, J. W. Scott, 4 00

Display of twenty-four sprays, not less than twelve varieties,

Pompons, named, in vases, Edwin Fewkes & Son, . . 5 00

The fourth prize to Mrs. E. M. Gill, 2 00

Best arranged Basket of Blooms, Mrs. E. M. Gill, . . . 6 00

Second, Mrs. A. D. Wood, . 4 00

Bouquets. — Best pair of Hand, James O'Brien, . . . . 5 00

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 4 00

Orchids. — Three Plants, named varieties, in bloom, Frederick L.

Ames, 10 00

Second, Frederick L. Ames, ....... 8 00

Third, William Martin, 6 00

Single Plant, in bloom, Frederick L. Ames, 5 00

Second, William Martin, 4 00

Third, Frederick L. Ames, 3 00

Gratuities: —
Henry P. Walcott, Chrysanthemums in pots,
W. A. Manda, *' " «'

Edwin Fewkes & Son, " an

Edwin Siieppard, " " "

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, " an.

W. A. Manda, Collection of Orchids, .
Frederick L. Ames, " " " Ferns, etc

C. M. Hovey, Maxillaria pida,
Mrs. M. J. Plumstead, Seedling Chrysanthemums,
W. S. Ward, two plants,
«' " " Cut Flowers of

William Martin, " "

Mrs. E. M. Gill,
Edwin Fewkes, " "

Edwin Sheppard, " "

" " " '* Pelarfjoniums,

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cut Flowers,
Norton Brothers, six named Roses, .
Miss Sarah W. Story, Basket of Chrysanthemums,

i< ». if <• .• <• Flowers,

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Flowers, Mosses, and Ferns,

(two hundred buttles)

25 00
25 00
15 00
10 00
10 00
10 00
10 00
2 00

00
00
00
00

1

2
1
1

1 00
10 00

6 00

2 00

3 00
2 00
2 00
2 00
2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 295

December 14. ,

Gratuities: —

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Two plants of Cypripedium insigne, . $2 00

GOLD MEDAL.

Rhododendron Show, June 5. H. Hollis Hunnewell, Display of named

Hardy and Tender Rhododendrons and
Hardy Azaleas.

SILVER MEDALS.

Spring Exhibition, March 24-26. John N. May, Tea Rose The Bride.
May 8. Nathaniel T. Kidder, Azalea Distinction.

Rhododendron Show, June 5. Jackson Dawson, Seedling Rhododendrons.
July 3. John L. Gardner, Iris Kcempferi.
" " John B. Moore & Son, Display of Hybrid Perpetual Roses.
" 24. Frederick L. Ames, Cattleya Gaskelliana.
August 2L J. Warren Clark, Seedling Gladioli.

" 28. W. A. Manda, Seedling Single Dahlias.
September 4. J. W. Manning, Herbaceous Plants.

" Mrs. E. M. Gill, Annuals.
Annual Exhibition, Sept. 14-17. E. D. Sturtevant, Victoria regia.

" " " " N. S. Simpkins, Nymphcea Devoniensis.

Chrysanthemum Show. November 10-12. Henry P. Walcott, Seedling

Chrysanthemums.
«« " " " Arthur H. Fewkes, Seedling

Chrysanthemums.

BRONZE MEDALS.

Spring Exhibition, March 24-26. Weigand Brothers, Mignonette, Weigands'

Giant.
" " " " Alexander Meston, gardener to Miss Dove,

Ouvirandra fenestralis.
May 8. Marshall P. Wilder, Azalea Madame Louis Van Houtte.
June 5. W. A. Manda, Sarracenia flava.

" " Sewall Fisher, Seedling Carnations.
Rose Exhibition, June 22, 23. Edwin Fewkes & Son, Seedling Delphiniums.
July 3. John C. Hovey, forty-five species of hardy Alpine Sempervivums.
" " J. S. Richards, Display of Hybrid Perpetual Roses. ,

September 4. Mrs. L. P. Weston, Herbaceous Plants.
" " Miss S. W. Story, Annuals.

FIRST CLASS CERTIFICATES OF MERIT.

January 23. David Allan, Urceolina pendula aurea.

" " C. L. Allen & Co., skill in culture of Hinze's Carnations.

30. James Comley, Seedling Hybrid Tea Rose, Francis B. Hayes.

February 20. Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Rhododendron Veitchianum.

296 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

March 6. John B. Moore & Son, superior culture of Hybrid Perpetual Rose
MadaiiK' Gabriel Luizet.
" " l^iivid Allan, Caitleya lioezH speciosa.
Spring Exhibition, March 24-26. Charles J. Powers, Narcissus cernuvs

flore pleno.
" " " " Denys Zirngicbel, Carnations, La Purite,

and Andalusia.
April 2. Mrs. E. M. Gill, Amaryllis Italia.
" 3. Jackson Dawson, Bosa multiflora.
*' 10. W. A. Manda, Aquilegia glandulosa.
" 17. Robert T. Jackson, Primula viscosa.
May 29. J. W. Manning, Onosma stellulata.

" '* W. A. Manda, Gaillardia grandiflora maxtma.
June 5. Denys Zirngiebel, Myosotis Empress.
" 12. Mrs. F. B. Hayes, Seedling Clematis.
" '* F. C. Hook, Seedling Aquilcgias.
" " Jaclsson Dawson, Jlydrangea vestita.
" 1!). Arthur H. Fewkes, Seedling Aquilegias.
July 10. Samuel P. Fowler, Seedling Asclepias tuherosa.
" 24. J. F. C. Hyde, Seedling Hollyhocks.
" " David Allan, Grammatophyllum Ellisii.
August 7. W. E. Endicott, Hardy Hybrid Gladioli.
" " M. B. Faxon, New Sweet Peas.
" 14. F. L. Ames, Cattleya Eldorado Amesiana.
" 21. J. Warren Clark, Gladiolus Excelsior.
" 28. Denys Zirngiebel, Improved Asters.
September 4. H. B. Watts, New Gladioli.

" " JohnL. Gardner, well-grown Fuschias.

Annual Exhibition, September 14-17. H. II. Ilunnewcll, Davallia Fijiensis.
" " " " " " Seedling Dracajnas.

Chrysanthemum Show, Nov. 10-12. Chas. F. Evans, New Rose, The Puritan.
" " " " Henry P. Walcott, Seedling Chrysan-

themum, C. 22.
" ' " " " Henry P. Walcott, Seedling Chrysan-

thenmm, Nevada.
'* ♦' " " Mrs. M. J. Plumstead, Seedling Chrys-

anthemum, Mrs. Laighton.
" •* '* " Arthur II. Fewkes, Seedling Chrysan-

themum, President Hyde.
«« «' " " Arthur H. Fewkes, Seedling Chrysan-

themum, Lizzie Gannon.
«' " " " Arthur II. Fewkes, Seedling Chrysan-

tliemum, H. A. Gane.
«« " " " Artlmr H. Fewkes, Seedling Chrysan-

themum, Emily Selinger.
" " '* " John Henderson, Tea Rose P6reGontier.

REPORT

COMMITTEE ON FRUITS,

FOR THE YEAR 1886.

By E. W. WOOD, Chairman.

The fruit product throughout the State has been unusually large
the past season ; with the single exception of peaches, all species
have produced abundant crops. The fruit buds on the peach
trees were again killed during the winter, and the quer}', hereto-
fore suggested in these reports, whether the frequent failure of
the peach crop should not be chiefly attributed to the diseased and
enfeebled condition of the trees, rather than to any meteorologic
changes in recent years, as compared with former times when the
peach was successfully grown, seems to have received a partial
answer in the results of the past season. One grower, who has
competed at every exhibition when prizes have been offered, has
done so almost entirely with seedling fruit. While he has a large
number of trees of the ordinar}"^ varieties, on which the buds were
destroyed, his seedling trees have produced fruit of excellent
quality, indicating that the failure is owing to the condition of the
trees rather than to any changed condition of soil or climate.

The competition for the prizes throughout the season has been
larger than usual, owing in part to the abundance of fruit and
also to the increased number of competitors, several having en-
tered the lists who had not previously taken an}^ part in the
exhibitions.

The Strawberry Exhibition was one of more than ordinary
interest to the growers, as there was an unusual number of new
varieties shown, affording a favorable opportunity of comparing

298 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

their merits. The Belinoiit full}' sustained the reputation given it
in previous reports. As grown by the originators, Warren Heustis
& Son, it has shown more points of excellence than any berry
presented at our exhibitions for the last three years. The plants
have been widely distributed the past season and we shall soon be
able to judge whether or not it is adapted for general cultivation.
r. M. Augur & Sons, of Middlefield, Conn., again showed their
seedling, the Jewell. They labored under the disadvantage of
being compelled to pick their fruit the da}' before the exhibition,
and it did not have the bright, fresh appearance of fruit picked
in the immediate vicinity. The plants of this variety have been
distributed the past season, and we shall probably have an oppor-
tunity' at the next exhibition of seeing the fruit under conditions
equally favorable with those under which other varieties are shown.
Hon. Marshall P. Wilder showed a new variety which he has
named the Dorchester, and which in size, form, color, and quality,
compared favorably with the best berries on exhibition. If it
should prove vigorous in growth and productive it will take a front
rank among the newer varieties.

While the plan, adopted the past three years, of showing Straw-
berries on plates affords the Committee the best possible oppor-
tunity for judging the fruit, and is the most convenient method
for the growers, it does not show the fruit to the best advantage
on the tables. When this plan was adopted, the premiums were
80 small that the growers' convenience and the waste of fruit
were matters of considerable importance ; but with the premiums
almost doubled exhibitors will doubtless willingly conform to
such regulations as will show the fruit to the best advantage.
The Committee on Establishing Prizes have, in the Schedule soon
to be issued, arranged the premiums for Strawberries in classes
of four quarts, two quarts, and one quart, to be shown in baskets.

The weekly exhibitions, held after the Rose and Strawberry
Show, June 22 and 23, until the Annual Exhibition, September
14 — 17, were well attended, and the quantit}' of summer fruit
shown was unusually large, alTording both visitors and growers the
most favorable opportunity of comparing the merits of the different
varieties; and, if supi)lemented by inquiries as to conditions of
exposure and soil, with method of treatment, furnished all neces-
sar}' information for their successful culture. There have been no
new varieties of summer fruits shown deserving special notice,

EEPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FRUITS. 299

but the prizes have been taken M' well-known kinds. The Fran-
conia and Cuthbert Raspberries, the Versaillaise Currant, and the
Dorchester Blackberry have been the successful competitors.

At the Annual Exhibition the special premiums offered for the
leading varieties among the different classes of fruits were all
taken ; and the competition for the regular prizes, especially those
for Apples and Pears, was unusually large. These fruits were
not of as good size as in some previous years when the crop was
not so large. This was especially the case with the Baldwin
apple, and this marked difference is hardly accounted for by the
abundant crop, as some other varieties equally fruitful attained their
normal size, and some kinds have been unusually good. Among
the latter the Tompkins King has been remarkably fine, selected
fruit of this variety having sold in the market here at five dollars
per barrel, and the quantity not being sufficient to supply the
demand, even at that price. The whole apple crop the past sea-
son has met with ready sale at fairly remunerative prices, the
export trade taking the surplus above the demand for the home
market ; and at the present time, with the prices constantl}^ tending
upward, the supply does not fully meet the demand.

The display of Pears was fully equal to any made since the
present plan of showing single dishes was adopted. The crop
was an exceedingly large one ; but it is the testimony of the
wholesale fruit dealers that they have not for several years dis-
posed of the pear crop more satisfactorily than the past season.
Maine, New York, Philadelphia, and portions of Canada have
drawn upon the Boston market for a partial supply of this fruit.
Nowhere is the pear grown in greater perfection than in the vicin-
ity of Boston ; and, should the quantity be increased, the area of
consumption may be widely extended.

Native Grapes have been shown in liberal quantities. A pecu-
liar feature of the display at the Annual Exhibition was that but
a single dish of Concords was seen, while some of the more
uncertain varieties were shown in considerable quantities, and the
prizes were all taken. Some extra fine bunches of Niagara were
shown by J. P. Hay ward, of Ashby, an extreme northern town
bordering on the New Hampshire line. Growers whose vinej'ards
were mosth' of the earlier varieties disposed of their fruit at fair
prices, but those who grew the Concords and later varieties and
let them remain upon the vines, intending to supply the late trade,

300 MASSACHUSETTS IIOUTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

suffered from the first frosts and the fruit was sold in a damaged
condition, with unsatisfactor}- returns.

P'oreign Grapes were shown in more than tlic usual quantity.
David Allan presented a large number of varieties — among them a
bunch of Victoria Hamburg weighing seven pounds, and a bunch
of Syrian weighing eight pounds and four ounces. 8. R. Payson
and N. S. Simpkius also showed some large and well finished
bunches.

At the October and November exhibitions the later varieties of
Apples and Tears are shown much larger in size and in better con-
dition than at the Annual JShow in September ; in fact, these
exhibitions set before us the best types of these fruits as grown in
this State ; and the exhibitions of the past season on October 2
and November 10-12 were especially noteworth}' for the quantity
and quality of both apples and pears.

Of new fruits shown, to which allusion has not alread}- been
made, C. A. Dickinson presented, September 4, a seedling pear
of good size and quality, but, coming at the same time as the
Bartlett, which it can hardly be claimed to excel in any desirable
quality, its cultivation will naturall}' be confined to the amateur.

There have been an unusually large number of seedling peaches
shown, and among them some of good size and quality ; and could
vigorous, healthy stocks be secured, on which to bud them, we
might reasonably hope for better success in the cultivation of this
most desirable, and, when good crops can be produced, profitable
fruit.

The Eaton Grape, as shown by John B. Moore & Sou, has
attracted much attention. In size of bunch and individual
berries and in its generally attractive appearance, it excels any
native grape shown at our exhibitions.

Of fruits entered for the Prospective Prizes, there are the Hayes
Grape, the Belmont and Jewell Strawberries, and a seedling
Peach by J. W. I'age. In the judgment of the Conmiittce, none
of them have been sullicicntly cultivated by others than the
originators to justify awarding the prizes at the present time.

Of the appropriation of $1,700 the Committee have awarded in
prizes and gratuities $l,G24, leaving an unexpeuiled balance of
$76.

In reviewing the year, we find much to encourage the cultivators
of fruit, both for commerce and domestic use. The most valuable

EEPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FRUITS. 301

New England fruit, the apple, is becoming every 3'ear more exclu-
sively the farmer's product, the limited grounds in the cities and
larger towns not affording sufficient space to grow the trees. Pre-
viously to 1876 an abundant crop was a disadvantage to the growers
as the over-supply reduced the price below a paying one. In
that year there were exported to foreign markets three hundred
and forty thousand barrels. Since then the number of barrels
has reached one and a half million in a single year, and the ship-
ments the present year have sometimes in a single week exceeded
eighty thousand barrels. The farmers have not yet realized the
changed conditions and do not make fruit a principal or leading
crop. It is generally an incidental and not infrequently^ an acci-
dental one. The fact that we have in this State thousands of
acres of cheap lands admirably adapted to the cultivation of
fruit — most favorably situated to meet the demand for export
trade, coupled with the fact that the farmers can send their fruit
from Boston to the London market at less cost than the growers
living within forty miles of that city, ought to make fruit one of
the leading agricultural products of the State.

E. W. Wood,

Benj. G. Smith,

O. B. Hadvten, ( Fruit

Jacob W. Manning,

Chas. F. Curtis, [ Committee.

E. P. Richardson,

Warren Fenno.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR FRUITS.

January 2.

Gratuities: —

B. Seavey, Oranges, $1 00

Winn & Ricker, Oranges and Lemons 2 00

January 16.
Gratuity: —
MarshaU P. Wilder, Pears, 1 00

January 23.
Gratuity: —
A. McDerniott, Pears, 1 00

SPRING EXHIBITION.

March 24, 25, and 26.

Winter Apples. — Any variety, William T. Hall, Northern Spy, . §;^ 00

Second, Samuel Ilartwell, Hunt Russet, 2 00

Winter Pears. — Any variety, Warren Fenno, Duchess of Bordeaux, 3 00

Second, Warren Fenno, Josephine of Malines, . • . . 2 CO

Gratuity: —
C. C. Shaw, Collection of Apples, 2 GO

April 10.
Gratuity: —
W. C. Winter, Peaches 1 00

April 17.
Gratuity: —
George Hill, Strawberries, 1 00

June 5.
Gratuity : —
L. W. Weston, Crescent Strawberries 2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS. 303

June 12.
Gratuities : —

George Hill, Sharpless Strawberries, . . . . . . $2 00

C. E. Grant, Longfellow and Downing Strawberries, . . . 1 00

L. W. Weston, Crescent Strawberries, 1 00

William Doran & Son, Downing, Sharpless, and Manchester Straw-
berries, ........... 1 00

W. C. Eustis, Downing and Sharpless Strawberries, . . . 1 00

H. W. Killam, Cherries, 2 00

June 19.
Gratuities : —
George Hill, Sharpless Strawberries, . . . . , . . 2 00
W. C. Eustis, Sharpless and Downing Strawberries, . . . 1 00

ROSE AND STRAWBERRY EXHIBITION.

June 22 and 23.
Special Prizes.

Stkawbereies. — Four quarts of any variety, Warren Heustis &

Son, Belmont, Silver Cup, value $20 00

Second, N. S. Simpkins, Sharpless, 15 00

Third, P. M. Augur, Jewell, 10 00

Fourth, J. D. Fitts, Jersey Queen, . . . . • . 5 00
Two quarts of any variety, to be judged by the following scale of
points : —

Quality, 50

Productiveness, .... 20

Form, 10

Color, 10

Size, 10

Warren Heustis & Son, Belmont, 12 00

Second, W. C. Winter, Wilder, 9 00

Third, E. W. Wood, Hervey Davis, 6 00

Fourth, Joseph D. Fitts, Jersey Queen, . . . . . 3 00
For the best exhibition of a seedling Strawberry introduced within
the last five years, and never having taken a prize, E. W.
Wood, Gold, Silver Medal.

Begular Prizes.

Strawberries. — Forty- eight berries of Bidwell, William Patterson, 4 00
Second, Isaac E. Coburn, ........ 3 00

Third, George V. Fletcher, 2 00

304

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Charles Downing, C. M. Hovey,

Second, C. N. Brackett, .

Third, Benjamin G. Smith,
Cumberland, Warren Ileustis & So
Hervey Davis, E. W. Wood, .
Hovey, C. M. Ilovey, .
Jucunda, J. L. Gardner,
Miner's Prolific, J. D. Fitts, .

Second, Oliver R. Robbins,

Third, Isaac E. Coburn, .
Seth Boyden, Marshall P. Wilder,
Sharpless, William C. Winter,

Second, William Doran & Son,

Third, C. M. Hovey,
Wilder, Marshall P. Wilder, .
Twenty-four berries of Bidwell, Isaac E. Coburn

Second, William Patterson,
Brighton, Warren Fenno,
Champion, Marshall P. Wilder,

Second, J. D. Fitts, .
Charles Downing, Isaac E. Coburn

Second, L. W. Weston,
Cumberland, William Patterson,

Second, George L. Lovett,
Hervey Davis, E. W. Wood,

Second, Marshall P. Wilder,
Jersey Queen, Marshall P. Wilder

Second, J. D. Fitts, .
Jucunda, J. D. Fitts,
Manchester, Charles E. Churchill,

Second, J. D. Fitts, .
Miner's Prolific, Isaac E. Coburn,

Second, J. D. Fitts, .
Pioneer, E. W. Wood, .

Second, Benjamin G. Smith,
Seth Boyden, J. D. Fitts,
Sharpless, Marshall P. Wilder,

Second, George L. Lovett,
Collection of not less than six varieties,
Marshall P. Wilder,

Second, J. D. Fitts, .
One quart of any new variety not previously cxl
P. Wilder, Prince, .

Second, Marshall P. Wilder, Parry,
CuERRHca. — Two quarts of any variety, I. P. Lang
Early Black, .

Second, S. Lockwood, Jr., Black Tartarian,

bited

)rth

(juart of

Ma

, Kn

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

305

FoEEiGN Grapes. — Two bunches of any variety, E. S. Converse,

West's St. Peters, $6 00

Second, E. S. Converse, Black Hamburg, . . . . 4 00

EoECED Peaches, any variety, W. C. Winter, Crawford's Early, . 3 00

Second, W. C. Winter, Foster, 2 00

Gratuities: —

George L. Lovett, Strawberries, 2 00

C. M. Hovey, " 1 00

C. E. Grant, " 1 00

Albert Bresee, Seedling Strawberries, 2 00

July 3.

Strawbeeeies. — Twenty-four berries of any variety, W
Son, Belmont, ......

Second, W. Heustis & Son, Middlesex,
Third, W. Heustis & Son, Cumberland,
Cheeries. — Two quarts of Black Eagle, J. L. Gardner,
Black Tartarian, Charles F. Curtis,
Coe's Transparent, S. Lockwood, Jr., .
Downer's Late, S. Lockwood, Jr.,
Any other variety, S. Lockwood, Jr., Reine Hortense,
Second, C. N. Brackett, Merriani,

Heustis &

3 00
2 00

1 00

2 00
2 00
2 00
2 00
2 00
1 00

Gratuities : —

M. W. Chadbourne, Currants, 1 00

W. C. Winter, Peaches and Figs, 2 CO

C. M. Hovey, Richardson Cherries, 1 00

July 10.

Chereies. — Two quarts of any variety, Warren Fenno, Norfolk,

Second, C. F. Curtis, Hyde's Black,

Raspbereies. — Two quarts of any variety, Benjamin G. Smith, Fran
conia, .......

Second, J. B. Moore & Son, Souchetti,
Third, William Doran & Son, Red Antwerp,
CuEEANTS. — Forty-eight bunches of any Red variety, Benjamin
G. Smith, Versaillaise, ....

Second, Hittinger Brothers, Versaillaise, .
Third, Edwin Hastings, "

Forty-eight bunches of any White variety, W. K
Transparent, ......

Second, Benjamin G. Smith, White Gondouin,

Wood, Dana's

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

306

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Gratuities: —
HittingcT Brothers, Four varieties of Cherries, ....

C. N. Brackett, Two varieties of Cherries,

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Currants,

W. lleustis & Son, Belmont Strawberries,

July 17.
Raspberries. — Collection of not less than four varieties, two quarts
of each, "William Doran & Son,
Two quarts of any variety, B. Judkins, .

Second, William Doran & Son, ....
Black Caps. — Two quarts of any variety, B. Judkins,
Currants. — Twenty-four bunches of Versaillaise, William Doran

& Son,

Second, Benjamin G. Smith, .....
Any other lied variety, Benjamin G. Smith, Fay's Prolific,

Second, William Doran & Son, Red Dutch,
Any White variety, Benjamin G. Smith, Dana's Transparent,
Second, Benjamin G. Smith, French Transparent, .

Gratuities : —
W. Heustis & Son, Strawberries,
Charles N. Brackett, Cherries, .
Warren Fcnno, Cherries and Currants,
A. S. Mcintosh, Cherries and Raspberries,
S. Lawrence, Fay's Prolific Currants,
O. R. Robbins, Currants, ....
William C. Strong, Gooseberries,
Edwin A. Hall,
Benjamin G. Smith, June Berries, .

July 24.
Raspberries. — Two quarts of any variety, Benjamin G. Smith,
Frarconia, ..........

Second, A. S. Mcintosh, Franconia,

Currants. — Twenty-four bunches of any Red variety, Benjamin G.
Smith, Versaillaise, . . . .

Second, William II. Spooner, Versaillaise, ....

Tiiird, Warren Fenno, Versaillaise, ......

Any White variety, Benjamin G. Smith, Dana's Transparent,
Second, Benjamin G. Smith, French Transparent, .
Blackberries. — Two quarts of any variety, A. S. Mcintosh, Dor-
chester,

Second, M. W. Chadbourne, Dorchester,

Tliird, Sanmel Mclntosii, Dorchester, .....
GoosKHKKuiKs. — Two quarts of any Native variety, Benjamin G.

Smith, Smith's Improved,

Second, Warren Fenno, Downing,

S2 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

4 00

3 00

2 00

2 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

I 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

307

Gratuities: —
Warren Fenno, Gooseberries, .
William Eichardson, Currants,
J. H. Woodford, "

M. W. Chadbourne, Collection,

$2 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

G. Smith

July 31.

Blackberkies. — Two quarts of any variety, L. W. Weston, Dor
Chester, .......

Second, M. W. Chadbourne, Dorchester, .
Third, A. S. Mcintosh, Dorchester, .
Gooseberries. — Two quarts of Foreign, Benjamin
Whitesmith, ......

Second, Benjamin G. Smith, Bang-Up,
Pears. — Summer Doyenne, Warren Fenno,
Second, Benjamin G. Smith,
Any other variety, A. S. Mcintosh, Madeleine,
Second, Warren Fenno, "

Third, C. Terry, "

Gratuities: —

Sarah M. Vose, Blackberries, ....
Mrs. E. M. Gill, Gooseberries, ....
Hittinger Brothers, Apples, ....
Samuel Hartwell, " ....

Joseph W. Page, Seedling Peaches, .
Francis Smith, Alexander Peaches, .
J. C. Coolidge, Peaches, . . . . •
George W. Wilkinson, Peaches,

3

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

]

00

1

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

, August 7.

Apples. — Early Harvest, Benjamin G. Smith, .

Second, Warren Fenno, ......

Sweet Bough, Joseph G. Coolidge, ....

Second, Warren Heustis & Son, ....

Third, Hittinger Brothers,

Any other variety, Charles N. Brackett, Early Margaret,

Second, Charles F. Curtis, Williams,

Third, M. W. Chadbourne, Red Astrachan,
Pears. — GiflFard, Mrs. Mary Langmaid, ....

Second, Warren Fenno,

Third, Charles N. Brackett

Any other variety, Marshall P. Wilder, Quimper,

Second, A. S. Mcintosh, Clapp's Favorite,

Third, Samuel Hartwell, u u . .

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

00
00
00
00
00
2 00
1 00

308

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Blackberries. — Two quarts of any variety, M. W. Cluulbournc,
Dorchester, ..........

Second, A. S. Mcintosh, ........

Third, B. C. Vose,

Gratuities: —
Horace Eaton, Blackberries,
B. W. Priest, Seedling Blackberries,
Benjamin G. Smith, Gooseberries, .
Horace Eaton, Early Rivers Peaches,
Marshall P. Wilder, Early Louise Peaches,
S. H. Record, Foreign Grapes,

§3 00

2 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

2 00

AUGOST 14.

Apples. — Oldenburg, Samuel Hartwell,
Second, Warren Fenno,
Red Astrachan, M. W. Chadbourne,
Second, Charles F. Curtis,
Third, Samuel Hartwell,
Williams's Favorite, Samuel Hartwell,
Second, Charles F. Curtis,
Third, Hittinger Brothers,
Pears. — Clapp's Favorite, Samuel Hartwell,
Second, Warren Fenno,
Third, Warren Ileustis & Son, .
Maoning's Elizabeth, Mrs. Mary Langmaid,
Second, Warren Fenno,
Any other variety, George Frost, Quiraper,
Second, Charles N. Brackett, Brandywine,
Foreign Grapes. — Two bunches of any variety, David Allan,
Black Hamburg,

Gratuities : —
C. E. Grant, Apples and Pears,
Horace Eaton, Apples and Plums,
M. W. Chadbourne, Pears,
Benjamin G. Smith, Plums,
C. B. Lancaster, Peaches,
Samuel Hartwell, Peaches and Plums,
Warren Fenno, " " "

Robert Manning, Briton Blackberries,

00
00
00
00
00

8 00
2 00
1 00

00
00
00
00
00
00

1 00

5 00

1

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

1 00

2

00

1

00

1

00

August 21.
Pears. — Bartlftt, Mrs. Mary Lanj;niaid,
Second, Warren Fenno,
Tliird, Samuel Hartwell,

3 00
2 00
1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

309

Kostiezer, M. W. Chadbourne,

Second, Charles N. Brackett,

Third, John McClure,

Tyson, A. S. Mcintosh,

Second, Samuel Mcintosh,

Third, J. A. C. Norton

Any other variety, A. S. Mcintosh, Clapp's Favorite, .

Second, William H. Hunt, " " • •

Third, C. S. Hosiner, " "

Peaches. — Any variety, C. B. Lancaster, Coolidge's Favorite,

Second, N. D. Harrington, Seedling, ....

Third, Warren Fenno, Hale's Early, ....

Gratuities : —
Samuel Hartwell, Apples and Plums,
Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Apples and Pears,
M. W. Chadbourne, " " "

Warren Fenno, " " "

Charles N. Brackett, Apples, .
C. E. Grant,

Robert Manning, Pears, .
S. Lockwood, Jr., Plums,
Horace Eaton, "

Martin Pfaffman, "

August 28.

Apples. — Any variety, Samuel Hartwell, Gravenstein,

Second, Samuel Hartwell, Oldenburg,

Third, L. W. Weston, Foundling, .
Pears. — Bartlett, Mrs. Mary Langmaid,

Second, Samuel Hartwell,

Third, Varnum Frost,
Any other variety, George L. Lovett, Clapp's Favorite,

Second, C. Terry, "

Third, A. S. Mcintosh, Tyson, ....

Peaches. — Any variety, C. B. Lancaster, Coolidge's Favorite,

Second, N. D. Harrington, Seedling,

Third, Warren Fenno, Hale's Early,
Plums. — Any variety, Mrs. H. V. Draper, Washington,.

Second, George S. Curtis, Bradshaw,

Third, Horace Eaton, Washington,
' Native Grapes. — Any variety, Samuel Hartwell, Moore's Early,

Second, Benjamin G. Smith, Champion, ....

Gratuities : —
Samuel Hartwell, Apples, .......

Charles N. Brackett, Apples and Pears,

6

$3 00

2 GO

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00
1 00

3 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
I 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

3 00
2 00

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
GO
GO
GO
3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

2 GO
1 00

310

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETT.

M. W. Chatlbournc, Apples and Pears,
C. E. Grant, "

Warren Fenno, Apples, Peaches, and Pears,
A. S. Mcintosh, Pears, ....
Mrs. F. B. Hayes, Grapes,

September 4.

Apples. — Foundling, L. W. Woston,

Second, Samuel Ilartwell,

Third, Francis Smith,
Gravenstein, Samuel Hartwell,

Second, George L. Lovett,

Third, Varnum Frost,
Porter, Benjamin G. Smith, .

Second, Francis Smith,

Third, Mrs. F. B. Hayes, ,
Any other variety, Sanmel Hartwell, Summer Pipp

Second, Samuel Hartwell, Chenango,

Third, Warren Fenno, Alexander,
Feabs. — Andrews, Mrs. Mary Langmaid,

Second, Warren Fenno,

Third, C. A. Dickinson,
Boussock, George S. Harwood,

Second, Horace Eaton,

Third, Mrs. Mary Langmaid,
Any other variety, C. A. Dickinson, Seedling,

Second, Mrs. Mary Langmaid, .

Third, Varnum Frost, ....

Peaches. — Collection, N. D. Harrington,
Plums. — Collection of not less than four varieties, S

Second, Horace Eaton, ....

Third, William H. Hunt, .
Any other variety, Horace Eaton, Washington,

Second, Samuel Hartwell, "

Native Guapes. — Hartford, T. M. Davis,
Moore's Early, J. B. Moore & Son,

Second, Samuel Hartwell, ....
Any other variety, Warren Fenno, Champion,

Second, Benjamin G. Smith, Cottage,

Gratuities: —
Samuel Hartwell, Apples, • . . .

M. W. Chadhourne, Apples and Pears,
Charles N. Brackett, """...
A. S. Mcintosh, """...

T. M. Davis, Pears and Peaches,

1 Ilartwell

1 00
1 00
1 00
I 00
1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS. 311

Warren Fenno, Nectarines, . . . . . . . . $1 00

Williiim llichardson, Assorted Fruits, . . . . . . 1 00

Isaac Ellis, Strawberries in Pots, ....... 1 00

ANNUAL EXHIBITION.

September 14, 15, 16, and 17.

French Premiums for Apples.

Twelve Baldwin, Samuel Hartwell, $5 00

Twelve Gravenstein, Samuel Hartwell, . . . . . . 5 00

Twelve Hubbardston, M.W. Chadbourne, 5 00

Twelve Rhode Island Greening, C. E. Grant, 5 00

Special Prizes offered by the Society.

Peaks. — Twelve Anjou, Mrs. Mary Langmaid, . . . . 5 GO

Twelve Bartlett, Mrs. Mary Langmaid, 5 00

Twelve Bosc, George S. Harwood, 5 00

Twelve Seckel, George S. Harwood, 5 00

Twelve Sheldon, George S. Harwood, 5 00

Twelve Peaches of any variety, N. D. Harrington, Seedling, . . 5 00
Twelve Bunches of Native Grapes of any variety, J. B. Moore &

Son, Moore's Early, 5 00

For the heaviest and best ripened bunch of any Foreign Black
Grape, not less than five pounds, David Allan, Victoria Ham-
burg, seven pounds, ........ 8 00

For the heaviest and best ripened bunch of any Foreign White
Grape, not less than five pounds, David Allan, Syrian, eight

pounds and four ounces, 8 GO

Regular Prizes.

Apples.— Baldwin, C. 0. Shaw, 4 GO

Second, Samuel Hartwell, ........ 3 GO

Third, Warren Fenno, 2 00

Danvers Sweet, Charles N. Brackett, ...... 3 GO

Second, Warren Fenno, 2 00

Third, C. C. Shaw, 1 GO

Dutch Codlin, Benjamin G. Smith, 2 GO

Second, L. W. Weston, 1 GO

Holden, O. B. Hadwen, 3 00

Second, H. B. Watts, • • 2 00

Third, Samuel Hartwell, 1 00

Fameuse, George V. Fletcher, . . . . . . • 3 GO

Second, Benjamin G. Smith, 2 00

Third, Horace Eaton, 1 00

312

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Foundling, L. W. "Weston, .

Second, Francis Smith,

Tiiird, Samuel Hartwell, .
Garden Royal, the second prize to C. E. Grant,
Golden Russet, L. W. Weston,

Second, Horace Eaton,
Gravenstein, George S. Curtis,

Second, Warren Ileustis & Son,

Third, George L. Lovott, .
Hubbardston, William H. Hunt,

Second, Charles N. Brackett,

Third, M. W. Chadbourne,
Hunt Russet, Mrs. F. B. Hayes,

Second, William H. Hunt,

Third, Samuel Hartwell, .
Lady's Sweet, Horace Eaton,
Leicester, O. B. Had wen,
Lyscom, Samuel Hartwell, .
Maiden's Blush, L. R. Earaes,

Second, George L. Lovett,
Mother, George C. Rice,

Second, E. W. Wood,

Third, Warren Fenno,
Northern Spy, C. C. Shaw, .

Second, Warren Fenno,

Third, W. A. Morse, Jr., .
Porter, S. H. Coombs,

Second, Francis Smith,

Third, M. W. Chadbourne,
Pumpkin Sweet, George Seaverns

Second, Samuel Hartwell, .
Rhode Island Greening, C. E. Grant

Second, E. W. Wood,

Third, Charles N. Brackett,
Roxbury Russet, Warren Heustis & Son

Second, W. C. Eustis,

Third, Benjamin G. Smith,
Tolman's Sweet, Josiah Crosby,

Second, J. T. Foster,

Third, C. F. Curtis, .
Tompkins King, George C. Rice,

Second, W. C. Eustis,

Third, Samuel Hartwell, .
Washington Royal or Palmer, O. B. Iladwen

Second, Samuel Hartwell,
Washington Strawberry, George C. Rice

Second, Miss Sarah W. Story,

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

313

Any other variety, L. R. Eames, Alexander,

Second, Warren Fenno, Alexander,

Third, Samuel Hartwell, Chenango,
Crab Apples. — Hyslop, twenty-four spec

Second, M. W. Chadbourne,
Transcendent, George W. Stevens,

Second, Warren Fenno,
Pears. — Angouleme, Mrs. H. P. Kendrick,

Second, John McClure,

Third, Warren Fenno,
Anjou, Hittinger Brothers,

Second, W. S. Janvrin,

Third, John McClure,

Fourth, Mrs. Mary Langmaid, .
Bartlett, Varnum Frost,

Second, Warren Fenno,

Third, Mrs. H. P. Kendrick,

Fourth, N. D. Harrington,
Belle Lucrative, Mrs. Mary Langmaid,

Second, Warren Heustis & Son,

Third, David Allan, .
Bosc, Mrs. Mary Langmaid

Second, Warren Fenno,

Third, W. P. Walker,

Fourth, C. N. Brackett,
Boussock, George S. Harwood,

Second, Marshall P. Wilder,

Third, Horace Eaton,
Clairgeau, W. P. Plimpton, .

Second, Mrs. Mary Langmaid,

Third, Warren Heustis & Son,
Comice, Warren Fenno,

Second, George S. Harwood,

Third, Mrs. Mary Langmaid,
Dana's Hovey, Mrs. Mary Langmaid,

Second, Theodore Lyman,

Third, C. M. Hovey, .
Diel, Edwin A. Hall, .

Second, Jacob Eaton,

Third, A. S. Mcintosh,
Goodale, O. B. Hadwen,

Second, Marshall P. Wilder,
Hardy, Charles F. Curtis,

Second, Mrs. H. P. Kendrick,

Third, David Allan, .
Howell, E. W. Wood, .

Second, W. S. Janvrin,

George C. Rice,

314

MASSACHUSETTS IIOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Third, C. A. Dickinson,
Lawrunco, John McClure,

Second, Mrs. Mary Langniaid,

Tliird, Samuel IlartwcU, .
Louise Bonne of Jersey, T. M. Davis,

Second, Mrs. II. P. Kendrick,

Third, Joseph Brierly,
Marie Louise, C. M. Hovey, .

Second, Warren Fenno,

Tliird, A. S. Mcintosh,
Merriam, A. S. Mcintosh,

Second, Charles F. Curtis,

Third, Samuel Mcintosh, .
Onondaga, W. C. Eustis,

Second, C. M. Hovey,

Tliird, M. W. Chadbourne,
Paradise of Autumn, George L. Lovett

Second, William H. Hunt,

Third, Marshall P. Wilder,
Seckel, N. 1). Harrington,

Second, Hittinger Brothers,

Third, George S. Harwood,
Sheldon, George S. Harwood,

Second, Mrs. Mary Langniaid,

Third, Warren Heustis & Son,
Souvenir du Congr6s, Marshall P. Wilder,

Second, Charles N. Brackett,

Third, J. T. Foster, .
St. Michael Archangel, T. M. Davis,

Second, Charles M. Hovey,

Third, Warren Heustis,
Superfin, Warren Fenno,

Second, W. P. Walker, .

Third, E. W. Wood, .
Urbaniste, M. W. Chadbourne,

Second, John L. Bird,

Third, C. M. Hovey, .
Winter Nelis, Edwin A. Hall,

Second, Jacob Eaton,

Third, Warren Fenno,
Any other variety, Marshall P. Wilder, Lcuiucl Clapp,

Second, S. P. Sharpless, Pratt, .

Third, John L. Bird, Kingsessing,
Peachks. — Crawford's Early, N. 1). Harrington

Second, W. S. Janvriii,
Oldmixon, S. Hodden, .
Any other variety, N. D. llarringlon, Crawiord's Late,

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

315

s Late

Second, S. Rodtlen, Red Cheek Melocoton,
Third, Andrew Burnham, Florence, .
Peaches. — Orchard House Culture, S. Rodden, Crawford
Nectarines. — Warren Fenno, Seedling,
Plums. — Not less than four varieties, Horace Eaton,
Second, Samuel Hartwell, .
Third, Hittinger Brothers, .
Any other variety, Benjamin G. Smith, Coe's Golden Drop,
Second, Horace Eaton, Yellow Egg, .
Third, J. B. Moore & Son, Pond's Seedling,
Native Grapes. — Brighton, Marshall P. "Wilder,
Second, Joseph S. Chase, .
Third, Samuel Hartwell,
Concord, William Doran & Son,
Cottage, William H. Hunt, .
Second, Benjamin G. Smith,
Third, Samuel Hartwell, .
Delaware, Marshall P. Wilder,
Second, J. P. Hayward,
Third, Samuel Hartwell, .
Massasoit, Marshall P. Wilder,
Second, Cephas H. Brackett,
Third, John B. Moore & Son, .
Moore's Early, John B. Moore & Son,

Second, Samuel Hartwell, .
Wilder, Marshall P. Wilder, .
Worden, Oliver R. Bobbins, .
Second, John B. Moore & Son, .
Third, Samuel Hartwell, .
Any other variety, Benjamin G. Smith
Second, J. P. Hayward, Niagara,
Third, J. P. Hayward, Rochester,
Foreign Grapes. — Four varieties, two bunches each, David
Second, E. W. Wood,
Wilmot's Hamburg, Two bunches, David Allan,

Second, E. W. Wood,
Muscat of Alexandria, S. R. Payson,

Second, David Allan, .
Black Hamburg, David Allan,

Second, E. W. Wood,
Any other variety, N. S. Simpkins, Syrian, .
Second, David Allan, Alicante, .
Cranberries. — Half-peck, Dwight C. Robbins,

Gratuities: —
Charles M. Hovey, Apples and Pears,
Warren Fenno, " «< <« ^ ^

Lindley,

Allan

$2 00

1 00

4 00

2 00

5 00

4 00

3 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

3 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

10 00

8 00

5 CO

4 00

5 00

4 00

5 00

4 00

5 00

4 00

3 00

5 00

3 00

316

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mrs. M. T. Goddard, Apples and Tears,
C. N. Brackett, " "

Samuel Hartwell, " " "

M. W. Chadbourne, " "
William A. Morse, " " "

A. S. Mcintosh, " " "

Albert Bresee, " " "

G. W. Hall, " "

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, " " "
Marshall P. Wilder, Pears,
Charles F. Curtis, "

W. A. Morse, Jr., "

Alexander Beal, "

George Seaverns, Quinces,
W. C. Eustis, "

Marshall P. Wilder, Collection of Grapes
J. B. Moore & Son, Eaton Grape, .
C. H. Johnson, Seedling Peaches,
Robert Manning, Cornelian Cherries,
H. L. Barnes, Osage Oranges, .

EXHIBITION OF AUTUMN FRUITS.

OOTOBEB 2.

Apples. — Gravenstein, Samuel Hartwell,

Second, Charles N. Brackett,

Tiiird, Warren Ileustis & Son,
Holden, Francis Smith,

Second, Samuel Hartwell, .
Mother, George C. Rice,

Second, Warren Fenno,
Porter, Charles N. Brackett, .

Second, Francis Smith,
Any other variety, M. W. Chadbourne, Hubbardston

Second, George Hill, Hubbardston,
Pears. — Angoulcme, John McClure,

Second, W. S. Janvrin,

Third, Mrs. H. P. Kendrick,
Bosc, Mrs. Mary Langniaid, .

Second, Warren Fenno,

Third, Ilittinger Brothers, .
Clalrgeau, W. P. Plimpton, .

Second, Mrs. Mary Langniaid,

Third, Warren Heustis & Son,
Cornice, Warren Fenno,

PEIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

317

Second, W. P. Plimpton, .

Third, George S. Harwood,
Frederick Clapp, O. B. Hadwen, .

Second, Horace Eaton,
Louise Bonne of Jersey, T. M. Davis,

Second, W. P. Wallcer,

Third, George Hill, .
Seckel, George S. Harwood,

Second, N. D. Harrington,

Third, Hittinger Brothers, -
Sheldon, George S. Harwood,

Second, Mrs. Mary Langmaid, .

Third, Cephas H. Brackett,
Superfin, L. M. Chase,

Second, Michael Finnegan,

Third, Warren Fenno,
Urbaniste, M. W. Chadbourne,

Second, T. M. Davis,

Third, John L. Bird, .
Any other variety, Warren Fenno, Hardy,

Second, A. S. Mcintosh, Merriam,

Third, George Hill, Howell,
Quinces. — C. D. Fiske,

Second, Benjamin G. Smith,
Peaches. — Any variety, N. D. Harrington, Seedling.

Second, C. H. Johnson,

Third, Warren Fenno,
Native Grapes. — Brighton, Benjamin G. Smith,

Second, Joseph S. Chase, .

Third, A. M. Davenport, .
Concord, A. J. Bigelow,

Second, G. B. Andrews,

Third, J. P. Hay ward,
Delaware, J. P. Hayward,

Second, Benjamin G. Smith,

Third, Joseph S. Chase,
lona, Horace Eaton,

Second, Benjamin G. Smith,

Third, J. W. Page, .
Isabella, Samuel G. Stone, .

Second, C. Terry,

Third, T. M. Davis, .
Lindley, J. P. Hayward,

Second, Benjamin G. Smith,

Third, A. M. Davennort, .
Massasoit, A. M. Davenport,

Second, J. B. Moore & Son,

$2 00

1

00

3

00

2

00

3 00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2 00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3 00

2

00

1

CO

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

318 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Tliird, J. P. Hayward, $1 00

Moore's Early, J. B. Moore & Son 8 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell, 2 00

Prentiss, Benjamin G. Smith, 3 00

Second, Joseph S. Cliase, 2 00

Wilder, J. P. Hayward, 3 00

Second, E. A. Adams, 2 00

Any other variety, Horace Eaton, Eaton, . . . . . 3 00

Second, J. P. Hayward, Niaj^rara, 2 00

Tliird, J. B. Moore & Son, Hayes 1 00

Foreign Grapes. — Two bunclies of any variety, David Allan,

Golden Queen, 4 00

Second, David Alhin, Muscat of Alexandria, . . . , 3 00

Gratuities: —

C. D. Tuttle, Apples, 1 00

M. W. Chadbourne, Apples and Pears, 1 00

A. S. Mcintosh, Pears, 1 00

T. M. Davis, Pears and Peaches, 1 00

Benjamin G. Smith, Plums, 1 00

Samuel Hartwell, " 1 00

A. M. Davenport, Grapes, ........ 1 00

Joseph S. Chase, " 1 00

J. B. Moore & Son, Eaton Grapes, First Class Certificate of Merit.

October 16.
Gratuities: —

W. C. Eustis, Apples, 1 00

N. D. Harrington, Scckel Pears, .... ... 1 00

October 23.
Gratuities: —

H. N. Grorer, Lawrence Pears, . . . . . . . 1 00

Robert Manning, Frederick Clapp Pears, 1 00

William Busbey, Pears, 1 00

CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW.

November 10, 11, and 12.
French Premiums.

Apples. — Baldwin, T. B. Cowan, 6 00

llubbardston, M. W. Chadbourne, 6 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS. 319

Society's Prizes.

Apples.— Baldwin, C. E. Grant, 3 00

Second, O. B. Hadwen, 2 00

Third, Warren Fenno, 1 00

Danvers Sweet, Charles N. Brackett, 3 00

Second, "Warren Fenno, ........ 2 00

Hubbardston, M. W. Chadbourne, 3 00

Second, Charles N. Brackett, 2 00

Third, C. E. Grant, 1 00

Hunt Russet, J. B. Moore & Son,' 3 00

Second, William H. Hunt, 2 00

Third, Samuel Hartwell, 1 00

Lady's Sweet, William H. Hills, 3 00

The third prize to W. H. Teel, 1 00

Northern Spy, L. R. Fames, 3 00

Second, Warren Fenno, ........ 2 00

Third, J. B. Moore & Son, 1 00

Rhode Island Greening, W. P. Plimpton, 3 00

Second, C. E. Grant, 2 00

Third, D. H. Brown, 1 00

Roxbury Russet, Cephas H. Brackett, 3 00

Second, T. B. Cowan, 2 00

Third, Mrs. M. T. Goddard, 1 00

Tolman's Sweet, 'A. J. Bigelow, 3 00

Second, J. T. Foster, 2 00

Third, W. P. Plimpton, 1 00

Tompkins King, George C. Rice, ....... 3 00

Second, John Parker 2 00

Third, W. C. Eustis, 1 00

Pears. — Angouleme, Varnum Frost, . . . . . . 4 00

Second, Mrs. H. P. Kendrick, 3 00

Third, S. G. Damon, 2 00

Fourth, W. S. Janvrin, 1 00

Anjou, Mrs. Mary Langmaid, ....... 4 00

Second, Mrs. H. P. Kendrick, 3 00

Third, W. S. Janvrin, 2 00

Fourth, J. F. Newton, 1 00

Clairgeau, Mrs. Mary Langmaid, 3 00

Second, W. P. Plimpton, 2 00

Third, 0. B. Hadwen, 1 00

.Comice, Warren Fenno, ........ 4 00

Second, W. P. Plimpton, 3 00

Third, S. G. Damon, 2 00

Fourth, Mrs. H. P. Kendrick, 1 00

Dana's Hovey, Mrs. Mary Langmaid, 4 00

Second, H. S. Goodwin, . . 3 00

320

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Third, W. P. Plimpton,

Fourth, Edwin A. Hall,
Did, A. S. Mclntosli, .

Second, T. M. Davis,

Third, W. II. Mcintosh, .
Glout Morccau, Edwin A. Hall,

Second, Mrs. H. P. Kendrick,

Third, Mrs. Mary Gardner,
Josephine of Malines, John L. Bird,

Second "Warren Fenno,

Third, Benjamin G. Smith,
Langelier, Edwin A. Hall,

Second, Jacob Eaton, .

Third, T. M. Davis, .
Lawrence, Mrs. II. P. Kendrick,

Second, A. McDermott,

Third, C. D. Fiske, .
Vicar, Mrs. C E. Wiggin, .

Second, Mrs. H. P. Kendrick,

Third, William T. Hall, .
"Winter Nelis, S. Saunders, .

Second, Edwin A. Hall,

Third, Mrs. H. P. Kendrick,
Any other variety, S. G- Damon, Marie Louise,

Second, Warren Fenno, Duchess of Bordeaux,

Third, Miss Mary Gardner, Columbia,

Gratuities : —

Samuel Hartwell, Apples,

L. R. Eames, " ...

J. B. Wliite, Fameuse Apples, .

Charles N. Brackett, Apples and Pears, .

A. S. Mcintosh, " " "

M. W. Chadbourne, " " "

"Warren Fenno, " " "

William T. Hall,

George W. Hall, " " "

S. Saunders, Winter Nelis Pears,

L. M. Chase, Pears, ....

C. M. Hovey, " ....

J. B. Moore & Son, Grapes,

S. G. Damon, " ...

S. Q. Stone, " ...

F. Burr & Co., Foreign Grapes,

Robert Manning, Shell-bark Hickory Nuts,

$2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

I 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

1 00

2 00

2 00

2 00

2 00

I 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

I 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES,

FOR THE YEAR 1886.

By CHARLES N. BRACKETT, Chairman.

As another of those distinctly marked periods by which we meas-
ure our existence and chronicle events will soon be numbered with
those that have preceded it, it may be well to take a brief retrospec-
tive glance over the road we have travelled, and enquire what have
been the most prominent features, and what the results of the
various exhibitions which this department has made during the
j^ear. Such a review is often both instructive and encouraging, as we
may not only learn from it what we have really accomplished, but,
by reviewing the difficulties already overcome, we shall be better
able to meet the obstacles that lie in our onward path. The period
now just closing upon us has been one of progress in nearly all
the departments of the farm and vegetable garden. The crops
have generally been abundant, and the season has favored the
harvest.

Nearly all of our most intelligent cultivators are now sensible
that their profession is one which should be studied ; that it is a
profession in which the specially educated man occupies the same
position of advantage that he does in every other pursuit of life.
There is a better appreciation of the advantages to be derived
from the application of scientific principles to our labor, and
more disposition on the part of the cultivator of the soil to avail
himself of such helps. The walls of prejudice have been modified
or broken down by the introduction of labor-saving machines, or
new methods of culture, once considered as useless innovations.

322 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

hut foiiiid upon trial to l)o important and profitable changes. He
has learned to think for himself — to see that a practice is not neces-
saril}' ri^lit because it is old ; and he is more favorably disposed
to the adoption of every useful improvement, and to at least a
partial belief in the benefits to be derived from science. The im-
portance of thorough cultivation and a liberal a[)plication of the
proper fertilizers, the value of pure and reliable seeds, and the
very great importance of the most approved system of forcing
houses for the forwarding of vegetables out of season, are matters
which have come to be pretty generally acknowle:lged ; so that our
horticultural exhibitions especially, and the larger markets to a
certain extent, already show decided evidences of progress in the
art of growing good vegetables, both in and out of season.

The prediction, made by your Committee in a former report, in
regard to offering prizes for forced vegetables instead of depending
on gratuities only (as was the custom previous to last 3'ear), has
already been fulfilled. Never since the existence of the Societ}-
have there been so large and tine displays of these objects, as were
to be seen on our tables the first Saturdays of Januar}- and Feb-
ruarj', the past season. The exhibits consisted of Cucumbers,
Radishes, Lettuce, Mushrooms, Parsley, Tomatoes, Asparagus,
Rhubarb, Dandelions, Chives, Water-cress, Mint, and several
choice specimens of Celery — from thirteen different contributors.
The result of these exhibitions has far exceeded the expectations
of your Committee, and is without precedent. The first of these
exhibitions occurred before the regular Schedule of Prizes for the
year was published ; and notwithstanding advance slips of the
prize lists were printed and sent out by the Secretary to all who
were thought likely to contribute, there were doubtless many who
would otherwise have contributed, but were not reached b}- these
notices.

At tlie weekly shows there has been a constantly increasing in-
terest manifested; the exhibits have generally been of superior
character, and in great variet}'. Competition, in most instances
has been remarkal)ly close, and quite a large number of new and
constant contributors have been gained.

AsrAKAGUS. — The standard set by John B. Moore at our exhibi-
tions, as a grower of this vegetable, has always been high. In-
deed, as far back as we can remember, he has always made it a
point that all \\\o first prizes for tliis favorite vegetable should go to

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES. 323

Concord ; and to his credit be it said that for more than twenty
years he has succeeded in maintaining that point against all com-
petitors. Apparently not satisfied with this — believing that the
world moves, and desiring to move with it, he has the past sea-
son raised his standard a little higher still. His record now
stands 4 lbs. 6^ ozs. for one bunch of twelve stalks, that being
the exact weight of one of the four bunches of Asparagus which
he brought into our exhibition of May 22. We should most cer-
tainly dislike to say anything that might tend in any way to dis-
courage other contributors from competing, but from present ap-
pearances it does really look to us as though that first prize would
still travel over the same road for some time to come. Mr. Moore
was awarded by your Committee a First Class Certificate of Merit
for superior cultivation of Asparagus.

Peas. — Among the earliest specimens was a new variety shown
by W. W. Eawson, June 12, under the name of Rawson's Clip-
per. It is a first early variety, with large well-filled pods, of a
beautiful bright green color, the peas slightly wrinkled, and it
certainly possessed many remarkably excellent properties which
would seem to recommend it to the particular attention of the mar-
ket gardener. This new pea was also exhibited on the same day by
Samuel Hartwell. Maud S. was also shown at the same time by
Warren Heustis & Son, and Samuel Hartwell. The Stratagem and
American Wonder have again taken precedence, and must be set
down as decidedly best in their respective classes.

Sweet Corn. — Cory's Early received the first prize July 17, and
has taken precedence through the season whenever it has come
into competition with the Marblehead, heretofore considered the
earliest variety and largely grown for market purposes. The Cory
is a decided improvement on that variety, being not only earlier,
but also larger and of much better quality.

Tomatoes. — There has seldom, if ever, been as fine a display of
this fruit, as on the occasion of our Annual Exhibition. There
were fifty-five dishes in all, and competition was unusually brisk
and close. The Committee, in making the awards, have rarel}'
had their powers of discrimination so thoroughly tested. Those
who recollect the character of the specimens which used to be seen
on exhibition here only a few years ago, must have looked with
unfeigned satisfaction upon the many fine specimens vvhicli have
this year decked the tables at our exhibitions all through their sea-

324 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

son. The timo was, and is not yet so far left boliind as to be out
of the renienibrance of many of us, when it would have been dif-
ficult to find the tomato on sale in half a dozen markets in the
whole country. At the present day, however, it is grown almost
everywhere, and there are hundreds of acres devoted to its culture
for the supply of Boston market alone.

In other useful branches of gardening, the last few j'ears
have also been years of progress. The cultivation of all the fine
culinary vegetables has largely increased, and our markets are
now almost everywhere abundantly supplied with them. The Egg
Plant, Salsify, Okra, Mushroom, and 'J'omato, from being rarities,
have now become almost universally cultivated.

Potatoes. — At the Annual Exhibition there were quite a large
numlier of new varieties offered in competition for the Society's
prizes, some of which as far as their outward appearance was con-
cerned were certainly all that could be desired ; but in regard to
their quality^ and the rank in which the}" should stand in this re-
port, when compared with well known and standard sorts, your
Committee were, on a first inspection, entirely' in the dark.
Under the usual system of judging on what one sees, the most
important characteristic of a potato, quality, is wholly ignored.
B}' this method, a committee can only certif}- by their awards
as to what to them looks good, while it should be and is the aim
of the Society to encourage the cultivation and growth of that
only which actually is good. Your Committee were convinced
that if they were able to report on the real quality of the
different varieties placed before them for examination, the value
of their report would be greatly enhanced, and therefore, at the
Annual Exhibition this year, in order to make their awards fairly
and understaudingly, they adopted the quality test. Specimens of
all varieties competing for premiums were cooked for trial, and
the awards were made on this basis.

The new seedling potato from Albert Bresee which was favor-
ably noticed in our last report (and which he has since named
Leader) was again shown by him at the Annual Exhibition ; and
it fully sustained the favorable opinion formed of it by the Com-
mittee last year. It was exhibited for the first time at the
Annual Exhibition in 1885 ; and was then entered by the orig-
inator for the i'rospective Prize. Mr. Bresee presented speci-
mens for trial, which were carefully tested by the Committee in

KEPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES. 325

comparison with well known standard sorts, and were pronounced
in quality superior to all. The Society's Silver Medal was
awarded Mr. Bresee, for his new seedling potato, Leader.

The Committee would again call the attention of exhibitors to
Eules 3 and 20 of the General Rules and Regulations, as under these
rules they have, in several instances, been obliged to disqualify
contributions, otherwise worthy, for having had more than the re-
quired number of specimens, or more than one variety on the
same dish. They would also caution contributors against running
to the extreme in size, in selecting specimen potatoes, as seems to
have been done in several instances at the Annual Exhibition.
Medium, even-sized, smooth, and clean specimens are preferable
for the table or for exhibition ; and in making their awards the
Committee will regard the above requisites as of more importance
than overgrowth. We noticed, in one collection, several potatoes
which had actually been pruned of prongs and excrescences, to
bring them into proper shape, in order that they might be retained
simply on account of their size. As the Committee is at present
constituted, a resort to any such method of improving specimens,
with the expectation of gaining a prize, is simply labor in vain.

Cauliflowers. — The principal exhibitors at the Annual Exhi-
bition were ^Y. W. Rawson, Samuel Hartwell, and W. H. Teel.
The large and well grown specimens shown by these gentlemen
fully sustained their well earned reputations as successful growers
of the cauliflower. The First Special Prize was awarded to W. W.
Rawson ; who also received the Special Prize for the best collection
of Seedling Potatoes — the Society's Silver Medal.

Celery. — The Special Prizes for Celery called out a larger num-
ber of competitors than usual. The specimens shown have never
been excelled ; and they formed a very interesting and attractive
feature of the exhibition. The first prize was won by George
Hill, and the second by W. W. Rawson.

Squashes, at the Annual Exhibition, were shown in less num-
bers than usual, although some of the specimens were of superior
quality. The Hubbards and Turbans from W. "VY. Rawson, and
Marrows from George Hill, were worthy of especial mention.

The various Root Crops have been exhibited in about the usual

quantity and variety ; and there has been notliing worthy of special

mention for its novelty. As to quality, to particularize seems

needless, for nearly every specimen on the tables at the Annual

7

326 MAFSACHU8ETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Show wns of superior merit, and exemplified to the practised eye,
in a striking manner, the advantages which after a time result
from these exhibitions, when they arc conducted upon the right
basis. In other words, the consequence of a continued series of
exhibitions by a Societ}' that awards its prizes with impartiality,
and upon competent judgment, is almost certainly to develop
in a community' a high standard of excellence. When people
are in the habit, week after week, of seeing fine vegetables or
fruits upon the exhibition tables, they verj' soon come to require
from the dealers that commodities of the same kind offered in the
markets should bear an appearance similar to that of the superior
specimens which they have so often seen on exhibition. Thus,
through habitual exercise, the taste of all is improved and refined,
and the public reap the benefit which naturally flows from this state
of things.

The annexed list shows the amount awarded in premiums and
gratuities to be S952, out of an appropriation of §1,030, leaving
an unexpended balance of $78.

All of which is respectfully submitted.

For the Committee,

C. N. BRACKETT, Chairman.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR
VEGETABLES.

January 2.

Radishes. — Four bunches of any variety, the second prize to

George F. Stone,

CccuMBEKS. — Pair of any variety, M. B. Hussey, .
Lettuce. — Four heads of Tennisball, George F. Stone,
Pakslet. — Two quarts, Warren Heustis & Son,

Second, George F. Stone,

Mushrooms. — Twenty-four specimens, Cephas H. Brackett,

$2 00
3 00
3 00
3 00

2 00

3 00

Gratuities: —

Warren Heustis & Son, Celery, 2 00

Winter Brothers, Tomatoes, 1 00

Charles Winter, " 1 00

January 16.
Gratuities: —

George F. Stone, Lettuce and Parsley, 1 00

C. M. Hovey, Mushrooms, 1 00

January 23.
Gratuities: —

Cephas H. Brackett, Mushrooms and Cucumbers, . . . . 2 00
Mrs, Francis B. Hayes, Collection, 3 00

January 30.
Gratuities: —

Cephas H. Brackett, Cucumbers and Mushrooms, . . . . 2 00

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Asparagus, 1 00

Hittinger Brothers, Lettuce, 1 00

February 6.
Gratuities: —

Radishes. — Four bunches of any variety, O. F. Newhall, Long

Scarlet, 3 00

Second, O. F. Newhall, Turnip Rooted, 2 00

328 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

CnCDMBERS. — Pair of any variety, Cephas II. Brackott, Brighton,

Second, George II. Scott,

Third, F. C Fisher, White Spine, ....
Dandelions. — Peck, Warren Heustis & Son, .

Second, George F. Stone,

Lettuce. — Four heads of Tennisball, George F. Stone, .

Second, Ilittingcr Brothers,

Mushrooms. — Twentj'-four specimens, Cephas H. Brackett,

Second, C. M. Hovey, ......

EiiuBARB. — Twelve stalks, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Seedling,

Second, " " " " Victoria,

Third, O. F. Newhall,

Gratuities: —
Warren Heustis & Son, Collection, .
Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, "

Cephas H. Brackett, Cress and Ciiives,
S. Teel & Son, Celery,
O. F. Newhall, Asparagus,
Charles Winter, Tomatoes,
Winter Brothers, "
C. M. Hovey, " . .

S'^

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

2 00

2

00

2 00

00

00

00

00

00

February 13.
Gratuities: —

C. M. Hovey, Mushrooms and Tomatoes, . . . . . 2 00

George F. Stone, Lettuce, I 00

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Rhubarb 1 00

W. W. Rawson, Radishes, 1 00

February 20.
Gratuities: —

Cephas H. Brackett, Cucumbers and Muslirooms, . . . 2 00

Warren Heustis & Son, Radishes, 1 00

W. W. Rawson, " 1 00

Mrs. Francis B. Uayes^ Asparagus, 1 00

February 27.
Gratuities: —

W. W. Rawson, Lettuce and Radishes, 1 00

George F. Stone, " 1 00

Marcu 6.
Gratuities: —
Warren Heustis & Son, Celery and two varieties of Radishes, . . 2 00
Cephas II. Brackett, Collection, 2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES. 329

March 13.
Gratuity: —

W. W. Rawson, Lettuce, $1 00

March 20.
Gratuity: —

W. W. Rawson, Lettuce and Radishes, 2 00

SPRING EXHIBITION.

March 24, 25, and 26.

Radishes. — Four bunches of Turnip Rooted, W. W. Rawson, . $3 00

Second, Josiah Crosby, ........ 2 00

Third, George F. Stone, 1 00

Cucumbers. — Pair of White Spine, Cephas H. Brackett, . . 3 00

Second, George H. Scott, 2 00

Third, F. C. Fisher, 1 00

Celery. — Four roots, Warren Heustis & Son, Henderson's Dwarf, 3 00

Second, " " " Boston Market, . 2 00

Dandelions. — Peck, Josiah Crosby, 3 00

Second, Warren Heustis & Son, . . . . „ . . 2 00

Third, George F. Stone, 1 00

Lettuce. — Four heads, Josiah Crosby, 3 00

Second, George F. Stone, 2 00

Third, C. A. Learned, 1 00

Parsley. — Two quarts, George E. Sanderson, . . . . 2 00

Second, George F. Stone, 1 00

Rhubarb.— Twelve stalks, C. W. Winn, 3 00

Second, Cephas H. Brackett, . . . . . . • 2 00

Third, E. L. Saunders, 1 00

Tomatoes. — Twelve, A. R. Howe, 3 00

Second, Charles Winter, , 2 00

Third, W. C. Winter, 1 00

Gratuities: —

Winn, Ricker, & Co., Onions, 1 00

C. W. Winn, Mint, 1 00

Cephas H. Brackett, Mushrooms, . ...... 1 00

Warren Heustis & Son, " 1 00

April 3.
Gratuities: —

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Potatoes (forced), 2 00

Josiah Crosby, Lettuce, 1 00

330 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

Al'KIL 10.

AspAKAGUs. — Two bunches, twelve stalks each, Cephas H. Brackett, $'i 00

Second, O. F. Ncwhall, 2 00

CuciMBEKs. — Pair of White Spine, Cephas li. Brackett, . . 3 00

Second, James Heslan, 2 00

Third, George H. Scott, 1 00

Any other variety, C. H. Brackett, Brighton, . . . . 3 00

Mushrooms — Twenty-four specimens, Cephas H. Brackett, . . 3 00

Second, Warren Heustis & Son, 2 00

Gratuities: —

Warren Heustis & Son, Collection, i* 00

Cephas II. Brackett, Tomatoes, I 00

C. W. Winn, Rhubarb, . . I 00

April 17.
Gratuities: —

Josiah Crosby, Collection, 2 00

Edwin Sheppard, Cucumbers, 1 00

April 24.
Gratuities: —

W. W. Rawson, Collection 2 00

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Potatoes, 1 00

May 1.
Gratuities : —

John B. Moore & Son, Asparagus, ........ 1 00

Cephas H. Brackett, Tomatoes, 1 00

Josiah Crosby, Egyptian Beets, . . . . . . • 1 00

Warren Heustis & Son, Collection, 2 00

MAY EXHIBITION.

Mat 8.

Asparagus. — Four bunches, twelve stalks each, J. B. Moore & Son, $3 00

Second, L. G. Weston, 2 00

Third, Samuel Ilartwcll, 1 00

Cucumbers. — Pair, grown under glass, Cephas H. Brackett, Brigh-
ton, 3 00

Second, Varnum Frost, White Spine, 2 00

Third, Cephas II. Brackett, " " 1 00

Spinach. — Peck, Warren Heustis & Son, Thick Leaved, . . 3 00

Second, " " " " Arlington, . . . 2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

331

Dandelions. — Peck, Warren Heustis & Son, .

Second, George F. Stone,

Lettuce. — Four heads, George F. Stone,

Rhubarb. — Twelve stalks, Cephas H. Brackett, Victoria,
Second, Samuel Hartwell, "

Third, M. W. Chadbourne, "

Gratuities: —

Cephas H. Brackett, Tomatoes and Mushrooms,

Josiah Crosby, Beets and Radishes, . . . . .

Warren Heustis & Son, Radishes, . . . . .

$2 00

1 00
3 00
3 00

2 00
1 00

2 00
2 00
1 00

May 15.

Gratuities: —

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Lettuce and Rhubarb, 2 00

Edwin Sheppard, Cucumbers, 2 00

Samuel Hartwell, Rhubarb and Asparagus, . . . . . 2 00

Warren W. Rawson, Cucumbers, . . . . . . . 1 00

John B. Moore & Son, Asparagus (weight of 12 stalks, 3 lbs. 4^

ozs.), 1 00

Mat 22.

Gratuities: —

Cephas H. Brackett, Collection, 2 00

JohnB. Moore & Son, Asparagus (weight of 12 stalks, libs. (j\ ozs.,)

First Class Certificate of Merit, for superior cultivation,
C. D. Tuttle, Asparagus, 1 00

Mat 29.
Gratuities: —

W. W. Rawson, Cauliflowers, 2 00

Samuel Hartwell, Asparagus, 1 00

RHODODENDRON SHOW.
June 5.

Beets. — Twelve specimens, Josiah Crosby, Egyptian,

Second, Warren Heustis & Son, Egyptian,

Third, Warren Heustis & Son, Bastian,
Radishes. — Four bunches, Josiah Crosby,

Second, C. A. Learned, ......

Third, Warren Heustis & Son,

Asparagus. — Four bunches, twelve stalks each, J. B. Moore &

Second, L. W. Weston,

Third, C. D. Tuttle,

Son

|3 00
2 00
1 00

00
00
00
00
00
00

332

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Cucumbers. — Pair, W. W. Hawson,

Second, Cejjlias II. Brackett, Wliite Si)inc,
Third, " " " Brighton, .

Lettuce. — Four heads, C. A. Learned,
Second, Warren Ileustis & Son,
Third, George F. Stone, .

RuLBARB. — Twelve stalks, J. B. Moore & Son,
Second, Benjamin G. Smith,
Third, Samuel Hartwell, .

Mushrooms. — Twenty-four specimens, Cephas 11. Brackett,

Oratuiiies : —
Edwin Shcppard, Cucumbers, .
Cephas IL Brackett, Tomatoes,
W. \V. Rawson, Cauliflowers, .

$3 00

June 12.
Gratuities: —
W. W. Rawson, Rawson's Clipper Peas, .
Samuel Hartwell, *' " and Maud S. Peas,

Warren Heustis & Son, Maud S. Peas,

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

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2

00

1

00

3

00

1

00

1

00

1 00

2 00
1 CO
1 00

ROSE AND STRAWBERRY EXHIBITION.

June 22.

Beets. — Twelve Summer Turnip Rooted, C. A. Learned

Second, Warren Heustis & Son,
Egyptian, C. A. Learned, .....

Second, Josiah Crosby,

Onions. — Twelve, Josiah Crosby, ....

Second, C. A. Learned

Cucumbers. — Pair of White Spine, Hittinger Brothers,

Second, Warren Ileustis & Son,
Cabbaoes. — Three, C. A. Learned, ....

Second, W. W. Rawson,

Third, W. Heustis & Son,

Lettuce. — Four heads of any variety, C A. Learned,

Second, E. Moore,

Peas. — Half-peck of any variety, W. W. Rawson, .

Second, Samuel Hartwell,

Third, Charles N. Brackett, ....

Gratuities : —
Hittinger Brothers, Tomatoes,
W. Nicholson, "

W. C. Winter,

S3

00

2

00

2 00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

3

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2

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1

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2

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1

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3

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2

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1

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1

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1

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1

00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

333

J. B. Moore & Son, Rhubarb, .
W. W. Rawson, Radishes,
C. A. Learned, Wakefield Cabbages,
M. W. Chadbourne, Peas,
Samuel Hartwell, "

H 00

1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

July 3.

Onions. — Twelve, Josiah Crosby, ....

Second, C. A. Learned, .....
Squashes. — Four Long Warted, George Hill, .

Second, Josiah Crosby, .....
Four Scalloped, George Hill, ....

Cabbages. — Three, W. W. Rawson,

Second, C. A. Learned, Henderson's,

Third, " " " Fottler's,

Peas. — Half-peck of American Wonder, Samuel Hartwell

Second, W. W. Rawson,

Any other variety, Charles N. Brackett, Telephone,

Second, W. W. Rawson, .....

Third, Samuel Hartwell, Advancer, .

Gratuities: —
Hittinger Brothers, Collection, .....

George Hill, Wax Beans, ......

W. Heustis & Son, Cabbages, .....

Cephas H. Brackett, Potatoes and Tomatoes, .

W. W. Rawson, Lettuce, .....

2

00

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00

2

00

3

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1

00

2

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1

00

1

00

2

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1

00

July 10.

Potatoes. — Twelve specimens, Cephas H. Brackett, Hebron,

Second, C D. Kingman, Chicago Market,

Third, C. B. Lancaster, Clark,

Beans. — Half-peck of String, Charles N. Brackett, Cranberry,

Second, Warren Heustis & Son, Wax

Third, " " " " Mohawk,

Peas. — Half-peck of any variety, William Patterson, Stratagem,

Second, Samuel Hartwell, "

Third, Charles N. Brackett, American Wonder,

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

July 17.

Cabbages. — Three Drumhead, Warren Heustis & Son, . . . 3 00

Beans. — Half peck of Cranberry, Charles N. Brackett, . . . 2 00

Peas — Half peck of any variety, Charles N. Brackett, Stratagem, 3 00

Second, W. W. Rawson, Advancer, 2 00

Third, " " " Stratagem, 1 00

334

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears, Cliarles N. Brackett, Cory, . . §3 00

SocoikI, Samuel Hartwell, 2 00

Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens, George Uill, . . . . , 3 00

Second, Hittin,u:er Brothers 2 00

Third, W. W. Kawson, 1 00

Gratuities: —

W. W. Rawson, Wax Beans and Squashes, 2 00

Hittinger Brothers, Wax Beans, 1 00

S. Lawrence, Stratagem Peas, 1 00

July 24.

Potatoes. — Twelve specimens, Samuel Hartwell, Sunrise,

Second, Samuel Hartwell, Hebron, ....

Third, C. B. Lancaster, Clark,

Sqdashes. — Three Marrow, Josiah Crosby,

Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears, Charles N. Brackett, Cory,

Second, Samuel Hartwell, Cory, ....

Third, " " Marblehead. .

Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens, George Hill, .

Second, Samuel Hartwell, Gen. Grant,

Gratuities : —

Hittinger Brothers, Tomatoes, .
L. W. Weston, Potatoes and Corn,
M. W. Chadbourne, " "
Charles N. Brackett, Peas,

Jolt 31.

Potatoes. — Twelve of any variety, Samuel Hartwell, Sunrise,

Second, Samuel Hartwell, Hebron, ....

Third, C. B. Lancaster, Clark,

Squashes. — Three Marrow, Josiah Crosby,

Peas. — Half-peck of any variety, Warren Ileustis & Son,

Second, Charles N. Brackett,

Sweet Coun. — Twelve ears, Samuel Hartwell, Parker House,

Second, Charles N. Brackett, Cory, ....

Tiiird, L. W. Weston,

Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens, Charles N. Brackett, Acme,

Second, Hittinger Brotiicrs, Perfection,

Third, George F. Stone, Acme, ....

Gratuities: —
Samuel Hartwell, Collection, ......

Charles N. Brackett, "

L. W. Weston, Bliss's Triumph Potatoes,

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00
3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

3 00

2 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

2 00

1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES. 335

Adgost 7.

Greenflesh Melons. — Four specimens, George Hill, . . . ^3 00

Second, C. A. Learned, ........ 2 00

Third, George Hill, 1 00

Beans. — Half-peck of Horticultural, Samuel Hartwell, . . . 8 00

Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens of Acme, Charles N. Brackett, . 3 00

Second, George F. Stone, 2 00

Emery, Charles N. Brackett, 3 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell, 2 GO

Any other variety, Hittinger Brothers, Perfection, . . . 3 GO

Second, Charles N. Brackett, Cardinal, 2 00

Third, Samuel Hartwell, Perfection, 1 00

Gratuities: —

Samuel Hartwell, Collection, 2 00

J. G. Coolidge, Goddard Beans, 1 GG

Isaac E. Coburn, Beans, 1 00

August 14.

Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears, Samuel Hartwell, . . . . 3 GG

Second, J. G. Coolidge, 2 00

Third, C. E. Grant, 1 00

Egg Plant. — Four specimens of Round Purple, the second prize to

J. G. Coolidge 1 00

Gratuities: —

Samuel Hartwell, Collection, 3 00

Charles N. Brackett, " 2 00

C. E. Grant, " 1 00

Cephas H. Brackett, Cucumbers and Mushrooms, . • . . 1 GO

August 21.

Potatoes. — Twelve specimens of any variety, C. B. Lancaster, . 3 00

Second, Warren Heustis & Son, 2 GO

Third, L. W. Weston, 1 GO

Melons. — Sweet, any variety, four specimens, Warren Heustis &

Son 3 00

Second, George Hill, 2 GO

Third, W. W. Rawson, 1 00

Beans. — Two quarts of Large Lima, Benjamin G. Smith, . . 3 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell, 2 GO

Horticultural, Warren Heustis & Son, 3 GO

Second, Samuel Hartwell, 2 00

Peppers. — Twelve specimens, Charles N. Brackett, . . . 3 00

336 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Gratuities: —

Samuel Hartwell, Collection, $3 00

C. A. Learned, " 2 00

Charles N. Brackett, " 2 00

C. E. Grant, " 2 00

W. W. Rawson, Lettuce, 1 00

Adodst 28.

Watermelons. — Pair, C. E. Grant, 3 00

GuEENFLESu Melons. — Four specimens, Warren Heustis & Son, . 3 00

Second, George Hill, 2 00

Beans. — Two quarts of Goddard, shelled, Charles N. Brackett, . 3 00

Second, Warren Heustis & Son, 2 00

Third, Samuel Hartwell, 1 00

Peppers. — Twelve specimens, Charles N. Brackett, . . . 3 00

Second, C A. Learned, 2 00

Third, C. Terry, 1 00

Gratuities: —

Samuel Hartwell, Collection, 3 00

C. A. Learned, " 2 00

Charles N. Brackett, Corn and Tomatoes, 2 00

C. E. Grant, " " " 1 00

September 4.

Cabbages. — Three specimens of any variety, C. B. Lancaster

Second, Samuel Hartwell,

Cauliflowers. — Four specimens, Samuel Hartwell, Erfurt,

Second, Samuel Hartwell, Snowball,

Third, " " Sea Foam,

Celery. — Four roots, H. F. Reynolds, Golden Yellow,

Second, " " " Crawford,

Third, " " " White Plume,

Beans. — Two quarts of Large Lima, Benjamin G. Smith,

Second, Charles N. Brackett, . . • . .

Third, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, .....

Gratuities : —

Charles N. Brackett, Collection, 3 00

C. K. Grant, " 2 00

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, " 1 00

Samuel Hartwell, " 1 00

3 00

2 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES. 337

ANNUAL EXHIBITION.

September U, 15, 16, and 17.
Special Prizes.

Potatoes. — Collection of new seedling varieties, W. W. Rawson,

the Society's Silver Medal.

Cauliflowers. — Best four specimens, W. W. Rawson, . . . $6 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell, 4 W

Celery. — Best four roots, George Hill, . . . . . . 10 00

Second, W. W. Rawson, 5 00

Regular Frizes.

Beets. — Twelve Turnip Rooted, George F. Stone, . . . . B 00

Second, W. W. Rawson, • 2 00

Third, C. A. Learned 1 00

Carrots. — Twelve Long Orange, W. W. Rawson, . . . . 3 00

Twelve Intermediate, W.W. Rawson, 3 00

Second, Mrs. M. T. Goddard, 2 00

Third, Warren Heustis & Son, 1 00

Parsnips. — Twelve Long, C. A. Learned, 3 00

Second, W. W. Rawson, 2 00

Third, Mrs. M. T. Goddard, 1 00

Potatoes. — Four varieties, twelve specimens each, H. B. Watts, . 5 00

Second, Charles N. Brackett, 4 00

Third, L. W. Weston, 3 00

Clark, Samuel Hartwell, 3 00

Mrs. M. T. Goddard, 2 00

Hebron, H. B. Watts, 3 00

Second, L. W. Weston 2 00

Third, Samuel Hartwell, 1 00

Rose, Mrs. M. T. Goddard, .... ... 3 00

Second, Mrs. F. B. Hayes, 2 00

Savoy, Mrs. M. T. Goddard, 3 00

Second, C. D. Tuttle, 2 00

Third, Samuel Hartwell, 1 00

Any other variety, Mrs. M. T. Goddard, King, . . . . 3 00

Second, Francis Smith, Winslow's Seedling, . . , . 2 00

Third, Samuel Hartwell, Charter Oak, 1 00

Salsiet. — Twelve roots, Charles F. Curtis, 3 00

Second, M. W. Chadbourne, 2 00

Third, Warren Heustis & Son, . 1 00

Turnips. — Twelve Flat, Charles N. Brackett 3 00

Second, George F. Stone, 2 00

Third, C. B. Lancaster, 1 00

Swedish, Mrs. M, T. Goddard, 3 00

338 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Onions. — Twelve Danvers, C. A. Learned, $3 00

Second, George Hill, 2 00

Third, Warren Heustisfc Son, 1 00

Portugal, George Hill 3 00

Second, Josiah Crosby, 2 00

Red, George Hill, 3 00

Greenflesh Melons. — Four, Warren Heustis & Son, . . . 3 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell, 2 00

Tliird, John B. Moore & Son, 1 00

Watermelons. — Pair, Charles N. Brackett, 3 00

Second, C. E. Grant, 2 00

Third, Samuel Hartwell, 1 00

Squashes. — Four Canada, Warren Fenno, . . . . . 3 00

Second, Josiah Pratt, 2 00

Third, Mrs. M. T. Goddard, 1 00

Hubbard, W. W. Rawson, 3 00

Second, George Hill, 2 00

Third, Samuel Hartwell, I 00

Marrow, George Hill, 3 00

Second, Warren Heustis & Son, 2 00

Third, W. W. Rawson, 1 00

Turban, W. W. Rawson, 3 00

Second, Mrs. M. T. Goddard 2 00

Cabbages. — Three Drumhead, C. B. Lancaster, . . . . 3 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell, 2 00

Third, Mrs. M. T. Goddard, 1 00

Red, Mrs. M. T. Goddard 3 00

Second, C. B. Lancaster, 2 00

Third, Charles N. Brackett, 1 00

Savoy, Samuel Hartwell, 3 00

Second, C B. Lancaster, < 2 00

Third, Mrs. M. T. Goddard, 1 00

Cauliflowers.— Four, W. H. Teel, 3 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell 2 00

Third, W. W. Rawson, 1 00

Celery. — Four roots of Boston Market, Josiah Crosby, . . . 4 00

Second, Warren Heustis & Son 3 00

Any other variety, George Hill, Arlington, 4 00

Second, W. W. Rawson, Arlington, 3 00

Third, H. F. Reynolds, White Plume, 2 00

Horserauisii. — Six roots, W. W. Rawson, 3 00

Second, C. A. Learned, 2 00

Beans. — Two quarts of Lima, Benjamin G. Smith, . . 3 00

Second, Charles N. Brackett, 2 00

Third, C. E. Grant, 1 00

Corn.— Twelve ears of Sweet, Charles N. Brackett, . . . 3 00

Second, W. Heustis & Son 2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

339

Third, Miss A. Tornberg, .
Yellow or Field, twenty-five ears, traced, Mrs. M. T. Goddard,
Second, Horace Eaton,
Egg Plants. — Four Eound Purple, J. G. Coolidge,
Second, C. A. Learned,
Third, W. W. Rawson,
Tomatoes. — Three varieties, twelve specimens each, I. E. Coburn
Second, George Hill, .
Third, Ciiarles N. Brackett,
Acme, J. Brierly, .
Second, C. E. Grant, .
Third, Samuel Hartwell, .
Emery, George Hill,
Second, M. B. Faxon,
Third, I. E. Coburn, .
Paragon, Charles N. Brackett,
Second, C. E. Grant,
Third, George Hill, .
Perfection, George Hill,
Second, Samuel Hartwell, .
Third, C. E. Grant, .
Any other variety, I. E. Coburn, Favorite,
Second, Charles N. Brackett, Cardinal,
Third, William H. Spooner, Cardinal,
Marttnias. — Twenty-four, Starkes Whiton,

Second, M. "W. Chadbourne,
Peppers. — Twenty-four, Charles N. Brackett
Second, C. A. Learned,
Third, Sidney Lawrence, .

81

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

5

GO

4

00

3

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3 00

2 00

1

00

3 00

2 00

1

00

3

00

2

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1

00

3 00

2

00

I

CO

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

1 00

Gratuities: —

Warren Heustis & Son, Melons, 1 00

L. W. Weston, Melons, 1 00

George W. Jameson, Watermelons, 1 00

Samuel Hartwell, " . . . . . . . 1 00

Cephas H. Brackett, Muskmelons, 1 00

Horace Eaton, Squashes, ......... 1 00

A. H. Dunlap, " . . . i OO

Patten & Co., Cucumbers, ........ 1 00

Miss A. Tornberg, Kohl Eabi, ' . . . i 00

E. J. Bliss, Brussels Sprouts, ........ 1 00

Charles N. Brackett, Red Sweet Corn, 1 00

C. A. Learned, Lettuce, 1 00

W. W. Rawson, " ......... 1 00

C. E. Grant, Collection, 3 00

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Collection, 2 00

Albert Bresee, for new seedling potato Leader, the Society's Silver Medal.

340

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

OCTOHKK 2.

Salsiky. — TwL'lvf specimens, Charles F. Curtis,
Squashes. — Tliroe Hubbard, J. G. Coolidge, .

Second, Samuel Ilartwell, ....

CADnAGES. — Three Drumliead, Samuel Ilartwell,

Second, Mrs. M. T. Goddard, ....

Third, Charles N. Brackett, ....
Red, Charles N. Brackett,

Second, Mrs. M. T. Goddard, ....

Third, Samuel Hartwcll,

Savoy, Samuel Hartwell,

Cauliflowers. — Four, W. II. Teel,

Second, Samuel Ilartwell, Erfurt,

Third, Samuel Hartwell, Snowball, .
Celery. — Four roots of Boston Market, Warren Ileustis

The third prize to Mrs. C. M. Hammond, .
Any other variety, George Hill, Arlington, .

& Son,

83 00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2 00

1

00

3 00

2 00

1

00

3

00

3 00

2

00

1

00

4

00

2 00

4 00

Gratuities: —

Charles N. Brackett, Collection, 4 00

C. E. Grant, Collection, 3 00

Samuel Ilartwell, Melons 2 00

I. E. Coburn, Tomatoes, ......... 1 00

M. W. Chadbourne, Salsify, 1 00

CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW.

NoVEMHER 10, 11, AND 12.

Onions. — Twelve, C. A. Learned,

Second, W. S. Janvrin, ....

Third, Warren Ileustis & Son, .
CucuMHER-S. — Pair, Cephas II. Brackett, Brighton,

Second, F. C. Fisher, ....

Third, Cephas H. Brat^kett,
CAHDA(iE.s. — Three Hed, Charles N. Brackett,
Savoy, Samuel Ilartwell, ....
Cauliflowers. — Four specimens, W. II. Teel,
Celery. —Four roots, W. W. Hawson,

Second, Varnum Frost, ....

Tiiird, .Tosiaii Crosi)y, ....

Endive. — Four specimens, W. A. Manda. Broad Le

Second, W. A. Manda, French Curled,

aved.

^3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00
1 00

00
00
00
00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES. 341

Gratuities: —

Samuel Hartwell, Collection f I 00

W. A. Manda, Leeks, 1 00

C. E. Grant, Melons, 1 00

George Sanderson, Parsley, . . . . . . , . i 00

Cephas H. Brackett, Tomatoes, 1 00

A. S. Mcintosh, Artichokes, 1 00

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON GARDENS,

FOR THE YEAR 1886.

By JOHN G. BARKER, Chairman.

In submitting our report for the past season, we trust it will not
be devoid of interest to the Soeietj', although we have to report
no competition for any of the various premiums offered, except
those for vineyards. We have tried to offer sucli prizes as would
be sure to bring forward competitors, but regret to say that in this
particular we have been disappointed. We still cherish the hope
that those who are fortunate enough to possess places or objects
worthy of notice will not fail to call the attention of the Com-
mittee to them. It is true the prizes offered alwa3'8 relate to some
especial object ; still it is not intended to debar from the Commit-
tee's inspection everything except matters especially named. On
the contrary we shall always be glad to embrace in our report
anything that is of interest to the Society and will advance the
interests of horticulture ; and we sincerely hope for a more hearty
co-operation on the part of the members than it has been our lot
to enjov in the past. We also invite your attention to some slight
changes in the Schedule of Prizes.

Oakmount, the llESinENCE OF Mas. Fkancis B. Hayes.

Our first visit of the year was made at the grounds of our late
President, the Hon. Francis B. Hayes, the especial object being to
see the very fine display of Rhododendrons. We have made

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 343

SO frequent mention of visits to this place that little can here be
said by wa}- of addition to our former reports. The Rhododen-
dron tent has been largely increased in size, and many fine varie-
ties have been added to the already extensive collection. It is
gratifying to remark, in this community, a more general desire to
cultivate these valuable decorative plants ; which are certainly
among the most beautiful means of adorning grounds. Many a
northern exposure, now barren and wild, could be beautified by
the use of the rhododendron. There are no ornamental plants
that will paj' for the care and attention given them better than
rhododendrons ; let the work be done well at first, and the attention
they require afterward is but little.

The spacious dwelling in process of erection at our last visit
is now completed and has the appearance of an English mansion
house, being built of natural stone collected on the place ;
while its location, well back from the entrance and surrounded by
the native forest, gives it a very picturesque and attractive setting.

Grounds of Charles S. Sargent.

Our second visit was at Mr. C. S. Sargent's ; his beautiful estate,
situated in the charming town of Brookline, is well known to
nearly all the members of the Societ3% very many having enjoyed
frequent visits there. We were received most heartily at the resi-
dence of Mr. Sargent, and enjoyed very much the cordial recep-
tion given us there, as well as the opportunity for a reunion and
further acquaintance with other guests of the occasion.

In a niche at the rear of the house on a broad piazza, and
facing the lawn, a tent was erected, which was well filled with an ex-
cellent collection of Indian Azaleas, of the finest varieties and all in
flower. The multitude of fine specimens, comprising almost every
shade of color, formed a beautiful exhibition in itself. We regret
to record the death of the splendid specimen of Decora, which has
been frequently shown at the exhibitions of the Society, and was
one of the finest plants ever known.

While admiring this beautiful collection of plants we wondered
why more of them are not cultivated ; especially considering
with what ease they can be grown, and how conveniently they can
be controlled as regards their time of flowering, by keeping them
back, when desired, in a temperature of 40° to 45° — the same as

344 MASSACHUSETTS nORTICDLTDRAL SOCIETY.

is required for the Sikkiin varieties of the Rhododendron. In such
places many of the best collections of rhododendrons and
azaleas in this vicinity are kept. A good clean cellar does well ;
or if this be not at hand a pit or a cool greenhouse will answer
every purpose.

There were also fine specimens of rhododendrons in pots and
tubs, which were very beautiful, both in foliage and flower. Other
specimen plants were placed in intermediate positions on the bal-
ustrade and around the piazza, the Agaves and Beaucarnea recur-
vata being particularly noticeable. In a quiet nook between the
piazza and a wing of the house was planted a bed of pansies with
a broad band of daisies, which gave us a pleasant surprise at a
moment when we were not looking for or expecting anything.
How many such little nooks, now neglected, could be made at-
tractive with trifling expense !

While we were on the piazza we enjoyed a delightful view of the
lawn with its beautiful undulating surface. It has often been said
that the charm of a place is a well kept lawn ; on this view of
things Mr. Sargent's most certainly possesses the charm. It is
pleasing to notice that the natural contours have been maintained,
and that the foolish rage for levelling every spot has not prevailed.
We also gladly call attention to the beautiful views in all directions,
the frequency of which is rather remarkable ; look which way you will,
at every glance some fine view in the distance will greet you, the
effect of which is charming. The openings giving these views
afford also the breadth of light and shade so desirable in a well
arranged place, and still so seldom attained. We are led to make
especial mention of the foregoing points, as all our party were
very much interested in these delightful views.

It is needless to dilate upon the beauty of the trees and
shrubs on these grounds ; good results only are to be expected
where such skill has been given to the selection and care of fine
specimens of the rarest and choicest kinds. Amongst those
which adorn the estate are many fine specimens of single trees,
especially of evergreens. By being placed at a distance from the
groups of deciduous trees and shrubs, they are made to afford a
very pleasing contrast as regards form and color.

A very beautiful feature in these grounds is the flowering shrubs ;
of which some writer has said that they are the choicest gifts of
Nature to the landscape gardener, and on this point I am sure

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 345

we shall not differ from him. We found them here displa3-ed to
good advantage — not planted so thickl}' as they are often seen,
so as to become entangled with each other, and make the position
of each single plant difficult to be found ; but each plant and
shrub, whether siugl}' or in a group, formed a specimen by itself.
Each had been so planted that the grouping has not been lost ; and
yet they are not so close to each other that the idea of specimens
is not maintained. Indeed, all are so well arranged that the}' give
a finished appearance to the whole scene.

Among the trees and shrubs we noticed fine specimens of Abies
alba^ A. excelsa, Picea pxingens^ and many other fine evergreens ;
also Syringa Japonica, Viburnum opulus, Deutzia j^cirvijlora,
Viburnum plicatum^ Acer polymorphum atropurp^ireum dissectum,
Japan Weeping Cherry, Paul's Thorns, and unusually good
specimens of Aquilegia coerulea.

In garden scenery, water, in whatever shape, has an enlivening
effect ; here is found a large pond of sufficient dimensions to add
greatly to the delightfuluess of the place ; a part of the margin of
which is left in a natural state, while another part displays a wide
border of rhododendrons containing manv hundred plants — all in
the healthiest condition and blooming finely. The importance of
giving these valuable plants a conspicuous place is fully recog-
nized in the arrangement here referred to ; and their great value
as decorative plants can hardly be overestimated, as the fine array
of distinct varieties gave ample proof. Perha})S the reflection of this
delightful bed of rhododendrons in the water — a picture more
easily enjoyed than described — was quite as pleasing to many of the
visitors as the direct view. We also noticed very many varieties
of Lilies planted in the rhododendron bed, many of them throwing
up enormous spikes of flowers. A fine collection of named
herbaceous plants added to the interest of the place.

The greenhouses contained many specimens of plants both rare
and well known, all in the best possible condition — indeed, the
whole place was in excellent order. To qualify one to give, in
detail, an idea of the many choice trees, shrubs, and plants which
we witnessed on every hand, would take more time than our brief
visit allowed for the purpose. Much has doubtless gone unmen-
tioned which we should desire to take note of in order to afford
that more adequate description of Mr. Sargent's place which we
feel is due to him. We may here record, however, the great satis-

346 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

faction afforded us by this visit to his very interesting place, not
alone on account of the pleasure it gave the Committee, but for
the profit and instruction gained thereb3\

Grounds of Warren Heustis & Son, Belmont.

Our next visit was upon the invitation of Messrs. Warren
Heustis & Son ; the especial object being to see the new Belmont
Strawberry raised by these gentlemen. The production of a
strawberry better than heretofore grown, or even as good as many
that can be found in the market, is an object worthy of our best
attention. The Belmont is not new to many of us ; but has been
on our exhibition tables several years, and has very deservedly
attracted our attention and interest.

The area of the beds on which were growing the plants that we
were invited to examine was a little more than 25,000 square feet ;
and from these beds there has been sold in plants and fruit about
§4,000 worth ; or, separating the items, about $3,000 has been
received for plants sold, and for berries from 6900 to $1,000 ; not
including a large quantity used for home purposes.

Messrs. Heustis & Son have received very large orders for plants
from parties who have only seen the berries in the market and re-
quired no further evidence of their excellence. One of the dealers
who has disposed of their crop, in a conversation with the
Chairman of the Committee, gave assurance of the great value
of this variety ; and spoke especially of its keeping qualities,
saying that it remained in good condition much longer than any
other that he knew of. It is seldom that one sees a strawberry
producing ripe and small green fruit at the same time, as does the
Belmont — thus giving evidence of being a remarkably productive
variety. Few strawberries possess a combination of so many
good qualities as are found in the Belmont ; and, whether for the
amateur or the raarketman, it is certainly a ver^' desirable variety.
The flavor is good and the substance rich and melting, whether
picked and eaten from the vine or used at the tables.

A good strawljerr3' will always be held in high esteem, for
it is a wholesome, health-giving fruit, as well as the earliest in
season. The fact that new varieties are constantly coming out is
an indication of the rapid progress now making in this important
branch of horticulture ; but there will be no mistake in placing the
Beluiout high on the list of new varieties, us one of the very best.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 347

Vineyards.

No premiums ever ofifered by the Society in the Garden Com-
mittee's department have been so well competed for as those for
the culture of Grapes.

We received invitations to visit the vineyards of A. J. Bigelow
of Marlboro ; G. B. Andrews, Pearl Hill Farm, Fitchburg ; E. C.
Rice, Sunderland ; and Henry Derby, Concord. The applications
of the two gentlemen last named came too late for competi-
tion, according to the rules.

While on our way to Mr. Andrews's we took a hurried glance
at the vineyard of Dr. Jabez Fisher ; who gave us a very cordial
reception. To say that his vineyard is a model of neatness and
successful cultivation is only repeating what we all have often
heard. The fine condition of his vines and the vevy even and ex-
cellent crop of fruit gave abundant evidence that a master work-
man had bestowed upon them his best efforts. We hope at some
future time to be able to lay before the Society a more extended
account of this fine vineyard.

The statements of Mr. Andrews and Mr. Bigelow, here included,
will be quite sufficient to bring out their ideas of vine culture
without any introductory remarks.

Statement of George B. Andrews.

Fitchburg, September 16, 1886.

John G. Barker^ Chairman of the Committee on Gardens, Massa-
chusetts Horticultural Society : —
Dear Sir :

At your request I submit to your Committee the following
statement concerning my vineyard. The vineyard that I enter for
your premium contains 3800 vines of from one to fifteen years'
planting ; 2500 of them are Concords, 2000 of which are in bear-
ing and have been giving me fine crops for a number of years.
Last year I harvested ten and a half tons of fine grapes from the
'2000 vines.

My vineyard is situated on the south-east side of what is called
" Pearl Hill," and is several hundred feet above any standing
water, which I consider one of the most important points for a
good vineyard. The soil is a good loam with what we call a hard

348 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

pan bottom. I have vines set at different distances apart and have
trimmed in different ways and do not think that success in grape
growing depends on any one way of trimming, but rather on the
location and tiie soil ; but a man had best take one oi" the dif-
ferent ways and follow it.

Then, to produce the finest fruit, the vine-dresser must be in
love with his vines, and watch them as a mother watches the growth
of her child, looking after each one, and knowing the fruiting
capacity of each vine, A mother might as well ask a sick child
to get a hard lesson as a vine-dresser expect a feeble vine
to bring fine table fruit. And 3'et it is being done every year ; and
the cry goes out : "Why don't my vines do better?"

The question is often asked me, " How do you manure your
vines ? " and I have always tried to answer it, but should this
question be asked me today I should say, " Study your vines and
trv the effect of different manures ; for this is one of the corner-
stones of success." Another is the maintenance of equal propor-
tion between the top and the root, and he who is fortunate enough
to maintain it, other things being favorable, will be rewarded with
good grapes.

M}' experience for the past year has convinced me that I can
grow the largest bunches on cow manure ; but that muriate of pot-
ash and ground bone will produce the most sugar of anything I
have ever used, and hasten the ripening from three to five days.
I commenced b}' using four parts of bone to one of muriate of
potash ; but I have gradually worked in more potash, and for my
land 1 think that is the main thing needed for the vine, but just
how often and what quantit}' to apply is the study.

Most of my vines are set eight by six feet; and they run on a
trellis made by placing chestnut posts once in twelve feet and
stretching four lengths of No. 15 galvanized wire. The first wire
is twenty inches from the ground ; then there is a distance of
fourteen inches, then thirteen inches, then fourteen inches. The
wire can be fastened to the posts by staples, or by an eight-penny
wrought iron nail, or two six-penny nails driven into the posts so
as to cross each other near their heads. Braces can be put in to
support the end posts. The vines alternate, running first on the
lower and then on the third wire — the young shoots of each
alternate vine to be tied ui> to tlie second and fourth wires respec-
tively ; and the first two strong shoots at the base of the vine to

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 349

be grown six feet in length and then ripened for wood to fruit the
next j-ear. By this method I have from ten to twelve feet of old
wood and I intend to carr^' one pound of fruit for every foot of
old wood.

The young shoots must be pinched when they attain the length
wanted ; with me it is from seven to eight leaves, and when the
shoot strengthens enough it is tied as already said to the wire
above. Then as the laterals start they are kept pinched in to one
leaf ; this sends the sap into the first leaves that started and
increases their size ; and this is what is wanted, as it is the first
large leaves that I mainly rely on to ripen my crop.

I use the Acme harrow and hand-hoe enough to keep the weeds
down ; requiring more time some years than others. The exact
cost per acre I cannot give, as it is qarried on in connection with
my other work ; but as nearly as I can estimate the cost of
growing an acre of grapes with me is not far from $190. Then
there is quite an expense for repairs of posts, wires, baskets,
etc., etc., which cannot be less than $50 a year.

Last year fertilizers were applied to part of the vineyard.
This year there has been nothing of any kind applied.

Respectfully submitted by

G. B. ANDREWS.

Pearl Hill Farm.

Statement of Arthur J. Bigelow.

Marlboro', August 9, 1886.
John G. Barker, Chairman of the Committee on Gardens, Massa-
chusetts Horticultural Society : —
Dear Sir :

In compliance with your request for the manner of cultivating
my vineyard, I offer the following :

The vineyard occupies about an acre and a half of land having
a- southerly exposure, with an inclination of about fifteen degrees.
The soil is loam with a great number of cobble stones, and a hard,
gravell3' subsoil. It stands drought remarkably well. The ground
slopes so much that in some places planks set on edge and sup-
ported by stakes are used to prevent too much washing of the soil.

350 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

I have 700 Concord grape vines, planted in 1869, the vines being
then two 3'ears old. I gathered the first crop of fruit three years
after planting, and have harvested about three tons annually since.

Every vine has a separate trellis of its own. They are planted
at intervals of eight by ten feet apart. The vineyard for the
last six years has been manured with half a ton of Bay State
Superphosphate annually.

The labor of hoeing and summer pruning requires about twenty
days* work. The annual fall pruning is done in November, about
a week being required for the job.

I have fift}' Moore's Early vines, set seven years ago, and have
harvested a crop for the last four years. The fruit, taking one
year with another, is ripe for market the 10th of September.
The present season I marketed 250 pounds of clusters which on
an average weighed ten ounces each, but there were some that
weighed a pound and upwards. My opinion of the Moore's Early is
very favorable, and 1 inteud to plant more of it as soon as I can,
although the vines seem not so prolific as the Concord ; for, con-
sidering the earliness of the fruit, with its fine carrying qualities,
and the vigor and hardiness of the vine, I think it a very valu-
able variety.

I also have a few vines of the Delaware, Brighton, Clinton,
Isabella, and Wordeu. I do not think them profitable market vari-
eties, although excellent for family use. I have also a few vines
of the Hartford and Niagara ; those of the latter sort have not
come into bearing yet, and consequently 1 do not know what they
will prove. The Hartfords, from their extreme earliness, always
sell well, but should be picked as soon as ripe, for their staying
quality is very poor.

The peaches of which you speak were grown on trees set nine
years ago. The fourth year after planting, from an orchard of
350 trees I marketed 125 bushels; the sixth year after planting,
300 bushels ; but, with the exception of this season when we had
20 bushels, I have had no peaches since. With the cold winters
to which we are liable I consider the peach crop very uncertain in
this part of the country. I think the chances of success are better
where the trees are well headed in, removing one-half the new
growth of wood in October. No other crop should be allowed to
grow in the orchard. I think peaches are less liable to the yellows

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 351

on good strong land, but I notice some cases of it tliere. It is a
waste of time and money to try to grow peaches in a frosty loca-
tion.
I should be pleased to answer any other questions.

Yours,

ARTHUR J. BIGELOW.

In regard to certain points on which more particular information
was desired, Mr. Bigelow wrote as follows :

Dear Sir :

Your favor containing inquiries concerning trellises and training
of vines is received, and in reply I would make the following
statements :

First, the trellises are formed of two chestnut posts, set two
feet in the ground and five and a half feet above ; the distance
between the posts at the ground is four and a half feet. The tops
are joined by a chestnut strip four feet long, two inches wide, and
one inch thick. Beneath this there are four lengths of No. 16 wire,
the lowest twenty-six inches from the ground, and those above this
a foot apart ; the vines being set eight feet apart in rows, giving
three feet between each trellis and the next one. The posts for
the trellises are about four inches in diameter ; the wires are
fastened to them by staples.

Trellises made in this way with well seasoned posts will last
on my soil from eight to ten years, before the posts rot in the
ground. If the ends were charred, or any other preventive of
decay was used, I do not doubt that they would last much longer.
I prefer the above described trellises on account of the facility with
which the general cultivation, the pruning, and the harvesting can
be conducted. Although the cost of these trellises may be a trifle
more than those commonly in use, I think the greater ease with
which the vines can be managed will fully compensate for the extra
cost, and feel assured that one who has once used this method will
prefer it to any other.

iSecond, training and pruning is managed as follows :

During the spring and summer, each cane reserved for fruiting is
allowed to grow until it reaches its ninth bud — then its end is
pinched off ; which causes the extra growth to go to laterals, and
these are allowed to reach three buds in length. The cane is

352 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUBAL SOCIETY.

trained to the wires and tied witli tarred rope into nearly the form
it will oceiipv the succeeding year.

At each tall pruning all that year's growth, with the exception of
the next year's fruiting cane and two buds left for the following
3'ear's fruiting canes, is removed, two buds being left in case an ac-
cident should befall one of them. The cane is now trained to the
wires in the form it will have while bearing fruit, the end being
made fast to the third or fourth wire, according to shape of the
vine, by a piece of No. IG annealed wire four inches in length.
This piece of wire will perform the same office for several j'cars.
We prefer to have the cane go over the fourth wire ; then to be
turned downward, and fastened to the third.

AVe have noticed when the cane has been left straight or nearl}'
so that the sap rushes to the end, causing the buds there to break
first, the intermediate ones breaking later and producing weaker
shoots.

If our observations are correct, the more the cane is bent the more
uniformly the buds break ; that has been our experience at least ;
consequently we train our fruiting canes into the form of a hoop,
and are satisfied that our fruit ripens earlier and more evenly b}'
this method.

We leave two joints on the laterals and notice that the fruit is
as good from the second as the first, but can give no reason why
it should be so. This method of pruning works well with the Con-
cords and Moore's Early ; but we can not sa}' how it would be with
other varieties, as we make specialties of no others.

Both these gentlemen received your Committee in the most hos-
pitable manner. Mr. Andrews has a delightful location for his
vineyard ; and is doing all he can to make the culture of the grape
a success, and he had promise of a fine crop of fruit.

The excellent success attained by Mr. Bigelow is only addi-
tional evidence of what perseverance can do in utilizing what was
once an uni)rolitable piece of ground. His principal crop, the
Concord, was to be ranked among the best we ever saw ; the
foliage was very large, clean, and handsome, and the bunches of
fruit were superb. We think that the vines being placed singly
(each one having a separate trellis to itself), and also not being
planted as close as usual, and the excellent care bestowed upon
them, keeping the foliage in the healthiest possible condition, all

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 353

contributed largely to produce so fine a crop of fruit. The indi-
vidual bunches, taken all through the vineyard, were the best we
have seen. It is not often that John B. Moore is beaten, but here we
found the Moore's Early in the best state of cultivation that we have
thus far had the pleasure to witness, and bearing the largest bunches
and the best ripened fruit that we have ever seen and tasted ;
at this date (September 9) it was fully ripe. Your Committee,
with other invited guests fully competent to judge of the merits
of any fruit, will bear cheerful witness to the great value of this
grape as an early fruit, and that it continues to merit all that has
been said in praise of it.

The value of the Grape for general culture is acknowledged by
all cultivators. So improved by hybridization have been the best
varieties of this useful fruit that the interest in grape culture has
never been so great as at the present time. What fruit is so
universally enjoyed by everybody as the grape ? And now that it
is so largely' grown, and sold at such moderate prices — when three
pounds can be purchased for twenty-five cents — who is there even
among the poorest that cannot get a taste of them. And whether
borne on the single vine grown over the trellis in your back yard,
on the few vines against the board fence, or on stakes, or in larger
quantities by the marketman for commercial purposes — no fruit
is more welcome than the grape ; and who of us is not glad that
we can buy so cheap that the grape can always accompany the
pear in our dessert?

In an article in the "North American Review "of April, 1865, on
grape culture, we read that ' ' no branch of horticulture has at-
tracted greater attention among us of late years than vine grow-
ing ; and the culture of grapes, both for wine making and for sale in
the market, is becoming, even in New England, an important branch
of popular labor." These remarks are followed by a very elaborate
discussion of the vine and its culture, varieties, and hybridization,
and the profits of the business ; in which it is claimed that the
cultivation of the vine yields larger and more certain returns than
that of anything else that can be grown in New England, tobacco
alone excepted. It is further claimed that "eight tons of Concord
grapes have been raised on an acre in Massachusetts, and that six
tons is an average crop from vines five or six years old ; and Mr.
Bull says that an acre of vines four years old will give the cultivator

354 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

fourteen thousand pounds." Wine making is then discussed, and
the writer says " we hardly dare to look forward to the time when
the vine shall cover the bleak and barren hills of New England —
but we do see close at hand the day when broad vineyards will be
planted to supply with their luscious fruit the markets of our cities
and great towns, and when rows of well chosen and well trained
vines will be as common an appendage to everj' decent garden
as a line of currant bushes is now."

The l)arren hills are not all covered, but a good many are, and
we think that the writer of the article from which we have quoted
(the late lamented John M.Merrick, Jr.) would have been surprised
if he could have been spared to witness what your Committee
have seen in the past few years. We think he would be convinced
that, in view of the remarkable progress already made, we are
surely in a fair way to cover them. Many an unproductive hill,
if not made to blossom as the rose, has been made to yield lus-
cious fruit ; and where no return ever came, now a handsome
profit is the yearly result.

We believe that the culture of the grape is yet in its infancj^
and — to use the words of the writer already referred to — we wish
we could say, in persuasive accents, to every one who owns a rod
of land, " Plant a good vine, tend it and care for it, and you will
have your reward."

The Committee have awarded the following prizes :

To Arthur J. Bigelow, Marlboro, the first prize for the best
vineyard, $30.00.

To George B. Andrews, Fitchbui'g, the prize for the second
best vineyard, $20.00.

All of which is respectfully submitted.

John G. Baukek,
E. W. Wood,

Jos. H. WOODI'OUI),

C. N. Bkackett, ) Committee.
Benj. G. Smith,
Henuy W. Wilson,
Charles W. Ross.

BEPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION AND DISCUSSION,

FOR THE YEAR 1886.

In submitting this report to the Society, we are gratified to note
that the publications of the year are of increased size and inter-
est, and well calculated to promote the diffusion of horticultural
knowledge ; and we concur with entire unanimity in the con-
clusion that this year has been one of relative superiority and
increased success in this department of work. Through the un-
tiring labors of the Secretary and his assistant, the Transactions
for the year have appeared in print and been placed in the hands
of members and also forwarded to other societies of kindred in-
terests, with commendable promptness.

During the winter months the meetings for discussion have been
well attended, and the weekly bulletins of the Society, containing
abstracts of the essays and discussions, have been extensivel}' cir-
culated and read.

The series of essays has embraced a wide range of subjects, not
only adapted to interest and instruct the members of the Society,
but tending to build up and elevate the happiness of domestic and
rural life.

The discussions following the essays, perhaps, have not fully met
the expectations of your Committee, but this may possibly be
attributed to the fact that the essays were elaborate papers, treat-
ing of large subjects, and requiring more thought and considera-
tion than the limited time would permit. But it may be fairly
stated that the meetings constituted a series of well defined steps
in progress, and when considered as a whole we may feel well en-
couraged with the manifest result.

356 MASSACHUSETTS nORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Committee desire to express their most cordial thanks and
esteem to the hidy and the gentlemen who have so kindly and gener-
ously coutrihuted, by their essays and discussions, to the success
and progress of the Society during the year now closing.

The Committee having been again charged with the dut}' of
awarding the prizes offered for the best reports of the committees
to award prizes for horticultural products, recommend the follow-
ing awards :

The First Prize of 810 to E. W. Wood, for the Report of the
Committee on Fruits.

The Second Prize of $8, to Charles N. Brackett, for the Report
of the Committee on Vegetables.

The Third Prize of $6, to Joseph H. Woodford, for the Report
of the Committee on Plants and Flowers.

0. B. Hadwen,

Francis H. Appleton, \- Committee.

William H. Hunt,

BEPORT

COMMITTEE ON THE LIBRARY,

FOR THE YE3AR 1880,

The affairs of our Library run so much in the same channels
from year to j'ear that the Report of this Committee can have
little of novelty. We report this year, as usual, that the income
of the Stickney Fund has been expended in accordance with the
conditions imposed by the giver and that the Society's appropria-
tion has gone for periodicals and binding. The amount granted
for continuing the Catalogue of Plates will have been expended by
the end of the present month ; the progress of the work has been
as great as could be expected for the sum allowed.

In accordance with the practice which has prevailed for several
years, our first care has been to procure as many works upon prac-
tical details of culture as possible, and, next, to buy the best
illustrated works to be had, preferring always colored plates when
such could be had, for a glance at a good figure is of more value
to one who wishes to know the appearance of a plant, than the
most careful description, which, to be of value, must be in tech-
nical language. Among the most noteworthy of this class of
books, not only for the excellence of the plates but for the great
interest of the subject, are the two serials devoted to orchids, the
Orchid Album and Lindenia ; which have been regularly received
throughout the year.

• Mr. Maw's monograph of the genus Crocus, and Antoine's
serial work on the Bromeliacefe, though dealing with subjects of
no commercial importance, will be welcomed by many ; as will also
be the many smaller manuals upon special subjects, such as those
upon cacti, primroses, clematis, carnations and fuschias.
9

358 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The number of pamphlets received this year b}' purchase and
otherwise has been ver}- large, and includes many of great interest
and value ; those on forestry have been surprisingly numerous.

The Committee would particularl}- mention, among other dona-
tions to the Librar}', the bequest of Mrs. Ellen A. Cooke (widow of
Henry C. Cooke, who was a member of the Society) of her library
of horticultural works. Besides those mentioned in the list of
library accessions, the bequest comprised a large number of dupli-
cates of books already in the librar}', which it is not necessary to
enumerate.

In the first part of the year the condition of the collection of
ferns presented by Mr. Davenport was discussed and a report has
been drawn up in reference to it bj' Mr. Humphrey, which, having
been adopted b^^ this Committee, is here given : —

To the President and Members of the Massachusetts Ilorticid-
tural Society.

Gentlemen :

The Library Committee desires to call your attention to the val-
uable herbarium of North American Ferns, the gift of Mr. George
E. Davenport to the Society.

When presented in 1875 it contained one hundred and sixteen
species and many varieties, there being credited as growing north
of Mexico at that time one hundred and thirty-one species and
twenty-five varieties.

At the present time there are known in those limits thirty-two
genera comprising one hundred and sixty-five species and twenty-
four varieties, recognizing as varieties onh' such forms as appear
to be permanent. The herbarium is now complete, as it contains
specimens of all the ferns included in the above-mentioned genera,
species, and varieties ; embracing seven hundred sheets and about
twenty-five hundred specimens, each species and variet}' being
represented by numerous fronds, showing its various stages of
growth as well as its range of distribution.

The herbarium is especially rich in Botrychia, that genus being
represented by nearly four hundred specimens in an iiniumerable
variety of forms.

The Asplenia, Aspidia, and Cheilanthes are also extensively
represented ; the last, especially, showing probably the largest
collection of some species to be found in any herbarium, including

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 359

Clieilantlies Parishii, a fern which has never been collected but
once and of which only three or four specimens are known to
exist.

The market value of this collection may be safely estimated
at three hundred and fift}' dollars, while the value of the donor's
time, expended in ai ranging and adding to it during the last ten
years, is inestimable. His work has been entirely a labor of love,
without thought of compensation, and has produced an herbarium
superior in its specialty to any other in this country, as many
noted botanists who have examined it have testified.

The collection also includes numerous and valuable autograph
letters from the prominent botanists of the country, including Pro-
fessor Asa Gray, Professor Daniel C. Eaton, Dr. A. W. Chapman
and others, upon matters of especial importance to botanists.
Mr. Davenport has printed, at his own expense, a catalogue of the
herbarium, which is of great assistance in the examination of
specimens.

The Committee, therefore, in view of the foregoing facts, and
believing the herbarium to be of great value to botanists, students,
and the public, and to reflect much credit upon the Society which
possesses it, respectfully and earnestly requests that the Silver
Medal of the Society be conferred upon Mr. George E. Davenport
in recognition of the service he has thus rendered.

For the Committee,

W. E. ENDICOTT, Chairman.

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS.
Books Purchased.

Millspaugli, Charles F., M. D. American Medicinal Plants; an illustrated

and descriptive guide to tlie American Plants used as Homceoputhic

Remedies. Fascicles 1-5. 4to. 150 colored plates. New York and

Philadelphia: 1884-1886.
Lloyd, J. W. and G. C. Drugs and Medicines of North America. Vol. 1

and Parts 1 and 2 of Vol. 2. Royal 8vo. 34 plates and 129 wood-cuts.

Cincinnati : 1884.
Oyster, Dr. J. H. Catalogue of Phtenogamous and Vascular Cryptogamous

Plants of North America (exclusive of Mexico). 8vo. pamphlet.

Paola, Kansas : 1885.

360 MASSACHUSETTS nORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Arthur, J. C. Contributions to the Flora of Iowa. A Catalogue of the

Ph:rnoganiou9 Phints, Nos. 1-6. 6 pamphlets, 8vo. Various

dates and imprints. [From the Proceedings of the Davenport

Academy of Natural Sciences.]
Coulter, John M., Ph. D., etc. Manual of the Botany (Phaenogamia and

Pteridophyta) of the Eocky Mountain Region, from New Mexico to

the British Boundary. 8vo. New York and Chicago : 1885.
Hemsley, W. B. Biologia Centrali-Americana. Parts 20 and 21. Decern

ber 1885, and February 1886, in continuation. 4to. Plates 101-109.
Miquel, F. A. Guil. Stirpes Surinamenses Sclectaj. 4to. 65 plates. Leyden :

1850.
Martius, C. F. P. de. Flora Brasiliensis. Fasciculi 94, 95, and 96, in con-
tinuation. Folio. Plates.
Vos, Andr6 de. Flore Complete de la Belgique. 12mo. Mons : 1885.
Reichenbach, H. et H. G. (fils). Icones Florte Germanicffi et Helvetica.

Tom. 22, Decas 17-22, in continuation. 4to. 60 colored plates.

Leipsic.
Schlechtendahl, Dr. D. F. L. von, Dr. L. E. Langethal, und Dr. Ernst Schenk.

Flora von Deutschland. Lieferungen 128-191, in continuation.

Small 8vo. Many colored plates. Gera Untermhaus : 1886.
Willkomm, Maurice. lUustrationes Floras Hispanic insularuniqueBalearium.

Livraison 11, in continuation. 4to. 9 colored plates. Stuttgart

1886.
Allione, Carlo. Flora Pedeuiontana, sive enumeratio methodica stirpium

indigenarum Pedeniontii. 3 vols. Folio. 92 plates. Turin: 1785.
Cesati, Passerini, e Gibelli. Compendio della Flora Ituliana. Fascicoli33 ^

84 ; tavole 93-100, completing the work. Large 8yo. Milan, etc. :

1886.
Barbey, William. Flora; Sardore Compendium : Catalogue raisonn6 des

v6getaux ob»erv68 dans I'ile de Sardoigne. Avec supplement par

MM. P. Ascherson et E. Levier. 4to. 7 plates and a photograph

of Prof. Giuseppe Giacinto Moris. Lausanne : 1884.
Desfontaines, Kenato. Flora Atlantica, sive hisloria plantaruni qua.' in

Atlante, agro Tunetano et Algeriensi crescunt. Text, 2 vols, in 1.

261 plates, 2 vols, in 1. 4to. Paris: anno VIII [1794].
Kegel, E. Descriptiones Plantarura Novarura Kariorumque a CI. Olga

Fedstchenko in Turkestanianec non in Kokania lectarum. Tom. 3.

Fasc. 18. 4to. Moscow and Berlin : 1882.
Oliver, Daniel, F. U. S., F. L. S., etc. First book of Indian Botany. New

Edition. 16nio. 242 wood-cuts. London : 1881.
Hooker, Sir J. D., C. B., K. C. S. I., etc. The Flora of British India.

Vol. 4, in continuation. Asclepiadeai to Amarantacea'. 8vo.

London: 1885.
FiddingtoD, H. An English Index to the Plants of India. 8vo. Calcutta :

1832.
Dalzell, Nicholas A., and Alexander Gibson, F. L. S. The Bombay Flora;

Indigenous, or introduced and naturalized. 8vo. Bombay: 1861.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 361

Miquel, F. A. W. Flora Indise Batavae. 3 vols, in 4. 8vo. 41 plates.
Amsterdam, Utrecht, and Leipsic : 1855-1859.

Burman, Johannes, Professor, etc. Thesaurus Zeylanicus, exhibens plantas
in insula Zeylana nascentes ; inter quas plurimse novae species et
genera inveniuntur. 2 vols. 4to. Vol. 1, text. Vol. 2, 110 plates.
Amsterdam : 1737.

Brovrn, Kobert. Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandi^ et Insulse Van-Diemen,
etc. Vol. 1. 8vo. London: 1810. Folio atlas, 15 plates, by
Ferdinand Bauer. London : 1813.

Sinclair, Mrs. Francis, Jr. Indigenous Flowers of the Hawaiian Islands.
Folio. 44 plates. London: 1885.

Gaudichaud-Beaupre, M. Charles. Botanique du Voyage autour du Monde,
fait par ordre du Roi, sur les corvettes de S. M. I'Uranie etlaPhysi-
cienne, pendant les ann6es 1817, 1818, 1819, et 1820; par M. Louis
de Freycinet. 4to., with folio atlas of 120 plates. Paris- 1826.

Klotzsch, Dr. Fr., und Dr. Aug. Garcke. Die Botanischen Ergebnisse der
Reise seiner Konigl. Hoheit des Prinzen Waidemar von Preussen,
in den Jahren 1845 und 1846. Folio. 100 plates. Berlin: 1862.

Thompson, Sir C. Wyville, Knt., F. R. S., etc. Report on the Scientific
Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, during the years
1873-76. Botany. Vol. 1. Large 4to. 65 plates. London, Edin-
burgh, and Dublin : 1885.

Johnston, H. "W., F. Z. S., F. R. G. S. The Kilima-njaro Expedition. 8vo.
6 maps and over 80 illustrations by the Author. London : 1886.

Lavallee, Alphonse. Les Clematites a grandes fleurs. Description et icono-
graphie des especes cultivees dans I'arboretum de Segrez. Folio.
24 plates. Paris : 1883.

Kuntz, Dr. Otto. Monographic der Gattung Clematis. [Separatahzug aus
den Verhandlungen des Botanischen Vereins der Provinz Branden-
burg. XXVI.] 8vo. pamphlet. Berlin : 1885.

Weddell, M. H-A., M. D. Histoire Naturelle des Quinquinas. Large folio.
34 plates. Paris : 1849.

Howard, John Eliot, F. R. S., etc. Illustrations of the Nueva Quinologia of
Pavon. Large folio. 27 colored plates. London : 1862.

Howard, John Elliot, F. R. S., etc. The Quinology of the East Indian
Plantations. Folio. 18 plates, mostly colored, and two photographs.
London: 1869-1876.'

Triana, J., Botaniste de la Commission Chorographique des Etats-Unis de
la Colombie (Nouvelle Grenade), etc. Nouvelles Etudes sur les
Quinquinas, accompagnees de fac-simile des dessins de la Quinologie
de Mutis. Folio. 33 plates. Paris : 1870.

•Warner, Williams, and Moore's Orchid Album, Vol. 5, Parts 53-60 ; Vol,
6, Parts 61-65, in continuation. 4to. Colored plates. London:
1885, 1886.

Williams, Benjamin Samuel, F. L. S., etc. The Orchid Grower's Manual :
containing descriptions of the best species and varieties of Orchida-
ceous Plants. 6th edition, enlarged and revised. Many wood-cuts.
12mo. London: 1885.

362 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Linden, J., Dirccteur; Ki'dactciirs-cn-chef, Lucicn Linden ct I^niile Hodigas.
Lindcnia : Iconographie des Orcliidoes. Vol. 1, Livraisons 2-12.
Vol. 2, Livraisons 1-4. Folio. Colored plates. Ghent, 1885,
188G.

Lindley, John. Folia Orchidacca, Part 9; completing all jjublished of the
work. 8vo. ])aiiiplilet. London: 185*.).

Antoine, Franz K. K. Hofgartcn-Director. Phyto-Iconographia dcr Brom-
eliaceen des Kaiserliciien Konigliclien IIof-burg-Gartens in Wien.
Ilefcen 1-7, 4to, with large folio atlas of 35 plates. Vienna : 1884.

Forster, Carl Friedrich, und Theodor liiinipler. Ilandbuch der Cacteen-
kunde. Erster Band (16 Lieferungen). Durcli die Seit 184G
begrundeten Gattungen und neu eingefiihrten Arten vermehrt.
8vo. 140 wood-cuts. Leipzig: 1886.

Naudin, Carolus. Melastoniacearum, quae in Musaeo Parisiensi continentur,
monographicas descriptionis tentamen. 8vo. 27 plates. Paris •
1840-1853. [Extracted from Annales des Sciences Naturelles, vols.
XII-XVIII].

Willdenow, Carolus Ludovicus. Historia Amaranthorum. Folio. 12 colored
plates. Zurich: 1790.

Gray, Asa, M.D. Note on the Genus Graphephorum. 4to. pamphlet, pp. 55-57.
[Annals of the Botanical Society of Canada, June 30, 1861.]

. Characters of some new genera of plants, mostly from

Polynesia, in the collection of the U. S. Exploring Expedition under
Captain Wilkes. 8vo. pamphlet. [Proceedings of the American
Academy of Arts and Sciences. Vol. 3, Cambridge, 1853.]

. Botanical Contributions, extracted from the Proceedings

of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. 5, and bearing
date Jan. 1, 1861. 1. — Charactery of some Composita; in the Collec-
tion of the United States South Pacific Exploring Expedition under
Captain Wilkes, with Observations, etc. pp. 115-146. 2. — Notes
on Lobeliaceaj, Goodcniacea;, etc. of the Collection of tlie U.S. South
Pacific Exploring Exhibition, pp. 146-152. 3. — Enumeration of
a collection of Dried Plants made by L. J. Xantus, at Cape San
Lucas, etc., in Lower California, between August 1859 and Feb-
ruary 1860, and comnmnicated to the Smithsonian Institution, pp.
153-173. 4. — A Cursory Examination of a Collection of Dried
Plants, made by L. C. Ervendberg, around Wartenherg, near
Tantoyuca, in the ancient I'rovince lluasteca, Mexico, in 1858 and
1859. pp. 174-190. 6. — Note on the Genus Grajjliephorum, Dcsv.,
and its Synonymy, pp. 190-191. 8vo. pamphlet. January, 1861.

. Botanical Contributions, extracted from the Proceedings of

the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. 5, Nov. 13, 1861.
1. — Notes upon a Portion of Dr. Seemann's recent Collection of
Dried Plants gathered in the Feejce Islands. pp. 314-321.
2. — Characters of New or Obscure Species of Rlonopetalous
Orders in the CoUeclion of the United States South Pacific Explor-
ing Expedition under Captain Charles Wilkes, U. S. N., with occas-
ional Bemarks, etc. pp. 321-352. 8vo. pamphlet. January, 1862.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 363

Gray, Asa, M. D. 1. — Cliaracters of some New or Obscure Species of
Plants, of Monopetalous Orders, in the Collection of the U.S. South
Pacific Exploring Expedition under Captain Charles Wilkes, U.S.N.,
with various Notes __and Remarks. (Continued from Vol. 5, p. 352,
November, 1861). pp. 37-55. 2. — Additional Note on the Genus
Rhytidandra. pp. 55-56. 3. — Synopsis of the Genus Pentstemon.
pp. 56-76. 4. — Revision of the North American Species of the
Genus Calamagrostis, Sect. Deyeuxia. pp. 77-80. 8vo. pamphlet.
[Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,
October 14, 1862.]

. Botanical Contributions, extracted from the Proceedings

of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. 6. On Strep-
tanthus, and the Plants which have been referred to that Genus,
pp. 182-188. Revision of the North American Species of Astragalus
and Oxytropis. pp. 188-236. Read November 11, 1863. 8vo.
pamphlet. Issued January, 18G4.

. Botanical Contributions, extracted from the Proceed-

ings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Vol. 11.
V. Miscellaneous Botanical Contributions [relating mainly to
California botany]. Presented October 12, 1875. 8vo. pamphlet,
pp. 71-104. Issued January 5, 1876.
. Characters of some New Genera and Species of Nyctagin-

acese, principally collected in Texas and New Mexico ; and on the
discovery of two species of Trichomanes in the State of Alabama.
[Extracted from the American Journal of Science and Arts,
Vol. 15, 2d Series, 1853.] 8vo. pamphlet. New Haven, 1853.
. Note on the Genus Buckleya. 8vo. pamphlet, 3 pp.

[American Journal of Science and Arts, Vol. 18, July, 1854.]
. Notes upon some Rubiacea collected in the U. S. South

Sea Exploring Expedition under Captain Wilkes, with Characters
of New Species, etc. 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 1-16, only.

Nees von Esenbeck, Th. Fr. L., Professor, etc. Plantae officinales oder
Sammlung offizineller Pflanzen. Mit lithographirten Abbildungen
von A. Henry, und Beschreibungen von M. F. Weihe, J. W. Wolte,
und P. W. Funke. 5 vols, folio. 552 colored plates. Dussel-
dorf: 1821-1833.

Goodale, George Lincoln, A. M.,M. D. Physiological Botany. I. Outlines
of the Histology of Phsenogamous Plants ; II. Vegetable Phys-
iology. Forming Vol. 2 of Gray's Botanical Text Book, 6th edition.
8vo. 214 wood-cuts. New York and Chicago, 1885.

Dodelport, Dr. Arnold, and Carolina. Anatomical and Physiological Atlas
of Botany. Part 7, with six colored plates, 26 by 36 inches, and
16mo. English Translation of Handbook. Edinburgh : 1883.

Botanical and Physiological Memoirs. I. The Phenomena of Rejuve-
nescence in Nature, by Dr. A. Braun. II. On the Animal Nature of
the Diatomea;, by Professor G. Meneghini. III. An Abstract of
the Natural History of Protococcus Pluvialis, by Dr. Ferdinand

364 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Cohn. Edited by Arthur Ilenfrey, F. K. S., utc. 8vo. London:

1853. Printed for tlie Ray Society.
Hales, Stephen, D. D., F. R. S. Statical Essays; or an account of some

statical experiments on tlie Sap in Vegetables. 2 vols. 8vo, Plates.

London: 1738, 1740.
Mirbel, C. F. (surnoninid Brisseau). fil^mens de Phyeiologie V6g6talc

et de Botanique. 2 vols, text and one vol. of 72 plates. 8vo.

Paris: 1816.
. Trait6 d' Anatoraie et de Physiologie V6g6tale. 2

vols. 8vo. 16 plates. Paris: an X [1796].
Vines, Sidney Howard, F. R. S., etc., etc. Lectures on the Physiology of

Plants. 8vo. 76 wood cuts. London, Cambridge, and Leipsic :

1886.
Edgeworth, M. Pakenhani, F. L. S., F. A. S. Pollen. 2d edition, 8vo. ;

revised and corrected. 24 plates containing 438 figures. London :

1879.
Allen, Grant. Flowers and their Pedigrees. 2d edition. Small 8vo. 54

wood-cuts. London : 1886.
Lubbock, Sir John, F. R. S., etc. Flowers, Fruits, and Leaves. 8vo.

95 wood-cuts. London : 1886.
Macaire, Professor (of Geneva). On the Direction assumed by Plants.

[Read before the Royal Society June 17, 1847.] 4to. pamphlet.

London: 1848.
Hehn, Victor. The Wanderings of Plants and Animals from their First

Home. Edited by James Steven Stallybrass. 8vo. London: 1885.
Hooker, Joseph Dalton. Icones Plantarum. Third Series. Vols. 4 and

5. 8vo. Plates 1301-1500. London : 1880-1885.
Twining, Elizabeth. Hlustrations of the Natural Orders of Plants. 2 vols.

Large 8vo. 160 colored plates. [Reduced from the original folio

edition.] London: 1868.
Hulme, F. Edward, F. L. S., F. S. A. Familiar Wild Flowers. Third

series. Small 8vo. 40 colored plates. London, Paris, and New

York. n. d.
Baillon, H. The Natural History of Plants. Translated from the French.

Vols. 3-7, in continuation. Royal 8vo. Many wood-cuts. London :

1874-1881.
. Histoire des Plants. Monographie des Campanulac^es, etc.,

completing vol. 8. Monographie des Aristolochiac^^es, etc., com-
mencing vol. !). Royal 8vo. Many wood cuts. Paris : 1886.
Henfrey, Arthur, F. L. S., etc. The Botanical Gazette: a Journal of the

Progress of British Botany and the Contemporary Literature of the

Science. 3 vols, in one. 8vo. Plate. London: 1849-51.
Bower, F. O., M. A., F. L. S;, etc., and Sydney H. Vines, F. L. S., etc.

A Course of Practical Instruction in Botany, witli a preface by W.

T. Thiselton Dyer. Part I. Phanerogama3-Pteridophyta. Small

8vo. London : 1885.

KEPOET OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 365

Poiret, J. L. M. Le^'ons de Flore. Cours complet de Botanique, suive
d'une iconographie vegetale en 51 planches, coloriees, par P. J.
F. Turpin. 4 vols. 8vo. Paris : 1819-1820.

Linnean Society of London. Transactions. 2d series. Botany. Vol. 2.
Parts 2-8. Plates 7-26. 4to. London: 1882-1884.

, Journal. No. 140, completing Vol. 21 ; Nos. 141-

147, parts of Vol. 22. Nos. 150 and 151, parts of Vol. 23. 8vo.
London : 1885, 1886.

Flore des Jardins du Royaume des Pays-Bas ; et histoire des plantes cultiv6es
et ornamentales les plus int6ressantes des possessions Neerlandaises
aux Indes Orientales, en Amerique, et du Japan. Publiee par la
Societe Royale d' Horticulture des Pays-Bas. Redigee par MM. Fr.
de Siebold et W. H. de Vriese. 5 vols. Royal 8vo. 69 plates.
Leyden : 1858-1862.

Harrison, Joseph. The Gardener's and Forester's Record. June, 1833-
May, 1836. 3 vols. 8vo. Many colored plates. London.

Rennie, James, M. A., Editor. The Magazine of Botany and Gardening,
British and Foreign, etc. 2 vols, in 1, 4to. 64 colored plates.
London : 1833, 1834. Also second series, edited by James Burnett,
M. A. 2 vols, in 1, 4to. 64 colored plates. London, 1835, 1836.

Nicholson, George. The Illustrated Dictionary of Gardening; a practical
and scientific encyclopaedia of Horticulture, for gardeners and bot-
anists. Vol. 1 (A to E). 4to. Many wood-cuts. New York :
1885.

Fish, D. T., Editor. Cassell's Popular Gardening. 4 vols. Square 8vo.
Many wood-cuts. London, Paris, and New York : n. d.

McDonald, Alexander. Complete Dictionary of Practical Gardening. 2
vols. 4to. 73 plates. London : 1807.

Targioni-Tozzetti, Dott. Antonio. Raccolta di Fiori, Frutti, ed Agrumi, per
r adornamento dei giardini : disegnati al naturale da vari artisti.
Folio. 42 colored plates. Florence : 1825.

Bridgman, Thomas. The Young Gardener's Assistant. 8vo. Portrait.
New York: 1857.

Dunster, Henry P. , M. A. How to Make the Land Pay; or Profitable
Industries connected with the land and suited to all occupations,
large and small. Small 8vo. London : 1885.

Harris, Joseph, M. S. Gardening for Young and Old. 12mo. 46 wood-
cuts. New York : 1883.

Hibbard, Shirley. The Garden Oracle Annual. For the years 1882-1886.
5 vols. Small 8vo. London.

Long, Elias A. Ornamental Gardening for Americans. 12mo. 138 wood-
cuts. New York : 1885.

MoUison, Jolin R. The New Practical Window Gardener. Colored plates
and wood-cuts. Small 8vo, London : 1877.

Hibberd, Shirley. Familiar Garden Flowers. Figured by F. Edward
Hulrae, F. L. S., F. S. A. Second series. Small 8vo. 40 colored
plates. London, Paris, and New York. n. d.

366 MASSACHUSETTS IIORTICDLTDRAL SOCIETY.

Oosten, Henry Van. Tlic Dutch Gardener, or the Complete Florist. Con-
taining the most successful method of cultivating Flowers, Trees,
etc. Small 8vo. London: 1703.

Gushing, J. The Exotic Gardener. Third edition. 8vo. London : 1822.

Sheehan, James. Your Plants. Plain and practical directions for the treat-
ment of tender and hardy plants in the house and in the garden.
12mo. New York : 1885.

D'Ombrain, H. Honywood, editor. The Kosarian's Year-Book, for 188G.
Square 12mo. Photograph and wood-cuts. London: 188G.

Dodwell, E. S. The Carnation and Picotee ; its History, Properties, and
Management ; with a descriptive list of the best varieties. Essays and
papers, collected and revised. Small 8vo. Wood-cuts. London
and Derby : 188G.

Des Jacintes, de leur anatomie, reproduction, et culture. Catalogue des
Jacintes connues en 17G7, etc. 4to. 10 plates. Amsterdam : 17G8.

Castle, Lewis. Cactaceous Plants, their History and Culture. Small 8vo.
15 wood-cuts. London : 1884.

. Orchids ; a review of their Structure and History. Small

8vo. pamphlet. 13 wood-cuts. London: 1S8G.

Payne, C. Harmon. A short history of the Chrysanthemum. [Reprinted from
the "Journal of Horticulture."] 8vo. pamphlet. London: 1885.

" Pliilanthos." Primroses, Cowslips, Polyanthuses, and Oxlips. Small 8vo.
pamphlet. 6 wood-cuts. London : 1874.

Knight, Joseph, F. H. S. On the Cultivation of Proteea;. 4to. Colored
plate. London : 1809.

Fruit Recorder and Cottage Gardener. 4to. monthly. For the years 1871-
73, 1875-77, 1879-83. [Towards completing the set.] Eleven vol-
umes. Palmyra: 1871-1873, and Rochester: 1875-1883.

Gregg, Thomas. A Handbook of Fruit Culture. Many wood-cuts. 12mo.
New York : 1880.

Mas, A. Pomologie Generale. 12 vols. Large Svo. Many outlines of
Fruits. Bourg and Paris : 1873-1884.

Pearson, G. R. Vine Culture under Glass. Revised and edited by C. E.
Pearson. 5th edition. 6 wood-cuts. IGmo. Nottingham, England ;
1885.

Stoltz, M. J. L. Ampelograpliic Rhenane ; description des cepages le plus
estimi's dans la vallee du Rhin, etc. 32 colored plates. 4to. Paris
and Muihousc : 1852.

Thurber, Francis li. CoHee, from Plantation to Cup. 8vo. Wood-cuts.
New York: 1881.

MM. Vilmorin-Andrieux. The Vegetable Garden; Hlustrations, Descrip-
tions, and Culture of the Garden Vegetables of cold and temperate
climates. English edition. Svo. London : 1885.

Hridgeman, Thomas. The Kitchen Gardener's Instructor. New edition.
Small 8vo. New York : 1858.

Barnes, James, and William Kol)inson, F. L. S. Asparagus Culture. With
translation of Mr. Le Bauf's Essay on Asparagus, etc. Small Svo.
Woodcuts. Lontlon and New York : n. d.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 367

Hibberd, Shirley. Home Culture of the Water-Cress. Square 8vo. Lon-
don : 1878.

Kellogg, Dr. A. Forest Trees of California [appended to the State Mineral-
ogist's Report, Author's edition]. Svo. pamphlet, n. d.

Brown, J. E., F. L. S., etc. Forest Flora of South Australia. Parts 1-5.
Large folio. 20 colored plates. Adelaide, South Australia: 1882.
[Still publishing.]

Guimpel — Willdenow — Hayne. Abbildung der deutschen Ilolzarten fiir
Forstmanner und Liebhabe der Botanik ; herausgegeben von Fried-
rich Guimpel, academischen Kunstler ; entworfen und beschreiben
von Carl Ludwig Willdenow ; in letztrer Kiicksicht fortgesetzt von
Friedrich Gottlob Hayne. 2 vols. 4to. 216 colored plates. Ber-
lin : 1815 and 1820.

Brandis, Dietrich, Ph. D. Illustrations of the Forest Flora of Northwest
and Central India. Commenced by the late J. Lindsay Stewart,
M. D. ; continued and completed by Dr. Brandis. 4to. atlas. 70
plates, drawn by Walter Fitch, F. L. S. London : 1874.

Book of Trees, The. Descriptive of the Principal Timber Trees, and the
larger species of Palms. 16mo. Many wood-cuts. London : 1837.

Iloeter, F. Le Monde du Bois. Plantes et Animaux. Large 8vo. Many
plates and wood-cuts. Paris : 1868.

Moody, S. The Palm Tree. Small 8vo. Colored plates. London : 1864.

Anderson, N. J. Monographia Salicum [Bandet 6, No. 1, Kongl. Svenska
Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handligar] Reg. Acad. Scientiarum pro-
posita die 14 Octob. 1863. 4to. 9 plates.

Duhamel du Monceau. De L' Exploitation des Bois, etc. 4to. 36 plates.
Paris: 1764.

Billington, William. Facts, Hints, Observations, and Experiments on Rais-
ing Young Plantations of Oaks ; also remarks on Fruit Trees. Svo.
Wood-cuts. London : 1825.

Monteath, Robert. Miscellaneous Papers on Woods and Plantations, etc.
Svo. Frontispiece and 1 plate. Dundee, Scotland : 1827.

Brown, J. Croumbie, LL. D., etc. French Forest Ordinance of 1669, with
historical sketch of previous treatment of Forests in France. Small
Svo. Edinburgh: 1883.

Royal Agricultural Society of England. Journal. 2d series. Vol. 22, Part
1, No. XLIII, April, 1886. 8vo. London.

Timehri, being the Journal of the Royal Agricultural and Commercial
Society of British Guiana. Vol. 1, Part 1, June, 1882. Svo.
Demarara. Edited by E. F. im Thurm, M. A.

Weston, R. Tracts on practical agriculture and gardening; to which is
added a Chronological Catalogue of English authors on Agriculture,
Botany, Gardening, etc. 2d edition. 8vo. London: 1773.

Crozier, William, and Peter Henderson. How the Farm Pays, etc. Svo.
Many wood-cuts. New York : 18S4.

Harlan, C, M. D. Farming with Green Manures on Plumgrove Farm.
2d edition, revised and enlarged. 12mo. Portrait. Philadelphia :
1883.

368 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUUAL SOCIETY.

Sutton, Martin J. Permanent and Temporary Pastures. With descriptions
of leading Natural Grasses and Clovers. Royal 8to. 23 colored
plates. London : 1886.

Fernald, C. H., A. M. The Grasses of Maine. 8vo. pamphlet, 42 plates.
Augusta : 1885.

Hartley, W. Sorgho, or Sugar Grass ; its introduction and cultivation in
England recommended. 8vo. pamphlet. Autograpliically printed.
Lisle: 1858.

Grant, E. B. Beet-root Sugar and Cultivation of the Beet. 12nio. Bos-
ton : 1867.

Leland, E. H. Farm Homes, Indoors and Out-doors. 12mo. II wood-cuts.
New York: 1882.

Donaldson, Professor, Designs of Improved Farm Buildings, adapted to
various sized farms. 4to. 70 plates. London: 1851.

Farm Conveniences; a practical handbook for the Farm. 12mo. 212
wood-cuts. New York : 1884.

Scott, John. Barn Implements and Machines. 12mo. 122 wood-cuts.
London : 1884.

. Agricultural Surveying. 12mo. 62 wood-cuts. London: 1884.

. Field Implements and Machines. 12mo. 138 wood-cuts. Lon-
don : 1884.

Bicknell, A. J. Village Builder and Supplement. Revised edition. Large
4to. 68 plates. New York : 1874.

Reed, S. B., architect. House-Plans for Everybody, etc. 5th edition. 12mo.
175 wood-cuts. New York : 1884.

. Cottage Houses ; with complete plans and specifica-
tions. 12mo. 107 wood-cuts. New York : 1884.

" E. V. B." Days and Hours in a Garden. Small 8vo. Boston : 1884.

Wilson, Miss Henrietta. The Chronicles of a Garden, etc. With memoir
by James Hamilton, D. D. 16mo. Wood-cuts. New York : 1864.

Morrcn, Charles. Fuchsia, ou Recueil d'observations de Botanique, d'Agri-
culture, d'Horticulture, et de Zoologie. 8vo. 12 plates. Brussels :
1849.

Maynard, C. J. The Butterflies of New England ; with original descriptions
of 106 species. 4to. 8 colored plates. Boston : 1886.

French, G. H., A, M., etc. The Butterflies of the Eastern United States.
l2mo. 93 wood-cuts. Philadelphia: 1886.

Fernald, Professor C. H. The Butterflies of Maine. 8vo. jjamphlet; 35
wood-cuts. Augusta: 1884.

Buckler, William. Larvae of the British Butterflies and Moths. Edited by
H. T. SUiinton, F. R. S. Vol. 1. The Butterflies. Printed for the
Ray Society. 8vo. 17 colored plates. London: 1886.

Soraucr, Dr. Paul. Handbuch der Pfhmzenkrankheiten. Fiir Landwirthe,
Gartner, Forstleute, und Botaniker. Zweite neubearbeitete auf-
lage. 2 vols. 8vo. 37 plates and 82 wood-cuts. Berlin: 1886.

Smitli, Worthington G., F. L. S., etc. Diseases of Field and Garden Crops,
chiefly such as are caused by Fungi. 16mo. 143 wood-cuts, drawn
and engraved by tiie Author. London : 1884.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 369

Grevillea. A monthly record [later quarterly] of Cryptogamic Botany and

its Literature. By M. C. Cooke, M. A., A. L. S., etc. 10 vols, in

5. 8vo. Many plates. London : 1872-1881. Also Nos. 57-73 in

continuation. 1882-1886.
Dozy, F., et als. Bryologica Javanica; seu descriptio Muscorum Frondo-

sorura Archipelagi Indici. 2 vols. 4to. 320 plates. Leyden :

1855-1870.
Bagnall, J. E., A. L. S., etc. Handbook of Mosses; with an account of

their structure, classification, geographical distribution, and habits.

Small 8vo. 39 wood-cuts. London : 1886.
Suringar, W. F. R. Algse Japonicse, Musei Botanici Lugduno-Batavi. 4to.

25 colored plates. Haarlem : 1870.
Lucand (Capitaine). Figures peintes de Champignons de la France (suites

a riconographie de Bulliard). Fasciculi 6 and 7, in continuation.

4to. 50 colored drawings. Autun : 1886.
Cooke, M. C. Illustrations of British Fungi. Nos. 37-42 in continuation.

8vo. Colored plates, 581-670. London : 1885, 1886.

Books etc. Received by Donation and Exchange.

Doyle, Martin. Field and Garden Plants. 16mo. Frontispiece. London :
n. d. Bequest of Mrs. Henry C. Cooke.

Bailey, Professor L. H., Jr. The Garden Fence ; a Lecture at the meeting of
the Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture at Franiingham,
December, 1885. 8vo. pamphlet. Boston: 1886. The Author.

Garfield, Charles W. State and Provincial Legislation in the interests of
Horticulture and Forestry. 8vo. pamphlet. 1886. The Author.

Fowler, A. B. Hints on the Heating of Greenhouses. 8vo. pamphlet.
Exeter, N. H. n. d. [1886?] William Burlingame.

Henderson, Peter. Practical Floriculture : for the amateur and professional
florist. New and enlarged edition. 12mo. 69 wood-cuts. New
York. n. d. Bequest of Mrs. Henry C. Cooke.

Vick, James. Portfolio of Rare and Beautiful Flowers ; from original
water-color sketches painted from nature. Folio. Six plates with
descriptive text. Rochester, N. Y. : 1886. The Publisher.

Hole, S. Reynolds. Book about Roses. Small square Svo. Fifth edition,
revised and enlarged. Edinburgh and London: 1874. Bequest of
Mrs. Henry C. Cooke.

Beard, Edward L. The Progress of Orchid Culture in America. Svo.
pamphlet. [Essay read before the Massachusetts Horticultural Soci-
ety, March 6, 1886.] The Author.

Purdy's Small Fruit Instructor. Svo. pamphlet. Many wood-cuts. Pal-
myra, N. Y. n. d. Bequest of Mrs. Henry C. Cooke.

Thompson, William. A Practical Treatise on the Cultivation of the Grape
Vine. 7th edition, enlarged. Svo. 8 wood-cuts. Edinburgh and
London : 1871. Bequest of Mrs. Henry C. Cooke.

370 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Nccdhain, G. F. Fi^' ('tiltiirt' at tlie Nortli a success. Second Paper. 8vo.
liainiililet. Wa.'^liiugtoii, 1). C. ii. d. Beqiu'st of Mrs. Henry C.
Cooke.

Koe, E. 1'. Manual on the Culture of Small Fruits. 8vo. pamphlet. New-
burgh, N. Y. : 1877. Bequest of Mrs. Henry C. Cooke.

Hills, William H. Small Fruits ; their propagation and cultivation, includ-
ing tlie Grape. Containing various practical directions. 8vo. 5G
wood-cuts. Boston : 1886. The Author.

Purdy's Fruit Recorder. 65 numbers, 4to. Palmyra, N. Y. Various dates,
1874-1884. Bequest of Mrs. Henry C. Cooke.

Massachusetts Fruit Preserving Company. Svo. pamphlet. Boston : 186G.
Bequest of Mrs. Henry C. Cooke.

Sturtevant, E. Lewis, M.D. Horticultural Botany. [Extract from the Pro-
ceedings of the Western New York Horticultural Society.] 8vo.
pp. 25-32. Tlie Author.

. History of Celery. [Extract from the American

Naturalist, July, 1886, pp. 599-606.] Svo. pamphlet. The Author.

Gray, Asa, M. D. Pertinacity and Predominance of Weeds. Svo. pam-
phlet. [From the American Journal of Science, September, 1879.]
Ciiarles S. Sargent.

Simonds, Arthur B., and others. Catalogue of the PliaMiogamous and Vas-
cular Cryptogamous Plants of Fitchburg and vicinity. Published
by the Fitchburg Agassiz Association. Svo. pamphlet. Fitchburg,
Mass. : 1885. The Authors.

Herbarium of Howard Shriver, at Wytheville, Wythe County, Virginia,
Catalogue of Plants in the. Svo. pamphlet. Philadelphia : 1884.
Charles S. Sargent.

Tracy, S. M. Flora of Missouri. [Appendix to the Report of the Missouri
State Horticultural Society for 1885.] Svo. pamphlet. The Society.

Trautvetter, E. R. a. Incrementa Flora> Phainogamea^ Rossicaj. Fascicle
2, being pages 297-576 of Vol. 8, Acta Tlorti Petropolitani. Large
Svo. pamphlet. St. Petersburg: 1883. Ciiarles S. Sargent.

Regcl, E. Descriptiones plantarum novarum et minus cognitarum. Fasci-
culi VI. and VIL 2 pamphlets. Large Svo. St. Petersburg : 1878.
Charles S. Sargent.

Maximowicz, C. Die ersten Botanischen Nachrichten iiber das Amurland.
Erste abtheilung, redigirt von akadeniiker Ruprecht. Large Svo.
pamphlet, pp. 407-442, 472-474. 1 plate. 1856. [Melanges
Biologiques, t. 2.] Charles S. Sargent.

Zuccarini, Dr. Jos. Gerh. Cactea;. [Plantarum novarum vel minus cogni-
tarum, quae in Ilorto Botanico llerbarioque Rogio Monaccnsi ser-
vantur, fasc. 3.] 4to. Four plates, n. d. Waldo (). Ross.

Ravenel, H. W., and Asa Gray. On the seemingly one-ranked leaves of
Baptisia Perfoliata. Svo. pamphlet, pp. 391-394. [Proceedings of
the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. 20.] Charles S.
Sargent.

Trumbull, J. Hammond, and Asa Gray. Notes on the iiistory of Helianthus

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 371

Tuberosus (Jervisalem Artichoke). Svo. paniplilct, pp. 347-352.
[American Journal of Science and Arts, Vol. 23, May, 1877.]
Charles S. Sargent.

Brongniart, Adolphe. Memoire sur un famille des Rhaninees. 4to. 6 plates.
Paris : 1826. Charles S. Sargent.

Davenport, George E. Fern Notes, IX. List of Ferns collected near Chi-
huahua, Mexico, by C. G. Pringle. 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 129-135,
plate 58. [From the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, August,
1866.] The Author.

Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History ; Bulletin. Vol. 2. Article 1 :
Descriptive Catalogue of the North American Hepaticfe, north of
Mexico. By Lucien M. Underwood, Ph. D. Article 2 : Descriptive
of New Illinois Fishes. By S. A. Forbes. Article 4 : On Insect
Diseases, by the same. 3 pamphlets, Svo. Peoria: 1884-1886.
Professor Forbes.

Allen, Charles L. The Sexual Relations of Plants. Svo. pamplilet. 8 wood-
cuts. [An Essay, read before the American Seed Trade Associa-
tion, June 9, 1885.]

Asa Gray. An account of his botanical services, by " C. S. S." [From
the "Sun" newspaper, of Januaiy 3, 188G.] 8vo. pamphlet.
Boston : 1886. Charles S. Sargent.

Gray, Asa. Memorials of George Engelmann and Oswald Heer. 8vo.
pamphlet, pp. 61-69. [From the American Journal of Science,
July, 1884.] Charles S. Sargent.

Montreal Botanic Garden. First Annual Report. Large 8vo. pamphlet.
Montreal : 1886. D. P. Penhallow, Director.

Penhallow, Professor D. P. Botanic Gardens. Large Svo. pamphlet,
pp. 21-32. Montreal : 1885. Charles S. Sargent.

Torrey Botanical Club, Bulletin of the. Edited by Elizabeth G. Britton and
F. J. H. Merrill. Volume for 1886. 12 numbers, Svo. 9 plates.
New York. The Club.

Edinburgh Botanical Society. Transactions and Proceedings. Vol. 15, Part
2. 16 plates. Vol. 16, Part 2. 2 pamphlets. Svo. Edinburgh :
1885, 1886. The Society.

Montreal Horticultural Society. Eleventh Annual Report ; for the year 1885.
Svo. pamphlet. Montreal: 1886. Professor D. P. Penhallow.

American Horticultural Society. Address at the Seventh Session, by Parker
Earle, President. Svo. pamphlet. Detroit: 1886. W. H. Ragan,
Secretary.

Newton Horticultural Society. Varieties of Pears recommended for cultiva-
tion in Newton, Mass. Svo. pamphlet. n. d. Bequest of Mrs.
Henry C. Cooke.

Worcester County Horticultural Society. Transactions for the year 1885.
Also Schedule of Prizes for the years 1886 and 1887, with roll of the
members. 2 pamphlets, Svo. Worcester: 1886. Edward W. Lincoln,
Secretary.

Rhode Island Horticultural Society. Prize Schedule for their Annual Ex-

372 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

hibition of September Ifi and 17, 188G. 8vo. pamphlet 4 pp.
Providence: 188G.

Amesbury and Salisbury Agricultural and Horticultural Society. Transac-
tions. Eighteenth, Nineteenth, Twentieth, Twenty-first, and
Twenty-second Annual Fairs, 1881-1885; 5 pamphlets. 8vo,
J. Henry Hill.

New York Horticultural Society. Essay upon Tea Culture as a probable
American Industry, by William Saunders. 8vo. pamphlet. Wash-
ington : 1879 Essay on Horticultural Societies, by William Bennett.
ICmo. pamphlet. New York : 1880. Monthly Report for May, 1881,
8vo. pamphlet; and Premium Lists of Autumn Exliibition, 1880,
(16mo. pamphlet,) and of the Chrysanthemum Show of November,
1883. 8vo. pamphlet. [Towards completing the set.] Also Re-
ports for February, March, April, and July, 188C; with Schedules
of Prizes for the March, April, and Chrysanthemum Exhibitions.
4 pamphlets, 8vo. 1879-188G. The Society.

Western New York Horticultural Society. Proceedings at the Thirty-first
Annual Meeting, January 27 and 28, 1886. 8vo. pamphlet. Roch-
ester, N. Y., 1886. P. C. Reynolds, Secretary. Also a second copy
from EUwanger and Barry.

New Jersey State Horticultural Society. Proceedings at its Eleventh Annual
Meeting, held at Trenton, N. J., December 29 and 30, 1885. 8vo.
pamphlet. Newark, N. J., 1886. E. Williams, Recording Secre-
tary.

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. Programme for the year 1886. List of
Members of the Society. 2 pamphlets, 12mo. The Society.

Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association. Report for the year 1885.
8vo. pamphlet. 3 plates. Harrisburg : 1886. E. B. Engle, Recording
Secretary.

North Carolina State Horticultural Society. [First] Report, for the year 1885.
8vo. pamphlet. Raleigh, N. C, 1886. S. Otho Wilson, Secretary.

Kentucky Horticultural Society. Proceedings of the Thirty-third Annual
Meeting, December 1-3, 1885. 8vo. pamphlet. Glasgow, Ky.
James T. Barbee, Secretary.

Ohio State Horticultural Society. Nineteenth Annual Report, for the year
1885-1886. 8vo. pamphlet. Columl)U8, 1886. George W. Camp-
bell, Secretary.

Indiana Horticultural Society. Transactions for the year 1885. 8vo. In-
dianapolis : 1886. C. M. Hobbs, Secretary.

Illinois State Horticultural Society. Transactions, for the year 1885; being
the Proceedings of tiieir Thirtieth Annual Meeting; with the Pro-
ceedings of District Societies for the Year. 8vo. Peoria: 1886.
A. C. Hammond, Secretary.

Michigan State Horticultural Society. Fifteenth Annual Report of the Sec-
retary, for the year 188r». 8vo. Lansing: 1886. [10 copies.]
Tlionms H. Forster, Librarian.

Garfield, Charles W. A Glimpse at Michigan Horticulture. 8vo. pam-

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 373

phlet. [From the P^leventh Report of the Micliigan State Horticul-
tural Society, 1885.] Bequest qf Mrs. Henry C. Cooke.

Minnesota State Horticultural Society. Annual Report for the year 1886.
Vol. 14. 8vo. St. Paul: 1886. [10 copies.] S. D. Hillman,
Secretary, Minneapolis.

Iowa State Horticultural Society. Transactions for 1885, with the Proceed-
ings of Local Societies. 8vo. Des Moines, Iowa: 1886. The
Society.

Missouri State Horticultural Society. Report for the year 1885. With an
appendix on the Flora of Missouri, by S. M. Tracy, of the State
University. 8vo. Jefferson City : 1886. L. A. Goodman, Secre-
tary, Westport.

Kansas State Horticultural Society. Report, for the year 1885. Vol. 15.
Sixth Annual Report on Forestry, for the year 1885. 2 vols. Svo.
Topeka : 1886. G. C. Brackett, Secretary, Lawrence.

Nova Scotia Fruit Growers' Association and National Show Society. Trans-
actions and Reports, 1885-1886. Svo. pamphlet. Halifax, N. S. ;
1886. The Society.

Ontario Fruit Growers' Association. Reports for the years 1883 and 1885.
2 pamphlets. Large 8vo. Toronto: 1884, 1886. D. A. Beadle,
Secretary.

American Pomological Society. Proceedings of the Twentieth Session, held
at Grand Rapids, Michigan, September 9, 10, and 11, 1885. 4to.
pamphlet. Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, President.

Joly, M. Charles. Note sur le 20*^ session de la Societe Pomologique Ameri-
caine. [Extrait du Journal de la Societe Nationale d'Horticulture de
France: 1886.] Svo. pamphlet. 11 wood-cuts. The Author.

Maine State Pomological Society. Transactions for the year 1885, including
the Proceedings of the Winter Meeting, February 17 and 18, 1886.
Svo. pamphlet. Augusta : 1886. The Society.

California Fruit Culture. Essays, Discussions, Reports, etc., at the Fifth
Annual Convention of California Fruit Growers, held in Los An-
geles, November, 1885. Official Report, by authority of tlie State
Board of Horticulture. Large Svo. pamphlet. San Francisco.
Also, Report of the Sixth Annual Convention of California Fruit
Growers, held at Sacramento, November 15-19, 1886; contained in
two numbers of the Sacramento Union. A. H. Webb, Secretary.

American Florists. Proceedings of the Second Convention, held at Phila-
delphia, August 18-21, 1S86. Svo. pamphlet. Photograph. Har-
risburg : 1886. William J. Stewart.

Royal Horticultural Society. Journal, Vol. 7, No. 1, being the Report on
the Orchid Conference held at South Kensington, May 12 and 13,

1885. Svo. pamphlet. London: 1886. The Society.
. List of Council, Officers, and Committees, for the year

1886. Svo. pamphlet. London. The Society.
. Schedule, for 1886, of Prizes and Arrangements for the

Flower, Fruit, and Vegetable Shows, the National Auricula Society's
10

374 MASSACHUSETTS IIOUTICULTURAL SOCIKTY.

Show, tlic National Rose Society's Show, the National Carnation
and Picotee Society's Show, and the Fruit and Floral Meeting. Also
Schedule of Prizes for the Great Provincial Show at Liverpool from
June '2d to July 5, inclusive. 2 pamphlets, 8vo. 1886. The Soci-
ety.

Joly, M. Cliarles. Une visite aux Expositions de Londres et de Liverpool.
8vo. pamphlet. 5 wood-cuts. Paris: 188f). The Author.

Royal Caledonian Horticultural Society. Prize List of the Flower Shows for
the year 1886. With an ahstract of the accounts and a list of the
members. 8vo. pamphlet. The Society.

Societe Nationale d' Horticulture de France. Journal, 188G. 12 numbers,
8vo. Paris. Also, Congres d' Horticulture ii Paris en mai, 1886 ;
Reglement et Questions propos6cs. 2 paniplilets, 8vo. The Society.

Bosschere, Charles de. L'Exposition d' Horticulture de Paris, le 11-16 mai,
1886. [Extrait de la Revue de 1' Horticulture Beige et fitrangere,
livraison du 1 juillet, 1886.] 8vo. pamphlet. M. Charles Joly.

Soci6t6 Centrale d' Horticulture du Departement de la Seine-Inferieure.
Bulletins : 4th Cahier of 1883, completing Vol. 25 ; 3d and 4th of
1885 and 1st and 2d of 1886. 5 pamphlets, 8vo. Rouen. The
Society.

Societe d' Horticulture de la Sarthe. Bulletins : 3d and 4th triniestres, 1885 ;
1st, 2d, and 3d trimestres, 1886. 5 pamphlets, 8vo. Le Mans. The
Society.

Soci6t6 d' Horticulture de la Gironde, Nouvelles Annales de la: oetobrc,
novembre, decembre, 1885. No. 32. Tome 8. Bordeaux: 1885.
Also, R6glement de 1' Exposition Horticole, a Bordeaux, du 29 mai
au 15 juin. The Society.

L' Exposition de 1889, Le Moniteur de. Deuxii'>me annee, numero 102, and
supplement. Folio. Paris: December 12, 1886.

Societe d' Horticulture de Geneve, Bulletin de la. 32'"* annee, o"'*" livraison,
septembre, 1886. The Society.

R. Societa Toscana di Orticultura. Bulletino, 1886. 12 nund)ers, large 8vo.
Florence. The Society.

Hansen, Carl. L'Exposition G6ographico - Botanique de Copeniiagen,
arrang6e au mois d' avril, 1885, dans les locaux de la Soci^>t6 Royale
danoise de G6ographie. 8vo. pamphlet, elcctrotyped from manu-
script. The Author.

Acta Horti Petropolitani. Vols. 1-8, each in 2 parts; and Parti, Vol. !).
Also, the 8U])plement to Vol. 3. Eighteen pamphlets, 8vo. St.
Petersburg: 1871-1884. Charles S. Sargent.

Congrds Internationale de Botanique et d' Horticulture de St. Petersbourg.
Bulletin. 8vo. pamphlet. St. Petersburg : 1870. The Imperial
Russian Horticultural Society.

Congrts Internationale de Botanique et d' Horticulture reuni a St. Peters-
bourg le 5-15 mai, 1884. Royal 8vo. 1 chart and 8 plates. St. Peters-
burg : 1885. The Imperial Russian Horticultural Society.

Rwssischen Gartenbauvereins zu St. Petersburg, Mittheilungen aus. Heften

REPORT OF TFIE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 375

1 and 2. 2 pamphlets, 8vo. 2 colored plates. St. Petersburg : 1859,
18G0. The Imperial Russian Horticultural Society.

The New England Farmer. Eight numbers, January-August 1864, Bvo.
Boston. Bequest of Mrs. Henry C. Cooke.

Doyle, Martin. Small Farms and how they ought to be managed. 16mo.
3 wood-cuts. London : n. d. Bequest of Mrs. Henry C. Cooke.

Watts, Miss S. E. The Poultry Yard; comprising the management of
Fowls, for Use and Exhibition. New edition, with illustrations by
Harrison Weir. Small 8vo. London: n. d. Bequestof Mrs. Henry
C. Cooke.

Wood, Kev. J. G. Bees, their habits, management, and treatment. New
edition. 16mo. Frontispiece and 13 wood-cuts. London : n. d.
Bequest of Mrs. Henry C. Cooke.

United States Department of Agriculture. Division of Entomology. Bul-
letin No. 9 : The Mulberry Silkworm ; being a Manual of Instruc-
tion in Silk Culture. By C. V. Riley, M.A., Ph. D. Sixth (re-
vised) edition. 8vo. pamphlet. 2 plates and 29 wood-cuts. Wash-
ington : 1886. The Author.

Reall, Joseph H. Address delivered before the Committee on Agriculture of
the House of Representatives, Washington, D. C, April 3, 1886,
on Fraudulent Butter, and its ruinous effects on American Dairying.
8vo. pamphlet. The Author,

United States Department of Agriculture. Report of the Commissioner for
the year 1885. 8vo. Colored and plain plates, maps, and wood-
cuts. Washington: 1885. Hon. Norman J. Colman, Commis-
sioner.

. (Second Annual Preliminary) Report of

the Commissioner. November 16, 1886. 8vo. pampiilet. The
Commissioner.

Division of Chemistry. Bulletin No. 6 : Ex-

periments with Diffusion and Carbonatation, at Ottawa, Kansas,
1885, by Harvey W. Wiley. Nos. 7 and 12 : Metliods of Anal-
ysis of Commercial Fertilizers ; Proceedings of the Association of
OflBcial Agricultural Chemists, September 1 and 2, 1885, and Third
Annual Convention, August 26 and 27, 1886. No. 8 : Application
of Diffusion to the Extraction of Sugar from Sugar Cane and Sor-
ghum, by Harvey W. Wiley, Chemist (24 plates). No. 9 : Chem-
ical Composition of American Cereals, by Clifford Richardson.
No. 10 : Principles and Methods of Soil Analysis, by Edgar
Richards, Assistant Chemist. 6 pamphlets, Svo. Washington : 1885
and 1886. The Commissioner.

. Co-operative Experimenting as a means

of studying the Effects of Fertilizers and the Feeding Capaci-
ties of Plants; by Professor W. O. Atwater. 8vo. pamphlet.
Washington : 1882. The Commissioner.

Results of Field Experiments with Various

Fertilizers ; by Professor W. O. Atwater, Ph. 1). Bvo. pamphlet.
Washington : 1883. The Commissioner.

376 MASSACHUSETTS nORTICULTDRAL SOCIETY.

U. S. Department of Asrriculturc. Botanical Division, Bulletin No. 1 : Ileport
of an Investiiration of tlie Grasses of tlie Arid Districts of Kansas,
Nebraska, and Colorado; by Dr. George Vascy, Botanist. Pre-
pared under tbe direction of the Commissioner of Agriculture. 8vo.
pamphlet. 13 plates. Washington: 188G. The Commissioner.

. Reports of the Statistician ; New Series.

Nos. 25-35 : On Acreage and Condition of Crops, especially of Corn,
Potatoes, Tobacco, Wheat, and Cotton ; Distribution and Consump-
tion of Corn and Wheat : Production of European Wheat ; The
World's Supply of Wheat; Yield per Acre of Certain Crops; Condi-
tion of Crops in Europe; Progress of Cotton Planting; Numbers,
Values, and Condition of Farm Animals; Freight Rates of Transpor-
tation Companies. Also, duplicates of Nos. 14 and 15. 13 pam-
phlets, 8vo. Washington : 1880 and earlier. The Commissioner.

. Bureau of Animal Industry. Second An-

nual Report, for the year 1885. 8vo. Washington : 1886. The
Commissioner.
. Report on the Condition of Dairying in the

Principal Dairy States, for the season of 1885. 8vo. pamphlet.
Washington: 1886. The Commissioner.

Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science. Proceedings of the
Sixth Meeting, held at Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1885. 8vo. pamphlet.
Manhattan, Kansas : 1886. The Society.

National Grange, Patrons of Husbandry. Nineteenth Session, at Boston,
Mass., November, 1885; Journal of Proceedings. 16mo. pamphlet.
Elmira, New York : 1885.

Massachusetts Board of Agriculture. Thirty-third Annual Report of the
Secretary ; with returns of the finances of the Agricultural Socie-
ties for the year 1885. 8vo. Boston : 1886. John E. Russell,
Secretary.

Essex Agricultural Society. Transactions for the year 1885, with the Sixty-
third Annual Address, by Thomas Sanders. 8vo. pamphlet. Salem:
1885. Arrangements, Premiums, and Committees for the Sixty-
sixth Annual Exhibition, at Newburyport, September 28 and 29, 188().
12mo. pamphlet. David W. Low, Secretary.

Middlesex Agricultural Society. Transactions for the year 1885; with list
of Prizes and Premiums for 1886. 8vo. pamphlet. Boston : 1886.
William II. Hunt, Secretary.

Norfolk Agricultural Society. Transactions for the years 1849-1875. 5 vols.
8vo. Presented by Henry O. Hildreth, in remembrance of Marshall
P. Wilder, for twenty years President of that Society.

Worcester Agricultural Society. Transactions for 1865. 8vo. pamphlet.
Worcester, Mass. Bequest of Mrs. Henry C. Cooke.

Nantucket Agricultural Society. Transactions for 1885, with list of the
Premiums for 1886. 8vo. i)amphlet. Nantucket: 1885. The
Society.

Berkshire Agricultural Societ}'. Transactions for the year 1885, and

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 377

Premium List for 1886. 8vo. pamphlet. Pittsfield : 1886. The
Society.

Hoosac Valley Agricultural Society. Transactions for the year 1885, being
the Twenty-fiftli Annual Report. Progranmie of the Twenty-
seventh Annual Cattle Show and Fair, to be held at North Adams,
September 21, 22, and 23, 1886. 2 pamphlets, 8vo. North Adams :
1886. The Society.

Housatonic Agricultural Society. Transactions for the year 1885. Com-
mittees, Premiums, etc., for the Forty-fifth Annual Exhibition to be
holden at Great Barrington, September 29 and 30, and October 1,
1886. 2 pamphlets, 8vo. The Society.

Rhode Island State Board of Agriculture, and Rhode Island Society for the
Encouragement of Domestic Industry. Lectures and Discussions
on Agricultural Topics, during the Winter and Spring of 1886. 8vo.
pamphlet. Providence : 1886. C. W. Smith, Secretary.

Connecticut Board of Agriculture. Nineteenth Annual Report of the Secre-
tary, for 1885, with Report of the Agricultural Experiment Station.
8vo. Hartford : 1885. T. S. Gold, Secretary.

Agriculture of Pennsylvania. Reports for the year 1885, of the State Board
of Agriculture, the State Agricultural Society, the State Dairymen's
Association, the State Horticultural Association, and the State Col-
lege. In one vol. 8vo. Harrisburg : 1886. [6 copies.] E. B. Engle.

Virginia Department of Agriculture. Bulletins, January, March, July,
September, and November, 1886. Analyses and Valuations of Fer-
tilizers ; On Condition of Crops ; Meadows and Pastures ; Grass ;
Clover as a Money Crop, etc. Five pamphlets, 8vo. Randolph
Harrison, Commissioner.

Georgia State Agricultural Department. Publications for the year 1885.
Vol. XI, Parts 1 and 2. 2 vols. 8vo. Atlanta : 1885. Also, Man-
ual of Poultry, 8vo. pamphlet, 2d edition (revised and enlarged) ;
and Manual of Sheep Husbandry in Georgia, 2d edition. Also,
pamphlet circulars. New Series, Nos. 59, 64, 72, 73)^-84, 86. Cir-
culars of 1st Series, Nos. 1, 7, 9. Pamphlet Circular, 1st Series,
No. 35. First and Third Annual Reports of the Commissioner, for
1874, and 1876. J. T. Henderspn, Commissioner.

The Great Southern Exposition at Louisville, Ky., of Art, Industry, and Ag-
riculture, August 28-October 23, 1886. Program and circulars.
The Managers.

Michigan State Board of Agriculture. Reports: Eighteenth; also, the
Twentieth-Twenty-first, as a " biennial." 2 vols. 8vo. Lansing,
1880 and 1882. Mrs. M. J. C. Merrell, Librarian.

Nebraska State Board of Agriculture. Annual Report for the year 1885.
8vo. pamphlet. Lincoln : 1886. R. W. Furnas, Secretary.

Sociedad Rural Argentina. Anales, Vol. 19. 24 numbers. Large 8vo.
Buenos Ayres, 1886. Don Jose Maria Jurado, Director.

Asociacion Rural del Uruguay. Vol. 16, 1886. Nos. 1-10,12-17, 19-22.
8vo. Montevideo : 1885. Don Francisco Aguilar y Leal, Secretary.

37^ MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Piper, K. V., M. 1). Tliu Trees of America. 4to. 14 plates. IJostoii :
18.-.5-1H5.S. Also Parts 2, 3, 4. Hon. Marshall P. Wilder.

United States Department of Agriculture. Miscellaneous Special Report
No. 5 : Government Timber Lands and North American Forest
Trees. 8vo. pamphlet. Washiiit,'ton : 1884 Charles S. Sargent.

. Miscellaneous Special Report, No. 10 :

Descriptive Catalogue of Manufactures from Native Woods, as
shown in the exhibit of the Department at the World's Industrial
and Cotton Exposition at New Orleans, Louisiana. By Charles
Richards Dodge. 8vo. pamphlet. Washington : 188G. 2 copies.
The Commissioner.

. Roi)ort on Forestry, prepared by Na-

thaniel H. Egleston, Vol. 4, 1884. 8vo. Diagrams and map.
Washinjjton : 1884. The Commissioner.

American Forestry Congress. Proceedings at its Meeting held in Boston,
September, 1885. 8vo. pamphlet. Washington: 188(5. The Smith-
sonian Institution. 2 copies.

New Hampshire Forestry Commission. Report presented to the Legislature
at its June session, 1885. 8vo. Concord : 1885. 4 copies. Wil-
liam H. Hills and Joseph B. Walker.

New York Forestry Commission. Report, January 23, 1885. 8vo. pam-
phlet, with four photographs, and colored descriptive map. Albany :
1885. Charles S. Sargent.

Ohio State Forestry Bureau. First Annual Report, for the year 1885. By
Adolpli Leu6, Secretary. 8vo. pamphlet. Columbus : 1880. The
Secretary.

Joly, M. Charles. Note sur Deux Arbres Geants en Portugal. [Eitrait du
Journal de la Soci6t6 Nationals, etc.] 8vo. 2 wood-cuts. 1880.
The Author.

Annuaire des Eaux et Forests, i)our 1880. IGmo. Paris: 1886. The Pub-
lishers.

Cooper, J. G., M. D. The Forests and Trees of North America, as con-
nected with climate and agriculture. 8vo. leaf. [United States
Agricultural Report, Patent Office, 1800.]

Joly, II. G. Report on Forestry and Forests of Canada. 8vo. pamphlet, n. d.

Drummond, A. T. Canadian Timber Trees: Their Destruction and Preser-
vation. 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 14-28, with chart. [Fourth Report of
the Montreal Horticultural Society, for 1878.]

Vasey, George, M. D. Forest Trees of the United States, of sixteen feet
and upwards in ordinary height, etc. 8vo. jiamphlet. Washington :
1876.

Sargent, Professor Charles S. Trees and Tree Planting in Massachusetts.
8vo. pamjddot. [From the annual report of tlie Massachusetts
State Hoard of Agriculture.] Boston: 18S(;.

Arnold Arboretum. Report of the Director, for the year ending .\ugust 31,
1884. 8vo. pamphlet, 14 i>p.

Packard, Dr. A. S. Second Report on the Causes of the Destruction of

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 379

Evergreen and Other Forest Trees of New England and New
York. [From the Report of the Entomologist, United States
Department of Agriculture, for the year 1884.] Author's edition;
1885. 8vo. pamphlet.

Sears, John H. Notes on the Forest Trees of Essex, Clinton, and Franklin
Counties, New York. 8vo. pamphlet. [From the Bulletin of the
Essex Institute, Vol. 13, Nos. 10, 11, 12, 1881.]

De Friese, Lafayette H. Report on a Belt of Kentucky Timbers, from
Columbus to Pound Gap. 4to. pamphlet. Frankfort, Kentucky :
1879. [Forming Part 10, Vol. 5, Second Series, Geographical Sur-
vey of Kentucky.]

Ridgway, Robert. Notes on the Native Trees of the Lower Wabash and
White River Valleys in Illinois and Indiana. Large 8vo. pamphlet,
pp. 49-88. [Proceedings of the United States National Museum,
June 12, 1882.]

Edwards, Samuel. Timber on the Prairies. 8vo., pp. 495-498. [United
States Agricultural Report, 1862.]

Hodges, L. B., Superintendent, etc. Report on Forest Culture on the Saint
Paul and Pembina Railroad. 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 51-59. [Trans-
actions of the Minnesota State Horticultural Society, 1875.]

Leu6, Adolph. Forestal Experiment Stations in Germany. 8vo. pamphlet.
[Part of a paper read before the Ohio State Forestry Association,
in Cincinnati, Ohio, April, 1883.]

Zabel, H. Systematisches Verzeichniss der in den Garten der Konigl.
Preuss-Forstakademie zu Miinden Kultivirten Planten. 8vo. pam-
phlet. Miinden: 1878.

Gamble, J. S., F. L. S., etc. A Manual of Indian Timbers; an account of
the structure, growth, distribution, and qualities of Indian Woods.
With map showing the zones of moisture. 8vo. Calcutta: 1881.

Balfour, Edward, L.R.C.S.E., etc. The Timber Trees, Timber and Fancy
Woods, as also the Forests of India and of Eastern and Southern
Asia. Third edition, 8vo. Madras : 1870.

Joly, M. Charles. Note sur les Eucalyptus Geants de 1' Australie. 8vo.
pamphlet ; 6 wood-cuts. Paris : 1885.

Forest Protection, and the Tariff on Lumber. Spirit of the Press. [Ex-
tracts from newspapers, etc.] 8vo. pamphlet. New York: 1883.

Warder, John A. Forestry and its Needs. An address delivered before the
American Forestry Association in Washington, D. C, February,
1878. 8vo. pamphlet.

Dorrien, S. von. Protection of Forests a Necessity. 8vo. pamphlet, New-
York : 1879.

Thomas, John J. Culture and Management of Forest Trees. 8vo. pam-
phlet, pp. 43-53. [United States Agricultural Report. 1864.]

Hough, Franklin B., M.D. Planting Trees in School Grounds. 8vo.
pamphlet. Washington : 1883.

Brewer, Professor William H. Woods and Woodlands : a lecture. 8vo.
pamphlet. [Extract from the report of the Secretary of the Con-
necticut Board of Agriculture, 1876.]

380 MASSACIlUSK'nS HOirnCULTUltAL SOCIETY.

Sliarplc8, S. r. Tlie Specific (iravity, Ash, and Aiipcaraiicc of tlie Wooil of
certain Shrubs and Exotic Trees ftund growing in tlie United
St'ites. Kvo. i)aniphlet, jip. 35'J-3(!3. [Extract from Troceedings of
the Boston Society of Natural History, Vol. 22, May lO, 1883.]

Brewer, Professor William H. On Hotting Wood. 8vo. pamphlet, 4 pp.

[liead at the Seventh Annual Meeting of the American Public

Health Association, Nashville, Tenn., November 19, 1879. Reprinted

from rul)lic Health, Vol. 5.]

[The preceding twenty-five titles are a donation from Professor Charles

S. Sargent, Director of the Arnold Arboretum.]

Penhallow, Professor 1). P. Variation of Water in Trees and Shrubs.
[Extract from Canadian Record of Science, April, 188(i.] 8vo.
pamphlet. The Author.

Boston Park Commissioners. Eleventh Annual Report. [City Document,
No. 2G, 188G.] Also, Notes on the plan of Franklin Park, and
related matters. With large folded plan. 2 pamphlets, 8vo.
Boston : 188G. The Commissioners.

Davenport, Charles. Plan of New Boston, and Charles River Basin : with a
perspective view ; a large colored lithograph. The Author.

Boston Common and Public Grounds, Annual Report of the Superintendent
of, for the year 1885. [City Document No. 55, 1881)'.] 8vo. pamphlet.

Mount Auburn Cemetery. Annual Report of the Trustees, together with
the reports of the Treasurer and Superintendent, January, 188G.
8vo. pamphlet. Boston: 1886. The Proprietors.

Worcester Commission of Public Grounds, and Parks Commission. Reports
for the year ending November 30, 1885. 8vo. pamphlet. Worces-
ter: 188G. Also, the same for the year ending November 30, 1884.
Edward Winslow Lincoln.

Baltimore Park Conmiission. Twenty-sixth Annual Report to the Mayor
and City Council, for 1885. 8vo. pamphlet. B.iltimore : 188G. The
Commission.

Joly, M. Charles. Rapport sur I'Art des Jardins, Pares, et Promenades, par
MM. le Baron Ernouf et A. Alphand. [Extrait du Journal de la So-
ciete Nationale d'Horticulture de France, Janvier, 188G.] With Note
sur le Palmier de Staoueli. 8vo. pamphlet. !) wood-cuts. Paris, n. d.
The Author.

Ontario Entomological Society. Sixteenth Annual Ke))ort. 8vo. pamphlet.
Toronto: 188G.

United States Dejiartment of Agriculture. Fourth Report of the Entomo-
logical Division. Final Report on the Cotton-worm, with a chapter
on the Boll-worm. By Charles V. Riley, Ph. D. 8vo. 2 maps, G4
plates, and 45 wood-cuts. Washington: 1885. Professor Riley.

. Report of Professor Charles V. Riley, En-
tomologist, for the year 1885. 8vo. pamphlet. Map and !> plates.
Washington, June, 188G. The Author.

. Bureau of Entomology, Bulletin No. 11:

Reports of Experiments with various Insecticide substances, chieHy

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 381

upon insects affecting garden crops. 8vo. pamphlet. Washington :
1886. The Commissioner.

United States Department of Agriculture. Bureau of Entomology. Insects
affecting the Orange. By H. G. Hubbard. 8vo. pamphlet. 4 plates
and many wood-cuts. Washington : 1885. Professor Qharles V.
Riley.

Riley, Charles V., A. M. , Ph. D. Annual Address as President of the Ento-
mological Society of Washington for the year 1884. 8vo. pamphlet.
Washington : 1886. Also, a broadside (reprinted from the Rural
New Yorker) on the Mildews of the Grapevine ; or, An Effectual
Remedy for Peronospora. Published January 30 and February 6,
1886. The Author.

Lintner, J. A., New York State Entomologist. Second Annual Report, is-
sued January, 1886. 8vo. pamphlet ; 68 wood-cuts. Albany : 1885.
The Author.

Joly, M. Charles. Rapport sur le " Thanatophore " de M. Martre. [Extrait
du Journal de la Societe Nationale d'Horticulture de France, mars,
1886.] 8vo. pamphlet. The Author.

Ontario Agricultural College and Experimental Farm. Eleventh Annual Re-
port, for the year ending December 31, 1885. 8vo. pamphlet.
Toronto : 1886. James Mills, President.

United States Department of Agriculture. Miscellaneous Special Report.
No. 9 : Proceedings of a Convention of Delegates from Agricul-
tural Colleges and Experiment Stations, held at the Department of
Agriculture, July 8 and 9, 1885. 8vo. pamphlet. Washington :
1885.

Maine State College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts. Annual Reports
for 1883, 1884, and 1885, the last having an Appendix on the Sphin-
gidae of New England, by M. C. Fernald ; with 6 plates. 3 pamphlets,
8vo. Orono: 1883, 1884, and 1885.

Massachusetts Agricultural College. Twenty-second and Twenty-third An-
nual Reports and Catalogues, January, 1885, and January, 1886.
2 pamphlets, 8vo. Boston : 1885 and 1886.

Massachusetts State Agricultural Experiment Station. Third Annual Report
of the Board of Control, for the year 1885, with indexes to the first
three Reports. 8vo. pamphlet. Public Document No. 33. Boston :
1886. Ten copies. Hon. Marshall P. Wilder. Also Bulletins Nos.
19-22. 4 pamphlets, 8vo. April-October, 1886. Dr. C. A. Goess-
mann, Director.

New York Agricultural Experiment Station. Fourth Annual Report, for the
year 1885. 8vo. pamphlet. Rochester, N. Y. : 1885. Also Bul-
letins Nos. 7 and 8. 2 pamphlets, 8vo. E. Lewis Sturtevant, M.D.,
Director.

New Jersey State Agricultural Experiment Station. Fourth, Fifth, and
Sixth Annual Reports, for the years 1883, 4, 5. 3 pamphlets, 8vo.
Also Bulletins Nos. 35-40, July, 18-.5-October, 1886. 6 pamphlets,
8vo. Vineland, N. J. George H. Cook, Director.

Purdue University School of xigriculture, Lafayette, Indiana. Bulletins of

382 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Exporinients, Nos. 2-4, 7, 8, and D. 0 i)aiDphIet8, 8vo. Prof.
Troo]i.

Michigan Agricultural College. Bulletins, Nos. 1, 2, 4-20. March, 1885-
December, 1886. 1!> pamphlets, 8vo. Lansing. The College.

Iowa Agricultural College. Bulletin of Experiments with, and Investigation
of, North of Europe Fruits, Trees, and Shrubs. 8vo. pamphlet.
Des Moines : 1883.

. Revised Names of, and Notes on, some of the

Fruits, Trees, and Shrubs of North-East Europe, on trial or sent out
for trial. 8vo. pamphlet. Des Moines : 1885. Professor J. L.
Budd.

University of Wisconsin. First, Second, and Third Annual Reports of the
Agricultural Experiment Station, for the years 1863, '84, '85. I vol.
and 12 pamphlets. 8vo. Professor W. A. Henry, Director.

Kansas State Agricultural College. Report of the Professor of Agriculture.
Experiments, 1885. 8vo. pamphlet. 3 wood-cuts. Manhattan :
1886. Two copies. Professor E. M. Shelton. Also Catalogue for
the years 1885 and 1886. 8vo. pamphlet.

Joly, M. Charles. Note sur I'Enseignement Agricole en France et a I'fitran-
ger. 8vo. pamphlet. Paris : 1886. The Author.

Museo Agrario in Roma. Catalogo. 8vo. pamphlet. Rome : 1879. Charles
S. Sargent.

The Nurseryman's Directory for the United States, in 1875. 3vo. Galena,
Illinois. Francis Parkman.

Virginia, Handbook of. 5th edition. By the Commissioner of Agricul-
ture. 8vo. pamphlet, with map. Richmond, 1886. Randolph Har-
rison, Commissioner.

Smithsonian Institution. Annual Report of the Board of Regents for the
year 1884. Part 2, being the Report of the United States National
Museum. 2 vols., 8vo. Washington: 1885. Also Price List of
Publications. 8vo. pamphlet. Washington : 1885. The Smithsonian
Institution.

Powell, J. W., Director. Third Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology
to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1881-82. Royal
8vo., with many colored and other plates and wood-cuts. Washing-
ton : 1884. The Smithsonian Institution.

Ottawa Field Naturalists' Club. Transactions. Vol. 2, No. 2. 8vo. pam-
phlet. Plate. Ottawa: 1884. F. R. Latchford, Librarian.

Boston Society of Natural History. Proceedings. Vol. 23, Part 2. March,
1884-February, 1886. 8vo. pamphlet. Edward Burgess, Secretary.

New York Microscopical Society. Journal for 1886. N. L. Britton, Ph. D.,
Editor. 10 numbers. 8vo. 6 plates. New York.

Trenton Natural History Society. Journal of January, 1886. Vol. l,No. 6.
8vo. pamphlet. The Smithsonian Institution.

Hooker, Sir Josi-ph Dalton. A<l<lr('ss di-livcri'd at the Anniversary meeting
of the Royal Society, NovembL-r 20, 1878. 8vo. pamphlet. Lon-
don: 1878. Charles S. Sargent.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 383

United States War Department. Annual Report of the Chief Signal Officer
to the Secretary of War, for the year 1884. 8vo. Charts. Wash-
ington : 1884. The Secretary of War.

Boston Public Library. Thirty-fourth Annual Report of the Trustees,
City Document No. 33, 1886 ; for the eight months ending December
31, 1885. 8vo. pamphlet. Hon. Mellen Chamberlain, Librarian.

Lawrence Free Public Library. Fourteenth Annual Report of the Trustees,
and report of the Librarian, for 1885. 8vo. pamphlet. Lawrence,
Mass. : 1886. Frederick H. Hedge, Jr., Librarian.

Astor Library. Thirty-seventh Annual Report of the Trustees, for the year
1885. 8vo. pamphlet. New York : 1886.

Library Company of Philadelphia. Bulletin for January and .July, 1886. 2
pamphlets, 8vo.

Friedlander, R. & Sohn. Bibliotheca Historico-Naturalis et Mathematica.
Lager-Catalog. 8vo. Portrait of Linnasus. Berlin : 1886. The
Publishers.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Twenty-first Annual Catalogue,
for the year 1885-86. 8vo. pamphlet, 2 plates. Boston : 1885.
The Institute.

Bowdoin College. Eighty-fifth Annual Catalogue, for the year 1886-87. 8vo.
pamphlet. Brunswick, Me. : 1886. William DeWitt Hyde, President.

Drury College. Thirteenth Annual Catalogue, for the year 1885-1886. 8vo.
pamphlet. Saint Louis, Mo., 1886. Rev. N. J. Morrison, D. D.,
President.

United States Bureau of Education. Report for 1883-84. 8vo. Wash-
ington, 1885. Special Report on Educational Exhibits and Conven-
tions at the New Orleans Exposition of 1884-5. In three parts.
8vo. Washington : 1886. Circulars of Information, Nos. 3-4,
5. 3 pamphlets, 8vo. Washington: 1885, 1886. The Com-
missioner.

New England Historic-Genealogical Society. Proceedings at the annual
meeting, January 6, 1886. 8vo. pamphlet. Boston : 1886. The
Society.

Maine Historical and Genealogical Recorder. Vol. 3, No. 2. Square 8vo.
Portrait and genealogical sketch of General H. A. S. Dearborn.
Portland, Me. : 1886. S. M. Watson, Publisher.

Gilbert, John, Biographical sketch of, [From the History of Hillsborough
County, New Hampshire.] 4to. pamphlet. Philadelphia: 1885.
Elizabeth G. Frost.

Wisconsin State Historical Society. Thirty-second Annual Report. Svo.
pamphlet, n. d. [1886.] Daniel S. Durrie, Librarian.

Bureau of Statistics of Labor. Proceedings of the Third Annual Convention
of Chiefs and Commissioners, held at Boston, June and July,
• 1885. With papers read before the Convention. 8vo. pamphlet.

Boston : 1885. Edward Atkinson.

United States Consular Reports, Nos. 58-68^. On the Commerce and
Manufactures in the Consular Districts ; on the Leather and Slioe
Industries, etc. 12 pamphlets, 8vo. Washington : 1885-86.

384 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SCKJIETY.

Periodicals Purchased.

English. — Ganlencrs' Chronicle.

GardeiKTs' Magazine.

Journal of Horticulture and Cottage Gardener.

The Garden.

Gardening Illustrated.

Horticultural Times and Covent Garden Gazette.

Curtis's Botanical Magazine.

Journal of Botany.

Forestry.
Fbench. — Revue Horticole.

Kevue des Eaux et Forets.

Journal des Roses.
Belgian. — Illustration Horticole.

Revue de I'llorticulture, Beige et fitrangere.
German. — Botanische Zeitung.

Gartenflora.
Amekican. — Country Gentleman.

American Naturalist.

Periodicals Received in Exchange.

Gardeners' Monthly.

Canadian Horticulturist.

Ladies' Floral Cabinet.

American Garden.

Popular Gardening.

Vick's Illustrated Monthly Magazine.

Horticultural Art Journal.

American Horticulturist.

American Florist.

Orchard and Garden.

Fruit Recorder.

Green's Fruit Grower.

Seed Time and Harvest.

Botanical Gazette.

Journal of Mycology.

West American Scientist.

Maine P'armer.

The Home Farm.

Mirror and Farmer.

New England Farmer.

Massachusetts I'loughman.

I

REPORT OF THE LIRUARY COMMITTEE. 385

American Cultivator.

New England Homestead.

Our Country Home.

American Agriculturist.

Rural New Yorker.

American Rural Home.

The Farm Journal.

Maryland Farmer.

Florida Dispatch.

Prairie Farmer.

The Industrialist.

Pacific Rural.

Boston Daily Advertiser.

Boston Morning Journal.

Boston Post.

Boston Daily Globe.

Boston Evening Transcript. ,

Boston Daily Evening Traveller.

New York Weekly World.

The Cottage Hearth.

REPORT

Secretary and Librarian,

FOR THE YEAR 1886.

The duties of these offices, with all their leading attendant
circumstances, are each year so similar to those of the preceding
that it is difficult to avoid a great degree of sameness in the an-
nual reports. Whatever ditference exists is in the details rather
than in the prominent features ; therefore a certain degree of
monotony in the reports is not to be escaped except by going more
full}' into details than time will allow, or than the patience of the
Society would endure. Moreover an unusually full report was
made last year, which to a great extent will obviate the necessity
of elaboration at the present time.

In the office of Secretary, the keeping of various records, mak-
ing reports of meetings and exhibitions, preparing matter for the
press and attending to the printing, answering inquiries person-
ally and by mail, and a round of similar duties have fully occu-
pied all the time that could be devoted to them. It will be noticed
that the publications have, during the last few years, gradually
increased in bulk : and if we may credit the favorable notices
which have appeared in horticultural journals, both in this country
and in Europe, a still more gratifying increase may be observed
in the interest with which they are regarded.

The greatly increased success of the larger exhibitions of the
Society within the last few years has not been attained without a
corresponding addition to the labors of the Secretary, both pre-
liminary to, and consequent on, the exhibitions.

In regard to the Lil)rary, I would sa}* that whatever time can be
gained by diligence and method elsewhere, finds full employment
here. The work whicii may })e done to good purpose upon a

i

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND LIBRARIAN. 387

library — even a small one — is limited only by the zeal and abil-
ity of the workers. Our own library was never growing so rapidly
as now. The amount of money expended for books, magazines,
etc., being the same annually, no great variation can be expected
from year to year in the number added by purchase. It is in the
number received b}' donation and exchange that the greatest vari-
ation may be looked for, and here we find a large increase. The
year 1886 not being quite closed, the exact number received can-
not be given, but in 1885 pamphlet publications numbering more
than three hundred were added to the library — equalling more
than half the aggregate acquired during the first fifty years of the
Society's existence, and nearly equalling one-half the aggregate
added during the six years from 1879 to 1884, inclusive.

Funds derived from the sale of certain books not suited to the
library have enabled us to bind a greater number of volumes than
for some years previous. Several works of much value had been
held for a considerable time, awaiting the da}' when the binders'
art should put them in a form pleasant to the sight and convenient
for use. Some of these publications have required an amount of
time and care in arranging for the binder which can only be ap-
preciated by those familiar with such work. Most of the costly
illustrated works, which form one of the most important features
in such a library as this, are published in parts, the publication
often extending over several, and sometimes many, years. Jus-
tice to such works would seem to require that when after
completion they are taken in hand to be placed in permanent form,
no pains should be spared to have them pass this final stage with-
out disastrous errors of collation, and this is often a matter
requiring considerable study.

In conclusion I wish to express my warmest thanks to the Com-
mittee on Publication and Discussion, and to the Committee on
the Library, for the heartiness with which I have been supported
and for the kind appreciation accorded to my endeavors faithfully
to perform the duties of the two departments which, under the
Constitution and By-Laws of the Society, are subject to the gen-
eral direction of these Committees.

ROBERT MANNING,

Secretary and Librarian.

TREASURER'S REPORT

FOR THE YEAR 1886.

RECEIPTS.

Casli on hand, as per last Report,

Rent of Halls, .

Rent of Stores,

Admissions and Assessments,

Sale of History,

Mount Auburn Cemetery, .

Annual Exhibitions,

Less P^xpenses,
State Bounty,

Sinking Fund, Sale of Bonds,
" " Paid for Bonds,

EXPENDITURES.
Labor, .......

Salaries, .......

Incidentals, ......

Interest Paid, .... $2,550 00

Received, ... 871 97
Heating and Water, less paid by Tenants,
Taxes, ....

Repairs on Building,
I>ighting, ....

Furniture and Fixtures,
Prizes, ....

Committee of Arrangements,

Garden Committee, .

Committee on Publication and Discussion,

Stationery, Postage, and Printing,

Stickney Fund, ....

Cairied forward^

.

$4,273

91

,

10,658

30

12,892

02

.

1,078

00

.

44

50

.

3,462

09

. $3,647

10

. 1,317

94

2,329

16

600

00

$23,G21

04

. 5,028

06

i:

18,592

98

^53,930

96

81,337

59

2,875

00

204

83

' 1,678

03

443

76

2,286

00

269

48

1,199

82

163

63

4,562

28

300

00

60

41

128

00

. 1,272

80

720

03

$17,501

66

treasurer's report. 389

Brought forivard, $17,501 06

Library', ......

Card Catalogue,

Mortgage Debt, paid on account,

Legal Services,

Portraits, ....

Cash on hand to new account for 1887,

ASSETS.

300 00

100 00

30,000 00

69 78

443 00

5,516 52

-$53,930 96

Eeal Estate, Furniture, and Exhibition Ware, . $256,585 56

Library, last year, $24,646 12

Added this year, 1,000 00

25,646 12

H. H. Hunnewell Rhododendron Fund :

2 Bonds C. B. and Q. R. R., $1,000,

$500, 1,500 00

Benjamin B. Davis Fund : 1 Bond Illinois

Grand Trunk R. R., face value $500, . 583 00

Stereotype Plates and Copies of History, 255 00

Cash on hand December 31, 1886, . . 5,516 52

$290,086 20

LIABILITIES.

Mortgage Debt, bearing interest at 4J per

cent per annum, due October 1, 1888, $30,000 00

Loan without interest, payable to Harvard

College in 1899, 12,000 00 42,000 00

$248,086 20
MEMBERS.

Number of Life Members per last report, . 589
AddecJ during the year, . . . .15
Commuted from Annual, ... 3

607
Deceased during the year or now first
reported, . . . . . .31

576
11

390 MASSACIlUaETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Annual Members per last report,
Added during the year,

2G8

•

12

280

0

16

3

—

24

Deceased during the year or

now first reported, .
Discontinued,
Commuted to Life,

2or,
Total Membership, 832

INCOME FROM MEMBERSHIP.

16 Life Members (including one de-
ferred from 1885), . . .$480 00
12 Annual Members, . . . 120 00
176 Assessments, .... 418 00
3 Commuted, . . . . 60 00

$1,078 00

The Finance Committee having audited the accounts of the
undersigned made and have subscribed to, on a book kept for that
purpose, the following report :

The Massachusetts Horticultural Society

In account with Georgk "W. Foavle, Treasurer.

Credit : —

By balance in treasury, December 31, 1885,
" total income, as per receipt book,

Debit

To cash paid out, per cash ])ook,
" balance on hand to new account,

$4,273
49,657

91

05

$53,930

96

•

$48,414 44
5,516 52

$53,930

96

treasurer's report. 391

Boston, March 31, 1886. We have examined the above account
and find it correct, and the balance of cash on hand fifty-five
hundred and sixteen dollars and fifty-two cents.

H. H. HUNNEWELL,') j-,.

Tj, y . I Finance

Tj" n' -,-r^ ' { Committee.

H. P. Walcott, )

The Mortgage Debt has been reduced from $60,000 to $30,000
from the sale of Sinking Fund Bonds and the surplus in the
Treasurj'.

The receipts from the Halls during the past year have shown an
increase.

GEORGE W. FOWLE,

Treas%irer.

392

MASSACHUSETTS IIOUTICULTUUAL SOCIETY.

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MOUNT AUBURN CEMETERY. 393

Massachusetts Hokticultural Society,

To the Proprietors of the Cemetery of Mount Auburn, Dr.

For one-fourth part of the following expenditures for grading new lands for
sale during the year 1886 :

Glen Avenue.

418>4 days, men, f941 06

1G7^ " man and horse, . . . . . 629 06

Linden Path.

132>^ days, men, ^298 13

44^ " man and horse, 167 81

Birch Avenue to Eagle and Cherry Avenues.

1741^ days, men, $392 63

1763^ " man and horse, 660 94

$1,570 12

#465 94

L,053 57
#3,089 63
One-fourth part of $3,089.63 is . . . , $772 41

Mount Auburn, Dec. 31, 1886.

J. W. LOVERING,

Superintendent.

I certify the foregoing to be a true copy of improvements for the year
1886, rendered by the Superintendent.

H. B. MACKINTOSH,

Treasurer.

|ll;tss;ic!)usetts |)ortic«Itiir;tI Socictn.

OFFICERS AND STANDING COMMITTEES FOR 1887.

President.
HENRY P. WALCOTT, of Cambridge.

Vice-Presidents.

CHARLES 11. B. BRECK, of Brighton. FREDERICK L. AMES, of North Easton.
BENJAMIN G. SMITH, of Cambridge. WILLIAM II. SPOONER, of Jamaica Plain.

Treasurer and Superintendent of the Building.
GEORGE W. FOWLE, of Boston.

Secretary and Librarian.
ROBERT MANNING, of Salem.*

Recording Secretary.
ROBERT INIANNING, of Salem.

Professor of Botany and Vegetable Physiology.
JOHN ROBINSON, of Salem.

Professor of Entomology.
SAMUEL H. SCUDDER, of CambriilBC.

^th.i)(liiig^ doiT\n\ittee^.

Executive.

TlIK PUICSIUK.VT, HENRY P. WALCOTT, ClIAlUMAX.

Tllli ClIAlUMAN Of THE Fl.NANUK COMMIT TEE, H. H. IIU.N'NE WICLL ; WILLI.VM

C. STRONG, F. L. AMES, CHARLES H. B. BRECK, HENRY WELD

FULLER, CHARLES S. SARGENT, WILLIAM H. SPOONER,

EDWARD L. BEARD.

* Cun.niuiiicatioui lur Utc Secretory, uu the buiiucaa uf the Sociuty, uliuuld be udUivaicd to Uim at Ilurticul-

turul Hull, iJODtuu

OFFICERS AND STANDING COMMITTEES FOR 1887. 395

Finance.

H. HOLLIS HUNNEWELL, Chaikman.

HENRY P. WALCOTT. FREDERICK L. AMES.

Publication and Discussion.

O. B. HADWEN, Chairman.

FRANCIS H. APPLETON. WILLIAM H. HUNT.

Establishing Prizes.

CHAIRMAN OF COMMITTEE ON FRUITS, Chairman.

CHAIRMEN OF COMMITTEES ON FLOWERS, VEGETABLES, AND GARDENS,

EX OFFICII S; C. M. ATKINSON, EDWARD L. BEARD, JACKSON DAWSON.

Library.

WILLIAM E. ENDICOTT, CHAIRMAN.

THE PROFESSOR OF BOTANY AND VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY

AND THE PROFESSOR OF ENTOMOLOGY, EX OFFICIIS;

J. D. W. FRENCH. NATHANIEL T. KIDDER.

FRANCIS H. APPLETON. GEORGE W. HUMPHREY.

Gardens.
JOHN G. BARKER, Chairman.
CHAIRMEN OF COMMITTEES ON FRUITS, FLOWERS, AND VEGETABLES,

EX OFFICIIS;
CHARLES W. ROSS, BENJAMIN G. SMITH, HENRY W. WILSON.

Fruit.
E. W. WOOD, Chairman.
BENJAMIN G. SMITH. J. W. MANNING. WARREN FENNO.

CHARLES F. CURTIS. O. B. HADWEN. SAMUEL HARTWELL.

Plants and Flowers.

JOSEPH H. WOODFORD, Chairman.

F. L. HARRIS. WARREN H. MANNING. ARTHUR H. FEWKES.

DAVID ALLAN. W. A. MANDA. MICHAEL H. NORTON.

Vegetables.
CHARLES N. BRACKETT, Chairman.
WARREN HEUSTIS. CEPHAS H. BRACKETT. GEORGE HILL.

P. G. HANSON. JACOB HITTINGER. VARNUM FROST.

Committee of Arrangements.

EDWARD L. BEARD, Chairman.

CHAIRMEN OF COMMITTEES ON FRUITS, FLOWERS, VEGETABLES, AND

GARDENS, EX OFFICIIS;

WARREN HEUSTIS. CHARLES L. FOWLE.

MEMBERS FOR LIFE

Members of the Society and all other persons who may know of deaths,
changes in residence, or other circumstances shou-ing that the follouing list is
inaccurate in any particular will coufer a favor by promj)ily communica-
ting to the Secretary the needed corrections.

Information, or any clew to it, is especially desired in regard to members
whose nam,es are marked thus f-

Adams, Luther, Brigliton.

Albro, Charles, Taunton.

Alger, 11. F., Bucket.

Allan, David, Mount Auburn.

Ames, Frank M., Canton.

Ames, Frederick L., North Easton.

Ames, George, Boston,

Ames, Preston Adams, South Iling-

ham.
Amory, Charles, Boston.
Amory, Frederick, Boston.
Anderson, Alexander, West Hingham.
Andrews, Charles L., Milton.
Andrews, Frank W., Boston.
tAndros, Milton, Brookline.
Appleton, Edward, Reading.
Appleton, Francis II., Peabody.
Appleton, William S., Boston.
Atkins, Elislia, Boston.
Augur, P. M., Middlefield, Ct.
Avery, Edward, Boston.
Ayling, Isaac, M. 1)., Waltham.

tBacon, George, M. D., Brookline.
Bailey, Edwin C, West Stowe, Vt.
Baker, William E., Boston.
Bancroft, John C, Boston.
Banfield, Francis L., Boston.
Barnard, James M., Maiden.
Barnard, Robert M., Everett.
Barnes, Walter S., Somerville.
Barnes, William II., Bo^iton.
fBarney, Levi C., Boston.

Barratt, James, Cambridgej)ort.
Barrett, Edwin S., Concord.
Bartlett, Ednmnd, Newburyjiort.
Bates, Amos, Ilingham.
Bates, Caleb, Kingston.
tBayley, John P., Boston.
Beal, Alexander, Dorchester.
Beckford, Daniel R., Jr., Dedham.
Bell, Joseph II., Quincy.
Bemis, Emery, Cambridge.
Berry, James, Brookline.
Bickford, Weare D., Newton ville.
Birchard, Charles, Framingham.
Black, James W., Cambridge.
Blagg, Samuel, Jamaica Plain.
Blake, Arthur W., Brookline.
Blakemore, John E., lloslindale.
Blanchard, John W. , Dorchester.
Blaney, Henry, Boston.
Blinn, Richard D., Chicago, 111.
Bliss, William, Springfield.
Bocher, Ferdinand, Cambridge.
Bockus, Charles E., Dorchester.
Bond, George W., West Roxbury.
Borland, John N., M. D. New Lon-
don, Ct.
Botume, John, Wyoming.
Bouv6, Thomas T., Boston.
Bowditch, Azell C, Somerville.
B()wditch,J.Ingt'rs()ll, Jamaica Plain.
Bowditch, William E., Roxbury.
Bowker, William II., West Newton.
Brackett, Cephas II., Brighton.

MEMBERS FOR LIFE.

397

Brackett, Charles N., Newton.
Bradish, Levi J., Boston.
Bragg, Samuel A. B., Dorchester.
Breed, Henry A., Lynn.
Bresee, Albert, Hubbardton, Vt.
Brewer, Francis W., Ilingham.
Brewer, John Reed, Boston.
Brewer, Otis, West Roxbury.
Brigham, William T., Boston.
Brimmer, Martin, Boston.
Brintnall, Benjamin, Charlestown.
Brooks, Francis, West Medford.
Brown, Alfred S., Jamaica Plain.
Brown, Charles E., Yarmouth, N. S.
Brown, Edward J., Weston.
fBrown, G. Barnard, Boston.
Brown, George Bruce, Framingham,
Brown, Jacob, Woburn.
Brownell, E. S., Essex Junction, Vt.
fBruce, Nathaniel F., Stoneham.
BuUard, John R., Dedham.
Bullard, William S., Boston.
Burnett, Joseph, Southborougli.
Burnhara, Thomas O. H. P., Boston.
Burr, Fearing, Hingham.
Burr, Matthew H., Ilingham.
Buswell, Edwin W., New York, N.Y.
Buswell, Frank E., New York, N. Y,
tButler, Aaron, Wakefield.
Butler, Edward K., Jamaica Plain.
Butterfield, William P., East Lex-
ington.

Cabot, Edward C. , Brookline.

Cadness, John, Flushing, N. Y.

Cains, William, South Boston.

Calder, Augustus P., Boston.

Capen, John, Boston.

Carlton, Samuel A., Boston.

Carruth, Charles, Boston.

Carter, Miss Sabra, Wilmington,

Cartwright, George, Dedham.

Chadbourne, Marshall W., Water,
town.

Chamberlain, Chauncey W., Boston.

Chapin, Nathaniel G., Brookline.

Chapman, Edward, South Framing-
ham.

Chase, Andrew J., Lynn.
Chase, Daniel E., Somerville.
Chase, George B., Boston.
Chase, Hezekiah S., Boston.
Chase, William M., Baltimore, Md.
Cheney, Benjamin P., Boston.
Child, Francis J., Cambridge.
Child, William C, Medford.
Childs, Francis, Charlestown.
Childs, Nathaniel R., Boston.
Choate, Charles F., Cambridge.
Claflin, Henry, Newton.
Claflin, William, Newton.
Clapp, Edward B., Dorchester.
Clapp, James H., Dorchester.
Clapp, William C, Dorchester.
Clark, Benjamin C, Boston.
Clark, Orus, Boston.
Clark, W. L., Neponset.
Clarke, Miss Cora H., Jamaica Plain.
Clay, Henry, Dorchester.
Cleary, Lawrence, West Roxbury.
Clement, Asa, Dracut.
Cleveland, Ira, Dedham.
Cobb, Albert A., Brookline.
Coburn, Isaac E., Everett.
Codman, James M., Brookline.
Codman, Ogden, Lincoln.
Coffin, G. Winthrop, West Roxbury.
Coffin, William E., Dorchester.
Converse, Elisha S., Maiden.
Converse, Parker L., Woburn.
Coolidge, Joshua, AVatertown.
Copeland, Franklin, West Dedham.
Coy, Samuel I., Boston.
Crocker, George O., New Bedford.
Crocker, Uriel, Boston.
Crosby, Josiah, Arlington.
Crowell, Philander, Chelsea.
Crowell, Randall II., Chelsea.
Cummings, John, Woburn.
Curtis, Charles F., Jamaica Plain.
Curtis, George S., Jamaica Plain.
Cushing, Robert M., Boston.

fDaggett, Henry C, Boston.
Damon, Samuel G., Arlington.

398

MASSACHUSETTS IIOUTlCULTUltAL SOCIETY.

Daiia. Cliailo IJ., \\\lK-sley.
Darliiij,', CMuirk's K., Uoston.
DavL'njxjrt, Ktlward, Dorcliestcr.
Davcnjiort, Goorifi' E., Medford.
Davenport, Ik-nry, Boston.
Dawson, Jackson, Jamaica Plain.
Deblois, Stephen G., Boston.
Dee, Thomas W., Mount Auburn.
Denny, Chirence H., Boston.
tDenny, R. S., Dorchester.
Denton, Eben, Dorcliester.
Dewson, Francis A., Newtoiiville.
Dexter, F. Gordon, Boston,
l^ickerman, Georj^e II., Somerville.
Dike, Charles C, Stoneham.
Dinsmore, William B., New York,

N. Y.
Dorr, George, Dorchester.
Dove, George W.W., Andover.
Durant, William, Boston.
Durfee, Mrs. Fidelia B., Full Kiver.
Durfee, George B., Fall Kiver.
Dutcher, F. J., Ilopedale.

Eaton, Horace, Quincy.
Eldridge, Azariah, Yarmoutliport.
tEldridge, E. H., Ro.xbury.
Ellicott, Joseph P., Boston.
Endicott, William E., Canton.
Eustis, William C, Hyde Park.
Everett, William, Dorchester.

Fairchild, Charles, Belmont.
Falconer, William, Glencove, N.Y.
Farlow, John S., Newton.
Farlow, Lewis II., Newton.
Farquhar, Robert, Boston.
tFax(jn, Joiin, Quincy.
Fay, Mrs. Rebekah L., Chelsea.
Fenno, J. Brooks, Boston.
Fewkes, Arthur 11., Newton lligli-

lands.
Fewkes, Edwin, Newton Highlands.
Fillebrown, John, Arlington.
Fisher, David, Newport, R.l.
Fisher, James, San Diego, Cal.
Fisher, Warren, Boston.
Flagg, Augustus, Boston.

Fleming;, Kdwiii, West Newton.
Fletcher, George V., Belmont.
Fletcher, John W., Chelsea.
Fletcher, J. Henry, Belmont.
Flint, Charles L., Boston.
Flint, David B., Watertown.
Flynt, William N., Monson.
Forster, Edward J., M.D., Charles

town.
Foster, Francis C, Cambridge.
Fottler, John, Jr., Dorchester.
Fowle, George W., Jamaica Plain.
Fowle, William B., Auburndale.
Freeman, Abraham, Dorchester.
French, Jonathan, Boston.
French, J. D. Williams, Boston.
Fuller, Henry Weld, Roxbury.

Galvin, John, West Roxbury.
Gardner, Henry N., Belmont.
Gardner, John L., Brookline.
Gibbs, Wolcott, M.D., Cambridge.
Gillard, William, Atlantic.
Gilmore, E. W., Nortli Easton.
Gilson, F. Howard, Reading.
Glover, Albert, Boston.
Glover, Joseph B., Boston.
Goddard, A. Warren, Brookline.
Goddard, Mrs. MaryT., Newton.
Goodell, L. AV., Amherst.
Gorham, James L., Jamaica Plain.
tGould, Samuel, Boston.
Gray, James, Wellesle\'.
Gregory, James J. II., Marl)leheail.
Greig, George, Toronto, Out.
Groom, Thomas, Dorchester.
Grnndel, Ilernninn, Dorchester.
Guild, J. Anson, Brookline.

lladwen, C)badiaii B., AVorcester.
Hall, Edwin A., Cambndgeiiort.
Hall, George A., Chelsea.
Hall, (ieorgt- R., Fort George, Fla.
Hall, John R., Roxbury.
Hall, Lewis, Cambridge.
Hall, Ste])hen A., Revere.
Hall, William F., Brookline.

MEMBERS FOR LIFE.

399

Halliday, William H., South Boston.

tllainmoncl, Gardner G., Boston.

Hammond, Samuel, Boston.

Hanson, P. G., Woburn.

Harding, Charles L., Cambridge.

Harding, George W., Arlington.

Harding, Lewis B., Boston.

Harding, William C, Stamford, Ct.

Hardy, F. D., Jr., Cambridgeport.

Harrington, Leonard B., Salem.

Harrington, Nathan D., Somerville.

Harris, Charles, Cambridge.

Hart, William T., Boston.

Hastings, Levi W., Brookline.

Hathaway, Seth W., Marblehead.

fHaughton, James, Boston.

tHaven, Alfred W., Portsmouth,
N. H.

Hayes, Daniel F., Exeter, N. H.

Hayes, Mrs. Francis B., Senior, Lex-
ington.

Hayes, Francis B., Lexington.

Hayward, Jonas P., Ashby.

fHazeltine, Hazen, Boston.

Head, Charles D., Brookline.

Henshaw, Joseph P. B., Boston.

Heywood, George, Concord.

Hilbourn, A. J., Chelsea.

Hill, George, Arlington.

Hill, John, Stoneham.

Hilton, William, Boston.

Hitchings, E. H., Boston.

Hittinger, Jacob, Belmont.

Hoar, Samuel, Concord.

Hodgkins, John E., Chelsea.

fHoUis, George W., Grantville.

HoUis, John W., Allston.

Holt, Mrs. Stephen A., Winchester.

Hooper, Thomas, Bridgewater.

Horner, Mrs. Charlotte N. S., George-
town.

Hbvey, Charles H., Cambridgeport.

Hovey, Charles M., Cambridgeport.

Hovey, John C, Cambridgeport.

Hovey, Stillman S., Woburn.

tHowe, George, Boston.
Hubbard, Charles T., Weston.

Hubbard, Gardner G., Cambridge.
Hubbard, James C, Everett.
fHumphrey, F. J., Dorchester.
Humphrey, George W., Dedham.
Hunneman, Joseph H., Boston.
Hunnewell, Arthur, Wellesley.
Hunnewell, H. HoUis, Wellesley.
Hunnewell, Walter, Wellesley.
Hunt, Franklin, Boston.
Hunt, Moses, Charlestown.
Hunt, William H., Concord.
Hyde, James F. C, Newton High-
lands.

Inches, Herman B., M. D., Boston.

Jackson, Abraham, Boston.
Jackson, Charles L., Cambridge.
Jackson, Robert T., Dorchester.
Janvrin, William S., Revere.
Jeffries, John, Boston.
Jenks, Charles W., Boston.
Johnson, J. Frank, Boston.
Joyce, Mrs. E. S., Medford.

Kakas, Edward, West Medford.
Kelly, George B., Jamaica Plain.
tKendall, D. S., Woodstock, Out.
Kendall, Edward, Cambridgeport.
tKendall, Joseph R., Oakland, Cal.
Kendrick, Mrs. H. P., Allston.
Kennard, Charles W., Boston.
Kennedy, George G., M. D., Milton.
Kent, John, Charlestown.
fKeyes, E. W., Denver, Col.
Keyes, George, Concord.
Kidder, Nathaniel T., Boston.
fKimball, A. P., Boston.
King, Franklin, Dorchester.
Kingman, Abner A., Brookline.
Kingman, C. D., Middleborough.
Kinney, John M., East Wareham.
Kinsley, Lyman, Cambridgeport.

Lamb, Thomas, Boston
Lancaster, Charles B., Newton.
Lane, John, East Bridgewater.
Lawrence, Amos A., Boston.

400

MAssACiiusi-rrs iiokticultuhal socikty.

Liiwri'iicf, .Tames, Boston.
Lawrenci', Jolin, Boston.
Lee, Henry, Boston.
Leeson, Josepli K., Niwton Centre.
Leinnie, Frederick, Arlington.
Leucliars, Kol)ert B., Boston.
Lewis, A. S., Franiingliani.
Lewis, William G., Framingliam.
Lincoln, George, llingliam.
Locke, William H , Belmont.
Lockwood, Kliodes, Boston.
Lodge, G. Henry, M. 1).. Boston.
Loftus, John r.. North Easton.
Loomis, Jason B., Boston.
Lord, George C, Newton.
Loring, Caleb W., Beverly Farms.
Loring, George B., Salem.
Lovetl, George L., West Newton.
tLowder, John, Watertown.
Lowell, Augustus, Boston.
Luke, Elijah H., Cambridgeport.
Lumb, William, Boston.
Lunt, Charles H., Jamaica Plain.
Lyman, Theodore, Brookline.
Lyon, Henry, Charlestown.

fMalioMcy, John, Boston.
IMann, James F., Ipswich.
Mann, Jonathan, Milton.
Manning, Jacob W., Beading.
Manning, Mrs. Lydia B., Heading.
Manning, Robert, Salem.
Manning, Warren H., Beading.
Martin, Darius A., Chelsea.
Martin, John S., ]{().\l)ury.
Mattlicws, Nathan, lioston.
McCarty, Timothy, Providence, B.L
McClure, John, Kevere.
McWilliam, George, Wiiitinsville.
Melvin, James C, West Newton.
Merriam, Herbert, Weston.
Merriam, M. H., Lexington.
Merrifield, William T., Worcester.
Metivier, James, Cambridge.
Minton, James, Boston.
Moore, John B., Concord.
Moore, John H., Concord.

Morrill, Jo8ei)h, Jr., Ucxbury.
tMorse, Samuel F., Boston.
Morse, William A., Boston.
Motley, Thomas, Forest Hills.
Mudge, George A., Portsmouth, N.H.
Muiirof, Otis, lioston.

Needliam, Daniel, Groton.
Nevins, David, Framingham.
Newman, J. K., Winchester.
Newton, Rev. William W., Pittsfield.
Nickerson, Albert W., Marion.
Nickerson, George A., Dedham.
Norton, Charles W. , Allston.
Nonrse, Benjamin F., Boston.

Oakman, Hiram A., North Marsh-
field.
Osgood, James Ripley, Boston.
Oxnard, George D., Boston.

Packer, Charles H., Boston.
fPage, Thomas, Boston.
Paige, Clifton H., Boston.
Palmer, Julius A., Jr., Boston.
Parker, Augustus, Roxbury.
Parker, Mrs. Margaret, Wakefield.
Parkman, Francis, Jamaica Plain.
tPartridge, Henry, Dunkirk, N. Y.
Partridge, Horace, Cambridge.
Paul, Alfred W., Dighton.
Peabody, John E., Salem.
tPearce, John, West Roxbury.
Peck, O. H., Denver, Col.
Peck, W. G., Arlington.
Peirce, Silas, Boston.
I'enniman, A. P., Waltham.
Perkins, Augustus T., Boston.
Perkins, Edward N., Jamaica Plain.
Perkins, William P., Wayland.
fPerry, George W., Maiden.
Philbriek, William D., Newton Centre.
Pierce, Dean, Brookline.
Pierce, Henry L., Boston.
Pierce, Samuel B., Dorchester.
Poor, John R,, Somerville.
Potter, Joseph S., Arlington.

MEMBERS FOR LIFE.

401

Prang, Louis, Rnxbury.
Pratt, Laban, Dorchester.
Pratt, Lucius G. , West Newton.
Pratt, Robert M., Boston.
Pratt, William, Winchester.
Pray, Mark W., Boston.
tPrescott, Eben C, Boston.
Prescott, William G., Boston.
Prescott, William G.,Quincy.
Pringle, Cyrus G., Charlotte, Vt.
Proctor, Thomas P., West Roxbury.
Prouty, Gardner, Littleton.
Pulsifer, Royal M., Auburndale.
Putnam, Joshua H., Brookline.

Quinby, Hosea M. , M.D., Worcester.

Rand, Miss Elizabeth L., Newton
Highlands.

Rand, Oliver J., Cambridgeport.

Rawson, Warren W., Arlington.

Ray, James F., Franklin.

Ray, James P., Franklin.

Ray, Joseph G., Franklin.

Reed, George W., Boston.

Richards, John J., Boston.

Richardson, Charles E., Cambridge-
port.

Rinn, J. Ph., Boston.

Ripley, Charles, Dorchester.

Robbins, I. Gilbert, Dorchester.

Robbins, Nathan, Arlington.

Robeson, William R., Boston.

Robinson, John, Salem.

Robinson, Joseph B., AUston.

Rogers, JohnH., Boston.

Ross, Henry, Newtonville.

Ross, M. Denman, Forest Hills.

Ross, Waldo 0., Boston.

Ruddick, William H., M. D., South
Boston.

Russell, George, Woburn.

Russell, John E., Leicester.

Russell, Walter, Arlington.

fSampson, George R., New York,

N. Y.
fSanborn, Amos C, Cambridgeport.

Sanford, Oliver S., Hyde Park.

Sargent, Charles S., Brookline.

Sargent, John 0., Lenox Furnace.

Saville, Richard L., Brookline.

Sawtelle, Eli A., Boston.

Sawyer, Timothy T., Charlestown.

tScott, Charles, Newton.

Scudder, Charles W., Brookline.

Sears, J. Montgomery, Boston.

Seaver, Nathaniel, East Boston.

Seaver, Robert, Jamaica Plain.

Shaw, Cliristophcr C, Miiford, N. H.

Shimmin, Charles F., Boston.

Shorey, John L., Lynn.

Skinner, Francis, Boston.

Smith, Benjamin G., Cambridge.

Smith, Calvin W., Grantville.

Smith, Charles H., Jamaica Plain.

Smith, Chauncey, Cambridge.

Smith, Edward N. , San Francisco.

Smith, George O., Boston.

Smith, James H., Needham.

Smith, Whitman B., Roxbury.

Snow, Eben, Cambridge.

Snow, Miss Salome H., Brunswick,
Me.

Sparhawk, Edward C, Brighton.

Spaulding, Edward, West Newton.

Spaulding, Mahlon D., Boston.

Speare, Alden, Newton Centre.

Spencer, Alfred W., Boston.

Spxingall, George, Maiden.

Stetson, Nahum, Bridgewater.

Stewart, William J., Winchester.

Stickney, Rufus B., Somerville.

tStimpson, George, New York, N. Y.

Stimpson, H. H., Cambridge.

Stone, Amos, Everett.

Stone, George F., Newton.

Stone, Phineas J., Charlestown.

Story, E. Augustus, Brighton.

Strong, William C, Newton High-
lands.

Sturgis, John H., Brookline.

Sturgis, Russell, Jr., Manchester.

Sturtevant, E. Lewis, M.D., Geneva,
N. Y.

402

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Surettc, Louis A.. Concord.

Taft, John B., Cambridtre.
Taylor, Horace B., Boston.
Tliurlow, Tlionias C, Newburyport.
Tidd, Marsliall M., Woburn.
Tilton, Stephen W., Ko.xbury.
Todd, John, Hingham.
Tolnian, Benjamin, Concord.
Tohnan, Miss Harriet S., Boston.
Torrey, Everett, Charlestown.
tTurner, John M., Dorchester.
Turner, Roswell W., Dorchester.
Turner, Royal W., Randolph.

Underwood, Guy C, Roxlmry.
Underwood, William J., Belmont.

Vass, William J., Brookline.
Vinal, Miss Mary L., Somerville.
Vose, Benjamin C., Hyde Park.

Wainwright, William L., Braintrec.
Wakefield, E. H., Cambridge.
Walcott, Henry P., M.D., Cambridge.
Wales, George O., Braintree.
Walker, PMward C. R., Roxbury.
Walker, Theophilus W., Waltham.
Walley, Mrs. W. P., Boston.
Ward, John, Newton.
Wardwell, William H., Newton

Centre.
Ware, Benjamin P., Beach Bluff.
tWarren, George W., Boston.
Washburn, Andrew, Hyde Park.
Wason, Elbridge, Brookline.
Waters, Edwin F. , Newton Centre.
Waters, George F., Boston.
Watson, Tiiomas A., East Braintrec.
Watts, Isaac, Waverly.
Webber, Aaron D., Boston.

Weld, Aaron D., WestlJoxbury.
Weld, George W., Newport, R. I.
Weld, Moses W., M. D., Boston.
Weld, Richard II., Boston.
Weld, William G., Boston.
West, Mrs. Maria L., Neponset.
Weston, Leonard W., Lincoln.
Weston, Seth, Revere.
Wheelwright, A. C, Boston.
Whipple, John A., Boston.
Whitcomb, William B., Medford.
White, Benjamin C, Boston.
White, Edward A., Boston.
White, Francis A., Brookline.
Whitely, Edward, Cambridgeport.
tWhittle, George W., Somerville.
tWliytal, Thomas G., New York,

N. Y.
Wilbur, George B., West Newton.
Wilder, Edward Baker, Dorchester.
Wilder, Henry A., Maiden.
Willard, E. W., Newport, R. I.
Willcutt, Levi L., West Roxbury.
Williams, Aaron D., Boston.
Williams, Benjamin B., Boston.
Williams, Philander, Taunton.
Willis, George W., Chelsea.
Willis, Joshua C, Roxbury.
Wilson, Henry W., Boston.
Wilson, William Power, Boston.
Woerd, Charles V., Waltham.
Wocrd, Charles V., Jr., Waltham.
Wood, Charles G., Boston.
Wood, Luke H., Marlborough.
Wood, R. W., Jamaica Plain.
Wood, William K., West Newton.
Woods, Henry, Boston.
Woodward, Royal, Brookline.
Wright, George C, Wost Acton.

ANNUAL MEMBERS

Members of the Society and all other persons who may know of deaths,
changes of residence, or other circumstances showiiig that the following hst is
inaccurate in a7iy particular will conf r a favor by promptly commiinica-
ting to the Secretary the needed corrections.

Abbot, Samuel L., M. D., Boston.
Abbott, Allen v., Boston.
Aird, Duncan, Belmont.
Allen, Andrew F., Arlington.
Allen, Calvin, Roxbury.
Allen, Charles L., Garden City, N.Y.
Atkinson, Charles M., Brookline.
Atkinson, Edward, Brookline.
Atkinson, William B., Newburyport.

Bacon, Augustus, Roxbury.
Bacon, William, Roxbury.
Badlam, William H., Dorchester.
Barber, J. Wesley, Newton.
Bard, James, Framingham.
Barker, John G., Jamaica Plain.
Batchelder, G. W., St. Albans, Vt.
Beard, Edward L., Cambridge.
Beebe, J. Arthur, Boston.
Beer, Carl, New York, N.Y.
Bird, John L., Dorchester.
Bliss, Benjamin K., Boston.
Bock, William A., North Cambridge.
BoUes, Matthew, Boston.
BoUes, William P., Roxbury.
Bolton, John B., Somerville.
Boott, William, Boston.
Bowditch, E. F,, Framingham.
Bowditch, James H., Brookline.
Bowker, Albert, East Boston.
Boyden, Clarence F., Taunton.
Bradlee, John T., Boston.
Breck, Charles H., Brighton.

Breck, Charles H. B., Brighton.
Brooks, George, Brookline.
Brown, Atherton T., Roxbury.
Brown, David H., West Medford.
Brown, Joseph T., Boston.
Burley, Edward, Beverly.
Butler, Edward, Wellesley.

Carter, Miss Maria E., Woburn.
Cartwright, James, Wellesley.
Chaffin, John C, Newton.
Chase, Josepli S., Maiden.
Chase, Leverctt M., Roxbury.
Cheney, Amos P., Natick.
Clark, James W., Framingham.
Clark, Joseph, Manchester.
Clark, Joseph W., Dedhani.
Clark, Theodore M., • Newtonville.
Collins, Frank S., Maiden.
Comley, .Tames, Lexington.
Crafts, William A., Boston.
Crosby, J. Allen, Jamaica Plain.
Curtis, Daniel T., Milton Lower Mills.
Curtis, Joseph H., Boston.

Davenport, Albert M., Watcrtown.
Davis, Frederick, Newton.
Davis, Thomas M., Cambridgeport.
De Mar, John A., Brighton.
Ditson, Oliver, Boston.
Dolbear, Mrs. Alice J., College Hill.
Doran, Enoch E., Brookline.
Doyle, William E , East Cambridge.

404

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

DufHoy, Daniol, Brooklinc.
Katon, Jaeol), Caiitl)ri(lK*'P"i'^'

Farrier, Mrs. Cynthia, Stonoliam.
Faxon, Edwin, Jamaica Plain.
Faxon, Marshall B., Boston.
Felton, Artliur W., West Newton.
Fcnno, Warren, Itevere.
Fergusson, TlioniasM., I'hiladelphia,

Pa.
Fisher, Sewall, Franiinghani.
Fletcher, Edwin, Acton.
Forbes, William H., Jamaica Plain.
Foster, Joshua T., Medford.
Fowle, Charles L., Dorchester.
Francis, George E.,M.D., Worcester.
French, William E., Boston.
Frohock, Koscoe R., Maiden.
Frost, Edward, Littleton.
Frost, George, West Newton.
Frost, Stiles, Newtonville.
Frost, Varnum, Belmont.
Fuller, T. Otis, Neediiam.

Gardiner, Claudius B., Newhuryport.
Gibbon, Mrs. James A., Dorchester.
Gilbert, Sanmel, Boston.
Gill, Mrs. E. M., Medford.
Gleason, Herbert, Maiden.
Godbold, Gustavus A., Cliel.sea.
Goddard, Thomas, Boston.
Goodwin, Lester, Brighton.
Gould, William P., Newtonville.
Grant, Charles E., Concord.
Gray, Howard, Dorchester.
Gray, William, Jr., Dorchester.
Greene, Malcolm C., Dorchester.
Grew, Henry, Hyde Park.
Grover, William ()., Boston.
Guerineau, Louis, Cambridge.

Hall, William T., Revere.
Hamlin, Delwin A., Allston.
Hammond, Clement M., Hyde Park.
Harris, Miss Ellen M.,J imaica Plain.
Harris, Frederick ij., South Nnlick.

Hartwell, Samuel, Lincoln,
llarwood, George S., Newton.
Hatch, Samuel, Boston.
Hayes, John L., Cambridge.
Hazk'ton, H. L., Hingham.
Ilersey, .Alfred H., Hingham.
Hersey, Ednmnd, Hingham.
Heustis, Warren, Belmont.
Hewins, James, Medfield.
Hews, Albert H., ^Jorth Cambridge.
Hill, Benjamin D., Peabody.
Hill, Edwin S., Hyde Park.
Hill, J. Willard, Belmont.
Hill. Miss Katie A., Belmont.
Howe, Rufus, Marlborough.
Hunt, Henry C, Newton.

Jameson, G. W., East Lexington.
Jones, Moses, Brookline.
Jordan, Samuel, Yarmouth.
Judkins, Rev. B., West Dedham.

Kendall, Jonas, Framingham.
Kenrick, Miss Anna C, Newton.

Laniprell, Simon, Marblehead.
Lang, John H. B., Boston.
Langmaid,Mrs. Mary, Somerville.
Lee, (Charles J., Dorchester.
Lee, Francis XL, Salem.
Livermore, Miss Maria, Mt. Auburn.
Loring, Charles G., Boston.
Loring, John A., Boston.
Lothrop, David W., .West Medford.
Lothrop, H. A., Sharon.
Lothrop, Thornt.)n K., Boston.
Lowell, John, Newton.

Mauda, W. A., Cambridge.
Marcou, Mrs. J., Cambridge.
Markoe, George F. H., Roxbury.
Martin, William J., Milton.
IMay, F. W. G., Boston.
McDermott, Andrew, Roxbury.
Mcintosh, Aaron S., Roxbury.
McLaren, Anthony, Forest Hills.
McMillan, Robert, Whitinsville.

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

405

Meriam, Horatio C, D.M.D., Salem.
Merrill, J. Warren, Carabridgeport.
Merrill, S. A., WoUaston.
Meston, Alexander, Andover.
Mills, William, Somerville.
Minton, Peter J., Forest Hills.
Morandi, Francis, Maiden.
Morandi, Francis W., Maiden.
Morton, James H., Mount Hope.
Murray, Daniel D., Brookline.
Muzzey, Rev.Arteraas B., Cambridge.

Nelson, Mi's. Thomas L., Worcester.
Nightingale, Rev. Crawford, Dor-
chester.
Norton, Michael H., Boston.
Norton, Patrick, Boston.

O'Brien, James, Jamaica Plain.

Park, William D., Boston.
Parker, George A., Halifax.
Parker, John, Boston.
Patterson, James, Cambridge.
Payson, Samuel R., Boston.
Peirce, George H., Concord.
Petremant, Robert, Roxbury.
Phillips, Nathaniel, Dorchester.
Pierce, Samuel H., Lincoln.
Plimpton, Willard P., West Newton.
Power, Charles J., South Framing-
ham.
Prince, Thomas, Roxbury.
Purdie, George A., Welleslcy Hills.
Putnam, Charles A., Salem.
Putnam, Henry W., Salem.

Randall, Macey, Sharon.
Richards, John S., Brookline.
Richardson, E. P , Lawrence.
Richardson, Horace, M.D. Boston.
Richardson, Spencer W., Boston.
Ridler, Charles E., Boston.
Robbins, Oliver R., Weston
Roberts, Edward, Hyde Park.
Robinson, William, North Easton.
Rogers, Samuel C. B., Jamaica Plain.
Ross, Charles W., Newtonville.

12

SaflTord, Nathaniel F., Milton.
Saunders, Miss Mary T., Salem.
Saville, George, Quincy.
Sawtell, J. M., Fitchburg.
Schmitt, Georg A., Wellesley.
Scott, Augustus E., Lexington.
Scott, George H., Allston.
Scott, John W., Nahant.
Scudder, Samuel H., Cambridge.
Sharpies, Stephen P., Cambridge.
Shattuck, Frederick R., Roxbury.
Shedd, Abraham B., Weston.
Shedd, Arthur B., Chicago, 111.
Sheppard, Edwin, Lowell.
Sheppard, Samuel A. D., Newton.
Snow, Eugene A., Melrose.
Snow, Francis B., Dorchester.
Southworth, Edward, Quincy.
Spooner, William H., Jamaica Plain.
Squire, John P., Arlington.
Stearns, Charles H., Brookline.
Stevenson, Hamilton, Woburn.
Stone, Samuel G., Charlestown.
Storer, Charles, Natick.
Story, Miss Sarah W., Brighton.
Strahan, Thomas, Chelsea.
Sullivan, Julius L. D., Somerville.
Swan, Charles W., Boston.

Tailby, Joseph, Wellesley.
Talbot, Josiah W., Norwood.
Teel, William H., West Acton.
Temple, Felker L. , Somerville.
Terwilliger, S. F., Saratoga Springs,

N. Y.
Tillinghast, Joseph, New Bedford.
Tobey, S. Edwin, Boston.
Torrey, Bradford, Boston.
Trautman, Martin, Boston.
Turner, Nathaniel W. Boston.

Van der Veur, P. W., New York, N. Y.
Vaughan, J. C, Chicago, 111.

Walker, Charles H., Chelsea.
Walker, Joseph T., Watertown, N. Y.
Walker, William P., Somerville.
Waterer, Hosea, South Natick.

406

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETT.

Weld, Christopher M., Jamaica Plain.
Wellington, Miss Caroline, East

Lexington.
Wells, Benjamin T., Newton.
Weston, Mrs. L. P., Dan vers.
Wheatland, Henry, M.D., Salem.
White, Nelson B., Norwood.
Whitney, Joel, Winchester.
Whiton Starkes, Hingham Centre.
Wilde, Hiram, Randolph.
Wilmarth, Henry D., Jamaica Plain.
Wilson, B. Osgood, Watertown.
Wilson, George W., Maiden.

Wiswall, Henry M., Watertown.

Witliington, Henry IL, Jamaica
Plain.

Wolcott, Mrs. Henrietta L. T., Bos-
ton.

Wood, Mrs. AnnaD., West Newton.

Wood, E. W., West Newton.

Woodford, Joseph H., Newton.

Woolson, George C, Passaic, N. J.

Worthington, Roland, Roxbury.

Wright, Daniel, Lowell.

Zirngiebel, Denys, Needham.

EXTRACTS FROM THE CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS.

SECTION XXVI. — Life Members.

The payment of thirty dollars shall constitute a Life Memborsliip, and
exempt the member from all future assessments ; and any member having
once paid an admission fee may become a Life Member by the payment of
twenty dollars in addition thereto.

SECTION XXVII. — Admission Fee anu Annual Assessment.

Every subscription member, before he receives his diploma, or exercises
the privileges of a member, shall pay the sum of ten dollars as an admission
fee, and sliall be subject afterwards to an annual assessment of two dollars.

SECTION XXIX. — Discontinuance of Membership.

Any member who shall neglect for the space of two years to pay his annual
assessment shall cease to be a meml)er of the Society, and the Treasurer
shall erase his name from the List of Members. Any member may willidraw
from tlie Society, on giving notice to the Treasurer and i)aying the amount
due from him to the Society.

The attention of Annnal 3fembers is inirticularly called to Section AW I .V.

HONORARY MEMBERS.

Members and correspondents of the Society and all other persons who may
know of deaths, changes of residence, or other circumstances showing that the
following list is inaccurate in any particular will confer a favor by
promptly communicating to the Secretary the needed corrections.

Information, or any clew to it, is especially desired in regard to Joseph
Maxwell, elected in 1830, and George W. Smith, elected in 1851. The names
of those known to be deceased are marked with a star.

*Benjamin Abbott, LL. D., Exeter, N. H.

*JoHN Abbott, Brunswick', Me.

*HoN. John Quincy Adams, LL. D., late President of the United States,

Quincy.
*Professor Louis Agassiz, Cambridge.

♦William T. Aiton, late Curator of the Royal Gardens, Kew, England.
*Thomas Allen, late President of the St. Louis Hortieultural Society,

St. Louis, Mo., and Pittsfield, Mass.
*HoN. Samuel Appleton, Boston.
*HoN. James Arnold, New Bedford.
*Edward Nathaniel Bancroft, M. D., late President of the Horticultural

and Agricultural Society of Jamaica.
*HoN. Philip P. Barbour, Virginia.
*DoN Angel Calderon de la Barca, late Spa.iish Minister at Wasli-

ington.
*RoBERT Barclay, Bury Hill, Dorking, Surrey, England.
*James Beekman, New York.
*L'Abbe Berlese, Paris.
♦Nicholas Biddle, Philadelphia.
*Dr. Jacob Bigelow, Boston.
*Mr8. Lucy Bigelow, Medford.
*Le Chevalier Soulange Bodin, late Secretaire General de la Societ6

d'Horticulture de Paris.
Hon. George S. Boutwell, Groton.
*JosiAH Bradlee, Boston.
*H6n. George N. Briggs, Pittsfield.
*HoN. James Buchanan, late President of the United States, Lancaster,

Penn.
*HoN. Jesse Buel, late President of the Albany Horticultural Society,

Albany, N. Y.
*HoN. Edmund Burke, late Commissioner of Patents, Washington, D. C.

408 MASSACHUSETTS IIOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

*AuGn8TiN Pthamus de Candolle, Geneva, Switzerland.

*IIoN. Horace Capron, late U. S. Conimissioner of Agriculture, Wash-
iiif^toii, I). {'.

*CoMMoDORE Isaac Chalncey, U. S. Navy, Hrooklyii, N. Y.

*Wahu Ciupman, late Ciiief-Justioe of New Brunswick, St. John.

*Lewis Clapier, Piiiladelpiiia.

*HoN. Hknry Clay, Lexington, Ky.
H. W. S. Cleveland, Minneapolis, Minn.

♦Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin, Bart., England.

*Zacchei;8 Collins, late President of the Pennsylvania lIorticMltural
Society, Philadelphia.

*Roswell L. Colt, Paterson, N. J.

Caleb Cope, ex-President of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society,
Pliiladelphia.

♦William Coxe, Burlington, N. J.

*JonN P. CusHiNG, AVatertown.

♦Charles W. Dabney, late U. S. Consul, Fayal, Azores.

*HoN. John Davis, LL. D., Boston.

♦Sir Humphry Davy, London.

♦Gen. Henry Alexander Scammel Dearborn, Roxlmry.

♦James Dickson, late Vice-President of the Horticultural Society of
London.

♦Mrs. Dorothy Dix, Boston.

♦Capt. Jesse I). Elliot, U. S. Navy.

♦Hon. Stephen Elliot, LL. D., Charleston, S. C.

♦Hon. Henry L. Ellsworth, late Coninnssioner of Patents, Washing-
ton, D. C.

♦Allyn Charles Evanson, late Secretary of the King's County Agricul-
tural Society, St. John, N. B.

♦Hon. Edward Everett, LL. D., Boston.

♦Hon. Horace Everett, Vermont.

♦F. Faldekmann, late Curator of the Iniptrial Botanic (Tarden, St. Peters-
burg.

♦Hon. Millard Fillmore, late President of the United States, Ihilfalo, N.Y.

♦Du. F. E. Fischer, late Professor of Botany at the Inijierial l^otauic
Garden, St. Petersburg.

♦Hon. Theodore Frelinghuysen, late President of the Anurican Agri-
cultural Society, New Brunswick, New Jersey.

♦Joseph Gales, .In., late Vice-President of the Horticultural Society,
Washington, D. C.

*(ivAt\u.K Glims, New York.

♦Stephen Girard, Piiihuhlphi.i.

♦Hon. Bohert '1'. GoLOsnouoiKiH, Talliot County, Marylanil.

♦Ephraim Goodale, South Orrington, Maine.

♦Mrs. Bebecca Gore, Walthani.

♦Hon. John Greio, late President uf tlie Donustic Horticultural Society.
Cannndaigua, N. Y.

HONORARY MEMBERS. 409

*Mr8. Mary Griffith, Charlieshope, N. J.

*Gen. William Henry Harrison, late President of the United States,

North Bend, Ohio.
*S. P. HiLDRETH, M. D., Marietta, Ohio.

*Thomas Hopkirk, late President of the Glasgow Horticultural Society.
*David Hosack, M. D., late President of the New York Horticultural

Society.
*Lewis Hunt, Huntsburg, Ohio.
*JosEPH E. Ingersoll, late President of the Pennsylvania Horticultural

Society, Philadelphia.
*Gen. Andrew Jackson, late President of the United States. Nashville,

Tenn.
*Mr8. Martha Johonnot, Salem.

*Jared Potter Kirtland, M. D., LL.D., East Rockport, Ohio.
*Thomas Andrew Knight, late President of the Horticultural Society of

London.
*Gen. La Fayette, La Grange, France.
*Le Comte de Lasteyrie, late Vice-President of the Horticultural Society

of Paris.
L. A. H. Latour, M. p., Montreal, Canada.
*Baron Justus Liebig, Giessen, Germany.
*Profes80r John Lindley, late Secretary of the Horticultural Society of

London.
*Franklin Litchfield, late U. S. Consul at Puerto Cabello, Venezuela.
*JosHUA Longstreth, Philadelphia.
*NicHOLAS Longworth, Cincinnati, Ohio.

* Jacob Lorillabd, late President of the New York Horticultural Society.
*John Claudius Loudon, London.
*HoN. John A. Lowell, Boston.
*Baron Charles Ferdinand Henry Von Ludwig, late Vice-President of

the South African Literary and Scientific Institution, C'ape Town,

Cape of Good Hope.
*HoN. Theodore Lyman, Brookline.
CoL. Theodore Lyman, Brookline.
*HoN. James Madison, late President of the United States, Moutpelier, Va.
*Mrs. Charlotte Maryatt, Wimbledon, near London.
Joseph Maxwell, Rio Janeiro.

*D. Smith McCauley, late U. S. Consul-General at Tripoli, Philadelphia.
♦Hon. Isaac McKim, late President of the Horticultural Society of Mary-
land, Baltimore.
Rev. James H. Means, Dorchester, Mass.
*James Mease, M. D., Philadelphia.
♦Lewis John Mentens, Brussels, Belgium.
♦Hon. Charles F. Mercer, Virginia.
♦Francois Andre Michaux, Paris.
Donald G. Mitchell, New Haven, Conn.
♦Samuel L. Mitchill, M. D., LL.D., New York.

410 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

*IIoN. James Monroe, late President of the United States, Oak Hill, Va.

♦Alfred S. Monson, M. 1)., late President of the New Haven Horticultural
Society, New Haven, Conn.

*HoN. A. N. MoRiN, Montreal, Canada.

♦Theodore Mosselmann, Antwerp, Bclfiiujn.
Baron R. Von Osten Sacken, Heidelberg, Germany.

*Baron Ottenfels, late Austrian Minister to the Ottoman Porte.

*JoHN Palmer, Calcutta.

*HoN. Joel Parker, LL. I)., Cambridge.
Sahdel B. Parsons, Flushing, N. Y.

*HoN. Thomas H. Perkins, Brookline.

*A. Poiteau, late Professor in the Institut Horticole de Fromont.

*HoN. James K. Polk, late President of the United States, Nashville,
Tenn.

*JoHN Hare Powel, Powelton, Pa.

♦Henry Pratt, Philadelphia.

♦William Prince, Flushing, N. Y.

*Rev. George Putnam, D. I)., Roxbury.

*CoL. Joel Rathbone, late President of the Albany and Rensselaer Horti-
cultural Society, Albany, N. Y.

♦Archihald John, Earl of Roseberry, late President of the Caledonian Horti-
cultural Society.

♦JosEi'H Sabine, late Secretary of the Horticultural Society of Ijondon.

♦Don Ramon de la Sagra, Havana, Cuoa.

♦Henry Winthrop Sargent, Fishkill, N. Y.

♦Sir Walter Scott, Abbotsford, Scotland.

♦John Shepherd, late Curator of the Botanic Garden, Liverpool, England.

♦John S. Skinner, late Editor of the American Farmer, Baltimore, Md.
George W. .Smith, Boston.

♦Stephen H. Smith, late President of the Rhode Island Horticultural
Society.

♦Hon. Charles Sumner, Boston.

♦Hon. John Taliaferro, Virginia.

♦Gen. James Talmadge, late President of the American Institute, New
York.

♦Gen. Zachary Taylor, late President of the United States, Baton
Rouge, La.

♦James Thacher, M. I)., Plymouth.
John J. Thomas, Union Springs, N. Y.

♦James W. Thompson, M. I)., W^ilniiiigtoii, Del.

♦Grant Thoubukn, New York.

♦M. l)u Petit Thoijaus, Paris.

♦Le Vicomte Hkricart De Tiuiuv, late I'resident of the Horticulliiral
Society of Paris.

♦M<jns. 'J'ougakd, late President of the Horticultural Society of Rouen,
France.

♦Gen. Nathan Towson, late President of the Ilortieullural Society, Wash-
ington, D. C.

HONORARY MEMBERS. 411

*HoN. John Ttler, late President of the United States, Williamsburg, Va.

*Rev. Joseph Ttso, Wallingford, England.

*HoN. Martin Van Buren, late President of the United States, Kinder-
hook, N. Y.

*Federal Vanderbdrg, M. D., New York.

*Jean Baptiste Van Mons, M. D., Brussels, Belgium.

*Gen. Stephen Van Rensselaer, Albany, N. Y.

*Jo8EPH R. Van Zandt, Albany, N. Y.

♦Benjamin Vaughan, M. D., Hallowell, Me.

*Pettt Vaughan, London.

*Rev. N. Villenecve, Montreal, Canada.

♦Pierre Philippe Andre Vilmorin, Paris.

*Jame8 Wadsworth, Geneseo, N. Y.

♦Nathaniel Wallich, M. D., late Curator of the Botanic Garden, Calcutta.

♦Malthds a. Ward, M. D., late Professor in Franklin College, Athens, Ga.

*HoN. Daniel Webster, Marshfield.

*HoN. John Welles, Boston.

♦Jeremiah Wilkinson, Cumberland, R. I.
Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, Boston.

♦Frederick Wolcott, Litchfield, Conn.

♦AsuTON Yate|, Liverpool, England.

♦Lawrence Young, late President of the Kentucky Horticultural Society,
Louisville.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

Members and correspondents of the Society and all other persons who may
know of deaths, changes of residence, or other circumstances showing that the
following list is inaccurate in any particular will confer a favor by promptly
reporting to the Secretary the needed corrections.

Information, or any clew to it, is especially desired in regard to Alexander
Burton, elected in 1829, S. Reynolds, M.D., 1832, a/icZ Francis Summerest,
1833. The names of those known to be deceased are marked with a star.

*JoHN Adlum, Georgetown, D. C.

*DoN Francisco Agdilar t Leal, late U. S. Vice-Consul at Maldonado,

Banda Oriental del Uruguay.
*MoN.s. Alfkoy, Lieusaint, France.

A. B. Allen, New York.
* James T. Allen, late President of the Nebraska Static Horticultural

Society, Omaha.
*Uev. Thomas D. Anderson, D. D., South Boston.
♦Thomas Appleton, late U. S. Consul at Leghorn, Italy.
*Col. Thomas Aspinwall, late U. S. Consul at London, Brookline.

P. M Adguk, State Pomologist, Middlefield, Conn.
♦Isaac Cox Baunet, late U. S. Consul at Paris.

Patrick Bahhy, First Vice-President of the American Pomological Society,
Rochester, N. Y.
♦Augustine Baumann, Bolwiller, Alsace.
♦Eugene Achille Baumann, Railway, N. J.
♦Joseph Bernard Baumann, Bolwiller, Alsace.

Napoleon Baumann, Bolwiller, Alsace.

D. W. Beadle, St. Catherine's, Ontario.

Professor William J. Beal, Lansing, Michigan.
♦Noel J. Becar, Brooklyn, N. Y.
♦Edward Beck, Worton College. Isleworth, near London.

Rev. Henry Ward Beecher, Peckskill, N. Y.
♦Louis I"]uouard Ber(;kman8, Rome, Ga.

Prosper J. Berckmans, Augusta, Ga.
♦Alexander Bivout, late Secretary of the Soci6te Van Mons, FUurus,

Belgium.
♦Tripet Le Blanc, Paris.

♦Charles 1). Bragdon, Pulaski, Oswego Co., N. Y.
♦William I). Brinckle, M. D., Philadelphia.

♦George Brown, late U. S. Commissioner to the Sandwich Islands,
Beverly.

COHRESPONDING MEMBERS. 413

*JOHN W. Brown, Fort Gaines, Ga.

*Dr. Nehemiah Brush, East Florida.

♦Arthur Bryant, ^r., late President of the Illinois State Horticultural

Society, Princeton.
♦Robert Buist, Philadelphia.
*Dr. E. W. Bull, Hartford, Conn.

William Bull, Chelsea, England.

Rev. RoBERt Burnet, ex-President of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Asso-
ciation, Burlington.

Alexander Burton, United States Consul at Cadiz, Spain, Pliiladelphia.

IsiDOR Bush, Bushberg, Jefferson Co., Mo.

George W. Cajipbell, Delaware, Ohio.
♦Francis G. Carnes, New York.
*CoL. Robert Carr, Philadelphia.
*Rev. John 0. Choules, D. D., Newport, R. I.
*Rev. Henry Colman, Boston.
♦James Colvill, Chelsea, England.

Benjamin E. Cotting, M. D., Boston.
♦Samuel L. Dana, M. D., Lowell.
♦J. Decaisne, late Professeur de Culture au Museum d'Histoire Naturelle,

Jardin des Plantes, Paris.
♦James Deering, Portland, Me.
♦H. F. Dickehut.

♦Sir C. Wentworth Dilke, Bart., London.
♦Hon. Allen W. Dodge, Hamilton.

Rev. H. Honywood D'Ombrain, Westwell Vicarage, Ashford, Kent,
England.
♦Andrew Jackson Downing, Newburg, N. Y.
♦Charles Downing, Newburg, N. Y.

Parker Earle, Cobden, 111.

♦F. R. Elliott, late Secretary of the American Pomological Society,
Cleveland, Ohio.

George Ellwanger, Rochester, N. Y.
♦George B. Emerson, LL. D., Winthrop.
♦Ebenezer Emmons, M. D., Williainstown.

♦Andrew H. Ernst. Cincinnati, 0. f

♦Nathaniel Fellows, Cuba.
♦Henry J. Finn, Newport, R. I.
♦Willard C. Flagg, late Secretary of the American Pomological Society,

Moro, 111.
♦Michael Floy, late Vice-President of the New York Horticultural Society,

New York City.
♦John Fox, Washington, D. C.
♦Hon. Russell Freeman, Sandwich.

Andrew S. Fuller, Ridgewood, N. J.

Henry Weld Fuller, Roxbury.

Hon. Robert W. Furnas, President of the Nebraska State Horticultural
Society, Brownville.

414 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETr.

*AuGU8TiN Gande, Lite President of the Horticultural Society, Depart-
ment of tlic Sartlie, France.
♦HoiiEKT 11. Gaudiner, Gardiner, Me.
*Henja.min Gakdner, late U. S. Consul at Palermo, Sicily.
*Capt. James T. Gerry, U. S. Navy.
♦Aukaham p. Gihson, late U. S. Consul at St. Petersburg.
*R. Glendinning, Chiswick, near London.

Professor George L. Goodale, Cambridge.
•George W. Gordon, late U. S. Consul at Rio Janeiro, Boston.

Professor Asa Gray, Cambridge.

OuADiAH B. Hadwen, cx-Presidcnt of the Worcester County Horticultural
Society, Worcester.
•Charles Henry Hall, New York.

♦Abraham Halsey, late Corresponding Secretary of the New York Horti-
cultural Society, New York.
*Dr. Charles C. Hamilton, late President of the Fruit Growers' Associa-
tion and International Show Society of Nova Scotia, Cornwallis.
*Rev. Thaddeus Mason Harris, D. D., Dorchester.
♦Thaddeus William Harris, M. D., Cambridge.
*JoHN Hay, late Architect of the Caledonian Horticultural Society.
♦Bernard Henry, late U. S. Consul at Gibraltar, Philadelphia.

Shirley Hibberd, Editor of the Gardeners' Magazine, London.
♦J. J. Hitchcock, Baltimore.

Robert Hogg, LL. D., Editor of the Journal of Horticulture, London.
♦Thomas Hogg, New York.

Thomas Hogg, New York.

J. C. Holding, ex-Treasurer and Secretary of the Cape of Good Hope
Agricultural Society, Cape Town, Africa.

Rev. S. Reynolds Hole, Caunton Manor, Ncwark-upon-Trent, Notting-
hamsliire, England.

Sir Joseph Hooker, K. C. S. I., The Camp, Sunningdale, England.

JosiAH HooPES, West Chester, Pa.

Professor E. N. Horsford, Cambridge.
♦Sanford Howard, Chicago, HI.

♦1)k. William M. Howsley, late President of the Kansas State Horticul-
tural Society, Leavenworth.
♦Isaac Huntbr, Baltimore, Md.
♦Isaac Hdrd, Cincinnati, Ohio.

George Hu.smann, Napa, Cal.
♦Professor Isaac W. Jackson, ITulon College, Schenectady, N. Y.
♦Thomas P. James, Cambridge.
♦Edward Jarvis, M. D., Dorchester.

J. W. P. Jenks, Middlcborough.

William J. Johnson, M. D., Fort Gaines, Ga.

Charles Joly, Vice-President of the Societ6 d'Horticulture de France,
Paris.

Samuel Kneeland, M. D., Boston.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS. 415

*MoNS. Laffat, St. Cloud, near Paris, France.

*Pavid Landreth, late Corresponding Secretary of the Pennsylvania Horli-
cuUural Society, Bristol, Pa.

C. C. Langdon, Mobile, Alabama.
*Dr. William LeBaron, late State Entomologist, Geneva, 111.

Max Leichtlin, Baden-Baden, Germany.

G. F. B. Leigiiton, President of the Norfolk Horticultural and Poraologi
cal Society, Norfolk, Va.

Victor Lemoine, Nancy, France.
*E. S. H. Leonard, M. D., Providence, R. I.
*Andre Leroy, Author of the Dictionnaire de Pomologle, Angers, Franco

J. Linden, Glient, Belgium.
*HoN. George Lunt, Scituate.
*F. W. Macondray, San Francisco, Cal.
*James J. Mapes, LL. D-, Newark, N. J.

*A. Mas, late President of the Horticultural Society, Bourg-en-Bresse,
France.

Dr. Maxwell T. Masters, -Editor of the Gardeners' Chronicle, London.
*James Maurt, late U. S. Consul at Liverpool, England.

T. C. Maxwell, Geneva, N. Y.
*WiLLiAM Sharp McLeat, New York.
*James McNab, late Curator of the Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, Scotland.

Thomas Meehan, Editor of the Gardener's Monthly, Germantown, Pa.
*Allan Melvill, New York.
*JoHN Miller, M. D., late Secretary of the Horticultural and Agricultural

Society of Jamaica.
*Stephen Mills, Flushing, N. Y.
*Charle8 MTntosh, Dalkeith Palace, near Edinburgh.

Joseph E. Mitchell, President of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society,

Philadelphia.
*GiusEPPE Monarchini, M. D., Canea, Isle of Candia.
*£douard Morren, Editor of the Belgique Horticole, Li^ge, Belgium.
*HoRATio Newhall, M. D., Galena, 111.

*David W. Offlet, late U. S. Consular Ajient at Smyrna, Turkey.
*James Ombrosi, late U. S. Consul at Florence, Italy.
*John J. Palmer, New York.
*Victor Paquet, Paris.

*John W. Parker, late U. S. Consul at Amsterdam, Holland.
*Andre Parmentier, Brooklyn, N. Y.

William Paul, Waltham Cross, London, N.
*SiR Joseph Paxton, M. P., Chatsworth, England.
*JoHN L. Payson, late U. S. Consul at Messina, Sicily.
*CoM. Matthew C. Perry, U. S. Navy, Charlestown.

*David Porter, late U. S. Charge d' Affaires at the Ottoman Porte, Con-
stantinople.
*ALrRED Stratton Prince, Flushing, N. Y.
* William Robert Prince, Flushing, N. Y.

416 .MASSACMISKTTS 'llOliTICULTUKAL SOCIKTY.

I'. T C^uiNN, Newark, N. J.
*Hev. W. F. Kadclykie, London, England.
*\Vii.i-iAM Foster Hedding, Baltimore, Md.

I). Redmond, Ocean Springs, Miss.

Dk. Kdwauu Reoel, St. Petersburg, Russia.

S. Reynolds, M. D., Schenectady, N. Y.
*JoHN H. Richards, M. D., Illinois.

Charles V. Riley, Entomologist to the U. S. Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D. C.
*,MoNs. J. RiNZ, Jr., Frankfort-ou-the-Main, Germany.
*Tiiomas Rivers, Sawbridgewortii, Herts, England.

William RoniNsoN, Editor of The Garden, London.
*Berniiard Roeser, M. D., Bamberg, Bavaria.
•Dr. J. Smith Rogers, New York.
*Capt. William S. Rogers, U. S. Navy.
*Thomas Rotch, Philadelphia.
*George R. Russell, Roxbury.

John B. Russell, Newmarket, N. J.
♦Rev. John Lewis Russell, Salem.

William Saunders, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
♦William Shaler, late U. S. Consul-General at Havana, Cuba.
♦William Shaw, New York.
♦Caleh R. Smith, Burlington, N. J.
♦Daniel D. Smith, Burlington, N. J.

♦Gideon B. Smith, late Editor of the American Farmer, Baltimore, Md.
♦John Jay Smith, Germantown, Penn.
♦Horatio Sprague, late U. S. Consul at Gibraltar.

Robert W. Starr, Port William, Nova Scotia.

Dr. Joseph Stayman, Leavenworth, Kansas.
♦Capt. Thomas Holdup Stevens, U. S. Navy, Mid(llett)wn, Conn.
♦William Fox Strangeway, late British Secretary of Legation at Naples,
Italy.

Dr. J. Stkentzel, Martinez, Cal.
♦Judge E. B. Strong, Rochester, N. Y.
♦James P. Sturgis, Canton, China.

William Summer, Pomaria, S. C.

Francis Summeukst.
♦Professor Michele Tenore, late Director of the Botanic Garden at

Naples, Italy.
♦James Engleuekt Tesciiemaciier, Boston.
♦Rouert Thompson, Chiswick, near London.
♦George C. Tikjrhuhn, New York.

Protessor GEORfiE TnuRitKR, Editor of the American Agriculturist,
New York.
♦John Tilson, Jr., EdwardsviUe. Illinois.

♦Cav. Doct. Vincenzo Tineo, hit.' Director of the Botanic Garden at
Paleinio.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS. 417

*LuTHER Tucker, late Editor of the Cultivator, Albany, N. Y.
*Carey Tyso, Wallingford, England.
*Louis Van Hodtte, Ghent, Belgium.
*Alexander Vattemare, Paris.

H. J. Veitch, Chelsea, England.
*Emilien de Wael, late Secretary of the Horticultural Society, Antwerp,

Belgium.
*JoHN A. Warder, M. D., late President of the Ohio State Horticultural
Society, North Bend, Ohio.

Anthony Waterer, Knapp Hill, near Woking, Surrey, England
*J. Ambrose Wight, late Editor of the Prairie Farmer, Chicago, 111.

Benjamin Samuel Williams, Upper HoUoway, London, N.

Professor John Wilson, Edinburgh University, Scotland.
*WiLLiAM Wilson, New York.
*HoN. J. F. Wingate, Bath, Me.
*Gen. Joshua Wingate, Portland, Me.
*Joseph Augustus Wintiirop, Charleston, S. C.

CONTENTS.

Page

Business Meeting, May 1, 1886 231

Business Meeting, June 5; Members elected, 231

Business Meeting, July 3; Appropriation for Prizes for Roses, p. 232;
Prizes for Ship Timber and Reports, 232 ; Letter to Society of Ameri-
can Florists, 232; Members elected 232

Business Meeting, August 7 ; Preparation for Meeting of the American

Pomological Society, pp. 232, 233; Committee on Nominations, . . 233

Business Meeting, September 4; Report of Nominating Committee pre-
sented, p. 233; Award of Gratuities, 233; Photograph jtresented. 233;
Members elected, 233

Business Meeting, October 2; Annual Election, p. 234; Appropriation

for Gratuities for Plants and Flowers, 234; Members elected, . . 234

Business Meeting, November G; Avipropriatiou for Prizes for 1887, p.
235; Hall for Annual Exhibition, 235; Sale of Sinking Fund Bonds,
235; Members elected, ... 235

Business Meeting, December 4; Reports of Committees, on Vegetables
and on Plants and Flowers, read, p. 236; Further time granted
Fruit Committee, 236; List of Prizes for 1887 reported, 236; Commit-
tee authorized to secure Mechanics' Hall, 236; Report of Committee
on President's Addrr-ss, 236-238; Members elected, .... 238

Business Meeting, December 11; Schedule of Prizes considered, p. 238;
Reports of Fruit Committee, Library Committee, and of Secretary and
Librarian read, 239; Award of Silver Medal to George E. Daven-
l)ort, 239

Business Meeting, December 18; Decease of Hon. Marshall P. Wilder

announced, i)p. 239-241; Appropriations for 1887, 241

Report ok Committke on Plants and Flowers; Introduction, pp. 242,
243; Saturday Exhibitions, 243-245; 250, 251; 252, 253; 256, 257; 260-265;
267,268; Spring Exhibition, 245-250; May Exhibition, 2)1,252; Rhodo-
dendron Show, 25.3-256; Rose and Strawberry Exhibition, 257-260;
Annual Exhibition, 265-267; Chi-ysanthemum Show, 268-270; Prizes
for Herbaceous Plants and Special Prizes, 270, 271 ; Prizes and Gra-
tuities awarded 272-29G

Report of the Co.mmittee on Fruits, pp. 297-301; Prizes and Gratuities

awarded . . 302-320

Report of the Committee on Vegetables, pp. 321-326; Prizes and Gra-
tuities awarded, 327-341

11 CONTKNTS.

Page

Uki'out of the Committee on Gardens; Introduction, p. 342; Residence
of Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, 342, 343; Grounds of Charles S. Sargent,
343-34C; Grounds of AVarren lleustis & Son, 34«!; Vineyards, 347;
George l'>. Andrews's, 347-34'J; Attliur J. IMj^clow's, 349-352; Conclu-
sion 352-354

Rei'Oiit of the Committee on I'tblication anu Discussion, . . 365, 35()

Rki'Okt of the Committee on the Lihkarv, pp. 35C-359; Library Ac-
cessions,-Hooks I'urchased, 359-3C9; Books, etc., Received by Dona-
tion and Exclianj^e, 3(;9-3«3; Periodicals Purchased, 384; Periodicals

Received in Exchange, 384, 386

Report OF the Secketaky AND LiBKAUiAN, .180, ;187

Rei'okt of the Treasokeh 388 391

Report of the Finance Committee, 390,391

Mount Auhurn Cemetery, 392, 393

Officers amd Standing Committees for 1887, 394, 395

Members of the Society; Life, 39U-402; Annual, 403-40G; Honorary,

407-411; Corresponding, 412-417

Extracts from the Constitution and By-Laws, 400

/

'/^^.T^

■/r OFTHEAMEf.
PRESIDENT OF THE NEWENGLAND HISTORIC GENEALOGICAL SOaET)

TRANSACTIONS

Piassarlnsciis Jorticultoral ^mt%

FOR THE YEAR 1887.

PART I.

BOSTON :
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY.

1887.

The following papers and discussions have been circulated to
some extent in the form of slips reprinted from the reports made
by the Secretary of the Society in the Boston Transcript. As here
presented, the papers are printed in full, and the discussioris are
not only much fuller than in the weekly reports, but, where it
appeared necessary, have been carefull}'^ revised by the speakers.

The Committee on Publication and Discussion take this oppor-
tunity to repeat what they have before stated, that the Society
is not to be held responsible for the certainty of the statements,
the correctness of the opinions, or the accuracy of the nomencla-
ture in the papers and discussions now or heretofore published, all
of which must rest on the credit or judgment of the respective
writers or speakers, the Society undertaking onl}' to present these
papers and discussions, or the substance of them, correctly.

O. B. Hadwen, 1 Committee on

I

William H. Hunt, )■ Publication and
Francis H. Appleton, J Discussion.

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

^tass^duisdls ^attiniltuol ^otitiv.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, January 1, 1887.

A dul}' notified stated meeting of the Society was holden at 11
o'clock, the President, Henry P. Walcott, in the chair.

This being the commencement of the term of office of the new
board of officers and standing committees, the President delivered
the usual annual address, as follows :

Address of President Walcott.
Members of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society :

We are met here once more to review hastily the history of the
past year, and to draw from it such leosons as we may, for future
guidance.

But we miss one who, through more years than many of us
have lived, has been an honored leader in this Society; to whose
wisdom, firmness, and fair dealing, in more than one season of
impending trouble, this organization has owed verj' much. Ex-
President Wilder became a member of this Societ}' in 1830, about
a year from the date of its incorporation. He ver}^ soon became
a recognized power here, and continued to the end one of our most
active associates. In a life devoted to the science and practice of
horticulture in all its branches, his more conspicuous services were,
perhaps, in the department of pomology ; and in this he was pre-
eminent, not only in this State but also in the nation. His interest
in all our concerns was permanent, nor did he permit the burden,
easily borne in truth, of more than fourscore years to interfere
with an active participation in the administration of our affairs.

b MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

His counsel, cheerfully given, never obtruded, was remarkable
in this — that full account was taken of the wants of the present
day, and the facts of advance were recognized, and, dispassion-
ately comparing them with the past, he believed that substantial
improvements had been made, and that we were on the road to
still greater achievement.

The future readers of the history of the Society will find it diffi-
cult to believe that this man, so prominent in our records, was
equally conspicuous in many other organizations, and was at the
same time a busy merchant of the city of Boston. But he illus-
trated the best charm of horticulture, the relief afforded by it to
the tired man of business and to the wearied student. The
changes of nature were even more attractive to iiim than the tri-
umphs of public life.

A fund established by the provisions of his will — by which
medals are annually to be given for the encouragement of the cul-
tivation of certain fruits — will forever be associated with his name.

" Of no distemper, of no blast he died,
But fell like autumn fruit that mellowed Jong."

It is my good fortune to be able to repeat this year the favor-
able financial statement of last 3'ear, and I have the pleasure of an-
nouncing to you, that on December 1st we were able to pay $30,000
of the mortgage debt of §60,000 which matures in the fall of 1888,
and that our only indebtedness today which is not fully provided
for by cash in the hands of the Treasurer is tlie balance of the
mortgages, $.'50,000, and the Stickney Fund of $12,000, due Har-
vard College in 1899.

Though the Treasurer's accounts cannot be fully presented thus
early in the year, it can be stated that the receipts are greater than
those of the year 1885 by about $4,000, while the expenditures
exceed those of 1885 by about $1,000.

The occupation of the halls by the Japanese and Aztec villages
tluough man}' weeks has fortunately contril)utcd to give us a larger
income than usual, but I must again remind the Society that tlie
conditions of propert}* of this sort, in this portion of the city, have
so far changed in recent years, that wc nuist not be sur[)risod at a
pernianent depreciation of the value of the halls for such purposes
as can with propriety be permitted by the Society.

The exhibitions of the year have, upon the whole, been success-

ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT WALCOTT. 7

ful ; the Spring Exhibition and the Eose Show markedly so. The
Annual Exhibition was, even in the absence of one of the most
important collections gonerally shown, crowded with plants of the
first merit, that should have had, for a becoming display, three
times the floor space that could in pur present quarters be given
to them.

The Chrysanthemum Exhibition, in illustration perhaps of one
of those changes in popular taste which so often occur, did not
bring in the usual number of visitors ; nor was the show itself
equal to those of preceding years — not from lack of skill on the
part of our growers, but rather from some unknown climatic con-
ditions of such general influence that collections of this plant ap-
pear to have suffered all over this State at least.

The weekly exhibitions through the summer attracted more visi-
tors than ever before, and were of superior merit to those of former
years.

Several exhibitors brought to the halls, week after week, collec-
tions of our native plants and flowers, unequalled hitherto in number
or in the varieties exhibited. Many of them would be valuable
additions to our gardens, and all of them were objects of interest.

It seems to me altogether fortunate that we have been able to
attract to our halls those lovers of our native plants who have
neither the money nor the time to enable them to make botanizing
expeditions into the country ; and on the other hand to show to
another class what they might discover if they expended time and
money in a tour through our suburbs ; and lastly, very many have
examined these displays thoroughly for the purpose of improvijg
their knowledge of our native plants, and learning the correct
names for specimens which they may have themselves collected.

The Botanic Garden of Harvard College has made, through the
year, a series of valuable and instructive exhibitions. The author-
ities of the garden have wisely- and considerately abstained from
the competitions for prizes. It is to be hoped that they will feel
encouraged by the success of the past season to go on with the
exhibition here of objects of horticultural interest, and that they
may also see the way clear to come to us as teachers in some of
the many unanswered questions of plant cultivation.

We should moreover have a better knowledge of the diseases
of plants. Up to a very recent period we have been satisfied, or
rather have been forced to content ourselves, with the study of

8 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICOTLTURAL SOCIETY.

disease in its grosser forms — not in the vegetable kingdom
alone but in man as well. For instance, we have called a new
or foreign growth in the human body by some strange name that
generally has only denoted some peculiarity of form or color — the
name itself being as irrational as those of some of the Flemish
pears. In the same waj-, again, a certain diseased change
in the plum tree has been called a " black knot," and this was the
end of it. Whether an insect produced it or not was one of the
vexed questions, never answered to general satisfaction, because
we had not attained to the methods of exact investigation. We
do know now that organisms exist, powerful enough in their unhin-
dered reproduction to sweep away the human race even, and that
they exist in forms so minute that they can be discovered only by
the most powerful microscope. In this field, therefore, we are
beyond aid from the simple observations of the naked eye — we
must go to the laboratory of the scientific observer ; and I will sug-
gest, for your consideration, whether it will not be well to look
forward to the time when, with improved financial conditions, our
debt paid, we may do something to help on that scientific work for
which our wise fathers seem to have made some provision, in con-
stituting as permanent officers of the Society professors of Botany
and Entomology.

It has been suggested, and the proposition seems to me wortliy
of favorable consideration, that we should gain something in our
larger exhibitions by securing, in addition to our standing commit-
tees for awarding prizes, the services of distinguished experts from
other sections of our country. These experts would, in the nature
of tilings, have standards somewhat ditferent from our own —
possibly bettor, perhaps not as good ; but would otler in any competi-
tion the guaranty of a disposition on our part to recognize a com-
petent expression of opinion wherever formed. Of course these
gentlemen would not be exhibitors, and while it would be a serious
loss to our shows if our own judges should be precluded from
exhibiting, it does not seem altogether reasonable that they should
be competitors, however stringent the rules may be which forbid
their taking any part in the determination of awards to the objects
exhibited by themselves. It seems to me worthy also of your
consideration, whether tlieir arduous services should not receive
some compensation in money. With the best constituted prize
committees — and the committees of this Society have never dis-

ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT WALCOTT. 9

appointed our just confidence in tlieir integrity — there comes into
existence a certain local quality, which leads even the honest man
to adhere to the established views of things simply because they
are the regular fashions of thought ; to get into ruts ; to award a
prize to plants or flowers or fruits because they are as good as
similar specimens formerly' exhibited. I think we should insist
upon improvement if possible ; the giving of a prize to a certain
degree of merit this year should not be allowed to be, in any
sense, a guarant}' for such recognition in a succeeding year. The
conditions of cultivation remaining the same, let no first prize be
awarded except for distinguished merit. Give to our awards that
critical quality that shall make a certificate of merit valuable in
commerce, as is that of the London Society. It is a complaint in
these days that exhibitors care for nothing but the money prizes ;
may it not in some instances be true that this award has become
the only one with a real value ? The small sum that goes to the
making of a silver medal can be made more worthy of competition
than our highest mone}' prize ; let us strive to make it so.

At our last annual meeting I called your attention to the fact
that our larger exhibirions had outgrown the capacity of these
halls. The experience of the past season reenforces all the argu-
ments then used in behalf of some better provision for these more
important shows. A committee of members eminently well quali-
fied to consider this subject have, after mature deliberation, rec-
ommended to the Society that an effort be made to procure an open
piece of ground of at least fifteen thousand square feet, in a
convenient situation, for the purpose of erecting thereon a tent or
some structure convenientlj- arranged for the reception and exhibi-
tion of large plants ; a smaller permanent building in connection
with the above to be used for the general purposes of the Society
and the smaller exhibitions. If the Societj' were obliged to pur-
chase this amount of real estate, while it would under existing
laws be relieved from taxation, there would still be a heavy bur-
den imposed upon funds devoted most unselfishly to the public
education and enjoj'ment. I sincerely hope that some plan may
be devised for helping this Societ}^ to enlarge to the utmost its
useful work of bringing into the crowded city the refining influences
of horticulture.

The Society has made a most generous provision for prizes to be
awarded at the Annual Exhibition of this year, which is to be held

10 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

in conjunction with the American Pomological Societ}', and at large
expense has procured the use of the building of the Massachusetts
Charitable Mechanics' Association for the better accommodation
of the united exhibitions. It is matter of doubt, of course,
whether the receipts will be sufliciently increased to defray the
added expenses ; but we must accept in compensation the hope of
doing something to encourage the improvement of this most
important branch of horticulture ; we shall at least be enabled to
renew or make the acquaintance of the men who are doing so
much for pomology all over our country.

The library still increases in size and usefulness under the
devoted and intelligent care of the librarian and its standing com-
mittee. Unfortunately the inconveniences of the library room
become in an equal degree more noticeable.

In conclusion, allow me, in the name of the Society, to thank
our Standing Committees, the Secretary and Librarian, the Treas-
urer and the assistants employed in the building, for their con-
tinued faithful and valuable services.

William C. Strong, Chairman of the Committee charged with
preparing a fit expression of the Society's regard for the late Hon.
Marshall P. Wilder, reported the following :

Memorial of Hon. Marshall P. Wilder.

For fifty-six years, lacking but a single 3'ear of the entire life-
time of the Society, Marshall Pinckney Wilder has been a constant
and an active member. Indeed, we have been so accustomed to ex-
pect his benign presence at all our meetings that his loss seems for
the present to change the very character of our Society.

Quorum jjars magna fui ! With special appropriateness might
he have adopted these words of the Koman poet, as ap[)lied to
his connection with this Society. It is, therefore, with no ordinary
emotion that we recommend the adoption of the following as an
expression of tlie sentiment of the Society :

In the gift of the long and preeminently useful life of Marshall
Pinckney Wilder, the IVIassachusetts Horticultural Society recog-
nizes the benevolent hand of the Giver of all Good. A specially
kind Providence seems to have smiled upon his enthusiastic love
of Nature and his elforts to develop the works of the Creator.
With gratitude do we acknowledge the wide and lasting influence
which Mr. Wilder has exerted in his favorite pursuit of horticul-

MEMORIAL OF HON. MARSHALL P. WILDER. 11

ture ; an influence of which this vicinity has had the near and
special benefit, but which has also extended beyond the limits of
our State and countiy, and is recognized wherever our art is
known. We shall cherish the memor}* of his unflagging zeal in
every branch of horticulture, his example in skilful cnltivation,
his constant attendance, and his wise and kindly words of en-
couragement. While painfully conscious that these halls can never
more welcome his presence, we turn from this sad thought to dwell
upon the fact that his was a completed life, that he had filled up
the measure of usefulness to the full, and that he was gathered
like a shock of corn fully ripe in its season.

Who can doubt that in humble trust he has entered the para-
dise of God, and that in company with those he loved he is now
engaged in higher pursuits, yet it may be still kindred with those
that were the joy of his earthly life. Let it be out aim to be
animated by his noble example.

To the family of the deceased the Society extends its profound
sympathy in their sorrow.

William C. Strong,

Charles M. Hovey,

James F. C. Hyde, } Committee.

Egbert Manning,

Edward L. Beard,

In presenting this memorial Mr. Strong added that —

To the active members of this Society Mr. Wilder was so well
known that it seems superfluous to speak of the traits of character
which so distinguished and endeared him to us. Yet it is well for
us to dwell upon his example, that we may get such clear and fixed
impressions as shall be helpful to each of us in worthy living.

Mr. Wilder was born to be a leader. At the early age of twenty-
one he was chosen captain of a military company, and at twenty-
six years of age he was colonel of a regiment.

When first elected to the Senate of this Commonwealth, it was
nqt deemed necessary that he should become familiar with the
routine of business, but contrary to all custom he was at once se-
lected as presiding officer. And thus it has been with the numer-
ous societies which he has either formed or with which he has been
connected. In all these he has advanced to the front rank. In
every enterprise which engaged his attention his enthusiasm was at

12 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

once enlisted and his persistent ability and inspiring presence
speedily placed him at the head.

Others will dwell upon the traits which gave him success in the
various fields of his usefulness. \Ve turn rather to notice his
characteristics in his favorite pursuit of horticulture. In this he
is best known. Here he did his best service for his fellow men.
It was, indeed, a favorite pursuit — a genuine love. "While en-
gaged in large commercial business he yet found time .for the ex-
tensive importation and cultivation of a great variety of hardy
and exotic fruits, plants, and agricultural products, being one of
the earliest introducers, and always on the alert to obtain and test
new kinds. This enthusiasm was lifelong, and was as hearty in
the cultivation of pajonies as pears ; or in the case of camellias or
dahlias or azaleas as of raspberries and strawberries. Undeniablj'
he was stimulated by a desire to exhibit the best ; but before and
deeper than this was a hearty interest in every form of cultivation
of mother Earth. From m}- earliest acquaintance with Mr. Wilder,
more than thirty years since, I recall a reverent appreciation of
the wisdom and goodness of the Creator in all his material works.
And I think as the years went by a steady and a marked increase
of this feeling was to be noticed — a leading from Nature up to Na-
ture's God, so that he gave frequent expression of his gratitude to
the Infinite Ruler of the Universe.

After his severe prostration, more than a score of 3-ears ago,
which compelled his retirement from active commercial enterprise,
it was remarkable with what new zest he entered upon horticultural
pursuits. He did not consider himself too old to sow seeds of
trees, to cross-fertilize flowers that he might obtain seeds for new
varieties, to form and lead off new societies which might exert a
perpetual influence. His interest in this Society was never more
active than in the last days of his life. And while often alluding
to the vast changes which had been accomplished in tiie modes of
culture and the improvements in varieties, how hoiicfully did he
look forward to the progress yet to be made ! With what youth-
ful vigor did he anticipate the results to be obtained b}' hybridiza-
tion !

We shall love to recall the picture of this patriarch as he walked
among his plants, watching to obtain some new results and improve-
ments by crossing and varied culture. It seemed as tliougii this
occupation was to liini the very elixir of life, imparting to him a

I

MEMORIAL OF HON. MARSHALL P. WILDER. • 13

perennial youth. How different in its result from a life spent in
the absorbing and selfish pursuit of gain or worldly ambition !
And yet in other respects Mr. Wilder was an old man, his life
was completed — his was a sublime old age, full of good works.
The world is better, how much better ! for his living in it. Long
shall we cherish his memory ; long ma}' we be stimulated by his
example.

Kev. A.. B. Muzzej' read the following memorial, prepared by
him :■

A connection in this Society of fortj'-two A'ears with Marshall P.
Wilder, all filled with the highest respect, and many of them with
a friendship based on personal intimacy (treading, as we did, alike
through more than one path darkened by some of the deepest
shadows of home) demands, I feel, from myself, in these memo-
rial services, some notice of the traits of his remarkable character.
His prolonged life was too active, too earnest and influential, to
receive only an ordinary brief and superficial record. The son of
a farmer, he inherited a taste for cultivating the soil, and was
diverted Irom that pursuit only by a casual incident that led him
into a mercantile life. But this never stifled or decreased that
early love of nature which made him eventuallj' so distinguished in
horticulture. His passion for flowers and fruits Impelled him to
devote himself more and more, by importing new and i*are plants,
and especially through hybridization, to the production of the
choicest specimens in these departments.

A constant contributor to our exhibitions, he secured numerous
premiums, both for flowers and fruits, on to the very last month of
his long life. Nor were these testimonials confined to this Society.
He received from the United States Agricultural Society a present
in silver which he tenderh' bequeathed to his daughters, down to
the last survivor of ihem, " to have and to hold, to her, her
heirs, executors, administrators, and assigns, absolutely."

A thoroughl}- practical gardener, he united with this art a steady
and deep thoughtfulness which made him a man of science. He
had a progressive mind, never satisfied with present achievements.
A steady observer of nature, he kept up with the times, ready for
new ideas, ready for everything that promised better results in the
garden. And so in agriculture ; a member of our State Board of
Agriculture, he was essentially the founder of the Massachusetts

14 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Agricultural College, and prominent in its support, being at his
death one of its Trustees and senior member of its corporation.
His broad mind led him also to take an interest in the mechanic
arts ; and to the last he was a Trustee of the Massachusetts Insti-
tute of Technolog3\ A born commander, he naturally and almost
b}' common consent was placed at the head of the associations he
joined or into which he was chosen. When elected to the Massa-
chusetts Senate he was at once designated as its president.

Mr. "Wilder was no less remarkable as an organizer than in his
work as an individual. To him the country owes the inception
and establishment of the American Pomological Society. From
the beginning on he has been its President ; and his annual ad-
dresses are full of records of the past and suggestions for the fu-
ture, which have diffused an interest in the production of the best
fruits throughout the length and breadth of our land.

And, if as an organizer, no less as a presiding officer he had
rare endowments. With a large intelligence, comprehending each
subject that came up for consideration, he united a ready utterance,
a happy command of language, a quick recognition of each speaker,
and that perfect self-possession essential to the chair. Impartial
and courteous to everyone, and by his prompt memory recalling
names, dates, and events with marvellous facility, he commanded
the attention of all present and caused a helpful and gratifying
dispatch of business. The silver testimonial presented to him by
our Society, at the close of his eight years' service as President,
was a token of esteem as truly deserved as it was prized by the
recipient.

And alike on the floor as in the chair, and as a debater, his suc-
cess was noteworthy. Gifted with a good voice, his distinct enun-
ciation, fluent expression, and accuracy of statement, embodying
his clear and logical thought and not deficient imagination — all
set forth in a pleasing spirit — made his words often eloquent and
always welcome.

Nor did Mr. Wilder come short of equal success as a writer.
Wlienevcr he took up his pen, he had something worthy of its use.
And his ideas were usually fresh, to the point before him, and often
original. And for style, this well-nigh self-taught man, by his
nervous, simple, direct, clear mode of expression, was a model to
many who boast of what is termed a liberal education. The
twenty annual addresses written by him as President of the New

MEMORIAL OF HON. MARSHALL P. WILDER. 15

England Historic Genealogical Societ}', for their variety of topic,
their compreliensive pictures of the passing years and events, and
their just historic and biographical delineations, deserve high com-
mendation.

Besides his distinctions in our own country we should recall the
honors he received and his appreciation abroad. He was made
honorary member of the Royal Historical Society, and correspond-
ing member of the Royal Horticultural Society, in London ; and a
fellow of the Reale Academia Araldica Italiana, of Pisa.

If, as we are proud to say, the Massachusetts Horticultural So-
ciety is known and honored in Europe, to Mr. Wilder, not forget-
ting the claims of many others in our association, this gratifying
circumstance must be largely ascribed. The tidings of his death
will be a grief to the foreign friends of this institution.

I cannot close without adverting to the high position of Mr.
Wilder in private and social life. It was a privilege to meet him
in the varied clubs and other associations which he favored with
his presence. There we saw not only the breadth of his character,
his sober and solid worth, but his genial temper. No one knew
him thoroughly as a man who had not sat down with him at the
table in the day of his health and strength ; when he would unbend,
la}' aside each ^ carking care," and give way to that wit and humor
M^hich la}' imbedded in his rich, affectionate, and fertile spirit. To
be a friend of Mr. Wilder was indeed an enviable lot. Said one
to me a few da^^s since : " We all rejoiced to see him at the dinners
of our Board of Trade."

Who, that ever received from him in these latter days one of
his tender notes signed "j'our old friend," can restrain a tear as he
thinks of those tremulous lines and reflects that we shall see his
face and enjoy the warm pressure of his hand no more ? This man-
liest of men, so robust in his prime, had the heart of a child. Let us
lay our blossom on that large and sincere gathering of the flowers he
so loved, and let our sorrow be turned into joy when we can do
our part, however small, to swell the tribute so widely and so
gladly paid to our departed friend and brother.

Charles M. Hovey said that as one of the Committee to
prepare a memorial of Mr. Wilder, he took great comfort in sec-
onding that prepared by the Chairman. The Society had lost a
friend, but he had lost one of his oldest friends. He recalled the
day when he became acquainted with him and associated with

16 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

other members of the Society. As a young man he felt something
of awe towards them, but he singled out Mr. Wilder and formed
an intimate friendship with him. It soon became a custom with
him in winter frequently to ride out to Dorchester with Mr. Wilder
when he went home at night, and in the evening they would go out
to the greenhouse, each with a candle in his hand, and examine
the camellias, with their glistening foliage, and on returning to the
house they would look over the books on horticulture which Mr.
Wilder then possessed. At the close of the evening Mr. Wilder
would send him down to the Norfolk House in his carriage, to take
the omnibus for Boston on his way home to Cambridge. When,
in 1833, the speaker projected the " Magazine of Horticulture," his
first thought was of Mr. Wilder, and he asked him to write a paper
on the camellia. This he did, extending it through several num-
bers of the magazine, and it was the first thing he ever wrote
on horticulture. The camellia was then hardly known here except
to Mr. Wilder and the speaker. "You can judge from this," said
Mr. Hovey, " how much of a friend I have lost."

Their association on the Flower, Library, and other Committees,
was early and long continued, but circumstances changed, and with
growing families to bring up their visits to each other necessarily
became less frequent.

Mr. Wilder was one of those men whose magnetism was such
that you could not but do what he wanted you to do. Thus the
speaker accompanied him to the fair of the United States Agricul-
tural Society at Philadelphia, and made an exhibition of fruit
there. This enthusiasm was the key-note of his success. Mr.
Hovey closed by expressing his trust that the fund which Mr.
AVilder had left to the Society would be the means of perpetuating
his memory long after those who knew him personally should have
passed away.

Benjamin G. Smith said that Mr. Wilder was his beau ideal of a
a man. No name of this century is written more iuiperishably
in the affection and esteem of Boston and Massachusetts than that
of Marshall 1\ Wilder.

John C. Hove}' spoke of the long letter which he received from
Mr. Wilder, after the death of his father, full of the kindest ex-
pressions of sympathy. Though in one sense he was an old man,
in others he was still young. He kept up his interest in the culti-
vation of flowers to the last, as was evinced by the inquiries he
made of the speaker in regard to its details.

MEMORIAL OF HON. MARSHALL P. WILDER. 17

John G. Barker said that whoever enjoyed Mr. Wilder's friend-
ship had a whole friend. For the last few months, since he had
been Superintendent of Forest Hills Cemetery, their relations had
been of the tenderest nature. He frequently visited the cemeterj',
and gave him most interesting reminiscences of those buried there,
and said it would not be long before the speaker would have to
care for him all the time ; and a short time ago, as the evening
shades were falling, he was laid away, leaving only pleasant re-
membrances.

O. B. Had wen esteemed it a privilege to add a word to what had
been said. In one sense Mr. Wilder was the father of this Society ;
his handwriting is inscribed on these walls. But he was the leader
in establishing other societies, and as a member of the State Board
of Agriculture, a trustee of the Agricultural College, and in other
organizations, his record is unequalled in this generation, and will
go down to generations to come.

Robert Manning said that it would be expected of one so long
and intimately associated with Mr. Wilder as he had been, to say
a few words. He recalled the time when he made the acquaint-
ance of Mr. Wilder. When a mere bo}' he was sent with his
brother, during the last illness of his father, with fruit for one of
the exhibitions of this Society, of which Mr. Wilder was then
President, and Ihe^' were introduced to him. But Mr. Wilder had
been a friend of his father's and his name had been a household
word since his earliest recollection. With the late Hon. Benjamin
V. French and Hon. Samuel Walker he seemed to form a trinity
of horticulturists who, more than an}' other men, represented the
Society in his mind before he became actively associated with
them ; and he was glad that one of them had been spared to us so
long. He had hoped that Mr. Wilder might live to the meeting of
his favorite society, the American Pomological Society, in this cit}''
in September next, but it had been differently and, we could not
doubt, more wisely ordered. Mr. Wilder himself felt deeply the
uncertainty of his sta}' until that time, for in the address which he
prepared for the meeting at Grand Rapids, Mich., in September,
1885, after expressing his regret that he was unable to be there
personally, he said in words that now seem prophetic, "I console
myself with the hope that you will accept the invitation of the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society and come to Boston in 1887,
when I may be permitted to lay off the robes of office with which
2

18 MASSACHUSETTS IIOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

you have so loiip; hoi.orcd me, unless ere that time I sliall have
been clothed with the robes of immortality, and gone up to gather
celestial fruits, which ripen not in earthly climes."

One of ]\Ir, Wilder's most prominent characteristics was the per-
petual youth which, in spite of the infirmities of age, he carried
with him, and which led Governor Long, in his speech at the meet-
ing of the American Pomological Society in this city in 1881, to
speak of him as at once the oldest and the youngest man in the
State. This had been attributed to his love for rural pursuits ;
but the speaker thought it due rather to his kind and loving heart,
continually overflowing with regard to everyone, so that they who
had known him but a short time felt thai in his death they had lost
a dear friend. This thought, the speaker said, had been better
expressed in Whittier's lines, with which he closed :

" To homely joys and loves and friendships

Thy genial nature fondlj' clung ;
And so the shadow on the dial

Ran back and left thee always young.

******

Thy greeting smile was pledge and prelude

Of generous deeds and kindly words;
In thy large heart were fair guest-chambers

Open to sunrise and the birds.
******

O friend ! if thought and sense avail not
To know thee henceforth as thou art,
. That all is well with thee forever
I trust the instincts of my heart.

Thine be the quiet habitations,

Thine the green pastures, blossom-sown.

And smiles of saintly recognition
As sweet and tender as thy own.

Thou com'st not from the hush and shadow

To meet us ; but to thee we come.
With thee we never can be strangers,

And where thou art must still be home ! "

The President, in putting the question on the adoption of the
memorial, requested that it be done by a rising vote, in loving and
respectful assent, which was unanimously complied with.

APPROPRIATIONS FOR PRIZES. 19

O. B. Hadwen, Chairman of the Committee on Publication and
Discussion, read tlie annual report of that Committee, which was
accepted. Mr. Hadwen further gave notice that the programme
of meetings for the discussion of horticultural subjects was read}'.

The following appropriations, previously recommended by the
Executive Committee, came up for final action and were unani-
mously voted, viz. : —

For Prizes and Gratuities, .... $6,000
Additional for Fruits, on account of the meeting

of the American Pomological Society, . . 500

Additional for the Flower Committee, . . 300

Additional for the Flower Committee, . . 154

6,954

For the Library Committee, for the purchase of
magazines and newspapers, binding of books,
and incidental expenses of the Committee, . 300

For the same Committee, to continue the Card

Catalogue of Plates, ..... 100

For the Committee on Publication and Discus-
sion, ........ 250

For the Committee of Arrangements — this sum
to cover all extraordinary expenses of said
Committee, ....... 300

For the same Committee, to cover the deficiency
in the appropriations for the 3'ears 1884 and
1885, 94.80

The President, as Chairman of the Executive Committee, re-
ported that that Committee had appointed George W. Fowle
Treasurer of the Society and Superintendent of the Building, and
Robert Manning Secretary and Librarian for the year 1887.

On motion of E. H. Hitchings it was voted to amend the vote
passed on the 11th of December, 1886, concerning the award of
the Society's Silver Medal to George E. Davenport, so as to pro-
vide for the award of the Appleton Gold Medal.

It was voted that in compliance with the laws of the Common-
wealth relating to agricultural societies a prize of $10 be offered

20 MASSACHUSETTS nORTlCULTUBAL SOCIETY.

for the best Plautation of Trees for Ship Tini])er for the year
1887.

On motion of "William H. Spooner, it was voted that the Exec-
utive Committee consider the subject of employing experts to
award the prizes at some of the larger shows of the Society.

On motion of Edward L. Beard, it was voted that the Executive
Committee report the most feasible method of limiting the number
of annual members of the Society.

Francis H. Appleton moved that a committee of five be ap-
pointed to nominate a candidate to fill the vacancy in the Execu-
tive Committee caused by the death of Hon. Marshall P. Wilder.
The motion was carried and the Chair appointed as that Committee
]Mr. Appleton, Warren Ileiistis, Benjamin G. Smith, William H.
Iluut, and E. H. Hitchings.

Mrs. p. D, Richards, of West Medford,
having been recommended b}- the Executive Committee as a mem-
ber of the Society, was on ballot duly elected.

Adjourned to Saturday, January 8.

Biographical Sketch of Hon. Marshall P. Wilder.

The Committee on Publication have thought it best to insert here a
short biographical sketch of Mr. Wilder, which has accordingly been
prepared by the Secretary of the Society. Several such sketches
were published during Mr. Wilder's life, some of which, especially
that in the " Biographical Encyclopedia of Massachusetts in the
Nineteenth Century," have been used in the preparation of the
following memoir. The address of his pastor at the funeral has
also afforded assistance. The portrait of Mr. Wilder prefixed to
this volume was contributed by his family. It was engraved in
1872.

Marshall Pinckney Wilder was born in Rindge, New Hamp-
shire, on the 22d of September, 1798. His Christian names were
given in rememl)rance of Chief Justice John Marshall and General
Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, both prominent Federalists at the
time of his birth. His father, Samuel Locke Wilder, was a nephew
of Samuel Locke, D.D., President of Harvard College; he held
several important offices in the town of Rindge, and was also a

MEMOIR OF HON. MARSHALL P. WILDER. • 21

Representative in the Legislature of New Hampshire for thirteen
years. His mother (Anna Sherwin) was the daughter of Jonathan
Sherwin of Rindge, grandfather of Thomas Sherwin, Principal of
the Boston High School for more than thirty years. The father
was of Puritan origin and Puritan principles, and was a member
of the Congregational Church in Rindge. The mother was en-
deared to her family and friends by deep piety and great moral
worth. She was a warm admirer of the beauties of nature and
doubtless transmitted religious and aesthetic instincts to her eldest
son.

Young Wilder was sent to school at the age of four 3'ears, and
at twelve he entered New Ipswich Academj'. His father desired
to give him a thorough collegiate education, and thus to prepare
him for professional life. But at sixteen, after he had studied
awhile with the village pastor, having the choice between agricul-
tural, mercantile, and professional life, he chose to be a farmer.
His father carried on a farm in connection with a country store,
and the business of the latter increasing Marshall was taken into
the store, beginning at the lowest round to ascend the mercantile
ladder ; but he soon acquired such habits of industry and such
mastery of detail that he was admitted to partnership as soon as he
had attained his majority.

The country town did not afford sufficient scope for his energies,
and in 1825 he sought and found a larger field in Boston. He con-
ducted a wholesale business in West India goods in Union Street,
under the firm name of AYilder & Payson ; next in the firm of Wilder
& Smith in North Market Street, and afterward in his own name at
No. 3 Central Wharf.

In 1837 he became a partner in the dry goods commission house
of Parker, Blanchard, & Wilder, in Water Street ; the style being
afterwards changed to Parker, Wilder, & Parker, and the location
to Pearl Street. Still later it was changed to Parker, Wilder, &
Co., in Winthrop Square, where the firm was burned out in the
great fire of November 9, 1872. They soon however resumed
business, and through all the checkered fortunes of mercantile life,
and in all the commercial crises of the last half century, Mr.
Wilder never failed to meet his pecuniary obligations. At the
time when he left the grocery business that of selling domestic dry
goods on commission was a new one, the senior partner in the
new firm, Mr. Isaac Parker, having sold the first bale of these

22 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

goods ever sold on commission in Boston ; and Mr. Wilder lived to
l)e the oldest merchant in the city in that line of business. His
business success made possible all his wider labors for the good of
the community.

At the time of his removal to Boston Mr. Wilder was a husband
and a father, having in 1820 married Tryphosa, daughter of Dr.
Stephen Jewett, of Rindge, a lad^' of great personal atlractions.
She died, July 31, 1831, while on a visit to her native town, leav-
ing four children. On the 29th of August, 1833, he was united
in marriage to Abigail, daughter of Captain David Baker, of
Franklin, Mass., a lady of education, accomplishments, and piety.
She died of consumption at Aiken, S. C, April 4, 1854, leaving
five children. His third marriage, on the 18th of September, 1855,
was to Julia, the sister of his second wife, a lad^' admirably qual-
ified to console him and diffuse cheerfulness through his dwelling,
by whom he had two sons. Of his whole family of fourteen
children only five survive him. No man ever possessed stronger
affections, and notwithstanding his many bereavements no man
has been more blessed in domestic life or has enjoyed a brighter
and happier home.

Mr. Wilder's horticultural tastes were no doubt largely inherited
from his mother. In repl}' to an inquiry made of him during the
last 3'ear of his life, he said that his earliest recollections of any
interest in fruit culture were when he assisted his mother in the
care of the garden in New Hampshire. There were then apple
orchards in the town, but he had seen only one pear tree, no other
than a wild grape vine, only the common red currant, the wild
strawberry and red raspberry, a purple plum, some small red
cherries, and peaches raised from stones brought from Massachu-
setts. The first fruit garden he ever saw was about seventy-five
years ago — that of Gardiner Greene in what is now Pemberton
Square, where the new Court House is now erecting. Here he
imbibed inspirations which followed him through life.

Mr. Wilder was elected a member of the Massachusetts Horti-
cultural Society on the 26th of June, 1830. At that time Gen. H.
A. S. Dearborn was President of the Society, and Mr. Wilder
soon became intimately associated with him, the Hon. John
Lowell, and other leading members, and as long as he lived
was one of the strongest and most judicious supporters of
the Society. The sudden death of his first wife led him to seek

MEMOIR OF HON. MARSHALL P. WILDER. 23

the retirement of the countrj-, where he could gratify his taste for
rural life. In June, 1832, he purchased the residence of Governor
Increase Sumner, known as "• Hawthorn Grove," on the corner
of Washington Lind Columbia streets, in Dorchester, and there,
after having given a suitable time to business in the middle of the
day, he devoted all his leisure hours to the various branches of
horticulture.

His zeal and energy were soon manifested at the exhibitions of
this Society. His first contribution was a dish of Madeleine pears,
on the 3d of August, 1833. Probably these, as well as Windsor,
Double Eyed, and Catherine pears, and Green Gage and Prince's
Imperial plums, a few weeks later, were from trees planted by
Governor Sumner; but his contributions also included new flowers,
which were doubtless of his own planting. On the 10th of August
he contributed two new French Roses ; and on the r2th of October
Dahlias, Asters, Chrysanthemums, Papavers, and Marigolds — all
in variety, besides a long list of other flowers. March 1, 1834, he
made his first exhibition of Camellias, comprising six varieties ;
and a week later had eight varieties, besides other flowers. July 24
• he showed new dahlias, carnations, and EschschoUzia Californica
Jlore pleno; the last " a new and ver}^ beautiful production, which
very justly excited the admiration of all visitors present on account
of its being produced double by Col. Wilder." August 9 he had a
variety of flowers including Lobelia canlinalis, L. splendens, and
L. fulgens. August 30 he had eleven new Dahlias besides other
flowers, and on the 13th of September more new dahlias. At the
Annual Exhibition in Faneuil Hall (the previous annual shows
had been confined to the dining hall where the anniversary was
celebrated) he was one of the largest contributors, especially of
dahlias and greenhouse plants. Such were the beginnings of
his contributions to the object lessons in horticulture which
this Society has so long set before the people, and these contribu-
tions went on increasing in quantity and value, extending over a
period of fifty-four years, and ceasing only with his life, the last
having been at the Chrysanthemum Show in 1886 — little more
than a month before his departure from among us.

On the 24th of October, 1835, some special awards were made
by the Horticultural Society to several gentlemen who had been
preeminent in forwarding the objects of the Societ}'. These tes-
timonials consisted of pieces of plate of the value of fifty dollars

24 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

each, suitabl}- inscrilied, one of which was given to Mr. "Wilder
for "beautiful exhibitions of Cumellias, Roses, and Dahlias, era-
bracing many new varieties imported by him from Europe;"
showing that he was already recognized as a leader in horticul-
ture.

July '2, 1836, Mr. Wilder exhibited fine specimens of Gladiolus
Jlorihnndus, and June 24, 1837, a plant of Oncidiuvi Jlexuosum
which had at one time ninety-seven fully expanded flowers. This
was the first orchid reported at any exhibition. At a Geranium
Show on the 28th of April, 1838, the best dis|jlay was made by
him. At the Annual Exhibition that year he had a magnificent
Stanhoi)ea qitadricornis. At this time the taste for the Camellia
was universal and the collections were numerous, comprising ever}'
choice variety of native or foreign origin. That of Mr. Wilder
stood first, there having been added to it within a year twenty-one
of the newest varieties from China, England, Germany, Belgium,
and Italy. Rhododendron arboreum in his collection exhibited
nearly one hundred flower buds. Among the rare and curious
tropical orchids which had been introduced, a dozen or more species
might be found at Mr. Wilder's. Of these Stanhnpea insigttis, a
rare and curious species, produced a superb inflorescence exciting
universal admiration.

The Dahlia was at this time the favorite autumnal flower, and
ver}' extensive exhibitions were held, to which Mr. Wilder was one
of the largest contributors. Ilis displays in the autumn of 1839
at the Annual Exhibition of this Society, and at a Special Dahlia
Exhibition in the Conservatory in the Public Garden, were so bril-
liant that some of the admirers of this gorgeous flower presented
him with a silver vase, bearing an appropriate inscription and the
motto " Consequitur quodcunque petit " to testify the pleasure the}^
had received, in common with thousands of their fellow-citizens for
several years, from these displays. A Special Grand Dahlia Show
was held on the 23d of September, 1840, continuing four days.
Nearly three thousand superb blooms were displayed on this occa-
sion ; besides asters and other annuals. A Premier Prize for the
best six dissimilar blooms and a prize for the best specimen bloom
were both taken by Mr. Wilder. The other prizes were in two
divisions; the first open to cultivators of more, and the second to
cultivators of less, than two hundred plants. Of course Mr.
Wilder was in the first division ; the highest prizes were two for
the best twenty-four dissimilar blooms, of which he took the first.

MEMOIR OF HON. MARSHALL P. WILDER. 25

On the 19th of June, 1841, Mr. Wilder exhibited Clematis
azurea gra7idiJlora, a fine new kind. On the 7th of August, the
High Bush Blackberry (now known as the Dorchester) was exhib-
ited b\- Eliphalet Thayer of the town from which it took its
name. This was the first of the improved varieties of blackberry.
That afternoon Mr, Wilder went with his friend, Cheever Newhall
of Dorchester, to see the blackberries growing in Mr. Thayer's gar-
den, and he was afterwards instrumental in disseminating it. The
next week he exhibited the first of the Japan Lilies, now so ex-
tensively cultivated. It was the Lilium lancifoUum album; the
plant having two flower spikes on which were eight expanded
flowers and ten buds, and being in the estimation of the Commit-
tee " a superb plant." It was not discovered until about ten
years later that these lilies are hard}' in this climate.

At that time in all parts of Europe and America new varieties of
fruits, plants, and trees were continually brought into existence by
the hand of the skilful gardener. The vanity or the ignorance of
the originators of many of these new varieties led them to over-
rate their value. Differences of soil and climate also render such
productions, which may be of the greatest value in one country, of
less in another. It is of the highest importance that these accumu-
lations should be tested in regard to their intrinsic value and their
adaptation to our soil. This work Mr. Wilder set himself
to perform, so far as he might, for his own gratification and for
the benefit of the community. Especially had the pomologists of
Belgium and other European countries been busy in producing
from seed new varieties of the pear, and the desire on the part of
several cultivators near Boston to test these new varieties was so
great that it was described by A. J. Downing as a " pear mania."
Here again Mr. Wilder's zeal and energy were exerted until the pear,
in his orchard of twenty-five hundred trees and eight hundred va-
rieties, became as noted as the camellia in his conservatory. At
the exhibition of the American Pomological Society in this city in
1873, he placed on the tables 404 varieties of pears. Of this
fruit alone he tested over 1200 varieties, while grapes, cherries,
plums and small fruits were tested on such smaller scale as was
appropriate. Among the magnificent prizes which were the re-
sults of these untiring labors was the Anjou pear, so widely
renowned at the present time, which was first shown b}' Mr.
Wilder, at the Annual Exhibition in 1844. He continued to intro-

26 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOOIETr.

diice new ix'ars after otiiers had ceased, exhibiting the Souvenir
du Congii's and the Assoniption in 1873. The Weif/ela rosea was
exiiihited by iiis gardener in full bloom on the 19th of April, ISol,
and was described as an "exquisite hardy shrub." At the An-
nual Exhibition in 1854, Mr. Wilder showed a finely grown speci-
men of CissHs discolor, interesting not only for its rare beauty but
as the harbinger of the infinite variety of ornamental leaved
plants now so generally cultivated and admired. In 1874 he ex-
hibited the hard}' and valuable Azalea mollis. The last year of
Ids life he took prizes at the Annual Exhibition of this Societ}' for
Pears and native Grapes, and for Chrysanthemums at the Chrys-
anthemum Show, and at the exhibition of the Bay State Agricul-
tural Society he placed on the tables a hundred varieties of Pears
and twenty of native Grapes.

We might go on with multiplied instances of fruits and flowers
introduced to our gardens by Mr. Wilder's zeal, but those men-
tioned must serve as specimens. He did not, however, content
himself with introducing the productions of others, but diligently
endeavored to produce improved fruits and flowers in his own
houses and grounds. His first attempt was with liis favorite
flower, the Camellia, and resulted in producing, among others,
those two fine varieties. Camellia Wilderi and C. Mrs. Abby
Wilder. These were first exhibited befo-.e the Society on the loth
of February, 1846. It may be of interest to mention that the
original plant of C. Wilderi and all the stock, except a single
graft, were destroyed by a fire in Mr. Wilder's greenhouse on the
16th of April, 1«41. The graft was remote from the hottest part
of the house and further protected by a sort of bell-glass, so that
the variety was fortunately saved. Over five hundred seedling
camellias in varioue stages of growth were destroyed by this fire.
Camellia Mrs. Abby Wilder has produced curious sports, which
have been made into permanent varieties by " fixing the graft."
One of these, Camellia Grace Sherwin Wilder, is known in England
as the Queen of Beauty.

As soon as he had introduced the Japan Lilies he commenced
hybridizing them, and in 1846 exhibited seedlings from them.
May 12, 1848, he exhibited a fine seedling rhododendron, a hybrid
between R. campanalatam and Ji. Cataiobiense. The seedling
strawberry which bears his name — a cross between the Hovey
and La Constante — is well known as of the finest quality. Of

MEMOIR OF HON. MARSHALL P. WILDER. 27

the many seedling pears raised by him perhaps the best is that
named for his son, Eddie Wilder. At the meeting of the Society
on the 10th of March, 1883, he exhibited two Chinese Azaleas in
flower at two years from seed. Many who knew him in recent years
will remember the camel's hair pencil which he always carried in
his pocket to transfer the pollen in cross-fertilizing. As in other
departments of horticulture, his labors in this branch ceased only
with his life ; at the Strawberry Show in 1886 he presented two
seedling varieties, the Dorchester and Omega, which gave promise
of much value as late varieties. And now that he has gone we
remember his earnest exhortations, particularly in his addresses
before the American Pomological Societ}', to produce improved
varieties of fruit from seed, and especiall}' to cross well chosen
varieties with that purpose. Among his many horticultural ex-
periments those made to determine the best method of ripening
and preserving fruit should not be omitted. For this purpose he
built several fruit houses, on different principles. Besides his
original researches, he availed himself of the wisdom of others and
collected a valuable library of horticultural and agricultural books,
and also books on history and other subjects in which he was in-
terested.

Mr. Wilder's services to the Horticultural Society extended be-
yond the support of its exhibitions by contributing to them the
newest and choicest products of his garden and greenhouses.
His executive ability and business tact were freely given to aid in
the administration of its affairs. A most important service was
rendered to it by him when, on the 6th of December, 1834, he
made a motion " That a committee be appointed to consider the
expedienc}' of disposing of the interest of the Society in the Gar-
den and Cemetery of Mount Auburn to the proprietors of lots in
the Cemetery, and report the conditions on which a conveyance
shall be made if the committee deem the measure advisable ; "
and as a member of tjie committee appointed in pursuance of this
vote succeeded, by his conciliator^^ efforts, after several exciting
meetings had been held, in effecting an arrangement which has
proved of the greatest benefit to the Society ; giving it a financial
standing above that of any other horticultural society in the world.
He felt that the position occupied by him was fraught with great
difficulties, for though then a comparatively young man he was
placed in opposition to Judge Story, the Chairman of the Com-

28 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

mittee ; whose sympathies were wholly with the proprietors of lots.
When the report of the Committee was adopted by the Society
Mr. Wilder was Chairman of the Committee a|)pointed to carr}' it
into effect; and when in I808 Dr. Bigelow, then President of the
Proprietors of JNIoiint Auburn, desired a conference with the Hor-
ticultural Society while some of those who had been acquainted
with the subject from the beginning were still living, to adjust
amicably certain differences that had gradually arisen, Mr.
Wilder was one of the Committee on the part of the Society.
The marble bust of Mr. Wilder by Henr}' Dexter, presented to
the Society by Charles O. Whitmore, March 31, 1863, was in-
tended by the donor to commemorate Mr. Wilder's services to the
Society, and particularly those in connection with Mount Auburn.

Mr. Wilder was Vice-President of the Society in 1839 and 18-40 ;
and President from 1841 to 1818, holding that office longer than
any other who has filled it. Great energy, unwearied persever-
ance, and much skill and tact are necessary in the executive officers
of such a society to maintain its influence, meet its large ex-
penses, and justify the public expectation in regard to it. All
these qualities were singularly united in him. Soon after becom-
ing President he commenced the measures which resulted in the
erection of Horticultural Hall on School street, believed to be the
first building ever erected by a horticultural society for its own
use. The corner stone was laid by Mr. Wilder, who delivered an
appropriate address, on the 14th of September, 1844 ; and the
buihling was dedicated on the loth of May, 1845. He was also a
member of the Building Committee of the present Horticultural
Hall.

It was during Mr. Wilder's presidency, in 1842, 1845, and 1848
that the Triennial Festivals of the Society were held No more
brilliant /e^es than these had ever been held in Boston, and those
who knew Mr. Wilder in his later years will remember how he
loved to recall that in 1845 the festival (in Faneuil Hall) was at-
tended b}' Hon. Edward Everett, who had that mormng arrived in
Boston after a five years' residence as minister of the United
States at the court of St. James; Hon. Caleb Cusliing, who had
just returned from his embassy to China ; and many other distin-
guished guests, including Hon. Daniel Webster, who asked per-
mission of tiie President to inlroduce to the assembly the
venerable widow of Alexander Hamilton, the daughter of Gen.

MEMOIR OF HON. MARSHALL P. WILDER. 29

Philip Schu3'ler, who sat on the right hand of the President. An
engraved representation of the festival in 1848 (also at Faneuil
Hall) was published in the " Horticnltnrist " for November of
that 3'ear, and copied into the "Flore des Serres."

It was also during Mr. Wilder's presidency that the imperial
octavo Transactions of the Society, with colored plates of fruits
and flowers by the best artists, were publi-hed, much in the style
of the "Transactions of the London Horticultural Society," from
which the idea was doubtless taken. Three numbevs were pub-
lished, making one volume.

On the 28th of July, 1848, after a correspondence with other
societies in regard to the expediency of holding a national con-
vention of fruit growers, Mr. Wilder, as Chairman of a Commit-
tee of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, in connection
with similar committees of the Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and
New Haven Horticultural Societies and the Board of Ao-riculture
of the American Institute of the City of New York, headed a call
for such a convention, which accordingly met on the 10th of Octo-
ber, in New York. This measure proved to be of an importance
not anticipated at that time ; for this American Congress of Fruit
Growers, as it was styled, consolidated in 1849 with the North
American Pomological Convention which held its first meeting at
Buffalo, N. Y"., September 1, 1848, (the united societies being known
as the American Pomological Congress) has effected more for the
advancement of pomology than any other association in the world ;
and its publications have become a standard authority on the sub-
ject. On the organization of the American Congress of Fruit
Growers Mr. Wilder was chosen President, and with the excep-
tion of one year, when owing to a death in his farailj' he was
unable to be present at the meeting, held the office of President of
the American Pomological Society (the name adopted in 1852)
until his death. This was perhaps the best loved by him of all
the many associations with which he was connected. The ad-
dresses which the By-Laws of the Society require the President to
deliver at the biennial sessions were punctuallj- prepared by him
and form a series of great interest.

On Mr. Wilder's retirement from the Presidency of the Horti-
cultural Society at the close of the year 1848 he was presented with
a silver pitcher and salver of the value of one hundred and fifty dol-
lars, as a testimonial of the appreciation by the Society of his services

30 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

as President. But his interest in tlie management of the Societ}'
did not cease with that event. My virtue of the oflice of President
he had been Chairman of the Executive Committee from 1841 to
1848, and he continued to be a member, either as an Ex-President
or by election, until his death, and no one was more constant and
punctual in attending its meetings than he. He was a member of
the Committee on Flowers in 1837 and 1838 ; a member of the
Committee on the Librar}' in 1838, 1839, and 1840, and Chairman
in 1842 ; Chairman of the Committee on the Synonymes of Fruits
from 1844 to 186^ ; Chairman of the Finance Committee from
1849 to 1858, and with the exception of one year a member from
that time until 1866. He was also frequenth^ appointed on im-
portant special committees. B3' his will he bequeathed to the So-
ciety, as a fund to perpetuate his memorj-, the sum of one
thousand dollars ; the income of which is to be awarded in prizes
for the improvement of the Pear and the Grape.

Mr. AVilder's interest in agriculture and labors to promote its
improvement were hardly less than those in horticulture. The
first organized effort in which he joined in this behalf was on the
lirst Saturday in April, 1840, when several gentlemen who felt
tiiat nothing is so conducive to right thinking is good eating
and drinking met at the Exchange Coffee House to form a club
to dine together monthly for conversation and the interchange of
opinions relating mainly to agriculture. This association was
named the Massachusetts Agricultural Club, and its meetings have
been held regularly until the present time. The tirst President
was Cheever Newhall, who continued in that position until his
death in 1878, when he was succeeded by Mr. Wilder, whose in-
cumbency also was terminated only with his life. It was around
this social board that many of the projects for the advancement of
agriculture in which Mr. Wilder took a leading part were dis-
cussed and brought into shape. The first of these was the Nor-
folk Agricultural Society, formed in February, 1849, when he was
chosen President. In his first address before this Societ}' he
uiged the importance of agricultural education — the first general
efiovt for the promotion of this interest in our country. Governor
IJriggs, Lieutenant Governor Reed, Daniel Webster, Edward
Everett, Robert C. Winthrop, Ex-Governor Lincoln of Massachu-
setts, Ex-Governor Hill of New Ham|)shire, Charles Francis
Adams, Josiah Quiucy, Sr., Josiah Qiiincy, Jr., Gen. H. A. S.

MEMOIR OF HON. MARSHALL P. WILDER. 31

Dearborn, Horace Mann, and many others of national reputation
were among bis hearers. This effort ultimately bore fruit in the
Massachusetts Agricultural College. He was President of this So-
ciet}' for twenty years and on his retirement was constituted Honor-
ary President in acknowledgment of his services. In February,
1886, Henry O. Hildreth, for many years Secretary of the Norfolk
Agricultural Society, presented a complete set of the "Transac-
tions " of that Society to the library of the Massachusetts Horti-
cultural Society, in memory of Mr. Wilder's twenty years' presi-
dency.

The next of Mr. Wilder's plans for the promotion of agricul-
riculture was the establishment of the Massachusetts Board of
Agriculture. A large meeting of delegates was held in response
to an invitation from him as President of the Norfolk Agricultural
Societ}' and from other agricultural societies in the State ; the Massa-
chusetts Central Board of Agriculture was organized ; he was
elected President, and retained that office until the Board of
Agriculture became a department of the State government. Up
to the time of his death he was the senior member of the Board.

In 1852, under the auspices of the Massachusetts Board of
Agriculture, he prepared a circular calling a national convention
of agriculturists at Washington. A meeting was held in that city
on the 24th of June, 18.52, in which twenty-three States were rep-
resented b}' one hundred and fifty delegates. The United States
Agricultural Society was organized, and Mr. Wilder was cliosen
President. He held this office for six years, and on his resigna-
tion a silver tea service of the value of two hundred and fiftj''
dollars was presented to him. At the next annual meeting the
large gold medal of honor, valued at one hundred and fifty dol-
lars, and bearing the inscription, " Awarded to the Hon. Marshall
P. Wilder, Founder, First President, and Constant Patron," was
unanimously' conferred upon him. This medal he bequeathed to
the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. Much was done by the
United States Agricultural Society through its meetings, publica-
tions, and exhibitions of horses and other live stock, implements,
and farm products to improve the agriculture of our country, until
the approach of the civil war put an end to its operations.

In 1858, as a result of Mr. Wilder's efforts in behalf of agri-
cultural education, the Massachusetts School of Agriculture was
incorporated, and he was elected President. It was intended to

32 MA8SACHISKTTS HOKTICl LTUUAL SOCIETY.

locate the school at Springfield ; hut as Congress soon afterwards
granted land to eacli State for an agricultural college the necessity
for the school was dl)viate(l. In lHG3the Massachusetts Agricultu-
ral College was incorporated, and he was named as its first trustee.
In 1871 he delivered ihe address on the graduation of the first
class from that institution, and at the Commencement in 187H he
had the honor of conferring the degree of Bachelor of Science on
twenty young gentlemen who were also its graduates.

Mr. Wilder's labors for the good of the community were not con-
fined to his favorite pursuits of agriculture and horticulture. In
1«59 he presided at the first public meeting in relation to the col-
location of several scientific institutions on the Back Bay lands,
where the splendid edifices of the Boston Societ3' of Natural His-
tory and the INIassachusetts Institute of Technology now stand.
Of the latter institution he was one of the founders, a Vice-Presi-
dent, and Chairman of its Society of Arts.

In January', 18G8, he was unanimously elected to the office of
President of the New England Historic Genealogical Society,
made vacant by the death of Ex-Governor John A. Andrew ;
which he held until the time of his own death. At each annual
meeting he delivered an appropriate address. In his first ad-
dress he urged the importance of procuring a suitable building for
the Society, and in 1870 a Committee, of which he was Chairman,
was appointed to carry out this object. Mr. Wilder devoted more
than tliiee months to the work of soliciting funds for this pur-
pose, and raised more than forty-four thousand dollars, with which
the building No. 18 Somerset street was purchased and adapted to
the purposes of the Societ}'. A little later he raised a fund the
income of which is devoted to paying the librarian, and a year or
two before his death a further sum for enlarging the building,
making a total of nearly eighty-four thousand dollars, secured by
him for promoting the objects of the Society.

Mr. Wilder was one of the twelve representative men selected
to receive the Prince of Wales at the banquet given in his honor
on the occasion of his visit to Boston in 1860. He was also one
of the United States Commissioners to the Universal Exi)Osition
at Paris in 1867, wiiere he was appointed Chairman of the Com-
mittee on Horticulture and the Cultivation and Products of the
Vine. While in Europe he visited many of the prominent horti-
culturists in England, France, and Belgium whom he had previ-

MEMOIR OF HON. MARSHALL P. WILDER. 33

ously known by correspondence ; also examining the most noted
gardens, and inquiring into the state of horticulture. From
Europe he hastened home to preside at the meeting of the Amer-
ican Pomological Society at St. Louis, Missouri. Earlj' in 1869,
with a few horticultural friends he made a tour in the South in the
hope of meeting the members of the Pomological Society in
some of the Southern States whom he had not seen since the be-
ginning of the civil war, but also with the view of ascertaining
the resources of that part of our country and the state of horti-
culture there. An account of this tour was published by him in
" Tilton's Journal of Horticulture." In 1870 with a lai'ger
party he made a journey to California, chiefly to examine the or-
chards, vineyards, and gardens, as well as the more important
native trees and plants of that State. The results of the observa-
tions of these tourists were published in the " Rural New Yorker "
and in "Tilton's Journal of Horticulture." They were also em-
bodied in a lecture b^' Mr. Wilder which he delivered before sev-
eral audiences.

In politics Mr. Wilder took comparatively little interest. Mul-
titudes of other men stood ready to serve the State politically,
but few could serve it as he has done in his chosen walks of use-
fulness. In 1839 he was induced to serve as a representative in
the Legislature for the town of Dorchester during a single term.
Ten years afterward he was elected a member of Governor Briggs's
Council, and in the year following a member and also President of
the State Senate, where he was active in promoting the cause of
agricultural education. Once he stood on the brink of a public
career, that would have robbed us of man}' a gracious service and
would surely have invaded the order and peacefulness of his life.
Whatever ambition he may have had for political advancement, in
later years he felt that it was better that it had not been gratified,
for he had served his fellow men more effectuallv and enjoyed life
more than if it had been.

The military title of Mr. Wilder was due to his natural procliv-
ity to military pursuits — probably a hereditary tendency. The
earliest ancestor to whom the famil}' has been traced was Nicholas
Wilder, a chieftain in the army of the Earl of Richmond who
fought and won the battle of Bos worth in 1485. Mr. Wilder's
ancestors rendered meritorious services to their country in the In-
dian wars, in the Revolution, and in Shays's insurrection. The warm

34 MASSACHUSETTS IIOKTICI'LTURAL SOCIETY.

blood and courageous daring of the old Puritan warriors, exliil)ited
in man}' sanguinary encounters with dusky and lighter colored
foes of the forest and sea-coast, had been transmitted to him.
Opportunities for the display of hereditary qualities in actual war-
fare were wanting, but the pomp of preparation supplied the lack.
At an early age he took a keen interest in military aflairs, at six-
teen was enrolled in the militia of New Hampshire, and at
twenty-one was commissioned as Adjutant. He organized and
equipped the Rindge Light Infantry, and was chosen its Captain.
At twent3--five he was elected Lieutenant Colonel and at twenty-
six was commissioned as Colonel of the Twelfth regiment. Soon
after his removal to Boston he joined the Ancient and Honorable
Artillery Company ; and, after having been nominated four times
and as frequentl}' declining the honor, in 18o7 he accepted the
command.

This artillery corps is the only offspring of the Royal Artillery
Company of London, founded in 1537 and commanded by the va-
rious sovereigns of England. Colonel Wilder entered into an
interesting correspondence with Prince Albert, then in command,
sending to him a copy of the history of the Boston Company, and
receiving in return an elegant cop\' of Highmore's History of the
Royal Artillery Company.- At the two hundred and nineteenth
anniversary, in 1857, Prince Albert was, on motion of Colonel
Wilder, elected a special honorary member, and at the anniversary
in 1878 the present Commander of the corps, the Prince of Wales,
was, at the instance of Colouel Wilder, made a special honorary
member as his father had been, twenty-one years before.

On the 7th of November, 1849, a festival of the Sons of New
Hampshire was celebrated at Boston. The Hon. Daniel Webster
presided and Mr. Wilder was Vice-President. The association
again met on the 29th of October, 1852, to attend the funeral
of Mr. Webster. On this occasion the Legislature and other cit-
izens of New Hampshire were received at the Lowell depot and ad"
dressed by Mr. Wilder in behalf of the sons of that State resident
in Boston. The " Sons " celebrated their second festival Novem-
ber 2, 1853. Mr. Wilder occupied the chair as President and de-
livered one of his most able and eloquent addresses. They
assembled again June 20, 1861, to receive and welcome the New
Hampshire regiment of volunteers ; and escorted them to Music
Hall, where Mr. Wilder addressed them in a [)atriotic speech ap-
propriate to their departure for the field of battle.

MEMOIR OF HON. MARSHALL P. WILDER. 35

The two hundred and twenty-fifth anniversary of the settlement
of Dorchester was celebrated on the 14th of Julj', 1855. The
orator of the da}' was Edward Everett. The central tablet of the
great pavilion bore the inscription " Marshall P. Wilder, Presi-
dent of the Day. Blessed is he that turneth the waste places
into a garden and maketh the wilderness to blossom as a rose."

Mr. Wilder was a member of man}' horticultural and agricul-
tural societies in this aud foreign lands. He was elected a cor-
responding member of the Ro3'al Horticultural Society of London ;
a corresponding member of the Socidt^ Nationale d' Horticulture de
France, at Paris ; an honorary member of the Societe Centrale d'
Horticulture dii Departeuient de la Seine-Inf^rieure, at Rouen ; a
corresponding memberof the Society forthe Promotion of the Useful
Arts and Auxiliary Sciences, at Frankfort on the Main ; an honorary
member of the Royal Historical Society of Great Britain ; and an
honorarj- member of the Royal Academy of Heraldry and Gen-
ealogy, at Pisa, Italy. In 1877 he received the degree of Ph. D.
from Dartmouth College and in 1884 that of LL. D. from Roan-
oke College. Mr. Wilder's eightieth birthday was celebrated by a
dinner given him at the Parker House, and on his eighty-fifth
birthday a larger company met at the same place to testify their
respect and love for him. An account of this celebration was
published in book form. On his eighty-eighth (and last) birthday
a similar gathering was held at " Taft's," at Point Shirlej^, at the
invitation of Benjamin C. Clark, Secretary of the Massachusetts
Agricultural Club, an occasion which will long be remembered by
all who had the good fortune to be present.

Mr. Wilder received all the Masonic degrees, including the
thirt3'-third, the highest aud last honor of the Fraternity.

As a writer and public speaker Mr. Wilder was fluent, forcible,
aud popular. His published writings consist largely of agricul-
tural, pomological, and historical addresses. On the 2d of
March, 1878, he presented to the librar}- of the Massachusetts
Horticultural Societ}' a handsomeh' bound volume of addresses
and speeches relating to agriculture and horticulture, which form
a most interesting memorial of him. Other similar memorials in
the library have been already mentioned in this sketch. One of
his most important literary productions was a sketch of "The
Horticulture of Boston and Vicinity," prepared for the fourth vol-
ume of the " Boston Memorial Series," the materials of which

36 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

he collected ami anaiifrod wlion eighly-lliree years old. It was
also published in iianiplilct form, and a cop}- was presented by him
to the library of the Horticultural Society.

But we must bring this brief memoir to a close, for if we were
to pursue the subject and chronicle all Mr. "Wilder's labors (or the
advancement of agricultuie and horticulture, all the manifesta-
tions of confidence reposed in him in public and private relations,
and all the honors bestowed upon him we should not have a page
for other matter.

As might have been foreseen, Mr, Wilder died in the harness.
Until within a short time no man enjoyed life more than he or
clung to it more strongly, but after the death of his wife in No-
vember, 1885, he desired to depart and be with her. On Saturday
the 4tb of December, 1886, he attended the meeting of the Hor-
ticultural Society and afterwards presided at the dinner of the
Agricultural Club. He was somewhat fatigued and during the
next week a cold causing rheumatism confined him to his bed for
a day or two. After this he improved, and on the morning of
Wednesday, the 15th, the librarian of the New J'ngland Historic
Genealogical Society called and talked with him about the annual
address which Mr. Wilder was to deliver before that society the
next month, and which he had already' finished. The next morn-
ing he felt still better, rising at his usual hour and taking break-
fast with the family. He transacted a little business with his son
Edward, signed a letter, and talked cheerfully with the physician
when he came. The doctor inquired in regard to his rheumatism
and Mr. Wilder replied that it was all gone, then pressed his hand
to his heart and in an instant was dead.

" Thus with no fiery, throbbing pain,

No cold gradations of decay,
Death broke at once the vital chain,

And freed his soul the nearest way."

The funeral was at the Second Congregational Church in Dor-
chester, on Sunday, the 19th of December, at 2 o'clock. Until
within the last two or three years Mr. Wilder had been a regular
attendant at this church, and in 1883 he presided at the seventy-
fifth anniversary of its organization and delivered an address.
For twenty-five years he was Cliairman of its Hoard of Assessors,
and for nearly half a century presided over meetings of various

MEMOIR OF HON. MARSHALL P. WILDER. 37

kinds in connection with the parish. The central part of the
house was reserved for the funeral party and for the representa-
tives of the numerous organizations with which Mr. Wilder had
been connected. Besides the Committee appointed by the Massa-
chusetts Horticultural Society to attend the funeral other members
were present, and the New England Historic Genealogical Society,
the New England Mutual Life Insurance Company, the Hamilton
National Bank, the Home Savings Bank, the Ancient and Honor-
able Artillery Company, the Massachusetts Institute of Technol-
ogy, and the Masonic fraternity were represented. Almost every
individual in the large assembly had known and loved him as a
friend.

A private service was held at his residence, and at the close the
casket was borne to the hearse b}' four men who had been in his
employment for many years. At the church the exercises consisted
of singing of some of his favorite hymns, reading of the Scriptures,
prayer, and an appropriate and appreciative address by Rev.
Edward N. Packard, pastor of the church. Besides the points
which we have mentioned in this sketch, he spoke of Mr. Wilder's
strong religious bent, inherited from a godly ancestry, and of his
constant and generous support of the Gospel and of all good
works to which the church lent her hand. In his horticultural
pursuits he sought Nature and listened and watched for the foot-
steps of the benevolent Deity^ walking still in the garden in the
cool of the day.

The interment was in Mr. Wilder's lot at Forest Hills Ceme-
tery, where his last two wives and several of his children had
been buried.

The life of Mr. Wilder is a striking instance of what an indi-
vidual may accomplish by industry, indomitable perseverance, and
the concentration of his intellectual powers upon one great object.
With him, it was that of raising the standard of terraculture to a
higher rank among the great pursuits of a nation. No ordinary tal-
lent, no turn of mere good fortune, could ever have placed him in the
high position he attained as a public benefactor. But back of all his
mental endowments he had a strong constitution and sound phy-
sical health, the foundation of which was doubtless laid while work-
ing on the New Hampshire farm. Without these he never could
have performed such labors as he did.

Among his qualifications for usefulness his executive tact was

k

38 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

remarkable. As a presiding officer over deliberative bodies lie
was the right man in the right place. At all times and places
but especiall}' in such public positions, his dignified and command-
ing presence aided essentially in enabling him to effect the objects
which he desired to attain. His personal influence has been suffi-
cient to magnetize many a half-dying form into active life. And
this strong personal characteristic was espec'ally remarked among
his friends. No one approached him in doubt, in despondency,
or in embarrassment, and left him witliout a higher hope, a
stronger courage, and a manlier faith in himself. It is impossible
that an}' man should perform, single handed, the various labors
we have recounted, but Mr. Wilder's magnetic personal influence
was such that he drew to his aid men who were surprised and
pleased at the quantity and excellence of the work the}' came to per-
form under his leadership, and which without him would have
remained undone. And such coadjutors were always rewarded
with his hearty appreciation of their services. That he himself
loved the praise of men his friends all know, for he admitted it
with a freedom which disarmed all criticism, but while desiring
the approbation of his fellow men he sought it only b}' seeking to
deserve it. There are benefactors of their race whose usefulness
is not discovered until they are gathered to their fathers. More
fortunate than these, Mr. Wilder lived to be appreciated. He
was surrounded with prosperity ; his path was one of peace ;
sweet odors were on ever}' side. It was a pleasant sight to behold
this patriarch at the rooms of the Horticultural Society on Satur-
days, receiving the tributes of affection and respect of his friends
and returning all their love, and it is pleasant now to recall it.

His instincts were conservative. At his eightieth birthday fes-
tival his pastor. Rev. James H. Means, D.D., testified that he
was always a peacemaker, and we trust that he has received the
blessing promised to such. A striking trait of his character was
prominently exhibited in always discovering something to admire,
to cherish, and to encourage in everybody and everything. He did
with his might what his hand found to do, and inherited to the full
the family trait of not leaving unfinished what be had begun. While
cidtivating his grounds and introducing new seeds, trees, and
plants, he was doing all he could to instil into the public mind a
taste and love for rural labors, and to elevate the rank and posi-
tion of those engaged in the honorable employments of the farm

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 39

and garden. He spared no expense, he rested from no labors, in
his desire to effect this object. He not only by his zeal, industry,
and ability conferred lasting benefits on his native country, but b}'
his careful researches in hybridization and fiuit culture he laid the
horticulturists of all nations under obligations to him. Through
the institutions which he founded his service to men becomes self-
perpetuating, but the veorld which he made a different one to us is
different to us since his departure.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, January 8, 1887.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
Vice-President Benjamin G. Smith in the chair.

The Annual Report of the Committee on Gardens was read
by John G. Barker, Chairman, accepted, and referred to the Com-
mittee on Publication.

Francis H. Appleton, Chairman of the Committee appointed at
the last meeting to nominate a candidate for the vacancy in the
Executive Committee caused by the death of Hon. Marshall P.
Wilder, reported the name of Edward L. Beard. The report was
accepted and Mr. Beard was unanimously elected.

Edward L. Beard moved the appointment of a committee of
members of the American Pomological Society, to cooperate
with the Committee of Arrangements of this Society in regard to
the meeting of the former Society in this city in September next.
The subject was postponed until the next meeting.

Adjourned to Saturday, January 15.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

The Propagation, Planting, and Grouping
OF Native Trees.

By Levi W. Rqssell, President of the Franklin Society, Providence, R. I.

It will be my endeavor in this paper to present some of the
more important observations, facts, and impressions which my
recreations among the native forest trees of New England have

40 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

a fforded me. It will soon be seen that I do this not as a special-
ist in any department of arboreal study. Neither can I speak
from an extensive practice as a tree grower, for 1 have been little
more than a looker-on in that work. But it will be ray purpose to
emphasize, and to stir into activity, some of the better thoughts
and intentions which must have occurred to you, concerning our
notably rich and beautiful sylvan growth. And could I succeed
in making more practical the desire which the members of this
So ciety undoubtedly feel to preserve and propagate our friendly
trees, with a view to the protection of our lands, and the adorn-
ment of our homes and highways, the main object of this hour
would be accomplished.

Incidental remarks, onl}-, will be made about trees in forest
masses ; for notwithstanding the vast importance of this subject,
involving as it does the welfare — the very existence indeed — of our
country as a habitable region of the globe, its present considera-
tion would encroach too much upon the main purpose of this occa-
sion. But leaving this phase of arboreal study, we would like to
inquire about tiees as they relate to our homes ; as they shield us
from the storms, and from the desiccating glare of our summer's
sun ; as they lend their grateful shade to suburban and country
highways ; or as they lure us to the leafy by-paths of the woods,
and as they give their delightful charm to our landscapes wher-
ever we walk or ride among the picturesque hills of New England.
We would like to know how to make more and better use of this
goodly- source of beauty, of comfort, and emphatically of health,
so lavishly provided for us in the native tree growth. Speaking
generally, we have hardl}* begun to appreciate the value to us of
the arboreal growth of our land. Said an educated and observant
Scotchman to me (he was a successful horticulturist also) — " I
am amazed at the indifference of j'our people to the variet}' and
wonderful beauty of your native trees and shrubs. Your nursery-
men and landscape gardeners are trying to grow those of foreign
nativity, at a cost of many failures and disappointments, when
there are better kinds all about them at home."

That, and more, is true. We have many of the finest repre-
sentatives of most, if not all, of the different genera of trees and
shrubs indigenous to climates like our own that can be found any-
where in the world. There are in the little State of Massachusetts
about as many native species of trees fit for timber, shade,

OUR NATIVE TREES. 41

and adornment as are found in all the different countries of
Europe taken together. We have been accustomed to regard
ancestral England as richer in native tree growth than New Eng-
land. This impression we gather largely from British and Scottish
authors, especiallj' the poets. Much has been written b}' them
about the forest parks of Britain, and numbers of her grand old
oaks and sycamores have a written history running back over the
centuries, even to the days of which only tradition speaks. From
the time of the Druids, whose worship recalls to us the words
of Bryant, " The groves were God's first temples," and down to
the present da}', the British people have loved the woods. With
the inheritance of their literature, and to a large extent their traits
of character, we have naturall}' something of their veneration for
the forests — something of their regard for individual trees. The
destructive improvidence which naturally accompanied the neces-
sary felling of the woods, by the early settlers of New England, to
meet the demand for tillage and grazing lands, is now being fol-
lowed, tardily indeed, but we hope effectually, by intelligent efforts
to repair the losses thus caused. The indifference to the beaut}',
the usefulness, the educating influence of single trees, groups, or
hedge-rows, which was engendered in our New England ancestors
by their view that all trees were but a hindrance to the purposes
of agriculture, is gradually giving place to a recognition of their
{Esthetic as well as economic value. So we are now ready to in-
quire what our native arboreal growth affords ; and what species
are best adapted for special purposes and different localities.

According to George B. Emerson, in his Report on the Trees
and Shrubs of Massachusetts, there are at least forty-five species
of deciduous trees, indigenous to the state, which generally reach
a height of from thirty to a hundred feet. There are also ten
conifers, growing to an equal size. All of the latter are ever-
greens, except the larch.

Of the deciduous trees, four species are maple, three ash, four
birch, four hickory, two cherry, two elm, four poplar, nine oak,
and there is one of each of the following: — birch, chestnut,
Tjutternut, black walnut, linden or basswood, tulip, hornbeam,
hop-hornbeam or lever-wood, buttonwood, sassafras, nettle-tree,
and hackberry. Besides these trees there are of shrubs, or small
trees, one maple, one birch, two cherry, and two oak.

The conifers are composed as follows: one hemlock, two other
spruces, two balsam fir, three pine, one juniper, and one larch.

42 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

This gjreat variety may be accounted for b}" reference to the
marked diirerences in the soils, features of surface (including ele-
vation), and exposures of different localities.

From such an abundance, then, the tree planter may take his
choice. He can find some tree in the list to produce almost any
effect of sylvan growth that he may desire. He can find trees
adapted to any locality, from a rocky hill-top to a bog; to any
texture of soil, from shifting sands to the stiffest cla}'. A few of
these trees are already approved favorites, among them the Maples.

The Rock or Sut^ar maple, Acer saccharinum, is the best of
this genus. It is a handsome tree from the start, statel}' and well
balanced in maturity. Its foliage affords deep and cooling shade
in summer, and is gorgeous as the sunset clouds in autumn. It
will bear more mutilation and ill usage and still thrive than almost
any other tree. As a waj'side tree, in exposed localities, it has
few if any superiors, it being always erect, even where the
wind has the fullest sweep. As a pasture shade for cattle, it is
peculiarly well adapted. No better work can be done for the
many bare, open grazing lots all over ^ew England than to
plant, here and there, for shelter and shade, groups or single trees
of this kind. They would not only give great comfort to the
grazing stock, but please the eye by their sceu'ic beauty. For
windbreaks, these trees, in single or double rows, are well adapted,
although the white pine will insure this purpose more effectually
and in less time.

As a rule, it is a mistake to transplant these, or in fact an}'
other trees, from the woods ; where they grow tall and slender.
Even if they are severely topped, it takes them years to adapt them-
selves to their changed conditions, if indeed they live at all. If
naturally grown trees are used for transplanting, they should be
taken from hedge-rows or borders, where they have had free de-
velopment in sunlight and air. Generally speaking, it is much
better to take nursery grr)wn trees tor transplanting than to de-
pend upon seedlings growing naturally. Nursery trees have bet-
ter roots, more shapely tops, and if not too thickly massed are
more hardened to the weather than those from the woods. And
every farmer should have his nursery of forest trees — and his boys
should have the larger share in it. There is nothing about the old
home, not even the well-sweep and the bucket, which more
endears it to the boys when grown to manhood than the trees

OUR NATIVE TREES, 43

which they helped to plant. We deplore the exodus of our young
men from the New England homesteads to the West and other
parts of the country. If we would keep them, we must make
them love the land of their birth ; and I believe one factor in doing
this is to attach them to the soil through the practice of tree plant-
ing.

The Red maple, Acer rubrum. also known as the Swamp (and
improperly as the White) maple, is in m}' judgment too little es-
teemed, as a tree for ornament and shade. When this is alter-
nated with the rock maple the two kinds form, together, a far more
attractive row for the roadside than either alone. This arrange-
ment breaks up the monotony and stiffness of a row of one kind
only ; and gives, especially in October, that mingling of gorgeous
colors, of mellow tints and shades, so characteristic of the autumn
foliage of these trees. A fine grouping of these two species is
sometimes seen in nature where a few tall rock maples form the
centre of the group, while the red maples, lower in stature, are clus-
tered around. The red maple is richly worth growing near our
homes for the brilliant scarlet blossoms, which precede the dainty-
leaves that, in crimson tints, soon follow. This tree, although oc-
cupying with us many tracts of low and swampy ground almost to
the exclusion of other trees, thrives well on high lands if started
from the seed on similar ground. But an almost certain failure
will be the result of setting in dry ground a maple or any other
tree taken from a swamp.

The White, Cut-Leaved, or Silver maple, Acer dasi/carpum, is
rare, as a native, in Massachusetts. It grows naturall}' near
streams, which it is frequently found overhanging ; but flourishes
well upon the streets of our towns. It is a tiee of rapid growth
and graceful ramification of limbs, and has a foliage attractive in
form and cheering in the silvery sheen which it shows in the
breezes. It is too tender a tree and too liable to be broken by ice
for the colder hill regions of this State. Numerous variations and
" sports " from this tree are propagated by nurserymen, and some
of them are notably fine for the lawn and for special ornamental
' purposes.

The Norway maple, Acer platanoides^ a large spreading tree with
deep green shining leaves, and the English Sycamore maple,
A. Pseudo-Platanus, having much the aspect of our rock maple, are
valuable additions to our natives ; but lack the beautiful coloring-
displayed by the latter in autumn.

44 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Birches deserve more attention tiian they have received from
tree planters. The Black birch, Betnla lenta, in open grf)und
forms a stately round-headed tree, and its numerous slender, finely
divided branches, sometimes drooping, lend gracefulness to its
aspect. Upon the borders of a pond, or by a brook, it is a charm-
ing tree, its sprays often touching the water.

The Yellow birch, Betula excelsa^ rarely has the opportunity of
developing in the open ground ; but left to itself it is a tree which
limbs low, sending out a large number of long lithe branches
forming a semi-orbicuhir head of imposing dimensions. I knew of
such a tree that came up from a crevice in a ledge of rock, and in
time threw out huge surface roots, which grappled the rock with a
Titan's hold ; until, having fed from soil which they finally reached,
it grew to a spread of fifty feet, forming in summer a huge mound
of foliage, and in the ice-storms of winter a crown of sparkling,
dazzling beauty, which even in my boyhood I looked upon with
admiring wonder. The tree was cut ilown for a cord of wood !

The Paper White or Canoe birch, Betula papyracea, reaches
its fullest development farther north than Massachusetts. Yet
in the cooler hill regions of the State it is a line tree ; and if
planted will grow well even much farther south. In the open
ground it develops a stately head, broadly oval in outline, with
rich, dark green foliage. But its characteristic beauty is seen in
the forest or mingled with a thicket of other trees. There it shoots
up with a straight, slender, milky white stem, without a limb, until
it overtops its companions of other kinds with its thick-leaved
head — one of the neatest, most graceful trees of the New England
woods. It has been fitly termed '' The Lady of the Forest." For
tree grouping it is one of the best.

The Red birch, Betula nigra, is rare in Massachusetts, yet num-
bers of them are found upon the river banks for several miles
above and below Lowell. This tree when fully developed is con-
spicuous for its large, dense head ; formed by long, slender, some-
what drooping branches ; a fringe-like spray often crowding the
larger limbs near the trunk. It is also noticeable for its copper-
colored bark ; tlie outer layers upon the limbs, and upon trunks not
too old, hanging loosely in long, ragged strips. Alone or among
others it is a striking tree, and one of the best for growth by
quick-flowing streams, serving at once to hold their banks and to
add beauty to the scene. The wood is also valuable.

OUR NATIVE TREES. 45

The Little Gray birch, Betula popuIifoUa, commonly called
White birch, is associated with barrenness, poverty', and neglect.
Yet its fastigiate style of branching, its jaunt}' catkins in early
spring, twirling like things alive, and the notable beaut}- of its
foliage in summer should recommend it to our favorable reijard.
If we had to purchase it as a foreign tree we should, I doubt not,
esteem it a fine acquisition for the tree border or the lawn. Cer-
tainly it is one of nature's restorers of worn out lands, and a val-
uable protective " nurse" for other seedlings.

The birches I believe are deserving the attention of tree
growers, whether planting in masses for fuel and timber, or for
scenic effect. A well arranged group of our native birches would
be a delight to any lover of trees ; and planted singly, in open
grounds, they are all attractive.

I will now speak of the American or White Elm, Ulmus Amer-
icana^ the home tree of New England. This tree combines more
of the qualities which we admire in different trees than any other
of native or imported origin : qualities which seem incompatible
when associated, but wiiich in the elm harmonize without a fault.
Massiveness, strength, amplitude, loftiness, defiance of the blasts ;
yet the most graceful curves, limbs elastic as the Indian bow,
pendent spray, light and lithe as the willow — all combine in one
tree — a magnificent dome of sylvan shade,

" Fit shrine for liumble worshipper to hold
Communion with his Malier."

The English elm, Ulmus campestris, of which there are some
noble specimens upon Boston Common, has some but not all of
these qualities. The poet Gray, in his Elegy, speaks of " those
rugged elms," a term fitly applied, for in the distance the tree has
much the aspect of an oak, with but little of the gentle grace of its
American cousin.

While the " dome " shape seems to be the normal type of the
American elm, it varies greatly from this in certain specimens.
Some are far more drooping in habit than others ; and their
spread as compared with height is so various as to give them, in
the distance at least, the effect of different kinds of trees. Their
varied outline suggested to Mr. Emerson the following distinctive
terms — to which additions might be truthfully made: the
" Dome," the " Vase," the " Parasol," and the " Plume." I am

4G MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTUUAL SOCIKTV.

sometimes asked whetlier the tendenc}' of a young tree, in regard
to form, can be discovered early enough to ensure the kind desired
for phxnting ; also whethev seeds from a particular variet}'
will produce the same shape in its progeny. In regard to the first
point, the tendency for the decidedly drooping, or weeping, habit
can be recognized in a tree twelve or fourteen feet high, if the tree
has had proper space for development. Concerning the second
point, we have the testimony of experienced nurserymen that
seeds from differently shaped trees cannot be lelied upon to pro-
duce the same forms. The "Parasol" form is plainly the result
of an early growth among other trees finally removed, leaving the
elm alone, by which great height is made before the sudden expan-
sion of the limbs at the top. The "Plumose" variety is not
common, but of striking effect when seen. Some regard this form
as the result of injury' or accident occurring when the tree was
young, while others think it the effect of location. Certain it is that
numbers of this form may be seen in nature in certain low-ground
localities ; while, again, one might ride for miles among the elms
and not meet with one of this habit. The plumose tendenc}' can
be discovered before the tree is too large for successful removal.

The " Fringed " elm, which usually takes the " Parasol " shape, is
a sample of what nature can do when in a mood for sylvan adorn-
ment. I do not care to reason about it but gratefully accept it as
one of the most charming objects of our New England landscapes.

In planting elms, two things should be recognized : that they
require a great deal of space for full growth, and that they are
voracious feeders, the roots extending at least twice as far as the
limbs. A century grown elm, overspreading the ample ilooryard
of one of our old New England homesteads, is a magnificent
ol)ject ; so too avenues of elms, with plenty of room, are a joy
to all who view them or walk beneath them. But setting them
closely together, or where in a few years heading-in or other
mutilation or entire removal will become necessar}', from their
inlcilcrencc with buildings or with each other, is a mistake often
committed. Plant elms, but not too many of them, nor too closely
togetiier.

Of the other tiees which I shall notice, time will permit but a
brief m^ntiou.

The Hickories are quite abundant in central and southern New
England. There are four species in Massachusetts, all of which

OUR NATIVE TREES. 47

grow within a few miles of Boston. They can best be grown b}-
preserving those which are self planted. They spring up where
nuts are dropped by squiri'els, among rocks and in out-of-the-way
places, where nothing else of value would grow. There they
should grow. The Bitternut hickory, Carya amara, however, is a
fine shade tree. It is a wide spreading, symmetrical, densely
foliaged tree. The Pig-nut hickory, C. porcina, has a well-
balanced cylindrical top, with rich foliage. The Mocker-nut, C.
tomentosa., is a large irregular tree of not much beaut}'. The
Shag-bark, C. alba, is a tree which the painters like for the pic-
turesque effects of its irregular branching. These and most nut-
bearing trees are best raised by planting the nuts where the trees
are to grow. I need not tell the skilful nurseryman, however, that
in the case of the hickories, oaks, etc. when properly treated in
the nursery by transplanting twice at least, and pruning tap-roots,
a growth of fibrous roots will be secured which will ensure success
in a final transplanting.

The Oaks are among the mcst important trees in New England.
As I have remarked, there are at least nine species in Massachu-
setts which grow to the size of trees ; and two are shrubs. The
smallest, the Chinquapin oak, Qaercus chinquapin, grows only to
a size sufficient for a whipstick or a cane ; while the largest, the
AVhite oak, Q. alba, in size, strength, and all the sturdy qualities
which we find in trees is truly the " Monarch of the Wood."
But the destruction of our oaks (especially of the white oak)
which is caused in supplying the demand for their timber is greatly
to be deplored. It takes centuries for a white oak to attain
mature growth ; and it will live, a grand triumph of sylvan strength
and beauty, for centuries after that. Six or seven miles from
Boston, in the town of Belmont, near the Waverly station on the
Fitchburg Railroad, is one of the most remarkable groups of
white oaks in New England, and, for aught I know, in the country.
The}' number twenty or more, and are scattered over five or six
acres of ground. Some of the largest grow from gravel ridges
which Professor Agassiz reported as probably the ternLinal moraine
of a local glacier. Their roots, however, feed from the rich allu-
vial deposits near the ridges ; and some of them drink from the
waters of Beaver Brook, Professor Agassiz was interested in
these trees, and I am told estimated the age of the largest, then
lying partly decayed upon the ground, to be eight hundred years.

48 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Others, still standing, are probablj' nearly as old. By the lowest
reasonable estimate they must have been growing wiien Columbus
crossed the Atlantic; and quite well grown when the Pilgrims
landed. Most of these trees are still vigorous, although some of
the largest show signs of decay. A few such venerable oaks are
found here and there in central and southern New England ; but
year by year they are becoming rarer.

At this point let me ask if it is not a legitimate and praise-
worthy object for this Society to labor for that education concern-
ing trees, among the people, which shall lead to a recognition of
their worth beyond their mere money value as so much wood or
timber ?

Of the other native oaks of this State, the Yellow-barked or
Black, Quercas tinctoria, the Red, Q. rubra, and the Scarlet, Q.
coccinea, are best adapted for shade and ornament. The Black
oak is one o' the best for shade. Standing alone, it develops a
thick, semi-orbicular head, witli deeply cut tbliage of dark shining
green, taking shades of orange in autumn. It grows rapidly and
will flourish in poor soil. The Scarlet oak is a fine ornamental
tree, quick growing, with an air}', open head, and deeply cut
glossy foliage. Its scarlet tints in the coloring season are among
the most brilliant of our woods. The Red oak as a hardy wa}*-
side tree, adapted for the cooler parts of New England, should
rank with the rock maple.

The Swamp White oak, Quercus bicolor, from its frequent appear-
ance in the low grounds of the eastern counties of Massachusetts,
constitutes one of the characteristic features of the region. It is
here a tree of second size, of narrow breadth, but made picturesque
by the ragged branchlets thickly crowded upon the trunk below
the main limbs. The tree seems to be battling with the elements,
and perfectly at home in doing so.

I pass to another nut-bearing tree, the Beech, of which we have
but one species, Fagus sylontica var. Americana, of native growth.
We are accustomed to think of the beech chiefly as a forest tree,
and no forest in New England presents more points for admiration
than one of beech. We rarely see this tree fully developed in open
spaces, as when young it seldom escapes the browsing of the
cattle; but when fully grown, in an open space, it is a wide-
spreading, symu)elrical tree. Upon near approach its smooth
bark, long, linely divided branches, and clean appearance through-

OUR NATIVE TREES. 49

out add to its attractiveness. It roots near the surface, which
renders its transplanting when young easy ; and, if done with
care, successful. I have seen but few of these trees set purposely
for shade and ornament ; but these were fine trees, much prized
by their owners.

The Chestnut, Castanea vesca var. Americana, is the loftiest
of our deciduous forest trees. Although in open ground it is a
massive, imposing tree, yet on account of its stiff manner of
branching and formal outline it hardly commends itself for home
or wayside planting. Its place is in pasture grounds or in waste
corners of farm lots. There, in old age, when broken and muti-
lated by winds and ice, the trunk decayed to a mere shell — still,
years after, bearing as in youth leaves, blossoms, and fruit — it is
a grand and picturesque object, which excites at once our sympa-
thy and admiration.

The Tupelo, JSfyssa multiflora, is one of the rarer trees of New
England. Its habitat is in swamps, near ponds and stagnant pools,
which it frequently overhangs, and along meadow streams, from
which localities it spreads sparingly to higher grounds. In its
manner of growth it is the most eccentric of our native trees.
The normal type of its outline approaches the "umbrella" shape ;
but without apparent cause different specimens run into a variety
of grotesque styles of ramification. The branches usually incline
downwards, but without curving ; some straight, some twisted ;
some long, others short. The main branches are usually- armed
with numerous stiff but finely divided twigs, from trunk to tip.
Occasionally, in open ground, may be seen a tupelo perfectly reg-
ular in outline ; the closely crowded limbs resting upon each other,
the thick, shining foliage covering all — a mound of deep green,
glossy verdure. Such a tree is a gem in any landscape. The
foliage in autumn is the most brilliant in its red and scarlet dyes
of any we have ; and it is the earliest in coloring. In this it pre-
cedes the red maple by from one to two weeks. So it flashes out
from among soberer trees, often in gloomy surroundings, as though
consuming in its own flame. Wilson Flagg says that this tree is
one of the brightest ornaments of our forest in autumn. I do not
think that it responds kindly to cultivation, and it might not har-
monize well with the surroundings of artificially ornamented
grounds ; but in the wild and often desolate places which are its
native haunts it should delight every lover of sylvan growth.
4

50 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The American Hornbeam, Carpinns Americana, is a small tree
with foliage resenililing that of the black birch ; having, in the
st^le of its branching and the smoothness of its bark, the aspect
of the beech. Its singularity is in its ridged or fluted trunk, and
in the odd appearance of its fruit-sacs, which are composed of
several transformed leaves united at their bases. In open ground
this tree makes a broad, low, leafy head, of much beauty. It
colors finely in autumn, presenting a mingling of rich purples with
scarlet and crimson. It is nowhere common, but, in small num-
bers, grows by streams and the borders of damp woods.- It seems
to have largel}' escaped the notice of tree culturists, but is
decidedly worthy of attention. It is a pretty tree, having too
the merit of rarity.

The Hop -Hornbeam, Ostrya Virginica, also known among wood-
men as "Lever-wood" and "Iron-wood," belongs to another
genus ; represented in this country by one species onl}-, and in
Europe by one. It is a small tree, with a round S3'mmetrical head,
having in its fine spray, its leaves, and the color of its bark a notice-
able resemblance to an elm. It is striking in late summer from its
numerous capsular heads, resembling hops, containing the seeds.
This tree would be attractive in a collection.

The Tulip tree, Liriodendron tulipifera, exhibits the nearest
approach among our natives to the great magnolias of the South.
It is a tall, stately, quick, growing tree, with a strong but informal
style of branching. Its leaves are beautiful at all times, and its
blossoms are its special charm in June. The tree is an ornament
to any grounds, and it is suflficiently hardy for sheltered localities
in Massachusetts. It is quite " local" in its native growth.

The American Nettle-tree, Celtis occidentalism is so rare in this
region that many who are quite familiar with forest trees have
never seen it; or have confounded it with the elm, to which it
bears strong points of resemblance. It is, however, a much
smaller tree, and has only slightly its drooping habit. It is a
hard3' tree, persistent in its growth, whether upon the sandy sea-
side or in the crevic6 of a dry ledge. Well treated, it is a cornel}'
tree. It is readily distinguished late in the season by its stone
fruit, with a thin sweetish pulp, blue-l)lack in the autumn, remain-
ing upon the tree through the winter.

The Hackberry, Celtis crassifolia, is with us a still rarer tree
than C. occidentalis but strongly resembles it. A careless

OUR NATIVE TREES. 51

observer would probably mistake it for an elm, unless he noticed
the stone-like fruit upon it in autumn and winter. It is, however,
a round-headed tree, completely filled with small, fastigiate
branches. Body and limbs are thickly studded with corky knots.
It is a singular tree, worthy of special notice. Massachusetts is
probably its northern limit. There is a fine tree of this species
near the canal in Lowell, which, with a few smaller ones near b}',
is the only one that I have seen.

I must pause here in my notice of our native deciduous trees ;
having reserved time for but brief reference to our native ever-
greens. In the central parts of New England we have three
species of native Pines, all worth}- of cultivation for use and orna-
ment. The White pine, Pinus strobus, is a handsome and useful
tree in all stages of its growth. Wherever the seeds are planted,
by nature or the hand of man, the young saplings will quickly
cover with a protective garment of cheerful green even bleak hill-
tops, sand wastes, or neglected gravel-pits. For a complete,
quick growing windbreak, no tree equals it. Developed singly, or
judiciously grouped with other species, this tree produces fine
landscape effects.

The Pitch pine, Pinus rigida, has a stiffness and often scraggi-
ness in its aspect in open ground, which makes it undesirable as
an ornamental tree. But its usefulness in redeeming sand wastes
and its fair proportions in good ground should secure it from neg-
lect b}' the tree culturist.

The Red pine, Pimis resinosa, is a tree of pleasing effects. It
reminds one of a pitch pine, but is in every prominent aspect a
far handsomer ti'ee. It grows erect, tall, rather slender, with its
branches in distinct whorls, curving slightly upwards towards the
ends. A marked beauty of the tree is seen in its long leaves,
which grow in twos, and are grouped in distinct " brushes." It is
of quite rapid growth, and considering its fine qualities should be
highlj- esteemed as an ornamental evergreen. I have met with
fine natural clumps of this species in the northern part of Middle-
sex count}', Mass.

The three species of Spruce native in Massachusetts are found
in most districts of New England. The Black spruce, Abies
7ugra, is a hardy tree, common in the cooler hill regions. It has
a close thick-leaved head of symmetrical conical shape. The dark
green hue of its foliage gives it a sombre effect when viewed by

52 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

itself; but it heightens the cheerfulness of otlier trees in judicious
grouping.

The White spruce, A. aWa, is a tree often mingled in the same
forest with the black spruce. It is of moderate size, slender and
more tapering than the black spruce, more graceful in its habits of
growth, and a far better tree for ornamental purposes. It is highl}'
recommended by nurserymen.

The most beautiful of the spruces is the Abies Canadensis,
usually termed the Hemlock. A well developed tree of this
species combines symmetry, gracefulness, and a certain refined
freedom in its appearance which readily charms the lover of sylvan
beaut}'. It will repay critical study. It is hardly reliable for
hedges, but fine for standard growth. In nature it is one of the
greatest charms of our northern woods.

Our native Cedars and Junipers and our American Larch are
worthy of attention ; but at this time I am compelled to omit
further mention of them.

So much, then, for what remains of our native forest growth
for the protection of our wind-swept hills, for the renewal of our
desiccated plains, for refreshing shade along our highways and
around our homes, and for pleasing landscape eflTects everywhere.
We do not meet in our woods that luxuriant growth and those gor-
geous blooms which distinguish the tropical forests ; but the variety
in habit and form of growth among our native trees, and the deli-
cacy and beauty of their foliage afford never-ending delight to
those who have been led to note their attractions. Said a friend
to me, "God be praised for the beaut}' of an oak leaf!" He
spoke well ; and he might have multiplied his praises a thousand-
fold, as applied to all the varied beauty of our woods. But to get
the best of a thing we must know it thoroughly ; so to derive the
fullest enjoyment and largest benefit from our trees we must be
led to know them ; to see wherein they are useful, picturesque,
or beautiful. Emerson says, "A tree which furnishes a cooling
shade to the inhabitants of a house, is at the same time and on
that account its best ornament." So people should be educated
to recognize the fitness of various trees to serve different purposes ;
and tluis their value and beauty will grow upon them. Hence I
say that back of all the planting should be a knowledge of the
tree itself; of what it is going to be and to do, if it grow.
Springing up before us at almost every point, as we walk or ride.

OUR NATIVE TREES. 53

is this varied and choice display of S3'lvan beauty ; yet except b}'^
a few it is unappreciated — because, in the best sense, unseen and
unknown.

Here then the question presents itself: How shall an efficient
interest in trees be excited? and how shall a proper recognition
of their benefits be disseminated among the people? This Society
has already begun an effective solution of this problem bj' its
official recognition of the importance of the subject, as seen in
previo.is papers and discussions relating to it. But allow me to
suggest that, to arouse and make permanent an effective interest
in this subject, we should begin with the young. It is our desire to
save the land from the desolation of deforestation, to preserve the
proper balance between woodland and open ground ; and this
upon every man's farm as well as upon the areas of states and
broader sections. We should wish at the same time to develop
something creditable to us, as an educated people, in the scenic
effects and rural embellishments of which our sylvan growth is
capable. This work should extend along the line of many years.
Like the tree, it should be perennial. Let the boy begin it, and
in old age he will still be seen with a spade in one hand and a
young sapling in the other, planting for future generations.

I have now come to the point of asking permission to indicate
what I believe to be an effective way of introducing this subject
to our youth ; and with this permission I will read a few paragraphs
from a paper upon the " Relation of our Schools to Arbor Day"
which it was my privilege to present before the teachers of Rhode
Island at their annual meeting in October last. In the course of
the paper was the following: — "I have said that planting trees
upon 'Arbor Day ' is well ; but it is not enough. To make the
best of Arbor Day, there should be preparation for it ; and in the
schools this implies something to be done all along the school year,
of which this is the crowning day. The time to begin this is in
■ youth ; gradually forming a habit of looking upon them [the trees]
with an appreciative eye ; gaining a knowledge of them, as may
be done, with little trouble ; enjoying them in their growth, in
their protection and their shade, and as lovely and picturesque
objects in the landscape. But what can the pupils of our public
schools, already overburdened with studies, learn about trees?
Should time and strength be taken to teach this subject?

We all advocate, I doubt not, the introduction of ' object lessons '

54 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETT.

in some form into our schools ; anil I will venture to assert that no
more interesting material for sucli lessons can he found than may he
drawn from our native trees — their shape, their ramification, the
appearance of the bark, the limbs, the buds, the leaves, the blos-
soms, the fruit, and other things which relate to their usefulness
and fitness for adornment. It is profitable, doubtless, for a skilful
teacher to give object lessons upon crumbs of bread, bits of glass,
scraps of leather, fragments of ore, and the like. But a lesson
upon some common forest tree might, if properly managed, give
the pupil an interest in that tree which would last for a lifetime.

There is a strange and almost unaccountable ignorance about
trees. Question even adult people upon the subject : What kinds of
trees grow about us? What shapes do they assume? What soils
and localities are they adapted to? When do they blossom? What
shapes do their leaves take? How can different species be distin-
guished from each other? What trees should or should not be
planted upon the streets, and why? Where should a rock maple
be set? a red maple? a white maple? Why do hundreds of trees
set in public parks die at once or live a lingering death? How
many kinds of oaks have you in your State — hickories, birches,
etc.? Of these commonest of natural objects, that furnish you
timber, fuel, shade, fruit — that shelter you from the blasts, that
give that incomparable beaut}' to our New P^ngland landscapes —
that are your constant friends and companions from the cradle to
the grave — what can 3'ou tell about them? Try a few of these
questions and see what answers you get !

I grant that we should not attempt much in the way of forestry
study in our schools ; little or nothing which would add to the task
work of the pupils. But I will indicate a few things which I think
may and should receive attention, in this ' object lesson ' work, and
in preparation for an intelligent and effective use of Arbor Day :

First. Call attention to line trees, easily observed in the vicin-
ity of the school-room, or in the village, or upon the streets near
by. Ask the pupils to name and tell about others. Bring out the
facts about their forms, size, beauty, landscape effects, etc. Keep
these general facts before them in all their subsequent observations.

Second. Call attention to easily recognized differences among
some of the more prominent shade and ornamental trees, carrying
this to the point of identifying diffcieut species of the same genus.

Third. Direct observation, at the proper season, to the various

OUR NATIVE TREES. 55

parts of the trees, coming, gradually, to particulars ; as, when the
leaves are off, to the style of branching, seen even in a twig, and
the consequent form of the tree. What better object lesson in
spring time than a handful of sprays of the birches and alders,
alive with their prett}' catkins, each telling of its points to be
observed and of the tree or bush from which it came ?

Then it may be shown how the buds furnish, before the leaves
appear, one of the surest means for the identification of the different
trees. One oak has a large, thick bud ; another, a small, pointed
bud. The birch has a small, close bud ; the beech a long, spindle-
shaped bud, once recognized never mistaken. Make transverse
sections of the buds, note their differences and their beauties.

The recognition of trees by their leaves is one of the most inter-
esting and, in school, most easily managed means which we have.
Children will pick up and handle and admire leaves, especially in
the gala season of foliage ; and why should we not utilize that
natural curiosity and love for their beautiful forms and colors ?

Fourth. Teach what trees are adapted for special purposes ,
and for different localities and soils. It is interesting to observe
that there is this adaptation, and some knowledge of it might pre-
vent lamentable failures in the work of Arbor Days, both public
and private.

Fifth. The scenic effects of the different species, in all their
variations of shape, ramifications, and foliage ; in copse, in formal
rows, in groups, in the forest, wherever nature or the hand of man
has put them, should be impressed upon the pu[)ils as opportunity
occurs. Thus, like the tree itself, will appreciation of it grow.

So, again — in connection with the study of geography — the
productiveness or sterility of certain regions, the recurrence of
cyclones and floods or exemption from them, in given districts,
would be explained by directing attention to the saving help of an
abundant tree growth. It should be taught to the children, and
thoroughly inwrought with their education, that the only thing
which will prevent in our own country the desolation which has
followed the deforestation of many sections of the old world is
' the maintainance of a proper proportion of wooded land."

The above and several other points were treated somewhat at
length in the paper named ; and the reasons for the introduction
of this work into our schools were summarized as follows :

"a. Whatever kind of knowledge is of practical and general

5G MASSACHUSETTS IIORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

use to the people should enter as a factor into the education of
theyoung: aud this information coneerniug trees will become in
its application a perennial good to all.

b. There is no element of natural benutj' that can be so easily
or so inexpensive!}' employed as that of the arboreal growth of a
region like this ; but knowledge and appreciation of it are neces-
sary to ensure the best results.

c. Children natural!}' take to trees ; they are therefore easily
interested in everything about them.

d. Trees furnish a wide range of matter for the development
of the powers of observation, comparison, aud classification ; aud
the material for these lessons is readily obtained, is inexpensive
aud always interesting.

e. A friendship is thus formed for trees ; and its objects are
never treacherous or disappointing. We naturally associate sin-
gle trees with some person or family, some event, some treasured
iucideut in our own lives. The}' stand as guardians of precious
memories: thus — the old 'Homestead' trees, the 'Class Day'
trees, the ' Liberty ' trees and the ' Arbor Day ' trees. Not less to
us, aud in a more intelligent wa}', do the trees of today speak,
tlian did the forests of Dodona to the ancient Greeks who read
oracles in their whispers."

But while preparing for future generations of workers through
the schools and other less direct influences upon tlie young, there
is still the work of today to be carried on. This may receive a
very helpful impetus from organized bodies like this Society.
They may properly encourage, or indeed originate the needed
legislative enactments. Their members, recognizing the benefits
of tree planting, could promote the work by forming in their sev-
eral localities " village improvement societies," or more special as-
sociations for propagating trees. Better still, they can beautify
the land through the silent influence of example. You can no
doubt recall notable instances of what this modest method of
work has done.

I have not promised much in the way of practical matter upon
the topics which headed this paper. To what has been inciden-
ally given I have but little to add. I would remark, however, that,
as a rule, it is not safe to rely upon even a professional laudscape
gardener, if practically unacquainted with your grounds, to tell you
what trees and shrubs to set, and where, for sylvan erabcllishmeut.

OUR NATIVE TREES. 57

The picture which he may make will very likely look admirable
on paper, but may be a disastrous failure in the attempt to make
it real. A good knowledge of trees and shrubs in all their habits
and a long and careful observation of the local exposures, cli-
matic influences, and all other environments, are what is needed.

In grouping trees, if they are to be densel}' planted it is well
to mingle those of deep-rooting habits, like the oaks, with those
of an opposite tendency, such as the beech ; also to place some
of the evergreens with the deciduous trees.

If a characteristic development of single trees of several dif-
ferent species is the design, give ample room to each ; or stunted,
ill-shaped specimens will be the result.

In planting single trees, or groups, or rows, think how they are
going to appear from different points of view, and what effect they
are likely to produce upon the general picture.

Remember that a straight line of trees is stiff and formal,
although sometimes it is necessary to place them so. For an
avenue or vista effect uniformity may be desirable ; but as a rule
variety is more pleasing.

Planting trees thickly for present effect with a view of remov-
ing a part when they crowd each other, is not usually satisfactory',
for those left never make so handsome trees as they would have
done had they been allowed ample room from the start.

Trees should not be planted so near a dwelling house as to in-
tercept the sunlight necessary for the health of the inmates, and
this applies especiall}' to the evergreens.

But while we should exercise care and foresight as to what and
where we should plant, yet plant trees; encourage the work among
the people ; make a knowledge of and love for trees an object in
the education of the young ; and New England shall be what
nature has done so much to make it — one of the most picturesque
and attractive regions of this vast country.

Discussion.

• O. B. Hadwen, Chairman of the Co'umittee on Publication and
Discussion, said that owing to the lateness of the hour there
would be little time for discussion. He had learned much from
Mr. Russell's paper. He spoke of the old elm tree in Congdon
street, Providence, which he pla3'ed under while a boy at school in

58 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

that city, and other old trees of various kinds at the grotto in the
grounds of the Butler Asylum — a ravine with almost perpendicular
sides and a road lighted with gas winding through it — wliich he
visited last summer. He thought the Fern Leaved beech in front
of the Redwood Librarj' at Newport the finest tree of any Itind he
had ever seen ; but it is not a native tree. Mr. Hadwen moved a
vote of thanks to Mr. Russell for his paper, which was unani-
mously passed.

William C. Strong thought the paper very complete, but dis-
sented from the commendation given to the Black Spruce. It
does not hold its foliage as well as the Norway Spruce ; and the
"White Spruce is also better.

Mr. Hadwen announced for the next Saturday a paper on
" Chrysanthemums ; their Varieties and Cultivation," by Arthur
H. Fewkes.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, January 15, 1886.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
Vice-President William H. Spooner in the Chair.

On motion of Edward L. Beard, William C. Strong, Vice-Pres-
ident for Massachusetts of the American Pomological Society,
Benjamin G. Smith, Treasurer of the same Societ}', and George
W. Fowle were appointed a Committee to act in connection with
the Committee of Arrangements of this Society' in regard to the
meeting of the American Pomological Society in this city in Sep-
tember next.

Adjourned to Saturday, Januar}' 22.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.*
The Chrysanthemum ; its Varieties and Cultivation.

By Aktmur H. FEWKE8, Newton Highlands.

In a pai)er like this, more or less description of varieties would
seem to l)e unavoidable ; but as it would be a nearly endless task
to describe them all, and at the same time would not serve the

THE CHRYSANTHEMUM. 59

purposes for which this paper was intended, I will confine myself
to giving a list of such as I have found to possess superior qualities,
selecting for description only a few that I deem worthy of special
mention.

I do not pretend to say that my list contains all the varieties that
are worthy of cultivation ; but I think it will be found that all those
I have selected are distinct and desirable sorts. As regards their
cultivation, I will give an account of my own experience in the
matter ; following it with a few remarks upon seed raising.

In number, the varieties already reach far into the thousands ;
and each year there are added to this long list from fifty to a
hundred more, by the various raisers of France, England, and
America, and by direct importation from Japan.

While scarcely two varieties can be found exactly alike, many
of them are so nearly alike that it is useless to consider them as
distinct; for the time has come when the vahie of a collection
depends more upon the judgment used in selecting than upon the
number of varieties it contains. The selection of varieties is no
easy matter ; as everyone must know who has ever attempted to
select a dozen or two from a large collection, especially if he has
only a descriptive list to assist his examinations.

The diversities, in habit of plant, form of flower, and color
of petal, are almost past comprehension ; while the most accurate
description that can be written falls far short of the reality, and
can give but little idea of the true character of a variety.

How meaningless description seems when we compare our best
efforts with the flowers themselves ; for who can find words to
describe the beautiful and endless variation in form of flower and
petal and the exquisite blending and shading of colors that well
nigh defy the skill of the best artists to represent. Their finest
productions can do little more than give us a general idea of the
beauty of the flowers.

In presenting a descriptive list of varieties I cannot hope to
please every one, for the tastes of different individuals are often
quite opposite, and what to one seems to contain all the elements
of beauty to another is quite devoid of them. Thus to some the
soft and delicate shadings of white and pink have no charms ;
• and to others the beautiful blendings of crimson and gold seem
gaudy ; others can find no beauty in the delicately silvered ama-
ranths ; and so on through all the rich and beautiful colors so
charmingly displayed in these flowers.

60 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The classes into which chrysanthemums have been divided are
ceasing to be of any great distinguishing value ; for the Japanese
run into the Chinese, and the Chinese into the Porapons, in such
a manner that it is often difficult to tell to which class a variet}'
belongs. As an instance of this I will mention the variety
Duchess of Connaught, which is of pure Japanese origin, and true to
its class when it first opens ; but as the flower develops the petals
gradually incurve, and at last form as perfect an incurved Chinese
flower as need be. Also the variety CuUingfordii is as much
Japanese as Chinese ; and it often happens that from a lot of seed
produced by a single plant we obtain varieties ranging in size all
the way from large Chinese to the smallest Pompons.

But generally speaking those varieties are considered Japanese
that have long feathery or ribbon-like petals, either reflexed, in-
curved, or falling about iu a ver}' irregular manner ; while the
Chinese have a very smooth and compact flower, either incurved
or reflexed, with a regular outline. The ideal Pompon is very
small in size, regular in outline, and with smooth reflexed petals ;
but it is sometimes quite large and somewhat incurved.

Among a great many beautiful varieties I will call your atten-
tion to the following, which seem to me to possess most excellent
qualities. Twenty-five of them are Japanese, twenty-five Chinese,
and twelve Pompons.

The Japanese are —

Belle Paule, white, shaded and edged pink.

Bouquet Fait, pink.

Dairaio, amaranth pink.

Fair JNIaid of Guernsey, pure white.

Flambeau, crimson.

Fleur des Bois, deep brownish crimson.

Fulton, deep yellow.

Gloria Solis, yellow and crimson.

Gloriosum, ligtit yellow.

Golden Dragon, yellow.

Grandiflorum, deep yellow.

Katakana, deep orange.

L' Incomparable, yellow shaded crimson.

Margot, buflf and pink.

Mastic, nankeen.

THE CHRYSANTHEMUM. 61

M. Boyer, clear pink.

M. Delaux, brown crimson.

M. John Laing, brownish crimson.

Moonlight, pure white.

Mrs. C. W. Wheeler, orange and crimson.

President Parkman, bright amaranth.

Rosa Bonheur, deep amaranth.

Snowstorm, pure white.

Source d' Or, fine orange yellow.

William Robinson, yellow brown.

The following are Chinese —

Barbara, yellowish brown.

CuUingfordii, deep rich crimson.

Eve, creamy white.

Felicity, creamy white.

Gen. Slade, brown and yellow.

Gloria Mundi, deep yellow.

Guernsey Nugget, light yellow.

Hero of Stoke Newingtou, light pink.

Jardin des Plantes, deep yellow.

Jeanne d'Arc, white tinged pink.

John Salter, brown tinged yellow.

Lad}' Slade, clear pink.

Lord Wolseley, bronze crimson.

Mabel Ward, light yellow.

Miss Mary Morgan, deep pink.

Mr. Bunn, light yellow.

M. Roux, amber.

Mrs. Forsyth, white.

Mrs. W. Haliburton, white.

Nil Desperandum, crimson tinged with orange.

Prince Alfred, rose crimson.

Princess of Teck, white tinged pink.

Princess of Wales, white and pink.

Talfourd Salter, crimson and orange.

Venus, light pink.

All but six of the above are true incurves ; many of them make
fine plants, while others are more valuable for show blooms.

62 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

For Pompon varieties I will mention —
Antonius, light yellow, Anemone.
Brilliant, brown crimson.
Freemy, crimson brown.
Golden Mile. Martbe, pure yellow.
Mme. Montels, light pink with yellow centre, Anemone.
Mile. Marthe, pure white.
Mr. Astie, deep yellow, Anemone.
Mrs. Gaue, pure white, Anemone.
Montgolfier, crimson and yellow.
Perfection, brown red, pointed yellow.
Salamon, reddish purple.
Soeur M61anie, pure white.

Amongst the above are a few that ought not to be passed over
with a simple mention of their color.

The Japanese variety Source d' Or is worthy of the highest
praise. The flowers are not remarkably large but are of good
size, reflcxed, and very freely produced on stiff, erect stems.
Tiie plants are strong and bushy, and may be grown into large
healthy specimens. The color is a rich yellowish orange, very dis-
tinct and bright ; in fact, there is no other color exactly like this.
^^'ith hardly an exception, whenever our [)iants are on exhibition
at our greenhouses, this variety is the first or nearly the first to
be selected by visitors, as it stands out distinct and bold from
among all the others.

Equally distinct in color, but perhaps less valuable as a plant, is^
Katakana. When it is well grown there is nothing to equal this
in its way, for color, which is a deep rich reddish orange. The
flowers are of medium size, quite freely produced on erect
branches, and the plant has a dwarf and healtln' habit. In this
variety the advantages of a moderate temperature, abundant sun-
light, and fresh air are particularly noticeable ; if these are want-
ing, tlie rich orange vanishes and the color is quite unsatisfactory.

L' lncomparal)le is another Japanese variety of peculiar beaut}'.
It presents a pleasing combination of crimson and yellow. The
ground color is yellow, heavily shaded with crimson in the outer
petals, while tiie centre is quite pure. The shading appears as
though a crimson powder had been dusted upon the yellow petals*
falling very lightly upon some but gathering in heavy masses upon

THE CHRYSANTHEMUM. 63

others. The plant is dwarf and health}', with an abundance of
large flowers.

An entirely different st3'le of coloring is seen in the variety
Belle Paule. In this the flower is very large and double,
with long reflexed petals of the finest white, overlaid with a
delicate shading of pink which deepens into a distinct line at
the edge. The plant is rather tall in habit but free flowering and
usually healthy.

One of the most peculiar varieties, of recent introduction and of
Japanese origin, is Mrs. C. W. Wheeler. The description as
usually given is very misleading ; for one would never know the
variety Irom a description like this: "Immense perfect shaped
flowers having outside petals orange and deep red centre." In
fact each petal is remarkably broad and long and curves in-
ward at the ends over the somewhat open centre. The outside
or back of each petal is orange yellow, while the inside or face is
of a rich brownish crimson. The flowers are very large and of
great substance. Unfortunately this variety is very slow of propa-
gation and in all probability will always be somewhat rare.

Of dark varieties, all things considered, Cullingfordii stands at
the head. It is classed as a reflexed Chinese, but I have seen
flowers of it that were as much Japanese as are those of Bouquet
Fait and many other reflexed Japanese. The color is of the
deepest crimson, very rich and lasting ; while the habit is strong
and healthy. The flowers are of medium size, but are produced
abundantly.

There are many others that are equally worthy of extended de-
scription, but as it would be somewhat wearisome I will only call
3'our attention to some of the most promising of the new varieties.
Among them — though not of the newest, ytt of the most un-
impeachable quality — I have already mentioned

Belle Paule. Moonlight.

Cullingfordii. Mrs. C. W. Wheeler.

Fleur des Bois. M. Eoux.

Frizou. Snowstorm.

Gloriosum. Talfourd Salter.

Though not previously mentioned I think equally well of
Beaute des Jardins. MM. Thibaut et Keteleer.

Gorgeous. President Arthur.

Hon. John Welsh.

64 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The most notable new Anemone flowered varieties are the two
American seedlings Tliorpe Junior and ]\Irs. Gane. Tl)eformer is
a large, perfectly formed flower of a beautiful pure yellow, raised
by Mr. John Thorpe ; and the latter a small, high centred, pure
white flower of great excellence, raised by j\Ir. Henry A. Gane of
West Newton. Timbale d' Argent though not of the newest is a
beautiful addition to this class.

Among the newest I think favorably of the following, all of
which belong to the Japanese class :

Domination. Le Surprenant.

Enchanteresse. Mile. M61anie Fabre.

Eugene Mezard. M. Freeman.

Lakm6. M. N. Davis.

L' Adorable. Ne Plus Ultra.

Of the new Chinese varieties I think Cnllingfordii, already de-
scribed, and M. Roux are the most valuable. The latter is a true
and perfect incurve, similar to Rival Little Harr}', but of better
habit.

Among Pompons I have seen nothing that seems to be a decided
improvement upon older varieties, but the following might be
mentioned as good — Black Douglas, P^xposition de Chalon, and
f^lise Layellon.

The number of valuable early varieties seems to me to be quite
small, and it is a question in my mind whether the very early ones
— such as we have — are really desirable ; for they come when the
asters are at the height of their bloom, and are in no way superior
to them, while requiring much more trouble in cultivation. If we
could have varieties equal in beauty to our November flowering
ones there would be no doubt of their desirableness ; but such
varieties have not as yet been attained. Those that have proved
most valuable in my experience are the following :

Alexander Dufour, amaranth.

Lady Selborne, white.

IMme. C. Desgrange, white.

Mandarin, white shaded yellow and pink.

Mile Lacroix, white.

Roi des Pr^coces, crimson.

On the other hand there are a few varieties that extend the

THE CHRYSANTHEMUM. 65

Cbiysanthemam season far into the winter ; in fact it is now not
unusual to see them at Ctiristmas. We find the following
valuable in this way : —

Bicolor, orange and yellow.

Ceres, pink and white.

Ethel, white.

Gloire de Toulouse, amaranth crimson.

Grandiflorum, bright yellow.

Mrs. Charles Carey, white.

Snowstorm, white.

Thunberg, yellow.

And the new variety Le Surprenant,* crimson and yellow.

Cultivation. — With us the cultivation of the Chrysanthemum
really begins as soon as the plant is through flowering ; for it is in
a great measure upon the good health of the cutting, taken from
this old plant, that future success in cultivation depends.

Many growers, as soon as the plant is through flowering, cut it
down to the pot, but this we consider a very hazardous thing to
do ; as many varieties seem naturally to have weak constitutions
and these will sometimes refuse to start into growth if the old tops
are cut oflT too soon. We usually cut the branches back quite
severely at first, but the plant is never cut down to the pot until
the shoots have begun to start quite freely from the roots.

The plants should receive as good cultivation after they have
bloomed as the}' do before ; for it is useless to expect a good
healthy plant from an unhealthy cutting. From carelessness in
this matter or from want of room, the old plants are very often
packed awa}^ under the benches, or in some equally unwholesome
place ; and the consequence is that the shoots which start from the
roots (from which the cuttings are usually made) will be very soft
and weak, and one might say totally unfit for the purpose. Such
cuttings should never be used when by any possible means better
ones can be obtained. To mismanagement in this alone I attrib-
ute fully half the failures so common in chrysanthemum growing.
, The chrysanthemum is essentially a sun-loving plant, and an}'
encroachment upon its rights receives a sure penalty in sickly
looking plants and blooms devoid of that exquisite coloring which
makes this flower so charmins.

♦Specimens of this variety were shown by the essayist.
5

66 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTDRAL SOCIETY.

The plants as soon as they are through flowering should be
placed in the sunniest position possil)le, witli plenty of fresh air,
judicious watering, and a temperature of from 50° to 55°. The
matter of watering is a very important one at this time as well as
through the summer weather. The plants are more likely to get
too much water at this season than too little, but still they should
never be brought to a wilting condition, especially after they have
begun to make fresh growth.

As soon as the young shoots are three or four inches long, we
take them off for cuttings ; and place these in the cutting bench,
in good clean rather fine sand.

Many cultivators advise no bottom heat for chrysanthemum cut-
tings ; but we have tried both ways and find that by keeping them
in a temperature of about 45° or 50° with a gentle bottom heat of
about ten degrees higher, our cuttings will strike root much sooner
and will lose nothing in health. Too high a temperature is a very
prolific cause of failure in striking cuttings.

In making the cuttings such shoots should be chosen as have a
fresh growing appearance, for those that are at all rust}' or un-
healthy, are quite sure to cause disappointment and trouble in the
future.

In trimming the cuttings our practice is to cat off all but about
three leaves at the top ; for if more are left they are verj- apt to
wilt, and after the cuttings have once become thoroughly wilted
it is difficult to revive them, and often they will be a total failure.

The lower end is cut with a sharp knife, taking no notice what-
ever of the position of the leaves or joints ; for the roots start as
freely between the joints as they do below them.

Ample room should be allowed the cuttings while in the sand,
for if they are too much crowded they are very apt to gather an
excess of moisture, which will cause them to damp oflT; especially
if the}' have previously' suffered from dryness.

If everything goes well the cuttings will be rooted in about two
weeks ; and when the roots are from half an incli to an inch in
length they are carefully removed from the sand and immediately
potted into two and three-quarters inch pots.

It is quite important that the cuttings should be taken from the
sand as soon as they are well rooted, for immediately after the
roots are formed the cuttings begin to grow and there being no
nourishment, to speak of, in the sand they necessarily become
weak and stunted.

THE CHRYSANTHEMUM. 67

The soil into which the young plants are potted is composed of
good sandy loam and well decayed stable manure in the propor-
tion of about three of the former to one of the latter. Avoid a
heavy clay soil, as the chrysanthemum seems to delight in one of
a rich and rather sandy nature.

As soon as potted the plants are placed in a quite cool, light,
and airy structure, and shaded for a few days from the bright
sunshine by throwing a covering of paper over them. They are
watered sparingly at first, but as the plants get accustomed to
their new condition and begin to grow freely the quantity of
water is increased as the condition of the plants may require ; and
from this time on to the end they are never allowed to sutfer from
want of water.

For the greater part of our plants that are to flower the coming
autumn, the cuttings are put in to r'oot from the first to the third
week in March and potted as soon as they are well rooted ; and
when thej' have become established the healthiest are selected to
be potted up preparatory to being planted out in the ground.

After the pots become well filled with roots, but before the
plants become actually pot-bound, they are shifted from the two
and three-quarters inch size to four inch pots and from that to
five inch, as the necessity ma}' be ; for the plants should never be
allowed to become pot-bound early in the season.

I should very much prefer an April cutting that had never been
checked than one struck in February or earlier and allowed to
become pot-bound ; for one great secret of success in chr^-sauthe-
mum culture consists in keeping the plants in a healthy growing
condition from the time the cuttings are made to the time they
come into flower.

With us pinching begins as soon as the plant is about six inches
high. Our practice is to simply pinch out with the thumb and
forefinger the smallest amount possible from the growing end,
never cutting back to hard wood except in case of ungainly
growth.

This pinching process is best done a few days or a week before
the plant is shifted to a larger sized pot, for in this time the new
shoots will have begun to start and will be in condition to use the
nourishment supplied by the fresh soil.

Even when the grower has the advantage of a house capable of
being ventilated to an unusual degree it is best to place the plants

68 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICIXTURAL SOCIETY.

in a cold frame as earl}' as can be done with safety from frost.
Here the |)lants can be hardened off an^l will be in better condi-
tion to start into growth immediately after planting ont, which is
iisnally best done about the middle of May.

For planting out, such u location should be chosen as will at all
times have a full exposure to the sun and air. One so situated as
to be protected from strong winds is desirable, but this should in
no way interfere with the prime I'cquisites of successful cidtiva-
tion, sun and aii'. The plants can be so staked and tied tliat they
will withstand all ordinary winds, but nothing will supply the de-
ficiency of direct sunlight and fresh air.

With the proper soil and a high, open exposure, there need be
little fear of mildew, the one almost unconquerable enemy of the
chrysanthemum grower. For soil, we find a light rich loam the
best, and prefer it quite sandy if possible ; one that will not ad-
here to the roots in hard lumps but will fall away without taking
the roots with it.

We place our plants about two and a half or three feet apart in
rows. For each plant a hole about the size of a potato hill is
dug and filled with manure, which is to be well forked into the soil.
The hole is then tilled up with loam ; and we are careful that the
surface is made lower than the surrounding ground, thus forming
a kind of dish which will retain any water that may be given the
plants rather than allow it to run away.

After planting out our plants are kept well watered until the
roots have taken hold of the soil ; from that time they receive no
water unless the season be dry and the plants show signs of suf-
fering, when we give it to them as often as needed ; occasionally
substituting liquid manure for the water. But whichever is used
it should be ai)plied at evening, so that it may not be evaporated
before it can have time to soak into the ground.

As soon as the roots begin to take hold of the soil the plants
will begin to push out branches very fieely, and these branches
as soon as they are three or four inches long are pinched in.
This operation is repealed as often as the branches become long
enough, u'til about the middle of July ; after which the plants
are allowed to grow at will, merely cutting back any unshapely
branches that may grow.

There is a variety of opinion on this subject of ]iincliing; some
do not pinch at all, otiiers only once or twice. But we find we

THE CHRYSANTHEMUM. 69

get more branches and consequently more flowers, by pinching
quite frequentl}', provided it is not continued beyond the middle
of July. The most severe pinching is done while the plants are
quite small so as to secure as many branches near the bottom as
possible. Of course the foregoing remarks do not appl}- to vari-
eties that make shapely plants without pinching, for such are
better left to their own resources.

Soon after planting out, each plant is furnished with a strong
stake, and as the plant increases in size others are added in order
to prevent the branches from being broken by the wind.

As the season advances many branches become so heavj' that
they are unable to sustain their own weight ; and it frequentl}'^
happens that what has promised to be a fine shapelv plant will be
irreparably disfigured by one or more branches breaking off. To
prevent this we do not depend entirely upon staking, but from
time to time, as the plants enlarge, we pass strings around them
in such a way that one branch sustains another. By so doing
we seldom lose any branches through the summer ; and much time
is saved when the plants are potted.

In the way of insects the worst pest to be encountered is the
black aphis, which will cause much trouble if allowed to increase
to any great extent. We have found "Dalmatian powder" ap-
plied with the bellows to be the most efifectual remedy.

About the second or third week in August we begin lifting our
plants from the ground. If the ground is very dry so much the
better, for the plants will lift better and recover sooner than when
it is moist. The\' are taken up thus early because it is better
they should form their buds after the}' are lifted ; for if the pot-
ting is left until late in the season the buds that are already
formed will receive a severe check, which is apt to result in de-
formed or one-sided flowers.

The plants are lifted with all the roots that can be secured, but
in order to get them into pots of a reasonable size a considerable
quantity of the soil is carefully shaken from them, provided it is
of such a nature that it will fall away easily without breaking off
in lumps.

For this potting we use soil containing more manure than for
the small plants in the spring, having about two parts of good
loam to one of well rotted stable manure. The pots are selected
according to the size of the roots, care being taken not to have
them too lar2:e.

70 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

In pottiiifj large plants the soil should never reach higher than
to an inch below the rira of the pot ; for there should be ample
room for giving an abundance of water and liquid manure.

After the plants are potted they are placed under ti'ces, or, what
is much better, a tent made of cotton cloth, wliere they can have
plenty of air and at the same time be shaded from the hot sun.

They remain here about a week, or until the}' seem to have re-
covered, when they are taken to the same ground they grew in and
plunged to the rim of the pot in the soil. As the plants begin to
grow afresh the}' are given plenty of water that they ma}- never be-
come dry. The young roots soon reach the sides of the pot, after
which liquid manure may be freely given so long as the bu.ls are
growing.

As cold nights approach, the plants are placed under glass,
even before actual frost appears. I think it a mistake to try and
keep the plants out until the actual appearance of hard frosts :
for we have many nights not cold enough to freeze but cold
enough to check their growth, and this checking of the sap is an
acknowledged cause of mildew wherever it appears. All through
the early fall we have days that are hot enough for midsummer
and nights nearly cold enough for frost. This kind of weather
cannot be conducive to health in the chrysanthemum ; for it is a
plant that must be kept growing from the time the cutting is struck
until it has flowered.

For a long time after placing them under glass they require no
artificial heat and should be very freely ventilated through the
day. In cold, cloudy weather it is best to introduce a little heat
into the house if only to dry out the dampness.

Soon after they have been brought in, the black aphis will
make its appearance and should be persistently fought with
tobacco fumes as long as the plants remain inside.

For those who have no greenhouse but wish to cultivate the
chrysanthemum, we advise procuring young healthy plants in May
and treating them in a way similar to that already described until
the time for housing ; after which they may be taken in on cold
nights and placed out of doors through the day.

As liouse plants they should be kept well watered, syringed as
often as possible (care being taken not to wet the flowers), and
kept in the coolest and airiest place to be found.

THE CHRYSANTHEMUM. 71

The black aphis or black fl}' is usually found quite troublesome ;
but this can be conquered by persistent application of Dalmatian
powder with the bellows.

If it is desirable to keep the old roots over the winter they
should be placed where they may be kept quite cool, and if pos-
sible near a sunny window. Early in the spring they may be
divided and planted out in the open ground and receive the same
treatment as young plants.

The would-be cultivator must not expect that his plants will
always be as large or his flowers as fine as those to be seen at our
fall exhibitions, for the chrysanthemum requires unremitting care
and attention from the beginning of the young plant to the end of
the flowering season ; and experience is as valuable here as else-
where. But one should not be discouraged, for a fair amount of
success is attainable with ordinary cultivation, and one will probably
feel repaid for whatever time and expense he ma}'^ bestow upon
his plants.

The very large show blooms seen at exhibitions are the results
of special cultivation, and should not be considered as fair exam-
ples of all that is good in chr3'santhemums, but rather as excep-
tions showing to what a state of perfection they may be brought by
skilful cultivation.

To produce these blooms we usually take late cuttings, pot
them up as often as required, and keep them plunged in the ground
through the summer. The plants are allowed to make but one
stem, and this will usually branch into about three ; and on the end
of each will be formed several buds, all of which should be re-
moved except the one at the extreme end, which is almost always
the largest and strongest. By this means the whole strength of
the plant is thrown into two or three flowers and sometimes only
one. The plants must never be allowed to become dry and must
be given liquid manure frequently.

As the buds begin to show prominently in the fall we go over
our entire collection and disbud such as may need it ; for some
varieties form more buds than can be brought to perfection, and
more or less of these should be removed as soon as it can be done
with safety. Those that have large bold flowers receive the most
benefit from this operation, and it should be practised even where
they are grown as specimen plants. Of course, for this purpose
fewer buds should be taken ofl" than when specimen blooms are

72 MASSACHUSETTS IlOUTICrLTURAL SOCIETY.

required. The strongest bud should he left at the end, such only
being removed as will interfere with its development.

As to plants intended to bo grown for oxhil»ition, such varieties
should be chosen as produce :in aljiindancc of blooms of good color
and are of a good healthy habit.

A plant having a scarcity of blooms or a poor straggling habit
can be improved — but can hardly be made presenta])le — by fasten-
ing each bloom to its own separate stake. It is true that a cer-
tain amount of staking is always unavoidable, but it should never
be practised except where absolutel}' necessary.

The ideal form for a show plant should be one with the height
not exceeding the width ; and much less when practicable. I say
"when practicable," because there are many beautiful varieties
that utterly refuse to be kept down to a low spreading form ; as
they throw but ver}" i'ev>- shoots (sometimes only one) when
pinched back. Such varieties should be piuchod back as much as
possible while very young, so as to secure as many branches near
the ground as may be.

A plant that can be looked down upon, or that has the whole mass
of bloom considerably below the level of the eye, is much more
satisfactory to the average observer than one with the l)looms
much higher, no matter how large the plant may be. A very
beautiful form of plant when well grown is the trained standard ;
but it is seldom that we see it in perfection.

In selecting varieties for standards those that have naturally
flexible branches should be chosen if an umbrella-shaped head is
desired, and such as have very strong and stiff' branches when a
compact head is wanted. Avoid those varieties that cannot hold
their branches on without the aid of stakes, for they are sure to
be the most prominent objects about the plant. If a standard can-
not be grown without t! e aid of more than one stake to protect
the stem, the time and patience needful for its production had
much better be applied to something that will give greater satisfac-
tion for the outlay.

There are three things that should never be denied a growing
chrysanthemum plant, viz.: water, sunlight, and fresh air; if
either of these is wanting failure is quite sure to be the result.

Plants for exhibition should always be plainly and correctly
named, for our shows are frequented bj' people who come to see
what varieties are good and desirable, and to make notes of their
names. If a plant is incorrectly named they may not at the time

THE CHRYSANTHEMUM. 73

know the difference, bnt when they attempt to purchase the same
thing, under tlie name they have taken, they find it not attainable.

Seed Raising. — This suliject is one that should command the
attention of every grower of chrysantliemums ; for the operation
of saving seed is a very simple one, and at the same time in-
tensely interesting.

Until within about ten years all the new varieties were raised in
Europe or imported from the East, but there is no reason why we
should not raise as many good varieties here as elsewhere. Let
us not, however, be too eager to thrus* our productions upon the
public ; but let us be sure that what we do send out are of superior
quality, and not be guilty of sending forth a host of inferior vari-
eties.

All that is needful is to take the plants, after the flowers are
fully open, and place them in a warm and dry place ; an}- warm,
sunny room will do. The whole object seems to be to prevent the
collection of moisture among the florets, which causes them to
decay before the seed arrives at maturity.

An abundance of seed may be raised without the aid of the
bru-h, and many hold that there is nothing gained by artificial fer-
tilization. But I have proved to m}- own satisfaction that it is
attended with as good results in the chrysanthemum as with other
plants.

Mr. A. Forsyth, in an article on raising chrysanthemums from
seed, writes as follows in the " Gardener's Magazine " for April 20,
1872 : " But how about hybridizing? you will ask. Permit me, in
all sincerity and politeness, to say that hybridizing the chrysanthe-
mum is fudge ! Take A'our seed as you can get it, and with it
take your chances of the crossing nature has accomplished for
your benefit ; but do not suppose that any one less gifted than a
magician can manipulate the flowers of the chrj^santhemum with
the certainty that we operate on the flowers of geraniums and
fuchsias."

Now I do not consider myself a magician, but in no less than
five different cases I have accomplished the object I had in view
by hybridization, or, more proi>erly speaking, artificial cross-fer-
tilization. That is, I wished to obtain the counterpart, in every-
thing but color, of a certain variety. To be sure, not all of the
seedlings were good ; but in each case I began by selecting vari-
eties that were as nearly as possible what I was striving for.

74 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Salter, in liis day one of the prominent raisers of chrysan-
themnms, has stated that he seldom saved as worthy of cultivation
more than one out of two thousand seedlings. In the spring of
1885 I p hinted about forty hand fertilized seeds, and from their
product 1 have saved, as being worthy of cultivation, six and pos-
sibly eight varieties.

This last spring I planted a seed, the only one formed in the
flower from which it was picked, and from this seed I obtained
one of the most distinct and beautiful varieties we possess.
Strange as it may seem, tljls flower had none of the characteristics
of the pistillate parent ; but all of those of the staminate, except
color.

As there has been considerable misunderstanding about the
operation of hand fertilization, I will give a short explanation.
Botanically, the chrysanthemum belongs to the Compositae, an
order of plants whose flowers are crowded together in a close
head ; this head is what is commonly called the flower, but if we
examine it closely we shall find it composed of a multitude of
ver^- small, mostly perfect, flowers, often of two forms ; those on
the border having long flat petals, and those in the centre being
tubular.

In its normal form the chrysanthemum resembles our common
white-weed ; but from long cultivation it has become double ; or in
other words the tubular florets have been converted into florets'
having the same long flat petals as those in the border. Usually
by looking in among the petals a few of the tubular florets will be
found still remaining, and these are the ones which bear the seed.
In all the seed I ever saved I have never found one adliering to a
floret with a ligulate corolla but always to a tubular one.

Ordinarily each one of these will be found to have a perfect
pistil and stamens ; and when the floret first oi)ens the pollen will
be found adhering to the outside of the closed stigmas. By tak-
ing this pollen on a small soft brush and carrying it to a floret on
a plant of another variety, on which the stigma has had time to
open, and brushing the pollen upon this open stigma, cross or
hand fertilization is etfected.

By simi)ly placing one i)lant Ity the side of another, cross-fertil-
ization is sometimes accomplished through the agency of the wind
or insects. But in a very double flower the fertile florets are few
in numl)er and nearly inaccessible to insects unless the petals are

THE CHRYSANTHEMUM. 75

cut away ; and even when this is done the insect is more likely to
bring pollen from some single bloom than from a double one.
Considering these things I think we have a better prospect of ob-
taining good results from carefully hand fertilized seed than from
that which has been naturally fertilized.

As to the future of the chrysanthemum, T think it has come to
stay ; for blooming as it does at a season of the year when there
is nothing to compete with it there is no reason why it should not
hold a permanent place in the estimation of every lover of flowers.

Discussion.

E. W. Wood was called on and said that the paper was pre-
pared by a cultivator who had given more direct personal attention
to the chrysanthemum than almost any other ; and it left little to
be said. The chrysanthemum is of easj^ cultivation and comes to
perfection in a short time. Nothing surprises visitors to our
chrysanthemum shows more than to be told how short a time has
elapsed since the plants were started from cuttings. The speaker
emphasized the importance of beginning with healthy cuttings ;
he had lost some of his best varieties by inattention to this point.
If a plant is not vigorous, or of only doubtful vigor, it is of no
use to try to grow it ; he had never succeeded in restoring an un-
healthy plant. They cannot be grown under the shade of bushes
but must have an airy, open place. Mr. Wood said in regard to
temperature that one grower kept his plants in a cold grapery
where it was almost freezing, so that they were dormant. One
grower put in his cuttings the fifteenth of March, which is early
enough for house decoration, but for exhibition a large proportion
are started in .January. If drawn in a warm greenhouse they are
invariably spoiled. With a temperature of from 50° to 55° by
night they will spindle and the tops will die and all the care that
has been given them will be lost. Shifting before they become
pot-bound gives a basis for large health}' plants for exhibition.

Mr. Wood hoped that some one would be able to tell the cause
of the failure in almost every instance of satisfactory bloom from
the chrysanthemum last season. There was much wood showing
blind. He pinched his plants back as late as the 25th of July
when the ground was unusually dry, and they did not make the
growth after pinching which is desirable. He had thought this might

76 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

have been the cause of his ill success, but this theory was upset by
the faihire of tliose who watered. At all other times his plants
have (lone well.

The chrysanthemum seems to come into bloom at a time when
there is nothing else ; other plants are then making their growth.
Its increased popularity is shown by the displays in the florists'
windows. There is no flower from which people can get more
satisfaction when used for house decoration. But they are fre-
quenth- put into too warm places, and then, having been previously
kept in cool greenhouses, they will not last more than a week. If
kept in cool rooms in simny positions thej- will last six weeks.
We have hardly commenced the cultivation of the chrysanthemum
here, as compared with Europe. But the premiums for this flower
at our next exhibition have been nearly doubled, and the speaker
predicted that its cultivation and exhibition would largely increase.

Edward L. Beard enforced the practical suggestion of the
essayist that healthy cuttings cannot be had from plants cut down
at once. Many persons are in the habit of cutting down their
plants as soon as they have bloomed. Bottom heat is used only
b\' Dr. Walcott ; wlio takes oft" cuttings and plunges them, after
some weeks' growth, into a hot- bed where root action is stimulated
by artificiiil heat, and allows his plants to get two feet high before
planting them in the gioniid. The speaker thought the hardier
treatment the more natiu-al and reasonable one. He doubted
whether the chrysanthemum could be made a good house plant;
our rooms are kept too warm and the plants become bare or in-
fested with insects. He built a temporary greenhonse five feet
high at the back and two feet in front, so constiucted that it could
be taken apart, which holds about fifty j)lant8. They lose their
leaves owing to the dampness, and thougli they would doubtless
do better with a little heat he had flowers until the fifteenth of
December, when the thermometer fell to 10° — Antonius was per-
fectly hardy even then. He could cut a bushel of flowers, and he
recommended the plan to amateurs. Artificial fertilization is in-
dispensable to the development of chrysanthemum flowers in the
fall. People complain thai the chrysantheuuim ceases to be val-
uable after the twentieth of December. He suggested cutting off
tlie plants in lute spring and growing them on, when they would
bloom until February.

The si)eaker had noticed in Dr. Walcott's collection a seedling

THE CHRYSANTHEMUM. 77

which he considered an ini)i'Ovement on Mrs. C. H. Wheeler.
The color of that variety is somewhat dead, but this seedling was
of an intense crimson, equallj'^ large and much more brilliant.

Charles M. Hovey said that he was very successful in raising
chrj'santhemums when no one else knew anything about them. In
1832 the prize for the best display was awarded to him by this So-
ciety. The chrysanthemum and camellia were then his pets.
The London Horticultural Society took an unusual interest in the
chrysanthemum, and in 1821 sent Mr. John Damper Parks to
China to search for these and other plants, and spent a large sum
of money in delineating and introducing them. Fifty years ago
the speaker possessed sixty varieties which he had imported ; they
were good kinds and beautiful plants, such as the public want
today, but it did not then take as a popular plant. Exhibition
flowers are not adapted to general purposes. He cultivated them
verj' much as Mr. Fewkes had directed, and had nothing else in
the house. He had " tasselled " varieties which were very much
admired ; and he has continued to import the best varieties.

Their cultivation is easy in little plants two feet high. Plants
cannot be expected to flower perpetually. He propagated by
layers, turning out the plants and making t.ic layers in June in
five or six inch pots. They did not form exhibition plants, but
very pretty ones for home decoration. He recommended this
method to those who only wished to grow a few plants for that
purpose. Neither the rose nor any other flower requires such un-
remitting attention as the chrysanthemum, to secu?e exhibition
plants. He thought that he pinched too late. If the early kinds
were planted in the open air they would afford much gratification.
He had seen them in Newton blooming every year ; if slightly
covered with straw they will live through the winter in the open
ground and bloom the second year. One year he kept his whole
stock over. The chrysanthemum is really a cool house plant ;
too much heat brings the ai>his. Division of the roots in May
will give as good plants for parlor decoration as any way. He
has divided plants of new kinds and saved them. He hoped the
increased premiums would bring better exhibitions. The chrys-
anthemum was raised in quantities by Robert Buist of Philadelphia,
and by others forty years ago.

W. C. Strong asked whether the late flowering of Le Surprenant,
exhibited by the essayist, was due to the variety- or to the cultiva-
tion .

78 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Fewkes replied that the variety seemed to be a naturally
late one ; the buds were small when others were in flower. He
had never practised taking off cuttings in summer to any extent ;
but so far as he had they flowered later.

Mr. Ilovey said in regard to retarding blooms that he once
placed some old plants under the stage to take cuttings from, but
they bloomed in February and March. He thought this early
flowering on new growth the only way to get them out of season.

W. A. Manda advised to strike chrj'santhemum cuttings about
New Year's day, and keep potting them on until a six-inch pot is
used. He would pinch them until the middle of August. Plants
thus treated furnished as good blooms as those not pinched.

They like sandy soil ; the soil at the Botanic Garden in Cam-
bridge where he is gardener is rather heavy, and they never did
well until he mixed sand with it. When planted out he mulches
them with straw or hay. When taken to the greenhouse they do
best in the full sun and the house should be airy ; then they do
not lose any leaves.

Joseph H. Woodford spoke of the progress of chrysanthemum
culture. When in Europe in 1866 he made note of the best
growers. Adam Forsyth then took most prizes. He saw photo-
graphs of plants five feet high ; and brought home rooted cuttings,
which he gave to Mr. Edwin Fewkes, but there was then so little
demand for the flowers that Mr. Fewkes only saved a dozen out
of a hundred plants which he raised. People were not then edu-
cated up to the chrysanthemum, but now all commercial growers
are doing their utmost to promote the growth of this flower.
Plants must not be pinched down to the hard wood ; if this is.
done the}' will not break.

Mr. Fewkes said that the}' saved only the White Trevenna and
Gloria Mundi. The former was the only one that would sell.
Last year they got only a hundred good plants out of seven hun-
dred [)lantod out. These were all treated alike, except that the
good plants were grown in new soil and the others in soil that had
had chrysanthemums grown in it for several years. He thought
cold nights injured tliem ; they were nearly all potted at the same
time, but the hundred good plants were taken in earlier.

Mr. Hovey spoke of the magnificent display of chrysanthe-
mums at the Crystal Palace, London, in 1879.

Mr. Fewkes remarked that he thought President Parkman, one

DEGENERATION OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. 79

of Dr. "Walcott's seedlings, equal to Progne. The color is not
quite so deep but it is equal!}- beautiful.

Beujamin G. Smith said that he had endeavored to cultivate
flfty or sixty chrj-santhemum plants, but had failed, and Mr.
Fewkes's essay had taught him one thing that he did not know the
importance of before — to plunge the plants after potting.

Mr. Fewkes said that plunging saves full half the watering.
English growers saj' that manuring is a great cause of chrysanthe-
mums going blind ; he has never given a great deal of manure,
but alwaj's some.

A paper by O. B. Had wen on the " Degeneration of Fruits and
Vegetables," was announced for the next Saturday.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, January 22, 1887.

An adjourned meeting of the Societ}" was holden at 1 1 o'clock,
Vice-President Benjamin G. Smith in the Chair.

The Secretaiy read a letter from the family of the late Hon.
Marshall P. Wilder, gratefully acknowledging the memorial of
their father adopted by the Society, and the expressions of esteem
for him and sympath}' for his children.

Adjourned to Saturday, January 29.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Degeneration of Fruits and Vegetables.

By O. B. Hadwen, Worcester.

The term degeneration, in its larger definition, when used with
reference to fruits and vegetables, is generally understood to apply
to those kinds, which, having been cultivated for a longer or
shorter period of time, and having had their day and generation,
seem to have run out and no longer to retain their original character-
istics. Nature seems to have endowed every plant known in the
vegetable kingdom with an allotted term or definite period of

80 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

life; especially when <i;ro\viii;^ in its nritive clirimte and soil, and
surrounded l)_v contliLions not uul'avoriible to its life, growth, ma-
turity, and method of reproduction.

In attempting the inquiry into the period of longevity of fruit-
bearing trees, and fruits growiug thereon, together witli the
fruit-bearing bushes, shrubs, canes and vines, I find but few data
relating to the subject, and must rely largely upon my personal
observation and experience, and my own recollections of the past
fifty 3'ear8.

All the fruit-bearing plants are naturally grown from seed,
planted by the intricate i)rocesses of nature. The seed contains
all inherent natural forces requisite for reproducing its kind ; and
the seedling plant seems endowed with the vitality and functions
requisite for and pertaining to its growth, maturity, and reproduc-
tion during its destined period of life.

The time allotted for the continuance of [jlant life seems as
variable as the external features of the plant itself. While the limit
of human life may be three score years and ten, in tree or plant
life we know it may be many times three score years. The average
lifetime of the lower animals is well known ; but comparatively
little is known of the life of fruit-bearing trees, and even less re-
garding tlie time our popular varieties of fruits will continue to be
produced in perfection under the prolonged cultivation of the
sagacious horticulturist.

The causes, natural and artificial, of fruits degenerating and
becoming unworthy of cultivation are but imperfectly understood ;
as the many sorts seem to be subjected to many varying condi-
tions. In the case of each we have to consider its natural hardi-
ness and longevity, the influences of soil and climate, the
stimulating effects of liberal cultivation, the mysterious infiuences
of engrafting, both as to stock and scion. All these and similar
questions underlying the subject are so clouded and obscure that
we can neither tuUy explain nor comi)rehend them. Nevertheless
there are some facts that seem to throw a little light u|)on the sub-
ject. While perhaps it is utterly impossible to fully verify the
causes that seem to augment the ilegenerating tenilencies in fruits,
the facts we rely upon seem apparent, and although the evidence
by which we trace the causes seems partially circumstantial yet it
is unequivocal, so far as it goes, and cannot well be set aside, in
communities where cultivation has been pursued lor fifty years or
more by •' the art which doth mend nature."

DEGENERATION OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. 81

The pear trees grown from seeds which were planted by the
earlier settlers of this country were of a robust habit of growth,
attaining large size and great age, and have outlived many gener-
ations of men ; and of those known to have borne fruit as early
as 1663 some are still alive. The pear tree is indigenous in sec-
tions of the northern temperate zone, flourishing as far north as
the fifty-seventh degree of latitude, and is grown in this country
from the British Provinces to Mexico. In acchmating and grow-
ing the pear in a warmer climate, its primitive habit of long life
seems to be partly lost. Growers long since abandoned planting
the seeds from the original fruit, using instead the seeds of the
engrafted sorts, which are of a more tender habit ; b^^ this prac-
tice breeding into the pear tree an inherent tendency to shortness
of life. The continued process of engrafting and forcing by high
cultivation and also growing in an impoverished soil — each and
all may exert some influence in the direction of degeneracy ; and
it is certainly evident that the trees are everywhere tending to
earlier fruitage and shorter life.

The almost universal practice of propagating desirable sorts by
engrafting or budding has undoubtedly the effect of gradually,
but surely, working a serious injurj^ to some fruit-bearing trees.
The tendency of continuously planting the seeds of improved
sorts is very much the same as what is called in cattlemen's par-
lance "in-and-in breeding," which if long continued in a given line
is a sure and constant cause of degeneration.

Now, if the tree from any cause is losing its natural stamina
and force, or becomes defective or diseased, the weakening of its
natural functions very soon becomes manifest in the fruit. The
St. Michael, in its day the glory of the pears, has now become
wholly unworthy of cultivation. Sometimes it seems to recuperate
in new countries and thrives for a time in a virgin soil, but soon
relapses into its now normal condition. The Flemish Beauty
affords another illustration of degenerating tendency. It was first
brought into notice in 1834, and promised well for many years,
but has now become unworthy of continued cultivation.

In the catalogue of trees grown in the nursery of the late Wil-
liam Kenrick in the year 1838 (he being then one of the promi-
nent nurserymen in Massachusetts) I find, in the class termed
" Old Pears," twelve sorts of which not one has been shown on
this Society's tables for years. In class second, termed " New
6

82 MASSACHUSETTS IIOHTI CULTURAL SOCIKTY.

Pears," I find eighty-seven ; of which seventeen varieties only are
seen at our exhibitions, and but four of these are generally approved,
viz. : the Barllett, Bose, Seckel, and Angouleme, iind the rest are
only occasionally shown. In the list of now pears received in
this country from Europe in the years 1834 to 1836, consisting of
of a hundred and forty varieties, which have been tried by our
cultivators and (most of them) shown on our tables within the
past forty years, I find but two that are now considered worthy
of cultivation ; and Mr. Kenrick mentions a hundred other sorts
received but not tried.

In the catalogue of the late William R. Prince of Flushing,
N. Y., for the year 1839, designating by name three hundred and
sixty-seven varieties, I find but thirteen varieties that are seen on
our tables. Then we are made aware of the very numerous sorts
of pears which were being brought into notice forty or fifty years
ago — more than three hundred and fifty varieties, out of which less
than twenty are on our premium list for the present year, and
the other three hundred and thirty have practically goue out of
cultivation. In the meantime very many more sorts have been
introduced, in large part seedlings of American origin ; and out
of this vast number twenty-five varieties would be quite as many
as are worthy of the Society's approval and encouragement.

Now, it would be unfair to state that tliis very large number
found unworthy of cultivation have degenerated ; doubtless many
causes contributed to influence their rejection. Some were found
poor growers ; the fruit in many cases lacked the qualities essential
in good pears ; some seemed naturally predisposed to blight and
other disease ; and many seemed unsuited to the soil and climate.

But it appears althougli difficult to i)rove, in the case of some
sorts once highly esteemed for general cultivation but now become
degenerate, tliat the tree has aheady lived the time allotted by
nature, and its production of fruit in its enfeebled condition is
prolonged only by nursing or by engrafting on other and vigorous
stocks. This suggestion o|)ens quite another phase of the ques-
tion, viz., How much can fruitage be prolonged by the process of
engrafting or budding?

There was formerly an adage, " lie who plants pears plants
for his heirs," while now he who plants pears gathers a crop in a
few years ; and the trees mature, bear fruit, and die, even before
the heirs aic born. But it can easily be demonstrated that the

DEGENERATION OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. 83

natural lives of the original sorts of pear trees have been longer
than the joint or aggregate lives of several generations of men ;
and also that the product of fruit from an original stock can be
artificially prolonged by engrafting to an undetermined extent.

The apple trees that were grown from seed planted by the earl}'
settlers, and cultivated as early as 1663, in many instances proved
long lived, some reaching the age of two hundred or more years ;
these trees attained great size, and bore immense crops of natural
fruit. I know of apple trees still bearing good crops that have
every appearance of being one hundred and fift}' years old ; and I
know of engrafted apple trees more than sixt}' years old that are
still productive and unimpaired. On the other hand I can point
to an orchard which was set fortj'-five years ago, and has received
high cultivation, that has already become old and worthless, hav-
ing no force to make healthy wood or bear fruit. And I read that
apple orchards in some of the Northwestern States do not average
more than twenty years in bearing.

The process of degeneration or decay of the apple seems to be
less rapid than that of the pear ; out of sixty varieties, mostly of
American origin, grown fifty years ago, more than forty are now
grown and esteemed. In fact I can recall but few sorts once ex-
tensively grown that are proving worthless ; and in reviewing the
history of the apple it must be admitted that it is not only the
most valuable fruit in this section of the countr}', but also long
lived, and is manifesting at present but few signs of decay.

The Early Harvest and the Newtown Pippin seem to be on the
wane, and a few more are tending in that direction. On the other
hand the Rhode Island Greening, known in cultivation for one
hundred and fifty years, is seemingly as good as ever, both in tree
and fruit ; and promises to last for a long time. The Costard,
one of the oldest apples grown in England, was recorded in the
thirteenth century.

Among the fruits tliat were formerly plentiful the peach is the
best demonstration of degenerating tendencies ; it is the one that
seems least able to withstand the departure from its normal
c"ondition occasioned by engrafting and modern usage, and the
effects of climate.

In former years the peach was grown from the stone exclusively^
and engrafting was not practiced. Then the trees not only es-
caped disease but withstood the vicissitudes of the climate unim-

84 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICCLTURAL SOCIETY.

paired, and produced abundant crops; the ground under them,
within the noemor}' of many now present, used to lie literally cov-
ered with luscious fruit at the season of ripening ; while the life
of a peach tree often extended to fifty years, and, by cutting back
to the ground and allowing it to sprout from the root, to even a
much longer period.

But when the nurseryman commenced to prolong the existence
of improved varieties of fruit by budding not many years elapsed
before the loss of original stamina and hardiness became apparent.
Before long (in 1818) that destructive disease known as the "yel-
lows " crept in. This was first noticed or described in print by a
nurseryman in 1823 ; it was very soon ascertained to be contagious,
and that the disease had come to stav. In the northern sections of
the country peach growing, always precarious, now seems utterl}'
ruined.

The question of actual degeneration seems fairly settled, in the
peach tree ; and the fruit follows the tree and varieties have be-
come lost. Now the question naturally arises. Can the peach be
restored? Evidently not until the budded trees are thoroughly
extirpated, root and branch. We must resort to the custom of
our ancestors, of growing trees from seeds, and these seeds should
be procured from sources where disease is unknown in an}' form.
Then we ma}' hope with reasonable certainty for another period of
healthy peach trees and luscious fruit.

Many sorts of peaches reproduce their like from the pit ; these
fixed strains should be encouraged, and painstaking cultivators
might impregnate the blossoms of such with jjollcn of good sorts.
By saving the stones of fruit thus produced they would materially
increase their chances of success in producing new and desirable
varieties.

The cherry and plum do not manifest a tendency to degenerate ;
they seem to suffer through injury from insect enemies rather than
from any inherent morbid condition. The varieties giown by the
earlier cultivators are still known and esteemed ; njanifestinsr,
even under the influence of repeated engrafting and of artificial
modes of cultivation, a decided tendency to long life. Cultural
practices which seem to have impaired the longevity of the pear
and peach apparently have little if any eflfecl upon the cherry and
plum ; thus leaving the question of degenenilion in those involved
iq considerable doubt.

DEGENERATION OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. 85

Among the fruits termed " small fruits" the strawberr}- furnishes
the clearest evidence as to its duration of life. Of this fruit, as
nearlj^ as I can recall, the kinds that have been cultivated thrive
about thirty years ; although there have been a few instances of
longer duration, and some whose term has been shorter.

Of twenty sorts grown by nurserymen and advertised fifty
years ago, not one is known in cultivation, if we except the
Alpine, which seems to be p:5rpetual ; as does also the wild or na-
tive strawberry. Within the past forty years hundreds of vari-
eties have been produced from seed, brought into notice, and are
now gone to give place to new seedlings ; and but few now exteu-
sivel}' grown have been known to cultivation twent}^ years. Of
fifty-one varieties grown in the nurseries of the late William R.
Prince in 1839, not one remains. The strawberry reproduced
from runners gradually becomes enfeebled and unproductive ; and
passes away, giving place to new and vigorous kinds raised from
seed, which seems to be nature's mode of reproduction.

The raspberry, blackberry, and currant are long lived, and
sorts that were grown as far back as the memory of man runneth
are as good now as ever, conditions being equal. New seedlings
are brought out from time to time, which, as novelties, have a
tendency to supplant the older sorts, but the Antwerp, Franconia,
P"'astolfi', Knevett's, and Northumberland raspberries, and a dozen
others are just as good as ever. Neither do the blackberries or
currants, when well grown, give much if any evidence of degen-
eration ; when they fail it may fairly be attributed to the influence
of poor soil and cultivation.

Vegetables, especially those annually grown from seed, cannot
degenerate ; seeds may become mixed and new sorts may be pro-
duced, but the annuals cannot be classed among plants that
degenerate. Some seasons are found unfavorable to the develop-
ment and growth of certain kinds ; and new sorts are continually
being introduced and tried.

The potato, indigenous to the mountainous sections of Mexico
and South America only, is consequently, when cultivated here,
far removed from its native home ; and it affords us the best illus-
tration of the importance of renewal b}' seed. As usually prop-
agated from the tuber, it grows and thrives well for about
twenty-five years, after which it manifests a very decided tendency
to degenerate ; and new seedlings are resorted to, which in their

86 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICDLTUUAL SOCIETr.

turn will hist a given time and produce good crops. Within my
own experience, 1 have grown the Black Rusty Coat, Long Red,
Chenango, Rohan, Peach Blow, Carter, Jackson White, Dover,
Davis's Seedling, Kidney, State of Maine, Early Rose, and He-
bron ; and several other sorts — but only two of all these are now
cultivated.

To attempt the inquiry into the growth, longevity, and decay of
the fruits and vegetables we cultivate — tc> seek to learn the
natural principles involved in the growth of each species, and the
.laws and principles of decay belonging to each, is particularly
difficult where each seems to be governed by different and intricate
forces, pertaining to its peculiar organism. Nature, with man's
assistance, has produced fruits and vegetables in wonderful vari-
ety and profusion and of the highest excellence, and is still press-
ing onward ; every season brings some new success in the line of
fruit or vegetable raising, and notwithstanding there is so much
mystery clouding the whole subject — so much that we should
know but do not — so much guesswork, instead of positive infor-
mation, and so much that seems impossible for the mind to under-
stand peculiar to each plant — nevertheless it appears worth our
while to discuss these questions, with the hope of new and in-
creasing lighi pertaining to the philosophy and science of horti-
cultural and pomological pursuits. There can be no end to
horticultural investigations ; and few if an}- conclusions in this
hidden science can be considered final ; and the subject we have
been discussing still affords a wide field for inquiry.

The conclusions which I have been led to regard as provision-
ally established ma}' be summarized as follows :

First. Each fruit-bearing tree and plant seems inherently en-
dowed with a certain given period of life ; this, however, is subject
to be influenced by favorable and unfavorable conditions.

Second. Each species and variety of fruit-bearing tree and
plant seems governed by conditions pertaining exclusively to its
growth, maturity, and deca3\

Third. Some fruits appear to degenerate, while others furnish
but little evidence of deterioration ; and the latter statement applies
equally to vegetables, as a class, during this century.

Fourth. While there undoubtedly is a limit to ihe life of every
plant and fruit, neither science nor philosophy has j'et determined
the data by which we can deduce with any degree of accuracy the
duration of life of any of the larger fruits or vegetables.

DEGENERATION OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. 87

The subject, as regards each fruit, seems to be governed b}'
separate laws and conditions ; and where such infinite variety
exists, it renders equally limitless the extent of possible inquiry',
and opens a wide field for experiments and experience ; and also
ma}' be prolific in topics for discussion by the members of this
Society.

Discussion.

Charles M. Hovey was called on by the Chair, and said that the
subject had been treated by the essayist in a very able manner,
and that it deserved the thought and attention of the members of
the Society. That fruits degenerate we verj^ well know, but
whether from unfavorable climates or from other causes is not
settled. The old varieties of peaches are still in perfection in
England ; within a week he had seen the Grosse Mignonne and
George the Fourth recommended for cultivation as among the best
varieties there. Of strawberries the Keens's Seedling, introduced
in 1821, and the British Queen, originated about forty years ago,
are still favorite varieties ; though the latter is not suited to our
climate. The Hovey's Seedling and the Boston Pine were raised
by the speaker in 1833, and in his ground still give as good crops
of fruit as ever. The Wilson, which has been more widely culti-
vated than any other variety, is still very good. We cannot raise
the Flemish Beauty and Easter Beurre pears ; they have de-
generated here, but in California they are as fine as ever, and
whether their degeneracy here is inherent in the variety is the
question, Mr. Knight's opinion that every tree propagated from
a seedling, being a part of that tree, perishes when the lifetime of
the original tree expires, has been proved fallacious. The trouble
is that the lifetime of one man, or even two, is too short to make
reliable observations on this subject. Men must take it up in suc-
cession, if possible, but hitherto they have not done so, and the
result is that we are continually beginning, and never come to any
certain conclusions on the subject.

Grafting is undoubtedly sometimes injurious ; the stock and
scion do not seem to be congenial. Many varieties will not suc-
ceed on the quince stock ; with the speaker the Glout Morceau and
Angouleme flourish ; and some of his trees have, sent out roots from
the pear, while others have not. He could see no degeneracy in
pears except in a few varieties, such as the White Do3'enue, Flemish
Beauty, and Easter Beurre.

88 MASSACHUSETTS IIOIJTICULTUHAL SOCIETY.

We can remember when we picked up the delicious peaches under
the trocs, but wo do not remember how many seasons there were
when tlie crop failed. He had been out among his peach trees and
shaken them when the fruit almost seemed to fall into his mouth;
for six or eight years he got a crop one year out of two. He had
read much on this subject and had been a pretty careful observer,
and had come to the conclusion that to explain degeneracy we
must not look for causes inherent in the variet}', though perhaps
this may exist to a certain extent in some, but to other causes,
climatic or residing in the soil.

To the question whether grafted trees ever go back to inferior
varieties he answered, no. He felt doubtful as lo the influence of
the stock on the graft but he admitted the existence of sports.
The Lewis, one of our native fruits described in the "New P2ng-
land Farmer" many years ago by Samuel Downer, Senior, is a
very nice pear but too small and green, and he grafted a tree of
that variety with Bosc. Afterward he noticed on another Bosc
tree some small green pears growing on a graft ; which some per-
sons might have accounted for by the influence of the stock, but
inquiry showed that the grafts used on this tree hod been taken
from the first mentioned Bosc tree, and some had been carelessly
cut from Lewis suckers below the graft.

William H. Hills of Plaistow, N. H., said that the topic under
discussion was exceedingly interesting. He had made many obser-
vations in regard to it. Some think that the Rose potato has de-
generated, but we get them from Aroostook county, Maine, as
fine as ever. When it was introduced he bought two pounds and
from that quantity he raised two hundred and forty pounds. He
cultivated tliem like others, with a light dressing of manure over
the surface, exce[)t that for the Rose be added a handful of super-
y)hosphate in each hill, and he thought he could get as good results
toda}-. Sports are ditllcult to account for ; on the Mayduke cherr\'
trees there are every year branches where the fruit is from ten to
fourteen days later than on the rest of the tree. There are certain
conditions that we cannot understand. Last year he felt some
alarm lest the Baldwin Hpi)le was degenerating ; his were small,
but he found they were as large as anyone's. His early apples
were as large as ever, and his Russets never were finer. Some-
thing that we could not perceive liad artcctcd the Baldwins. It
frequently happens that something which we cannot account for
injures a crop.

DEGENERATION OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. 89

Disease is distinct from degeneration. The Flemisli Beauty
pear cracks ; is tliis degeneration or disease ? He notices tlie crack-
ing of apples more every year ; the wound seems to heal inside and
they seem to recover, but the fruit is still worthless ; he thought
this was disease but could not tell what produced it.

Tlie fruit of the Baldwin apple trees that were on his laud when
he bought it is different from that produced by the trees he has
planted. There is no fixed type of this apple, but in propagating
he has always taken his grafts from trees bearing yellow fleshed
fruit. A grape vine climbed into one of his best Baldwin apple
trees and ruined the fruit b}- causing it to mildew, but he has cut
away the vine and expects the fruit to recuperate. The modes
of cultivation and peculiarities of the seasons are continually affect-
ing fruit. Of sixty or seventy' varieties of small fruits described
a few years ago only four are in cultivation now.

E. W. Wood said that the question of degeneration had been
much discussed, but no one could denj' the fact, whether he attrib-
uted it to disease or other causes, He thought the essayist's com-
parison of vegetable with, animal life might have been carried fur-
ther. Man adapts himself to changes of climate b}' changes of
clothing, and if we could do the same by trees we might be sure
of good crops everj'where and in every season. Cultivation under
glass effects this result, and hence peaches in houses retain their
health and produce regular crops. He did not agree with Mr.
Hovey in regard to the peach, but thought we cannot cultivate it
as formerl}'. His recollection is that for a series of twenty years
the crops were as regular as those of pears are now, or those of
apples ever}' two years, but if we attempt to cultivate the same
varieties todaj' we find a marked difference. He felt sure that
plants do suffer from continued propagation by grafts or cuttings ;
he has grown remarkably strong verbena plants from seed, but
they soon ran out when propagated by cuttings.

The Hovey strawberry was perhaps more generally grown in
New England than any other variety thirty or forty years ago, and
there is no better kind now if we could grow it, but vre cannot.
Mr. Hovey's own specimens are not up to the standard of twenty-
five years ago. In later years the Wilson has been more generally
grown than any other kind, but it is now being discarded.

Mr. Hovey said that he had seen Crawford peaches sold for a
dollar and a half per dozen, and he had seen a basket full sold for

90 MASSACHUSETTS IIOUTI CULTURAL SOCIETY.

the same money. In 1807 Judge Peters said he had an orchard of
two hundred peach trees, and he complained that they were sub-
ject to disease and decay ; and that for forty years they had been
short lived. This was near Philadelphia. Further south and in the
western country and in some parts of New Jersey, they were durable
and productive, as they had formerly been with him. The subject
before the meeting is not degeneration in Massachusetts, but every-
where, and it should be remembered that this is not the native cli-
mate of the peach. The varieties are as perfect as ever.

Dr. Van Mons's theory of producing improved varieties of fruit
was by beginning with the wild species and sowing the seed
through successive generations ; but any one w'ould be called crazy
now who should begin with the wild Fragaria Virginiana to im-
prove the strawberry. He asserted that after several generations
as good apples could be got from seed as by grafting. But the
Seckel, Sheldon, Fulton, and all other fine native pears have coine
from cultivated varieties. There may be degeneration of culture ;
and we should be very cautious in attributing its effects to the de-
generation of varieties.

Mr. Hadwen said that the fact of degeneration is not changed
because we can point to some of its causes ; but what has become
of the old varieties? We cannot tell how long varieties can be
made to exist ; we may graft on vigorous stocks but even then the
period of existence of varieties is unknown.

William C. Strong objected to the term ''degeneration;" he
would say "- liability to disease ;" the instances quoted seem to mili-
tate against the use of the former word. The Flemish Beauty pear
has not degenerated. In some sections as fine specimens of this
variety are still produced as were ever seen. So also in some sec-
tions of the country the peach is as vigorous as ever ; so is the Keens's
Seedling strawberry in England. Trees are sometimes invigorated
by grafting on stronger stocks ; the magnolia is an instance. The
question is whether the tree has become more exposed to disease
than it once was. The cracking of the White Doyenne pear may
be caused by the soil having become exhausted of some element
or elements necessary for its perfection.

Mrs. H. L. T. Wolcott asked, Could not the same Power which
has limited the life of man to threescore years and ten have limited
the life of trees also? Fruits and flowers certainly have gone out
of date. There mav be a conscitusuess of old age on their part.

DEGENERATIOX OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. 91

Mr. Hovey said that the Creator has endowed plants with the
power of perpetuation by grafting, which he has not given to ani-
mals. The camellia was introduced two hundred years ago, and
the Old White camellia is the same as ever. Varieties do continue ;
the Windsor pear is still good in England, though nearly two
hundred years old, and there is a tree of the old Summer Bon
Chretien at Mount Auburn as good as ever.

George Hill said that he had cultivated hundreds of varieties of
strawberries and they have always degenerated and gone by, until
now he cultivates only one variety, the Sharpless. Tomatoes also
have run out ; the plants would blast. As good plants as he could
raise of the Boston Market tomato have blasted ; the newer
varieties are less subject to this disease. Hybrid vegetables will
degenerate unless they are carefully cultivated, and the seed is
carefully selected ; and this tendenc}' seems to be much stronger
than the tendency to improve. Old seed is better than new which
has been allowed to run back.

Mr. Strong thought the deterioration of vegetables propagated
by seed might be due to close fertilization. What Mr. Hill had
said about the Boston Market tomato suggested this point. Dar-
win's view was that cross-fertilization always gave the strongest
plants. The effects of this method of propagation shoukl not be
confounded with those of grafting and budding.

Mr. Hills said that many of our improved varieties are more ten-
der than the old ones, but the old varieties, once so highly prized,
would not taste so good now as they did when we had no better.
The further we get from a state of nature the tenderer they seem
to become. We have a cultivated class of children as compared
with those in the alleys of our large cities ; are the former de-
generated? It is the same with cows; the improved breeds are
more tender, but they are not running out. Grafting on seedling
stocks is surely changing varieties, though not perceptibly in one
year.

Ihe Chairman of the Committee on Discussions announced that
•on the next Saturday Miss Sara J. Smith, of Hartford, Conn.,
would read a paper on " Horticultural Education for Women."

92 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, January 29, 1887.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Henry P. Walcott, in the chair.

The President, as Chairman of the P^xecutive Committee,
reported a recommendation that the Committee of Arrangements
be authorized to employ experts to assist the various Standing
Committees in the award of prizes at such exhibitions as to the
Committee of Arrangements may seem expedient — this subject
having been referred to the Executive Committee at the meeting
on the 1st of Januarj-. The report was accepted and the recom-
mendation was adopted.

President Walcott also reported from the same Committee a rec-
ommendation that the President be authorized to employ counsel
to further the carrying out of the vote of the Society, passed De-
cember 4, 1886, concerning the securing of a site for a building
for the Society in the Public Garden. This report also was
accepted and the recommendation was adopted.

Adjourned to Saturday, February' 5.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

HORTICULTUKAL EDUCATION FOR WoMEN.

By Miss Sara J. Smith, Hartford, Ct.

To this Society, meeting to learn from each other and to discuss
the best methods of improving our homes, our lands, our fruits,
and our flowers, culling year after year from the wisdom of
scientists and thinkers, and from the experience of practical
workers, then publishing and spreading world-wide the knowledge
thus gained — to such a Society as this it can be no marvel that
the seed thus sown broadcasi has taken root in the public mind,
and from it has arisen a iiope that, in tiie great educational revo-
lutions now progressing around us, this question of a good borti-
cullurul education for our 3oung women may (ind its solution, and
bring forth fruit for generations to come.

HORTICULTURAL EDUCATION FOR WOMEN. 93

From all over the land we hear rising a cry for some different,
some more healthful training, physical and moral, than many of
our girls are receiving — than that given in our higher public
schools. Still no one as yet seems to know what this new educa-
cation must be.

More and more is being crowded into the curriculum of study ;
nothing is taken out. Children are gathered earlier and earlier
into the school fold — a fact telling plainly that there are mothers
who feel themselves unequal to meet the demand of the times.
Young girls graduating with the classes of boys prepared for Har-
vard and Yale are hurried into Vassar or Wellesley, or some other
college for girls, for the so-called higher learning, and then too
many of them are launched, with overtaxed minds and bodies, into
society.

Is not this one cause of the " nervous prostration," so baffling
to physicians, so ruinous to all home comfort, so disastrous to the
future of husband and children ; and of which we hear so frequently
as an excuse for the inefficiency of the mothers — the fashionable
mothers — of our times ?

Here, in Boston, where there is no lack of interest in all that
pertains to knowledge and culture, and where the public schools
lead the schools of our country, it hardly seems worth while for
one coming from outside of the State to speak of education ; but
perhaps this is the reflecting of the light you have thrown upon us,
and we would still learn of you, that we may throw this light yet
further on.

We all know of the kindergartens, and of the sewing, the cooking,
and the night schools ; also of the demand for trades schools. These
are ostensibly for the poor, whom we shall always have with us,
and more especially for a class of poor whose hours of school
instruction are few, whose brains are not overtaxed with out-of-
school stud^^ whose bodies are strengthened b}' coarse food and
work, and whose hands are put to use for support at an age when
the pressure upon the brain begins with those whom they consider
their more fortunate brothers and sisters.

" The kindergarten is a part of the whole public school system
now, and works well for the poor and rich alike. We have become
almost Spartan in giving our children to the public for training.
But schools of housekeeping or schools of horticulture cannot be
grafted upon our public system to any advantage. The}' would
prove but expensive and superficial appendages if they were.

94 MASSACIIUSETIS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

We have all " been to school " — did we not find that (Hir reading,
writing, arithmetic, geography, drawing, music, grammar, and
history, to say nothing of the spelling, were as much as we were
able to compass before entering our teens? Did we have any too
much time for playing, and growing — and idly dreaming between
whiles, as growing children should to grow heavenward? Let us
leave some time for this growing and playing and dreaming to
the children of today. Let the crowding come late (if it must
come at all) ; and let the schools for manual training for trades be
separate schools. Tiiis seems desirable for two reasons :

First — Because children expecting to work at trades will work
with ambition and love for their work, and compete more zealously
with each other, in those schools, if not brought in contact with
other children who are not expecting to do such work, and who
being without incentive are doing nothing well.

Second — Because, having regard to the shortness of life and
the vastness of work, the children wishing to be put at trades
schools should be incited to enter them at an earlier age than
would be best for those from whom more book study is to be
required.

But it is not to discuss the training of young children that this
paper is written ; it is rather for the guidance of those who have
passed through the halls of the public schools, and now stand
looking out into the world with eager, longing eyes, and question-
ing, " What shall be next?"

To one who has studied the subject thoughtfully for years, as a
practical educator, this question arises : Are there not still untrod-
den paths in the gardens and fields, enclosed by barriers stronger
than stone walls, which should be, and could be, opened to the
light tread of the wives and daughters of the land — fields lying
fallow from the ignorance of the mothers and daughters, and barred
in by the prejudice and indifference of the fathers?

Do you ever, when walking in your beautiful gardens, think of
the many New England farms and homes without gardens? And
do you ever reflect that there are daughters to inherit those places
who are not taught each day, as your own daughters may be, by
the beauties around them, and are not aided by your love and
knowledge of these beauties to know and love them ?

But, though we know these daughters have been, and still are,
Ignorant of the possibilities of what lies around them in their

HORTICULTURAL EDUCATION FOR WOMEN. 95

homes, outside of their houses, we know also that from these
farms have come more than half of the leading minds among the
men of our country ; men who loved their work and did not shirk ;
men whose bodies grew strong and wiry with out-of-door labor
from their early boyhood, and whose minds were developed, not
from a culture freely offered them, but in spite of the poverty of
their opportunity, and who were strengthened by the very effort
they had to make to allow no chance for learning to go by, no
moment of leisure to be an idle one.

From bookless and indigent homes of the past we see emerging
long lines of scholars, who by the very sweat of the brow earned
their bodily support while gathering the knowledge for the brain.
We glory in these bo3'S, these men ; we look with pride at their
brilliant course in the world, and point to their cultured — perhaps
elegant — homes, and contrast them with the homes they left.
What a contrast in these cultured homes to those -their mothers
toiled and toiled in, without thouglit or comprehension of the
beautiful things around their own doors that might and should
have brought them recreation, and where these mothers died per-
chance from toil, that they, these men of letters, might be enabled
to win the world.

When the career of such a one is remarked on, we know only
the brilliant man — we little heed that mother ; and yet these toil-
ing mothers are, all over the land, dropping into silent graves,
overtaxed, God knows ; and another house-mother (how beautiful
in its meaning is this word from the German — not solely the
mother of the babe, or the child, but the mother of all under the
roof-tree, if she be a true mother) another of these toiling house-
mothers takes the place of the first ; and then sometimes another
still. It is a tradition that many of the beautiful farms among
your Berkshire hills have been made beautiful and rich at the
expense of the first, and second, and oftentimes the third wife's
life. And why? Man toils from early dawn till dewy eve, but then
may take a nap, or smoke his pipe and read his papers. Woman
toils from earlier dawn — she makes the fire on man}' a farm — till
d'ewy eve, then takes her needle and mends and makes the house-
hold clothes, till midnight, oft. Her rest, when found, is in the
grave. Nature herself attempts no more ; for after the budding
of spring, the flowering of summer, the fruitage of autumn, win-
ter's white shroud wraps her in her sleep of rest. Why toil these

96 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

mothers SO? Where are their many daughters ? Search through
the land, and we shall lind them fleeing here and there, preferring
to seek life's toils and pleasures away from their homes. Why do
these daughters tlee from their homes? Have they been rightly
educated — educated for their home life?

If we may believe the stories we hear of the olden time, the
time of the spinning wheel and quilting frame, the daughters did
not then, as now, leave their homes ; else how had there been
those chests of linen, those piles of bed-quilts, those blankets and
sheets, all spun and woven and made, and laid away with " sweet
marjoram and lavender," to await the marriage day and the jour-
ney to the new home, then the almost only going awa}' of the
vouua daughter. The remnants of such collections — tokens of
the thrift and happy labor of those days — are precious heirlooms
in many a family now. The dear old great-grandmother's blank-
ets and quilts, the chests of yellow linen, — how carefully we cher-
ish them ; for the days are long gone by when love and duty created
them. Who knows whether days like those can ever come again?
Our girls, in their homes of today, can have no call for such work,
and machinery, man's invention, has taken all this work from
woman's home and hands, and left nothing, absolutely nothing, to
fill its place.

What, now, can be given to them instead? Is all being done
for them then that ought to be done — all that can be? Should
not some new avenue be opened for the minds as well as hands of
these girls — these daughters ? They see the work around them —
who teaches them that they could make it lighter and convert it
into a pleasure? They feel the want around them — who shows
them that there need not be want and privation in their homes?
They contrast the little they have with the luxury which their
father's work carries to the homes of others, and they wonder,
these bright-eyed, irresponsible girls, and flee from a life that seems
dark and hard ; l)ut they flee to a world that is dangerous, and
harder.

Let us look at these girls at a later period. The}' have been
hurrying through school, only to be free ; and then aimlessly
striving to support themselves away from home ; turning to teach-
ing, if soft-hearted committees will let them experiment in district
schools ; if not, then turning to the next best thing which seems to
them exciting ; probably the shop or the factory.

HORTICULTURAL KDUCATION FOR WOMEN. 97

Is it not apparent that excitement is the demand of the young
people of this age ; excitement in life, excitement in literature,
excitement in religion ? Sad evidence of a wrong !

True, we need girls in these shops and factories ; and there are
in fact thousands of good, modest girls going out to toil in these
places every day ; girls with homes and friends and others without
them ; girls, too, who support themselves well, and take care of
whole families besides. But there are enough, yes, far more than
enough, who are compelled to crowd to these shops and factories
to earn their daily bread — good, honest, hard-working girls and
women, working faithfuU}' in the places God has given them, and
these would be better paid were it not for those other girls who
crowd into their ranks, doing this not because they have no homes
and must — but — to get away from their homes !

There is no reason why these employments should be sought b\'
farmers' daughters, but every reason why they should not. These
unsettled, unhappy girls are crowding in where they ought not —
ought not because God has placed them where they would be
better women to remain.

Can it be that there is in the education of the da}', and perhaps
also in the reading of the day, something that unsettles this
class of girls, and tempts them from their homes ; that causes
them to long for excitement and crowds ; that makes them bold
and independent at an age when they should be retiring and yield-
ing? Is not the tendency of the public schools, with co-education
of the sexes, towards this public life, especially when brought to
bear upon girls whose previous education has been in the quiet
country district school ?

• Notice, when on an early morning railway train going into anj-
of our northern cities, the number of girls and boys carried in to
attend the large public schools. Day after day they go, perhaps,
for four years, wasting hours of that time in depots, or lounging
in places far from home or school, when the trains are not conven-
iently arranged to suit school hours ; making friends where they
ought not ; joking with railroad officials or other chance acquain-
tances ; at first, simple, truthful, honest girls, who see no harm in
it, knowing nothing, fearing nothing, but growing freer, bolder,
day by day. Here and there are girls who will not be hurt by it ;
faithful, modest girls, who may be trusted to the world's end. It
is not for these we fear, but for the sake of others we should

98 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ask — Towards what docs tins all tend? Is it right and wise to
put a girl into the midst of such temptation, and then expect her
to be other than she too often becomes ?

School days over, the excitement of graduation, the crowded
house, the applause, all are ended, never to return — no more city
life, no more railroad rides, no more excitement. A quiet coming
home, and to a home which perchance may not be that home of
beaut)', of luxury and comfort and pleasure, to which it would be
the good fortune of many of you to welcome your daughters, but
a home such as we know luindrcds of our l)iothers liave on these
bleak though beautiful hills, and damp though smiling valleys of
our own New England. And most of them being totally ignorant
of what might make such homes a pleasure, it seems to them a
coming down to a mere round of cooking, and cleaning, and small
economies that fret day by day. What a dull routine ! How
hard a one to be borne ! Seldom company to enlighten ; no
money except for the barest essentials — only a weary, dreary
home ! The mother tired, the father silent, a brother absent, per-
haps, or worse, indifferent. Work that is always pressing, no
luxuries, no garden — even the songs of the birds serve but to
recall the songsters of the city park, and to make her feel gloomy.
And so comes the sad final break with home.

In all the routine of culture of soil and fruit and flowers and
flocks, is there uo pleasant place for these girls to step into, no
■welcome duty for these daughters' hands? Is there no way of
showing them that they too have a mission, a heaven-given mis-
sion, on a farm?

It was settled some time ago that agricultural schools and col-
leges are quite as essential to train boys for agricultural life, as
arc other schools and colleges to train boys for other paths in life.
Is it not time to conclude that there must be schools to train girls
to home-life? And training them to home-life does not mean
making them household d'udges, but girls with healthy minds and
bodies, loving nature and humanity, and with hands and hearts
calmly, strengthfuUy, sweetly, prayerfully bearing the dail)' burden
in a way that makes it uo liuidon, but a God-given duty thoroughly
understood — such girls will never be household drudges.

Our girls can be and ought to be taught to be better providers
for comfort, better bread-makers, l)etter home- keepers ; but also, as
home is not all within the house, they should be taught to under-

HORTICULTURAL EDUCATION FOR WOMEN. 99

stand the garden, both as to fruits and flowers, and no less the
poultry yard, the apiary, and even the sheep-fold ; for attendance
on these would be a kindly, womanly work for woman ; and all the
animate dumb creations of Heaven should welcome her steps.

Excepting that leading to the cultivation of the land, every
avenue in life now seems broadly opening to woman. The liberal
professions are becoming more and more accessible to her, through
the enlightenment of public opinion, inclining to justice, and
partially giving her a chance to do what she will do, if she ma^^
Yet it is with much difficulty that she gains a foothold in them, and
the jostling of her brothers is rouglier than she likes. Crowded
avenues they all are ; though in the higher rounds of labor, and
in the ranks of the brain-workers, there is always room for more ;
and where there is great talent, if there be given a certain amount
of education, the talent will effectively develop itself.

There are young women whose souls are wrapt in study ; who
have genius, and who aim to be teachers of high degree, and
artists, and doctors ; yes, and lawyers. There is no difficulty in
finding the educational training for these ; the high schools and
colleges, the art schools and museums, offer it freely. And there
are women who would delight to wear the student's cap and gown,
and are begging to be admitted with their brothers to Harvard and
Yale. But, really, those fitted for such careers are few and far
between. We hear only of the successful ones ; man3% many of the
woman brain- workers have failed in these higher undertakings.
When it became necessary' that they should win a support by their
learning perhaps they found the talent had been wanting — and
no amount of education can make a genius — or the work was
too masculine, or not womanlj^ enough ; and, unless driven by dire
necessity, a cultured woman shrinks from the great push for places.
And, alas ! often she shrinks also from great responsibilities, or
from paths not sanctioned by the schools and b}' the opinion of
the public.

The woman who owns a farm and carries it on does it shyly,
and as if she had no right to do it ; and the girl who is quite at
home in her father's conservatories and hot-houses, understanding
the culture and knowing the botanical names of all the plants, is
a wonder to her companions, and seems not quite one of them.
Yet, how many a weai-y, heart-sick girl whose whole life has been
spent amidst brick walls longs for a work in the green fields.

100 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

How man}' a woman who breathes the close air of the factory
until the hectic flush tells of a life almost spent wishes she could
have been taught a work that should bring her daily nearer to
nature.

This work is one that she dare not, cannot, learn by herself, the
risks are so great. She can catch up the broken threads in the
loom, and scarce gives them a thought ; the great machine seems
to her to work of itself. But the tender plants, the opening buds,
the flowers, the bees, the soft little chickens — how dare she,
untaught, handle these mysterious things direct from heaven?
Might she not chance to put out some of this life given to cheer
and brighten the world ? And she looks with feelings of wonder
and shame at girls who inherit the right, the opportunity, to know
something of all this, yet flee from it in their ignorant contempt
of it.

What a cry of dismay is heard at a proposition to send a girl
from home to learn house-keeping ! and to talk of sending the
daughters of farmers away from their homes to study horticulture
may seem at the present time rank heresy ; but this must soon
come, like all other things for the good of man.

Seldom do we find the merchant, the doctor, the lawyer, attempt-
ing to train their own sons to enter their own lines of life ; they
send them to some one else for that training ; and we also find the
agriculturist sending his sons to schools and colleges affording
scientific agricultural training. Then why may not his daughter
in like manner be sent where she may obtain a scientific training
in horticulture? And would it not be well sometimes to send her
away for training in house-keeping? She should be taught that
duty at home. But is the daughter always so taught at home?
How hard it is to teach an unwilling daughter ! How much easier
it is for the mother to do it all herself! There are duties for every
daughter that she does not usually incline to learn ; indeed it is
doubtful if any mortal inclines to duty as freely as ducks go to
water.

I low carefully considered is our selection of the seed and the
scion ; how careful is our training of the colts and the steers ; but
how like a weed in the fields, too often, grows the daughter of the
house ! And then how unfitted she will be to take a place in the
great world of work. And if it is as an orjihan she must enter
there, with hind as her inheritance, and little else but her land and

HORTICULTURAL EDUCATION FOR WOMEN. 101

her natural love of the beautiful, how shall she shape her course,
and what is she to do? What is that land to her, incapable and
ignorant of its probabilities and possibilities? Where shall she
turn? Who will show her what to do? Is there not some one
who will strive to provide an opportunity for the right training of
such young women in home-life and horticulture? Has this Hor-
ticultural Society of Massachusetts a school to take this ignorant
little woman in, and teach her to be happy in her land — her inher-
ited possession ? No !

What have the public schools given her? A disciplined mind, a
clear, quick acting brain ; some knowledge of mathematics, and
probably of Latin and Greek ; and a slight acquaintance with
natural science. God has given her a home and land, but all her
school knowledge avails her but little towards caring for them ;
excepting the possibility that she knows how to survey her land,
and cut it up for sale.

We are placed in this world not only for our own selves, but to
do good to all within our reach, and is there not a noble work yet
remaining to be done by this Society-? From all its knowledge of
plants and how to make them grow ; of flowers and all their
wonders ; of fruits and vegetables and their uses ; can it not tell,
and show the world of woman, how she can make the garden her
kingdom ; the poultry and bees her subjects ; and be healthy and
happy in their culture and care ?

Does not this world-wide cry for a " new education" come to
rouse the lovers of horticulture, and to tell them that while they
are surrounding themselves with all the beauties of the floral and
vegetable kingdom, gathered from the far corners of the earth ;
while they are lavish in all that shall perfect these wonders of
nature, there is a great world outside, looking longingly and lov-
ingly on, and wishing for a slight foothold within the charmed
circle ; and still another, a world of indifferent young girls, who
need just the knowledge this Society can give them.

And yet, how is this knowledge to be given them? The world
stands wondering what the new education is to be. You hold in
your power one branch of it, the horticultural. Give us a school that
shall educate young women first in humanity ; next teach them of
Nature, to love and understand her ; then teach them of the human
care they should give to the inhuman they tind around them ; and,
especially, teach them that to work is a heaven-given privilege.

102 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Until recent!}' labor has been growing less and less respectable
since our great-grandfathers' da3's. A great artist* has lately said,
" It is the curse of the age that young people wish to jump into
maturity at a bound, and that the desire is not to do, but to 'get
done ' ; to deal in tlie article, not to make. Respectability has
cursed this age in this country — a craftsman is not supposed to
be a gentleman."

This was said on English soil, but it applies as well here. Much
of this perverted feeling, it is to be feared, is due to our public
schools, but surely it is much more a result of the vast and
sudden fortunes made since the days of our civil war. Those
great and sudden fortunes, too often gained by trickery and
knavery and spent in selfish luxury, have done much to demoralize
our nation.

But a revulsion is taking place. Absconding knaves cannot be
the nation's heroes, and selfish capitalists are looked upon with
less of admiring reverence. Work is again becoming respectable.
Work is ennobling. Our Lord saith, " My Father worketh hith-
erto, and I work." As a nation, we are beginning to realize that
the noble faculties given us are meant for use ; and that men and
women who labor with their hands, guided by their brains (for it is
cultured handcraft that this nation will have) , stand on the same
plane of opportunity with the men of learning and the men of
money ; for such men and women can be what they will.

It is just half a centur}' since Mar}' Lyon struggled faithfully
and successfully to found a school in this, her State, in the midst
of an agricultural country — a school that should give to the
daughters of farmers and others advantages in learning which
they had not before enjoyed. To make the expenses small the
girls were expected to do the house work, under competent super-
vision, and many a city father sent his daughter there to obtain a
knowledge of house-keeping which she could not, or did not, receive
at home. The fame of this " Mount Holyoke Seminary" spread
far and wide, and for many years it was a shining light in the
midst of darkness.

Since that day colleges and schools have sprung up all over the
land ; and the Temple of Leaining wliieh was pictured on the first
page of the old Webster's Spelling Book and which to the childish

• Herkimer.

HORTICULTURAL EDUCATION FOR WOMEN. 103

mind seemed a temple in the heavens, now crowns many and many
a hill-top, calling our youth to its halls ; and the way thereto, by
comparison, is now a flowery one, but it is also one that consumes
the freshness of youth, ami leads from home.

That simple school, for which Mary Lyon toiled so long and well
— that school, too, has kept up with the onward march of learning.
Girls no longer go there to learn house-keeping. They go to learn
to be teachers, and the curriculum of study is arranged for the
" higher education," and designed to make learned women.

What we need to provide now is not this higher education ;
it is a new and different one ; an education in horticulture and
home-culture, that shall make a happier girlhood — happier,
because hands are full and bodies healthy; happier, because
brains are less strained for book lore, and more alive to nature's
truths, and vivified with a practical knowledge of what goes to
make health, happiness, home, and wealth. Among all the schools
of our laud — and their name is legion — there is not one to offer
this to our girls. Is not now the time to make one that shall meet
this requirement? Is it not to this Society — the Horticultural
Society par excellence of the country — that we may look, to show
us how this horticultural education can be given? You who know
so well the difficulties that beset the way, and have shown us that
they are not insurmountable for woman, show us still farther, that
we may not make our horticultural training one-sided, but that in
teaching how to care for and beautify the land, we may also teach
the Uttle woman to care for and render cheerful, healthful, and
happy her home and all its surroundings.

And if this education must — as it now seems in very many
cases that it must — be obtained elsewhere than at her home, may
she then go back to her home, however humble it be, as a ray of
sunshine ; a faithful, loving, capable daughter, there to remain
till some one shall win her away to be the light of a new home.

Discussion.

Mrs. Ednah D. Cheney was called on by the Chair, and said
that the meeting recalled to her mind the one held under the aus-
pices of this Society and in this very room, with the venerable
Ex-President Wilder present, for the purpose of promoting the
horticultural education of women. It was then hoped that the

104 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTLKAL SOCIETY.

Society mij^ht take such a school directly under its auspices. The
meetiug referred to resulted in the estahlishment, by private sub-
scription, for very much the same reasons as had been suggested
by the essayist, of a horticultural school for women. An estate
was hired in Newton, and Mr. Charles Barnard was appointed
principal of the school. The greatest lack of the school was
pupils, the largest number at any time being twelve, although
the school had a fund of 85,000 to give assistance to those who
needed. The same difficulty has been found in obtaining pupils for
horticultural schools for boys, and indeed at all industiial schools ;
and here the further disadvantage was Iclt of its being a new
thing. The school was not made too public lest it should attract
those who had no earnest purpose. One of the pupils al for-
wards had a greenhouse in Brookline. Last year the trust was
given up, and the funds were transferred by authority of the
Legislature to the Institute of Technology to found the Joy Schol-
arship for women, the income going to help needy girls who study
there. The speaker considered that the time had not arrived for
special horticultural schools, but that they must be preceded by a
general training in science. When the Bussey Institution was
opened, with classes in horticulture for both sexes, this school was
closed. Every effort was made to induce young women to attend,
but it met with very little success. Neither do young men come
to the Bussey Institution ; there are now only three pupils there.
A few ladies who wished to learn about the culture of house plants
have attended the lectures. Under these circumstances the Di-
rectors of the School of Horticulture for Women did not think it
best to appeal to the Legislature or the public for further funds,
and as before mentioned the school was closed. The committee
having charge of the fund had very little opportunity to expend
the income in aiding pupils at the Bussey Institution, as no one
applied for entrance there. Professor Watson said that a boy
would not be much more valuable in a greenhouse for having at-
tended the Bussey School.

Leverett M. Chase, Master of the Dudley School, District of
Roxbury, considered the subject one of the most important dis-
cussed by the Society. In his long and wide experience he had
become acquainted with a multitude of mothers, and he was filled
with anxiety as he saw so many living in a kind of social bondage —
a life almost purely artificial and useless. With very many, rubies

HORTICULTURAL EDUCATION FOR WOMEN. J 05

are better than wisdom, and it is better to dwell in the tents of
wickedness than to be a " doorkeeper in the house of the Lord."

To meet the demands of fashion, children are sacrificed, health
destroyed, homes made wretched, useful knowledge neglected ; in
short, all that tends to the highest physical, moral, and mental
development is almost ignored. The dominant tendency' of city
life is to make poor wives and mothers, and it is axiomatic that
without good wives and mothers there cannot be happy homes ;
and thus the public virtue is sapped and eventually destroyed.

Most of the avenues of self-supporting labor are closed by the
edict of Mrs. Grundy. Many women drag out a hand-to-mouth
existence in some employment called genteel, and are sore beset
by the temptation to accept the friendship and help of those enor-
mous brutes that lie in wait, devoting their time and energies and
finding their highest enjoyment in destroying those unfortunates
whose environments or whose lack of resisting power render them
victims to a fate far worse than immediate death.

The present style of living in our cities and suburban towns is so
costly as to preclude marriage, in many cases ; an evil prolific in
most serious results. He had long felt that woman has a great
work and opportunity in floriculture and horticulture ; a work that
will aflTord excellent remuneration and is altogether better than
many occupations now over thronged with working women. In the
West, where customs and prejudices are less inveterate than in the
East, women have achieved great successes as keepers of green-
houses, cultivators of small fruits, poulterers, vineyardists, and in
many other fields of labor peculiarly adapted to their capacity.
When in California a few years ago, the speaker visited the Fresno
raisin vineyards, many of them owned and cultivated by women
who had entered upon this work in poor health but had found
health, competence, and happiness in this delightful occupation.
In several cases he found women whose net profits were more than
two thousand dollars per annum.

He would be glad to see thousands of our women, now barely
able to earn enough to keep soul and bodj' together, whose only
"earthly future is incessant toil unsweetened by hope, unrelieved by
even a sight of the " divine face of mother Nature," delivered
from the house of bondage and " go forth under the open sky."

Mrs. H. L. T. Wolcott had thought this Society ought to do
more for children by ofl^ering prizes for flowers grown by them.

106 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

When she worked in hor own greenhouse her gardener said that
all women were not like her ; his wife could not do what the
speaker did. Florists do not even educate their own chiklren to
follow their business. Agricultural colleges come in contact with
the farmers, and their daughters might be benefited by attending
them. In the freer western part of our country- the}' are doing
more for the education of women in agriculture than here. At
the Iowa Agricultural College the girls are trained in a regular
course of domestic econom}' ; each girl has to be one of a class
•who for three months at a time do all the house work of the insti-
tution under the direction of the matron. They are also taught
the regular course of study in botan}-, chemistry, etc. While the
speaker felt the great importance of such an education she did not
believe we can do much toward promoting it in this State, unless
we can appeal to the Agricultural College to undertake it. The
tendency here is to place girls where they can bring in cash wages
as soon as possible.

Kev. A. B. Muzzey had hoped we should hear more from the
ladies. He was surprised to see so man}' sharp lines between the
work of man and woman, and glad to see the waves washing them
away. In P>len Adam and Eve worked together, but somehow
they are parted now. The theory of the essay is good, and he
hoped something would come of it practically. Almost every one
in this room believes there is something radically wrong in the
education of young women. Marriage has been considered a
matter of couise, and the question has been what could be done
meanwhile. Our school committees are besieged by the daughters
of farmers and others who desire positions as teachers. What is
the cause? Formerly farmers' daughters engaged in domestic
labor, and the change and loss has been brought about by a false
conception of the dignity of labor. It was thought that tlie for-
eign population came in very well as substitutes for the daugliters
of the house in domestic duties. The idea that labor is degrading
is anti-Christian and anti-republican. There is a dignity in labor ;
and until the community is educated to recognize this fact it will
be fruitless to open tiie doors of tlie Bussey Institution and similar
schools and expect students. He was rejoiced to hear the essay,
which was conceived in a broad, true, and liberal spirit. There is
notiiing degrading in labor; on tiie contrary il is elevating. But
it is of no use to establish schools faster than you can find pupils
to fill them.

HORTICULTURAL EDUCATION FOR WOMEN. 107

William C. Strong said he felt jealous for the reputation of this
Society. The burden of providing horticultural education for
women seemed to be laid upon it by the essayist, and one of the
speakers had gone further and passed a criticism on the Society
for neglecting it. Many of the lady members of this Society are
engaged in floriculture, and are on an equality with others, and
what more can we do? The agricultuial college itself is but an
experiment, and it is doubtful whether a special school of horti-
culture would be wise, particularly if confined to women. All
present would agree with those who had expressed such noble
sentiments in regard to labor.

Miss Smith said the mistake had been made that girls in stud}'-
ing horticulture had looked forward to making money b}' gardening.
The school of horticulture should be combined with a school for
home culture. She had found many large farms without gardens
or poultry, and the daughters away. They could certainly be
taught to care for poultry.

Mrs. Cheney thought making money the most important \ oint
of all to make women's work practical and not amateurish or
superficial. Painters do not consider themselves entitled to be
called artists until they can sell a picture. Girls must either earn
money themselves or spend mone}' earned by some one else. She
knew a family in Vermont where the father is breaking down and
there is an invalid girl. There are two other daughters who
thought that if they could take hold on the farm they might keep
the family together, but they are considering the choice between
that and going into a store. K they had begun to consider that
question ten years ago they might be ready to meet it now.

Edward L. Beard said that behind the question under discussion
is a lack of a general knowledge and love of horticulture. We
need not go far away to find a complete ignorance of the subject.
We must build on the broader base of an effort to supply this
deficiency. This Society has an opportunity to do much for the
cultivation of a taste for horticulture. If we could put into all
our towns and villages local horticultural societies to cultivate the
taste of the communities it would be a great help. AVithout this
practical horticultural knowledge, horticultural schools for women
will be of little benefit. If this Society should formulate some
such effort in ten years we should see the effect.

Mrs. Wolcott spoke of the effort made in 1878 to encourage

108 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

window gardening among children. The money for prizes and
other expenses was eonlribnted b}' a generous lad}'. The churches
were called on to give plants on Easter Sunday for this purpose,
instead of llowers ; and plants were procured from other sources.
All that was asked of the Society was a little start in the experi-
ment. Exhibitions were held in the hall through the summer, and
those who had initiated and watched over the movement felt much
encouraged by the interest manifested. It was hoped that it might
be continued by the Societ}-, but this hope was not realized.
The specimens shown by the children were not as good as those
that usually grace our tables, and perhaps some of the members
feared that the plants might be attributed to them.

The Secretarj^ stated that the reason why the Society did not do
what was hoped for in this direction was that at that time the
financial situation would not admit of it.

Mrs. E. M. Gill thought mothers lacked energy in training their
children to work, and were to blame for not giving them more sen-
sible ideas of life and its duties. They lack the love and the will
for work. She has two daughters who are now teachers but when
at home they do the house work. She became a member of the
Society in 1865, and has been absent hardl}' a Saturday since that
time, and has had her share of the prizes. She enjoys her horti-
cultural work and the money it brings. She can go to ride with
her own horse, and feed him, and wash the carriage. She did not
think many men, if tlie}' employed women in their greenhouses,
would insisi on their working until midnight.

C. M. Hovey said the object advocated in the essay is one which
the Societ}' ought to do all it can to promote, though perlrips it
will be difKcult for it to do anything directly. He had himself
done much for this object indirectly, contributing to the exhibitions
of the Society in its early days more than now when the prizes are
large. lie remarked on the small number of young men to be
seen at our meetings, and hoped to see more of them. After all
that has been said we come back to the simple fact that girls do
not like to work in the garden anymore than they do in the house.
He feared that false ideas of respectability wt)uld long interfere
witii making garden work popular with women. In Philadelphia
women are employed in greenhouses much moie than here. While
in France he visited a florist friend, and after dinner a man brought
in a i)an of plants and thev sat conversing for two hours, the lady

HORTICULTURAL EDUCATION FOR WOMEN. 109

of the house being all the time engaged in pricking out these little
plants. There is a good deal of hard woik in out-door garden-
ing ; and our climate is rather severe for women to endure labor
out-doors ; it is very hot in summer and very cold in winter,
and one must be rugged to thrive working out-doors in it.
Many of the hands employed in a garden, whether men or
women, must be discharged in autumn. He had found it hard to
get girls to pick strawberries ; but he knew one lady, now the
wife of a wealthy gentleman, who received the first money she
ever earned for picking strawberries. We must begin at the
bottom and try to make labor respectable. If we can in some
way raise the dignity and respectability of labor it will be a great
point gained.' He had found that when his children went to school
they had as much as they could do without engaging in horticulture.

Miss Smith asked whether garden work is harder than playing
lawn tennis.

Mr. Hove}- replied that spading is a good deal harder. It is not
pleasant for either men or women to go out to the greenhouses at
midnight with the snow three feet deep, the mercury at twenty
degrees below zero, and the wind blowing a blizzard, to see that
the furnace fires are all right. There is some light work in gar-
dening, but much hard work.

Mrs. Wolcott said she had taken care of a greenhouse and
raised grapes and sold them, and the work was not to be compared
for difficulty to the burdensome work all day in a cellar kitchen.

John B. Moore said that he belonged to the class of farmers,
and was thankful that he did. The wives of wealthy men make
furnace fires more than farmers' wives. In Concord, where he
lives, a farm without a flower garden is an exception, and the
women take care of the flowers. The statements which had been
made concerning the hard lot of farmers' daughters touched him
in a tender place ; their lot is not as hard as it has been painted.

President Walcott said it must be remembered that Concord had
long had the benefit of a horticultural institution in the person of
Mr. IMoore.

The announcement for the next Saturday was a paper on " Or-
namental Climbing Plants, and How to Use Them," by John G.
Barker, Superintendent of Forest Hills Cemetery.

110 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, February 5, 1887.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Henry P. AValcott, in the Chair.

Mrs. H. L. T. Wolcott referred to the Prizes for Window Gar-
dening offered in 1878, and expressed a desire that another
attempt might be made for its encouragement. On motion of
John B. Moore, seconded by William C. Strong, the Executive
Committee were requested to consider the best method of encour-
aging Window Gardening among children under eighteen years
of age.

The Secretary read the following letter from M. Charles Joly,
Vice-President of the Soci6t6 Nationale d' Horticulture de France,
and a Corresponding Member of this Society :

Paris, January 11, 1887.
Robert Manning, Esq.,

Secretary of the Massachusetts Horticidtiiral Society :

Dear Sir, — I have received, through Mr. E. B. Wilder, the official
account of the burial of our most esteemed friend, Hon. Marshall
P. Wilder. The news of his death you had already given to me
in your last letter.

I beg to send to you and to your Society the expression of our
deep regrets for the loss of your great and most worthy Ex-Presi-
dent. Such a man reflects the highest credit on your country and
your Society. Be assured that we take the greatest interest in the
loss that 3'our company and the horticultural world has sustained.

Yours most respectfully,

CHS. JOLY,
Of the Paris National Horticultural Society.

Frank Wiikeler, of Concord, aud
George B. Gill, of Medford,

having been rccomnicnded by the Executive Committee, were on
ballot duly elected members of the Society. .

Adjourned to Saturday, February 12.

ORNAMENTAL CLIMBING PLANTS. Ill

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Ornamental Climbing Plants, and How to Use Them.

By John G. Barker, Jamaica Plain.

The cultivation of climbing plants has never yet been taken up
and made a special subject of in our meetings here, but I have
been requested by the Committee to do so at this time ; and if, in
my presentation of the subject, for the sake of completeness I
here repeat some things you may have heard me say before, I hope
their repetition may not be considered out of place.

I remark, first of all, that many of us have failed to cultivate
climbing plants to the extent they deserve ; and although we must
admit that there are indications of a growing interest in them still
the man}' places where climbing plants can be used, and are not,
are earnest invitations to us to consider where and how we can
plant them.

A short time ago it was my privilege to visit a very nice place
where there is a very handsome conservatory ; and the sight of a
few climbing plants there cultivated led me to ask, Why not have
more of them? Here are height and light, leaving no occasion to
plant so thickly that the climbers will be detrimental to the plants
below them. On the other hand they would be preeminently
appropriate ; and not only in the place above referred to, but in
many conservatories and greenhouses well known to us all ; and if
used they would add a new charm to many such places ; being
attractive objects, whether trained against the wall or up the raft-
ers and allowed to hang in festoons.

Let us now look at some of these climbing plants adapted to
conservatory and greenhouse purposes. We shall find them to be,
nearly all of them, old and tried friends ; let me again introduce
them to your attention. Go with me, if you please, to the large
conservatory on the estate of Samuel R. Payson, at Belmont; and
as 3'ou enter your eye will at once rest upon as fine a specimen of
Mhyncliospermum jasminioides as any of us perhaps ever knew. It
occupies a large space — the size I will not pretend to give. The
beautiful foliage is in itself of suflflcient value to entitle it to a
place in any large conservatory or greenhouse ; and when you add to
this its profuse flowering qualities, the blooms being pure white^

112 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

very fiao;rant, and produced in clusters, we find it valuable not
only for decoration, but also for the bouquet maker. It will do
well in the conservatory or the warmer house for stove plants. If
not at the head it is certainly one of the best of greenhouse
climbers. My little experience with it says good turfy loam, with
leaf-mould and a good sprinkling of silver sand, is what suits it
best to grow in.

I have seen those two magnificent climbers, Lapacjeria rosea and
the variet}" alba, pictured as growing together ; in fact, if my mem-
ory serves me right, I have seen them planted together at Mr.
Hovey's. I do not blame any one for going into raptures over
them ; I cannot describe their beauty. I have had no practical ex-
perience with them, but I have seen and I love them. I have read in
one place of the white variet}", beautifully ornamenting a wall and
then stretching across the house on a strong cord, about four feet
from the roof and ten feet from the ground, the shoots being allowed
to hang gracefully down ; while on the opposite side was a plant of
the old crimson kind, which met and mingled with the shoots of
the white one. The effect of the mixture of the different colored
flowers was, as may be readily supposed, very charming. Their
beautv is not fully seen when the plants are stiffly trained against
the back wall ; the shoots should be allowed to hang down freely.

The cultivation that ensures success, as nearly as I can ascertain,
comprises, first of all, good drainage ; this is ver}- essential. The
drainage material should be covered with a thin layer of fresh
moss. The compost should consist of the best fibrous peat with
plenty of charcoal and sand, and in the growing and flowering
season the plants should have coi)ious supplies of water. They
must be constant!}' well syringed to keep off insects. Look out
Mell for the sow bugs, which are very fond of the young shoots.
The beauty of these lovely plants is that they can be grown to the
best advantage in a cool conservatory or greenhouse — better tlian
in any other place.

Clematis indioisa is a good cool greenhouse climber, and can be
trained to the rafters ; the branches, which are thickly studded with
flowers of a star-like shape and i)ure white, being allowed to droop
down.

Tacsonia Van Volxemii is also a very handsome, fast-growing
plant, and is seldom out of bloom. Train the principal stems to
the rafters, and allow the young siioots to depend from them, and

ORNAMENTAL CLIMBING PLANTS. 113

their lovely flowers will show to the best advantage. This plant
should be in every collection ; its flowers are crimson, borne on-
thread-like stems, varying from nine to fifteen inches in length ;
and when it is said that they occ^r at nearly all the joints some
idea can be had of its great attractiveness.

Bignonia venusta is a splendid old plant, well known to many
and deserving a place wherever the space can be spared ; if trained
to the rafters, the drooping racemes of its beautiful large tubular-
shaped amber colored flowers will form a display of floral beauty
more attractive than it is easy to conceive of. I remember one in
the greenhouse of an old friend in Philadelphia, trained to a post
and then along the ridge-pole of his greenhouse sixty feet or more.
He used the flowers for making designs, etc., and, in his own
words, it was " one of his stand-bys." It will grow in any good
soil. I think the best place is a good border inside the house ;
indeed I know of a plant in a greenhouse, not a dozen miles from
here, and I am sure the soil has not been renewed in as many
years ; still it does well.

Mandevillea suaveolens is a grand climber, but it is susceptible
to the attacks of the red spider ; and the syringe must be used
freely. It is very ornamental ; if it grows too rapidly, the weak
shoots may be thinned out. The blossoms are pure white, not
unlike tliose of the Dipladenia in shape ; and are so fragrant that
it is sometimes called Chili Jasmine. If this were only hardy and
you could persuade it to grow with Clematis Jackmanni and flower
at the same time, could one imagine anything more grand?

Let me ask your attention to the Passifloras. Their habit is
robust and free growing, and they are adapted for running over
the roofs of their respective habitations. Passijlora ccerulea, the
flowers of which are white and blue, is perhaps the best known
and the most generally cultivated species ; and deservedly so.

The fruit of some species, such as eduUs, laurifoUa, and quad-
rarigularis, is eaten ; the fragrant, succulent pulp which surrounds
the seed is found to be cooling and pleasant, agreeably acid, and
admirably adapted for allaying thirst in hot climates. At the
'greenhouses of the late Edward S. Rand, Sr., in Dedham, the
writer well remembers seeing P. edulis and P. quadrangularis
grown in large pots ; and that they flowered and fruited quite
freely. I will not specify any more of the varieties. All are of
easy culture ; liable, I know, to the mealy bug, but with a bottle of
8

114 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

alcohol and a small camcl's-bair brush you can soon clean them
out. A little occasional labor devoted to looking after these pests
pays well.

Some perhaps will ask, AVhat about Slephanotis forihunda? I
well remember in the greenhouses of the late Mrs. Ward, at Can-
ton, when under the care of Joseph Clark, that he had two balloon
trellises on the upright posts that support the roof of the green-
house, and if I remember rightly there were plants of Stephanotis
set in places under the stage prepared for their reception ; they
were carried straight until tliey reached the frames, and were
then trained around and arouud until each frame was covered.
These were indeed beautiful specimens, as some present may
remember, and by careful management in the resting and growing
seasons were so developed that I think nothing of the kind could
equal them. The Stephanotis, if allowed, will cover a large space
and produce a great abundance of flowers. But I hear some one
saying, " I don't want the dirty things." Well, I know they will
get dirty ; so will you if you don't clean up prett}' often ; but they
are not so hard to care for as you think. When the plants are not
in Hower, if dirty, take the syringe or hose and bring a stream to
bear upon the plant with force enough to dislodge the insects, this
is easy, tr}' it ; with the use of the sponge too many buds are dis-
lodged and you lose a good deal of bloom.

What shall we do with the Bougainvillaeas ? If I had a greenhouse
with a back wall to it like Col. Wilder's I should certainly have
one. I do not recollect whether his was glabra or sjyectabilis, but
I think glabra. Perhaps a brisk temperature may be best to grow
it in, and that followed by a season of rest ; and if I rightl}'
understand about the ripened shoots these are pruned to short
spurs in the early part of the year, and from these spurs the beau-
tiful bracts are produced. I have seen the plant relerred to when
it formed a mass of the loveliest coloring — easier to be appre-
ciated when seen than lo describe ; for I iiardly see how the best
description possible could do it justice.

We will take a glance at the Allamandas. A. catliartica is one
of the oldest species, and the best adapted of any for a pillar or
for training up the rafters. The flowers are bright yellow, and are
produced very abundantly for months. There are several other
species, but none as well suited for climbing as this.

I need only to call your attention to the Hoses ; their value is

ORNAMENTAL CLIMBING PLANTS. 115

well kuown, and many here can speak of them more instructively
than I can, with m}' limited experience. While in Cambridge I
tried to grow grapes in the greenhouse, but the success was not
satisfactory ; finally they were removed, and I planted a rose bush
to take the place of each vine in the old vine border.

The roses were all grafted on the Manetti stock, some five feet
high, so as to admit of their being diawn through the old holes
where the vines had been, and reach the wires on which they were
to run. This border was entirely outside; I always covered it
sufficient.y to keep out the frost, and allowed the plants to rest as
long as they would, which was generalh' till the latter part of
March, when the sun was getting higher each da^^ This plan
proved very satisfactory-. The varieties were Marechal Niel, Bon
Silene, Safrano, Lamarque, and Solfaterre.

Other climbing plants that might be added to this list will
undoubtedl}' suggest themselves to you ; so I pass on to spend a
short time with the climbing annuals and see what we can find
there. Among them are many that are useful and beautiful. A
very familiar one to you all is Cobcea scandens and C. scandens
varieyata; these will run from fifteen to tliirty feet in a season, if
the seed is sown in March in gentle heat and transferred to four-
inch pots. This method of culture will save several weeks' time in
spring.

Maurandjas usually grow about ten feet, and flower in great
profusion. I have seen a circle of cedar poles placed in the
ground and drawn together at the top with Maurandyas twining
over them, which made a handsome centre for a large bed. Eccre-
mocarpus longiflorus and E. scabra are handsome climbers seldom
growing more than six feet ; the flowers are orange colored. The
plants should be started earl}' in March, in gentle heat.

The Thunbergias are very prett}^ climbing plants of rapid
growth and free blooming qualities. The red spider likes them ;
but in a shady place, where the}' get only the morning sun, they
will thrive ; and a free use of the syringe will be a great help to
their growth. I once saw the side of a north piazza covered in
this way, and the effect was ver}- handsome.

Tropgeolums are well kuown to j'ou all. I have seen them
planted on the top of a steep bank, and when thus placed and well
cared for they are ver}' effective, as their bright flowers form a rich
contrast with the grass. For trellis work and verandas they are

116 MASSACHUSETTS llOHTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

very useful plants, and their growth being rapid and tlieir flower-
ing qualities so free are recommendations which should give them
a place wherever room can be found.

Physianthus albens is one of the very best quick-growing climb-
ers. I remember seeing this plant at the late Mrs. Ward's in
Canton several years ago. It was in view as you entered the gar-
den, and was trained to a fence, covering a space of from four to
six jards square. P^very joint was furnished with a raceme of pure
white flowers. I have not seen this plant except in flower ; but
the large seed vessels are descrilied as quite ornamental, and when
ripe bursting and exposing a handful of cottony fibre to which the
seeds are attached.

Lophospermum atrosavgnineum, L. scandens, and L. erubescens
are all very beautiful, and will grow ten or twelve feet in a season.

Jpomoias are so well known to all that you need only to hear
the name to be reminded of tlie ease with which you can grow
them. Have you a veranda that you can train them against? If
so, prepare the soil, stretch your strings, and sow them, and when
grown they will greet you each morning with their prett}' open
flowers.

Ipomoea noctijlora is a climber of very rapid growth ; it has
grown twentj' or more feet in a single season. The flowers are
pure white, four or five inches in diameter, and as they expand at
night have a striking efifect. It is also called Evening Glory or
Moon Flower. I know of no climber more useful than this.

I will only add the Cypress Vine {QaamodU vulgaris) and
Canary-bird flower ( Tropceolum x)eregrinum) to those 1 have already
mentioned. But before leaving the climbing annuals let me remind
you that they are not appreciated as they should be. They are
well adapted for setting around arbors, or training over fences.
Strings may be fastened to the top of the fence or building and
stretched to pegs driven into the ground ; on these strings they
will twine in the most graceful manner, and the profusion of their
flowers will amply repa}' the attention you may give them.

I think it probable that the large majority of cultivators will be
more interested in the hardy climbing plants than in those already
mentioned, as of course more can have them ; and 1 must acknowl-
edge that of late my own taste has inclined very much in this
direction. The force of circumstances perhaps contributed as
nnich as anything else towards inducing me to use them — my last

ORNAMENTAL CLIMBING PLANTS. 117

place having a high wall that had to be covered in some waj' ; of
which I have taken occasion to speak more than once. As the
vines have grown very much in the meantime, I will again call
your attention to this covered wall.

I used first of all what is well known to you all as the Virginia
Creeper (Ampelopsis quinquefolia) ; properly prepared places were
made for the plants about five feet apart, good strong vines were
planted at each place, and in four years the wall was well covered
to a height varying from ten to eighteen feet. In the fall of the
year the foliage, so richly colored in beautiful shades of scarlet
and crimson, whether grown by itself or intermingled with green
foliage of the trees before changing, is a very conspicuous orna-
ment. But judgment should be used in determining where it is to
be planted. It should not be planted with the idea of covering a
brick building, for it does not cling close enough — the brick is too
smooth. I know a church in Essex County where it had covered
the side entirely, and twice to my knowledge it was blown entirely
down, and many days' labor were required to replace it.

Here the Ampelopsis Veitchii comes in ; once started it gives
little trouble ; indeed, it takes care of itself. We have continual
opportunity to notice how handsome it looks on Trinity Church
and the many fine residences on the Back Bay. No description is
needed to those who have seen it ; it describes itself. Let me,
however, invite you to Forest Hills Cemetery, where 3-ou can see
it in unsurpassed beauty on both sides of the entrance ; and if you
can come but once let it be in the latter part of September. I
have no words that can adequately describe the richness of these
masses of foliage. That on the south side has been thought to be
at all times the richer of the two in the color. Surely among the
many good things Japan has given us, we have received in this
plant one of our ver}^ best climbers. In a conversation which I
had with our late beloved friend and associate. Col. Wilder, he
repeated a remark made by Mr. Ellwanger — that it was worth
coming a thousand miles to see the entrance to Forest Hills
Cemetery.

" About three 3'ears ago Ampelopsis Veitchii was planted at the
base of a ledge some twent}' feet in height, alternatel}' with what is
known as the English Ivy. The contrast between the rich changing
foliage of the Ampelopsis and the bright green of the Ivy was
very effective. I can recall in imagination how it looked as clearly

118 MASSACHUSETTS HOHTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

as wheu I stood in frout of it. I cannot well (]escril)e it ; bnt if you
have a ledge try this combination, and I am sure it will please you,
A few pine boughs were tied over all the ivies in winter, affording
all the protection that they required. This was done about Thanks-
giving time, and the boughs were removed about the first of April.
In this cemeter}" many fine bowlders are used as memorial stones,
in place of monuments, having bronze tablets set in for the
inscriptions ; these stones are covered with Arapelopsis. It ma^-
strike you as odd, but the effect is very pleasing.

"We have rambled somewhat from our subject ; let us go back
again to the wall that I first alluded to. You will remember that
it was covered mainly with Virginia Creepers ; at a portion of it.
Clematis Jachmanni and C. Viticella was planted and allowed
to ramble with the creeper just as they pleased. Now let me ask
you to look at these bright flowers peeping out here and there,
sometimes singly' and then again in larger clusters among the
foliage of the Ampelopsis — in the latter part of July and August
before the changing of the foliage of the Ampelopsis — and you
will see a picture of color not equalled by any artistic bedding com-
bination that you can find.

But the lower part of this wall was bare in many places, for the
vitality of the vines was at the top, nearest the sun. What was
to be done with it ; how should the bare places be made green ; or
how was it possible to cover them ?

Looking to Japan again, I found Lonicera brachypoda varie-
(jata; widely known and sought on account of its beautiful varie-
gated foliage. Thus very soon the difficult}' was met, and the
lower part was filled up ; indeed we find the Lonicera twining on
the stems of the Ampelopsis ; and in about three years it was eight
and ten feet high.

Another spot occurred not filled up, and here I found a place
for Akebia quinata, another very useful climber introduced from
China; this being of rapid growth soon found its way to the top
of the wall. The foliage is delicate and prett}- ; the flowers, which
are produced in clusters, are of a bluish violet color and sweet
scented, thus attracting the notice of the passers-by ; so I had
found another pretty vine to mingfe with the Ampelopsis.

Once more 1 looked about, needing yet another vine. This I
found in Aridolochia Si2)Jio, perhaps better known as the Dutch-
man's pipe. Some may say, *• VVliat did you want with that; it

ORNAMENTAL CLIMBING PLANTS. 119

will not cling to the wall?" True, but it will twine up the stems
of the Ampelopsis, and when it has attained a good size its large
heart-shaped leaves afford a charming contrast with the other
vines ; so that I have been sorry I did not plant many more.

Again : I wanted a vine that would cling to the wall, and this
time I had a place for Bignonia radicans, which I used to
advantage. It was placed in a spot bare until then ; but being
a true creeper and adhering with great tenacity wherever it can
find space, and also a vigorous grower, it soon occupied all the
vacant room there was and more. The foliage of this plant ap-
pears late in spring, and there is no brilliancy to it in the fall,
but the flowers are pleasing, and as 3^ou are well aware are borne
in large clusters in August and September. Indeed the vine
itself eventually showed but little, being covered b}' the other
vines ; but its flowers appearing amongst their foliage produced a
handsome effect.

I also planted there the climbing Hydrangea (Schizophragma
hydra7igeoides) , two years ago. It has endured the two winters
without any protection and promises well.

I think we have been long enough at the wall, but I must say
that no work that I have done or thought that I have given to
any project ever paid better than that.

Now that I have tried to tell you how I covered my wall, let us
see if there are not some other vines that you may be interested
in, and would like to know about. At a friend's house, trained
to a trellis by the side of the front door, is a very luxuriant vine
of Celastrus scandens, or Bitter-sweet. Either with the flowers,
which are small and greenish, produced in raceme-like clusters,
or with the orange-colored pods opening and displaying the
scarlet covering of the seeds, it is one of our handsomest native
climbers. Don't you think this was a good place for it? George
B. Emerson says it should be cultivated for its picturesque effect.

Vitis heterophylla is represented in the frontispiece of the
"Gardener's Monthly" for 1877, and the following excellent de-
scription of this handsome vine is given : " Its great merit in
'ornamental gardening is not near as well known as it ought to be.
The leaves are first green, but when the plant has something to
run on and grows vigorously, they are prettily feathered with
white. The deep sky-blue berries, towards fall, give it additional
attractions. It grows with great rapidity, very soon covering an

120 MASSACHUSETTS HOUTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

arbor or trellis. It is a native of the north of China and Japan,
and perfectly hardy here."

1 come next to the Glycine, or Wistaria ; of which W. Sinensis
is the species generally cultivated, and the best of all ; many a
piazza would have had no ornament had it not been for this vine.
In L^'nn there are many large vines, but for some cause the past
three seasons they have flowered but little. I think, however,
the secret of success is to keep the growing shoots well pruned
in ; for by so doing we promote the formation of flower buds. I
know of some vines that look little better than so many old
stumps when the foliage is off; but they seldom fail of a good
show of flowers. 1 also know of a very large old apple tree, at
the base of which two good plants were placed ; in ten years the
vines covered the tree, and such a picture as was produced by the
hundreds of beautiful pendent clusters of flowers was a sight
never to be forgotten.

Of Honeysuckles, the best native species are Lonicera sewper-
virens and L. flava. These bloom in great profusion during the
summer and autumn months. The blossom tubes lie in clusters
over the foliage ; and in the autumn the abundant scarlet berries
arc very ornamental. These features entitle them to a place in
every garden of any size. The Lonicera pubescens is a ver}' vig-
orous growing species. L. flexuosa., the Chinese twining species,
is also one of the best.

The Koses must have a place. The Baltimore Belle and Queen
of the Prairies are old varieties, I know, but they are good as ever,
and if you can find room for them on your trellis or arbor they
are worthy of your best care and attention. It will be but a short
time after planting before a profusion of flowers will reward you
for your care. I am not familiar with any of the newer kinds.

I will just mention a very attractive native vine with fine gloss}'
leaves, Ulais toxicodendron ; }0U will know it from the Virginia
creeper by its having three leaflets instead of five, with smooth
edges. It is attractive, but in my estimation never should be al-
lowed to grow, as it is fearfully poisonous to some people, and an
unequivocal nuitjance. If you have any children I advise you to
extirpate it at once ; chop off every piece everywhere, ever}'
chance you have.

Actiiiidia ])olygama, from Japan, is a vine highly recommended ;
the foliage luxuriant, flowers white ; my experience with a few
.small i)lants will not enable mo to say any more about it.

ORNAMENTAL CLIMBING PLANTS. 121

I have brought to your notice such varieties of climbing plants
as I am somewhat familiar with. Some are like old and tried
friends, others to all appearance good but not so well tried, yet
promising well. There are man}', I am aware, that I have not
mentioned. I hope in the discussion which is to follow to hear
from you about those.

I think our climbing plants are too much neglected ; why, I do
not know. Is it because it is difficult to find a place for them?
That has not been my reason for many years ; surely the green-
house or garden will afford a place for a climbing plant some-
where, and I am glad to observe that there has been a growing
tendency to cultivate them.

Whether they are viewed as trained and elegantly festooned
in your window (and this is a part of the subject I have left out
entirely) or in the conservatory or on the trellis in front or by
the side of jour piazza ; whether running over and covering
some old decayed tree or unsightly stone wall or rock ; whether
adorning the grounds of the rich merchant or the laborer's humble
cottage, or whether their aid is sought in screening your arbor
from the rays of the hot summer sun — in any and ever}^ one of
these cases what class of plants is there which can be regarded
with feelings of greater gratification and satisfaction?

In conclusion, I may be permitted to say that not a single wall
or fence, especially if viewed from the house, and, I will add, no
trunk of any tree if not in vigorous growth — in fact no object
whatever, capable or that can be made capable of receiving and
supporting a plant, should be left uncovered. The free use of climb-
ing plants always imparts an air of friendship and freedom, no
matter where you meet them — on some lofty tree in the woods, the
cemetery entrance, or the portico over your door, or in ain' place
wherever they appear.

Our motto is Progress ; let the beautiful climbing plants receive
a larger share than heretofore of our skill and attention, and I am
sure we shall be well repaid for the time spent by tneir return of
beautiful foliage and flower and grateful shade.

Discussion.

"William C. Strong was called on and said that he could add but
little to what the essayist had said. As the paper was read, he
had reflected how wonderful is the variety of vegetable growth.

122 MARSACFIUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The tendency has been too much in favor of maples and other stiff
upright growing trees, and too few climbing plants have been
used. The w(jo(lbine or Virginia creeper is beyond question the
most beautiful of all vines ; he was not ashamed of it in contrast
with the English Ivy, though the latter is evergreen. When in
England he visited tiie ruins of Kenilworth Castle, part of which
is covered with English ivy and part with woodbine, and he
thought the latter tlie more beautiful and graceful of the two.
The Jai)an Ivy {Ampelopsis Veitchii) is far less graceful, but it
clings to walls much more strongly than the woodl)ine, and so has
its place for covering buildings of brick or stone. Many climbing
shrubs can be trained like weeping trees, with straight stems,
drooping from the top. There is a variety of VUis rijmria which
ought to have more prominence than it has yet had, for the beauty
of its foliage ; which excels that of any other grape vine, being
very deeply cut.

AVilliaui J. Stewart said that while walking with Jackson Daw-
son in the Middlesex Fells they saw a wild grape vine with a very
deeply cut leaf wliich they thought highly ornamental and well
worthy of cultivation ; probabl}^ this was the same as the one men-
tioned by Mr. Strong.

Mr. Barker said that a gentleman had suggested this grape to
him as a covering for old trees, but he omitted it hoping that the
gentleman would be present to speak of it.

Henry Ross was next called on and said that the best of all the
honeysuckles is the Lonicera Halleana, which flowers freely, is
very fragrant, and the foliage is almost evergreen. Bignonici
atropurpurea is superior to B. radicans ; it is perfectly hardy.
He admires the Ampelopsis qninquefoUa above all other vines for
its grace, beauty, and hardiness, but it will not cling to walls like
A. Vtilchii. On a wooden house it is much preferable to the lat-
ter or to other clinging vines like the Bignonia or English Ivy,
but it must be provided with a trellis. For stone or brick walls
A. Veitchii is better, but it must have protection until it gets es-
tablished, and even then large patches will sometimes die. It
likes a somewhat shady place. There is a house in Newton covered
with the Virginia creeper wliicli hangs down live or six feet, and
waves most gracefully in the wind. A new species of Ampelopsis,
A. Eixjclmainii, has been introduced, which resembles the Vir-
ginia creei)er in habit, but clings to walls almost as closely as

ORNAMENTAL CLIMBING PLANTS. 123

A, Veitchii. It was found in the woods in Virginia. Mr. Ross
spoke of a wistaria, planted at the foot of a hickory' tree, which
did not grow for four years, but then started and grew to the top
of the tree. The wistaria is now about six inches in diameter, and
the hickory seven or eight. The former has coiled around the
latter and cut into it until the two are apparently one, but the
tree continues to bear nuts and the vine to bear flowers.

Warren H. Manning said that there are two quite distinct varieties
of Ampelopsis quinquefolia ; one has grayish bark and the other
brownish ; one is provided with suckers and the other with ten-
drils. Vitis bipinriata has bluish berries, but is not quite hardy
here. Aristolochia tomentosa is sometimes sent out by nursery-
men instead of A. Si2)ho, which is a much better species. The
Menispermum or Moonseed is a very pretty small vine with a
roundish leaf. The Akebia quinata is one of our best vines, com-
ing out fresh and green in the spring. The Virginia creeper does
better at the seashore than any other vine ; indeed it does well
almost anywhere. He had seen an elm tree in Couciord having
the stem, which was quite tall, covered with Celastrus, and pre-
senting a very brilliant appearance in winter.

Mr. Barker added to the climbing plants mentioned in the es-
say the Bignonia prcecox grandijlora. Plants four feet high had at
the end of every shoot a mass of flowers. He had seen Ampelopsis
Engelmanni growing on a pole taller than a man, and it clung to
the bark when that was stripped off. He spoke of the very beauti-
ful effect produced by training the Virginia creeper up the trunks
of a row of elm trees at Jamaica Plain, and then across from tree
to tree on ropes.

Mr. Strong said that there are several varieties of Ampelopsis
quinquefolia^ one of which hus woolly leaves ; one has larger
leaves than others, and some do not change color in autumn.

Mr. Ross said that at the Arnold Arboretum Mr. Dawson had
Virginia creepers with single stems trained to stakes and drooping
like a tree, and at Mr. Strong's he saw wistarias trained in this
way in flower. Mr. Wood has such a one with a stem nearly six
inches in diameter, and it is a very prettj- way to grow them.

Mr. Strong said that when trained in this way wistarias ripen
more seed than when grown on trellises.

Robert Manning warned those who might desire to cultivate the
Actinidia or Celastrus against getting barren plants. The former

124 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

produces, on plants with perfect flowers, a fruit of pleasant flavor.
He mentioned the Madeira vine {Boussmgaidtia haselloides) as
desirable for its fragrance and beauty, but it flowers so late in au-
tumn as barely to escape frost, and therefore it would be better to
forward it under glass.

Mr. Ross inquired whether vines bred mosquitoes.

Mr. Barker said that he could not answer the question, but he
could sa}' tha*; he lately visited a friend who had no vines but a
great many mosquitoes.

Mr. Strong said that he would have all vines on trellises and not
directly on the house, though it did not make so much difference
with brick or stone houses as with those of wood. Trees also
should not be too close to houses.

The Committee on Discussions announced that on the next Sat-
urday M. B. Faxon would read a paper on " Annuals and their
Cultivation."

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, February 12, 1887.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 1 1 o'clock,
Vice-President William H. Spooner in the chair.

President Walcott stated that much misapprehension existed
in regard to the effort to obtain the use of ground in the Public
Garden on which to erect a building for the Society', and read a
draft of a letter which he had prepared to be published for the pur-
pose of correcting this misapprehension. It was unanimously
voted that the President be authorized to publish the letter.

Adjourned to Saturday', February ID.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Annuals and their Cultivation.

By M. ]i. Faxon, Boston.

Mr. PreshJenty Ladies, and Gentlemen of the Massachusetts Hor-
ticultural Society : —

Your Committee on Publication and Discussion has seen flt to
call upon me to address you on the subject of Annuals and their

ANNUALS AND THEIR CULTIVATION. 125

Cultivation. I know very well that I shall tell you little beyond
what you already know ; but having accepted their kind invitation
it only remains for me to bespeak your patience while I tell you
what little I have learned pertaining to this subject.

Success in the cultivation of any flower, fruit, or vegetable will
be in direct proportion to the care and labor bestowed upon the soil
for the reception of the seed or plant. Therefore in the fall, as soon
as a few severe frosts have stripped the flower beds of their beauty,
I clear the surface of the beds, and thoroughly trench the soil to
the depth of twelve inches ; eighteen inches would be better, but
my soil does not average over twelve inches of loam before a
gravelly subsoil is reached. The ground having been thoroughly
loosened, well decomposed barn-yard manure is applied at the
rate of from twenty to twenty-five cords per acre, and turned under
one spade deep. Nothing more is done until spring ; when the
ground is again trenched as before, and a small quantity of some
good chemical fertilizer is spread broadcast. The surface of the
beds is then raked smooth and fine, and the preparation of tlie soil
is complete. My largest flowerbed is two hundred feet long by six-
teen feet wide, and faces the south. At the back of the bed is a
high board fence, which shelters the flowers from the north winds ;
around the sides and front of the bed there is an open lath fence,
with gates at convenient distances ; and at every twenty feet are
division fences six feet in height, to break the force of the wind
coming either from the east or from the west.

I have spoken thus minutely about this bed, as on account of its
ample protection from the winds I consider it the most desirable
bed on my place, and I look to it for my best flowers ; and wish to
emphasize the desirableness of protection from wind for flower
beds. I have never grown a large variety of annuals, but have
selected a few such as appeared to me to deserve s[>ecial atten-
tion, and have tried to grow those few varieties to something like
perfection, and to this end have devoted the largest part of my
leisure hours for the past five years to the cultivation of Asters,
Sweet Peas, Tropseoiums, and Pansies ; and I believe there is a
future for these four flowers that will far exceed the expectations
of the most enthusiastic cultivator of annuals.

Of course, botanicall}' speaking, Pansies are not strictly An-
nuals, but since they are largely grown as such, and were allowed
by this Society, last season, to form part of an exhibit competing for

126 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the Special Prizes ofifered for Annuals, I will speak of thena today
as such. Let us now consider some of the most desirable annuals
for general cultivation ; and esi)ecially the four just mentioned.

The Aster. — I usually make two plantings of Asters, the first
about the fifteenth of March, and the second near the beginning
of April, in the greenhouse, in shallow boxes. As soon as the
plants are well up, I prick them out into thumb pots. From this
time until the plants are set in the open ground, where they are to
remain, the greatest care is necessary to keep them from becom-
ing spindling; " keep them as cool as possible and still keep them
growing" is what I am continually writing my gardener; and if
this is done good stocky plants will be the result.

About the fifteenth of May the plants should be set in the open
ground ; in rows or in beds as the cultivator may prefer, but in
either case the plants should be set at least eighteen inches apart.
If the weather is dry when the plants are set out, they must be
watered until they become thoroughly established in their new
position. Keep the soil loose and free from weeds, until the buds
begin to set ; when all cultivation should cease, and nothing more
is necessary until the flowers are ready to gather.

When the plants are about two-thirds grown they should be tied
ui) to stakes ; if this be neglected and a heavy storm should
happen to come just as they are in full bloom, the plants will be
levelled to the ground, and the flowers covered with dirt antl spoiled.
A bed of asters is in its prime for from eight to ten days, during
which time a grander sight is seldom seen, especially before any ol
the flowers have been cut.

Out of forty or fifty varieties, three classes practically include
all the asters grown ; these three are Trufl'aut's Pieony-Flowered
Perfection, the Victoria, and the Pompon. Trulfaut's PjKony-
Flowered Perfection and Victoria are both large asters ; the petals
of the former incurving to the centre ; the petals of the latter re-
curving to the edge. Pompon Asters have small flowers about the
size of a half-dollar.

The following list gives the principal colors afforded by each
of the three classes :

Trvffaut'a Pceuny-Floioered Perfection. — Snow white, rose, rose
and white, dark rose and wiiite, light carmine and white, carmine,
crimson, dark crimson and white, violet, and piui)U' and violet.

Victoria. — White, white tinted with rose, rose and white, car-
mine rose, crimson, and \ iolct.

ANNUALS AND THEIR CULTIVATION. 127

Pompon. — White, white and carmine, rose, crimson, crimson
and white, and violet.

The above I think include the desirable colors of each class, but
there seem to be certain colors which are especially consonant to
each class. Thus my best Perfection Asters have been either
crimson or purple violet ; my best Pompons, crimson or white and
carmine ; and my best Victorias white or rose. Why this is so I
cannot say, but so they have grown with me.

The Sweet Pea. — I think that I can say without differing in
opinion from any one present that the Sweet Pea is the most desi-
rable annual in cultivation. Its delicate fragrance, beautiful form,
and variety of coloring make it a favorite with the florist ; while
its easy culture and long continuance of blooming secure its cul-
tivation in ever}' flower garden.

Sweet peas must be planted as early in the spring as the ground
can be worked ; the seed should be sown in drills, and covered at
least six inches deep. This may be done in two ways. Having
prepared the ground and made the drills of the desired depth, we
ma}' drop the seed and draw into the drill earth enough to cover
the seed two inches deep ; as soon as the plants appear through
this covering, draw into the drill two inches more earth ; and so
on until the drill has been filled up even with the surface of the
ground. Or, secondly, the seed may be dropped and covered in
the usual manner, at a single operation.

The surface of the ground sometimes becomes hard just as the
young plants are about to appear ; especially so after a shower
followed by a hot sun. Unless some means is taken to prevent
this, a great many of the young plants will fail to break througli
the soil, and no more will be seen of them than if the seed had
not germinated at all; and those annoying ''gaps" will appear
in the rows. A slight raking just as the plants are breaking
ground will prevent this, and also kill an}' small weeds that may
have started.

The most laborious task in the cultivation of sweet peas is bush-
ing them ; and bushed they must be almost as soon as they are
well up. Having an unlimited supply of white birch at hand I use
birch brush for bushing the sweet pea, the same as for tall grow-
ing garden varieties. Wire hen netting makes a very desirable
trellis for them to run upon, and is very neat. Whatever they are
trained upon must be very firmly secured in position, as the vines

128 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

when fully grown will surely be blown down unless very strongly
supi)orte(l.

Anothiu- very desirable mode of cultivation is to begin by plac-
ing the row of birch brush, or whatever the vines are to climb upon,
in position before the peas are planted ; then plant two rows of
seed, one row on each side, about four inches from the brush
stems or trellis wires. As the vines attain their growth their sup-
ports will be entirely hidden from view and a beautiful wall of
flowers will be the result.

The following are standard varieties and should be in every col-
lection :

Fainted Lady, a beautiful rose and white.

Crown Princess of Prussia, a delicate light rose.

Scarlet Invincible, bright scarlet crimson.

"White, pure white.

Purple, dark purple.

Black Invincible, the darkest variety grown.

The following named sorts are of recent introduction and have
not as yet been sufficiently tested to warrant placing them among
the standard varieties — although some of them are very promis-
ing.

Princess Beatrice. — Color beautiful carmine rose ; an early and
continuous bloomer, with extra large petals. It holds its beautiful
color until frost ; and if it proves as desirable during the next few
seasons as it now appears it will without doubt take the place of
Crown Princess of Prussia ; for it cannot be denied tliat the latter
fails to hold its color.

I give the introducers' descriptions of the following :

Cardinal. — A splendid robust growing variety, producing a
great profusion of bright shining crimson scarlet flowers, very dis-
tinct and handsome.

Indiyo King. — The standard of this charming variety is of a
dark maroon purple, with clear indigo blue wings.

Princess of Wales. — A lovely variety, shaded and striped with
mauve on a white ground in a most pleasing manner ; the flowers
are of great substance and perfect sliape. It has been awarded a
First Class Certificate l)y the Floral Committee of the Royal Hor-
ticultural Society, Loudon.

ANNUALS AND THEIR CULTIVATION. 129

Vesuvius. — A new large flowered variety, very fragrant.
Upper petals brilliant rose, shading to a deeper hue, and spotted
carmine ; lower petals violet shaded lilac.

Bronze Prince. — A magnificent variety, with well formed flowers ;
the standard is of a rich shining bronze maroon ; the wings are of
a deep bright purple color.

Lottie Eckford. — This charming variety is in striking contrast to
the preceding, the standard being white suS'used with purple, and
the wings, which are also white, having a pretty edging of blue.

Butterfly. — Pure white ground, delicately laced with lavender
blue.

The above list I think embraces the most desirable of the newer
varieties, although only a few of them. Five still newer candi-
dates for favor have been brought forward this past season, and
will be grown -next summer for the first time ; they are

Duchess of Edinhiirgh. — Standard light scarlet, flushed with
crimson, slightly marbled or splashed at the edge with creamy
white ; wings deep rose.

Imperial Blue. — Wings bright blue, slightly shaded with mauve ;
the standard being rich purplish crimson.

Isa Eckford. — Flowers of a beautiful creamy white, heavily
suffused with rosy pink.

Orange Prince. — Described as follows : " The most distinct va-
riety ever sent out, and one that has been awarded a First Class
Certificate by the Royal Horticultural Society, London. The
standard is bright orange pink, flushed with scarlet; wings bright
rose veined with pink ; extremely handsome."

The Queen. — A very beautiful and pleasing variety ; the light,
rosy pink standard being in charming contrast to the wings, which
are light mauve.

The introducer of the above new vaiieties writes of them as
follows: " The new sorts are all very distinct, and of unusual ex-
cellence, the flowers extremely pretty, and of the most charming
and varied colors. They cannot fail to please, and can be highly
recommended."

Before leaving this branch of ray subject allow me to state
what I believe to be the "key note" of successful sweet pea
culture ; which, in nine seasons out of ten, will give success.
It is short and easily remembered: — Plant early and plant
deep.

y

130 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Pansy. — Since we are about to discuss the cultivation of
the Pans}' as an annual, the first question that presents itself to
our minds is, What strain of seed shall we plant? and this ques-
tion brings up another, What are the properties of a perfect
flower ?

Substance of petal is the most important point. However per-
fect may be the form, however beautiful the color or large the
flower — if it is weak and flimsy its beauty is destroyed. The
petals must be thick and velvety, a condition which will enabk- the
flowers to keep well after being gathered.

The second point is Form. The petals must be so disposed as
to form almost a perfect circle, yet I think the two upper petals
should be a little longer than tlie others, so as to just break the
circle. The maigin must be smooth and thi' petals perfectly llat ;
not turning up at the edges, which defect spoils a great man}-
flowers otherwise perfect.

The next requirement which demands our attention relates to
Color. Whatever the color, it should be clear and pure ; with the
eye large and distinct.

Lastly comes Size ; of course it is desirable to have good sized
flowers, but size is the least important point of a good pansy.

I believe judges usually adopt the following scale of points : —
form, four points; substance, three ; color, two; and size, one ;
if I were to attempt to improve upon tliis scale, I should sa}'. Give
to substance four points, or perhaps even five ; and let us have
some good, heavy, velvety pansies.

Kefening to my diary I find March 10 has been the average date
for planting pans}' seed ; and May 20 for setting the plants in the
open ground. The young plants are treated in the same way as
the asters, and are transi)lanted into beds as soon as the ground
becomes dry and warm. The beds are prepared for the reception
of these plants as previousU' described ; except that thoroughly
rotted cow dung is the only manure used ; horse manure should be
avoided. Set the plants two feet apart each wa}', and water thor-
oughly in dr\' weather. Almost as soon as tlie i)laiits have be-
come established in their new position, tlicy will begin to bloom ;
and uidess they are closely watched, nnd all the buds are picked
off as they form, the plants will exhaust themselves in producing a
few very inferior (lowers, and grow very spindlingly.

From the day that the plants are transphmled into the open

ANNUALS AND THEIK CULTIVATION. 131

ground the beds should be examined every morning ; every visible
bud should be pinched off and every long shoot shortened, the ob-
ject in view being to obtain large stocky plants, full of vitality.
If this matter is attended to regularly it will only take a few min-
utes each day ; but if neglected even for a day, and the day be a
warm one, some of the plants will be sure to flower ; which will
weaken them and parti}' undo our previous work.

If the plants are thus kept from flowering until cool weather, and
then allowed to bloom, the flowers will be of good substance and
large size. I do not wish this to be taken as implying that I ever
consider the size of the flowers in any ditterent light from that men-
tioned in my scale of points ; but this keeping-back process will
make large and at the same time heavy and velvety flowers.

After the first of September the flowers of almost all other an-
nuals begin to grow poor and the first frost practically ends their
flowering. But the pansy seems rather to improve than otherwise
by any frost that we usually have in September ; and it is from the
first of that month until the middle of October that a bed of pan-
sies grown as described is in its prime ; a time when flowers of all
kinds are, I believe, rather scarce. Last fall, after every other
flower in my garden had been spoiled by frost, my pansy bed re-
mained for a month in full bloom, covered with an abundance
of the most beautiful flowers.

The Trop^olum. — Of this extensive genus, including with hardy
annuals also greenhouse and herbaceous perennials, three of the
annual species chiefly attract our attention ; these are

TropcBolnm mojus (Tall Nasturtium). — A well known running
species, much used for covering trellises and rustic work.

Tropveoluvi minus (Dwarf Nasturtium). — A dwarf species,
growing from one foot to fifteen inches in height, and one of the
most useful flowers we have ; for its compact growth and rich
colored blossoms render it an excellent bedding plant.

Ttopceolum Lobhianum. — A running species: which may be
grown on a trellis, or as a dwarf if the ends of the vines are closely
pinched off, otherwise it will cover unnecessary space. The flow-
e"rs are smaller and more cup-shaped than those of the two preced-
ing species ; and are of verv l)rilliant colors.

As regards the culture of the Tropseolum I have hardly anything
to say, it is so easily grown. All that seems necessary is to plant
the seed in good rich soil, see that the plants have plenty of
room in which to grow, and keep the soil thoroughly stirred.

132 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

I see by the clock that I have used up my allotted ti me, and yet
have onl^' opened this subject of Annuals and Their Cultiva-
tion, but if anything that I h:ive said shall help to extend the culti-
vation of this beautiful class of flowers, 1 shall be more than
pleased.

Discussion.

Henry Ross was called on by the Chairman, and said that he
had not taken half the interest in annuals that he wished he had,
and he meant to do differently in future. He mentioned the
Dwarf Antirrhinum, or Snapdragon, as a most beautiful annual.
The Dwarf Sweet Alvssum and Petunia are also desirable. He
means in future to grow his verbenas from seed for they have been
brought to such perfection that we are pretty sure to get good
ones, and seedling plants are not diseased like those raised from
cuttings. Petunias raised from good strains make one of the
most beautiful shows in the flower garden. At Forest Hills Cem-
etery a large part of the floral decoration is composed of annuals.

John G. Barker thought we had all been remiss in looking after
the cultivation of annuals. He spoke of a visit of the Garden
Committee to the garden of a lady at Ilopedale, which took the
prize for the best flower garden. Annuals were extensively used
here with beautiful effect. There was one bed composed of
Phlox Drummondi and asters of different colors, with a border of
Ageratum, which was particularly beautiful ; he had never seen a
bed of foliage or flowering plants more ornamental. Almost all
the work in this garden was done by the lady and members of her
household. He wished more ladies would devote themselves to
growing annuals ; they could easily do it. He had been through
the seedsmen's catalogues prett}' thoroughly to find the best kinds
of annuals. For mixed beds at Forest Hills Cemetery, of which
he is Superintendent, he has to make carefnl preparation in order
to meet the wants of lot owners, there being over three hundred
lots which are under perpetual care by the Cemetery. He will
have this year four thousand asters ; if planted properly nothing
will take their place. Antirrhinums are invaluable. The Schizau-
thus is exceedingly valuable. Sweet peas cannot be used in bed-
ding, but there are places where they are invaluable. Phhix
Drummondi cannot be dispensed with. Wonderful strides have

ANNUALS AND THEIR CULTIVATION. 133

been made in the improvement of the Zinnia, until now it is a
magnificent autumn flowei* ; we could not get along without it.

It is important in planning mixed beds to study the habits of
growth and the colors of the different plants, and to arrange them
so as to produce harmonious and pleasing effects. The tall grow-
ing kinds should be placed in the rear or centre of the beds, with
the lower growing kinds in front. He had seen one border
planted against a curbstone sixteen inches high, with tall Phloxes
in front and Cupheas behind — exactly the reverse of what should
have been.

In regard to pansies, the essa^ast had said all that was neces-
sary. The speaker sows his seed in September and keeps the
plants over the winter in a cold frame for planting in April, so as
to have as good a bed as he can by Decoration Day. His expe-
rience with verbenas is the same as Mr. Ross's. He makes two or
three sowings ; the first about this time, and afterwards at inter-
vals of two or three weeks. The}' flourish best in new soil, and
he tries to give them a new place ever^"^ year. They deserve a
prominent position. We have neglected some of the old things
too much, and he means this year to have a little garden of an-
nuals on his own account, including mignonette.

The ladies were next called on. Miss S. W. Story approved
especially of the Schizanthus. Last year she cultivated in the
greenhouse a species of Cosmos, a comparatively new annual re-
sembling the single dahlia.

Mrs. E. M. Gill said that last 3'ear she grew three thousand pan-
sies. She sows the seed in August and September and transplants
as she gets time, covering them with glass from October to the last
of March. She uses fresh cow manure for them successfully. Seed-
ling verbenas are not onl}' freer from disease than those raised
from cuttings, but the flowers have more substance. Calendulas
and Marigolds are valuable annuals.

Robert T. Jackson said that the season of bloom of marigolds
is short, and it is well to have a succession, sowing until the mid-
dle of May. Those latest sown will last until frost comes. When
it is desired to have double flowers, single ones should not be left
in the garden as the bees will carr}' pollen from them which will
cause the double ones to deteriorate. He pulls up all the poor
ones.

Mr. Faxon added to the annuals previously mentioned by him

134 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the Dwarf Scabious, Ten-weeks Stocks, and Sinirlc Dahlias <;rown
as annuals. lie does not think sweet peas need new ground
every year; be had grown them on the same ground seven years.
In answer to an inquiry he said that as a rule the named varieties
come true to name. He imports every year all the new varieties
offered. One cannot grow everything and it is better to grow a
few things well.

Arthur II. Fewkes mentioned the Salpiglossis. the Single An-
nual Chrysanthemum, and the small Single Marigold as annuals
which should be in every collection. He sows pansies in August
and transplants and before w'inter covers them with brush, and
they are ready to flower as soon as the weather is warm enough in
spring. By July the flowers are small, and he prunes them in
and pinches out the flower buds and they flower abundantly in the
fall. The colors of the Salpiglossis are ver}' rich. They are best
sown in March,' and should first be established in small pots and
then planted out in soil suitable for petunias. They do well in
his soil, which is rather light and sandy but quite rich. It is well
to water them in dry weather. They flower freely all summer.

William II. Badlam asked Mr. Faxon whether he had ever dug
a trench twelve or eighteen inches deep and filled the bottom with
manure, for sweet peas.

Mr. Faxon replied that he had not done so, but he thought this
would be a good way. The sweet pea is a very gross feeder
and needs a liberal manuring.

Mr. Badlam said that some of his friends have cast-iron rules ;
they must always plant sweet peas on Fast Day, and they pursue
the plan which he had described, and always succeed.

Mr. Faxon said that they could not do otherwise than well.

Joseph H. Woodford said that for sweet peas he digs a trench
two spades deep anrl fills in with manure and mixes with the soil
so as to leave it two or three inches below the surface. On this
he sows the seed, covering it an inch, and when the plants are up
draws more soil on so that the ground is level when he sticks
them, lie puts in heavy sticks, as he must to support them.
The flowers must be picked every day, or there will be no late
ones. The object of all annual plants is to grow, flower, and per-
fect their seed, and when they are allowed to do the last they die
and you get no more flowers. The first flowers of the aster are
froui the centre of the plant, and they are very fine ; and if you

MEMORIAL OF HON. MARSHALL P. WILDER. 135

pick these you will get flowers from the side shoots. Paasies
are fond of moisture aud cool soil, aud will bear the highest ma-
nuring if the manure is somewhat decomposed. He manures them
highly in a trench with the coolest manure he can get. If the
weather is very dry he would water with pretty strong liquid ma-
nure— not immediately' around the plants, but would make holes
between them and pour the manure in. He picks them because
he wants them, but never lets them mature seed.

Mr. Faxon agreed with Mr. Woodford that it is very necessary
to pick off the flowers of annuals as fast as they bloom ; it is one
great secret of success. If they make a few seed-pods it is too
late to stop them. He recommended the Meteor and Prince of
Orange calendulas.

It was announced that on the next Saturday W". A. Manda, gar-
dener at the Botanic Garden of Harvard Uuiversit}', would read a
paper on " Herbaceous Plants."

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, February 19, 1887.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Henry P. Walcott, in the chair.

The Secretary read a letter from G. B. Brackett, Secretary of
the Iowa State Horticultural Society, enclosing the following me-
morial of the late Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, adopted by that Soci-
ety at its meeting at Charles City, January 21, 1887 :

Whereas, at the close of a useful life of more than fourscore
years, during which he has been one of the foremost actors in all
the great events of the age, spending more than half a centur}' in
the promotion of all that pertains to the art and science of Pomol-
ogy and Horticulture, the Hon. Marshall P. Wilder has been called
to his final rest in the heavenly paradise, by the pure river of the
water of life, and beneath the tree of life which yields its twelve
manner of fruits every month, and its leaves for the healing of
the nations —

Therefore, Resolved, That we, the officers and members of the

136 MASSACHUSETTS HOUTICULTLHAL SOCIETY.

Iowa State Horticultural Society, while we mourn our loss, will
strive to emulate the example he has set us, practice the virtues
that ennobled his character, and cherish his memory as one of the
most useful and venerable of those engaged in our noble calling.

Resolved, That to him more than to anj- other is due the credit
of placing the art and science of Pomology and Horticulture
abreast of the other sciences of our country.

Resolved, That the Secretary be requested to furnish a cop}" of
these resolutions to the American 1 omological Society, the Mas-
sachusetts Horticultural Society, and the family of the deceased.

G. B. Brackett,

H. W. Lathrop, \- Committee.

J. L. BUDD,

Adjourned to Saturday, February 26.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.
Our Native Plants.

By W. A. Manda, Gardener at the Botanic Garden of Harvard University,

Cambridge.

If we consider the large extent of this country, reaching from
arctic Alaska to semi-tropical Florida ; the high snow-clad moun-
tains, the sloping hills and fertile valleys, the sunn}' plains and
arid deserts, the rich bogs and still or running waters, with all
the range and combination of the different climates included with-
in its limits, we must necessarily expect to find a great variety of
plants growing in those different natural stations and those vari-
ous climates. And surely we are not disappointed in this expec-
tation, for within the borders of the United States we find a very
great number of species and varieties of plants, and these pre-
senting such diversities of form, stature, and structure that they
can be used for almost any ornamental purpose ; while many of
them are of great economical value.

With them we can plant our avenues, [)arks, and shrubberies, as
well as borders, rockworks, and flower beds ; with them we can make
our gardens gay, and keep a succession of bloom from the time
when the snow leaves the ground until it comes again in the late
autumn ; and if you have a greenhouse you can stock it either with
foliage plants or flowering ones that will blossom the whole win-

OUR NATIVE PLANTS. 137

ter through ; or, by bringing in some of the earlier flowering kinds
which force readily, you can enjoy their sweet and delicate vernal
blossoms when other plants, in their natural condition, are still in
deep slumber, covered with snow.

There is variety- enough in store to suit all tastes and require-
ments, ranging all the way from the largest tree known to the
smallest alpine plant, that does not grow above an inch from the
ground; from the royal palm to the little modest violet ; from
plants that grow in water to those that flourish for several months
without a drop of rain.

I do not intend to speak from a botanical point of view, for a
botanist pays very little attention to the ornamental quality of a
plant ; he rejoices over the most insignificant weed so long as it
is something new, that helps to fill the gaps in the natural system,
and connect the plants one with another, as they are naturally
related. But I am speaking horticulturally, in a company where
plants are appreciated for tlieir showy or fragrant flowers and the
freedom with which these are produced ; for their beautiful foli-
age as well as for their hardiness and robust growth ; and, as we
must take it for granted that, out of the some ten thousand spe-
cies and varieties of our native plants, more than half are of some
horticultural interest, and thus worthy of culture, we must rejoice
over this large store of plants that Nature has provided for us ;
and try by cultivation and hybridization to improve some of the
species.

It is self-evident that these native plants must be far better
constituted to stand our variable and trying climate than an}-
exotic plants can be. In Europe, and especially in England, these
plants, native with us, are cultivated with great zeal and care, and
already many varieties have been improved by careful selection,
and several remarkable hybrids have been produced by crossing
the dilferent species. And so we can but wonder why they are
not more cultivated in this country, as thej' plainly deserve to be.

In attempting to describe some of the best species and varie-
ties, I think it will be proper to mention ihem not in botanical
orders, but in classes, as they are adapted to cultivation ; and the
first class that claims our attention consists of the

Hardy Herbaceous and Perennial Plants. — Under this head
we expect to find such plants as are not shrubby and whose stem
generally dies down to the root annually, and whose growth is

138 3MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

coiitinutHl from the same root for a series of years. In their wild
state they are found growini; on hills, in valleys, and on plains.
They are b}' far the easiest plants to cnltivate, as they will grow
in any ordinary soil and sitnation. Only a very few reqnire an}'
shade whatever; even those that natnrally grow in deep and
shaded woods can stand the full sun in cultivation and are even
more vigorous and floriferous than in tiieir native haunts.

They can be propairated by different metlK^ds ; the most natural
one is that from seed, which should be sown in December or Janu-
ary, in pots or pans, and kept in a cool and dark place until it
germinates. The young plants should then be transplanted into a
light and cool greenhouse or frame, and subsequently, when large
enough to handle, potted singly ; and iinall}-, in April, planted
out in their proper places.

Plants of this class (except those that have long tapering roots)
are also readily [jropagated b}' division. This operation should be
perfortned in the autumn ; the plants should be carefully cut so
that each portion has a few good roots attached ; then they should
be planted in some light sandy soil in a cool frame, where they
should be kept until spring, by which time thej' will begin to form
fresh roots, and if then planted out will grow along without any
interruption.

Another way of propagating is by cuttings ; these must be taken
from the plants just when tlrey begin to grow or after flowering is
over ; using portions of the soft lateral branches. These cuttings
should be inserted in pots or boxes tilled with a mixture of sand
and leaf-mould, and kept in a cool shaded frame until rooted, when
they should be [)otted singly in three-inch pots, and (inall}' planted
out the following spring in the places where they are desired.

The hardiness of these plants cannot be judged by the number
of degrees of frost they may endure in the winter, for changeable
wealher is more trying to them than the hardest frost, especially
when the ground is covered with snow. I have observed many
plants that stood the winter well, and had bcLiun to grow in the
early spring, and were then killed by even a slight frost. A light
covering with either evergreen branches or Russia mats will be of
great benefit to them ; not that it will keep out the frost, but it
will sin)i)ly prevent the sudileii thawing and freezing.

Some persons, and especially botanists, will maintain that these
plants do not require any special nourishment beside what they

OUR NATIVE PLANTS. 139

may draw from the soil they are growing in. This may be so iu
their natural stations, where they grow for years, dropping off a
mass of stems and foliage annually which deeaj's and forms the
best and most natuial nutriment for them. But the case is differ-
ent in culture in our gardens, where for the sake of cleanliness
any decaying leaves or stems are taken from them ; an.l there a
dressing of good well rotted manure is very essential to the well-
being of this class of plants.

Among our hardy herbaceous and perennial plants we rate
the Phlox as one of the best, for with the different species of this
showy genus alone we could have flowers at all seasons. P. subu-
lata forms a dense mass of rose colored flowers with pink eyes, in
the earliest spring. From this species a good many garden varie-
ties have been produced, such as Nelsoni^ atropiirparea^ The Bride,
nivalis, and others, varying in the color of their flowers from the
darkest purple to snow white. P. amoena is another beautiful ver-
nal bloomer ; it grows about three inches in height, and produces
in Ma}" a profusion of purple flowers. Not less valuable is P.
ovata, which sends up large heads of beautiful purple flowers, on
stems from a foot to two feet high, in June. P. maculata pro-
duces pyramidal spikes of purple flowers ; while P. divaricala has
pretty bluish or lilac flowers on stems a foot high, and blossoms in
May. A very neat and compact growing species is P. glaberri net ;
it grows a foot high, has long shiny folinge, and dense heads of
pinkish flowers in June and July. P. reptans is a dwarf and neat
species, never growing over six inches high ; it produces large
flowers in May. But P. paniculata is the best known and most
widely cultivated ; it grows from two to six feet in height. The
type has usually purple (seldom white) flowers, in large and dense
pyramidal spikes. Innumerable garden varieties have been pro-
duced from this species, presenting all colors from red to white.
This species and its varieties flower from Jul}' to October.

Tiie Rudbeckia, or Cone Flower, is another very valuable genus ;
the best species is R. S2)eci,sa, which grows from one to two feet
high and produces a quantity of large flowers, the disk dark pur-
ple and the rays orange-yellow; it blooms in July and August.
R. maxima is very striking on account of its ample glaucous foli-
age and the very large flowers, with very high black disks, and
long yellow rays. It flowers in August. R. sabtomentosa grows
from three to four feet high and produces a large quantity of showy

140 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

flowers ; the disk is brown and the rays are golden-yellow. Other
very good species are R. grandijlora, R. Califomica, and R.
7nollis. all worth cultivating — and more might be named.

Lepachys pitinata resembles somewhat tlie last named genus ; it
grows about three feet high, and produces a profusion of flowers
in August and September ; the disk is light brown and the rays are
yellow.

All the hundred species and varieties of Pentstemon are showy,
but unfortunately only a few will stand our winters, the genus
being made up chiefly by natives of western and south-western
states. Among the hardy kinds v;e have P. diffasus, which I con-
sider the ber.t one ; it grows from twelve to eighteen inches high,
and its large purple flowers are very freely produced from May to
August. P. pubescens is another good species, with long spikes of
pale violet flowers produced in May and June. P. ovatus is also
worth growiug ; it flowers in June and July. P. glaber is a very
showy and compact plant ; the stems are a foot high, covered for
the most part with very large blue or purple flowers. P. Iceviga-
tvs and the variety Digitalis are showy plants, growing to the
height of five feet ; the flowers are white, in dense spikes. P. con-
fertus has also a profusion of lilac flowers, although not very large.
P. barbatus is one of the best for general culture ; the leaves are
shining, while the flowers, which are borne on long spikes, are deep
red. There are several varieties, the best of which is Torreyi,
more robust than the type, flowering later, and having darker
flowers and larger branching spikes.

Closely allied is the genus Chelone or Turtle Head ; of which
three species are hardy, glabra^ with white flowers, and Lyoni
and obliqua^ with rose colored flowers.

The Aquilegias, or Columbines, are very showy and deserving
plants. I name first A. chrysantha, which grows three feet in
height, and has long spui-red golden flowers. A. ccernlea has nearly
the same structure, but the sepals are deep blue and the petals
white, making it very ornamental. A. formosa and A. truncata
have red flowers, while A. brevistyla has dark blue flowers. Not
less noteworthy is A. Canadmsis with its profusion of red flow-
ers in the earliest spring, and although quite common in our woods
very ornamental in cultivation. There are two other species, A.
flavesceva nnd A. Jouenii, which are at present very little known.
Numerous hybrids of this genus have been produced in cultivation,
but none are equal to any of the species.

OUR NATIVE PLANTS. 141

Out of the several species of Anemone, or Wind Flower, only
one, A. decapetala, can come into the class now under considera-
tion. It grows a foot high, and has numerous cream colored
flowers. The Hepatica, or Liver-leaf, is now classed among the
Anemones. The two native species are very neat and compact
plants, flowering in the early spring, and sometimes even under
the snow. H. triloba has flowers varying from blue to white ; and
H. aculiloha pinkish or nearly white.

The Aconitura,or Monkshood, is also worth growing, especially
A. reclinatinii, with white flowers produced on arching stems, and
A. uncinatum of the same habit but with blue flowers ; both are
autumn flowers, and thus more valuable, although not so showy as
A. JSfapellus, which grows erect, and has very large blue or purple
flowers.

Not less valuable is the Delphinium or Larkspur ; there are
several species with mostly blue flowers. D. 3IenziesU, D. exal-
tatum, D. azureuvi, D. simplex, and D. tricorne are among the best
for ordinary culture.

Under the genus Coreopsis we find also many valuable plants,
such as C. la7iceolata, of very compact and dwarf habit, and pro-
ducing a multitude of deep 3'ellow flowers. C. grandiflora, C.
pubescens, and C. auriculata are all similar to each other in habit,
and not unlike C. lunceolata. C. verticillata grows eighteen
inches high, has finely divided leaves, and numerous bright yellow
flowers. C. delphinifolia, C. senifolia, and C. palmata are pretty
much alike ; the}' grow from one to three feet in heiglit, have rath-
er broad palmately divided or cleft foliage, and ample heads of
bright 3-ellow flowers. C. roaea is quite distinct, growing only six
inches high, and having small rose colored flowers, while again (7.
tripteris ma}' be easily mistaken for a sunflower.

Nearly all of the one hundred and twenty-four species and many
varieties of Aster are worth growing, because they flower late ia
summer and autumn, when flowers are scarce. Especially showy
is A. turbinelhis, with slender stems from two to four feet high,
and innumerable pretty violet flowers in October and November.
A. 2Mtens, A. loevis, and A. Sho7-tii are of similar habit and merit.
A. ptarmicoides has large trusses of white flowers, on stenas eight-
een inches long, produced in midsummer. A. Novce-Anglim is
quite showy and more known than any other species. A. spectabi-
lis, A. palndosus, and A. surculosus are all of dwarf habit and have-

142 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

large heads of violet flowers. Quite remarkable is A. sericeus,
witli silky foliage and lilac flowers. A. mnltijlorus aud A. ericoides
are also valuable, uot on account of the size but the great
quantity of their white flowers. Other very good species are
grandiflorus, diffusits, anietlii/stinus, versicolor, azureus, Curtisii,
and Rddula; and many others could be named.

The genus Solidago, or Golden-rod, includes a great many species
which have, with one or two exceptions, all yellow flowers. Among
the best ones are S. Drumvioiidi, with arching and much branch-
ing stems ; «S. speciosa, about three feet high, slightly arching, and
bearing large panicles of flowers; S. Virga-aurea, which varies in
stature according to the locality where it grows ; it has a large
dense inflorescence, of bright 3-ellow color ; 6'. rigida, which grows
three or four feet hmh, the stout stems terminated with dense pani-
cles of large flowers : and S. semper cij'ens, which although com-
mon is quite showy, having shining foliage. This genus has
seventy-eight s|)ecii'S, besides mtmy varieties.

Nearly as large a genus is the Erigeron or Fleabane. E. belli-
difolinm is (juite common in our woods, but the western species
and especially salsughiosus, speciasits, and macr<(nthas are much
more show}'. They grow from one to three feet in height and
produce numerous and large violet or whitisii flowers.

Two species of (Enothera, or Evening Primrose, are notable ;
(E. fnUicosa, a foot hig.i, wilh several ami)le yellow flowers, and
Cfi". 3Ii>iS'>Hrieitsis, of trailing habit and with flowers of great size
and beautiful yellow color.

A very prelly plant is Cunila Mariana or Dittany ; this grows
very de se, and i)roduces a large number of purplish flowers in
the autumn.

Another very noteworth}' plant is Asdepias tuberosa, with stems
one to two feet high and clusters of deep orange-red flowers.
TJiis plant does not like to be disturl)ed at the root.

Pulevionium cceruleum and the white variety are quite showy
when in bloom in June and July. P. re2itans, a vernal species,
grows onl}' six inches high, making a mass of light blue flowers
in May.

The llydropliyllums also would be worth cultivating; the plants
have either l)lue or while fl<nvers, in the spring

The Tlialiclrum, or Meadow-Uuc, is quite ornamental ; T. Cor-
ntdi and T. dinicuui have white and 7'. Feudleri yellow flowers.

OUR NATIVE PLANTS. 143

The Hibiscus, or Rose-Mallow, is a showy genus, having
flowers from four to six inches in diameter. H. Moscheutos grows
four feet high, and has white or whitish flowers. H. 7nilitaris
has somewhat similar flowers but is more floriferous. H. grand-
ijlorxis has red flowers.

A ver}' valuable genus is the Baptisia or False Indigo, growing
from two to four feet in height and producing large spikes of
flowers in earlj- summer. B. australis has blue flowers ; B. alba
and B. bracteata, white; while tinctoria, perfoliaM, lanceolata,
sivijilicifolia, sphairocarpa^ and microphylla are yellow ; and vil-
losa and leucop/tcea have yellow and white flowers.

The Thermopsis is similar to the foregoing. All the six species
have yellow flowers and all are worth growing. T. Carolin-
iana is the best of the genus ; it grows about four feet high and
flowers in June and July. The other species are Californicu,
fiaxinijolia., mucrophylla^ montana, and mollis.

The geuus Astragalus, with about one hundred and seventy
species and varieties, is also horticulturally interesting, but at
present the}^ are only known by herbarium specimens, with the
exception of A. Caiiadentis, wliich has yellowish flowers.

The genus Lupiuus is also very numerous and most of the
species are veiy ornamental; especially perennis., marilimus,
NootJiate)isis^ ji'dyphyllus, and littondis, mosti}" with blue or pur-
ple flowers, but some are white or yellow.

Cas.sia Marilandicu, the Wild Senna, is very ornamental on
accouut of its large spikes of yellow flowers.

Out of the several species of Liatris, or Blazing Star, only
sj^icata, scariosa, and pyaiostachya are adapted to general culture.
Thej-are very showy, having long spikes of rose or purple flowers.

The Eupatoriums are also very numerous but are noi all hardy.
E. purpiirewm^ with deep purple flo:.ers in large clusters, and E.
altissimum, E. 2:)erfoliatum., and E. ogtratoides are very good
plants.

The Boltonia, resembling the Aster but much larger, is a very
valuable genus, of three species. B. asteroides grows from four
to" seven feet in height and produces an innumerable quantity of
white flowers, while the rare B. latisqua^na is more compact and
dwarfer but produces its beautiful lilac flowers with as much free-
dom as the former; the third, B. diffusa, is not much known.

The Monarda, or Horse-Mint, is a genus of showy and sweet-

144 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

scented plants, of which M. fistulosa has rose colored flowers ;
while M. dichjma lias deep red and M. Bradburiana purplish.

The same may be said of another genus, Pycnanthemum or
Basil, which iias flowers varying from white to purple, according
to the ditlerent species.

Physostegia Virginiana grows from twelve to eighteen inches
high, bearing spikes of large rose colored flowers.

Some of the Violets may be also mentioned, especially Viola
pedata, with large lilac-pur[)le flowers ; and also the variety bicolor,
which is much darker and prettier; and the chaste white form,
which is occasionally found. V. cucullata is also very showy,
having ample variegated flowers, but sometimes bearing blooms of
iinicolor purple or pure white.

Campanida rotundijiora, the Harebell, is a very beautiful plant,
growing a foot in height and bearing numerous large flowers vary-
ing from the brightest blue to nearly white in color.

Gaillardia aristata is a very neat and showy plant with yellow
flowers, but we have now in cultivation G. grandijiora and the vari-
ety maxima, the former with yellow and red, the latter with yellow
flowers, very large and showy and produced in great quantity.
Both of these are only varieties of G. aristata, showing plainly
how much a plant can be improved if cultivated for a time, and
propagated from seed saved always from the best flowers.

The Echinacea, or Purple Cone-flower, is also very showy on ac-
count of the large heads of purple flowers produced by E. pur-
2)urea and E. angustijolia.

For very tail plants we have the Helianthus or Sunflower, of
which there are .several species, all growing from four to twelve
feet in height and having large yellow flowers. H. rigid us is the
dwarf est, never exceeding four feet in height, and has large
showy heads. //. mollis grows very compact, four to six feet in
height, and produces rather large flowers. II. loivigatus grows
from five to eight feet high and has numerous pretty flowers,
altogether smaller than those of others. H. decapetalus has
broad leaves and ample flowers. From this species it is surmised
that H. multijlorus originated ; if that be so we have another good
proof of how a plant can be improved. //. vmltijlorus has flowers
more than twice the size of tiie supposed type. In cultivation we
see mostly the double variety, which is not so showy nor so pretty
as the single one. //. orgyalia is very striking on account of its

OUR NATIVE PLANTS. 145

long, narrow leaves and bright yellow flowers. H. doronicoides
and H. strumosus have large and very show}' flowers, while for
size of the plant we have H. giganteus, H. tuberosus, and H. Max-
imillani; all of the last three growing from eight to twelve feet
high, and even higher.

Another tall growing genus is the Silphium or Rosin- Plant.
There are several species ; the most remarkable is S. laciniatam,
the Compass Plant of the prairies, which is said to have the
peculiarity of turning the edges of its lower leaves north and
south ; but this is not observed in cultivation. This plant grows
from six to twelve feet high and has large yellow flowers.
Another showy species is S. perfoliatum or Cup-Plant ; it has
square stems, six to eight feet high, and numerous large flowers of
deep yellow color. Other very valuable species are integrifolium,
terehinthinaceum^ trifoliatum, Asteriscus, and asperrimum, all with
yellow flowers, and albijlorum with white flowers.

The Vernonia, or Iron-weed, grows also from six to ten feet in
height, and has large clusters of deep purple flowers. Some of
the best species are Ai'kansana,, JSfoveboracensis, altissima, and
fasciculata.

An early flowering plant is Sanguinaria Canadensis or Blood-
root, with its snow-white blossom.

Waldsteinia fragarioides sends up at the same time a great pro-
fusion of yellow flowers.

Geum triflorum also flowers in the early season, and is followed
b}' curious seeds ; while G. radiatum produces its golden flowers
in June.

Lillian pereiine has ver^- prettj' blue flowers.

Hyxiericum pyramidalum produces large spikes of ample yellow
flowers.

Podophyllum peltatitm., or Mandrake, has large leaves, and large
nodding white flowers in May.

Stylophorum dijyhyllam^ the Celandine Poppy, is also very orna-
mental, with its large yellow blossoms.

Lobelia syphilitica grows about eighteen inches high and bears
large spikes of blue flowers, while L. splendens has the same habit,
and deep red flowers.

Very ornamental are also the herbaceous species of Spiraea, such
as S. Aruncus or Goat's Beard, which forms plants three to four
feet high, and has large spikes of white flowers ; and S. lobaia^
IQ

146 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

commonly called Queen of the rraiiie ; this grows about eighteen
inches hitrh. and produces very showy clusters of deep pink flow-
ers. IMany other valuable plants belonging to this class should
be mentioned, but as this is only a brief review space must be re-
served to do justice to other classes.

I must now pass to the

Alpine AND Rock Plants. — This title will cover plants that
may be cultivated out of doors, but which require special situation,
soil, and protection. First, we have the Alpine plants proper, or
those that'are found growing at high altitudes, generally among or
upon rocks, exposed to breezes of pure and cool air, and subjected
to a perfect rest for more than six months in the year. They are
all delicate plants of neat habit, and exceedingly difficult to culti-
vate, even in our Northern States, on account of the hot
summer seasons, while in the South they could not be kept alive,
any more than we in the North could keep tropical plants through
our severe winters.

The ground for growing these plants must be raised above that
surrounding it, and should consist of good light loam mingled with
leaf-mould and sand ; and in this should be set larger and smaller
pieces of sandstone or limestone, so as to imitate as far as possi-
ble, on a small scale, the conditions of some mountain regions.
It should have a northern exposure ; while the south side should
have some means of protection against the fierce rays of the sun,
but should not by any means be under trees, as these plants re-
quire all the light and air they can obtain, although sensitive to
the heat. The propagation of these plants is effected in the same
ways as recommended for hardy herbaceous plants, but it is a
much more difficult and often a disappointing work. Being small
and delicate plants, they do not require any manure, beyond a good
mulching of well decayed leaves in the autumn.

Covering either with evergreen branches or other light material
is necessary to the well l)eiiig of these plants. This should be
done after tlie ground has frozen somewhat, so as to keep these
plants in a j)erfect and uniform rest; otherwise, if covered too
earl}', the plants may start to grow several times during the win-
ter, and thus exhaust themselves ; or they may be liable to damp
off.

In the second division of this class we have plants that are not
Alpines but for some reason must be grown with them, to ensure

OUR NATIVE PLANTS. 147

success. Some may grow among rocks or stones, and thus re-
quire to be grown like Alpines, but are much easier to grow and
propagate ; then again we have some plants that are small and
delicate, or grow only in certain situations, and therefore cannot
be grown successfully under general culture ; while others being
natives of Southern or Western States are not hsirdy under ordi-
nary circumstances, but if planted and protected in the same way
as Alpine plants they will flourish well, and thus many valuable
and showy plants will be added to the list of those for out-door
culture in our climate.

Precaution must be taken that no such plants be admitted
among alpines as have running rootstocks, which spread with
rapidity among the stones, overrunning the more delicate plants ;
and as it is much more difficult to keep a place clean where these
rootstocks have worked in than ordinary ground, it is sometimes
necessary, in such cases, to take up the stones and clear up every
particle of roots, to get rid of such an intruder.

Among the valuable Alpine and Rock Plants we have the Ane-
mone alpma, which grows about a foot high, with very large white
flowers ; A. narciss{flora, eight inches high, with from three to
five white flowers on a stem ; A. nemorosa, a pretty vernal bloomer,
with white flowers ; A. mtdtijida, having small purplish flowers,
and A. patens var. Nuttalliana, which has large purplish and yel-
low flowers.

Delphinium nudicaule has a tuberous root, grows six inches high,
and has red flowers. D. cardinale has flowers of the same color,
but they are much larger and are produced on branching stems
four feet in height.

The genus Saxifraga includes many valuable plants, such as S.
oppositifolia, of trailing habit, and covered with large purple
flowers in the spring, and S. aizoides, of a sedum-like habit, and
having yellow flowers. S. ccespitosa forms large masses of bright
green foliage, and white blossoms in early spring ; while S. Aizoon
and S. Jiagellaris form neat rosettes with their thick leaves. The
common S. Virginica is also showy in the early spring, when
it produces great quantities of white flowers.

The little Tlialictrum anemonoides is very prett}".

TrolUus laxua has large pale yellow flowers.

Rhexia Virginica is a very beautiful plant ; it grows six inches
in height, and has large purple flowers. There are several species
of this genus, all worth cultivating.

148 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

A vcr}' beautiful plant is the Zauschveria Californlca, which
grows over a foot high, and bears niinierous red flowers.

The genus Aj-nica is quite interesting, and among the several
species we find alpina,foliosa, longifolia, amplexicanlis, and Chaviis-
sonis; all with large bright yellow flowers.

Campanula divarkata is very pretty with its innumerable blue
flowers.

The Dodecatheon, or Shooting Star, is a beautiful plant ; the
only species is D. 3Ieadia, with several varieties. It grows a foot
high, and produces umbels of showy flowers varying from pure
white to the darkest purple.

The Marshallia is a genus of four species, ccespitosa, latifolia,
lanceolata., and angustifolia, all of dwarf habit, and producing white
or rose-colored heads of flowers not unlike those of a Scabiosa.

Quite a valuable plant is the Spigelia Marilandica^ growing over
a foot in height, and bearing large red and yellow flowers in the
earl}' summer.

Polemonium humile, more known under the name of P. Richard-
sonii, is a very pretty plant with numerous blue flowers in large
spikes.

Hydrophylhim copitatinn is prett}- on account of its heads of
lilac flowers.

Phlox Stellaria is a showy and floriferous plaut with light rosy
flowers.

The delicate genus Primula, or Primrose, is represented by sever-
al very neat species. P. Mistissinica grows only four mches high,
and has rose colored flowers. P. farinosa is a stronger grower,
and has flowers of the same color but larger. P. suffrutesce7is has
somewhat woody stems, and .thick, whitish leaves. The flowers
are larger, and of beautiful purple color. The best species is P.
Parry i ; it has large tliick leaves, and the stem bears several large
flowers which are crimson with bright }cllow eyes, thus making it
very striking.

Iris verna and I. cristata arc two beautiful plants.

Not less valuable is the closely allied ^isyrinchium yrandijloi'iim,
usually with dark purple flowers, but a pure white variety of this
is sometimes found.

A very delicate plant is Eritrichium narium, with a profusion of
sky-blue flowers.

Cedronella carta has scented foliage, and spikes of purple flowers.

OUR NATIVE PLANTS. 149

Quite showy is Uvularia gratidijlora, witli yellow bell-shaped
flowers, produced in great abundance in the early spring.

Solarium Torreyi is a rare and beautiful plant two feet in height
with large violet flowers.

Ipomoea leptophylla has a very large tapering root, stout trailing
stems, and large pink flowers.

The genus Mertensia or Lungwort is represented by seven
species, all very beautiful plants, with clusters of purple or blue
flowers. One of the best and also the most known is M. Virgini-
ca with purple flowers ; but M. paniculatn, M. oblongifoUa, M. Si-
be7'ica, M. lanceolata, M. maritima, and M. aljnna are equally
valuable species.

Another showy genus is the Silene or Catchfly, with numerous
species. Among the best we have S. Pennsylvanica, with ample
pink flowers, produced in great profusion ; and S. Hookeri with
rose colored flowers ; while S. rotundifoUa, S. Virginica, and S.
regia have large scarlet flowers. Very pretty is the moss-like S.
acaulis with ample rose colored flowers.

Dianthus alpinus is a nice little plant with purplish flowers.

Quite a gem is Papaver nudicaule with its large and showy yel-
low flowers

Aster alpinus has very large heads of violet flowers.

Solidago Virga-aurea var. aljnna has large clusters of yellow
blossoms.

Dryas octopetala has whitish foliage and snow white flowers.

A beautiful genus is the Gentiana, with nearly fifty species and
varieties, but most of them are known only from herbarium speci-
mens. 6r. Andrewsii has large clusters of blue flowers, that never
open. G. Saponaria has also blue flowers and so have G. calycosa
and the show}' G. angustifoUa ; while G. alba has flowers of a
white or greenish color.

Swertia perennis somewhat resembles the last genus, and has
blue flowers.

Very floriferous and showy is the Chrysogonum Virginianum,
with ample yellow flowers.

' A plant of sterling merit is Stokesia cyanea, with numerous and
ver}' large flowers of beautiful lilac color.

Mimulus cardinalis grows about eighteen inches high, and bears
many large red flowers

Some of the Pentstemons can also come under this heading.

150 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

P. Cobcen has the largest (lowers of the genus ; the}* are of purple
color and sometimes even three inches long. P. grandijlorus has
glaucous foliage and large spikes of dark purple flowers ; while P.
secundijlonis, of nearly the same habit, has lilac flowers, and P.
centranthifolius, with shiny leaves, has long spikes of bright red
blossoms.

Very little known are HesjyerocJiiron Califomiciis and H. 2:)ww?*-
lus, both of very dwarf habit and producing great quantities of
large white flowers.

Ruellia ciliosa is a good plant, with large flowers of pale blue color.

A remarkable plant is the Lewisia redivivn, wliich has a long
root, fleshy leaves, and large beautiful rosy blossoms.

The Parnassia has thick shining leaves, and whitish flowers.

Several species of Iloustonia are very ornamental from the mul-
titude of their blue or white flowers.

The Callirrhoe is a beautiful genus of trailing plants ; the best
species are linariloba and involucrata, both with large purple
flowers.

Linncea horealis, or Twin-flower, has trailing branches, which
when covered with their purplish flowers present such a pleasing
sight that we cannot wonder at the fondness shown by the cele-
brated Linnteus for this little plant ; which was afterwards named
in his honor.

The beautiful genus Trillium consists of several species and
varieties, all producing large and showy flowers in the early sea-
son. T. grand iJlo7'um, with erect large white flowers, is decidedly
the best; while T. cernuum and T. erec^?<m have the same colored,
but nodding flowers. T. sessile has dotted foliage and reddish
blossoms. T. erythrocarpum has white and purple flowers. T.
pusillum and T. nivale are dwarf little plants, the former with
rose colored flowers ; the latter with white. T. ovatum is said to
have white, T. stylosum rose, and T. petiolatum, purple blossoms.

Anemone Pennsylvanica, (Enothera s2)eciosa, and ConocUnium
ccelestinum are all showy plants, but they are objectionable on
account of their running underground stems, to which I have al-
ready alluded ; yet where a suitable place can be had the}' should
be grown, because they do not require such care to bring them to
perfection as alpine plants do.
And now we come to the

Watkii ani> Bog Plants. — This class owes its name to the
wet character of the positions in which the plants are found natu-

OUR NATIVE PLANTS. 151

rally growing, couclitious from which we cannot much depart in
our culture. Among the Bog Plants we find quite a variety from
different families, while the Water Plants proper belong chiefly to
the Nj-mphaeaceae. These plants are very valuable to the cultivator,
as with them he can beautify unsightly, marshy grounds, as well
as add beauty to ponds or streams of water. Where there is no
such place naturally, an artificial one can be made by excavating
a basin in the lowest part of the garden, in which water will col-
lect, or may be introduced by artificial means.

All plants belonging to this class delight in rich soil, and the
full benefit of light and sun. They are propagated from seed and
by division of the roots. In the case of water lilies, when it is
desired to sow them directly in a pond or lake, the seeds may be
put into a small ball of clay, and then dropped into the water.

To ensure good flowering the water lilies should not have more
than one and a half feet of water over their roots in summer ; while
from two to four inches is quite sufficient for any bog plant. But
in the winter deep water is very advantageous, as it prevents the
frost from penetrating to their roots, and forms the best protection
that can be given them.

The queen of all water plants is certainly the Nymphaea, or
Water Lily. First we have JSF. odorata, with its beautiful, large,
fragrant flowers of pure white color ; then comes the variety
minor, similar to the type, but with smaller flowers ; and then
again the gem, the rare rose colored variety, which is a beautiful
acquisition. N. tuberosa has very large leaves, usually standing
straight above the water, while the flowers, which measure as
much as nine inches in diameter, are snow white. There are two
more species described, namely, ampla and elegans, both natives
of Southern States, and said to have white flowers. I have not
seen or grown either of the two, and doubt whether they would be
hardy here.

The Nuphar, or Yellow Water Lily, is a similar genus of valu-
able plants. N. advena has large leaves, mostly raised above the
water, and cup-shaped flowers of a yellow color, sometimes striped
.with red. N. luteum has floating leaves and ample yellow flowers,
while JV. pumilum looks as if onlj' a smaller form of the forego-
ing. JSf. sagittifolium has arrow-shaped leaves and flowers of
bright yellow color. The Western N. polysepalum has the largest
flowers of this genus.

152 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Nelumbium luteum^ or Sacred Bean, is a remarkable plant, with
large roundish leaves usually standing straight above the water,
and with Howors of a yellow color.

Calla palustris is not unlike a small Calla lily of our green-
houses.

Arificenia triphyllum, better known as Jack-in-the-Pulpit, is also
very ornamental.

The different species of Veratrum are very showy on account
of their large bright green foliage, presenting a tropical appear-
ance.

Pontederia cordata has large spikes of blue flowers.

CaUlia jialnstrifi, or INIarsh Marigold, is very ornamental with
its numerous and large golden flowers. C. leptosepala is a Wost-
eru species with white flowers.

Asdepias incarnata grows two or three feet in height, and pro-
duces clusters of rose colored flowers.

Symplocarpus foetidus may be objectionable on account of its
peculiar smell, but its large leaves and curious flowers are quite
striking.

Lobelia cardinalis is quite familiarly known by its large spikes
of deep red flowers.

Several species of Iris belong to this class, namely, 7. versicolor,
with large blue and purple flowers, and I. cuprea, which produces
very freel}' its reddish-brown blossoms.

Saxifraga peltata sends up large roundish leaves, and heads of
showy flowers of rose color.

Acorus Calamus, or Sweet Flag, is also very ornamental, more
on account of its bright green foliage than its flowers.

The genus Sagittaria includes several species with arrow-shaped
leaves and spikes of white flowers.

Alisyna Plantago var. Americana is also a good plant, having
large spikes of numerous wiiite flowers.

Typha lalifolia and T. angustifolia are also striking plants, with
their long foliage and curious spikes of blossoms.

Helonias bullata is a pretty little plant, with rose colored flow-
ers.'

The Utricularia, or Bladderwort, is a genus of several species
of mostly floating plants, having flowers usually yellow.

Vallisnen'a spiralis, Orontium aqiiaticvm, Xavthosoma sagitti-

OUR NATIVE PLANTS. 153

folium, PeUandra Virginica^ ard others belong to this class, which
we leave now to examine the

Bulbous Plants. — This class derives its name from the thick
and succnlent body called the bulb, that serves as a store from
which the stem partly draws its support. Most of the plants be-
longing to this class are interesting, while man}^ are of great
beauty and merit. They vary greatly in size of flowers, as well
as in general appearance, and being distributed all over the States
they cannot be successfully grown under any uniform treatment in
our gardens.

The ground for the majority of bulbs should be well drained,
and should consist of light loam, leaf-mould, and a good sprinkling
of sand ; a thin layer of sand on which the bulbs are placed when
planted is advisable, as it will secure them from excessive wet, and
thus prevent their possible deca3'.

The hardy kinds will grow without much trouble in open places.
The half-hardy bulbs do not require any artificial heat whatever,
but a good rest after they have finished their growth is all they
need ; that is, the grower must withhold water from October until
the early spring, and for this reason they have to be grown in cold
frames, with only suflflcient protection to keep out the frost. And
I do not doubt that a great many plants which we have to grow
under glass would prove hardy if we could keep the ground dry
in the winter. The greenhouse kinds require the same treatment
as any ordinary plants under glass ; only they must have a marked
season of growth and rest.

Like other plants they are propagated from seed, which grows
easily ; they are also propagated from bulblets that form around
the main bulb ; these should be taken off and planted in a place
prepared for their reception until they reach flowering size ; which
is accomplished in much less time than is required when the plants
are raised from seeds. Another way of propagating is by division
of the bulb, but this is onl}^ practicable with kinds that have scaly
bulbs, such as lilies. A time should be taken for this operation
when the plant is at perfect rest ; the scales may then be taken off
and inserted in pots or boxes filled with a mixture of sand and
leaf-mould or peat. In this wa}' the scale will soon callous, and
form a small bulb at the lower end, which after it is properlj^
developed ma}' be planted in the same way as directed for bulblets.

The most beautiful genus is Liliura, which is much more valua-

154 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ble because all its members ma}' be cultivated out of doors. L.
Philadt'lphicn.m^ which is found on hills, grows two feet in height,
bearing large and erect orange-red flowers in July. Of similar
habit is L. Catesbcni, but the flowers are larger and more
open, of red and yellow color. L. Canadense grows from two to
four feet high, and bears several large nodding flowers, either red
or yellow, with inimerous spots. L. Columhianum grows al)out
three feet in height, and has smaller nodding flowers of bright deep
orange color. L. Hvmboldtii is one of the most beautiful species,
attaining four or five foet in height, and bearing numerous very
large nodding flowers. The inner portion is red, while the ends
of the petals are deep yellow. L. parvum has pretty, erect flowers
of deep yellow color and marked with numerous small spots; it
grows from two to three feet in height. L. Wasldngtonianum has
stems from four to eight feet high, and large sub-erect flowers,
white at first, but turning to deep rose and dotted. This beautiful
plant has the further great merit of being very fragrant. Of the
same habit is L. rubescens, which is sometimes considered only a
variety of the former ; it has nearly erect flowers of beautiful lilac
color, changing to purple. L. Parryi grows about three feet in
height, and bears several large horizontal flowers of primrose yel-
low color, slightly spotted. The very rare L. Grayi has stems two
feet in height, with several horizontal flowers, red with large dark
purple spots. The rather common but not less beautiful L. super-
bum grows as high as six feet, and sometimes produces even as many
as thirty of its large, nodding, red and yellow flowers, which vary
greatly in their markings. L. px^t'dalinum is a showj' plant, grow-
ing from four to eight feet in height, and bearing large spikes of
its ample and nodding blossoms, which are yellow and red. L.
marilimum is said to have horizontal, bright rod flowers, but I
have never seen more of it than a painting. These last-named three
species are an exception, as regards culture, to bulbous plants in
general, because they require to be grown in wet ground ; which
is quite contrary to the rule for other plants of this class.

The Eryihroniimi, or Dog's-tooth Violet, is a genus of pretty an(i
neat plants with variegated foliage and ample flowers. E. Amer-
icanxim is quite common in our woods ; it has bright yellow
flowers. E. albidum has white flowers, while E. 2n'opulla7is is
bright rose. E. grandijlorum bears several flowers varying in
color from yellow to pure white, or tinted with purple. E. pur-

OUR NATIVE PLANTS. 155

purascens is also a showy plant, bearing several yellow and pur-
ple flowers, while E. Hartwegii has flowers of orange color. All
of this species are hardy plants.

As for the half hardy kinds, we have the Calochortus, a genus
of thirty-two species and several varieties, including Cyclobothra,
formerly considered a separate genus. All the species are worth
growing for the sake of their large and beautiful flowers of dif-
ferent colors. C. pulckellus, Benthami, Weedii, Kennedyi^ luteus,
davatus, aureus, fuscus, and jlavus all have yellow or orange
flowers, more or less tinted with purple or brown, while C. spotu-
latus, Bonplandianus, Gunnisoni, macrocarpus. Palmer i, flexuosus,
splendens, Greenei, unijlorus, lilacmus, and cceruleus have flowers
either lilac or purple, with yellow spots or bands ; and the remain-
ing C. albus, 3Iaweanus, elegans, Tolmiei, nudus, apiculatus, niii-
dus, venustus, NuttalUi, and GhiesbreghtU have white flowers,
tinted with lilac and spotted with purple or yellow.

The Fritillaria is a genus of several species, but with the ex-
ception of a few they are not much known. Fritillaria pudica
has large bright yellow flowers on short stems, and F. recurva has
several ample flowers on a stem a foot high, of a beautiful scarlet
color. Both are adapted for frame culture.

Amaryllis Atamasco and A. Treatei are two beautiful plants ;
the former with white, the latter with large rosy flowers.

Milla bijiora is another beautiful plant, with large open white
flowers.

Camassia esculenta and C. Fraseri have spikes of pretty blue
flowers.

The genus Brodisea consists of several showy species ; B.
coccinea, now called Brevoortia, is the best of all ; it has large
scarlet flowers. B. volubilis is a remarkable plant on account of
its twining stem, which is sometimes as much as twelve feet
long, bearing a head of rose colored flowers. B. crocea, gracilis,
and ixioides have yellow flowers. B. lactea is nearly white, while
B. grandijlora, minor, laxa, Bridgesii, peduncidaris, Douglasii,
capitata, terrestris, congesta, and multijlora have purple or blue
flowers.

Among the greenhouse kinds we notice the Hesperocallis undu-
lata, with large bulbs and a stem bearing several large pure white
flowers that are equal to the well-known Eucharis.

The genus Pancratium, or Hymenocallis, is represented by sev-

156 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

eral species, all good and showy i)laiits, having large umbels of
ample, pure wiiite, very fragrant flowers. P. maritiviuin, corona-
rium, rotatum, occidenlale, and nutans all require greenhouse
culture.

Leaving this class, we come to the

Annuals, or such plants as spring up, flower, perfect their
fruit, and perish within a year ; ])ut as in every rule so here we
find exceptions. Some plants present in cultivation the same
characteristics as annuals proper, but in their native places and
conditions they are either biennials or even true perennials.

Many very ornamental and showy plants belong to this class,
and being mostly' of easy culture they are oftener seen in our
gardens than other plants ; yet there are many valuable kinds
that would be desirable additions to the list of those already cul-
tivated.

The}' are propagated mostly from seeds, although some may be
propagated by cuttings ; the former method is the best and the
one generally practised. The seeds should be sown in March,
either in the greenhouse or hot-bed frame, and the young plants,
when large enough, should be potted in small pots, and at the end
of May planted out. Where there is no such accommodation,
the seed could be sown out of doors in the latter part of April or
the beginning of May ; but in this wa}' the majority of plants
would flower rather late.

A very good way is to sow the seeds of such plants as Phlox
Drummoudi, and several others, in July or August, and keep the
plants over winter in a cool frame, such as is ordinarily used to
winter the Pansy. If treated in this way they could be planted
out in April at the time they begin to flower, and would cjntinue
in bloom the whole summer. All plants of tiiis class require
good, rich, well-drained soil, and the full benefit of light, air, and
sun.

Among tlie cream of Annual Plants we have Phlox Driim-
mondi^ with its numerous varieties of almost every color.

We next mention Gaillardia 2Ji'Cta and O. amblycodon, witli
tiieir large reddish flowers.

All the species of Coreopsis are ver}" showy, such as C Drum-
mondi, C. (•ardaminifulia^ and C. tinctoria, and all have yellow or
jellow and rod flowers.

The genus Nemophila includes many beautiful and delicate ver-

OUR NATIVE PLANTS. 157

nal species mostl}' with white or rosy flowers ; mactdata, insignis,
and atomaria are the best of them.

Vinca rosea and the varieties alba and alba-oculata are very
showy plants with bright green foliage and numerous large flowers.

The genus Gilia numbers a great many species and varieties,
the best of which are G. capitata, G. midticauUs, G. congesta,
G. achilloefoUa, and G. coronopifolia, all of different purplish
hues.

Helenium tenuifoUum is a quite showy plant, two feet in height
and bearing numerous yellow flowers.

Verbena Aubletia and V. hastata have a profusion of purple
blossoms all through the summer.

A very showy and pretty plant is XantJiisma Texanum, which
grows from two to three feet high and bears numerous large
flowers of the purest yellow color.

Stevia Plumerce is very floriferous.

The genus Collinsia consists of several pretty spring flowering
species, such as bicolor, bartsicefolia, verna, and gra^idijiora, all
with white and purple flowers.

The Martynia is well known for its showj^ flowers and curious
seeds.

In Ipomea purpurea we have a climbing plant of great beauty.

Everybody is familiar with the statel}'^ Helianthus annuus.

The genus Phacelia is quite extensive and embraces many
showy plants, of which P. Whitlavia, with purple flowers, is the
best that I know.

Amongst the several species of CEnothera, or Evening Primrose,
especially notable are Drumvwndi, bistorta, and trUoba ; all with
large showy, yellow flowers.

The genus Godetia deserves to be more extensively grown than
it is at present. All its species have large and showy flowers, of
colors varying from pure white to the darkest purple ; amoena^
grandiflora, Pomanzovii, viminea, and lepida are the best.

Rudbeckia hirta, which we find in our fields, is quite ornamental
in cultivation.

Gaura Lindheimeri, with its white flowers, is perhaps more cul-
tivated than many others.

Very neat in habit are Clarkia pulchella and C. elegans ; with
large purple, sometimes white, flowers.

But the most beautiful and a rather rare plant is Lepachys

158 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

columnaris^ with stems two feet in lieigbt, and a number of large
heads ; the disk is high and purplish ; while the rays are yellow.
A fine variet}' of this is called pulcherrima ; it has the same habit,
except that the ra3's are parti}' reddish-purple, making it one of
the most showy and striking plants. In these last-named two
plants we have the exception 1 have previously alluded to, namely
that of plants which are real perennials in their western home, but
here must be treated only as annuals.

And now we will see what we can find among the

Orchids. — This class is named after the natural order that the
plants belong to. They are all of nearly the same habit and as
a rule have show^' and very curious flowers. "With only two ex-
ceptions (where the plants are real epiph3-tes) all of our orchids
are terrestrial, growing in moist and shaded woods or open mead-
ows. Some species are found onl}* within very narrow limits ; so
that it takes an expert collector to find out the home of some of
the rarer kinds.

Some orchids have thick succulent tubers which are renewed
annually, while others have creeping rootstocks. As a general
rule they are rather difficult to cultivate. They require to be
grown in peat and leaf-mould, and must have perfect drainage.
The best time for transplanting those that have rootstocks, such
as the Lady's Slipper, is just before they begin to grow. Those
with tubers should be taken up just when they commence
flowering, because at that time they begin to form the new tubers ;
and if taken later, when fully grown, the brittle roots would be
easily damaged and the plant might never recover. The place for
these plants should have a northern exposure and be partly shaded
and never allowed to get really dry ; it should also be covered
in the winter, to keep out the hardest frost. The best way of ob-
taining native orchids is to go to the woods and dig them ; and
plant them with the rest in the garden. They could be pro[)agated
by division, but as they generally decrease in cultivation, and on
the other hand have seeds so minute that they are very difficult
to make grow and raise good plants, 1 do not see any other method
than the first one mentioned.

First we have the two epiphytes, Epidendrum conopseum with
purple and green flowers, and E. venosam with greenish flowers.
Both require to be grown in a greenhouse, in the same way as
other tropical orchids.

OUR NATIVE PLANTS. 159

Among those for ordinary culture, we have Orchis spectabiUs,
four inches in height, with four or five white and purple flowers on
a stem.

Arethusa bulbosa has flowers two inches long, of beautiful pur-
ple color.

Another beautiful little plant is Calypso borealis, with large
pink and j^ellow flowers.

The genus Habenaria consists of several species, all having
large spikes of flowers, differing in color. Thus H. dilatata,
H. blephariglottis, and H. orbiculata are white ; H. psycodes -and
H. fimbriata, purple ; H. hyperborea and H. Hookeri, greenish ;
H. ciliaris and H, Integra, orange ; and H. cristata, yellow.

Calopogon pulchellus has very neat pink flowers with yellow
lines ou the lip.

Several of the Spiranthes, or Ladies' Tresses, are pretty plants,
with white flowers in a dense spike ; gracilis, cernua, graminea,
and simplex are some of the species.

Epipactis gigantea is a showy plant resembling a Cj'pripedium ;
the stems are one foot or more in height, with several large white
and purple flowers.

The Goodyera is a genus of four species with verj^ ornamental
leaves, besides the white flowers ; G. repens has small velvety green
and white leaves : near to it is the Southern G. quercicola, very
little known at present. G. pxibescens is perhaps the best of all,
having large dark leaves with numerous white veins ; and of about
the same size we have G. Menziesii, with dark green leaves and a
large white band in the middle.

Bletia verecunda and B. apthylla are two show}' plants, with large
spikes of ample pui-ple flowers.

Now we come to the best of the Orchids, namel}', the Cypripe-
diums or Lady's Slippers. They are not only the showiest, but
also the easiest to cultivate. The most common is C. acaule, with
large flowers, usually purple, but occasionally pure white varieties
are found. C. pubescens and 0. parvijiorum are pretty much
alike, both having large, showy yellow blossoms, produced singly
or in pairs. C arietinum has neat little flowers of purplish color.
C. montanum bears from one to three white and brown flowers.
C. candidum is a neat species with white lip. C. Californicum.
has stems with as many as six flowers of light rose and yellow
color. The best species is C. spectabile,. with stems two feet high.

100 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

bearing as many as three very large flowers of a ros}- color ; some
are pure white, while purple varieties also occur. This beautiful
plant equals if it does not exceed any of the greenhouse kinds
which are cultivated with considerable expense. A new species
has been recently discovered in Washington Territor}-, and named
C. fasciculatam. But I must not dwell too long on my favorites,
but pass to a still more curious class, that of

Insectivorous Plants. — This consists of onl}- a few plants,
characterized by a peculiar structure of their leaves which serves
to capture the insects. The leaves are either hollow, not unlike
a narrow pitcher, as in Sarracenia and Darliugtonia, or are fur-
nished with sensitive bristles serving that purpose, as in Diona?a
or Drosera. Many naturalists maintain that the captured insect
is digpsted by the secreted fluid, and serves as nourishment for
the plant. Yet if we examine the pitchers of Sarracenia, we shall
find that those filled with insects decay much sooner than those
that have few or none ; and again in the case of Dionaea, a leaf
that has captured a rather large insect seldom opens again, but
decays, while leaves that have not captured any or only small in-
sects will remain healthy the whole season. Again if a leaf be
selected and touched with some small object, it will close just the
same as if an insect had come in contact with it, and if that oper-
ation were to be repeated as soon as the leaf opened, and so kept
up for some time, the bristles and leaves would lose their sensi-
tiveness, and the leaf would not close in response to either stimu-
lus. All this shows that the plant cannot benefit by the insect ;
on the contrary the insect hurts it, by irritating the sensitive parts.
We cannot say that these plants were made to capture insects, but
only that they do capture them so because they have that peculiar
construction. However, as this is only a matter of opinion, 1 will
return to a brief descrii)tion of the several Insectivorous Plants.

Vioncea muscipula, or Venus's Fly -Trap, has thick briglit green
leaves, terminated with appendages which are furnished with a
few bristles on the inner surlace ; when these are irritated the
leaves close suddenly and remain closed lor a time. Its rather
large white flowers are borne on stems from six to eight inches in
height. It grows in the pine barrens of North Carolina, and
should be treated in the same way as above recommended for
orchids.

The Sarracenia, or Side-saddle Flower, is a showy and orna-

OUR NATIVE PLANTS. 161

mental genus of several species. S. purpurea^ which grows far-
ther north than an}- other, is a pretty plant with dark purple flow-
ers. This plant is perfectly hard}', and succeeds with the same
treatment as has been recommended for bog plants. S. Jlava has
erect trumpet-like leaves, sometimes over three feet high, and Ig-rge
yellow flowers ; it is hardy if treated like the foregoing and cov-
ered up in the autumn. S. Drummondi attains the same height,
but its pitchers are beautifully mottled and striped with white and
purple, while the flowers are red. S. undidata is only a variety' of
S. Drummondi, with the half-curved lid. S. psittacina has reclin-
ing pitchers of green and white, and dark purple flowers. S. ru-
bra and S. Sweetii are much alike ; they have small narrow pitch-
ers and red flowers. S. variolaris has sub-erect inflated pitchers,
and yellow flowers.

The last named six kinds must be grown in a cool greenhouse,
in pots filled with rotten leaves and sphagnum moss. Of this genus
more than a dozen hybrids have been produced in English gardens
by crossing the different species, and later the hybrids themselves.

The Drosera, or Sundew, is represented by several small plants
with white flowers. The}' can be grown with good success in the
same way as bog plants. D. rotundifolia, D. Jiliformis, and D.
longifolia are among the hardiest and best adapted for culture.

Darliyigtonia Californica is a very beautiful plant, nearl}' rela-
ted to the Sarracenias. It has pitchers over two feet in height,
terminating in a kind of hood, with two appendages. The flower
is large, of 3'ellow and purple color. The culture is the same as
directed for greenhouse Sarracenias.

Next we have the

Succulent Plants. — In some portions of the southwestern
part of this country large tracts of laud, consisting of very poor
sand}' soil, and at times without any rain for several months,
would be quite destitute of any vegetation if it were not for this
class of plants. On such a soil is their home, and there they flour-
ish, being furnished by all-providing Nature with thick and succu-
lent stems and leaves, which serve them as storehouses from
wMch to draw their subsistence in the dry season. Their form
and structure are quite striking and ornamental, and besides they
have very large, beautifully colored flowers, which I regret to say
are of short duration.

They are of very easy culture, the main point being to avoid
11

162 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

any excessive wet ; this applies to tlie hard}' as well as the green-
house kinds ; to the latter belong the larger part of this class.
CJood turfy loam is the best material in wliieh to grow them, and
good drainage is indispensable. They are propagated from seed,
b3'^livision, and from cuttings, in just the same way as an}- ordi-
nary plants, save that they must be kept rather dry.

We have quite a variety of Succulent Plants. Out of the some
fortj" species and varieties of Cereus, especially noteworthy is C.
giganteus, which grows from forty to sixtv feet in height, and must
l)roduce a peculiar effect when seen in its native haunts. Under
cultivation we seldom see any large specimens. C. Thurberi has
a somewhat similar habit, but does not reach that height. C.
phoeniceiis, C. ccespitosus, C. Berlandieri, and C. procumbens are
of spreading habit, and have large showy flowers.

The Echinocactus, with some thirt}' species and varieties, is very
showy and interesting. As a rule all plants of tliis genus have
globular forms and long spines. E. bicolor, horizonthalonuis,
Emoryi, longehamatus, WisUzeni, and polycephalus are the best
species.

The genus Mammillaria is represented by thirty-seven species
and varieties ; all nice and compact plants, usually with short
spines. The most attractive are pusilla, pedinata, radiosa, re-
curvata, and Grahami.

Of the Opuntia we have about seventy species and varieties, and
out of that number three kinds are hardy, namely: 0. vulgaris,
0. Missouriensis, and 0. Rafinesquii \ tiie latter two with numerous
varieties. 0. fragilis, 0. Camnnchica, and 0. Pes-Corvi require
some protection. All the rest are more or less greenhouse
l)lants, like all the representatives of Cereus, Echinocactus, and
Mammillaria.

Several Agaves are natives. A. Virginica is a half hardy her-
baceous plant, while A. Deaserti, A. Shawii, A. Utahensis, and A.
Newberryi require to be grown under glass.

Dasylirion Texaimm and D. Wheeleri are good plants for the
greenhouse.

The same ma)^ be said of Cotyledon farinosa^ C. Peacoclcfi, and
C. pulverxdenta.

The Yucca, a genus represented in this country by about a
dozen species and varieties, is very interesting and useful, on
account of its ornamental foliage as well as its larjje spikes of

OUR NATIVE PLANTS. 163

ample white flowers. Only Y. jilamentosa with its y axmiy fiaccida
is hardy, it is therefore more valuable than the species Whipplei,
angastifolia, rupicola, brevifoUa, Schottii, baccata, carialiculata,
aloifoUa, gloriosa, and recurva; all of which require to be taken
under glass in the winter.

Hesperaloe yucccefolium is a beautiful plant ; it has long leaves
covered with filaments, and the spike is from two to three feet
long, bearing man}' red, drooping flowers not unlike those of an
Aloe. Leaving this class we pass to the

Ferns. — Although this class represents only flowerless plants,
yet on account of their delicate foliage they are as valuable to the
cultivator as any plants with showy flowers. They grow naturally
in shaded and moist woods ; a few grow in marshes, while a few
occur in dry soil fully exposed to the sun. As a rule all like to
grow between stones and several kinds grow onl}' upon rocks.

The transplanting of these plants should be done in the spring,
before they start to grow. The soil should consist of equal parts
of loam, leaf-mould, and peat, with a liberal addition of sand.
The ground should be well drained and set with stones as recom-
mended for alpine plants. The propagating of the majority of
ferns can be accomplished by dividing the plants in the earl}' spring.
They are also propagated from spores, which should be sown in
pans filled with soil, or upon rough stones or bricks, and kept in a
moist place until the}' grow to small plants. But this is only done
with the rare kinds, or when a great quantity of a kind is required.
In describing the best of the some one hundred and twenty five
species, I will arrange them according to their hardiness. First
we have those that are perfectly hardy, and thus adapted to fill
vacant spaces in shady parts of the garden.

Osmunda regalis, 0. Claytoniana, and 0. Cinnamomea are
amongst the best of the large kinds.

Struthiopteris Germanica is a beautiful fern with large and
graceful fronds from three to four feet long.

Lygodium palmatum is a pretty climbing species having stalks
over two feet long with small palmate fronds.

'The Aspidiums are quite numerous ; the best deciduous species
are Goldianum, Fdix-mas, cristatum, and spinulosum ; while
acrosticJioides, Lonchitis, and marginale are beautiful evergreen
species.

Onoclea sensibilis although common js worth cultivating.

1()4 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The most beautiful and delicate fern is certainly Adiantum pe-
datum., with palraately divided fronds.

J*olypodiuvi vnlgare is useful for coveiing rocks.

Woodwardia Virginica and W. aiigustifolia are SilsoornRmenta.\.

The larger species of Aspleniuin, such as angiistifolmyriy thelyp-
teruides, and Filix-foeiuina, are quite showy ; of the last named there
are numerous varieties in cultivation.

Woodsia Jlvensis can stand more sun than any other fern that I
know.

C'/stopteris bidbifera has long and arching fronds.

Dicksonia pxmctilobxda soon forms a mass of delicate light green
sweet-scented fronds.

The half-hardy kinds require to be grown in a cold frame having
a northern aspect ; with those we must also class all ferns that are
in fact hard}', but owing to their delicacy or small size should be
grown with the half-hard}' ones. Plants of this class are Pnly-
podium incanum^ P. falcatum, and P. Californicum, Gymnogramnia
triangularis., and some species of Nothochlcena, Cheilanthes, Pelloea.,
and Woodsia; also Allosurus aa-ostichoides, the lovely Adiantum
Capillus- Veneris, Scolopendrium vidgare., Asplenium Trichomanes,
A. ebenum, A. viride, A. Buta-muraria, A. septentrionale, A. mon-
tamim, and the curious Walking Fern Camptosorus rhizophyllus ;
with others.

The greenhouse kinds are very showy and ornamental, but more
expensive to keep than the two sections above named. Poh/podium
aureum is a noble plant with very large glaucous fronds. P. plamula
has neat arching fronds of dark green color. P. Phyllitidis has
straight undivided fronds.

Acrostichum aureum is a stately and showy fern with large and
thick fronds.

Pteris longifoUa and P. Cretica are good well-known plants.

xidiantum emarginatum and A. pilosum are good atUlitious to our
greenhouses.

Woodwardia radicans has a thick stem and very large fronds.

Anemia Mexicana and A. adiantifoUa are interesting plants.

Nephrolepis exaltata is very show}' with its long and narrow
fronds.

If desired, some of the species of Pellaea, Cheilanthes, and
Nothochliena may also be grown .successfully in this section.

The only remaining class is that of

Gkeenhouse Plants. — Here we may bring together various

OUR NATIVE PLANTS. 165

plants not included in any of the former classes, \'et valuable
either for their flowers or their ornamental foliage.

Among the flowering kinds we have Salvia coccinea, the whole
plant from one to two feet in height, and bearing continually
spikes of bright scarlet flowers. S. 2)entstemonoides grows from
two to four feet high, and has very large crimson flowers. S.
Greggii grows about three feet high, producing spikes of red flowers.

Leptosyne maritima is a very useful plant ; it grows about three
feet high and produces through the whole winter its large bright
yellow flowers on long stems. L. gigantea is said to resemble the
foregoing but is a much larger plant.

Bouvardia triphylla grows over three feet in height, and pro-
duces clusters of scarlet flowers.

A plant worth introducing is Dendromecon rigidum; it grows
from two to eight feet in height and bears numerous yellow poppy-
like flowers. Another worthy plant is Tagetes Lemmoni, which
forms a bush two feet in height covered with large golden flowers.
This is a newly introduced plant, and a strict winter bloomer. I
think that this plant may be so improved under culture, as to make
it a first class plant.

Several species of Ceanothus are very show}' plants, with large
spikes of blue or white flowers. C. Veitchianus and C. Jloribundus
are the best.

Vinca rosea also makes a good greenhouse plant.

Mimulus moschatus is well known for its yellow flowers and its
perfume as well.

Asdepias Currassavica grows two feet in height and produces
clusters of orange red flowers.

Carina Jiaccida serves both as a foliage and a flowering plant,
having large leaves and bright yellow flowers.

As for real foliage plants, we have among others the Sahal
Palmetto, S. Adansoni, and S. serrulata, all with large fan-shaped
leaves.

Chamcerops hystrix is a dwarf palm, \Qvy spiny, with plaited
leaves.

*rhe noble Washingtonia Jilifera is a rapid grower, and very
striking on account of the long white fibres hanging from the
large and plaited leaves.

Oreodoxa regia is a beautiful and ornamental plant having long
pinnate leaves attaining large size.

166 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Thrinax argentea and T. imrvijlora are two beautiful plants
with fan-shaped leaves.

Lamia integrifoUa is also an ornamental plant with pinnate
leaves.

To this class of greenhouse plants belong, in brief, all plants
that are not hardy, and therefore require to be grown under glass,
such as the majoritv of succulent and insectivorous plants, with
several bulbs, ferns, and orchids already described. Here also we
ma}' include a supplementary class — that of

Hardy Plants for Forcing. — This word "forcing" means
the process of planting, in a pot or pan, an}* of the earlier flower-
ing plants, and then keeping them for a month or so in the green-
house, by which means one may secure blooms in advance of the
natural flowering season. For this purpose onl}- good and strong
plants should be selected ; these should be potted in the autumn,
and kept in a cold frame till after the first of January, when the}'
may be brought into the greenhouse, according to the times when
they are desired to be in bloom. They generally take from two
to six weeks to come into flower ; any of the early flowering kinds
may be forced without much trouble. I will give here only the
names of those best adapted for this purpose, as I have already
given descriptions of them under Hardy Herbaceous Plants. They
are

Aquilegia Canadensis Sanguinaria Canadensis

" caerulea Cypripedium acaule

Phlox amoena " spectabile

" subulata " pubescens

Trillium grandiflorum " parviflorum

" sessile Papaver nudicaule

" erectum Aquilegia chrysantha

Viola cucuUata Stylophorum diphyllum

" " alba Saxifraga peltata

" pedata " Virginiana

Polemonium reptans " oppositifolia

" coeruleum Arisaema triphyllum

Iris cristata Caltha palustris

" cuprea Erythronium Americanum

" verna " grandiflorum

" versicolor " albidum

Arabis alpina Thalictrum anemonoides

OUR NATIVE PLANTS. 167

Dicentra eximia Spiraea palmata
" Canadensis " Aruncus

" cucullata Hydropliyllum Canadense
Trollius laxus " Virginianum

Uvularia grandiflora Anemone Pennsylvanica

Smilaciua stellata Waldsteinia fragarioides
and the well known Lily of the Valley, which is found amongst
the mountains of Virginia.

This comparatively brief summary of the different classes of
Native Plants shows what an immense wealth we have in this
country ; and yet I have left out all the trees and shrubs. These
alone, if considered with regard to their ornamental and economi-
cal value, similarly with the plants already described, would fill
another paper as long as this ; indeed that space would suffice to
do them only partial justice.

To grow these plants now under consideration successfully and
effectively several cardinal points must be considered. In the first
place the cultivator must be a real lover of plants, for many hard-
ships are connected with culture ; but the recompense is great.
The next thing required is good judgment, and next patience,
which will lead to final success.

The ground selected should have such varying exposure, ele-
vation, and consistency as to suit any plant among the different
classes. If such ground is not already available, much can be
done without great expense by digging out some parts and raising
others, so as to make it like a piece of natural landscape. This
will look more beautiful, as well as more natural, than some artifi-
cial gardens of nowadays.

In such grounds a few trees and shrubs could be planted, so as
to break the monotonj', and only disclose successive parts to view.
Where such an effect is desired, a large irregular space or an
entire slope might be planted with some of the most ornamental
kinds, and this planting would produce a more pleasing impression
than any of the stiff beds in the shape of a star or other geomet-
rical form. For we must remember that while we can imitate
nature, we cannot improve on it by artificial means.

In regard to the questions, what plants to select, how and where
to plant them, and how to manage them during the different sea-
sons, there are many books treating of these matters, but in gen-
eral they are of little or no real value to the cultivator. A plant

168 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

that ma}- flourish under certain conditions iu one State may fail
altogether in another part of the country ; and without comparing
remote localities we may take, for iiistnnce, two places close to-
gether, one on a hill and the other in low ground, and you could
not grow the same plant with like results, under similar treatment,
in those two places. Then again, the soil is not the same in every
garden ; and various other conditions that are required by these
plants must be regarded. This plainly demonstrates that no com-
plete rules can be laid down in definite form.

The best book to consult is the book of Nature, that lies open
before everybody. That is, one must study the plants themselves,
so as to know in what part of the country they grow, at what ele-
vation, and in what soil ; to know the exposure and average tem-
perature and humidity ; to know the size of the plant, its habit,
its flowers, and its growing and resting seasons.

With such knowledge you will be able to imitate nature as far
as practicable, which is the real and only way to success. By
knowing the habit and flowers of any plant you will know in what
place it is adapted to produce the best effect. By knowing the
natural station you will know how and in what soil to plant it.
By knowing the temperature and atmospheric conditions it re-
quires you will know how to bestow your attention and care upon
it to the best advantage ; and at last, with patient waiting, yon
will be sure to reap a harvest of flowers that will repa\' you tenfold
for your trouble and labor.

1 cannot close this paper without mentioning the very interest-
ing collections exhibited the past year by Mrs. P. D. Richards,
Mr. F>. II. Hitchings, Miss JNIary L. Vinal, Mr. Severance Bur.-
rage, and Masters Frank C. Hyde and Walter E. Coburn. These
displays have been very attractive as well as instructive to the
general public. I hope that it will not be considered out of place
if I add that this Society, which has done so much for the cause of
Horticulture in general, would do well to offer special inducements
for the cultivation of Native Plants, and likewise for the improve-
ment of an}' variety, or for the raising of any hybrids that should
prove of horticultural interest.

OUR NATIVE PLANTS. 169

Discussion.

Warren H. Manning said that not ono person in a thousand ap-
preciates the value of our native plants. All should visit the
Botanic Garden where thej' can see them systematieail}' arranged
and carefully cultivated by Mr. Manda. Most of theni are horti-
culturally valuable.

E. H. Hitchings, referring to the remarks of the essaj'ist con-
cerning the earl}' flowering of the Hepatica, said that on the 1st
of December he found a plant in bud. He marked the spot and
on the 9th of December, there having meanwhile been three or
four days with the thermometer about ten degrees above zero and
a three days' snow-storm, he found the plant in blossom under a
foot of snow.

Robert T. Jackson said it is important to give high cultivation
to the class of plants under discussion. People think they do not
need it, but they do. Most our hardy ferns are easily cultivated,
hutWoodwardia avgastifolia is an exception. They ma}' be trans-
planted at any season, and will be fine Ihe next year. The,As-
pidiums and Aspleniums do not require special soil.

The Irises, especially the English and Spanish, which are bul-
bous rooted, are an interesting class of plants. Like Iris versi-
color these two species have narrow petals and small standards.
They are best planted early ; some planted in November did not
do well when those planted in September succeeded. Monthretia
crocosmceflora, a bulbous rooted plant, formerly supposed to be
tender, has been found to withstand our winters. The speaker
saw a large bed of it at Beverly which had stood out.

Robert Manning said that he had been entirely successful in
cultivating Dodecatheon Meadia, Mertensia Virginica, Trillium
grandijlorum and Ariscema triphyllum in ordinary garden soil, and
he hoped that no one would be discouraged from planting them in
a similar location by the remarks of the essayist concerning the
soil required by them.

Mr. Manda said that he had recommended for the plants named
in his paper such soil as they grow in naturally, but he did not
wish it to be understood that none of them will grow in any other
soil.

Mrs. H. L. T. Wolcott said that she had Ariscema triphyllum
growing abundantly' on a hillside ; it might have taken French

170 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

leave, hut it was there the last time she looked. Slie was once
obliged to move an entire garden of herbaceous plants in July, and
by taking care in watering made them live and do well. A plant of
Aster Novce-AtiglicB was moved on the hottest day in summer
without being shaded, and became ver}' mucii wilted, but she
watered it and put a newspaper around it, and in four weeks it was
green again, and by the first of October it was a solid mass of
purple bloom ; its persistency was remarkable. She had never
thought the Dodecatheon difficult to raise.

Warren H. Manning said that most herbaceous plants will bear
transplanting in summer, especially if a ball of earth is taken up
with them.

Mr. ilitchings said that he set a few plants of Arisaema in his
garden some years ago, and instead of dying out they had increased
ever}' year.

The paper for the next Saturday- was announced as "Fertilizers,
— Agricultural, Physical, Intellectual, and Moral," by Rev. Fred-
erick N. Knapp.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, February 26, 1887.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Henry P. Walcott, in the Chair.

The President as Chairman of the Executive Committee re-
ported, in regard to the subject of encouraging Window Garden-
ing, referred to that Committee on the 5th instant, a recommenda-
tion that $100 be appropriated for prizes for Window Gardening
by children under eighteen years of age, the prizes to be arranged
by the Committee on Establishing Prizes. The leport was ac-
cepted and, agreeably to the rules, laid over until the first Satur-
day in April.

Adjourned to Saturday, March 5.

RATIONAL FERTILIZATION. 171

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

It was expected that at this meeting Rev. Frederick N. Knapp
of Plymouth would read a paper on " Fertilizers, — Agricultural,
Physical, Intellectual, and Moral," but owing to the death of an
inmate of his family he was unable to be present, and the meeting
was adjourned to the next Saturday, for which time a paper on
" Investigations Pertaining to Horriculture," by Dr. C. A. Goess-
mann, Director of the State Agricultural Experiment Station at
Amherst, was announced.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, March 5, 1887.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Henry P. Walcott, in the Chair.

Mrs. Dr. J. W. Elliott, of Boston, and
James L. Little, Jr., of Brookline,

having been recommended by the Executive Committee as mem-
bers of the Society, were, on ballot, duly elected.

Adjourned to Saturday, March 12.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.
On Rational Fertilization of Garden Crops and Fruits.

By Dr. C. A. Goessmann,
Director of the State Agricultural Experiment Station, Amherst.

Mr. Chairman, Ladies, and Gentlemen : It is with considerable
diffidence that I venture to speak at a meeting of the Massachu-
setts Horticultural Society. Recognizing, as I most emphati-
cally do, the superior information of many of its members regard-
ing the advantages and the disadvantages of the best current modes
of practical operations in the various branches of horticultural
industry, I do not propose to enter into any detailed discussion of

172 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

any particular branch, but merely to offer for your consideration
some sntrgestions of a more general character, from the stand-
point of an agricultural chemist.

Judging from late publications and addresses by distinguished
horticulturists, here and elsewhere, it appears that a well founded
apprehension is quite generall}' entertained concerning the conse-
quences arising from a serious degeneration and a frequent excep-
tionally short existence of many varieties of small and large fruits,
as well as of prominent garden crops. We are advised from all
sides to take particular care to secure our seeds, or scions, as cir-
cumstances may recommend, from a healthy stock. No one famil-
iar with the facts on which this advice is based can seriously ques-
tion its soundness, nor underrate the great importance of the
object in view.

While personall}- in full harmony with the course thus recom-
mended, I venture to ask. Does tlie selection of seeds and scions
from a vigorous parent plant suffice to render a reasonable ulti-
mate success attainable, without material assistance from other
sources? Answering this question for myself, I feel impelled to
say — No !

Health and vigor may be to some extent inborn qualities; 3'et
their continuation, it will be conceded, depends in a controlling
degree on favorable and congenial surroundings. Accepting this
circumstance, it becomes obvious that our prospect of success will
stand in direct relation to our knowledge of what constitutes con-
genial circumstances in the case of plants under cultivation.

We all admit that a high character of seeds and scions is of the
first importance, and that nobody can reasonably expect to suc-
ceed who neglects to pay serious attention to the selection of either
the one or the other, as circumstances may prescribe, when entering
upon the cultivation and improvement of any particular plant ; but
we arc not less aware that a suitable climate, a peculiar soil, and
in particular a supply of desirable plant food are not less impor-
tant factors in the successful propagation of plants. The best of
seeds will fail to secure satisfactory results where an}' one of these
conditions of success does not assist in the work.

In studying the history of progress in horticulture we notice
that its special interests have been advanced on two distinctly dif-
ferent lines of investigation, namely, by inquiring into the circum-
stances which favor the production of new varieties, and by exam-

RATIONAL FERTILIZATION. 173

ining the conditions which tend to produce the best results with
existing varieties. Botanists have successfully assisted in ascer-
taining more reliable modes for the production of varieties ; the
phenomena of plant life are today far better understood than but
a few generations ago. Agricultural chemists have in late years
bestowed considerable attention on the investigation of the means
which promote a healthy and vigorous growth ; in the interest of an
economical production.

The best experimental resources of scientists in both these
branches are evidently needed to solve in its various relations the
problem here under discussion. The observations of the physiolo-
gist by means of the microscope can gain importance only when
aided, as far as practicable, by the balance in the hands of the
chemist.

The tendenc}' towards degeneration in many varieties of fruit
and of garden plants, if really existing to the extent claimed by
many writers on horticultural topics, must be a deep seated one,
and is most likely due to slowly acting adverse circumstances, of
various kinds. In some instances it ma}^ be the result of an un-
congenial climate ; in others of an unfit soil ; in others due to the
lack of a proper supply of desirable plant food ; in others again
to several of these adverse circumstances combined ; and may be in
all of them, to some extent at least, attributable to the weakening
influence of an artificial system of selection and propagation.

Any attempt to generalize at the present stage of our observa-
tion will be considered, quite properly, injudicious. There seems
to^ be but one safe rule to follow, and this consists in studying
each case under well defined circumstances, and with all the scien-
tific experimental resources at our disposal, before advocating any
special course of treatment.

After these introductory remarks to define my position regard-
ing the question under discussion, I take the liberty to invite your
attention to a short discourse on the state of our present informa-
tion bearing upon successful cultivation of existing varieties of
fruit and garden crops.

'One of the first equirements for a healthful condition and a
subsequent successful propagation of any plant consists in adopt-
ing a well devised system of fertilization.

We emphasize this requirement not only on account of its in-
trinsic importance, but for the further reason that its management

174 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

is in a controlling degree within our individual direction. An
indifferent system of manuring I consider is at tlie root of a great
many well founded complaints of failure in various branches of
horticulture, and in fruit culture in particular.

A system of manuring may be called well devised or rational
when it is based upon the results of a careful examination into
the composition of the plant under cultivation, and on a due con-
sideration of its natural qualitications for availing itself of the
needed plant food both from the atmosphere and the soil. Plants
with a well developed and extensive root system may prosper
where those with a compact one will fail ; and the same statement
applies with equal force to the character of their leaf system.*

To determine with certainty the composition of a plant, espe-
cially with reference to its soil constituents, requires repeated ex-
amination in different stages of its growth, and when raised upon
different kinds of soil. The relations of the vari(jus mineral con-
stituents of the plant to its successful development must be
fairly understood to know what elements of plant food ought to be
present in the soil, in an available form, to render success pos-
sible.

We may well ask, Can we claim any extensive knowledge re-
garding these points, in relation to many of our prominent species
of fruits or to many of those plants which, in the more limited
sense of the word, are known as " garden crops"?

Our stock of information in these directions is in an exceptional
degree unsatisfactory. Whatever we know about the chemistry
of fruit trees and of special garden crops b}- any systematic inves-
tigation is of a late date, and in most instances thus far of a
fragmentary character.

Tiie slowness of the exhaustive action of fruit trees on the soil,
on account of their extensive root system, and the beneficial re-
sults of a frequent rotation of crops, assisted by a liberal supply of
vegetable refuse material and of home-made manures, have ap-
parently delayed the need of a scientific inquiry into the special
wants of the orchard and garden on tlie part of agricultural
chemists. A sur[)lus in the qiiantit}' of manurial matter has no
doubt quite frequently provided for si)ecial wants; and in this view

•See plate. In which a reprpflonts rye; /), turnii); c. siig.ar beet; d, carrot; e, lucerne
(Dr. Thcodor von (Johren's Die Na'iirgeseizliclien Griin ll:tgen des Pilanzcnbaues, p.
209); auU/, potato (Dr. Guido Kialir* Die I'llaiizuubauleUru, p. 147\

RATIONAL FERTILIZATION. 175

is secured an intelligent explanation of the results. There is no
scarcit}' of valuable testimony to the fact of an exceptionally
good success in raising fruits and garden crops b}' the aid of com-
pound manurial matters such as barnyard manure, vegetable com-
post of various descriptions, wood ashes, and others of a similar
more or less ill defined composition ; yet it is equally well under-
stood that but little satisfactory explanation can be given in many
instances regarding the particular relation which exists between
the constituents or conditions of the manurial substances applied
and the quality of the crops raised by their aid.

The world-wide reputation of barnyard manure and wood ashes
dates back not merely one or two centuries ; their good effects
have been known for thousands of years. Are we prepared to
acknowledge that nothing more has been learned during the pres-
ent century in regard to the feeding of plants than to use a little
more or less of either substance, as circumstances may broadly
indicate, to secure success? Most certainly- not ; for we have very
good reason to believe that their ancient and general reputation
rests on their complex character, and on their beneficial influence
over various physical and chemical qualities of the soil. They
contain in the majorit}' of cases more or less of all the essential
soil constituents which our cultivated farm and garden plants
need. They can supply on that account, to some extent at least,
not only known but alsc unknown deficiencies of plant food ; and
m ay thus secure, other circumstances being favorable, for a
longer or shorter period of time a reasonable return when applied
in liberal quantity.

Experience has shown that refuse manurial matter like barnyard
manure is most efficient when used for the reproduction of those
crops which have contributed materially to its manufacture ; and
the same proposition may be maintained with reference to the
manurial value of vegetable compost or ashes.

The exceptional occurrence of these conditions materially limits,
in the light of our present information, their claim of being the
best of manures for the farm or garden, and needing no farther
supplementing to meet any special deficiencies of plant food. The
whole aspect of the question how to manure efficiently has grad-
ually but decidedly changed within the last fifty years.

We prefer today to speak of feeding plants. To feed plants
intelligentl}' implies possession in a fair degree of two kinds of

176 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

information, namely, a knowledge of the special wants of the plant
under cultivation as regards the absolute amounts and relative
proportions of the various essential articles of plant food, and a
familiarity with the composition and the general physical proper-
ties of the different kinds of raanurial matter at our disposal.

A brief statement of the principal results of a systematic and
careful examination into the circumstances which control a healthy
and vigorous growth of plants may show in what special directions
the growth of many of our garden and fruit bearing plants needs
more experimental investigation, to secure a more relial)le l)asis
for a proper mode of cultivation with reference to an eflicient sup-
ply of suitable plant food.

First. All our cultivated plants on the farm, in the garden, and
in the orchard contain the same elementary constituents, yet no
two of them in the same absolute amounts and relative propor-
tions. The list comprises carbon, h3Hirogeu, oxygen, nitrogen,
sulphur, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium,
silicon, chlorine (manganese?).

Second. These plant constituents are furnished in part by the
'surrounding atmosphere, in part by the soil, and some in varying
proportions by both.

Third. The essential plant constituents are not needed in dif-
ferent plants in the same invariable proportions at the various
successive stages of growth, but are wanted at different stages of
growth in different absolute amounts and relative proportions.
P2ach plant has its especial wants at different stages of its devel-
oi)ment. Grain crops require much nitrogen in an available form
during their later period of growth, when blooming and forming
seeds ; grapevines need a large amount of potash during the
growing and maturing of the grapes.

Fourth. The absolute amount of essential mineral constituents
may vary in the same plant without affecting, as a rule, the
general character of that plant ; yet not one of the essential ele-
mentary mineral constituents can serve in place of another one to
any marked extent without altering, in many instances in a seri-
ous way, the relative i)roportion of the organic constituents of
plants. Quite a number of our cultivated plants are more or less
susceptible of change in that direction, in consequence of a liberal
application of one or the other essential articles of plant food.
These changes are as apt to be in our favor as against our best
interests.

RATIONAL FERTILIZATION. 177

Fifth. The particular form in which we apply various articles
of plant food, as well as the special associations in which they
maj' be applied, exerts quite frequently a decided influence, not
only on the quantity of the crop, but also on its quality. The
observations contained in this and the preceding statement deserve
the most serious attention of horticulturists and nurserymen.

Sixth. The natural resources of the soil in available plant food
have proved, as a rule, ultimately insufficient for a remunerative
management of the farm, the garden, and the orchard. Older sys-
tems of agriculture have failed on account of a scanty snpph^ of
manure ; and many failures in our present horticulture will be
most likely ascribed at some future daj- to an indifferent system of
manuring.

From the foregoing record of well established conclusions, de-
rived from actual observation in the vegetation house, the field, and
the garden, we can draw, if we desire, some valuable lessons for
our guidance in the practical management of the various branches
of agricultural and horticultural industry'.

A careful consideration of the different points stated cannot fail
to impress us with the fact that to manure our lands efficiently
means today something more than to incorporate into the soli an
exceptionally liberal amount of some incidental refuse matter of
ill-defined composition, as barnyard manure, vegetable comix>st,
or wood ashes. Both good economy and our preference for a
healthy and vigorous condition of our cultivated plants advise a
change from an indifferent system of manuring to a more rational
one.

The steadily increasing consumption of agricultural chenatcals
and of commercial manurial compounds, for the purpose of sup-
plementing our home resources of manurial matter, is a gratifying-
endorsement of the good service which systematic, scientific, ex-
perimental investigations into the causes of a successful produc-
tion of remunerative crops have rendered to practical agricviUure
and horticulture.

Much has been thus far accomplished considering the short
period of time since our views regarding these points have thus
materially changed ; yet much more work is still needed to secure
a reasonably adequate control of the subject under discussion.
Agricultural chemists have need to make themselves more familiar
with the best current modes of raising and improving fruits, and
12

178 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETr.

garden crops, thus pioparing themselves for the recognition of the
particular circumstances which promote success ; and horticultur-
ists, on their part, ought to acquaint themselves more fully with
the results of the systematic scientific experiments made in their in-
terest ; and each in his particular line of industry ought to give
them fair and intelligent trial, as far as circumstances admit.

Every attempt at a rational and remunerative system of cultiva-
tion ought to begin with an inquiry into the location of the lands
and the general character of the soil, to ascertain the special fit-
ness of each for the contemplated industry ; and, in case the lands
have already been under culiivation for years, their past history
ought to be consulted before any particular course of operation is
decided upon. Inquiries in these directions are likely to give us
some valuable insight into the character and extent of existing
and available soil constituents for plant food.

A due consideration of the character and amount of the existing
available plant food of the soil, and some definite information in
regard to the composition of the plant we propose to cultivate,
ought to guide us in the selection of the kind and the quality of
the manurial substance. Care should be taken in this connection
to secure, within certain limits, a liberal su[)ply of every essential
food constituent of the plant under cultivation, so as to meet
promptly its periodical wants when called for. The heavier the
crop the larger should be the return of the constituents carried off
from the soil. Meanwhile we must bear in mind that success does
not depend on any exceptionally large amount of one or the other
prominent article of plant food, such as phosphoric acid, potash,
or nitrogen, but on a liberal supply of every essential plant con-
stituent ; for of the essential articles of plant food that one which
is present in the soil in the most limited proportion controls the
ultimate result.

I stated in the beginning of my discourse that variations in the
composition of many of our fruits and garden plants have not
thus far been as thoroughly studied as those appearing in many of
our Held crops ; yet since much assistance may be derived from
careful consideration of what we already know in this direction, I
add here a compilation of analyses of garden crops and fruits
which show the amount, the character, and the relative propor-
tions of the fertilizing constituents they contain. Most of these
analyses are taken from the record of E, Wolff, and the remainder
from personal observations at Amherst, Mass.

RATIONAL FERTILIZATION,

179

Analysis of Garden Crops and Fruits for Fertilizing Constituents.

ONE THOUSAND PARTS OF THE PLANTS CONTAIN:

-d

NAME.

a
o

fl

J3

eS

•73

6

.2
p

O

fi

O CS

'S .

fi

s
o

'3

^

s

<

o

O

3

Ph

m

A

Vj

Corn — (kernels)

(stalk and leaves)
Potato— (tubers). . .

(vines)

Peas— (seed)

(vines)....
Beans— (seed)

(vines) —

CARROTS-(rOOtS).. .

(leaves) —

Sugar Beet — (roots)

(leaves) —

White Turnip

(roots)

(leaves)

Swedish Turnip . . .

(roots). ...

(leaves) ...

White Cabbage

(head)

(roots)

SAVOY Cabbage

(head)

Cauliflower

HoKSE Radish

(roots)

Spanish Radish

(roots)

Parsnip

(roots) ...
Artichoke

(roots)

Asparagus— (stems)

(roots)

(sprouts)

Common Onion

(bulb)....

Celery

Spinach

Common Lettuce...

Head Lettuce

Roman Lettuce

Cucumber

Pumpkin

Rhubarb

(roots) —
(stem and leaves)

Apples

Peaks

Cherries

Plums

Gooseberries

Strawberries

Grapes

(seeds)

144.

16.0

12.4

3.7

0.1

0.3

1.9

5.7

150.

4.8

45.3

10.4

0.5

4.9

2.6

3.8

750.

3.4

9.5

5.8

0.3

0.3

0.5

1.6

770.

4.9

19.7

4.3

0.4

6.4

3.3

1.6

143.

35.8

23.4

10.1

0.2

1.1

1.9

8.4

160.

10.4

43.1

9.9

1.8

15.9

3.5

3.5

150.

39.0

27.4

12.0

0.4

1.5

2.1

9.7

160.

40.2

12.8

3.2

11.1

2.5

3.9

850.

"2.2

8.2

3.0

1.7

0.9

0.4

1.1

822.

5.1

23.9

2.9

4.7

7.9

0.8

1.0

815.

1.6

7.1

3.8

0.6

0.4

0.6

0.9

897.

3.0

15.3

4.0

2.0

3.1

1.7

0.7

920.'

"l'.8

"6.4

"2.9'

"0.6

"0.7

"o'.2

"0.8

898.

3.0

11.9

2.8

1.1

3.9

0.5

0.9

870.'

"2.1

"7.5

"'3.5'

"0.4

"0.9

"0.3

"I'.i

884.

3.4

19.5

2.8

0.8

6.5

0.8

2.0

90'0.'

"3.6

"9*6

"4.3'

"o".8

"1.2

"o'4

"I'.i

890.

2.4

15.6

5.8

1.5

2.8

0.6

1.4

871'.'

"5.3

14.6

"3.9'

"l'.4

"3.6

"0.5

"2.1

904.

4.0

8.0

3.6

0.5

0.5

0.3

1.6

re/.'

"4.3

19.7

"7.7'

"0.4

"2'.6

"o!4

"2.6

933.'

"1.9

"4.9

"1.6 '

"1.6

"(ih

'"o'.2

"0.5

m'

"5.4

i'o'.o

"5.4'

■'o'.2

"I'.i

"0.6

"'l!9

811.'

i'o'.i

"2.4'

"0.7

"I'.O

"0.4

"i'.i

933.'

'3.2

"5.6

"1.2'

"0.9

'6!6

"0.2

"0.9

se'o'.'

"2.7

"lA

"'2.6'

"0.2

"1.6

"o'.3

"1.3

841.

2.4

17.6

7.6

2.3

1.0

2.2

923.

4.9

16.0

2.7

'5.'7

1.9

1.0

1.0

940.

8.1

3.7

0.8

0.5

0.2

0.7

943.

■'2.2

10.1

3.9

0.8

1.5

0.6

1.0

925.

2.0

9.8

2.5

3.5

1.2

0.4

1.1

956.

1.6

5.8

2.4

0.6

0.4

0.2

1.2

900.

1.1

4.4

0.9

0.9

0.3

0.2

1.6

743.5

"5.5

28'.8

■5.3'

'5.6

"1.6

"0.6

916.7

1.3

17.2

3.6

"0.3

3.4

1.3

0.2

831.

0.6

2.2

0.8

0.6

0.1

0.2

0.3

831.

0.6

3.3

1.8

0.3

0.3

0.2

0.5

825.

3.9

2.0

0.1

0.3

0.2

0.6

838.

2.9

1.7

0.3

0.2

0.4

903.

3.3

1.3

"0.3

0.4

0.2

0.7

902.

3.3

0.7

0.9

0.5

0.5

830.

"1.7

8.8

5.0

0.1

1.0

"0.4

1.4

110.

19.0

22.7

6.9

0.5

5.6

1.4

7.0

0.1

2.4
0.6
1.3
0.8
2.7
1.1
1.7
0.5
1.8
0.3
0.8

b',7
1.1

"0.7
2.3

'1.3
2.4

'1.2
1.0

'4.9

0.3

0.5

"1.3

0.4
1.0
1.1

0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.1

0.1
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.5

0 8

0.2
0.6
0.3
1.1
0.4
2.3
0.3
3.1
0.4
2.4
0.3
1.3

"0.3
1.2

"0.5
1.5

"0.5
1.3

"i'.i

0.3
"0.3
"0.5
"0.4
"0.5

"0.3

"0.2

2.8
1.0
04
0.8
0.4
0.4

0.1

0.3
13.1
0.2
0.9
0.2
2.9
0.2
1.9
02
2.4
0.2
1.6

"o'.i

0.5

'o'.i
2.1

o'.i
0.1

0.7
0.3

"1.5

0.2
"o'.i

"0.5

" '0.7
0.7
n.7
1.3
0.8
0.3
0.5
0.3

0.1
0.1
0.4
0.1
0.1
0.4
0.3
0 '>.

180

MASSACHUSETTS IIORTICULTUIIAL SOCIETY.

T.A-Bi:.E II.

These analyses were carried out for the purpose of showing the relative propor-
tions of the stated elementary constituents of the ash. Sodium, chlorine, sulphur, and
silicium were, for various reasons, excluded from the investigation.

Per cent, of
crude as con-
tained in one
hundred parts
of dry matter.

Relative percentage of essential constituents
in one hundred parts of ash.

Namb.

■a

(0

a

_2

i3

Lombard Plums

.29— .35

76.59

13.26

2.17

7.44

.34— .35
.22— .25

74 46

2 64

6 29

16.03

Baldwin Apples ....

63.54

1.71

7.28

5.62

20.87

Asparagus — (stem) . .

42.94

3.68

27.18

12.77

12.31

(roots) ....

66.43

5.42

15.48

7.57

15.09

Clinton Grapes

.78— .88

57.40

3.51

13.10

7.24

17.87

Concord Grapes ....

0.88

62.29

15.50

1.76

18.49

Cranberries

0.179

47.96

6.58

18.58

6.78

14.27

White Currants .. • .

0.5^

53.81

17.46

4.72

22.64

Black Raspberries..

.33— .44

60.0d

19.44

9.60

20.47

Blackberries

.35— .40

61.42

17.22

6.30

24.13

Blueberries

0.16

31.86

28.02

9.26

29.06

RATIONAL FERTILIZATIOX. 181

A close examination of these analytical results reveals in many
instances remarkable variations in regard to almost every essen-
tial fertilizing constituent of plants. Some contain one part of
phosphoric acid to one part of potash, others one of the former
to two, three, four, and even as high as five parts of the latter.
A similar variation ma}- be noticed as regards the relative propor-
tions of phosphoric acid and nitrogen ; in most instances we find
more phosphoric acid than sulphuric acid and chlorine, yet in some
species of plants more sulphur and chlorine than phosphoric acid
may be noticed. Similar circumstances exist as regards the pro-
portions of lime and magnesia.

The recognition of these conditions obliges us to concede that
none of our ordinary manures, composed of refuse matters, can
be considered in the majority of cases the most suitable fertilizer
without the addition of some one or more articles of plant food
in a suitable and available form. Good economy and a regard to
healthful conditions of the soil advise that course.

There still remains one point of importance to which I desire to
call your attention in this connection, namely, the careful selection
of manurial substances with reference to the most advantageous
form.

A productive agricultural or horticultural soil implies, for vari-
ous reasons, the presence of decaying vegetable matter ; this
condition we secure either by a direct addition in the form of
barnyard manure, or some other vegetable refuse material inciden-
tal to our industries, or by green manuring, or a judicious system
of rotation of crops. The latter course is in man}- instances the
safer one, as far as the preservation of a healthful condition of
the soil is concerned.

An excessive accumulation in the soil of either animal or vege-
table matter, or of both, is apt to turn it into a breeding place of
injurious parasitic growths. For this reason it is not advisable
to secure a liberal supply of the various essential articles of plant
food b}' the use of an exceptionally large quantity of barnyard
manure or of any organic refuse material of a similar character.

A moderate use of these substances, supported by a proper ad-
dition of concentrated commercial articles of plant food for the
purpose of rendering them complete fertilizers, deserves in the
majority of cases particular commendation on account of the di-
rectness and certainty with which we can reach the object in view.

182 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The adoption of this course of manuring our lands has not only
materially improved our chances of securing larger crops, but,
what is of not less importance, it has enabled us to notice the
particular intluences which the different essential articles of plant
food not unfrequently exert on the quality of the crop. Observa-
tions in this direction are today so well established that no one
familiar with the facts can reasonably question their important
bearing on vital interests in agricultural and horticultural indus-
tries.

We have good reason to believe that not only the particular
form, but also the particular association and relative proportion,
in which we apply the various articles of plant food, will, under
corresponding conditions of season and soil, control in many in-
stances the special commercial value of our crops.

We begin to discriminate between muriate of potash and sul-
phate of potash ; we learn that a liberal supply of nitrogen and
potash, in the absence of a corresponding proportion of phos-
phoric acid, tends to retard the timely maturing of some crops ; it
is not less recognized that sulphate of lime and sulphate of mag-
nesia (kieserite) favor in an exceptional degree the growth of
leaves and stems ; sulphate of magnesia (kieserite) used in con-
nection with potash compounds is known to send the potash to the
subsoil and has thus proved a most efficient remedy for clover and
beet sick lauds ; and the same effect may be expected in our
orchards, as far as distribution of potash is concerned.

More observations of a similar character might be mentioned
in this connection, yet I cannot attempt, on an occasion like the
present, an exhaustive treatment of the matter under discussion.
1 take the liberty to call your serious attention to the previous
statements merely on account of their suggestive importance.

To be able to produce in some plants, or in a particular part of
any plant, an exceptionally large amount of sugar, or starch, or
acid, or nitrogenous matter ; in others to cause an exceptional de-
velopment of leaves and stems ; and again in others to exert a
decided influence on the length of time required to reach their full
maturity means in the end nothing less than that our chances for
controlling the quality of our crops are daily improving. The re-
sults thus far known are of sufficient importance to incite us to
active participation in a systematic course of experimental obser-
vation, b}' which we may hope to make further progress in a
rational system of special fertilization.

RATIONAL FERTILIZATION. 183

A careful study of the growth of many species of plants has
revealed the fact that, as a rule, every one of them has some
inherent tendency to develop, under special circumstances, in
some particular direction. In some instances the flowers are most
disposed to a change ; in others, the seed ; in others, the fruit ; in
others, the tubers or the roots, etc.

Our cultivated varieties of field and garden crops are evidently
the results of systematic endeavors through ages to develop these
inherent tendencies of plants in directions promotive of the ben-
efit of humanity.

Each age has contributed its fair share, considering its special
resources, toward the present advanced condition of hoi'ticulture.
The introduction of an intelligent system of special fertilization
in the interest of a desired development of the natural or
inherent tendencies of our cultivated plants may yet prove a con-
tribution to horticultural practices worthy of our progressive
times. Horticulture was a highly developed art before botany
was known as a science ; yet no one in any degree familiar with
the present relation of botanic research io the various horticul-
tural industries would for a moment question seriously its benefi-
cial influence on their recent progress. Give to chemistry a
similar chance to demonstrate its influence and the result cannot
be doubtful.

Discussion.

William C. Strong said that there were few persons in any as-
sembly who could follow such a paper as had been read. It is
most valuable for its simple statement of fundamental truths.
The fact that so much progress has been made in the last fifty
years in all professions — that of medicine for instance — that the
laws governing the breeding of animals are so much better under-
stood — leads to the opinion that more progress ought to have been
made in the department of vegetable physiology and feeding, but
when we listen to such an essay as Dr. Goessmann's we feel
that this deficiency will soon be supplied. We see the necessity
of further investigation ; we see that it will not do to supply too
large a quantity of vegetable food to plants ; it is like overloading
the stomachs of animals. Farmers cannot make the investigations
needed, and it is fortunate that we have such a man as Dr. Goess-
mann to do it. It is wise economy for the state to supply the

184 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

means whereby he can do il, and the speaker hoped that he would
be well supported in his experiments.

Edmund Ilerse}' asked whether more nitrogen was required by
grain crops the last of the season than earlier, to which Professor
Goessmann replied, Yes.

Mr. Herse}' went on to say that he had been much perplexed by
the question what is really in the soil. Soils vary in each field,
and unless we know what crops have been grown and what fertil-
izers have been applied we are working in the dark. Suppose
that, on a piece of laud where phosphate has been applied freelj',
he raises a crop which does not need much phosphoric acid, ought
he not to remember that ? Can we distinguish by the growth of
the plants what element preponderates?

Professor Goessmann replied that the knowledge of what has
been applied to the soil and taken from it in past years is most
important information, for by it we can judge of its probable de-
ficiencies. If the crops have carried oflF a large proportion of
phosphoric acid and little has been applied we need to apply more.
He spoke of a field which had been prepared for experiment by
cropping with corn until no more would grow. It was then divided
into twelve parts ; the first for nitrogen in the form of nitrate of
soda; the second for sulphate of ammonia; the third for nitro-
genous organic matter, there being an equal amount of nitrogen in
each case. The fourth had a fair amount of phosphoric acid ; the
fifth muriate of potash, and the sixth sulphate of potash. The
crops on all the plats came out of the ground alike, but only those
where potash was used carried them out and yielded a complete
crop. If the past history of the ground had been taken into con-
sideration this might have been expected ; it had been in grass
and corn. The farmer should study the past history of his soil,
considering its quality, general character, and what has been
grown on it. By such stud}', combined with experiments in the
special application of potash, phosphoric acid, and nitrogen, each
by itself, he can tell better what his land needs than the chemist
can without such information.

The Professor said he was much pleased with the progress which
has been recently made in the knowledge of the subject under
consideration. Ten years ago no commercial fertilizers were used
for fruit crops ; now he receives many letters asking intelligent
questions on this point, and farmers generally are today far more

RATIONAL FERTILIZATION. 185

enterprising and intelligent in their use of fertilizers than a few
years ago ; we need, however, to make systematic experiments at
our stations, and not form hasty conclusions from a single trial.
Contradictory reports of experiments can be explained by the fact
that not all the circumstances are known.

In reply to a question the Professor said that magnesia is wanted
in some soils as well as the three substances before named. Pro-
fessor Ville found that wheat would no: form the seed without
sufficient magnesia. Magnesia compounds ought to be more
generally tested for efficiency. Potash is one of the most impor -
tant articles which soils are not generally able to supply, as they
can lime and magnesia ; but soils lying on granite rocks containing
felspar are not usually deficient in potash.

The great advantage of barnyard manure and compost is that
they contain all the constituents of plant food. But we can do bet-
ter than to use these exclusively, and particularl}' when it comes to
the quality of the products ; which we can improve by the use of
special fertilizers. In one case it is the fruit that is wanted ;
in another the flowers. The proportions of sugar, starch, and
other constituents can be changed by the judicious use of special
fertilizers, and in this direction there is a wide field open for
research in future. If we follow Nature we can turn special fertil-
izers to account as well as special selections ; one is the work of
chemistry, the other of botany. Farmers can carry on experiments
in this direction : if one man in a community takes them up others
will follow. Farming is an art, chemistry is a science, and they
should go hand in hand. To establish a fact requires a full
knowledge of all the circumstances of the case. The object of all
scientific inquiry in regard to the culture of the soil is to ascer-
tain the basis of success. If this is once recognized its adoption
is easy.

Horticulture has a great advantage over agriculture in the means
of information which it possesses, owing to the variety of crops
with which it deals, while in agriculture the number is few. The
less the number of crops raised in any locality the sooner they
fail. It takes time for soil to recuperate when exhausted.

Leguminous plants are preferred for green manure because they
root deep and bring fertilizing matter from below to above. Buck-
wheat is very nitrogenous and therefore eligible. Plants with large
leaves and stems are desirable for this purpose. But we must

186 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

keep iu mind that green manuring is not enriching the soil, ex-
cept in nitrogen. It may sometimes do well once when it would
not succeed a second time. It gives nature a better opportunity
to prepare the inherent resources of the soil. The use of clover as
a green manure has given relief at first, when afterwards its
effect has disappeared. The deep rooting plants like clover and
lucerne should alternate with grain crops in a good rotation.

Such legumes as horse beans, lucerne, red clover, and lupines,
which draw fertility from the subsoil and bring it to the surface,
have been aptly called vegetable subsoil ploughs. At the Agri-
cultural College Farm the speaker planted horse beans and lupines
on land which had not produced above half a ton of hay to the
acre; the crops grew as finely as any ever seen, and they weie
turned under and grass was sown and there was not a finer catch
in the town. The horse beau needs far less potash and phosphoric
acid than grass. The aim of the farmer should be to supplement
the natural resources of the soil. It is impossible to decide by
chemical analj'sis of a soil what it is capable of producing. Most
experiments are mainly of educational interest ; they are not
intended to show farmers how to work, but to illustrate the
principle involved. We should aim to grow crops of good quality
and should select for seed only the best and most mature speci-
mens.

Mr. Hersey said he had drawn the conclusion from his experi-
ments that corn needs a good deal of phosphoric acid to carry it
out.

Dr. Goessmann said that the seed of corn has about four times
as much nitrogen as the stalk. When the seed is formed the
nitrogen and phosphate are not just taken from the soil, but have
been lor some time moving to the centre of growth. He had not
been able to raise a potato with twenty-five per cent of solid
matter ; one which contains onl}' twenty per cent is imperfect.
We have not yet settled on what is the requirement of a perfect
seed for cultivation ; this can be best ascertained by scientific in-
vestigation. The heaviest potato is the one to be selected for
propagation.

William D. Philbrick said that he was engaged in market gar-
dening and had never been troubled by over-dosing.

Dr. Goessmann said that undecomposed vegetable matter in the
soil might encourage parasitic growth. We put iu as much

RATIONAL FERTILIZATION.

^..:\o

manure as we think will pay, but we have not 3'et Iea1%^/^}*11^^ "^^
the efTect of over-dosing ; we do not know how much organiS ma^t-
ter may be produced by manure. In some of his experiments he
had found that lime accumulates in the diseased parts of trees and
potash is deficient. He thinks that many of the diseases of plants
may be due to excess of undecomposed vegetable matter or barn-
yard manure in the soil. Fifteen or twenty 3'ears ago we might
have rolled our seed in fertilizer without injury, but now we can-
not because the fertilizers are more concentrated.

Mr. Hersey said in regard to over supply of manure that he
had found that some plants would bear it and others would not.
In order to get enough potash for potatoes from barnyard
manure you must apply more nitrogen than is needed, and the
over supply of nitrogen may be injurious. Asparagus does not
seem to be injured by an over supply of manure ; he had applied
at the rate of seventy-five cords per acre for successive years.

Professor Goesmann said that agriculturists well know that
crops do better for rotation. The natural tendency of rain is to
carr}' down the plant food in the soil. This is one reason why an
alternation of shallow rooting crops like grain and deep rooting
crops like clover and lucerne is recommended. All soluble fertil-
izers are subject to some loss by leaching ; it is difficult to say
what proportion of fertilizers is lost in this way ; more is lost in
sandy soils than in clay, but the loss is not so much as is generally
supposed. Drainage water shows no more nitrogen where that
element was applied than where none was. In an experiment in
passing water through the soil, no phosphoric acid was noticed
until nitrate of soda was applied. One farm may need one crop
and another a different crop to take the plant food which was out
of the reach of the previous crops.

On motion of Francis H. Appleton a vote of thanks to Dr.
Goessmann for his admirable and interesting paper was unani-
mously passed.

The Committee on Discussions gave notice that on the next
Saturday William J. Stewart would read a paper on the " Progress
of Commercial Floriculture."

J 50 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

BUSINESS WEETING.

Saturday, March 12, 1887.

Au adjourned meeting of the Societ}' was holdeu at 11 o'clock,
the President, Henry P. "NValcott, in the Chair.

The President read the following letter : —

Boston Society of Natural History,
Berkeley Street, Boston, Mass.,
March 10, 1887.
Dr. Henry P. Walcott : —

Dear Sir, — The following vote was unanimously passed by the
Council of this Society' at its last meeting and has been sent to
the Mayor and Board of Aldermen :

Voted, The Council of the Boston Society of Natural History,
regarding with favor the proposition to devote a portion of the
Public Garden to the uses of the Massachusetts Horticultural So-
ciety and particularly for its valuable exhibitions, begs permission
to support the petition of the Horticultural Societ}' to the City
Government, on the ground that if granted it would foster on the
part of the public a larger interest in the very objects of the Gar-
den. The Council looks on all movements tending toward the
education of the public in natural objects and natural laws with
the deepest concern, and believes in this instance that the best in-
terests of the public would be served by as close a relationship as
possible between the Horticultural Society and the Garden.

Your truly,

Edward Burgess,

Secretary.
Adjourned to Saturday', March 19.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

The Progress of Commercial Floriculture.

By William J. Stewart, Boston.

Mr. President, Ladies, and Gentlemen : Your Committee has
asked me to read a paper on the Progress of Commercial Flori-
culture. The whole history of commercial floriculture in this
country is progress — progress so rapid and so romarkablc that it

THE PROGRESS OF COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE. 189

seems almost incredible. What is commercial floriculture? What
is a florist? So great has been the development in all lines of
business connected with the introduction, culture, and sale of floral
productions that our language even has not kept pace with the
business ; and so we find a great combination of industries for
which we have no distinctive or generally accepted names. Thirty
years ago, when one spoke of a gardener, or a florist, every one
knew what was meant. What is a gardener now? Who are the
florists ?

I am sure that if I were to confine this essay to a narra-
tion merely of the progress in the culture of flowers for commer-
cial purposes, I should not be fulfilling the duty expected by your
Committee. They desire also to hear something about the great
modern marts, where cut flowers are distributed, arranged, and
sold, and which a few years ago did not exist. But what have
those places to do with floriculture? Many of those employed in
them never potted a plant, never syringed a house ; many of them
know as little of the details required to perfect the flowers they
sell as they do of the manufacture of the wire and tin-foil they
use, or the baskets they fill, yet they occupy an important place
in the florist's business of toda^-. The little industry which forty
years ago was onl}' in the embryo state has during the past twenty
years made such strides, and its present rate of growth is so great,
that it looks as though the future will have to coin new worda if it
will keep up with the florist's trade.

The commercial idea, this trading in cut flowers by the dozen or
hundred, I am well aware is an unwelcome subject to some well-
meaning people. I recall a conversation with a gentleman whom
you all know, and whose fame as a botanist is world wide, in
which he made some inquiries regarding my employment, and I
shall never forget the look of disgust which overspread his face as
he said, " Yes, yes, peddle them out so much a barrel, just as you
would potatoes." There are doubtless many people who agree with
him ; they grow a flower for itself, they say, and not for its value
in dollars and cents. But where do our most beautiful flowers,
our most luscious fruits come from, and whom shall we thank
for them ? They are in many cases, no doubt, primarily the re-
sult of the labors and studies of men who have done the work for
the love of it alone ; but had it not been for that ever-present and
all-powerful element iu human nature, the desire for gain, and the

190 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

energy and enterprise begotten of l)iisiness methods, these prized
results of love's labor would have staid iu the spot where they first
saw the light, in the possession only of their originator or his im-
mediate friends, and the millions who have enjoyed them would
have never known that pleasure.

In these latter years, however, some of our most earnest stu-
dents of plant life, and of methods of fertilization and propaga-
tion, those who are striving hardest to discover or to produce new
varieties, are not amateurs, nor are they enthusiasts, working solely
for love of the work, but the}' are men who know the value in
hard cash of anything meritorious. The spirit which has spanned
the continent with railways, and covered it with a maze of tele-
graph wires, which lines our streets with magnificent buildings and
tasteful stores, and which has thrown the treasures of the whole
world at our feet is the same identical spirit as that which ani-
mates and spurs on oui great hybridizers and rosarians, and which
ransacks ever}' corner of the earth, braving the dangers of the wil-
derness and the pestilence of the tropics in the great quest for
something new or rare.

The florist of a generation ago was in most cases a pretty hum-
ble and obscure individual. He was generally a man who was
employed, by one or several parties, to keep their grounds in
order ; and occupying as he did a station socially about on a plane
with the coachman and hostler he was expected to be as expert
at milking the cow, and wheeling out the ashes, as he was at tying
bouquets. His hothouses were of the crudest pattern ; small, in-
convenient, poorly heated, and set with but little regard to fitness
of location or aspect. Our modern devices for heating, ventilat-
ing, and propagating were unknown to him, and he was as inno-
cent as a child regarding the much discussed questions of the com-
parative merits of hot water and steam, theories of circulation and
radiation, and many other problems that interest his more fortu-
nate brother of the present day. His stock of plants was more
of a museum than anything else, and occasionally it was mainly a
hospital. The hospitals iu some instances are unfortunately still
to be found. His bouquets, if we could see them now, would be
regarded as curiosities. With a stick in the middle to keep them
straight, and the flowers wound on as tightly as they could be
packed together, they were indeed marvels of workmanship.
About the only designs attempted, besides bouquets, were wreaths
and a few crosses. These were fashioned on sticks or hoops.

THE PROGRESS OF COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE. 191

His customers were just as simple as himself, and the whole
cut flower trade of Boston probably' would not have sufficed to
keep one of our modern flower shops going. Most of us can re-
member the time when about the onlj' flowers which could be
bought in this city were the few stiffly made bouquets that were
brought to town every morning, and offered for sale in the win-
dows of some provision dealer or druggist.

What a contrast with the condition of the flower business of
today ! There are plenty of men engaged in it who in general
intelligence, education and refinement, are the equals of those in
any other line of trade. It is rapidly becoming a business of vast
importance ; with a large amount of money invested, with its
wholesale, commission, and supply dealers, importers, jobbers, and
retailers. It is no longer in the experimental stage, and cannot
be successfully conducted at random or by guesswork. Competi-
tion and increased investments of capital have brought prices down
as low as possible, and the man who does not manage his business
carefully and systematically stands but a poor chance to succeed.
Foresight, energy, and brains are what tell in the flower trade of
today ; and there is room in it yet for more men who are blessed
with these requisites. The man who raises the best flowers in
the market, of any variety, is always pretty sure of good sales at
good prices. With such perishable articles, which cannot be pro-
duced at will, there will always occur seasons of glut ; and at such
times it is the man that offers the inferior stock who must go to
the wall first.

The tendency of those engaged in growing flowers for the market
nowadays is towards specialties. It is certainly better for a man
to grow two or three things well and gain a reputation for those
specialties, than to produce a little of everything indifferently.
Most rose growers now limit themselves to a few varieties, which,
for one reason or another, they regard as the most profitable ; and
the best success is attained where each variety has a separate
house. The number of varieties of roses which may be consid-
ered as staple, since they are quoted at wholesale in most of the
large markets in this country, is about twenty-five, as follows :
Bon Silene, Safrano, Isabella Sprunt, Niphetos, Perle des Jardins,
Sunset, Papa Gontier, Souvenir d' une Amie, Mme. Cousin, Sou-
venir de Malmaison, Murechal Niel, Cornelia Cook, William Fran-
cis Bennett, Pierre Guillot, Bride, Catharine Mermet, American

192 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Beaut}', Gen. Jacqueminot, La France, Baroness Kothschild, Mme.
Gabriel Luizet, Magna Charta, Anna de Diesbach, and Duke of
Connaught.

Other varieties which are grown for the market, but less gener-
ally, are Douglas, Duchess of Edinburgh, Yellow Tea, Royal Tea»
Lamarque, Reine Marie Ilcnriette, Climbing Devoniensis, Boule
de Neige, and an assortment of Hybrid Perpetuals, which are
forced for winter consumption. The most desirable points in a
market rose are continuous and abundant blooming, long stems
bearing single buds, and robust foliage, with fragrance, clear
color, and good keeping qualities in the flower.

Quite a large proportion of the roses grown about Boston are
shipped to other points in New England, Canada, and the West.
The shipping trade has grown to be a very in-portant item, and is
the outlet through which our surplus finds its way ; and which
keeps prices up so as to afford a fair remuneration. There is no
doubt that during the greater portion of the year there are more
roses grown about Boston than it would be possible to consume
here ; and if the shipping trade were to cease we should be
swamped, and prices would at once fall far below the cost of
production, bringing ruin to man}'.

The popularity of the rose seems not to diminish, and it prob-
ably will not as long as the demand for novelties is supplied
by new varieties. Every year brings forth fresh candidates for
popular favor, most of them from the other side of the water ; but
the proportion of really successful ones is small as compared
with the number sent out. The conditions under which a rose is
forced for market in this country are so different from those under
which it is raised and grown abroad that many roses of European
origin whose appearance has at first given great promise have
proved utter failures, causing much financial sorrow to those who
invested in them.

The Carnation has taken a fresh hold upon popular fancy within
two or three years, and deservedly so, for the new kinds which
have been introduced recently are in many respects great improve-
ments upon the old varieties. To be valuable now, a carnation
must produce its flowers on single stems, so that they can be cut
long. The flowers must be distinct in color, large and full in form,
and not inclined to burst at the calyx.

The Violet is a popular flower the world over. The only variety

THE PROGRESS OF COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE. 193

vvh'ch is generally salable here is the Mario Louise, and this is
subject to a disease which has baffled the most experienced violet
growers and forced many to give up its culture. The result is that
those whose plants have escaped the scourge have reaped a profit-
able return during the past two years. It is a singular fact that in
Philadelphia single violets are the most popular, while here they
cannot be sold.

After roses, carnations, and violets, the flowers most extensively
grown for the market are those produced from bulbs and tubers,
such as Lily of the Valley, Roman Hyacinths, Tulips, Daffodils,
and Lilies of several kinds. Dutch Hyacinths, which were so
much sought after formerly, are now positively unsalable.

Who would have believed it possible a few years ago that lilies
of the valley could be produced the whole year round ? Yet it is
true that there is not a day in the year when these flowers cannot
be supplied in quantity.

Other flowei's which may be considered as staple, being regu-
larly quoted in the wholesale market, are Narcissi of several kinds,
Freesias, Bouvardias, Mignonette, Callas, Camellias, Myosotis,
Lilacs, Pansies, Smilax, and Ferns ; also some kinds whose sale
is limited to certain seasons, such as Sweet Peas, Asters, Chrysan-
themums, Gladioli, etc.

The difference between the varieties called for here, and in Eng-
land, is seen by consulting the prices current as published in the
English periodicals. There we see quoted Tea Colored, Red
French, and Safrano Roses, with Tropseolums, Primulas, Poinset-
tias, Jasmine, Gardenias, Abutilons, Corn-F"lowers, Pyrethrums,
Pelargoniums, etc. So much for fashion. A wholesale dealer
who should oflfer thnt list as his stock in trade would starve here.

The extent of the cut flower and kindred industries is much
greater than is generally imagined. I have corresponded with
such gentlemen as Peter Henderson, John N. May, August
Rolker & Sons, W. S. Allen, and J. C. Vaughan, with a view of
compiling some estimates which would be approximately reliable ;
but the figures received vary so much that it is difficult to arrive
at a satisfactory conclusion. The importation of Lily of the
Valley roots amounts to several millions annually ; the growing of
these roots for this market being quite an industry abroad. The
consumption of cut Tulips alone certainly amounts to many thou-
sauds daily during the winter season, and the number of Roman
13

194 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Hyiicintlis grown is simply onornions. Cut flowers amounting at
wholesale prices to one million dollars in value pass through the
hands of commission dealers annually, and the amount sold b}'
growers for the market outside of the commission dealers must be
as large, if not larger.

From fifteen to twenty thousand dollars is invested annually in
plants of new varieties of roses. Mr. Thorpe estimates that there
are six hundred and thirty acres of ground covered with glass in
this countr}', .about one half of which is devoted to the growing of
plants and one half to the production of cut flowers. There are
probabh' not less than fifteen thousand individuals engaged in
growing plants (for sale or for cut flowers) and in florists' stores.

Not less than fifty million plants are sold annually, and the im-
portation of bulbs and plants must amount to nearly, if not quite,
half a million dollars in value. Tuberose bulbs, which we for-
merh' imported, we now export in large quantities; and the ex-
portation of Pampas Grass has also grown to be quite a large
business. One and a half millions of plumes is probably a low
estimate.

But these figures give little idea of the amount of business or
number of people directly or indirectl}' dependent upon the cut
flower trade. Consider the material used in constructing green-
houses, such as glass, iron pipe and fittings, hot water boilers and
steam apparatus ; the labor employed and the nione^' invested in
the manufacture of plain and fancy flower pots, rubber hose, fer-
tilizers, insect exterminators, and horticultural tools of all kinds ;
also the capital invested and the number of people employed in
the making of ornamental baskets ; and the value of baskets of
foreign manufacture, of wheat, immortelles, etc., which are im-
ported annuall}'. One estimate places the value of coul auinially
consumed at nearly four hundred thousand dollars. Tons of iron
are made into wire and wire designs for florists' use ; man}' thou-
sands of pounds of tin-foil, also cords of wood (in the form of
toothpicks for stemming flowers, and of plant stakes), are items of
considerable account ; while the rents paid for stores and the
money paid in wages to help of both sexes must amount to a large
sum. Enormous quantities of moss, wild ferns, ground pine,
laurel branches, etc., are gathered in the woods every year, this
one industry giving continuous employment to many people in the
country. The Boston market alone consumes annually two mil-

THE PROGRESS OF COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE. 195

lion wild ferns, two thoiisaiid barrels of moss, four to five tons
of ground pine, and twenty thousand j^ards of laurel festoons.
These figures are for regular florists' demands, and do not take
into consideration the Christmas trade in greens, which of course
is very large.

We must not forget the large sums spent in illustrated cata-
logues, many of which are really works of art, and in postage paid
on the same ; nor should we overlook the educating influence of
the illustrations in such publications, which are generall}' true to
nature, with the result that the average flower painter or engraver
of today knows better than to sketch lilies with five petals ; and
needs not be told that lilies of the valley do not branch or that
morning glories do not bear tendrils. The general knowledge of
varieties in flowers and of their habits and characteristics, which a
florist finds nowadays among his customers, is very gratifying and
is significant, showing as it does the educating influence which has
been at work — a result which is due largely to the enterprise and
liberality of the commercial florists, who have placed the choicest
productions of nature's handiwork within the reach of everj'bod}',
no matter how poor.

What a wealth of beauty is displaj'ed in the florists' windows
today ! The old stories we used to read in our younger days of
the poor city children who had never seen a green field, a rose, or a
dandelion are no longer true. The situation has indeei changed ;
and rose-buds, violets, sweet peas, and daffodils are now as famil-
iar to the eyes of the children of the street as they ever appeared
to the most fortunate of their country cousins.

Is it surprising that horticultural exhibitions, pure and simple,
appear to be losing ground ? The time when people would crowd
into a hall and gaze with open mouthed wonder on a table covered
with dishes of pears and radishes and apples, or rows of bottles
filled with a variety of flowers, is past and gone. Commercial
floriculture gives the people a free exhibition every day throughout
the winter in the florists' windows on Tremont street such as in
the horticultural exhibitions of a few years ago was never dreamed
of. The same is true of fruit. The Italian fruit-stands on our
street corners, with their loads of strawberries in April and May,
and of peaches and watermelons in July, would have been wor-
thy of an admission fee twenty-five years ago. Even Orchids, as
rare novelties, . have seen their best days. The commercial flor-

190 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ists have their eyes on the orchids and they are doomed. They
will not long be the flower of the few.

Not all of the work done by the florists, however, has been in
the direction of art or good taste. We have seen floral designs,
so called, which were nothing but hideous monstrosities ; and such
things have given the critical a fair foundation for wholesale de-
nunciation of the whole business. Flowers have been made to do
duty in the manufacture of freight cars, chopping blocks, teapots,
bedsteads, shovels, lambs that could not be distinguished from
Berkshire pigs, doves that would as readily pass for hens, and a
host of other abominations. This is one feature of the progress
of commercial floriculture which we may well deplore. Perhaps
the best way to remedy this state of affairs is to educate the pub-
lic to a higher appreciation of work that is really artistic ; for as
long as people will demand such things ar)d aie willing to pay for
them of course the florists must supply them.

But floral designs need not be monstrous ; and many even that
are formal can be made beautiful in the hands of a true artist.
Here is the opening for the successful floral exhibition of the
future. At the recent Orchid Show held in New Yoik, the most
noticeable featuie and that which went farthest toward making it
a success was the manner in which the grouping was done.
Everything was arranged with an eye to artistic effect so that
altogether it made one perfect and harmonious whole. Luxuriant
banks of ferns filled the shady corners, while beautiful pitcher
plants hung above ; orchids which gro\\ naturally in the air were
attached to old mossy branches overhead ; while under the shade
of palms and tree ferns whole colonies of Cypripediunis peeped
forth from verdant banks. After seeing such a picture, no one
would think of going back to the old style of exhibition where
each contributor sets up his own row, and the result is a lot of
loose ends and detached groups without harmony or system, and
what miglit otherwise be a grand and beautiful display is com-
pletely spoiled for lack of a comprehensive plan and a master
hand to carry it out.

Within the past three years a remarkable movement has been
taking place among the florists. They have not only a national
society which is already a magnificent organization, but they are
uniting in different cities all over the country into Florists' Clubs,
8f)-ealled. What is tlie cause of these simultaneous movements.

THE PROGRESS OF COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE. 197

and what will be the result? I think the cause is principally that
the commercial florists find that the horticultural and agricultural
societies and similar organizations, from their very composition
and nature, cannot adequately represent or serve the best interests
of so large and progressive an element. The gentleman of leisure
with his few dozen of pet raspberry bushes will carefully pick off
a couple of quarts of fruit and hie him to the cit}' ; occupying his
whole Saturday forenoon with arranging them in a dish on a table
and watching with jealous eyes the dish of his neighbor alongside.
Another will buy a couple of baskets of verbenas in the spring,
take them home, and plant them in his little front garden, and
when they come into flower he too will start for the city with his
verbena flowers, which he will stick into a row of bottles, and
then hang around to see whether the committee will not recognize
his self-denial by placing upon his exhibit a considerate one dollar
gratuity. But commercial florists have no time or inclination for
such trifling. It is too far behind the times. Regarding essays
and discussions, there are so many questions that are all-important
to the commercial florist of the year 1887 that he cannot afford to
divide the time with the market gardener, the farmer, and the
fruit growe '.

When this Horticultural Society was organized floriculture was
but a babe in this country. There was nothing to be made from
it pecuniarily. Its members had but little in the way of precedent
or example to encourage them and it mattered not whether they
were carpenters, farmers, or dry goods dealers ; they were wel-
come so long as they thought enough of horticulture to use
their money and their efforts for the good cause . All honor to
them. They builded better than they knew ; and what more can
be wished for the new organizations than that at the close of an
equal period of time they may be able to point to a record of use-
fulness equal to that which is the pride of the Massachusetts Hor-
ticultural Society. If it had not been for this and kindred
societies commercial floriculture would not have been what it is
today. But, as the child when grown to robust stature leaves his
father's home and strikes out to make his mark in the world — as
the thriving offshoot from the potted plant, finding its quarters
cramped, mUst be taken away and put in a place where its ambi-
tious vigor can find room to work, so the commercial florists, as
they feel their strength and as they begin to know their needs.

198 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Strike out for themselves in order that they may devote all their
time and their best energies to tliose questions which most concern
their own welfare. They do not by this action sever the tics that
bind them to this paternal home. They will be seen and heard
here, and you will find them all the better sons for having got
away from their leading strings and proved their own strength.

The}' are now taking a lesson in self-reliance and independence
— not as individuals, but as a bod}-. The influence which can
be exerted b}' such a union of interests, and the pressure which
can be brought to bear wherever and whenever it is necessary, were
shown in Congress last winter, when an oppressive bill to double
the postage on seeds was withdrawn, chicfl}' through the efTorts of
the Society of American Florists. There is plenty of work for
them that has not yet been touched. The disgraceful practice of
sending out goods under false names, which has flourished in so
many quarters, must be attacked with vigor and fought relent-
lessly until this stigma is removed from the reputation of Ameri-
can dealers ; and the travelling impostors who have been going
over the country unmolested for years, with their gaudy pictures of
flowers the like of which never grew, will soon find the place too
hot for them.

The florists are at last beginning to think and act for them-
selves, and substantial benefits cannot fail to follow for them and
for the public. It has been a long struggle for them. Hard work
all day and often all night, without a holiday and with scarce!}' a
Sabbath that they can call their own — this has always been, and
to a certain extent always must be their lot. These men who have
reversed the seasons and have turned dreary winter into a long
summer day, whose vocation is to make the home brighter, to add
to the beauty and joy of the bridal festival, to cheer up the sick
room, and to lessen the loneliness and desolation of the funeral,
have come up from very humble beginnings. "What they now
have has been well earned ; and the business of which they are
today proud lias come not by chance or good fortune but is the
result of application, perseverance, and patient toil.

Discussion.

Edward L. Beard said that he was very glad that Mr. Stewart
had so well set off the florists' view of floriculture, and he deemed
many of the suggestions made worthy of consideration. He felt

EMBELLISHMENT WITH TREES AND SHRUBS. 199

that our own Society is bound sooner or later to recognize in-
telligently the commercial florist. It should do all that it can to
encourage his interests ; it should do more than it has ever yet
done, and should keep pace with the movement which has pro-
ceeded so rapidly of late years. While the florists are essentially
commercial men they are not the less introducers of new things,
and thereby advancers of horticulture. Our Society is one which
can afford to take a higher view of this subject than it has j'et
taken. The interests which control it and the florists' associations
have much in common, though they may work in different ways.
The recent Orchid Exhibition in New York was an enterprise in-
volving great risks, and it was a great credit to the florists who
managed it that they made it as successful as they did, twenty-five
thousand people having attended it, paying an admission fee of
fifty cents each. No comparison can justly be made between it
and our own exhibition, but it shows great activity and energ}'.
As long as the florists' efforts are in such a direction as that horti-
cultural societies ought to encourage them.

Notice was given that on the next Saturday a paper would be
read by Francis H. Appleton, on the " Embellishment of Grounds
with Trees and Shrubs."

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, March 19, 1887.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
Vice-President Benjamin G. Smith in the chair.

No business being brought before the meeting, it adjourned to
Saturday, March 26.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

The Embellishment of Grounds with Trees and Shrubs.

By Francis H. Appleton, Peabody.

Most of the ladies and gentlemen who listen to my brief words
today have probably long since made up their minds as to how
their own grounds should be laid out, and have them already

200 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

well emliellished with trees and slirubs as well as flowers and
climbing plants. There are, however, many other people whom
our Transactions will reach, — there are still more whom we should
like to have them reach and benefit, — who would be glad to learn
the best methods of planning and planting their gi'ounds, and how
to secure or raise their own trees, shrubs, and vines. And while
we steadil}' strive to help the loyal niemlters who attend our
meetings and otherwise aid in doing the active work of planning
and executing for the Society, it is the non-attendants and non-
members who most need to be interested and instructed in the line
of horticultural taste.

With this view 1 desire to direct attention to the fact that our
Transactions for 1887 can be made practicall}- useful towards
promoting an increase in the number of embellished homes in
Massachusetts ; and, even if such increase cannot always be in the
form that might be recommended as best by those most capable of
judging, nevertheless any advance in this direction will be a step-
ping stone to a more general introduction of the best methods,
eventually.

Would that more of those living in suburban homes, in villages
and on farms, could be persuaded that there is aciual value, as
well as pleasure, to be gained through the embellishment and pro-
tection of their home grounds by a common sense planting with
trees and shrubs, and I will add vines.

Some people have not the taste and inclination, while others
have perhaps not had their attention sufficiently awakened, to
realize fully the benefits of the course proposed, and to know how
easily such results as our subject suggests can be accomplished.
Consequently the advantages must be shown, and persuasion
brought to bear, and advice given as to how the trees and shrubs
and vines can be secureil, and what varieties it is best to select.

Where the advice of those who have devoted themselves to a
study of this subject, as have many of those who are here today,
can be secured it should always be sought; and consultation of
books, such as we have in this excellent libraiy, would prove in-
structive in this as well as in all other horticultural matters.

Propagation of trees and shrul)s from seeds and cuttings is the
cheapest way, and is also an interesting and instructive one ; but
it is at the same time a slow method of securing a supply and
would seldom prove satisfactory to most of those who desire to

EMBELLISHMENT WITH TREES AND SHRUBS. 201

embellish their grounds. The}' would probably prefer to reap the
benefits from their work sooner b}' eomraeneing with something
that could be more quickly recognized as a tree or shrub, than
could young seedlings. But where land is to be covered witli trees
for forest growth seedlings can always be used to advantage.

Toil, either mental or bodily, requires daily rest ; and how can
the toiler be better refreshed than by the rest to be acquired amid
tasteful surroundings, in a home made attractive with trees, shrubs,
vines, and the landscape views and effects which are formed
thereby.

I have in my mind many farm and village homesteads, scattered
throughout this and neighboring states, which couM be made
pleasanter, more interesting to their owners, and consequently of
more value, by the mere addition of a few trees and groups of
shrubbery.

The occupation of planning, planting, and caring for such simple
embellishments is healthful and agreealile on estates of all sizes;
and where the treatment of large estates is undertaken upon ex-
tensive plans, and under professional management, there is hardly
a limit to the skill that ma\' be shown and the beauty that ma}' be
developed.

Perhaps decoration of the latter class scarcely needs stimulating,
for it seems to be almost an instinct in men of wealth to turn their
attention to subjects connecte I with farming or horticulture ; but
to form, in the minds of those who are now indifferent to the sub-
ject, a desire for and appreciation of such embellishment seems to
be the best means to promote a general diffusion of this benefit.
By all means let everyone cheerfully do his part in this interesting
and important service.

As regards expense, the work proposed can all be accomplished
cheaply and surely — provided it be slowly — indeed at almost tlie
cost of one's own care and labor ; while at a larger l)ut still mod-
erate cost and with the advantage of experienced advice it can be
secured in a shorter time.

Before attempting to state a few general principles for laying
out grounds, let us briefly consider of what size it will be best to
secure our trees. My experience has resulted in a belief that it is
best, as a rule, to set out comparative!}^ small trees, — in the case
of evergreens say not over four or five feet high ; and to use a
considerably greater number than will eventually be needed, in

202 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

order that they ma}' give mutual protection until they become well
established. The deciduous trees — whose branches can be
trimnoed in, so as alwa^-s to bear a proper proportion to the
roots — might be set out from six to eight feet high. Shrubs
are best with ample roots and small tops in proportion ; this rule
will also apph" to vines.

T think it is generally safest to apply these rules, and where there
is any question as to the size of a tree to choose the smaller size ;
as this will have the greater chance of succeeding. No cast iron
rule can be laid down which will apply to all cases. If the site
for planting is an exposed one the trees should be small ; but if
they are to be set out where it is alread}' protected by existing
woodland, which will afford shelter to the new trees, there will be
fewer required and those that are planted can safely be larger
than if in an exposed location. It seems to me that the sizes I have
named represent a fair average.

In setting all ornamental trees the ground should be thoroughly
prepared beforehand, unless seedlings are to be set, when a slight
spading may suffice. To prepare thoroughly for trees of the sizes
I have suggested, remembering that we are striving for good success,
it is best to dig the holes about four feet in diameter and two or
more feet deep ; fill them with good loam, and for deciduous trees,
shrubs, and vines spade in some good manure.

Ever}- man who plants ought to do so intelligentl}', and should
find a pleasure in personally studying his own requirements. I
would advise everyone who is fond of trees to study the habits of
growth of a few deciduous species b}' planting the seeds in three
or four boxes, after the method suggested by Mr. Dawson in his
paper in our Transactions for 1885,* which is quite simple.

Ornamental planting must be adapted to the conformation of the
land and the uses to which it shall be put; therefore everyone who
owns a homestead, or farm, ought to have a good plan of its out-
lines, on which may be sliown tiie positions of woodlands, pasture,
tillage, and unprotluctive land ; also of the buildings, roads, and or-
namented grounds, and the kitchen garden. The watercourses and
the diflorcnces in level should also be shown. Such a plan continu-
ously kept, with revisions from time to time, is essential to the
best results.

•Part I. page 168.

EMBELLISHMENT WITH TEEES AND SHRUBS, 203

The roads and buildings should be located with reference to
convenience, but where the conformation of the ground or a grove
or cluster of trees makes it best to have the roads and paths de-
viate from a straight line, picturesqueness is gained and no con-
venience sacrificed. It is often possible, by planting trees or other-
wise creating an artificial obstacle as a reason for so doing, to de-
tiect a road or path and thus gain a pleasing etfect, without any
unreasonable inconvenience resulting ; thereby increasing the
natural beaut}' of the grounds, and opening vistas which add to
the general landscape effect ; and forming scenes of varied grace
which no artist's brush can reproduce.

I shall make no attempt to give any detailed plans for planting
individual places and developing what nature has provided in
ever varying character on the many estates, of all sizes, whicli
afford opportunities in this direction ; but will barely mention here
a few leading and obvious principles.

Trees should be so planted as to afford protection to both biped
and quadruped ; and especially the north and north-west sides of
buildings should be screened from cold winds by belts of evergreens.
These, however, should be not nearer than thirty or forty feet ;
leaving the interval as a precaution against woodland fires. A
gravel walk or road around any building is an additional protection.

The beneficial influences afforded by the direct rays of the sun
should be allowed to reach the dwelling apartments of all living
creatures, in house or in barn, in summer as well as in winter ; and
trees should not be so placed as to prevent this when they become
large.

Considering trees as a shelter, the evergreens would seem to be
the best protection against cold and wind, while deciduous trees
will screen us from heat ; but, used in combination, both join in
producing the best ornamental effects.

I would that we might further encourage individuals to find in
the study of such decoration a pleasant pastime ; and thus to
enjoy advantages that lie at their \evy door but which may
otherwise never be realized.

The study and practice of decorative planting has a value
beyond its immediate results, since by cultivating thoughts about
trees it stimulates people to read of and studj' their habits, and
thus to acquire a knowledge of their effects upon climate and vege-
tation, on water sources, and in mitigating the action of dangerous

204 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICDLTURAL SOCIETY.

winds and storms. And If, as there is reason for believing, our
forests are being sacrificed so tliut tlic welfare of parts of this
country is endangered — either as regards tlie main watercourses on
account of the scarcity of water for a large part of tiie year, and
freshets or floods for a short time in spring, or as to tlie increasing
lack of timber, or the consequent unfavorable effect on the climate —
what action can he laiien to i)revent it?

In France, and other foreign countries, the great injury caused
by the too extensive cutting of forest trees has been publicly
recognized ; so that, as I understand, it has been deemed necessary
for the good of the country that government permission shall be
obtained before any woodland can be reclaimed for tillage ; and
that such permission shall be granted only upon condition that an
equal acreage shall be planted with trees as an equivalent.

The subject of forestry is of course entirely distinct from that
of ornamental planting of trees, although one who undertakes
the latter is most likely also to acquire some knowledge of the
former. There is evident need for promoting knowledge of this
subject among our citizens ; for we cannot avoid the consequences of
our mistakes. As a means of instruction our own Common is a
treasure to our citizens, which cannot be too highly appreciated ;
and has been made such more especially b}' those who caused
many of the trees to be labelled with both their botanical and
popular names ; which has undoubtedly greatly increased the
interest in the subject of which it is so line an illustration. The
number of species and varieties of trees which it contains is con-
siderable.

It will not be desirable to take up 3'our time with a detailed de-
scription of the many kinds of trees and shrubs which are suitable
for use in emljellishing grounds. What is chiefly needed where
home grounds remain tinembellished, or partially so, is to endeavor
to make the owners or occupants of such grounds realize the ad-
vantages of forming a systematic plan — serving to show clearly
how they might oml)L'llish, or might be advised and persuaded
to embellish their grounds and roadsides — and then to inspire
them to accomplish it as early as possible. There are unfortu-
nately many people who have the op[)ortunity but lack the neces-
sary incentive to ornament their grounds ; in whom a genuine love
of the natural beauties of the world does not exist, or is not devel-

EMBELLISHMENT WITH TREES AND SHRUBS. 205

oped sufficiently to encourage them to become participants in this
good work.

Too mtiny omit to plant trees, who could perfectly well do so,
because of the old excuse that they grow sc» slowly and will not
benefit the planter. Such a man should recall the grateful shade
of man}' a fine tree, planted in his own or a former generation,
which he has be en privileged to enjoy. Let that, combined with
many a charming landscape picture, seen through a frame of foli-
age planted b}' another — perchance an ancestor — stimulate him
to go and do likewise. Will he not recognize that, as he reaps
benefits from those who have planted before him, so he ought in his
turn to plant for those who come after?

Several old works upon this subject, ss well as later ones, have
interested me; and one writer in 1796, who was well acquainted,
we are told, with still earlier writers back to 1664, cautions his
readers in the strongest terms against a "want of spirit" in
planting. He says that all who undertake planting must have
" industry, spirit, and perseverance to go through with what they
undertake ; and we recommend to such as are possessed of these
valuable qualifications to begin upon a small scale, and to let their
seminaries, their nurseries, and their plantations increase with
their experience."

He further says, " While, however, we caution our readers
against entering immaturel}' upon the business of planting, we
cannot refrain from mentioning the pleasures which result from
it. How rational, and to a contemplative mind how delightful, to
observe the operations of Nature; — to trace her in every stage,
from the seed to the perfected plant; and, from beneath the leaf
stalk of this, through the flower bud, the flower, and the seed-ves-
sel, to the seed again ! Man must be employed ; and how more
agreeably than in conversing with Nature, and in seeing the works
of his own hands, assisted b}- her, rising into perfection — " so as
to grow as he grows, to bear him company and alTord him grateful
shade when he shall most need it in advancing years, and when
life is ended to be left behind as a most beautiful memorial.

The reputation of this Society is familiar to horticulturists gen-
erally throughout the United States, and its name is also known
abroad. The esteem in which it is held as an educator is now
great, but must largely increase as each new year comes around

206 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

iu turn, and the opportunities it aflTords become yet more exten-
sively known. By opening our iialls as we do at the seasons when
plants and flowers, vegetables, and fruits are in their best condi-
tion, we afford occasions and facilities for the display of the re-
sults of the cultivators' skill, and for intelligent study and appre-
ciation of thera by the public. Our Library is one of the flnest
collections of horticultural works in the world — is very nearly the
best ; and it is the privilege of an}' student in horticulture to freely
consult its shelves. The Society's prizes are open to all comers,
and its readiness to benefit is only limited b}' its opportunities or
means to act as occasion arises.

Is there not some way by which its power for good can be felt
more completely throughout this State? Some way of encour-
aging everywhere a local horticultural interest, and making more
widely known what can be found here at all times ; and the fact
that our rooms are open for an exchange of views on Saturdaj's?
Such an increase in the field of investigation and practice in hor-
ticultural work as might thus be established iu our comparalivel}'
small and compact State could not fail of good results ; while it
would yet more firmly secure to Massachusetts her present proud
position as respects educational advantages.

We have in our State a varied surface, with a generous propor-
tion of rich arable soil, and other that is better suited to use as
pasturage or for the growth of trees. In our climate, where the
heat of summer tends so powerfully to dry up the short sweet
grass of our pasture lands, do not trees shading the surface of
such pastures contribute to ward off the effects of drought, to
sweeten the green food and lengthen its supply bj' preserving-
moisture longer in the soil, and to otherwise enhance the comfort
of the animals grazing under the shelter of their branches?

It is said that animals must be kept out of pastures until the
trees are fully established, and this is objected lo as impracticable
on the score of economy ; but have we not lands which appear to
be deteriorating gradually, where some such radical means are
necessary to preserve their quality, and where, later, such a course
ma}' greatly enhance their value? Again, have we not good
ti'ees that could be planted in pastures, and which animals would
avoid, but which would, with a little care as to trimming their
limbs, form shelters to animals as well as to the ground, thus be-
coming of use in two ways at once ?

EMBELLISHMENT WITH TREES AND SHRUBS. 207

We know that only amongst tree-covered hills and fields we find
the sources of perennial springs, and that these are fast decreas-
ing in many sections of our State ; and we all recognize their use-
fulness, and admire their beauty as the water flows from them in
gentle streams, winding perchance beneath tall trees, or between
belts of shrubbery', until finally united with the larger water-
courses. Is not this a picture of Ornamental Planting such as is
b}' no means an impossibilit}'?

As to the profit to be derived from planting with forest trees for
commercial purposes, we should not base our calculation upon the
prices of today, but upou the probable prices in the future when
the crop will become marketable ; at which time, to all appearance,
there will be a much greater scarcit}' of forest products than now.
It has been said that land which can be bought for a few dollars an
acre is the onl}' laud where it is warrantable, in a commercial view,
to plant forest trees ; and that seems to be an aspect of the ques-
tion which the advocates of forest planting in Massachusetts must
meet. But by embellishing portions of our land, secured when
prices are low, with woods intelligently cared for during a period
of 3'ears, can we not have, in a reasonably short time, orna-
mental forests in the neighborhood of large cities, and near our
towns, where the citizens can find agreeable resting places in their
spare hours ; with drives and walks well sheltered with foliage
during the season when the days are longest, and the hours for
pastime, and without business occupation, are most numerous?
Often lands that are partially planted by nature can be secured,
on which the existing growths may be guided, while new orna-
mental trees are added — these being so planted as to secure that
improved effect and enhanced beauty which a wise mixing of dif-
ferent varieties must create.

No better bequest can the present generation leave to the next
than well planted city and town giounds. It must be the best
appearing towns, as well as the towns that can show the best
financial management, that will take the lead in the future ; and
a combination of these two good points will decide for the citizen
where he shall make his home.

By showing the comparative ease with which tree planting can
be done we maj- hope to promote such results ; but in this, as in
all such work, we shall find that our efficiency as a Society de-

208 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

peiuls l:vi<2;oly upon our accoinmoilatlons for satisfactorily display-
ing exhil)its wiiich may l>e made liere, and the convenience with
which our lil)rary can he consulted, and moreover ease in plac-
ing our exhibits and also good light in which to examine them are
important requisites ; conseciuently we n^quire such halls ami rooms
as will best and most conveniently serve these various purposes.
Thus, a hall on the ground floor and with am|)le windows, a library
with good light and sufficient shelving, and in whi'^'h quiet can be
secured, and committee-rooms such as to allow the quiet consid-
eration of questions of awards and management, are essentials.
With such facilities the good work which h is always been done
here can be largely increased. It seems to be only a question of
short time what shall be done to improve the present accommo-
dations.

How can we further aid in bringing about the general home
embellishment of which we have spoken ? It must be chiefly by
increasing and promoting a love for the beautiful, and by foster-
ing a desire to understand the process of formation and growth
of our fine trees, shrubs, vines, and plants, that we may hope to
materially increase the number of embellished homes in Massachu-
setts.

Again, by encouraging the judicious decorating and planting
of all school-yard borders (allowing ample play ground), and of
grounds al)out all postoffices, railway stations, city and town halls,
and all pul)lic buildings, where any decoration in this line is pos-
sible, we should be taking a foundation step towards the accom-
plishment of this desirable en.d. Consider the number of eyes
that would then see and minds that would be led to think of the
advantages of embellishing grounds ; and consider the large pro-
portion of persons who would sooner or later attempt to adapt to
their own homes the suggested ideas.

The Transactions of our Society for this season will contain
valuable papers already presented ; one relating to "Trees and
Shrubs," by Mr. Levi W. Russell, and another on " Ornamental
Climbing Plants," by Mr. John G. Barker. In addition, I would
again call attention to Mr. Jackson Dawson's essay on the " Prop-
agation of Trees and Shrubs from Seed," in our Tkans actions for
1885.* We hope also that gentlemen present will add the names

* Part T. pasres 145-164.

EMBELLISHMENT WITH TREES AND SHRUBS. 209

and descriptions of desirable shrubs in the course of toda3''s
discussion. In view of all this information, there would seem no
excuse for not knowing with what to embellish one's home grounds ;
at least wherever our publications shall reach.

I close with the following list and brief descriptions of what
seem to me the most desirable trees for planting in Massachusetts,
either for embellishment or for their utility as timber.

Acer saccharinum : Sugar Maple. — Good as a forest or as an
ornamental tree ; will do well on rocky hill-sides, when once estab-
lished.

Acer dasycarpum : White Maple. — Naturally growing along
river banks, but seeming to grow rapidly in almost any situation ;
does well as a street tree, but is easily broken by ice.

Acer platanoides : Norway Maple. — A round-headed tree of
medium size, suitable for shade or ornament ; might be used in
plantations.

Acer rubrum: Red Maple. — Will grow on any soil, but seldom
makes a large tree unless in moist ground.

Ailanthus glandulosus : Tree of Heaven. — Where perfectly
hardy will grow on almost any soil ; wood excellent in grain for
cabinet making.

Betula lenta : Black or Cherry Birch. — Will grow on the poorest
rocky soils ; good for ornamental planting and also for fuel.

Betula papyracea: Paper Birch. — One of the most orna-
mental of the birches ; a fine tree for large lawns or other
plantations.

Betula alba: English White Birch. — A very beautiful orna-
mental tree. The variety pojyulifolia, or American White Birch,
will grow in the poorest of soils, and makes good fuel if cut and
kept under cover, but rots if wet.

Betula nigra: Red or River Birch. — Grows naturally in low
grounds, but is a fine ornamental tree in any good loam ; fine for
parks or plantations along streams.

Betula excelsa. — This species is found far north, and in the
mountains of Western Massachusetts ; it grows on seemingly thin
but moist soils ; a fine tree for ornament or plantations.

Carpinus Caroliniana: Hornbeam. — A small tree; does fairly
well on sterile soil.

Carya alba : Shell-bark Hickory. — Though growing in almost
41

210 iMASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

all situations, docs best in deep rich loams ; good for tiinl)er or for
ornament, and fine in groups in a park.

Carya sulcata : Western Shell-bark Hickory'. — Like the com-
mon hickory as regards choice of soil.

Carya porcina: Pig-nut. — One of the best of timber trees,
useful and ornamental ; slow-growing on poor soils.

Carya amara: Bitter-nut. — Ver}' rapid growing on moist
soils, even where the soil is thin ; very ornamental, either in
groups or single.

Castanea vulgaris var. Americana: American Chestnut. —
Does well on an}- soil that is well drained, either for timber plan-
tations, parks, or roadside use.

Castanea pumila: Chinquapin, or Sweet Nut. — A medium-
sized shrub here ; fine as an undergrowth or on the edges of plan-
tations, furnishing good food for game and also good for man.

Catalpa sjyeciosa. — Highly prized in the West on account of
its rapid growth, and its durabilit}' ; fine also as an ornamental
tree.

Fagus ferruginea: American Beech. — A fine tree for grouping
in parks or pleasure grounds, and does well in a thin soil when
once established ; good for fuel.

Fagus sylvatica : English Beech. — Not so spreading as its Amer-
ican cousin, but nevertheless a good tree for ornament.

Gleditsclda triacanthos: Three-thorned Acacia. — Rapid grow-
ing on any ordinary land ; of fine foliage ; good for ornamental
planting or hedges.

Juglans cinerea: Butternut. — A rapid growing tree in good
soil, valuable as timber and for ornamental planting ; nuts edible.

Juglans nigra: Black Walnut. — A first class tree for orna-
mental and useful work ; requires to be planted in good loam while
small.

Magnolia acuminata : Cucumber Tree. — A fine tree for lawns
or parks ; neat in its appearance ; it needs a deep sandy loam to do
well.

Platanus occidentalis : Button Ball Tree. — A fine ornamental
tree ; thrives fairl}' on medium land, but requires good treatment
to make it grow to a large tree. »

Populus alba: Abele, or Silver-Leaved Poplar. — A rapid
growing tree ; used in Great Britain for floors; is easily scoured

EMBELLISHMENT WITH TREES AND SHRUBS. 211

to pure whiteness, does not take fire as readily as other woods,
and barns very slowly ; is also good for paper pulp.

Populus canesceiis, Gra}^ Poplar, and P. nigra, Black Poplar. —
The wood of Populus. nigra is much used abroad for packing cases,
especially for bottled wines ; the knotty trunks, which are curi-
ously mottled, are made into ladies' work-boxes, which are highly
valued in Germany and France.

Cladrastis tinctoria: Virgilia, or Yellow-wood. — A beautiful
tree for ornamental plantations, of fine spreading habit, and beau-
tiful in bloom.

Cratcegus: Thorn. — All the large growing species form fine
fringes along the borders of woodlands or parks ; they are attract-
ive both in fruit and flower.

Fraxinus Americana : White Ash. — A tree of the first order
for timber ; makes a fine road tree, but late coming into foliage ;
to grow it well requires a good, somewhat moist, soil.

Fraxinus jnibescens : Down}' Ash. — A tree that will do on higher
grounds ; but it does not make so large a tree as F. Americana.

Liriodendron tulipifera: Tulip Tree. — A grand ornamental
tree ; and further south it makes a fine timber tree a hundred feet
or more in height.

Primus serotina: Wild Black Cherr}-. — Makes a fine timber or
ornamental tree ; the wood is also valuable for turning and for
cabinet making.

Quercus rubra (Red Oak) ; Q. tinctoria (Quercitron, or Black
Oak) ; and Q. coccinea (Scarlet Oak) . — All these do well on light
soils. Though not as valuable as the White Oak, they are of much
more rapid growth. Nothing is more beautiful than Q. coccinea
for ornamental planting, and its autumn coloring far exceeds that
of most of the other oaks.

Quercus palustris : Swamp Spanish or Pin Oak. — Though nat-
urally fond of moist ground, this will adapt itself to almost any
situation. It is a tree of most rapid growth and beautiful form.
Trees planted from the seed box on a hill-side without any prepar-
ation ten years ago are today fine specimens ten or twelve feet
hfgh, of beautiful form. This would make a most excellent street
tree. An avenue of these planted at Flushing, Long Island, by
Mr. Samuel B. Parsons, some twenty or twenty-five yeai's ago, is
the finest avenue of oaks on Long Island.

Rohinia Pseudacacia: Common Locust, or False Acacia. —

212 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Flourishes on comparatively thin soils ; although in some sections
it is troubled with the borer, in some situations it does well. It is
of ver}' rapid growth while 3'oung, and would make a good nurse
tree until others could be grown. The wood is very durable.

TiJid Americano: American Linden, or Basswood. — A much
finer tree than the European Linden, and although it loves a moist
situation it makes a fine tree in any ordinarily good soil. From
the bark can be made a bast equal to the finest Cuban, which is
so much used as a tying material.

Salix alba: White Willow. — Also a fine tree; will do well in
an}' good soil ; is readily propagated by cuttings of any size, from
six inches to as many feet in length. The bark is rich in tannin,
and the wood makes a fine charcoal, excellent for gunpowder and
fine crayons.

Of the Pine family, nothing is so well adapted to the worn-out
soils of New England as Pinus Strohus, the White Pine ; and
nothing will so well repa^' in a few years the labor required in
planting and care. Usually it will make a good sized tree, avail-
able for fuel or for box boards, in from twent}' to twenty-five
years. It is easily transplanted, but a little difficult to grow from
seed by amateurs. There are many farms in New England where
there are groves of pines, and where thousands of 3"oung seedlings
from six inches to a foot in height can be found. If a few thou-
sands of these were collected each year and planted thickly in
nurser}' rows for one year, all that were going to die would do
so the first season. The following season they could be trans-
planted in pasture or prepared ground, four or five feet apart
each wa}', after which they would require but very little care and
would soon repa}' tlie planter in fine groves of pines.

After one or two years a few quarts of acorns might be dibbled
in amongst the pines and the resulting growtli would serve as the
nucleus of a second crop, to succeed the pines.

Pinus resinosa: lied Pine. — Also a fine tree for light lands ; of
rapid growth, fine as an ornamental tree, but not so valuable as
the White Pine for timber.

Pinus rigida: the common Pitch Pine. — Valuable in places
where other trees will not grow, such as along the coast and in
other exi)osed situations. In such places it will act as a shelter
to the better trees that ma}' be planted afterwards. It will grow
readily from seed sown broadcast or in hills.

EMBELLISHMENT WITH TREES AND SHRUBS. 213

Larix Europcea: Scotch or European Larch. — An excel-
lent tree for poor lands, and can be obtained from Douglas, of
Waukegan, Illinois, at a few dollars per thousand. Plants two
years old, transplanted, are the best for forest culture.

Abies Canadensis : Hemlock. — Valuable on hill-sides having
an eastern or northern exposure, and near water.

Abies balsamea : Balsam Fir. — Though of rapid growth on or-
dinary soils and a fine ornamental plant, it is not long-lived ; it lives
but from thirty to forty years, and is not much used as a timber tree.

Finns sylvesMs: Scotch Pine. — The same may be said of
this as of the preceding. Although of rapid growth, tweuty-five
to thirty years is about all it will last on our thin soils and in our
dry climate, though it is excellent as a nurse or shelter tree.

Picea alba: the common White Spruce. — Nothing is better than
this for wind-breaks, siielter, or ornament. It is much hardier
than the Norway Spruce, and should be planted in preference to
that tree, though the Norway makes a fine tree in a sheltered,
moist situation.

Of Elms, the American, or English, or Dutch will grow in any
situation and make good-sized trees. To have them in perfection
they need a good generous soil with considerable moisture.

All the Willows and Poplars can be propagated with the great-
est ease bj' cuttings six inches or more in length ; any boy can
grow them. Planted six or eight inches apart in nursery rows in
early spring, they will at the end of the first season be fit for plant-
ing in the field.

All the Oaks, Hickories, Chestnuts, and Walnuts can be started
from seed in shallow boxes, and transplanted at the end of the
first year in nursery rows or where they are to remain.

The Birches should be sown on well prepared beds, patted down
with the back of the spade or pressed with a light roller, and cov-
ered with a light mulching of hay until the plants appear, when
the covering should be gradually removed. These seeds can
scarcely be covered with loam if success is desired. Such seeds
as those of the Leguminosse should be well soaked for twenty-four
hours or more before sowing.

Full directions for seed-sowing may be found in Mr. Dawson's
paper, which has been before referred to.

At the conclusion of Mr. Appleton's essay, the following paper
was read by the author. \

214 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

Ornamental Shrubs.
By William C. Strong, Newton Highlands.

I have been requested to add a few suggestions in regard to the
use of Shrubs ; which include a class of plants occup3'ing an inter-
mediate position, in point of size, between the trees and the herbs
of the field.

When we consider the vast range of material in the vegetable
kingdom, extending from the minutest forms of microscopic fun-
gus-growth and running by easy gradations up to the towering
heights of the Sequoias, which lift their giant heads in air more
than a hundred feet higher than the topmost stone of Bunker
Hill monument, we become lost in wonder and admiration of
the wisdom and the goodness of Him who has so freely displayed
his limitless resources in the works of his hand. What infinite
skill in the vast variety in form and size and diverse fitness for
every conceivable requirement ! With reverent thankfulness
should we seek to make the best use of these gifts of a bountiful
Creator.

At the outset, then, we shall naturally consider the special ad-
vantages of Shrubs in respect to size.

There is a place for everything and each will fit in its own place
better than anytliing else. We would not be guilt}' of such incon-
gruity as to dwarf a humble cottage into insignificance at the foot
of some mighty monarch of the woods. However much we may
admire the noble grandeur of the forests, their heavy shades are
not fitting places for the abode of man. Our dwelling places
must be under the open sky where we can get the benefit of clear
air and warm sunlight. We may use trees for protectiug our
houses from the too fierce glare of the sun ; we may line our streets
with trees for shade ; we may plant groups for landscape effect
and for wind-breaks ; but there is a limit to the use of trees in
proximity to our dwellings which becomes the more apparent as
the population becomes more dense.

It is at this point that we find the greatest usefulness of plants
of smaller growth, which will yield wooded eliects without pro-
ducing an overshadowing mass of foliage.

We can readily see how api)ropriate for the homes in our popu-
lous towns are the shrubs and ti'ees of smaller growth, of which

ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS. 215

we have an ample variety. Man}' of these are perfect in form
and striking in foliage, giving good examples of trees in minia-
ture. Others are better in groups, or extended banks which may
suggest bird's-eye forest views. But a principal use will be for
belts of irregular outline, either along the borders of our lot or in
other positions concealing the limits of the place and creating vis-
tas which may transform the appearance to a surprising degree.
An impression of vigor and luxuriance of growth ma}' be pro-
duced by looking down upon foliage, which is wholly lost when
trees of larger growth are used.

Again we are to consider that shrubs will give us immediate re-
sults. It requires but a year or two to bring most kinds to a good
degree of effectiveness. We do not have to wait for growth, as
in the care of trees, for they will at once add to the beauty of the
place. They are easily manageable in size, are inexpensive, either
to propagate or to purchase, and are easily transplanted. And if
the arrangements and combinations shall be found at any time to
be unsatisfactory it will be perfectly practicable to re-arrange.

The inflorescence of shrubs is, as a rule, conspicuous to a
marked degree. There are a few of our hardy trees that are dis-
tinguished by their show}- flowers, notable among which are the
Magnolias, Virgilia, Catalpa, and Laburnum. But nearly' all of
our shrubs are gay and attractive in their flowers ; and these are
extended in some varieties throughout the entire season. Many
are prized mainly for their inflorescence, like Eoses ; or like the
August flowering Hydrangeas, or the Althaeas in September.

And we have marked contrasts in foliage, both in the color and
the form, which are readil}^ available to produce most pleasing
eflfects. The colors, the sizes, and the habits of growth are so
well known that we can with certainty grade the combination of
groups so as to crown the outline entirely to suit our purpose.

Thus we recognize in shrubs many good qualities rendering
them peculiarl}' suited to the adornment of our suburban homes.
With such material it is surprising how easily and quickly we may
change the boundaries of a rectangular lot of perfect plainness
and stiffness into flowing lines of grace and verdure.

And how trifling will be the cost in comparison with that of
architectural additions which may seek a similar purpose. A
very few dollars judiciously spent in planting shrubs will give a
living beauty which in some cases may transform the whole char-

216 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

acter of a place. The charm of country life should consist, to a
considerable degree, in studying the capabilities of our homes for
such adornments.

It cannot have been the intent of your Committee that I should,
in this supplemental paper, give a full list of the many varieties
of shrubs. I will briefly name some of the more conspicuous and
desirable. And of course Roses will be the first in order, by rea-
son of the distinguishing excellence of their flowers. In this
respect they are unapproached, and if maintained in vigor and
perfect health their foliage is also attractive. Especially is this
true of the varieties of the Japanese species rugosa. Unless in-
tending to enter the lists in sharp contests for prizes, it will be
wise to select the more hard}' and vigorous varieties and omit
many prize kinds that have too much Tea or Bourbon blood.
The lists and the modes of culture have been frequently published
in our Transactions.

We hesitate to name a worthy follower of this queen of flowers.
Perhaps the Rhododendron may take that rank with least dissent.
Its fine persistent foliage and its large trusses of brilliant flowers,
in great variety of color, are exceptionally gorgeous. We may
be inclined to say, after being intoxicated with the display of
some large and varied collection, that it is unequalled for land-
scape eflfect. Yet we must bear in mind that these results are not
realized in general culture ; that the conditions to success are ab-
solute and that there are man}' localities and various purposes to
which the character of the foliage and the habit of the plant are
not adapted. There is also a liability to injury from the winter
exposure which detracts from their usefulness in many positions.

Our native Kalmia latifolia can boast of clearer, brighter ever-
green foliage, and exquisitely beautiful flowers which, however,
are limited in range of color. It is a charming shrub when in its
proper place.

The varieties of Azalea mollis, of recent introduction, will prove
to be a great addition to our list of flowering shrubs if they are
found to be suflBciently hardy. At the Arnold Arboretum they
have withstood the winter without protection, and my own collec-
tion has passed the last two winters without injury. In some other
places they have suffered. Their flowers approach the brilliant
Indian type in substance and perfection of form, though as yet
they are more limited in the variety of colors.

ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS. 217

I would give Viburnum plicatum a prominent rank. The abun-
dant globular clusters of pure white flowers are more delicate than
those of the well-known Snowball and the plicated foliage is much
richer and handsomer. The habit of the tree is also better and
less liable to disease.

We need not fear to introduce our common little Clethra alnifoUa
into the ver}' best society'. Its sweet modesty will always have
a charm. Its foliage is attractive and the delicious fragrance of
its numerous spikes of flowers in late summer will be the more
prized at this season when there are so few shrubs in bloom.

What a contrast there is in the immense Hydrangea grandiflor a ;
grand indeed for simple show but as to modest merit laying no
claim to our regard. Yet it has great value for August effect.

The foliage of nearly all the Spiraeas is well adapted for group-
ing and for borders. Spiraea Thunbergii, being low, with delicate
leaves and flowering very early, is well suited for the outer
rank. The prunifolia, the arioifolia, and the lance-leaved varieties
would well follow and be crowned with the stronger sorbifoUa, or
perhaps better still with the upright Josikea lilac.

The Exochorda is worthy of a place by itself and is rather too
open for grouping.

We have considerable range in color among deciduous shrubs
and are able to make many pleasing combinations and contrasts.
The Purple Hazel has very large dark rich purple leaves and is
the best for strong eflTects in this color.

The Purple Berberry has a softer and more delicate hue which
is very beautiful.

The Golden variety of the Black Elder gives the brightest yel-
low for enlivening. Its effect in a group is like that of a beam of
sunshine.

The Golden Spirsea, if kept vigorous and well cut back, is also
good for the same purpose.

Buist's Variegated Althaea is the most distinct and constant in
its marking of any light variegation.

Two new varieties of the red-twigged Cornel, Cornus Siberica
variegata and Cornus elegantissima, are exceedingly beautiful and
eff"ective in their bright and varied colors. They are equally
hardy to endure the heat of summer and the cold of winter.

Most of the forms of the Japan Maple {Acer polymorphum) are
delicate in growth and suffer more or less under the full glare of

218 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

our sun. The variety atro-piirpureum has been the most vigorous
and hardy witli me ; and its groat beauty justifies any amount of
care in its culUvation.

Prunns Pissardi has been received from Persia within a few
years and has leaped at once into favor. Unlike the purple beech,
the dark rich color of the leaves and the young shoots in-
creases in brightness until after heavy frosts. It attains the size
of a small tree, but may easily be kept as a shrub with the finest
effect, if freely cut back in early spring.

The Holly-leaved Mahonia (M. aquifolia), which belongs to
the Berberry family, is one of our finest low evergreen shrubs.
Its broad, very diverse, high-colored, watered foliage is peculiarly
attractive even throughout the winter, if somewhat sliaded from
the sun. And its clusters of bright yellow flowers in the spring
are no slight addition to its merit.

The umbrageous, fern-like effect of the Cut-leaved Sumac (^Rhus
laciniata) is admirable either in a grouping or a single tree. Its
colors are delicate and often brilliant in autumn.

I have alreadv exceeded the time which was allotted to this part
of your subject. With my limited space perhaps it would have
been better if I had confined myself to the principles to be ob-
served in the planting and use of shrubs. It is at once evident
that we have not time to describe or even to name the many vari-
eties of shrul)s which have their individual excellencies and pecu-
liarities suited to our varied wants.

No fixed list or rules should ever be given ; a broad field should be
open for constant experiment. To a considerable degree we may
change the combinations of our shrubs from time to time and so se-
cure relief from the fixed character of our buildings and also the
permanent effect of our trees. Herein will consist one of the
charms of a country life, that we shall go on from j-ear to year
adding, var3'ing, and improving with ever increasing zest and a
siu-e approach to the higiiest art. And we may rest assured that
not only shall we succeed in beautifying our homes, but also, and
this is of still greater importance, we shall meanwhile be receiving
an iiifiucncc from Nature's silent teachings which will prove to be
both stimuhitiug and ennobling.

\

EMBELLISHMENT WITH TREES AND SHRUBS. 219

Discussion.

Rev. A. B. Muzzey said that he had from childhood felt an in-
terest in trees ; his grandfather's home was nearly surrounded by
them, which was a rare thing at that time. He was surprised to
perceive indifference and ignorance on the part of many other-
wise intelligent people in regard to tree planting. Superintendents
of city streets seem uneas}- as long as there is a tree that can be
cut down. The chestnut tree celebrated by Longfellow stood at
a point in a street where it obstructed an alderman's view, and
s6 it had to come away ; and after that the poet walked on an-
other street. Lovers of trees have had U) entreat city authorities to
spare fine trees. Boston Common is now well planted with trees,
which have been skillf uly set in good soil ; but much too large
a proportion of them are of one kind, the Linden, which is very
beautiful in itself but not to be planted to the exclusion of others
equally beautiful. Even in country places, where we should ex-
pect to find a love of nature and an appreciation of the beautiful,
people are very careless about tree planting, and when they at-
tempt to do something b}' way of improvement it is often done in
so unintelligent a way as to be useless.

The subject is important under another aspect ; forest destruc-
tion is going on rapidly, and the suppl}' of lumber is diminishing.
From necessity we must destroy many trees, but too many are
wantonly destroyed. The speaker hoped that all present would
use their influence to create a public sentiment in favor of plant-
ing and preserving trees. All have influence in regard to planting
trees around their houses. In New Hampshire he had seen trees
neglected by farmers, or planted so as to cut off the owner's
prospect. The Sugar Maple might be planted more largely to
advantage.

0. B. Hadwen said that it had been exceedingly gratifying to
listen to the two papers read today, treating of subjects so near
the heart of every intelligent farmer and horticulturist. Mr.
Strong's list of shrubs includes the best kinds. The speaker's resi-
dence is at Worcester, at an elevation of five or six hundred feet
above tide-water, and he had taken much pains in planting trees,
having in the beginning all those indigenous to that part of the State.
He had since added others, such as the Magnolias, Purple Beech,
and Black Walnut ; the latter when swaying in the wind is the

220 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUUAL SOCIETY.

most graceful of all trees. lie has a Cut-leaved Birch now
twenty feet high. The Ginkgo is of slow growth but has very
curious leaves. He has planted English and American oaks in
variety ; these are trees which we never tire of, and some of the
species have leaves as glowsy as if varnished. lie has some of
Nature's planting nearly' four feet in diameter. Last winter there
were two most severe ice-storms in the centre of the State, and liis
trees were badly broken ; some a foot in diameter were broken off.
The oaks retain their leaves in the winter, and these were covered
with ice, adding greatly to the weight. There is a greater leverage
on the limbs of the elms than in most trees ; and consequently
these suffered most ; the White, Silver, and Sugar maples suffered
somewhat, but not a limb of a Norwa}- maple was broken. This
species seems to adapt itself to all soils and situations ; on the
margins of streets where the soil has been taken off and the Sugar
maple fails the Norway will find support. The trees form round
symmetrical heads.

Mr. Appleton said he had the pleasure a short time before to
pass a week in Hingham, where there are many fine trees, and
called on Mr. Edmund Hersey of that town to tell about them.

Mr. Hersey said that the Holly, which is indigenous in Cobasset»
near Hingham, is very beautiful, but difficult to transplant. It
can be done, however, but the plants must be small. The Hem-
lock is most beautiful and stands the severest winters, retain-
ing its green ; he had been successful in transplanting it. The
Red Cedar grows so close to the ocean as to be covered with spra}' ;
there are two varieties ; that with a bluish cast should be chosen
for planting. For evergreen trees, two feet high or less is large
enough to transplant, and they will be sure to live. The people
of Hingham have done a good deal in ornamental tree planting,
with the result that they have some very beautiful trees there ;
this was owing to earlj- and organized effort. He has perceived
the benefit of the discussion of tree planting here, but when riding
out he often sees much lack of appreciation of the beaut}' of trees.
He once saw a beautiful pine tree, seventy-five feet high, in front
of a cottage, only sixty feet from it, and standing by it was a man
with an axe in his hand ; he had ,cut the tree three-quarters down,
and it was the only tree be had ! This man needed to be educated.
If he had been a member of this Society and attended these meet-
injis he would not have cut the tree down.

EMBELLISHMENT WITH TREES AND SHRUBS. 221

Joseph H. Woodford said that the subject before the meeting
was a most important one, and could not be emphasized too much.
He had noticed the pleasing effect of tree planting, both in this
country and in Europe. When, in riding over the country, we come
to a place devoid of trees we think it must be a cheerless place
to live in, but when we come to another where trees have been
skilfully and tastefully planted we say to ourselves that this is the
place we should like to live in. .It is now in our power more than
ever before, since a day has been set apart for the purpose, to en-
courage tree planting. He hoped that the approaching Arbor
Day would be observed far and wide ; and that town and city au-
thorities would spend a good deal of monej^ to give a stimulus to
the observance of the day, interesting the children in the work of
planting, and making a national holida}' of it. It would be the
best thing they could do for our country. There should be a
village improvement society in every village. Every child who
plants a tree in infancy will look back on it as his offspring.
When a boy he brought home a load of trees from the forest and
planted them by the roadside, and some of them are now two feet
in diameter. He thought the Virgilia the most beautiful of all
trees ; there are three on Mr. John C. Chaffin's lawn in Newton,
fifty feet high, which in their season are literally loaded with
flowers, and with these and the ten thousand roses in bloom on
the same grounds the air is filled with fragrance.

Mr. Strong said that there is no better tree than the Virgilia ;
the wood is very brittle but it does not sufl'er so much from break-
ing as other trees. In his observation the oak has suffered most.
The Virgilia is more upright and does not hold ice so much ; the
inflorescence is exceedingly beautiful. He wished to give a
caution in regard to the hemlock ; in the wind it is one of the
most tender trees we have. It is not a tree for an exposed place,
suffering from the wind far more than the Norway Spruce. The
Blue Spruce is more hardy than the Norway and more beautiful
when young, but it is still a question whether it will be more
beautiful in age.

Henry Ross confirmed the caution given by Mr. Strong in re-
gard to the liability of the hemlock to break in the wind. He
was surprised and greatly disappointed when he found it so tender,
and he had also found it difficult to transplant. He would not recom-
mend the American Chestnut ; it is the dirtiest of all trees, drop-

222 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ping first its flowers, then its leaves, and then its burs. Worst of
all it attracts mischievous boys — not maliciously mischievous but
knowing no more than he did when a boy. The«Wiiite Oak is one
of the most beautiful lawn trees, but objectionable from its habit
of holding its old leaves until the last of May. When asked how
large a tree to plant he has advised to put one dollar into the tree
and two dollars into the preparation of the ground for it ; then in
five years you will have a tree worth looking at. Don't reverse
the process and put two dollars into the tree and only one into the
ground.

Mr. Ross thought the selection of trees by Mr. Appleton and that
of shrubs b}' Mr. Strong both admirable. The Norway Maple is a
favorite with the red squirrels, who gnaw off the bark to get at
the sweet sap, as they do with the rock maples also ; and this
causes the branches to die. Shrubs are of great value in small
grounds ; in a plat of only a quarter or half an acre in extent you
cannot have a great noble tree, but you can have shrubs.

Mr. Hersey said that the hemlock is very difficult to transplant
when large, but seedlings not above six inches high are trans-
planted easily. He dug up trees five or six feet high and set them
out with the greatest care ten years ago, and they have not got
over the effect of the transplanting 3-et.

William D. Thilbrick had found the hemlock very unsatisfactory
as a hedge tree. He planted two hundred ver}' beautiful ones,
which after five or six years began to die off, one or two at a time.
He considered the red squirrel a nuisance from its habit of de-
stroying pears by the bushel to eat the seeds, and of robbing
birds' nests in June of the eggs and young birds. One squirrel
will take off a peck of pears in fifteen minutes.

Mr. Strong said that the hemlock is not very diflicult to trans-
plant when two or three feet high. The roots must not be allowed
to get dry. Mr. I'hilbrick's trees were probably too crowded. It
is a magnificent tree in a sheltered place, but it will not endure
high winds.

Mr. Hadwen said that more than thirty years ago he planted
large hemlock trees which he took from the woods with balls of
earth, and they are now fine specimens, forty feet high. They do
not like dry and gravelly soils, and are killed by severe autumn
droughts. lie thought it would be an excellent plan for park com-
missioners in cities and the selectmen of towns to give trees for

EMBELLISHMENT WITH TREES AND SHRUBS. 223

planting on Arbor Day ; in "Worcester the park commissioners
gave over a tliousand trees. Peoj)le who have a tree given them
■will set it out when tiiey will not buy one.

The Chairman thought the hemlock one of the most beautifnl
of all the conifers ; he has two or three which he would not part
with on any account. lie has not succeeded witli tlie holly. He
thought very highly of Andromeda Jloribunda and A. speciosa as
early flowering slirubs. He was very much interested in the sub-
ject under discussion, and glad to do something to promote it,
though in a humble way. When he began thirt}'' years ago his
elms were fifteen feet high, and now they are sixty, and his ever-
greens have grown proportionately. He has in his trees gray, red,
and striped squirrels ; and a colony of crow blackbirds, besides
other birds, all of which he encourages.

Mr. Appleton said that there is in hia neighborhood a bank
about six hundred feet long with a northerly exposure, on which
hemlocks are growing thriftily though tiie soil is quite gravelly, and
this fact would seem to be an argument that hemlocks would do
well in such locations when once established.

Mr. Hersey spoke of a gentleman who found one side of his
cornfield eaten very badly ; he went up with his gun and killed
one red squirrel, and on opening its stomacli he found in it one
kernel of corn and thirty gray cut-worms.

The announcement for the next Saturday was " Horticultural
Reminiscences," by Hon. Daniel Needham.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, March 26, 1887.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Henry P. "Walcott, in the chair.
No business being brought before the meeting, it was dissolved.

224 MASSACHUSETTS nOKTICULTURAL SOCIETT.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.
Horticultural Reminiscences.
By Hon. Daniel Needham, Groton.

Mr. President., Ladies, and Gentlemen .- It is with no ordinary
feeling of interest that I stand here for a brief time to address
3'ou upon a subject assigned to another — to one whose very name
is synonymous with the growth, progress, and developraent of hor-
ticulture in America. The lips of that great good man have been
sealed by death ; but the utterances of his life will forever remain
to bless mankind. It is a compensating reflection that although
the physical life ma}' depart, the results of that life, like the flow
of the river which has its head waters in the springs of the dis-
tant mountains, may yet go on forever. The name of Marshall
P. Wilder will long continue a recognized name in every depart-
ment of human industry based upon agricultural development
throughout the civilized world, and his patient industry and care-
ful studies in connection with plant life and growth will contiuu-
all}' serve to encourage the young and aid the mature worker, in
labors promotive of the interests of the husbandman.

It was in my early student life, at a boarding school in the city
of Providence, that I took my first lessons in horticulture. At
this school it was the prescribed duty of everj' male student to
cultivate a small tract of land ; and for this purpose a lot of about
a rod square was assigned him ; each lot bearing a distinguishing
number. The student was furnished with sufficient barn-yard
manure for fertilizing purposes, and was expected to exercise his
own judgment in its use and application. Student lalH)r spaded
the ground thus assigned, pulverized the soil, worked in the ma-
nure, and planted the seeds. livery student exercised his own
taste and judgment in tlie selection of the crop. It might be
flowers — it might be vegetables for the table — it might bo
bushes for the production of small fruits, like the currant or other
berries.

It was expected that this patch should be thoroughly tilled, kept
free from weeds, and turned to the best account in accordance with
the knowledge, skill, and industry of the student. Twice a month
during the summer season there was inspection by the gardener.

HORTICULTURAL REMINISCENCES. 225

and a report was made on each patch, the gardener having no
knowledge of who was the keepei", and reporting solel}' by the
number of the lot. In the season of harvest the steward would
buy the products of the lot, and pay for them at the regular mar-
ket price — so much a dozen for radishes, so much a quart for ber-
ries— the market price for everything produced ; the product enter-
ing into the table supply for the institution. No charge was made
for the use of the ground or the manure. Marks of merit, or de-
merit, were entered against the name of the student whose number
was reported by the gardener with words of commendation or
complaint.

The inducement to till this bit of land well was very great. The
large plot of ground thus laid out for voluntary student work was
a most interesting feature of the school. I do not remember the
size of the combined lots, but I do remember that freedom from
weeds and general good culture were everywhere apparent.

There were two stimulating influences brought to bear upon this
student work ; first, the hope of securing a good report from the
gardener ; second, the desire to realize as much as possible from
the sale of the products. No particular hours were set apart for
this labor. Any time out of school hours might be taken, at
morning, noon, or night ; the matter being left entirely' optional
with the student.

The great gains to a young man from being trained in such work
are not easily computed. He is started, at the earliest physical
development, in the study of great practical ideas. He is made
to consider the character of soil ; its preparation ; its adaptation
to the different sorts of vegetables or shrubs ; and the planting
and covering of the seed. He gains instruction by his early study
of the product of the planted seed in order to distinguish it from
the weeds, which start at the same time and often with a greater
vigor ; b}' his daily watching, not only for growth and against
interference b}' the weeds, but against enemies from the animal
kingdom that creep and crawl and &y ; by his preparation, at
maturity, of the crop for market so as to present it to the stew-
ard in an attractive form ; and by the knowledge acquired of the
value of market products and the time and labor necessary for their
production ; and he is benefited most of all by the health and
vigor of body and mind imparted by the work, and by the cul-
tivation of habits of industry, and the turning to good account
15

226 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

many hours in a mouth which might have sought in vain for an
equal amount of valuable manlj' recreation elsewhere.

Consider how much more happily- adapted to the development
of a man, and to qualify him for a contest with the difficulties
which ever}' young man is to meet, was this simple training than
the pastimes now popular with young men in our more modern
schools and seminaries of learning. Here was the work of the
gymnasium, the boat race, the base ball game, all combined in a har-
monious, useful, natural, and attractive form, and exempt from
the peril of broken limbs which attends the rivalries of the gym-
nasium ; of useless straining of muscles which belongs to training
for boat races ; and of broken noses, fingers, and thumbs which
uniformly attaches to contests of base ball.

From the gymnasium, the boat race, and the ball game there
may indeed be acquired some ph38ical training, afiording partial
compensation for the abnormal risks entered into ; but in the cul-
ture of that little patch of soil there was always gained not only
the delightful vigor which comes from out-door recreation, but a
mental training enabling the student mind in after j'ears to grasp
the problem of life — already more than half solved in his early
work upon the school garden.

It goes without saying, and need not be demonstrated by logic
or illustrated by figures of speech, that there is physical energy
enough wasted every season by the students of Harvard College
to carry on a truck garden which would supply very largely the
vegetable markets of the cit}- of Boston. And would not such
productive labor be better for the students in preparing them phy-
sically, menlall}', and morally for the great work which all schools
and universities are founded to carry 'on?

What better is it for the young man that he is a skilled puller
at the oar, or a quick catcher of a ball? The answer is not appar-
ent. But when it is asked what better is it for the young man
that he has spaded and pulverized the soil, mixed the fertilizer,
planted the seed, watched the early shoot, lought with great hero-
ism and success weeds and worms and insects, produced and mar-
keted a crop — you need not wait to frame a reply, for the answer
is ready at your tongue's end and everybody at once acknowl-
edges its truth.

Not that I would confine recreation for the young men solely to
that obtained in work. With us at the school there were hours

HORTICULTURAL REMINISCENCES. 227

enough for innocent amusements outside of the time required for
garden service ; and marbles and foot-ball games and old fash-
ioned bat and ball were enjoyed with all the more relish for the
practical labor expended on the soil.

The most lasting and permanent of all recollections are those
associated with the land. They strengthen with increase of years,
and bring back to old age bright visions of the native hearth-
stone. Manhood struggles through mechanical and commercial
pursuits, that it may spend its decUning years upon the hill-sides
and meadows where cluster the memories of youth. The boy who
goes out from the farm to mechanical and commercial industries
looks back perhaps indifferently in the prime of his manhood to
the long days of his early toil on the land ; but his love of the
excitements of trade abates, as age advances and the years bring
gray hairs and baldness ; and as, in the near future, he sees him-
self again owning the homestead farm and surrounded on his
broad acres by his sons and grandsons.

Say what we will, the ideals of life are infinitely more to us than
the realities. The ideals have made civilization. The enthusiasts
who have been looked upon with pity have laid the foundations
upon which all that is most useful in natural product and
artificial life has been created. By the ideal we make possible the
seemingly impossible ; or rather it is the ideal which gives birth
and existence to the real. The ideal develops manhood a thou-
sand fold faster than the cold practical — and this same practical,
however familiar and unimpressive now, was once itself an ideal.

The dreamers have made the flowers, whose odors and beauties
prove the poverty of language when we attempt to put in words
the ecstacy they bring ; they have made the fruits, whose delicious
juices invigorate humanity, and lead, through the means of the
physical, the soul and mind high up in the spiritual and intellec-
tual spheres ; they have made the vegetables, which have multi-
plied in numbers and excellence of variet}' until the garden has
become the best source of health and vigor.

No man sets his aim so high as the one who takes for his study
the soil and its creations. To deal with natural law understand-
ingly requires far closer stud}^ than to comprehend the mere police
regulations which society and communities of men have woven
into statute law.

Natural law is infinite. A few of its results in hybridization

228 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

have l)een observed by careful students, but it has no limits ; it is
on and on and on — and the most patient and painstaking ob-
server, after the study of a long life, finds himself just entering
upon the threshold of his work. Artificial diversificution of fruit
and ilower may possibly be of modern origin, but natural hybridiza-
tion has been at work since the earliest development of plant life.

It is by suggestions such as occur to the young when cultivating
an intimate relation with the vegeta])le economy that great possi-
bilities are generated — not only in the vegetable kingdom, but
throughout the world of matter. The primary school and the co-
operating higher institutions of learning can never la}' the founda-
tions of deep research in any other way. And this practical study
of the soil and its productions should not be limited to young
men — young women should share not onlj' in the vigor which
such practical work gives to the body, but in that which it affords
to the mind. Encouragement to strive for and seek the unattain-
ed but possible is no less valuable in developing a full womanhood
than in working out a complete manhood.

Many of our leading educational institutions for women are in
advance of those for men, inasmuch as they insist on the perform-
ance of certain amounts of student labor in practical housekeep-
ing— making bread, cooking meats, washing dishes, and other
detail work — such as is required in the domestic economy. This
has proved a most attractive feature in the education at Vassar
and Welleslc}', and at other great leading female seminaries in
America. This might with great propriety and success be supple-
mented by practical horticulture, educating young ladies to pro-
duce their own flowers as well as to arrange bouquets.

So good success has attended the practical work of housekeep-
ing as an educational measure, since its introduction into some of
our institutions, that young and middle aged women who have
heretofore failed to secure the benefit either of home or school
training in this direction have patronized and are now patroniz-
ing cooking schools ; which moreover are largely supported by well
recognized leaders in society in our large American cities.

In a time when the value and necessity of this practical domes-
tic education is almost universally acknowledged, 1 am quite aston-
ished at finding a communication, published this present month,
in a leading religious paper in the cit}' of Boston, discouraging
any attempt or ambition of young ladies to qualify themselves for

HORTICULTURAL REMINISCENCES. 229

the duties of housekeepers. The views of the writer are ex-
pressed in a three column article, and I cannot do better than to
quote some of her words, from which it will be seen that there is
quite a strong opposing sentiment already in force, tending to
destroy' this good work which our leading female educational insti-
tutions have inaugurated with so much success and to such popu-
lar satisfaction.

The writer addresses herself to a young lady who is about to be
married to a man in comfortable circumstances, and she says : —

" Have nothing but what your servants can prepare, and expect
them to prepare it. Put up no jellies or preserves that you would
have to make yourself. What your servants can't make, and you
can't afford to buy, do without. So I will give you a few facts about
three young ladies of mj' acquaintance, who married without
knowing a single thing about practical housekeeping. One of
them was musical, and one was artistic, and one was literary ; and
their mothers had — wisely mind you — spared them all drudgery.
Great, however, was the chorus of dismay when they married.

All of them married well, just as you are going to marry —
into circumstances where the}^ would not have a butler or a lady's
maid, but where they would have two good servants. At the end
of three years, I happened to meet all three of them at luncheon.
' Well, my dears, and how have 3'ou succeeded in housekeeping?'
' Beautifully ! ' they all exclaimed. ' But how did you learn ? ' ' We
haven't learned,' thcj' exclaimed together. ' We don't know any-
thing more today, than we did the day we were married. But we
haven't had a bit of trouble.'

'Mother told me,' explained the young musician, ' that even if
I did have good servants I could never manage them in the world
unless they saw that I knew how to do things and could correct
them. But, dear me ! it didn't make a bit of difference. If Bridget
brought in griddle-cakes that were too thick, I could see perfectly
well that they were too thick, and I told her to take them out and
thin them ; and it did not in the least matter that I didn't know
whether she thinned them with milk or water.'

' Know !' exclaimed the young artist. ' Why, I not only didn't
know, but I made a point of not knowing. If Bridget came to me
and said, " If ^'ez plaze ma'am, can 3-ou tell me how to cook the
cauliflower? " I just drew myself up very loftily, and said, with an
air, " If cook a cauliflower? Certainly not. I don't know how to

230 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

cook. I am an artist. Yoic are the cook." And it yrorked just
like every other law of supply and demand. I expected her to
cook, and she cooked.'

Of the experience of the literary young lady, I know still
more. She has now been married more than ten years. She has
given every order for ever}' meal, kept all her expenses, kept them
rigidl}', too, within the limit fixed by her husband as permissible,
done all her marketing, and knows no more today how bread is
made or how meat should look to be tender or how to judge a
chicken or make a custard pie than if she had never kept a house."

This with a large amount of other matter of the same tenor, in-
tended expressly to influence young ladies in their early domestic
education, appeared in a leading religious paper of this city with-
out one word of editorial comment, thus reaching the public with the
full force of the editorial influence of the paper.

The writer of the article has announced that girls are all to
marry husbands who can keep two servants. She gives no thought
to the consideration that fortunes which have been inherited and
have furnished the basis of early housekeeping are often swept
away by some vicissitude of business relations, or by depreciation
in value of real or personal property ; that a young man who starts
out well to do in this world's goods, even though the property
has been accumulated by his own industry, may, by the fluctua-
tions of trade, or through misplaced confidence, or by the laws of
the elements over which he has no control, meet with reverses ;
and that he may not only become unable to keep two servants, but
he may be driven to the necessity of depending solely upon his
wife for all the domestic household labor.

Nor does the writer of the article quoted take into consideration
the thousand and one young ladies destined to marry men who
will be unable to keep an}- servants to aid in the domestic work.
Yet any one of these young ladies is liable to read that article and
be influenced by it, and to have her ideas of her later life more
or less fashioned under its influence. Such an article publislied
by an eminently respectable religious paper, entering thousands of
homes, might have an influence as extensively pernicious as any
of the hundreds of dime novels which would not be allowed place
in the family library.

To teach the young women that the necessary practical labor of
the household is so uninviting that it should be shunned and that

HORTICULTURAL REMINISCENCES. 231

all attempts to master a knowledge of it should be avoided is to
stimulate an abnormal desire for wealth, which in a large propor-
tion of instances would result in hopes not realized, and happiness
not secured.

The work of teaching practical housekeeping has been well
begun in our female seminaries ; where the great fact is wisely in-
culcated that every woman as well as man has work to perform ;
and that, in spite of diverse home conditions or other human re-
lations, a knowledge of that work ma}' become essential to the
happiness not only of one woman but of a whole family. If prac-
tical horticulture could now be added to the curriculum, the out-
door recreation which would result would add vigor to the body,
freshness to the mind, and stability to the health of the graduates
of our institutions for the education of young women.

As regards the institutions established for the education of our
boys and young men, it may be said that it would be un-
popular and. therefore inexpedient to introduce practical horticul-
ture into them. But the practice of horticulture in all its details
by bo3's and men need not be any less attractive, surely, than the
process of dish washing and bread making and sweeping and
dusting to young ladies.

Again it may be argued that the larger portion of our young
men in academies and colleges are from the country, and so have
had a practical schooling in the outlines of what we propose they
should be taught. This argument cannot be sound, for it equally
applies to the young ladies who gather at Wellesley and Vassar.
They have made bread and washed dishes and swept the floors
and dusted the furniture in their own rooms ; nevertheless it is an
almost universally accepted fact that this radical innovation upon
the routine of the school has been attended with grand results.

This work of the domestic household and of horticulture in the
schools we hope and believe will be widely extended and con-
ducted in a systematic way, and the great variet}' of useful results
to those so disciplined will never be exhausted until death.

At the present time there is a growing dislike to all phj'sical
labor among our native born population. Domestic labor has no sup-
port from the novelist among his female heroines, and the ploughboy
long since ceased to be taken as his hero. The lady with waiting-
maid and lackies in livery and the adventurer who is a banker or
a railr'^ad king have taken the places of the heroines and heroes

232 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of a hundred 3'ears ago. Nevertheless if we expect to retain
our preeminence as Americans we must create and cultivate a
taste for physical labor among the generations which succeed us ;
otherwise our adopted citizens will soon rule and lead the laud.

All men have an instinctive ambition to own land ; and we know
moreover that from some mjsterious and not easily defined cause
ownership of the soil has a wonderful influence in developing good
citizenship, and establishing individual influence and personality.
Of course the acquisition of land must be through the accumula-
tions of industry, unless by the accident of inheritance ; and the
chance of long entailment b}- inheritance, where there is no law of
primogeniture, is very small.

Our citizens of Irish birth have left the leasehold lands of Ire-
land, not because they could not pay the mere moiety of rental,
but because they want the pleasurable satisfaction of absolute
ownership. So they have come to America, and the Bridgets
have gone into the kitchens, and the Patricks have gone into the
field, and the savings banks of the country have been built up by
their deposits. From time to time they establish marriage unions,
and draw on the savings banks and buy and build homes ; and in
my own town, where in 1842 we had hardly an acre of laud owned
by a son of Erin, today we have hundreds of acres of well tilled
land and scores of homes owned by these men who are not
ashamed to work and who are fast becoming the owners of ouv
soil.

Uuless something is done to inspire and educate the rising and
future generations of our young men to a love of the soil and its
culture, we shall see the sceptre of power more and more rapidly
passing from the hands of the native born and native bred Ameri-
cans.

The key to power is wealth, the key to wealth is agriculture,
the key to agriculture is knowledge and industry ; and if the
adopted citizen maintains his persistent industry, and the native
born finds contentment in idleness, the future of the Republic can
be easily read.

Discussion.

Rev. A. B. Muzzey was called on by the President, and said that
he was fully in accord with the tone of the paper which had been
read. Wc must sooner or later wake up to the importance of edu

HORTICULTURAL REMINISCENCES. 233

eating youth in habits of industry and a knowledge of practical
life. He had been surprised to see the feeling of young men in
regard to manual labor. We should not think of teaching German
to a person going to reside in France, nor should we fill the heads
of children with things that they can never make use of, leaving
them ignorant how to supply the common wants of life. He hoped
to see more attention given to industrial education and hoped
to see horticultural labor embodied in it. There is no greater in-
congruity than in training young men or women to imaginarj- posi-
tions which few of them will ever occupy. ' The training of our
schools is excellent so far as the intellect is concerned. The
speaker mentioned a case within his own knowledge, where a
3'Oung woman after her schooling was over spent her time in read-
ing novels from a circulating library, until she married a rich man,
and then her ignorance compelled her to ask a skilful house-keeper
how to take care of her home. Her marriage was a sad misfor-
tune ; her life was spent in dissatisfaction and was most unhappy,
for her resources were exhausted. So with regard to young men ;
he had seen many a gay young man whose father had accumulated
a fortune, but who had never been trained to self-reliance, un-
happy for want of occupation for mind and body. It is wisely
ordered that the human mind cannot be happy without employ-
ment. Young men join clubs because they feel the want of some-
thing to fill their empt}' minds. There is no better place to begin
the greatly needed change in education than in our schools. The
speaker said he was heartily interested in our industrial schools.
The absence of editorial comment on the article quoted by the
essayist from a religious newspaper was in eflJect a most pernicious
comment.

Benjamin P. Ware said that a very broad subject had been
opened. The essayist's description of female seminaries reminded
him of what has been done for young men in our State Agricul-
tural College. The students are taught agriculture practically,
and inducements are offered to them to earn money. Poor boys
who come there with little or no assistance from their parents can
get' a practical education. In other states there are similar colleges
under similar management. It is the duty not onl}'^ of our people
but of our legislators, to provide practical education for our young
people. The scholars in our schools have found when graduated
that they knew nothing practical. There must be something wrong

234 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

in such an education as that. Our high schools graduate the sons
and daughters of laboring men, and then the question witli them
is, What next? They have been so educated as to look for some-
thing very different from manual labqr. Thes' look about for posi-
tions ; and after waiting for months may find a vacancy to teach.
Boys starting in life are educated awa}' from the idea of labor.
The}' look for places in counting-rooms, but there are plenty of
rich men's sons who will take these positions for fiftj' dollars a
year, and others are forced to go into retail stores where they get
onl}- enough to pa^' for their board and clothes. The educational
conditions here are revolutionized. The system of manufacturing
also is entirely' changed ; years ago apprentices were wanted, but
now the}' are not. Forraely one man made a shoe complete, now
it takes thirty-five men to make one, and each man is narrowed
down to one thirt^'-fifth of a shoemaker. This increased facility
of manufacture is a benefit to the community, but you cannot get
a boy into a manufactory to learn a trade. He knew of a boy
who wanted to learn the machinist's trade, and went to the foreman
of a machine shop, who informed him that they did not take appren-
tices ; and it became a question how he should get the training he
desired. If it cannot be obtained in shops we must have schools to
supply it.

William C. Strong said that he had been much interested in Col.
Need ham's paper, though it was quite different from what he had
anticipated. The system of garden work in the school at Provi-
dence as pictured by the essayist was admirable ; he did not feel
quite sure that we had made advances on it even in the agricultural
colleges. The system of stimulating the industry of the boys was
excellent.

O. B. Iladwen spoke of the great value of the school at Provi-
dence described by the essayist, where he also was educated.
Though only eight years old he recollected the ploughing of the
ground before the spading, which was all done by tiie boys.
These plots presented as good a garden as could be found any-
where. He planted radishes on the margin of his plot, and
melons inside ; and took great pride in them ; flowers were also
grown. This was his first experience in horticulture, and he
worked early in the morning and at the recess of fifteen minutes,
watching careful!}' the sprouting of the seeds and the progress of
the plants. Such has been the advance of horticulture since then

HORTICULTURAL REMINISCENCES. 235

that the whole wealth of the country fifty years ago could not have
produced such an exhibition as we had in our own halls this week,
and it was mostly the contribution of those who cultivated flowers
for the love of them.

Robert Manning related a reminiscence of a gentleman who
came into one of the dahlia shows of this Society about fifty years
ago, when the culture of that gorgeous flower was carried to a
greater extent than now, and was so struck with the beautv. of the
show that, though his time was almost incessantly occupied with
commercial affairs, and though he possessed only a few square feet
of garden in the rear of his cit}' dwelling, he determined to buy a
few plants. In the spring he carried out this purpose and in
autumn he was repaid by a brilliant show of flowers. Another
year the number was increased and he was equall}' successful.
Delighted to find himself so well repaid (unaware that his success
was entirely owing to the love which spared no pains for the wel-
fare of his plants) he procured the newest and finest sorts, and
another season not only became a competitor for the prizes but
actually carried off some of them.

But with a few feet of land already over-filled there was no
room for further additions to his stock, and he must either have
more land or fewer plants ; the latter he could not do, and another
hundred feet, worth almost as many acres a few miles from the
city, was added. But now other objects attracted his attention.
The grand displays of fruit were so rich and inviting that he
could not consent to be merely an admirer of them. So the cor-
ners of his garden were filled with young pear trees, which flourished
as well as the dahlias, but tnade sad inroads on their territory. As
time rolled on golden fruit hung from their branches, and a rich
harvest crowned the labors of the cultivator of the city garden.

This zealous cultivator was Josiah Sticknet, whose name is
familiar to all the members of this Society. His garden then was
at No. 116 Tremont Street, not far from where the Society's build-
ing in which this meeting was assembled was afterwards erected.
In 1844 Mr. Stickney purchased the estate of Madam Hunt,
occupying an elevation on the left bank of Charles River, in
TVatertown, where the mansion forms a conspicuous object to the
view of travellers by the Boston and Albany Railroad, on the
other side of the river. Here he formed terraces on the river bank,
which he planted with pear trees. Other plantations of pear trees

236 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

were also made, and all his cultivation was done in the most
thorough manner, a pond fortunately situated supplying facilities
for irrigation, the importance of which was not then as well un-
derstood as now.*

Mr. Stickney was afterwards elected President of this Society,
and by establishing a fund for the increase of the library became
the means of its possessing the best horticultural library in this
country if not in the world. Standing in the midst of this in-
valuable collection of books, we might say of him in the often
quoted words inscribed on the monument of Sir Christopher Wren
in St. Paul's Cathedral — "If you seek for his monument, look
about 3'ou."

The speaker added that frequentl}' as he looked on such exhibi-
tions of the Society as that which closed the previous evening, he
had wondered whether there miglit not be present some embryo
cultivator, imbibing such a love of horticulture as that which pro-
duced so admirable results in Mr. Stickney's case. And the lesson
he would draw from this reminiscence was that we should all
strive to make our exhibitions as good as we possibh' can, in order
to attract those who may be thereby led to become skilful culti-
vators and benefactors to the Society and the communit3\

President Walcott, alluding to the unsuccessful effort which had
been made to obtain a site on the Public Garden for a more com-
modious building for the use of the Society, added to the motive
mentioned by the preceding speaker for making our exhibitions as
good as possible, the desire to increase public interest in them, and
secure the favor of the community for whatever plan might be
adopted to provide more spacious halls for the exhibitions of the
Society.

Mr. Manning thanked the President for supplementing his re-
marks, and desired to add still another reason why every one of
those present and every member of the Society should do all in
his power to procure enlarged rooms for the Society, viz. : that
the accommodations for the library for which we are so largely in-
debted to Mr. Stickuey's liberality are now so extremely inadequate,
and arc every day becoming more insufficient.

Mr. Had wen, as Chairman of the Committee on Publication and
Discussion, announced that this would be the last of the series of

•Hovey's Magazine of Horticulture, September, 1862, Vol. XVIII, p. 420.

CLOSING PROCEEDINGS. 237

meetings for the present season. The Committee had endeavored,
and he hoped not without success, to procure such papers that the
tendency of the meetings would be to elevate horticulture ; and he
believed that, when published complete in the Transactions (as
the}' had already been, partiall}', in weekly reports), they would be
found a valuable addition to our stock of horticultural information.
The meeting then adjourned without day.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Prefatoky Note, 3

BusiNEbs Meetikg, January 1, 1887; Address of President Walcott, pp.
6-10; Memorial of Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, 10-18; Report of Com-
mittee on Publication and Discussion read, 19; Appropiiations, 19;
Appointment of Treasurer and Secretary, 19 ; Award of Gold Medal
to George E. Davenport, 19; Prize for Timber Trees, 19, 20 ; Employ-
ment of Experts, 20; Limiting the number of Annual Members, 20;
Nominating Committee, 20; Election of Member, 20; Biographical
Sketch of Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, 20-39

Business Meeting, January 8; Report of Committee on Gardens read, p.
39; Election of Member of Executive Committee, 39; Committee on
Meeting of American Pomological Society, 39

Meeting foe Discussion; The Propagation, Planting, and Growing of

Native Trees, by Levi W. Russell, pp. 39-57 ; Discussion, .... 57, 58

Business Meeting, January 15; Appointment of Committee on Meeting

of American Pomological Society, 58

Meeting for Discussion; The Chrysanthemum, by Arthur H. Fewkes,

pp. 58-75; Discussion, 75-79

Business Meeting, January 22; Letter from the Family of Hon. Marshall

P. Wilder, 79

Meeting fok Discussion; Degeneration of Fruits and Vegetables, by

O. B. Hadwen, pp. 79-87; Discussion, 87-91

Business Meeting, January 29; Employment of Experts, p. 92; Counsel in

regard to a site for building, 92

Meeting fok Discussion; Horticultural Education for Women, by Miss

Sara J. Smith, pp. 92-103; Discussion, 103-109

Business Meeting, February 5; Prizes for Window Gardening, p. 110;

Letter from Charles Joly, 110; Election of Members, .... 110

Meeting fok Discussion; Ornamental Climbing Plants, by John 6.

Barker, pp. 111-121; Discussion, 121-124

Business Meeting, February 12; Letter in regard to a Building on the

Public Garden, 124

Meeting fok Discussion; Annuals and their Cultivation, by M. B. Faxon,

pp. 124-132; Discussion, 132-135

Business Meeting, February 19; Letter from the Iowa Horticultural

Society, 135,136

11 CONTENTS.

Page

Meeting for Discussion; Our Native Plants, by W. A. Manda, pp. 13C-1C8;

Discussion, • . . . . 109, 170

Business Meeting, February 26; Prizes for Window Gardening, ... 170

Meeting for Discussion, .... 171

Business Meeting, March 5; Election of Members, 171

Meeting for Discussion; Rational Fertilization of Garden Crops and

Fruits, by Dr. C. A. Goessmaun, pp. 171-183; Discussion, . . . 183-187
Business Meeting, March 12; Letter from the Boston Society of Natural

History 188

Meeting for Discussion; The Progress of Ck>mmercial Floriculture, by

William J. Stewart, pp. 188-198; Discussion, 198,199

Business Meeting, March 19, 199

Meeting for Discussion; Embellishment of Grounds with Trees and

Shrubs, by Francis H. Appleton, pp. 199-209; List of Trees, 209-213;

Ornamental Shrubs, by William C. Strong, 214-218; Discussion, . . 219-223

Business Meeting, March 26 223

Meeunq for Discussion; Horticultural Reminiscences, by Hon. Daniel

Needham, pp. 224-232; Discussion 232-236; Closing Proceedings, . . 230,237

TRANSACTIONS

P[assac|«$cite Joiliciiltiiral ^ocicig,

FOR THE YEAR 1887.

FROM THE
MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Please acknowledge receipt to

ROBERT MANNING, Secretary.

BOSTON :

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY.

1888.

11 CONTENTS.

Page
Meeting fob Disodssion; Our Native Plants, by W. A.Manda, pp. 13C-1C8;

Discussion, • . . . . 109, 170

Business Meeting, February 26; Prizes for Window Gardening, ... 170

Meeting fok Discussion 171

Business Meeting, Marcli 5; Election of Members 171

Meeting fob Discussion; Rational Fertilization of Garden Crops and

Fruits, by Dr. C. A. Goessmauu, pp. 171-183; Discussion, . . . 183-187
Business Meeting, Marcli 12; Letter from the Boston Society of Natural

History, 188

Meeting fok Discussion; The Progress of Commercial Floriculture, by

William J. Stewart, pp. 188-198; Discussion, 198,199

Business Meeting, March 19, 199

Meeting foe Discussion; Embellishment of Grounds with Trees and

Shrubs, by Francis H. Appleton, pp. 199-209; List of Trees, 209-213;

Ornamental Shrubs, by William C. Strong, 214-218; Discussion, . . ^'o """

Business Meeting, March 26

Meeting foe i^""" —

TRANSACTIONS

im

<y^

FOR THE YEAR 1887.

PART II.

BOSTON :
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY.

1888.

TRANSACTIONS

^U$5iadtH$«ttsi goilicultutal ^mti^.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, April 2, 1887.

A duly notified stated meeting of the Society was holden at 11
o'clock, the President, Henry P. Walcott, in the chair.

The annual report of the Treasurer and that of the Finance
Committee were read by the Secretary, accepted, and ordered to
be placed on file.

The report of the Committee on Publication and Discussion,
awarding premiums for the best reports by awarding committees,
was read and accepted.

The appropriation of $100, recommended by the Executive
Committee on the 26th of February, for prizes for the encourage-
ment of Window Gardening, came up for final action, and was
confirmed by the Society. The schedule of prizes for this object,
presented by the Committee for Establishing Prizes, was adopted.
Mrs. H. L. T. Walcott, Mrs. E. M. Gill, Mrs. L. P. Weston,
Miss S. W. Stor3', and Mr. M. B. Faxon, having been nominated
by a Committee appointed for that purpose, were elected a Com-
mittee to take charge of the exhibitions of Window Gardening, and
award the prizes therefor.

On motion of William H. Spooner, it was voted that the
Committee on Plants and Flowers be requested to consider the
propriety of adopting the standard established by the National
Rose Society of England, for roses exhibited.

244 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Joseph II. Woodford read a communication in regard to the
funds presented to the Society b}^ Samuel Appleton, John A.
Lowell, Theodore Lyraau, Josiah Bradlee, Benjamin V. French,
H. II. Ilunnewell, Dr. William J. Walker, Josiah Stickney, and
Levi Whitcomb, and offered the following votes :

Voted, That the Treasurer of this Society shall open an account
with each and every permanent fund (describing the fund) on the
books kept by him, crediting each fund with a fair rate of interest,
to be determined by the Finance Committee annually, and charging
said incomes with any awards made in prizes by the Committees
established for awarding prizes.

Voted, That the Committee for Establishing Prizes be instructed
to apportion these prizes according to the terms of the liequests,
and that the prizes be offered under their proper headings in the
next and succeeding Schedules of Prizes of this Society.

Both these votes were unanimousl}^ passed.

Mr. Woodford also moved that the following inscription be
placed upon the face of the clock in the Lower Hall : " Presented
to the Massachusetts Horticultural Society by John J. Low, April
5, 1845," and this vote was unanimously passed.

The following named persons, having been recommended by the
Executive Committee, were, on ballot, duly elected members of the
Society :

George E. Ckosby, of West Medford.

Col. Solomon Lincoln, of Boston.

James R. Pitcher, of Short Hills, N. J.

Stacy Hall, of Boston.

Francis II. Kidder, of Medford.

Charles P. Bowditch, of Jamaica Plain.

The following named persons were, upon recommendation of the
Executive Committee, elected Corresponding INIembers of the
Society :

Henry John Elwes, F. L. S., F. Z. S., Preston House, Ciren-
cester, England.

George Maw, F. L. S., etc., Benthall, Kenley, Surrey.

W. T. Tiiiselton Dyer, F. R. S., Director of tlie Hoyal Botanic
Garden, Kew, England.

D. Morris, Assistant Director of the Royal Botanic Garden,
Kew, Kngland.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS. 245

Maxime Cornu, Director of the .Tardin des Plautes, Paris.

Henri Leveque de Vilmokin, Secretary of the Society Na-
tionale d'Agriculture de France, Paris.

Edguard Andre, Editor-in-chief of the Revue Horticole, Paris.

Cii. Naudin, Antibes, France.

Dr. Ch. Bolle, Berlin, Prussia.

C. J. DE Maximowicz, St. Pofersburg, Russia.

Charles Gibb, Corresponding Secretary of the Abbotsford
(Quebec) Fruit Growers' Association.

Professor D. P. Penhallow, Director Qf the Botanic Garden,
Montreal.

Robert Douglas, Waukegan, Illinois.

T. T. Lyon, President of the Michigan Horticultural Society,
Grand Haven.

Professor J. L. Budd, Secretary of the Iowa Horticultural
Societ}^ Ames.

Dr. Charles Mohr, Mobile, Alabama.

Adjourned to Saturday, May 7.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, May 7, 1887.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
Vice-President William H. Spooner in the chair.

The Chairman reported from the Executive Committee the
following vote, the passage of which was recommended by the
Committee :

Voted, That no Medal or Certificate of Merit shall be awarded
without the written assent, at the time of award, of at least five
members of the Awarding Committee, and a written statement of
the reasons for the award.

The vote was unanimously carried in the affirmative.

Robert Manning announced the decease of Henrj; A. Breed of
Lynn, one of the founders of the Societ}', and moved the appoint-
ment of a Committee to prepare a suitable memorial of Mr. Breed.
The motion was carried, and the Chair appointed as that Committee
John G. Barker, O. B. Hadwen, and Robert Manning.

246 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

George Hill announced the decease of Josiah Crosby, and moved
the appointment of a Committee to prepare a memorial of him.
The motion was carried, and the Chair a[)pointed as that Committee
Col. Henry W. Wilson, Charles N. Brackett, and George Hill.

The Secretary laid before the Society letters from W. Thiselton
Dyer, D. Morris, Maxime Cornu, D. T. Tenhallow, and T. T.
Lyon, acknowledging with thaulcS the receipt of the notices of
their election as Corresponding Members of this Society.

The following named persons, having been recommended by the
Executive Committee as members of the Society, were, ou ballot,
duly elected :

Miss Helen Collamoke, of Boston.
John Henderson, of Flushing, N. Y.
Charles Anderson, of Flushing, N. Y.
Charles F. Evans, of Philadelphia.

Adjourned to Saturday, June 4.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, June 4, 1887.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Henry P. Walcott, in the chair.

John G. Barker, Chairman of the Committee appointed at the
last meeting to prepare a memorial of Henry A. Breed, reported
the following :

The Massachusetts Horticultural Society views with deep emo-
tion the departure, one by one, of those who laid its foundations
and watched over its early years.

They have now to mourn the loss of Henry Allen Breed, the
last but one of the sixteen gentlemen who, on the 24th of February,
182!), met in this city to establish a horticultural society ; one who,
in the lifty-cight years which have since clai)scd, has seen the
institution, then begun in weakness, grow to streugtii and inllu-
encc ; whom in recent years, after a long and eventful business
career, we have welcomed at our meetings, where his presence has

MEMORIAL OF HENRY A. BREED. 247

testified to an unabated interest in the welfare of the Society ; and
who has rejoiced with us in its progress.

Yet while we lament the loss of the presence of this venerable
founder of the Society at our meetings, we are consoled by the
thought that his decease was not untimely, but that he " came to
his grave in full age, like as a shock of corn cometh in his
season," and after he had lived to see the Society attain a growth
far beyond what he and his associates could have anticipated when
he assisted in laying its foundations.

John G. Barker, ")

O. B. Had WEN, > Committee.

Robert Manning. )

Mr. Barker added that for the last fifteen years he had been
intimateh' acquainted with Mr. Breed, and testified to his unabated
interest in this Society, which he loved next to his church. He
always mentioned the name of Col. Wilder with the highest respect
and regard. He built the first greenhouse and laid out the first
flower garden in L3'un. He was a man of great enterprise, as is
shown by the fact that he laid out thirty-five streets in Lynn. He
met many changes, and some very serious ones, but always rallied
from them, and was alwaj'S ready to promote every good work.

Robert Manning spoke of the gratification which Mr. Breed
always felt in visiting the rooms of the Society and witnessing its
prosperity, and of the pleasure with which he received his calls.
Only a few weeks before Mr. Breed's death he stopped in Lynn on
his way home, one Saturday afternoon, and gave him some flowers
from the exhibition of that day, with which he was much pleased,
and it was his intention to make a similar call on his eighty-ninth
birthda}', which would have been on the 21st of April, but he died
a few days before that time.

The memorial was unanimously adopted, and it was voted that
it be entered on the records, and that a copy be transmitted to the
relatives of the deceased.

Col. Henry W. Wilson, Chairman of the Committee to prepare
a'memorial of Josiah Crosby, read the following:

Josiah Crosby was born among the hills of Ashburnham, in
Worcester County, on the 6th of April, 180.5, and died in Arling-
ton, of pneumonia, after a brief illness, on the 4th of April, 1887,
lacking but two days of having completed his eighty-second year.

248 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

He was the son of Frederick and Martha Maynard Crosby, and,
after receiving the primitive education of the country district
school of eighty years ago, was reared as a farmer. Arriving at
manhood in 1826, he turned his steps toward the old town of
Dorchester, whence the earl}' settlers of his native town had gone
forth, and where he continued to reside until 1834, when he mar-
ried Lydia Everbeck, May 24, and removed to Roxbury, where he
lived with Aaron Davis "Williams. His wife Lydia died June 8,
1841, and on the 27th of December, 1842, he married Alice Ross,
who survives him.

He continued to reside in Roxbury until 1847, when he removed
to Arlington, where, after three years' residence, he made bis
home on Lake Street, at what is now known as Lake Station,
where he began an experience of nearly forty years as a market
gardener, in which he had no superior and few equals.

He joined the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in October,
1850, and was for fourteen years, from 1872 to 1885 inclusive, a
valuable member of the Vegetable Committee. He joined the
Massachusetts Agricultural Society August 17, 18G7.

He was very fond of the pursuit of agriculture, in which he
enjoyed an enviable reputation, and took a sincere and honest
pride ; he earnestly strove to attain excellence, and in the effort
to improve the quality of market vegetables he originated the
excellent variety of sweet corn which was named for him.

He was not a man to be interested in theology in the abstract,
but he was for years a member of the Orthodox Congregational
Parish of Arlington, a constant attendant at public worship, and a
believer in the Christian faith, although not a communicant.

Upright and downright, with a heart free from guile, he implic-
itly followed the teachings of the (J olden Rule, as a part of his
nature, rendering to every man exact justice, and doing to all
others as he would desire to be done by.

He had little taste for literature or art, and the only field sport
that he enjoyed was that of rifle-shooling.

Fond of children and pets, his life flowed on serenely to its close,
and the sincerity of his character was best evidenced by the
attaclnncnts which were formed for liiui b\' tlie men of a younger
generation.

Lamenting as he did in later years the defects of his early edu-
cation, he was constant in his efforts to aid in the improvement of

MEMORIAL OF JOSIAH CROSBY. 249

others ; aud the only public office which he ever held was upon
the School Committee of Arlington, to which he was elected for
tweaty-one consecutive years, and in his honor the Crosby School
was named.

Nine children and four grandchildren survive him.

His funeral, at his late residence, April 6, 1887, was attended
by a delegation of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, and
his remains were interred in the Mount Pleasant Cemetery of
Arlington.

In view of his many excellencies as a man, together with his
long continued and useful services to this Society and to the
science of horticulture, the Massachusetts Horticultural Society
desires to express its appreciation of his worth ; and although his
life was spared beyond the allotted span and he died full of years ,
yet it sincerely deplores and mourns his loss.

In the death of Josiah Crosby the Societ}' loses a member
whose labors as a horticulturist had been very successful, and
whose disinterested efforts to advance the interests of the Society
had been manifested during many years and in many ways.

In testimony whereof your Committee recommend that the
Secretary be directed to enter this expression of regard upon the
records of the Society, and transmit a copy to the familj' of our
deceased friend ; also to preserve this memorial of his life in the
files of the Society.

Respectfully submitted,

Henry W. Wilson, ^

George Hill, >- Committee.

C. N. Brackett. )

The memorial was unanimously adopted.

The vote passed at the last meeting of the Society, concerning
the award of medals, appearing to conflict with the Constitution
and By-Laws, was, on motion of William C. Strong, reconsidered.

Mr. Strong then moved that a Committee of five be appointed
to consider what amendments to the Constitution and By-Laws, in
regard to the award of medals, the various funds given to the
Society, or other points, might be necessary. After discussion by
Mr. Strong, Joseph H. Woodford, John C. Hovey, William H.
Spooner, and O. B. Hadwen, the motion was carried, and the Chair

250 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

appointed as the Committee, William C. Strong, William II.
Spooner, E. W. Wood, Solomon Lincoln, and John B. Moore.

The Secretary laid before the Society letters from Henry J.
Elwes, Ch. Naudin, and C. J. Maximowicz, accepting with thanks
the Corresponding Memberships to which the}' had been elected.

George G. Tarbell, M. D., of Boston,

having been recommended b}' the Executive Committee, was, on
ballot, duly elected a member of the Society.

The meeting was then dissolved.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, July 2, 1887.

A duly notified stated meeting of the Society was holdeu at 1 1
o'clock, the President, Henry P. Walcott, in the Chair.

William C. Strong, Chairman of the Committee appointed at
the last meeting to consider what amendments to the Constitution
and By-Laws, in regard to the award of medals, the various funds
given to the Society, or other points, might be necessary, made
the following report :

The Committee appointed to consider the subject of the dona-
tions and legacies left to the Society, and the award of medals
from such funds, together with any proposed alterations of the
B3'-Laws, report as follows :

The aggregate amount of donations and legacies, up to the
present date, is about $50,000.

With the exception of the Josiah Stickney fund of 812,000, the
use of whicli until the year ISDl) is coniHlioned to the i)urchase of
books for the library, all the other gifts are absolute. In most
cases they are conditioned to be invested as permanent funds, the
income of which is to be devoted by the Society to prizes for the
cultivation of fruits, flowers, and vegetables, in general. Special
objects are designated in a few instances, as, for example, the
French fund for Apples, the Hunnewell funds for Evergreen trees,

REPORT ON DONATIONS AND LEGACIES. 251

for Estates, and for Rhododendrous, and the Walker fund for
Vegetables.

But the manner of awarding the income is in no case limited ,
and is entirely within the discretion of the Society. In most cases,
however, the desire has been expressed by the donor that the gift
should be invested as a permanent fund, the income of which
should be expended in prizes. In one instance the request is
made that the gift "shall be kept entirely distinct from all other
funds of the Societ}' for the specific purpose designated." When
the present real estate and building of the Society was obtained,
it was thought advisable that the funds of the Society should be
applied towards its payments. No one can doubt the permanence
or the safety of this investment. But by such disposal these dona-
tions become apparently merged with the general funds of the
Society, and the annual income therefrom can only be approxi-
mately determined. As a result of this commingling, the custom
has grown from year to year of awarding prizes from the general
fund alone, without specifying in our Schedule of Prizes the vari-
ous funds from which the prizes are drawn. In cases where the
gifts have been small, and have not been limited, it cannot be
expected that separate prizes can be mentioned, yet simple justice
to the memory of the donors requires that we should modify our
present method of awards.

It is not doubted that the donations may be legally invested with
our other funds in the real estate of the Society, Yet it is
evident that the intent of the donors would be more perfectly
answered if the amount of their gifts were separately invested,
and the annual income, which could then be more definitely' deter-
mined, should be distinctly appropriated in prizes and medals.

Your Committee, therefore, advise the Society to recommend to
the Finance Committee the separate investment of such moneys as
have been given to the Society as permanent funds ; such separate
investment to be made whenever the Finance Committee shall
deem that it can be done advantageousl}- .

Your Committee also recommend that the following words be
added to the vote passed April 2d, on motion of Mr. Woodford :
" and the names of the donors of the funds from which the prizes
are derived be connected with such prizes " — so that the vote as a
whole shall read as follows :

Voted, That the Committee for Establishing Prizes be instructed

252 :massaciiusetts horticultural societt.

to apportion these prizes according to the terms of the bequests,
and that the prizes be offered under their proper headings in the
next and succeeding Schedules of Prizes of this Society, and that
the names of the donors of the funds from which these prizes are
derived be connected with such prizes.

In regard to medals and plates, your Committee find that there
are no conditions or restrictions in any of the gifts to the Society,
and therefore that their award is entirely at the option of the
Society. The cost of such medals must of course be taken from
the annual appropriations. To determine the amount to be de-
ducted from the appropriations for such awards, your Committee
recommend the establishment of the following values, respectively :

For the Bronze Medals, a value of 83.00

For the Society's Silver Medal, " 5.00

For the Appleton Gold Medal, " 50.00

For the Society's Gold Medal, " 75.00

It has been found that many candidates who have been \)ro-
posed for membership have neglected to qualify themselves for a
considerable time after their election. To remedy this evil 3'our
Committee recommend the addition of the following words to
Section XXIV of the By-Laws :

"The candidate for membership shall qualify himself for mem-
bership within six months from the date when notice is given of
his election."

W. C. Strong,

W. H. Spoonek,

E. W. Wool), V Committee.

Solomon Lincoln,

John B. Mookk.

The report was accci)tcd, and Mr. Strong moved that the ques-
tion be taken separately on the votes recommended therein. This
motion was carried, and the question was put as follows :

First, on the recommendation to the Finance Committee con-
cerning the investment of funds.

Second, on the amendment to the vote passed at the meeting
on the 2d of April, concerning the offering of prizes from the
funds donated to the Society.

Third, on the recommendation to establish the values of medals.

These reconunendations were all unanimously adopted.

NOMINATING COMJUITTEE. 253

The amendment to the Constitution and By-Laws recommended
by the Committee was, after two readings, approved by a majority
vote, and laid over for consideration at the quarterly meeting in
October.

The President, as Chairman of the Executive Committee,
reported in regard to limiting the number of annual members of
the Society, that subject having been referred to the Committee
at the meeting on the Ist of January, that no action was desir-
able.

The Secretary laid before the Society a letter from Charles Gibb,
acknowledging and accepting with thanks the Corresponding
Membership to which he was elected.

J. Woodward Manning, of Reading,

having been recommended by the Executive Committee, was, on
ballot, duly elected a member of the Society.

Adjourned to Saturday, August 6.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, August 6, 1887.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Henry P. Walcott, in the chair.

Agreeably to the Constitution and By-Laws, the President
appointed the following Committee to nominate suitable candi-
dates for the various offices of the Society for the year 1888 :

William C. Strong, Chairman ; William H. Spooner, John C.
Hovey, Francis H. Appleton, Patrick Norton, George Hill, Samuel
Hartwell.

Charles E. Maxwell, of Boston,

having been recommended by the Executive Committee as a mem-
ber of the Society, was, on ballot, duly elected.

Adjourned to Saturday, September 3.

254 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, September 3, 1887.

An adjourned meeting of the Societj' was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Henry P. Walcott, in the chair.

President "Walcott said that before proceeding to other business,
he wished to make the official announcement of what was doubt-
less known to all those present — the decease, since the last
meeting of the Societ}^ of two of its Ex- Presidents, John B.
Moore and Charles M. Ilovey.

Ex-Presidcut Moore died at his residence in Concord, on Sunda}^
the 21st of August. The speaker desired to say that he looked
back to a pleasant intercourse with him. What most impressed
him was the manliness of the man ; his sturdy frame was an index
to what was in him. He was not unduly elated with success ; and
the reverses which come to all were met by him with manly cour-
age. In all his horticultural operations he illustrated the benefit
of thorough cultivation. He was prominent not only in this
Society, but as a member for many years of the State Board of
Agriculture. He was for a long time a Deputy Sheriff of Middle-
sex County, and also a member of the Board of Prison Commis-
sioners ; and the speaker had abundant opportunity*, from his own
official position, to know that the duties of the last-mentioned
office were discharged by him with signal ability and success. He
felt that honors conferred upon him involved obligations.

Mr. Hovey died at his residence in Cambridge on Thursday,
September 1. Of him it is diflicult to speak otherwise than in
connection with this Society, especially in this building, erected
during his presidency, and largely due to his energy and persever-
ance. He was a man of very distinct convictions and very ener-
getic ways of stating them. Perhaps at the time of his death
there was no other name of so much consequence connected with
American horticulture. The Magazine of Horticulture, which he
commenced when a young man and published for thirty-four
years, is a record and a monument such as no otiier horticulturist
on this continent has left behind him.

O. B. Hadwen moved that a committee of five be appointed by
the chair to prepare resolutions in memory of Ex-President Moore.

DECEASE OF EX-PKESIDENT HOVEY. 255

The motion was unanimously adopted by a rising vote, and the
President appointed as that Committee, Ex-President James F. C.
Hyde, O. B. Hadwen, C. H. B. Breck, John C. Hovey, and E. W.
Wood.

William C. Strong said that there seemed to be a strange fatal-
ity among the officers of this Society ; within three years a Presi-
dent and four Ex-Presidents had died. Only a fortnight ago he
called on Ex-President Hove}', and was glad to find him better
than he had expected to. Mr. Hovey then spoke most kindly of
the Society and of the members. Mr. Strong closed by moving
that a Committee of five be appointed by the Chair to prepare a
memorial of Ex-President Hovey.

This motion also was unanimously adopted by a rising vote, and
Ex-President William C. Strong, William H. Spooner, Charles L.
Flint, Col. Henry Wilson, and Robert Manning, were appointed
as the Committee.

Col. Henry W. Wilson moved that the officers of the Society,
with ten other members to be appointed by the Chair, be a Com-
mittee to represent the Society at the funeral of Ex-President
Hovey the next day. This motion was unanimously carried, and
the chair appointed the Ex-Presidents,

James F. C. Hyde, William C. Strong,

Francis Parkman,
and the following members :

H. H. Hunnewell, Henry Wilson,

Charles L. Flint, O. B. Hadwen,

E. W. Wood, Patrick Norton,

Charles N. Brackett.

Mr. Strong, as Chairman of the Committee to nominate candi-
dates for officers and standing committees for the next year,
reported a list, which was accepted. It was voted that the Com-
mittee be continued and requested to nominate candidates in place
of any who might decline before the election.

Col. Wilson, as Chairman of the Committee appointed to pro-
cure portraits of Hon. Francis B. Hayes and John B. Moore, to
continue the series of portraits of the Presidents of the Society,
made a concluding statement that they had attended to that duty.
There was some delay in obtaining the portrait of President Hayes,

256 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

owing to the fact that the Coiniuittee thouglit that a bust might
be obtained, but in this they were disappointed, and also owing to
the fact that the first portrait painted was not satisfactory. A
second one had been procured, without expense to the Society,
which was suspended on the wall in view of those present.
The report was accepted and the Committee was discharged.

The Treasurer reported that he had received from the executors
of the will of Ex-President Marshall P. Wilder, the sum of $1000,
and also the Large Gold Medal awarded to him by the United States
Agricultural Society, January 14, 1860, and by him bequeathed to
this Society. The medal was presented at the meeting, and it
was voted that the acceptance of these bequests and the conditions
thereof be entered on the records of the Society.

The clause of Mr. Wilder's will relating to these bequests is as
follows :

"Tenth. I give to the Massachusetts Horticultural Society the
sum of one thousand dollars, to constitute a fund, the income of
which shall be annually offered iu special prizes, as follows : one-
half of the income shall be offered annuall}' in prizes for grapes
of American origin ; the other half of the income in prizes for the
pear. These prizes shall be known as the ' Marshall P. Wilder
prizes.' I also give to said Society the large Gold Medal of Honor
presented to me by the United States Agricultural Societ}'."

[The Gold Medal bequeathed by Mr. Wilder was deposited in
the safe of H. H. Hunnewell, Chairman of the Finance Committee,
as per his receipt on file with the Treasurer, dated October 1,
1887, — the Society's safe in the Boston Safe Deposit and Trust
Company's vaults being too small to receive the case.]

Thomas Doliber, of Roxbury, and
WAmtEN S. FuosT, of Belmont,

having been recommended by the Executive Committee, were, on
Ijullot, duly elected members of the Society.

The meeting was then dissolved.

MEMORIAL OF EX-PRESIDENT HOVEY. 257

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, October 1, 1887.

A stated meeting of the Society, being the Annual Meeting for
the choice of officers and standing committees, was holden at 11
o'clock, Vice-President C. H. B. Breck in the chair.

The Recording Secretary being absent, owing to illness, the
Chair appointed Edward Frost Recording Secretary pro temjMre,
who stated that the requirements of the Constitution and By-Laws
in regard to notice of the meeting had been complied with.

In behalf of the Committee appointed to prepare a memorial of
the late Charles M. Hovey, William C. Strong, Chairman,
reported as follows :

The Committee appointed to prepare an expression from the
Society in memory of the late Charles M. Hovey, submit the
following :

The Massachusetts Horticultural Society desires to place on
record its appreciation of the eminent ability and life-long service
of the late Charles M. Hovey in the cause of horticulture and the
Interests of this Society. From very boyhood Mr. Hove}' is said
to have displayed a love of this art. At the early age of twenty-
two, in the year 1832, he established his nurseries in Cambridge
in connection with his brother, retaining this as his principal pur-
suit with unflagging interest until the day of his death.

During this long period of fifty-five years, what a vast amount
of service did he render ! What revolutions in the art did he
witness ! To him the high honor must be accorded of having
contributed as much as an}' other man towards advancing the
interests of horticulture to the present stage of progress. A man
of ceaseless activity, untiring energy, keen observation, retentive
memory, boundless enthusiasm, he brought to his work qualities
which ensured progress. The many products of his skill were
as sure to appear as the ripe fruit is sure to follow the careful
c.ulture of the seed. In every branch of cultivation, native or
exotic, fruits or flowers, trees or plants, he was equally interested ;
and the results of his labors are seen in seedlings or valuable
introductions in all departments of plants.

Such activity would exhaust the strength of most men. But
2

258 MASSACHUSETTS IIOUTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

not content with this, in the year ISSfj, when only twenty-four
years old, Mr. Ilovey began the publication of the " Magazine of
Horticulture," the first successful periodical of its kind in this
country. For thirty-four years he continued its editor, giving a
vast amount of original matter, together with full reports of the
exhibitions and transactions of this Society. This work will
remain as a lasting monument to his industry and abilit}', which
alone would reflect high honor. In 1848 he began the publication
of the " Fruits of America," illustrating in several volumes the
fruits and the trees of this country as sketched by himself from
nature.

Notwithstanding the incessant tax upon his time from these
various departments of labor, he 3'et found ways to make himself
familiar with the current literature of the old world relating to his
various pursuits. His well read librarj' was probably as complete
as any other private library in the land upon these subjects. Con-
sidering his long life devoted exclusively to this pursuit, it may be
doubted whether an^' other man in this country has done so much
to stimulate a love of horticulture in all its branches.

Mr. Hovey joined this Society in September, 1833, four years
after its organization.

He served as Librarian three 3'ears, from 1834 to 1836.

He served on the Library Committee from 1834 to 1859, being
Chairman from 1843 to 1859.

He was on the Committee on Flowers and Shrubs from 1835 to
1842, and for the last two of these years was Chairman.

He was elected on the Executive Committee for 1842, 1843, and
1862, and also was ex-officio on this Committee from 1863 to 1885.

He was elected on the Committee to Establish Prizes for the
years 1847, 1848, and 1849.

On the Committee on Synonyms of Fruit from 1847 to 1849,
and also from 1857 to 1866.

On the Fruit Committee from 1850 to 1859.

On the Committee on Publication from 1853 to 1859.

He was elected Vice-President for 1858 and 1859.

He w^as elected President for the year 1863, and re-elected,
holding that oiHce for four successive years.

It was during his term of ofllce and owing largely to his persist-
ent advocacy that the site for our present Hall was secured and
the building erected.

PRIZES FOR BULBS. 259

Such were the offices which he held and the employments which
indicate a life of ceaseless and untiring activity. For long years
and in many ways did he stimulate others while he lived to a like
enthusiasm in the cultivation of Nature. May the memory of his
zeal and abilit}' be an inspiration to those who shall follow him.

The Secretary is hereby directed to forward a copy of this
record to the family of the deceased, with the expression of the
sincere sympathy of the Society in their sorrow.

William C. Strong,

William H. Spooner,

Charles L. Flint, } Committee.

Henry W. Wilson,

Robert Manning.

After further appropriate remarks offered by Mr. Strong, in
moving the adoption of the memorial, it was unanimously adopted
and ordered to be entered on the records of the Society.

The Committee to prepare a memorial of the late John B.
Moore, asked and were granted further time in which to report.

The Chair announced that the regular business of the meeting,
being the election of officers and standing committees for the
ensuing year, would now be proceeded with, and, agreeably to
the Constitution and By-Laws, appointed William H. Spooner,
Marshall B. Faxon, and Edward Frost, a Committee to receive,
assort, and count the votes given and report the number.

The polls were opened at thirty minutes past eleven o'clock, and
the Chair announced that they would remain open one hour, also
that a check list would be used containing the names of those
entitled to vote.

The Recording Secretary pro-tern laid before the Society a letter
from the Royal Union for the Cultivation of Flower Roots, Haarlem,
Netherlands, in regard to medals to be offered as prizes for
flowering bulbs at the Spring Exhibition of this Society in 1888.
On motion of Mr. Strong it was voted to accept the proposals
contained in the letter, and that notice of acceptance should be
communicated to the Royal Union. It was also voted that the
Committee on Establishing Prizes, elect, be requested to prepare a
list of prizes for bulbs at the exhibitions in 1888, and report the
same at the next meeting.

The amendment to the Constitution and By-Laws proposed at

260 MASSACHUSETTS IIOKTICULTUUAL SOCIETY.

the Stated Meeting on the 2d of July, and then ordered to be
entered on the records, came up for liual action, and on motion of
Mr. Strong was unanimously adoijtcd, as follows :

To be added to Section XXIV :

"The candidate for membership shall qualify himself for
membership within six months from the date when notice is given
of his election."

Mrs. H. L. T. Wolcott, followed by M. B. Faxon, read remarks
and other matter in the nature of a report of the Committee on
Window Gardening appointed April 2, 1887, and a plea for the
continuance of its work. Mr. Faxon concluded by offering the
following amendments to the Constitution and Bj'-Laws :

That Section XXI of the Constitution and B3'-Laws be amended
80 as to include a Committee on AVindow Gardening, and so that
the first clause of said section, as amended, shall read as follows :

" These Committees shall be the Committee on Fruits, the Com-
mittee on Plants and Flowers, the Committee on Vegetables, the
Committee on Gardens, and the Committee on Window Gardening."

And that Section XX of the Constiti^tion and By-Laws be
amended by adding to the Committee for Establishing Frizes the
Chairman of the Committee on Window Gardening, and reducing
the number of additional members, not Chairmen of Committees,
from three to two, so that the first portion of said section, as
amended, shall read as follows :

" This Committee shall consist of the Chairmen of the Com-
mittees on Fruits, Plants and Flowers, Vegetables, Gardens, and
Window Gardening, and two other members, who shall be chosen
as provided in Section 111."

The foregoing amendments having been read a second time
by the presiding officer, and being seconded by Benjamin G.
Smith, were unanimously passed to be entered on the records for
consideration at the Stated Meeting in .laiiuary next.

TuADDEUS William Hauris, A. M., of Cambridge, and
William II. Hills, of Plaistow, N. H.,

having been recommended by the Executive Committee as mem-
bers of the Society, were, on ballot, duly elected.

The polls were closed at thirty minutes past twelve o'clock, and
the Committee to receive, assort, and count the voles, after
{vttending to that duty, reported

MEMORIAL or EX-PRESIDENT MOORE. 261

The whole number of ballots to be 41.
Necessary for a choice 21.
The report of the Committee was accepted, and the persons
reported as having the number of ballots necessary for a choice
were, agreeably to the Constitution and By-Laws, declared by
the presiding officer to have a majority of votes, and to be elected
Officers and Standing Committees of the Society for the year 1888.

Adjourned to Saturday, November 5.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, November 5, 1887.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holdeu at 11 o'clock,
Vice-President Spooner in the chair.

Ex-President James F. C. Hyde, Chairman of the Committee
to prepare a memorial of Ex-President John B. Moore, reported
the following :

Whereas, in the providence of God, our late Ex-President, John
B. Moore, has been called from his labors here on earth, therefore

Resolved, That in the removal of our late associate who has
faithfully filled many positions in this Society, including its
highest office, we have suffered a great loss.

Resolved, That not alone is the loss felt by the members of
this Society, but by the whole community, among whom he was
well known and highly respected for his active and useful life.

Resolved, That he will be long and deservedl3' remembered for
the great benefit he has conferred upon the public by his successful
efforts in the promotion of Agriculture and Horticulture, as well
as by his useful labors in many other important matters.

Resolved, That his example as an intelligent, enthusiastic, and
ihdefatigable worker in the great field of nature is worthy of
imitation b}^ all who are striving for success.

Resolved, That we tender to the bereaved family of our late
associate, our warmest S3anpathy in this time of grief, at the loss
of one so dear to them, and assure them that we shall long remem-

262 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ber his many excellent qualities and the pleasant relations that
have existed between us.

Mesolvecl, That these resolutions be entered upon the records
of the Society, and a copy be sent to the family of the deceased.

James F. C. Hyde,

O. B. Hai)Wp:n,

C. H. B. BuECK, ) Committee.

John C. Hovey,

E. W. Wood.

Mr. Hyde added that he had long known Mr. ^Moore and had
been associated with him six years on the State Board of Agri-
culture. As a horticulturist he was eminentl}' successful. He
was a very useful man in the community, and in his death the
public, as well as the Society, suffers a great loss, but he had
reached an age when he could not be expected to continue long.
His death, with that of Mr. Hovey, which followed soon after,
leaves onl}- three surviving Ex-Presidents of the Society.

O. B. Hadwen seconded the adoption of the resolutions, and
said that he had known Mr. INIoore for many years, and had been
for twelve years a member of the State Board of Agriculture with
him, and had known of his valuable work. Whatever he made a
speciality of, he stood at the head of all cultivators of that flower
or fruit, and in our exhibitions no one could beat him. His shows
were of great benefit to that department of the Society's work ;
all have profited by them as well as by A^isits to his grounds, and
in his death we have lost one of our most valuable men.

William C. Strong said that Mr. Moore hardly needed the
tributes which had been paid him, for he was known by his fruits,
yet he could not but express his sympathy with what had been
said. One of his most marked characteristics was that he did all
things thoroughly. He was a genial man, and the speaker recalled
many pleasant interviews and social chats with him. We shall
long cherish his memory, and especially the example of his culti-
vation.

The resolutions were unanimously passed.

The Chairman of the meeting reported from the Executive
Committee a recommendation that the Society appropriate ^6,000
for prizes and and gratuities for the year 1888, and that the atten-
tion of the various committees be called to the careful consideration
of the possibility of making some reduction in the Schedule of

ANNUAL REPORTS READ. 263

Prizes. Agreeably to the Constitution and By-Laws tliis recom-
mendation was laid over until the stated meeting in January.

On motion of Robert Manning it was voted that agreeably to the
rules of the State Board of Agriculture, three prizes of SIO, $8,
and $6, be offered for the best reports of awarding committees.

Leander Beal, of Boston,

having been recommended by the Executive Committee as a
member of the Society, was, upon ballot, duly elected.

Adjourned to Saturday, December 3.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, December 3, 1887.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Henry P. Walcott, in the chair.

The Annual Report of the Committee on Plants and Flowers
was read by Joseph H. Woodford, Chairman, accepted, and referred
to the Committee on Publication.

The Annual Report of the Committee on Fruits was read by
E. W. Wood, Chairman, accepted, and referred to the Committee
on Publication.

The Annual Report of the Committee on Vegetables was read
by Charles N. Brackett, Chairman, accepted, and referred to the
Committee on Publication.

The Report of the Special Committee on Window Gardening
was read by M. B. Faxon, Secretary, accepted and referred to the
Committee on Publication.

The President, in behalf of the Executive Committee, submitted
the Schedule of Prizes for the year 1888, as prepared by the Com-
mittee for Establishing Prizes ; which was referred back for a
conference between the two Committees in regard to certain points.

On motion of William H. Spooner, it was voted that in com-
pliance with the laws of the Commonwealth a prize of $10 be
offered for the best plantation of trees for ship timber, and that
this offer be printed in the Schedule of Prizes for 1888.

264 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL 80CIETT.

The Secretary read a letter from Jobn II. Moore, ackuowlcclging
the resoUitions i)assed by the Society in meiuory of his father, the
late John B. Moore, and in behalf of himself and the family
thanking the Society therefor.

The Secretary also read a letter from the Secretary of the State
Board of Agriculture, stating that the term of olllce of the dele-
gate from the Society to the Board of Agriculture would expire at
the close of the present year. On motion of John G. Barker the
present delegate, E. W. "Wood, was re-elected.
Daniel G. "Walton, of Wakefield,

having been recommended by the Executive Committee, was, on
ballot, duly elected a member of the Society.

Adjourned to Saturday, December 10.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, December 10, 1887.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Henry P. "Walcott, in the chair.

The Annual Report of the Library Committee was read by
William E. Endicott, Chairman, accepted, and referred to the Com-
mittee on Publication.

Robert Manning read his Annual Report as Secretary and
Librarian, which was accepted and referred to the Committee on
Publication.

The President, as Chairman of the Executive Committee, pre-
sented the Schedule of Prizes for the year 1888, with the approval
of that Committee, certain changes having been made in it in
conference with the Committee for Establishing Prizes. The
Schedule was adopted and ordered to be printed.

The meeting was then dissolved.

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS,

FOR THE YEAR 1887.

By JOSEPH H. WOODFORD, Chairman.

In submitting the Report of our doings for the past year, it may
not be too much to sa}- that our Society is conceded to be the most
active of all the similar institutions in the country in promoting a
love for the beautiful among the masses of the people. For over
fifty years it has been continually doing this great work of benefi-
cence ; and as the years roll away we become more and more
assured of the wide-spread benefits conferred on this community
by our liberality. The horticultural education, which is yearly
disseminated by this Society and absorbed by the public, is a
power for good, appreciated only by those who come in actual
contact as participants, with the great work we are doing. The
love of flower culture is probably the most refining influence which
can be developed in any community, and as our institution pre-
eminently fosters the love of flowers and gardening, we may be
considered as amongst the great moral educators of the people.

We see an increased love of flowers manifested by the atten-
dance at our weekl}' exhibitions, and by the quantity of flowers
exposed for sale on the street or in the flower stores ; both greater
than ever before. Reaching as we do by our influence all classes
of the people, we are doing all in our power to extend and
develop among them a love of the useful and beautiful in nature,
so that these may be availed of to the fullest extent of their
beneficence.

The exhibitions during the year have been well attended and
generally successful. To make a proper report of them it will be

266 MASSACHUSETTS HOUTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

well to review them in order, for this will afford an account more
in accordance with the actual experiences of your Committee than
if we condense our report into a general review of the whole year.

SPRING EXHIBITION.
March 23, 24, and 25.

This great exhibition was of unusual excellence. Special pains
had been taken in the arrangement of the Halls, to make the show
both natural and attractive. The Lower Hall was made to repre-
sent a garden in the spring time of the year, which was charmingly
arranged b}' W. A. Manda with plants from the Botanic Garden
of Harvard College. This was a new feature in our exhibitions,
and was a grand innovation ; it showed an immense variet}' of
hardy perennial and spring flowering plants as growing quite
naturally among the rocks, moss, and ferns of a wild garden.
The effect produced was very pleasing and elicited favorable
comments from the numerous visitors in attendance.

The Upper Hall was completely filled with plants and flowers
gathered from the four quarters of the globe ; but when we attempt
to point out the best of the exhibits, we are confronted with the
fact that all were good. Perhaps the most striking floral eflect
produced was the grand exhibition of flowering bulbs brought out
by the liberal premiums of gold, gilt, and silver medals offered by
the Royal Union of Holland for the promotion of the culture of Hol-
land bulbs, and also b}' the liberal prizes offered by our own Society.
The arrangement was good and the display was most effective.
The Dutch Gold Medal was awarded to Nathaniel T. Kidder
for fifty Hyacinths, and the Silver Gilt and Silver Medals
were awarded to Charles H. Hovey for two collections, each
of fifty Hyacinths. Charles H. Hove3' was awarded the Silver
Gilt Medal for twenty pots of Polyanthus Narcissus, and
Charles M. Hovey was awarded the Silver Medal for twenty'
pots of Polyanthus Narcissus. The tiiird prize was not awarded.

Tulips were not quite up to the standard of last year, therefore
the first prize was not awarded. Charles H. Hovey took the
Silver Medal for twenty-five pots, and Charles M. Hovey the
Bronze Medal for twenty-five pots.

The show of Orchids, in quantity, quality, and extensive variety,

EEPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 267

was undoubtedly the finest ever seen in this city. The arrange-
ment made of them was very natural, as they were mostly sus-
pended from the branches of trees hung with Spanish moss, which
in many cases gave them the appearance of growing in their native
forests.

The Roses, Azaleas, and other plants were very beautiful, and
the wonderful amount of fragrance emitted from so many lovely
flowers, and sweet smelling plants, was at times almost over-
powering. To show better than we can otherwise express it the
appreciation which one lady had of this exhibition, we will here
state that, during the afternoon of the last day the show was open,
she bought tickets for a school of seventy young ladies. These
contributed by their graceful presence an additional enchantment
to the scene. Their delight was unbounded and their expressions
of it were very enthusiastic.

The new roses. Papa Gontier and Puritan, were brought into
prominent notice for the first time at this show, and to each was
awarded the Societj-'s Silver Medal for excellence.

RHODODENDRON SHOW.

June 4.

The exhibition of Rhododendrons, owing to the lateness of the
season, was not up to the high standard attained last year ; yet it
was a highly commendable show, and the exhibitors were rewarded
by a large attendance. The most extensive contributors were
H. H. Hunnewell and Mrs. Francis B. Hayes.

On the 11th of June, the display of rhododendrons was even
better than on prize day, and the show of other flowers in their
season was quite extensive. The Arnold Arboretum, by the hand
of Jackson Dawson, contributed a large collection of new shrubs,
as follows :

Rosa spinosissima pencillata.
" " rubra.

' Rosa jnimila, an Alpine species growing not more than a foot
high.

Rosa Arkansana.

Whijjplea modesta, from Texas.

Vaccinium staurinum, from Western Massachusetts ; very pretty.

208 MASSACHUSETTS IIOUTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

Azalea caleiululacca, from seed from the inouiitaius of North
Carolina, and as beautiful as the ganlen varieties.

Hudsonia tomentosa, from Plymouth.

Viburnum cassinoides, from Vermont.

Rhododendron femtfjinenm, Al[)ine.

Ceanothus ovatus, from Vermont.

Jamesia Americana., from the Rock}- mountains.

Lonicera perfoliata., received under this name but probably a
variety of L. Peridymenum.

Cornus cirdnata, from the northern and western parts of this
state ; beautiful in tlower and fruit, the latter being wliite.

A species of Amelanchier, having wreaths of white flowers when
exhibited, and scarlet fruit in autumn.

ROSE EXEIIBITION.

June 21 and 22.

The great Rose Show was thought b}- some to surpass that of
last year, and was conceded by all to be a grand display of this
most beautiful flower. The prizes were more widely distributed
than formerly, which demonstrates the fact that more attention to
cultivation is now generally given and more skilful methods are
adopted by gardeners, enabling a larger number to grow the " Queen
of the Garden " to a high degree of perfection. All classes of
growers were represented. The botanist was given an oppor-
tunity to study about forty different species collected by the
Arnold Arboretum from all over the world, — the amateur an
occasion to remark upon his brother amateur's success in taking
prizes, — and the gardener a chance to show his supremacy in the
art of growing this imperious Queen. Both the halls were well
filled with beautiful roses and other plants and flowers, and the
exhibition as a whole was a most pleasing and successful one.

WEEKLY EXHIBITIONS.

The Weekly Flower Shows beginning July 2 and ending Sep-
tember 3 were very good ; and as exhibiting the different flowers,
each in its natural season, tliey were very instructive to a large
number of visitors of dilTureut ages and classes.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 269

Worth}' of special mentiou were

Delphiniums, grown by Edwin Fewkes & Son ;
Sweet Peas, " " J. F. C. Hyde ;

Gladioli, " " H. B. Watt;

" " J. W. Clark;
Herbaceous Plants, " " William J. Martin ;
" ' " " " J. W. Manning;

and Pompon Dahlias, *" " George S. Tuttle.
The weekly displays of native plants collected by Mrs. P. D.
Richards, formed a striking educational feature of our shows, not
to be passed over without notice.

ANNUAL EXHIBITION.

September 13, 14, 15 and 16.

The Annual Exhibition was held this year in the Great Hall of
the Mechanics' Charitable Association building, on Huntington
Avenue, and in connection with the biennial session of the
American Pomological Society. Ample space was allotted to the
Flower Committee for the display of plants and flowers, and the
artistic grouping of the specimens presented has never been sur-
passed in any of our shows. The plants were of the most rare
and beautiful species, and profuse in quantity ; and each was a
well grown specimen of its kind. Each exhibitor was apportioned
a suitable space of floor room on which to group his plants, and
when all was completed the great hall presented the appearance of
a grand tropical garden covering a space of about twenty thousand
square feet in extent.

The large tanks of Water Lilies from John Simpkins, were a
splendid feature of the exhibition, as they comprised specimens
from all parts of the world, and of all sizes, ranging from our
smallest Nympliciea odorata, to the magnificent lily of the River
Amazon, the world-renowned Victoria regia.

The principal contributors of plants were H. H. Hunnewell, N.
T. Kidder, George A. Nickerson, John L. Gardner, Mrs. Francis
B. Hayes, W. A. Manda, Thomas Clark, and Charles H. Hovey.
Taking it all together it was pre-eminently the best display of
plants and flowers ever made in Boston.

A unique feature of the exhibition was the large collection of

270

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

cut specimens of ornameutal fruit bearing slirubs from the Arnold
Arboretum, b^' Jackson Dawson, gardener. For tlie information
of those who may desire to decorate their gardens with these rich
ornaments, rendering it gay wlien the flowers are mainly passed
awa}', we include the list furnished by Mr. Dawson.

List of Shrubs in Fruit Exhibited by Jackson Dawson of the
Arnold Arboretum.

Aralia hispida.
Alnus maritima.

" viridis.
Berheris Sinensis.

" " variegata.

" Thunhergii.
" vulgaris.
" " var. hypoleuca.

Celastrus scandens.
Cephalanthus occidentalis.
Colutea arborescens.
Comus paniculata,

" sericea.
Cotoneaster acuminata.
Cratcegus coccinea.
" oxyacantha.
" tomentosa vsLV.pyrifolia.
Euonymus alatus.

" Americana vfiv.ohovata.
' ' Eurojyuius fructo
purpurea.
Ilex la'. 01 gala.
" verticillata (red fruit).
" (white fruit).
Lonicera Jiava.
'' hirsuta.
" Tartar ica.
Lycium Chinense.
Magnolia Umbrella.
Panax sessilijlora.
Phdlodendron Amurensia.
Prunus Americana.
" maritima.

Prunus serotina.

" Virginiana.
Plelea trifoliata.
Pyrus Americana.

*' baccata.

*' " var. aurantiaca.

" " " cerasiformis.

" " " chlorocarpum.

" " " Sieboldii.

" Japonica Maideii.

" " nivalis.

" " umbilicata rosea.

" Malus jlore plena.

" " Toringo.

" pruni folia.

" " var. aurantiaca.

" " " macrocarpa.

" " " microcarpa.

" Ringo.

" spectabilis aurantiaca.
Rhamnus frangula.
Rhus glabra.

" " laciniata.
Rosa Arkansana.

" Calif ornica.

" glauca.

" rugosa.
Sambucas Canadensis.

" " var. aurea.

Symph o ricarp us racemosus.
Taxus baccata var. Canadensis.
Vibiirnum opulus.
" 2mbescens.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 271

CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW.

November 9, 10 and 11.

The culmination of our exhibitions for the 3^ear occurred on the
9th, 10th, and 11th of November, when the Chrysanthemum Show
was held, in our own Halls. The list of prizes was so munificent
that it had stimulated all who knew how to grow these plants to
their utmost endeavors to excel any former attempt ; and when the
exhibition was opened all the space in both halls was filled with a
better grown class of plants than had ever before been shown by
our Society. It is a pleasure to record the enthusiasm shown by
growers of chrysanthemums, and it is also a pleasure to know
that our Society, by its liberal offers in prizes, is bringing forward
a larger number of competitors than ever before, and is thereby
aiding to bring into prominence a class of plants the most
floriferous of all, and blooming at a season of the year when no
others do in any like profusion.

The practice of growing new kinds from seed is extending ; and
we are glad to record the fact that our President, Dr. Henry P.
Walcott, Arthur H. Fewkes, George Seaverns, and others, showed
some grand specimens of blooms from plants grown by them from
seed planted this year.

It is also pleasant to record the fact that an entirely new group
of flowers has reached us from Japan, having been sent to Mrs.
Alpheus Hardy, by Neesima, a native of Japan, out of gratitude
to Mrs. Hardy for favors shown him while in this country. These
plants were exhibited by Edwin Fewkes & Son, and are well
worthy to be grown by all loving these beautiful flowers.

One of this last mentioned collection has been named Mrs.
Alpheus Hardy. It is a most beautiful, large, incurved Japanese
variety, having feathery petals of wonderful delicacy and white-
ness, and is the most sumptuous of the whole family thus far
known. It was awarded the Society's Silver Medal for superior
excellence.
. The exhibition was well attended and was very much of a success.

The prizes for Herbaceous Plants have been closely competed
for during the season by Nathaniel T. Kidder and J. W. Manning,
Mr. Kidder gaining the Society's Silver Medal by onl}- one point.
Mr. Manning took the Bronze Medal as second prize.

272 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The first prizes for Annuals were taken the most times l>y W.
A. Manda, and lie was in consequence entitled to the Society's
Silver Medal, while C. M. Ilovey carried off the Bronze Medal.

Special Prize No. 682, offered by M. B. Faxon, was awarded
to J. F. C. Hyde, for a splendid collection of Sweet Peas.

Special Prize No. 683, also offered by Mr. Faxon, for Fifty
Pansies was awarded to L. W. Goodell.

From the H. H. Ilunnewell premiums offered for Rhododen-
drons, Azaleas, and Evergreens, the sum of S46 was awarded.

The amount appropriated by the Society for the use of your
Committee was $3,454. Of this amount, $2,712 has been awarded
in prizes, in accordance with the Schedule of Prizes, and §730 in
gratuities.

The only sad events we have to chronicle are included in the
departure from our midst of such noble co-workers and exhibitors
as Wilder, Moore, and Ilovey. The\' were the most active of our
members, not only in counsel, but in all the good works of Horti-
culture ; and this place that once knew them so well, shall know
them no more, except in the good works which follow them.
It behooves us to do with our might whatsoever our hands
find to do, to advance our Society' in the direction of those useful
purposes which they desired it to pursue ; and their example of
lidelit}' to the art of Horticulture should stimulate us to attempt
even greater achievements than those which they accomplished
during their long lives of usefulness.

All of which is respectfully submitted.

Jos. H. WOODFOKD,

Warren H. Manning,

F. L. Harris, ( Committee

David Allan, > 07i Plants

W. A. Manda, \andFloioers.

Arthur II. Fewkes,

M. II. Norton.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR PLANTS
AND FLOWERS.

February 5.

Freesia eefracta. — Six pots in bloom, John L. Gardner, . . $4 00

Second, Mrs. A. D. Wood, 3 00

KoMAN Hyacinths. — Six six-inch pots, Edwin Fewkes & Son, . 4 00

Second, John L. Gardner, 3 00

February 26.
Oraiuity: —
Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cut Flowers, 3 00

March 5.

Gratuity: —
Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Roses ' . . . 3 00

March 12.
Gratuity: —
Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Roses and Camellias, 3 00

SPRING EXHIBITION.

March 23, 24, and 25.

Indian Azaleas. — Six named varieties, in pots, William J. Martin, $15 00

Second, Arthur W. Blake, 12 00

Two named varieties, Arthur W. Blake, 6 00

Specimen Plant, named, William J. Martin, Adele Van Houtte, . 5 00

Second, Arthur W. Blake, 4 00

Four named varieties, in not exceeding ten-inch pots, Alfred W.

Spencer, 10 00

Second, Arthur W. Blake, 8 00

Single plant, of any named variety, in not exceeding an eight-inch

pot, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, 3 00

Second, Arthur W. Blake, 2 00

Hybrid Perpetual Roses. — Three plants, distiact named varieties,

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, . . . . . • • • 8 00

Second, Thomas Clark, 6 00

Single named plant, Thomas H. Meade, Baroness Rothschild, . 4 00

Second, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, 3 GO

3

274 MASSACHUSETTS IIOUTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

Twelve cut hlooms, of not less than six distinct varieties, exclud-
ing Gen. Jacqueminot, Norton Urotliers, . . . . §8 CO

Second, Edwin Sheppard, 6 00

Third, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, 4 00

Six cut blooms, distinct named varieties, p]dwin Sheppard, . . 4 00
Tender Koses in Vases — Twelve blooms of Bon Siliine, Norton

Brothers, 3 00

Second, Samuel Neil, 2 00

Twelve blooms of Catherine Mermet, Norton Brothers, . . 5 00

Twelve blooms of Cornelia Cook, " " . . . 5 00

Twelve blooms of Niphetos, Mrs. E. M. Gill 5 00

Second, Norton Brothers, 4 00

Twelve blooms of Safrano, Samuel Neil 3 00

Second, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, 2 00

Twelve blooms of The Bride, Norton Brothers, . . . . 5 00

Orcuids. — Six plants in bloom, David Allan, 15 00

Second, Frederick L. Ames, 12 00

Third, E. W. Gilmore 10 00

Fourth, David Allan, 8 00

Three plants in bloom, Samuel R. Payson, 8 00

Second, Frederick L. Ames, 6 00

Third, William J. Martin, 5 0)

Fourth, E. W. Gilmore, 4 00

Single plant in bloom, Samuel R. Payson, Cymhidium eburneum, 5 00

Second, David Allan, 4 00

Third, Alfred VV. Spencer, 3 00

Stove or Greenhouse Plant. — Specimen in bloom, other than

Azalea or Orchid, named, Samuel R. Payson, . . . 6 00

Second, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, 5 00

Hardy Flowering Shrubs and Herbaceous Plants, Forced. —

Six in pots, six distinct varieties, John L. Gardner, . . 8 00

Cyclamens. — Ten plants in bloom, Edwin Sheppard, . . . 6 00

Three plants in bloom, Thomas Clark, . . . . . . 3 00

Second, Edwin Sheppard, ........ 2 00

Hardy Primroses, or Polyanthuses, the second prize to William

J. Martin, 3 00

Cinerarias. — Six varieties, in bloom, in not over nine-inch pots, E.

W. Gilmore, 8 00

Second, William J. Martin, 6 00

Third, Edwin Sheppard 4 00

Single plant in bloom, William J. Martin, 3 00

Second, Charles M. Hovey, 2 00

Violets. — Six pots, in bloom, William J. Martin, Marie Louise, . 4 00

Second, William J. Martin, Swanley White, . . . . 3 00

Third, William J. Martin, Neapolitan, 2 03

Pansies. — Six distinct varieties, in pots, in bloom, W. C Ward, . 4 00
Fifty cut blooms in the Society's flat fruit dishes, William J.

Martin, 3 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 275

Second, W. C. Ward, $2 00

Third, Denys Zirngiebel, 1 00

Camellias. — Display of named varieties, cut flowers with foliage,
not less than twelve blooms, of not less than six varieties,

Charles M. Hovey 5 00

Second, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, 4 00

Six cut blooms, of not less than four varieties, with foliage, Mrs.

Francis B. Hayes, 3 00

Second, Charles M, Hovey, 2 00

Centre Piece for Dinner Table. — Best designed and best kept dur-
ing the exhibition, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 10 00-

Second, Mrs. A. D. Wood, 9 00

Third, Miss Sarah W. Story, 8 00

Special Prizes for Bulbs, offered by the General Union of Holland for the
Promotion of the Cultivation of Bulbs.

Hyacinths. — Fifty named bulbs in fifty pots, in bloom, not more than two
of one sort :
William J. Martin, the First Prize, a Gold Medal.
Charles H. Hovey, the Second Prize, a Silver Gilt Medal.
Charles H. Hovey, the Third Prize, a Silver Medal.
Tulips. — Twenty-five pots, single early varieties, in twenty-five distinct sorts,
three bulbs of the same sort in a pot :
Charles H. Hovey, the Second Prize, a Silver Medal.
Charles M. Hovey, the Third Prize, a Bronze Medal.
Polyanthus Narcissus. — Twenty pots, three bulbs of the same sort in each
pot, not more than two pots of one sort :
Charles H. Hovey, the First Prize, a Silver Gilt Medal.
Charles H. Hovey, the Second Prize, a Silver Medal.

Society's Prizes.

Hyacinths. — Twelve distinct named varieties, in pots, one in each

pot, in bloom, Charles H. Hovey, $10 00

Second, Charles M. Hovey, 8 00

Third, William J. Martin, 6 00

Six distinct named varieties, in pots, one in each pot, in bloom,

Charles H. Hovey, 6 00

Second, Charles M. Hovey, 5 00

Third, William J. Martin, 4 00

Three distinct named varieties, in pots, one in each pot, in bloom,

Charles H. Hovey, 4 00

Second, Charles M. Hovey, • 3 00

Third, William J. Martin, 2 00

Single named bulb in pot, in bloom, Charles M. Hovey, Carlisle, 2 00

Second, Charles H. Hovey, La Neige, 1 00

276

MASSACHUSETTS HOUTICULTUUAL SOCIETY.

Tliree pans, ten buH)s of one variety in each pan, William J.

Martin, §10 00

Second, Charles M. llovey, 8 00

Third, Charles M. Hovey, 6 00

Tulips. — Six six-inch pots, five bulbs in each, in bloom, William J.

Martin, . , . 5 00

Second, Charles M. Hovey, 4 00

Three six-inch pots, five bult)s in each, in bloom, Wm. J. Martin, 4 00

Second, Charles M. Hovey, 3 00

Three pans, ten bulbs of one variety in each pan, Wm. J. Martin, 5 00
Polyanthus Narcissus. — Four seven-inch pots, three bulbs in each,

in bloom, Charles H. Hovey, ....... 6 GO

Second, Charles H. Hovey, 4 00

Third, Charles H. Hovey, 3 00

Hardy Narcissus and Daffodils. — Best display, Charles M.

Hovey, 8 00

Second, Charles H. Hovey, 6 00

General Display of Spring Bulbs. — Charles M. Hovey, . . 20 00

Second, Charles H. Hovey, 15 00

Lilt of the Valley. — Six six-inch pots, in bloom, Thomas Clark, 6 00

Anemones. — Three pans, Thomas Clark, 4 00

Display of Herbaceous Plants,

" " Orchids and Cut Flowers,

Gratuities:-
W. A. Manda,
David Allan,

Frederick L. Ames, " " " "

W. A. Manda, " " Orchids, etc.,

E. W. Gilmore, Display of Orchids,
Benjamin Grey, Orchids and Cut Flowers,
Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Display of Plants and Flowers,
A. W. Blake, " " Azaleas,
Charles M. Hovey, Azalea Susette, .
Mrs. F. B. Hayes, Hybrid Perpetual Roses in pots,
Norton Brothers, Cut Roses,
A. W. Spencer, Calceolarias, .
Thomas Clark, Calceolarias,
Charles M. Hovey, Amaryllis and Lilies,
Mrs. E. M. Gill, Amaryllis,
Edwin Fewkes & Son, Hybrid Primroses,

F. Palmer, Seedling Carnation Primrose, cut blooms,
J. Walsh,

Mrs. P. I). Richards, Wild Plants

25 00

15

00

10

00

10 00

3

00

2

00

8

00

5

00

4

00

3

00

3

00

3

00

2

00

3 00

2

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

April 9.
Gratuity: —
Joseph H. Woodford, Forty Hyacinths, .

3 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 277

April 16.
Gratuities: —

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Azaleas, etc., $3 00

W. A. Manda, Orchids, Iris, Myosotis, etc., . . . . . 3 00

April 30.
Gratuity: —

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, six varieties of Himalayan Rhododendrons,

and one hundred varieties of Azalea Indica, . . . . 5 00

MAY EXHIBITION.

May 7.

Indian Azaleas. — Three plants in pots, named, William J. Martin, $6 00

The third prize to Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, . . . . 4 GO

Single specimen, William J. Martin, 4 00

Second, Charles M. Hovey, 3 00

Calceolarias. ^-Six varieties in pots, Thomas Clark, . . . 6 00

Second, Thomas Clark, 5 00

Single plant, Thomas Clark, 2 00

Second, Thomas Clark, 1 00

Gloxinias. — Display of cut blooms, Thomas Clark, . . . 3 00

Second, William J. Martin, 2 00

Auriculas. — Ten, in pots, the third prize to Thomas Clark, . . 3 00
Tulips. — Twenty-four blooms, distinct named varieties, Charles M.

Hovey, 4 00

Hardy Bulbs. — Best collection of blooms, Charles M. Hovey, . 8 00

Basket of Flowers. — Mrs. E. M. Gill, 6 00

Second, Mrs. A. D. Wood, 5 00

Third, Miss Sarah W. Story, 4 00

Pansies. — Fifty cut blooms 'in the Society's flat fruit dishes, W. C.

Ward, 4 00

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill, . 3 00

Herbaceous Plants. — Largest and best arranged collection, named,

William J. Martin, 2 00

Second, Miss Sarah W. Story, 1 00

Gratuities: —

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cut Flowers, 4 00

E. Fewkes & Son, Narcissus, 1 00

J. H. Woodford, Hardy Bulbs, . 1 00

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Native Plants, 2 00

Esther E. Barry, «' " 2 00

May 14.
Gratuity: —

M. B. Faxon, Tulips and Narcissi, 2 00

278 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

May 21.
Gratuities: —
Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, two plants of Hydrangea Thomas Hogg, and

Cut Flowers, $5 00

J. W. Clark, Tulips, 1 00

Mrs. P. 1). Richards, Wild Flowers, 2 00

E. H. Hitchings. .« .« 1 00

May 28.
Gratuities: —

E. H. Hitchings, Wild Flowers, 1 00

Frank C. Hyde, " " forty-five varieties, . . . 1 00

RHODODENDRON SHOW.

June 4.
Jlunnewell Premiums.
RuoDODENDRONS. — Eighteen hardy varieties, named, Mrs. Francis

B. Hayes, $10 00

Hardy Azaleas. — Any and all classes; fifteen named varieties, one

truss each, the second prize to T. C. Thurlow, . . . 5 00
Six named varieties, one truss each, Charles M. Hovey, . . 4 00
Three " " " " Benjamin G. Smith, . . 2 00

Cluster of trusses, of one variety, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, . . 2 00

Society's Prizes.

German Iris.— Six distinct varieties, one spike of each, Edwin

Fewkes & Son, 3 00

Second, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, 2 00

Clematis. — Named varieties, display of cut blooms, with foliage,

Joseph H. Woodford, 4 00

Native Plants. — Display of named species and varieties, Mrs. P.

D. Richards, 4 00

Second, Walter E. Coburn, 3 00

Cut Flowers. — Display filling one hundred bottles, Mrs. A. D.

Wood 4 00

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill, . . . . . . . 3 00

Heruackous Plants. — Largest and best arranged collection, named,

William J. Martin, 2 00

Second, J. W. Manning, 1 00

Gratuities: —
H. H. Hunnewell, Rhododendrons and Azaleas, . . 10 00

W. A. Manda, Herbaceous Plants, and Hardy Trees and Shrubs, . 5 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 279

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Rhododendrons and Azaleas, etc.,

" " " Clematis,

John B. Moore & Son, Tree Paeonies and Roses,
Charles M. Hovey, Azaleas and Rhododendrons,
W. A. Manda, Gladiolus Colvillii alba, .
Edwin Fewkes & Son, English Iris, .
Miss E. M. Harris, Cut Flowers,

$5 00

2 00

3 00
3 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

June 11.
Gratuities: —

H. H. Hunnewell, Rhododendrons, .

Jackson Dawson, Rare Flowering Shrubs,

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Rhododendrons, .
" " " Azaleas,

" " " German Iris,

Edwin Fewkes & Son, " "

J. W. Manning, " "

" " Herbaceous Plants,

A'nthony McLaren, " "

Edwin Sheppard, Cut Flowers,

Frank C. Hyde, Wild Flowers,

5 00
5 GO
5 00
3 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

June 18.

Gratuities: —

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cut Blooms of Roses, Rhododendrons, and

other Flowering Shrubs, . . . . . . . 5 00

Edwin Fewkes & Son, Cut Roses, 2 00

William H. Spooner, " " 1 00

J. W. Manning, English Iris, eighteen varieties, . . . . 1 00

" " Herbaceous Plants, 1 00

" " Paeonies, 1 00

O. B. Hadwen, " 1 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Cut Flowers, . 1 00

ROSE EXHIBITION.

June 21 and 22.

Special Prizes.

Hybrid Perpetual Roses. — Twenty-four roses, of different varie-
ties, named, John B. Moore & Son, #25 00

Second, Warren Heustis «& Son, 15 00

Twelve roses, of different varieties, named, William H. Spooner, 15 00

Eighteen roses, of different varieties, named, William H. Spooner, 20 00

Six roses, of any two varieties, three of each, John L. Gardner, . 10 00

280 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Twelve roses, of any four varieties, three of each, Mrs. Francis

B. Hayes, $15 00

Eighteen roses, of any six varieties, three of eacli, J. B. Moore

& Son, 20 00

Best and best kept Design, Table Decoration, or combination of

Roses, in a basket or other receptacle, except a vase, Mrs. F.

B. Hayes 10 00

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 8 00

Amateur's Prize.
Twenty-four named roses of different varieties, exhibited by an

Amateur, Warren Heustis,

Second, John L. Gardner,

Six blooms of Alfred Colomb, John B. Moore & Son, .
" " Baroness Rothschild, John L. Gardner, .

" " John Hopper, John B. Moore & Son,

Second, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, .
•• " Marquise de Casteliane, Warren Heustis & ^■on,
'* " Merveille de Lyon, William H. Spooner,
" " Mme. Gabriel Luizet, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes,
Second, John L. Gardner, ....
'* " Mme. Victor Verdier, Warren Heustis & Son,
Second, John B. Moore & Son, .
Twelve blooms of any other variety, J. B. Moore & Son,
Second, Warren Heustis & Son,

Regular Prizes.
Hardt PERPETnAL R08E8. — Twenty-four distinct named varieties,
three of each variety, John B. Moore & Son,
Second, Warren Heustis & Son, ......

Twelve distinct named varieties, three of each, W. H. Spooner,

Six distinct named varieties, one of each, the second prize to John

B. Moore & Son, .........

Third, Benjamin G. Smith,

Three distinct named varieties, one of each, Mrs. Francis B.
Hayes, ...........

Second, John L. Gardner,

Third, William F. Flanagan,

Moss Roses. — Six distinct named varieties, tlireo chisters of eacli,

John B. Moore & Son,

Second, Edwin Fewkes & Son,

Tliird, Charles M. Hovey

Tliree distinct named varieties, three clusters of each, Jolm B.

Moore & Son,

Second, Edwin Sheppard, ........

2.") 00

15 00

4 00

4 00

4 00

3 00

4 00

4 00

4 00

3 00

4 00

3 00

0 00

4 00

20

00

15

00

10 00

4

00

3

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

C

00

4

00

3

00

4

00

3

00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 281

Hybrid Tea Roses. — Display in boxes, John B. Moore & Son, . $6 00

Second, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, 4 00

General Display of one hundred bottles of Hardy Roses, John B.

Moore & Son, 10 03

Second, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes 9 00

Third, William H. Spooner, . . . . . . . 8 00

Fourth, Edwin Fewkes & Son, 7 00

Fifth, Charles M. Hovey, 6 00

Stove and Greenhouse Flowering Plants — Five distinct named

varieties in bloom, no Orchid admissible, David Allan, . . 15 00

Specimen Plant in bloom, named, other than Orchid, David Allan, 5 00

Second, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, 4 00

Heaths. — Six plants, of distinct named varieties, John L. Gardner, 6 00

Three plants, of distinct named varieties, David Allan, . . 4 00

Second, David Allan, 3 00

Orchids. — Twelve plants, named varieties, in bloom, David Allan, 20 00

Second, E. W. Gilmore, 15 00

Six plants, named, Benjamin Grey, . . . . . . 10 00

Second, David Allan, 8 00

Third, Benjamin Grey, 6 00

Single specimen, Mrs. Oliver Ames, Sr., 6 00

Second, Charles M. Hovey, 5 00

Herbaceous Peonies. — Ten named varieties, O. B. Hadwen, . G 00

Second, Charles M. Hovey, 5 00

Sweet Williams. — Thirty trusses, not less than six distinct varie-
ties, L. W. Goodell, 3 00

Second, Edwin Sheppard, 2 00

Third, Charles M. Hovey, 1 00

Herbaceous Plants. — Largest and best arranged Collection, named,

William J. Martin, 2 00

Second, J. W. Manning, 1 00

Gratuities : —

Thomas H. Meade, Collection of Hybrid Perpetual Roses,

" " " Collection of Tea Roses, .
Warren Heustis & Son, La France Roses,
Benjamin G. Smith, Cut Roses,
M. B. Faxon, " "

John B. Moore & Son, " " ...

" " " Vases of Roses,

'Da;vid Allan, Ferns, Dracaenas, etc.,

" " Orchid Plants and Cut Blooms, etc.,
W. A. Manda, Orchids, etc., ....
E. W. Gilmore, Orchids, Crotons, etc.,
Jackson Dawson, Wild Roses from all countries, thirty-six species,
W. A. Manda, Cut Flowers,

6 00

2 00

2 00

2 00

2 00

2 00

2 00

10 00

10 00

10 00

8 00

8 00

6 00

282

MASSACHUSETTS IIOIITICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cut Flowers,

Edwin SJK'pparil, " " . . .

Charles M. Ilovey, Cut Fancy Pelargoniums, etc.,

II. II. Ilunnewell, Foliaj,'c and Flowers, .

W. A. Manda, Banana Plant, ....

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Native Plants,

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Hydrangea Thomas Hogg,

William J. Martin, Two Orchids,

Miellez Horticultural Co., Pansies,

Miss Ellen M. Harris, Pa^onies,

B. D. Hill, " . . . .

O. B. Hadwen, Koses and Piconies, .

$5 00

5 00

5 00

5 00

3 00

3 00

2 00

2 00

2 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

June 28.
Oratuities: —

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Roses, 2 00

Marshall B. Faxon, " 2 00

William II. Spooner, " 2 00

Benjamin G. Smith, " 2 00

Warren Heustis & Son, " 2 00

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Orchid and Clematis, 2 00

B. D. Hill, Pseonies, 1 00

July 2.

Delphiniums. — Six named varieties, Edwin Shcppard, .

Second, Edwin Fewkes & Son,

Third, Anthony McLaren,

LiLiDM Candidum. — Twelve spikes, Benjamin G. Smith,

Second, William J. Martin, .......

Cut Flowers. — Display filling one hundred bottles, Mrs. A. D.
Wood, ....*.

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill,

Herbaceous Plants. — Largest and best arranged collection, named,
William J. Martin,

Second, J. W. Manning

4

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

4

00

3 00

2

00

1

00

Oratuities: —
Edwin Sheppard, Delphiniums, ....

Edwin Fewkes & Son, Salpiglossis and Delphiniums,
Benjamin G. Smith, Cut Flowers, ....
Miss Sarah W. Story, " " ....

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Native Plants,
Severance Burrage, " " ninety varieties.

I 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 283

Jolt 9.

Japan Iris (varieties of Iris Kccm'pftrx) . — Best collection, John

L. Gardner, $8 00

Second, Edwin Fewkes & Son, 6 00

Third, J. F. C. Hyde, 5 00

Six named varieties, Edwin Fewkes & Son, • . . . . 4 00

Second, J. F. C. Hyde, 3 00

Vase of Flowers.— Best arranged, Mrs. E. M. Gill, . . . 3 00

Second, Miss Sarah W. Story, 2 00

Herbaceous Plants. — Largest and best arranged collection, named,

J. W. Manning, 2 00

Second, William J. Martin, 1 00

Gratuities: —

Edwin Sheppard, Japan Iris, 3 00

John L. Gardner, Five pots of Orchids, . . . . . . 5 00

Siebrecht & Wadley, New York, Cattleyas, five varieties, . . 2 00

M. B. Faxon, Hollyhocks, 1 00

Miss Sarah W. Story, Cut Flowers, . 1 00

Severance Burrage, Native Plants, . . . . . . . 1 00

F. C. Hyde, " " I 00

July 16.

Hollyhocks. — Single, six spikes, distinct colors, the second prize

to Charles M. Hovey, 2 00

Double, twelve blooms, of twelve distinct colors, Edwin Sheppard, 4 00

Second, Edwin Fewkes & Son, 3 00

Six blooms, of six distinct colors, J. F. C. Hyde, . . . 2 00

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 1 00

Got Flowers. — Display filling one hundred bottles, Mrs. E. M.

Gill, 4 00

Second, Mrs. A. D. Wood, 3 00

Herbaceous Plants. — Largest and best arranged collection, named,

J. W. Manning, 2 00

Gratuities: —
Jackson Dawson, Forty-four species and varieties of Flowering

Shrubs, .
Edwin Sheppard, Hollyhocks,
'J. F. C. Hyde,
Edwin Fewkes «&, Son, "
Paul D. Wallis,

D. L. Taylor, " and Sweet Williams,

W. J. Underwood, Collection of Hardy Carnations,
Edwin Fewkes & Son, Salpiglossis and Japan Iris,

5 00
3 00

284

MASSACHUSETTS IIOKTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cut Flowers,
Miss Sarali W. Story, " "
Severance 15urrage, Wild Flowers,
Mrs. P. D. UicliarJs, " "
E. II. Hitchings, " "

Walter E. Coburn, •' "

S3 00

1 00

2 00
2 00
1 00
1 00

July 23.
Perennial Phloxes. — Ten distinct named varieties, one spike each,

Edwin Sheppard, 3 00

Sweet Peas. — Display filling twenty-five vases, J. F. C. Hyde, . 4 00

Second, Charles H. Hovey, 3 00

Third, C. W. Hoitt, Nashua, N. H., 2 00

Herbaceous Plants. — Largest and best arranged collection, named,

William J. Martin, . . 2 00

Second, J. W. Manning, 1 00

Gratuities : —
John L. Gardner, Six Orchids,
Benjamin Grey, Cut Orchid Flowers,
Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Clerodendron and
J. F. C. Hyde, Hollyhocks, .
Edwin Sheppard, "

Edwin Fewkes & Son, " . .

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Cut Flowers, .

Miss Sarah W. Story, "
Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Flowers,
Severance Burrage, " "
Walter E. Coburn, "

Cut

Flowers,

3 00

2 00

2 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

July 30.

Special Prize, offered by M. B. Faxon.

Sweet Peas. — Best display, filling fifty vases, judged by published
scale of points, .7. F. C. Hyde,

10 00

Regular Prizes.

Cot Flowers. — Display filling one Imndred bottles, Mrs. E. M.

Gill, 4 00

Second, Mrs. A. D. Wood, 3 00

Native Ferns. — Best display, Mrs. P. 1). Richards, . . . 4 00

Second, Severance Burrage, 3 00

Third, Mrs. C. N. S. Horner 2 00

Herbaceous Plants. — Largest and best arranged collection, named,

J. W. Manning, 2 00

Second, William J. Martin, 1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 285

Gratuities: —

Marshall B. Faxon, Sweet Peas, ^2 00

William J. Martin, Japan Pinks, 1 00

Edwin Fewkes & Son, Dahlias, 1 00

C. T. E. Clapp, Poppies, etc., ". 1 00

J. W. Manning, Perennial Phlox, . . . . . . . i OO

Edwin Sheppard, AUamanda, etc., 1 00

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Native Flowers, 1 00

Walter E. Coburn, " " 1 00

" " Native Ferns, ...... 1 00

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cut Flowers, 1 00

A. A. Hixon, u t. ^ qq

Miss Sarah W. Story, << u j qq

E. S. Hill, 1 00

August 6.

Perennial Phloxes. — Ten distinct named varieties, one spike each,

Edwin Sheppard, 3 00

Second, Edwin Fewkes & Son, 2 00

Petunias. — Collection filling thirty bottles, one spray in each, A. A.

Hixon, 3 00

Second, Edwin Fewkes & Son, 2 00

Third, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 1 00

Cut Flowers.— Display filling one hundred bottles, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 4 00

Second, Mrs. A. D. Wood, 3 00

Herbaceous Plants. — Largest and best arranged collection, named,

William J. Martin, 2 00

Second, J. W. Manning, 1 00

Native Flowers. — Collection, Severance Barrage, . . . 3 00

Second, Mrs. P. D. Richards, 2 00

Gratuities: —

William J. Martin, Achimenes,
James Cartwright, Gladioli,
John L. Gardner, Fuchsias,

" " Brassavola Dighyana,

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, display of Cut Flowers
J. W. Manning, Lilium superbum,
O. M. Holmes, Nelumhium luteum,
W. A. Manda, Cut Flowers,
A. A. Hixon, " " .
John Parker, " " .
E. S. Hill, " " .

Walter E. Coburn. Native Flowers,

4 00
3 00

2 00
1 00

3 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

286

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ACGDST 13.

Gladioli. — Twenty naiiied varieties, in spikes, H. B. Watts, . . $8 00

Second, James Cartwright, 6 00

Ten named varieties, in spikes, Edwin Sheppard, . . . 4 00

Second, H. B. Watts, 3 00

Single spike, named, II. B. Watts, 1 GO

Display of named and unnamed varieties, filling one hundred bot-
tles, James Cartwright, ........ C 00

Second, H. B. Watts 4 00

Phlox Drusimondi. — Fifty bottles, not less than six varieties, the

second prize to Charles M. Hovey, 2 00

Herbaceous Plants. — Largest and best arranged collection, named,

J. W. Manning, 2 00

Second, William J. Martin, 1 00

Gratuities: —

J. Warren Clark, Seedling Gladioli,
Edwin Fewkes & Son, Dahlias and Zinnias,
Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Zinnias, etc.,
" " " Cut Flowers,

John Parker, " "

Mrs. E. M. Gill,
E. S. Hill,

Mrs. A. D. Wood, Basket of Flowers,
Walter E. Coburn, Wild Flowers,

5 00

2 00
1 00

3 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

August 20.

Asters. — Truffaut's Pa;ony Flowered, thirty blooms, not less than

twelve varieties, Marshall B. Faxon,

Second, James O'Brien,

Third, Edwin Sheppard, ........

Victoria Flowered, thirty blooms, not less than twelve varieties,

William J. Martin,

Second, Edwin Sheppard, ........

Third, M. B. Faxon,

Pompon, thirty cut plants, not less than six varieties, the second

prize to M. B. Faxon,

Basket of Flowers. — Best arranged, Mrs. A. D. Wood,

Sicond, Mrs. E. F. Hovey,

Third, James O'Brien, ........

Herhaceous ri,ANT.s. — Largest and best arranged collection, named,
J. W. Manning, .........

Second, William J. Martin,

5

00

4

00

3

00

5

00

4

00

3

00

3

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

2

00

1

00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 287

Gratuities: —

Edwin Sheppard, Collection of Asters, $1 CO

Marshall B. Faxon, Asters, 1 00

James O'Brien, " 1 00

Herbert Gleason, Lilinm lancifolium, . ..... 2 00

Edwin Fewkes & Son, Cannas, . . . . . . . . 1 00

" " " Dahlias, 1 00

George S. Tuttle, Pompon Dahlias 1 00

H. B. Watts, Gladioli, 1 00

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cut Flowers, 2 00

John Parker, i. u 1 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, « u 1 00

E. S. Hill, << c< 1 00

August 27.

LiLiuM Lancifolium. — Twelve spikes, William J. Martin, . . 4 00

Second, Thomas C. Thurlow, 3 00

Third, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 2 00

TROPiEOLUMS. — Display filling twenty-five vases, Mrs. E. M. Gill, . 3 00

Second, Marshall B. Faxon, 2 00

Marigolds. — Display filling twenty-five vases, L. W. Goodell, . 3 00

Second, Marshall B. Faxon, . . . . " . . . 2 00

Herbaceous Plants. — Largest and best arranged collection, named,

William J. Martin, 2 00

Second, J. W. Manning, 1 00

Gratuities: —

Marshall B. Faxon, Asters, 2 00

J. Warren Clark, Gladioli, 2 00

Edwin Fewkes & Son, Dahlias, 2 00

George S. Tuttle, Pompon Dahlias, ....... 1 00

John Parker, Cut Flowers, 1 00

E. S. Hill, « u 1 00

Edwin Sheppard, " '< 1 00

Walter E. Coburn, Native Plants and Flowers, . . . . 1 00

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Flowers 1 00

September 3.

Double Zinnias. — Twenty-five flowers, not less than six varieties,

Edwin Fewkes & Son, 3 00

' Second, L. W. Goodell, 2 00

Third, A. B. Howard, . 1 00

Dianthus. — Annual and Biennial varieties. Collection filling fifty

bottles, single trusses, L. W. Goodell, 4 00

Second, Edwin Sheppard, 3 00

288

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Cut Flowers. — Display filling; one hundred bottles, Mrs. E. M.

Gill

Second, Mrs. A. D. Wood,

Herbaceous Plants. — Largest and best arranged collection, named,

William J. Martin

Second, J. W. Manning,

Gratuities: —
J. W. Clark, Gladioli,
J. F. C. Hyde, Hibiscus var., .
A. B. Howard, Verbenas,
J. F. Marble, Pompon Dahlias,
George S. Tuttle, " "

Edwin Fewkes & Son, Dahlias and Zinnias,
Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cut Flowers,
John Parker, " "

Edwin Sheppard, " "

L. W. Goodell, " "

E. S. Hill,

Miss E. E. Barry, Native Plants,
W. E. Coburn, Wild Flowers, .
E. H. Hitchings, " " . .

S4 00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3 00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

ANNUAL EXHIBITION.
September 13, 14, 15 and 16.
Hunnewell Premiums.
Evergreen Trees and Shrubs. — Displays in pots, of other than
native evergreens of New England, named, William C.

Strong, $8 00

Second, F. L. Temple G 00

Society's Prizes.
Greenhouse Plants. — Twelve Greenhouse and Stove plants, of
different named varieties, two Crotons admissible, H. II.

Hunnewell GO 00

Second, William J. Martin, 55 00

Third, George A. Nickerson, . . . . . . . 50 00

Fourth, W. A. Manda, 40 00

Fifth, William J. Martin 30 00

Specimen Flowering Plant. — John L. Gardner, . . . . 8 00

Second, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, 7 00

Third, " " " 6 00

Fourth, Jolm L. Gardner 5 00

Fifth, William J. Martin, 4 00

Sixth, " " 3 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 289

Variegated-Leaved Plants. — Six named varieties, William J.

Martin, ^12 00

Second, Thomas Clark, 10 00

Third, John L. Gardner, 8 00

Fourth, W. A. Manda, 6 00

Single specimen, named, etc., Charles H. Hovey, . . . 6 00

Second, William J. Martin, 5 00

Caladioms. — Four named varieties, William J. Martin, . . . 5 00
Ferns. — Ten named varieties, no Adiantums admissible, W. A.

Manda, 15 00

Second, W. A. Manda, 12 00

Adiantums. — Six named varieties, W. A. Manda, . . . . 8 00

Second, William J. Martin, 6 00

Third, W. A. Manda, 4 00

Tree Fern.— Thomas W. Dee, 10 00

Second, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, 8 00

Third, W. A. Manda, 6 00

Lycopods. — Four named varieties, William J. Martin, . . . 6 00

Second, W. A. Manda, 3 00

Dracsinas. — Six named varieties, H. H. Hunnewell, . . . 8 00

Second, William J. Martin, 6 00

Third, Thomas Clark, 4 00

Crotons. — Six named varieties, Thomas Clark, . . . . 8 00

Second, George A. Nickerson, 6 00

Third, William J. Martin 6 00

Palms or Cycads. — Single plant, named, H. H. Hunnewell, . . 10 00

Second, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, 8 00

Nepenthes. — Three plants, named, W. A. Manda, . . . . 6 00
Succulents. — Collection of all classes and varieties, including

Agaves and Cacti, W. A. Manda, 15 00

Second, Charles H. Hovey, 10 00

Orchids. — Six plants, named varieties, in bloom, Siebrecht & Wad-
ley, New York, 12 00

Second, W. A. Manda, . . . . . . . . 10 00

Three plants, named varieties, in bloom, Benjamin Grey, . . 8 00

Second, John L. Gardner, 6 00

Third, Siebrecht & Wadley, 5 00

Single plant in bloom, Benjamin Grey, . . . . . . 6 00

Second, Siebrecht & Wadley, 4 00

Third, W. A. Manda, 3 00

Fourth, " " 2 00

Dahlias. — Twenty-four named varieties, M. B. Faxon, . . . 8 00

Twelve named varieties, Edwin Fewkes & Son, . . . . 4 00

Second, Edwin Sheppard & Son, 3 00

Third, C. W. Hoitt, Nashua, N. H., 2 00

Six named varieties, Edwin Sheppard, . . . . . . 3 00

Second, M. B. Faxon, 2 00

4

290

MASSACHUSETTS IIOHTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Third, Jolin Parker, 81 00

LiLiPUTiAN Dahlias. — General display, with buds iiml foliage,

filling twenty-five bottles, George S. Tuttle, . . . . 5 00

Second, F. Bacheller, 4 00

Tiiird, John Parker, 3 00

Single Dahlias. — General display, with buds and foliage, filling

fifty bottles, W. A. Manda, 8 00

Second, Edwin Sheppard & Son, 6 00

Third, Mrs. E M. Gill, 4 00

Cut Flowers. — Best display and best kept during the exhibition,

filling one hundred and fifty bottles, Mrs. E. M. Gill, . . 16 00

Second, Mrs. A. D. Wood, 14 00

Third, Charles II. Hovey, 12 00

Special Prize, offered by M. B. Faxon.

Pansies. — Fifty cut blooms in the Society's flat fruit dishes, judged
by published scale of points, L. W. Goodell

10 00

Gratuities: —
W. A. Manda, Decorative Plants,

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, " "

H. H. Ilunnowell, " "

Charles H. Hovey,

John L. Gardner, " "

Jackson Dawson, Sixty-six varieties and species of Fruiting Shrubs
William C. Strong, Ornamental Foliage,
Jacob W. M.inning, Evergreen trees,
George A. Nickerson, Decorative Plants,
H. B. Watts, Display of Gladioli
L. W. Goodell, Asters,
Norton Brothers, Roses, etc., .
Thomas W. Dee, " "

" " " Ficus elastica,
Edwin Fewkes & Son, Cannas,

" " " " Dahlias,

R. T. Jackson, Marigolds,

'< " Seedling Dahlias,

William C. Strong, Altheas,
M. B. Faxon, Dahlias and Nasturtiums, .
F. L. Temple, Shrubs and Herbaceous Plants,
Mrs. F. B. Hayes, Cut Flowers,

E. S. Hill,

Edwin Sheppard & Son, " "

Mrs. E. F. Hovey, '•

Charles H. Hovey, " "

,T. F. C. Hyde, Hibiscus and (Jentiiui,

$25 00

15 00

15 00

10 00

10 00

10 00

3 00

6 00

5 00

5 00

5 00

3 00

2 f 0

2 00

2 00
00
00
00
00
00
00

5 00
5 CO

3 00
2 00
1 00
1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 291

John Parker, Dahlias, . . . .
Jacob W. Manning, Herbaceous Plants, .
Mrs. P. D. Richards, Native Flowers,
Miss Mary L. Vinal, " "

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Vase of Native Flowers,

$1 00

2 00

3 00
1 00
1 00

CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW.

November 9, 10, and 11.
Special Prize.

Chrysanthemums. — Display of twenty named plants for decorative

purposes, in not over eight-inch pots, Edwin Fewkes & Son, $100 00

Second, W. H. Elliott, 75 00

Third, E. A. Wood, 50 00

Regular Prizes.

Six Incurved or Chinese, distinct named varieties, E. W. Wood, 20 00

Second, P. Melly, 15 00

Six Japanese, distinct named varieties, P. Melly, . . . 20 00

Second, E. Fewkes & Son, 15 00

Third, E. W. Wood, 10 00

Four Pompons, distinct named varieties, E. W. Wood, . . 10 00

Second, William J. Martin, 8 00

Specimen Plant, Incurved or Chinese, named, P. Melly, . . 8 00

Second, E. W. Wood, 6 00

Third, Edwin Fewkes & Son, 5 00

Specimen Plant, Japanese, named, E. W. Wood, . . . 8 00

Second, William J. Martin, 6 00

Third, Patrick Melia, 5 00

Specimen Plant, Pompon, named, E. W. Wood, . . . . 6 00

Second, Edwin Fewkes & Son, 5 00

Third, P. Melly, 4 00

Specimen Plant, Anemone, named, E. W. Wood, . . . 6 00

Second, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, 5 00

Specimen trained Standard, any class, named, William J. Martin,

Jardin des Plantes, 8 00

Second, William J. Martin, Grandiflora, 6 00

Third, William J. Martin, Fair Maid of Guernsey, . . . 5 00

Display of fifteen named plants in pots, all classes, distinct

varieties, E. W. Wood, 50 00

Second, P. Melly, 40 00

Third, William J. Martin, 30 00

Fourth, Edwin Fewkes & Son, 25 00

Twelve Cut Blooms, Large Flowered or Chinese, named, in vases,

Edwin Fewkes & Son, 8 00

292

MASSACHUSETTS lIOliTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Second, Mrs. J. M. Woodice, $6 00

Twelve Cut Blooms, Japanese, named, in vases, Edwin Fewkes

& Son, 8 00

Second, Mrs. J. M. Woodice, 6 00

Third, Charles H. Ilovey, 5 00

Six Cut Blooms, retlexed, named, in vases, Edwin Fewkes & Son, 4 00

Second, E. A. Wood, 3 00

Six Cut Blooms, Large Flowered or Chinese, named, in vases, P.

Melly, ". 4 00

Second, E. A. Wood, 3 00

Six Cut Blooms, Japanese, named, in vases, Edwin Fewkes & Son, 4 00

Second, Mrs. J. M. Woodice, 3 00

Third, E. A. Wood, 2 00

Display of all classes, filling fifty vases, Edwin Fewkes & Son. . 12 00

Second, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, 10 00

Third, P. Melly, 8 00

Fourth, Charles 11. Hovey, 6 00

Display of all classes, filling twenty-five vases, Edwin Fewkes &

Son, 6 00

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 6 00

Bouquets.— Pair of Hand, Mrs. E. M. Gill 5 00

Okchids. — Three Plants, named varieties, in bloom, E. W. Gilmore, 10 00

Second, E. W. Gilmore, 8 00

Third, E. W. Gilmore, 6 00

Single plant in bloom E. W. Gilmore, Vanda ceerulea, . . . 5 00

Second, E. W. Gilmore, Oncidiura, 4 00

Gratuities: —
Edwin Fewkes & Son, Display of Plants,
H. P. Walcott, " " "

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, " << «'

William J. Martin, " " "

W. F. Melly, " " "

S. Neil, Display of Chrysanthemums,
Mrs. M. J. Plumstead, Seedling Chrysanthemums,
Norton Brothers, Roses, .....
E. W. Gilmore, Plants and Flowers,
Edwin Slieppard & Son, Display of Cut Flowers,
Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, " " " *'

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Native Plants,

16 00

15 00

15 00

6 00

5 00
10 00

1 00

6 00
3 00
5 00

2 00
2 00

SILVER MEDALS.

Februarys. Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Calogyne cristata.
March 5. David Allan, Cyclamen gigantea alba.

Spring Exhibition, March 23-2r». John Henderson, Flushing, N. Y., Rose

Papa Gontier.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 293

Spring Exhibition, March 23-25. Charles F. Evans, Philadelphia, Rose

The Puritan.
" *' " " W. A. Manda, Superior Grouping of

Plants.
May 14. David Allan, Dendrobium thyrsiflorum.
Rose Exhibition, June 21-22. George Mc Williams, gardener to J. Lassell,

Heliconia striata.
August 6. William J. Martin, Superior culture of Eucharis Amazonica.
September 3. W. A. Manda, Hardy Herbaceous Plants, and Hardy Bulbs,
with foliage ; exhibited during the season.
" " Mrs. P. D. Richards, Educational displays of native plants

in 1887.
Annual Exhibition, September 13-16. Siebrecht & Wadley, Vanda San-

deriana.
" " " " John Simpkins, Victoria regia.

October 29. H. H. Hunnewell, Cypripedium Spicerianum.
Chrysanthemum Show. November 9-11. Thomas Greaves, Vanda San-

deriana.
" " " " Edwin Fewkes & Son, New

Chrysanthemum Mrs. Alpheus
Hardy.
September 3. Nathaniel T. Kidder, Herbaceous Plants exhibited during the
season.
" " W. A. Manda, Annual Flowers exhibited during the season. .

BRONZE MEDALS.

September 3. Mrs. E. M. Gill, Hardy Herbaceous Plants and Hardy Bulbs
with foliage; exhibited during the season.
" " Jacob W. Manning, Herbaceous Plants exhibited during the

season.
" " Charles H. Hovey, Annual Flowers exhibited during the season.

FIRST CLASS CERTIFICATES OF MERIT.

January 22. Robert Blair, gardener to A. W. Spencer, Lcelia albida.
Spring Exhibition, March 23-25. Charles M. Hovey, Ivy-leaved Pelargonium

Fiirst Josef von Hohenzollern.
" " *' " Edwin Fewkes «& Son, Cultivation of Iris

Susiana.
" " " " F. Palmer, Superior culture of Rose Wil-

liam Francis Bennett.
April 2. John Henderson, Flushing, N. Y., Hybrid Perpetual Rose Her
Majesty.
" " Mrs. E. M. Gill, Seedling Amaryllis Martha.
" 9. C. H. Eldering & Sons, Seedling Hyacinth Anna.
" 16. W. A. Manda, Cypripedium acaule album.

294 MASSACHUSETTS IIOKTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

May 28. W. C. Strong, Seedling Azalea mollis.

llhodoilendron Show, June 4. Kenneth Finlayson, Superior culture of Glox-
inias.
" " " " W. A. Manda, Erigeron aurantiacus (new).

June 11. Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Seedling Clematis, lavender.
" " " " " " " " lilac.

*' " " " " " " Ilhododendron.

Hose Exhibition, June 21. W. A. Manda, Caiileya Eldorado Allaniana.
June 28. James Comley, Seedling Magnolia, cross of Grandiflora and Alex-
andrine.
July 9. Siebrecht & Wadley, New York, Cattleya gigas Rochelliana alba.
August 13. George S. Tuttle, Sui)erior Pompon Dahlias.

" 20. J. Warren Clark, Seedling Gladioli Pride of Millis, and Nugget
of Gold.
September 3. William E. Endicott, Gladioli W. E. Endicott, and Canton.
Annual Exhibition, September 13-16. H. H. Ilunnewell, Phrynium variega-

turn.
*' " " " 3o\\vi'L.GiiV{inc'[,Nep}iolepisrupescens.

*' " " " E. L. Temple, Syringa ligustrina,

Pekinensis pendula (Weeping
Lilac).
Exhibition of Autumn Fruits, October 1. James Comley, Seedling Tro-

pasolum,
Chrysanthemum Show, Nov. 9-11. Mrs. J. M. Woodice, House Culture of

Chrysanthenmnis.
" " " " William J. Martin, standard Chrysanthe-

mum Plants.
♦• <. ci H. P. Walcott, Display of Seedling

Chrysanthemum blooms.
" " " " Arthur H. Fewkes, Seedling Chrysan-

thenmnis.
*' '• " " George Seaverns, Seedling Chrysan-

themums.
November 19. George E. Buxton, Seedling Carnation White Gem.

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON FRUITS,

FOR THE YEAR 1887,

By E. W. WOOD, Chairman.

The past 3'ear has been more than usually favorable for the
growth of our various fruits ; the frequent rains through the season
having kept vegetation in a constantly growing condition. Fruit
did not attain its full growth and maturity as early as in some
previous years, and the earlier exhibitions did not compare
favorably with those held in October and November.

We have again to report a continued increase in the Apple crop
on the odd year. While formerly we were almost entirely depen-
dent upon other states in alternate 3'ears for this fruit, the prizes
have almost all been awarded the past season, and the suppl}' has
been fully equal to the demand for home consumption. This
change has been effected in some instances by the destruction of
the crop by canker worms for one or more years, and the trees
coming again into bearing on the odd instead of the even year ;
in other cases the crop was destroyed for a single year by late
frosts, causing a change in the bearing year. The crops of suc-
cessive years have thus become more evenly balanced, to the
advantage of both producer and consumer.

. We have again had fair exhibits of Peaches. After four years
of barrenness, covering almost the ordinary lifetime of the peach
tree, many growersftiad failed to keep up their stock of trees and
neglected those they had ; yet the exhibits of this fruit were fair
in quantity and quality. Those who grow the peach under present

296 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

conditions must not only exercise eternal vip;ilance, but equal per-
sistence. However, the trees are easily and quickly grown, and
an occasional crop will pay the expense of their cultivation.

The strawberry growers thought it was impossible to make a
creditable exhibition on the day fixed for the Rose Show, and it
was postponed to a later date. As this exhibition is one for which
an admission fee is charged, it seems desirable to make it as
attractive as possible to those interested in both fruit and flowers ;
and the experience of the past season as well as of some former
years, goes to show the desirability of uniting the Rose and Straw-
berry shows in one exhibition. So much depends upon the con-
dition of the weather at the time of this exhibition that it is
extremely diflicult for the Committee of Arrangements to fix the
most desirable date, and still have time to give sufficient notice.

The amount of fruit shown at the last Strawberry Show was
above the average of past years. The Belmont, Jewell, and
Sharpless were the largest prize winners. The latter, having the
advantage of time, has been the most widely disseminated ; but
the Belmont and Jewell have been very generally introduced the
past season, and another year will determine their value for
general cultivation. Within the past few years there has been a
tendency among growers of this fruit to sacrifice quality to size.
The three varieties alluded to, are all large and attractive, and
command the highest prices in the market, but those who grow the
fruit for their own table can hardly afford to accept them in ex-
change for La Constante, Wilder, Jucunda, and Hervey Davis.

The displays of other small fruits at the weekly exhibitions
through the summer have been good ; those of Cherries and Cur-
rants especially so. Black])erries and Raspberries are not so
generally grown, as we have not a variet}' of either, of good size
and quality, that has proved entirely hardy, and the wild fruits of
these species form no exception.

The Annual Exhibition was held in connection with that of the
American Pomologieal Society, and, in compliance with the wishes
of its members, at an earlier date than was desirable for making the
most creditable show of our own fruits. The (][uantity shown by
members of our Society was above the average, but the specimens
were not so large as in some former years, ♦'he quantity of fruit
shown by members of the Poinological Society was unexpectedly
small. The reason assigned was that the fruit crop in several of

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FRUITS. 297

the Western States the past season, was so nearly a failure that
they could not make a creditable exhibition.

A very fine display of Apples was made from Arkansas ; not as
fine in grain and firm in flesh as our northern apples, but larger
and fairer. The collection of seedlings from that state was
especially noticeable ; some of them were very fine specimens.
The other exhibits of apples were by the Lincoln and Worcester
Granges, and C. C. Shaw, of Milford, N. H.

Pears were shown by Ellwanger& Barry, of Rochester, N. Y.,
and by Charles H. Hovey, Warren Fenno, and Edward B. Wilder,
members of this Society.

The prizes for Peaches vrere awarded to C. S. Smith, of Lincoln,
Smith & Kerman, of St. Catherines, Ontario, and David L. Fisk,
of Grafton.

An excellent display of one hundred and sixty-five varieties of
Native Grapes was made b}' the T. S. Hubbard Company, of Fre-
donia, N. Y. ; the first prize was awarded for this collection, and
the second to E. Williams, of Montclair, N. J., these being the
only collections offered.

There were no competitors for the prizes offered for Russian
Apples, Plums, or Sub-tropical Fruits.

Of the one hundred and eighty-seven prizes offered by this
Societ}^ at the Annual Exhibition, for Pears and Apples, one
hundred and eighty-two were awarded ; of the eighteen prizes
for Peaches in open culture, fifteen were taken ; of the thirty-three
prizes for Native Grapes, twenty-seven were taken, and of these
eleven were taken by one exhibitor for fruit grown in New Jersey.
The advantage to this exhibitor over the growers in this state in
respect to the time of the exhibition, was shown by the fact that
he took a prize for every variety except Moore's Early ; that being
the onlj' one that had fully reached maturity here. It may be
said that this exhibition was an exceptional one, and the same
conditions are not likely to occur again ; but it is not the first
instance of fruit exhibited from other states having from the
necessity of the case, a decided advantage in point of time, and
suggests the inquiry whether our rules should not be so amended
as to give members of the Society who are regular contributors at
least equal advantages.

The attention of the Committee has not been called to as many
new fruits as usual, the past season. The prize offered for a new

21)8 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

variefy of Strawberry was awarded to a seedling shown by Warren
Ileustis & Sun, and named the Bay State. It is above medium
size, of good form, very dark color, and fair quality. The most
noticeable single exhibit of fruit at the Annual Exhibition was an
old variety shown by F. R. Shattuck, who placed upon the table
some thirty specimens of Bartlett pears picked from the original
imported Bartlett Tree, in Roxbur}'. Though not as large as
some others that were shown of the same variety, 3'et in smooth-
ness of surface and in form and color, they were superior to any
others on exhibition.

At the November Exhibition Ex-President Hyde called the
Committee's attention to a dish of apples which he had received
from Worcester County, grown by a Mr. Barnes, who had given
the ffuit his own name, and sent a full account of the conditions
under which it was grown, such as would seem to leave no doubt
that it was a seedling variety. Soon after it was placed upon the
table it was recognized by a member of the Society who had grown
it for mau}", and known it for more than fift}', years as the Murphj'.
He sesnt some of his own fruit to be compared with that on exhibi-
tion, aud there was no room for doubt as to their being identical.
It is a medium sized red apple with peculiar black striped mark-
ings, which once seen would be readily recognized ; and a small
calyx in a very shallow corrugated basin. This is an instance of
one of the ways by which synonyms become so largely' multiplied.

The Hayes Grape, and the Belmont and Jewell Strawberries are
the only fruits shown the past year as competing for Prospective
Prizes.

Of the five hundred dollars appropriated for Special Prizes for
fruit at the Pomological Society's Exhibition, there were awarded
two hundred and fifteen dollars, leaving a balance of two hundred
and eighty-five dollars. Of the seventeen hundred dollars api)ro-
priated for prizes and gratuities for the Society's Exiiihitions,
fifteen, hundred and sixty-eight dollars were awarded, leaving a
balance of one hundred and thirty-two dollars ; unexpended
lialance of both appropriations, four hundred and seventeen dollars.

The results of the year show that there is a constantly increasing
demand for fruit. The improvement in the different varieties
makes it more desirable as a dessert for the table, the constantly
increasing knowledge of its health-giving qualities as an article of
food increases the demand for it for domestic uses, and the advan-

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FRUITS. 299

tages which this State has for disposing of any surplus, in addition
to the considerations already named, tend to the conclusion that no
branch of agriculture in Massachusetts offers a more inviting field
than the cultivation of fruit.

E. W. Wood,

Samuel Hautvtell,

Charles F. Curtis, f Fruit

O. B. Hadwen,

Jacob W. Manning, \ Committee.

Benj. G. Smith,

Warren Fenno.

PRIZKS AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR FRUITS.

$3 00

2 00

3 00

2 00

3 00

Febrdary 19.
Gratuity: —
Nullum Stetson, Orangus, Silver Medal.

SPRING EXHIBITION.

March 23, 24, and 25.

Winter Apples, — George C. Rice, Tompkins King,

Second, Warren Fenno, Northern Spy,
Winter Pears.— Hittinger Brothers, Anjou, .

Second, Warren Fenno, Josephine of Malines,
Strawberries. — One pint, Hittinger Brothers, Sharpless,

Gratuities: —

George C. Rice, Apples, $2 00

Samuel Hartwell, " 1 00

H. Gleason, " 1 00

Warren Fenno, " 1 00

W. H. Badlam, " 1 00

O. B. Iladwen, Apples and Tears, 1 00

Mrs. IL V. Draper, Pears, 1 00

J. F. Smith, " 1 00

B. K. Bliss, Oranges, 1 00

Sewall Fisher, Melon Pear, 1 00

April 22.
Qratuity: —
W. C. Winter, Pcaciies, I 00

May 7.
Qratuity: —
James Comley, Strawberries, ;> 00

June U.
Gratuities: —

L. W. Weston, Strawberries, 2 00

Charles S. Smith, " 2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

301

June 18.

Gratuities: —
William Doran & Son, Strawberries,
S. S. Smith,

$1 00
1 00

ROSE EXHIBITION.

June 21.

Cherries. — I. P. Langworthy, Knight's Early Black,
Foreign Grapes. — David Allan, Black Hamburg,
Second, E. S. Converse, Black Hamburg,

Gratuities: —
James H. Kimball, Strawberries,

George Hill, "

Warren Heustis & Son, "

George V. Fletcher, "

J. B. Moore & Son, "

William J. Martin, Collection of Strawberries
I. E. Coburn, " "

George F. Wheeler, " "

L. W. Weston, " "

W. A. Manda, Banana in fruit.

2

00

G

00

4

00

3

00

3

00

2

00

2

00

00

00

00

00

00

3

00

STRAWBERRY EXHIBITION.

June 28.
Special Prizes.

Strawberries. — Four quarts of any variety, Warren Heustis &
Son, Belmont, ........

Second, Warren Heustis & Son, Jewell, ....

Third, Joseph D. Fitts, Providence, R. I., Jersey Queen,
For the best two quarts of any variety judged by points, James H
Kimball, Providence, R. I., Belmont, ....

Second, Warren Heustis & Son, Belmont,

Third, Warren Heustis & Son, Jewell, ....

Fourth, E. W. Wood, Hervey Davis, ....

For the best exhibition of a Seedling Strawberry introduced within
five years, Warren Heustis & Son, Bay State, Silver Medal.

Regular Prizes.

For the largest and best collection not less than ten baskets, two

quarts each, Warren Heustis & Son,

Two quarts Belmont, Warren Heustis & Son, ....

$20 00
15 00
10 00

12 00
9 00
6 00
3 00

20 00
4 00

302

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Bidwell, Isaac E. Coburn,

The Third Prize to William G. Prescott,
Cliarles Downing, C. N. Brackett,

Second, Warren Fenno,

Tliird, J. D. Fitts,
Cumberland, E. W. Wood, .
Hervey Davis, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes,

Second, John B. Moore & Son, .
Jewell, Isaac E. Coburn,
Miner's Prolific, O. R. Robbins, .

Second, E. W. Wood,

Third, L. W. Weston,
Sharpless, Charles D. Tuttle,

Second, C. M. Ilovey,

Third, William G. Prescott,
One quart Belmont, Warren Heustis & Son.

Second, Isaac E. Coburn, .
Bidwell, Isaac E. Coburn,
Brighton, Warren Fenno,
Charles Downing, Isaac E. Coburn,

Second, Warren Fenno,
Crescent, Isaac E. Coburn, .

Second, L. W. Weston
Cumberland, E. W. Wood, .
Hervey Davis, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes,

Second, E. W. Wood,
Jersey Queen, J. D. Fitts,
Jewell, Isjiac E. Coburn,

Second, O. R. Robbins,
Jucunda, Charles F. Curtis,
Manchester, the Second Prize to J. D. Fitts,
Miner's Prolific, Isaac E. Coburn,

Second, L. W. Weston,
Pioneer, E. W. Wood, .
Sharpless, Edward B. Wilder,

Second, L. W. Weston,
Any other variety, Edward B. Wilder

Second, Isaac E. Coburn, .

Third, E. W. Wood,
Collection not less than six varieties, one quart
T. Wheeler, ....

Second. J. D. Fitts, .
CiiEKRiE.s. — Two quarts of any variety, Edwin
Tartarian, ......

Second, S. Lockwood, Coe's Transparent,

h, G

RS,

Oratuitij: —
Samufl Ilartwell, Cherries,

1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

303

July 2.

Strawberries. — One quart of any variety, Warren Heustis
Son, Belmont, ......

Second, 0. R. Robbins, Miner's Prolific, .
Third, L. W. Weston, Sharpless,
Cherries. — Two quarts of Black Tartarian, S. Lockwood,
Coe's Transparent, S. Lockwood,
Downer's Late, S. Lockwood, ....

Second, Warren Fenno, .....

Any other variety, A. S. Mcintosh, Reine Hortense,
Second, Charles N. Brackett, Merriara,

July 9.
Cherries. — Two quarts of any variety, Warren Fenno, Norfolk, .

Second, Charles S. Smith, Seedling,

Raspberries. — Two quarts of any variety, William Doran &
Son, Red Antwerp, ........

Currants. — Two quarts of any Red variety, William Doran & Son,
Versaillaise, ..........

Second, B. G. Smith, Versaillaise, ......

Third, C. D. Tuttle, "

Two quarts of any White variety, B. G. Smith, Transparent,
Second, B. G. Smith, White Gondouin,

P 00
2 00
1 00

2

00

2

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

3 00

4 00
3 00

2 00

3 00
2 00

Gratuities: —

Charles N. Brackett, Cherries, 1 00

M. W. Chadbourne, Currants, 1 00

July 16.
Raspberries. — Not less than four varieties, two quarts of each,

William Doran & Son, 4 00

Two quarts of any variety, William Doran & Son, Franconia, . 3 00

Second, B. G. Smith, Franconia, 2 00

Currants. — One quart of Versaillaise, William Doran & Son, . 2 00

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 1 00

Any other Red variety, Sidney Lawrence, Fay's, . . . 2 00

Second, B. G. Smith, Fay's, 1 00

Any White variety, B. G. Smith, Transparent, . . . . 2 00

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill, Dana's Transparent, . . . 1 00

Gratuity: —

Warren Fenno, Cherries, 1 00

July 23.
Raspberries. — Two quarts of any variety, Charles Garfield, Seedling, 3 00
Second, Charles F. Curtis, Cuthbert, . . . . . 2 00

304

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Third, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cutlibert, 81 00

Currants. — One quart of any Red variety, William Doran & Son, 8 00

Second, n. G. Smith, 2 00

Third, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 1 00

One quart of any White variety, B. G. Smith, Dana's Transparent, 2 GO

Second, B. G. Smitii, Transparent, 1 00

GoosEBERRiKS. — Two quarts of any Native variety, B. G. Smith,

Smith's Improved, ." 3 00

Second, Warren Fenno, Downing, . . . . . . 2 00

Third, B. G. Smith, Downing, 1 00

Gratuities: —

Charles Garfield, Gooseberries, 1 00

Edwin A. Hall, " 1 00

Warren Fenno, " ....... 1 00

Winter Brothers, Foreign Grapes, 5 00

July 30.

Blackberries. — Two quarts of any variety, A. S. Mcintosh, Dor
cliester, .......

Second, W. C Eustis, Dorchester, .

Third, B. G. Smith,
Gooseberries. — Two quarts of any Foreign variety, B. G. Smith
Bang-Up,

Second, B. G. Smith, Whitesmith,
Pears. — Summer Doyenne, Warren Fenno,

Second, Horace Eaton, ....

Third, C. D. Tuttle,

Any other variety, A. S. Mcintosh, Madeleine,

Second, Warren Fenno, Madeleine, .

Third, C. M. Hovey, Supreme de Quimpcr,
Pbaciibs. — Any variety, Samuel llartwell, Waterloo,

Second, Cliarles S. Smith, Amsden, .

3 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

Gratuities: —
Mrs. E. M. Gill, Gooseberries,
Warren Fenno, " ...

Charles Garfield, Raspberries and Gooseberries,
B. G. Smith, Blackberries and Blueberries,
L. W. Weston, Blackberries and Peaches,
Samuel Hartwell, Apples and Gooseberries,

August C.

^Api'les. — Sweet Bough, Warren Heustis & Son,
Second, Warren Fenno, ....
Third, Joseph G. Coolidge,

1 00

00

00

00

00

00

3

00

2

00

I

00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

305

Any other variety, W. S. Frost, Williams,

Second, Theodore Wellington, Astrachan, . . . .

Third, Samuel Hartwell, Williams,

Pears.— Giffard, B. G. Smith,

Second, Mrs. Mary Langmaid, .......

Third, Warren Fenno,

Any other variety, C. N. Brackett, Bloodgood, . . . .

Second, C. M. Hovey, Brandywine, ......

Third, C. N. Brackett, Jargonelle,

Blackberries. — Two quarts of any variety, William J. Martin,
Dorchester, ..........

Second, A. S. Mcintosh, Dorchester,

Third, G. D. Tuttle, Wachusett,

Peaches. — Any variety, Mrs. E. Ward, Amsden, . . . .

Second, William S. Janvrin, Early July,

Gratuities: —

Warren Fenno, Apricots,

Samuel Hartwell, Apples and Peaches,

B. G. Smith, Plums and Gooseberries,

$3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00
1 00
1 00

August 13.
Apples. — Oldenburg, the Second Prize to Samuel Hartwell,
Red Astrachan, C. C. Shaw, .
Second, Samuel Hartwell,
Third, J. T. Foster, .
Williams's Favorite, C. F. Curtis,
Second, Samuel Hartwell,
Third, G. N. Brackett,
Pears. — Clapp's Favorite, E. W. Wood,
Second, C. F. Curtis,
Third, C. N. Brackett,
Manning's Elizabeth, Mrs. Mary Langmaid,

Second Warren Fenno,
Any other variety, George Frost, Supreme de Quimper
Second, N. D. Harrington, Bloodgood,
Peaches. — Any variety, A. M. Davenport, Rivers,
Second, Samuel Hartwell, Crawford's Early,

2 GO

1 00

2 00

1 00
8 00

2 00

Gratuities: —
Samuel Hartwell, Apples and Peaches,
Warren Fenno, Apricots, .

1 00
1 00

August 20.

Pears. — Bartlett, C. N. Brackett,
Second, Samuel Hartwell,
Third, E. W. Wood, .
5

3 00
2 00
1 00

306

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Rosticzcr, Michael Fineyan, .

Second, C. N. Brackett, .

Third, M. W. Chadbourne,
Tyson, A. S. Mcintosh, .

Second, Warren Fenno,

Third, C. N. Brackett,
Any other variety, A. S. Mcintosh, Clapp'e Favorite,

Second, Edwin A. Hall, " "

Third, C. N. Brackett, "

Peaches. — Any variety, C. S. Smith, Mountain Rose,

Second, George V. Fletcher, Hale's Early,

Third, Warren Fenno, " "

Gratuities: —
G. D. Tuttle, Apples and Pears, ....
Samuel Hartwell, Apples and Plums,

August 27.
Apples. — Chenango, Charles F. Curtis,

Second, Samuel Hartwell,
Maiden's Blush, Warren Fenno, .

Second, Horace Eaton,

Third, Charles S. Smith, .
Any other variety, Warren Fenno, Summer Pippin,

Second, Charles F. Curtis, Williams's Favorite,

Third, C. N. Brackett, Sparhawk,
Pears. — Bartlett, Samuel Hartwell,

Second, C. N. Brackett,

Third, George Frost

Any other variety, William H. Hunt, Clapp's Favorite,

Second, M. W. Chadbourne,

Third, L. M. Chase,
Peaches. — Any variety, Cliarles S. Smith, Mountain Rose,

Second, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard, Crawford's Early,

Third, Samuel Hartwell, " "

Plums. — Mrs. II. V. Draper, Washington,

Second, Samuel Hartwell, "

Third, B, G. Smith, Green Gage,
Native Grapes. — Six bunches of any variety, C'lphas H. Brackett,

Second, B. G. Smitii, Clianipioii,

Third, Samuel Hartwell, Moore's Early,

Gratviiy : —
Samuel Hartwell, Apples,

SEPTEMnEU 3.

ArpLE.s. — Foundling, Charles S. Sniitli, .
Second, L. W. Weston,

1 00

.3 00
2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

307

Third, Samuel Hartwell, .
Gravenstein, Samuel Hartwell,

Second, Charles S. Smith,

Third, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard,
Porter, L. W. Weston, .

Second, P. G. Hanson,

Third, W. H. Teel, .
Any other variety, Warren Fen no, Summer Pippin,

Second, Samuel Hartwell, " "

Third, C. W. Park, Maiden's Blush,
Pears. — Andrews, Samuel Saunders,

Second, Warren Fenno,

Third, B. ScuUings, .
Boussock, C. N. Brackett,

Second, O. B. Hadwen,

Third, Mrs. Mary Langmaid,
Any other variety, Samuel Hartwell, Souvenir du Congr5s,

Second, C. N. Brackett, " " "

Third, Samuel Hartwell, Bartlett,
Peaches. — Collection, Charles S. Smith,

Second, Samuel Hartwell,

Third, N. D. Harrington, .
Plums. — Collection, Samuel Hartwell,

Any one variety, Robert Manning, Jefferson,

Second, Samuel Hartwell, Yellow Gage,
Native Grapes. — Six bunches of Cottage, B. G. Smith
Moore's Early, Samuel Hartwell, •

Second, O. R. Robbins,
Any other variety, B. G. Smith, Lady, .

Second, Cephas H. Brackett, Hartford,

Gratuities : —
Theodore Wellington, Apples, .

L. M. Chase, Plums, ....

$1 00
3 00

2 00
1 00

3 00

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

1 00
3 00
3 00

2 00

3 00
2 00

1 00
1 00

ANNUAL EXHIBITION.

September 13, 14, 15, and 16.

Special Prizes for Apples, from the Benjamin V. French Fund.

Baldwin, C. C. Shaw, $5 00

Gravenstein, Samuel Hartwell, 5 00

Hubbardston, Mrs. A. Ward, 5 00

Rhode Island Greening, Mrs. A. Ward, 6 00

Special Prizes offered by the Society.
Pears. — Anjou, Samuel Hartwell, 5 00

308 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Bartlett, Samuel Ilartwell, 85 00

Bosc, Mrs. Mary Langmaid, ........ 5 00

Seukel, M. W. Chadbourne, 5 00

Sheldon, L. W. Weston, 5 00

Peaciiks. — Any variety, Saninol Hartwell, Foster, . . . . 5 00
Foreign Grapes. — For the heaviest and best ripened bunch of any
Foreign Black Grape, not less than five pounds, David Allan,

Alicante, 8 00

For the heaviest and best ripened bunch of any Foreign White

Grape, not less than five pounds, John Simpkins, Syrian, . 8 00

Special Prizes offered in view of the meeting of the American I'omological

Society.

General Display of Frdits of all kinds. — For the best, Lincoln

Grange, 25 00

Apples. — For the best collection, Arkansas Exhibit, . . . 25 00

Second, Worcester Grange, . . . . . . . 15 00

Third, C. C. Shaw, Milford, N. H., 10 00

Pears. — For the best collection, EUwanger & Barry, Rochester,

N. Y 25 00

Second, Charles H. Hovey, 15 00

Third, Warren Fenno, 10 00

Peaches. — For the best collection, Charles S. Smith, . . . 25 00

Second, Smith & Kerman, St. Catherines, Ontario, . . . 15 00

Third, David L. Fisk, 10 00

Native Grapes. — For the best collection, T. S. Hubbard Company,

Fredonia, N. Y., 25 00

Second, E. Williams, Montclair, N. J., 15 00

Regular Prizes.

Apples. — Baldwin, L. W. Weston, 4 00

Second, Mrs. A. Ward, 3 00

Third, W. H. Teele 2 00

Danvers Sweet, C. C. Shaw, 3 00

Second, J. T. Foster, 2 00

Dutch Codlin, A. S. Mcintosh, 2 00

Second, L. W. Weston, 1 00

Fall Orange or Holden, II. D. Clark, 3 UO

Second, C. E. Grant, 2 00

Third, Samuel Ilartwell, 1 00

Fanieuse, S. II. Coombs, 3 00

Second, George V. Fletcher, 2 00

Third, Mrs. A. Ward 1 00

Foundling, Keubi'ii Handley, 4 00

Second, L. W. Weston, 3 00

Third, Cliarles S. Smith, 2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

309

Golden Russet, Warren Fenno,

Second, Horace Eaton,
Gravenstein, Samuel Hartwell,

Second, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard,

Third, Warren Fenno,
Hubbardston, M. W. Chadbourne,

Second, Samuel Hartwell, .

Third, C. C. Shaw, ,
Hunt Russet, W. H. Teel,

Second, Samuel Hartwell, .

Third, Horace Eaton,
Lady's Sweet, Horace Eaton.

Second, Warren Fenno,
Leicester, O. B. Hadwen,
Lyscom, Samuel Hartwell,

Second, T. B. Cowan,
Maiden's Blush, C. C. Shaw,

Second, Warren Fenno,
Mother, Warren Fenno,

Second, W. H. Teel,
Northern Spy, C. C. Shaw, .

Second, Warren Fenno,

Third, F. W. Grout, .
Porter, George W. Stevens, .

Second, Samuel Hartwell, .

Third, L. W. Weston,
Pumpkin Sweet, Samuel Hartwell,

Second, L. W. Weston,
Rhode Island Greening, Mrs. A. Ward,

Second, W. H. Teel,

Third, George V. Fletcher,
Roxbury Russet, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard

Second, G. Sanderson,

Third, James Cutler, .
Tolman Sweet, Josiah Crosby,

Second, J. T. Foster,

Third, Charles F. Curtis, .
Tompkins King, George C. Rice, .

Second, C. C. Shaw, .

Third, Samuel Hartwell, .
Washington Royal or Palmer, Josiah Crosby

Second, 0. B. Hadwen,
Washington Strawberry, George C. Rice,

Second, Warren Fenno,
Any other variety, John E. Bowen, Bowen,

Second, Warren Fenno, Summer Pippin,

Third, Samuel Hartwell, " "

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310 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Crab Apples. — Hyslop, Mrs. A. Ward $2 00

Second, Cephas II. Brackett, 1 00

Transcendent, George W. Stevens, 2 00

Second, A. Dickinson, ........ 1 00

Pears. — Angouleme, John McClure, 4 00

Second, Edwin A. Hall, 3 00

Third, Warren Fenno, 2 00

Anjou, Mrs. Mary Langmaid, 4 00

Second, J. Albro 3 00

Third, Cephas H. Brackett, 2 00

Fourth, John McClure, I 00

Bartlett, Leverett M. Chase, 4 00

Second, T. M. Davis 3 00

Third, Samuel Hartwell, 2 00

Fourth, John McClure, . 1 00

Belle Lucrative, A. Dickinson, 3 00

Second, Mrs. Mary Langmaid, ....... 2 00

Third, Warren Fenno 1 00

Bosc, John L. Bird, 4 00

Second, Charles F. Curtis, 3 00

Third, William P. Walker, 2 00

Fourth, Warren Fenno, I 00

Boussock, C. N. Brackett, 3 00

Second, L. M. Chase, 2 00

Third, O. B. Hadwen, 1 00

Clairgeau, Mrs. Mary Langmaid 3 00

Second, W. P. Plimpton, 2 00

Third, Warren Fenno, 1 00

Comice, Warren Fenno, ........ 3 00

Second, W. P. Walker, . . 2 00

Third. C. N. Brackett, 1 00

Dana's Hovey, Mrs. Mary Langmaid, 4 00

Second, Edward J. Young, 3 00

Third, Charles II. Hovey, '. 2 00

Diel, Edwin A. Hall, 3 00

Second, A. S. Mcintosh 2 00

Third, Jesse Haley, 1 00

Goodale, O. B. Hadwen, 3 00

Hardy, Charles F. Curtis, 3 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell, 2 00

Third, A. S. Mcintosh, 1 00

Howell, E. W. Wood, 3 00

Second, Warren Fenno, 2 00

Third, George Hill, 1 00

Lawrence, T. A. Dawson 3 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell, 2 00

Third, C. N. Brackett, 1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS. 311

Louise Bonne of Jersey, George Hill $3 00

Second, Benjamin G. Smith, 2 00

Third, Varnum Frost, 1 GO

Marie Louise, Warren Fenno, 3 GO

Second, A. S. Mcintosh, 2 00

Third, Edwin A. Hall, 1 CO

Merriam, Charles F. Curtis, 3 00

Second, Warren Heustis & Son, 2 00

Third, Warren Fenno, I 00

Onondaga, O. B. Hadwen, 3 00

Second, C. H. Hovey, 2 00

Third, W. P. Walker, 1 GO

Paradise of Autumn, L. M. Chase, 3 00

Second, Charles N. Brackett, 2 00

Third, Warren Fenno, . 1 00

Seckel, T. M. Davis, 4 00

Second, W. C. Eustis, 3 00

Third, John L. Bird, 2 00

Sheldon, Charles F. Curtis, 4 00

Second, Cephas H. Brackett, 3 00

Third, Charles N. Brackett, 2 00

Souvenir du Congres, Charles N. Brackett, 3 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell, 2 00

Third, J. T. Foster, 1 00

St. Michael Archangel, Warren Heustis & Son, . . . . 3 00

Second, W. C. Eustis, 2 00

Third, Jacob Eaton, 1 00

Superfin, Warren Heustis & Son, 3 00

Second, Warren Fenno, 2 OG

Third, Michael Finegan, 1 00

Urbaniste, A. S. Mcintosh, 3 00

Second, Warren Fenno, 2 0,0

Third, Jacob Eaton, 1 00

Vicar, Samuel Hartwell, 3 00

Second, Edwin A. Hall, 2 00

Third, Michael Finegan, 1 00

Winter Nelis, Edwin A. Hall, 3 GO

Second, Jesse Haley, 2 00

Third, Warren Heustis & Son, 1 00

Any other variety, Edward B. Wilder, Lemuel Clapp, . . . 3 ©0

Second, O. B. Hadwen, Frederick Clapp, . . . . 2 GO

Third, Charles E. Brooks, Earle's Bergamot, . . . . 1 GO

Peaches. — Coolidge's Favorite, Charles S. Smith, . . . . 3 00

Crawford's Early, David L. Fiske, ...... 3 00

Second, E. H. Luke, 2 00

Third, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard, 1 00

Foster, David L. Fiske, 3 00

312

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Fletcher

Second, Samuel Ilartwell, .

Third, Charles S. Smith, .
Oldmixon, Charles S. Smith,

Second, N. D. Pierce, Jr.,
Stump the World, David L. Fiske,

Second, Charles S. Smith,

Third, N. D. Pierce, Jr., .
Any other variety, Samuel Hartwell, Crawford's Late,

Second, N. D. Harrington, " "

Third, David L. Fiske, Mountain Rose,
Nectarines. — Warren Fenno, .
Plums. — Not less than four varieties, Samuel Ilartwell,

Second, Horace Eaton,

Third, B. G. Smith, .
Any one variety, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard, Victoria

Second, Samuel Ilartwell, Imperial, .

Third, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard, Blue Imperial,
Native Grapes. — Six bunches of Brighton, George

Second, C. C. Corby, New Jersey,
Concord, C. C. Corby, .

Second, William Doran & Son,

Third, Cephas H. Brackett,
Cottage, C. C. Corby, .

Second, B. G. Smith,
Delaware, Cephas H. Brackett,

Second, C. C. Corby,

Third, Samuel Hartwell,
Eumelan, C. C. Corby, .

Second, B. G. Smith,
Massasoit, Cephas H. Brackett,

Second, C. C. Corby,
Moore's Early, Samuel Hartwell,

Second, George V. Fletcher,

Tliird, O. K. Robbins,
Niagara, C. C Corby, .

Second, O. R. Robbins,
Wilder, Cephas H. Brackett,

Second, C. C. Corby,
Worden, C. C. Corby, .

Second, O. R. Robbins,

Third, Samuel Hartwell, .
Any other variety, B. G. Smith, Lady,

Second, C. C. Corby, Herbert,

Third, C. C. Corby, Pocklington
Foreign Grapes. — Four varieties, two bundles each, David

The third prize to E. H. Luke,
Two bunches of Black Hamburg, David Allan,

Allan,

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

313

Second, John Simpkins,

Third, William J. Martin, .
Wilmot's Hamburg, Darid Allan, .

The Third Prize to E. H. Luke,
Muscat of Alexandria, David Allan,
Any other variety, David Allan, Alicante,

Second, John Simpkins, Syrian,

Third, E. H. Luke, White Frontignan,
Cranberries. — Half-peck, Dwight C. Bobbins,

Gratidties : —
Horace Eaton, Apples and Quinces, .......

C. N. Brackett, Apples and Pears, ......

F. R. Shattuck, Bartlett Pears from the original Bartlett Tree,

$4 00
3 00

00
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2 00

2 00

3 00

John B. Moore & Son, display of Eaton and Hayes Grapes, Silver Medal

EXHIBITION OF AUTUMN FRUITS.
October 1.

Apples. — Gravenstein, Samuel Hartwell, 3 00

Second, William T. Hall, 2 00

Third, Levi Leach, 1 00

Holden, C. E. Grant, 3 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell, 2 00

Mother, O. B. Hadwen, 3 00

Second, Warren Fenno, 2 00

Porter, Samuel Hartwell, 3 00

Second, Charles S. Smith, 2 dO

Any other variety, William Winn, Tompkins King, . . . 3 00

Second, S. H. Coombs, Fameuse, 2 00

Pears. — Angouleme, John McClure, 3 00

Second, Varnum Frost, 2 00

Third, Samuel G. Damon, 1 00

Bosc, John L. Bird, 3 00

Second, Mrs. Mary Langmaid, 2 00

Third, William S. Janvrin, 1 00

Clairgeau, William T. Hall, 3 00

Second, Mrs. Mary Langmaid, 2 00

Third, Warren Fenno, 1 00

Cornice, Warren Fenno, ........ 3 00

Second, Charles N. Brackett, 2 00

Third, William P. Walker, ' . . 1 00

Frederick Clapp, Horace Eaton, . . . . . . . 3 CO

Louise Bonne of Jersey, T. M. Davis, . . . . . . 3 00

Second, W. P. Walker, 2 00

Third, Benjamin G. Smith, 1 00

314

MASSACHUSETrS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Seckel, S. G. Damon, .

Second, Leverett M. Chase,

Third, T. M. Davis, .
Sheldon, Charles E. Wiggin,

Second, Charles F. Curtis,

Third, Cephas H. Brackett,
Superfin, S. G. Damon,

Second, A. S. Mcintosh,

Third, George L. Lovett,
Urbaniste, L. M. Chase,

Second, B. G Smith,

Third, S. G. Damon,
Any other rariety, W. P. Walker, Hardy, .

Second, "Warren Fenno, Howell,

Third, George L. Lovett, Paradise of Autumn,
QuiKCES. — Any variety, W. S- Janvrin, .

Second, B. G. Smith

Peaches. — Any variety, Samuel Hartwell, Crawford

Second, Charles S. Smith, Stump the World,

Third, C. H. Johnson, Seedling,
Native Gkapes. — Six bunches of Brighton, B. G

Second, Joseph S. Chase, .

Third, Samuel Hartwell, ,
Concord, Andrew J. Bigelow,

Second, William H. Hunt,

Third, Cliarles Garfield, .
Delaware, Horace Eaton,

Second, B. G. Smith,

Third, S. G. Damon,
lona, S. G. Damon,

Second, B. G. Smith,

Third, Horace Eaton,
Isabella, S. G. Damon,

Second, B. G. Smith,
Lindley, B. G. Smith, .

Second, Albert M. Davenport,

Third, J. S. Chase, .
Massasoit, J. S. Chase,

Second, Cephas H. Brackett,
Moore's Early, Samuel Hartwell,

Second, Charles Garfield, •
Pocklington, George W. Jameson,

Second, Samuel Hartwell, .

Third, J. S. Chase, .
Prentiss, B. G. Smith, .

Second, Samuel Hartwell,

Third, Joseph S. Chase,

's Late

Smith

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

315

Wilder, E. A. Adams, -P 00

Second, Cephas H. Brackett, 2 00

Third, S. G. Damon, 1 00

Any otlier variety, Samuel Hartwell, Worden, . . . . 3 00

Second, J. H. Chase, Vergennes, 2 00

Third, Samuel Hartwell, Hayes, 1 CO

Foreign Grapes. — Two bunches of any variety, William J. Martin,

Black Hamburg, 4 00

Third, B. G. Smith, Black Hamburg, 2 00

CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW.

November 9, 10, and 11.
Special Prizes for Apples, from the Benjamin V. French Fund.

Baldwin, W. S. Frost, $5 00

Hubbardston, W. S. Frost, 5 00

Regular Prizes.

Apples. — Baldwin, O. B. Wyman, 3 00

Second, R. E. Warren, 2 00

Third, J. T. Foster 1 00

Danvers Sweet, J. T. Foster, 3 00

Second, C. C, Shaw, 2 00

Hubbardston, C. C. Shaw, 3 00

Second, M. W. Chadbourne, 2 00

Third, W. S. Frost, 1 00

Hunt Russet, Starkes Whiton, 3 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell, 2 00

Third, W. H. Teel, 1 00

Lady's Sweet, O. B. Wyman, 3 00

Second, Warren Fenno, 2 00

Third, Mrs. W. S. Horner, 1 00

Northern Spy, C. C. Shaw, 3 00

Second, William T. Hall, 2 00

Third, Mrs. E. T. Burbank, 1 00

Rhode Island Greening, W. H. Teel, 3 00

Second, Charles N. Brackett, 2 00

Third, C. E. Grant, 1 00

Roxbury Russet, Cephas H. Brackett, 3 00

Second, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard, 2 00

Third, Mrs. W. S. Horner, 1 00

Tolman's Sweet, John Keough, 3 00

Second, T. Putnam Symonds, 2 00

Third, William Eames, , . 1 00

Tompkins King, William Winn, 3 00

Second, John Parker, 2 00

Third, George C. Rice, 1 00

Any other variety, George C. Rice, Peck's Pleasant, . . . 3 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell. Gloria Mundi, . . . . . 2 00

316

MASSACHUSETTS IIOUTICULTUUAL SOCIETY

Third, William Eames, Newark Pippin,
Pears. — Aiif^oulenie, Mrs. A. II. Lewis,

Second, John McClure,

Third, Samuel G. Damon, .

Fourth, Jesse Haley,
Anjou, William T. Hall,

Second, Mrs. Mary Langmaid,

Third, A. S. Mcintosh,

Fourth, C. N. Brackett,
Clairgeau, William T. Hall, .

Second, Warren Fenno,

Third, S G. Damon,
Comice, Warren Fenno,

Second, Charles H. Hovey,

Third, Mrs. Mary Langmaid,

Fourth, Jesse M. Haley,
Dana's Hovey, Edward Richards,

Second, Mrs. Mary Langmaid,

Third, O. R. Robbins,

Fourth, Willard P. Plimpton,
Diel, Edwin A. Hall,

Second, William P. Walker,

Third, T. M. Davis, .
Glout Morceau, Warren Fenno,

Second, Mrs. Mary Gardner,

Third, Edwin A. Hall,
Josephine of Malines, Warren Fenno,

Second, Benjamin G. Smith,

Third, John L. Bird, .
Langelier, A. S. Mcintosh, .

Second, A. H. Lewis,

Third, E. J. Ilewins,
Lawrence, William T. Hall, .

Second, Andrew McDermott,

Third, Warren Fenno,
Vicar, Edwin A. Hall, .

Second, William T. Hall, .

Third, A. S. Mcintosh,
Winter Nclis, Edwin A. Hall,

Second, A. McDermott,

Third, A. A. Johnson,
Any other variety, S. G. Damon, Marie Louise,

Second, C. B. Ilagar, Bosc,

Third, Warren Fenno, Duchess of Bordeaux,

Gratuities: —
M. W. Chadbourne, Pears, ....
Edwin A. Hall, Winter Nelis Pears, .
O. M. Holmes, Cranberries, ....

1 00

1 00

2 00

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES,

FOR THE YEAR 1887.

By CHARLES N. BRACKETT, Chairman.

A review of the exhibitions made in this department from week
to week during the season, brings prominentl}- to view the interest
manifested in the cultivation of the products of tlie earth, and the
improvement in their character which is constantlj* being made.
From the opening exhibition in Januarj', to the closing one in
November, we have seen samples of the choicest products of the
vegetable garden, bountifully displayed on our tables. These
displays have added to the interest of the exhibitions, have been
much admired by visitors at our rooms, and would compare
favorably with the best results of former years, both as regards
quality and variety.

The past season has been fairly favorable for nearly all varieties
of vegetables, if we except the potato. The early prospect for
this crop was fine, and up to the month of August it never looked
more promising. About this time, favored by the hot, wet weather
of midsummer, the rot suddenly made its appearance in its worst
form, causing immense losses in the aggregate, throughout a wide
section of the country. It has not been an uncommon thing to
hear from certain sections, of the entire destruction of the crop
by this disease. Wherever the potato is grown the potato fungus
is liable to make its appearance. Tiiere is no known remedy for
the disease, and no special system of culture can be I'elicd on to

318 MASSACHUSETTS IIOUTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

prevent it. Heavy dews, rains, fogs, and excessive heat followed
b}' excessive moisture, favor its development, while during seasons
of protracted drought little is to be feared from its attacks. Many
fungi, it is said, have a limited period of growth, or develop only
at certain seasons of the year. If this is so, earl}- planting may
secure a crop against the ravages of a late growing fungus, while
the attacks of an early fungus may be avoided by pursuing an
opposite course. This theory was well illustrated the past season
in the grounds of the writer. Where early planting was resorted
to the crop was entirely free fi'om disease, maturing before the
atmospheric conditions favorable to the growth or development of
the germs were present. From the experience of the past, early
planting of such varieties as mature earl}' is to be recommended,
and promises the best results.

It is perhaps difficult to decide, with our present knowledge,
whether deterioration and loss of vigor, occurring to a variety
in course of cultivation, are owing to constitutional tendency, or are
the result of faulty methods of cultivation. Certain it is, however,
that many varieties of the potato, formerly famous and profitable,
have disappeared from cultivation and have been supplanted by
new-comers. Every year witnesses the introduction of many new
varieties, most of which are no better, if as good, as already
existing standard sorts. The old Jackson White, Carter, and the
once unexcelled Chenango or Mercer, had to give wa}- to such
varieties as the Early Goodrich, Davis Seedling, and Gleason,
which in their turft have disappeared to make room for the Early
Rose, Hebron, Clark, and others, and if we are allowed to judge
from the experience of the past, these favorites of the present day
will before long have to yield their places to newer varieties fresh
from the seed.

Each year brings out many new kinds of Peas, some of them old
varieties under new names, while others are actual new sorts of
great value, and it would be injudicious not to give them a fair
trial, as we may reasonably expect that really meritorious varieties
will arise, and should be substituted for inferior sorts. It may be
considered a very poor year if our P^nglish friends on the other
side of the water do not succeed in sending us at least a half
dozen new varieties for trial. Among these new comers Laxton's
Evolution, shown here for the first time by the Chairman, ma}' be
mentioned as one of the handsomest and best. It originated with

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES. 319

Thomas Laxton, of England, and is a cross between the celebrated
Champion of England, and the large Blue Imperial. The vines
grow from three to three and a half feet high, are immensely
strong and stocky, and have a branching habit, bearing continuously
pods of the largest size, each containing from eight to twelve
large wrinkled peas which are unusually rich, tender, and fine
flavored. The pods are from five to six inches in length, of a
beautiful deep green color, and hang in clusters of two and three
on the vine. Owing to their branching habit less seed is required
to plant a row than of the common sorts, and a single sowing will
continue to bear for ten or twelve weeks. In planting, the distance
apart of the peas in a row should be not less than four inches.
As a new variety this certainly promises to be particularly valuable
for the kitchen garden, on account of the length of time it con-
tinues in bearing, as well as for its size and excellent quality. At
the weekly exhibitions the leading varieties have been American
Wonder, Stratagem, and Advancer, and these vax'ieties have taken
the prizes.

The weekly shows have been well attended, and the displays of
the various vegetable productions during the entire season were
especially noteworthy, both as regards their quantity and quality.
Competition for the prizes has been more spirited than usual, and
quite a number of new contributors have entered the lists during
the year. Nearly all the prizes have been awarded.

Among the novelties introduced the past season we note as
worthy of particular mention, Dreer's Earh' Golden Cluster Wax
Pole bean, which, on account of its many good qualities, we feel
assured has come to stay. It is distinct in habit of growth and in
seed from the Giant Red Wax, and in earliness surpasses all
other pole beans. The pods, which are of a rich golden yellow,
retain their tender qualities long after the beans have acquired a
large size, so that only a few days elapse, after they cease to be
fit for string beans, before they may be used to shell. The pods
are from six to eight inches long, of large size, and are borne pro-
fusely in large clusters of from three to six ; each pod containing
from six to eight medium sized beans somewhat resembling the
Lima and equally good in quality as a shell bean. As a string
bean it snaps easily, is stringless, cooks tender and is of delicate
flavor. The beans, the past season, although not planted until the
first of June, were large enough for use by the middle of July,

320 MASSACHUSETTS IIOIITICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

and continued in bearing until killed h}' frost. Should this new
bean sustain the character with other cultivators which it has
exhibited in the grounds of the Chairman, it will prove to be one
of the most valuable of the many contributions which Mr. Dreer
has made to horticulture, and may worthily boar his name.

The display made in this department at the Annual Exhibition
was very full and complete, except as regards potatoes, which as
before remarked, were generally a failure with most contributors
on account of the rot. In these, therefore, there was not much
competition, and the prizes were all taken by the few contributors
who were so fortunate as to have good specimens in sufticient
number to exhibit. Mrs. M. T. Goddard made the best display
and carried off most of the prizes.

The exhibition of Squashes at the Annual Show was the best
which has been made for several years. The new Il3'brid Turbans
are attaining a deserved place in the front rank, and hereafter will
be recognized, as they should be, in our Schedule of Prizes. Some
very fine specimens were shown by W. W. Rawson and others at
this exhibition.

Cauliflowers have been more abundant than usual and the quality
has been excellent. The specimens shown at the Annual and
and November Exhibitions were highly creditable to the contribu-
tors. W. W. Rawson and A. M. Teel were respectively awarded
the Special Prizes at the Annual Exhibition.

The first Tomatoes of out-door growth were shown July 9, by
George Hill. As in previous seasons, there has been a large
number of competitors for the prizes, and this vegetable has
formed an interesting and attractive feature of our exhibitions.
I. E. Coburn's exhibits both during the season and at the Annual
Show, are entitled to special mention. A few so-called new
varieties were shown, but there did not appear to be distinction
enough between them and man}- well known sorts now in cultivation
to require any special note at this time.

Decidedly the best specimens of Salsify ever shown before the
Society, were placed on exhibition by Charles F. Curtis at our
Annual Exhibition. For quite a number of years Mr. Curtis has
taken the lead in the cultivation of this vegetable, but the exhibit
which he made at that time excelled all former eflTorts in this direc-
tion.

The special prizes for Celery were awarded to W. W. Rawson

RRPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES. 321

and C. A. Learned, In accordance with the requirements of the
Schedule, persons competing for these prizes must renew their
stands each day of the exhibition, and the prizes are to be awarded
for the best specimens best kept during the four days, the award
being made on the morning of the last day. In making their
examination the Committee found that on the first two days C. A.
Learned's stand was best, but on the following two days W. W.
Rawson was first ; and after diligent search, failing to discover a
single point wherein one stand excelled the other, the Committee
came to the conclusion that in this dilemma the fairest way to
decide the matter was to make an equal division of the first and
second prizes between the competitors, which was accordingly
done.

Prizes and gratuities have been awarded during the year to sixty-
five different contributors, and out of the appropriation made for
this department an unexpended balance of twenty-four dollars
remains to be returned to the treasury.

Annexed is a list of the awards in prizes and gratuities which
have been made by your Committee during the year.

All of which is respectfully submitted.

Charles N. Brackett,

Warren Heustis,

Cephas H. Brackett,

George Hill, \ y^^^tahU

P. G. Hanson, ' GommUtee.

Varnum Frost,

Jacob Hittinger.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR
VEGETABLES.

January 1.
Radishes. — Four bunches of any variety, Ilittinger Brothers,

Second, George F. Stone,

Lettuce. — Four heads of Tennisball, Hittinger Brothers,

Second, George F. Stone, ....
Parsley. — Two quarts, George F. Stone,

Second, Hittinger Brothers,

Third, Warren Heustis & Son, .
Mushrooms. — Twenty-four, Cephas H. Brackett,
Tomatoes. — Twelve, C. H. Brackett, for Optimus,

Second, " " " Emery,

Third, W. C Winter, for Essex,

Gratuities: —
Warren Heustis & Son, Celery,
George F. Stone, Dandelions,

^3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

3 00

2

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

Gratuities : —
C. H. Brackett, Asparagus,
W. W. Rawson, Radishes,

Januaby 8.

1 00
1 00

February 5,

Radishes. — Four bunches of any variety, George F. Stone,

Second, W. D. riiilbrick,

CucuMnERS. — Pair of any variety, Frederick 0. Fisher,
Dandelions. — Peck, Frederick C. Fisher,

Second, George F. Stone,

Tliird, Warren Heustis & Son, ....
Lettuce. — Four heads of Tennisball, George F. Stone,
Mushrooms. — Twenty-four, C. H. Brackett, .
Rhuharb. — Twelve stalks, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes,

Second, George E. Sanderson, •

Third, C. H. Brackett,
Tomatoes. — Twelve, Charles Winter,

Second, W. C. Winter,

Third, C. H. Brackett,

3 00

2 00

3 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES. 323

Gratuities: —

Warren Heustis & Son, Celery, $1 00

George F. Stone, Parsley, 1 00

February 12.
Gratuities: —

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Celery and Khubarb, 2 00

Edwin Sheppard, Cucumbers, 1 00

March 5.
Gratuity: —

Hittinger Brothers, Collection, 2 00

March 12.
Gratuities: —

C. H. Brackett, Mushrooms and Asparagus, 2 GO

George F. Stone, Lettuce, 1 00

SPRING EXHIBITION.

March 23, 24, and 25.

Radishes. — Four bunches of Turnip Rooted, George E. Sanderson, $3 00

Second, W. W. Rawson, 2 00

Third, W. Heustis & Son, 1 00

Four bunches of Long Scarlet, W. Heustis & Son, . . . 3 00

Asparagus. — Two bunches, twelve stalks in each, C. H. Brackett, 3 00

Cucumbers. — Pair of White Spine, Frederick C. Fisher, . . 3 00

Second, G. M. Kendall, 2 00

Third, James Heslan, 1 00

Celery. — Four roots, John Coolidge, 3 00

Second, Warren Heustis & Son, . . . . . . 2 00

Dandelions. — Peck, George F. Stone, 3 00

Second, Frederick C. Fisher, 2 00

Lettuce. — Four heads of Tennisball, C. H. Brackett, . . . 3 00

Second, W. W. Rawson, 2 00

Third, Hittinger Brothers, 1 00

Water-cress. — Two quarts, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, . . . 2 00

Parsley. — Two quarts, Hittinger Brothers, . . . . . 2 00

Second, George F. Stone, 1 00

Rhubarb.— Twelve stalks, C. W. Winn, 3 00

Second, C. H. Brackett, 2 00

" Third, George E. Sanderson, 1 00

Tomatoes. — Twelve, Charles Winter, . . . . . . 3 00

Gratuities : —

Edwin Sheppard, Cucumbers, 1 OQ

324

MASSACHUSETTS IIOKTICULTUUAL SOCIETY.

C. II. Brackett, Mushrooms, §1 00

S. K. Payson, " 1 00

C. M. Hovey, " 1 00

William J. Martin, Lettuce, 1 CO

April 9.

Asparagus. — Two bunches, twelve stalks in each, C. II. Brackett, 3 00

Cucumbers.— Pair of White Spine, C. H. Brackett, . . . 3 00

Second, Frederick C. Fisher, 2 00

Mushrooms.— Twenty-four, C. II. Hovey, 3 00

Second, C. H. Brackett 2 00

Gratuities : —

G. F. Stone, Lettuce, 1 00

C. A. Learned, " 1 00

April Ifi.
Oratuities: —

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Tomatoes, 1 00

Varnum Frost, Cucumbers, 1 00

April 23.
Gratuities: —

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Collection, 2 00

James Ileslan, Cucumbers, 1 00

Mat 7.

Asparagus.— Four bunches, twelve stalks each, John B. Moore &

Son,

Cucumbers. — Pair, C. II. Brackett, Brighton,

Second, C. H. Brackett, New Variety,

Third, George Hill, White Spine,
Spinach.— Peck, George Hill, Round Leaf,

Second, Warren Heustis & Son, Oak Leaf,

Third, " «« " Round Leaf,

Dand^hons. — Peck, Warren Iloustis & Son,

Second, George Hill, ....
Lettuce. — Four heads, George Hill,

Second, George F. Stone, .
Rhuharb.— T>»elve stalks, C. H. Brackett,

Second, M. W. Chadbourne,

Third, George P^^rr, ....

Gratuities: —
Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, iP9tiat9e8 and Cre.ss,
/George Hill, Radishes, ....

3 00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

2

CO

1

00

3

00

2

00

3

0)

2

00

1

00

1

0)

1

ou

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES. 325

Mat U.

Gratuities: —

George Hill, Collection, 02 00

Josiah Crosby, Egyptian Beets, ....... 1 00

Samuel Hartwell, Asparagus, . . . . . . . . 1 00

Mat 21.
Gratuities: —

Charles D. Tuttle, Asparagus 1 00

Josiah Crosby, Radishes, 1 00

May 28.
Gratuity: —

C H. Brackett, Mushrooms and Cucumbers, 1 00

RHODODENDRON SHOW.

June 4.

Beets. — Twelve of any variety, C. H. Brackett, . . . . $3 00

Asparagus. — Four bunches, twelve stalks in each, John B. Moore &

Son, 3 00

Second, L. W. Weston, 2 00

Third, C. D. Tuttle, 1 00

Cucumbers. — Pair, Edwin Sheppard, Telegraph, . . . . 3 00

Second, Varnum Frost, White Spine 2 00

Third, C. H. Brackett, '• «« 1 00

Lettuce. — Four heads, Varnum Frost, 3 00

Second, George Hill, 2 00

Third, Warren Heustis & Son, ' . 1 00

Rhubarb. — Twelve stalks, C. H. Brackett, 3 00

Second, John B. Moore & Son, 2 00

Third, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, 1 00

Mushrooms. — Twenty-four, C. H. Brackett 3 00

Gratuities: —

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Potatoes, 1 00

Samuel Hartwell, Asparagus, 1 00

June 11.
Gratuity: —

Josiah Crosby, Beets and Onions, ....... 1 00

June 18.
Gratuities: —

Samuel Hartwell, Peas, 1 00

C. E. Grant, " 1 00

326 MASSACHUSETTS IIOKTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

ROSE EXHIBITION.

JdNE 21 AND 22.

Beets. — Twelve Summer Turnip Rooted, W. W. llawson, . . $3 00

Second, Warren Ileustis & Son, 2 00

Third, W. W. Kawson, 1 00

Twelve Egyptian, W. W. Rawson, 3 CO

Second, Josiah Crosby, ........ 2 00

Third, C. A. Learned, 1 00

Onions. — Twelve, Josiah Crosby, 3 UO

Second, C. A. Learned, 2 00

Cdcumbers.— Pair of White Spine, C. H. Brackett, . . . 3 00

Second, George F, Stone, 2 00

Third, W. W. Rawson, . 1 00

Cabdages. — Three, W. W. Rawson, Etampes, . . . . 3 00

Second, C. A. Learned, Henderson's, 2 00

Third, W. W. Rawson, Express, 1 00

Lettuce. — Four heads of any variety, M. Earnest Moore, . . 3 00

Second, C. A. Learned, 2 00

Third, W. W. Rawson, 1 00

Peas. — Half-peck of any variety, W. Ileustis & Son, American

Wonder, 3 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell, American Wonder, . . . . 2 00

Third, C. N. Brackett, " " . . . . 1 00

Gratuities: —

William J. Martin, Cucumbers, 1 00

Parker & Wood, Maud S. Peas, 1 00

C. A. Learned, Collection 5 00

Josiah Crosby, " 1 00

C. H. Brackett, " 1 00

June 28.
Oratuities: —

C. E. Grant, Peas, 4 00

Samuel Hartwell, Peas, 1 00

M. Earnest Moore, Lettuce and Cucumbers, 1 00

Warren Ileustis & Son, Collection, 3 00

W. W. Rawson, " 3 00

C. A. Learned, " 2 00

July 2.

Onions.— Twelve, C. A. Learned, 2 00

Second, George Hill, 1 00

Squashes. — Four Long Warted, George Hill, 2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

327

Second, Warren Heustis & Son,
Four Scalloped, George Hill, ....

Cabbages. — Three, George Hill, ....

Second, C. A. Learned, Henderson's,

Third, " " Wakefield, .

Peas. — Half-peck American Wonder, Warren Heustis &

Second, C. N. Brackett,

Third, C. E. Grant,

Any other variety, C. N. Brackett, Stratagem,

Second, C. E. Grant, Advancer, . . . ,

^hird, C. N. Brackett, Telephone, .

Gratuities: —

Son,

C. A. Learned, Collection,

E. A. Moore, Lettuce and Cucumbers,

C. H. Brackett, Wax Beans,

Jdlt 9.

Potatoes. — Twelve, C. N. Brackett, Clark,

Second, C. D. Tuttle, Hebron,

Third, C. H. Brackett, Clark, . . . ^ .
Beans. — Half-peck of String, ......

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill,

Peas. — Half-peck of any variety, I. E. Coburn, Stratagem,

Second, Samuel Hartwell, Stratagem,

Third, C. E. Grant, " ....

1

00

2

GO

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

1

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

Gratuities: —

C. E. Grant, Sweet Corn, 1 GO

C. N. Brackett, Peas and Potatoes, 1 00

G. N. Smith, Lee's Favorite Potatoes, 1 00

George Hill, Tomatoes, 1 00

C. H. Brackett, " . . i 1 00

July 16.

Beans. — Half-peck of Cranberry, C. N. Brackett,
Peas. — Half-peck of any variety, Samuel Hartwell,

Second, C. N. Brackett, ....

Third, Warren Heustis & Son, .
Sweet Cokn. —Twelve ears, Samuel Hartwell,

Second, C. N. Brackett, ....

Third, C. E. Grant

Tomatoes. — Twelve, George Hill, Emery,

Second, C. N. Brackett, Acme, . . *

Third, C. H. Brackett, Optimus,

^3 GO
3 GO
2 GO
1 00

GO
GO
00
00
00
00

328

MASSACHUSETTS llOUTICULTUUAL SOCIETY.

Oraiuiiies: —
C. N. Brackett, Potatoes and Beans,
Warren Ileustis & Son, Potatoes,
C. D. Tuttle, Collection, .

July 23.
Potatoes.— Twelve, C. 1). Tuttle, .

Second, I. E. Coburn,

Third, C. N. Brackett, ...
Squashes. — Three Marrow, George Hill, .
Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears, Samuel Hartwell

Second, C. N. Brackett,

Third, Josiah Crosby,
Tomatoes. — Twelve, Varnum Frost,

Second, C. N. Brackett,

Third, George Hill, ....

Gratuities: —
Josiah Crosby, Marrow Squashes,
Mrs. Francis H. Hayes, Lettuce,
Samuel Hartwell, Collection, .
C. E. Grant, " ...

July 30.
Coburn, .

Potatoes. — Twelve, I. E.

Second. C. D. Tuttle

Third, Warren Heustis & Son, . . . .
Squashes. — Three Marrow, Josiah Crosby,
Peas. — Half-peck of any variety, Sidney Lawrence,

Second, C. E. Grant,

Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears, J. G. Coolidge, .

Second, Samuel Hartwell,

' Third, C. N. Brackett,

Tomatoes. — Twelve, L E. Coburn,

Second, C. N. Brackett,

Third, Samuel Hartwell,

Oratuities: —
C. E. Grant, Collection,
C. N. Brackett, "

August 6.
Greenflesu Melons. — Four, E. S. Converse,
Beans. — Half-peck of Horticultural, P. G. Hanson,
Tomatoes —Twelve Acme, C. N. Brackett,

Second, William J. Martin, . . . .

Third, Sanmel Hartwell

$1 00

1 00

2 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

S 00

2 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

2 00

3 00

3 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

329

Emery.— I. E. Coburn, $3 00

Second, C. N. Brackett, 2 00

Third, Samuel Hartwell, I 00

Any other variety, I. E. Coburn, Favorite, 3 00

Second, I. E. Goburn, Puritan 2 00

Third, J. G. Coolidge, Perfection, 1 00

Egg Plant. — Four Round Purple, J. G. Coolidge, . . , . 3 00

Second, George Hill, 2 00

Gratuities: —
Joseph S. Fay, Bird's Cantelope Melon,
J. G. Coolidge, Pekin Egg Plant,
John Fillebrown, Collection,
C. E. Grant, "

C. E. Tuttle,

C. N. Brackett, "

Samuel Hartwell, "

1 00

August 13.

Greenflesh Melons. — Four, Warren Heustis & Son,

Second, Samuel Rodden, ....
Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears, J. G. Coolidge, .

Second, C. E. Grant, ....

Third, C. N. Brackett, ....
Egg Plant. — Four Round Purple, J. G. Coolidge,

Second, Samuel Rodden, ....

3 00

2 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

2 00
1 00

Gratuities: —
John Fillebrown, Collection,
C. N. Brackett, •'

C. E. Grant,

2 00
2 00
2 00

August 20.

Potatoes. — Twelve of any variety, I. E. Coburn, .

Second, C. B. Lancaster, .....

Third, C. N. Brackett,

Sweet Melons — Four of any variety, George Hill,

Second, Warren Heustis & Son,

Third, Samuel Hartwell,

Beans. — Two quarts of Large Lima, Benjamin G. Smith

Second, C. N. Brackett,

Third, C. E. Grant,

Two quarts of Goddard, C. N. Brackett,
Peppers. — Twelve, C. N. Brackett, Squash, .

Second, C. N. Brackett, Queen,

Third, C. Terry, Squash,

1 00

330

MASSACHUSETTS IIORTICULTUUAL SOCIETY.

Gratuities: —

C. N. Bracket:, Collection, 82 00

C. E. Grant, " 2 00

Samuel Ilartwell, " 1 CO

August 27.
Gkeenflesu Melons. — Four, Samuel Ilartwell,
Peppers. — Twelve, C. N Brackett, Squash,

Second, C. N. Brackett, Queen,

Third, Josiah Crosby, .....

Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard,

Second, C. N. Brackett

Third, C. E. Grant,

Gratuities: —
L. W. Weston, Sweet Corn,
C. N. Brackett, Collection,
C. E. Grant, "

Samuel Ilartwell, "

M. W. Chadbourne, "
John Fillebrown, "

September 3.
Cabbages. — Three of any variety, C. N. Brackett,

Second, O. R. Robbins,
Celery. — Four roots, C. A. Learned,

Second, H. T. Reynolds, Henderson's,

Third, " " White Plume,

Beans. — Two quarts of Large Lima, Benjamin G. Smith

Second, C. N. Brackett, .

Third, C. E. Grant

Peppers. — Twelve, C. N. Brackett, Squash,

Second, C. N. Brackett, Queen,

Third, C. Terry, ....

Gratuities: —
Samuel Ilartwell,
C. E. Grant,
C. N. Brackett,

Collection,

3

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

3 00

2

00

3

00

2 00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3 00

2

00

1

00

2

00

2

00

2

00

ANNUAL EXHIBITION.

September 13, 14, 15, and 16.
Special Prizes.
Cadliflowbrs. — W. W. Rawson, ....
Second, A. M. Teel,

G 00
4 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES. 331

Celery. — Four roots, C. A. Learned, . . . . . . $7 50

Second, W. W. Rawson, 7 50

Regular Po-izes.

Beets.— Twelve Turnip Rooted, W. W. Rawson, . . . . 3 00

Second, J. G. Coolidge, . . . . . . . . 2 00

Third, George F. Stone, • . . 1 CO

Caerots. — Twelve Intermediate, W. W. Rawson, . . . . 3 CO

Second, Mrs. Mary T. Goddard, 2 00

Third, John Fillebrown, 1 00

Parsnips. — Twelve Long, W. W. Rawson, 3 00

Second, C. A. Learned, 2 00

Potatoes. — Four varieties, twelve specimens of each, Mrs. M. T.

Goddard, 5 00

Second. H. B. Watts, 4 00

Third, Joseph Brierly, 3 00

Twelve Clark, Mrs. M. T. Goddard 3 00

Second, C. B. Lancaster, 2 00

Third, M. B. Faxon, 1 00

Hebron, H. B. Watts, 3 00

Second, Mrs M. T. Goddard, 2 00

Third, C. B. Lancaster, 1 00

Rose, C. B. Lancaster, ......... 3 00

Second, C. D. Tuttle, 2 00

Third, M. B. Faxon, 1 00

Savoy, Mrs. M. T. Goddard, 3 00

Second, C. B. Lancaster 2 00

Third, M. B. Faxon, 1 00

Any other variety, Mrs. M. T. Goddard, White Star, . . . 3 00

Second, " " " Charles Downing, . . 2 00

Third, " " " Peach Blow, . . . 1 00

Salsify.— Twelve roots, C. F. Curtis, 3 00

Second, M. W. Chadbourne, 2 00

Third, Benjamin G. Smith, 1 00

Turnips.- Twelve Flat, George F. Stone, 3 00

Twelve Swedish, R. A. Lovering, 3 00

Onions. — Twelve Danvers, George Hill, . . ... . . 3 00

Second, J. J. H. Gregory, 2 00

Third, C. A. Learned, 1 00

Portugal, George Hill, 3 00

Red, J. J. H. Gregory, 3 00

. Second, George Hill, 2 00

Greenflesh Melons. — Four, G. E. Sanderson, . . . . 3 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell, ....... 2 00

Third, Warren Heustis & Son, 1 00

Watermelons. — Pair, C. E. Grant, 3 00

Second, C. N. Brackett, 2 00

332 MASSACHUSETTS HOUTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Thir.l, Samuel Ilartwell, $1 00

SyiiAsnES — P^ur Canada. Mrs. M. T. Goddard, . . . . 3 00

Second, Josiah Pratt, 2 00

Tliird, George Hill 1 00

Hubbard, W. W. Kawson, 3 00

Second, George Hill, 2 00

Third, John Fillehrown, 1 00

Marblehoad, P. G. Hanson, 3 00

Second, R. A. Lovering, 2 GO

Third, George Hill, 1 0'>

Marrow, P. G. Hanson, ........ 3 00

Second, W. W. Rawson, 2 00

Tliird, R. A. Lovering, • . . 1 00

Turban, P. G. Hanson, 3 00

Second, L. P. Weston, . 2 00

Third, R. A. Lovering, 1 00

Cabbages. — Three Drumhead, C. B. Lancaster, . . . . 3 00

Second, C. N. Brackett, 2 00

Third, Samuel Hartwell, 1 00

Red, Samuel Hartwell, 8 00

Second, C. N. Brackett 2 00

Savoy, Samuel Hartwell, 3 00

Second, C. N. Brackett, 2 00

Third, C. B. Lancaster, 1 00

Cauliflowkks. — Four, A. M. Teel, 3 00

Second, W. W. Rawson, 2 00

Third, L. W. Weston, 1 00

Celert. — Four roots of Boston Market, C. A. Learned, . . . 5 00

Second, W. W. Rawson, 4 00

Third, Josiah Crosby, 3 00

Any other variety, C. A. Learned, Arlington, . . . 6 00

Second, W. W. Rawson, Arlington, 4 00

Tliird, Joseph Brierly, White Plume, 8 00

HoRSEHADisii. — Six roots, W. W. Rawson, . . , . 3 00

Second, C. A. Learned, ........ 2 00

Third, John Fillebrown, 1 00

Beans — Two quarts of Large Lima, C. N. Brackett, . . . 3 00

Second, Benjamin G. Smith, 2 00

Third, C. E. Grant, 1 00

Corn. — Twelve ears of Sweet, O. R. Robbins, . . . 3 00

Second, George W. Jameson 2 00

Third, C. E. Grant, 1 00

Yellow or Field, twenty-five ears, traced, Mrs. M. T. Goddard, . 3 00

Eoo Plants. — Four Round Purple, J. G. Coolidge, . . . 3 00

Second, George Hill, 2 00

Third, C. A. Learned, 1 00

Tomatoes. — Three varieties, twelte each, L E. Coburn, . 5 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIRS FOR VKGETABLRS.

333

Second, C. N. Brackett,

Third, George Hill, .
Twelve Acme, C. N. Brackett,

Second, Joseph Brierly,

Third, J. G. Coolidge,
Emery, I. E. Coburn, .

Second, George Hill, .

Third, C. N. Brackett,
Paragon, George E. Sanderson,

Second, George F. Stone,

Third, George Hill, .
Cardinal, C. N. Brackett,

Second, George F. Stone,

Third, George Hill, .
Any other variety, I. E. Coburn, Favorite,

Second, R. A. Lovering, Livingstcfn,

Third, George E. SandersDn, Livingston,
Martynias. — Twenty-four, M. W. Chadbourne,
Peppers. — Twenty-four, C. N. Brackett, Squash,

Second, " " Queen,

Third, " " Ruby King

Gratuities: —

W. W. Rawson, Collection,

Oak Grove Farm, " . . . . .

C. A. Learned, " . . . . .

John Fillebrown, " . . . . .

Samuel Hartwell, "

C. N. Brackett, ♦'

C. E. Grant, "

P. G. Hanson, "

W. W. Rawson, Hybrid Squashes, .

George Hill, Squashes,

J. G. Coolidge,

William Richardson, "

M. W. Chadbourne, "

F. D. Barker, "

J. J. H. Gregory, Collection of Beans,

C. Terry, Watermelons, .

C. H. Brackett, Mushrooms,

of Squashes,

October L
Salsify. — Twelve roots, Charles F. Curtis,

Second, Benjamin G. Smith,

Third, M. W. Chadbourne,
Squashes. — Three Hubbard, W. W. Rawson,

Second, Samuel Hartwell, .

$4

00

3

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

UO

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

8

00

5

00

4

00

3

00

3

00

3 00

2

00

3

00

1

00

2

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

8 GO

334 MASSACHUSETTS HOIiTICULTURAL SOCIETV.

Marrow. — W. \V. Rawson $3 00

Cabbages — Three Drumhead, C. N. Brackett 3 00

Second, Samuel Ilartwell, 2 00

Third, C. B. Lancaster, 1 00

Three Red, Samuel Hartwell, 3 00

Second, C. N. Brackett, 2 00

Three Savoy, Samuel Hartwell, 3 00

Second, C. N, Brackett, 2 00

Third, C. B. Lancaster, 1 00

Cauliflowers. —Four, W. H. Teel 4 00

Second, A. M. Knowlton, 3 CO

Third, Samuel Hartwell, 2 00

Celery. — Four roots Boston Market, W. W. Rawson, . . . 4 00

Second, Josiah Crosby, 3 00

Any other variety, W. W. Rawson, Arlington, . • . . 4 00

Second, C. A. Learned, Arlington 3 00

Third, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, White Plume, . . . . 2 00

Gratuities: —

C. A. Learned, Horseradish, 1 00

M. W. Chadbourne, Sweet Corn, 1 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Beans, 1 00

Benjamin G. Smith, Lima Beans, 1 00

I. E. Coburn, Collection of Tomatoes, 2 00

C. N. Brackett, Collection, • . 4 00

C. E. Grant, " 2 00

Samuel Hartwell, " 2 00

CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW.

November 9, 10, and 11

Onions.— Twelve Danvers, W. H. Teel, $3 00

Second, P. G. Hanson, 2 00

Third, H. A. Lovcring 1 00

Cucumbers. — Pair, C. H. Brackett, Brighton, . . . . 3 00

Second, " " New Variety, . . . . 2 00

Third, " " White Spine, . . . . 1 00

Cabbages.— Three Red, C. N. Brackett, 3 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell, • 2 00

Savoy, Samuel Hartwell, 3 03

Second, C. N. Brackett, 2 00

Brussels Sprouts. — Half-peck, Mrs. M. T. Goddard, . . . 3 00

Second, Charles F. Curtis, 2 00

Cauliflowers. — Four, A. M. Knowlton 3 00

Second, W. H. Teel, 2 00

Tliird, George E. Sanderson, 1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES. 335

Celery. — Four roots, W. W. Kawson, Arlington, . , . . f 3 00

Second, C A. Learned, Arlington, . . . . . . 2 00

Third, W. W. Rawson, Boston Market, 1 00

Endive. — Four heads, M. W. Chadbourne 3 00

Gratuities: —

W. W. Rawson, Lettuce and Horseradish, . . . . . 2 00

George F. Stone, Lettuce, 1 00

A. S. Mcintosh, Artichokes, ........ 1 00

Mrs M. T. Goddard, Celery, 1 00

R. A. Lovering, Collection, 5 00

P. G. Hanson, " 5 00

Samuel Hartwell, '• 1 00

November 26.
Gratuity: —

W. W. Rawson, Lettuce, 1 00

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON GARDENS,

FOR THE YEAR 1887.

By JOHN G. BARKER, Ciiaiuman.

It again becomes our duty to present a report of our doings for
the past season. The only application for an}- of the premiums was
from Warren Heustis & Son, who entered their Market Strawberry
Garden, which your Committee, with other invited guests, visited
June 25. This garden was three-fourths of an acre in size, half
an acre being old beds worked over, and the other one- fourth
of an acre being new ground. The leading variety was the Bel-
mont. The season was unusually short, the latter part being very
hot, so as to bring it to a close quite suddenly, and Mr. Heustis
estimates on that account a loss of at least 1000 baskets. As it was
there were sold 3687 baskets, and what was used in the family
and given away would add at least 300 more, making a total of
3987 baskets, or in round numbers 4000 baskets. Those sold
brought a very satisf actor}' price. Mr. Heustis considers the
past season not a good one for any kind of fruit, and says that
strawberries suffered as much as any fruit, and that theirs were
never poorer.

On page 346, Part II, of our Transactions for 1886, will be
found a report on Mr. Heustis's grounds, especially on the straw-
berries, and our visit this season fully sustains what was then said.
For the last three 3'ears Mr. Heustis has grown scarcely any other
kind than the Belmont. Last year 3000 Jewells were planted,
and there are but few more than that number now, as they have
made scarcely any runners, but what they did make are looking

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 337

well. There were also planted some Cumberland, Jersey Queen,
and Bay State, this last named, a seedling, raised by Mr. Heustis ;
but of this he does not feel justified in saying much at present.
There were many other seedlings from the Jewell and Belmont,
none of which have yet fruited enough for one to form any opinion
of their merits, but another season may prove what they are. Mr.
Heustis says that in raising seedling strawberries if he gets one
good one out of two hundred he thinks that well worth trying for,
and the Committee believe that in the future he will place upon our
tables the proofs of his success as he has done in the past.

In addition to strawberry culture, Mr. Heustis, as is well known
to most of us, has given attention to the cultivation of the Rose.
The collection contains about 800 plants of the leading Hybrid
Perpetual varieties, which have been planted from one to eight
years. They are in beds 200 feet long by 12 feet wide, the rows
running across the beds, each row being of a different variety.
In most cases five of each have been planted, but in some, more
than that number, the selection being from the best known kinds
in cultivation. Those which were planted eight years ago were
never more vigorous than at the present time. The plants were
all budded and undoubtedly most of them have rooted above the
bud, adding greatly to the strength of the plant. The fine display
of flowers was ample proof of the high state of cultivation bestowed
upon them, and greatly increased the pleasure of our visit.

The Committee award to Messrs. Heustis the First Prize of $30
for the best Market Strawberry Garden.

Wellesley, the Residence of H. H. Hunnewell.

Although not invited in an official capacity, your Committee
enjoyed the pleasure of a visit, with other gentlemen, to this
charming estate when the Rhododendrons and Azaleas were in
their greatest glory. To prepare a detailed description of this
elegant estate is a task not easily performed. The great progress
made from year to yeaj and the added beauty of the place
as the trees and shrubs advance in size must be seen to be
appreciated. The Rhododendrons form one of the greatest attrac-
tions of the place, and the interest Mr. Hunnewell has taken in
their culture is a sufficient guarantee that the collection is one of
the choicest, if not the very best on this side of the Atlantic. In
7

338 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the various groups there are thousands of plants among which
are many single specimens measuring fully ten feet in iliaraeter.
Their beaut\' can only be appreciated b}' seeing them ; indeed, those
who have never seen them can hardly imagine the gorgeous effect
produced by the massing of these immense banks of flowers, and no
description can do them justice. In color we see the pale blush,
shaded purple, rosy crimson, pink, bright rose, delicate pale rose,
deep crimson, deep scarlet, pinkish lilac, white, shaded lilac, car-
mine, — in fact nearly every conceivable color from a pure white
to a deep, rich crimson. Of half hardy kinds, — that is, those
that are housed in winter, there are about two hundred named
varieties, both standards and dwarfs, a few of which are ten feet
high and as much in diameter. These large plants require four
men to lift them, so that the labor of moving them twice a year is
very great, and spacious pits are required to store them in during
the winter. Mr. Harris informed us that he makes a point of
thoroughly soaking the roots of every tree before it is housed, and
after all are planted in the pits they are well watered again, and
get no more water until set in the open ground in April.

The rhododendron tent contains 9672 square feet and- is 25 feet
high at the apex. It is neatly and tastefully laid out in beds and
borders, and in the centre is a spiral staircase with a platform at
the top ten or fifteen feet from the ground, where a fine view of
all the plants is obtained, giving an effect produced in no other
way than by looking down on the plants. The splendid standard
specimens which were so very attractive and admired by ever}'
one, were :

Onsloiviunum, a delicate waxy blush, with a yellow eye ; very
distinct.

Bardayanum, deep rosy crimson ; a fine late blooming kind.

Scipio, rose, with a fine deep spot.

W. E. Gladstone, pink, fine truss.

Purity, white, with a faint yellow eye ; very show}'.

Mrs. Arthur Ilunnewell, iymk,yf[th primrose centre ; very pleasing.

iSirJosejih Whitworth, rich dark lake, spotted.

Duchess of Edinburgh, bright orange scarlet ; very effective.

In a letter to the Chairman of the Committee, Mr. David Smith
pf the Old Scotch Rose Nurseries, Stranraer, Scotland, says : "I
called on Mr. Harris at Wellcsley, and saw the large collection of
rhododendrons, which is quite equal to any private collection I

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 339

have seen at home, where the facilities for growing them are
greater."

We found a great variety of climbers growing on the posts sup-
porting the tent ; several kinds of clematis were particularly
noticeable and showy, and added much to the attractiveness of the
tent.

Hardy Azaleas receive a large share of attention. Their beauty
during the early spring season is greater than can be imagined.
The profuseness of the blossoms and the brilliancy of their color,
with not unfrequently a delicate and agreeable fragrance, give
them qualifications of great importance for more general cultiva-
tion. Of all the hardy flowering shrubs where can be found such a
variety of color — pink of almost every shade, scarlet, yellow,
orange, and white? Many of the specimens at Wellesley were
splendid large plants, showing a mass of bloom and each forming
an exhibition of itself. In this connection we must not fail to
mention the Azalea mollis, a recent introduction from Japan, the
flowers of which are very large, and vary in color from primrose
to red. They are very attractive and beautiful, profuse bloomers,
and are so highly prized for their forcing qualities that it would
be hardly possible to say too much in their favor.

The Azalea tent was a very attractive feature ; it is of circular
form and seventy-five feet in diameter. Here we saw some of the
most magnificent specimens of Indian Azaleas ever known. Some
of the plants are twenty-five years old and six or seven feet
through, and the collection contains the best known varieties.
New ones have been added from time to time until it now contains
about one hundred varieties. In the centre of this tent fine speci-
mens of palms were arranged, plunged in the grass, as were also
the Azaleas, the latter being arranged in groups around the sides.
Intermingled with the Indian Azaleas were some plants of Azalea
mollis with yellow flowers of a very striking appearance, which
enlivened the groups very much. As in the rhododendron tent a
variety of climbing plants grew on the pillars. It would be
an endless task to attempt any detailed account of the different
plants in this collection, but it is not too much to say that the dis-
play is unequalled on this side of the Atlantic, as the thousands
who every year come from far and near can testify.

It will be interesting to many to know how the plants are treated.
We enjoyed a visit to Wellesley the early part of December and

340 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

found these plants stored in a pit about sixty feet square under
the stable. In the same pit were Ivies, Arauearias, Ehyjichosper-
mum jasminokles, and the more tender varieties of Rhododen-
drons, such asDalhousianum, Sesterianum, Gibsoni, Princess Alice,
Mrs. J. Shaw, and others. These with the Azaleas are removed
from the pit to the fruit houses about the 20th of April, and when
in bloom removed to the tent. While in the pit only enough heat
is given to prevent dampness, and the watering is carefully looked
after about once a week.

The Italian garden is the most striking feature in the grounds.
In the eighth edition of Downing's "Landscape Gardening," enlarged
and revised by Henry Winthrop Sargent, Esq., at page 444, is an
account of this garden, in which we are informed that it is the most
successful, if not the only one, as yet, in the country. The descrip-
tion is illustrated by a plate, showing the balustrade with the steps
leading down to the garden, and many fine specimens of topiary work,
with a view of the lake beyond ; and as we imagine the fine build-
ings of Wellesley College located on the other side of the lake, a
scene of unequalled beauty is before us. The trees used for the
topiary v^^ork comprise White Pines 35 feet high trimmed in tiers,
others umbrella shaped, and many fine Norway Spruces 12 feet
high in a variety of forms, and some perfect specimens 25 feet
high. The P'uropean Larch is also quite a feature, yielding to the
knife as readily as evergreens, and when starting into growth is
very beautiful. Hemlocks, Arborvitais, Junipers, and Retinos-
poras, with a few deciduous trees such as Beeches, Birches, Maples,
etc., make up the whole. The number of trees under the shears
is 260. There are also two large clumps of Jietinospora j)isifera
avrea containing 50 plants each, trimmed so as to make a compact
mass 10 feet in width, and two circular beds each with Purple
Birch in the centre, and a carpet underneath 8 feet wide of Euony-
mus radicans variegata clipped close ; also a bed of ArborvitiB in
the centre, with Euonymus 7 feet across, and a mass of Hemlock
with Purple Beech in the centre 10 feet high. The effect of this
is very beautiful.

The great bank of Hemlocks 200 feet in length and 12 feet in
width was originally planted in two rows about three feet apart, in
order to form a dense mass. This has been accomplished to per-
fection, and at equal distances cones were raised and time has
developed them so that they are now nearly ten feet above the

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 341

base. There are ten of these. While one can perhaps get some
idea of the beauty of the garden from this report, no description
can do it justice. It is the same with this as with the other features
already described, — to be appreciated they must be seen.

Perhaps you have all noticed the extensive lawn and admired
its breadth and seemingly perfect order ; but Mr. Hunnewell, being
pleased with nothing but the best, two years ago trenched the
entire lawn, covering a space of nearly eight acres, about eighteen
inches deep, at a large expense, and it is anticipated that another
year a beautiful sward, with a fine,, smooth surface, will be the
result.

The Pinetum is now attracting a great deal of attention, and
much interest is manifested in the elegant specimens there found.
In the Report of the Garden Committee for 1874 the height of
some of the rarest specimens was given, and, in order that some
idea may be formed of the advance in the size of the trees, we
here repeat that table with the addition of the present height :

1874.

1887.

Abies Albertiana,

10 feet.

15 feet

" Douglasii,

8

((

25 "

" orientalis,

20

((

25 "

Larix Kcempferi,

8

((

25 ."

" leptolepis,

25

n

50 "

Picea Cephalonica,

20

((

35 "

" grandis,

11

((

18 "

" lasiocarpa,

6

((

15 "

' ' Nordmanniana ,

20

((

30 "

" Pichta,

25

((

30 "

Pinus Koraiensis,

10

u

18 "

" Massoniana,

10

((

18 "

Retinospora JiUfera,

4

" 6 in. 12 "

" obtusa,

13

((

20 "

'♦ " aurea.

6

(I

8 "

" pisifera,

8

((

14 "

" " aurea,

9

" 6 ir

I. 15 "

" plumosa,

7

((

12 '

TJmja pendula.

9

ti

14 «'

Thujopsis dolabrattti

4

a

7 "

342 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Our attentiou was directed to a splendid specimen of Abies
2)unijens, 18 feet high, wbicli is probably the finest in the New
•■ England States. It is of great beauty, and its light blue foliage,
compact habit, and hardy character make it invaluable.

Abies Dovglasii, now 25 feet high, was grown from seed on the
place. Like the Norway Spruce, it varies in form, some speci-
mens growing erect while the others are of a drooping habit.

Picea (Abies) Cephalonica is 35 feet high. This beautiful fir is
a native of Mount Enos, the highest mountain of Cephalonia.
Its foliage is dark green, unique looking, standing out like minia-
ture bayonets.

Abies Parsonsi is 20 feet in height.

Abies concolor, Veitch's variety, which is more glaucous than
A. pungens, and by many is thought to be decidedly handsomer, is
described by Engelmann as forming a tall tree on the mountains
in New Mexico, and somewhat resembles A. grandis in foliage.

Having thus taken a glance at the grounds, we will call atten-
tion to some of the plants seen in the houses. You all know that
December is a poor month to look for much beauty in a green-
house, but we found much to interest us. The first plant that
attracted attention on entering was a splendid specimen of Lcelia
albida. The flowers were very large ; the sepals and petals are
pure white with a fine pink lip ; and this superb specimen was
grown in a basket two feet by one foot six inches. It is a beauti-
ful winter blooming orchid.

Cypripedium insigne Maulii is a variety of insigne in which the
upper petals are whiter and the whole flower appears better in
color than the type.

Cypripedium Spicerianuni, a beautiful species of the group to
which C. insigne belongs, may be found figured in the Botanical
Magazine, Vol. lOG, plate G490.

Cypripedium Dominiamim is a cross between C. caricinam and
C. caudatum; spike three flowered; petals greenish yellow, very
long ; lip purple, green, and yellow. This is a welcome addition
to this interesting class of orchids.

Cypripedium Harrisonii. — This splendid variety is a cross
between C. villosum and C- barbatiim^ combining all the good
qualities of both, and is considered one of the very liest.

Dendrobium Dearei. — One of the features of this charming
Dendrobe is the fact that it lasts so long a lime in l)loum. Mr.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 343

Harris says it will stay in bloom for ten weeks. The Dendrobes
are all very beautiful, and there are in the collection 400 or 500
plants in twenty or thirty varieties.

Calanthe Veitcliii is one of the most beautiful of deciduous
orchids. There were many fine specimens, and one in particular
is worthy of mention, having six spikes of bloom, each spike aver-
aging thirty flowers, which are of a deep rose color.

Calanthe lutea oculata is a very pretty variety.

Phalcenopsis grandijlora and P. amabiUs. The latter has been
called the " Queen of Orchids." P. Schilleriana is a magnificent
species. These plants were in perfect health. The foliage itself
is really beautiful, especially that of Schilleriana. The flowers
are all very handsome, and continue a long time in perfection,
which qualit}^ makes them of more than ordinary value.

Of Cattleyas, about 500 plants are grown in twenty or thirty
varieties. The most noticeable are Mossioi, and its varieties,
amethystoglossa, crispa, Triance, and Warnerii. Cattleyas are
justly ranked amongst the finest orchids. The flowers are large
and elegant, and scarcely surpassed by any genus in brilliant
richness and great depth of color, and those who visited Welles-
ley last spring undoubtedly remember the beautiful display in the
conservatory.

Three fine specimens of Coelogyne cristata have attracted our
attention more than once ; these are grown in pans twenty inches
in diameter. This is a magnificent dwarf evergreen species, the
flowers being produced from the bottom of the bulb, on a droop-
ing spike, six or eight together. The color is pure white, with a
blotch of yellow on the lip.

There are also about 500 plants of Odontoglossum. We have
mentioned only a few of the larger specimens that attracted our
notice. There are many hundred plants of the choicest varieties,
selected with the greatest care, and all in the very best state of
cultivation.

Foliage plants have always received a large share of attention,
and the fine displays made at our exhibitions are well remembered
by you all. Particularly attractive were the Dracaenas. These
handsome plants are deservedly very popular. Some can be used
to advantage in the sub-tropical garden, and as house plants they
are much to be desired ; but for greenhouse and stove decoration
we never saw any that equalled the superb specimens grown at

344 MASSACHUSETTS IIOKTICULTUUAL SOCIETY.

Wellesley. In addition to the finest named varieties, there were
seedlings raised b}' Mr. Harris, than which there were none better,
rarticularl}- noticeable were superb specimens of "Wellesleyana,
Bella and AVaban.

The Crotons were in splendid condition, and growing in the
same house with the Dracaenas. The combination displayed a
richness of foliage unequalled in any other arrangement of fine
foliage plants. The following were among the very best : Evans-
iaims, Williamsii, Johannis, and Queen Victoria.

Sphcerogyne latifolia was another elegant foliage plant, described
by B. S. Williams as follows: " The stem and leafstalks of this
magnificent species are clothed with rough, light brown, reversed
hairs. The leaves are opposite, a foot or more in length, ovate,
and of a beautiful, rich, dark, olive-green in color on the upper sur-
face, the under side being dull red. No collection of ornamental
plants should lack this superb and elegant species. It is a natire
of Costa Rica."

Marantas were also noticed in splendid order. Their beautiful
variegated foliage makes them well adapted for ornamental and
decorative purposes in the stove and conservatory.

Tree Ferns. An elegant specimen of Cyathea dealhata^ with
some of the fronds eight feet long and in splendid condition, was
much admired.

Cibotium regale was another elegant specimen, the fronds
spreading twenty feet. The graceful habit and distinct appear-
ance of tree ferns render them singularly beautiful and peculiarly
adapted for conservatory and other decorative purposes.

Palms. Areca lutescens was a very beautiful specimen.

Areca Verschaffeltii.

Kentia Fosteriana.

Licuala Quadichaudii.

Phoenix redinata is an elegant greenhouse palm.

Phoenix rupicola is said to be the most beautiful species of the
whole genus.

Stevensonia Sechellarum.

Sabal umhraculifera was very fine, with fronds seven feet in
diameter.

It would be diflicult to find any class of plants better adapted
for all kinds of decorative work than the palms. The dinner
table, the window, the staircase, the church, the conservatory, the

REPORT or THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 345

lawn, the shady nook, and the flower garden^ all seem to give them a
welcome, and they alwa^'s add grace and beauty to whatever place
the}' occup3'. The elegant specimens seen here verify this statement.

We noticed several fine specimen plants of Opuntias ten feet
high, and also a variegated form. These large plants were, last
summer, in the centre of an ornamental bed.

In one of the houses we were delighted at the sight of an old
friend, Bignonia venusta, a magnificent specimen of which had on
it scores of streamers of flowers four or five feet long. This
plant was grown in a border not more than three feet by two, and
the stem of the plant at the base was at least eight inches through.
In pruning, it is cut, very much like a grape vine, to two eyes, in
the month of May, and lasts fully six weeks in bloom.

On the opposite side of the house was another superb green-
house climber, which follows the Bignonia in flowering, — the
Bougainvillea spectabilis. When growing, Mr. Harris says, you
cannot give it too much water, but the roots must be kept within
bounds. This also is pruned after flowering, the same as a grape
vine. These splendid greenhouse climbers should have a place
wherever one can be given them.

In one of the storage pits were fifty elegant specimen plants of
Holly, also Portugal Laurels, Yews, Euonymus, Gryptomeria
Japonica^ etc. We were informed that no harm would come to
these plants if the mercury fell ten degrees below the freezing
point, but cold winds must be kept out. There are three Rhodo-
dendron pits, eighty feet long by sixteen wide, in which 700 or
800 plants are stored.

In the rear of the Peach house a new house has been built.
This is a cool house, and here were Orange plants, Acacias,
Euonymus, Lapageria rosea, L. alba, and scores of other plants
adapted to cool house culture.

The cool orchids are in a part of this house, being separated by
a glass partition. These houses are constructed unlike most
greenhouses, nothing being used that can rot. The walks and
benches are all made of cement, the benches being supported by
iron standards at the edges of the walks, with flat pieces attached
to them at regular intervals, and running to the wall ; this is all
the support that is needed. To make these benches, a broad
framework is made and placed where the under side of the bench
will be, and cement of the desired thickness is laid on this frame-
work, which remains three or four days that the cement may

346 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

thoroughly harden. This makes complete benches which no
amount of dampness can affect. In the cool orchid house a
cement tank, three and a half feet wide and live or six inches
deep, runs the entire length of the front bench. This is kept filled
with water, and is so arranged that it can easily be drained off, and
fresh water can be supplied whenever needed. Everything is
thoroughly done, and glass and iron in the roof, and' cement walls,
benches, and walks form a clean, substantial house.

There are in all thirteen houses, besides many outside pits and
frames devoted to the various uses required for the successful car-
rying on of this beautiful and well managed place. We must not
forget to mention that the crop of peaches and nectarines in the
long ranges of glass (300 feet by IG) were as usual very fine and
of 8upe:b quality.

Much might properly be added to this brief glimpse of Mr.
Hunnewell's !)e:iutiful estate. The superl)ly arranged flower gar-
den, admired b}' all, unique and beautiful of itself, deserves more
than a brief mention, and perhaps we may be enabled to make
special note of it another season. It is only justice to sa}' that
the entire place was in the l)est possible condition, and all that
skill and art could do was here shown. To give a detailed de-
scription of the perfect beauty of the whole requires more ability,
time, and space than your Chairman can command. We can do
no less, however, than to extend to Mr. Hunnewell our hearty
thanks for the kind reception we all enjoyed, and for his
unbounded liberality in throwing open to the public his elegant
grounds, the beneficial influence of which on the thousands who
every year enjoy their beauty cannot be estimated. Our thanks
are also due and heartily extended to Mr. Harris, who is always
ready to give any information at his command, and to whom we
are indebted for the facts, so freely given, which help to make up
this report. We take pleasure in adding a letter from Mr. Hunne-
well, which we arc sure will be read with great interest by all.

Ap[)rovcd by the Committee, January 7, 1888.

John G. Hakkku,

J. H. W()()i)i-()Ki),

E. W. Wood, , ^ ,

/^, AT T) V Garden

C. N. liKACKKTT, ) ^ ...

C iiAKi.Ks W. Ross, 1
Hkn.iamin (J. SMrrii, j
Heniiy W. Wilson, /

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE OS GARDENS. 347

Mr. Hunnewell's Letter.

Wellesley, November 27, 1887.
Mr. John G. Barker:
Dear Sir :

With special reference to our conifers, to the cultivation of which
I have for mauy years given a good deal of attention, I hope my
experience may be of some practical benefit to the public. It may
possibly induce them to plant more of this class of ornamental
trees, and an inspection of my collection may enable them to do
so without the trouble and expense of testing the many different
varieties, some of which I have found are not hardy in our severe
climate. We have in our Pinetum, besides those scattered about
in different parts of the place, over one hundred specimens of
choice and rare evergreens, collected from all parts of the world,
which have been planted from ten to twenty-five years, and a suffi-
cient distance apart to allow the trees to grow and develop to full
size without crowding each other. Most of them are now so large
that they can be seen to the best advantage, and an idea can be
obtained of the special characteristics of each variety. I have
intended to give them good cultivation, and they are in a very
healthy condition, but most of them were planted on what would
be called a very poor gravelh' soil, and though I have of late years
improved its character essentially, still it rs not, even now, of first
quality, or the trees would show a much greater growth.

There is of course great uncertainty attending the introduction
of foreign trees, but I have found that this question of hardiness
ought not to be decided hastily, for I have frequently despaired of
success, but have persevered, and after several importations have
been finally rewarded with most satisfactory results.

Our trees have now been planted so many years, and have
thriven so admirably, that there can surely be no doubt that with
ordinar}^ care they are perfectly hardy, and well adapted to our
severe and trying climate ; and any one who takes an interest in
. the matter can satisfy himself on this point by a personal inspec-
tion of our trees.

The Picea Nordmanniana is seen occasionally in this neighbor-
hood, and we have a dozen or more fine specimens, thirt}' feet
higb, on the place. It comes from the Crimean mountains, and is

348 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

certaiuly a very beautiful tree, attaining, it is said, a height of one
hundred feet, and will no doubt soon be more generally planted in
this country.

I think favorably of the Japanese Rctinosporas, which are
charming trees, especially for moderate sized places, as they do
not grow to a great height. The Spruces and Pines are likewise
ver3' desirable, being perfectly hardy and well adapted to our
climate.

Abies polita, A. brachyphylla, and A. Alcoquiana are great
acquisitions, especially the last, which is a grand tree and looks
as if it would hold its beauty to a great age. The Umbrella Pine
and Pinus Koraiensis must be great favorites and largely planted
before many years, the latter retaining its foliage three years, a
great advantage over our White Pine.

Truly 3-ours,

H. H. HUNNEWELL.

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE OF ARRANGEMENTS FOR 1887.

The reports of the Chairmen of the various Committees of the
Society, anticipate so much that might be said by this Committee,
and cover the work of the Society for the past year so thoroughly,
that there remains little to be said, which will prove of value to
the records. The receipts from the large exhibitions of the year
1887, have fallen off in a slight degree from the total of 1886,
although the Chrysanthemum Show this 3'ear made a slightly
better showing as to receipts than in 1886. In detail the receipts
were as follows: Spring Exhibition, $1,213,55; Rose Show,
$306.55; Annual Exhibition, $1,023.00; Chrysanthemum Show,
$734.75. Total, $3,277.85, against the sum of $3,646.10 last
year.

The experiment of holding the Annual Exhibition in the
Mechanics' Building on the Back Bay, in conjunction with the
Exhibition of the American Pomological Society, was, so far as
the financial results are concerned, not as successful as it ought to
have been, and it served to demonstrate in part at least, that the
Society is fortunate in the present location of its building, which
is easy of access to those who wish to attend our exhibitions. It
would seem to be the future policy of the Society, to stimulate the
improvement of the quality of all exhibits rather than to seek to
enlarge the quantity of individual exhibits. The limited space at
our command, renders this an imperative consideration, and our
exhibitions will assuredly prove not only more attractive, but
instructive and beneficial to horticultural interests, if this line of
policy is adopted.

EDWARD L. BEARD,
Chairman Committee of Arrangements.

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON THE MEETING

OF THE

American Pomological Society.

The Committee appointed to receive and to provide for the
American Pomological Societ}' at its Twenty-first Session, in
Boston, in September last, make the following report:

Working in harmony with your Standing Committee of Arrange-
ments, provision was made so that the exhibitions of the Pomolo-
gical Societ}' and also its sessions should be held in the Mechanics'
Building in connection with the Annual Exhibition of this Society.

A goodly number of eminent horticulturists and scientific gen-
tlemen from all parts of the country and from the Dominion of
Canada were in attendance, and the papers which were read and
the discussions which followed were of decided interest. The
wide experience and thoughtful observation of such an intelligent
body of observers when thus brought to a focus, must prove to be
of great value. The volume of " Proceedings " of this Society will
be essential to every horticulturist who wishes to be abreast of the
discussions in the various departments of our art. Your Com-
mittee take. the liberty to urge upon the members of our Horticul-
tural Society that they also become members of the National
Societ}', and thus not only entitle themselves to its publications,
but contribute to the support of a most worthy and wldel}' useful
Society.

The exhibition of Fruits by the Pomological Societ}' was more
limited than was anticipated, owing to the comparative failure of
the fruit crop at the West. Yet it was of interest and afforded
points of comparison with our own products which were certainly

REPORT ON AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 351

encouraging. Special mention should be made of the many seed-
ling grapes, some of which were of decided interest, and also of
the remarkable collection of 165 varieties by the T. S. Hubbard
Compan}-, of Fredonia, N. Y., undoubtedly the largest number of
varieties ever brought together in this and perhaps in any country.
This was a rare opportunity for identification and the comparison
of merit. One gentleman from the West expressed himself as
amply repaid for his journey by this one exhibit of grapes.

By the courtes}- of the City of Boston, an excursion down the
harbor and a visit to the Public Institutions were enjoyed by the
Convention. Through the liberality of several members of our
Society, a banquet was given to the members of the Pomological
Society at the close of its session, which was largelj' attended by
the members of both Societies. Hearty expressions of union and
good cheer were given by our President and other distinguished
speakers, and the session closed with a prevalent feeling that the
bond of fraternal union had been strengthened.

William C. Strong, ^

Benjamin G. Smith, > Committee.

George W. Fowle, )

REPORT

OF THE

Committee on Window Gardening,

FOE THE YEAR 1887.

By Mrs. H. L. T. WOLCOTT, Chairman.

The Committee on Window Gardening, in submitting the list of
prizes awarded, desire to state that the success of the last year
was most encouraging. Parents and teachers became conscious
of new interests in homes through this simple organization.

The unavoidable necessity of detaining young children from
their homes for so long a part of the day, in bringing their plants
to the hall, and returning with them, became objectionable before
the end of the season.

After some dela}-, and in order to overcome other difficulties, halls
have been obtained through the cooperation of others (Mr. Nath-
aniel J. Bradlee, the Church of the Good Shepherd, and the North
End Industrial School). By this means we hope to enlist cordial
sympathy in the aims and work of the Committee, and eventually
to secure sectional Committees, who will take charge of the various
exhibitions, reporting always to the Committee on Window Gar-
dening, at Horticultural Hall, Tremont Street, Boston.

H. L. T. WoLCOTT, Chairman,

E. M. Gill,

L. P. Wkston, ) Committee.

8. W. Story,

M. B. Faxon, Secretary,

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR WINDOW
GARDENING.

June 4.

Gratuities: —
Alexander Phillips, Geranium,
Vera Gray,
Esther Lee,
Samuel Wellington,
Grace Witkins,
Sarah Witkins,
Florence Phillips,
Percy Phillips,
Ethel C. Brown, Fuchsia,
Mary Laffry, "

Annie Gray, "

Callie Gray, "

Thomas H. White, "
Mary Dowd, "

Maggie Phillips, "

Minnie Witkins, Heliotrope,
Nellie Moriarty, "

Everett Brooks, "

Jennie Murphy, German Ivy,
Mary Moriarty, English Ivy,
Annie Moriarty, " "
Abbie F. Brown, Fern,

.16
.15
.10
.10
.10
.10
.10
.10
.30
.20
.15
.16
.10
.10
.10
.06
.05
.06
.10
.05
.05
.16

July 2.

Rose. — Single plant in pot, the Second Prize to John Henrickson,
Fuchsia. — Single plant in pot, the Second Prize to Mary Degnan, .

Gratuities : —
Thomas Dowd, Rose,
Ethel 0. Brown, Geranium,
Sadie Foster,
Vera Gray,
Freddie Benway,
Clara Wellington,
Percy Phillips,
Josephine Mullen,
A. Phillips,

.50
.50

.26
.10
.10
.10
.10
.10
.05
.05
.05

354

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICILTUKAL SOCIETY.

F. B. I'liillips, Geranium, § .06

P. J. Degnan, " ........ .05

Abbie F. Brown, Fuchsia, .10

Annie Gray, *• ........ .10

Callie Gray, " 10

M. Phillips, " 10

Julia Ilenrickson, " ........ .05

Mary Dowd, " .05

A. F. Brown, " 05

Ethel C. Brown, " 05

Ethel C. Brown, Heliotrope, .10

Lizzie Dowd, " ........ .05

Abbie F, Brown, Oxalis, .10

Annie Moriarty, English Ivy, .10

Mary Moriarty, u «< .10

Abbie F. Brown, Tradescantia, .10

" '» Box of Mignonette, .10

Ethel C. Brown, " Sweet Alyssum, .10

July 9.

Native Flowers. — Collection of Native Cut Flowers, Walter E.

Coburn

The Tliird Prize to Walter E. Coburn,

1.25

August 6.
Heliotkope. — Single plant, the Second Prize to Mary Goodman,

.50

Oratuities: —
Thomas Dowd, Rose,
Michael Graham, Geranium,
Freddie Benway, "

Sadie Foster, "

Mary O'Hearn, "

Jennie Murphy, "

Maggie Kelly, "

Maria Kelly, "

Arthur Westerbury, Fuchsia,
Mary Dowd, "

Annie Moriarty, English Ivy,
Mary Moriarty, " "

Lizzie Kelly, " "

Edward Reynolds, " "
Eddie Westerbury, Heliotrope,
Lizzie Dowd, "

Mary Ann Garrity, "
J. Reynolds, "

.10
.20
.20
.20
.10
.10
.10
.10
.15
.15
.20
.15
.10
.10
.20
.10
.10
.10

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR WINDOW GARDENING. 355

September 3.
Gratuities: —

Annie Anderson, Geranium $ .20

Freddie Benway, " .20

" 20

15

15

15

15

15

15

16

20

.15

Isabella Wood, German Ivy, .20

Julia Kiordan, English Ivy, .15

Grace Witkins, "

Daniel Riordan, "

Joseph Haggerty, "

Lillie Witkins, "

Thomas Dowd, "

Lizzie Dowd, ♦'

Maggie Kelly, "

Maria Kelly, "
Thomas White, Fuchsia,

Mary Dowd, *'

Peter Haggerty,

Mary Moriarty,

Annie Moriarty,

Lizzie Kelly,

Bertha Pryor,

Mary Riordan, Heliotrope,

.20
.20
.20
.15
.15
.15

September 10.

Rose. — Single plant in pot, the Second Prize to Marguerite R
Harriman, .........

Geranium. — Single plant in pot, a Second Prize to Louisa Feyertag
Second Prize to Anna M. Severance,
" " Josie Speigel, .

" " Sarah Wilkins,

Third Prize to Emma Peterson,
" " John Stevens,

" " Bertha M. Pryor,

" " Peter Haggerty,

*' " Gertie Gunther,

" " Josephine Severance,

" " Sadie Foster, .

Heliotrope. — Single plant in pot, the First Prize to

Third Prize to Nannie Feyertag,
Fuchsia. — Single plant in pot, William Garren,
Second, Mamie Cotter, ....

Third, Annie Curley, ....

Mary Goodwin

Gratuities: —
John E. Henrickson, Rose,
Anselino Bianchi, "

Lillian B. Sportsman, "

.50
.50
.50
.50
.50
.25
.25
.25
.25
.25
.25
.25
.75
.25
.75
.50
.25

.15
.10
.05

35 ()

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Fretklic Bcnway, Geranium,
Mary Dolan, "

Annie Anderson, "

Josie Korke, "

Joseph Haggerty, "

George Bloom, "

Minnie Feyertag, "

Maggie Keniley, "

Patrick J. Degnan, "

Annie Denks, "

Grace Wilkins, "

James Roach, "

Julia Lanborguini, "

Laura Randolph, "

Mary Dowd, "

Lizzie Dowd, "

Thomas Dowd, "

Mary Garren, "

Daniel Riordan, "

Lino Gregori, "

Adele Gregori, "

Joseph Bianchi, "

Maria Kelly, "

Stanley Ward, Heliotrope,

Tony Favello, "

Joseph O. Severance, "

Mabel Gunther, "

Alice Keniley, "

Mary V. Cisco, "

Elio Gregori, "

Diago Bianchi, "
Thomas White, Fuchsia,

Arthur Westerbury, "

John Sullivan, "

Julia Ilenrickson, "

Mary Degnan, "

John Bianchi, "

Emma Gregori, "

Mary Riordan, "
Nellie Bloom, German Ivy,
Eliza Gregori, " "

Lillian B. Sportsman, Marigold,
Mary Severance, English Ivy,

Jolm Shanahan, " '

Mary Gunther, " "

Cliarles Tarello, " "

Helen Lane, " "

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR WINDOW GARDENING. 357

Peter Haggerty, English Ivy, $ .15

Madaline McHallan, «< " _j5

Ida Feyertag, << << jg

Leopold Maurer, << <« _jg

Bertha M. Pryor, u 4« ^g

Edith Denks, .« .< jg

Ethel A. Cisco, «i u ....... .15

Eaymond O. Delancy, " " 15

George Wentworth, << <' jg

Annie Moriarty, a u ....... .16

Mary Moriarty, u a jg

Lizzie Kelly, k c« jg

Julia Riordan, •< k _1q

Emilio Gregori, u <« 1q

Eva Sportsman, an jq

Grace Sportsman, " " .10

Joseph Wentworth, " '* .10

Julia Lanborguini, " " . . . . . . . ,10

Grace Sportsman, Nasturtiums, .10

Eva Sportsman, " .10

Sadie Sportsman, " .05

REPORTS

TO THE

STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

Beginning with the year 1885 the Society has elected a member
of the State Board of Agriculture, and has performed such other
acts as were necessary to entitle it to the bounty of the State, and
the Board has appointed a member to report on the exhibitions
and other work of the Society. It having been suggested that the
report for the year 1887 should be printed in the Transactions of
the Society, the Committee on Publication have not only approved
that suggestion, but have determined to publish also the two
previous reports, as follows :

REPOKT FOR 1885.

By Hon. JAMES S. GRINNELL, of Greenfield.

I was appointed from this Board to report on the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society, and have attended its shows of fruits, flow-
ers, and vegetables, and some of its weekly meetings, most inter-
esting in the display of practical results, and in the exposition of
scientific theories and of experimental work.

The fact that this Society had never until last year, when under
the presidency of Mr. John B. Moore, allied itself with the State
Board of Agriculture, and has never before been represented here
by a delegate or b}' a report, justifies me in giving for the infor-
mation of those who arc not of its membership, a brief sketch of
its origin and early history. The first production from the soil
which our forefathers found when they landed on the cheerless
sliore of Massachusetts Bay, except the leafless forest trees of
December, was some seed of that noble plant, the maize, which
not only saved their lives, but which in all succeeding generations

REPORTS OF THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 359

of their descendants for more than two hundred and sixty years
has been a prime factor of their sustenance and of their pros-
perity.

The following spring and summer, however, developed to their
delighted gaze and to their longing appetites an abundance of
grapes, white and black, strawberries, gooseberries, raspberries,
and many others ; plums, nuts, and a profusion of roses ; but the
apple, the pear, and the peach, were not indigenous to this country,
and the civilized hand had not stretched across the wide Atlantic
to sow their seeds. They found the soil, where the Indians had
cleared by burning and with their clam-shell hoes and their fish for
fertilizer had grown their corn, their beans and their pumpkins,
fertile and responsive to whatever was done for it. The colonists
were rather slow in introducing fruit trees, and it was not till after
1640 that these were propagated to any merchantable extent.

Gov. Endicott was apparently one of the first to make this any
considerable business ; his farm was known by the name of
" Orchard." In 1645 he wrote his son that he had engaged to sell
fifteen hundred apple trees; and in 1648 he exchanged five hun-
dred apple trees with William Trask for two hundred and fifty
acres of land.

An indication of the interest early shown in horticulture is
the act of 1646, imposing penalties for robbing an orchard or gar-
den, or injuring any graft or fruit tree.

The general cultivation of fruit increased slowly, though in
1654, thirty-four years after the first settlement, Gov. Bradford,
in a rather rough poem, wrote — " Pears, apples, cherries, plums,
quince, and peach, are now no dainties, you may have of each."
But early in 1700, apples and also pears and peaches are spoken
of by Chief Justice Dudley as abundant. Apples were especially
so, for in one village near Boston, of only forty families, they made
three thousand barrels of cider in 1721, and in another town of
four hundred families, he says, "they made ten thousand barrels,
some apple trees making as many as six and seven barrels of cider ;
but this is not common, though from seven to nine bushels of
apples will yield a barrel of cider." Nearly another century
passed before any associated action was taken here to promote
horticulture, or thQ propagation and cultivation of fine fruits,
although in the milder and more genial climate, south of New
York, at Philadelphia, and below that, much had been done.

360 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

In 1822 Hon. John Lowell wrote that " We are utterly desti-
tute in New England of nurseries for fruit trees on an extensive
scale ; we have no cultivators on whom we can call for a supply
of the most common plants of the smaller fruits, such as straw-
berries, gooseberries, and raspberries of the superior kinds. We
have no place to which we can go for plants to ornament our
grounds. We have not a single seedsman who can furnish us
with fresh annual seeds on which we can depend and place a reli-
ance." He added : " Shall it be said that from June to September,
in our scorching summers, a traveller may traverse Massachusetts
from Boston to Albany, and not be able to procure a plate of fruit
except wild strawberries, blackberries, and huckleberries, unless
from the hospitality of some private gentleman."

In accomplishing the wondrous change wrought in the sixty
years and more since that time ; in the increase and the perfection
of fruits and flowers, no factor so potent as the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society has existed and acted. The Massachusetts
Society for Promoting Agriculture, having as its founders and first
members several of the most prominent and far-seeing men, and
some among them the most wealthy, in the Commonwealth, was
incorporated in 1792, and by its corporate action, the efforts of its
individual members, and by the publication of the " Massachusetts
Agricultural Repository," which from the first contained articles
devoted to Horticulture, accomplished a vast deal in shaping sen-
timent, and preparing the way for the formation and incorporation
of the Horticultural Society.

A few books and journals on horticulture had been published ;
horticultural societies had been incorporated in New York and in
Philadelphia. Kenrick, Winship, and Manning — honored names —
had established in or near Boston, nurseries which became quite
extensive ; the time had come, and prominent men in Boston inter-
ested in the subject, for general good, determined on some definite
action, and their ideas finally crystallized and took form by the
incorporation in 1821), of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society
" for the purpose of encouraging and improving the science and
practice of horticulture, and promoting the amelioration of the
various species of trees, plants, and vegetables, and the introduc-
tion of new species and varieties," and with the right to purchase
and hold I'eal estate.

For several years preceding this, the unwisdom of interring the

REPORTS OF THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 361

dead beneath the churches, and in the church-yards attached, had
been a matter of thought and anxiet}^ among many of Boston's
wise and careful men, and although attempts had been repeatedly
made to secure a tract of land, large enough, varied enough in
character, and near enough to Boston, suitable for a rural cemetery,
none which met these requirements, and which could be pur-
chased, had up to this time been found. Boston had been incorpo-
rated as a city but seven years previous to the organization of this
society; from 1630 to 1822 she had gloried in the pride of her
Puritan government ; of selectmen managing the affairs of the
town, as directed by the people in that most Democratic of all
Governments under heaven, the "Town Meeting." But since
that, in 1829, she had wonderfully increased her population from
forty to sixty thousand, and her valuation from eighty millions to
eight times that. The territory was limited, and there was a very
general and spontaneous feeling that intramural sepulture must
be stopped.

About a 3'ear after the incorporation of this Society, a suitable
tract of land, sixty acres in extent, was found lying in the towns
of Cambridge and Watertown, and as the Society wanted land for
an experimental garden, it was thought wise by its leading mem-
bers, and those most active in the cemeterj' project, that the whole
should be bought and placed in charge of the Society, which should
reserve and use what was necessary for a garden, thus securing
the most intelligent care of the grounds, and giving an added
beauty to the cemetery.

The land was bought by a subscription of those who thereby
constituted themselves as members, and in the spring of 1831, the
Legislature authorized the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in
addition to the powers already conferred on it, "to dedicate and
appropriate any part of the real estate, now owned or hereafter
to be acquired bj' them as and for a rural cemetery or burying
ground, and for the erection of tombs, cenotaphs, or other monu-
ments for and in memory of the dead ;" and on the 24th of Sep-
tember following it was dedicated with proper and imposing cere-
monies.

Thus it is that to the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, we
owe the selection, purchase, and consecration of Mount Auburn,
this lovely rural cemetery, in locution, character, natural and
artificial beauty unequalled in this country.

362 MASSACHUSETTS IIORTICULTUUAL SOCIETY.

Had the Massachusetts Horticultural Society never accomplished
anything but this, it would stand pre-eminent in its work, and its
name would rise to heaven as a sweet incense of hallowed mem-
ories to the thousands who have in these many years laid beneath
that consecrated sod all that was mortal of those they had loved
and lost. In subsequent years a Cemetery Association was incor-
porated which took the management of the grounds, while the
Society' continues to receive annually a liberal sum from the pro-
ceeds of the sales of lots.

The Society has gone on with unvarying success. It owns the
handsome granite building where all its exhibitions are held, which
it built in 1865, and has also a large income, a great part of which
is expended in premiums.

This building, however, is not large enough for the Society's
increasing requirements, and it is highly probable that before
another century opens it will be in the occupanc}' of much larger
and more elegant looms in a more commodious part of the city.

The Society holds weeklj' meetings every Saturday during the
winter months, at which is usually read an essay, either by some
one of the very competent members or by some scientist invited
from abroad. Following this is a discussion on the subject of the
lecture, full of interest and instruction, as is also the animated
talk that arises on an iufiuit}' of subjects among an assemblage of
experts in the special matters that are constantly called up by
curious, or by superior specimens of cultiration.

There is nowhere in this part of the countr}' such a source of
horticultural and arboricultural knowledge and information as
springs from these weekly meetings in the Society's rooms, and I
should suppose that any person in Boston or its vicinity who has
any interest in fruits and flowers, or, I should more properly say,
their production and cultivation, would, if admittablc, join this
Society and attend its meetings.

The Society has also during the year, four most interesting public
shows for the display of fruits, flowers, and vegetables. Some of
these cannot be equalled in any city of the United States. The
premiums ofl'ered for all these articles are on a most liberal scale,
amounting annually to over Ave thousand dollars.

The Spring Exhibition is in March, when are largely shown
greenhouse and pot plants, with such fruits and vegetabUis as may
then be in season.

REPORTS OF THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 363

Late in June is held the Rose and Strawberry Exhibition, where
is such a magnificent display as well justifies the title of Queen
of Flowers to the rose, and also intensifies our faith in the opinion
of old Dr. Butler, who, according to Izaak Walton, said that
" doubtless God could have made a better berry than the straw-
berry, but doubtless God never did,"

The Annual Exhibition in September is a very grand show of
hot-house plants, flowers in pots, cut flowers, and bouquets, fruits
of all kinds, and vegetables perfect in their varieties and in their
forms. These, as a collection of object lessons in the school of
horticulture, should be visited and studied by every one who has
or can make the opportunity.

The fourth great exhibition occurs in November, especially for
the exposition of that very popular flower, the Chrysanthemum,
of which there were hundreds of every variety and known hue.
Splendid specimens of apples, pears, and vegetables were also
exhibited.

There are also prize exhibitions of fruits, flowers, and vege-
tables, every Saturday in July, August, and September, until the
Annual Exhibition.

These frequent meetings and exhibitions develop to the full all
the skill and energy of these growers about Boston. They criticise
each other's operations, — approve and adopt, or reject, — they
communicate each to the other their modes of cultivation — or if one
does not, and only shows results — the others set themselves to
find the secret of his success, and to surpass it.

Every oue strives to excel in whatever he undertakes. He has
to, to live. They make their living by the most careful, intelligent,
skilled labor in their profession.

If farmers were so situated as to have such gatherings, the
character of much of their farming operations would change greatly
to their profit. The splendor of these shows is greatly enhanced
by the free-handed liberality of wealthy gentlemen living not only
in Boston, but in some cases miles away, who willingly send by
wagons and by cars the most costly and splendid productions and
ornaments of their greenhouses, often at no small hazard and loss.
Nor should those skilled and painstaking gentlemen who pro-
duce and care for these rare and gorgeous plants be passed with-
out a most honorable mention.

The influence of this Society has been extended and far reaching

364 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

beyond that of any similar association in this country. It has
been largely instrumental in surroimding Boston with elegant gar-
dens and pleasure grounds, surpassing the suburbs of any American
city. It has stimulated the growth, introduction, and refined cul-
tivation of the choicest and most useful trees, plants, flowers, and
vegetables, and has accomplished more than any other agency in
im[)roving the markets, not only of Boston, but of all Massachusetts
and New England. Its library, the most complete in this country
if not in the world, as a specialty, is a perennial mine of agricul-
tural learning.

Its publications have exerted a most wide-spread influence in
the cultivation throughout the country of the best and most useful
of all things growing out of the earth for our health and our enjoy-
ment. Its members and correspondence extend throughout all
refined countries, even to China and far Japan.

As citizens of Massachusetts we may well be proud of such an
institution. As farmers and cultivators of the soil we should
appreciate the benefits we have received from it, directly and in-
directly. As members of this board we are happy in seeing it
represented among us.

REPORT FOR 1886.

Bt JAMES P. LYNDE, M. D., of Atuol.

The report of the Hon. James S. Grinnell upon the Horticul-
tural Society last year was so comprehensive and exhaustive,
covering its history, methods, work, and financial standing, that
it is only left for me to review the past year's transactions and
consider their inlluence upon progressive agriculture.

The sum appropriated for premiums was over $6,000, distrib-
uted through four exhibitions held in March, June, September,
and November, covering a period of from two to four days each, to
which an admission fee was charged, and thirteen weekly prize exhi-
bitions from May 8, to October 2, open from 12 to 3 o'clock, on
Saturdays, which were free to the public.

Thirteen meetings for Essays and Discussions, free to all inter-
ested, were held during the winter and spring, at which the
following topics were considered.

REPORTS OF THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 365

Jan. 16. A Trip to the Tropics, bj^ Joseph H. Woodford,
Newton.

Fruits that Promise Well, by E. W. Wood, West Newton.

Jan. 23. The Forest Interests of Massachusetts, by William
C. Strong, Newton Highlands.

Jan. 30. Forestry, by Rev. J. B. Harrison, Franklin Falls,
N. H.

Feb. 6. The Gladiolus, by William E. Endicott, Canton.

Feb. 13. Bulbs and Tubers for Out-door Culture, by Mrs. T.
L. Nelson, Worcester.

Feb. 20. The Food Question, by Edward Atkinson, Boston.

Feb. 27. Vegetable Growing, by Warren W. Rawson,
Arlington.

March 6. The Progress of Orchid Culture in America, by
Edward L. Beard, Cambridge.

March 13. Homestead Landscapes, by Dr. G. Austin Bowen,
Woodstock, Conn.

March 20. The Care and Embellishment of Cemeteries, by
John G. Barker, Jamaica Plain.

March 27. Nitrogen : Why the Crops Must Have it and Where
They Must Get it, by Professor C. G. Caldwell, Ithaca, N. Y.

April 3. The Nomenclature of Fruits.

April 10. The Ripening and Preservation of Fruits, by Hon.
Marshall P. Wilder, Dorchester.

This is a brief outline of the year's work. The essays and
discussions are embodied in the Society's publications, and are of
great value. Vegetables, fruits, and flowers are the specialties
that receive attention.

The four principal exhibitions are held in the two large halls in
the Society's building in Boston, — fruits and vegetables in the
lower, and flowers and plants in the upper hall. At these exhibi-
tions the display of flowers and plants completely filled the upper
hall, presenting a scene of enchanting beauty, especially in the
evening under the mellow radiance of the electric light. The
weekly shows are held in the lower hall.

Who can describe a rose, — the queen of flowers, — an orchid, a
chrysanthemum, a rainbow, a glorious sunset, or the glittering
sapphires and rubies, painted by a morning sunbeam in a drop of
dew? The pen of another must record the beauty and perfume
of these floral collections. Every specimen was an object lesson

366 MASSACHUSETTS IIORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

in itself, man}' of them of great value and of absorbing interest to
all beholders. The mystic goddesses of horticulture, Pomona
and Flora, held high court, displayed their rich treasures, and
received the homage of their votaries.

"We have stood before the statue of one we have known,
honored, and loved ; so faithfully had the artist wrought, that the
cold insensate marble seemed instinct with life, and to our imagi-
nation the inarticulate lip and sightless eye would almost seem to
move in recognition of our presence.

We have looked upon a picture of the great Nazarene, painted
b}' the hand of an old master with such perfection that the counte-
nance seemed so illumined with an expression of grace, pity, and
love that we could almost feel the influence of His personal
presence, and we have looked and turned away, only to return
spellbound with tender admiration.

Who has not felt the mysterious influences and been moved in
the profound depth of consciousness by the "divine art "of
Mozart, Handel, and Beethoven? What an inspiration to deeds
of heroic self-sacrifice for real or supposed good ! And what a
source of comfort, pleasure, and happiness to mankind, holding
its power through the ages over all races of men !

Can we not properly claim a place as a companion of high art
for skilled Horticulture, which, directing the forces of nature,
evolves from the lifeless clod objects of utility and beauty,
crowned with blessings and delights far excelling in perfection
works of sculpture and painting, speaking to human hearts
through a silent language as suggestive and uplifting in influence
and culture as the finest music? Therefore is she not entitled to
at least honorable mention and high rank among the so-called
Fine Arts?

" Your voiceless lips, O flowers, are living preachers,

Each cup a pulpit, every leaf a book,
Supplying to my fancy numerous teachers

From loneliest nook.

" Wer(! I in churchless solitudes remaining

Far from all voice of teachers and divines.
My soul would find in flowers of God's ordaining

Priests, sermons, shrines."

— Horace Smith.

REPORTS OF THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 367

The work and influence of this Society is a constant public
benefaction, by the introduction of new and improved varieties of
vegetables, fruits, and flowers, and illustrating the best methods
of their cultivation, stimulating the ambition of people to improve
and excel in these specialties. Some one has said that no person
could eat of our choicest grapes, apples, and pears without being
indebted to the genius of Marshall P. Wilder.

The influence of the Society is not confined to this or the New
England States. Its members and patrons are, many of them,
the most successful cultivators of gardens, fruits, and flowers in
this country or the world ; and wherever horticultural societies
have been organized in this or other countries, even in distant
Japan, its influence is felt. It was incorporated in 1829, and is,
with the exception of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, the
oldest in the country. It has steadily increased its membership,
enlarged its plans, collected its valuable library, prospered finan-
cially, extended its influence and established its reputation in this
and other countries as one of the leading horticultural societies in
the world. It has outgrown its once ample accommodations and
is perplexed with the problem of their enlargement.

It was a happy thought that suggested a union of this Society
with this Board of Agriculture and the other societies. All will
be benefited. We needed its help and influence, perhaps, far more
than it needed ours. Let us endeavor to make the relation
mutually pleasant and helpful.

Almost at the close of the year we were startled by the sudden
death of the Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, at the ripe age of eighty-
eight. He had been connected with this Society fifty-six years,
and was more widely known and more prominent than any other
member. He was the father of this Board of Agriculture, and an
active member thereof since its organization in 1851. He was
the father of the Agricultural College and one of the trustees for
many years and one of its chief benefactors. He was the father
of the American Pomological Society, and, (with the exception of
one year) its president since its organization thirtj'-eight years ago.
He was for twenty years President of the Norfolk Agricultural
Society and on his retirement was made Honorary President. In
1852, he assisted in forming the United States Agricultural
Society and was for six years its President.

He was an active or honorar}' member of many societies at

368 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

home and abroad. He was distinguished in military, political,
and masonic circles, and as a citizen was held in high esteem.
He was a man of fine personal presence and bearing, — honest,
true to his friends, — and a Christian gentleman.

This Board shares with the Horticultural Society in a deep
sense of loss by his removal from earth, and will cherish his
memory with affectionate regard.

He wooed Nature with a passionate love, ministered at her
altar, sought for her secrets with which to bless mankind.

" For all his life was poor without!

O, Nature ! make the last amends ;
Train all thy flowers his grave about

And make thy singing birds his friends.

" Revive again, thou summer rain,

The broken turf upon his bed !
Breathe, summer wind, thy tenderest strain

Of low, sweet music overhead !

" With calm and beauty symbolize

His peace, which follows long annoy ;
And lend our earth-bent, mourning eyes

Some hint of iiis diviner joy.

"For safe with right and truth he is,—

As God lives he must live alway.

There is no end for souls like his ;

No night for children of the day."

— Whittiek.

REPORT FOR 1887.

Bv HENRY H. GOODELL,
President of the State Aoricdltdral College, Amherst.

In visiting the exhibitions of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society, one feels inclined to apply the words found in the first
book of Moses, where, after seeing that the earth brought forth
grass and herbs, yielding seed after his kind, and the tree yielding
fruit, whose seed was in itself after his kind, the verdict was "that
it was good." Where so much is good, it becomes diflicult to know
just how to measure one's praise.

A Society which, for fifty-nine years, has held its Annual Exhi-

REPORTS TO THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 369

bitions of fruit aud flowers and offered its prizes for excellence,
open to the competition of all, has been a factor for good in the
horticulture of the State which no one can estimate.

Of the four exhibitions held during the year, your delegate
attended three, being prevented from being present at the Rose
and Strawberry Show, in June, by the duties of Commencement
week. There were several noticeable features about these exhibi-
tions deserving of special mention. That of March, aside from
the magnificent show of hyacinths, narcissi, and tulips, stimulated
hy the medals offered by the Royal Union of Haarlem, Holland,
for the encouragement of the growth of bulbs, was the wild flower
garden from the Botanic Garden, Harvard University, a charm-
ing arrangement of rocks, pine trees, and moss, in which were
blossoming all the favorites of the early spring. It was like being
transported at a single bound, from the rigors of a northern winter
to the balmy woods, dank with green moss and fern, and bright
with its harvest of anemones and violets. Here were to be found
all the commoner wild flowers, as well as those more rare, Trilli-
ums. Columbines, Cowslips, Lady's Slippers, etc, — and, to make
the illusion more complete, here and there even the skunk cabbage
reared its fragrant spathe. It was a pretty idea — that of bring-
ing the woods to your ver}' door, and one to be imitated.

Shakespeare says : —

"This is an Art
Which does mend Nature : change it rather ; but
The Art itself is Nature,"

and after all, the nearer we come to nature, the better we suc-
ceed.

On the Continent of Europe, the floral exhibitions have all the
appearance of show flower gardens. Fountains are playing, birds
are singing, and you walk about in extensive grounds, laid out in
beautiful plats, in which the pots are buried deeply in the earth,
turf being carefully adjusted so that the plants seem to be spring-
ing from the ground itself. As a result, there is a harmony and
naturalness which is peculiarly delightful. Again, the art of
arrangement is carefully studied, so as to produce the best eflfects.
As regards this last particular, it seemed to your delegate that
there was a defect in the exhibition now reported on, especially in
the upper hall. The stand of azaleas occupying the centre was
too stiff and cold, if such a term may be applied to a mass of
9

370 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

color. The azalea, as a plant, is iu itself stiff, and the greater
pains are requisite to cover this up. The group should have been
more raised in the centre. On the other hand, the furtlier stand
of cinerarias, witli roses as a centre-piece, was too much raised in
the centre, and the effect was again lessened, but from an opposite
cause.

There is one more point in which the example of our brothers
on the Continent might be profitably followed, and that is iu the
encouragement given to the young to engage in horticultural pur-
suits. Special prizes are offered to them for tlowers, fruits, and
the best cultivated plots of ground, and every effort is made to
awaken in them a taste for the cultivation of the eartli and to
employ the best methods. Ten years ago, in response to a request
signed b}' llufus Ellis, Henry W. Foote, and C A. Bartol, gentle-
men " interested in advancing a practical taste for horticulture
among the children of the laboring classes," the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society oft'ered prizes for Window Gardening. The
report of the Committee on this subject was significant: "Those
who have watched this movement from the first, while cognizant
of all the difficulties that lie in the way of all new departures, have
been encouraged by the interest manifested and the good results
shown. Letters from several gentlemen and ladies bear testimony
to the happy inlluence already noticed." We are glad to know
that the experiment has been repeated the present year and will
be next year. Is it not worth while encouraging the 300,200
children of the State of Massachusetts to instruct themselves in so
delightful a recreation ? And ma}- it not be hoped that the good
seed sown will result in turning some few from the dull routine of
a factory life, into the nobler occupation of tilling the soil and
becoming producers.

The special features of the September exhibition held in con-
junction with the meeting of the American Pomological Society,
were the excellent display of foliage plants, — Crotons, Alocasias,
Drac£Enas, Marantas, and the like, so arranged as to combine the
harmonies of shading in the most thoroughly artistic manner, — the
line collection of tropical water lilies (ten different species,) all
grown out of doors and crowned with the great Victoria 7'egia,
whose gigantic leaves attracted universal attention, and the his-
toric orchid, the Viuida Sanderiana, whose value mounting up
into the tliousands, seemed to 1)0 in an inverse ratio to its beauty.

REPORTS TO THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 371

(It is, no doubt, very gratifying to be able to say that you have
seen a two-thousand-dollar orchid, but 3'ou feel something like the
man who, having completed the reading of Milton, thanked Heaven
he should never have to do it again.)

The absence of that finest of the florist's flowers, the pansy,
was very marked. Hardly any competitors appeared for the
special prizes offered, and but a handful of flowers were to be seen
anywhere.

An interesting exhibition in the fruit line was a basket of pears
from the original Bartlett pear tree (that is, the first tree imported
into this country), which stands in what was the garden of the late
Enoch Bartlett, in Roxbur}', but which is now in possession of the
Little Sisters of the Poor. Another, was the instructive display
from the Arnold Arboretum of native and foreign ornamental fall
fruits of shrubs, together with which were some dozen varieties of
the crab apple, illustrating its gradual development from fruit the
size of a pea into the large crab apples of today.

With its accustomed liberality, the Horticultural Society offered
special prizes, amounting to $500, for excellence in fruit at this
exhibition .

The final exhibition, the Show of Chrysanthemums, was a fitting
culmination to the work of the j-ear. It is impossible in words
to adequately express the wondrous beauty of the scene on look-
ing down upon it from the gallery above. The wealth of color,
shading into every tint of the rainbow was surprising, while
matchless in their simplicity, rose the pure white forms of other
varieties. Involuntarily, there came into the mind, the ancient
myth of the marriage of the balmy "West Wind with Flora and the
consequent embroidering of the earth with flowers. " Ofttimes,"
she saj's, " have I desired to reckon the tints as they were
arranged and I could not, for their multitude exceeded all num-
bers." But alas ! how the poetry vanished into air before the
stern reality of fact. "No marriage service," as Mr. Thorpe
prettily puts it, " had been read over the union of these flowers by
passing mother butterfly," but the plain, prosaic, fine camel's hair
brush, transferring the pollen from the stamens of the one flower
to the pistils of the other, had brought about these wonderful
results. Art had done away with nature's aids.

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION AND DISCUSSION,

FOR THE YEAR 1887.

It is the privilege of the Committee in submitting their report
to state, and it may be equall}' gratifying to the Society to know,
that the department of Publication and Discussion, is equally pro-
gressive with other departments of its work. The published parts
of the Transactions are of increased size, and the papers and
discussions at the weekly meetings the past winter have treated of
a variety of subjects relating to the theory and practice of horti-
culture. That they are well up with the progress of the age, and
the advanced phases of the Society's work, is manifest.

The Committee hoped to obtain the best talent and experience,
both within and outside of the Society, to treat of the several sub-
jects announced in the printed programme for the winter meetings.

The Committee desire in behalT of the Society, to cordially
thank not only its members, but especially those outside its mem-
bership, who have contributed to the interest by Papers, Reports,
and Discussions during the past season. They are especially grati-
fied to be al)le to add to the Tkan.sactions the excellent portrait
of our lanicnled Ex-President, Col. Wilder, which has been fur-
nished by his family. The sketch of his life, suggested by Presi-
dent AValcott, and prepared by the Secretary, has met with general
acceptance as reminding those who had long known him, and
informing a younger generation, of his eminent services not only
to this Society but to Horticulture and Pomology throughout our
country.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION AND DISCUSSION. 373

The Committee have performed the duty again assigned to them
of awarding the prizes for the best reports of the committees to
award prizes for horticultural products, as follows :

They award the first prize of $10 to Charles N. Brackett for
the Report of the Committee on Vegetables.

The Second Prize of $8 to Joseph H. Woodford for the Report
of the Committee on Plants and Flowers.

The Third Prize of $6 to E. W. Wood for the Report of the
Committee on Fruits.

O. B. Hadwen, ") Committee on

Francis H. Appleton, >■ Publication and
William H. Hunt, j Discussion.

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON THE LIBRARY,

FOR THE YEAR 1887.

The present year, like those which have gone before, has seen
the librar}' very much augmented and the available funds all
expended. The list appended to this report will give the titles
of accessions, and it is, therefore, not necessary to specify many
of them here. It may be well, however, to call attention to the
well-known naturalist, Robert Ridgway's " Nomenclature of Color."
This book, which was written more especially for ornithologists,
will probably be of use to those who desire to describe the colors
of flowers or fruit with accuracy. The greatest care has been
taken in the preparation of this work to select, for the standard
colors, pigments which are likely to resist the action of time and
exposure. How valuable a feature this is will be appreciated by
those who remember the present state of the earlier colored plates,
in which all hues have faded, and some of them, notably the more
intense, such as crimson, scarlet, and orange, are now simply
blotches of gray or black.

The Card Catalogue of Plates has increased at the usual rate ;
that is, many thousand cards have been written and a great num-
ber have been put into their proper places in the drawers. It is
found, on arranging these, that there are very many duplicates ;
in these cases the several references are entered upon one card to
save space, and the duplicate cards are put away for future use.

It will be neccssar}' before a great while to make a new cata-
logue of the library. The Committee advise that this be on cards,
thereb}' greatly increasing its elliciency and convenience, while
greatly diminisliing its cost. They do not, however, recommend
that this be undertaken until a very considerable increase is made

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 375

in the accommodations for the books. We have utilized, as it
seems to us, all available space in this room and the committee-
room, except that in front of the door into the Superintendent's
office ; even the space for the swinging of the folding doors has
been saved by putting the curtain in their place ; yet all this is a
trifle in comparison with our needs. The new cases will accom-
modate about one-fifth of the books that are not now properly
arranged.

As no one now, probably, expects the Society to occupy the
Public Garden, we urge it to resume its consideration of the plans
for a gallery, long ago submitted to it. The increase in books
and pamphlets is, at present, remarkably rapid, and it is very
desirable that something be done at a very earl}' day.

For the Committee,

W. E. ENDICOTT, Chairman.

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS.

Books Purchased.

Darlington, William, M. D. Florula Cestrica. An essay towards a
Catalogue of the Phaenogamous Plants, native and naturalized,
growing in the vicinity of the borough of West Chester, in Chester
County, Pennsylvania. With brief notices of their properties and
uses, in medicine, rural economy, and the arts. To which is sub-
joined an Appendix of the Useful and Cultivated Plants of the same
district. 8vo. pp. xv., 152. 3 colored plates. West Chester, 1826.

Millspaugh, Charles F., M. D. American Medicinal Plants: an illus-
trated and descriptive guide to the American plants used as
Homoeopathic Remedies. Fascicle 6, completing the work. 4to.
30 colored plates. New York and Philadelphia : 1887.

Lloyd, J. U. and C. G. Drugs and Medicines of North America, Vol. 2.
Nos. 3 to 5, Large 8vo. pamphlets, pp. 67-102. Plates 35-40,
figures 131-165. December, 1886, to June, 1887.

Meehan, Thomas. The Native Flowers and Ferns of the United States in
their Botanical, Horticultural, and Popular Aspects. Vols. 1 and 2
of the New Series, being vols. 3 and 4 of the whole. Large square
8vo. pp. 190, 204. 96 colored plates. Boston : 1880.

376 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Gray, Asa, M. D. Botanical Contributions, 1880. [From the Proceedings
of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. 21. Issued
May 4, 188(5.] 1. A Revision of the North American Ranunculi,
pp. 3G3-378. 2. Sertuni Ciiliiualmense. pp. 378-409. 3. Miscel-
lanea, pp. 409-443. 8vo. i)anipiilet.

Watson, Sereno. Contributions to American Botany. X. [From the
Froceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Vol.
17. Issued August 10, 1882.] I. List of Plants from Southwestern
Texas and Northern Mexico, collected chiefly by Dr. E. Palmer in
1879-80. pp. 31G-361. II. Descriptions of New Species of Plants
from our Western Territories, pp. 3G2-382. 8vo. pamphlet.

. Contributions to American Botany. XI. [From the Proceed-
ings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Vol. 18.
Issued August 15, 1883.] I. List of Plants from Southwestern
Texas and Northern Mexico, collected chiefly by Dr. E. Palmer in
1879-80. pp. 9G-191. ii. Gamopetala; to Acotyledones. II.
Descriptions of some New Western Species, pp. 191-19G. 8vo.
pamphlet.

Bailey, L. II., Jr. Contribution from the Herbarium of Harvard Univer-
sity. [From the Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and
Sciences. Vol. 22. Presented April 14, 1886.] A preliminary
Synopsis of North American Carices ; including those of Mexico,
Central America, and Greenland, with the American bibliography of
the genus. 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 59-157.

Hemsley, W. B. Biologia Centrali-ximericana. Botany. Vol. 4. Parts
22 and 23. 4to. pp. 49-298. London: March and August, 1887.

Spruce, Richard, Ph. D., etc. Palmae Amazonicae, sive Enumeratio Plan-
tarum in itinere suo per regiones Americas aequatoriales lectarum.
[Extract from the Journal of the Linnean Society ; Botany ; Vol.
XI. pp. 65-183.] 8vo. pamphlet. [London : 18G9.]

Berg, Albert. Physiognomy of Tropical Vegetation in South America : a
series of views illustratuig the Primeval Forests of the river Mag-
dalena and in the Andes of New Grenada. Large folio, pp. 12.
14 plates. London: 1854.

Sowerby, John Edward. English Botany : or Coloured Figures of British
Plants. Third edition, enlarged. Vol. 12, completing the work.
Marsiliaceaj to Characea), and Index to the whole work. Large 8vo.
pp. 332. Plates 1825-1922. London: 188G.

Stephenson, John, M. D., F. L. S., and James Morss Churchill, F. L. S.
Medical Botany : The Medicinal Plants and Poisonous Vegetables
of Great Britain. 4 vols. Large 8vo. 185 colored plates. London :
1831.

Loudon, Mrs. British Wild Flowers. 4to. pp.311. GO colored plates.
London: 1849.

Hulme, F. Edward, F. L. S., F. S. A. Familiar Wild Flowers. Fourth
Series. Small 8vo. pp. 160. 40 colored plates. Loudon, Paris,
and New York: 1887.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 377

Hallier, Dr. Ernst. Flora von Deutschland, Lieferungen 192-204 in
continuation. Small 8vo. Many colored plates. Gera-Untermhaus :
1886, 1887.

Willkoram, Maurice. Illustrationes Florae Hispaniae Insularumque
Balearicum. Livraisons 12, 13, being parts 2 and 3, of Vol. 2. 4to.
pp. 17-48. Colored plates 102-119. Stuttgart : 1887.

Webb, MM. p. Barker -, and Sabin Berthelot. Phytographia Canariensis.
6 vols. Large 4to. pp. 181,218, 491, 479, 208. 286 plates. Folio
atlas of 20 plates. Paris and London : 1836-1840.

Kegel, E. Flora of Turkestan. Vol. 3. Part 3, in continuation. Astra-
galeaj, by A. Bunge. 4to. pp. 161-318. Berlin and Moscow :
1880.

Xiabillardiere, Jacobus-Julianus. Novae Hollandiaj Plantarum Specimen.
2 vols. Large 4to. pp. 112, 131. 265 plates. Paris : 1804.

Zuccarini, Dr. Jos. Gerh. Monographic der Amerikanischen Oxalis-
arten. 4to. pp. 1-60. Plates 1-6. [Aus den Denkschriften der
k. b. Akademie der Wissenschaften besonders abgedruckt.] Miin-
chen : 1825. Nachtrag, 4to. pp. 181-276. Plates 7-9. Miinchen :
1831.

Maw, George, F. L. S., etc., etc. A Monograph of the Genus Crocus.
With an Appendix on the etymology of the words Crocus and Saf-
fron, by C. C. Lacaita, F. L. S., etc. Large 4to. pp. 326. xx, 10.
77 colored plates, map, and two charts, and many vignettes and other
woodcuts. London : 1886.

Hildebrand, Dr. Friedrich. Die Lebensverhiiltnisse der Oxalisarten.
Large 4to. pp. 150. 5 lithographic plates. Jena : 1884.

Boissier, E. Icones Euphorbiarum : avec des considerations sur la classi-
fication et la distribution geographique des plantes de ce genre.
Folio, pp. 24. 120 plates. Paris : 1866.

Fingerhuth, A., M. D. Monographia Generis Capsici. 4to. pp. 32 and
iv. 10 colored plates. Dusseldorpii : 1832.

Zuccarini, Dr. J. G. ijber einige Pflanzen aus den Gattungen Agave
und Fourcroya. 4to. pp. 661-679. Plates 48-51. Breslau und
Bonn: 1833.

Jacobi, General G. A. von. Uber den Agaveen. 4 parts. 8vo. [Jahres-
bericht der Schlesischen Gesellschaft f vir vaterlandische Cultur, Ver
handlungen der Botanischen Section.] 1867-1871.

Candolle, Alphonse et Casimir de. Monographiaj Phanerogarum Prodromi
nunc continuatio, nunc revisio. Vol. 3, Philydracese, by T. Caruel
Alismaceae, Butomaceaj, Juncaginese, by Marco Micheli; Commeli-
naceae, by C. B. Clarke; Cucurbitacese, by Alfred Cogniaux. pp
1009. 8 plates. Vol. 4, Burseraceae and Anacardiaceae, by Ad
Engler; Pontederiaceaa, by Hermanno, Comite de Sohns Laubach
pp. 573. 15 plates. Vol. 5, Part 1, Cyrtandreaj, by C. B. Clarke
pp. 303. 32 plates. Part 2, Ampelideae, by J. E. Planchon. pp
305-654. 3 vols. 8vo. Paris: 1881-1887.

378 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Baillon, II., I'rofesseur, etc. Ilistoire des Plantes. Monograpliio des Cary-

ophyllac6e8, etc. Imp. 8vo. pp. 81-224. [In continuation of the

9tli vol.] 145 woodcuts. Paris and London : 1887.
Tournefort, Joseph ritton de. Institutiones Rei Ilerbariaj. 3 vols. 4to.

Vol. 1, text, pp. G97. Vols. 2 and 3, 47G plates. Paris : 170C.
Lamarck, M., and J, M. L. Poiret. Encyclopedie Metliodique Botanique.

13 vols, text, and 4 vols, of 900 plates. 4to. Paris : 1783-1817.
Trattinnick, Leopoldo. Thesaurus Botanicus. Small folio, pp. 14. 80

colored plates. Vienna: 1819.
Hayne, Friedrich Gottlob. Getreue Darstellung und Beschreibung der in

der Arzneikunde gebriiulichen Gewachse, wie auch solcher, welche

mit ihnen verwechselt werden ktinnen. 4to. Part of Vol. 14.

Plates 1-24. Berlin: 1805-1846.
Smith, James Edward. Spicilegium Botanicum. Supplementary to Icones

Pictaj Plantarum Rariorum. 4to. pp. 22. 24 colored plates.

London: 1792.
Hooker, Joseph Dalton. Icones Plantarum. Third Series. Vols. G, 7.

8vo. Plates 1501-1700. London : 1886, 1887.
Linnean Society of London. Transactions. 2d series. Botany. Vol. 2.

Parts 9-14. August, 188G, to July, 1887. 4to. pp. 209-326.

Plates 27-59. London : 1886, 1887.
. Journal. Vol. 22. Nos. 148, 149. pp. 401-560.

Plates 20, 21. Vol. 23, No. 152. pp. 161-240. Plates 5, 6. Vol.

24. Nos. 158-161. pp. 1-261. Plates 1-8. 8vo. London: 1886,1887.
Royal Agricultural Society of England. Journal. 2d series. Vol. 22,

part 2. No. 44. pp. 361-756. Vol. 23. pp. 741. London:

1886, 1887.
Breyne, Jakob. Exoticarum aliarumque minus cognitarum plantarum.

Centuria prima. Folio, pp. 195. 101 plates. With an Appendix,

pp. i-vi, and De frutice thee et fasciculus rariorum plantarum, by

Wilhelm tern Rhyne, pp. vii-xxv. Gedani : 1687.
Goebe], Dr. K. Outlines of Classification and Special Morphology of

Plants : a new edition of Sach's Textbook of Botany, Book II.

Authorized English Translation by Henry E. F. Garnscy, M. A , etc.

Revised by Isaac Bayley Balfour, M. A., M. D., F. L. S., etc.

Large 8vo. pp.515. 407 woodcuts. Oxford: 1887.
Bastin, Edson S., A. M., etc. Elements of Botany, including Organo-

grapliy, Vegetable Histology, Vegetable Physiology, and Vegetable

Taxonomy, and a Glossary of Botanical Terms. 8vo. pp. 282.

459 woodcuts. Chicago : 1887.
Strasburger, E., and W. Ilillhouse. Handbook of Practical Botany:

fur the Botanical Laboratory and Private Student. 8vo. pp. 425.

134 woodcuts. London : 1887.
Sachs, Julius von. Lectures on the Physiology of Plants. Translated by

H. Marshall Ward, M. A., F. L. S., etc. Large 8vo. pp. 836. 455

woodcuts. Oxford : 1887.
Focko, Wilhelm Olbers. Die PHanzcn-Mischlinge : eiii beitrag zur biolo-
gic der Gewiichse. 8vo. pp.569. Berlin: 1881.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 379

Tupper, James Perchard. An Essay on the Probability of Sensation in
Vegetables; with Additional Observations on Instinct, Sensation,
Irritability, etc. Small 8vo. pp.126. London: 1811.

McAlpine, Prof. D. Life Histories of Plants. Small square 8vo. pp.
296. 109 woodcuts ; 58 diagrams. London : n. d.

Darwin, Charles, M. A., F. E. S. The Different Forms of Flowers on
Plants of the same species. 8vo. pp. 352. 15 woodcuts. London :
1887.

Iiiudley, John. Observations on the Structure of Fruits and Seeds.
Translated from the Analyse du Fruit of M. Louis-Claude Richard ;
with plates and original notes by Prof. Lindley. 8vo. pp. xx and
100. 6 plates. London : 1819.

Mohl, Dr. Heinrich. Morphologische Untersuchungen iiber die Eiche.
4to. pamphlet, pp. 35. 3 plates. Cassel : 1862.

Murray, Andrew. Floral Homologies of Conifers. Two pamphlets. 8vo.
pp. 10 with 1 plate, and pp. 3. [From the Annals and Magazine of
Natural History, for September and October, 1866.] London.

Goeppert, Heinrichus Robertus, Professor, etc. De Coniferarum struc-
tura anatomica. 4to. pamphlet, pp. 36. 2 plates. Vratislavise :
1841.

Hooker, Sir J. D. Botany. [Science Primer Series.] 3d edition. 16mo
pp. 143. 72 woodcuts. London and New York : 1886.

Caddy, Mrs. Florence. Through the Fields with Linnaeus : a chapter in
Swedish History. 2 vols. 8vo. pp. 346, 376. 6 woodcuts and 2
maps. Boston and London : 1886.

Britten, James, F. L. S., and Robert Holland. A Dictionary of English
Plant-Names. Part 3, completing the work. 8vo. pp. xxviii,
365-618. London: 1886.

American Journal of Science [Silliman's Journal]. Edited by James D.
and Edward S. Dana. Vols. 115-134 inclusive, in continuation.
20 vols. 8vo. Plates. Hartford, Conn. : 1878-87.

Todaro, Dr. Augustino. Hortus Botanicus Panormitanus : sive Plantse
novae vel criticse, quae in Orto Botanico Panormitano coluntur,
descriptae et iconibus illustratae. Tomus 2. Fasc. 4, in continu-
ation. Folio, pp. 25-32. Plates 31, 32. Panormi : 1887.

Sloane, Hans. Voyage to the Islands of Madera, Barbados, Nieves, S.
Christophers, and Jamaica; with the natural history of the herbs
and trees, four-footed beasts, fishes, birds, insects, reptiles, etc., of
the last of those islands, etc. 2 vols. Folio, pp. cliv and 264 ;
xviii, 499, and xi. 1 chart and 274 plates. London : 1707 and
1725.

Michaux, F. A. Travels to the West of the Alleghany Mountains, in the
States of Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee, etc. Undertaken in
the year 1802, under the auspices of His Excellency M. Chaptal,
Minister of the Interior. 2d edition. 8vo. pp. 294. London :
1805.

380 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Thompson, Sir C. Wyville, Kn't, F. R. S., etc. Report on the Scientific
Kesults of the Voyage of II. M. S. Challenger, during the years
I873-187G. Botany, Vol. 2, Report on the Diatoniacex. Large 4to.
pp. 178. 30 plates. London, Edinburgh, and Dublin : 1886.

Wawra v. Fernsee, Dr. Heinrich Ritter. Itinera Principum S. Coburgi.
Die Botanische Ausbeute, etc. Erster Theil. Large 4to. pp. 182.
39 plates, mostly colored. Wien : 1883.

Jackson, Benjamin Daydon. Vegetable Technology ; a contribution to-
wards a Bibliography of Economic Botany ; with a comprehensive
subject index. Square 8vo. pp. 355. London : 1882.

Christy, Thomas, F. L. S., etc. New Commercial Plants and Drugs.
Nos. 9 and 10, 2 pamphlets. 8vo. pp. 73, 123. 2 plates, 2 wood-
cuts. London : 188G.

Switzer, Stephen. Iconographia Rustica : or, The Nobleman, Gentleman,
and Gardener's Recreation, etc. 2d edition, enlarged. 3 vols. 8vo.
Over 50 copperplates. London : 1742.

Nicholson, George. The Illustrated Dictionary of Gardening; a practi-
cal and scientific encyclopedia of Horticulture for gardeners and
botanists. Vol 2, F to O. pp. 544. 811 woodcuts. Vol. 3, V to
S. pp. 537. 564 woodcuts. 2 vols. 4to. New York : 1887.

Dodwell, E. S., and others. Gossip for the Garden, a handbook for the
llorist and suburban horticulturist. [A monthly magazine.] 8 vols.
12mo. London : 1856-1863.

Cobbett, William. The English Gardener. 12mo. pp. 406. 12 plates.
London : 1845.

Henderson, Peter. Gardening for Profit. New and enlarged edition.
12mo. pp. 376. 137 woodcuts. New York : 1887.

Puller, Andrew S. The Propagation of Plants : giving the principles, etc.
12mo. pp.349. 113 woodcuts. New York : 1887.

Abercrombie, John. The Hot-House Gardener. 8vo. pp. 238. 5 plates.
London : 1789.

May, W. J. Greenhouse Management for Amateurs. 8vo. pp. 226. 13
woodcuts. London : n. d. [1887?]

Caledonian Horticultural Society. Memoirs of the. 4 vols. 8vo. 31
plates. Edinburgh: 1818-1829.

Webb, James. Cape Cod Cranberries. 12mo. pamphlet, pp.41. Frontis-
piece. 17 woodcuts. New York : 1886.

Black, John J. The Cultivation of the Peach and the Pear on the Dela-
ware and Chesapeake Peninsula. With a chapter on Quince culture
and the culture of some of the Nut bearing trees. Small sq. 8vo.
pp. 397. 8 plates. New York : 1887.

Harcourt, Helen. Florida Fruits and How to Raise Them. Revised and
enlarged edition. Small 8vo. pj). 347. Louisville, Ky. : 1886.

Bernard, Mrs. Bayle. Our Common Fruits : a descriptive account of those
ordinarily cultivated or consumed in Great Britain. IGmo. pp. 294.
6 colored plates. London : 1866.
Grindon, Leo. II. Fruits and Fruit Trees, Home and Foreign. Small
8vo. pp. 320. Frontispiece. Manchester, England : 1885.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 381

Deutsche Obstsorten. Herausgegeben von einem Vereine Pomologen. 5
vols. Small 4to. 302 colored plates. Jena : n. d.

Thomson, David. A Practical Treatise on the Culture of the Pine Apple.
8vo. pp. 53. 3 woodcuts. Edinburgh and London : 1866.

Arnold, Edwin Lester. Coffee : its Cultivation and Profit. 8vo. pp. 270.
5 woodcuts. London : 1886.

Marshall, Henry, Deputy Inspector-General of Army Hospitals. Con-
tribution to a Natural and Economical History of the Coco-Nut Tree.
8vo. pamphlet, pp. 32. Edinburgh : 1836.

Bonavia, E., M. D. The Future of the Date Palm in India. (Phoenix
dactylifera. ) 12mo. pp. 118. Calcutta: 1885.

Henderson, Peter. Practical Floriculture : a guide to the successful cul-
tivation of florists' plants : for the Amateur and Professional Florist.
New and enlarged edition. Large 12mo. pp. 325. 58 woodcuts.
New York : 1887.

Anders, J. M., M. D., Ph. D., etc. House-Plants as Sanitary Agents; or,
the relation of growing vegetation to health and disease. Large
12mo. pp.334. Philadelphia : 1887.

Hibberd, Shirley. The Garden Oracle, and Illustrated Floricultural Year-
Book for 1887. 29th year. Small Svo. pp. 168. Woodcuts. Lon-
don : 1886.

Hulme, F. Edward, F. L. S., F. S. A. Familiar Garden Flowers. 3d,
4ih, and 5th series. 3 vols. Small Svo. 120 colored plates.
London, Paris, and New York : 1887.

Catlow, Agnes. Popular Greenhouse Botany, containing a Familiar and
Technical Description of a selection of the Exotic Plants intro-
duced into the Greenhouse. Square 16mo. pp. 311. 20 colored
plates. London : 1857.

AUnutt, H. Our Flower Garden : how we made the most of it, etc. 2d
edition. 16mo. pp. 91. London : n. d.

Heath, Francis George. My Garden Wild, and What I Grew There.
Small 8vo. pp.291. London: 1881.

Higgins, Rev. H. H. On a systematically arranged Border for Plants.
8vo. pamphlet, pp. 75-83. [Extract : published 1859 J.

Richardson, David Lester. Principal of the Hindu Metropolitan College,
etc. Flowers and Flower Gardens : with an Appendix of practical
instructions and useful information respecting the Anglo-Indian
Flower Garden. Svo. pp. 232 and xxxii. Calcutta : 1855.

Barla, J. - B. Chevalier, etc Flore lUustree de Nice et des Alpes-mari-
times. Iconographie des Orchidees. Large 4to. pp. 83. 63 colored
lithographic plates. Nice : 1868.

Sanders, F. Reichenbachia. Orchids Illustrated and Described. Parts
1-10. Large folio. pp._ 90. 40 plates. St. Albans, London, and
Berlin : 1886, 1887. %

liindenia, Iconographie des Orchidees. Vol. 2, Nos. 5-12. Vol. 3, Nos.
1-3. Folio. 40 colored plates. Gand : 1887.

Warner, Williams, and Moore. Orchid Album. Vol. 6, Nos. 66-72. Vol.
7, Nos. 73-76. 4to. 52 colored plates. London: 1887.

382 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Veitch, James & Sons. Manual of Orcliirlaccous Plants cultivated under

glass in Great Britain. Tart I Odontoglossum. pp. 80. 2 maps.

Plates and cuts. Part II. Cattleya, Laelia, etc. pp. 108. 3 maps.

Plates and cuts. Two pamphlets, 8vo. Chelsea, England : 1887.
Britten, James, F. L. S., and W. H. Gower. Orchids for Amateurs. 8vo.

pp.230. Many woodcuts. London: n. d. [1887?]
D'Ombrain, Rev. H. Honywood. The Rosarian's Year-Book for 1887.

Small square 8vo. pp. 83. 4 woodcuts and portrait of Mr. George

Prince. London : 1887.
liamborn, Leeroy L. Carnation Culture. Its classification, history, propa-
gation, varieties, care, culture, etc. 12rao. pp. 151. 9 woodcuts.

Alliance, Ohio: 1887.
Ghys, M. B., Pharmacien. Essai sur le Chrysantheme, comprenant son

histoire, sa classification, ses differents types, sa culture d6taill6e, et

la description des 400 plus belles vari6te3. 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 32.

3 cuts. Anzin : 1885.
Jannoch, T. Lilies of the Valley, Practical Hints on the Cultivation of.

lOrao. pamphlet, pp. 10. 2 woodcuts. King's Lynn, England:

1881.
Brill, Francis. Cauliflowers, and how to grow them. Svo. pamphlet, pp.

IG. Woodcut. Riverhead, N. Y. : 1886.
Moore, Thomas. Theory and Practice applied to the Cultivation of the

Cucumber in the Winter Season ; to which is added a chapter on

Melons. 12mo pamphlet, pp. 60. 1 woodcut. London : 1844.
May, W. J. Mushroom Culture for Amateurs : with full directions for

successful growth in houses, sheds, cellars, and pots, on shelves,

and out-of-doors. Small 8vo pamphlet, pp. 47. 1 plate and 11

woodcuts. London : n. d. [1887?]
Hazlitt, W. Carew. Gleanings in Old Garden Literature. 16mo. pp. 203.

New York : 1887.
Covent Garden Gazette, Nos. 1-3, 5, G, and 8. [Towards completing

the set.] Also title page of Vol. 3, and index. Small folio.

London : 1885.
Chambers, Dr. William, Comptroller-General of His Majesty's Works, etc.

A Dissertation on Oriental Gardening. 2d Edition with Additions.

To which is annexed an explanatory discourse, by Tan Ciiot-qua

of Quang-chew-fu, Gent. 4to. pp.163. London: 1773.
Gilpin, William, A. M., etc. Remarks on Forest Scenery, and other wood-
land views relative chiefly to picturesque beauty, illustrated by the

scenes of New Forest in Hampshire. 3d edition, 2 vols. 8vo. pp.

344, 362. 32 plates. London : 1808.
Papworth, Jolm Buonarotti. Hints on Ornamental Gardening. Imp.

8vo. pp.112. 28 colored plates. London : 1823.
Cole, Natlian. cThe Royal Parks and Gardens of London : their history and

mode of embellishment, etc. Svo. pp. 131. Many woodcuts and

geometrical designs. London : 1877.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 383

Grigor, James. The Eastern Arboretum : or Rural Register of all the
remarkable Trees, Seats, Gardens, etc., in the County of Norfolk. 50
portraits of trees by H. Ninham. 8vo. pp.371. London : 1840, 1841.

Boulger, G. S., F. L. S., F. G. S. Familiar Trees. First Series. Small
8vo. pp. 160. 40 colored plates. London, Paris, New York, and
Melbourne : 1887.

West, J. Remarks on the Management of Woods, Plantations, and Hedge-
Row Timber, Svo. pp. 128. Newark, England : 1842.

Roberts, Mary. Voices from the Woodlands : descriptive of Forest Trees,
Ferns, Mosses, and Lichens. Square 16mo. pp. 311. 20 colored
plates. London : 1850.

Knight & Perry. Synopsis of the Coniferous Plants grown in Great Britain
and sold by them. 8vo. pp. 64. Frontispiece. London : n. d. [1850.]

Saint-Hilaire, M. Jaume. Traite des Arbres Forestiers : precede d'une
instruction, sur la culture des arbres, par M. Thouin. Royal 8vo.
90 colored plates. Paris : 1824.

. Traite des Arbrisseaux et des Arbustes cultivees en

France et en plein terre : preced6 d'une instruction sur la culture
des arbres et des arbrisseaux, par M. Thouin. 2 vols. Royal Svo.
176 colored plates. Paris : 1825.

Moloney, Alfred, C. M. G., etc. Sketch of the Forestry of West Africa,
with particular reference to its present principal commercial pro-
ducts. Small 8vo. pp. 533. London : 1887.

Pierre, L. Directeur du Jardin Botanique de Saigon, Flore Forestiere de
la Cochin-Chine. Fascicle 8, in continuation. Large folio. Plates
113-128. Paris.

Vidal y Soler, Don Sebastian. Sinopsis de Familias y Generos de Plantas
Leiiosas de Filipinas : introduction a la Flora Forestal del Archi-
pielago Filipino. Text, small square Svo. pp. 411. Atlas, large
4to. 100 plates. Manila : 1883.

Brown, J. E., F. L. S., etc. Forest Flora of South Australia. Parts 6
and 7, in continuation. Large folio. 10 colored plates. Ade-
laide, South Australia.

Googe, Barnabe, Esquire. Fovre Bookes of Husbandry, collected by M.
Conradus Heresbachius, Counseller to the hygh and mightie Prince,
the Duke of Cleue ; Conteyning the whole arte and trade of Hus-
bandry, with the antiquitie and commendation thereof. Newely
Englished, and increased by Barnabe Googe, Esquire. Small square
Svo. pp.386. London: 1578. [Blackletter : the /eaies numbered
1-193.]

Haldane, R- C. Subtropical Cultivations and Climates. A handy book
for planters, colonists, and settlers. Small Svo. pp. 338. 34 wood-
cuts. Edinburgh and London : 1886.

American Agriculturist. Vol. 22, for the year 1863. 4to. pp. 384.
Many woodcuts. New York : 1863. [To fill gap in set.]

Emerson, George B., and Charles L. Flint. Manual of Agriculture. A
new edition, revised by Dr. Charles A. Goessman. 12mo. pp. 284.
New York : 1885.

384 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland. Transactions. Vols.
11-19. 8vo. Edinburgh: 1879-1887. [To continue the set.]

Storer, F. H., S. B., A. M. Agriculture in some of its relations with Chem-
istry. 2 vols. 8vo. pp. 529, 509. New York : 1887.

Wittstein, Br. G. C. The Organic Constituents of Plants and Vegetable
Substances, and their Chemical Analysis. 8vo. pp. 332. Mel-
bourne: 1878.

Warrington, Robert. On Nitrification. Two articles from the Journal
of the Chemical Society, pp. 44-51 and 429-45G. 8vo. London :
1878, 1879.

Flint, Charles L. Grasses and Forage Plants. Revised edition. Large
12mo. pp.398. Frontispiece and 171 woodcuts. Boston: 1888.

Beal, Prof. "W. J., Ph. D., etc. Grasses of North America: for Farmers
and Students. Vol. I. 8vo. pp. 457. 175 woodcuts. Lansing,
Mich. : 1887.

Thurber, Dr. George. Silos and Ensilage; comprising the most recent
information. New and enlarged edi!ion. 12mo. pp. 93. 20 wood-
cuts. New York : 1886.

Palkner, F. The Muck Manual : a practical treatise on the nature and
value of Manures. With a brief scientific account of Agricultural
Chemistry. 16mo. pp.351. London: 1843.

Stewart, Henry. Irrigation for the Farm, Garden, and Orchard. 12mo.
pp. 2G2. 139 woodcuts. New York : 1887.

Martin, George A. Fences, Gates, and Bridges : a Practical Manual.
12mo. pp.188. 294 woodcuts. New York : 1887.

. Farm Appliances : a Practical Manual. 12mo. pp. 198.

237 woodcuts. New York : 1887.

Potter, Burton Willis. The Road and the Roadside. 12mo. pp. 104.
Boston: 1886.

Presl, Carolus B. Supplementum Tentaminis Pteridographia;. Small 4to.
pp. 119. Pragae: 1845.

Moore, Tiiomas, F. L. S., etc. British Ferns and the Allied Plants, com-
prising the Club-mosses, Pcpperworts, and Horsetails. Square
lOmo. pp.354. 20 colored plates. London: 1851.

Braithwaite, R. The British Moss-Flora. Vol.1. Large 8vo. pp.315
45 plates. London : 1887.

Willey, Henry. An Introduction to the Study of Lichens. 8vo pamphlet,
pp. 58, with a Supplement of 1 page and 10 plates. New Bed-
ford : 1887.

IjUCandi Capitaine. Figures pcintes de Champignons de la France, etc.
4to. Fasc. 8. Plates 170-200. Autun, France : 1886.

Wolle, Rev. Francis. Fresh Water Algae of the United States (exclusive
of the Diatomaceae). Conipleinental to Desinids of the United
States. 1 vol. te.\t, pp. 304. 1 vol. of 158 colort'd plates, in-
cluding 9 additional plates of Desniids. 8vo. Betlilehem, Penn. :
18S7.

Cooke, M. C. Illustrations of British Fungi. Nos. 43-51, in continuation.
8vo. Colored plates 671-814. London: 1886,1887.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 385

Parker, G. H. Contributions from the cryptogamic laboratory of the
Museum of Harvard University. [From the Proceedings of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Vol. 22. Presented June
16, 1886.] VI. On the Morphology of Ravenelia Glandulaeformis.
8vo. pamphlet, pp. 205-219.

Ridgway, Robert. A Nomenclature of Colors for Naturalists : and Com-
pendium of Useful Knowledge for Ornithologists. Svo. pp. 129.
10 colored plates and 7 outline plates. Boston : 1886.

Buckler, William. The Larvae of British Butterflies and Moths. Vol. 2.
The Sphinges or Hawk-Moths and part of the Bombyces. Svo. pp.
172. Colored plates 18-35. Printed for the Ray Society. London :
1887.

Harvardianse Catalogus Universitatis. [Quinquennial.] Svo. pamphlet.
Cambridge: 1885.

Books, etc. Received by Donation and Exchange.

Nicol, Walter. The Scotch Forcing-Gardener. Small Svo. pp. 201 .

5 copperplates. Edinburgh : 1797. George Cruickshanks.
Joly, Ch. L'Horticulture au Concours Regional de Paris. [Extrait du

Journal de la Societe Nationale et Centrale d'Horticulture de

France.] Svo. pamphlet, pp. 5. 2 woodcuts. Paris: January,

1887. The Author.
. Note sur les Importations et les Exportations de Produits

Horticoles de 18S4 a 1886. Svo. pamphlet, pp. 9. Paris : 1887.

The Author.
Ladies' Floral Cabinet. Vol. XV, 1886. [Also in the same covers, No. 1

(January) of 1887, concluding the series.] Ito. pp. 326 and 28.

Many woodcuts. New York: 1S86-1887. Ralph H. Waggoner,

Publisher.
The Flower Garden ; a quarterly magazine of Floral Progress. Nos. 1-7.

7 pamphlets. Svo. Many woodcuts. Brooklyn : 1872-1874. S. L.

Boardman.
Solly, George A. & Son. Flower Bed Designs. 101 woodcuts (9 full-
page, colored). Oblong Svo. pamphlet. Springfield, Mass. : 1887.

The Authors.
Catalogue of the First Orchid Exhibition in America, organized by

Siebrecht & Wadley. Svo. pamphlet, pp. 16. 7 woodcuts. New

Rochelle, N. Y. : 1SS7. J. D. W. French.
Morris, D., M. A., F. L. S. Colonial and Indian Exhibition, London,

1886. Report on Fruits. Svo. pamphlet, pp. IS. The Author.
Sturtevant, E. Lewis, M. D. History of the Currant. Svo. pamphlet.

pp. 55-64, [of Proceedings of the Western New York Horticultural

Society, 1887]. The Author.
United States Department of Agriculture. Special Reports. No. 4.

Cultivation of the Fig, and the method of preparing the fruit for

commerce ; also. Report on the Importance of the Cultivation of the

10

386 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Date Palm. 8vo. pp.17. No. 11. The Silkworm : being a man-
ual of instructions for the production of silk. 8vo. pp. 31. 8
woodcuts. No. G2. Observations on the Soils and Products of
Florida. By William Saunders. Svo. pp. 30. 3 pamphlets.
Washington : 1878-1883. The Commissioner.

Williams, E. Address on Pruning and Training the Vine : an illus-
trated paper read before the American Horticultural Society at
New Orleans, .January 16, 1885. 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 13. 14 wood-
cuts. Indianapolis : 1885. The Author.

Tryon, J. H. A Practical Treatise on Grape Culture, with directions for
pruning and training the Vine on the Horizontal Arm System. 8vo.
pamphlet, pp. 22. 12 woodcuts and 1 colored plate. Willoughby,
Ohio : 1887. The Author.

United States Department of Agriculture. Botanical Division. Bulle-
tin No. 2. Report on the Fungus Diseases of the Grape Vine, by
F. Lamson Scribner, B. Sc. 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 136. 7 colored
and plain plates, and 4 woodcuts. Washington, D. C. : 1886. The
Commissioner.

Baltet, Charles, President de la Societe Ilorticole, Vigneronne et Fores-
tiere de I'Aube. La Coulure des Raisins. Svo. pamphlet, pp. 30.
Troyes, France : 1887. Ch. Joly.

Joly, Cii. Note sur un Pied de Vigne en Culifornie. 8vo. pamphlet, pp.
10. 3 woodcuts. Paris : 1887. The Author.

. Note sur les Orangeries et les Irrigations de Blidah. Svo.

pamphlet, pp.19. 9 woodcuts. Paris: 1887. The Author.

Rawson, W. W. Success in Market Gardening, and Vegetable Growers'
Manual. 12mo. pp. 208. 108 woodcuts. Boston: 1887. The
Author.

Gray, Asa, M. D. 1. Notes upon some Rubiaceae, collected in the United
States South-Sea Exploring Expedition under Captain Wilkes, with
Characters of New Species, etc. 2. Notes upon some Polynesian
Loganiaceae. 3. Diagnoses of the Species of Sandalwood (Santa-
luni) of the Sandwich Islands, in the Collection of the U. S. South-
Sea Exploring Expedition. [Proceedings of the American Acad-
emy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. 4, April, 1868, and September and
October, 1859.] 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 38.

. Review of Darwin's Theory on the Origin of Species by

means of Natural Selection. [American Journal of Science and
Arts, Vol. 29, March, lt<60.] Svo. pamplilet. pp. 32.

■ . Botanical Contributions. Ciiaracters of New Plants of

California and elsewhere, principally of those collected by W. H.
Brewer and 11. N. Bolander in the State Geological Survey. [Pro-
ceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. 7,
June, 1867.] Svo. pamphlet, pp. 327-401.

. [John Torrey and.] Botanical Contributions. Revision

of the Erlgoneaj. [Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts
and Sciences, Vol. 8, January, 1870.] Svo. pamphlet, pp. 146-200.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 387

Gray, Asa, M. D. Botanical Contributions. 1. Reconstruction of the
Order Diapensiaceae. 2. Revision of the North American Polemon-
iaceae. 3. Miscellanea. — Nama, Lycopus, etc. [Proceedings of
the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. 8, June, 1870.]
8vo. pamphlet, pp. 243-296.

. Botanical Contributions. 1. Notes on Labiatae. 2.

Determination of a Collection of Plants made in Oregon by Elihu
Hall during the summer of 1871, with Characters of some New-
Species and various Notes. [Proceedings of the American Acad-
emy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. 8, February, 1872.] 8vo. pamphlet,
pp. 365-412.

. Botanical Contributions. 1. Characters of New Genera

and Species of Plants. 2. Notes on Compositae, and Characters of
certain Genera and Species, etc. Part I. [Proceedings of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. 8, May 13, 1873.]
8vo. pamphlet, pp. 620-661.

. Botanical Contributions. Continuation of Part 1, above.

[Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol.
9, May, 1874.] 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 187-218.

. Biographical Notice of John Torrey. [American Jour-
nal of Science and Arts, Third Series, Vol.5, June, 1873.] 8vo.
pamphlet, pp. 11.

. Botanical Contributions. 1. A Synopsis of North

American Thistles. 2. Notes on Boraginacese. 3. Synopsis of
North American Species of Physalis. 4. Characters of Various
New Species. [Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and
Sciences, Vol. 10, May and October, 1874.] 8vo. pamphlet, pp.
39-78.

. Bentham, On the recent Progress and present State of

Systematic Botany ; a Report made to the British Association for
the Advancement of Science, 1874. [American Journal of Science
and Arts, Vol. 9, April, 1875.] 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 288-294, and
346-355.

. Botanical Contributions. Conspectus of the North

America Hydrophyllaceae. [Proceedings of the American Academy
of Arts and Sciences, Vol. 10. Issued April, 1875.] 8vo. pamphlet,
pp. 312-332.

. Botanical Contributions. 1. Characters of Canbya

(n. gen.) and Arctomecon. With 2 plates. 2. Characters of New
Species, etc. [Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and
Sciences, Vol. 12. Issued December 27, 1876.] 8vo. pamphlet,
pp. 51-84.

. Botanical Contributions. Characters of some Little

Known or New Genera of Plants. [Proceedings of the American
Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. 12. Issued May, 1887.] 8vo.
pamphlet, pp. 159-165.

388 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Gray, Asa, M. D. Botanical Contributions. 1. Elatines Americana!. 2.
Two New Genera of Acanthaceae. 3. New Astragali. 4. Miscel-
lanese. [Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sci-
ences, Vol. 13. Issued April 5, 1878.] 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 361-
374.

. Botanical Contributions. 1. Characters of some New

Species of Compositae in the Mexican Collection made by C. C.
Parry and Edward Palmer, chiefly in the Province of San Luis
Potosi, in 1878. 2. Some New North American Genera, Species,
etc. [Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,
Vol. 15. Issued October 1, 1879.] 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 25-51.

, and Sir J. D. Hooker, F. R. S. The Vegetation of the

Rocky Mountain Region, and a comparison with that of other parts
of the world. Authors' Edition. [Bulletin of the Survey, Vol. 6,
No. 1. U. S. Department of the Interior.] Svo. pamphlet, pp.
77. Washington: 1881.

. Biographical Notice of Charles Darwin. [Proceedings

of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. 17, May,
1882.] 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 11.

. Contributions to North American Botany. 1 Studies

of Asters and Solidago in the Older Herbaria. 2. Novitiaj Arizo-
nica;, etc. : Characters of the New Plants of certain Recent Collec-
tions, mainly in Arizona and adjacent Districts, etc. [Proceedings
of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. 17. Issued
June 26, 1882.] 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 163-230.

. Remarks concerning the Flora of North America.

Read to the Botanists at the meeting of the American Association
for the Advancement of Science, at Montreal, August 25, 1882.
[American Journal of Science, Vol. 24, November, 1882.] Svo.
pamphlet, pp. 321-331.

, and J. Hammond Trumbull. Review of De CandoUe's

Origin of Cultivated Plants ; with Annotations upon certain Ameri-
can Species. Parts II and III. [American Journal of Science,
Vol. 25, May, 1883, and Vol. 26, August, 1883.] 8vo. pamphlet,
pp. 370-379, and 128-138.

— . Contributions to North American Botany. 1. Ciiarac-

ters of New Composita;, with Revisions of certain Genera, and
Critical Notes. 2. Miscellaneous Genera and Species. [Proceed-
ings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. 19.
Issued October 30, 1883.] Svo. pamphlet, pp. 96.

. 1. A Revision of the North American Species of the

Genus Oxytropis, DC. 2. Notes on some North American Species
of Saxifraga. [Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and
Sciences, Vol. 20. Communicated May 14, 1884.] Svo. pamphlet,
pp. 12.

. Characteristics of tlie North American Flora : An Ad-
dress to the Botanists of the British Association for the Advancement

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 389

of Science at Montreal; read to the Biological Section, August 29.

[American Journal of Science, Vol. 28, November, 1884.] 8vo.

pamphlet, pp. 323-340.
Gray, Asa, M. D. Memorial of George Bentham. [From the Report of

the Council of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, for the

year 1884-5.] 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 103-113.
. Botanical Contributions. 1. A Revision of some

Borragineous Genera. 2. Notes on some American Species of

Utricularia. 3. New Genera of Arizona, California, and their

Mexican Borders, and two additional Asclepiadaceai. 4. Gamopet-

alas Miscellaneas. [Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts

and Sciences, Vol. 20. Issued January 26, 1885.] 8vo. pamphlet.

pp. 257-310.
. Memorial of Edward Tuckerman. [American Journal

of Science, Vol. 32, July, 1886.] 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 7.
. The Genus Asimina. [Botanical Gazette, Vol. 11, No.

7, July, 1886.] 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 161-164.
. Corydalis aurea and its Allies. [Botanical Gazette,

Vol. 11, No. 7, July, 1886.] 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 188, 189.
. Memoranda ofa Revision of the North American Violets.

I. [Botanical Gazette, Vol. 11, No. 10, October, 1886.] 8vo.

pamphlet, pp. 253-256.
. Delphinium,. an attempt to distinguish the North Ameri-
can Species. [Botanical Gazette, Vol. 12, No. 3, March, 1887.]

8vo. pamphlet, pp. 49-54.
. Botanical Contributions. 1. A Revision of some Poly-

petalous Genera and Orders. 2. Sertum Chihuahuense : appendix.

3. Miscellanea. [Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts

and Sciences, Vol. 22. Issued March 4, 1887.] 8vo. pamphlet.

pp. 270-314.
The preceeding thirty-two titles are a donation from Sereno Watson, Ph. D.
Watson, Sereno. Contributions to American Botany. XIV. I. List of

Plants collected by Dr. Edward Palmer in the State of Jalisco,

Mexico, in 1886. II. Descriptions of some New Species of Plants.

[From the Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and

Sciences, Vol. XXII.] 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 396-481 Issued June

25, 1887. The Author.
Macoun, John, M. A., F. L. S., F. R. S. C. Catalogue of Canadian Plants.

Part III. — Apetalas : completing the volume. Large 8vo. pp. 395-

623. Montreal: 1886.
United States Department of Agriculture. Botanical Division. Bulletin

No. 3. Grasses of the South : a report on certain grasses and

forage plants for cultivation in the South and Southwest. By Dr.

George Vasey, Botanist. 8vo. pamphlet. pp. 63. 16 plates.

Washington ; 1887. The Commissioner.
Beade, Oswald A. Plants of the Bermudas, or Somers' Islands. 12mo.

pamphlet, pp. 112 and vii. 1 woodcut. Hamilton, Bermuda:

1883. J. D. W. French.

390 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Penhallow, D. P., B. Sc. Meclianism of Movement in Cucurbita. Vitis,
and Kobinia. 4to. pamphlet, pp. 35. 5 plates. [Extract from
the Proceedings and Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada,
Vol. 4, Section 4, 1886.] Montreal: 188G. The Author.

— . Additional Notes upon the Tendrils of Cucur-

bitaceae. 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 10. [Extract from the Canada Record
of Science, Vol. 2. No. 4, October, 1886.] The Author.
Crozier, A. A. The Modifieation of Plants by Climate. 8vo. pamphlet.

pp. 35. Ann Arbor, Mich. : 1885. The Author.
Naudin, Ch. Les Especes Affines, et la Tlieorie de I'Evolution. 8vo.
pamplilet. pp. 33. [Extrait du Bulletin de la Soci6tu Botanique de
France. Tome XXL] Paris : 1875. The Author.
Torrey Botanical Club. Bulletin, edited by Elizabeth G. Britton and other
members of the Club. Vol. 14, 1887. 12 numbers 8vo. 15 plates.
New York : 1887. The Club.
Iowa Agricultural College. Bulletin from the Botanical Department,
November, 1886. Byron D. Halsted, Sc. D., Professor of Botany.
8vo. pamphlet, pp. 66. Cedar Rapids, Iowa : 1887. Prof. Halsted.
Edinburgh Botanical Society. Transactions and Proceedings. Vol. 16.
Part 3. 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 301-515. Plates 12-15 with 1 map.
Edinburgh : 1886. The Society.
Iieichtlin, Max. Pflanzen-Liste des Botanischen Privat Gartens in Baden-
Baden. Narrow 8vo. i^amphlet. pp. 19. The Author.
American Horticultural Society. Transactions for the year 1886. Vol. 4.

8vo. pp. 236. Indianapolis : 1886. W. H. Ragan, Secretary.
Montreal Horticultural Society and Fruit Growers' Association of the
Province of Quebec. Twelfth Report, 1886-87. 8vo. pamphlet,
pp. 142. Map and 5 woodcuts. Montreal : 1887. E. J. Maxwell,
Secretary-Treasurer. 3 copies.
Stereoscopic Views, Two, of Tanks containing Nymphasas and Victoria
regia : shown at the Annual Exhibition of the Massachusetts Horti-
cultural Society, held September 13-16, 1887. George E. Davenport.
Hampden County Horticultural Society. Premium List and Rules for a
Strawberry and Rose Show, to be held .June 21 and 22, 1887, at
Springfield, Mass. 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 8. Springfield : 1887.
Hhode Island Horticultural Society. Prize Schedule of the Annual Exhibi-
tion to be held September 8 and 9, 1887. 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 4.
C. C. Armstrong, Secretary.
Western New York Horticultural Society. Proceedings at the Thirty-
second Annual Meeting. 8vo. pamphlet. pp. 151). Rochester,
N. Y. : 1887. P. C. Reynolds, Secretary.
New Jersey State Horticultural Society. Proceedings of the Twellth Annual
Meeting. 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 210. Portrait and plate. Newark,
N. ,7. : 18H7. E. Williams, Recording Secretary.
Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. List of Members and Officers for
the year 1886. pp. 7. Programme for the year 1887. pp. 16.
List of Meetings for 1887. Two pamphlets 12mo., and calendar.
Philadelphia: 1887. Edwin Lonsdale, Recording Secretary.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 391

Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association. Report of the twenty-
seventh Annual Meeting, January, 1886. 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 92,
5 plates (3 colored). Also extra copies for distribution. E. B.
Engle, Secretary.

Ohio State Horticultural Society. Twentieth Annual Report, for the year
1886-87. 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 219 and portrait. Columbus : 1887.
George W. Campbell, Secretary.

Columbus [Ohio] Horticultural Society. Journal [monthly]. Edited
by W. S. Devol, Secretary. Vol. 2, Nos. 8-11. August-November
1887. 4 pamphlets, 8vo. pp. 137-204. Columbus: 1887. The
Secretary.

Summit County [Ohio] Horticultural Society. Report for the year 1886.
8vo. pamphlet, pp. 64. M. Crawford, Secretary.

Indiana Horticultural Society. Transactions for the year 1886. 8vo.
pp. 164. 1 plate. Indianapolis : 1887. C. M. Hobbs, Secretary.

Illinois Horticultural Society. Transactions for the year 1886 ; with the
Proceedings of the District Societies. New Series, Vol. 20. Edited
by A. C. Hammond, Secretary. 8vo. pp. 424. 3 woodcuts and 11
diagrams. Peoria : 1886. The Secretary.

Michigan State Horticultural Society. Sixteenth Annual Report of the
Secretary, for the year 1886. 8vo. pp. 596. Portrait and wood-
cuts. Lansing : 1887. Charles W. Garfield, Secretary. 10 copies.

Lyon, T. T., President of the Michigan Horticultural Society. History of
Michigan Horticulture. Large 8 vo. pamphlet, pp.412. Lansing:
1887. [Also printed in the report of the Micliigan Horticultural
Society.] Charles W. Garfield, Secretary.

Iowa State Horticultural Society. Transactions for 1886, comprising the
Proceedings of the Twenty-first Annual Meeting, and of local
societies. 8vo. pp. 531. Des Moines : 1887. G. B. Brackett.

Wisconsin State Horticultural Society. Transactions, Vol. 17, for 1886-
87. 8vo. pp.279. 2 plates. Madison : 1887. B. S. Hoxie, Cor-
responding Secretary. 10 copies.

Minnesota State Horticultural Society. Annual Report for the year 1887.
Vol. 15. 8vo. pp. 499. Portrait. St. Paul: 1887. S. D. Hill-
man, Secretary.

Missouri Horticultural Society. Twenty-ninth Annual Report for the year
1886. 8vo. pp. 438. Portrait. Jefferson City: 1887. L. A.
Goodman, Secretary. 10 copies.

Kansas Horticultural Report for the year 1886. Vol.16. 8vo. pp.312.
Several cuts. Edited by the Secretary. Topeka, Kansas : 1887.
G. C. Brackett, Secretary, Lawrence.

California State Board of Horticulture. Biennial Report for 1885 and
1886. Also appendix for 1887. pp. 583. Five colored plates.
Sacramento : 1887.

Ontario Fruit Growers' Association. 18th Annual Report for the year
1886. 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 65. Toronto: 1887. L. Woolverton,
Secretary.

392 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Maine State Pomological Society. Transactions for 1884, 1885, (5 copies)
and 188G, witli 2 portraits and 1 plate, (6 copies.) 11 pamphlets, 8vo.
Augusta : 1885-87. S. L. Boardinan, Secretary.

Society of American Florists. Proceedings of the Tliird Annual Conven-
tion held at Chicago, 111., August 16, 17, and 18, 1887. 8vo. pamph-
let, pp. 154. Portrait. Boston : 1887. William J, Stewart,
Secretary.

Hartford Chrysanthemum Club. Programme of Exhibition and Sale, in
Allyn Hall, Hartford, Connecticut, on November 9, 10, and 11, 1887.
Small 4to. pamphlet. Woodcuts. Clarence Bryant, President.

New Jersey Floricultural Society of Orange, N. J. Schedule of Pre-
miums for an Exhibition to be held April 19-21, 1887. 8vo. pamph-
let, pp. 4. J. F. Knorr, Chairman of Executive Committee.

Indiana Florists. First Annual Exhibition. List of Officers, Regulations,
Prize list, etc. 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 9. Indianapolis : 1887. William
J. Stewart.

Royal Horticultural Society. Journal. Vol.8. The Frost Report ; on the
effects of the Severe Frosts on Vegetation during the winters 1879-
80 and 1880-81. By Rev. George Henslow, M. A., F. L. S., F. G.
S., Hon. Sec. to the Scientific Committee. 8vo. pamphlet, pp.
Ixv and 338.

. List of Council, Officers and Members for the year

1887. 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 15. London. The Society.

Royal Caledonian Horticultural Society. Report of the Apple and Pear
Congress held by the Society at Edinburgh, November 25-28, 1885.
Edited by Malcolm Dunn. 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 208. Edinburgh :
1887. The Society.

Socidt^ Nationale d' Horticulture de France. Journal, 1887. 12 numbers
8vo. Also Report of the Congres d' Horticulture de Paris en 1887,
and circulars, etc., relating thereto, and to the meetings and exhibi-
tions of the Society. Also Annales de la Soci6te d' Horticulture de
Paris, 53e livraison, Janvier, 1832, and Journal de la Societe Imperi-
ale et Centrale d' Horticulture, Janvier, 18G5, 2 pamphlets 8vo. and
plates, completing the set. Mons. E. Glatigny, Librarian.

Soci6te Centrale d' Horticulture du Departement de la Seine-Inferieure.
Bulletin. 3d and 4th cahiers of 1886 completing vol. 28 ; Ist and 2nd
cahiers.of 1887. 4 pamphlets 8vo. Rouen : 188G, 1887. The Society.

Soci6t6 d' Horticulture de la Sartlie. Bulletin. 4« trimestre 1886;
1« trimestre 1887. 2 pamphlets 8vo. Le Mans. The Society.
Also series in 5 pamphlets 8vo., completing the years 1870-1871,
from Mons. E. Glatigny, Librarian of the Soci6t6 Nationale d' Horticul-
ture de France.

F6d6ration des Societ^s d' Horticulture de Belgique. Bulletin. 1883, 1884,
1885. 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 264. Bruxellcs : 1887. L. Lubbers,
Secretary.

Algemeene Vereeniging voor Bloembollencultuur te Haarlem. Awards
of Premiums for 1887. Premiums for Foreign Exhibitions in 1888.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 393

Medals and other Prizes offered by local societies for early exhibi-
tions of the year 1888. With other announcements. Small folio
pamphlet, pp. 7. D. Bakker, Algemeen Secretaris.

R. Societa Toscana di Orticultura. BuUetino. vol. 12, 1887. [Vol. 2 of
the 2d series.] 12 numbers large 8vo. 13 plates and 11 woodcuts.
Florence 1887. The Society.

Joly, Ch. Note sur 1' Exposition Horticole de Florence. 8vo. pamphlet,
pp. 8. Paris : 1887. The Author.

United States Department of Agriculture. Report of the Commissioner
for the year 1886. 8vo. pp. 719. Colored and plain plates.
Washington : 1887. Also Report of the Commissioner, submitted
November 15, 1887. 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 42. Washington : 1887.
Hon. Norman J. Colman, Commissioner.

. Reports of the Statistician. Crops and

Freight Rates, etc. 8vo. pamphlets. New Series, Nos. 36 to 44
and No. 46. Washington : 1887. The Commissioner.

— . First Annual Report of the Bureau

of Animal Industry for the year 1884. 8vo. pp. 512. 15
plates, part colored, and 4 charts. Washington : 1885. The Com-
missioner.

United States Consular Reports relative to Cattle and Dairy Farming.
8vo. pp. 855. 369 plates. Washington : 1887. Hon. George F.
Hoar.

United States Department of Agriculture. Division of Chemistry.
Bulletin No. 13. Food and Food Adulterants. Part I. Dairy Pro-
ducts. 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 128. 12 plates and 4 woodcuts. Part
II. Spices and Condiments. 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 129-259. Plates
13-28 and 6 woodcuts. Bulletin No. 14. Records of Experiments
at Fort Scott, Kansas, in the Manufacture of Sugar from Sorghum
and Sugar-canes, in 1886. By H. W. Wiley, Chemist. 8vo. pamph-
let, pp. 64. Bulletin No. 15. Report of Experiments in the
Manufacture of Sugar at Magnolia Station, Lawrence, La., season
of 1886-7. Third Report by Guilford L. Spencer. 8vo. pamphlet,
pp. 35. Bulletin No. 16. Methods of Analysis of Commercial
Fertilizers, Feeding Stuffs, and Dairy Products adopted at the Fourth
Annual Convention of the Association of Official Agricultural
Chemists, August, 1887. 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 80. 4 plates. Wash-
ington : 1887. The Commissioner.

— . Supplement to the General Index of

the Agricultural Reports ; for the years 1877-1885. By the Com-
missioner of Agriculture. 8vo. pamphlet, pp.113. Washington:

1886. The Commissioner.

New England Agricultural Society. Twenty-fourth Annual Fair, Au-
gust 30 and 31 and September 1 and 2. List of Officers, Regula-
tions, Premiums offered, etc. 8vo. pamphlet, pp.39. Worcester:

1887. Extra copies for distribution. Edmund Hersey.

394 MASSACHUSETTS IIOUTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

Massachusetts Board of Agriculture. Thirty-fourth Annual Report ol
the Secretary, with returns of tiie finances of tlie Agricultural
Societies for the year 1886. 8vo. pp. 547. 8 plates. Boston :
1887. John E. Russell, Secretary. 50 copies.

Agricultural Meeting, held in Boston, January 13, 1840. Report and
Notes by Henry Colman, Coniniissioner for the Agricultural Survey
of the State. Containing the Remarks on that occasion of the Hon.
Daniel Webster of the U. S. Senate, and of Professor Sillinmn,
M. D., LL.D., of Yale College, Connecticut. 8vo. panipiilet.
pp. 44. Salem : 1840. 2 copies. John C. Ilovey.

Essex Agricultural Society. Transactions for the year 1880; with the 64th
Annual Address and Premium List for 1887. 8vo. pamphlet. pp.
231. Gloucester : 1880. David W. Low, Secretary.

Amesbury and Salisbury Agricultural and Horticultural Society. Trans-
actions for the year 1886 ; with the Secretary's Report of the Twenty-
third Annual Fair, held at Amesbury, October 6 and 6, 1886.
8vo. pamphlet, pp. 32. Amesbury, Mass : 1886. The Society.

Marshfield Agricultural and Horticultural Society. Transactions for
1880, with the List of the Premiums for 1887. 8vo. pamphlet, pp.
48 and 20. Plymouth : 1887. F. CoUamore, Secretary.

Maine Board of Agriculture. Thirtieth Annual Report of the Secretary for
the year 1886-87. pp. 396. With an Appendix containing the
Annual Report of the State Pomological Society, and selected papers
etc. pp.191. 2 plates. 8vo. Augusta : 1887. Z. A. Gilbert, Sec-
retary.

Franklin County Agricultural Society. Transactions for the year 1886.
8vo. pamphlet, pp. 44. Greenfield: 1886. The Society.

Hampden County Agricultural Society. Programnie of Horse and Cattle
Show, and Fair, at Holyoke, Mass., September 21 and 22, 1887.
8vo. pamphlet, pp. 8. 1887.

Hampden Agricultural Society. Forty-second Annual Report, for the
year ending December 15, 1886. 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 20. Spring-
field : 1887. J. N. Bagg, Secretary.

Highland Agricultural Society. Transactions for 1886; with Constitution,
By-laws, etc. Also Lists of Officers, Premiums offered, etc., for
1887. 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 50. Springfield, Mass. : 1887. The
Society.

Berkshire Agricultural Society. Transactions for 1886; with the Premium
List for 1887. 8vo. pamplilet. pp. 44 and 24. Pittsfield : 1886.
William H. Murray, Secretary.

Hoosac Valley Agricultural Society. Twenty-sixth Annual Report. Trans-
actions for the year 1886. 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 09. North Adams :
1887. H. Clay Bliss, Secretary.

Nantucket Agricultural Society. Transactions for 1886 and 1887 together
with the Lists of Premiums offered for 1887 and 1888. 2 pamphlets
Hvo. pp. 43 and 40. Nantucket : 1886, 1887. The Society.

Housatonic Agricultural Society. Transactions. 1880. 8vo. pam
jihiet. pp. 50. Great Barriiigton : 1880. The Society.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 395

Agriculture of Pennsylvania. Containing Reports of the State Board of
Agriculture (pp. 326), the State Agricultural Society (pp. 172),
the State Dairymen's Association (pp. 51), the State Horticultural
Association (pp. 92), and the State College (pp. 20), for 1886.
1 vol. 8vo. Colored and plain plates and woodcuts. Harrisburg :
1887. Thomas J. Edge, Secretary of State Board of Agriculture.
Also extra copies for distribution.

Virginia Department of Agriculture. Ninth Annual Report of the Com-
missioner of Agriculture. Bvo. pp. 92 and 63. Richmond : 1887.
Also Reports for January, April, May, July, and September, 1887, on
Crops, etc. 4 pamphlets 8vo. and broadside. Richmond : 1887.
Randolph Harrison, Commissioner.

Georgia Department of Agriculture. Circulars, Nos. 87-96, on Analyses
and Valuations of Commercial Fertilizers, etc. 10 pamphlets 8vo.
Atlanta : 1887. J. T. Henderson, Commissioner.

International Association of Fairs and Expositions. Report of the Fourth
Annual Convention, held at Chicago, 111., December 15 and 16, 1886.
8vo. pamphlet, pp. 62. St. Louis : 1887. Festus J. Wade, Secre-
tary.

Iowa Agricultural Society. Report of the Board of Directors for the year
1886. 8vo. pp.653. Des Moines : 1887. Jolm R. Shaffer, Secre-
tary.

Nebraska State Board of Agriculture and State Horticultural Society.
Annual Report for 1884.. Two pamphlets in one. 8vo. pp. 206 and
91. Lincoln : 1886. Daniel H. Wheeler.

Sociedad Rural Argentina. Anales, 1887. 24 numbers, large 8vo. Buenos
Aires : 1887. The Society.

Asociacion del Uruguay. Vol. 16, 1887. 24 numbers, large 8vo. Mon-
tevideo : 1887. The Society.

Potter, J. S. U. S. Consul at Crefeld. Report on Agriculture in Germany
and subjects connected therewith. 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 23. Wash-
ington : 1887. The Secretary of State.

Maine State College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts, Orono. An-
nual Report of the Trustees and Faculty, 1886. 8vo. pamphlet,
pp. 56. Frontispiece. Augusta : 1886. M. C. Fernald, President.

Massachusetts Agricultural College. Twenty-fourth Annual Report.
January, 1887. 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 78. H. H. Goodell. President.

Commemorative Addresses delivered at the Massachusetts Agricultural
College, June 21, 1887, on the Twenty-fifth Anniversary of the
passage of the Morrill Land Grant Act. 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 61.
Amherst, Mass. : 1887.

Purdue University School of Agriculture, Lafayette, Ind. Bulletin No.
10. A Report of the Director of the Indiana State Horticultural
Experiment Station. 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 8. Lafayette, Ind. : 1886.

Michigan Agricultural College. Bulletins 22-30, on Varieties of Apples,
Plant Lice, Commercial Fertilizers, Forest Products, [6 copies,]
etc. 9 pamphlets 8vo. Lansing: 1887. Also Bulletin No. 31:

396 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

being tlie Annual Report of the Professor of Horticulture and Land-
scape Gardening to the President of the College, for the year 1887.
Large 8vo. pamphlet, pp. DG. 13 woodcuts. Lansing : 1887. The
College.

Joly, Ch. Note sur rficole d'Arboriculture et de Viticulture de Geisen-
hcim. 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 11. Paris: 1887. The Author.

Massachusetts State Agricultural Experiment Station. Fourth Annual
lieport of the Board of Control for the year 188G. 8vo. pamphlet,
pp. 13G. Frontispiece and 2 plates. Boston : 1887. Also Bulletins
23-27, in continuation. C. A. Goessmann, Director, etc.

New York Agricultural Experiment Station. Bulletin No. 9. New
Series. Was it Poison or Overfeeding? Small 8vo. pamphlet, pp.
3. Geneva, N. Y. : March 1, 1887. E. Lewis Sturtevant, M. D. ,
Director.

. Fifth Annual Report of the Board

of Control ; with the reports of the Director, etc. 8vo. pamphlet,
pp. 398. Elmira, N. Y. : 1887. E. Lewis Sturtevant, M. D.,
Director.

Sturtevant, E. Lewis, DirectorNew York Agricultural Experiment Station.
Chat of a Station Director. 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 12. From Report
of Connecticut Board of Agriculture for the year 1887. The Author.

New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station. Seventh Annual Report
for the year 1886. 8vo. pamphlet, pp.215. Trenton : 1887. Also,
Bulletin 41, January, 1887. Extraction of Sugar from Sorghum.
Bulletin 42, September, 1887. Analyses and Valuations of Com-
plete Fertilizers. Two pamphlets, 8vo. pp. 2G, 21. Trenton :
1887. George H. Cook, Director.

University of Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station. Bulletin No.
11. On Wheat, Oats, Barley, Potatoes, and Corn, for 188G. 8vo.
pamphlet, pp. 18. Madison : April, 1887. Fourth Annual Report
for the year 1886. 8vo. pp. 196. 3 colored plates and 6 diagram
sheets. Madison : 1887. Bulletin No. 12. The Oil Test for Cream.
8vo. pamphlet, pp. 15. Madison : October, 1887. Professor W.

A. Henry, Director.

United States Department of Agriculture. Forestry Division. Bulletin
No. 1. l{eport on the Relation of Railroads to Forest Supplies and
Forestry : together with appendices on the Structure of some Timber
Ties, their behavior and the cause of their decay in tiie roadbed : on
Wood Preservation : on Metal Ties : and on the Use of Sjjark
Arresters. 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 149. Many plates and woodcuts.
Washington : 1887. The Commission. Annual Report for 1886, by

B. E. Fernow, Chief of Division. 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 149-226 and
1 diagram sheet. Washington : 1887. The Author.

American Forestry Congress. Annual Meeting held in Springfield, 111.,
commencing September 14, 1887. [Preliminary Newspaper Report.]
8vo. pamphlet. i)p. 28. Springfield, 1887. B. E. Fernow, Secre-
tary.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 397

Gilson, F. H. Trees of Reading, Mass. Parti. 4to. 5 heliotype plates.

Reading : 1887. The Autlior.
Arnold. Arboretum. Annual Reports of the Director, to the President

and Fellows of Harvard College, for the years 1884-85, 1885-86.

2 pamphlets 8vo. pp. 7 and 3. Cambridge : 1886, 1887. Charles

S. Sargent, Director.
New York State Forest Commission. Reports for the years 1885 and 1886.

2 vols. 8vo. pp. 362 (with map), and 177. Albany: 1886,

1887. Abner L. Train, Secretary.
Forestry in Europe. Reports from the Consuls of the United States. 8vo.

pamphlet, pp. 315. 8 plates. "Washington : 1887. 2 copies. Hon.

Thomas F. Bayard, Secretary of State.
Annuaire des Eaux et For^ts. 26« Annee. 1887. 16mo. pp. 436. Paris :

1887. Publisher of the Revue des Eaux et Forets.
Boston Parks Commissioners. Twelfth Annual Report. [Document 24 ;

1887.] For the year 1886. 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 29. Boston:

1887. The City of Boston.
Boston Common and Public Grounds. Superintendent's Annual Report for

1886. [Document 41 ; 1887.] Svo. pamphlet, pp. 47. 4 plates.
Boston : 1887. The City of Boston.

Worcester Parks-Commission. Annual Report for the year ending No-
vember 30, 1886. 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 40. Worcester, Mass. :

1887. Edward Winslow Lincoln, Chairman.

Brooklyn Park Commissioners. Twenty-Fifth Annual Report for 1885.
Svo. pp. 85. 6 photographic views. Brooklyn, N. Y. : 1886.
Edward H. Brundage.

Baltimore Park Commission. Twenty-Seventh Annual Report, for the
fiscal year ending December 31, 1886. 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 50.
Baltimore: 1887.

Chicago South Park Commissioners. Reports to the Board of Commis-
sioners of Cook County for the years 1884, 1885, and 1886. 3 pamph-
lets. Svo, pp. 43 (with 1 plate), 36, and 36. Chicago : 1884-1SS6.
H. W. Harmon, Secretary.

Mount Auburn Cemetery. Annual Report of the Trustees; with the
Reports of the Treasurer and Superintendent. January, 1887. Svo.
pamphlet, pp. 16. Boston : 1887. The Corporation.

Forest Hills Cemetery. Annual Report of the Trustees, February, 1887.
Svo. pamphlet, pp. 33. Boston: 1887. John G. Barker, Super-
intendent.

United States Department of Agriculture. Division of Entomology.
Bulletin No. 10, by C. V. Riley. Our Shade Trees, and their Insect
Defoliators, pp. 69. 27 woodcuts. No. 12, prepared by the
Entomologist. Miscellaneous (Supplementary) Notes on the Work
of the Division for the year 1885. With a paper on the Periodical
Cicada, by Amos W. Butler, pp. 46. 1 plate. No. 13. Reports
of Observations and Experiments in the practical work of the Divi-
sion, made under the direction of the Entomologist, pp. 78. No.

398 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

14. Observations and Experiments. No. 15. The Icerya or Fluted
Scale. No. 10. The Entoniolot,'ical Writings of Dr. A. S. Packard.
G pamphlets. 8vo. Washington, 188G, 1887. The Commissioner.

Riley, Charles V., M. A., Ph. I). Report of the Entomologist; from the
Annual Report of the Department of Agriculture for the year 188G.
8vo. pamphlet. pp. v, 459-592, and ix. 11 plates (1 colored).
Author's Edition. Washington : 1887. The Author.

Ontario Entomological Society. Seventeenth Annual Report. 8vo.
pamphlet, pp. G4. 45 woodcuts. Toronto: 1887. Edmund Baynes
Reed, Secretary-Treasurer.

Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, Vol. 2, Article 2, and Vol.
3, Articles 1-3. 6 pamphlets. 8vo. Containing articles on the
Parasitic Fungi of Illinois, by Professor T. J. Burrill and F. S.
Earle; on the Parasites of the Lesser Apple Leaf-roller, Teras
minuta, by Clarence M. Weed, and other subjects in Natural His-
tory. Peoria : 1886, 1887. Professor S. A. Forbes, Director.

Illinois State Entomologist's Office. Bulletins. No. 1. Arsenical Poisons
for the Codling Moth. pp. 24. 11 diagrams. No. 2. On the
Chinch Bug in Illinois. pp. 27-43. No. 3. Contribution to a
Knowledge of the Life History of the Hessian Fly. pp. 45 to 61.
3 pamphlets. 8vo. By S. A. Forbes, Ph. D., State Entomologist.
Springfield and Champaign : 1887.

Joly, Ch. Note sur le Concours International tenu a Florence, relativement
aux appareils a projetir les insecticides. 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 4.
Paris : 1887. The Author.

Remilly, Eugene. Le Sulphure de Carbone ; son influence sur les ani-
niaux. 12mo. pamphlet, pp. 12. Versailles : 1887. Ch. Joly.

Ottawa Field Naturalists' Club. Transactions. Vol. 2, No. 3. 8vo.
pamphlet, pp. 285-373. Ottawa, Canada : 1887. T. J. McLaugh-
lin, Librarian.

Ottawa Naturalist. Vol. 1. Nos. 1-9. April to December, 1887. 9
pamphlets. 8vo. Ottawa, Canada. The Ottawa Field Naturalists'
Club.

Smithsonian Institution. Annual Report of the Board of Regents for the
year ending July, 1885. Part I. 8vo. pp. 99G Washington:
1886. The Institution. Also, the Annual Report for the year 1857.
8vo. pp. 438. Many woodcuts. S. L. Boardman.

Boston Society of Natural History. Memoirs. Vol. 3, Nos. 6-13. April,
1883, to September, 1886. [In continuation.] 8 pamphlets. 4to.
Plates 37-48. The Society.

Clark, Hubert L. The Birds of Amherst and Vicinity, including nearly the
whole of Hampshire County, Mass. With an Introduction by Pro-
fessor C. H. Fernald, Ph. D. 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 55. Amherst,
Mass. : 1887. H. H. Goodell.

Brookville Society of Natural History. Bulletin No. 2. A. W. Butler
and A. N. Creeraft, Editors. 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 52. Richmond,
Ind. : 1886. The Society.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 399

New York Microscopical Society. Journal. Vol. 2, Nos. 8, 9, 9a; Vol.
3, Nos. 1-4. November, 1886, to October, 1887, inclusive. 7 num-
bers. Svo. 3 plates. New York. The Society.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. President's Report, December
8, 1886. 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 32. Boston : 1886. Twenty-second
and Twenty-third Annual Catalogues, for the years 1886-87 and
1887-88. 2 pamphlets. Svo. pp. 162 and 1G4. Boston: 1886,
1887. The Institute.

University of Illinois. Catalogue and Circular for the year 1886-87.
Small 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 98. Champaign : 1887. Professor T. J.
Burrill, Corresponding Secretary.

Illinois Industrial University. Thirteenth Report of the Board of Trus-
tees, for the two years ending September 30, 1886. 8vo. pp. 305.
Frontispiece. Springfield : 1887. Professor T. J. Burrill, Corres-
ponding Secretary.

Bowdoin College. Eighty-sixth Annual Catalogue, for the academical year
1887-88. 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 60. Brunswick, Maine : 1887. Wil-
liam De Witt Hyde, D. D., President.

Leopoldina : Amtliches Organ der Kaiserlichen Leopoldino-Carolinis-
chen Deutschen Akademie der Naturforscher. Einundzwanzigstes
Heft. Jahrgang, 1885. 4to. pamphlet, pp. 216. Halle : 1885.
Dr. C. H. Knoblauch.

United States Commissioner of Education. Report for the year 1884-85.
Svo. pp. 848. Washington : 1886. Circulars of Information, Nos.
1 and 2, 1886, and No. 2, 1887. 3 pamphlets. Svo. pp. 78, 169,
and 299, the last with 17 plates. Washington: 1886, 1887. N. H.
R. Dawson, Commissioner.

Lawrence Free Public Library. Fifteenth Annual Report for the year
1886. Svo. pamphlet, pp. 28. Lawrence, Mass. : 1887. Freder-
ick H. Hedge, Jr., Librarian.

Astor Library. Thirty-eighth Annual Report of the Trustees, for the year
1886. Svo. pamphlet, pp. 46. New York : 1887. The Trustees.

Library Company of Philadelphia. Bulletins. January and July-Septem-
ber, 1887, the latter the Constitutional Centennial Number. 2
pamphlets. Svo. pp. 24, and 40 and xv.

New England Historic Genealogical Society. Proceedings at the Annual
Meeting, January 5, 1887. Svo. pamphlet, pp. 48. The Society.

Wisconsin State Historical Society. Thirty-fourth Annual Meeting, held
January 6, 1887. Svo. pamphlet, pp. 32. Madison: 1887. The
Society.

Kansas State Historical Society. Fifth Biennial Report. Svo. pamphlet,
pp. 109. Topeka : 1887. Franklin G. Adams, Secretary.

Thorburn, Grant. Fifty Years' Reminiscences of New York, or Flowers
from the Garden of Laurie Todd. Small 12mo. pp. 287. Portrait.
New York : 1845. Charles L. Allen.

Flax and Hemp Spinners and Growers. Report of the Proceedings of the
Convention of, held in Greenwich, N. Y., February 10, 1887, with

400 MASSACnUSETTS IIORTICULTUIIAL SOCIETY.

the Report of tlie Annual Meeting of the Flax and Hemp Spinners
and Growers' Association. 8vo. pamphlet, pp.40. Boston : 1887.
A. II. Turner, Jr., President.

Knapp, Kev. Frederick Newman. Address, delivered at the Re-opening of
the Town Hall at Walpole, N. H., February 10, 1887, with the other
exercises of the occasion. 8vo. pamphlet, pp. 27. Keene, N. H. :
1887. The Author.

Harrison, J. B. The Latest Studies on Indian Reservations. Small 8vo :
pamphlet, pp. 233. Philadelphia : 1887. The Author.

United States Consular Reports. Nos. 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 14, 16, 18, 19, 23.
25i, 53i, and 69-85. On the Commerce, Manufactures, etc. of the
Consular Districts ; Foreign Customs Duties ; Emigration . etc. 30
pamphlets. 8vo. Also, Index to Consular Reports, Nos. 1-59. Svo.
pamphlet, pp. 213. Washington: 1880-1887. The Secretary of
State.

Periodicals Purchased.

ENOLisn. — Gardeners' Chronicle.

Gardeners' Magazine.

Journal of Horticulture and Cottage Gardener.

The Garden.

Gardening Illustrated.

Horticultural Times and Covent Garden Gazette.

Curtis's Botanical Magazine.

Journal of Botany.

Grevillea.
Frhncii. — Revue Horticole.

Revue des Eaux et Forfits.

Journal des Roses.
Belgian. — Illustration Horticole.

Revue de I'llorticulture Beige et fitrang6re.
German. — Botanische Zeitung.
American. — Country Gentleman.

American Naturalist.

American Journal of Science.

Periodicals Received in Exchange.

Gartcnflora.
Gardeners' Monthly.
Canadian Horticulturist.
Auiericau Garden.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 401

Popular Gardening.

Vick's Illustrated Monthly Magazine.

Horticultural Art Journal.

American Florist.

Orchard and Garden.

Green's Fruit Grower.

Fruit and Grape Grower.

Seed-Time and Harvest.

Botanical Gazette.

Journal of Mycology.

West American Scientist.

Ottawa Naturalist.

Maine Farmer.

The Home Farm and Eastern Farmer.

Mirror and Farmer.

New England Farmer.

Massachusetts Ploughman.

American Cultivator.

New England Homestead.

Our Country Home.

American Agriculturist.

Rural New Yorker.

American Rural Home.

The Farm Journal.

Germantown Telegraph.

Maryland Farmer.

Florida Dispatch.

Prairie Farmer.

Student's Farm Journal.

The Industrialist.

Pacific Rural.

Boston Daily Advertiser.

Boston Morning Journal.

Boston Post.

Boston Daily Globe.

Boston Evening Transcript.

Boston Daily Evening Traveller.

New York Weekly World.

The Cottage Hearth.

11

REPORT

OF THE

Secretary and Librarian,

FOR THE YEAR 1887.

As in past years, the keeping of various records, making
reports of meetings and exhibitions, answering inquiries person-
alh' or by correspondence, and preparing the Transactions and
other publications for the press, have been the chief duties which
I have been called on to perform as Secretary. It is obvious to
anyone, upoo the slightest reflection, that the last named of these
various duties requires, that it may be performed in the shortest
■time and to the best advantage, such quiet and freedom from
inten'uption that the labor shall be continuous, but I regret to say
that the interruptions to this and work of similar character have
pever been so great as during the year now nearly closed. The
came cause has also greatly lessened the suitableness of the
Jjibrary Room as a place for the study of our books.

In my report for 1885, I spoke of the revision of the list of
jnemhers, then iji progress. This w.ock was continued during the
Bvicceeding year and the results appeared in the second part of
the Tbansactions for that year. But after the most diligent
jnquiry there remained thirty-eight Life Members whom we were
vwhoUy lUnable to trace. Tliese names were maiked in the list of
TOcmbers with a dagger, and a more emphatic request than before
was njade for information concerning them, but Qn\y a single
member responded to this request.

Tlic unsuccessful attempt to secure a site for a buiicUpg in the
Public Garden for the uee .of tlie >Saciety, niScessarUy adckd much
to the work of the Secretary.

The increase in the library by the addiUou through douation
and exchange of the repoits of hortiGultuial and agriculiuiral
societies, boards of agriculture, agricultijral ,exi>eriment stations,
etc., remarked upon last year, still continues, aud these pubUcatio«s
form one of the most valuable departments of the library. Most of

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND LIBRARIAN. 403

them are American publications recording the results of practice
or experiment under circumstances similar to those surrounding
the members of our own Society, and therefore far more yaluable
than similar books from European sources. To be of the greatest
value the series of these various reports should be perfect and
unbroken, and to secure this it is necessary that every report as
it comes to hand should be at once placed with those previously
received, and at the same time examined to make sure that it is
consecutive with them ; but owing to the crowded state of our
librar}^ we have in many instances been unable to secure this
systematic order, but have been obliged to place the new arrivals
wherever room could be found for them. As an indication of the
rapid increase of books of this desirable class, I may mention that
the record book of Library Accessions (other than those purchased
from the Stickney Fund) which was begun in February, 1869, was
filled in October, 1882, requiring a period of nearly' sixteen years.
Another book of the same size was then procured, which was
filled at the end of the last month, a period of a little more than
five years, showing that the additions to the library from the
sources now under consideration during this second period have
averaged fully three times as many as during the first period.

The removal of the heavy and cumbrous folding doors between
the two rooms, and the substitution of a portiere^ has added much
to our convenience, when it is desired to use the smaller apartment
for the private meeting of a committee, and it has also improved
the appearance of the room. Two new bookcases have lately
been placed in the library, one of which exhausts all the space in
the smaller room, and the other all that on the floor of the larger
room, leaving as the only resource in these rooms, the construc-
tion of the gallery heretofore planned. The two new bookcases
afford a slight but entirely inadequate relief, as they will hold but
a very small part of the books which have long required better
accommodation, and a part of the space afforded by them was
immediately filled hy some of the books comprised in our last
importation from Europe, which had to wait until the completion
of these bookcases because there was absolutely no room for
them elsewhere. It cannot be doubted that it is the purpose of
the Society to provide sufficient accommodation for the Library as
soon as it sees its way clear to do so, but it should be understood
that whenever this is done it will involve an almost entire
re-arrangement of all the books, — a work of great magnitude and

404 MASSACHUSETTS HOUTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

one which increases with every clay's delay. A card catalogue of
the books is also exceediugl}' desirable, but it is hoped that the
present catalogue may be made to answer until there shall be
sufficient space for a systematic arrangement of the books, as
otherwise much of the work would unavoidabl}- require to be done
over again.

Perhaps there is no library in our country containing so large a
proportion as our own of costly illustrated books. The plates,
often of high value as works of art, offer temptations which the
experience of other libraries has shown, are not always resisted.
The Librar}' Committee, therefore, iu 1865, adopted the measure
of precaution commonly used in libraries, by procuring a stamp for
the purpose of stamping every plate with the impress of the Society
as soon as received. This was, however, kept up for less than a
year, but the present Library Committee have now directed it to
be resumed. It will make a permanent addition to the work of
those having immediate charge of the librar}', but if it prevents
the mutilation of valuable books the labor will be well bestowed.

The work of binding those books most needing it has been
continued during the present year. The largest number of any
one set which has thus ])een made convenieut for use is forty
volumes of the Journal of the National Horticultural Society of
France. For the completion of this set our most grateful
acknowledgements are due to Mons. E. Glatigny, the Librarian of
that Society, whose painstaking kindness has been unwearied.
With those previously bound it now consists of sixty-three
volumes. There are but three sets of books in the library
comprising as many volumes as this: viz., Curtis's Botanical
Magazine, of 91 volumes ; the Journal of Horticulture and Cottage
Gardener, of 77 volumes; and the Gardener's Chronicle, of 63
volumes, the same number as the work under consideration.
Twenty-five volumes (all thus far received) of the new edition of
Hallier's Flora Von Deutschland, have also been bound. This
work will be completed iu four or five more volumes, and it is
thought that when these are added our collection of books on the
Botany of Central Europe, will be so full that further additions
may for the present be suspended.

ROBERT MANNING,

Secretary and Librarian.

TREASURER'S REPORT,

FOR THE YEAR 1887.

RECEIPTS

Cash on hand, January 1st, 1887,
Rent of Halls, .
Rent of Stores, .
Admissions and Assessments,
Stickney Fund, Sale of Books,
Mount Auburn Cemetery, .
Annual Exhibitions, .
Less Expenses, .

State Bounty, .
Interest on Bonds,

" " Deposits,

" " the following Funds at 5 per
cent, per annum :

Samuel Appleton Fund,
John A. Lowell
Theodore Lyman
Josiah Bradlee
Benjamin V. French
H. H. Hunnewell
William J. Walker
Levi Whitcomb
Benjamin B. Davis

Principal.

$1,000 00

1,000 00

11,000 00

1,000 00

500 00

4,000 00

2,354 13

500 00

500 00

^3,277 85
2,988 12

Interest.

$50 00
50 00

550 00
50 00
25 00

200 00

117 72
25 00
25 00

$5,516 52

7,834 51

12,936 44

930 00

7 50

3,096 09

289 73

600 00

208 89

75 17

- 1,092 72

Josiab Stickney " . . 12,000 00

Interest expended on Library, .... 679 97
M. B. Faxon, Special Prize Fund, .... 20 00

Estate of Marshall P. Wilder, for Prizes for Grapes

and Pears, 1,000 00

$34,287 54

406

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

EXPENDITURES.

Labor, .......

81,557 75

Salaries, .......

2,875 00

Incidentals, . .

284 84

Interest, .......

3,292 06

Taxes, .......

2,412 00

Repairs on Building, ....

161 97

Heating, S5G9, and Water Tax, 871.85, .

G40 85

Lighting,

851 71

Furniture and Exhibition Ware,

498 46

Prizes for 188G, $5,752.58 ; Window Gar-

dening, 841.72,

5,794 30

Committee of Arrangements, .

225 70

Committee on Publication and Discussion,

120 00

Stationery, Printing, and Postage, .

1,168 24

Card Catalogue, .....

101 25

Stickney Fund, .....

687 47

Library, .......

300 00

Legal Services, .....

50 00

Sinking Fund,— C, B. & Q. Bonds, 85,000,

4%, — cost

4,925 00

Kansas City and Springfield Bond, 81,000,

cost

980 00

Cash on hand, December 31st, 1887,

7,360 94

834,287 54

ASSETS.

Real Estate, .....
Furniture and Exhibition Ware, 1886,

Added, 1887,

1,585 56
498 46

Library,

1886, 825,646 12
Added, 1887, 987 47

Stereotype Plates and Copies of History,
Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Bonds,
Illinois Grand Trunk Bond, ....
Kansas City and Springfield liond, .
Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Bonds, 85,000,
Cash on hand December 31st, 1887,

8250,000 00

7,084 02

20,633 59
299 50
1,500 00
500 00
1,000 00
4,925 00
7,360 94

8299,303 05

TREASURER'S REPORT. 407

LIABILITIES.

Mortgage on Building, . . . $30,000 00

Josiah Stickney Fund, payable to Har-
vard College in 1899, without interest, 12,000 00
The following Prize Funds invested in
Buildins: :

Samuel Appleton Fund,

$1,000 00

John A. Lowell "

1,000 00

Theodore L3'man "

11,000 00

Benjamin V. French "

500 00

Josiah Bradlee "

1,000 00

William J. Walker

2,354 48

Levi Whitcomb "

500 00

H. H. Hunnewell

2,500 00

19,854

48

The following Prize Funds i

invested in

Bonds aforementioned :

H. H. Hunnewell Fund,

$1,500 00

Benjamin B. Davis "

. 500 00

Marshall P. Wilder

. 1,000 00

3,000

00

Prizes for 1887 due and unpaid,

7,174

00

.

72,028 48

.

.

Surplus,

$227,274 57

MEMBERS.

Number of Life Members per

last report.

,

576

Added during the year.

.

12

Commuted from Annual,

• *

•

2

590

Deceased during the year

■, or now first re-

ported.

.

•

29

561

Annual Members per last report, .

.

256

Added during the year,

.

•

15

271

408 MASSACHUSETTS IIOUTICULTUllAL SOCIETY.

Deceased, 10

Discoutinuetl, . . . .28

Commuted to Life, .... 2

40

231

Total Membership, 792

INCOME FROM MEMBERSHIP.

12 Life Members, S360 00

15 Annual Members, .... 15000

190 Assessments, 380 00

2 Commuted, 40 00

Total Income from Members, $930 00

The Finance Committee having audited the accounts of the
undersigned, made and subscribed to on a book kept for that
purpose, the following report :

The Massachusetts Horticultural Society

In account with George W. P'owle, Treasurer.

Credit : —
By balance in treasury, December 31, 1886,
" total income, as per cash book, .

Debit :—
To cash paid, as per cash book, ....
" balance to new account, ....

Boston, February 27, 1888.

"We have examined the above account and liud it correct, and
the balance of cash on hand seventy-three hundred and sixty
dollars and ninety-four cents, as stated.

$5,516

52

30,589

56

$36,106

08

$28,745

14

7,360

94

$36,106

08

II. II. HlINNEWELL, ^ „.

-E^ T A f Finance

FuEDERicK L. Ames, r n

U. P. Walcott, ^ Cortimittee.

treasurer's report. 409

The Finance Committee, on the 1st of January of this year,
commenced a new system of book-keeping, which clearly shows the
financial position of the Society, showing in detail the legacies
and donations received by the Society, and giving proper credit to
the generous donors, particulars of which will be found in the
Treasurer's statement.

During the past year the sum of forty-nine hundred and twenty-
five dollars has been invested in Railroad Bonds for the Sinking
Fund, and one thousand dollars received from the estate of the
late Marshall P. Wilder has been invested in a Railroad Bond.

GEORGE W. FOWLE,

Treasurer.

410

MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

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MOUNT AUBURN CEMETERY. 411

Massachusetts Horticultural Society,

To the Proprietors of the Cemetery of Mount Auburn, Dr.

For one-fourth part of the following expenditures for grading new lands for
sale during the year 1887 :

Glen Avenue.

25 days, men, #56 25

; $56 25

Maple and Viburnum Avenues.

44 days, men, $99 00

$99 00

Birch Avenue to Eagle and Cherry Avenues.

1]4 days, men $16 88

41)^ ♦' man and horse, 155 63

$172 51

$327 76
One-fourth part of $327.76 is ... . $81 94

Mount Auburn, Dec. 31, 1887.

J. W. LOVERING,

Superintendent.

I certify the foregoing to be a true copy of improvements for the year
1887, rendered by the Superintendent.

H, B. MACKINTOSH,

Treasurer.

Sl^ssatjjusctts Dortitultural Bm\i

OFFICERS AND STANDING COMMITTEES FOR 1888.

President.
HENRY P. WALCOTT, of Cambridge.

Vice-Presidents.

CHARLES H. B. BRECK, of Brighton. FREDERICK L. AMES, of North Easton.
BENJAMIN G. SMITH, of Cambridge. WILLIAM H. SPOONER, of Jamaica Plain.

Treasurer and Superintendent of the Buildlngr.
GEORGE W. FOWLE, of Boston.

Secretary and Librarian.
ROBERT MANNING, of Salem.*

Recording Secretary.
ROBERT MANNING, of Salem.

Professor of Botany and Vegetable Physlologry-
JOHN ROBINSON, of Salem.

Professor of Entomology.
SAMUEL H. SCUUDER, of CambrltlKe.

^th-ndii)^ doii\ii\ittee^.

Executive.

The President, HENRY P. WALCOTT, CnxinMAN.

TUE CHAtRHAN OF THE FINANCE COMMITTEE, H. H. HUNNEWELL; WILLIAM

C. STRONG, FREDERICK L. AMES, CHARLES H. B. BRECK, HENRY WELD

FULLER, CHARLES S. SARGENT, WILLIAM H. SPOONER,

EDWARD L. BEARD.

* Cominunlcatiung for the SocroUty, o<i Uio builnon of tlie SooMy, tliould be addreMCd to him >t Uorticul-
tural llall, lioatuo

OFFICERS AND STANDING COMMITTEES FOR 1888. 413

Finance.

H. HOLLIS HUNNEWELL, Chairman.

HENRY P. WALCOTT. FREDERICK L. AMES.

Publication and Discussion.

O. B. HADWEN, Chairman.

FRANCIS H. APPLETON. WILLIAM H. HUNT.

Establishing Prizes.

CHAIRMAN OF COMMITTEE ON FRUITS, Chairman.

CHAIRMEN OP COMMITTEES ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS, VEGETABLES,

AND GARDENS, EX OFFICII S; C.M.ATKINSON, EDWARD L. BEARD,

JACKSON DAWSON.

Library.

WILLIAM E. ENDICOTT, Chairman.

THE PROFESSOR OF BOTANY AND VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY

AND THE PROFESSOR OF ENTOMOLOGY, EX OFFICIIS;

J. D. W. FRENCH. NATHANIEL T. KIDDER.

FRANCIS H. APPLETON. GEORGE W. HUMPHREY.

Gardens.

JOHN G. BARKER, Chairman.

CHAIRMEN OF COMMITTEES ON FRUITS, PLANTS AND FLOWERS, AND

VEGETABLES, EX OFFICIIS; CHARLES W. ROSS,

HENRY W. WILSON, DAVID ALLAN.

Fruit.
E. W. WOOD, Chairman.
BENJAMIN G. SMITH. J. W. MANNING. WARREN FENNO.

CHARLES F. CURTIS. O. B. HADWEN. SAMUEL HARTWELL.

Plants and Flowers.

JOSEPH H. WOODFORD, Chairman.

F. L. HARRIS. WARREN H. MANNING. ARTHUR H. FEWItES.

W. A. MANDA. MICHAEL H. NORTON. WILLIAM J. STEWART.

Vegetables.
CHARLES N. BRACKETT, CHAIRMAN.
WARREN HEUSTIS. CEPHAS H. BRACKETT. P. G. HANSON.

VARNUM FROST. JOHN C. HOVEY. J. WILLARD HILL.

Committee of Arrangements.
EDWARD L. BEARD, CHAIRMAN.
CHAIRMEN OF COMMITTEES ON FRUITS, PLANTS AND FLOWERS, VEGE-
TABLES, AND GARDENS, EX OFFICIIS;
PATRICK NORTON. ROBERT FARQUHAR.

MEMBERS FOR LIFE

Members of the Society and all other persons who may know of deaths,
changes in residence, or other circumstances showing that the following list is
inaccurate in any particular will confer a favor by promptly communica-
ting to the Secretary the needed corrections.

Information, or any clew to it, is especially desired in regard to members
whose names are marked thus f.

Adams, Luther, Brighton.

Albro, Charles, Taunton.

Alger, R. F., Becket.

Allan, David, Mount Auburn.

Ames, Frank M., Canton.

Ames, Frederick L., North Easton.

Ames, George, Boston,

Ames, Preston Adams, South Hing-

ham.
Amory, Charles, Boston.
Amory, Frederick, Boston.
Anderson, Alexander, West Hingham.
Andrews, Charles L., Milton.
Andrews, Frank W., Boston.
Andros, Milton, San Francisco, Cal.
Appleton, Edward, Reading.
Applcton, Francis H., Peabody.
Appleton, William S., Boston.
Atkins, Elisha, Boston.
Augur, P. M., Middlefield, Conn.
Avery, Edward, Boston.
Ayling, Isaac, M. D., Waltham.

]?ailey, Edwin C, West Stowe, Vt.
Baker, William E., Boston.
Bancroft, Jolm C, Boston.
Banfield, Francis L. , M. D., Worcester.
Barnard, James M., Maiden.
Barnard, Robert M., Everett.
Barnes, Walter S., Somerville.
Barnes, William II., Boston.
tHarney, Levi C, Boston.
Barralt, James, Canibridgeport.

Barrett, Edwin S., Concord.
Bartlett, Edmund, Newburyport.
Bates, Amos, Ilingham.
Bates, Caleb, Kingston.
Beal, Alexander, Dorchester.
Beal, Leander, Boston.
Beckford, Daniel R., Jr., Dedham.
Bell, Joseph XL, Quincy.
Berry, James, Brookline.
Bickford, Weare D., Newton ville.
Birchard, Charles, Framingham.
Black, James W., Cambridge.
Blake, Arthur W., Brookline.
Blakemore, John E., Roslindale.
Blanchard, John W., Dorchester.
Blaney, Henry, Boston.
Blinn, Richard I)., Chicago, 111.
Bliss, William, Springfield.
Bocher, Prof. Ferdinand, Cambridge.
Bockus, Cliarlcs E., Dorchester.
Bond, George W., Jamaica Plain.
Borland, John N., M. D., New Lon-
don, Conn.
Botume, John, Wyoming.
Bouv6, Thomas T., Boston.
Bowditch, Azell C, Somerville.
Bowditch, Charles P., Jamaica Plain.
Bowditch, J. Ingersoll, Jamaica Plain.
Bowditch, William E., Roxbury.
Bowker, William II., Boston.
Brackett, Ceplias II., Brighton.
Brackett, Cliarles N., Newton.
Bradish, Levi J., Booton.

MEMBERS FOR LIFE.

415

Bragg, Samuel A. B., Dorchester.
Bresee, Albert, Hubbardton, Vt.
Brewer, Francis W., Hingham.
Brewer, John Eeed, Boston.
Brewer, Otis, West Roxbury.
Brigham, William T., Boston.
Brimmer, Martin, Boston.
Brintnall, Benjamin, Charlestown.
Brooks, Francis, West Medford.
Brown, Alfred S., Jamaica Plain.
Brown, Charles E., Yarmouth, N. S*
Brown, Edward J., Weston.
Brown, George Bruce, Framingham.
t Brown, G. Barnard, Boston.
Brown, Jacob, Woburn.
Brownell, E. S., Essex Junction, Vt.
t Bruce, Nathaniel F., Stoneham.
BuUard, John R., Dedham.
Bullard, William S., Boston.
Burnett, Joseph, Southborough.
Burnham, Thomas O. H. P., Boston.
Burr, Fearing, Hingham.
Burr, Matthew H., Hingham.
Buswell, Edwin W., New York, N. Y.
Buswell, Frank E., New York, N. Y.
t Butler, Aaron, Wakefield.
Butler, Edward K., Jamaica Plain.
Butterfield, William P., East Lex-
ington.

Cabot, Edward C, Brookline.

Cadness, John, Flushing, N. Y.

Cains, William, South Boston.

Calder, Augustus P. , Boston.

Capen, John, Boston.

Carlton, Samuel A., Boston.

Carruth, Charles, Boston.

Carter, Miss Sabra, Wilmington.

Cartwright, George, Dedham.

Chadbourne, Marshall W., Water-
town.

Chamberlain, Chauncey W., Boston

Chapin, Nathaniel G., Brookline.

Chapman, Edward, South Framing-
ham.

Chase, Andrew J., Lynn.

Chase, Daniel E., Somerville.

Chase, George B., Boston.
Chase, Hezekiah S. , Boston.
Chase, William M., Baltimore, Md.
Cheney, Benjamin P., Boston.
Child, Francis J., Cambridge.
Child, William C, Medford.
Childs, Francis, Charlestown.
Childs, Nathaniel R. , Boston.
Choate, Charles F., Cambridge.
Claflin, Henry, Newton.
Claflin, William, New'ton.
Clapp, Edward B., Dorchester.
Clapp, James H., Dorchester.
Clapp, William C, Dorchester.
Clark, Benjamin C, Boston.
Clark, Orus, Boston.
Clarke, Miss Cora H., Jamaica Plain.
Clay, Henry, Dorchester.
Cleary, Lawrence, West Roxbury.
Clement, Asa, Dracut.
Cleveland, Ira, Dedham.
Cobb, Albert A., Brookline.
Coburn, Isaac E., Everett.
Codman, James M., Brookline.
Codman, Ogden, Lincoln.
CoiSn, G. Winthrop, West Roxbury.
Coffin, William E., Dorchester.
Collamore, Miss Helen, Boston.
Converse, Elisha S., Maiden.
Converse, Parker L. , Woburn.
Coolidge, Joshua, Watertown.
Copeland, Franklin, West Dedham.
Coy, Samuel I., Boston.
Crosby, George E. , West Medford.
Crowell, Philander, Chelsea.
Crowell, Randall H., Chelsea.
Cummings, John, Woburn.
Curtis, Charles F. , Jamaica Plain.
Curtis, George S., Jamaica Plain.
Gushing, Robert M., Boston.

t Daggett, Henry C, Boston.
Damon, Samuel G., Arlington.
Dana, Charles B., Wellesley.
Darling, Charles K., Boston.
Davenport, Edward, Dorchester,
Davenport, George E., Medford.

410

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Davenport, Henry, Boston.
Dawson, Jackson, Jamaica Plain.
Deblois, Stephen G., Boston.
Dee, Thomas W., Mount Auburn.
Denny, Clarence IL, Boston.
Denton, Eben, Dorchester.
Dewson, Francis A., Newtonville.
Dexter, F. Gordon, Boston.
Dickerman, George H., Somerville.
Dike, Charles C, Stonehani.
Dinsniore, William B., New York,

N. Y.
Dorr, George, Dorchester.
Dove, George W.W., Andover.
Durant, William, Boston.
Durfee, Mrs. Fidelia B., Fall River.
Durfee, George B., Fall River.
Dutcher, F. J., Hopedale.

Eaton, Horace, Quincy.
Eldridge, Azariah, Yarmouthport.
tEldridge, E. H., Roxbury.
Ellicott, Joseph P., Boston.
Elliott, Mrs. John W., Boston.
Endicott, William E., Canton.
Eustis, William C, Hyde Park.
Everett, William, Dorchester.

Fairchild, Charles, Belmont.
Falconer, William, Glencove, N.Y.
Farlow, John S., Newton.
Farlow, Lewis H., Newton.
Farquhar, Robert, Boston.
tFaxon, John, Quincy.
Fenno, J. Brooks, Boston.
Fewkes, Arthur H., Newton High-
lands.
Fewkes, Edwin, Newton Highlands.
Fillebrown, John, Arlington.
Fisher, David, Newport, R.I.
Fisher, James, San Diego, Cal.
Fisher, Warren, Boston.
Flagg, Augustus, Boston.
Fleming, Edwin, West Newton.
Fletclier, George V., Belmont.
Fletcher, Joliti W., Clielsea.
Fletclier, J. Henry, Belmont.

Flint, Charles L., Boston.
Flint, David B., Watcrtown.
Flynt, William N., Monson.
Forster, Edward J., M.D., Cliarles-

town.
Foster, Francis C, Cambridge.
Fottler, John, Jr., Dorchester.
Fowle, George W., Jamaica Plain.
Fowle, William B., Auburndale.
Freeman, Abraham, Dorchester.
French, Jonathan, Boston.
French, J. D. Williams, Boston.
Fuller, Henry Weld, Roxbury.

Galvin, John, West Roxbury.
Gardner, Henry N., Belmont.
Gardner, John L., Brooklinc.
Gibbs, Wolcott, M.D., Newport, R. I.
Gillard, William, Atlantic.
Gilmore, E. W., North Easton.
Gilson, F. Howard, Reading.
Glover, Albert, Boston.
Glover, Joseph B., Boston.
Goddard, A. Warren, Brookline.
Goddard, Mrs. Mary T., Ne'wton.
Goodell, L. W., Dwight.
Gorliam, James L., Jamaica Plain.
tGould, Samuel, Boston.
Gray, James, Wellcsley.
Gregory, James J. II., Marblehead.
Greig, George, Toronto, Ontario.
Grey, Benjamin, Maiden.
Groom, Thomas, Dorchester.
Grundel, Hermann, Dorchester.
Guild, J. Anson, Brookline.

Hadwen, Obadiah B., Worcester.
Hall, Edwin A., Cambridgeport.
Hall, George A., Chelsea.
Hall, George R., Fort George, Fla.
Hall, John R., Roxbury.
Hall, Lewis, Cambridge.
Hall, Stephen A., Revere.
Hall, William F., Brookline.
Halliday, William II., South Boston.
Hammond, Gardiner G., New Lon-
don, Conn.

MEMBERS FOR LIFE.

417

Hammond, Samuel, Boston.

Hanson, P. G., "Woburn.

Harding, Charles L., Cambridge.

Harding, George W., Arlington.

Harding, Lewis B., Boston.

Harding, William C, Stamford, Ct.

Hardy, F. D., Jr., Cambridgeport.

Harrington, Leonard B., Salem.

Harrington, Nathan D., Somerville.

Harris, Charles, Cambridge.

Harris, Thaddeus William, A. M.,
Cambridge.

Hart, William T., Boston.

Hastings, Levi W., Brookline.

Hathaway, Seth W., Marblehead.

Haughton, James, Boston.

Hayes, Daniel F., Exeter, N. H.

Hayes, Mrs. Francis B., Senior, Lex-
ington.

Hayes, Francis B., Lexington.

fHazeltine, Hazen, Boston.

Head, Charles D., Brookline.

Henshaw, Joseph P. B., Boston.

Heywood, George, Concord.

Hilbourn, A. J., Boston.

Hill, George, Arlington.

Hill, John, Stoneham.

Hitchings, E. H., Maiden.

Hittinger, Jacob, Belmont.

Hoar, Samuel, Concord.

Hodgkins, John E., Chelsea.

tHoUis, George W., Grantville.

Hollis, John W., Allston.

Holt, Mrs. Stephen A., Winchester.

Hooper, Thomas, Bridgewater.

Horner, Mrs. Charlotte N. S., George-
town.

Hovey, Charles H., Cambridgeport.

Hovey, John C, Cambridgeport.

Hovey, Stillman S., Woburn.

Hubbard, Charles T., Weston.

Hubbard, Gardner G., Cambridge.

Hubbard, James C, Everett.

Humphrey, George W., Dedham.

Hunneman, Joseph H., Boston.

Hunnewell, Arthur, Wellesley.

Hunnewell, H. Hollis, Wellesley.
12

Hunnewell, Walter, Wellesley.
Hunt, Franklin, Boston.
Hunt, William H., Concord.
Hyde, James F. C, Newton High-
lands.

Inches, Herman B., M. D., Boston,

Jackson, Abraham, Boston.
Jackson, Charles L., Cambridge.
Jackson, Robert T., Dorchester.
Janvrin, William S., Revere.
Jeffries, John, Boston.
Jenks, Charles W., Boston.
Johnson, J. Frank, Boston.
Joyce, Mrs. E. S., Medford.

Kakas, Edward, West Medford.
Kelly, George B., Jamaica Plain.
tKendall, D. S., Woodstock, Ont.
Kendall, Edward, Cambridgeport.
Kendall, Joseph R., San Francisco,

Cal.
Kendrick, Mrs. H. P., Allston.
Kennard, Charles W., Boston.
Kennedy, George G., M. D., Milton.
Kent, John, Charlestown.
tKeyes, E. W., Denver, Col.
Keyes, George, Concord.
Kidder, Nathaniel T., Milton.
tKimball, A. P., Boston.
King, Franklin, Dorchester.
Kingman, Abner A., Brookline.
Kingman, C. D., Middleborough.
Kinney, John M., East Wareham.

Lancaster, Charles B., Newton.
Lane, John, East Bridgewater.
Lawrence, James, Groton.
Lawrence, John, Boston.
Lee, Charles J., Dorchester.
Lee, Henry, Boston.
Leeson, Joseph R., Newton Centre.
Lemme, Frederick, Arlington.
Leuchars, Robert B., Boston.
Lewis, A. S., Framingham.
Lewis, William G., Framingham.
Lincoln, George, Hingham.

418

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL KOOIirrY.

Lincoln, Col. Solomon, Boston.
Little, James L., Jr., Brookline.
Locke, William H., Belmont.
Lockwood, Rhodes, Boston.
Lodge, G. Henry, M. D., Boston.
Loftus, Jolm P., North Easton.
Loomis, Jason B., Boston.
Lord, George C, Newton.
Loring, Caleb W., Beverly Farms.
Loring, George B., Salem.
Lovett, George L., West Newton,
t Lowder, John, Watertown.
Lowell, Augustus, Boston.
Luke, Elijah H., Cambridgeport.
Lumb, William, Boston.
Lunt, Charles H., Jamaica Plain.
Lyman, Theodore, Brookline.
Lyon, Henry, Charlestown.

fMahoney, John, Boston.
Malm, James F., Ipswich.
Mann, Jonathan, Milton.
Manning, Jacob W., Reading.
Manning, Mrs. Lydia B., Reading.
Manning, Robert, Salem.
Manning, Warren H., Reading.
Martin, Darius A., Chelsea.
Martin John S., Roxbury.
Matthews, Nathan, Boston.
McCarty, Timothy, Providence, R.I.
McClure, John, Revere.
McWilliara, George, Whitinsville.
Melvin, James C, West Newton.
Merriani, Herbert, Weston.
Merriani, M. H., Lexington.
Merritield, William T., Worcester.
Metivier, James, Cambridge.
Minton, James, Boston.
Moore, John H., Concord.
Morrill, Joseph, Jr., Roxbury.
t Morse, Samuel F., Boston.
Morse, William A., Boston.
Motley, Thomas, Forest Hills.
Mudge, George A., Portsmoutii, N.H.
Munroe, Otis, Boston.

Needham, Daniel, Groton.
Nevins, David, Framingham.

Newman, J. R., Winchester.
Newton, Rev. William W., Pittsfield.
Nickerson, Albert W., Marion.
Nickerson, George A., Dedham.
Norton, Charles W., Allston
Nourse, Benjamin F., Boston.

Oakman, Hiram A., North Marsh-
field.
Osgood, James Ripley, Boston.

Packer, Charles H., Boston.
t Page, Thomas, Boston.
Paige, Clifton IL, Boston.
Palmer, Julius A., Jr., Boston.
Parker, Augustus, Roxbury.
Parker, Mrs. Margaret, Wakefield.
Parkman, Francis, Jamaica Plain.
t Partridge, Henry, Dunkirk, N. Y.
Partridge, Horace, North Cambridge.
Paul, Alfred W., Dighton.
Peabody, John E., Salem.
Pearce, John, West Roxbury.
Peck, O. H., Denver, Col.
Peck, W. G., Arlington.
Peirce, Silas, Boston.
Penniman, A. P., Waltham.
Perkins, Augustus T., Boston.
Perkins, Edward N., Jamaica Plain.
Perkins, William P., Wayland.
t Perry, George W., Maiden.
Philbrick,WilliamD., Newton Centre.
Pierce, Dean, IJrooklinc.
Pierce, Henry L., Boston.
Pierce, Samuel B., Dorchester.
Poor, John R., Somerville.
Potter, Joseph S., Arlington.
Prang, Louis, Roxbury.
Pratt, Laban, Dorcliester.
Pratt, Lucius G., West Newton.
Pratt, Kobert M., Boston.
Pratt, Williani, Winchester.
Pray, Mark W. , Boston,
t Prescott, Kbcn C, Boston.
Prescott, William G., Boston.
Prescott, William G., Quincy.
Pringle, Cyrus G., Charlotte, Vt.
Proctor, Thomas P. , West Roxbury.

MEMBERS FOR LIFE.

419

Prouty, Gardner, Littleton.
Pulsifer, Royal M., Auburndale.
Putnam, Joshua H., Brookline.

Quinby, Hosea M., M.D. Worcester.

Rand, Miss Elizabeth L., Newton
Highlands.

Rand, Oliver J., Cambridgeport.

Rawson, Warren W., Arlington.

Ray, James F., Franklin.

Raj', James P., Franklin.

Ray, Joseph G., Franklin.

Reed, George W., Boston.

Richards, John J., Boston.

Richardson, Charles E., Cambridge-
port.

Rinn, J. Ph., Boston.

Ripley, Charles, Dorchester.

Robbins, I. Gilbert, Dorchester.

Robbins, Nathan, Arlington.

Robeson, William R., Boston.

Robinson, John, Salem.

Robinson Joseph B., AUston.

Ross, Henry, Newtonville.

Ross, M. Denman, Forest Hills.

Ross, Waldo 0., Boston.

Ruddick, William H., M. D., South
Boston.

Russell, George, Woburn.

Russell, John E., Leicester,

Russell, Walter, Arlington.

t Sanborn, Amos C, Cambridgeport.
Sanford, Oliver S., Hyde Park.
Sargent, Charles S., Brookline.
Sargent, John O., Lenox Furnace.
Saville, Richard L., Brookline.
Sawtelle, Eli A., Boston.
Sawyer, Timothy T., Charlestown.
t Scott, Charles, Newton.
Scudder, Charles W., Brookline.
Sears, J. Montgomery, Boston.
Seaver, Nathaniel, East Boston.
Shaw, Christopher C, Milford, N.H.
Shimmin, Charles F., Boston.
Shorey, John L. , Lynn.

Skinner, Francis, Boston.

Smith, Benjamin G., Cambridge.

Smith, Calvin W., Grantville.

Smith, Charles H., Jamaica Plain.

Smith, Chauncey, Cambridge.

Smith, Edward N., San Francisco.

Smith, George O., Boston.

Smith, James H., Needham.

Snow, Eben, Cambridge.

Snow, Miss Salome H., Brunswick,
Me.

Sparhawk, Edward C, Brighton.

Spaulding, Edward, West Newton.

Spaulding Mahlon D., Boston.

Speare, Alden, Newton Centre.

Spencer, Alfred W., Boston.

Springall, George, Maiden.

Stetson, Nahum, Bridgewater.

Stewart, William J., Winchester.

Stickney, Rufus B., Somerville.

t Stimpson, George, New York, N.Y.

Stimpson, H. H., Cambridge.

Stone, Amos, Everett.

Stone, George F., Newton.

Stone, Phineas J., Charlestown.

Story, E. Augustus, Brighton.

Strong, William C, Newton High-
lands.

Sturgis, John H., Brookline.

Sturgis, Russell, Manchester.

Sturtevant, E. Lewis, M.D., South
Framingham.

Surette, Louis A., Concord.

Taft, John B., Cambridge.
Tarbell, George G., M.D., Boston.
Taylor, Horace B., Boston.
Thurlow, Thomas C, Newburyport.
Tidd, Marshall M., Woburn.
Tilton, Stephen W., Roxbury.
Todd, John, Hingham.
Tolman, Benjamin, Concord.
Tolman, Miss Harriet S., Boston.
Torrey, Everett, Charlestown.
tTurner, John M., Dorchester.
Turner, Roswell W., Dorchester.
Turner, Royal W., Randolph.

420

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Underwood, Guy C, Roxbury.
Underwood, William J., Belmont.

Vinal, Miss Mary L., Somcrville.
Vose, Benjamin C, Hyde Park.

Wainwri}?lit, William L. , Braintree.
Wakefield, E. II., Cambridfje.
Walcott, Henry r., M.D., Cambridge.
Wales, George O., Braintree.
Walker, Edward C. R., Roxbury.
Walker, Theophilus W., Walthani.
Walley, Mrs. W. P., Boston.
Walton, Daniel G., Wakefield.
Ward, Jobn, Newton.
Wardwell, William II., Newton

Centre.
Ware, Benjamin P., Beach Bluff.
Warren, George W., Boston.
Washburn, Andrew, Hyde Park.
Waters, Edwin F., Newton Centre.
Waters, George F., Boston.
Watson, Thomas A., East Braintree.
Watts, Isaac, Waverly.
Webber, Aaron D., Boston.
Weld, Aaron D., West Roxbury.
Weld, Christopher Minot, Jamaica

Plain.
Weld, George W., Newport, R. I.
Weld, Moses W., M. D., Boston.
Weld, Richard II., Boston.
Weld, William G., Boston.
West, Mrs. Maria L., Neponset.
Weston, Leonard W., Lincoln.

Weston, Seth, Revere.
Wheeler, Frank, Concord.
Whcilwright, A. C, Boston.
Whipi)le, John A., Boston.
Whitoomb, William B., Medford.
White, Benjamin C, Boston.
White, Edward A., Boston.
White, Francis A., Brookline.
Whitely, Edward, Cambridgeport.
Whittle, George W., Westminster, Vt.
tWhytal, Thomas G., New York,

N. Y.
Wilbur, George B., West Newton.
Wilder, Edward Baker, Dorchester
Wilder, Henry A., Maiden.
Willard, E. W., Newport, R. I.
Willcutt, Levi L., West Roxbury.
Williams, Aaron D., Boston.
Williams, Benjamin B., Boston.
Williams, Philander, Taunton.
Willis, George W., Chelsea.
Willis, Joshua C, Roxbury.
Wilson, Henry W., Boston.
Wilson, William Power, Boston.
Woerd, Charles V., Waltham.
Woerd, Charles V., Jr., Waltham.
Wood, Charles G., Boston.
Wood, Luke H., Marlborough.
Wood, R. W., Jamaica Plain.
Wood, William K., West Newton.
Woods, Henry, Boston.
Woodward, Royal, Brookline.
Wright, George C, West Acton.

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

Members of the Society and all other persons who may know of deaths,
changes of residenee, or other circnmstances showing that the following list is
inaccurate in any particular, will confer a favor by promptly communicating
to the Secretai-y the needed corrections.

Abbot, Samuel L., M. D., Boston.
Abbott, Allen v., Boston.
Aird, Duncan, Belmont.
Allen, Charles L., Garden City, N.Y.
Andrews, Augustus, Dorchester.
Atkinson, Charles M., Brookline.
Atkinson, Edward, Brookline.
Atkinson, William B., Newburyport.

Bacon, Augustus, Roxbury.
Bacon, William, Roxbury.
Badlam, William H., Dorchester.
Barber, J. Wesley, Newton.
Bard, James, Framingham.
Barker, John G., Jamaica Plain.
Beard, Edward L., Cambridge.
Beebe, J. Arthur, Boston.
Beer, Carl, New York, N.Y.
Bird, John L., Dorchester.
Bliss, Benjamin K., Boston.
Bock, William A., North Cambridge.
Bolles, Matthew, Boston.
Bolles, William P., Roxbury.
Bolton, John B., Somerville.
Bowditch, E. F. , Framingham.
Bowditch, James H., Brookline.
Bowker, Albert, East Boston.
Boyden, Clarence F. , Taunton.
Breck, Charles H., Brighton.
Breck, Charles H. B., Brighton.
Brooks, George, Brookline.
Brown, Atherton T., Roxbury.
Brown, David H., West Medford.
Brown, Joseph T., Boston.
Burley, Edward, Beverly.
Butler, Edward, Wellesley.

Carter, Miss Maria E., Woburn.
Cartwright, James, Wellesley.
Chaffin, John C, Newton.
Chase, Joseph S., Maiden.
Chase, Leverett M., Roxbury.
Cheney, Amos P., Natick.
Clark, James W., Framingham.
Clark, Joseph, Manchester.
Clark, Joseph W., Dedham.
Clark, Theodore M., Newtonville.
Collins, Frank S., Maiden.
Comley, James, Lexington.
Crafts, William A., Boston.
Crosby, J. Allen, Jamaica Plain,
Curtis, Daniel T., Sharon.
Curtis, Joseph H., Boston.

Davenport, Albert M., Watertown.
Davis, Frederick, Newton.
Davis, Thomas M., Cambridgeport.
De Mar, John A., Brighton.
Ditson, Oliver, Boston.
Dolbear, Mrs. Alice J., College Hill.
Doliber, Thomas, Roxbury.
Doran, Enoch E., Brookline.
Doyle, William E. , East Cambridge.
Duffley, Daniel, Brookline.

Eaton, Jacob, Cambridgeport.

Faxon, Edwin, Jamaica Plain.
Faxon, Marshall B., Boston.
Felton, Arthur W., West Newton.
Fenno, Warren, Revere.
Fergusson, Thomas M. , Philadelphia,
Pa.

422

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Fisher, Frederick C, South Sudbury.
Fisher, Sewall, FraminRhani.
Forbes, William II., Jamaica Tlain.
Foster, Joshua T., Medford.
Francis, George E.,M.D., Worcester.
Frohock, lioscoe II., Maiden.
Frost, Edward, Littleton.
Frost, Ge<»rtre, West Newton.
Frost, Stiles, Newtonville.
Frost, Varnum, Belmont.
Frost, Warren S., Belmont.
Fuller, T. Otis, Needham.

Gibbon, Mrs. James A., Brookline.
Gilbert, Samuel, Boston.
Gill, Mrs. E. M., Medford.
Gill, George B., Medford.
Gleason, Herbert, Maiden.
Godbold, Gustavus A., Chelsea.
Goddard, Thomas, Boston.
Gould, William P., Newtonville.
Grant, Charles E., Concord.
Gray, Howard, Dorchester.
Gray, William, Jr., Dorchester.
Grover, William O., Boston.
Guerineau, Louis, Cambridge.

Hall, Stacy, Boston.
Hall, William T., Revere.
Hamlin, Delwin A., AUston.
Hammond, Clement M., Hyde Park.
Harris, Miss Ellen M., Jamaica Plain.
Harris, Frederick L., South Natick.
Hartwell, Samuel, Lincoln.
Harwood, George S., Newton.
Hersey, Alfred IL, Hingham.
Kersey, Ednmnd, Hingham.
Heustis, Warren, Belmont.
Hewins, James, Medfield.
Hews, Albert H., North Cambridge.
Hill, Benjamin D., Peabody.
Hill, Edwin S., Hyde Park.
Hill, J. Willard, Belmont.
Hill, Miss Katie A., Waverly.
Hunt, Henry C, Newton.

Jameson, G. W., East Lexington.
Judkins, Rev. B., West Dedham.

Kendall, Jonas, Framingham.
Kenrick, Miss Anna C, Newton.
Kidder, Francis H., Medford.

Lamprell, Simon, Marblehead.
Lang, John II. B., Boston.
Langmaid, Mrs. Mary, Somerville.
Lee, Francis II., Salem.
Loring, Ciiarles G., Boston.
Loring, Jolin A., Boston.
Lothrop, David W., West Medford.
Lothrop, Thornton K., Boston.
Low, Aaron, Essex.
Lowell, John, Newton.

Manda, W. A., Cambridge.
Manning, J. Woodward, Reading.
Marcou, Mrs. J., Cambridge.
Markoe, George F. H., Roxbury.
Martin, William J., Milton.
Maxwell, Charles E., Boston.
May, F. W. G., Boston.
McDermott, Andrew, Roxbury.
Mcintosh, Aaron S., Roxbury.
McLaren, Anthony, Forest Hills.
McMillan, Robert, Whitinsville.
Meriam, Horatio C, D.M.D., Salem.
Merrill, J. Warren, Cambridgeport.
Merrill, S. A., Wollaston.
Meston, Alexander, Andover.
Mills, William, Somerville.
Morandi, Francis W., Maiden.
Muzzey, Rev.Artemas B., Cambridge.

Nelson, Mrs. Thomas L., Worcester.
Nightingale, Rev. Crawford, Dor-
chester.
Norton, Michael II., Boston.
Norton, Patrick, Boston.

O'Brien, James, Jamaica Plain.

Park, William D., Boston.
Parker, George A., Halifax.
Parker, John, Boston.
Payson, Samuel R., Boston.
Peircc, George H., Concord.
Pctremant, Robert, Roxbury.
Phillips, Nathaniel, Dorchester.

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

423

Pierce, Samuel H., Lincoln.
Pitcher, James R., Short Hills, N. J.
Plimpton, Willard P., West Newton.
Power, Charles J., South Framing-
ham.
Prince, Thomas, Roxbury.
Purdie, George A., Welleslcy Hills.
Putnam, Charles A., Salem.

Randall, Macey, Sharon.
Rich, William P., Chelsea.
Richards, John S., Brookline.
Richards, Mrs. P. D., West Medford.
Richardson, E. P., Lawrence.
Richardson, Horace, M.D., Boston.
Richardson, Spencer W., Boston.
Ridler, Charles E., Boston.
Robbins, Oliver R., Weston.
Robinson, William, North Easton.
Rogers, Samuel C. B., Jamaica Plain.
Ross, Charles W., Newtonville.

Safford, Nathaniel F., Milton.
Sanders, Dr. Orren S., Boston.
Saunders, Miss Mary T., Salem.
Sawtell, J. M., Fitchburg.
Schmitt, Georg A., Wellesley.
Scott, Augustus E., Lexington.
Scott, John W., Nahant.
Scudder, Samuel H., Cambridge.
Sharpies, Stephen P., Cambridge.
Shattuck, Frederick R., Roxbury.
Shedd, Abraham B., Weston.
Sheppard, Edwin, Lowell.
Sheppard, Samuel A. D., Newton.
Snow, Eugene A., Melrose.
Snow, Francis B., Dorchester.
Southworth, Edward, Quincy.
Spooner, William H. , Jamaica Plain.
Squire, John P., Arlington.
Stearns, Charles H., Brookline.
Stevenson, Hamilton, Woburn.
Stone, Samuel G., Charlestown.
Storer, Charles, Natick.

Story, Miss Sarah W., Brighton.
Strahan, Thomas, Chelsea.
Swan, Charles W.,M. D., Boston.

Tailby, Joseph, Wellesley.
Talbot, Josiah W., Norwood.
Teel, William H., West Acton.
Temple, Felker L., Somerville.
Terwilliger, S. F., Saratoga Springs,

N. Y.
Tillinghast, Joseph, New Bedford.
Tobey, S. Edwin, Boston.
Torrey, Bradford, Boston.
Tousey, Prof. William G., College

Hill.
Turner, Nathaniel W., Boston.

Vander Veur, P. W., New York, N.Y.
Vaughan, J. C, Chicago, 111.

Walker, Joseph T., Watcrtown, N.Y.
Walker, William P., Somerville.
Waterer, Hosea, South Natick.
Wellington, Miss Caroline, East

Lexington.
Wells, Benjamin T., Newton.
Weston, Mrs. L. P., Danvers.
Wheatland, Henry, M.D., Salem.
Whitney, Joel, Winchester.
Whiton, Starkes, Hingham Centre.
Wilmarth, Henry D., Jamaica Plain.
Wilson, B. Osgood, Watertown.
Wilson, George W., Maiden.
Wolcott, Mrs. Henrietta L. T., Ded-

ham.
Wood, Mrs. AnnaD., West Newton.
Wood, E. W., West Newton.
Woodford, Joseph H., Newton.
Woolson, George C, Passaic, N. J.
Worthington, Roland, Roxbury.
Wright, Daniel, Lowell.

Zirngiebel, Denys, Needham.

424 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

EXTRACTS FROM THE CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS.

SECTION XXVI. —Life Members.

The payment of thirty dollars shall constitute a Life Membership, and
exempt the member from all future assessments; and any member having
once paid an admission fee may become a Life Member by the payment of
twenty dollars in addition thereto.

SECTION XXVII. — Admission Fee and Annual Assessment.

Every subscription member, before he receives his diploma, or exercises
the privileges of a member, shall pay the sum of ten dollars as an admission
fee, and shall be subject aflerwards to an annual assessment of two dollars.

SECTION XXIX. — Discontinuance of Membership.

Any member who shall neglect for the space of two years to pay his annual
assessment shall cease to be a member of the Society, and the Treasurer
shall erase his name from the List of Members. Any member may withdraw
from the Society, on giving notice to the Treasurer and paying the amount
due from him to the Society.

ITie attention of Annual Members is particularly called to Section XXIX,

HONORARY MEMBERS.

Members and correspondents of the Society and all other persons who may
know of deaths, changes of residence, or other circumstances showing that the
following list is inaccurate in any particular, will confer a favor by
promptly communicating to the Secretary the needed corrections.

Information, or any clew to it, is especially desired in regard to Joseph
Maxwell, elected in 1830, and George W. Smith, elected in 1851. The names
of those known to be deceased are marked with a star.

*Benjamin Abbott, LL. D., Exeter, N. H.

*JoHN Abbott, Brunswick, Me.

*HoN. John Quinct Adams, LL. D., late President of the United States,

Quincy.
*Pkofe8sor Louis Agassiz, Cambridge.

♦William T. Aitox, late Curator of the Royal Gardens, Kew, England.
*Thomas Allen, late President of the St. Louis Horticultural Society,

St. Louis, Mo., and Pittsfield, Mass.
*HoN. Samuel Appleton, Boston.
*HoN. James Arnold, New Bedford.
♦Edward Nathaniel Bancroft, M. D., late President of the Horticultural

and Agricultural Society of Jamaica.
*HoN. Philip P. Barbour, Virginia.

*DoN Angel Calderon db la Barca, late Spanish Minister at Wash-
ington.
♦Robert Barclay, Bury Hill, Dorking, Surrey, England.
♦James Beekman, New York.
♦L'Abbe Berlese, Paris.
♦Nicholas Biddle, Philadelphia.
♦Dr. Jacob Bioblow, Boston.
♦Mrs. Luct Bigelow, Medford.
♦Le Chevalier Soulanoe Bodin, late Secretaire General de la Societe

d'Horticulture de Paris.
Hon. George S. Boutwell, Groton.
♦JosiAH Bbadlee, Boston.
♦Hon. George N. Briggs, Pittsfield.
♦Hon. James Buchanan, late President of the United States, Lancaster,

Penn.
♦Hon. Jesse Buel, late President of the Albany Horticultural Society,

Albany, N. Y.
♦Hon. Edmund Burke, late Commissioner of Patents, Washington, D. C.

426 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

♦AuocsTiN Pyuamus ue Canuolle, Gcnt-va, Switzerland.

*IIoN. Horace Capron, late U. S. Coniiiiissioner of Agriculture, Wash-
ington, D. C.

*CoMMODORE Isaac Chauncey, U. S. Navy, Brooklyn, N. Y.

*Waku Ciiipman, late Chief-Justice of Now Brunswick, St. John.

♦Lewis Claimer, riiiladelphia.

*lIoN. Henuy Clay, Lexinjxton, Ky.
II. W. S. Cleveland, Minneapolis, Minn.

* Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin, Bart., Kn},'land.

*Zacciieus Collins, late President of the Pennsylvania Horticultural
Society, Philadelphia.

*RoswELL L. Colt, Paterson, N. J.

Caleb Cope, Ex-President of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society,
Philadelphia.

♦William Coxe, Burlington, N. J.

*JoHN P. CcsHiNu, Watertown.

♦Charles W. Dabney, late U. S. Consul, Fayal, Azores.

♦Hon. John Davis, LL. D., Boston.

♦Sir Humphry Davy, London.

♦Gen. Henry Alexander Scammel Dearborn, lloxbury.

♦James Dickson, late Vice-President of the Horticultural Society of
London.

♦Mrs. Dorothy Dix, Boston.

♦Capt. Jesse D. Elliot, U. S. Navy.

♦Hon. Stephen Elliot, LL. D., Charleston, S. C.

♦Hon. Henry L. Ellsworth, late Commissioner of Patents, Washing-
ton, D. C.

♦Allyn Charles Evanson, late Secretary of the King's County Agricul-
tural Society, St. John, N. B.

♦Hon. Edward Everett, LL. D., Boston.

♦Hon. Horace Everett, Vermont.

♦F. Faldermann, late Curator of the Imperial Botanic Garden, St. Peters-
burg.

♦Hon. Millard Fillmore, late President of the United States, Buffalo, N.Y.

♦Dr. F. E. Fischer, late Professor of Botany at the Imperial Botanic
Garden, St. Petersburg.

♦Hon. Tiieodoke Frelingiiuysen, late President of the American Agri-
cultural Society, New Brunswick, New Jersey.

♦Joseph Gales, Jr., late Vice-President of the Horticultural Society,
Washington, D. C.

♦George Gibbs, New York.

♦Stephen Girard, Philadelphia.

♦Hon. ll(»BERT T. Goldsiiorouoh, Tall)ot County, Maryland.

♦Ephraim Goodale, South Orrington, Maine.

♦Mrs. Rebecca Gore, Waltham.

♦Hon. John Greio, late President of the Domestic Horticultural Society,
Canandaigua, N. Y.

HONORARY MEMBERS. 427

*Mrs. Mary Griffith, Charlieshope, N. J,

*Gen. William Henry Harrison, late President of the United States,

North Bend, Ohio.
*S. P. HiLDRETH, M. D., Marietta, Ohio.

*Thomas Hopkirk, late President of the Glasgow Horticultural Society.
*David Hosack, M. D., late President of the New York Horticultural

Society.
♦Lewis Hunt, Huntsburg, Ohio.
♦Joseph K. Ingersoll, late President of the Pennsylvania Horticultural

Society, Philadelphia.
*Gen. Andrew Jackson, late President of the United States, Nashville,

Tenn.
*Mrs. Martha Johonnot, Salem.

*Jared Potter Kirtland, M. D., LL.D., East Rockport, Ohio.
♦Thomas Andrew Knight, late President of the Horticultural Society of

London.
*Gen. La Fayette, La Grange, France.
*Le Comte de Lasteyrie, late Vice-President of the Horticultural Society

of Paris.
L. A. H. Latour, M. p., Montreal, Canada.
*Baron Justus Liebig, Giessen, Germany.
♦Professor John Lindley, late Secretary of the Horticultural Society of

London.
♦Franklin Litchfield, late U. S. Consul at Puerto Cabello, Venezuela.
♦Joshua Longstreth, Philadelphia.
♦Nicholas Longworth, Cincinnati, Ohio.

♦Jacob Lorillard, late President of the New York Horticultural Society.
♦John Claudius Loudon, London.
♦Hon. John A. Lowell, Boston.
♦Baron Charles Ferdinand Henry Von Ludwig, late Vice-President of

the South African Literary and Scientific Institution, Cape Town,

Cape of Good Hope.
♦Hon. Theodore Lyman, Brookline.
Col. Theodore Lyman, Brookline.
♦Hon. James Madison, late President of the United States, Montpelier, Va.
♦Mrs. Charlotte Maryatt, Wimbledon, near London.
Joseph Maxwell, Rio Janeiro.

♦D. Smith McCauley, late U. S. Consul-General at Tripoli, Philadelphia.
♦Hon. Isaac McKim, late President of the Horticultural Society of Mary-
land, Baltimore.
Rev. James H. Means, Dorchester, Mass.
♦James Mease, M. D., Philadelphia.
♦Lewis John Mentens, Brussels, Belgium.
♦Hon. Charles F. Mercer, Virginia.
♦Francois Andre Michaux, Paris.
Donald G. Mitchell, New Haven, Conn.
♦Samuel L. Mitchill, M. D., LL.D., New York.

428 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

*HoN. James Monroe, late President of the United States, Oak Hill, Va.

* Alfred S. Monson, M. D., late President of the New Haven Horticultural
Society, New Haven, Conn.

*HoN. A. N. MoKiN, Montreal, Canada.

♦TiiKODORK MossKLMANN, Antwerp, Ik-l^Mum.
IJakon K. Von Ostkn Saoken, Heidelherf,', Germany.

*Baron Ottenfels, hite Austrian Minister to the Ottoman Porte.

*JonN Palmer, Calcutta.

♦Hon. Joel Parker, LL. D., Cambridge.
Samdel B. Parsons, Flushing, N. Y.

*HoN. Thomas H. Perkins, Brookline.

♦Antoine Poiteau, late Professor in the Institut Horticole de Fromont.

*HoN. James K. Polk, late President of the United States, Nashville,
Tenn.

♦John Hare Poavel, Powelton, Pa.

♦Henry Pratt, Philadelphia.

♦William Prince, Flushing, N. Y.

*Kev. George Putnam, D. D., Roxbury.

*CoL. Joel Rathbone, late President of the Albany and Rensselaer Horti-
cultural Society, Albany, N. Y.

♦Archibald John, Earl of Roseberry, late President of the Caledonian Horti-
cultural Society.

♦Joseph Sabine, late Secretary of the Horticultural Society of London.

♦Don Ramon de la Sagra, Havana, Cuba.

♦Henry Wintiirop Sargent, Fishkill, N. Y.

♦Sir Walter Scott, Abbotsford, Scotland.

♦John Shepherd, late Curator of the Botanic Garden, Liverpool, England.

♦John S. Skinner, late Editor of the American Farmer, Baltimore, Md.
George W. Smith, Boston.

♦Stephen H. Smith, late President of the Rhode Island Horticultural
Society.

♦Hon. Charles Sumner, Boston.

♦Hon. John Taliaferro, Virginia.

♦Gen. James Talmadge, late President of the American Institute, New
York.

♦Gen. Zachary Taylor, late President of the United States, Baton
Rouge, La.

♦James Tiiacher, M. D., Plymouth.
John J. Thomas, Union Springs, N. Y.

♦James W. Thompson, M. I)., Wilmington, Del.

♦Grant Thorburn, New York.

♦M. Du Petit Tiiouars, Paris.

♦Le Vico.mte Hericart De Thuky, late President of the Horticultural
Society of Paris.

♦MoNS. Tougard, late President of the Horticultural Society of Rouen,
France.

♦Gen. Nathan Towson, late President of the Horticultural Society, Wash-
ington, D. C.

HONORARY MEMBERS. 429

*HoN. John Tyler, late President of the United States, Williamsburg, Va.

*Rev. Joseph Tyso, Wallingford, England.

*HoN. Maktin Van Buren, late President of the United States, Kinder-
hook, N. Y.
*Federal Vanderbdrg, M. D., New York.
*Jean Baptiste Van Mons, M. D., Brussels, Belgium.
*Gen. Stephen Van Rensselaer, Albany, N. Y.
*JosEPH R. Van Zandt, Albany, N. Y.
*Benjamin Vaughan, M. D., Hallowell, Me.
*Pettt Vaughan, London.
*Rev. N. Villenedve, Montreal, Canada.
*Pierre Philippe Andre Vilmorin, Paris.
*James Wadsworth, Geneseo, N. Y.

♦Nathaniel Wallich, M. D., late Curator of the Botanic Garden, Calcutta.
*Malthds a. Ward, M. D., late Professor in Franklin College, Athens, Ga.
*HoN. Daniel Webster, Marshfield.
*HoN. John Welles, Boston.
*Jeremiah Wilkinson, Cumberland, R. I.

Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, Boston.
♦Frederick Wolcott, Litchfield, Conn.
*AsHTON Yates, Liverpool, England.

♦Lawrence Young, late President of the Kentucky Horticultural Society,
Louisville.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

Members and correspondents of the Society and all other persons who may
know of deaths, changes of residence, or other circumstances showing that the
following list is inaccurate in ayiy particular, will confer a favor by promptly
reporting to the Secretary the needed corrections.

Information, or any clew to it, is especially desired in regard to Alexander
Burton, elected in 1829, S. Reynolds, M. D., 1832, and Francis Sumnierest,
1833. The names of those known to be deceased are marked with a star.

♦John Adlum, Georgetown, D. C.

*DoN Francisco Aouilar t Leal, late U. S. Vice-Consul at Maldonado,

Banda Oriental del Uruguay.
*MoNS. Alfroy, Lieusaint, France.

♦James T. Allan, late President of the Nebraska State Horticultural
Society, Omaha.

A. B. Allen, New York.
*Rev. Thomas D. Anderson, D. D., South Boston.

£douard Andre, Redacteur en chef de la Revue Horticole, Paris, France.
♦Thomas Appleton, late U. S. Consul at Leghorn, Italy.
♦Col. Thomas Aspinwall, late U. S. Consul at London, Brookline.

P. M. AuGOR, State Pomologist, Middlefield, Conn.
♦Isaac Cox Barnet, late U. S. Consul at Paris.

Patbick Barry, Ex-First Vice-President of the American Pomological So-
ciety, Rochester, N. Y.
♦Augustine Baumann, Bolwiller, Alsace.
♦Eugene Achille Baumann, Rahway, N. J.
♦Joseph Bernard Baumann, Bolwiller, Alsace.

Napoleon Baumann, Bolwiller, Alsace.

D. W. Beadle, St. Catherine's, Ontario.

Professor William J. Beal, Lansing, Michigan.
♦Noel J. Becar, Brooklyn, N. Y.
♦Edward Beck, Worton College, Isleworth, near London.

Rev. Henry Ward Beecher, Peekskill, N. Y.
♦Louis £douard Berckmans, Rome, Ga.

Prosper J. Berckmans, Augusta, Ga.
♦Alexander Bivort, late Secretary of the Soci6t6 Van Mons, Fleurus,

Belgium.
♦Thipet Le Blanc, Paris.

Dr. Ch. Ik)Li,E, Berlin, Prussia.
♦Charles 1). Bragdon, Pulaski, Oswego Co., N. Y.
♦William D. Bbinokl^, M. D., Philadelphia.

COKEESPONDING MEMBERS. 431

*George Brown, late U. S. Commissioner to the Sandwich Islands,

Beverly.
*JoHN "W. Brown, Fort Gaines, Ga.
*Dr. Nehemiah Brush, East Florida.

♦Arthur Bryant, Sr., late President of the Illinois State Horticultural
Society, Princeton.
Professor J. L. Budd, Secretary of the Iowa Horticultural Society, Ames.
♦Robert Buist, Philadelphia.
*Dr. E. W. Bull, Hartford, Conn.
William Bull, Chelsea, England.

Rev. Robert Burnet, Ex-President of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Asso-
ciation, Burlington.
Alexander Burton, United States Consul at Cadiz, Spain, Philadelphia.
IsiDOR Bush, Bushberg, Jefferson Co., Mo.
George W. Campbell, Delaware, Ohio.
♦Francis G. Carnes, New York.
*CoL. Robert Carr, Philadelphia.
*Rev. John O. Choules, D. D., Newport, R. I.
*Rev. Henry Colman, Boston.
♦James Colvill, Chelsea, England.
Maxime Cornu, Directeur du Jardin des Plantes, Paris, France.
Benjamin E. Cotting, M. D., Boston.
♦Samuel L. Dana, M. D., Lowell.
*J. Decaisne, late Professeur de Culture au Museum d'Histoire Naturelle,

Jardin des Plantes, Paris.
♦James Deering, Portland, Me.
♦H. F. Dickehut.

♦Sir C. Wentworth Dilke, Bart., London.
♦Hon. Allen W. Dodge, Hamilton.
Rev. H. Honywood D'Ombrain, Westwell Vicarage, Ashford, Kent,

England.
Robert Douglas, Waukegan, Illinois.
♦Andrew Jackson Downing, Newburg, N. Y.
♦Charles Downing, Newburg, N. Y.
W. T. Thiselton Dyer, C.M.G., F.R.S., Director ot the Royal Botanic

Gardens, Kew, England.
Parker Earle, Cobden, 111.

♦F. R. Elliott, late Secretary of the American Pomological Society,
Cleveland, Ohio.
George Ellwanger, Rochester, N. Y.

Henry John Elwes, F.L.S., F.Z.S., Preston Hall, Cirencester, England.
♦George B. Emerson, LL. D., Winthrop.
♦Ebenezer Emmons, M. D., Williamstown.
♦Andrew H. Ernst, Cincinnati, O.
♦Nathaniel Fellows, Cuba.
♦Henry J. Finn, Newport, R. I.
♦Willard C. Flagg, late Secretary of the American Pomological Society,

More, HI.

432 MASSACHUSETTS HOUTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

*MicnAEL Floy, late Vice-President of the New York Horticultural Society,

New York City.
♦John Pox, Washin{,'ton, D. C.
♦Hon. Russell Freeman, Sandwich.

Andrew S. Fuller, Kidgewood, N. J.

Henry Weld Fuller, Ito.xbury.

Hon. Rohert W. Furnas, Tresident of the Nebraska State Horticultural
Society, Brownville.
*AuoD8TiN Gandk, lato President of the Horticultural Society, Depart-
ment of the Sarthe, France.
♦Robert H. Gardiner, Gardiner, Me.
♦Benjamin Gardner, late U. S. Consul at Palermo, Sicily.
♦Cai'T. James T. Gerry, U. S. Nary.

Charles Girb, Corresponding Secretary of the Fruit Growers' Association,

Abbotsford, Quebec.
♦Abraham P. Gibson, late U. S. Consul at St. Petersburg.
♦R. Glendinning, Chiswick, near London.

Professor George L. Goodale, Cambridge.
♦George W. Gordon, late U. S. Consul at Rio Janeiro, Boston.

Professor Asa Gray, Cambridge.

Obadiah B. Hadwen, ex-President of the Worcester County Horticultural
Society, Worcester.
♦Charles Henry Hall, New York.

♦Abraham Halsey, late Corresponding Secretary of the New York Horti-
cultural Society, New York.
♦Dr. Charles C. Hamilton, late President of the Fruit Growers' Associa-
tion and International Show Society of Nova Scotia, Cornwallis.
♦Rev. Thaddeus Mason Harris, D. D., Dorchester.
♦Thaddeus William Harris, M. D., Cambridge.
♦John Hay, late Architect of the Caledonian Horticultural Society.
♦Bernard Henry, late U. S. Consul at Gibraltar, Philadelphia.

Shirley Hibberd, Editor of the Gardeners' Magazine, London.
♦J. J. Hitchcock, Baltimore.

Robert Hogg, LL. D., Editor of the Journal of Horticulture, London.
♦Thomas Hogg, New York.

Thomas Hogg, New York.

J. C. Holding, Ex-Treasurer and Secretary of the Cape of Good Hope
Agricultural Society, Cape Town, Africa.

Rev. S. Reynolds Hole, Rochester, England.

Sir Joseph Hooker, K. C. S. L, The Camp, Sunningdalc, England.

JosiAH Hoopes, West Chester, Pa.

Professor E. N. Hobsford, Cambridge.
♦Sanford Howard, Chicago, HI.

♦Du. William M. Howsley, late President of the Kansas State Horticul-
tural Society, Leavenworth.
♦Isaac Huntbr, Baltimore, Md.
♦IsAAO Udbd, Cincinnati, Ohio.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

433

George Husmann, Napa, Cal.

♦Professor Isaac W. Jackson, Union College, Schenectady, N. Y.
♦Thomas P. James, Cambridge.
♦Edward Jarvis, M. D., Dorchester.
J. W. P. Jenks, Middleborough.
William J. Johnson, M. D., Fort Gaines, Ga.
Charles Joly, Vice-President of the Societe d' Horticulture de France,

Paris.
Samuel Kneeland, M. D., Boston.
♦Mons. Laffay, St. Cloud, near Paris, France.

♦David Landreth, late Corresponding Secretary of the Pennsylvania Horti-
cultural Society, Bristol, Pa.
C. C. Langdon, Mobile, Alabama.
♦Dr. William LeBaron, late State Entomologist, Geneva, 111.
Max Leichtlin, Baden-Baden, Germany.
G. F. B. Leighton, President of the Norfolk Horticultural and Pomologi

cal Society, Norfolk, Va.
Victor Lemoine, Nancy, France.
♦E. S. H. Leonard, M. D., Providence, R. I.

♦Andre Leroy, Author of the Dictionnaire de Pomologie, Augers, Franco.
J. Linden, Ghent, Belgium.
♦Hon. George Ldnt, Scituate.
T. T. Lyon, President of the Michigan Horticultural Society, Grand Haven.
♦E. W. Macondray, San Francisco, Cal.
♦James J. Mapes, LL. D., Newark, N. J.

♦A. Mas, late President of the Horticultural Society, Bourg-en-Bresse,
France.
Dr. Maxwell T. Masters, Editor of the Gardeners' Chronicle, London.
♦James Maury, late U. S. Consul at Liverpool, England.
George Maw, Benthall, Kinley, Surrey, England.
C. J. de Maximowicz, St. Petersburg, Russia.

T. C. Maxwell, Geneva, N. Y. ^

♦William Sharp McLeay, New York.

♦James McNab, late Curator of the Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, Scotland.
Thomas Meehan, Editor of the Gardener's Monthly, Germantown, Pa.
♦Allan Melvill, New York.
♦John Miller, M. D., late Secretary of the Horticultural and Agricultural

Society of Jamaica.
♦Stephen Mills, Flushing, N. Y.

♦Charles M'Intosh, Dalkeith Palace, near Edinburgh.
♦Joseph E. Mitchell, late President of the Pennsylvania Horticultural
Society, Philadelphia.
Dr. Charles Mohr, Mobile, Alabama.
♦Giuseppe Monarchini, M. D., Canea, Isle of Candia.
♦£douard Morren, Editor of the Belgique Horticole, Li6ge, Belgium.
D. Morris, F.L.S., Assistant Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew,
England.

434 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Cii. Naudin, Antibc'S, France.
*HoRATio Newhall, M. I),, Galena, 111.

*David W. Offley, late U. S. Consular Afj^ent at Smyrna, Turkey.
*James O.Mimosi, late U. S. Consul at Florence, Italy.
*JonN J. Palmer, New York.
*ViCTOR Paquet, Paris.

♦John W. Parker, late U. S. Consul at Amsterdam, Holland.
*.\nure Parmentier, Brooklyn, N. Y.

William Paul, Waltham Cross, London, N.
*SiR Joseph Paxton, M. P., Chatsworth, England.
♦John L. Payson, late U. S. Consul at Messina, Sicily.

Professor 1). P. Peniiallow, Director of the Botanic Garden, Montreal,
Canada.
♦Com. Matthew C. Perry, U. S. Navy, Charlestown.

♦David Porter, late U. S. Charge d' Affaires at the Ottoman Porte, Con-
stantinople.
♦Alfred Stratton Prince, Flushing, N. Y.
♦William Robert Prince, Flushing, N. Y.

P. T. Qdinn, Newark, N. J.
♦Rev. W. F. Radclyffe, London, England.
♦William Foster Redding, Baltimore, Md.

D. Redmond, Ocean Springs, Miss.

Dr. Edward Regel, St. Petersburg, Russia.

S. Reynolds, M. D. Schenectady, N. Y.
♦John II. Richards, M. D., Illinois.

Charles V. Riley, Entomologist to the U. S. Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D. C.
♦Mons. J. RiNZ, Jr., Frankfort-on-the-Main, Germany.
♦Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, Herts, England.

William Rouinson, Editor of The Garden, London.
♦Bernhard Robser, M. D., Bamberg, Bavaria.
♦Dr. J. Smith Roqers, New York.
♦Capt. William S. Rogers, U. S. Navy.
♦Thomas Rotch, Philadelphia.
♦George R. Russell, Roxbury.

John B. Russell, Indianapolis, Ind.
♦Rev. John Lewis Russell, Salem.

William Saunders, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
♦William Shaler, late U. S., Consul-General at Havana, Cuba.
♦William Shaw, New York.
♦Caleb R. Smith, Burlington, N. J.
♦Daniel D. Smith, Burlington, N. J.

♦Gideon B. Smith, late Editor of the American Farmer, Baltimore, Md.
♦John Jay Smith, Gerraantown, Penn.
♦Horatio Sprague, late U. S. Consul at Gibraltar.

Robert W. Starr, Port William, Nova Scotia.

Dr. Joseph Stathan, Leavenworth, Kansas.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS. 435

*Capt. Thomas Holdup Stevens, U. S. Navy, Middletown, Conn.
*WiLLiAM Fox Strangeway. late British Secretary of Legation at Naples,
Italy.

Dr. J. Strentzel, Martinez, Cal.
*JuDGE E. B. Strong, Rochester, N. Y.
*James p. Sturgis, Canton, China.

William Summer, Pomaria, S. C.

Francis Summerest.
^Professor Michele Tenore, late Director of the Botanic Garden at

Naples, Italy.
*James Englebert Teschkmacher, Boston.
*RoBERT Thompson, Chiswick, near London.
*George C. Thorburn, New York.

Professor George Thurber, Editor of the American Agriculturist,
New York.
*JoHN TiLSON, Jr., Edwardsville, Illinois.
*Cav. Doct. Vincenzo Tineo, late Director of the Botanic Garden at

Palermo.
*LuTHER Tucker, late Editor of the Cultivator, Albany, N. Y.
*Carey Tyso, Wallingford, England.
*Louis Van Houtte, Ghent, Belgium.
""Alexander Vattemare, Paris.

H. J. Veitch, Chelsea, England.

Henri Vilmorin, Secretaire de la Societe Nationale d'Agriculture de
France, Paris.
*Emilien de Wael, late Secretary of the Horticultural Society, Antwerp,

Belgium.
♦John A. Warder, M. D., late President of the Ohio State Horticultural
Society, North Bend, Ohio.

Anthony Waterer, Knapp Hill, near Woking, Surrey, England.
*J. Ambrose Wight, late Editor of the Prairie Farmer, Chicago, 111.

Benjamin Samuel Williams, Upper HoUoway, London, N.

Professor John Wilson, Edinburgh University, Scotland.
*William Wilson, New York.
*HoN. J. F. Wingate, Bath, Me.
*Gen. Joshua Wingate, Portland, Me.
*Joseph Augustus Winthrop, Charleston, S. C.

CONTENTS.

Page.

Business Meeting, April 2, 1887 ; Report of Treasurer and Finance Com-
mittee read, p. 243; Report of Committee on Publication and Discus-
sion read, 243; Appropriation and Committee for Window Gardening,
243; Standard for Roses, 243; Votes concerning Funds and Clock
presented to the Society, 244; Members elected, 244; Corresponding
Members elected, 244, 245

Business Meeting, May 7 ; Vote concerning award of Medals and Certifi-
cates of Merit, p. 245; Decease of Henry A. Breed and Josiah Crosby
announced, 245, 246; Acknowledgments from Corresponding Members,
246 ; Members elected, 246

Business Meeting, June 4; Memorial of Henry A. Breed, pp. 246, 247;
Memorial of Josiah Crosby, 247-249 ; Reconsideration of vote concerning
the award of medals, 249; Committee on Amendments to the Constitu-
tion and By-Laws, 249, 250; Acknowledgments from Corresponding
Members, 250; Members elected, 250

Business Meeting, July 2; Report of Committee on Amendment of Con-
stitution and By-Laws, pp. 250-253; Report in regard to limiting the
number of Annual Members, 253; Acknowledgment from Correspond-
ing Members, 253; Member elected, 253

Business Meeting, August 6 ; Committee on Nominations appointed, p. 253;

Member elected, 253

Business Meeting, September 3; Decease of Ex-Presidents John B. Moore
and Charles M. Hovey announced, pp. 254, 255; Report of Nominating
Committee, 265; Report of Committee on portrait of President Hayes,
255, 256; Bequests by Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, 256; Place of deposit of
Gold Medal, 256; Members elected, 256

Business Meeting, October 1 ; Election of Secretary 2-)ro tern, p. 257 ; Memo-
rial of Ex-President Hovey, 257-259; Annual Election, 259, 260, 261:
Letter from the Royal Union for the Cultivation of Flower Roots,
Haarlem, 259; Amendment to the Constitution and By-Laws adopted
259, 260; Amendment to the Constitution and By-Laws proposed, 260;
Members elected, 260

Business Meeting, November 5; Memorial of Ex-President Moore, pp.
261, 262; Appropriation for Prizes for 1888 recommended, 263 ; Prizes
offered for reports, 263 ; Member elected, 263

Business Meeting, December 3 ; Reports of Committees on Plants and
Flowers, Fruits, Vegetables, and Window Gardening read, p. 263;
Schedule of Prizes for 1888 submitted and referred back, 263 ; Prize
offered for ship timber, 263; Letter from John H. Moore, 264; Election
of member of State Board of Agriculture, 264; Member elected, • 264

11 CONTENTS.

Paqb.

Business Meeting, December 10; Reports of Library Committee aiul of

Secretary and Librarian read, p. 2C4; Schedule of Prizes adopted, 2»'A

Report of Committee on Plants and Flowers; Introduction, pp. 265,
2G6; Spring; Exhibition, 2CG, 267; Rhododendron Show, 267,268; Rose
Exhibition, 268; Weekly Exhibitions, 26x, 2C0 ; Annual Exhibition, 269,
270; Chrysanthemum Show, 271; Special awards, etc., 271, 272; Prizes

and Ciratuities awarded, 273-294

Report of the Committee on Fruits, pp. 295-299; Prizes and Gratuities

awarded, 300-316

Report of the Committee on Vegetables, pp. 317-321 ; Prizes and

Gratuities awarded 322-336

Report of the Committee on Gardens; Warren Heustis & Son's Straw-
berry Garden, pp. 336, 337; Residence of H. H. Hunnewell, 337-346;

Letter from Mr. Hunnewell, 347, 348

Report of the Committee of Ahranobhents S49

Report of the Committee on the Meeting of the American Pomo-

LOGicAL Society, 350, 361

Report of the Committee on Window Gardemino, p. 352; Prizes and

Gratuities awarded, 363-367

Reports to the State Board of Agriculture; 1885, by Hon. James S.
Grinnell, pp. 358-364; 1886, by James P. Lynde, M. D., 364-368; 1887, by

Henry H. Goodell, 368-371

Report of the Committee on Publication and Discussion, . . . 372,373
Report of the Committee on the Library, pp. 374, 375; Library Acces-
sions,—Books Purchased, 375-385; Books, etc.. Received by Donation
and Exchange, 385-400; Periodicals Purchased, 400; Periodicals re-
received in Exchange 400, 401

Report of the Secretary and Librarian, 402-404

Report of the Treasurer, 406-409

Report of the Finance Committee, 408

Mount Auburn Cemetery, 410, 411

Officers and Standing Committees for 1888 412, 413

Mkmiskrs of the Society; Life, pi>. 414-420; Annual, 421-423; Honorary,

426-429; Corresponding 430-435

Extract from the Constitution and Bv-Laws 424

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