UMASS/AMHERST

315DtjbDD53TTSD7

IK'f':

-%A

-^^

*^

■^M^

^^>^

:r^i

^ ^-.^ >

.i^^y-J

M*!^ T^'^

p J

9^1

LIBRARY

OF THE

SB
21
M^8A2

CHUSETTS

:ULTURAL

)LLEGE

souRCE_.t,x.cV\ar\£.§-.

I 8^^ -Si

This book may be kept out

TWO WEEKS

only, and is subject to a fine of TWO
CENTS a day thereafter. It will be due on
the day indicated below.

/

TRANSACTIONS

P^assacl^ttSftts lortkuliural %m\%

FOR THE YEAR 1888.

PART I.

BOSTON :
PBINTED FOR THE SOCIETY.

18S8.

CHAPEL ,^5B-^«^

The following papers and discussions have been circulated to
some extent in the form of slips reprinted from the reports made
b}' the Secretary of the Society in the Boston Transcript. As here
presented, the papers are printed in full, and the discussions are
not only much fuller than in the weekly reports, but, where it
appeared necessary, have been carefully revised by the speakers.

The Committee on Publication and Discussion take this oppor-
tunity to repeat what they have before stated, that the Society
is not to be held responsible for the certainty of the statements,
the correctness of the opinions, or the accuracy of the nomencla-
ture in the papers and discussions now or heretofore published, all
of which must rest on the credit or judgment of the respective
writers or speakers, the Society undertaking only to present these
papers and discussions, or the substance of them, correctly.

0. B. Hadwen, ^ Committee on

William H. Hunt, V Publication and

Francis H. Appleton, J Discussion.

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

^assiiidmsjttsi govticultural ^mkt^.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, Januar}- 7, 1888.

A duly notified stated meeting of the Society was holden at 11
o'clock, the President, Henry P. Walcott, in the chair.

This being the commencement of the term of office of the new
board of officers and standing committees, the President delivered
the following inaugural address.

Address of President Walcott.

Members of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society :

Ladies and Gentlemen : — In accordance with our useful custom ,
allow me, at this, the first meeting of the New Year, to speak of a
few of the events of the past 3'ear, and to direct 3'our attention to
some of the objects which will probablj' claim your consideration
in the future.

An unusual number of prominent members of the Societ}' have
died siuce the last annual meeting, — Henr}' A. Breed, of L3'nn,
one of the founders of the Society ; Ex-Presidents Hovey and
Moore, and Josiah Crosb}' ; — all of them men who have deserved
well of this Society. We have placed upon our permanent records,
by formal, but none the less sincere, resolutions of regret, testi-
monials of our appreciation of their services and regrets for their
loss.

It is well that these names should be mentioned again at the
beginning of the New Year, that we ma}- enter upon our work with

6 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the thought that new hands must soon take it up and that we should
see to it that our performances shall stand the criticisms of those
who follow us, with a measure of success equal to that which we
have so willingly recognized in our departed leaders.

The statement of the financial condition of the Societ}", which
will be submitted in a new and improved form, is of the same
satisfactor}- character as those of the last few years.

A new system of book-keeping has been introduced, and, in
accordance with a vote of the Society, a formal statement of the
various funds of the Society, under the names of their respective
donors, will hereafter be made. The names of our benefactors
have already found their appropriate place on the Prize Schedule
for this year. Though these honored names have not, in all cases,
appeared upon our prize lists for a number of years, it must not,
therefore, be inferred that the income of the respective funds has
not been used in substantial accordance with the wishes of the
donors.

The success of our exhibitions, measured by the money receipts,
has about equalled that of the preceding year, except in the case
of the Annual Exhibition, held in connection with the meeting
of the American Pomological Society. For this special occasion
large expenses were necessary, and it was understood in advance
that the profit to us would not be a pecuniary one.

The visitors lo our various shows have, apparently, increased
steadily in numbers and intelligent interest. The visit of the
American Pomological Society to Boston in September last, and
the joint exhibition held by the two Societies were noteworthy
events. The exhibition was considered by those most competent
to judge, one of the most comprehensive and instructive, as
regards pomology, ever held b}^ the association. The collections
of grapes alone were of a variet}' and excellence seldom, if ever
before, shown here. The discussions, covering all branches of
pomology, were most instructive, and the personal intercourse
with the leading pomologists of the country cannot fail to be of
great service to all interested in this important branch of horticul-
ture, and was a pleasure, it is scarcely necessary to add, to all the
members of this Societ}'.

The reports of the various standing committees, which have
already been presented to you, give evidence of a year of success-
ful work largely to be credited to their faithful services.

ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT WALCOTT. 7

To the report of one of our Committees, not _yet a permanent
organization, though I hope the Societj' will soon so constitute it,
I invite especial attention. I mean the newly-formerl Committee
on AViudow Gardening. With small expenditure of money, but
with a generous outlay of personal activity, the members of this
Committee have accomplished a year's work which reflects credit
upon themselves and cannot fail to have an influence of the best
sort upon the children who have been stimulated in that natural
love of growing plants common to all.

The meetings for discussion have been well attended and the
topics under consideration have been carefully chosen, well pre-
sented, and profitably debated. A paper read at the meeting of
March 12 treated a subject not before brought to our notice.
The Progress of Commercial Floriculture was set forth by a
member of this Society fully competent to discuss the subject in
all its bearings.

The great commercial importance of this interest was made
quite manifest, and there should, it seems to me, be no hesita-
tion on the part of the Society in encouraging by all practicable
methods the improvement and extension of an industfy so closely
related not only to the purposes of our organization but also to
the more attractive features of our lives and surroundings.

Complaint is made, and oftentimes justly, of the unattractive
and tasteless manner in which flowers are used for decorative or
memorial purposes. Would it not be possible to do something to
improve popular taste by offering a special prize or prizes of suffi-
cient value to excite an eager competition for arrangements of
flowers with reference more especially to the artistic value of the
decoration. Were this done, it would, I think, be advisable to
invite some persons of generally recognized authority in matters
of taste, but not of necessit}' members of this Society, to act as
judges.

Though it is a reasonable objection to this plan, that the flower
decorations of any given community will be good or bad in a
direct relation to the good or bad taste of those making use of
them, and that the florist will supply only that which his customer
is willing to buy, still the exhibition, as above proposed, would
undoubtedly have some influence for improvement and would at
least give us valuable information.

But few novelties of unusual merit have been presented at the

8 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

flower shows of the past season. The Flower Committee have, how-
ever, made mention of one plant of great interest, a chrysanthemum
in flower, exhibited by one of our most successful cultivators.
This flower, of large size, white, and of the incurved Japanese
type, is conspicuously hairy on the outer surface of the petals.
The effect of this quite unique peculiarity is very striking, and, so
far as can be ascertained, has not before been noticed in chrysan-
themums which have been exhibited either here or in Europe.
As this plant was one of a collection recently received from
Japan, it is probable that the still comparatively unknown flower
gardens of that country contain other varieties of this attractive
flower worthy of introduction.

The award of the Society's Gold Medal to Mr. H. H. Hunnewell
for his rhododendrons — a collection unsurpassed on this side of
the Atlantic — should not pass without comment on this occasion,
both on account of the fact that this, the highest prize of the
Society has been rarely bestowed, and because it has never been
awarded to a nobler friend of horticulture and of the best interests
of this association. Need I add that with it go the love and
respect of every member of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society.

By direction of the Society, a petition was presented early in
the year to the City Council of Boston, asking that permission be
granted to the Society to erect upon a portion of the Public Gar-
den a building adapted to our public exhibitions, for the preser-
vation and convenient use of our valuable library, and for our
meetings. Inasmuch as the Society proposed to admit the peo-
ple of Boston freely to all our own privileges, excepting only the
responsibilit}'^ for the care of our property, it seemed entirely
reasonable that a location should be granted on these public lands,
which appeared, moreover, to have been specifically devoted, by
proper legal authority, to horticultural purposes.

Our petition had the hearty approval of the leading newspapers
of the city and was reinforced by petitions signed by a large
number of the most prominent residents. The law officers of the
cit}', however, advised the committee of the City Council having
the subject under consideration, that the proposed use of the
public grounds did not come within the provisions of the statute
establishing the Public Garden. The plan was accordingly
abandoned.

ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT WALCOTT. 9

The continued rise in the value of our real estate has not been
accompanied by a proportionate increase in our rentals, and it is
more and more evident that we do not derive from our stores and
halls all the income we could receive, were the building better
adapted to the requirements of business in this vicinity.

The approaches to the upper hall are not convenient either for the
transportation of plants or for the visitors to our shows. The
elevator is insufficient for our present needs and cannot be made
available except at an expense that does not appear to be war-
ranted by the rents received from the halls.

It is possible that some extensive additions could be made to
the building, which would provide more fully for the wants of the
Society, and at the same time yield a much larger rental than that
now obtained.

It is the more necessary that this question of profitable and
possible changes in the building should be studied fully and delib-
erately, because we have at last reached the limit of au}' provision
for our library in the rooms now occupied, except b}' the construc-
tion of galleries which are objectionable for many reasons.

Two 3'ears ago I called the attention of the Society to the
inestimable advantages offered by the Arnold Arboretum to all
students of arboriculture. It seems almost a part of the same
broad scheme, when we read the announcement of our honored
associate that he is about to undertake the publication of a
journal of horticulture, upon a scale at least equal to that of any
periodical upon this subject hitherto published. The names of
Professor Sargent and his active associates are a sufficient
guaranty that the new journal will deserve success, and in obtain-
ing it will do much to advance American horticulture to the
independent position certain to come with a better knowledge of
our own native resources.

The amendments to the Constitution and By-Laws proposed at
the meeting on the 1st of October, and then entered in the
records, came up for final action, and it appearing that two-thirds
of the members present had not voted in the affirmative, the
amendments were declared to be rejected.

Edward L. Beard moved that a committee of seven be appointed
by the President to take charge of the subject of Window Garden-

10 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ing, and that the sum of Si 00 be appropriated for premiums for
Window Gardening. This motion was carried.

The Annual Report of the Committee of Arrangements was
read by Edward L. Beard, Chairman.

The Report of the Committee on the Meeting of the American
Pomological Society was read by William C. Strong, Chairman.

The Annual Report of the Committee on Gardens was read by
John G. Barker, Chairman.'

These reports were severally' accepted and referred to the
Committee on Publication.

O. B. Hadwen, Chairman of the Committee on Publication and
Discussion, announced that the Schedule of Prizes and the
Programmes of the Meetings for Discussion for the present year
were ready for distribution.

The President, as Chairman of the Executive Committee,
reported that that Committee recommended the following appro-
priations :

For the Library Committee, for the purchase of maga-
zines and newspapers, binding of books and incidental
expenses of the Committee, ..... $300

For the Committee on Publication and Discussion, . 250

For the Committee of Arrangements, this sum to cover

all extraordiuarj^ expenses of said Committee, . 300

For the compensation of the Secretary and Librarian, his
assistant, and the person employed in the preparation
of the Card Catalogue of Plates, .... 1,700

These appropriations as recommended were voted by the
Society.

The President also reported that the Executive Committee had
reappointed George W. Fowle Treasurer of the Society and
Superintendent of the Building, and Robert Manning Secretary
and Librarian.

It was voted that the Committee on Publication be requested to
award the prizes offered in compliance with the rules of the State
Board of Agriculture for the best reports of the awarding com-
mittees.

NOTES AND MEMORIES OF OUR EARLY HORTICULTURE. 11

The Chairmau of the Committee on Publication and Discussion
gave notice that the first of the series of meetings for discussion
the present season, would be on Saturday next, the 14th instant,
when Rev. A. B. Muzzey would present " Notes and Memories of
our Early Horticulture."

Charles S. Smith, of Lincoln,

having been recommended by the Executive Committee was on
ballot duly elected a member of the Society.

Adjourned to Saturday, January 14.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, January 14, 1888.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Henry P. Walcott, in the chair.

The President announced the Committee on Window Gardening,
provided for at the last meeting, as follows : Mrs. H. L. T.
Wolcott, Mr. M. B. Faxon, Mr. Robert T. Jackson, Mr. E. H.
Hitchings, Mr. Leverett M. Chase, Miss S. W. Story, Mrs. E. M.
Gill.

Adjourned to Saturdaj-, January 21.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Notes and Memories of our Early Horticulture.

By Rev. A. B. Muzzey, Cambridge.

There are some subjects on which it is safe for all persons to
speak ; others there are which are contraband except to men of
genius. These favored few need never fear ; they can touch
nothing they will not adorn. Where, now, stands this subject of
Horticulture? It is a theme so fertile that one ma}'- approach it
with courage and confidence. But to do it full justice requires
ample knowledge, large personal experience, a cultivated taste,
keen discrimination, power of thought, power of language, and

12 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the best wisdom of the wise. An able man, in the prime of life,
can come up to the standard just set. A young man, full of
imagination, may venture the task, though lacking the otherwise
needed long practice of the expert gardener. But what if old age
undertake this great task ? We can only reply, With modesty to
speak and charit}- to listen, it is possible that even an old man
may approach the old subject — so inspiring in itself and of such
hopeful influence — with a moderate degree of self-trust.

The subject before us can be best treated by a reference to
individual experience. It would be well to compare the memories
of many minds upon it. But as this is impossible, from the pass-
ing away of most of the persons who lived at the dates we shall
refer to, you may be willing to depend, in the present case,
largely upon the experiences of the si>eaker ; who is so much the
senior of most present that his recollections, — extending over
some seventy or more years, — reach back to a period contempor-
aneous with most of the persons and events to be spoken of. As
a type of those early da3s of American horticulture, I shall be
excused for speaking of what might, in any other aspect, be to
my hearers of little interest or importance. Without being liable,
I trust, to the charge of egotism, I will therefore at once take up
a topic which must be largely personal.

My earliest recollections are of an intense love of nature : the
boy recalls no contests with a lovely sister except as to who
should have the " pink" or the " ladies' delight" that by a rare
good fortune was left at our home. The list of the flowers on ray
father's grounds, about 1806, was very short. The pretentious
Hollyhock, the London Pride, and gorgeous Peony, the outspread-
ing Marigold, the brilliant Tulip, and the precious Sweet William,
— these were^ nearly all we saw in blossom in our garden. My
paternal grandfather could show on his grounds only two roses ;
the one red, thin-petalled, and low ; the other a tall, genuine old-
fashioned white rose, so imposing and fragrant that it gave the
bo}' pleasure to cull its precious petals, and put them in store for
the delicious rose-water. My grandfather had a few pears : the
old Scotch, the attractive Bon Chretien, and the delicious St.
Michael; with the "Pound pear," a lofty tree, which supplied
barrels of cooking pears for two families. He had also a choice
tree of what he called " Pear apples," combining the spiciness of
the apple with a rich pear flavor. He had also a nut tree, of

NOTES AND MEMORIES OF OUR EARLY HORTICULTURE. 13

which the fruit was equal, he insisted, and the children agreed
with him, to the best shag-barks.

My father took an interest, that was unusual for those days, in
the production of choice fruit. He grafted many apple trees with
the Blue Pearmain, the Rhode Island Greening, a variety called
the Cathead (a choice fruit for the table), a small red apple —
perhaps the Red Astrachan, and a fine sweet apple, large and
juicy, called the " High Sweeting." This last served us particu-
larly well during the war of 1812, when our food as well as
clothing was, from high taxes and the embargo, necessarily of the
cheapest kind. Our Sunday after-service dinner was uniformly
made up in part of this sweet apple, baked in the old "Dutch
oven ;" and with the rich cream of our dairy it made a delicious
repast.

My love of nature led me often into the woods, and there was
found a large wild purple grape equal to some of the best of our
modern culture. Added to other attractions were the birds of
those lone forests — among these the melodious hermit-thrush ; and
in field and meadow we heard the loud-voiced oriole, the friendly
red robin, the chatterbox bobolink, the cheery blackbird, and the
heaven-reaching skylark. Every shrub was noticed and known,
and every tree of wood and field was a study for the boy ; and
those lessons were never forgotten. Every boy, and every girl,
too, ought to be taught the names, and as far as possible, the
habits, of our native shrubs and trees, as one of the most effec-
tive means for instilling and promoting horticultural tastes in the
community.

It would be unjust to the memory of my maternal grandfather,
who had a choice farm in Leominster, not to speak of his interest
in fruit culture, and his encouraging the same spirit in his grand-
child. He had no pear trees on his land, but his success with
apples was, for those early days, back to 1805, quite noticeable.
His orchard had a soil naturally rich, and a southern exposure.
I cannot recall the whole list of his fruits, but among them were
Fall apples — I give the old names — a choice specimen of the
Harvey, large, yellow, of fine flavor, and a uniformly good
bearer ; also the Delicate, a long, beautifully striped apple, tender
and delicious, and his best autumn apple. He had, too, a very
fertile tree of the Honeycomb, too tempting for health to the
appetite of the boy. I remember well his far-famed peaches ; one

14 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

tree stood in a plat quite near his house, and its branches were
not only loaded but lay on the ground under their burden of old-
time " Rareripes," blushing red, so juicy as to melt in the mouth,
and yet perhaps (the grape only excepted) the only fruit so pure
and so good that they never injured the little fellow who put
them to a full test. Back of the house stood a majestic chestnut
tree, which bore the largest nuts on the farm. A boy, who was
no lover of early rising, was sure to be up after a frosty night to
pick up the chestnuts, forestalling the sheep, who thought they
would be on hand first, but were usually mistaken. Sixty years
afterward I saw that same tree, and could understand why the old
Greek, among his many gods, was sure to worship a goodly tree.

The taste acquired in those early days followed the young man
in college. We had then as Professor of Natural Histor}', Thomas
Nuttall, who awakened special interest in one other of my class-
mates out of the seventy, Henry Perkins, afterward a distinguished
physician and President of the Massachusetts Medical Society,
who was my constant companion at the lectures of Nuttall. We
walked each summer's Saturdays with the Professor, through the
then woods and wilds of Cambridge, absorbed in the man, as in
the science he taught us. I gathered, there and elsewhere, an
herbarium of wild flowers, which for long years was a source of
special interest.

Professor Nuttall, born in England, came to this country in
1810, explored the great lakes, Arkansas, and the Pacific coast,
and published in 1821 a Journal of Travels. From 1822 to 1834,
he was Professor of Natural History in Harvard College and
Curator of the Botanical Garden. He published a volume on
Ornithology and a work on the North American Sylva. He
was a member of several societies abroad, and was an authority
in natural history.

During a long residence in Cambridge, and for twenty years, I
had the pleasure of cultivating a garden in that town. In those
early days, I could only produce about twenty varieties of pears,
and a few apples. My grapes were of but two varieties, the
Catawba and Isabella, trained on a trellis sixty feet in length
and on a part of my house. We had, one year, several bushels of
these two grapes. The seasons from 1834 to 1846 were more
friendly than at present for the out-door culture of these early-
known varieties. I ventured occasionallj^ a few dishes of fruit at

NOTES AND MEMORIES OF OUR EARLY HORTICULTURE. 15

the exhibitions ; but, with such competitors as Charles M. Hovey
and Samuel Pond, I could not expect, and did not achieve, any
boastworthy success. In plum culture I did a little with the
Jefferson, Coe's Golden Drop, and others of less value. Mr,
Pond could sell from his choice grounds, once overflowed by the
sea, plums which easily brought him three dollars per dozen.
His friendship to me was better than treasures of silver and gold.

A short experience in gardening led me to desire assistance
from others. The Massachusetts Horticultural Society presented
an association likely to afford the needed help. Unhappily, as it
proved in the issue, the work of an arduous profession and labors
on the school committee, which at that period engrossed nearly'
half my time, left me less and less for horticulture. As I now go
back to the organization of this Society, and read of the noble
work of its founders, I feel that no man can fail to honor those
early devotees to this art and science. Zebedee Cook, Jr., sent
an article to the " New England Farmer," January 9, 1829, set-
ting forth the advantage it would be to Massachusetts to found a
Society for the promotion of this useful employment. The editor
of the "Farmer," Thomas G. Fessenden, approved the views taken
in this article, and seconded them by earnest suggestions in the
same direction and spirit. Mr. Fessenden I remember well ; and
about this time I heard from him an excellent lecture on the sub-
ject of Temperance. One remark in it was that the appetite for
strong drinks might be checked bj" a free use of fruit. This topic
is one not only appealing to humanity, but germane to the objects
of our Society. The more we encourage the selection and culture
of choice fruit, and the more widely it is circulated through our
community, the more we shall accomplish in resisting the sway of
that prince of evil spirits, and foe to all moral and national well-
being. Intemperance.

The good work of Mr. Fessenden secured the cooperation of
John B. Russell, whom I first met at one of our anniversary
dinners, A letter from Judge Buel of Albanj-, to Mr. Russell in
the winter of 1828-29 asked " Why do not the Boston gentlemen
start a horticultural society?" It was at Mr. Cook's office, six-
teen persons only being present, that the first formal proposition
was made to take a step in that direction. To Mr. Russell this
Society owes a large debt for that initial work. We rejoice in his
long life ; he is now the sole survivor of those veteran founders, to
witness with us the good results of his labors in that early day.

16 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Another name occurs in this connection — that of Jacob Bigelow.
He was, as far back as 1825, engaged in the establishment of the
Cemeter}^ at Mount Auburn. My interest in him extends back
nearly to that date ; he was early the physician of our famil}'. It
was pleasant to renew my acquaintance with him in my college
life. From 1816 to 1846, he was Professor of the Application
of Science to the Arts of Life, in Harvard College. I took full
notes of his lectures on that subject, and have preserved them to
this day. He was a man of great learning ; verj' deliberate in
his utterance, and yet he always rewarded the listener in the end,
for every word of his was weighty and wise. He was universally
respected for his learning and skill as an author, and we owe
him much for his works. In 1814, when, as he says, there was a
" deficienc3' of botanical books," and " the common standard works
of the science had hardly so much as been heard of by name in
our book-stores," he made known to the public in a book entitled
" The Botany of Boston and Vicinity," a great number of Ameri-
can plants which had never been fully described. He gives us
their " popular names" ; but modestly adds, " the book does not
profess to contain a complete collection of the plants of this sec-
tion of the country." He was a man of varied attainments in
general science, no less than of the highest rank as a physician.
His labors as a member of this Society, and especially as among
the founders of the Cemetery at Mount Auburn, entitle him to
our perpetual gratitude.

To one who has witnessed the advancement of this Society
almost from its beginning to the present day, it is pleasant to refer
to some of the men prominent in it. My first personal recollec-
tion of Henry A. S. Dearborn was in his connection with this
Society. His striking figure and intellectual face showed him to
be no ordinary man. Every movement indicated a rare personal
power and force of character. He was one of the founders, and
the first President, of our Society. A man of patriotic and disin-
terested spirit, everything which promised to advance the public
good or improve the taste and elevate the habits of the community,
attracted and secured his interest. He foresav? that this associa-
tion would create and foster not only a love of the beautiful in
nature, but in the highest sense both an inward and outward
prosperity'. In the establishment of Mount Auburn Cemeterj^, as
of this Society, he was an earnest worker. To the culture of

NOTES AND MEMOREES OP OQR EARLY HORTICULTURE. 17

fruits and flowers he gave his personal attention. In his numerous
official duties he was a model of industry ; and, at the same time,
his busy pen produced numerous valuable books. In biography
and historj^ his labors were constant. He published no less than
ten large volumes, besides several valuable addresses, sketches,
and minor productions. That such a man was so steadfast a
friend of this Society, and for five years its President, is to our
honor no less than his own.

Not to forget other prominent men who were friends, officers,
and helpers of this Societ}', I cannot pass over the name of one of
pre-eminent claims — that of Marshall P. Wilder, who left us so
recently, and to whose high qualities our members paid a sincere
and tender tribute. My intercourse with him extended over a
large part of the century, and often his tender and confiding spirit
led him to introduce subjects beyond the direct interests and
work of this Society, and to dwell on topics high above those of a
material and temporary nature. His broad mind could not only
embrace the most valuable details essential to a better culture of
fruits and flowers, but could grasp and pursue inquiries that
concern our deepest nature and our grandest progress. If the
power of his mind convinced me that he was a strong man, I
often felt that, in the simplicity and tenderness of his heart, there
was the love of a child.

We cannot, in justice to our subject, pass by the record of one
illustrious man, Asa Gra}', in 1847 made a Corresponding Member
of this Society. For nearly a half century he has been Professor
of Natural History in Harvard College. A large proportion of
this time I have known him personally, not only attending his
lectures, but meeting him in private, where his modesty has been
as remarkable as his merits ; so kind to all who have met him,
not only at his home and among the flowers, whose inmost nature
he so well know and of whose beauties and virtues, no less than of
their most latent and scientific properties he has profoundly written ;
a man honored abroad, as at home — whose titles could never rise
above his deserts. Who has not been delighted, when, other
authorities having failed to describe some perplexing plant or
blossom, he could say at length, " Go to Gray's book and you
are sure to have your desire gratified."

Smitten as he now is, at a good old age, with what may prove his
final disease, let us hope he may jet be restored and enabled to
2

18 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

complete the work he has still in hand ; but assured that, with his
rare achievements, he cannot fail to pursue, in worlds unknown,
the exalted course of a knowledge and power in the realm of
science and a mental and a moral progress of which earth sees but
the beginning.

Such men lead one to recognize what we sometimes lose sight
of. We are in danger of forgetting that a Society like ours should
not confine its interest or its investigations to practical skill and
temporary success alone. All honor to the hands that cultivate
the soil ! He who can make two blades of grass grow where but
one grew before is a benefactor of the race ; and yet high praise
is due to him who can penetrate into the recesses of that power of
mind which develops the great secrets by discovery of which all
nature is made to yield her noblest productions. Give a generous
prize to her who fashions the sweetest work of art in the choice
bouquet, and bestow a liberal reward on one who raises the
largest apple or one of the finest qualities that human culture can
produce. But do not pass by, or undervalue, the work of the
scientist who can devise the best combination of materials or
attain the secret of a culture by which, everywhere and always,
we can grow the choicest fruit, flower, and vegetable. On the
corner-stone of the first building erected, in 1845, by this Societ}',
was this inscription :

" This edifice is erected by the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society
for the purpose of encouraging and improving the
Science and Practice of Horticulture."

This great thing let us steadily do ; " encourage and improve,"
not only the " practice," but the " science " of horticulture. We
may well go back to the article in the " New England Farmer," of
1829, which'proposed the formation of a society " for the promo-
tion of skilful and scientific horticulture." Are we making suffi-
cieut progress in both these acquisitions? When the present Hall
was to be built, the very same inscription was placed on its
corner-stone. Hence it would seem that the advocacy of scientific
horticulture, as well as practical, is at the base of the very build-
ing we occupy. In 1878, President Parkraan, in his farewell
address, adverted to what I am glad, as a former member of the
Committee on Publication and Discussion, to quote here. He

NOTES AND MEMORIES OF OUR EARLY HORTICULTURE. 19

thought it would be well, he said, for the members to unite with
discussion the reading of books and journals, and, during their
own work in the garden, to add scientific " thought" to " observa-
tion."

About the time of my joining this Society, in 1835, Charles M.
Hovey established his horticultural magazine. It was valuable
to us of that day, not only for its direct instruction in horticulture,
but for the love of Nature its enthusiastic editor steadily inspired.
Much was done by it to increase the interest of the community in
our Societj'. It drew attention abroad as well as at home to the
improved culture of flowers, fruits, and vegetables. In connection
with Downing's valuable work on Fruits, it rendered great
service, especially in leading to the multiplication of choice varie-
ties of fruits, no less than in introducing, from year to year, new
and more choice and beautiful flowers. As a pioneer in this work
Mr. Hovey deserves great commendation.

Mr. Fessenden had said, in 1822, " The cultivation of flowers is
an appropriate amusement for young ladies." But now this
employment began to be regarded as worthy the care of the
sterner sex. And, today, what a contrast is seen in the connec-
tion of woman with our horticulture. This Society contains many
ladies on its roll of members. I recollect well the jo}^ and sur-
prise with which we first greeted our sisters at one of the anniver-
sarj' dinners of the Society. They do honor to our association by
contributing to its most useful purposes. Horticulture is advanced
by these joint efforts. She who shared the labors of Adam in
the primeval garden early taught and is still teaching us the
great duty of cooperation with her own mind and hand in our
gardens. We find her successful in securing prizes at our exhibi-
tions ; and we listen with pleasure and profit as she leads in our
weekly papers and takes part in the discussions.

We older members can recall the long series of Exhibitions,
and bear witness to their constant improvement. The first prizes
off'ered by the Society were published in the "New England
Farmer," April 28, 1829 ; they were for Fruits, $93 ; for Flowers,
$60 ; and for Vegetables, $35. That was, indeed, a day of small
things in our horticultural records, although some individuals at
that time, on their private grounds, were doing advanced work.
Elias Phinney, then Chairman of the Committee on Fruits, a
townsman of mine, and, in ever}' relation, a liberal-minded man.

20 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

himself, had what might be considered for those days, a large and
well-cultivated garden. Read the Societ3''s prize list for the first
year of its operation, $188 in amount ; and contrast with it the
list our Committee offered the past year, for nearly the same
objects, of which $6,400 was actually awarded. And think of the
magnificent exhibition of chrysanthemums and orchids of the very
last season.

Much credit is due this Society for its persistence in carrying
forward the succession of its meetings under the outward discour-
agements and ill accommodations of its primitive periods. They
assembled, a small number, it is true, at first, in the offices of
various members of the Society; then in some straitened room,
hired, perhaps, onl}' for the season ; and this continued until the
erection of their hall on School Street, the corner-stone of which
was laid in 1844. I had often been, previously, at their public
gatherings, and this year joined the Society. Present at the
dedication of that hall, I listened to the address of my classmate,
Hon. George Lunt, of Newburyport ; it was a classical and poetic
production, glowing with the joy of the crowded assembly of
members and friends of the Society. After great labors and
praiseworthy sacrifices, obliged sometimes, as many of you may
recollect, to hold exhibitions, or parts of them, in subterraneous
rooms, so dingy that the very flowers appeared to grieve and
droop at their privations, thej' at length removed to the noble
edifice we now occupy.

A word is due, before closing, to the claims and the fortunes of
our Library. It has increased from a few volumes, in 1829, to
about six thousand today. The first books placed in it were a
donation from Robert Manning, one of the sixteen men who first
met at the founding of this Society, and who was alwa^^s among
its most honored friends and supporters, eminent especially for his
skill and success in the production of fruits ; whose mantle rests
on one worthy of his parental origin, instant in ever^^ good work
of the Societ}', its indefatigable Secretary, for these twelve j-ears ;
diligent in labors upon our published " Transactions " and in general
executive business ; as Librarian courteous in the reception of
visitors, friendly in aid to members, and of distinguished service
as the person whose almost sole energy and reseat ch gave us the
invaluable "History of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society
from 1829 to 1878."

NOTES AND MEMORIES OF OUR EARLY HORTICULTURE. 21

I am glad to note that one volume of the elder Mr. Manning's
donation was entitled " New Improvements of Planting and Gar-
ing, both PhilosopJiical and Practical." See we well to it that, as
a Society, our PhUosophy and our Science keep steady pace with
our practice.

The Library, rich with treasures of horticultural lore, and with
rare and costly plates and other illustrations of extraordinary
value, has, at present, one deplorable drawback in its insufficient
shelf accommodation. For this a remedy ought to be found, and
that speedily.

Looking back through the long span of years we have passed
over, we see proofs of a steady progress in the work of the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society. Baffled for moments here
and there by obstacles in its way, who can doubt that, having
achieved such triumphs in the past, it is destined to go forward
with an ever-advancing energy, diffusing a taste for the culture of
fruit and flower, inspiring new generations with ever fresh pur-
poses, overcoming difficulties, and awakening new zeal, animated
by high motives, and pressing on with determined spirit — a
higher influence raying down on its best efforts, and assuring its
ultimate success.

" O painter of the fruits and flowers 1

We thank thee for thy wise design
Whereby these human hands of ours

In Nature's garden work with thine.

And thanks that from our daily need,

The joy of simple faith is born
That he who smites the summer weed

May trust thee for the autumn corn. '

Give fools their gold, and knaves their power;

Let fortune's bubbles rise and fall ;
Who sows a field, or trains a flower,

Or plants a tree, is more than all."

Discussion.

O. B. Hadwen said that all present had been delighted with Mr.
Muzzey's essa}', carrying us back, as it did, more than sixty years,
and giving reminiscences not only of fruits and flowers, but of the
formation and pruniiueut members of the Societ}'. The speaker

22 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

could look back half a century ; his father was not a farmer, but
when the son was eleven years old the father retired from business to
a farm. The speaker's first recollections of fruit were of the Sapson,
Rhode Island Greening, Peck's Pleasant, and Tift Sweeting apples ;
the Alpine and Early Virginia strawberries ; one or two raspberries
called " English" ; and the St. Michael and Pound pears, the
former most delicious and the latter cooked as a vegetable. The
Isabella and Catawba were the only native grapes. Thej' had
peas, beans, melons, sweet corn, and potatoes. All whose recol-
lection goes back as far as his own can note the progress in
horticulture which has been made. Fortj' years ago, there were
vast collections of apples and pears, and their increase was stim-
ulated by the horticultural journals of the time. Since then,
these great numbers have diminished, for the only object in making
such collections — the selection of the best — has been attained, and
now cultivation is confined to the most desirable varieties. The
members of the Society have brought out many new varieties of
flowers and fruits and vegetables and have cultivated them wisely
and well. The speaker first attended the exhibitions of the
Societ}' in 1843, when the Hall was at what is now No. 25
Tremont Street. The collections of fruit from Robert Manning's
Pomological Garden were always named with great care and were
very instructive. The speaker always found it pleasant to look
back to those early days.

Edmund Hersey said that at his age one is full of recollec-
tions of horticulture. In regard to this Society he could go back
only a few years, but when a boy he heard of it and felt an inter-
est in it. His early life was spent in growing nursery trees.
Since then we have made great progress in horticulture. In some
respects, perhaps, the trees were better then, but in regard to
varieties we have made a great advance. In the nursery he
meant to have a suflScient number of varieties to satisf}- every-
body, but when he set his orchard he took a different view. There
are many very, good varieties which are not superior, and he
sought to confine himself to the latter. This Society has done a
great work ; and, as one result of it, we shall not see orchards cut
off and grafted and regrafted as we once did.

M. B. Faxon said that, as one of the younger members of the
Society, he was much interested in Mr. Muzzey's paper. The
essayist had spoken of hollyhocks and other flowers, and the

NOTES AND MEMORIES OF OUR EARLY HORTICULTURE. 23

speaker could remember his grandmother's bed of hollj'hocks,
some of which were fully equal to those grown now. Then came
a time Avhen everybody wanted to grow everything, but now we
are going back to specialties. We grow fewer things and try to
grow them better.

A. "W. Cheever, Agricultural Editor of the ' ' New England
Farmer," said he was bred upon a farm almost bare of fruits.
There was one " button " pear tree which occasionally bore a few
specimens scared}' larger than acorns, and which clung to the
twigs till after the leaves fell ; a single peach tree, a few dozen
old cider apple trees, and one or two that had been grafted. He
never knew his father to carry a barrel of good winter apples into
the cellar till trees of his (the speaker's) own raising came into
bearing. "When nineteen years old, he went to Hopedale and
worked in a market garden, and there first saw strawberries under
cultivation. It was in an old bed that the superintendent pro-
posed to plough under early in the season. Mr. Cheever saved
the bed till after fruiting by renting the land, and marketed the
crop by subletting to fellow workmen, retaining sufficient for his
own gratification. He walked home one day, twelve miles, carrj'^-
ing several quarts of his berries and a box or two of larger ones
purchased of a neighbor, expecting to create a sensation at the
old homestead ; but the next spring, when a few dozen plants were
purchased for setting, his father could find no spot on his hundred-
acre farm that he was willing to spare for such nonsense. There
were berries enough, he said, growing wild in the pastures. The
plants, however, were set, though under protest, and, after a crop
which sold at a better profit than potatoes yielded, there was no
further difficulty in finding room for strawberry plants or any
other fruits. He thought few of those who now enjoy fruit in
abundance realize how much the Horticultural Society has done
towards transforming deserts into gardens.

Mrs. H. L. T. Wolcott said that she almost lost her love of
horticulture b}' visiting hen shows. Years ago she raised hens,
ducks, and pigeons. If you want a thing to be good, you must
devote yourself to it ; she hardly knew whether she liked roses or
fan-tailed pigeons best, but the improved specimens of both show
what can be accomplished by devotion to a purpose. She wanted
to know if she raises sweet peas, what she shall have to precede
them in her garden in the early summer. She spoke of her

24 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

father's garden on the corner of Front Street (now Harrison
Avenue) and Oak Street, in Boston, where Scotch polyanthuses
and ladies' delights about as large as a nickel grew. Her father
would have been astonished at the size of the pansies now grown.
There were also two varieties of honeysuckles, roses, and mari-
golds, and a few fall chrysanthemums, the whole furnishing a
succession of flowers until frost. There is a fashion in flowers.
Marigolds, at one time in her recollection much prized, came to
be looked on with scorn, and are now popular again. Mrs.
Wolcott spoke of the garden of the late Edward M. Richards, for
many years Vice President of this Society, in Dedham, where he
introduced new pseonies and irises. The flowers used in window
gardening are less changed than the out-door flowers, though the
oxalis has been added, and she did not remember horse-shoe
geraniums, but the rose geraniums are the same. She likes the
Society, though she finds a good deal of fault with it. There is
much to be done to make children and old people happy by the
cultivation of flowers.

Robert Manning said that the apple mentioned by the essayist
as the Cathead was probably the variety known as the Ipswich
Cathead, a medium sized fruit of flattened conical form, with a
red cheek, and quite distinct from the large, coarse, green apple,
described by Coxe and later writers under the same name. The
High Sweeting, he thought probably the kind now known as
the Hightop Sweeting, which is supposed to have originated in
Plymouth Colony, soon after the settlement of the country. The
tree is of very upright growth. About fifteen years ago, he visited
the fair of the Marshfield Agricultural Society, with the late Hon.
Marshall P. Wilder, when one of the townspeople took them in
his wagon to the home and tomb of Daniel Webster, and on the
way pointed out a row of Hightop Sweeting trees said to be more
than two hundred years old.

President Walcott spoke of the garden at the birthplace of Dr.
Oliver Wendell Holmes, in Cambridge, which was reconstructed
by him after the death of his mother at the age of over ninety
years. He gave a very interesting account in the " Atlantic
Almanac" for 1868, of the reconstruction. The flowers had
yielded their places to weeds and the gravel walks to grass, but
"The Garden" still existed in his memory; the walks were all
mapped out there, and the place of every herb and flower was laid

ESTHETICS IN AGRICULTURE. 25

down as on a chart. By that pattern he restored '* The Garden,"
and when the flowers came up in their old places, the effect on him
was something like what the widow of Nain may have felt when
her dead son rose on his bier and smiled upon her. Nature
behaved admirably, and sent him back all the little tokens of her
affection she had kept so long. The same delegates from the
underground fauna ate his earl}' radishes ; he thought he should
have been disappointed if they had not. The aphis and the cater-
pillar and the squash-bug were cordial as ever, just as if nothing
had ever happened to produce a coolness or entire forgetfulness
between them and him. But the butterflies came back too, and
the bees and the birds.

The Chairman of the Committee on Publication and Discussion
announced for the next Saturday, a paper on " ^Esthetics in
Agriculture," by George M. Whitaker, Editor of the " New Eng-
land Farmer."

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, January 21, 1888.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Henry P. Walcott, in the chair.
No business being brought before the meeting it
Adjourned to Saturday, January 28.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.
-Esthetics in Agriculture.

By Geokge M. Whitaker, A. M., Boston.

A city is a necessary evil. In order to produce the world's
supply of clothing and shelter, and to distribute these and the
food supply, it is necessary that large numbers of people should
be massed at convenient localities near harbors, water-power, or
railroad centres. This aggregation gives those favored by nature,
b}' birth, by circumstances — or by a combination of these

26 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETr.

with temperance and industry ^ — opportunities for acquiring wealth
which would otherwise be impossible. It also gives educational,
social, and artistic advantages.

Therefore the city is often unduly extolled, until " going to the
city " is sometimes regarded as getting up in the world, and such
words as "rustic," "countryman," or "rural," have an element
of contempt in their use. This condition of things overlooks two
facts. First, that city facilities increase both up and down ;
increased wealth and culture on the one hand are offset by
increased discomfort, vice, and povert^^ on the other. Second,
that there is no place like the country for real beauty, or for the
cultivation of the aesthetic sense, and that no class of people have
opportunities for such delightful homes as the farmers — common
farmers, if you please to accept such an expression. I can imag-
ine a matter-of-fact hard toiler, who may have seen or read of
some of the delightful grounds near Boston on which so much
money is lavished, saj-ing that he cannot afford such outlays. But
the object of this paper is to emphasize some of the little inex-
pensive things, the neglected trifles, which need attention in order
to improve the appearance of the country, and to make a widen-
ing circuit more attractive for homes for city people, when the
problem of rapid transit and cheap fares is solved. More care of
these matters will also do much to remove the unjust comparison
sometimes drawn between city and country. If before this paper
is concluded you think I have occupied your time with things too
trifling for the attention of this Society, my only apology is that I
know from actual experience in the country', that there is need of
increased care and thought in this direction, and I believe that
some one should run the risk of being criticised for uttering
commonplaces, in order to preach this gospel.

First and chief of all, a spirit of keeping things " picked up"
is needed. "The real elements of beauty are not a fine house,
paved roadwa\'s, geometrical lines, mathematical grading, nor
any costly improvements. They are rather coziness, simplicit}',
and neatness." Have a place for everything, and the place for
old carts, refuse lumber, and rubbish generally is not in front of
the house or near to it. Many a home of fine possibilities is
hopelessly marred by the general carelessness about it. Too
often is the door yard a catch-all for old and new vehicles,
slovenly wood piles, a broken mowing machine, a few bean poles.

ESTHETICS IN AGRICULTURE. 27

the grindstone, and a confusion of unenumerated relics. Keep
the tools in their place, sell the old junk, house vehicles and
machines, rake up the chips, burn the rubbish, and pile the
lumber where it will not be prominent. Even a few disorderly
boards and boxes will injure the appearance of one's whole place.
Order is Beauty's first law, and neatness is her handmaiden.
They are too often driven away from our New England homes by
neglect. So many vehicles, machines, tools, chicken coops, etc.,
are needed on ever}"- farm that it is easy to get careless
and leave things where the}' were used last, and a little effort may
sometimes be required to maintain scrupulous neatness, but it
will pa}'. The transformation that a general "picking up," or
the exercise of more care, will work, is wonderful. When the
lumber piles, stone heaps, cart bodies, odd wheels, drags, stove
wood of varying lengths, decaying boards, old boxes and barrels,
have disappeared from conspicuous positions about the house,
until the yard is as neat as a parlor, the habit of caring for and
increasing home beauty will have become confirmed ; it will also
grow and seek something more to do.

The absence of litter is an indispensable prerequisite to any-
thing aesthetic, but the lawn needs a little attention. A few
minutes will be found each week to mow it ; spots hitherto given
to weeds will be got into grass, and places where the grass was
thin will receive a little fertilizer. Thus with onl}- slight expense
and a little care, a lawn can be secured that will be an object of
general admiration, and might be a millionaire's envy. Even the
most ordinary farmer has all that is needed to secure as thick and
smooth a lawn as any one. Why should we look to Newport, or
the banks of the Hudson, or our own suburban villas for the per-
fect lawn ? Why should the professional grass-grower with plenty
of land, allow any one to surpass him in the richness or evenness
of the verdure about his home? With the cheapness of small
lawn mowers there is no excuse for a weedy, poverty stricken,
hummocky yard. Nothing is more pleasing to the eye than a
thick, velvety lawn. Wh}' should not every farm house be sur-
rounded by one of the most exquisite ? Even among village resi-
dents few have such restricted quarters as not to enjoy at least a
few square feet of neat grass about their homes. One writer
truly says, " There is nothing in the beauty of flowers that equals
green turf, on which we never tire of gazing and on which weary
eyes may look and find rest."

28 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETT.

Do not forget to let all of this work of neatness and lawn-
making extend to the roadside, even to the edge of the travelled
wa}- ; for no matter how particular one may be concerning his
grounds, the effect is sadly marred if the roadside is not corres-
pondingly neat and thrifty. I once rode past a nice house with a
well kept yard, in front of which were the contents of an old straw
bed, wall paper torn off at house cleaning, apple tree limbs,
weeds, and vines brought from the garden and thrown over the
fence, and miscellaneous rubbish. Aside from the violation of a
rule of good taste such a course seems to mark a selfish man with
a soul too narrow to do an atom more than is necessary to keep
in good order what he regards as his own distinctive property.
A roadside devoted to burdocks, thistles, briers, and stone heaps,
is no ornament, and prejudices every passer-by against the owner of
the adjacent farm. Did any of you ever see a barn built near the
highway so as to have the manure pile by the roadside? Such
an arrangement has the merit of convenience in loading the carts,
but is not in the interests of an attractive home. Sometimes
more and more of the underlying soil is annually removed with
the fertilizer, creating a deepening hole which during quite a por-
tion of the year becomes a pool of green slime. Such conditions
dissipate the otherwise pleasing effect of the home.

There is need of a very general awakening to the importance of
the looks of roadsides. Their conspicuousness makes them
peculiarly important. There should not be a border of untidiness,
tall grass, or rank weeds about an otherwise pleasant residence.
The ladies in their decorative work often put the most ornament
into the border. The roadside — which is the border to the
estate — should, when near the house, be as attractive and luxu-
riant as the lawn itself ; while further away it should be kept free
from stones and rubbish and mown occasionally. This will add
much to the looks of a farm, besides accomplishing the utilitarian
good of preventing the spread of noxious plants. It is disheart-
ening to work hard for clean culture and have the effort all
neutralized by the neglect of a neighbor whose roadsides are
nurseries for the propagation of all kinds of undesirable plants.

Highway surveyors should be men who have an eye for the neat
and orderly as well as for the science of road construction. They
should take as much pride in a smooth roadside as in a good road-
bed. They should not have a mania for sprinkling the space out-

ESTHETICS IN AGRICULTURE. 29

side of the wheel tracks with stones, or for leaving the edge as jagged
as possible. I have known them to lop off the branches of over-
hanging trees so as to leave on one side slivered stubs a foot long
to advertise official incompetency When the roadside is mown or
trimmed the rubbish should be raked up and burned or removed —
not allowed to remain and rot where it fell, an eyesore and a
breeding place for vermin. Some surveyors will strike an axe
into small trees and undergrowth near the road, and simply tip
them over towards the wall.

One reason for the neglect of roadsides exists in the front fence
which draws a line that is taken too literally as the limit of one's
estate. This fence creates a feeling that the roadside is public
property, and its care the business of no one in particular. The
first objection to a fence is that it is often of unartistic design, out
of repair, and unduly conspicuous. How many fences are there
in this vicinit}-, or within your knowledge, which are either a
loose stone heap, offensive to the eye, harboring weeds, and no
restraint to unruly cattle, or else a wooden affair minus a gate
or with a few rails gone, so as to be practically worthless for the
purposes for which it was designed.

The second objection to a fence is that, even if of tasteful
design and in good repair, it is unnecessary and not worth what
it costs. The cost of the fences in the United States is more than
the national debt ; in some cases more than the value of the live
stock, and in others more than the farm buildings. Farms have
been reported as selling for less than the cost of the fences.

The aesthetic objections to fences are that, in themselves, they
have no beaut}', but are continued as a theoretical protection
merely, because our fathers or grandfathers thought fences were
necessary — just as we frequently have absorbed their political or
religious notions. Tlie removal of fences does not lessen any
one's real security, and gives an open, airy effect that is very
pleasing. A village is particularly improved by a general removal
of fences, which transforms a lot of crumped dooryards into one
large park, and gives each occupant of a small estate all the satis-
faction that could come from living on the most extensive
grounds.

The charming effect of removing farm fences is well illustrated
at the Massacliusetts Agricultural College, a place that should be
visited by all who are interested in agriculture. It costs nothing
to make anj' farm equall}' attractive.

30 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Still another advantage of abolishing front fences is the assist-
tance such removal gives to the work of clearing up and having a
continuous expanse of clean lawn, from the door step to the
traveled way, with no obstacle to the scythe or lawn mower.

As I am now dealing with the aesthetics rather than the econom-
ics of agriculture, I will not dwell upon the statistics of the
question, the valuable space gained, the increased ease of clean
culture in the corners, or the labor-saving advantages of large
fields.

"In old times," says Donald G. Mitchell, "people built cities with
walls and did not consider them safe to live in if built in anj^ other
way. Now what if some disputatious person in that day had sent a
letter to the newspapers, or stated on the platform that it was
folly to wall in the towns, and that it would be much better and
cheaper to let every man look out for his own house. What a
stare of wonderment those old people would have put on. But of
what use are the multitudinous lumber devices with which the people
now-a-days barricade themselves? They keep out no thieves, for
thieves can climb them." They keep out no cattle in their usual
condition with gates wide open. " The}' keep out no scandal, for
scandal loves fences better than the open country."

But if the fences are to remain for the present, keep them neat
and in good repair. A tumble-down, dilapidated fence, with the
gate hanging in shame at the shiftlessness of the proprietor, should
not be tolerated. A single rail, straight, and supported by posts
standing plumb, the whole neatly painted, will look much better
than a glaring collection of pickets, for the fence should not be
the conspicuous and most show}' part of the landscape. Its
theory is not inherent beauty, but protection. Nothing can be more
incongruous than a picture in nature's brightest, most luxuriant
tints, framed with a coarse, gaudy, or over ornamented result of
the carpenter or painter. The increasing use of wire fences is
doing much for aesthetics by furnishing a maximum of strength
with a minimum of display. These principles will also apply to
village common or other public grounds. Avoid a fence, if
possible, bat if it must be there make it as inconspicuous as possi-
ble. The common was not established to show off a fence.

Though these little things to which I have called your attention
may seem trifles, a neglect of them will give one's estate a home-
sick, uninviting, discouraged appearance. One writer, speaking

ESTHETICS IN AGRICULTURE. 31

on this subject, sa3"s that " picturesqneness is nearly always
largely the result of attention to little things. Neatness and order
depend so much on trivial details that the beauty of a home and
the good looks of a farm are substantially at their mercy." I have
tried not to exaggerate the evils of carelessness — not to erect a
straw man for the fun of battering him down. My rides in the
country have impressed me with the need of more attention to
these small matters, and have sometimes tempted me to say, with
a traveller of wide experience, " We have a clear atmosphere and
brilliant skies, but we are all sons and daughters of Shabb3'ville."
It is surprising how many country estates are unattractive on
account of the lack of a little picking up, the want of a little care
about the lawn, or the infrequent use of scythe or lawn mower.

Take any dooryard as j'ou find it ; and, without any expense or
labor worth naming, it can be transformed into an exquisite lawn.
But education is a growth, and when the owner's taste has been
brought to this point, he will want to go further. His ideas of
beauty will gradually expand. A few flowers, a vine over the
door, some shrubbery and trees by the roadside, will be suggested.
Here, too, great satisfaction can be got without much outlay of
money. It is marvellous what large returns can be obtained from
a ver}- small investment. Every farmer should have some place
for flowers ; but he should not attempt too much in the shape of
elaborate gardens, fantastic designs on the lawn, or rare and
expensive plants. The plain, rich carpet of grass would be pref-
erable to such things. But everj- one can raise a few of the old-
fashioned varieties which grow easily, do not require a great
amount of attention, and are unsurpassed for beauty. Their
commonness does not change the immutable laws of proportion
and color which constitute the beauty of a flower or plant. A
clump of sunflowers, hollyhocks, or dahlias in the background,
with zinnias, asters, marigolds, phlox, larkspur, and petunias, in
appropriate places ; and morning glories and sweet peas over the
porch, will add man}' fold to the attractiveness and homelike
appearance of hundreds of farms. If one has time, taste, and
money for imitating the professional landscape gardener, well and
good ; but more should not be commenced than can be carried out.
It should be remembered that but one common plant, lovingly
cared for so as to be thrifty and luxuriant, is better than a large
yard full of neglected, weedy, or hen-scratched attempts at flori-

32 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

culture. Simplicity always looks better than over-ornamentation,
and large collections are not necessarily tasteful, or desirable.

These suggestions apply also to shrubbery. A few flowering
or ornamental shrubs, judiciously placed about the lawn or flower
garden, will add much to the appearance of a home. But do not
overload. It is much better to have a little that is thrifty and
healthy than to have more than can be well cared for. The lilac
and syringa are better than many of the uncertain novelties of tree
peddlers.

Trees — the most beautiful objects in nature — should not be
overlooked. The average farmer has so much to do with trees as
lumber, or as objects to be removed to fit the laud for cultivation,
that he regards them as too trivial, commonplace, or weed-like, to
be esteemed as objects of superlative beauty, to be planted and
carefully tended for their looks. But nothing adds more to the
pleasantness of a home than trees judiciousl}^ planted about it.
A few near the house ma}' break the fury of winter blizzard or
summer heat in addition to their aesthetic uses. Trees are particu-
larly appropriate by the roadside. How charming they are rising
from the smooth green ! Why should not the roadside trees —
enchanting mankind and wooing the birds with the charm of their
rich foliage and symmetrical shape — be the rule instead of the
exception. Many a farmer who calls himself enterprising and
who does raise good crops, forgets that, with a few hours' work,
he could plant a dozen trees that would greatly enhance the value
of his estate, and continue to yield blessings of beauty long after
he has passed away. Here, too, common varieties possess as
many elements of real beauty as those more rare. There are no
more beautiful trees than the common maple, elm, spruce, or
cedar. There is a row of hemlocks in front of my residence in
the countr}', and m}- personal attachment for that kind is very
great. Some writers, combining aesthetics with the material,
advocate the hickory and chestnut for roadside planting. It may
seem a little thing to bring a sapling from the woods some cloudy
day and plant it near the house, but it will prove a pleasiug and
profitable investment.

Humboldt sa^^s, " Trees have about them something beautiful
and attractive, even to the fancy. Since they cannot change their
places, the}' are witnesses of all the changes that go on around
them ; and, as some reach great age, they become, as it were,

AESTHETICS IN AGRICULTURE. 33

historical monuments, though, like ourselves, they have a life,
growing and passing away ; not being inanimate and unvarying
like the fields and rivers."

Another little thing often neglected in country life is care in the
looks of out-buildings. Many a good looking residence is sur-
rounded with tumble-down or slovenly constructed pigpens and
hencoops. Too often, what might be an attractive home is ruined,
from an aesthetic standpoint, by the close proximity of rickety
sheds, conspicuous privies, and shabby barns. Great expense is
not necessary to effect a renovation. A uail in time will often
prevent things from looking shabby. There is no need of con-
structing the pigpen of odds and ends of refuse lumber in a crazy,
patchwork style, or of restraining the poultry at the expense of
the looks of an estate. The inventor of wire netting has been a
public benefactor, furnishing a ready and neat means for doing
this. With the cheapness and convenience of ready-mixed
paints, there is no excuse for not having all the buildings as tidy
as the home itself.

The house should not be overlooked. Country aesthetics do
not necessarily require an elegant mansion, or the designs of the
fashionable architect. The graceful vine clings as lovingly to the
small, old-style homestead, as to the stately pile of palatial mien.
Only let the house — such as it is — be well cared for. Such
little neglects as a blind gone or hanging askew, broken windows,
or an old box for a doorstep, seriously detract from the ideal
of a home. Keep the house as neat as other parts of the premises,
make little repairs when needed, and let care and taste, rather
than great outlays of money be distinguishing characteristics.

Let us now, by way of recapitulation, look at two pictures.
Here is a farm house unpainted and forlorn looking. A corner
board and a liberal portion of the chimney top are gone. No
tree, shrub, or vine is near it. The front door has not been
opened for months and tall grass grows out from the sides of the
rough door-stone. About the front j'ard are the ruins of a picket
fence, which, in some former age, was repaired with refuse knotty
slabs. Some old barrels under the front windows suggest memo-
ries of chickens, which long since were gathered to their fathers.
A few old hens are lazily sunning themselves or wallowing great
holes among the scattered tufts of wiry grass, while, under an
apple tree, full of suckers and dead branches, a half decayed bee-
3

34 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

hive is surrounded by burdocks. Some clothes poles and a few
old boards complete the scene of desolation in front of the house.
In the side yard, what there is that is green is plantain and chick-
weed. A rambling wood-pile occupies four times as much space
as necessarj^, while the chip litter is being well scattered, and some
gaunt, half-grown chickens, an old sleigh bodj^ a rusty plow, a
weather-beaten wagon, a log half hewn years ago, and a horse-
rake minus one wheel, have conspicuous positions. A door has
blown from the barn ; the pigpen was built at many different times
of as many different qualities of boards, and has a demoralized
shed as a sort of annex. In front of this estate are the brier-
guarded relics of a stone wall, in a condition of innocuous desue-
tude. At one side of the gap used as an entrance, a luxuriance of
Canada thistles is growing up through the remains of a pile of coi'd-
wood. At the other side of the entrance is a cart and an old
sled ; while across the road, among the nettles and pigweed,
some old wheels and a harrow are leaned against the wall. The
glare of the sun seems hotter and more merciless from the
barrenness and disorder on which it strikes.

Turn now to another picture. No fences or walls separate this
house from the street or fields, A rich, evenly-shaved lawn
stretches from the house to the travelled portion of the highway
and sweeps back in all directions till it merges into the farm land.
Handsome trees and thrifty shrubs cast fantastic shadows across
the lawn, giving its velvety green many delicate tints. The house
is neatly painted and at the front door is a rustic porch covered
with a wistaria, while a canopy of morning glories shields the
back door from the sun.. Under the windows are a few roses and
near the side of the house is the flower garden, brilliant with
color. A good driveway leads to the building. Rows of noble
trees adorn the smooth roadside. An air of mingled comfort and
beaut}'' pervades the whole scene. It is rich and elegant. A
feeling of rest comes over us as we study its many attractions.
The park-like effect rivals that of costly expenditures in large
cities which produce no more romantic or picturesque results. No
great expense has been incurred ; nothing has been required but
a little energy, thrift, and taste. These two pictures are views
of the same estate at different times, and this great transforma-
tion has been wrought by care in little things and cultivating a love
of the beautiful.

ESTHETICS IN AGRICULTURE. 35

Farmers can have pleasanter homes than any other class in the
community, without studying at the feet of professional landscape
gardeners and without paying out much money, simply by attend-
ing to little homely things and by a tasteful care of what they
already possess. We quote the following from Hon. George A.
Harden : " The luxury of a home entirely under self control, on
which one may expend pleasant labor in adornment and cultiva-
tion, is a thing not always appreciated. . . . One can hardly ride
over any teu miles of New England road without observing that a
very large majority of the people do not begin to make as much
of their opportunities in this direction as they might. A little
planning, a few hours of extra work now and then, and a little
ingenuity, will add, month bj" month, to the beauties and comforts
of a home, such as will make it cosier and more homelike than
more pretentious architecture. Outside and inside the buildings
and on the grounds and fences, in the planting of trees, shrubs,
vines, and flowers, lie the opportunities for added luxury in such
measure as au}' one may desire. The field is practically unlimited."

Wheu one has reached the degree of perfection I have already
described, he can, and doubtless will, advance further to more
scientific landscape gardening and floriculture. But I have thought
best to confine myself to elementary suggestions and such as
would be within the means and ability of any one to carry out.
This work of beautifjdng farm-houses will be of great benefit in
lifting the mind above the tedious routine of exacting toil. The
rays of the sun playing hide and seek among the restless leaves of
tree and shrub, and painting the flower garden or lawn will give a
healthy diversion to the thoughts and awaken higher ambitions.

This benefit concerns woman even more than man, for the
breath of fresh air, the occasional view of flowers, lawn, and
trees, and possibly the care of some, will prove a grateful relief
from over familiarity with the hot cook stove, and in some instances
may rouse from that feeling of gloom and despondency which
sometimes creeps over one who is continually overworked and
has no view of an}- but the practical bread and butter side of the
world.

This clearing up, and removing the noisome places, at the
mandate of aesthetics, is also an aid to hygiene. Care of out-
buildings, fixing the sink-drain, filling the stagnant pool, and
removing decaying rubbish, root out possible breeding places

36 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of disease and sources of contagion or death. The aesthetics of
agriculture also has its economical aspect, for the attention to
little neglects prevents many wastes ; the mowing of roadsides
and removing fences helps exterminate weeds, and trees and
shrubs enhance the value of the real estate.

The refining, and educating character of this work I do not
need to urge here among those who are older in it than I am.
Neither do I need to urge the unselfish nature of anything which
we can do for our pleasure, but which will please and cheer the
humblest passer by as well as the owner of the premises.

I have dared to come before you with this paper, treating of
such seemingly trivial things, feeling that it might not be unprofit-
able to leave for one day the heights of horticulture, so to speak,
and come down to the common farmer, extending an influence
to help him and to improve country homes in a manner which
should be within the means of any one to carry out.

This subject of the beauty of common country homes is a very
important one. As a matter of social science it will create an
influence to draw from the cit}', and also to make the denizens
of the country more contented with their lot.

When one occasionally leaves drudgery to woo the birds to
become his near neighbors he transfers their songs to his own
heart and becomes more contented with his lot. If we contribute
anything toward making the agricultural community more con-
tented we have done a good work. Does farming pay? is an
oft repeated question. It certainly is an important element
towards answering the question if we can show that one of the
profits of farming is an incomparable home, — that a very large
dividend comes in close intimacy with natures choicest products.
And if we can show that it is a practicable thing for the fai-mer's
home to be -the most beautiful and most refining, as well as a
continual education, the boys and girls will be more apt to want
a farmer's home of their own. It may seem a little thing to
hammer together a slab hybrid of a fence in front of some home,
but it may be what will turn the scale with a son or daughter
in deciding whether or not to leave the farm. If the father
cannot spare a little land for a lawn or a flower garden ; if he
cannot give the boys a little time — with some encouragement
added — to care for them and improve the looks of his home ; if
he thinks of nothing but the cows or the cornfield ; he must not
be surprised at being left alone in Ins old age.

ESTHETICS IN AGRICULTURE. 37

For a number of months after I first went into agricultural
journalism, many of my old acquaintances, on meeting me would
look at m}' feet and exclaim in a semi-jocose, semi-sneering tone :
" This will never do. There is no manure on your boots." That
remark was typical of a too general feeling in regard to agricul-
ture ; a sentiment that drives many a youth from the farm. Of
course there is dirty work in farming, as in every other business ;
but the feeling that it is distinctively a degrading, filthy occupa-
tion is wrong and ought not to exist. Let the boys and girls
understand that nowhere but on the farm can there be found such
a free and happy life ; so many little refinements ; so much atten-
tion to little matters of looks ; so much close communion with
nature ; so much that is educating and elevating, and they will
be less apt to leave it. When they grow up in the most beautiful
of homes, amid the most charming surroundings, environed with
the highest influences, the result will take care of itself.

Home ! The place about which centre all the warmest attach-
ments of the heart, the focus of all our thoughts, labors, and
ambitions. It is a spot to love, and being such should be made
as attractive and lovable as possible. Labor for beautifying
country homes is of incalculable value, reall}^ more important
to the nation than the contentions of politicians and more chris-
tianizing than the bickerings of theologians. The American
people, as a rule, have given undue prominence to matter-of-fact
material subjects and not enough to the refining and aesthetic.
But money is only a tool, and should not be regai'ded as the end
and aim of existence. Two friends of mine — one an excellent
artist who never succeeds in getting ahead flnanciall}' ; the other
a shrewd business man without many interests beyond his ledger or
balance sheet — once met and fell into conversation. The artist
enthuasticall}^ discoursed of the lofty principles of beauty and
belittled sordid greed for money getting. The business man
retorted that money was a mighty handy thing to have. "Well
yes," said the artist, " it is, especially if a man has'nt anything
else." If we cannot have both, an appreciation of the beautiful,
a love of communion with nature, a desire to pattern after her
ways, and bring her right into the homes of the people, is cer-
tainly to be preferred. Carljle traces a connection between a
love for such things and reverence for order and goodness, while
Burke considers them of no small importance in the regulation

38 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of life. Beauty is the sensible image of the infinite. It may
depend on seemingly trivial things, and it is secured first of all
by earing for the minor details. Therefore, if our attention can
occasionally stoop to these little things — if our infiuence is for
increasing the charm of our homes and the homes of others, "we
are more nearly accomplishing the high aims of existence.

• Discussion.

President Walcott said that nothing is of more importance than
the improvement of cur country homes, for all we have comes
from them. The impressions which they make upon youthful
minds are especially important ; they may give a direction to the
thoughts of the young which will influence the whole course of
their future lives.

William C. Strong had been much interested in the paper read
and would not consider the subject trivial, or chiefly interesting
to farmers. The members of the Society need to have their atten-
tion called to it. Some of his acquaintances have forgotten or
overlooked the points which the essayist has shown are not trivial.
He has a friend who is an enthusiast in floriculture, but his grounds
can only be reached by crossing two tumble-down walls and a com-
mon overgrown with weeds. The picture of neglected buildings,
grounds, and roadsides drawn by the essayist can be reproduced
in Newton, and his criticism of highway survej^ors will apply to
those of Newton. A quiet country home which the speaker saw in
New Hampshire charmed him ; the fences were removed and the lawn
cut with a scythe or lawn mower or kept short by geese, and the
expense of this was but trifling. He wished that instead of having
the whole width of a road between the sidewalks all gravel, we
could have a belt of grass between the sidewalks and the road-
way ; it would be cheaper to keep it neatl}^ cut than to hoe it up,
and no part of the landscape is more conspicuous to the passers-
by. We need to go back to the elementary principles enunciated
b}^ the essayist.

F. W. Andrews agreed thoroughly with the essayist and Mr.
Strong. He has the grass on the sidewalks, gutters, etc., by his
grounds cut everj' Saturda}" and edged occasionally. He has
simple wire fences to keep out cattle ; a fence of some kind is neces-
sary to him. He sends out his men every two or three weeks to

AESTHETICS IN AGRICULTURE. 39

mow dowu the weeds on the roadsides by some of his neighbors'
grounds. He has an estate in Dorcliester which was very much
cut up by fences ; these he cleared all away, thereby improving
the grounds very much. At his former estate, of half an acre,
on Bellevue Avenue, Newport, R. I., he carted off ten loads of
shrubbery and removed thirty trees and his example has been
followed by others.

E. W. Wood said he agreed with the general tone of the paper
which had been read, but the subject had been presented by the
essayist in such a way as to give him the advantage. We all felt
a little touched by his strictures on the want of neatness
among farmers in regard to their grounds, buildings, and road-
sides. From his own experience in farm life the speaker felt
much sympathy with farmers, who are hardworked and find little
time to cultivate aisthetics — not but that the essay would be a
good lesson which they might profitably take to heart. No people
have so few small fruits — or, indeed, large ones — as farmers,
though there is no food that can be placed upon their tables so
cheaply, or for which they can get so much money. In going
about the State he found the farmers said they have no time for
these things.

The removal of fences is going on rapidly in the suburbs of
Boston ; among other places, in Newton, where he resides. There
are, however, difficulties in the way of doing this in streets where
droves of cattle pass through. It may be done in side streets,
but the idea cannot be carried out in the main streets. Grass
cannot be grown on the roadsides if the soil is gravel ; it must
have loam, and in the spring heavy teams will turn out of the
roadway and cut it up.

Mr. Strong believed that much time would be saved by placing
vehicles, machines, tools, etc., in propec places. Many of the
farmers in New England are open to grave criticism for the
appearance of their homes. To one who has been abroad things
look crude when he comes home. In regard to belts of grass
by roadsides he thought that in Newton the roadbeds were made
unnecessarily wide, and that the expense of keeping up the streets
with these belts of grass would be less than if the roadway
extended from one sidewalk to the other. We wander over roads
of which no part is good. He lives in rather a rural part of
Newton, and keeps a quarter of a mile of the road b}- his grounds

40 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

in order with a lawn mower, and has no trouble from the passage
of teams over it. The Major called attention to what he had
done, but since then the city has run a plough through it.

M. B. Faxon thought no one could be much busier in the spring
than a seedsman ; but although he is one he has eight hundred
shrubs and plants, many of which were set out b}' the light of a
lantern. If plants are wanted time can be found to care for them.

Mr. Andrews thought it was good economy to have narrow
roadways, with a generous border of grass on each side, on
account of the decreased liability to " washing." It is also much
pleasanter to walk on than gravel. The roadway should, however,
be wide enough for two carriages to pass readily.

O. B. Hadwen felt it his duty as a farmer to acknowledge the
force of the essay, though he knew the difficulty in producing the
results desired. When he took his farm there were no trees on it
except a few of nature's planting, but he had a love for trees and
has planted a large number, although be had to farm on economi-
cal principles and study every expenditure. No man will ever
have time to do anything unless he thinks about it. When the
speaker goes away he finds upon his return, that things have been
cleaned up, and this he owes to his better half, who has a keener
eye to the good order of the homestead than himself. The essay
will prove of great benefit to farmers for it will stimulate them
to higher aims.

A vote of thanks to the essayist for his interesting paper was
unanimously passed. The Chairman of the Committee on Publi-
cation and Discussion, announced for the next Saturday' a paper
on "vGarden Vegetables," by M. B. Faxon.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, January 28, 1888.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 1 1 o'clock,
the President, Henry P. Walcott, in the chair.

The recording Secretary being absent b}' reason of illness,
Edward Frost was chosen Recording Secretary ^ro tempore.

No business was brought before the meeting, and it

Adjourned to Saturday, February' 4.

GARDEN VEGETABLES. 41

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.
Garden Vegetables.*

By M. B. FAXON, Boston.

It seems as if enough had already been said and written urging
every one to have a vegetable garden ; but observation will show
that not one family in ten does have a garden that is entitled
to be called such in every sense of the word. I wish it distinctly
understood at the outset that I shall speak of garden vegetables
as adapted by their superior culinary qualities for the family
table, putting aside, for a moment, the question of the yield, pro-
vided the vegetables mentioned are good average croppers ; or,
in other words, I shall speak of garden vegetables as entirely
distinct and separate from those vegetables which are grown to
sell. I make this emphatic distinction between vegetables grown
for the table and those raised to sell, for the reason that where
there is no kitchen garden, and it is the custom to take vegetables
for the table (it is not always that this is done, and when it is not
the family go without) from farm or market garden crops, as a
rule the table is very poorlj' supplied ; for the moment a crop
is scarce and brings a good price in the market it is immediately
shut off from the raiser's table. But have a separate garden for
your table, and do not allow any vegetables whatever to be sold
from it, and you will find that you can enjoy green peas the
17th of June, and celery and cauliflowers at Thanksgiving.

A garden containing one acre, and even less space, will amply
supply ten persons with all the luxuries of the season ; therefore
let us take one acre as a basis for the garden we will now con-
sider. Each family can easily plan the size of the garden suited
to its needs, by taking this estimate for ten persons as a basis,
and planting more or less as they may require.

In order to cultivate vegetables in a satisfactory way, proper
attention must be given to the preparation of the soil. Having
selected the location, the first step is to see that the ground is
properly drained, so that all surplus and stagnant water which
maj' accumulate can pass away freely. After this is effected the
ground should be trenched or ploughed as deep as the nature of

♦[Copyright, 1888, by the Author; all rights reserved.]

42 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the soil will admit and thoroughly enriched with plenty of good barn-
yard manure. Vegetables can be raised with more or less success
on soils of various degrees of richness, but taking the average
piece of ground, if from five to ten cords of good barnyard
manure is spread broadcast and harrowed in, in the fall, and
in the spring from five hundred to a thousand pounds of some
good chemical fertilizer is dropped in the rows at the time of
planting, there is no reason why a good vegetable garden cannot
be had.

A very important point in forming a good garden is to so
arrange the plantingK)f the different vegetables, both by a judi-
cious selection of sorts, and also bj^ planting the varieties selected
at the proper times, as to secure a succession of the different
kinds for the table throughout the season, and not a dozen varie-
ties all togeiher when it is impossible to use more than three
or four ; or on the other hand having a time come when there
is no vegetable whatever fit for tlie table. Let us now suppose
that we have prepared a garden of one acre for planting, and that
it is the first of April,

Suppose the piece to be oblong in shape, say 100 feet wide by
436 feet long, which, divided into rows, will give 109 rows, each
row (that is, the surface upon which the seeds or plants will
be placed) one foot wide and 100 feet long, with three feet
between each row, which is ample space for horse cultivation.

I will now mention the varieties of vegetables suitable for the
kitchen garden, with short hints for their culture, and at the same
time state the number of rows of each vegetable, which should
be planted to supply a family of ten persons for one yeav in au
average season. Please remember that our rows are each 100
feet long.

The Beet. The soil best suited to the beet is a deep, light
and rich sandy loam. Early beets should be sown from the 10th
to the 20th of April, or as soon as the ground is in good working
condition. As soon as the plants are well up they should be
thinned to from four to six inches apart. July 1, or perhaps a little
earlier, is the proper time to plant for the winter crop ; the plants
ma}' be left a little closer together, say from two to thi'ee inches
apart, as, the weather being warmer, they will grow as well at this
season as the early ones sown in Apiil do thinned to six inches
apart. Cover tbe seed one inch deep. The Early Bastian and

GARDEN VEGETABLES. 43

Dewing's Early Turnip are the standards for both early and late
crops. The Early Dark Red Egyptian and the New Eclipse beets
are both good varieties for the first early supply, but for winter
use no beet has ever yet been produced equal to the Dewing.

Beet-tops make most excellent greens, being very tender, and
when cooked are preferred by many to dandelions or spinach.
The Swiss chard, or Silver beet, is grown entii'ely for the tops,
and it is a very desirable variety to grow for this purpose, for, as
soon as the tops are gathered, they immediately spring up again,
and keep growing the entire season without regard to the number
of times they are cut down, and on this account it is only neces-
sary to plant a small quantity of this species to supply a large
family. Let us have half a row of beets for greens and the rest
of this row for our first early supply of the roots ; say either
Eclipse or Egyptian, and for winter use plant one row of
Dewings.

The Carrot. A good, light and well-enriched sandy loam,
which is very finely pulverized, will grow carrots to perfection.
For early crops, cover one-half of an inch deep and thin to six
inches apar^ in the row ; for late, cover three-quarters of an inch
deep and thin to four inches. The earliest is the French Forcing ;
this is a little round carrot of delicious flavor, and very earl3^
The Early Scarlet Horn is the next in order — a very fine-grained
and agreeably flavored vegetable. A good strain of Danvers
Half Long is best for general use. Unless an extra quantity
is needed, half a row will be found sufficient for flavoring the
winter soups and stews.

The Parsnip. Parsnips must be sown as soon as possible
in the spring. They should be planted in rows, and when well
up thinned out to six inches apart. Cultivate in the usual manner
during the summer, and when fully grown gather and store the
same as any root for winter use.

Parsnips are improved by frost, and it is a usual custom to take
up in the fall a certain quantity for winter use, leaving the rest
in the ground until spring, to be dug as required.

The Long Smooth White is the favorite for general use. The
roots are long and smooth, and it is verj^ productive and a most
excellent keeper. Two rows will give us a good yield, for which
purpose one-quarter of a pound of seed is wanted.

The Potato. No garden can be said to be complete without

44 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

its patch of potatoes. As regards the cultivation of the potato I
will say very little, as it is a subject by itself; but potatoes are
usually planted in drills by dropping the pieces of the cut tubers
about ten or twelve inches apart.

Cultivation should commence as soon the young plants are
fairly above the surface of the ground, and continue until the
appearance of the blossoms, when no further attention will be
required until harvesting time. At each successive hoeing gather
the earth about the plant, adding a little each time for support,
and also to develop the side shoots. When the bugs arrive use
Paris green ; one or two applications will destroy them. I con-
sider the following varieties the best for general cultivation, and
in the order named : Beauty of Hebron, Pearly Rose, Clark's
No. 1 and Pearl of Savo}'. The Snowflake potato is without doubt
one of the mealiest and best, as far as its edible qualities go, but
it is such a shy yielder that I cannot recommend it highly,
although I have grown it considerably myself. Potatoes have
grown very poorly the past season, and the yield has been very
small, as they have rotted badly in all parts of New England, and
the result is that the}' are very high in price. The potato which
yielded the best with me (and I may say that it was entirely free
from rot) was Bliss's Triumph, and it is a most excellent eating
potato ; but as this is the first year I have grown it I do not know
much about it ; 3'et knowing it to be a variety that has been in
in the market a long time and is well liked, I think we cannot do
better than to grow some of them. I certainly shall do so, for, if I
can find a potato that will be free from rot, that is the potato for
me to raise. A family of ten persons will consume 50 bushels
of potatoes in a 3'ear, and, as a good average yield is 150 bushels
per acre, it is necessary that one-third of our garden be devoted
to this crop.

The Radish. The radish will thrive in any good soil, but to
be crisp and tender needs to be grown quickly. Sow in drills
as soon as the ground is in good working order, and thin out the
plants to three inches apart. If a continuous supply is wanted
throughout the season, make sowings everj- ten days to two
weeks. The B'rench Breakfast and Early Long Scarlet are both
excellent sorts. Half a row, planted at intervals, will be found
sufficient.

The Turnip. The turnip is propagated from seed and should

GARDEN VEGETABLES. 45

be planted where the plants are to remain, as they do not do well
when transplanted. For earlj^ crops sow as soon as the ground
can be made ready in the spring, and thin out to from four to eight
inches apart according to the size of the variety. The principal
diftlcnltj' in planting turnips is that of getting them so thick that
it makes a great deal of trouble in thinning. The Swede turnip
is planted later — about June 1 — while the Purple Top varieties may
be planted either early or late, and as late as August 15, a good
crop may be secured. The Sweet German turnip is a very
desirable sort for winter, as is also Carter's Imperial Swede ; the
former is white, and the latter j-ellow. These turnips should be
planted from the 10th to the 20th of June for the best results.
The Sweet German turnip is commonly known as the Cape
turnip, and is raised extensive!}' on Cape Cod, Massachusetts.
Do not fail to have a plentiful supply of this most excellent
vegetable for winter use. At least three rows of turnips of the
different varieties should be planted. From the 1st to the loth of
August a great man}' of our early vegetables have been gathered
and tbe ground is clear ; if we plant in these places the Purple
Top turnip we shall be able to secure a good crop for fall and
winter use without any great amount of labor.

Onions from Seed. To raise onions from seed it is necessary
that the seed should be planted as soon as the ground is in fit
condition to work in the spring. Plant in rows, and when well
up thin to four inches apart. The onions must be thoroughly
cultivated during the growing season, and be kept entirely free
from weeds.

There are white, red, and 3'ellow onions ; but the yellow ones
are the favorites in this section. For New England, the Yellow
Globe Danvers onion is the standard. If onions are not strictly
fashionable eating, the}' are at least good, so I think we shall do
well to plant three or four rows of them.

Onions from Sets. Sets are small onions which produce large
onions for salads or for the table much earlier than the}' could
be grown from seed. They should be set out about the middle
of April, and covered three inches deep. When the tops have
died, about the middle of July, the onions should be gathered and
spread thinly in a cool, dry place. Sets are especially desirable
for small gardens, and for those who wish a few early onions for
salads. There are white, yellow, and red onion sets, but the

46 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

white ones are by far the best, being of excellent quality and
mild flavor. As we want only a few of these early onions before
those grown from seed are ready, suppose we set out half a row
of sets, and, as these small onions can be set near together, let us
make the row a foot wide and set the bulbs four inches apart,
thereby having a row of three sets wide. For this purpose two
quarts of sets are needed.

Asparagus. Asparagus is a hardy perennial plant. It may
be grown from seed or propagated bj' roots. If grown from seed
it will take four years before a good crop can be gathered, after
which time a full suppl}' ma}' be expected every season. But the
most satisfactory way to establish an asparagus bed is b}' plant-
ing two-year-old roots. These may be purchased at very reason-
able rates. These roots should be planted in rows from three
to four feet apart, the roots being set one foot apart in the rows,
and for depth set the roots so that the crowns shall be from four
to six inches below the surface of the ground.

These roots should be set out in the spring. They can be set
in the fall, but the spring is the preferable time. It will take
two years to obtain a good asparagus bed, if two-year-old roots
are used, for the first season after the roots are set out it is not
desirable to cut any asparagus from the bed, as the plants need
to be given time to become thoroughly established ; but in four
years from the seed, or in two years from the setting of two-year-
old roots, a good asparagus bed can be established. As regards
the varieties of asparagus, Conover's Colossal and Moore's Hybrid
are both good, but the secret of growing " giant" asparagus lies
in the manure heap. As we all like asparagus, let us have three
rows of it in our garden, which will take about 400 plants.

The Cucumber. Cucumbers in the open ground should be
planted about June 1, in hills six feet apart and thinned to four
plants in a hill. Cucumbers are easy to grow if they are given
plenty of water. A sprinkling of drj' plaster will keep off the
striped bug.

The Improved White Spine and Long Green Prickly are the best
for the table, while the Boston Pickling is the leading kind for
pickles. A dozen hills will supply the needful amount of the
table sorts, but as regards the pickles each family must plant
according to its needs.

GARDEN VEGETABLES. 47

The Muskmelon. There is sometliiug about every vegetable
that makes one think when it comes that it is more desirable than
any of its predecessors, and I always feel so when I commence
to gather that most delicious fruit, the cantelope melon. The
cautelope melon is one of the muskmelon family, and is too well
known to need any long description. I will simply say that it
should not be planted until the ground is warm, as it is almost
as tender as the squash. Plant in hills, and thin out to three or
four plants in each hill. When the plants have made four leaves,
the ends of the main shoot should be pinched off, which will cause
the lateral branches to put forth sooner than otherwise. This
will strengthen the growth of the vines, and the fruit will come
earlier to maturity. The Arlington, Montreal, and Hackensack,
are, I think, three as good cantelope melons as grow. Half a
row, or about fifteen hills, will give a good supply.

The "Watermelon. Watermelons are cultivated the same as
muskmelons, but are not grown in this section with equal success,
as our seasons are not long enough for them to attain to that
perfection which they reach further south. But it will not take
much room to tr^' a few hills ; so, if our watermelons are not suc-
cessful, it need be no great loss to us. The Mountain Sweet,
Vick's Earl}^ and Phinney's Early Oval are good sorts.

The Squash. The squash is one of our tender annuals, and
until all danger from frost is passed it should not be planted,
as, owing to the tender nature of the plant, the seed is liable
to rot in damp, cool weather. Make the hills eight or nine feet
apart, and thoroughly manure them. Place seven or eight seeds
in each hill so as to have plenty for the bugs, but as soon as the
plants are well up thin out to three plants in each hill.

The bush varieties, such as Summer Crookneck and White
Bush Scallop, can be planted nearer together, say six feet apart
each wa}-. Press the seeds down firmly before covering, and
cover early planted ones an inch deep, and late ones two inches
deep. Fine plaster is about as good an article as has yet been
found for driving away the bugs. Plant Early Summer Crook-
neck and White Bush Scallop for summer use, Boston Marrow
for fall, and Hubbard, Essex Hybrid, and American Turban for
winter. Be sure and gather the crop before it is nipped by frost,
if you wish your squashes to keep well. A dozen hills of the

48 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

summer kinds will be enough, but quite a quantity of the fall and
winter sorts should be planted — say five or six rows.

The Cabbage. As far as the cultivation of the cabbage is
concerned, as pertaining to the kitchen garden, it is about as well
to buy a few plants and set them out when the suitable time
comes, as it is to try to raise them, unless one has some hot-
beds or desires to raise the plants for the pleasure of so doing.
For early use the seed should be sown in the hot-bed or a box in
a sunny window about February 15th, covering the seed about half
an inch deep. The plants will be read}' to set in the garden
about the 20th of April, before which time they should be trans-
planted at least twice to make good stock}- plants of them. Set
the plants from two to three feet apart each way, according to
the variet}', and cultivate often. A good crop of winter cabbages
can be raised by sowing the seed in the open ground from the
10th to the 20th of June ; drop a few seeds in each hill, and when
the plants are well up thin them out, leaving them about three
feet apart.

The Early Jersey', Wakefield, and Henderson's Early Summer
are good for earl}- use, while Fottler's Brunswick and Stone
Mason Drumhead are standards for fall and winter. Half a row
of the early varieties will be found sufficient, and as to the late
sorts, I usualh' plant quite a quantitj', as there will be plenty
of room for them after the pea crop has been gathered and cleared
away.

The Cauliflower. Although the cauliflower is more adapted
for growth by the experienced market gardener than it is by the
amateur, 3'et there is no reason why a corner of our garden
cannot be devoted to this most excellent vegetable, and good
cauliflowers grown. The plants are set out and cultivated the
same as cabbages, and should be transplanted at least twice
befox'e they are set where they are to remain, so that they may
become good and stocky, thereby having sufficient vitality to
commence at once a good growth. You can raise your own
plants by sowing some seed in a box in a window or in the hot-
bed, or, at the proper season, plants can be purchased and set
out. The Early Snowball and Dwarf Erfurt are both desirable
sorts. Let us set at least a row, which will take say sevent3'-five
plants.

Celery. Celery is also a market gardener's crop, but is easily

GARDEN VEGETABLES. 49

grown in the garden. The plants should be raised the same as
cabbage or cauliflower plants, and set out in rows in the open
ground from the loth of June to the first of July. As the roots
grow the earth is drawn up against the plants to bleach them,
and this is continued at intervals until the crop is ready to gather.
The Boston Market has been the popular variety for a great many
years, and is so still ; the Early Arlington is a good variety, and
grows somewhat larger, but I would like to call j-our attention
particularly to some of the crimson celeries, which have this
advantage : that in the spring, when the Boston Market celery,
and, for that matter, all white celeries, have become soft and lost
their aroma, the pink celeries are just as good as when gathered
in the fall. The new Dwarf Rose is a very desirable variety.
Grow some pink celery next season, and I know it will please
you.

One hundred plants will set one of our rows, as the plants
should be about twelve inches apart. As celery usually follows
some early crop, suppose we set two rows, as there will be plenty
of room when it is time to plant this crop.

Lettuce. Lettuce is a favorite with us all, and in its differ-
ent varieties furnishes the best vegetable of the salad kind grown
in the open garden. It requires to be cultivated in a moist soil
to be crisp and tender, and needs to be grown in cool weather ;
and it is for this reason that the best lettuce is raised earl}' in the
spring or summer, before the ground becomes dr^' and hot. The
seeds should be planted in rows, and covered a quarter of an inch
deep. When the plants are well up, they should be thinned to
twelve inches apart ; if plants are used, set them the same dis-
tance apart. For New England, the Black Seeded Tennisball,
for solid heads, and the Boston Fine Curled, for a curled lettuce,
are both desirable varieties. There are innumerable other varie-
ties of lettuce, but the two mentioned are good sorts. Half a
row of lettuce will be found sufficient for our needs.

Pole, or. Running Beans. Pole beans, as a class, are not
very hard}', and cannot be planted until settled mild weather.
From May 20 until June 1 — perhaps a little earlier in some sec-
tions— is about the right time. Pole beans are planted in hills,
which should be at least four feet apart each way, and the plants
in each hill should not be more than five, as it is necessary that
these beans should have plenty of air and light to do their best.
4

50 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The poles must be firmly set in the ground before the beans are
planted, and the earth slightly raised about them ; the seed should
be covered two inches deep.

If the ends of the runners of some of the later sorts are pinched
off when they have reached four or five feet in height, it will
hasten their ripening. Limas and Sievas, being ver3" tender,
should not be planted before the ground is very warm and mellow
— say about June 1. One quart of pole beans will plant about
150 hills. The Large White Lima, Sieva or Small Lima, and
Pole Horticultural, are the best shell beans, while the Black Wax
Pole or Indian Chief is an excellent snap or string bean. It has
been my custom to grow the pole varieties for shell beans, and
to depend upon the bush sorts for snap beans, as the dwarf kinds
are far superior to the pole varieties as far as string beans are
concerned. One row of pole beans will be found sufficient for
our wants, and suppose we divide this row between the Limas
and Pole Horticultural.

Bush, or Dvtarf Beaks. Bush beans are somewhat hardier
than pole beans, but they should not be planted until the weatlier
becomes settled. All beans do best in warm, light soil, but will
flourish in almost any soil or situation unless it be shaded or very
wet. Plant in drills, from three to three and a half feet apart,
and cover the same depth as for pole beans ; one quart of seed
will plant about one hundred and twenty-five feet of row.

The Early Yellow Six Weeks and Dwarf Horticultural are the
best green-podded string or snap kinds ; and for yellow varieties
the Golden, White, and Black Wax take the lead. We must
arrange for a bountiful supply of string beans for our table, so
let us plant two rows and divide them in some such way as
this : Half a row of Early Yellow Six Weeks and half a row
of Golden Wax, planted say May 20; then wait until June 10
and plant another half-row of Golden Wax and half a row of
Dwarf Horticultural, which last named variety, if not needed as a
snap bean, can be allowed to ripen and become a most excellent
shell bean ; in fact, one of the best.

Peas. Peas are eaten b}' every one, and are so much liked that
they are almost always placed first upon the list of vegetables
to be planted in the family garden, and it is almost impossible to
grow too many of them. To have a good succession of peas for
the table from the 17th of June until the middle of July or the

GARDEN VEGETABLES. 51

first of August, or perhaps even later than this, it is necessary
to make several plantings and to use quite a number of varieties, —
early, medium, and late. If the peas planted grow over two feet
in height they must be bushed ; as, if they are not, they will fall
over on one side or the other, and not only will the peas on the
under side of the vines be apt to mildew, but the yield will not
be so great as if thej^ are properly staked up and the air and
sunlight can have free access to them ; and the garden will not
look neat and tidy if pea vines are indiscriminately' left to drop
into the spaces between the rows.

For first early, the Dan O'Rourke and First and Best are as
good as an}'. For second early, American Wonder, McLean's
Advancer and Yorkshire Hero will be found excellent. For the
general crop, the Champion of England, Carter's Stratagem, and
Bliss's Ever-Bearing seem to take the lead. The Dan O'Rourke
and First and Best are hard, smooth, white peas, and can be
planted just as early in the spring as the ground can be made
ready ; but with the green, wrinkled varieties, such as American
Wonder, McLean's Advancer, Champion of England, etc., it is
different, as these green, wrinkled kinds are more tender and
must not be planted until the ground is warm and mellow. For
this reason hard, smooth peas, so-called, can be obtained fit for
the table somewhat earlier than the green, wrinkled varieties,
because they can be planted earlier. It is better to plant more
peas than one needs than it is to run short of this most excellent
vegetable when the season is only partly gone. I have mentioned
only a few varieties but they are all good ones, and will be sure
to give the most perfect satisfaction.

Suppose we plant in our garden six rows of peas, and do it in
the following manner : As soon as the ground can be worked,
say from April 8 to 12, sow a row of Dan O'Rourke. These peas
will be ready for the table June 17, and will last in a green condi-
tion until June 25 or 2G. A little later than the above were
planted, sa}' April 20, plant a row of First and Best, which can
be picked from June 25 until July 1 or 2. American Wonder
will then be ready, if planted about April 24 or 25, and so in
order will come McLean's Advancer, Yorkshire Hero, and Cham-
pion of England. A point comes to my mind here, which one is
not apt to think of in arranging the dates for planting vegetables
for succession, and that is that as the season advances and

52 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

becomes warmer, peas, and in fact all kinds of vegetables, grow
faster and overtake one another, so to speak, and the dates of
planting the different sorts become lost, and all the varieties
seem to ripen together. For example, five daj'S in the date of
planting peas in April will make about five days difference in
harvesting in June. But five days in the date of planting ])eas in
May, will not apparently make any difference in their ripening
in Jul}'. Of course I refer to the same variety each time.

Sweet Corn. If there is one vegetable that everybody' grows,
I think it is sweet corn. It is ready for the table at a time
when the early summer vegetables are nearly gone, and those
of autumn are not quite read}'. This is especially so with
reference to sweet corn grown in the average kitchen garden, as
corn grown in this manner is from two weeks to a month later
than corn grown by a market gardener. If this crop is planted
in hills, they should be made three feet apart ; but I prefer to
plant in rows without making any hills, simply thinning the
plants to about eight inches apart, thereby getting a larger yield
than if planted in hills.

The Early Corey and Early Crosb}' are two good early varieties.
Then come Potter's Excelsior, Moore's Early Concord, and
Stowell's Evergreen. There are varieties later than Sto well's
Evergreen, but it is not always possible to ripen them in this
section. A good way to obtain a continuous supplj' of this vege-
table is to select some good variety and make plantings ever}' two
weeks, from the 20th of May until the 1st of July, and by so doing
a supply can be obtained covering a longer period than if several
different varieties are planted at the same time ; for, as the
season becomes advanced, it seems as if all the varieties became
fit to use together. Be sure and plant enough to have a bountiful
supply throughout the season. At least eight rows should be
devoted to sweet corn.

The Tomato. Tomato plants should be set out in rows about
June 1. Their cultivation is very simple. Set them six to eight
feet apart, make the ground very rich, and keep them free from
weeds ; this seems to be about all that is required. Just before
frost take up the vines with all the earth that can be made to
adhere to the roots, and place them in the cellar, and what toma-
toes have not been picked (that are fully grown) will ripen. I
have seen perfect ripe tomatoes, of most excellent quality, on the

GARDEN VEGETABLES. 53

table at Thanksgiving, which were ripened in this way. The
favorite varieties are the Acme, Livingston's Perfection, Cardinal,
Essex Hybrid, and Emery. There are so many good tomatoes
tbat it is hard to make a selection ; but any one who plants any
of the above kinds will be perfectly satisfied. We shall need to
set out three or four dozen plants in order to have a good supply
all summer ; and if these plants are set eight feet apart in the
rows our tomatoes will take about two rows of our garden space.

Other Vegetables. The above list includes most varieties
usually cultivated in the kitchen garden, but there are several
others which are equally good ; yet I will not speak of them at any
great length, as I have already referred to the cultivation of
several vegetables which are cultivated in the same manner as the
following: Curled Cress or Peppergrass, Dandelion, Parsley,
Spinach, Egg-plant, and Pumpkin ; the first four sorts are planted
in rows, and, having been thinned out to the proper distances,
are most easily grown, and a great addition to any garden. It
is, perhaps, the best plan to purchase 3'our pepper plants, as a
dozen is about all that is needed. I think the squash pepper
is the best variety to grow. A few hills of the small sugar pump-
kin will give a good supply for the pumpkin pies.

I have not forgotten the odd things, so to speak, such as Arti-
chokes, Chervil, Endive, Leek, Brussels Sprouts, etc. ; but any one
wishing to grow them will find plenty of publications describing
their culture.

Discussion.

William D. Philbrick was called on and said in regard to grow-
ing good late lettuce, that in a soil naturally moist, as for instance
in peat land, he had met with good success, although in a warm,
dry soil it is not to be expected. He recommended, amongst the
different sorts of turnips, the White Egg as the best for the table.
It is a French variety. This may follow a crop of peas if the land
is rich enough, but otherwise should be sown earlier. One ought,
in most cases, to get a succession of crops in one season from the
same ground ; the land might be made to do double, or even triple
service in our kitchen gardens as well as in the large market
gardens. It is onl\' necessary to plant the first crop early enough,
and sometimes the second crop can be planted before the first is
off. Squashes might thus follow early potatoes.

54 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

S. A. Hall said be had not been successful in making squashes
follow early potatoes, as the latter shaded the squash vines and
made them spindling.

Mr. Philbrick replied that in some seasons this would occur,
but he would plant potatoes of the early kinds, and the squash
vines would generally' overrun the potato vines after the latter had
made their growth.

Mr. Faxon remarked that this course of culture would make the
garden less neat and attractive than is desirable.

W. W. Rawson advised the cultivator to grow his own plants
and sell to others rather than buy from others. He said that in
the growing of celery flat culture is preferable ; the formation and
growth of suckers is to be encouraged, as it adds fulness to the
head. He had found the Boston Market, or strains derived from
it, to be as good as the crimson celeries for winter keeping.
Boston Market is inferior in vigor of growth to the later strains ;
as compared with the Arlington, for instance, it gave not more
than one half the yield. He agreed with most of the views pre-
sented in the essay, but thought there should be successive crops
taken from the same ground, in one season. Crops so raised
would cost no more, if as much, and it would be even easier by
this plan to keep the ground in a neat and attractive condition.

Mr. Faxon admitted that less land would yield the crops he had
described if cultivated by the methods followed at Arlington, but
such extremely high culture had not yet become general and he
had kept in mind the conditions of ordinary gardening — poorer
land and lighter manuring.

George A. Tapley thought the rhubarb or pie plant worthy of
a place among vegetables recommended for the family garden.
He had planted beans as early as the loth of April : a portion of
the same seed planted ten days later came along at least a week
behind that planted first. He had grown beets in forty-eight
days from the seed, and squashes in sixty days from the time of
plowing the land. He had often raised three crops of beets and
sometimes taken off a crop of spinach besides, making four crops
in one season from the same ground.

Mr. Rawson thought this impossible unless the first crop had
been started under glass.

Mr. Tapley stated that he sowed the spinach between the rows
of the first planting of beets and removed the spinach, all at once.

GARDEN VEGETABLES. 55

about Ma}' 25, sowing the second crop of beets the same day.
The first crop of beets was harvested the 29 th of June. On the
10th of July, the first crop of beets being off and the second grow-
ing, he plowed for and planted the third crop of beets between the
rows of the second.

Mr. Rawson understood from this that Mr. Tapley got only two
crops of beets — two half crops and one whole one, and Mr. Tap-
ley agreed that it did not show successive crops out of the same
rows, but still thought the ground had yielded three full crops
of beets b}' the method of successive plantings in alternate rows.

Mr. Faxon remarked that he had described in his paper only
such methods of culture as might be commonly practised. He
had given advice suited to amateurs, rather than that drawn from
the experience of the most expert professionals. He had sought
to avoid leading the less experienced gardeners into failures and
disappointments.

Mrs. H. L. T. Wolcott thought that new ideas ought to be
brought home to the average farmer. He will seldom accord
to his family garden the conditions essential to success, as regards
soil, fertilizers, convenience of location, etc. The need of liberal
and judicious fertilization is far from being generally understood.
Tlie quality of soil ordinarily called good is poor. Some country'
neighbors of hers once spoke of land that had not been manured
for twent}' j'ears as good land, only needing " another warming
up " like that they remembered it once had. It was evident they
had no thought of an annual treatment of the kind as expedient.

She concurred with the essayist in what he had said of the
crimson celeries, but those who buy and sell in the market appear
to value, more than actual quality, the mere name and reputation of
the "Boston Market" kind. The variety bearing this name,
whether in celery or peas, is always a prime favorite. She would
like to hear from any one present how to insure success in grow-
ing cauliflowers.

Mr. Rawson replied that the best cultivators do well if they
succeed with cauliflowers three times out of four. There was one
season, about five 3ears ago, when every one succeeded, and since
then scarcely any one has. This result, he thought, was not
from any fault in the seed ; it was probably due to lack of moist-
ure. Any prolonged period of drought, even eight or ten days,
unrelieved by artificial watering, is very detrimental to this crop.

56 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

His own success was attributable solely to his having provided
the watering just when it was needed. He had previousl}' stated
his experience with a field of three acres which was on the point of
sufl^eriug from drought, and was relieved and made largely profit-
able as the result of a single extensive watering. He would
also recommend the use of potash — not in a small way, but liber-
ally ; a ton to the acre would not be too much. An inch of water
once a week will be readih' utilized by the plants.

"William E. Endicott, though disposed to consider that the
green-fleshed melons, as a class, are superior in flavor to others,
instanced amongst orr^rige-fleshed varieties, Shaw's Superb, which
he thought as good as any of the green-fleshed kinds. This variety
grows ver}'^ even in quality ; scarcely any are medium or poor.
He also commended the Butman squash as of fine quality and an
excellent keeper. He had kept one of these in perfect condition
for a 3'ear and a month and twent3--one days.

James J. H. Gregory said he has an island under cultivation,
off Marblehead, where the atmosphere is cooler than on the main
land, and cauliflowers there grow to extraordinary size. Experi-
mental gardens give very disappointing results as regards this
crop, both in respect to its growth in the heads and its 3"ield of
seed, which latter varies from sixty pounds to the acre down to a
teaspoonful. In some kinds the seed wholly fails to form, this
being quite common with the foreign sorts. Home sorts have an
abundance.

He preferred the salmon-fleshed melons to the green-fleshed
kinds, as being superior in qualit3\ Many melons are no better
than pumpkins, especially the early ones and those brought from
the South. Melons should never be gathered till the stem has
"sprung" — that is, parted from the fruit — more or less. The
public should be educated to know the taste of melons in a state
of perfection. We can, if we will, produce the musk varieties to
the very best advantage and so as to command the market to the
exclusion of all competitors ; but the present practice is to gather
the fruit half ripe, which spoils its quality and hurts the market for
the native crop.

The speaker agreed with what had already been said in regard
to the quality of the Butman squash. This should be allowed
time to harden its shell before being gathered ; it should have the
whole season for it, and should have an abundant provision of

GARDEN VEGETABLES. 57

manure. It must be admitted to be rather a shy yielder, but if
purchasers would pay proper prices, it could be more generally
raised and brought to market. He thought it would be for the
benefit of both buyer and seller that this should, by some means,
become better understood.

He thought the subject of proper fertilization was one on which
much that had been published was very unreliable. He gave as
an instance the extravagant commendation of kelp as a fertilizer,
which was diligently put forth some twenty years ago, though now
generally forgotten. It came from a man who had the imagina-
tion of a poet and missed his calling. The speaker would lay
down one general principle : supply phosphoric acid to the land,
and it will not leach away (unless on very sand}' soil) ; on fair
tillage land it will stay till taken off in crops.

Mr. Rawson confirmed the statement of the last speaker as to
the inferior ripeness of the melons commonly offered in the market
by our gardeners ; but thought it impossible to do an}' better with
the native or common kinds. He recommended the Montreal
green-fleshed melon as firmer in texture when thoroughly ripe than
the common kind, and as bearing handling with less injury.

In reply to a question from a Revere gardener, whether Arling-
ton men could raise a hundred bushels of spinach on twelve
hundred square feet of land, Mr. Rawson said that that product
could be attained anj'where with plenty of fertilizer and moisture.

Mr. Endicott called attention to a collection of tubers of
IStacliys tuberifera exhibited by him. It is a new vegetable
highl}' prized in France. His opinion of it was not high. The
tubers are small, deeply creased, and very diflScult to keep over
winter except in the ground, it being hardy.

A paper on the " Cultivation and Diseases of the Peach," by
J. H. Hale, of South Glastonbury, Conn., was announced for the
next Saturday.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, February 4, 1888.

An adjourned meeting of the Societ}^ was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Henry P. Walcott, in the chair.

58 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The President made the formal announcement of the decease of
Dr. Asa Gray, for many years- Professor of Natural History in
Harvard University — a man honored b}^ this Society, which in
1847 elected him a Corresponding Member. He filled the office of
Professor of Botany to the Society from 1860 to 1862 inclusive.
His fame as a botanist was world-wide, and this Society may
justly claim some share in his renown. But beyond his scientific ■
attainments rose the man, whom all who knew him loved for his
amiable disposition, his kindness of heart, and especially for his
readiness to assist the humblest seekers after a knowledge of the
science which it was tne work of his life to advance.

Francis H. Appleton moved that the President appoint a Com-
mittee of three persons to prepare a memorial of Dr. Gray, which
motion was unanimousl}' carried, and Francis Parkman, Charles
S. Sargent, and H. H. Hunnewell, were appointed as that Com-
mittee.

The following named persons, having been recommended by
the Executive Committee as members of the Society, were upon
ballot dul}- elected :

William H. Elliott, of Brighton ;
Charles A. Learned, of Arlington ;
Augustus Hemenway, of Canton.

Adjourned to Saturday-, February 11.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.
The Cultivation and Diseases of the Peach.

By J. H. Hale, South Glastonbury, Conu.

Mr. President^ Ladies and Gentlemen : — The subject that has
been assigned is rather too broad for me to talk intelligently upon, for
while I know, from general observation, something of peach cul-
ture in the more favored sections of our country, I have not made
the peach a special study except for New England, where its
profitable culture requires more care and thought than in any
other part of our country I know of where it is possible to grow
it at all ; and for that matter, it has been said by many during
the past twenty-five years that it is impossible to grow them here.

THE CULTIVATION AND DISEASES OF THE PEACH. 59

You who are older than I can well remember when peaches were
very abundant almost all over New P^ngland ; and in my boyhood
da^'S there were many old stumps of trees and a few in fair condi-
tion on our home farm in Connecticut that produced some fruit, but
nothing when compared with the glory of the past, as told of by our
ancestors, in the good old times when peaches were more plenty
than apples and much less valuable, as they could not be sold and
would not keep.

My mother has often told me of being obliged, when a girl, to
pick up peaches for the pigs every day in their season, both
before going to and after returning from school, till she fairly
hated the sight of them. This was fifty years or more ago, and
various records show that the peach has been cultivated in New
England to some extent for more than two hundred years, yet it is
classed as a semi-tropical fruit and by many not thought reliable
north of the fortieth parallel.

Yet, having the proof that they were once abundant in our
section of the countr}', there are many who will not rest satisfied
to say that the change in our climatic conditions and that dread
disease, the 3'ellows, have made it almost impossible for us to
grow them here, but will strive with science, skill, and energy, to
produce this most luscious of fruits once more on the hills of old New
England ; and, while I am not here to boast of my successes, or
to ask for sympathy in my hours of almost despair in peach cul-
ture, yet possibly the story of peach culture at Elm Fruit Farm
may be as practical and instructive as anything I can say to 3'ou
at this time on this subject, practical experience usually being of
more interest than theory.

We have alwaj's had some few peaches for famil}^ use planted
on various parts of the farm. Some gave fruit quite frequentl}',
others seldom, if ever ; some winter-killed, others died of yellows,
and still others from various causes, the longest-lived ones usually
being on the high and dry hills, so that by the time I was fifteen
years old I had learned to look for peaches on the trees that were
on high, dry ground on the poorer portions of the farm, even
when none were to be found on the trees growing in the heavier
and richer soil of the garden or richly cultivated fields near the
house, and the knowledge thus gained was put to practical use
when, some twelve years ago, we began planting orchards with
the hope of some day selling fruit in the market.

60 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Our first venture was with about two hundred trees on a high,
dry, sand}' hill-side, sloping to the west down into a rich, peat-
bottom field in a high state of fertility. A small portion of the
field had a warm, southerly slope, and, having previously been
used for early strawberries and garden vegetables, had been well
enriched with stable manure, and was in fact a warm, rich garden,
such as may be found close to man}' a New England home. We
had our doubts at the time about risking trees in such a place, as
well as going too near the bottom of the hill bordering on the rich,
peat land, but, wishing to have a given number of rows and all
complete across the field, we planted so as to cover the whole of
the warm and rich sheltered spot referred to, and also so that a
portion of two rows — about fifteen trees in all — came down very
close to the low land border where their roots could reach out
into the rich, heavy soil and draw their nutrition from it.

In manuring the field, with the exception of the two portions
mentioned as being already rich, we applied fine ground bone at
the rate of half a ton to the acre, and then, on one half of the
whole field muriate of potash at the rate of about five hundred
pounds per acre, doing this for the purpose of testing the value of
potash as a special fertilizer for the peach and as a preventive of
the yellows — that disease of which we all see and hear so much and
3-et actually know so little that I hardly dare mention it here
today, well knowing that in an}' discussion that may take place,
there will be almost as many opinions as speakers. Ye^ as prog-
ress toward truth is made by difference of opinion, full and free
discussion of practical points will at least tend to divert us from
mere theories and so, in time, put us on the right track, and good
will come of it.

Trees that had previously been annually and heavily banked
with wood ashes^to keep out the borers had been more free from
this disease than those not so protected ; hence I concluded that
possibly potash had something to do with their extinction, and not
being able to secure the ashes muriate of potash was substituted,
spread on the ground around the tree four to six feet away after
planting. A fine, healthy growth was made by all the trees the
first season ; little, if any, difference could be seen on the por-
tions where the potash was applied and those where it was not,
except that on the two rich portions of the field the growth was
very much more rapid, so that at the end of the first yeav the

THE CULTIVATION AND DISEASES OF THE PEACH. 61

trees were double the size of the rest. All were well shortened in
the next spring, and bone and potash were applied as before and
good clean culture given. The proportion of growth between the
old fertilized parts of the field and the poorer portions was much
the same as the first year. The potashed portion of the poorer
part of the field, however, made a slightly better growth than that
where the potash was left off and ripened up its wood better and
earlier.

The winter was a very severe one, the mercury touching twenty-
eight degrees below zero, and in the spring we found all the trees
in the low land dead, and also a part of those on the warm, rich
portion of the field, where they had made such a rapid growth.
The rest of the trees had some little bloom and set a small amount
of fruit. Although the trees were all vigorous and of a health}^
green in foliage, some trees on the sections where there had been
no potash ripened their fruit prematurely. All of these but one
were at once "hewn down and cast into the fire." The following
spring found all the trees dead on what I have termed the garden
spot, except four that had annually had plenty of potash. P'ertil-
izer was applied as before to the whole field and to one diseased tree
that had been uncut the year before. Ten pounds of muriate
of potash was applied and all its branches were severel}' shortened
in. There was no fruit this year, yet the unpotashed sections
showed many trees with signs of yellows, and they were cut out.
Similar treatment was given for two jears more, at the end of
which time there was not a live, healthy tree on the unpotashed
section, except the one that had once prematurely ripened its fruit
and then been heavily potashed. This was to all appearances a
healthy tree and was this last season, when it produced over eight
dollars' worth of fruit. On the potashed section not a tree had
yet shown signs of disease. Meanwhile, the first two years of
these experiments had partially convinced us that we were on the
right track, so that in 1878 we planted 1,000 trees, and 2,000 in
1879, selecting high, dry ground with a northern and western
exposure, and soil mostly a sandy loam — what might once have
been good corn land, but now all worn out by years of cropping
without manure of any sort, except, possibly, a few " ashes in the
hill" at planting. This laud was well ploughed and. harrowed,
manured with about one thousand pounds of ground bone and three
hundred pounds of muriate of potash per acre* broadcast, and then

62 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ploughed out for trees to be set fifteen feet apart each way ; then
one pound of bone was sprinkled in the bottom of each hole
before planting the trees. These had been propagated from
Tennessee natural pits — some of them from trees more than sixty
years of age as I was told while there and could well believe on
examination, and budded from healthy matured trees. Medium-
sized trees were selected, from one-half to five-eighths of an inch
in diameter and about four feet high — such trees as you can get all
the roots of in digging from the nursery row. A sharp pruning
knife was used to give a smooth cut to an}' roots that might have
been bruised in digging ; all side branches were cut off and then
the main stem two and one-half feet up. These were planted in
the ground about one inch deeper than they, grew in the nursery
row, and in May the borer wash, of which I will speak later, was
applied. As soon as growth was well started, with a buckskin
glove on one hand, we went along and rubbed off all sprouts
except five or six nearest the top ; tlieu, after selecting three, or
at the most, four, for leading branches, we rubbed off the rest.
Thus the trees were started headed low, with the limbs just where
we wanted them. The peaches were given the whole ground,
except on a few acres, and had good clean culture by an Acme
harrow and an occasional hand hoeing about the bod}' of the trees.
In October, a search was made for any borers that might be in the
trees and what few there were were dug out and all the trees
were banked up with earth a foot or more to keep away mice and
rabbits and to protect them from being swa3-ed about by the
winter winds.

Early the following spring all the trees were carefully trimmed
by shortening in the new growth one-half and by thinning out
whatever branches gave indications of being likely to be in the
way later. On the poorer portions of the field bone and potash
were applied as at the time of planting, but on the
richer sections onl}' half as much of the bone was applied.
The fields were ploughed from four to live inches in depth.
In Ma}', the banking was taken awtxy from the trees and the
borer wash applied. Thorough and frequent cultivation was
given all through the summer up to about the middle of August,
after which we gave no cultivation. In October borers were
sought for, but only a few were found where the wash had been
thoroughly applied. The. trees were again banked as in the fall
before.

THE CULTIVATION AND DISEASES OF THE PEACH. 63

The perfect health and vigor with which this block of trees
went into the winter encouraged us to plant more, and so
during the winter we looked about for other land, and finally
leased a tract on which, in the following April, we planted
3,000 trees in the same way as those at home had been
planted. - This field was a level tract on the top of a high hill
about half a mile away from and about six hundred feet above the
Connecticut river and having a deep ravine on two sides of it.
The soil was gravelly and poor. It was owned by a lady aged
ninetj'-five, who had been a widow over sixty years, and, having
no bo3's at home, had been obliged to lease the land from 3'ear to
3'ear till it had been so run down that no one would take it and
plant it. Consequently it had been idle some years previously to
our leasing it, but very little grass had come in and it was almost
bare of vegetation. Yet we had faith to believe we could furnish
the plant food required by the trees, if nature would supply the
moisture. And the dear old lady, after signing the lease with her
own hand, said, " Now, Mr. Hale, I am going to live long enough
to see one good crop of peaches on that lot." So we were sure of
success at no very distant day. In the mean time our home
orchards were treated as in previous years, and, the season being
favorable, we had a light crop of fruit — some three hundred bas-
kets, that sold for about two dollars per basket. August and
September being very wet weeds grew rapidl}', and, wishing for
good clean orchards, we cultivated much later than usual, and all
the trees made a most wondrous growth in September and into
October, and the first frost we had was a freeze down below
twenty degrees, so that many of the most rapid growing of the three-
year trees at home and over eighteen hundred of the one-year trees
were killed to the ground, and the best we could do was to plant
again the following spring and look out in future to guard against
too rapid or too late fall growth.

By 1884, the oldest of our trees were large enough to produce a
full crop, but the mercury having gone down to twenty-three degrees
below zero one night in the winter, the fruit buds were killed except
a few on two or three varieties on the high land. These gave us a
few peaches, yet with no return to speak of. We planted 5,700
more trees on leased land and were now into the peach business
in earnest and had to devote much time and thought to it.
We spent considerable time in visiting orchards in various parts

64 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of the country, where we saw many healthy but very many
more diseased trees, and one thing was particularly noted : of
the very unhealthy orchards, none had received any very heavy
applications of potash, if any ; while of the health}- ones most had
been treated with it, thus to some extent confirming our own
experience. Also the trees that had the whole field to themselves
and good clean culture were far more healthy than those receiving
less culture and having to share that with some other crop.

No trace of yellows had yet shown itself in any of our orchards
that had received potash, but this season a hundred or so had
sickl}', yellow foliage with some curl to the leaf and we were told
by many that this was yellows. An application just before a rain,
of two pounds of nitrate of soda per tree soon changed this to a
dark, healthy green and a rapid growth commenced and continued
till fall, when the trees were apparently as healthy as any in the
lot.

Fruit buds were killed again the next winter ; in fact, every
winter till the last, when eighteen degrees below zero, on Jan-
uary 19, was the lowest point reached, but as at this time there
was two feet of snow on the ground, many of the buds came
through alive.

The first trace of real yellows was seen in 1885, on one tree in
the middle of the field, which sent out from its body and large
branches, many small, wir}' shoots, producing small, yellow,
lance-like leaves — an indication that the tree was in a
very advanced stage of the disease. Ten pounds of potash
and five of nitrate of soda was put on at once and vigorous
growth stimulated. Early in the spring following, fulh' one-half
of the top was cut awa}', more potash and soda given, with extra
cultivation, and by August this tree was the pride of the whole
orchaid, its rapid growth of dark green foliage being noticeable
above all others, and the past season it bore a full crop of
healthy fruit. In 1886, one whole row of trees had all the sj'mp-
toms of the disease, 3'et with the same treatment this past season
they came out bright and fine and matured their fruit perfectl}'.
Still other trees showed the disease the past season for the first
time and raa\' die next year, but past experience leading us to
have faith that they can be saved, for a time at least, we shall
try it rather than sacrifice them.

You will recollect. Mr. President, that I said that in nearly all

THE CULTIVATION AND DISEASES OF THE PEACH. 65

of our first large planting, the trees were given the whole use of
the land, but, in order to get the whole three thousand in one solid
block, we had to plant some four hundred of them in raspberries,
both red and black, the first year taking out only one hill of the
raspberries to make room for the tree, and the next year
taking out four hills, one on either side. A double quautit}' of
manure was put on — enough, as we thought, for both raspberries
and peaches, yet at the end of the second year it beca'ije apparent
that the two could not be successfully grown together, and one or
the other must go ; and as the raspberries were turning in cash
each year, we concluded it must be the peaches. Still we gave
them their regular rations and watched for the result.

At the end of the third 3'ear, the trees were not one-third the
size of those near by having the ground to themselves. The next
winter killing one variety of the raspberries, we dug out the roots
and thus gave the peaches a chance, and right well did they
respond to it ; yet the first case of yellows was among that lot of
trees, and what few doubtful ones there are on the whole farm
today are confined to those sections where raspberries or some
other crop had been grown among the trees and had the first
claim to the land and apparently took it first, last, and all the
time.

In Dutchess and Orange Counties, N. Y., large peach orchards
were planted some six or eight years ago, many of them in fields
of raspberries, the partial shade of the trees being rather a benefit
to the raspberries than otherwise, but where are those trees
today ? Fifty per cent of them are dead with the j'ellows, and
the balance of them are in such a sickly condition that they are
very likely to follow them soon. Even if they should live to produce
a crop, it can be only fruit of inferior size and quality and not
worthy of the name of peaches.

Successful peach culture depends first on health}'' trees ;
secondly upon a proper temperature in winter, and lastly upon
what varieties we plant. As to the first, the leaf curl, the borer,
and the yellows are the chief causes of unhealthiness. The curl
is of little account and can be got rid of by stimulating a rapid
growth wherever it is seen. The borer has killed more trees than
all other causes combined ; more than three-fourths of the cases
of so-called yellows can be laid to it, and yet, with a little care,
he is not such a bad fellow to handle, — a sort of pest that needs
5

66 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

watching, and knowing his habits j'ou can nsuall}- keep bim out,
or when once in the the tree readily get at him, but we have
found prevention better and cheaper than cure.

This insect, in its perfect state, slightly resembles a wasp ; the
body of the male is of a dark blue color. The female is so dif-
ferent as sometimes to be mistaken for a distinct species ; it is
easily known bj' its larger size and a broad orange colored belt
encircling the middle of the abdomen. It begins to la}' its eggs the
latter part of May and continues through August, and I have occa-
sionally seen it in September, depositing eggs under the rough
bark at or near the base of the tree, and on rare occasions in
crotches of the larger limbs. To prevent the depositing of the
eggs is our first object. We therefore annually apply a wash for
two purposes ; first, to smooth the bark, and second, to keep this
insect away. We use so much of this wash, and so often, that of
late years we are not very particular about the exact proportions
of the material used, but this is about the correct thing : for a
common water bucket full, two quarts of strong, soft soap, half
a pint of crude carbolic acid, and two ounces of Paris green, with
water and lime enough to make a thin paste that will adhere to
the tree ; if convenient we add a little clay, which assists in
making it stick ; this we appl}' with a swab or brush before the
first of June. The oppressive odor of the carbolic acid tends to
drive the insect away in search of some more attractive place of
deposit for its eggs ; the soap encourages the growth of a smooth,
healthy bark, and the Paris green makes handy feed for anything
in the way of borers, mice, rabbits, etc., that like peach bark as a
dail}- ration, while the lime and clay furnish a good body to the
mixture. This wash thoroughly applied at the base of the tree
and in the crotches of the main branches is almost a sure preven-
tive of the borer, yet it will pay to look at each tree in October,
and where traces of the borer are seen, such as gum exuding from
the bark or sawdust-like chips at the base of the tree, dig the
earth away a little from around the foot of the tree, scrape off the
gum and with a good sharp knife cut away the bark and with a
piece of wire to follow up any channel that it does not seem best
to cut open, you will soon have the satisfaction of finding the
cause of the trouble, which is usually a single borer from one-half
an inch to about an inch long, although I have found as many as
thirty-two in a single tree.

THE CULTIVATION AND DISEASES OF THE PEACH. 67

Next comes the yellows, said b\' nearly all to be incurable, and
should any one ask me what to do on the first appearance of this
disease in a tree, I am a little in doubt just what I ought to tell
him, yet I rather think I should be weak enough to advise him to
cut it down and burn it up at once, for after that there could be no
disputing whether I was right or wrong ; the tree could not bear
witness and public opinion would say Amen. Yet if it was my
own tree, and my own interests onlj' were to be considered, I
should no more think of cutting the tree down than I should a
friend that had the malaria, — a disease about which the doctors
know as little as we do of the 3'ellows, jet they brace us up with
quinine and we are able to go on and do a portion of our share of
the world's work.

A tree with the 3'ellows is sick — not dying — and rather than
kill it at once or let it die, I would strive to make it well. If
slightl}' diseased I would head it back closely, and apply from
five to ten pounds of muriate of potash, and cultivate well and
often. If in a more advanced stage of the disease, I would cut away
two thirds or more of the top — in fact all the small branches — and
shorten in the main ones to within two feet of the trunk and apply
still more potash and from four to six pounds of nitrate of soda
to stimulate new growth at once. In most cases a new and at
least apparently healthy growth will take place and the tree to all
appearances will be well as ever ; and while it ma}' not be cured,
Vp^ho cares, so long as it lives and produces fine, healthy fruit
abundantly, and none of the trees near it seem to be any the
worse for retaining it?

Some few trees have not responded to this treatment and have
died as though nothing had been done for them ; yet I have not
lost faith, and really have very little fear of the yellows. Lime
we have used to some extent, but as yet see little, if any, effect
from its use so far as the health of the tree is concerned. Follow-
ing our general plan health}' peach trees can, I think, be secured
anywhere in New England, so that the next point we have to
consider is our winter frosts, which, as a matter of fact, are the
only real drawback to successful peach culture here.

Frost, as we all know, will run down hill almost as rapidly as
water, therefore while it is important that an elevated site should
be selected for planting the peach, it is of still more importance
that the elevation be abrupt if possible, as experience shows that
an elevation of from fifty to a hundred feet with low ground very

68 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

near it, is often better than higher ground where the rise is
more gradual. Our last planted orchard of uearlj- six thousand
trees is on the highest ground of any we have, but flat and level
land lies all about it. An examination of the fruit buds just
before coming here shows that they were all killed by the extreme
frost of ten daj's ago, while in our next orchard a mile away on
similar soil, not as high but bordered by a deep ravine, many live
buds are to be found. It is the same on the liome grounds ;
there are no live buds on the flat or low laud, but a few are left
on the abrupt knolls and elevations. Warm, dry soil, not too
rich in nitrogenous manure, is also a requisite for them. With
such a soil we can to some extent aid in growing or manufactur-
ing a tree that will be in condition to withstand frost better than
one grown on a heavier, richer soil. Let the cultivation be early
and often during Majs June, and July, and then quit, weeds or no
weeds. Crowd the growth of wood early in the season that it
may stop early in the fall and have an abundance of time to ripen
up thoroughly and well both the wood and fruit buds, and they
will stand several degrees more of freezing than is usually
thought possible.

Avoid the use of stable manure or any commercial fertilizer rich
in nitrogen ; such manures stimulate a too rapid and too soft wood
growth, which is late in forming fruit buds, and these are usually
immature and not as hard}' as those on more mature wood.

Phosphatic and potash manures are best for a perfect wood
growth, nitrogen being required onl}' to stimulate unhealthy' or
slow growing trees or in seasons of abundant fruitfuluess when
we wish to make sure of a sufficient growth of new wood, for it is
only on new wood that the fruit buds for the following year's
crop are formed. Never trim the trees till after freezing weather
is past; the^more bushy the head the better the protection against
frost, and the simple tying of a few pine boughs up among the
branches of a tree has often saved man}- of the buds when those
on unprotected trees have been entirely killed. While trimming
the trees in no way adds to their hardiness I wish to speak of it
here as one of the essentials to success.

Charles Downing once told me that to trim a peach tree suc-
cessfully' a man needed to have his bump of destructiveness
bigger than his whole liead, and I believe it. Annually thin out
all crowding branches so as to form a fine open head, and shorten
in all new wood at least one-half, excepting of course small

THE CULTIVATION AND DISEASES OF THE PEACH. 69

laterals that only grow an inch or so in a season. This causes
new wood to grow annuall3^ all over the tree and when we do get
fruit it is evenly distributed, and much of it is near the ground
where it can be thinned very rapidly if required, which reduces
the labor of gathering one-half. As to the time of trimming,
any time in spring after the middle of March on young trees will
answer, but on trees of bearing size I would not do it till the fruit
buds begin to swell; then, if there is an abundance of live buds,
shorten in close as one of the quickest ways of thinning the fruit,
while if there are but ver}' few live buds, cut away all new wood
on which there are no live ones and shorten in but little those that
have some left on them. In this way the trees will get a good
trimming and yet but few buds be sacrificed.

As to varieties, in all other fruits when planting for market we
consider what will yield most and sell best, while for family use
we select those of best quality and longest season ; but in peach
planting all these matters must be secondary to the one question
of hardiness. It is a hard fight to get peaches here any way, so
the main question is liow to get them and not wliat to get.

We have in our orchards about twenty of the best known stan-
dard varieties, the most hardy of which are the ver}- early sorts,
such as Alexander, Downing, Wilder, Waterloo, etc. These have
never failed to produce since we have had them. They are all
of the Hale's Early type, semi-clingstones, ripen the last of July,
and are of fairly good flavor, but inclined to decay just as they
begin to ripen. We have sometimes obtained fancy prices for
them, but as a whole they are not satisfactory, except a tree or
two for family use. You will always have some peaches if you
have these.

Next in hardiness comes the Smock, a late yellow variety with
a ver}' small pit, solid dry flesh of fairly good flavor ; one of the
best for canning, and much better as a dessert fruit than none at
all. No matter how cold the winter, we have always been sure
of some fruit from the Smock trees, and several times a full
supply when there was none on other varieties close by. Next
in hardiness come the Stump the World, Oldmixon Freestone
and Stevens's Rareripe. The Crawfords are the most tender of
all, and I would neither plant or recommend them anywhere in
New England, and yet when they do produce well they are the
most valuable, as the fruit commands the highest price in our
markets from its fine appearance rather than from its quality.

70 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

This past j'ear we had our first real paying crop of fruit. Six
thousand trees of nine, eight, and six years of age gave us a little
over six thousand baskets of marketable fruit, two-thirds of these
coming from less than fifteen hundred trees of Smock, Stump,
Oldmixon, and Pratt Seedling, while fifteen hundred Crawford
trees did not give us two hundred baskets. A few scattering
specimens could be found on the Crawford's Late, while two and
three baskets came from Oldmixon trees in the next row, and it
was the same with Stump on the other side.

One great value of our New England peaches, when we get
them, is that they are naturally of better color and flavor than
those from farther south, and then we can leave them to mature
on the trees, which adds greatly to their size, beauty, and flavor.
If we are to sell them we hare the best of markets close at hand,
and are not obliged to gather them in such an immature condition
as our Delaware friends must. In gathering and marketing the
past season we had numerous picking and step ladders made
of various heights and sizes from five up to ten feet, so that every
part of each tree could be easily reached without stepping upon
-or bending the branches. The pickers were carefully instructed
as to what was a fully matured peach and no others were picked.
Beginning in the morning after the dew was off each man was
given two handled baskets holding about twelve quarts each.
The}' went two together, one taking a long and the other a short
ladder, picking onl}' the fully grown fruit, which was usually at the
first picking about one-fourth of what was on the tree. Two or
three days later about two-thirds of what was left was in condi-
tion, and in three or four days after that the last was gathered,
having nearly- doubled its size since the first was picked. It is
the last four or five days before maturity that add the most to the
size of the peach.

As fast as filled, the baskets were brought to the shed, where
we had skilled help to assort it into three grades. All specimens
two and one-half inches or more in diameter, if in proper condi-
tion, were put up as extra selected. Those one and three-quar-
ters to two and one-half inches, if perfect otherwise, went as
No. 1 selected. Small and imperfect specimens went in as culls,
and all others as No. 2 selected.

Specked and bruised fruit of all sizes, just ready to eat and
luscious, was peddled by our own team to families within easy

THE CULTIVATION AND DISEASES OF THE PEACH. 71

driving distance, and was at once used for pies or puddings,
or sliced for supper. Tiie culls were sold to city peddlers for
whatever they would bring. The other three grades were placed
in clean new half-bushel peach baskets, the same grade of fruit
all through the basket and no extra ones on top, carefully labelled
according to grade, and placed on the market with the guarantee
that they would be found perfect throughout, and we had no
trouble in selling them at from Si. 00 to $1.50 for No. 2, $1.G5 to
$2.50 for No. 1, and from $2.50 to $4.00 for extra selected, so
that the money piled up very fast ; and people visiting our place
during September went away convinced that there were " millions
in it," and no doubt for one night at least had dreams of perfect
orchards of their own with bushels of luscious fruit and heav^"
bank accounts. For ourselves we had the satisfaction of at last see-
ing our efforts rewarded, but financiall}' we have yet our money to
make, for this crop has just about paid the cost of the orchards to
this date, and now we must continue to care for them and take
our chances of a crop sometime in the future. We have already
expended a thousand dollars for fertilizer for 1888, for the trees
must not be neglected even if the fruit buds are all dead. We
are bound to grow peaches or leave New England, and we will
never do the latter. And I say to you, Mr. President and gentle-
men, plant each year a few trees of the most hardy sorts on the
most suitable land you have, give them the best of care, and while
you may not have fruit every year you will have enough to more
than pay for your trouble, and there is nothing like the satisfac-
tion of eating this delicious fruit in perfection, as borne and
ripened on a tree growing in the rugged New England soil.

As for planting large orchards for marketing the fruit, what the
old lady said to girls about to marry will well apply here : " You
will be sorry if you do, and sorry if you don't." The j-ears and
years of weary waiting for a time when the buds will not be
frosted, and the continued expense and labor required to keep
the trees in proper condition will make you wish you had not
embarked in the business ; yet when the time does come that you
find your trees loaded down with rich red and yellow fruit —
every specimen a picture — then will you feel that happiness has
come if riches have not. Do not expect to get rich out of the
business ; it is risky at the best, and in the long run I think will
not prove as profitable as Baldwin apples ; yet if you love fruit

72 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and want fun and have some cash or good credit, try a peach
orchard rather than State or Wall Street. If j'ou lose you will
know it is Nature that has disappointed you and not some human
or inhuman creature that has cheated you.

Discussion.

The essa3'ist added that too many persons propagate trees by
buds from the nursery rows. The buds should be taken from
healthy bearing trees, so as to afford assurance of the correctness
of the varieties. He has planted altogether in his orchards about
twelve thousand trees. The yellows is generally discovered about
the first of Jul3\ A wire is seldom needed to destroy the borers.
The tree mentioned as having over thirty borers was in a block
where the wash was forgotten. It pays to put up fruit honestlj' ;
if 3'ou have but one poor specimen in a basket put it on the top.

E. W. "Wood was called upon and said in regard to the essay-
ist's recommendations concerning marketing, that few of the
members of the Societ}^ had been troubled on that point of late
years. All agree that the peach is the most delicious of all our
fruits. The essayist was not certain that he could produce crops
regularl}', and the only waj- is to keep setting out, and when we
meet with success we are repaid for all our trouble. The speaker
had felt that the greatest obstacle to peach culture is the weakness
of the trees we plant. In manj' nurseries there are trees dying
with the 3'ellows, and buds for propagation are taken from these
unhealthy trees. He could remember when the crop of peaches
was as certain as that of pears. On the 24th of December, 1884,
he visited Mr. George Hill and asked about the condition of the
peach buds, and was told that they were all killed though the
thermometer had not marked below ten degrees, but there had
been a week of cutting west winds. At the same time many
evergreen trees were destroyed, and Mr. Harris, Mr. Hunnewell's
gardener, attributed this to the freezing up of the ground when
dry and the cutting west winds. The speaker said that he
intended to plant a few trees every year as recommended by the
essayist.

William C. Strong said it would be a question among those who
had listened to the essayist whether the example of skill or of
enterprise was most striking. He asked Mr. Hale how he

THE CULTIVATION AND DISEASES OF THE PEACH. 73

accounted for the fact that fruit buds are killed now more than in
former years ; they do not seem to be killed most in the severest
weather. He recollected well that not onl}' peach buds had been
killed under such circumstances, but a weeping willow tree was
killed to the ground. It does seem to be a rule that a temperature
of eighteen or twentj' degrees below zero kills peach buds.

Mr. Hale said, in answering Mr. Strong's query, that he could
not speak from practical experience, but he had questioned old men
and the general answer was that the crop of peaches did some-
times fail. The best crops were after a winter of deep snows,
which kept the feet of ihe trees warm. The winter of 1886-87
there was deep snow, but in a place where the snow blew off there
was only a small crop. He recollected the cold winds of Decem-
ber 23, 1884, and December 22, 1885, which destroyed the peach
crop.

David B. Flint said that he had seen peaches grown in Montreal
on walls covered with mats, though the mercury often falls to
thirty or fort}' degrees below zero there. He thought it was alter-
nate freezing and thawing that killed the trees. A heavy frost in
the autumn of 1881, when the wood was immature, destroyed the
crop.

Mr. AVood said that there was no extremely low temperature
during the years referred to. Any peach trees could be cultivated
under glass without being troubled with 3'ellows ; this disease was
never known in trees under glass.

Mr. Strong, referring to the remarks of the last speaker,
expressed the belief that as healthy trees could be seen in Mr.
Hale's grounds as could be seen an3'where. He could not himself
f think the crop so uncertain in former times as now. It is a ques-
tion whether slower growth would not enable the trees to resist the
cold better. The weeping willow which he spoke of previously
was probably killed by the suddenness of the cold ; later in the
season it might have endured it.

O. B. Hadwen had had a little experience with peaches the last
forty years. He used to have a theory that the buds would stand
a temperature of ten degrees below zero unless accompanied by a
t' gale of wind, and he called to mind circumstances favoring this
view. He had known trees forty or fifty years of age, which
made a slow annual growth and bore fruit nearly ever}' year.
These were seedlings raised before budding was known, and he

74 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETT.

thought, as he stated last year, that the trees have lost something
of stamina under the hands of nurser3'men by budding, and that
perhaps we should gain by raising the trees from seed. Trees in
the northern part of Vermont bent down and covered with ever-
green boughs gave a crop every 3'ear.

Mr, Hale said that on his grandfather's farm stands a peach
tree forty years old which bears, on the average, a full crop three
3'ears out of five, and has never shown any signs of yellows, though
many of the seedlings from it do when a few years old. Similar
instances are to be found in almost ever}^ town. There is a tree
in Woodbur}-, Conn., which has borne every year but one since
1812. He had not a particle of faith in seedling trees as prefera-
ble to budded trees. If a tree can be brought up to eight or ten
years of age, it will be a proof that it has some bottom. His
oldest trees bore best last year.

F. L. Temple said that a few years ago seeds of peach trees
were brought from the northern part of China and planted at the
Arnold Arboretum. Some of the trees were sent to Professor
Budd, of the Iowa Agricultural College, who reported that the
buds were uninjured at a temperature of thirty degrees below zero,
but the buds of the trees retained here were winter-killed last year
and this.

A vote of thanks to the essayist for his interesting and instructive
paper, containing the results of experience, was passed. A paper
on " Late Progress in the Application of Science to Plant Culture,"
by Professor W. O. Atwater, of Wesleyan University, Middle-
town, Conn., was announced for the next Saturday.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, February 11, 1888.

An adjourned meeting of the Societ}^ was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Henry P. Walcott, in the chair.

No business was brought before the meeting, and it
Adjourned to Saturday, February 18.

APPLICATION OF SCIENCE TO PLANT CULTURE. 75

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Late Progress in the Application of Science to
Plant Culture.

By Professor W. O. Atwater, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn.

Ladies and Gentlemen : Ten j'ears ago it was my privilege to
give a short address here, on the chemistry of the feeding of
plants, as illustrated b}' some experiments with chemical fertili-
zers. In the correspondence with the chairman of your lecture
committee in regard to what I should sa}' to you today, it was
agreed that the subject should include a continuation of the former
address, and that something of the results of late investigations
should be added.

Permit me then to recapitulate at the outset some of the funda-
mental principles of plant nutrition as applied to the ingredients
of the food of plants, their sources, and their artificial supply.

1. Plants, like animals, require food for life and growth. A
part of the food of plants comes from the atmosphere ; the rest is
furnished by the soil. No ordinary cultivated plant can thrive
without a sufficient supply of each of a number of substances
needed for its food. With an abundance of all these, in forms in
which the plants can use them, and with other circumstances
favorable, the crop will flourish and the yield be large. But if the
available supply of any one of them be too small, a light yield is
inevitable. If all the other conditions for a profitable crop of
corn, potatoes, or other plants are fulfilled in the soil, except that
potash is deficient, the crop will surely fail. But if the potash be
supplied the yield will be abundant.

2. The most important soil ingredients of plant food — the
ones which the atmosphere cannot supply' at all, or not in sufficient
quantity, and which the soil or fertilizers must supply, so that the
plant can absorb them through its roots — are potash, lime, mag-
nesia, iron, phosphoric acid, sulphuric acid, chlorine, and some
compound of nitrogen. Plants also take silica, soda, and some
other materials from the soil, but these are needed only in minute
quantities, or not at all.

3. In removing crops from the soil we take away plant food.
This is the chief cause of soil exhaustion. Lack of fertility is
commonly due, in large part or entirely, to lack of plant food.

76 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

4. Soils vary greatly in their capabilities of supplying food to
crops. Different ingredients are deficient in different soils. The
chief lack of one may be potash, of another phosphoric acid, of
another several ingredients, and so on.

5. Soils fail to furnish enough food for crops not so much
because they have not abundant stores, as because the materials
are not in available forms. A soil may have thousands of pounds
of phosphoric acid within reach of the plants, but locked up in
fragments of rock so that the roots cannot absorb it, and then the
crop will fail for lack of phosphoric acid.

6. The infertility of many soils is due more to their mechanical
condition, their texture, and relations to heat and moisture, than
to lack of plant food. Such soils want amendment first and
manures afterwards. Some soils will give good returns for manur-
ing ; others, without irrigation, or amendment by draining, tillage,
the use of lime, marl, or muck, or otherwise, will not.

7. The chief use of fertilizers is to supply plant food which
crops need and soils fail to furnish.

8. But the indirect action of fertilizers in improving the
mechanical condition of the soil and rendering its stores of plant
food available is often very important. Hence cheap materials,
like bone and plaster, are frequenth' more profitable than manure
or artificial fertilizers.

9. Plants vary greatly with respect to their demands for food,
their capabilities of gathering the ingredients from soil and air,
and the effects of different fertilizers upon their growth. Hence
the proper fertilizer in a given case depends upon the crop as well
as upon the soil.

10. The only ingredients of plant food which we need to con-
sider in commercial fertilizers are potash, lime, magnesia, phos-
phoric acid, sulphuric acid, and nitrogen. Of this list, magnesia
is generally abundant even in " worn-out " soils. Sulphuric acid
and lime are more often deficient, and hence one reason of the
good effect so often observed from the application of lime and
plaster. The remaining substances — the phosphoric acid, nitro-
gen, and potash — are the most important ingredients of our com-
mercial fertilizers, because of both their scarcity in the soil and
their high cost.

11. The chief use of commercial fertilizers — such as guano,
phosphates, bone, potash salts, and special fertilizers prepared by

APPLICATION OF SCIENCE TO PLANT CULTURE. 77

fonnulse for different crops, is to supply nitrogen, phosphoric acid,
and potash.

12. These materials are expensive, but the right ones in the
right places are nevertheless very profitable. But the same fertili-
zers in other cases may bring little or no return.

13. It is not good economy to pay high prices for materials
which our soils themselves may furnish, but it is good economy to
suppl}' the lacking ones in the cheapest way. Farmers cannot
afford to use commercial fertilizers at random. No more can they
afford to have their crops fail when a small outlay for the proper
fertilizer would bring a bountiful harvest. And it is time that
the}' understood these facts, the reasons, and how to make use of
them.

14. The only way to find out what our soils want is to study
them by careful observation and experiments. Success in farming,
as in other business, requires the use of brains.

The bulk of plant food is obtained from the air ; the mineral
ingredients of the plant — the lime, potash, phosphoric acid, etc.,
entirely from the soil. One of the much disputed questions is as
to the source of the nitrogen which enters into the composition of
plants, of which Professor Caldwell spoke in his lectures before
this Society in 1885 and 1886.

In removing plants from the soil we remove the substances
which the plants have taken from the soil. In experiments made
according to directions sent out by myself, strips of land were
manured with nitrogeneous fertilizers, phosphate, and potash, these
materials being applied singly, two by two, and all three together.
The plan was based on the idea that these are most frequently want-
ing. Three hundred reports of such experiments were received.

Different soils vary in their capacity to furnish plant food,
just as different plants var}' in their capacity to avail themselves
of food in the soil. Near Middletown, Conn., on one farm phos-
phate and nitrogen have little effect while potash is very effectual.
In another direction potash has very little effect, but phosphate
has ; in other cases combinations of several ingredients are
necessary.

Soils vary greatly in regard to their needs. Hundreds of ex-
periments show that the ingredients most often lacking in soils
east of the Mississippi are first phosphate, next nitrogen, and then

78 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

potash. In many cases it is not the lack of any particular article
which makes soils infertile, but other circumstances.

The feeding capacities of plants are most important, but we are
deplorably in the dark as to why they differ. Leguminous crops
gather nitrogen ; why is it? Clover takes away much more nitro-
gen from the soil than wheat ; yet it is much less dependent upon
nitrogen in fertilizers, though this is contrary to what theory would
lead us to expect, and further experiment is needed to give light
upon this point.

The result of the experiments under my direction in the use of
nitrogen, in different forms, in several places, and two or three
times repeated was that for every 100 bushels of corn obtained
with mixed mineral fertilizers we get by adding 24 pounds of
nitrogen per acre. 111 bushels ; with 48 pounds of nitrogen, 112;
and with 72 pounds of nitrogen in addition to the mixed minerals,
115 bushels. The yield of corn was slightly increased by the
nitrogen, but the gain was extrerael}' small — out of all proportion
to the large cost of nitrogen. Potatoes gave a much more decided
response to the nitrogen, 24 pounds increasing the yield from 100
to 127, 48 pounds bringing it up to 138, while with 72 pounds it
was only 127. The number of experiments with potatoes was
much smaller than with corn. A larger number might give differ-
ent averages. Oats responded much more vigorously to the nitro-
gen, the yield rising to 171 with the largest amount, though the
number of experiments was less even than with potatoes ; but,
since in the cases where oats, potatoes, and corn were grown side
by side the results tallied with the average given, the experiments
may be taken as indicating very decidedly that corn is the least
and oats the most affected by the nitrogen in the fertilizers.
These experiments, as far as they go, therefore imply that we
should in general be sparing in our use of nitrogen for corn,
that we may use moderate quantities on potatoes with profit, and
that oats are especially benefited by it.

There was, however, one notable exception to this result. In
some experiments by Mr. W. C. Newton, of Durham, Conn., he
found when he measured his corn that he could almost tell the
number of pounds of nitrogen applied by the increase in the crop.

The results of these experiments have been tabulated and
arranged, and the story which they tell is somewhat peculiar.

APPLICATION OF SCIENCE TO PLANT CULTURE.

79

The question whether corn can gather its own nitrogen has been
much discussed. Experiments bear emphatic testimony on this
point. It has failed to respond to nitrogen — it may respond but
not in proportion to the amount applied, when it would respond to
phosphate and potash. Complete fertilizers brought larger crops
than barnyard manure.

The experiments of the four seasons bear almost "unanimous
testimon}' to two things : The corn was helped but little by
nitrogen in the fertilizers ; and it gathered a good deal from
natural sources. The increase of crop and of nitrogen in the crop
will appear more clearly if we look at it in another way.

In number of

With nitrogen.

The average in-

The increase of

trials.

Amount per
acre.

Contained in
crop of

crease ot corn
was

nitrogen in
the crop was

Pounds.

Bushels.

Bushels.

Pounds.

95

24

18

3.6

4.8

76

48

36

5.3

7.1

42

72

54

6.6

8.8

Or, estimating the results in dollars and cents :

In trials, total
number.

With nitro-
gen, am'nts.

Costing

The nitrogen
paid for it-
self in trials

The nitrogen
failed to pay
for itself in
trials

Tlie average
loss in the
several tri-
als was

95
76
42

24 lbs.
48 lbs.
72 lbs.

$5 50
11 00
16 50

21

13

4

74
63

38

$2 62

6 76

11 22

The only cases in which the largest rations were profitable were
in the experiments of Mr. Newton.

The above calculations of pecuniary loss and gain of course
appl}' onl}' to those regions where corn is dear. But even at
these rates the nitrogen increased the crop enough to pay its costs
in only 38 trials out of 213. The pecuniary loss rose and fell
with the amount of nitrogen used. With mineral fertilizers
alone the crop gathered, by the above estimates, some 60 pounds
of nitrogen per acre.

80 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The important fact, however, is this : The corn plant has in
these trials shown itself capable of getting on and bringing fair
3'ields with small amounts of the less costly mineral fertilizers,
even in the worn-out soils of the Eastern States. With this help
it has gathered its nitrogen from natural sources, and holds it
readily to be fed out on the farm and returned in the form of
manure for other crops. In other words, the experiments thus far
impl}" that corn has, somehow or other, the power to gather a
great deal of nitrogen from soil or air, or both ; that in this
respect it comes nearer to the legumes than the cereals ; that, in
short, corn may be classed with the '' renovating" crops. If this
is really so — and this can be settled only by continued experi-
menting— then our great cereal, instead of simply being a con-
sumer of the fertilitj' of our soils, may be used as an agent for their
restoration.

Ville laid stress on the " dominant ingredient," and divided
plants into two groups, one of which responds especially to
potash. No writings on the subject have been so much read as his,
but chemists do not always believe all that he has said.

In some experiments to determine this point, corn treated with
phosphoric acid gave an increase of less than four bushels per
acre. Phosphoric acid was set down as inefficient. When the
crop pays attention to nitrogen or potash, phosphoric acid is the
regulating ingredient. Out of eighty experiments with corn, phos-
phoric acid proved the regulating ingredient in twenty-seven,
potash in eleven, and nitrogen in four. In twenty-seven experi-
ments with potatoes, phosphoric acid proved the regulating
ingredient in three, potash in one, and nitrogen in none. But
these experiments are subject to the manifold vicissitudes of field
experiments. Certain ones which seemed most reliable were
selected for -tabulation. In twenty-four of these with corn, phos-
phoric acid proved the regulating ingredient in six, potash in
three, and nitrogen in one. In twelve selected experiments with
potatoes, neither of these substances showed such efficiency' that
it could be deemed a regulating ingredient. When the differences
in experiments are all alike the results are reliable.

In man}' cases, Ville's theory applies ; in many it does not.
We can find abundance of facts to favor any theory. Phosphoric
acid was most efficient with corn, and potash next; nitrogen had
scarcely any efficiency. If we omit the experiments afTecled by

APPLICATION OF SCIENCE TO PLANT CULTURE. 81

drought and use only the normal, we find that the potato has
responded bounteously to all these substances. They bring out
the differences in the feeding capacity of corn and potatoes.

If we estimate the average yield of corn, potatoes, and oats at
100, how much increase shall we have if we add 24, 48, or 72 lbs.
of nitrogen? Corn rises from 100 to 111 with 24 lbs. ; 112 with
48 lbs. ; and 115 with 72 lbs ; potatoes to 127, 138, and 127 ; and
oats to J54, 166, and 171, but the number of experiments made is
not sufficient for a decisive test. Corn generall}' makes little
response to nitrogen, but more to mineral fertilizers, having in
this respect more analogy with legumes. Potatoes have less
capacity than corn in gathering food and want a pretty good
supply of readily digestible food.

I make a digression here to say that this subject is a hobby
with me. The problems which I have indicated may be studied
outside the laboratory and greenhouse. Experiments by farmers
are very useful. The question whether the experiments of practi-
cal farmers have any scientific value ma}^ be answered by the
statement that the results of the experiments of Connecticut farm-
ers have been published in Germany (where they do not gener-
ally give us an}' more credit than we deserve), and also in France.

Few experiments, except those of Lawes and Gilbert, have been
so correctly carried out as those of William Bartholemew and
Charles Fairchild, in Connecticut. The former attended the meet-
ing of the Connecticut Board of Agriculture ten years ago and no
man in the State could have given such v iluable results as he did
in a paper which occupied half an hour in the reading. Men who
do this kind of work are light-houses, and the time is ripe for many
such experimenters.

Some time since, in writing to Mr. Bartholemew concerning
some of the details of his reports, I took occasion to ask if he
would state in what ways, and to what extent the large amount
of experimental work he has done has been of actual benefit to him
as a farmer. He answered as follows :

" In reply to your question I will say that I have learned to
place great confidence in commercial fertilizers when properly
used, as furnishing the most reliable and economical materials for
increasing my crops.

" I have learned that the effects of the different substances
used, although varying much from each other, are nearly identi-
6

82 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

cal in different fields and in different years on my farm, always
showing a tendency to the same characteristics.

"I have learned that these fertilizers are much superior in
quality to those we obtained before the establishment of the Expe-
riment Station.

" I have learned that this farm, which my father, after fifty
years of acquaintance and cultivation, pronounced ill-adapted
to the raising of corn, gives me, under similar treatment, with
the use of phosphate of lime in addition, in corn one of my most
profitable crops.

" I think I have learned that, by the proper use of commercial
fertilizers as indicated in the different trials, I can obtain, at fair
profit, finer potatoes, free from disease and blemish, than by any
other means known to me.

"I have learned that by the use of one or more of these sub-
stances as adjuncts to farm manures, I have been enabled to
obtain at small expense, superior crops of corn, oats, and potatoes
with less manure, while the remainder of the manure applied as
top-dressing to grass lands, has materialh' increased m}- crops of
hay. And, finally, to include the whole matter, I find that I am
keeping much more stock, getting better crops, and better satis-
faction from my farm than before."

Mr. Fairchild has also given me some account of what he has
learned from his experimenting. He summarizes as follows :

" I think they have helped me and will help me in many
ways :

1. They show what fertilizing materials my crops must have.

2. They show me in what quantities, in what forms, and in what
ways I should apply different fertilizers.

3. They save me money by enabling me to buy what I want
without using a large quantity of materials I do not want.

4. I think I shall thus be enabled to raise all kinds of crops on
very poor land with profit."

One of Mr. Fairchild's remarks impressed me greatly. It was
this :

"Under the old system of farming, it is no wonder the boys
leave the farms. You can't blame them. I did so m^'self, came
back, tried again, and should have given up once more if it had
not been for these experiments, and what 1 have learned in con-
nection with them. As it is, I find myself giving up outside

APPLICATION OF SCIENCE TO PLANT CULTURE. 83

work, devoting myself more and more exclusivel}^ to my farm,
supplementing the labor of my hands with the labor of my brains,
and I feel the benefit in my purse, in my home and in my
mind."

These details of Mr. Fairchild's experiments and these words as
he spoke and wrote them, I have given for a purpose.

Like thousands of bo3's brought up on an eastern farm, Mr.
Fairchild took Horace Greeley's advice, and went west. But
circumstances called him home again, and he concluded to try to
bring up the old farm. It was up-hill work, and he eked out his
income by teaming and other outside labor. Some years ago, I
became acquainted with him as one of the attentive and intelli-
gent participators in farmers' meetings. One day he took me out
to his farm and showed me what he was trying to do. I very
well remember a meadow on which, he told me, he had applied, a
3-ear or two before, nearl}' a ton of fish-scrap per acre, which he
had to buy with the proceeds of his outside labor and haul sev-
eral miles. So far as appearances showed, it had done no good at
all. I naturally inquired if he had tried potash salts. This sug-
gested the experimenting which he began at once.

After one or two seasons' experience, in response to an inquiry
how he was getting on, he told me he thought he was learning
something that would be of great use to him, and added that he
found himself devoting more attention to his farm. The next
season he told me he was having better success with his farming,
and was giving less time to other enterprises. A j'ear later, call-
ing at our laboratory to make some inquiries, he remarked that he
was taking scarcely any contracts for teaming, but was devoting
himself almost exclusively to his farm. Last spring he called
again and remarked, " My wife tells me I must set up a prescrip-
tion shop, so man}' of my neighbors are coming to find what fer-
tilizers I use for my corn." A few weeks ago he was in again to
bring reports of his experiments, and at that time occurred the
conversation reported above.

Having said thus much of the effects of nitrogen in fertilizers
upon the growth of plants and the different capacities which differ-
ent kinds of plants seem to have for availing themselves of tlie
nitrogen supply from natural sources, the next question naturally
is. Do an}' plants obtain any considerable quantity of nitrogen
from the air, or are they restricted to the supply available to their

84 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

roots in the soil? If they get nitrogen from the air, is it in the
form of combined nitrogen, ammonia, nitric acid, nitrous acid and
the like, of which the air contains only very minute quantities, or
are they able to make use of the free uncombined nitrogen which
makes up four-fifths of the whole weight of the atmosphere ?

For fifty years these problems have been discussed, and during
that time chemists have been endeavoring to solve them by exper-
iment. For a long period a negative answer to both the questions
seemed probable. That is to sa}', the best experimental evidence
implied that the plants could not make use of the free nitrogen of
the air, and if they were able to avail themselves of the combined
nitrogen, the quantities they could get hold of would be too small
to be of much account. But of late the tendency of research has
been in the other direction. A number of experiments indicate
that plants do, somehow or other, get hold of a considei'able
quantity of atmospheric nitrogen, and within a short time, a
series of investigations seems to bring proofs, or at least, very
strong evidence, that certain plants are able to get and use, for
the building up of their tissues, the free nitrogen of the air.

The doctrine that plants get nitrogen from the air has hereto-
fore been deemed very heterodox, yet people have wished it might
be true. The latest research teaches that nitrogen accumulated
in the soil is being removed by plants and also by leaching.

Nitrogen is a valuable element, but hardest to hold. Given
plenty of the three elements phosphoric acid, potash, and nitro-
gen, and food is assured. It is a matter of common experience
in human history that when a great want arises, the means of
supply is found. Thus in regard to potash, when the soapboilers
outbid farmers in the purchase of ashes, the Stassfurth salts were
discovered, where the process of evaporation had been performed
by nature. These salts are now used all over our southern States
and in the coffee fields of Brazil and Ceylon.

Fourth-fifths of the weight of the air around us is nitrogen, and
the question comes up, Can plants — can any plants — avail them-
selves of it? Boussingault and Lawes concluded that they could
not and that we are drawing for our nitrogen on the stores accum-
ulated in the ground in past ages. But there are facts which are
hard to explain on this hypothesis, and there is a feeling that,
after all, perhaps they do get it somehow. Microbes seem to be
working over the stores of inert nitrogen, and clover may favor
the action of microbes.

APPLICATION OF SCIENCE TO PLANT CULTURE. 85

Three years ago, the " American Chemical Journal," contained
some accounts of some experiments by mj^self. Peas were grown
in sand supplied with solutions containing the necessary ingrecli-
ents of soil food, mineral matters in abundance, and nitrogen in
various quantities, the soil being a mere mechanical medium.
The comparisons were made between the quantities of nitrogen at
the beginning and at the end of the experiment. If the quantity
in the plants added to that remaining in the nutritive solution at
the end of the period of growth should be found to exceed that
supplied at the beginning in the nutritive solution and the seed,
this excess, of course, must come from somewhere, and the air
was the only possible source. As a matter of fact, a large excess
was found ; and this amount of atmospheric nitrogen was larger
in proportion as the plants were better fed. The experiments
were carried on during two successive seasons and those of the
second season very strikingly confirmed those of the first. As
these results were decidedly in conflict with those obtained by
Boussingault, Lawes and Gilbert, and others, it was, of course,
natural to seek an explanation of the disparity in the results.

A 3'ear and a half ago, accounts of some experiments made to
get light upon this question were published in the same journal.
The outcome was that when plants are grown as the}' ordinarily
are in experiments of this kind, there may be a loss of nitrogen —
that is to say, some of the nitrogen supplied in the nutritive sol-
ution and in the seed, may escape into the air, and of course all
that goes off in this way diminishes by so much the quantity
obtained at the end of the experiments, and thus reduces the
apparent gain from the air. In some of my own experiments,
the plants, when ripe, contained no more nitrogen than had been
supplied in the nutritive solution and the seeds ; but the circum-
stances were such as to make it highly probable that some nitro-
gen escaped. Now if these particular experiments had been taken
as a test of the question whether plants get any nitrogen from the
air or not, it would have been negative.

I may, perhaps, be permitted to read the following conclusions
drawn from the quantity of facts observed in these experiments :

"The experimental testimony regarding the acquisition of
atmospheric nitrogen by plants is conflicting. But the evidence
against.it which comes from the laboratory and greenhouse is
based upon experiments whose conditions were more or less

86 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

abnormal in respect to food supply or access of nitrogen com-
pounds or otherwise. In those which seem most conclusive
against the assimilation of free nitrogen the arrangements were
such as maj^ have hindered the action of electricity if not that
of nitrogen-fixing micro-organisms, two agencies towards which
late research points as possible, if .not certain, factors in the fixa-
tion of nitrogen. In all there is the possibility, and in some a
very strong probability, that the results may have been affected
by liberation of nitrogen from seeds or plants or food supplied —
a liberation which is sometimes, if not always, due to ferments.
This may materially reduce the nitrogen found at the end of the
experiments, and with it the apparent gain of nitrogen from the
air. The evidence from the field against the assimilation is of
necessity more or less incomplete, since — to say nothing of
other difficulties — some of the important factors of the problem,
such as the acquisition of nitrogen b}' the soil and its liberation
from the soil, are inadequately settled or left entirely out of
account. And, finally, to deny the acquisition of atmospheric
nitrogen is to leave some of the most evident facts of production
unexplained.

On the other hand, the evidence in favor of the acquisition of
nitrogen b\' plants, legumes especially, from the atmosphere during
their period of growth, is direct and positive. In pot experi-
ments the gain has been at times very large, and in comparative
trials it has been larger or smaller in proportion as the conditions
have been more or less nearly normal. Less accurate, but at the
same time very strong, evidence in the same direction comes from
experiments in the field. The conclusion that plants acquire
atmospheric nitrogen accords with and explains facts of vegeta-
ble production otherwise unexplained. And late research leads
us to hope that the explanation of the processes b\' which the
nitrogen is acquired may be found, perhaps, in the near future.

It is reasonably certain that the combined nitrogen of the
atmosphere is assimilated by plants. If the results of research
should continue to develop in the same direction in which they
have been developing of late, it will require but a short time to
place the assimilation of free nitrogen beyond question. Unless
future research should bx'ing evidence directly opposed to the best
now at hand, it must be allowed that the greater part of the nitro-
gen which tlje plants obtain from the air comes through the foliage.

APPLICATEON OF SCIENCE TO PLANT CULTURE. 87

The faculty of obtaining nitrogen from the air appears to be
especially characteristic of the legumes. By what species of leg-
umes or other families of plants it is possessed, it is, as yet
impossible to say.

But, whatever may be the plants that acquire atmospheric
nitrogen, the ways by which they acquire it, or the form in which
it comes, the fact of its acquisition in considerable quantities
seems well established."

The object of these experiments was to answer the question,
Suppose we give our plants a little nitrogen, can they supply the
rest?

A French scientist made some experiments in which he found
that, under the influence of electricity, nitrogen might be assimi-
lated.

The belief that no considerable quantity of atmospheric nitrogen
may be used by the plant is too deep-rooted to be easily put
aside. There is a certain conservatism — and it is a wise conserv-
atism— which makes people verj^ slow to accept results opposed to
old and well-established beliefs. It was with no little interest,
therefore, that chemists and vegetable physiologists read an
account of the paper presented by Professor Hellriegel, at the
meeting of the German Naturforscher-Versammlung in Berlin in
1887, announcing experiments in which leguminous plants were
found to obtain large quantities of nitrogen directly from the air,
under conditions which led him to believe that they assimilated
free nitrogen b}^ the aid of micro-organisms. He said (I trans-
late freely from the report) :

" The papiliouacese are not dependent upon the soil for the
nitrogen of their food. The source of nitrogen which the atmos-
phere offers can alone suffice to bring them to normal, indeed
luxuriant, development. It is not the small quantities of the
combined nitrogen in the air which supply the papilionaceae with
nutriment, but the free nitrogen of the air comes into play ; and
there is a direct relation between the assimilation and the nodules
on the roots of the leguminous plants. That is, the growth of the
papilionaceae in soil free from nitrogen can be caused at will by
the addition of small quantities of cultivated soil and can be hin-
dered by excluding micro-organisms."

In Helhiegel's experiments, lupines started in a soil free from
nitrogen did not grow well, but when an infusion of ordinary soil

88 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

was added they grew luxuriantly. Hellriegel's inference was that
the cultivated soil furnished micro-organisms and that, somehow,
these were connected with the nodules, and that they bi'ought the
free nitrogen into combination and thus rendered it available to
the growing plants. Professor Wolff, the Nestor of German
agricultural chemists, was present at the meeting and cited some
experiments of his own which confirmed Professor Hellriegel's
conclusions.

Messrs. Lawes and Gilbert have published in a late number of
the " Proceedings of the Royal Society " a preliminary notice of
an article on " Tht Present Position of the Question of the Sources
of Nitrogen."

In this they summarize their present view of this question.
Regarding the materials which plants may obtain through their
roots from the soil, they say that, " upon the whole, it seems
probable that green-leaved plants can take up soluble complex
nitrogenous organic bodies . . . and that they can transform
them and appropriate their nitrogen." After citing some experi-
ments by Frank, they add : " Here, then, is a mode of accumula-
tion by some green-leaved plants which allies them very closely
to fungi themselves . . . but, inasmuch as the action is the most
marked in the surface layers of the soil rich in humus . . . the
facts so far regarded do not aid us in the explanation of the
acquirement of nitrogen by deep and strong-rooted leguminosae
from raw clay subsoils."

Regarding the direct acquisition of atmospheric nitrogen,
especially free nitrogen, b}^ the plants, Messrs. Lawes and Gil-
bert, in the same article, after citing the experiments of Berthelot
and those of Hellriegel which were announced a year ago last
September, say: " We have important and exact facts in the
cases cited -and it is at any rate clear that the reason leans to this
explanation of the mode in which some of the higher plants derive
their nitrogen, involving the supposition of the intervention of
micro-organisms in some way. It must be admitted, on a review
of the conflicting results at present at command, that they do not
justify any confident conclusion that the compositions supposed do
take place in any important degree, or that free nitrogen is to any
important extent brought into combination under the influence of
the latter organisms." On the whole, they seem to doubt whether
tiie amount of nitrogen taken from the atmosphere by either the

APPLICATION OF SCIENCE TO PLANT CULTURE. 89

plants or soil in ordinary culture during the period of growth, is
very large. The}' sa}' : " We would submit that the careful con-
sideration of the history of agriculture, both ancient and modern,
fails to afford evidence of compositions such as is now sought for.
Indeed, we would say, as we have done before that . . . the his-
tory of agriculture throughout the world, so far as it is known
clearly, shows that the fertile soil is one which has accumulated
within it the residue of ages of previous vegetation, and that it
becomes infertile as this residue is exhausted."

As to the action of micro-organisms in providing nitrogen for
the plants, they regard it as very important, but are inclined to
limit it to the preparation of nitrogeneous materials already- in the
soil for the use of the plant, rather than the acquisition of nitrogen
from the air b}- either plant or soil.

In the meeting of the German Association, last September,
Professor Hellriegel brought reports of a very extended series of
experiments in plant culture in continuation of those reported the
year before. The last number of " Die Landwirthschaftlichen
Versuchsstationen," contains a short account, which I translate.
The full details have, I believe, not yet appeared in print — at
least I have not seen them, though, of course, they are awaited
with no little interest.

" The experiments were made with oats, buckwheat, rape, peas,
seradella,* and lupines. The plants were grown in a soil of pure
sand which had been shown by anah'sis to be entirely free from
nitrogen. In this sand, when the necessar\' mineral ingredients
had been added, all the plants continued growing until the}' had
used up the nitrogen of the seed and no longer. When, however,
a soil infusion was prepared by soaking a quantit}' of ordinary
soil in water, letting it settle and then taking off as much of the
solution as would correspond to one square inch of the surface
soil, and which contained from three-tenths to seven-tenths of a
milligram of nitrogen, and that amount of solution was put into a
pot containing eight pounds of sand, then the different plants
manifested a very different behavior.

The oats, rape, and buckwheat were unaffected by the soil solu-
tion ; they remained in the condition of nitrogen starvation. But

* Ornithopus sativus, an animal leguminous plant, native of Portugal. It is a val-
uable agricultural plant, producing an abundant crop of excellent fodder where
nothing else will grow to perfection.

90 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the legumes, that is to saj', peas, seradella, and lupines, after
having consumed the reserve material of the seed and then fasted
for a time, suddenly began to turn dark green, and from that
moment grew luxuriantly until they ripened. But if the soil
solution had been sterilized before it was applied it remained
without effect. The different soils used did not all work in the
same wa}'. With lupines and seradella, only soil in which these
plants had been grown manifested this behavior ; with peas, on
the other hand, all the cultivated soils were effective. The expe-
riments were made in a large number of pots — one hundred and
seventy-eight all toid. As was clear from photographs of the
plants, they gave results which agreed so well with one another
that accidental presence of nitrogen in the sand or other errors
were excluded. It is thus to be considered as proven that the
legumes are able to get their nitrogen entirely from the air. Our
experiments of the past year make it very probable that peas were
able, not onh' to take up the small quantities of combined nitro-
gen, but also to assimilate the free nitrogen of the air. And the
experiments of this year demonstrate this still more conclu-
sively."

One of Professor Hellriegel's experiments is particularly inter-
esting. It was made upon the plan of experiments by Boussin-
gault, which have long been taken as part of the evidence that
plants cannot obtain nitrogen from the air. The plants were
grown inside large glass globes, through which air, free from
nitrogen, was passed ; the mineral food of the plants was supplied
in the soil in which they grew, and carbonic acid was introduced,
so that they had everything ordinarily supposed to be necessary
for their growth except nitrogen. That is, they had the free
nitrogen of the air, but in no other form except the minute quantity
contained in the soil infusion which was added. This soil infusion,
which, according to Hellriegel, contains the micro-organisms that
help the plants to get hold of the free nitrogen, made the diflfer-
erence between his experiments and those of Boussingault. None
of Boussingault's plants obtained any considerable quantity of
nitrogen.

Hellriegel's plants were peas, buckwheat, and oats. The two
latter acquired no oxygen and, of course, made extremely' little
growth ; but the peas grew luxuriantly and were entirely normal.
I ought to add that, in his last paper Professor Hellriegel speaks

APPLICATION OF SCIENCE TO PLANT CULTURE. 91

quite guardedly of the nodules and the micro-organisms and their
relation to the assimilating of nitrogen by the plant. But his
experiments reported last September, gave still stronger evidence
than those of the year before that, somehow or other, the plants
did get hold of nitrogen and of the free nitrogen of the air and
that in considerable quantities.

I notice that the account of the meeting says that Dr. Hellrie-
gel's paper was received with applause and followed by a lively
discussion in which a number of well-known chemists took part.
I think their discussion must have been very interesting, for manj'
of the gentlemen mentioned were the same with whom I well
remember conversing about this very point in one of these same
meetings five j-ears ago. Then, the idea that plants could get
any considerable quantity of nitrogen directly from the air, was
very heterodox.

There is at present a decided teudenc}' to accept the doctrine
that some plants do gather nitrogen from the air. If this doctrine
is true we may, when guano and nitrate of soda are gone, use
clover to obtain a suppl}' of nitiogen. I have letters full of
enthusiasm on this subject from all parts of the country, from
Maine to Dakota and Texas. Many are thinking of plant culture
and plant food and restoring worn out soil. Perhaps after another
ten years I shall be able to speak with more confidence on this
subject.

I was much struck the other day by a forcible remark of a
friend, who in speaking of farmers' clubs and the men who
support them, said: "Where there is one man talking in the
meeting, there are a hundred busily thinking at home." The
fact is, that we are in the midst of an awakening of agricultural
thought tliat is reall}' phenomenal. With the thinking come
improvement, better tillage, better crops, better stock, and better
profits, and what is best of all, a higher intellectual, and, I trust,
moral life. The agencies that speed this movement, the forms of
nutriment on which it thrives, are manilold. With the rest, such
men and such work as have been here referred to are doing, I
believe, not a little to help the good cause along. The future
welfare of our race, material, intellectual, and moral, depends
upon the food supply, or, in other words, upon the products of
the soil. This in turn reduces itself to a question of the supply
of phosphoric acid, potash, and nitrogen. Enough of the first

92 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

two for indefinite time to come is assured in the deposits of
phosphates and potash salts alreadj' discovered. But the supply
of the nitrogen is still in question. This costliest of the fertilizing
elements escapes from our soils into the air and into the sea, and
is taken away b}- crops, and not completely returned. The artificial
supplies in commercial fertilizers promise to meet but a small
fraction of the coming demand. If, as some are inclined to
believe, the exhaustless stores of the atmosphere are not available
to plants, the outlook is dark enough. But if the farmer may use
his plants to gather it without money and without price, we may
dismiss our solicitude. With the assurance that plants obtain
nitrogen from the air, the dismal doctrine of Malthus, which
prophesies starvation for the over-populated earth of the future,
may, with other kindred forms of pessimism, be happily ignored.
That the research of the future will bring the brighter answer to
this problem, there seems to me to be most excellent ground to
hope.

Discussion.

William H. Bowker was called on and said that if nitrogen
could be procured more cheaply the fertilizers of which some
complain as being too high priced, could be sold much cheaper.
The discoverer of a method of supplying nitrogen cheaply will be
one of the greatest benefactors of the farmers. Perhaps the
Creator has withheld this knowledge for wise purposes ; if we had
possessed it we might not have utilized waste material as
thoroughly as we have.

William C. Strong had been greatlj' interested in the lecture,
and felt that practical men ought to co-operate with scientists in
such investigations as Professor Atwater had described, although
he still thought they must be mainl}' in the hands of scientists.
Farmers have not the time to give to them.

William H. Hunt was glad to hear that there are farmers who
have made such valuable experiments. Many experiments made
by farmers are of little value, because some important point is
left out. Still they can, b}' taking care, gain valuable information
from experiment.

William D. Philbrick asked if there are any means by which
we can make use of the wonderful microbes which had been
described by the lecturer, and hasten their operations.

APPLICATION OF SCIENCE TO PLANT CULTURE. 93

Mr. Bowker asked if an increase of carbonic acid gas in the
soil would have the desired effect.

Professor Atwater replied that it was only lately' that we had
got acquainted with the microbes, and we know but little about
them. The}' are present within the air and without ; we cannot
live without them and we cannot die without them. It was only a
dozen years ago that the first discover}' was made of their relation
to the supph' of nitrogen to plants. The theory is that microbes
are efficient in enabling the plant or the soil or both to avail
themselves of the nitrogen. The speaker reminded his hearers
of Hellriegel's suppositions on this point, and his experiments
shoveing that when infusions containing bacteria are used the
plants do get nitrogen, and that when they do not have the
infusions, the\' do not get a supply of nitrogen. He also alluded
to the " humus theory " formerly held — that humus is the food of
plants — until Liebig went out on a sandy knoll and demonstrated
that humus is not a necessity. Still it is efficient in furnishing food.
Carbon in plants is taken up from the air by their leaves ; in the
soil it is efficient in promoting the decomposition of the rocks and
furnishing plant food. The same material makes food and lodging
for bacteria. The presence of organic matter in the soil would
increase bacteria. The whole subject is a new one ; but two
journals devoted to bacteriolg}' have been started within a short
time. To the question how to favor the action of bacteria he
would reply that we must favor the cultivation of such plants as
gather them. They supply the nitrogen of cattle food. It used
to be thought that corn stalks were of no value because they lack
protein and nitrogen. If it shall prove that corn has this happy
facult}' of gaining nitrogen from the air, so much the better.

Mr. Philbrick asked if it was not possible that the prevailing
prejudice among farmers in favor of animal manure might be
justified by its promoting the growth of bacteria and consequently
the liberation of nitrogen.

Professor Atwater replied that this seemed a very plausible
hypothesis. As a scientific man he has a great respect for the
practical results of the labors of practical men. We find b}'
experiment that the commercial fertilizers do surpass the barnyard
manure in supplying plant food, yet despite this he felt that there
must be something to justify the prejudices of farmers in favor of
the latter. The organic matter in the soil, favored by the higher

94 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

temperature produced b}' the fermentation of horse manure, may
afford a home for bacteria, and so help the plant to a supply of
nitrogen.

In growing crops on worn out lands guano, phosphate, etc.,
worked well for a while and then failed, and potash was tried and
succeeded. Nitrogen and phosphate had accumulated in the soil,
and potash just filled the niche. A plant cannot rise above the
level of the lowest element in the soil : in the experiment above
mentioned, phosphate was the lowest at first ; afterwards the pot-
ash was reduced and it required a further supply. The speaker
recommended growing those plants which take nitrogen from the
air. By feeding them we serve the double purpose of adding fer-
tility to the soil and increasing the supply of valuable animal
manure.

Rev. A. B. Muzzey said that sometimes he had thought there
might have been a little jealousy of scientists on the part of
farmers, but we want the knowledge furnished by the scientists to
help the farmers. Every man who has heard this lecture will go
home prepared to cultivate more intelligently. He had seldom
seen a better illustration of the benefit of scientific research.

A vote of thanks to Professor Atwater for his interesting and
instructive discourse was unanimously passed.

The announcement for the next Saturday was a paper on " The
Bulb Gardens of Holland," by Robert Farquhar.

BUSINESS MEETING.

- Saturday, February 18, 1888.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Henry P. Walcott, in the chair.

It was voted that the Committee of Arrangements be authorized
to purchase such plate as is offered for prizes in the Schedule.

The President read a communication from the Bay State Agri-
cultural Society, giving information of the prizes offered by that
Society for essays on agricultural topics.

Adjourned to Saturday, February 25.

THE BULB GARDENS OF HOLLAND. 95

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

The Bulb Gardens of Holland.

By Robert Farquhar, Boston.

I propose giving you some particulars of a recent visit to Hol-
land and the famous bulb gardens in and around Haarlem, and I
shall also endeavor to describe the methods of cultivation practised
by the leading Dutch bulb growers. I shall not occupy your
valuable time with any remarks upon our vo^^age across the ocean
and the strange mixture of discomfort and pleasure experienced
by every passenger on an Atlantic steamer. Suffice it to say that
in the gray of a July morning, we sighted the Dutch coast. The
land lay before us, flat and low, like a great green sea on which
the huge sails of numerous windmills seemed to take the place of
the sailing craft on the blue expanse behind us. To reach Rot-
terdam, we sailed up the river Maas several miles. At its mouth,
within three hundred yards of where we passed, a large iron
steamer lay half buried in the sand, where it had lain for months,
and it is doubtless there today in company with the wrecks of two
sailing vessels also, within half a mile. Some months previously,
these had been blown on the shallows, to sink deeper and deeper
in the yielding sands, beyond the aid of the most daring wrecker.
During heavy storms, blowing landward, vessels frequently miss
the channel, and are driven on the beach, which is so low and flat,
and the sand is so yielding, that vessels are rarely or never taken
off safely.

All along the sides of the river, heavy stakes or trunks of trees are
driven about a foot apart, to protect the banks. In many places,
strong willows are also worked in, basket fashion, as a farther pro-
tection, the protruding tops of the stakes being the framework.
On the banks grows the dyke grass, the roots of which band them-
selves together in intricate and almost inseparable union, holding
the loose, sandy soil in place. This grass is planted on nearh' all
sea, river, and canal banks in the Netherlands. Proceeding up
the broad river, numerous evidences of the patient industry of the
people are presented. On either side, the low, level fields stretch
for miles, intersected by ditches and canals. Everywhere the cul-
tivation seems almost perfect and the crops are exceedingly luxu-

96 MASSACHUSETTS HOUTICULTURAL SOCIETr.

riant. Large herds of black and white cattle, windmills, and
here and there a canal boat moving slowly along, pleasantly relieve
what would otherwise be a very monotonous landscape.

At length we enter the harbor of Rotterdam, which, for Hol-
land, is quite a large and stirring city. Its inhabitants number
about 150,000 and a thrifty and prosperous class of people they
are. Its shipping interests are of great importance and it is a
distributing centre for a large tract of farming country. Immense
quantities of rye, buckwheat, oats, potatoes, butter, and cheese are
annually exported.

A walk througii the principal streets of one of the larger
Dutch cities is full of interest. As a rule, wide canals occupy the
centre of all the main streets. These are the chief highways of
the country. They extend in connected systems all over the land,
and most of the produce is conveyed to the city markets by large
boats, on which the owner and his family live a great part of the
time. These canals afford the boatmen almost as good an oppor-
tunity* of selling their products as our market streets do to our
farmers. Once in the city the boat is guided to its location, tied to a
convenient stake, and there it remains till its load is disposed of.
Firewood and dried peat in the form of bricks, for fuel, are brought
from far back in the country ; also hay, potatoes, cabbages, and
other vegetables, and fruit. A long line of boats extends along
the canal sides, and purchasers, as they pass along, can tell where
to find what they want, by the little piles of merchandise placed
on the wharf or street opposite each boat. Vegetables are hawked
about the streets on two-wheeled handcarts pushed before the
vender. One of the first sights which met our e^'es after landing
was a handcart full of magnificent heads of cauliflower, large,
white, and beautiful. The cart was in charge of a woman, who
pushed it along in a very business-like fashion, but her labors
were very considerably lessened by two large dogs yoked to the
axle who did most of the propelling. We frequently met similar
teams during our travels.

It is a strange sight to American eyes, but throughout Holland,
particularly in the country, women are seen taking a hand with
the men at many kinds of out-door farm work, such as hoeing,
weeding, ploughing, boat hauling, and so forth. As a conse-
quence we find them very strong and healthy in appearance, but
far less refined and intelligent than those occupying a correspond-

THE BULB GARDENS OF HOLLAND. 97

ing station in New England. Passing along towards the snbnrHs
we note everywhere the beautiful deep green color of the grass
and foliage. Roses, pansies, geraniums, and 3'ellow herbaceous
calceolarias are seen in perfection of color in gardens, many of
which are kept splendidl}'. Among vegetables we particularly
note the excellence of the crop of cauliflowers. It is a sure crop
in Holland ; the cool, moist climate and a soil which is always
moist, but rarely or never too wet, seems to suit it exactly. The
tools used by gardeners and farmers are ver^' clumsy and heavy.
A Dutch spade will weigh as much again as an American spade,
and so with other tools. We observed some workmen taking out
the foundation for a new building ; they were working eight or
nine feet below the level of the canal which flowed in the middle
of the street, and constant pumping into the canal was necessary
to get rid of the water. The pump in use attracted our attention.
It consisted of a log of wood sixteen or eighteen feet long and
ten inches in diameter ; a hole in the centre about four inches wide
extended from end to end and was fitted with a spiral lift. The
lower end of the log reached down into the water, and four men
kept laboriously turning the great clumsy thing hour after hour
by handles near the end which reached into the canal. -In this way
about as much water was scooped up into the canal in half an
hour by the four men, as one man with an American bucket
pump, could discharge in fifteen minutes.

But Haarlem and its bulb gardens interest us chiefly at present,
so we leave the city with its quaint old buildings and many
belled church spires. The road over which we are driven is
paved throughout with dressed stones. The ever present canal
runs alongside, wide enough for large boats to pass on their way
to and from town. One of these passes every now and then laden
with country produce, and is pulled along by a horse walking on
the roadway. Occasionally the owner or his wife does the pull-
ing, as for instance at feeding time, when the horse passes on to
the boat and enjoys his hay and a sail at the same time.

Wherever we look the landscape has the same level appear-
ance, and the soil is loose, sandy, and fine. We pass windmill
after windmill, each with four huge sails, often measuring fifty
feet from end to end. These mills are used for a variety of pur-
poses, such as grinding grain, sawing timber, etc., but chiefly for
pumping water from the small ditches which drain the fields into
7

98 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the large canals. When completely equipped with machinery
they are quite costly erections. Standing on the road we counted
twenty-five in sight at one time. Farming is the chief occupa-
tion of the country people, and grass the principal crop raised.
The implements and tools in use are very clumsy and heavy, and
as we see the farmers at work moving leisurely about in their
great wooden clogs or shoes we wonder how they can keep their
farms in such excellent condition as is almost uniformly seen.

The district in which bulb growing for market is carried on is
of comparatively small area. The ancient town of Haarlem is its
centre. It is a very quiet, old place with many old buildings of
quaint architecture. Man}- of the bulb merchants have business
offices in Haarlem, but the grounds where most of the bulbs are
grown are several miles out of the town proper. One class of
merchants own very extensive and valuable gardens, and them-
selves grow nearly all the bulbs they offer for sale in their cata-
logues, or make contracts with raisers for them. We find also in
Haarlem another class of dealers who issue catalogues, but who
grow few or none of the bulbs they offer for sale, and who own
no gardens. These latter pick up their bulbs where they can get
them cheapest ; sometimes at public sales ; at other times of the
country farmers who make a business of raising them. Large
quantities of their bulbs annually reach this counti'y, as the price
lists are well gotten up and circulated widel}' among dealers.
They solicit early orders and are thus in a position to secure most
of the bulbs they want. Public auctions take place on the grounds
of the growers at the blooming season, the bulbs being delivered
when matured. Other sales are held at the time of lifting and
cleaning. Bulbs can be purchased of this class of dealers at a low
price, and often give as good satisfaction as those purchased from
firms who are growers, but they are not to be relied upon. Even
by a visit to Haarlem, and a direct personal trade with the dealers,
one is not always sure of getting the bulbs he is shown, unless he
knows the grower to be reliable. We know one gentleman who,
visiting Holland at the season of flowering, was invited b}^ a
Haarlem dealer to ride out and see his tulips in bloom. He went
and was delighted. The flowers were all that could be desired in
purity and health. A day or two afterwards he was having a
conversation on bulb business with another dealer who invited
him to visit his bulb gardens a short distance out of town.

THE BULB GARDENS OF HOLLAND. 99

Fanc}" his astonishment when he was driven to see the same tulip
grounds whicli he had been shown b}' dealer No. 1. The fact
was that neither of the two owned any of them. They were
owned b}' an old Dutch gardener who sold his crop annually' to
the local dealer who would pay the highest price. He of course
well knew the inwardness of all these visits, but it was for his
interest to sa}' nothing.

Many of these farmers raise far more bulbs than some dealers
who issue catalogues, but from want of enterprise or lack of
education have had to depend upon their home markets. They
have confined themselves to raising a few leading varieties,
usually of Hyacinths or Tulips. Education and a knowledge of
English have of late become more general, and consequently in the
past ten years many of those who grew for the extensive Dutch
houses are offering their bulbs in the American and English
markets. This lively competition has caused a great decline in
prices, much to the annoyance of the wealthy old planters, who
for man}' years reaped a rich harvest of golden guilders unmo-
lested in their monopoly of the markets of the world. It must
be acknowledged that they still have undeniable advantages in
the business. They own the land best suited for successfully
raising the various kinds. Most of them are wealthy, and, grow-
ing in immense quantities, can afford to send older and better
matured bulbs on a large general order than mere speculators,
whose only claim to be extensive growers is in their advertise-
ments. The gardens now cultivated b}' the best growers we met
with in Holland havie been owned by members of the same family
for many years, — in some cases nearly two centuries.

You will, I hope, pardon a word of caution here, to any who
may contemplate visiting Holland at some time to purchase.
When you get to Haarlem do not disclose much of 3'our business
to the first dealer you meet. If you buy largely he will exert
himself to the utmost to interest you. He will show you
how bulbs are propagated, cultivated, and cared for through
all the stages of their growth. After one whole da}' spent at his
residence, gardens, and storehouses, his carriage will be at your
hotel the next, before you are up, to take you to see some of the
sights which he informs 50U no one ever misses who has time to
enjoy them. In short, if he wants you for a customer he is pretty
sure to monopolize all your time so that no rival dealer gets a

100 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

chauce at 3-011. All is so civilly and prettily done, that you and
3'onr day are captured before you realize it, but in a way very
pleasant for you. When in Holland we visited a number of the
leading gentlemen engaged in bulb growing and did not meet a
finer class of men in Europe. They are as unlike the Dutchman
of our picture books as can be. Nearly all were gentlemen of
wealth, education, and refinement, who seemed to enjoy life to the
full. The}' own large and tine residences and their hospitality
is unbounded.

The bulb gardens of the large growers are all of the same
general appearance. Fancy a field from fifteen to twentj'-five
acres in extent, perfectly level but cut up by ditches and wider
canals into numerous rectangular patches. Ever}* two hundred
yards or so we cross a canal large enough to float a boat, the
bridge over which we pass being raised to allow boats to pass to
and from the fields. These canals are met at right angles by
smaller ditches fort}' or fifty yards apart, which are so narrow
that one can step across. As there is always w;ater in these
the fields never get very dry, but, the soil being exceedingly
porous and sandy, surplus water rapidly drains off. Only in
seasons when protracted rains occur late in the spring are the
bulbs likely to suflJer from too much moisture ; they will then
ripen very late and, being soft, keep and ship poorly.

These canals usually connect with the nearest commercial canal
sj'stem, and the plan of their arrangement is such that manure
can be carried throughout the fields from the barns, and the bulbs
and other crops to the various stores or bulb magazines, in boats.
The surface of the fields is about two feet above the surface of
the water in the canals and ditches. These are usually perfectlj"
green in summer, being covered by the tiny acquatic, Lemna
nutans, (Duckweed). As a boat passes, all the water one sees is
a little angular opening at the stern, which is again green in a
moment, or as soon as the little plants can float into place.

At each end of the large plats are manure holes, in which
barn3^ard or cow manure is left to rot in readiness for digging.
It is brought from the yards in boats and pitched direct into the
holes. It is distributed over the fields from carts with very
broad wheels before digging time. All the manure used in the
bulb grounds is old, thoroughly decomposed, and fine. The soil
is so ver}- light, and free from stones that a great deal of the work

THE BULB GARDENS OF HOLLAND. 101

of planting and lifting is done by hand, without the use of tools.
One of the workmen usually accompanied us as we examined the
bulbs, and frequently scooped up with his hand in a moment a
row of a dozen or more hyacinths planted four inches deep. The
soil is in fact a fine sand, evidently stream deposits. It is
enriched with liberal quantities of cow dung. The light colored,
fine, sand}' soils are best suited for the cultivation of Hyacinths,
Tulips, Crocuses, and Narcissuses. Spireas, Dielj'tras, Lilies of
the Valley, and others of that class require the darker, heavier soil
also found in the vicinity of Haarlem. In order to secure healthy
bulbs it is found necessary to alternate crops. Thus Hyacinths
are usually followed by a crop of potatoes, these by a crop of
Tulips, then potatoes again, followed by Narcissuses or Crocuses.
The fine feeding roots of the potato, decaying in the soil, leave
there a necessary element of bulb food. All work on these gar-
dens is done neatlj' and systematically. The bulbs are usually
planted in beds of an exact width, the lines containing exactly
the same number of bulbs. Almost invariably the whole estab-
lishment bears a well cared for appeai'ance. From early summer
till autumn, work is begun daily at about five in the morning and
ceases about seven at night. Women and men are employed in
about equal numbers.

A dining hall is a feature of every large establishment. To it,
all hands repair four times daily to partake of coffee and other
drinks provided b}' the employer to accompany the contents of
their ample lunch baskets. Sufficient time is allowed at meals, and
I cannot remember seeing anybod}' making much haste at any
time during our visit, but none were idle, and the work people
appeared contented and happy. Most of them live in cottages in
the gardens, each with a neat garden adjoining.

The magazines for storing marketable bulbs are situated by the
sides of the canals, and are generally erected alongside of each other
and connected by broad passage ways. One of the best arranged
we visited had light rails laid along the passages, on which hand
trucks, large enough to hold about three barrels full, could be
driven easil}' by hand to any part of the buildings. Thus as the
boats arrived from the grounds the baskets of cleaned bulbs were
lifted from the boats on to the trucks, which when loaded are
pushed along the rails to the place where they are to lie till
packed for shipment. Sorted Hyacinths are all kept in one sec-

102 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

tion, laid in regular rows, one deep on the shelves, which are
about seven inches apart. Tulips will be found in another
section, double and single varieties being in different parts.
Other leading species of bulbs, such as Narcissuses, Scillas,
Crocuses, etc., are each in their allotted section. All are care-
fully named and labelled, the varieties of the species being kept
distinct by means of movable blocks of wood. All other bulbs
with dry roots are stored before shipment in a similar manner.

Each section of the magazine is under the charge of a careful
workman, who is capable of filling all orders for bulbs from his
particular department. When all have been lifted, dried, cleaned,
graded, and put in place in the magazine, the filling of orders
commences. This is proceeded with in the following manner.
Orders begin to come in several weeks before they can be filled.
As soon as they are received, the paper labels for bags are all writ-
ten ; an assistant then pastes these labels on t.ie right sizes of bags
required to hold the number called for. Afterwards the labelled
bags for the whole order are tied together and marked with the
customer's name. All orders are tluis written up when received
and laid aside till the time for filling. When all is ready a
number — perhaps twelve orders — are selected, and the labelled
bags of all the twelve orders are given to the men in charge of the
various departments. The man in charge of the named Hyacinths,
has the making up of all that class of Hyacinths called for by all
the twelve orders before he returns to the packing room with his
truck load of packages. The Tulip man gets all the empty Tulip
bags of the twelve orders to fill, and so with those iu charge of
other sections of the magazine. Each workman is supposed to
get a just proportion, so that all may get through together.

All bring their loads to the large packing room, when each original
manuscript order is taken separately and the items as called for
are handed from the trucks by the men who filled them. When
the first order is thus all called for and filled, the bags are packed
and boxed by men who attend to that work especially. The other
orders are filled in the same way till the twelve are completed, and
so the work goes on from day to day during the season.

For packing in the bags, chaff of buckwheat is used to protect
bulbs from being chafed. In packing crocuses, sawdust is now
more commonly used on account of being less kindly to the
increase of a tiny insect which preys upon the bulbs.

THE BULB GARDENS OF HOLLAND. 103

In addition to the large magazines used for storing marketable
bulbs, there are others for the small ones. These are usually
erected far apart near the corners of the garden. This is to save
labor, as after these young bulbs are lifted they can be stored
near b}', and near where they will be planted annually', till they
attain full growth, when they will be conveyed to the large maga-
zines to be shipped away.

We shall now endeavor to describe somewhat minutely the
manner in which one or two of the leading species are propagated
and cultivated. We select the hyacinth as being particularly
interesting, and also on account of its great value as a decorative
plant at a season when other flowers are not over plentiful.

In Holland this flower is grown entirely in sand as fine as meal.
Old decomposed cow manure in liberal quantity is placed under-
neath or mixed with the soil before the bulbs are set out. The
extent of land devoted to this bulb around Haarlem is from two
hundred to three hundred acres.

The peculiarities of the soil and climate of Holland are more
favorable to their production than any other section. The original
of the Dutch hyacinth, Hyacintlms orientalis, is a very insignificant
plant, bearing on a spike a few small, narrow-lobed, pale blue,
single flowers. From this small beginning, as cultivated more
than three hundred years ago, we have, today, over five hundred
varieties of nearly every color, many of them charmingl}^ beauti-
ful and nearly all of easy cultivation. We have a record of the
existence of six single varieties in the year 1597. Towards the
close of the seventeenth century, double flowering sorts began to
appear and for many j-ears the double form was most esteemed.
In 1754, an English writer described upwards of fifty single
flowered varieties and ninety double. At that date favorite sorts
were sold at extravagant prices. One white variety, La Reine des
Femmes, sold for fifty guilders a bulb on its first appearance. A
double blue, Overwinuer, then cost one hundred guilders a bulb,
while another, Gloria Mundi, cost five hundred guilders, equal to
$200 of our money ; but, as values were at that time, much more
relatively. These prices are taken from a Dutch grower's cata-
logue of 1754 and are not figures from fancy. In 1755, we have
the first record of their being grown in glasses.

Of late years, single flowered sorts have been most popular,
and few will question the justice of the preference,

104 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTUUAL SOCIETY.

In some of the newer varieties a great improvement has been
attained in the size of the individual flowers, the breadth of their
recurving lobes, and in increased brilliancy and depth of color.

New varieties are produced from the seeds of fertilized flowers.
Clear colors are selected for crossing. The seed is sown in
August, sometimes in pots, but generally in special!}' prepared beds
in which the growth and strength of the young plants are greatly
promoted. The seed beds are protected by straw during winter
and the plants show themselves in early spring. The bulblets are
lifted about midsummer, placed under cover and allowed to dry
oS with the leaves on. In September, they are replanted in poor,
sandy soil underneath which is put a foot of the richest material
possible, consisting of cow dung, river mud, and saud. The
Dutch growers are particular not to allow any manure to touch the
bulbs. The}' rest in clear, sharp sand, with which they are also
covered. This treatment results in the bulbs produced being
shapel}', clean, and hard-skinned. The sand also serves to pro-
tect the bulbs from the attacks of worms and other insects : its
sharpness hinders their approach. It may be wise for us to
remember this fact in planting other bulbs besides h^'acinths and
tulips. Hyacinths usually bloom at four years from seed, but a
five years old bulb gives better and stronger flowers.

The great bulk of hyacinths are grown from offsets or small
bulblets obtained by cutting large bulbs and growing them one
year. Several methods are in practice for obtaining these offsets.
In the case of old, well-known sorts, for which there is a sure
demand yearly, the old bulbs are cut so as to produce the largest
bulblets the first year. If the variety to be propagated is rare and
costly, the bulbs are cut so as to produce the greatest number of
bulblets. These last will be so small that they must he grown
five or six j'ears before they are of marketable size. The method
commonly practised is to cut the old bulbs twice at the base.
This is done in June or July. The cut bulbs are then laid on
shelves, wliere the sections cut immediatel}" parti}' open and in
five or six weeks a small bulblet will be found formed at each
scale where cut. The mother bulbs are planted in September,
about seven inches deep, to be lifted early in the following sum-
mer. They throw up a few stray leaves only, all their strength
going into the bulblets. Bulbs so propagated are fit to sell in four
3'ears ; they are then at their best and will deteriorate afterwards,
becoming divided and entirely useless for sale.

THE BULB GARDENS OF HOLLAND. 105

There are two methods of cutting practised to obtain a great
number of bulbs from one. Some scoop out the whole of the base
of the old bulbs and so attain their object. Others cut the bulbs
in two or three pieces and get an enormous number of very small
bulbs which will not be at their best till grown up six years.

Hyacinth culture in Holland is by no means a pastime. They
require great care at every stage, particularly those which are to
be sold in the fall. These when lifted from the grounds are laid,
with roots and leaves still on, on shelves and covered with dry
sand for about ten days. This care is necessary to give the bulbs
that fine, clean appearance and thorough ri|)eness and solidity, which
is desirable. They are then cleaned and carried in padded bas-
kets to their place in the magazine. There thej' must be watched
and cared for, dr}^ rot or other disease often attacking them,
particularly after a wet spring. Most of the hyacinths leave
Holland in August. The}' are shipped in immense numbers to
Russia, Germany, France, America, and England. On account
of the laws regarding phylloxera, none are admitted into either
Ital}' or Spain. In P^ngland, they are very popular as window
plants. One grower for Coveut Garden Market last year planted
fifty thousand bulbs. With the people here they are sure to
be popular, when it becomes generally known that little skill
is required in their cultivation, if supplied with plenty of water
and fresh, cool air.

Hyacinths in Holland are never allowed to freeze in the beds
during winter. They are covered with straw to the depth of six
inches and keep rooting ail winter. The climate is, of course,
much milder than ours, twenty degrees of frost being considered
Siberian weather.

With tulips, as with hyacinths, new varieties are obtained from
seed. Selfs of the purest color are used for crossing, and only
those of the most perfect form of flower.

All the varieties of tulips in commerce are increased by offsets.
A number of these are usually found at the base of each mature
bulb after flowering ; also one or two large flowering bulbs.
These flowering bulbs lie close to the stem and are usually marked
b}' it. In this wa}' one can almost certainly distinguish flow-
ering bulbs. Tulips are lifted from the bed as soon as their
leaves turn yellow. If allowed to stand longer the bulbs get soft
and the skins come off. Under some circumstances, it is neces-

106 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

sary to lift tbem before the leaves turn. There is no danger of
injury to the bulbs when lifted soon after the petals drop, if prop-
erly done. They are removed to some perfectly drj* shed and
covered with earth for eight or ten days. At the expiration of
that time they will have ripened fully, the leaves and roots will
have become dry and the bulbs ready to clean and store.

In Holland, when it is desired to produce blooms of the greatest
excellence for exhibition, great care is given to the preparation of
the beds. The natural earth is removed to the depth of eighteen
inches ; six inches in depth of manure is first put in and the bed
is then filkd with a mixture of old manure, loam, and sand, which
has been turned frequently* in sunny weather to kill the worms.
Sifted sharp sand surrounds the bulbs, which are planted in
October four inches deep. Before being set the skin is slightly
raised from the base of the bulbs to permit the roots to escape
more freely. As the season of flowering approaches, a raised
covering is put over the beds so that the flowers are protected
from injury by rain and direct sunlight. In this wa}- they are
made to last in bloom as long as a carnation, and their size and
color are enhanced and intensified. The history of the tulip is an
interesting one ; and, although the time is long ago past when
fortunes were spent in the purchase of a few coveted bulbs, their
real beaut}' and worth have never been more generally acknowl-
edged than at the present time.

Much might be added of interest to horticulturists regarding
the cultivation of Narcissuses, Crocuses, Lilies, and other bulbs in
Holland, if time permitted, but I hope some one present may have
something to say about these in the discussion to follow.

I have endeavored to describe things just as I saw them and
trust that some of the information conve3'ed,may be found useful
to cultivators here.

Discussion.

William E. Endicott asked whether the bulbs in Holland are
taken up every year.

Mr. Farquhar replied that tulip bulbs are taken up every year.
The largest offsets of the narcissuses are taken up and sold. He
added that the hyacinths are never allowed to bloom, except in
the specimen beds ; indeed, the blooms of bulbs generally are
removed. The best growers keep the kinds separate ; the small

INJURIOUS INSECTS. 107

growers do not. Some growers mark the names on stakes sixteen
inches long, two inches wide, and one inch thick, painted and
written on before tlie paint is dry.

Small bulbs such as Tritomas, Sparaxis, Ixias, etc., are usually
grown in pans, the food being placed in the bottom and the bulbs
planted in a laj'er of sand above.

The paper had dealt almost entirely with bulbs for sale. In
private gardens the more careful growers lift the hyacinths as
well as the tulips every year.

In answer to an inquiry by 0. B. Hadwen, Mr. Farquhar said
that hyacinth bulbs seem to grow to a certain state of perfection
and after that they are thrown away if not sold.

Interest was added to the paper by the exhibition of some of
the sand in which the bulbs are grown, and the method of cutting
the bulbs for increase was illustrated with actual specimens. At
the close, a vote of thanks to Mr. Farquhar was unanimously
passed.

The Chairman of the Committee on Publication and Discussion
announced for the next Saturday, a paper on " Insects Injurious
to Vegetation," b}' C. H. Feruald, of the State Agricultural Col-
lege at Amherst.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, February 25, 1888.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
Vice President William H. Spooner in the chair.

O. B. Hadwen, Chaiiman of the Committee on Publication and
Discussion, reported the award of the prizes offered for the best
reports by awarding committees. The report was accepted.

Adjourned to Saturda}-, March 3.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.
Injurious Insects.

By Professor C. H. Feunald, Ph.D., Amherst.

The science of entomology is of so great importance that it
deserves the careful attention and study of ever}' person engaged
in horticultural operations. Every plant has its insect enemies ;

108 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

sometimes in sucli numbers as to entirely destro}' the crop, but at
other times their depredations are scarcel}' perceptible and they
are either overlooked or allowed to share the crops, taking, in
most instances, a larger percentage than is usually supposed.

It is this percentage that we should look after ; for, as the
margin of profits grows narrower by competition, it becomes a
matter of necessity to stop all the leaks, so far as possible, and the
destruction caused by insects is a very important loss.

When one sees his crops so beset with insects innumerable as
to threaten their entire destruction, he leaves no stone unturned
in his search for knowledge about these enemies and the best
means for their destruction. For such cases we desire more
effectual means and more destructive agencies than are now
known, and to this end investigations will undoubtedly be made
in the various experiment stations about to be established in the
different States.

I wish, today, to call 3'our attention more especially to the
losses caused by insects when they are not so very abundant and
are taking only a small percentage of our crops, because then we
are liable to overlook them or to regard them as of little impor-
tance, even when they are destroying all the margin of profit there
is on the crop.

AVheu one finds a species of insect or several species attacking
any crop, there are two problems for him to solve as best he may :
first, what will be the amount of the destruction caused by these
insects if they are allowed to go on unchecked ; and secondly,
whether it will pay to take active measures against them.

Not unfrequently persons make vague and useless attempts to
destroy insects, when the same expenditure, properly directed,
would have accomplished much good. I once heard of a man who
drove nails into the trunks of his apple trees for the purpose of
destroying the borers, a shingle nail for a small tree, a clapboard
nail for a medium-sized tree, and a board nail for a large tree ;
and of another man who went around periodicall}' and plugged up
the holes in the trunks of his trees from which the borers had
escaped, thinking they had just gone in and that he could kill them
by excluding the air from them.

It is of importance, therefore, that the farmer or orchardist
should understand the life history of the insects he has to deal
with, from the egg up to the mature stage ; and, in manj' cases,

INJURIOUS INSECTS. 109

he conld learn this from his own unaided observations, if he were
aware of his capabilities in that direction. These things are
simple matters of observation continued through the entire round
of life of the insect.

Nothing is easier than to cut off a branch or a stem of currant
which has the eggs of the sawfl}- on the leaves, and put the cut
end into a bottle of water that the leaves may be kept from wilting
in the house, and then watch them day by da\'. As the eggs hatch,
the young larvae feed and grow, molting their skins as they
become too tight for them, and then at maturity descending into
the ground to spin their cocoons if they are allowed to do so,
but if not making them on the surface exposed where one can see
the entire operation. Ver}' few need to make these observations
on this particular insect, as it is alread}' too well known, but it will
serve as an illustration of what may be done with many of our
insects. It is quite as easy a task to take a colon}' of tent cater-
pillars and carry them through all their transformations in con-
finement.

One of the prominent fruit growers in Maine told me that he
was accustomed to employ a boy to climb his apple trees and
destroy the tent caterpillars as soon as they appeared, but he was
obliged to send the bo}- several times, as new tents were formed
after the destruction of the old ones, and he was not able to under-
stand the reason of this till his little girl, who had undertaken to
raise a colony in the house, for her own amusement, discovered
that the caterpillars left the tent and went out to feed only in the
middle of the forenoon and again in the middle of the afternoon.
Her father took the hint from these observations, to send the boy
to destroy the caterpillars only early in the morning or late in the
afternoon, and then the work was effectual, for the caterpillars were
all in the tents when the boy crushed them.

If the insects are numerous on a plant there is no question but
that the farmer will look into the matter to the best of his ability, but
if there are comparatively few he should estimate the possible
increase during the season and the amount of damage they would
do, and what it would cost to apply the proper remedies.

I believe it to be a duty that every one owes to himself and to
his near neighbor to destroy as far as possible all insects injurious
to any of his crops. My neighbors on each side of me last
summer allowed the tent caterpillars to pass their entire transfer-

110 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

mations on their trees, on some of which I counted as many as ten
different tents. No doubt I shall have work to do in ray own
orchard this spring when the progenj'of ra}- neighbors' caterpillars
appear on my trees.

It has been suggested that insects might be destroyed by intro-
ducing some infectious disease among them, and I cannot rid
myself of the conviction that, in time, we may learn how to do
this, but thus far we have nothing to offer that is of practical
value. There are, at times, great invasions of insects in certain
localities which last for a short time, when they disappear as
suddenly as they came. This disappearance is not unfrequentl}'
caused by some contagious disease, and it remains to be discov-
ered what the nature of that disease is, and whether it is possible
to preserve the germs in any simple way and communicate it to
other insects at the proper time.

Insects differ so much in their habits that it is necessary to deal
with one species very differently from another. Some devour the
leaves of the plants ; others bore into their trunks, and still others
attack the plant below the surface of the ground. Some are noc-
turnal in their habits, concealing themselves during the daytime
and committing their ravages in the night, while others feed only
in the daytime. Some have their mouth-parts developed into a
tube which they thrust down through the epidermis of the leaf and
draw the sap from within, while others eat only the epidermis
itself.

To combat these insects successful!}' and to use the insecti-
cides judiciously, we must take into account their habits and
modes of life. While a poisonous insecticide sprinkled over the
surface of the leaves would destroy the leaf-eating species, it would
probably have no effect on those that draw the sap from within
through their tubular mouth-parts, like the plant lice and the squash
bug. For these the best agents to use are those that affect the
respiratory organs, such as pyrethrum and kerosene emulsion.

For all leaf-eating insects, such as canker worms, tent cater-
pillars, forest tent caterpillars, tussock moths, and a host of
others which attack our fruit and shade trees, as well as man}- of
our shrubs, one of the best and most effectual remedies is
to shower the trees with Paris green or London purple in water.
The method adopted by the fruit growers in the State of New
York is to put tiiree empty kerosene oil barrels, having a capacity

INJURIOUS INSECTS. Ill

of about fifty gallons each, in a wagon and fill them with water.
Then they take a pound of London purple for each barrel, first
mixing it well in a pail of water, and pour it into the barrel. The
wagon is then driven along the windward side of the row of trees,
if there is much wind, and, with a fountain pump having a fine rose
attached, the liquid is thrown over the trees in a fine mist till the
leaves begin to drip. The water in the barrels must be stirred
constantly to prevent the poison from settling. Great care is also
taken to prevent the wind from carrying the liquid towards the
men or horses. In rainy weather they repeat the application two
or three times. With two teams and four men they are able to
spray three or four hundred trees in a day, and the cost is set at
three cents a tree for twice spraying.

The above estimate of the cost of spra3-ing trees seems rather
low ; still the actual cost must have been known. Professor
Forbes, of the Illinois Industrial Universit}-, made some experi-
ments in spraying trees to destroy the codling moth, and he esti-
mated the cost at ten cents a tree. But he stated that, with
proper appliances, it would cost much less. If we estimate the
cost of showering an apple tree to be ten cents even, which I have
no doubt is twice as much as the actual cost would be, I believe
it would then prove to be the cheapest and most eflfectual way of
destroying all leaf-eating species, and the most eflfectual method
thus far suggested for the destruction of the codling moth. The
experimenty of Professor Forbes, conducted witli great care
through two seasons, resulted in the saving of seventy-five per
cent of the apples which would otherwise have been injured by
the codling moth ; and when we take into account the fact that by
the same application numerous other insects were destroyed, we
must admit that spraying the trees, even at ten cents apiece, is an
exceedingly profitable investment.

Professor Forbes used Paris green in water in the proportion of
fifteen ounces of the former to fifty gallons of the latter, and
sprayed the trees thoroughly with a hand force-pump, the fluid
falling in a fine, mist-like spray upon the leaves until they began
to drip. He found by comparative experiments that the Paris
green was decidedl}' more efficient than London purple.

I have no doubt that the above is a larger proportion of the
poison than is necessar}' or desirable. Various proportions have
been recommended, even as low as one tablespoonful to a barrel

112 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of water. It should be borne in mind that poisonous insecticides
cannot be used with safet}' on apple trees after the young fruit has
grown so heavy as to turn down, for then the poison, instead of
being caught in the calyx end, where the egg is laid, lodges in the
cavit}' in the upturned stem end and ma}' remain there to injuri-
ously affect consumers. It is probable that Paris green acts as a
protection against the codling moth, not only by poisoning the
larva when it first begins to feed, but also by causing the parent
moths to avoid the trees bearing the poison as an unsuitable place
for their offspring. It has been said that where the trees have
been showered wiih Paris green the apple maggot has been less
abundant, but I think it remains to be proven that this insecticide
destroyed the maggot. I regret to say that, as yet, we have no
satisfactory remedy for this insect.

The plum curculio has long been a great annoyance to our fruit
growers, and if all who cultivate plums would persistently follow
up the old remedy of jarring the trees and destroying the beetles
which fall on the white cloth spread beneath, this unanimity of
action would reduce their numbers and damage to a minimum ; but
where shiftless, thriftless, worthless neighbors allow them to mul-
tipl}' without let or hindrance, it is impossible to suggest any very
effectual remedy. Undoubtedly it will be of great advantage to
allow chickens to run at will under the trees, for they will destroy
many of those that fall, but your negligent neighbors will con-
tinue to furnish an ample supply of the beetles. Some of our
entomologists are very sanguine that Paris green will destroy the
curculio if spraj-ed on the plum trees as soon as the petals fall.
It is reported that where alternate trees in the same row or orchard
have been sprayed, those treated with Paris green were not
attacked, while those not so protected were badly infested. If
these facts are borne out by further investigations, it will prove to
be a discovery of the greatest importance.

The common squash bug has proved very troublesome in various
parts of the State. This insect does not consume the surface of
the leaf, but forces its tubular mouth-parts down through the
epidermis and draws its food from the inside of the leaf, and is
not affected by poisons on the surface. It is necessarv, therefore,
to use some substance that will affect it otherwise than through
the digestive system, and for this purpose pyrethrum has been
found to work admirably. This substance ma\' be used as a

INJURIOUS INSECTS. 113

powder and dusted on bj" means of bellows prepared for that pur-
pose, or it may be used in solution in water, which is believed to
be the most economical and efficient method. The bulk of the
powder is dissolved in the water, to which it at once imparts its
insecticide principle. No stirring is necessary, but it should be
applied in a very fine spra}' ; the finer the more economical is its
use and the greater the chance of its reaching all the insects.
This solution should be used when first made, for it gradually loses
its power when it is allowed to stand.

Pj'rethrum is also an excellent insecticide for the cabbage but-
terfly, all kinds of plant lice, flea beetles, thrips on rose bushes
and grape vines, and many other insects, but it is liable to be
adulterated and one should be very careful to purchase only that
which is pure. This insecticide has the decided advantage of
being harmless to man and the domestic animals, and maybe used
with impunity where Paris green or London purple would require
to be used with great caution. Experiments have shown that half
an ounce stirred in two gallons of water was sufficiently strong to
kill any ordinary naked caterpillars when showered on them, but
was not strong enough to kill the most hardy or such as are pro-
tected by a dense, hairy covering.

The rose beetle is a ver}" common pest and feeds on so many
different plants as to make it much more troublesome than if it
confined its attacks to one plant alone. If they are infesting a
shrub or tree upon which it is safe to use Paris green, this will
prove a most effectual remedy, but if for any reason it is not safe
to use a poisonous insecticide, pyrethrum may be used.

To destroy currant worms and slugs on rose bushes and pear
trees and, in fact, larvae of any of the saw-flies, dissolve one ounce
of powdered hellebore in a little warm water and then dilute it
with two gallons of water and spray it onto the bushes. Paris
green could be used in spray on our ornamental and shade trees
for any saw-fly larvae which might be injuring them.

Another very valuable insecticide is the kerosene oil emulsion.
This is made of two parts of kerosene oil and one part of milk,
either sweet or sour, but preferably sour. Mix these in a pail or
tub, by continuously pumping with a force pump, through the
spray nozzle, back into the pail. After a short time, the liquids
unite and form a creamy emulsion and finally a white and glisten-
ing butter perfectly' homogeneous in texture and stable in char-

114 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

acter. The time required for producing a perfect emulsion varies
witli the temperature. If the milk is heated to sixt}' degrees it will
take from one-half to three-quarters of an hour, but if heated to
seventy-five degrees, only about fifteen minutes are required to
produce the emulsion.

When this mixture is needed for use, take as much as is required,
thin it by adding some water, and when it is thoroughly mixed
add as much water as is necessary to dilute it to the required
amount. For the destruction of plant lice, a mixture of one pint
of the butter to one and one-half gallons of water is a fair propor-
tion, and it should be applied with the force-pump and spray
nozzle.

An emulsion may be made with soap instead of milk, by dissolv-
ing four pounds of common bar soap in one gallon of hot water,
adding a gallon of kerosene gradually while still boiling, and
churning it with the force-pump as before. A gelatinous com-
pound of butter is formed which is very stable and which will keep
a long time if protected from the air. It can then be reduced by
mixing with water in any proportion desirable, but great care must
be exercised in making the emulsion to obtain a complete union,
otherwise the oil will injure the foliage of the plants.

Cut-worms are often very troublesome from the fact that they
remain concealed during the day under the ground or under pieces
of board or any object which affords shelter, and emerge in the
night on their errand of mischief and wanton destruction. We
could look upon their work with greater lenienc}^ if they would
climb to the top of the plants and eat onl}^ what is necessar}^ for
their present needs, but instead of this they select our choicest
and tenderest plants and simply eat them oflT just above the surface
of the ground, leaving the entire top intact to fall over and wilt in
the next "day's sun. I cannot conceive of anything more annoy-
ing than to go out in the morning and discover the devastations of
the cut-worms.

These insects belong to a large family of moths known as the
Noctuidm, of which there are more than fifteen hundred different
species in the United States and more than five hundred of these
occur in New England, and probably the greater part of this
number in Massachusetts alone. These insects vary in their
habits, but a large proportion of them are destructive to some one
or other of our cultivated crops.

INJURIOUS INSECTS. 115

It is a curious and interesting fact that one species of insect may
be very abundant one 3'ear and another the next and so on for
several years, when the species that was abundant on some former
3'ear will be abundant again, and so they go on. Some years ago
my home was where I had the exposure of broad grass fields, and
all summer long more or less of the night was spent in collecting
insects, either at molasses put on a fence in spots to attract them,
or at a strong light in a window. One year there would be a few of
a large number of diflJ'erent species, but one species would be so
very abundant as to be a perfect nuisance both at the light and
the molasses, while the next year the same would be true, but a
different species was usually abundant, and so they went on,
apparently taking turns.

These insects belonged mainly to the family Noctuidce and some
of them were the most notorious of cut-worms. During one
season, the army-worm moth was so exceeding!}' abundant that I
wondered the farmers had not noticed their injury to the grass crops
in that vicinit}^ and I felt sure that the next season there would be
an invasion of the arm^'-worm^ ; but, strange to sa}', not a solitary
arm^'-worm moth did I capture that season. What could have
caused such a complete extermination of that species in so short a
time, I am at a loss to conjecture. I feel sure that I have ^-et
something to learn about the arm3'-worm.

The various species of this family- which I captured there were
feeding on the different forage plants grown on those fields for
ha}'. The cut-worms proper came up by night aud ate off the
stems of clover, while others devoured the leaves of the grasses,
but if they had come up in the cultivated lands and eaten off a
cabbage plant here and there, what a hue and cry would have been
made about it ; yet those farmers never dreamed that anything
was amiss down in the grass fields, while my captures indicated
that not less than a quarter part of all their hay crop was devoured
every year.

The salvation of such fields from the insects would be to culti-
vate them ; and, by a rotation of crops, starve the insects out.
The insects that feed on the various grasses do not feed on pota-
toes, and if a grass field that is infested with certain species of
insects be plowed up and cultivated for a year or two and potatoes
or some other crop as unlike the grasses as possible be planted,
the grass insects will die out or move to other quarters ; aud if the

116 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ground be laid down to grass again before the insects peculiar to
the crop raised become established, the rotation of crops will be
beneficial for more reasons than one.

I have no doubt that lands which are said to be run out are
very often rendered so by the numerous insects on them rather
than b}'' the poverty of the soil. I have known many cases where
grass lands failing to yield a fair crop were broken up and culti-
vated for a time and laid down again with but very small applica-
tions of manure, and yet a large hay crop followed for several
years. I cannot rid myself of the conviction that many of these
cases are due to the work of insects more than to the poverty of
the soil.

Discussion.

Professor Fernald remarked in the course of his lecture that in
the State of New York a much larger percentage of apples has
been saved from injury bj' the codling moth than was stated by
Professor Forbes. There are two species of canker worms, one
found in fall and the other in spring, and in both species the male
and female are very different. At Amherst, Mass., they have only
the spring canker worm ; at Orono, Maine, only the fall. The
female of the tussock moth never goes down from the trees.

The lecture was illustrated by specimens of insects and force
pumps for applying insecticides. A hydrant does not give a con-
tinuous spray. One pump, with a flat nozzle, having six fine
holes, possessed the advantage that with it one could take a pail
on his arm and climb up into a tree and use it there. Another
pump with an air vessel, giving a continuous stream, would throw
the insecticide to the tops of apple trees. It had two nozzles, one
of them being reversible. The Professor thought a broad, flat
stream preferable to one of cylindrical form. One pump, to be
set in a pail, had the disadvantage of lifting with ever}- upward
stroke, unless it was firmly held down. Another was provided
with a place to put the foot on to keep it steady.

O. B. Had wen said that he had been much interested in the
lecture, for unless we can successfully contend with insect enemies
we cannot raise perfect fruit or flowers. The codling moth is
known to all cultivators of fruit, and he was glad to hear that it
can be eff'ectuall}' destroyed by Paris green or London purple. He
had used pyrethrum in solution to destroy insects. He mixes it

INJURIOUS INSECTS. 117

with warm water and stirs it up with a whisk broom and showers
the plants, and thinks this is, perhaps, better than a pump. It
will destroy currant worms. He had doubts whether a man could
spray two rows of apple trees forty feet apart at once. Insects
can be kept in check by constant attention. He was once much
troubled with borers in his apple trees, but conquered them and
now they do not trouble him. He picks off rose bugs and throws
them into a dish of soapsuds.

Professor Fernald suggested, instead of the soapsuds, water
with a little kerosene on top. The oil would fill the breathing
holes of the insects and destroy them.

Mr. Hadwen had tried this.

The Chairman had used very fine coal ashes for currant worms.

Daniel T. Curtis said that in using Paris green he felt confident
of success. Canker worms were very abundant on his trees, and
he put a tablespoonful of the insecticide into a tub holding five or
six pailf uls of water and sprayed his trees on the windward side and
underneath in the evening, and hardly a leaf had the parenchyma
eaten through. For the codling moth he used it when the petals of
the flowers had just dropped and the apples just begun to form, and
got ten barrels of fine, perfect specimens from two trees. Since
then he had used it on almost everything, but always at night, and
had had no trouble from any insects. He used a Vose pump.
He had used pyrethrum on roses, but never saw a rose bug
where Paris green had been used. He puts half a teacupful of
the latter into a pail of hot water and stirs thoroughly and dilutes
it afterwards. A smaller quantity will answer for slugs. He
thinks sifted coal ashes excellent on squash vines.

John S. Martin had tried Paris green for rose bugs and they
seemed to flourish on it ; he then took a large pan with some ker-
osene in it and shook them in and destroyed them.

William C. Strong thought picking off rose bugs too tedious.
They had forced him to give up growing grapes. He has a good
deal of grass ground, which favors their increase. Picking must
be done morning, noon, and night, and Sundays.

Professor Fernald said that the}' had no rose bugs in Maine,
where he had resided. He could not agree with Mr. Martin that
they will thrive on Paris green ; he would advise showering with
it, but a little stronger than for other insects ; he advised increas-
ing the strength nearly as far as possible without injuring the
foliage.

118 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Strong said that the difficulty with the rose bug is that it is
attracted by the fragrance when the vine is in bloom and attacks
the bunches. He had feared injury by London purple. He had
not tried it, but thought he might as well.

William H. Hunt said that he has several vineyards and in some
has had very little trouble from rose bugs. In one he has always
had more or less. A few j-ears ago, he had four hands picking
them. He had no doubt that Paris Green would assist in destroy-
ing them. There are a few varieties with tender leaves which the
rose bugs will eat with as much avidity as the blossoms. The
Clinton is one of thes^ and the rose bugs congregate on it and can
then be killed. One vinej'ard is in the vicinity of forty acres of
grass, and this is the worst infested, but he got the better of two
rows next to the grass. He has picked quarts and reduced their
numbers in recent years. Certainly he has not so many as ten
years ago.

Mr. Strong repeated that he did not believe in picking, but if
one is going to do it, Spiroea sorhifolia is the best trap ; it will be
covered with them. He has bushels instead of quarts.

The Chairman said that he should not like to use Paris green
on his roses when they were in bloom.

Samuel Hartwell said that some years ago he planted a viuejard
and kept it free from rose bugs by picking them ; there are, how-
ever, other causes besides picking for tiieir disappearance.
Canker worms ascend the trees from sundown to dark. He had
used tar with success against them, finding it full of the grubs in
the morning, but to be effectual it must be applied every day. As
with the rose bugs there are other causes which lessen their num-
bers.

Professor Feruald said that the tussock moth has done much
damage to the trees on Boston Common.

Alfred Paul thought that the sudden disappearance ef insects
might be caused by parasites. He had noticed such a disappear-
ance of the cabbage worm. Rose bugs were \e.vy numerous with
him, but three years ago they suddenl}' disappeared. Some years
ago, the larvae of the May beetle were so abundant that tiie turf
where they had cut off the roots could be raked off. This con-
tinued for two or three years and then they entirely disappeared.
He had noticed the same thing with regard to the tent caterpillar.

Professor Fernald gave some of his experiences while residing

INJURIOUS INSECTS. 119

in Maine in regard to the sudden appearance and disappearance
of insects. A few j-ears ago a species of moth in prodigious
numbers was destroying the evergreen forests in three or four of
the western counties, so that the owners cut down their trees by
the acre to save their lumber. It was of the same famil}' as the
codling moth and had been so rare that onh* three specimens were
known in all the collections of the world. Professor Fernald pub-
lished an account of its history in the " American Naturalist" and
collected specimens from which all sorts of parasites emerged.
The next year there were no more ; the parasites had destroyed
them. This great abundance gave the parasites a chance to mul-
tiply and it will be several years before the cj'cle comes round
again.

On his father's farm, at Mount Desert, the cabbage worm was
so abundant as almost to force him to give up the cultivation of
cabbages. But Professor Fernald found some pupaj under clap-
boards from one of which he bred forty-two parasites. These he
sent to his father, and in a few years there were no cabbage
butterflies on his farm.

There are two species called tent caterpillars, of which that
known as the forest caterpillar has a wider range of food plants
than the other, and at times there have been very great outbreaks
of it. At one time an army of them crossed the track of the
European and North American railway in such numbers as to stop
the trains, so many being killed on the track as to make the rails
so slippery that the wheels would not take hold. They climbed
over Professor Fernald's house and into it, so that he was quite
disgusted. The next year he found but few and these were stiff
with a vegetable parasite which had destroj'ed them. His view
is that such a multiplicity tends also to create a multiplicity of
parasites which are destructive to them, so that their very abun-
dance is also their destruction.

William D. Philbrick asked how to destro}' the squash borer
and cabbage maggot.

Professor Fernald replied that these two insects probably repre-
sent five or six different species, but he was unable to give any
practical, easy method for their destruction. Bisulphide of carbon
has been used in the West, and was said to be very efficacious ; a
teaspoonful was placed in a hole made near the roots of the plant
and the earth was pressed down over it, but he had no practical
experience on this point.

120 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Martin said that he put salt on his cabbages for the cabbage
worm and then more and more until finally he had put on a great
deal and thought his plants were dying, but they grew finely and
made good cabbages.

Professor Fernald said in reply to an inquiry by a lady concern-
ing the Buffalo beetle that the adult beetle feeds on the pollen of
flowers and the larva is all that is found in the house. Benzine
or gasoline will kill them, but the insurance companies restrict its
use. If corrosive sublimate is dissolved in alcohol and the carpets
are washed in it, it will be sure death to the carpet beetles and
also to children.

Mr. Hadwen expressed the belief that rose bugs are compara-
tively local in their habits. From what had been said it appeared
that those who take the trouble to pick them thoroughly and destroy
them prevent their ravages. If a bush of the old white rose is
planted in a bed of Hybrid Perpetuals they will concentrate on it
and can be more easily destroyed.

A vote of thanks to Professor Fernald was unanimously passed.

The announcement for the next Saturday was a paper on
" The Influence of Flowers on National Life," by Mrs. Fannie
A. Deane, of Edgartown.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, March 3, 1888.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 1 1 o'clock,
Vice President William H. Spooner, in the chair.

The Chairman reported that the Executive Committee had
approved the appropriation of $100 for premiums for the promo-
tion of Window Gardening, voted by the Society at the stated
meeting on the 7th of January.

Rev. Calvin Terry, of North Weymouth,

having been recommended by the Executive Committee, was on
ballot duly elected a member of the Society.

Adjourned to Saturday, March 10.

INFLUENCE OF FLOWERS UPON NATIONAL LIFE. 121

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

The Influence of Flowers upon National Like.
By Mrs. Fannie A. Deane, Edgartown.

From the earliest daj's of man's history, his life has been
closely linked with the care of Nature's life. Whether we use
the term " Nature " in a wide sense, applying it to all created
existence, or to the life of the smallest insect, or simplest flower,
it is equally true. This care, if it has been of the beautiful, has
especially helped to unfold and develop those traits of character
which have refined and purified man individually, and have tended
to the civilization of the most barbarous nations. It is, of course,
a well-known fact that certain regions, where from some cause
agriculture is obstructed permanently, are commonly inhabited by
nomadic tribes, while the highly cultivated nations are found in
those lands in which the soil can be easily tilled. China, when
she entered into relations with Western Asia, two centuries
before the Christian era, had possessed for thousands of years a
prosperous agriculture and even horticulture to some extent, and
with good reason she may make her boast of her early civilization,
while the deserts of Asia are, toda}", as far from civilized life as
ever. If we admit, then, that agriculture and its sister horticul-
ture contributed in great measure to the wonderful intelligence of
that vast country at so early a day, and that they have similarly
elevated other nations, it will not be inappropriate to consider the
influence of flowers alone upon the life of a nation. In plants,
we find our food, substances which may be useful for medicine,
fibres which may be woven into materials for clothing, sustenance
for our flocks, and timber for the houses in which we dwell and
for the ships and steamers that sail over the mighty ocean ; but
the vital principle of that ever-lengthening chain of vegetation
which so lavishl3' provides for us, is found in the flower. God
might have made the flower without its beautiful corolla or exqui-
site perfume. The stamens and pistils would have served the
purposes of reproduction and all these beneficent gifts for man's
comfort might still have been provided ; but the flower is given to
us in all its symmetry of form and delicate colorings, in order
that its influence upon our hearts may be as widely spread as is
the fragrance which is exhaled from its petals.

122 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The national life is made up of inrlividual life. Those ideas
which from time to time have held the greatest ascendency over
the minds of the people, have apparently originated in the minds
of individual leaders ; but the influences which have aided in
developing those grand thoughts ma}' have emanated from the
acts or words of the thousands of fellow-citizens who acknowl-
edge the few master-minds as leaders. So when one asks what
amount of influence can flowers have upon a whole people, or,
in other words, upon the national life, the answer comes sponta-
neously,— the aggregate of their influence upon every one of that
people.

All classes of individuals have been subject to the civiliz-
ing and refining influences of flowers. ]f we glance backward at
Eoman history, we see that Cicero at his Tusculan villa, when in
his gardens breathing the sweet perfume of his flowers, was a
great contrast to the Cicero who denounced Catiline, or who was
mediator between Caisar and Pompey.

Alexander, the Macedonian, it is said, became like other civil-
ized persons, when, in journeying from Kelone to Nj'stea, he
turned aside from his route for a two daj's' tour, in order to visit
the rose gardens of Semiramis. Theophrastus, a disciple of
Aristotle, who had become entangled in the political troubles of
his friends when Greece was the theatre of bloodshed and victory,
wrote descriptions of five hundred flowers which he had gathered
in Greece; and, later on, Columbus, the enthusiastic adventurer,
felt his delight at discovery greatlj' enhanced as be saw the land-
scape before him in all its tropical beautv, and wrote to the queen
of its charming appearance. Kalidasa, a Hindoo, who was one
of the most famous poets fifty years before Christ, sang of flowers,
and ever since his da}', even unto the day of our own beloved
Whittier, poets of all countries have gathered inspiration from
their wondrous beauties.

In the cases of far less prominent individuals than those just
named the refining influence of flowers has been felt. The child
even, as he plucks a few marguerites or wild roses for mother or
sister, is unconsciously cultivating a love of the beautiful and
true within himself ; the shop-girls of our cities, as the}' breathe
the sweet perfume of the tiny bouquets for sale on the street when
passing to and from their homes, are cheered and encouraged ;
the public singer, as flower-laden baskets are presented in

IKFLUENCE OF FLOWERS UPON NATIONAL LIFE. 123

acknowledgment of some finely- rendered song, appreciates their
language ; and the clergyman finds that the floral decorations
around his pulpit often preach a more thrilling discourse than he
could ever expect to give. Rich or poor, we love the flowers.
Thej' have been so universally admired that we have been accus-
tomed to use the term " flower," as a symbol of the best or noblest
of any class of individuals. We speak of the flower of the
famil}', the flower of the army, and the flower of the nobility.

If we look now at the histories of nations, the value set upon
flowers in ancient times, whether in their religions rites, their
mythology, or in the realm of art, is clearly exhibited.

Man}- superstitions are connected with flowers in India. In the
Hindoo fable, Puranus, the god of war, was born under the
flower-laden branches of the tamarind tree. The fig tree is wor-
shipped in India. The people carry flowers and place them under
the fig trees in some towns, as an act of religious worship ; and,
today, the children of that country are taught that it is a religious
rite to carry flowers to their teachers. The people of Malabar
consider the jasmine flower as sacred to their god Vishnu.
The religious influence of the rose may be inferred from the
history of the " golden rose." It was formed of wrought gold
and blessed by the Holy Father, in person, on the fourth Sunday
of Lent. It was anointed with balsam and fumigated with incense
and sometimes carried by the Pope himself in the solemn proces-
sions. It w'as usuall}' given to some royal personage who was
especially devoted to the Church. Alexander the Third sent one
to Louis le Jeune, King of France, and in later times it has been
awarded to widows of kings and dower-queens. A golden rose
was sent to the emi)ress of France in 1861. That the rose seems
to have been an emblem of especial reverence is not strange
when we recall the legend which declares that a rose blossomed
■wherever the Virgin Mary's foot pressed the soil. Pictures illus-
trating this legend were often painted.

An idea of the legendary lore of the Middle Ages is given to us in
the miraculous story of " Elizabeth's Roses," and tl.eir transforma-
tion into the " costly viands fit for the banquet of a king."
Mexico's festival of "Our Lady of Guadalupe," which celebrates
the apparition of the Virgin to Diego, the Indian, recalls the
legend that Diego cariied roses to the Archbishoi) which were
suddenly changed into the lorm of the Virgin ; and thus we find

124 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

flowers holding an important part in one of the stories firmly
believed by the Mexicans of today, and forming a part of their
religious faith.

The most refined of England's nobilitj' particularly esteemed
the gift of "augmentation," as it was called, which consisted of
diflTerent little ornaments given as a mark of merit, and among
them often a lily or rose.

The heraldry of nations gives further evidence of the value
placed upon flowers. Henry the Fourth carried a plain white
banner at the battle of Ivry, but afterward golden lilies were pow-
dered upon it, and later, when the color of the banner was
changed to blue, three lilies were found upon it. Louis the
Seventh, King of France, when going on a crusade to the Holy
Land, selected the fleur-de-lis as his heraldic emblem. This flower
had already been worn by other kings of France and by emperors
of Constantinople.

The fleur-de-lis is chiselled upon the statue of Joan of Arc which
stands in a public square in Rouen, which fact shows that the
influence of this flower was not confined to roj'altj', but that the
signification of it was understood by the common people.

Certain flowers have become associated in our minds with
certain nations. According to " Folk Lore," the elder Pliny,
when discussing the etymology of the word Albion, suggests that
England may have been called by that name from the while roses
so abundant there. Whether this be true or not, do we think of
England and not of the rose? And do we think of Germany and
not of the corn-flower? of Egypt, and not of the lotus? of Japan
and not of the chrysanthemum? of Scotland, and not of the
unfortunate Danes who tried to swim over her thistles? of Turkey
and not of her poppies? or of Switzerland and not of her Alpine
roses and creamy edelweiss? Why have flowers and not other
objects been taken as emblems, if it be not because the}' are in all
countries the objects of national appreciation and delight?

Let us look still farther and consider the influence of flowers
upon architecture in the past. In the Old Testament is given the
description of the wonderful temple of Solomon, in which we find
that " the chapiters that were upon the tops of the pillars were of
lily work in the porch." In later years, the capital of the main
column of the northern portico of St. Mark's Cathedral, in
Venice, seems to have been intended as an imitation of those on

INFLUENCE OF FLOWERS UPON NATIONAL LIFE. 125

Solomon's temple. The recess or furrow ornamentation, with the
form of the ball flower, is found in English architecture, and
carved roses are found in the cathedral at Bourges. The two
forms of capitals resemble the forms of flowers ; the convex is
founded upon the great floral family with rounded cups, as the
rose, or water lily, while the morning glory, or trumpet-flower,
gives an original form for the concave. Moorish architecture,
of which the Alhambra is the best preserved specimen, is
particularly rich in arabesques of flowers, as well as other grace-
ful objects. John Euskin very aptly saj's, "All beautiful works
of art must either intentionally' imitate, or accidentallj' resemble, the
natural form." Flowers have been so exquisitely painted that we
could almost see the dew upon their petals and they have been
chiselled upon the finest marble Italy has produced, as well as
upon the rough sarcophagi of the fifteenth century, which, up to
that time, in Italy, had been gloom}' masses of stone, but were
afterwards enriched with flower-work.

The influence of flowers upon literature has ever been very
marked. Able writers have so frequently alluded to this fact that it
is well authenticated. In the reign of Queen Anne, there had been
a reaction from the intense national feeling and generous loyaltj' of
the Elizabethan age. At this time, we find the works of a school
whose greatest figure is Pope, all tending to elevate the reason
above other qualities. As we approach the end of the eigh-
teenth century, a love of nature seems to be increasing, and such
writers as Cowper and Wordsworth, the latter of whom has
been termed England's greatest poet since Milton, have been
drawn to seek the beauties around them, and they awakened the
emotions of the nation by telling of the flowers which decked their
favorite haunts and moralizing upon them. When the national
life of England was marked by a disposition to make its acts dic-
tated altogether b}' reason, there was no room for the floricultur-
ist ; but when the national life is vigorous and a chance is given
for the emotions and imagination to be blended with the reason and
to have weight in forming the national policy, there is no medium
through which the emotions can be better trained to exert that
influence, than the beautiful and varied forms of the flowers.

Allowing, then, that the highest type of national life is attained
when the individual life exhibits in itself a proper combination of
the reason and the emotions, the question aiises. How shall this

126 MASSACFIUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

standard be reached? The first step towards it is to traia the
child in early 3ears to love the flowers. The Kindergarten S3stem
teaches the little ones that they are flowers in God's great garden
of life. It teaches them to cultivate the beauty" of character
represented by the flowers ; and, as they get a little older, they
are frequently taken out of doors to study the ways of different
plants and blossoms and to gather the hardy wayside flowers, in
order to cop}' their forms upon slate or paper. As a general rule,
children do not need much urging to gather the flowers, but some
are indifferent, and without the patience required for a careful
study of their beauties. An enthusiastic little girl of my acquain-
tance is very fond of flowers. Living half a mile from the school,
she often gathers flowers on the way. A year ago last November
she brought wild roses, or their buds, to her teacher so late in the
month that she was asked how much longer she intended to bring
them. Her reply was given on November twent^'-sixth, when she
said, " I think I have found the last bud of the year." When
such enthusiasm as this is aroused in the children and the taste
is farther developed, let schools of design be opened to them, as
is the custom in some countries, and, as Americans are happy to
know, is being done to some extent in this country. There they
will be shown the adaptation of the floral form to higher works of
art, as well as to various branches of industr3\ They will observe
then how the flower-form enters into the interior decorations of their
homes, whether it be in wall paper or carpet, or in the floral
designs of exquisite beaut}'^ on Royal Worcester, or cameo-glass
vases. They will find types of flowers on the pictures which
adorn their walls or in the carving upon useful articles of furni-
ture, in the finest laces or in the settings of diamonds and other
precious stones. If they look without their homes they find that the
frescoes of the walls of churches, or the friezes upon the walls of
public buildings are not without these representations of floral
forms. If they listen to the inspiring influence of flowers, they
will find themselves fascinated, not only with the cop}', but will
discover that the flower life has become a part of their own
intellectual lives, and also that they must cultivate flowers for the
refining and purifying influences over their own soUls and as a
means of culture to those in their midst.

The business man will ask. How is all this education in flower
lore and this conventionalizing of flower-form, to affect the

INFLUENCE OF FLOWERS UPON NATIONAL LIFE. 127

commercial life of a country, or what pecuniary advantage will
result to the nations from the cultivation of flowers? They affect
business because they are a means used to attain certain results.
Manufacturing companies would be at a loss for designs were
they to dispense with copies of flowers and floral forms, for they
are seen in nearly all grades of manufactures. The com-
merce of a nation, whether foreign or domestic, is especially
benefited by its manufacturing interests, as all know. The trade
in flowers themselves is getting to be an important branch of
our domestic commerce. A florist, not far from Boston, states
that he finds plenty of money in the cultivation of one flower
alone, — the lily of the valle}'. Contrast the number of green-
houses thirty years ago, in any one of our towns, with that of
toda}', and it will be seen how the demand for flowers has
increased and this demand increases their commercial value.
Not onl}' are flowers sold for bridal decorations or funeral wreaths
as formerly, but no public celebration or reception, no private
party or school graduation, is considered correct unless there be
a profusion of flowers to greet the eye.

Happily for us, there is almost a free trade in flowers, orange
flowers and hops being the onl}- ones on which there is any duty
imposed ; so that we can procure not onl}' the flowering plants
indigenous to our own soil, but also those of other countries for
cultivation, without fear of a national dispute over tariffs.

In an educational journal of quite recent date, the statement is
made that a flower has been discovered in India that is likely to
revolutionize the sugar trade of the world. This flower is the
blossom of the " Mahwa," and possesses such saccharine proper-
ties that it yields half its weight in sugar. If this be true, the
influence of one flower alone upon the prosperity of that nation
will be speedily determined.

But there is one way in which flowers are used that is compara-
tively modern, and that is in order to attract business. Brokers
pay large sums for flowers to adorn their offices, and druggists
often fill their windows with choice floral productions in order to
make their places of trade so striking and delightful that others,
less beautiful, will be overlooked. This influence may, at first,
seem trifling, but it adds its part to the great whole. Another
way in which the commerce in flowers may be greatl}' aided and
increased is through the raising of flowers for perfumery. But

128 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

little flower farming for this purpose is done, as yet, in this
country' ; but the work has begun in California and in some of the
Southern States. It certainl}' would be not only a healthful but
a lucrative occupation for women as well as men.

It is a difficult matter to estimate the money value of the influ-
ence of flowers upon the commercial life of a nation. We might
make an estimate of the sums received from the sale of flowers
and of perfumes and oils extracted from them : but try to calculate
the value of every article designed from or dependent upon the
flower, and the problem will be too vast for our comprehension,
and will ever be iiusolved.

Some persons may saj- that all do not wish to become manufac-
turers or dealers in flowers. How shall we extend their influence,
or this love of flowers to the masses who toil in some manner
upon the land, or to those who live mostly on the water? Rotter-
dam is intersected b}' broad and deep canals through which pass
vessels of heavy tonnage. It is said that the cabins of these
vessels, built expressly for Holland and the Rhine, are ver}' neatly
furnished, and that pots of flowers are placed in their windows.
The sailors in these vessels can but feel the influence of the
national love for flowers, and, in return, care for their few plants
and thus increase and perpetuate that national love. Everyone
who has lived in a seaport town knows something of the hardships
and the loneliness of the common sailor. As he goes forth from
home on a longer or shorter voyage he is often presented with
books and papers with which he can while away the dreary hours.
But these are not enough, and he has many idle hours. Then
there are often those who cannot read. Why not give them space
for a few flowering plants, easy of cultivation, and let them be
interested in their blossoming and thus make an effort to refine
and exalt this class of our fellow men? Isolated from home and
friends, would not the flowers help to console them for their
deprivations, and would not this privilege incite those who go to
foreign ports to bring to us new varieties and to learn their
habits, thus increasing the botanical knowledge of our nation ?

But how can flowers influence the hurrying, jostling crowd of
men and women, and children even, who congregate in our great
cities — the laborers who have but little time for aught except to
earn their daily bread? Those who live in cities, whether rich or
poor, gain much from association with each other ; but they lose

INFLUENCE OF FLOWERS UPON NATIONAL LIFE. 129

the breath of the wild flower and the beauties of nature in general,
which the resident of the country possesses in the greatest abun-
dance. The rich can avail themselves of these privileges as they
may desire, but how compensate the laboring classes for these
deprivations so that they, as a part of our nation, shall feel this
same influence upon their lives ? It has been deemed a matter of
wise political economy in some countries to give each laborer his
plot of ground, so that he might raise his own vegetables and feel a
little independence. In the country this idea might be carried
still further, and each man be given land for flowers as well, but
land is too valuable in the city to be given away. Why not
furnish the laborer with window gardens, then? In some towns
in Germany, almost every home, whether belonging to the poor
or the rich, has its own window garden. We have not the hang-
ing gardens of ancient Babylon, nor the floating gardens of
Mexico, but today money is freely spent in providing public
parks and gardens that can be enjoyed by the poor. These parks
and gardens and the fine displays in the windows of flower stores
are only to be looked at, however. The poor man may know that
the flowers in public gardens belong to him as much as to the rich
man, but this does not satisfy him, and he has not the means,
perhaps, to pui'chase one flowering plant for himself. We have
regularly organized flower missions for distributing flowers among
the sick. Let us have missions for supplying these homes of the
working people with flowering plants, and thus bring a ray of
sunshine and a gleam of hope into these otherwise desolate inte-
riors.

Another way of purifying and ennobling the national life is
through its political life. Flowers and politics, — what incongru-
ous elements ! How can the flowers be made to benefit politics ?
In the political strife of England known as the "War of the
Roses," we find the angry Duke of York wearing the white rose
as his emblem, while his opponent, the haughty Duke of Somer-
set plucked from the bush a red rose to be worn as his badge.
Later on, we read that the primrose has been favored by some of
England's lords ; and, from certain associations connected with it,
might almost be called a political flower. The Primrose League,
which numbers more than four hundred thousand members, is an
order of conservatives, founded in honor of the late Lord Beacons-
field and takes the primrose as its badge. So we see that flowers
9

130 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

have figured conspicuously in English politics. It has been urged
that if women were alloAved suffrage, the voting places would be
purer and that her presence would have a tendency to refine her
brothers. We need not wait for that day to come, but may com-
mence now to make the atmosphere healthier and purer in these
voting halls. Decorate them with flowers as j'ou do 3"our churches
until the perfume of these gifts of nature is more pervading than
the odor of tobacco, and even the coarsest natures will feel their
influence. Teach them that as the flower is pure so the ballot
must be kept pure, and that it is a sacred trust to elect officers
for city, state, or nation. Do you say that this is a sort of millen-
nial doctrine — a condition that can never be obtained? I believe
that there is something within the heart of nearly every man or
woman, even though he or she be a hardened criminal, that would
in time respond to the influence of flowers, as surely as it would
respond to the kind act of some near friend.

In all receptions given to prominent personages, flowers are
used profusely. Whether it be an ovation to our President, or to
the representative of royalty, we welcome him with flowers,
adorn his carriage, and strew his pathway with the choicest blos-
soms, and let the flowers utter our adieus. Thus the people
cause the flowers to express most beautifully, though silentl}', the
respect, the love even, of the nation. There may have been, in
some instances, political ambitions to be promoted by these out-
lays for flowers, but we will hope that these cases have been rare.

Use, then, the flowers for inspiration in your mass-meetings, in
j'^our elections, and, other things being equal, vote for the men
whose characters have become ennobled in part, at least, by a
love of flowers.

The press of our own country has done much to enlighten and
elevate the nation in all subjects pertaining to national life and to
the progress in those departments which constitute it, and it has
not neglected to awaken an interest in flowers through the col-
umns of its great dailies. The illustrated descriptions of flowering
plants, sent out from time to time b3' those who cultivate them for
sale, have still more increased the knowledge of the masses, while
such botanical clubs as that under the direction of Mr. Britton
and others in New York, all aid in increasing the enthusiasm of the
nation for its flowers. The exhibitions given from time to time
by your Society, as well as by others of the same kind throughout
the country, where the rarest and most exquisite products of

INFLUENCE OF FLOWERS UPON NATIONAL LIFE. 131

floriculture, the curious structures in orchids, or the beautiful
varieties of roses, are collected and arranged in order to please
and instruct tJie people, cannot fail to give an impetus to all the
departments which contribute to the best welfare of a nation,
whether educational or commercial.

Those who sailed near the coast of Japan, even before its ports
were opened for trade with the United States, marvelled at the
beauty of the islands. The}' described them as looking like one
beautiful mosaic, dotted here and there with the brilliant green.
Japan has copied man}' national improvements from us. Her
social discipline is such that she has thus far adapted herself
easily to these changes. Have we not something to copy from
her? Flower culture has always received the most careful atten-
tion there, and flowers are found in ever}' house. Scholars are
taught the art of arranging flowers and cultivating them too.
Although in some parts of our country we have not as favorable a
climate for flower raising as that of Japan, }et cannot we endeavor
to make of our nation a people whose love of flowers shall not be
excelled ?

In the early and unsettled days of our country, there was not
much time for the cultivation of flowers. Grievous wrongs were
to be redressed and rights had to be established, and in those days
of our poverty, no purchasers of flowers would have been found ;
yet, when Washington passed through Trenton, on his way to
New York for his inauguration, the young girls strewed flowers
before him as they sang, and flowers enough were found to decor-
ate the houses in the streets of New York through which he was
to pass. Thus early did flowers lend their aid in honoring our
nation's hero. Washington himself said that the impressions of
these scenes could never be effaced from his memory. Who can
measure their influence upon his guidance of the nation ? The
years have rolled on and our nation has greatly extended its
limits. We have had time to listen to the teachings of the cour-
ageous arbutus of the Eastern shores, and have gathered strength
therefrom to go onward and onward until we have reached the
" Sunset Land," so full of floral as well as golden treasures.
Shall we not, as a nation and as individuals, receive the influence
of the flowers, or "' Smiles of God," as the poet expresses it,
wherever found? Given a love of flowers, our country will be
prospered, and the national life itself will be exalted and perpet-
uated.

132 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Discussion.

The Chairman said that it would be well to consider this a
ladies' day, and give them the first opportunity to speak. He
accordingly called on Mrs. H. L. T. Wolcott, who said that she
and others had so deeply felt the great influence for good of
flowers that last year they resumed the good work begun in 1878,
of endeavoring to educate and interest children in their cultivation,
and they hoped to continue it this year. The prizes offered for
window gardening are now confined to children, but she wished
they could be extended to all. Our latest importation, John
Chinaman, who devotes himself so much to making clean what is
dirty, is alread}' interested in the cultivation of flowers, and
produces supurb narcissuses, which he calls New Year's lilies.
The influence of flowers is already felt in politics, and perhaps it
is due to the horrid question how ladies could go to the polls ; at
one voting place a voter of foreign birth moved to prohibit smok-
ing after twelve o'clock, and the next year a gentleman sent
flowers to decorate it, and the change was such that people were
astonished. The general interest in flowers is testified by the
crowds gazing into florists' windows. Mrs. Dean's appeal should
not go unheeded.

Other ladies were invited to speak but did not respond.

Rev. A. B. Muzzey said that when he entered the room he was
impressed with the beautiful displa}"^ of flowers, and he thought it
a most fortunate coincidence that the reading of the essay was
accompanied by so good an exhibition. Through the influence of
flowers even warriors have been softened and savages civilized.
The subject is comprehensive and not to be confined to men or
women. He was glad to see so many ladies present. When he
had a family he made it a point that each member should be
trained to a love of flowers as early as possible, and he advised
all parents to do the same. No part of education will yield a
better compensation. The influence of a love of flowers in exclud-
ing low tastes from a boy's character is most happy.

Mrs. P. D. Richards had been much interested in the paper
read ; she had felt for many years that too much attention cannot
be given to the cultivation of flowers. The study of wild flowers
is an education in itself.

INFLUENCE OF FLOWERS UPON NATIONAL LIFE. 133

E. H. Hitchings said that he is a great lover of flowers, and the
essajist's mention of flowers in the pulpit reminded him of one
minister who said that his hearers got a better sermon from the
flowers than he could preach.

William C. Strong thought the encouragement of window gar-
dening a most beneficial feature of the Society's work. But we
must not forget what it has done in the past, a large proportion of
its funds having been given for the promotion of floriculture. The
speaker thought the influence of flowers on those engaged in
the florist's business not altogether happy ; there is a danger that
familiarity with flowers may prevent their fully appreciating their
delicacy, just as cooks become indifferent to the flavor and odor
of the food they prepare. He mentioned an item which he saw
in a monthly paper concerning a floral cow, with a description
of its construction. He had himself had an order, on the death of
a butcher, for the head of a bullock in flowers, specifying all the
details, and when an expressman died an express wagon was
constructed of flowers. The use of flowers by wholesale detracts
from the sentiment connected with them, and though their
influence is to make men refined, florists have need to be careful
that they do not counteract this tendency by an improper use of
them. It is of the greatest benefit to cultivate them in windows
— not on a large scale, running a race in competition, but so as
to have a friendship with each individual plant.

John S. Martin spoke of a clergyman who wanted to introduce
the culture of flowers among farmers, and got some lilies in flower
and placed on the table in his church and preached from the text,
" Consider the lilies." He knew that farmers understood the
value of potatoes, and he told them that while potatoes sold for
about fifty cents per bushel flower bulbs were worth from fifty to
a hundred and fift3' dollars per bushel. Very few farmers' wives
take the interest in the cultivation of flowers that they should,
because their husbands do not encourage it.

O. B. Hadwen said that we have all felt the influence of flowers,
and he was much gratified at the essay which had been read,
tracing it down from the earliest times. The influences of this
Society go out to promote a taste for natural life, which is a great
work for any people, for all are benefited by the silent influence
of flowers, and so long as the Society exerts such influences it
cannot fail to continue to prosper.

134 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Miss Sabra Carter thought that in Wilmington, where she
resides, and the adjoining town of Woburn, most farmers' wives
cultivate flowers to a greater or less extent.

Mrs. E. M. Gill said that she had attended cattle shows for
man}' years, and since she began farmers' wives had become much
more interested in the cultivation of flowers. She thought some
of the preceding speakers had been rather unjust to the farmers.

Leverett M. Chase said that he had been thirt}' j'ears a teacher
in the public schools and he could testify to the assistance of
flowers in enforcing discipline and elevating the taste of the
scholars. He spoke of one instance in which a rude boy had
been changed by having a single plant given him, and said that
he knew thousands of cases in which discipline had been made
easier by the influence of flowers.

M. B. Faxon said that the Committee on Window Gardening
were pushing that branch of the Society's work as vigorously as
possible. They had received a letter of encouragement from the
Rev. Phillips Brooks, D.D. They hoped to have the public
schools represented in the exhibitions and to improve over those
of previous years.

Mrs. Wolcott asked wh}' florists did not put a stop to such an
atrocious use of flowers as is sometimes made, as in a locomotive
constructed of flowers, which was certainly a wonderful piece of
work. She wanted to know whether florists could not do some-
thing to promote a better taste by refusing to make such things.
If any of those present should visit Forest Hills or other ceme-
teries on Decoration Day they would come away almost sick, and
feel as if they never wanted to go again, such are the monstrosities
displayed there. The managers of cemeteries might do something
to create a purer taste, and the first step would be to discontinue
the carpet bedding. Devoting flowers to such purposes as she and
others had condemned is an abuse of them.

On motion of Mr. Hitchings, seconded by Mr. Had wen, a vote
of thanks to Mrs. Dean for her interesting essay was unanimously
passed.

The announcement for the next Saturday- was a paper on
" Hybrid Roses, Old and New," by William H. Spooner.

HrBRID ROSES, OLD AND NEW. 135

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, March 10, 1888.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 1 1 o'clock,
the President, Henry P. Walcott in the chair.

The Secretary read the following letter from B. S. Hoxie,
Secretary of the Wisconsin State Horticultural Society.

EvANSViLLE, Wisconsin, March 6, 1888.
Dear Sir : Please find enclosed resolutions passed at our
Annual Meeting, held at Platteville, January 10th and 11th.
Allow me also to express my thanks for slips lately received,
containing valuable papers read at 3"our meetings this winter.

The summer meeting of our Society will probablj' be held in the
City of Milwaukee, and if any representative of your Society
should chance to be with us we hope to make him welcome.

Yours truly,

B. S. Hoxie, Secretary.

The resolution is as follows :

Resolved, That the members of this Society extend their thanks
and fraternal greetings to the Massachusetts Horticultural Society
for the courtesies extended to our delegates at the meeting of the
American Pomological Society held in the City of Boston, Sep-
tember 11-14, 1887, and that this resolution be spread upon our
records and that the Secretary be instructed to transmit a copy of
the same to the Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

It was voted that the letter and resolution be placed on file.

Adjourned to Saturday, March 17.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.
Hybrid Roses, Old and New.

By William H. Spooner, Jamaica Plain.

Notwithstanding the many treatises that have been written on
everj' department of Rose Gardening, the commercial cultivator
is constantly met by anxious inquiries as to how roses shall be
grown, and what varieties are most likely to prove satisfactory.
My purpose is to make some suggestions on these points, founded
on my experience.

136 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETT.

As to the soil best adapted for their success, since we are often
obliged to conform to the conditions that surround us, almost any
soil may be worked into the proper state by careful treatment.
Soils best adapted to the rose are those of a somewhat tenacious
character, or such as are not likely to dry quickly ; but an}' good
garden soil, properly trenched after being well drained, and thor-
oughly subsoiled, will be likely to produce the desired results.
Autumn is the best time for trenching, as also for planting except
for tea roses and their allies. In doing this, take a given amount
of ground, dig a trench at first a spade in depth, and half that in
width, removing tbs soil to the other end ; then turn up the sub-
soil at the bottom of the trench, place on it a plentiful supply of
manure, not stirring it in, cover with the soil from the next
trench, and so on till all is complete. Half-decayed leaf-mould,
spent hops, or fresh manure will answer the purpose, as the
manure will be in good condition for the plants b}' the time their
roots reach down to it. A space of three feet between the rows,
and two feet between the plants is a suitable arrangement of
distance, as the plants can then be easily banked with soil for
protection in winter, — quite an essential matter with Teas, which
are more tender than Remontants and require more covering.
In planting, dig trenches about twelve inches wide and from
sixteen to eighteen inches deep ; in the trench should be placed a
liberal supply of well rotted manure, with a little ground bone, all to
be turned under with a garden fork. Then place the rose in the
trench and press the soil firmly about the roots, — the latter a very
important part of the operation.

If it were possible to keep our roses covered from the middle of
December to the middle of March with a cool blanket of snow,
what splendid plants we should see in the early spring, instead
of the pinched and withered stems that are frequentl}' found ! A
rose does not like coddling ; a uniform cool temperature, free
from dr3'ing winds, is the most congenial to the plant.

In autumn planting, there is no danger from drought, whereas
in spring, if the weather is dry, newly planted roses suffer greatly
from excessive evaporation, though frequent sprinkling will check
this in a measui-e, and if the plants are mulched with manure on
the surface it will tend to prevent excessive drying of the fine
roots.

The next branch of our subject is the selection of stocks, as the
roses, if not on their own roots, are worked either on Manetti

HYBRID ROSES, OLD AND NEW. 137

stock, Brier Cutting, Seedling Brier, or De la Grifferaie. Which of
these is the best has been a matter of much dispute among culti-
vators, and is likely to continue, as the finer varieties cannot
be had except worked on one or the other of these stocks. The
Manetti, for rapid increase of stock and for early maturity, is by
far the best, especially on light soils, though it will flourish in
almost any soil.

The Brier Seedling is suited to wet soils, producing its roots
in a thick cluster at the base of the shoot, while the Brier Cutting
is best for dry soils, as its roots are produced from the surface of
the ground to the bottom of the stem. The Grifferaie stock
is strong, and well adapted for this purpose ; it is in itself a rose
of great vigor and hardiness, a very free bloomer, and quite
distinct in color, — so much so as to be noticeable in a collection.
Plants on their own roots are of slow growth, making very fine
roots, and requiring from two to three years or more to become
good substantial plants, equal in strength to those worked on the
Manetti stock at one-third the age. In using the Manetti stock,
if planted two or three inches below the collar or junction of the
bud with the stock the bud will throw out roots of its own, and
with this addition will produce plants of remarkable vigor. A
very good method of developing the roots rapidly is to tongue the
collar of the bud, by paring up a strip of the bark about one inch
long on each side of the collar, and planting this below the
surface.

The leaf of the Manetti is not very easy to distinguish from the
ordinary rose leaf. The stem after attaining a little size is of a
reddish tinge, the suckers coming up about the stem, while in the
Brier the sucker is likely to extend some distance from the main
plant. This latter stock starts late in the spring, which causes
the plants to flower later, and perhaps rather more freely during
the season. It is well adapted for this reason to the Tea rose,
which is grown almost entirely in this way in England, and is
admirable for bedding purposes, growing with great vigor.

A safe plan for obtaining own root roses is to take plants that
have made strong growth one season in the ground, lift them in
autumn, pot into four-inch pots, during the winter keep them in
a cold frame free from frost, and start them on in March in a
little heat. These make fine stock for planting in the ground in
June, and on until August ; this is perhaps the most satisfactory
way to procure own root plants with success.

138 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

An exhibition of roses is not always the best place to select
varieties for general culture, as the exhibitor is forced to take
whatever is at hand on the required day ; it might perhaps be a
single bloom of Horace Vernet, and the only one of the season,
or perhaps Gloire de Bourg la Reine, or Mile. Marguerite Dom-
braiu. How seldom we find the last in bloom for any purpose !
Another instance is Mme. Lacharme ; I do not remember ever
having seen more than one show specimen in our Hall, of the last
named rose.

The chief purpose of my paper, however, is an endeavor to name
and describe about a hundred or more varieties of Garden and
Exhibition Roses, and from this list we shall be able to select
twelve, twenty-five, or more kinds suitable for general culture.
I describe them under their typical forms, adopting the standard
of the National Rose Society of England, viz :

1. Cupped^ as Baroness Rothschild.

2. Imbricated^ as A. K. Williams.

3. Globular, as Pierre Notting.

4. Globular, high centre, as Alfred Colomb.

5. Flat, as Mile. Annie Wood, Boieldieu, and Souvenir de la
Malraaison.

1. Cupped.

Alphonse Soupert (Lacharme, 1883). Bright rose, very large ;
in the form of La Reine, free, a little coarse, but a useful rose ;
forces well.

Anna de Diesbach (Lacharme, 1858). Clear, bright rose ; large
petals ; a good grower ; fragrant, hardy, and full-blooming ; an
excellent early forcing variety.

Baroness Rothschild (Fernet, 1869). Beautiful pale rose shaded
with white ; very large, perfect form, with splendid foliage carried
well about the flower, with a strong stem ; the true type of an ex-
hibition rose ; a little tender, for this reason starting a little later
in the spring than many other kinds, its only fault being a lack of
fragrance. One of the best forcing kinds.

Bessie Johnson (Curtis, 1872). Light blush color, a good
grower, of excellent habit, a free bloomer, and very fragrant ;
forces well.

Boule de Neige (Noisette, by Lacharme, 1867) . Pure white ; a
beautiful constant bloomer and good grower, though the flowers
are small.

HYBRID ROSES, OLD AND NEW. 139

Captain Christy (Lacharme, 1873). Delicate fleshy white,
darker towards the centre ; very large, good early and late, a fine
season rose ; being a Hybrid Tea it requires extra covering in
winter. This is also a good forcing rose.

Celine Forestier (Noisette, by Lero}', 1858). Pale yellow or
lemon ; a strong grower, nearly evergreen, very sweet, and for its
color very desirable.

Charles Darwin (Laxton, 1879). Brownish crimson ; large and
fragrant ; not a very good grower, seldom seen in shows, subject
to mildew.

Countess of Oxford {GmWoi, \S&%) . Bright carmine red ; very
large, fine form, beautiful foliage, hardy, forces nicely.

Countess of Rosebery (Postans, 1879). Eeddish salmon rose;
large and beautiful ; fine foliage ; smooth wood.

Dr. Sewell (Turner, 1879). Maroon crimson; large and full,
fine form ; not always certain.

DiiJie of Wellington (Granger, 1864). Bright velvety red
shaded to deep crimson ; symmetrical in shape, high centre, fra-
grant and good.

Etienne Levet (Levet, 1871). Fine carmine red ; of remarkably
cupped shape, free bloomer ; one of the best, and a good forcing
variety.

Firebrand (Labruy^re, 1873). Rich vivid crimson ; very large,
full circular outline, fine foliage, very sweet, and similar in form to
Baroness Rothschild. This has proved variable with me, but last
season it was very fine.

Mabel Morrison (Broughton, 1878). A sport from Baroness
Rothschild ; white, sometimes slightly shaded pink ; a fine flower
but not as large as its parent, and, like it, without fragrance ; forces
well.

Marie Verdier (E. Verdier, 1877). Fresh rose; large and fine
petalled, quite distinct.

Mar^chal Vaillant (Jamain, 1861). Synonyme, AvocatDuvivier.
Large and full, a free-blooming variety ; very desirable.

Merveille de Lyon (Bruet, 1882). White, centre slightly rose
tinted ; large, heavy petalled, shortening at the centre, free ; of the
Baroness type; forces well.

Perfection de Lyon (Ducher, 1868). Bright rose, reverse of
petals lilac ; perfect form, very large ; its foliage is very beautiful.

140 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Pride of Waltham (W. Paul, 1881). Very delicate flesh color
shaded to bright rose ; large and full ; reflexed ; forces well.

Prince Camille de Rohan (E. Verdier, 1861). Synonyme,
La Rosi^re. Deep velvety crimson ; large, full, fine form ; one of
the best roses of its color ; forces well.

Souvenir de Charles Montault (Moreau-Robert, 1863). Brilliant
red ; fine form, free bloomer, vigorous grower.

Ulrich Brunner (Levet, 1881). Cherry crimson; of large size
and good form. An effective plant for the garden or for exhibi-
tion. A seedling from Paul N^ron, with very few thorns; its
foliage retains its vivid green tinge through the season ; a strong
grower, and seems to me the best acquisition for man}' years, es-
pecially as it also possesses the great desideratum of being mildew
proof. I have watched this variet}' with great interest since it
came out and believe we have here a rose that is likely in the
hands of skilful hybridizers to lead to a new and much desired
race. It proves one of the best forcing varieties that we have.

2. Imbricated.

Abel Carrih-e (E. Verdier, 1875). Crimson maroon with pur-
plish shading ; very durable ; a good grower, with very thorny
wood ; not as free as some of the other dark varieties.

Abel Grand (Damaisin, 1865). Silvery rose; early, free
flowering, fragrant, a vigorous grower, with thorn}' wood ; sweet
scented.

Alfred K. Williams (Schwartz, 1877.) Bright carmine red;
large, full, and of exquisite finish ; a free bloomer, early and late ;
a most beautiful variety but unfortunately not very hard}' in our
climate, and difficult to move with success.

Barthelemy Joubert (Moreau-Robert, 1877.) Cherry red ; fine
shape ; a good rose.

Beauty of Waltham (W.Paul, 1862). Beautiful bright light
red ; large, full., free and fragrant.

Camille Bernardin (Gautreau, 1873). Light crimson, paler on
the edges ; large, full, fine form and fragrant.

Charles Lefebvre (Lacharrae, 1861). Fine brilliant velvety
crimson ; very large and double, of fine form, fragrant ; vigorous,
smooth wooded, one of the best. Synonymes, Marguerite Brassac
and Paul Jamain.

HYBRID ROSES, OLD AND NEW. 141

Dr. Andry (E. Verdier, 1864) . Deep carmine red, very bright ;
full, fine form, very reliable ; forces well.

Duchesse de Morny (E. Verdier, 1863). Globular Imbrica-
ted. Delicate bright rose, distinct in color; free blooming, good
in the autumn.

Eclair (Lacharme, 1883). Vivid fiery red ; in the way of
Charles Lefebvre ; full, perfect form, a late blooming variety, and,
if it proves free enough, a great acquisition.

Edouard Morren (Granger, 1868). Bright light carmine; of
very large size, and when good a first-rate exhibition rose. The
plant is an extraordinarily vigorous grower, with thorny wood.

Fisher Holmes (E. Verdier, 1865). Brilliant shaded crimson,
very dark; large, full, and perfect form, very beautiful and free
blooming ; similar to Gen. Jacqueminot, but more double.

Horace Vernet (Guillot, 1866). Deep crimson, shaded; very
large and full ; one of the most beautiful flowers, but seldom seen
in perfection. The plant is a very poor grower.

Jean Liahaud (Liabaud, 1875). Crimson, with velvety maroon
shading ; large and double, first-rate when "caught" right, but
rather uncertain.

Jean Soupert (Lacharme, 1875). Very deep velvety purple;
medium size, full, fine form, and very beautiful; a good exhibition
flower.

Jules Margottin (Margottin, 1853). Bright carmine ; large and
double, a free bloomer, sweet scented ; a fine garden rose, and a
good forcing kind ; an excellent seed bearer.

Le Havre (Eude, 1871). Vermilion red ; beautiful form, and
of good size.

Louis Dor4 (Fontaine, 1878). Bright cherry red, with dark
shading ; large and full ; very free bloomer but slow in growth.

Marchioness of Exeter (Paul & Son, 1877). Cherry- rose; a
large well-built flower, in the way of Edouard Morren ; a very
strong grower ; good foliage.

Miss Hassard (Turner, 1875). Delicate pinkish flesh-color;
large and full, free ; one of the earliest to flower ; good in the
autumn. The plant is a strong grower with very thorny wood.

Mile. Marie Rady (Fontaine, 1865). Synonyme, Comtesse de
Choiseull. Fine brilliant red ; a very large full flower of splendid
shape ; a good hot season rose ; in wet weather the petals cling
together, and blast. A good grower.

142 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTDRAL SOCIETY.

Mme. Charles Wood (E. Verdier, 1861). Vivid crimson ; very
large and full ; a splendid show flower, but the plant is hard to
move.

Mme. Ther^se Levet (Levet, 1866). Bright cherry rose; very
good.

Mrs. George Dickson. (Bennett, 1884). Delicate soft pink; a
free and continuous bloomer ; a vigorous grower, with fine foliage
and will force well.

Thomas Mills (E. Verdier, 1873). Brilliant rosy carmine;
large, full, imbricated ; a vigorous grower.

3. Globular.

Anna Alexieff (Margottin, 1858) . Open globular, light rose,
flesh tinted ; free, a good autumn bloomer, and a good early
autumn forcing rose.

Antoine Moiiton (Levet, 1874). Silvery rose ; very large, a very
strong grower and free bloomer. A good forcing kind and a
first-rate garden rose ; almost as large as Paul N^ron.

Anguste Eigotard (Schwartz, 1871). Cherry red; large, full,
smooth wooded ; a good autumn rose.

Baron Nathaniel de Rothschild (Leveque, 1884). Bright crim-
son red ; large and full, a strong grower and free bloomer ; a
desirable rose.

Catharine Soupert (Lacharme, 1879). Somewhat imbricated.
Delicate ros}' peach ; large and full, a strong grower ; wood thorn}'.

Gomte de Mortemart (Margottin-fils, 1880). Clear rose ; large,
full, and a good grower.

Coquette des Blanches (Noisette, b^'^ Lacharme, 1871). Pure
white ; globular, blooming in clusters, with a slight tinge of green
on the tips of the petals ; very free and a good grower.

Duchesse de Caylus (E. Verdier, 1864). Synonyme, Penelope
Mayo. Clear, brilliant carmine ; full, perfect form ; a good grower.

Duchesse de Vallombrosa (Schwartz, 1875). Very light flesh
color, changing to nearly white ; a large well formed flower, a
strong grower, and an excellent forcing plant.

Duke of Connaught (Paul & Son, 1876). Very bright velvety
crimson ; large and full.

Dupny Jamain (Jamain, 1868). Very bright cherry; large,
full, and fine form ; verj' beautiful and reliable ; a good grower,
and a free bloomer in autumn.

HYBRID ROSES, OLD AND NEW. ]43

Elizabeth Vigneron (W. Paul & Son, 1865). Brightrosy pink ;
very large, full, blooms freely ; a strong grower, and an autumn
bloomer.

Francois Michelon (Levet, 1871). Deep rose, reverse of petals
silvery ; very large and full ; a grand flower. It makes a slim,
willow}' growth of wood and is not a very free bloomer.

(xen.JacgMemmoi (Rousselet, 1853). Pointed centre. Brilliant
crimson scarlet ; large, semi-double ; ver\' free flowering and fra-
grant, one of the best midwinter and spring forcing roses ever
grown. An old variety but still more in demand than any other.
This rose is so much better known than any other dark variety
that persons not very familiar with roses call all dark roses Gen.
Jacqueminot.

Gloire de Bourg la Reine (Margottin, 1879). Bright scarlet,
shading darker ; brilliant, a fine flower, but not free enough.

Gloire Lyonnaise (Guillot, 1884). Very pale lemon color; nice
form, not a large flower ; free blooming, forcing well. This was
sent out as a j^ellow Hybrid Perpetual.

Harrison Weir (Turner, 1879). Rich velvet}^ ci'imson ; large,
full, fine form, but a very poor grower. I cannot recommend it.

Heinrich Schultheis (Bennett, 1882). Delicate pinkish rose;
very large and fine form ; sweet scented ; a good grower, forces
well, but mildews badly.

Hippolyte Jamain (Laeharme, 1874). Semi-globular. Bright
rose, shaded with carmine; large, full, fine form ; a free bloomer
and a hardy, strong growing plant ; smooth wooded, excellent,
autumn blooming.

John Hopper (Ward, 1862). Bright rose; very large and
double ; good form, free bloomer, hardy, a good grower, and forces
well ; still one of the best of its class. Semi-globular.

La France (Guillot, 1867). Hybrid Tea. Silvary rose, with
lilac shading; large full flower, fine form, an abundant bloomer,
delightfully fragrant ; no rose garden can be complete without it ;
forces finely ; altogether first-class for all purposes.

Louis Van Houtte (Laeharme, 1869). Deep crimson, shaded
to maroon ; vivid and distinct, the best dark rose in cultivation ;
unfortunately it does not transplant well, and is rather tender.

Magna Charta (China, W. Paul, 1876). Bright pink, suffused
with carmine ; very large and double, good form, hardy and vigor-
ous, but only an annual bloomer. One of the best early forcing
kinds.

144 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Marie Baumann (Baumann, 1863). Brilliant vivid red ; "more
often perfect than any other rose ;" free blooming, and one of the
best show varieties ; not easy to transplant.

Marie Louise Fernet (Fernet, 1876). Rose color ; large, a very
fine bloomer, and strong grower ; with thorny wood.

Mary Bennett (Bennett, 1884). Bright rosy cherry, a free
bloomer — almost too free — its growth is impeded ; will force well,
but is perhaps not vigorous enough for profit.

Maurice Bernardin (Granger, 1861). Synonymes, Exposition
de Brie, Ferdinand de Lesseps, and Sir Garnet Wolseley. Shaded
crimson ; large and double, fine form and habit, fragrant ; "a good
reliable rose."

Mile. Euginie Verdier (Guillot, 1869). Synonyme, Mile.
Marie Finger. Verj' bright rosy flesh, shaded with silvery white ;
a free bloomer and very beautiful. This rose should not be
confounded with Mme. Eugene Verdier which is of a deeper color,
and not so large a flower.

Mile. Marguerite Dombrain (E. Verdier, 1865). Delicate rose
color ; very large flower, full, beautiful form, but a very poor
grower.

Mme. Cl^mence Joigneaux (Liabaud, 1861). Deep rose, shaded
lilac ; very large, full, and fragrant ; a wonderfully strong grower
and of good habit ; flowers sometimes fine enough for exhibition.
This is an autumn bloomer.

Mme. Eugene Verdier (E. Verdier, 1878)! Bright satin}' rose,
with silvery shading ; large and double ; good form.

Mme. Gabriel Jjuizet (Liabaud, 1877). Semi-globular. Light
silvery pink, shading off to the edges of the petals with white ; very
distinct. A free bloomer early in the season, and sometimes in
the autumn ; very hardy, and a remarkably' strong grower ; one of
the best forcing kinds if brought on slowly ; it has a \Qvy strong
tendency to mildew.

Mme. Isaac Pereire (Bourbon, Margottin, 1880). I insert this
because it is such a grand garden and pillar rose. Color vivid
carmine ; of very large size, and double ; free blooming, very fra-
grant. A rose well worthy of general culture. The growth is so
strong that it will not answer to cut it back too severely. A desir-
able rose for forcing.

3/me. Fic^or FerJier (E. Verdier, 1863). Semi-globular. Rich
cherry red ; very large and full, fine form ; one of the freest
flowering and best crimson roses. A good grower.

HYBRID ROSES, OLD AND NEW. 145

Mons E. Y. Teas (E. Verdier, 1874). Very bright red; per-
fect form, a beautiful rose, but a bad plant to move.

Mrs. Harry Turner (Turner, 1880). Crimson scarlet, with
rich maroon shading ; of fine habit and form ; plant not the best
of growers.

Paul Neron (Levet, 1869). Deep rose; flowers of enormous
size ; beautiful foliage ; a very strong grower with green, thornless
wood. A free autumn bloomer, forces well, but is seldom worthy
of a place in an exhibition stand.

Pierre Notting (Portemer, 1863). Deep crimson, shaded violet;
very large and full ; very fragrant, but requires fine weather for
perfect development. The flower is heavy petalled, and the color
is so delicate that it scorches very quickly in the sun, and conse-
quently is seldom seen in exhibitions.

Prince de Portia (E. Verdier, 1865) . Bright shaded vermilion ;
very showy, not very free, but a strong grower.

Senateur Va'isse (Guillot, 1859). Bright scarlet crimson ; large,
double, and of fine form ; a free bloomer, moderate grower, and
still one of the best.

William Worden (Mitchell, 1879). Pure pink, a light sport
from Mme. Cl^mence Joigneaux ; fine foliage ; forces well.

Xavier Olibo (Lacharme, 1864) . Velvety black, shaded amar-
anth ; large and full, but, like many of this color, a very poor
grower.

4. Globular, High Centre.

Alfred Colomb (Lacharme, 1865). Bright red ; verj* large, full,
free blooming and fragrant. A grand rose, one of the best of our
whole list ; a good grower and fine exhibition flower.

Duke of Edinburgh (Paul & Son, 1868). Very bright ver-
milion ; extra large and full ; vigorous, with smooth wood ; at its
best a grand exhibition flower.

Duke of Teck (Paul & Son, 1880). Bright crimson scarlet, a
very bright color ; flower not of the largest size, but a good show
rose ; plant vigorous, with smooth wood.

Lady Sheffield (Postans, 1881). Bright rosy cherry; petals
large, fine shape.

Marquise de Castellane (Pernet, 1869). Clear cherry rose;
very large, full, globular form ; a free bloomer, a ver^' strong
grower, with thorny wood ; a reliable exhibition rose, and a good
forcing kind.
10

146 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mons. Noman (Guillot, 1867). Delicate rose color ; very large,
and well formed ; a splendid flower in good weather.

Prince Arthur (Cant, 1875) . Bright crimson ; large and double,
as lasting as Gen. Jacqueminot. A remarkably good flower, and
an excellent show variety.

Princess Beatrice (W. Paul & Son, 1872). Deep pink, blush
margin ; large and full ; of good substance.

Victor Verdier (Lacharme, 1859). Fine cherry rose, shaded
with carmine ; vigorous, smooth wood ; a fine bloomer, and one of
the best of its color.

5. Plat.

Annie Laxton (Laxton, 1860). Somewhat imbricated. Deep
rose, flushed with cherry crimson ; a vigorous grower, and one of
the earliest to bloom.

Boieldieu (Margottin, 1877). Bright cherry red; very large
and full flower, frequently almost too full for opening, particu-
larly in wet weather.

Eugene Appert (Trouillard, 1859). Velvety scarlet crimson,
lasting in color ; fine foliage ; flower not very large.

Gen. Wasliington (Granger, 1860). Dazzling crimson ; very
large and full ; a vigorous grower, and a desirable garden rose.

Oloire de Dijon (Tea, Jacotot, 1853). Buff, with orange
centre ; very large and double, with delightful fragrance. The
hardiest of the Tea class, and well worthy of a place in every rose
garden.

Marguerite de St. Amand (Jamain, 1864). Somewhat imbri-
cated. Clear rosy flesh ; large, full, and fine shape ; a moderately
good grower ; subject to mildew.

Mile. Annie Wood (E. Verdier, 1866). Beautiful clear red ; a
fine rich color. Large, full, flat flower ; fragrant.

Mons. Boncenne (Liabaud, 1864). Synonyme, Baron de
Bonstettin. Velvety blackish crimson ; large and full ; a good
grower, verj' fine in warm seasons.

Queen of Bedders (Noble, 1877). Bourbon. Deep crimson
rose ; flowering freely in clusters.

A few fine Garden Hoses.

BlairiiNo.2 (Blair, 1845). Cupped Hybrid China, not per-
petual. Blush with rose centre ; a very vigorous grower ; a good

HYBRID ROSES, OLD AND NEW. 147

climber or bush rose. It is well worth growing if it can be
properly protected, as it is quite tender ; it should have very little
shortening in of the shoots in the spring if flowers are expected.

Catherine Bell (Bell & Son, 1877). Hybrid China, open form,
not perpetual. Rose color, silvery reflex ; with very long attrac-
tive buds ; of good climbing habit.

Charles Lawson ( , 1853). Hybrid Bourbon, not per-
petual. Vivid rose, shaded ; large size, free, hardy ; a good pillar
rose.

Cheshunt Hybrid (Paul & Son, 1873). A Hybrid Tea, not
perpetual. Cherry carmine ; large, full, open flowers ; free
bloomer, of a climbing habit ; very apt to be cut back in the
winter.

Coupe d'H&M (Laffay). Hybrid Bourbon, not perpetual.
Beautiful deep pink ; fine form, free, hardy ; a good pillar rose.

Mme. Plantier (Plantier, 1835). Hybrid Bourbon, flat form,
not perpetual. Pure white ; very free flowering ; very hardy and
vigorous.

Paul Ricaut (Portemer, 1845). Hybrid Bourbon, not perpetual.
Bright rosy crimson ; vigorous, free.

Paul Verdier (C. Verdier, 1866). Hybrid Bourbon, not per-
petual. Carmine red ; vigorous.

Souvenir de Pierre Dupuy (Levet, 1876). Hybrid China,
not perpetual. Open cupped form ; rich red ; very large flower ;
remarkably strong grower, flowering earl}'.

Stauwell Perpetual Scotch (Lee). Semi-double. Pale blush
color ; very fragrant ; of vigorous, spreading growth ; one of the
earliest and latest to flower. Perfectly hardy, and a gem in its
way.

A Selection of the best twelve Roses.

(The numbers prefixed to the names in the following lists designate to
which class they belong.)

4 Alfred Colomb. 5 Mile. Annie Wood.

2 Charles Lefebvre. 3 Mme. Gabriel Luizet.

3 .John Hopper. 3 Mme. Victor Verdier.

3 Hippolyte Jamain. 1 Prince Camille de Rohan.

3 Marie Baumann. 1 Ulrich Brunner.

1 Merveille de Lyon. 4 Victor Verdier.

148 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

For the best twenty-five Roses^ the foregoing, and

1 Anna de Diesbaeh. 3 La France.

1 Baroness Rothschild. 1 Mabel Morrison.

2 Dr. Andry. 4 Marquise de Castellane.

3 Duchesse de Vallombrosa. 3 Mile. Eugenie Verdier.
3 Dupuy Jamain. 5 Mons. Boncenne.

2 Jules Margottin. 3 Paul N6ron.

4 Prince Arthur.

For the best thirty-six Roses, the foregoing, and

2 Camille Bernardin. 2 Fisher Holmes.

3 Catherine Soupert. 3 Franpois Michelon.
1 Countess of Rosebery. 3 Louis Van Houtte.

4 Duke of Edinburgh. 3 Maurice Bernardin.
1 fitienne Levet. 3 Pierre Netting.

2 Thomas Mills.

I should perhaps refer to a few of the latter introductions in
roses, as some of them bid fair to become desirable acquisitions ;
such as :

American Beauty (Bancroft) . Called by some of the English
growers Mme. Ferdinand Jamain. Very large flower ; color a
deep brilliant pink, shading lighter ; with delicious fragrance ; a
grand rose for the garden, and for forcing. Some growers have
not succeeded well in forcing it, and the possible cause may be
that the plant needs a complete season of rest. If the wood is
thoroughly ripened it will probably produce plenty of flowers.

Clara Cochet (Lacharme, 1885). Beautiful clear rose color
with brighter centre ; the border of petals recurved, and of most
brilliant rich coloring. In the color of flower and foliage it is
like Baroness ; in shape it is similar to the Duchesse de Vallom-
brosa.

Earl of Dvfferin (A. Dickson & Sons, 1887). This rose has
created a great sensation on the other side of the water during
the past season, and if the colored illustration is not too much
exaggerated it is a beauty. Its color is a brilliant velvety crim-
son, shaded with dark maroon ; it is of beautiful form and very
fragrant ; of a vigorous bush}' habit, with magnificent foliage. It
was awarded the first prize for the best twelve blooms of any one
variety, by the National Rose Society of Edinburgh, last summer.

HYBRID ROSES, OLD AND NEW. 149

Edouard Hervi (E. Verdier, 1884). Rich crimson; large, full,
and of fine form ; fragrant, vigorous ; a promising rose.

Gloire de Margottin (Margottni, 1887). Color dazzling scarlet,
very vigorous and remarkably free flowering; has a perfect elon-
gated bud ; will probably prove a good forcing rose.

Grand Mogul (William Paul, 1887). A seedling from A. K.
Williams, with flowers of a deep and brilliant crimson, shaded with
scarlet and black ; large, full, and a free bloomer. It had a Cer-
tificate of Merit from the Ro^'al Horticultural Society, and is highly
commended abroad.

Her Majesty (Bennett &, Evans, 1886). Clear bright satiny
rose ; the plant is a most vigorous grower, and when well estab-
lished will undoubtedly flower freel}'. Under glass it is more prone
to mildew than any other variety I have seen, but outside it is not
so much aflfected, and with its great vigor of growth may over-
come the tendency'. It will certainly make a good garden rose
from its vigor of growth, and when recovered from the effect of
excessive propagation may prove a great acquisition.

Mile, de la SeiglUre (Maudion and E. Verdier, 1886). Color very
fresh and delicate silvery rose ; large, full, fine form, cupped
shape ; very vigorous, and a free bloomer ; a seedling from La
Reine.

A Hybrid Rugosa, is described by its originator and vender as
follows :

Mme. G. Bruant (Bruant). This is a new class and origi-
nated through the crossing of the single rugosa with Som-
breuil (Tea) . It flowers all the year through, and although the
foliage is of the rugosa kind the young shoots are purple. It
flowers in clusters of from sis to twelve blooms, which are large,
half full, and of a dazzling white color, very fragrant, and rather
pointed, like a Niphetos.

Mme. Joseph Deshois (Guillot, 1886). Fleshy white, centre
delicate rosy salmon ; of very large size, very full and good shape,
and of vigorous growth ; raised from Baroness Rothschild and
Mme. Falcot.

Mrs. Caroline Swailes (Swailes, 1884). Very delicate rosy-
flesh, — a beautiful pure color ; large and full.

Mrs. John Laing, (Bennett & Evans, 1887). A seedling from
Fran9ois Michelon ; soft pink in color ; flowers large, of fine shape,
and very fragrant. It is of vigorous growth, flowers rather early,

150 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and continues in bloom till late autumn. It will make a good
forcing rose, and an excellent variety for the garden.

Sir Rowland Hill (Robert Mack & Son, 1877). This is called
the darkest rose ever raised of exhibition size ; color rich clarety
crimson. It was awarded the gold medal of the National Rose
Society at Edinburgh, last summer.

Victor Hugo (Schwartz, 1884). Brilliant crimson, shaded
darker ; of medium size ; a striking flower. The plant is a good
grower, with thorn}- wood, in the way of Abel Carri^re.

Tea Boses.

A bed of Tea Roses should accompany the Hybrid Perpetuals
in every garden, for the purpose of prolonging the blooming term,
as the Teas are the only true perpetuals. They should be planted
in beds in a rather dry position, somewhat shaded from the strong
sun, and in regular rows so that the plants can be covered with
soil and leaves or litter for winter protection, * and ihey will well
repay the trouble by a magniflcent display of flowers, coming into
bloom quite earl}-, and continuing until late in the autumn. I
have grown Devoniensis, (one of the most tender of this class)
for five or six years in the same position, and the plants have
gradually increased in size from year to j^ear. We cut Devonien-
sis and Gloire de Dijon roses on the 5th of June last summer.
The latter is one of the hardiest varieties of this class for bedding
purposes. Sunset is also an admirable variety for this purpose,
also Souvenir d'un Ami ; another is Homer, a little gem and
quite sturdy in constitution. Marie Van Houtte is an admirable
rose ; Perle des Jardins, Mme. Lambard, Mme. Berard, and Papa
Gontier are also fine.

We must bear in mind that it is in this class that we find our
yellow roses, in which Hybrid Perpetuals or Remontants are
lacking. When Gloire Lyonnaise was sent out in 1884, as a
yellow hybrid, it was hailed with eagerness as the missing color
in that class, but alas ! it was a fraud. It is an exceedingly pretty
rose, of a pale lemon color with tea fragrance. Some of the
Noisettes should be included in a bed of Teas, such as Celine

* I should here add a word of caution; in placing the soil and leaves about the
plant, it should be an alternate layer of soil and leaves. These freeze together and
make a solid barrier against the inroads of moles or mice.

HYBRID ROSES, OLD AND NEW. 151

Forestier, pale yellow, fine and fragrant ; and Mme. Caroline
Kuster, globular flower, pale yellow, free. Mar^chal Nlel can be
used as a climber or pillar rose, and laid down in the autumn to
be covered with soil, as is done with raspberrj' plants ; it will
then withstand the winter, and if cut back slightly in the spring
will produce a good crop of rich golden yellow flowers the follow-
ing summer.

Having selected our varieties and properly planted them in the
fall, drawn the soil nicely about the plants from eight to twelve
inches, and heaped above this either manure or spent hops ; as
early in April as the ground is dry enough to work freely, level
off the soil in the rows, covering the manure under as much as
possible, if it was put on in the fall. In a few days, when the
buds have swelled suflSclently to show their condition, the plant
should be cut back to the plumpest bud, cutting in the weakest
growers to within four or six buds above the ground, particularly
if growing for exhibition purposes ; if large blooms are not
required the shoots can be left longer ; the strong growers must
be left as long as sound buds and wood will permit. Intersecting
shoots should also be cut out so as to leave the centre of the
plant with a free exposure to the air and sun, for it is among these
short stems that the red spider and other pests harbor in the sum-
mer. Another important point for exhibitors to remember, a few
weeks later in the season, is that for growing large flowers, a cer-
tain amount of disbudding must be practised. Around the central
flower bud, will be noticed two or three smaller buds, which must'
be removed to throw the entire strength into the central bud ;
then if properly cultivated the single stem will carry a splendid
flower. Several applications of liquid manure not too strong
(about the color of weak tea), to the root of the plant a few weeks
before the bud opens, will have an invigorating effect upon the
flower. This application should be made again after the first crop
is over, to give increased strength to the autumn bloom. But we
cannot have good blooms without fine foliage and this can only be
secured by earl}- and constant attention. As soon as two or
three leaves are formed in the spring, we must dust or sprinkle
them with hellebore, and watch for the worm that ties the tender
leaves together, to destroy him, for he will soon be ready to nip
the delicate bud. He is easily found by a little attention at the

152 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

right time, and after overcoming his advances we maj? expect
to gather a harvest of beautiful flowers. Later on, the rose-bug
will be the next invader, and must be picked off as soon as he
appears. Last season there were but few with us. The green fly
must also be looked for, and hellebore is useless for it, whale-oil
soap and tobacco steeped together being the only remedy.

We now come to one of the worst drawbacks to satisfactor}'^
rose culture, viz : Mildew, a peculiar disease caused by a fungus,
Sphcerotheca pannosa, which, if neglected for a single day,
increases with wonderful rapidity. If the mildewed leaf of a rose
is put under a microscope, it will, says Mr. Worthington G. Smith,
be seen to be covered by thousands of threads of mildew, each of
which consists of eight or nine spores, which as they ripen are
carried off by the wind. The spawn threads are here and there
dotted over with little black grains, each grain so small as to be
invisible without a common magnifying glass. Under a strong
hand lens, the dots look like minute but perfectlj' round grains of
gunpowder. Each dot is seen as a round black box with a num-
ber of curious, brown, sinuous, radiating appendages. Each
globular box is no larger than the point of a needle. There is a
comparatively thick outer coat to this box, made up of minute
pieces, spliced or dove-tailed together like the shell of a tortoise.

One infected rose leaf will in the autumn bear hundreds of these
black boxes, each with its contained air-tight bladder of eight
living spores ; the precious boxes are quite impervious to drought,
frost, or water.

Another of the worst diseases of the rose, is the Orange Fungus,
Coleosporium pingue, which in its earlier stages is pale yellow,
then becomes orange, vermilion, brown, and at length black.*

Mildew does not seem seriously to affect the life or strength of
the plant, as^ being a surface disease it does not strike to its
marrow. For instance, the rose Comtesse de Serenye is one of the
worst for mildew I have ever known, and yet it is a rose that
grows with great vigor from year to year. In fact, mildew does
not claim as its victims the weakest growers, but takes the

*The Rose Mildew is described and figured in the Journal of Horticulture and
Cottage Gardener, Vol. 72, pages 478,479; in the Rosarian's Year Book for 1886, pp.
4-14, and in Paul's Rose Garden, 9th edition, pp. 14G-148. The Orange Fungus is de-
scribed and figured in the Gardeners' Chronicle, Vol. 26, New Series, pages 76, 77; in
the Rosarian's Year Book for 1887, pp. 4-13, and in Paul's Rose Garden, pp. 151, 152.

HYBRID ROSES, OLD AND NEW. 153

strongest, such as that splendid variet}' Mrae. Gabriel Luizet, and
others of a like character. The last of July and August is the
time to be on the watch for it, when cool nights follow warm da^-s.
You must then be ready the next morning with your sulphur
bellows, for the enemy will surely be there ! If all affected leaves
could be gathered and burned, (which would be quite possible in
a small collection) the chances of transmitting the disease would
be greatl}' lessened.

Orange Rust or Fungus, is the reverse in its action of mildew,
coming from the inside of the leaves and stem. Mr. G. Baker
says, " Orange Fungus chiefly attacks the lower leaves of the
smooth-wooded class of rose plants, such as Victor Verdier,
Countess of Oxford, Hippoh'te Jamain, and the like, while it is
worthy of remark that Mme. Clemence Joigneaux, William
Warden, Edouard Morren, and those of the same character of
foliage etc., are seldom subject to these forms of fungoid disease."
Cutting off the affected branches and burning them is the best
remedy ; cut freely, as is done for the fire blight on the pear, but
be careful to prevent the rusty powder on the under side of the
leaf from being scattered to disseminate the disease, and keep the
decaying leaves raked up and burned.

Black spot on rose leaves is another form of fungus, caused
undoubtedly by atmospheric changes ; I know of no remedy
except to pick off the leaves and burn them. It attacks them in
the greenhouse when the thermometer falls at night, and soon
affects the health of the plant, but can there be avoided by a care-
ful control of the temperature, and prudence in the use of water.

In conclusion, my advice to a beginner in rose culture is to
plant a few kinds at the start, thoroughl}'^ acquaint himself with
their character, and gradually plant more ; practical experience
is the best guide.

Discussion.

Mr. Spooner illustrated his paper with enlarged diagrams of the
injurious fungi spoken of, and also with specimens of flowers and
plants ; among the last the Mauetti and De la Grifferaie stocks.
In the course of his reading he remarked that onl}' one bloom of
Mile. Marguerite Dombrain has been shown for twelve years. A
flower of Jules Margottiu was shown by the essayist with the re-
mark that it is probably the parent of more good varieties than

154 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

any other. Globular and globular high centred roses are best
for exhibition. The wood of Harrison Weir is very strong. The
Catherine Bell is thought by Mr. Ellwanger to be not worth grow-
ing, but Mr. Spooner considers it one of the best. The flowers
of the Hybrid Rugosa are said to measure seven or eight inches
across.

Edward L. Beard said in regard to tDildew on roses that the
old maxim that an ounce of prevention is better than a pound of
cure is nowhere more appropriate, but it is difficult to act upon it.
Three or four j'ears ago he saw mention of sulphide of potassium
as a remedy' for ruiidew and other fungous diseases, and he had
tried it and found it almost a specific. It looks something like
molasses candy ; it is dissolved in water and applied with a hand
syringe. It is best used as a preventive, before the mildew
appears, and almost invariably prevents it. He had used it for
three 3-ears successfully.

Another enemy of the rose is the May beetle— a ravenous
fellow which comes out of the ground at about nine o'clock in the
evening, and before da^'light drops to the ground and burrows in.
It will destroy a rose leaf more rapidly than almost anj' other
insect. It is very annoying to find leaves cut half waj- across
and each looking like a cookie out of which a child has taken an
immense bite. The only remedy is hand picking or a light placed
over a tub of water. He had picked up a pint in an evening.

The rose Her Majesty started with mildew and became the
centre of an immense ring. It may have been weakened b}'
excessive propagation, and may be better able to resist disease
hereafter when it has regained its normal strength.

William C. Strong asked why sulphide of potassium is more
easy to apply than sulphur in solution.

Mr. Beard thought it more effectual.

President Walcott said that his experience with sulphide of
potassium had not been as successful as Mr. Beard's. He made
it by fusing sulphur and potash together, and sacrificed a John-
son's pump to it. His early experience was that it almost
entirely destroyed mildew, but the sulphuric acid acted on the
brass of the pump or syringe. It has no great advantage over a
solution of sulphur in quicklime ; there is not so much free sul-
phuric acid in solution. The potash has no value except as a
solvent.

MEMORIAL OF ASA GRAY. 155

Mr. Strong said that the western horticulturists syringe with a
solution of sulphur in lime to destroy the bacteria which cause
pear blight. He thought Mr. Spooner's paper an exceedingly
valuable one ; if any person thinks such a paper can be prepared
off-hand, let him try it and he will be undeceived. The speaker
was glad to hear the essayist say several times that he " did not
know." Mr. Strong wished to protest against the omission of
Gen. Jacqueminot from the list of the best thirty-six kinds. It is
a strong grower and easily propagated by cuttings.

Mr. Spooner said that for a garden rose he wants one that can
be cut when full}' bloomed. Prince Arthur is of almost the same
color as Gen. Jacqueminot, and when you have cut it you have
got a rose.

The essay was appropriately accompanied by a magnificent dis-
play of roses, from Mrs. Francis B. Hayes. It was listened to
by the largest audience which had assembled at any meeting of
the season, and at the close a vote of thanks for this interesting
and instructive paper was moved b}' Mr. Strong, and unanimously
passed.

The Committee on Publication and Discussion announced for
the next Saturday a paper on " The Best Methods of Labelling
Trees and Plants," by Robert T. Jackson.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, March 17, 1888.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
Vice-President William H. Spooner in the chair.

Benjamin G. Smith, Treasurer of the American Pomological
Society, presented to the Library a copy of the " Proceedings"
of that Societ}' at its meeting in this city in September last.

President Walcott read the following memorial of Professor
Asa Gray, prepared by the Committee appointed for that purpose
at the meeting on the 4th day of February.

By the death of Asa Gray this Society loses one of its most
distinguished and honored members.

Professor Gray was elected a Corresponding member in 1847.

156 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

His interest was in the scientific study of plants ratlier than in
their cultivation, and his life was too busy to permit him to take
an active part in our deliberations. Nevertheless his name on the
roll of our members was a benefit and an honor to us ; his advice
was often sought and freely given with regard to the formation of
our library ; and indirectly he did much to promote the ends for
which such societies as ours exist. His lectures at Harvard College
firat aroused an interest in plants in man\' young men now promi-
nent among us. His position for more than thirt}' years at the
head of the Botanical Garden, in Cambridge, enabled him to
introduce to his friends and correspondents many new or little
known plants. His more purely scientific writings have been of
great utility to all serious students of plants, and his books for
the general public have increased to an inestimable degree that
popular love for flowers which is the inspiration of horticui ural
progress. Botanist and not horticulturist though he was, it is
hard to estimate how much lower would be today the standard of
horticulture in America had Asa Gray never lived.

The respect his fellow members felt for his scientific attain-
ments and his world-wide fame, was equalled by their admiration
for his industrious, honorable, unselfish life ; while his genial
mauuer, his readiness in help or counsel, and his amiable nature,
awoke a deep and lasting affection in those of us who were fortu-
nate enougli to be brought in close contact with him. So long as
his associates live Asa Gray will be remembered with love and
reverence, and so long as the Horticultural Society exists, his
connection with it and his influence upon its welfare will be re-
called with gratitude and pride.

To Mrs. Grav, for forty years her husband's constant companion
and sympathetic assistant, and to the other members of his family,
the Society tenders its sincere sympathy in their affliction.

Francis Parkman, ^

C. S. Sargent, v Committee.

H. H. HUNNEWELL. )

The memorial was unanimously adopted, and it was voted that
it be entered on the records of the Society, and that a copy be
transmitted to Mrs. Gray.

Adjourned to Saturday, March 24.

METHODS OF LABELLING TREES AND PLANTS. 157

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Methods of Labelltkg Trees akd Plants.
By Robert T. Jackson, Boston.

To keep plants well labelled in a large garden is a difficult task,
and no one sjstem of labelling answers all needs. A label may
be required which shall last a longer or a shorter time, as for
perennials on the one hand, and seedlings, bedding plants, etc.,
which are quickly raised and planted out or sold, on the other,
A conspicuous label may be desired, as in a botanic garden and
some sale gardens, or an inconspicuous one as in most private
gardens. Plants may be valuable enough to warrant a considerable
expenditure of time and money in means to insure their identifi-
cation, or the case may be otherwise. It is to be remembered that
labor generally costs more than anything else, and it is therefore
economy to use good labels so that they will last a long time.

It is m}' intention in the following paper to consider some of
the best methods of labelling that I have seen employed, and those
I have used successfully in my own garden, together with sug-
gestions from other fields where, as in horticulture, labelling is a
necessary evil.

To insure stability, metals are the most natural materials to turn
to from which to manufacture tallies ; the}" are also the most incon-
spicuous where that quality is desired.

Zinc is most commonly used of all metals for this purpose, and
it is one of the best, as it is reasonably imperishable, cheap, and
very easily handled. Bright, clean zinc may be written on with a
chemical ink composed of an aqueous solution of chloride of
platinum or chloride of copper, the former probably the better of
the two. Ink may be obtained of a chemist or purchased under
the name of chemical ink for zinc labels. A quill pen should be
used in writing with this iuk. To prepare the zinc for chemical
ink, it should be cleaned with fine emery paper or very weak
muriatic acid, the latter preferred as it is not so likely to be fol-
lowed b}^ extensive oxidation, so injurious to the writing. Clean
with a rag dipped in very dilute acid, rinse in clear water, and
dry. After writing no further preparation is necessary.

Zinc, when slightly roughened by the oxidation which coats its
surface after exposure, ma}' be written on with a soft lead pencil.

158 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Soon the graphite becomes indelibly fixed on the zinc and then is
quite as permanent as is the chemical ink. Labels are readily oxi-
dized sufBciently to write on with a pencil by exposing them for a
few weeks in a damp place. This is much the quickest method of
marking any metal labels, and makes one of the very best labels
that can be had for out-door purposes. I have seen such perfectly
clear after ten years' exposure.

Zinc labels may also have the names of plants or catalogue
numbers stamped in their surface with steel dies. The letters are
rendered clearer by rubbing black paint into the lines after stamp-
ing. This is an extremely good and permanent method, but if
the labor of stamping is to be expended, copper, or pure tin, as
suggested farther on, is preferable.

Steel dies for stamping letters or numbers may be obtained at
hardware stores, of various sizes, each letter at the end of a metal
shaft. When a large amount of numbering is to be done, it is
economy to use a machine which has numbers arranged serially on
rotary wheels, with which the operator can work very rapidly.

It may be often desirable to paint numbers or names directly on
zinc ; for this purpose the lacquer sold under the name of " Nubian
black," answers very well.

Zinc labels of various sizes and patterns may be purchased of
some of our dealers in horticultural supplies, or sheets of zinc
can be purchased at about eight cents a pound and cut up as
desired, making very cheap labels.

In English horticultural papers, iron labels are advertised ; also
zinc, with the names in relief. They must be very good, but
necessarily limited to comparatively common names. Iron, or
tinned iron, is frequently used for painted labels, especialh' for
trees and in botanic gardens. The surface is first painted a neutral
color and then the name is painted in a contrasting color. This
makes an expensive, but very neat and attractive label where large
ones are needed. A good example may be seen in labels on the
trees in Boston Common which are painted in two shades of
brown. Robinson in " The English Flower Garden," suggests that
the upper margin of such a label be bent forward at an acute angle,
thus forming a little coping to protect the label from the weather,
and it seems as if it would be very efficient. Such labels would prob-
ably be best painted on thin copper, as the rusting of iron invari-
ably in time discolors and splits off the paint. Zinc, I believe, does

METHODS OF LABELLING TREES AND PLANTS. 159

not hold paint very well or it also would be preferable to iron.
Copper nails should be used in securing painted labels, as iron or
tinned iron rusts and discolors the paint where driven in.

Copper is chemically one of the most stable metals ; its surface
becomes darkened with exposure, but remains intact for an indefi-
nite period under ordinary conditions. It is therefore well suited for
labels when the names are to be incised. Names may be stamped
in the surface with steel dies, and to render them clearer a little
white lead or cement may be rubbed into the lines. Copper labels
could be very easily and rapidly marked by an etching process, as
follows : Heat a sheet of copper, rub over with etcher's wax,
cool, write the names with a steel point, laying bare the copper on
the lines of the writing, expose to nitric acid and water in equal
parts for a few minutes, wash, clean off the wax with turpentine,
and cut up the copper into suitable sized labels. Names might
advantageously be painted on copper with a white or light colored
paint. Cold rolled copper is the best to use and costs about
twenty-five cents a pound.

Lead labels are often used, especiall}' in European establish-
ments. Numbers or names are easily stamped in their surface,
and they are extremel}' permanent.

Tin is the last metal to be considered. It would make ex-
tremely good labels for valuable plants under the conditions of a
damp, warm greenhouse, where other metals are subject to extreme
corrosion, as it is practically imperishable. By tin is meant not
tinned iron, but the pure metal. It is soft, but tough, and retains
its surface better than any other metal that can be used for labels,
unless aluminum could be obtained cheap enough for that purpose.
Names or numbers should be stamped in its surface. Sheet tin
costs about seventy-five cents a pound, but as one hundred or
more labels according to size and thickness can be made from that
quantity of metal, it is not expensive. Tin would be perfectly
permanent in water, and therefore would make excellent labels for
aquatic plants.

Slate has been used and recommended for tallies. It is first
painted a neutral color, and the name is then painted on the sur-
face so prepared.

White porcelain labels with the letters of the name burnt in have
been used, but the}' are, of course, very expensive and of ques-
tionable value except for botanic gardens.

160 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Glass tallies with the name etched or scratched with a diamond
might be useful in greenhouses, because unaffected by dampness.
They should be very thick so as not to be easily broken.

Pottery labels have been much used in England. A member
of our Society uses for bulbs a quadrangular pointed label, four
inches long, made at the Cambridge pottery. He writes on it with
a pencil and likes it very much. Such labels are very subject to
breakage and consequent loss. In Europe a label is manufactured
of white composition similar to celluloid, to be written on with a
lead pencil or indelible ink, which seems very desirable and easily
handled. The Botanic Garden at Geneva used them successfully
for several years. They are sold by Albert Couvreux, Nogeut,
Haute-Marne, France. I have had them in use for six months
and so far they have proved ver}- satisfactory.

Wood comes next in the series of perishability. It is that
which is and always will be most used, and with all due regard to
metal labels, it is the most desirable material for general use if
properly prepared.

Mr. Jackson Dawson, gardener at the Arnold Arboretum, whose
opinion is known to be valuable from his wide experience, says
that locust lasts longer than an}' wood he knows for tallies, but it
does not hold paint well. His experience has been satisfactory
with the giant redwood of California, and with the southern
cypress. Red cedar is an extremely durable wood and is well
suited for labels. White pine is the wood in most common use and
is one of the best of easily obtained woods.

Probably the best wa}* to preserve wood to be written on is to
soak it in linseed oil, and then paint on both sides, reserving a
space for writing. Some thin garden labels so prepared are per-
fectly sound after nine years' exposure in the ground. At the
Arnold Arboretum the wooden stakes used as labels, about eighteen
inches long, have the ends dipped in tar, and the rest of the label
receives two coats of paint. The names and catalogue numbers
are painted on the label thus prepared. With this treatment white
pine has a life of eight or nine 3'ears.

The Botanic Garden at Cambridge uses basswood labels
soaked in oil. Paint is rubbed in on the face and the name is
written in pencil. These labels, of larger and smaller sizes ac-
cording to the size of the plants, are attached to metal sup-
ports. Their larger supports are iron strips two feet long,

METHODS or LABELLTNG TREES AND PLANTS. 161

inclined at tlie top so as to hold the label, which is screwed on, in
such a position as to be easily read. The bases are arrow shaped,
so as to cling to the ground and make an impediment to their being
pulled up by visitors, who have an undesirable but innate craving
to pull up a label when reading it. Their small supports, used in
alpine borders and greenhouses, are long strips of zinc, to which
the label is attached by clinched copper tacks. They are very
neat and good.

For out-door purposes I think unquestionably small wooden
labels attached to a metal support are better than long ones thrust
into the ground, as the latter are very subject to decay and are
expensive and unsightly. The common twelve inch garden labels
will cut up into three very good sized labels for this purpose.

For wooden stakes to mark boundary lines, as the ends of rows,
or the position of unlabelled herbaceous plants, etc., small stakes
eighteen inches long which have been soaked in creosote oil I have
used very 8ucce8sfull3\ The treatment with creosote oil is
very cheap as a preservative, and renders wood practically rot-
proof, but unfortunately black so that it cannot be written on.
Such creosoted stakes have been in use for about ten years and do
not show the slightest signs of decay. The same treatment is
equally applicable to stakes for tying up plants, etc.

The active horticulturist has frequent needs for a transient label,
as for h^'bridized flowers, seedlings to be separated out at the end
of the season, etc. For such purposes paper labels with a string
looped through a perforation in the margin, such as are used in
tagging goods, are very useful. They are easily attached to the
plant or flower, and last perfectly well throughout a season.

Out of doors all labels, except long cumbersome wooden ones
which are thrust into the ground, should be suspended from some
form of support. With trees and some shrubs, it is commonly
advisable to attach them directly to the object to be labelled. But
with shrubs which are annually pruned, and all herbaceous plants
and bulbs, some special support for the label is needed. The form
of support for labels used at the Botanic Garden in Cambridge,
has been described above and now we will consider a form of
support which has been used in my own garden for many 3'ears
with entirely satisfactory results. A galvanized iron rod, three-
sixteenths of an inch thick and eighteen inches long, has the top
bent sharply over on itself so as to form an eyelet. The label is
11

162 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

suspended directly from the eyelet, by means of a galvanized iron
or copper wire. The rods should have the eyelets bent before
they are galvanized, so that the zinc may solder over the space
which otherwise would exist where the tip of the recurved eyelet
joins the main stem ; also because if bent after galvanization the
zinc tends to split off during the bending, and thus exposes the
iron beneath to the weather. Shorter rods of a similar kind are
kept in the wire stores, but long ones are more desirable, as the
label is kept higher up from the earth and therefore cleaner. M}""
rods are pushed into the ground to the depth of about ten inches.
Their recommendations are : that they last forever, are long enough
to take a good hold in the ground, are not thrown out by frost,
will bend if accidentally struck, and not break as a wooden rod
might ; they are inconspicuous, and the labels are quickly attached
and removed, — an important consideration in labelling bulbs which
are annually taken up. A label suspended in this manner cannot be
lost except by wanton pulling up of the rod. If it is desired
that labels should hang horizontally to facilitate their reading,
. they can be hung from their supports by looping a wire through
the ej'elet and twisting the free ends through two holes bored at
the extremities of the label.

It may be well to note here a very good and simple method of
attaching cards for plants and flowers on exhibition. It is a pin
an inch and a quarter long, the top twisted in the form of a flat
double ring. The card is held tightly between the opposing sides
of the rings, and the pin is stuck in the table, thus holding the
label in such a position that it is easily read by visitors, and is not
likely to be meddled with. These are sold under the name of
" Wilson's Card Pins."

In gardens containing large numbers of hardy perennials or
trees, it is well to have some counter-check upon labels, so that if
lost the names of plants may still be known and the labels re-
placed. If a catalogue is kept this counter-check is easily
maintained. Let the fence-posts running in one direction be
numbered, and those running in the opposite direction be lettered.
Thus the garden is crossed by imaginary lines of pseudo-latitude
and longitude, and about eight feet apart, as that is the ordinary
distance of fence-posts. In the margin of the catalogue may be
entered in pencil against a plant the location, as E 15, which
designates and will lead one directly to the close proximity of the

METHODS OF LABELLING TREES AND PLANTS. 163

plant. This system is capable of indefinite expansion. If the
garden is so large that the letters of the alphabet are not sufficient
to label all the fence-posts in one direction, Roman numerals or
other signs may be substituted. Stakes bearing numbers can
be used if there are no fence-posts, or if the}' are too irregular or
too distant • to be used as guiding lines. By this system labels
may be largely done away with if so desired.

A word about catalogues may not be out of place in a paper of
this nature. Where a large number of plants are likely to be
entered, a card catalogue is generally the most convenient, as it is
capable of indefinite expansion. Plants can be entered in a cata-
logue alphabeticalh' under the genus name, and subdivided under
the natural class-divisions, as ferns, roses, etc., or they may be
entered under a number serially as received, and this latter method
has many and great advantages. If it is adopted a book is best
suited for a catalogue.

Pencils are the simplest and commonly the best material to mark
with ; but it is well to know other reliable substances with which
to inscribe labels or packages. Particularly is this true for trade
establishments.

It is desired to call attention to the rapidity with which wooden
or paper labels may be printed with rubber type. Thousands of
labels may be neatly printed in the time occupied in writing a few
hundreds. This method is useful onl}^ where considerable dupli-
cation of names is necessary, but then it is invaluable as a means
of saving time. " Metal bodied rubber type," as it is called, is,
as its name implies, composed of rubber type, each letter separately
mounted on a metal block. It can be combined in any word or
series of words desired, in metal forms of various sizes, and is
used similarly to the rubber stamps in common use. A small
printing press is made for the use of rubber type and is a valuable
aid to those using it extensively. Indelible rubber stamp ink
is the most suitable, as the ordinarj- aniline inks will not last a great
while under exposure, and some of them are extremely fugitive.

It is common to find that people are very neglectful as to the
kind of ink they use in the writing of even important documents.
Man}' of the inks in general use, particularly aniline inks, fade
rapidly under exposure, and will blur and run on being wet, to say
nothing of prolonged soaking, and few will withstand attempts to
eradicate them by chemical or mechanical means for dishonest

164 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

purposes. The blurring on being wet is the chief danger to the
horticulturist, and it is a real one, for the labels and directions
of packages sent may be rendered illegible by an accidental
wetting. The best ink is not inviolate if written on so hard and
highly glazed a paper that it cannot sink into it, and become a
part incorporate of the paper itself. There is not, however, often
any trouble on this score. For ordinary purposes I have found
" Carter's Raven Black Ink " very good. It is clear black and is
not injured by soaking. "Kosmian Safety Banking Ink" is an
ink gotten up for use where one is needed which cannot be eradi-
cated by any means short of cutting into the surface of the paper.
It certainly is an extremely good ink. It has withstood the
chemical tests to which I have seen it subjected. Where worth
while, a superior ink may be made by dissolving India ink in pure
acetic acid. This withstands water, alcohol, and chemicals. In
an experimental test this ink stood without altei'ation a twelve
months' exposure on a south roof.

Discussion.

In reply to an inquiry as to the best label for water plants the
essayist expressed the belief that pure tin would be entirely satisfac-
tory. Glass with the name etched or scratched would be good, but
liable to breakage.

President Walcott said that he had used the pottery labels
described by the essayist, and thej' went to pieces the first win-
ter. He thought we should have to come back to the zinc label.
They are not strong when flat, but are easily bent out of shape,
and a great advantage had been found in bending them length-
wise at a right angle. He recommended writing on them with
a lead pencil after they have been moderately oxidized. Tin labels
should have a very permanent method of marking. He had seen
an English label prepared by soaking in a solution of lime and
sulphate of copper, but it was unworthy of attention.

William C. Strong said that any label could be pulled up if one
were disposed to be mischievous, even if it had the arrow point
used at the Botanic Garden. For temporary use he would prefer
labels made of pine or cedar shingles to paper.

Benjamin G. Smith had used the galvanized iron rod with zinc
labels, and has some written with ink fourteen years ago which are
still plain. He had used zinc wire in order to avoid galvanic
action.

METHODS OF LABELLING TREES AND PLANTS. 165

Mr. Jackson said that he had never seen any galvanic action
between the zinc label and the copper wire with which it was put
on. For bulbs he prefers copper wire, because it is easily un-
twisted, so as to put the label in a bag with the bulbs. He had
not seen any injury to plants from galvanized metal.

W. A. Manda, gardener at the Botanic Garden, said that they
wanted to have plant labels there which could be read without
pulling up, but it is difl3cult to combine all desirable points. Those
with the arrow points are not thrown out by frost. The only
advantage of iron over wood is that the latter might be broken
more easily. Leaves and dirt collect sooner on the labels placed
in a slanting position, for the sake of being read more easily, than
on those in a vertical position.

J. W. Manning said that he uses labels and stakes of pine and
cedar, with the bottoms soaked in tar and the upper parts painted
two coats.

F. J. Dutcher said that he had had his zinc labels eaten off by
galvanic action. The round hole for the wire was gradually
lengthened to a slot.

Robert Manning said that he had seen an instance of galvanic
action like that described by Mr. Dutcher, but he had seen many
more where it did not occur, though the circumstances appeared
the same. He suggested that the bottoms of wooden labels and
stakes to be driven into the ground should be soaked in crude
petroleum, which is much cheaper than linseed oil.

Mr. Strong thought the wooden labels shown should be driven
deeper into the ground than appeared to be provided for.

Mr. Jackson thought that the time spent in preparing and paint-
ing wooden labels to drive down deep in the ground would pay for
metal supports.

Nathaniel T. Kidder suggested writing the names on both sides
of zinc labels. They could then be read without turning over, and
would also have the advantage that one side might last when the
other was worn oflf.

Mr. Jackson's essay was illustrated with specimens of the various
kinds of labels described by him. It was listened to with much
interest, and a vote of thanks was unanimously passed for it.

Notice was given that on the next Saturday, Rev. Frederick N.
Knapp, of Plymouth, would read a paper on "Fertilizers: —
Agricultural, Physical, Intellectual, and Moral."

166 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, March 24, 1888.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Henry P. Walcott in the chair.
No business being brought before the meeting, it
Adjourned to Saturday, March 31.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Fertilizers : — Agricultural, Intellectual, Moral, and
Political.

By Rev. Fbedebick N. Knapp, Plymouth.

Before entering on the subject announced for today's discussion,
as I am a new man among you, allow me to state why, even if
not of the regular brotherhood, I may still, perhaps, make some
claim on strictly horticultural grounds to your kind consideration.

I cannot exactl}' say, according to the soldier's formula of
boasting, that " I have fought, bled and died in the service," but
I can say that for the last forty, — yes, fifty years, excepting during
the four years of the war, when my hands and thoughts were
otherwise occupied, the sun has not shone a single day, from
April to October of each year, that has not seen me at early dawn,
and for an hour at least, — usually for two or three hours, — at
work in my garden. And a certain sweetbrier hedge ten feet in
breadth, and seven rods long, from plants of my own raising,
from the seed, if called upon by an}' passer by, at any time in
the mouths of June or July will testify in its own delightful way
to the care that has been bestowed upon it.

And in order to show how true I am to the cause, even at cost
of the esteem of more thrifty neighbors, I will repeat an inci-
dent which, as I recollect, I narrated not long ago at the table of
the Massachusetts Agricultural Club, when that lover of plants
and lover of men. Col. Wilder, was still here with his gracious
presence. It was thus : — Two or three years ago I was transplant-
ing, day after day, very early in the morning, a qiiautitj' of seedling
honeysuckles and seedling sweetbriers, very minute in size, hav-
ing the second pair of leaves just starting. A near neighbor, who

fertilizers; — agricultural, intellectual, etc. 167

also was an early riser, came over one daj', looked on awhile,
and left without saying anj-thing. A da}^ or two afterward he
came again, bid me good morning, leaned a few minutes on his
hoe, started off for his cornfield, returned, and abruptly said,
" Mr. Knapp may I ask you a question?" "Yes." " What are
those things you are setting out?" " Honeysuckles and sweet-
briers." " Two or three thousand of them arn't there? " " Yes,
more." " Expect to sell them? " " No." " What then? " " Going
to give them away after they get grown, to anybody 'round town
that will take care of them, — ■ especially on Arbor Day. I presume
your wife will accept some of them, and have you set them out."
My neighbor walked off a little distance, with a toss of his head ;
returned, put his chin on his hoe handle, and said slowly, "I
don't want to hurt any one's feelings, but I do want amazingly to
speak what's on mj' mind ! Shall I tell you what I should want
you to say to me if the time ever comes in the Lord's world when
you see me, before daylight, down on my hands and knees with
specs on, setting out such little, miserable, mean things as those,
and not a dollar of profit from them?" " Yes," I said. " Well, I
should want you to call me something near a fool ! "

And as to the using of fertilizers themselves, I have tested, I
think, the value, by careful experiments, of almost every commer-
cial fertilizer on the list ; comparing their effects one with
another in acre lots side by side, and in garden patches. I have
also brought from New Jersey and used on my land, a schooner
cargo of their famous " marl," to see how it would work on our
Plymouth soil, and wished that I had left it in its native bed,
where it was deposited ages ago.

With this personal introduction on horticultural grounds, let
me ask to be kindly received for the time being into partial
fellowship, while I turn to our special theme.

A " horticulturist" of today, in order to come up to the stand-
ard of acquirement and refinement which that title implies, must
have far broader interests and wider knowledge than that alone
which secures intelligent cultivation of the soil. Limited strictly
to the meaning of the Latin words from which it is derived, hortus
and cultus, horticulture does, indeed, signify merely " garden
culture."

But since the days when those beautiful gardens adorned the
villas around Rome, human life in all its aspects has so changed,

168 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and the boundaries of knowledge have been so enlarged, that the
original meaning of a word may in no measure cover its present
significance. Thus a '' horticulturist" of today is looked upon by
the community at large as a man of other culture also. So true
is this that probably general surprise would be expressed if any
person were admitted to membership in this very society, bearing
only the name, " Horticultural," who was not a person of general
culture as well.

This is, indeed, the da}'- of " specialists," — men who make some
one subject or limited line of pursuit a central study, — this in all
the professions, — but the specialist himself of today must be
first a man of broad culture, else he cannot secure the confidence
of the community in his own limited field.

Allow these preliminary remarks to be my apology for permit-
ting my subject, " Fertilizers," to lead beyond the limit of the
hortus, — the garden, — even to those broader fields, which, as I
assume, every man of culture should know best how to till, in
order that society at large may reap the ripened harvest which
each man's life ought to give as his contribution to the public
storehouse. On this basis let me indicate the line of thought
which I propose to myself, viz., to show how one and the same
general law is applicable to fertilizing or rendering productive the
soil, the intellect, the moral sense, and the spirit of patriotism ;
and that law is that we must aim, first of all, to secure those aids
or appliances, — fertilizers, we will call them, — which will most
promptly and fully develop into available form the native powers
latent in the soil, in the mind, and in the moral sense, thus con-
verting latent powers into productive forces ; and this in distinc-
tion from merely putting into the soil, or into the mind, a given
amount of material ready for use and for assimilation. One process
is the development for practical ends of Nature's hidden stores ;
the other is chiefly making use of and depending upon this extra-
neous or foreign supply for the crop, in the field or in the mind.
This in the first place.

Second : — This law demands that when we do make use, as we
wisely may and must constantly', of these extraneous supplies to
help develop or to supplement whatever Nature furnishes, — when
we use in the field commercial and barnyard fertilizers, and for
the mind books of study and the thoughts of other men, — we are to
inform ourselves in advance, by careful analysis of the soil or of

FERTILIZERS : — AGRICULTURAL, INTELLECTUAL, ETC. 169

the mind, of just what sort of help Nature needs in that special
field, and also with direct reference to the crop to be raised. We
are to call in the skill of the practical chemist on the one hand,
and in the other field the skill of the man who can analyze the
mental qualities and tendencies, — who can see what mental chemi-
cals, so to speak, there is a deficienc}' of in any given mind,
and which are to be supplied if the mind is to yield its best results.

The recognition of the second demand of this law is what has
brought horticulture, or agriculture at large, up from a compara-
tively low level to the high place it now holds, where the learned
man of science is made the paid servant of the farmer and the
gardener, — as much so as the man who holds the plough or drives
the team. Likewise (to keep up the parallel) the recognition of
the above-named second demand of this same law is what is effect-
ing the present beneficent revolution of common school and univer-
sity education, culminating in the elective sjstem now being
introduced into so many of our colleges, instead of that Procrus-
tean bed on which formerl}' we all had to be stretched.

Now let us strike our plough into the soil. The first demand
under that law was that we secure those aids or appliances which
will develop into productive agents the power latent in the field.
Under this head, I name air and water as the two great assistants
first of all to be looked after and secured by the horticulturist.
Their value, — nay, their indispensable agency, — is too often neg-
lected in the eager demand for commercial fertilizers which will
supply the largest percentage of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and
potash. There is a tendency to trust to these last-named helps so
entirely as to overlook the necessity of securing the eflTective help
of those two natural agents. In speaking thus of the air and water
I do not refer to irrigation, but to the provision which should be
made (and so seldom is made on a liberal scale) for having them
permeate the soil freely and perform their own most individual
and peculiar service.

And exactly what is this service? It is by the chemical action
upon the native material in the soil to convert into " plant food "
what else were dead matter. An immense amount of such matter
lies unused and utterly unusable for lack of the action upon it of
air and water to put it into such form that plants can assimilate it.

The fact of the existence of this vast supply of the raw mate-
rial in many soils which seem utterly lacking in fertilitj' was ree-

170 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ognized b}' Professor Atwater in an admirable lecture given here
a few weeks ago, when in recapitulating the principles of plant
nutrition he said that " Soils fail to furnish food for crops, not so
much because the3' have not abundant stores, as because the mate-
rials are not in available forms." " The infertility of many soils,"
he adds, " is due more to their mechanical condition than to lack
of plant food. Such soils want amendment first and manures
afterwards." And he further adds, " The indirect action of fertil-
izers in improving the mechanical condition of the soil is often
very important." Now, while barnyard manure and these com-
mercial fertilizers do, by chemical action and combination, incideu-
tallj- thus act upon this raw material, tlie great agents for enlisting
the latter in the service of plant growth are air and water. These
are what disintegrate the mass, separate the useful from the
useless part, arouse them from their inactivity, and summon them
to do something towards covering the fields with green.

And this is to be accomplished chiefl}' by frequent ploughing,
keeping the earth light, and in gardens by a constant use of the
hoe and spade or the broad-tined fork, so that the water as it
falls in rain may freely penetrate the soil and perform its wonder-
ful mission. This is really- a process of irrigation akin to that
which in Colorado, by the use of water alone, converts arid wastes
into fertile fields. The idea that the plough is a tool to be used
only about twice in the year, — once in the spring and then in the
fall, — and that the hoe is chiefly intended for keeping the garden
free from weeds, is entirely false. Tile draining aids in the
same work, inviting the water to find its way into and then down
through the soil.

We are to bear in mind that it is not the value of water as mere
moisture that we are now considering, or as a medium by which
available nutrition is carried up as liquid into the growing plant,
but it is with special reference to water as an agent for converting
raw material into available food. Many a farmer or horticulturist
neglects thus to regard the agency of water and so to supply it,
leaving thereby unused in the soil what is waiting his call, while
he applies with liberal hand other forms of food to his garden.
Now, so to do would seem as unwise as for a man with oxen idle
in his barn to hire, year after year, his neighbor's to plough and
harrow his fields.

But after all which the free admission of air and water into the

fertilizers: — agricultural, intellectual, etc. 171

soil ma}' do for preparing food for the plant from the raw mate-
rial, there is a constant call for other help, and in no one direc-
tion has the progress of the age been more marked, and perhaps
more promoted, than b}' the application of scientific methods to
the preparation of food for plants. And not their preparation
onl}', but their nice adaptation to the special wants of individual
classes of plants. Each plant is delicately consulted as to the
food which it would prefer ; next, the place where it is to make its
home is carefully examined to see whether just that kind of food
can be found there and in abundant supply ; and in case it is not
found the caterers emploj^ed by Mr. Bowker or Mr. Mapes
immediately furnish it. Literally, the appetite of each plant or
each family of plants is consulted with almost the care and success
with which a hospitable host would seek delicately to inform
himself of what might be the favorite dish of his guest.

It is wonderful and instructive to see to what nice shadings of
adaptation this preparation of food for plants has been carried.
In^jtructive and interesting not merely to the horticulturist, as of
practical utility, but to every one who watches with interest the
varied agencies and evidences of the world's advancement. Here
is a soil rich in organic matter on which we wish to raise a crop of
grain, but because of the ver\' abundance of organic matter there
will be an overgrowth of straw and root, — a splendid show of
green but little of grain. We ask, through the chemist, what the
trouble is. He shows us that phosphoric acid enters largely into
the formation of the kernel of grain, and the kernel is what we
are after. So we give the stalks food containing ten or twelve
pel cent, of soluble phosphoric acid with a liberal amount of
potash. And the plant gratefully thanks us for our thoughtful
kindness in asking it what food it needed or preferred, and so,
bowing low its head in acknowledgement, it waves to us in autumn,
whenever we pass that way, its golden banners, promising to bring
to us its golden grain.

And here we might recite a long list of various fertilizers spec-
ially adapted, with the nicest balancing of the chemist's scales, to
special families of plants ; in each fertilizer essentially the same
ingredients used, but in every possible variety of proportion,
according, as I have implied or said, to the recognized nature of
the plant whose food it is to be.

For corn, tubers, wheat, turnips, grass, lentils, garden vines,
rose bushes, — for each one its own package is duly labelled, — in

172 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

appearance all much the same ; but in contents as varied as are
the packages in the grocer's wagon, each selected for the family
whose table it is to supply.

And if analysis of plants goes on, and all their tastes are
catered to in this furnishing of food, we shall, bj'-and-by, instead
of ten or twenty, have over fifty or a hundred special forms of
nourishment, each one labelled with the name and portrait of the
individual it is to serve, down to minute subdivisions of families,
each one jealous of its rights.

The " Duchess of Westminster" and "Princess Imperial du
Br6sil " will refnse the food offered to little " Nancy Lee." The
ambitious " Queen of the Prairies," with her flaunting robes, and
she who wears with her name her "Cloth of Gold," will both
haughtily decline to be served with the same viands that satisfy the
taste of the modest little "Ida." And our beautiful friend
" Chrysanthemum," recently exalted in the eyes of men to a place
of special honor, will courteously but significantly wave from her
what some sister plant, in humbler place, would gladly shsijre ;
while even the quiet little pansy, that looks up to us with such a
loving, human eye, will say, "Please give to me that other
supply ; this belongs to the little English violet there."

But enough of this. Without further reference to agricultural,
let us pass on to " Intellectual Fertilizers." And, as I as-
sume, b}' a natural connection do we pass from one to the other
and appl}^ to both the same tests in determining values. The
intellect is like the soil, and each illustrates the nature of
the other. In order to make it yield a good crop you must not
only enrich it but so treat it with proper appliances as to develop
into available form the native powers latent there ; converting, as
I said of the soil, latent powers into productive forces. Next,
you must supply it with food suited both to its nature and to the
kind of produce you expect to harvest. This, of course, assumes
a careful study (like to a chemical analysis of the soil) of the
peculiar qualities of the mind to be treated. And year by year,
additional food must be given ; else, like an old field, the mind
will " run out."

In a late number of " The Independent," Maurice Thompson
makes a plea from the standpoint of a literary man for what he
calls " Greek as a Fertilizer," adopting, you notice, the very
phrase I have been using. After telling of the beauty and

fertilizers: — agricultural, intellectual, etc. 173

strength of the language, he sa3-s : " I take it that a mind fertilized
and aerated with the substance and spirit of a liberal education,
will bring to its literary work in any department, a surer touch, a
clearer vision, a higher purpose, a serener and broader judgment,
a finer fibre, and a sweeter essence than any mere field-trained
observer of facts can hope to control."

These results are to come from a mind thus fertilized and aerated ;
this is my point in quoting this sentence. Aerated^ that very
process mentally which I have referred to chemicall}' as the one by
which the mass of native raw material was to be disintegrated,
dissolved, and made available for growth and fruit. And what
are some of the intellectual fertilizers corresponding to those we
use in other fields? It should be borne in mind that they must be
such as will develop and render efficient the native powers or raw
material of the mind, as well as furnish what can at once be assim-
ilated and used. Among them are books which give us the
thoughts and lives of earnest men ; books, too, that tell us of the
laws of Nature, seen in the structure of stalk, bud, and flower;
such periodicals as the one just started, the ''Garden and Forest,"
full as it is of information and promise ; talking with men whose
intellects are wide awake ; interchange of knowledge ; a habit, too,
of seeking to know what is going on the world and having a hand
in it ; a habit of looking into the reason of things ; a habit of
thinking over our thoughts, after the style which Ex-President Hill,
of Harvard College, refers to and recommends when he saj^s,
" Man is ruminant, and he gets little permanent benefit from lit-
erary browsing unless he afterwards chews the cud." And to
these we add the attending all public meetings where "affairs" are
talked over ; taking an active part in such organizations as this
Society', — it is a great thing for fellow-mortals to rub against one
another, — attending such meetings as this, where, if one does not
get all the wisdom there is in the world at once, he may gather
something, — a little nitrogen, phosphate, or potash, which may
prove to be just what his soil needs ; studying thoroughly into
such subjects as that of " The Preservation of our Forests," — full
of interest and leading to curious investigations concerning the
influence of forests on our annual rainfall, and so to their influence
on climate, freshets, droughts, tornadoes, water power, all playing
such an important part in the country's economy and prosperity ;
investigating matters like that most interesting topic of the mutual

174 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

adaptation of flowers and insects to each other for mutual benefit, —
the flower often dependent upon the insect for fertilization, the
insect in return receiving houey and food.

I may also name the work of informing ourselves by observa-
tion and by study of the value of public parks, realizing how much
education, as well as health, a communit}' may gain from them,
and hence the moral obligation resting upon every city or large
town to provide attractive public grounds for recreation. Realiz-
ing, too, the diflference between a park constructed and planted by
a man who, bv taste and education, is in deep sympathy with
nature, and grounds "laid out" by one whose highest aim is only
to make drives of eas}- grade and to secure a few bold and unex-
pected ertects. Often in his hands the grounds are too literally
" laid out" as for the burial of all true life which gives to hill and
dale their beauty and their power to speak in tones of cheer and
love to man. Let any one who would fully understand what I
mean by this, and how much it covers, read the pamphlet written
by Mr. Frederick Law Olmsted, entitled, " The Justifying Argu-
ments for a Public Park."

Great occasions, calling for great endeavors to meet great
emergencies, are most marked fertilizers, — not to be sought or
bought indeed, but to be used ; developing to our surprise a
sudden show of,will or of wisdom or of soul, which, once aroused,
becomes an abiding strength. Note the marvellous power which
the affections have in quickening the intellect, stimulating it to a
vigor it never before knew. This is the secret of the steady
mental growth of many of the world's philanthropists, who began
life with very little evidence of intellectual vigor but with a
great deal of heart. But as years went on the intellect became
enlarged and enriched and strong. Man}' such cases could be
cited.

And let us not fail to credit our radical reformers (even those
who to some quieter natures seem, at the time perhaps, intemper-
ate in their zeal), — let us not fail to credit them with a fertilizing
influence of immense value. Often these are the men who first
arouse attention to the study of those earnest problems of political
economy and of politics, which are involved in any attempt to
remedy radically great existing wrongs in society. As the sun-
baked or turf-bound field has to be torn by the breaking-up
plow, with the cutter of steel upon its oaken beam, and the sun-

FERTILIZERS: AGRICULTURAL, INTELLECTUAL, ETC. 175

light, air, and rain let in, so do tliese fanatics, as we sometimes
call them, with their somewhat fierce energy, arouse from leth-
argy' calmer men to wise and earnest thought, and to efficient
action.

The author of " The Eighteen Christian Centuries," speaks of a
certain marvellous quickening of thought, and sudden springing
up of men of genius during and subsequent to the reign of the
great Elizabeth ; and in tracing out the cause of it all he uses
this very figure of a " fertilizer" which I have adopted.

He says, "-The moral battles of a nation in pursuit of some
momentous object, like religion and political freedom, bring forth
great future crops ; as fields are enriched on which mighty armies
have been engaged." ..." The fertilizing influence extends in
eve' y direction, far and near." . . . "The intellectual harvest
that followed the mental and moral activity that led to the final
rejection of the Pope and the defeat of the Spaniard, included,
as the result of its fertilizing work, Shakespeare and Bacon, and
a host of lesser but still majestic names."

And not an intellectual harvest only, let it be added, but this
same quickening of the human mind in these special directions led
also to those great commercial enterprises and those exploring
expeditions which have helped to make the seventeenth century
a glory in the history of civilizatron.

All those which I enumerated, with many more, are intellec-
tual fertilizers that can be used for enriching the mind and mak-
ing it productive. Productive of what? I answer, productive of
what the world so much needs, — good, honest thinking, just
opinions, self-respect ; ability to be useful ; a conscious capacity
to take hold with a strong hand of whatever is rightly to be done,
a consciousness of a certain kind of power.

These are the staple products of the mind, and of the whole
inner man, just as corn, wheat, and hay are of the field ; and as the
rose, the pink, and the heliotrope are of the flower garden. And
when man has got them, he has got something worth the harvest-
ing. It really seems as if a great many people did not attach
much value to these products ; at any rate make not half as
much endeavor to secure these fertilizers as they would to get a
ton of guaoo or of Mapes's phosphate for the field. Nay, but
they are the verj- men, usually, who don't care for guano or phos-
phates ; — don't believe in the value of any such thing. A man's

176 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

right, as a poiut of law, to let his farm run out, no one can ques-
tion, and the same right applies to each individual in his treatment
of his mind and heart. If he so will, I cannot sa}- him naj' !
Though he insist on living in a small range of ideas, I cannot say
him nay ; and if he is my neighbor I will treat him kindly, and
when he is dead I will help to bury him ; but all the time I must
be allowed to feel that (so to phrase it) his is a very miserable
way to carry on a farm ! — a lamentable misuse of the field that
has been given him ; and all this from the failure to use the fitting
fertilizers !

But there is another remark to be made in this connection.
There are a great many poor, some absolutely bogus, fertilizers
advertised extensively ; those which furnish a transient stimulant
to the mind, but no " plant food." Out of these only weeds will
grow.

And here is a word which it may not be amiss to say in this
connection and bearing upon an important practical subject.
Under our present system of common school education our
young people are constantly being cheated out of a certain form
of valuable training (a fertilizing agency) which they have a right
to claim. Confined they are almost exclusively to text books.
They should have aroused within an interest in and knowledge of
things outside of books, — a knowledge of what is going on in the
world today, — improvements, inventions, social organizations,
moral reforms, duties of citizens, and the like. And the " qualifi-
cations " of every teacher should embrace this idea. If one full
quarter of all the time which our public schools now give to what
are called the higher branches and ornamental culture, were to be
devoted to the work of thoroughly interesting the pupils in this
class of subjects, — an interest that would stay b}- them all their
lives, — our 3'oung men and women would really be much better
educated than they are now, and better prepared to engage in
conversation and to act sensibly when out in the world. This
is one form of intellectual fertilizing which I should rejoice to see
generally adopted.

Applj' also the same to our system of college education ; give
more time to getting ingrained into our young men the spirit
of the best life of today ; see to it that thej' realize the duties
which pertain to American citizenship, — to high honor in business
transactions ; to the sense of moral responsibilities ; that they

fertilizers: — agricultural, intellectual, etc. 177

attach less importance to a familiarity with the roots of Greek
verbs and to the gods of Greek fable, and more to an intimate
acquaintance with those divine laws of nature and of society
which are no fables, but great present and abiding realities.

Adopt this method and we should have fewer one-sided and
narrow men, built up to a high point of culture on a single line,
but without breadth of foundation — a seven-story house on an
eighteen-foot frontage. Then, too, you would see fewer of those
literary fops who, because of a college degree, look down upon
some solid men who have no degree of college but a large degree
of brains.

In speaking of Commercial Fertilizers, I am reminded of an
address that was delivered some six or eight weeks ago, before
the Commercial Club of Boston, with the very significant title of
" The Commercial Value of Ideas." It was on a line of thought,
in one of its leadings, peculiarly akin to what I am now seeking
to present to 3'ou upon Intellectual Fertilizers, to which we might
fitl}' assign, could we estimate their worth to the world, their
commercial value.

Chauncy Smith in that address (some of you probably heard
it) shows how all the great industries of the world have sprung,
each in its turn, from a new idea, such as the idea in the mind of
Gutenburg, George Stephenson, Watt, or Bessemer. By their
inventions these men gave to their ideas a commercial value, and
vastly increased thereb}' the resources of mankind. "Hence it
is the duty of practical business men not merely to avail them-
selves of all these accumulated facilities for success, facilities the
fruit of ideas, but to make ample provision for the birth of new
ideas ; so that no germ of talents shall miss its opportunity for
development, and its chance thus to increase the power and
resources of man."

Is not this, I ask, the key-note of the whole fertilizing the mind ?
The germs are there, and who shall tell us what may become their
commercial value if brought out and applied ? Of peculiar value
to the horticulturist is this fertilizing of the mind, not for a
mere hot-bed growth or a special crop, but in a way which
prepares the soil rich!}' for whatever he may choose to cultivate.

Think first of one man well versed, indeed, in all the forms of
plants, and the best methods of plant-culture, and who is even
enthusiastic and successful in his work, but whose thoughts, and
12

178 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

range of interest, honestly measured, are limited, essentially, to
the growth and perfecting of the plants themselves as garden
products, and his own personal success in their culture. All this
is in a worthy direction indeed, and its influence is refining, as
far as it goes. But contrast with him another man, equally
interested and painstaking in his garden. Equally ambitious for
success ; equally gratified when he can place for exhibition on
the table, in yonder hall, some new and beautiful specimens, but
who is also refreshed, every hour in the day, with thoughts and
associations which his careful reading, and his habit of keen
observation, and uis scientific study have treasured up for him.
Hardly a plant he sets out, or shrub he trains or trims, that does
not recall to his thought some beautiful law of nature, or some
charming picture of art or poetry, inseparably bound in with that
very plant or Sower. Here it is "Picciola" in the fortress of Fen-
estrella ; this little plant giving joy and blessed companionship,
month after month, to the Count de Charney in his lonely impris-
onment,— he who loved his " Picciola" as a mother loves a child.
Here it is the picture of Virgil and Maecenas : the aged protector
of Rome, when the fields of Italy are laid waste and agriculture
abandoned, inducing the poet Virgil to arouse the people to the
culture of crops and the care of the garden by writing for them,
in the music of verse, that which tells them of flocks and herds
and growing vines. For so came to the world that choicest gift
of the poet's pen, the "Bucolics" of Virgil, fresh today with the
aroma of flowers and the scent of new mown hay.

Or in another direction, led by this scientific study, the mere
bit of coal which a man rakes out of his rose bed, brings to him
the thought of how the sunlight which was shining centuries and
centuries ago is, literally, stored up in that same coal to cheer
and light us today. Is there not something beautiful in thus living
as it were this double life, cultivating and enjoying to the full the
flowers around us and our own success in our work, and at the
same time walking as at eventide in another garden ?

Who did not envy Dr. Asa Gray, that man so rich in his
treasures of botanical knowledge, but richer still in the treasures
of his heart, — he who has just gone from us, — who did not envy
Dr. Gray his vast acquirement in his special field ! But there is
one little book of his, which simply in its title reveals more of
"what was in the man, — for I knew him well for years, in his garden

fertilizers: — agricultural, intellectual, etc. 179

and in his home, and what gave to him his enthusiasm and his
success, — than do any of his large folio volumes. It tells the
secret of his strength, and of that magnetic influence of his, and
of the source of his own great enjoyment ; — tells how he looked on
plants almost as on animated beings, responsive to human affec-
tion. The title, — doubtless you all know it, — is "How Plants
Behave : How they Move, Climb, Emploj' Insects to Work for
them, etc."

Is it not beautiful, this attitude of his towards plants and
flowers? Childless was he? Yes, in one sense, yet he had a
thousand children of his love ! You see what I mean. So it is
that I say this enriching, fertilizing, of the mind and heart is to
the horticulturist of peculiar worth. Every day yields him flowers
of beaut}' richer than orcliids, and offers to him the choicest fruits.

How the learned, loving Evelyn, — learned in classic and in
nature's lore ; lover of every tree and plant that grows, — how he
reveals himself to us, simply b}' the wa}' he phrases some of his
most practical suggestions on the culture ©f trees. When he
would tell us not to shorten in the aspen, else it will not thrive,
and that the palm tree will not bear transplanting, he sa3's, "The
aspen takes it ill to have its head cut off :" and, " There are few
trees like the homesick palm, which will not quit its place of
birth." How those two little phrases open to us his heart, tell us
how large a field he walked in, and how much he must have
enjoyed in his converse with Nature.

Eliot Cabot, in that delightful biography which he has just
written, tells us of the great satisfaction which Ralph Waldo
Emerson found in his wood lot. " My spirits," said Emerson,
" rise whenever I enter it. I can spend the entire day there with
hatchet and pruning shears, making paths without remorse of
wasting time. I fancy the birds know me, and even the trees
make little speeches, or hint them."

In that very publication to which I just referred, " Garden and
Forest," under the notices of new books, it is assumed that, as
matter of course, the horticulturist is a man who seeks to cultivate
a capacit}' for intellectual enjoyment by a careful study of what-
ever is akin to his interest in his garden. Speaking of the book
written by W. Carew Hazlitt, entitled " Gleanings in Old Garden
Literature," it says: "This book should find a place on the

180 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

shelves of every horticulturist who has a soul for the history and
literature of his favorite recreation."

Professor Shaler, in " The Popular Science News," refers to the
rare opportunity which the agriculturist has for cultivating within
him that habit of " questioning nature." He says : " The degree to
which the questioning of nature may be associated with the occu-
pation of a man must manifestly vary, in a great measure, accord-
ing to the nature of his vocation. Fortunately for the interests of
the better culture, more than one half of the men and women of
the world must always be in contact with the soil, — with that realm
where nature is most active, and where she teaches the most."
" What is needed is that a man should be informed concerning
the nature of the creatures with which he deals ; that he should
know the laws of plant life and of animal function, so that he does
nothing unintelligently, or without the sense of the truth which is
before him. From the creation of this spirit of inquiry, we may
not only hope for a new mental state in the agriculturist, but for a
vast measure of benefit in the economic results which he seeks to
attain "

Professor Shaler also speaks with keen insight and apprecia-
tion when he adds: "Thus we may make men and women feel
the comforting sense which comes from the understanding of the
world about them."

Let us say in passing that if ever our now naked islands in the
harbor here are to be covered with trees, and the bleak headlands
made green with welcoming verdure, to gladden the eye of one
who comes a stranger to oar shores, all this and kindred results
which beautify and adorn barren places must come from the culti-
vation in the people at large of just that aesthetic sentiment which
it is one of the legitimate aims, duties, and privileges of such a
society as yours to secure, and they are to secure it by this
fertilizing process that I have been talking about ; to secure it
first to themselves, individually, and as a society ; then, through
their influence, example, and advocacy, to impart it to the com-
munity around them.

Thus will you, as a society, from one side help to create that
" pure, fresh atmosphere," which, with " the breezes of a higher
intellectual culture " sweeping away the mists, shall exalt the
meaning of life to the artist, to the merchant and the laborer, as
well as to the solitary scholar.

Turn now to " Moral Fertilizers." You can by this time

fertilizers: — agricultural, intellectual, etc. 181

anticipate just about what I would say here. So I will limit
mj'self to a single sentence.

Accept first the fact that all that makes up the moral sense of
man, — heart, conscience, and all, — are as real as are fields and
gardens, and there is not a word that I have said about fertilizers
for the soil and for the mind that will not apply here to moral
culture.

Now I will speak of *' Political Fertilizers." Not in any narrow
sense, but with a meaning broad as God's design in founding
nations do we claim the right to use the word " political." I use
it in connection with that sentiment in man which is the root of
patriotism, which determines governments, invests them with
authority, reveres them, and demands that by allegiance to high
ends they be worthy of reverence ; defends them, and claims from
them defence against oppression and wrong, with a wise and true
polity for their government.

This sentiment the Great Designer placed in man and gave to it
its commission, — made it as distinct in its nature and as well defined
as is the moral sense or as is the intellect, — indeed made it as real
as are the fields we plough. Whether or not this sentiment or
faculty in man produce for the world rich results is determined by
identically the same law that determines whether the soil and the
human mind shall yield a rich harvest. It must be developed,
nurtured, fed.

Let it be nurtured by generous purposes, early inculcated in our
homes, in our schools, in our colleges ; by the voice that heralds
progress ; by the inspiring idea of mission ; by the spirit of self-
sacrifice ; b}' Truth revealing her glories and her rewards ; by
Justice holding aloft her scales. Let this sentiment be thus nur-
tured, fed, fertilized, and it must yield the fruits of patriotism,
followed by national prosperity.

But let none of these forms of appeal be made, with their
quickening power, and behold the results ! The fruit is narrow
party spirit, bitter in proportion to its narrowness ; contracted
ideas of citizenship and of nationality ; lack of sympathy with one
another and with oppressed humanit}' ; loss of faith in fellow-men ;
mean suspicion ; a sneer at unselfish devotion to one's country.
How marked the contrast !

Great poets, too, — great in their humanity, their patriotism, their
insight, and their power of prophecy, — nurture this sentiment.

182 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Sometimes to them nations are more indebted for keeping alive or
rekindling the fires npon the unused altars, than to the orator and
the statesman. Such poets enter thousands of homes which are never
reached by the words of the orator, and there, while the children
and parents merely think of the images of beauty or taste the
draughts of refreshment given them from these cups of gold, lo !
they are drinking in that which quickens patriotic life, and causes to
germinate the seeds whose ripened fruit is political purity and broad
patriotism. Great apostles thus, with us, are such men as James
Russell Lowell, and Emerson, and Whittier ; their living thoughts
fertilize broad acres of human hearts with high moral quickening.

Here too we may name as an unquestionable fertilizer of
patriotism whatever shall arouse and firmly' plant in the citizen a
clear, calm realization of the sacredness and responsibility of
citizenship, and the power there is in each vote of a freeman
directed by a conscientious will.

Again, an honest and outspoken demand b3' individuals and
communities for honest statesmanship is an immensely powerful
fertilizer for producing honest statesmen. Under such influences,
\rith an atmosphere around them of moral earnestness, are statesmen
born. Let individuals and communities fail to furnish in the
political field the stimulating effect upon public men of this out-
spoken demand for a pure and broad political action, and the crop
of politicians (so to speak) will be dwarfed, — no forms noble and
majestic among them. Though, meantime, no one may doubt but
that with " raw material," — intellect, heart and will, — a country
may at that ver}- time be abundantly supplied, only waiting to have
it brought out into noble activity.

Great thoughts, great deeds, great men nurture this sentiment.
Great utterances of wise statesmen in the halls of council, nurture
this sentiment, — their own native eloquence glorified by the
majesty of the cause they are pleading, bound in with some great
national interest, — Burke, Chatham, Calhoun, Cla}', "Webster, —
the}' are still uttering their burning words.

The scenes of great struggles in behalf of some holy principle,
nurture this sentiment. Speak the simple word " Marathon," and
in an instant ten thousand Greeks would spring to arms, and seize
spear and shield, as if a trumpet blew. Name Thermopylae to a
Spartan, though generations removed, and his cheek would glow,
bis heart be all afire, and he would lay his hand anew upon the

FERTILIZERS : — AGRICULTURAL, INTELLECTUAL, ETC. 183

altar and repeat the vow, handed down from sire to son, to defend
his country's honor.

In our own land there is many a plain of Marathon, many a pass
of Thermopylae ; and to generations hence they shall be as watch-
words and as trumpets and as altars. We talk of ground enriched
by the blood of patriots. It is true, — profoundest truth. From
ground thus fertilized, — Gettysburg, Shiloh, the Wilderness, — there
shall spring up a growth greater than else could have been nour-
ished, — instant and constant devotion to the cause of liberty, of
human freedom, of equal rights, of sj'mpathy with nations strug-
gling for life.

Measured by the costliness of this enriching of our hallowed
places, this devotion of every soul sheltered by our flag ought to
be full and grand, unequalled in the history of nations rescued
from impending death, — led forth from darkness into a marvellous
light.

One word and I close. Bear in mind the threefold connection
which as I claim binds into one subject the several topics pre-
sented. Each recognizes a law of growth and the necessity for
food and nurture. They are mutually dependent each upon the
others for their best results. Progress in agriculture or in intellect
or in moral or in political purity contributes each one to the ad-
vancement of all the others, and to their securit}'.

Finally they all tell of the beneficence which provides the hidden
laws and the hidden treasures, — of Him who gives to the soil its
fruitfulness, to the human mind its power, to the conscience its
insight, to nations a mission.

Discussion.

Rev. A. B. Muzzey said that in his view the members of the
Society should not confine themselves to professional aims as
horticulturists ; he suggested some weeks before that they should
not keep too closely to a professional path. If one can win medals
or prizes we will bid him speed, but beyond all this he is to con-
sider that he is a man ; all occupations and professions have a
common bond and no man can improve himself in any one of them
without acting as a fertilizer for others. We should not only raise
beautiful fruits and flowers, but should spread abroad a love for
them in the community. He who does this is thereby made more
of a man. The Society should not only offer prizes but aim to

184 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

extend its influence through the community. The encouragement
which the Society has given to window gardening tends to this
result ; it was a touching sight to see the children bringing in the
little pots of flowers which they had nursed. We must remember
that the end crowns the work.

David B. Flint said that the essayist and his brother graduated
at the same time from Harvard College, and their father, who had
a large farm in Walpole, N. H., then told them that they must work
a year either at some trade or on the farm, so as to have the means
of earning a living if their voices failed. The essayist chose the
farm, and some years afterwards, while travelling, his horse cast a
shoe, and he put it on himself. A blacksmith who heard of the
incident hired a pew in his church because he wanted to hear a man
preach who knew something.

The Chairman of the Committee on Publication and Discussion
gave notice that the next meeting, which would be the last of the
season, would be devoted to a general discussion of such subjects
pertaining to horticulture as might be suggested, and that any gen-
tleman whom the Committee should have called on for an essay
would then have an opportunity to speak.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, March 31, 1888.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President Henry P. Walcott, in the chair.

George W. Fowle, Treasurer, presented his Annual Report for
the year 1887, together with the report of the Finance Committee,
which was read by the Secretary, accepted, and ordered to be
placed on file.

Joseph H. Woodford presented the following resolution :
Resolved, That it is expedient that the building called Horti-
cultural Hall be so altered as to give adequate room for our ever
increasing library, and a hall to be exclusively used for our
exhibitions.

Mr. Woodford supported his resolution by reading a written

PEPPERS. 185

statement of his views, and after some discussion by Col. Henry
W. Wilson and Edward L. Beard, the resolution was, on motion
of Mr. Beard, referred to the Executive Committee.

The meeting was then dissolved.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

This was the last meeting of the series for the discussion of hor-
ticultural subjects, and was reserved for such topics as might be
suggested. The Chairman of the Committee on Discussion
announced that Dr. E. L. Sturtevant was present, and would
speak of the genus Capsicum (Peppers) , which he had been investi-
gating.

Dr. Sturtevant began bj' quoting a remark of the late Professor
Gray, that peppers were the terror of the botanists. "Varieties
and species have been classified by botanists which are known
only by the descriptions and plates in books. The speaker had
endeavored to collect as many varieties as possible, to study by
personal observation of the living plant and fruit. He had re-
ceived fifteen varieties fi'om Mexico, the same number from Brazil,
one from the Gaboon, Africa, and a large number from seedsmen.
The special point which he wished to determine was what changes
are effected by cultivation and climate, and he had arrived at some
interesting conclusions.

In the first place, he had found very little change to be ascribed to
cultivation. Capsicum annuuin L. is a variable species, not neces-
sarily annual in a greenhouse. A variety figured by Fuchsius in
1542, is found growing in Mexico in a semi- wild condition, and
showing no change in three centuries and a half. C. grossum and
C. longxcm are considered varieties of this species.

It has been assumed that the curve of the stem of peppers is
caused by the weight of the fruit ; but the largest and earliest of
sixt^'-nine varieties tested held its fruit upright. The fruit of this
variety was absolutely sweet. He showed three types of fruit from
the same plant. He had other varieties which could with con-
siderable certainty be assigned to C. annuum; one with cherry
and oblate-shaped fruit on the same plant, another with
three types on the same plant, and a yellow angulosum. A
variety ascribed by some to C. annuum, introduced by Messrs.
Vilmorin in 1876, he found figured in a Japanese botanical work

186 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETr.

in 1874. He had never seen a reputed new variety of any vege-
table the type of which, after sufficient search, he had not been
able to find described or fignrei in some old book. The Perfect
Gem squash, which has lately been introduced as a new and fine
variety (and which is really valuable) , excited much curiosity in
Europe in the sixteenth century.

One variety of pepper was prickly like a cucumber, and had the
leaves somewhat wrinkled like lettuce leaves, and the fruit was
upright ; he had thus far found nothing like it in the literature
of peppers. One variety, C. umbellatum, figured by Vellozo, was
acorn-shaped, port bottle bottomed, with four cells ; it has been
described lately for the " Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club."

He had some perennial species but had had little opportunity as
yet to completely study them, and knew but little about them ;
among them is C. frutescens. Another came from New Iberia, Lou-
isiana, where the pepper-sauce of American commerce is made, and
a similar variety was received from the Gaboon, Africa. One re-
ceived from Texas and Mexico was indescribably acrid ; the leaf
also was acrid. He had seen no mention of this property extend-
ing to the leaf.

Dr. Sturtevant showed water-color drawings of the different
varieties mentioned, which added much to the interest of his
remarks.

Some inquiries by Lererett M. Chase as to the effect of grafting
varieties of fruit on other varieties had been referred to William
C. Strong for answer. Mr. Chase's first query was, Will graft-
ing a small fruit like the Seckel pear into a large variety like the
Vicar, increase the size of the fruit? In answer to this quer\-, Mr.
Strong said-that many years ago the late John Fisk Allen, who
was then a very extensive exhibitor of fruit, showed Seckel pears
of remarkable size, which he attributed to the stock'on which they
were grafted being a large fruited variety. There are many
instances of marked increase in growth by grafting weak growing
varieties on strong stocks, as, for instance, the delicate varieties of
magnolias on Magnolia acuminata, and all rose growers are
familiar with the effect of grafting weak varieties on the Manetti
and Brier stocks.

The second query was, Does grafting a vigorous growing wood,
like that of the Vicar pear, into one of a weaker habit and slower

INFLUENCE OF THE STOCK AND GRAFT. 187

growth, favorably* affect the grafted stock? Mr. Strong said that
to this question, in precisely this form, he should answer, Xo. It
has, however, been demonstrated that the scion does affect the
stock ; the variegated abutilon, it is well known, when grafted on a
plain stock, transmits its variegations to shoots coming out of the
stock below the graft. This had happened in his own experience.

The third question : — In general, what effect as to size, flavor, and
shape of fruit and growth of wood do graft and stock mutually pro-
duce?— Mr. Strong said could not be answered very definitely.
As the stock imparts vigor to the scion, so a vigorous scion would
affect the stock. The subject is extremely interesting, and nursery-
men should be more careful than the}' are in the selection of stocks
for fruit and other trees and plants. Mr. Hale, who read a paper
on the cultivation of the peach at one of our meetings this season,
emphasized the importance of obtaining seed from healthy trees,
and too much care cannot be taken in this respect.

The fourth question was, What effect as to time of ripening
does grafting an earh* variet}' like Clapp's Favorite into a late one
like the Easter Beurre, or the reverse, have?

E. AY. Wood said that if the querist had attended some of the
meetings for discussion held by the Society a few years ago, he
would have heard the subject of the reciprocal influence of graft
and stock prett}* thoroughly discussed. The practice of horticul-
turists confirms the view that such influence exists. In double
working pears which will not grow directly on the quince root the
Vicar is found one of the best stocks. The subject has been
carried further in detail in some of the Western States than here.
The speaker thought the stock has more influence on the scion than
the scion on the stock. At one of the meetings referred to, Mr.
Edmund Hersey mentioned an instance where a very early apple
Tree was grafted with the Eoxbury Russet, and the fruit of the
grafts never could be kept later than December, although it is well
known as generally one of our longest keeping apples. In Sher-
born, where the Roxbury Russet is more extensively grown than
in an}' other town in the State, Baldwin trees are first set out, and
when large enough to take about twelve scions are grafted with the
Roxbury Russet. In this way it is found that a much better tree
can be obtained than by planting young Roxbury Russet trees
from the nursery.

The subject suggested to the speaker the influence of the pollen

188 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

on the fruit in the same year that the fruit is produced. This sub-
had been discussed by the Michigau Horticultural Society, and it
was generally agreed by those who took part in the discussion that
such an influence had been, sometimes at least, observed. One
man said that his Manchester strawberries (a pistillate variety)
were so much influenced in form by the Sharpless growing near
that he sold them for Sharpless. Squashes and other vegetables
which mix do not generally show the effect the same year. If the
views entertained by the Michigan cultivators in regard to the
strawberry are correct, it shows the importance of care iu planting.
Professor Bailey of Michigan told the speaker that cultivators
had many illustrations of this effect, but he did not go quite so far
in his belief in it as some did.

O. B. Hadwen said that we attribute certain eflfects to the
influence of the stock on the graft, or vice versa, but we really
know little of it. We can increase the size of small pears like
the Seckel and Dana's Hovey by grafting them on vigorous stocks.
It is well known to nurserymen that fruit trees of different varieties
vary in the roots, so that some varieties can be identified by the
roots, though the trees are grafted, and this difference is caused
by the returning sap. He has seen Baldwin apples half or two-
thirds covered with russet, which he attributes to the pollen of
russet apples growing near. Bat this influence or that of the stock
on the scion decs not extend so far as to produce new varieties,
for if it prepoudeiated we should have lost the types of varieties
which are well known to be unchanged after grafting for many
years. There are so many conditions and laws affecting these
influences, and all apparently different, that they will probably
always be a subject for study, and we never can arrive at any
positive conclusion.

Joseph H. "Woodford confirmed what Mr. Strong had said about
the abutilon. He had known a plain variety grafted with the
variegated, to produce variegated shoots three feet below the graft,
forming a new variety, which was perpetuated. He thought the
mutual influence of stock and graft was generally conceded. A
vigorous graft inserted in a weak stock will have its vigor lessened.

J. W. Manning said that either the red or yellow Siberian crab
or the Tetofsky apple when grafted on common stocks would
cause them to produce immense roots.

Rev. A. B. Muzzey thought it very strange that nurserymen
and fruit growers pay so little attention to stocks ; those who

INFLUENCE OF FOLLEN ON VARIETIES. 189

know only the alphabet of horticulture could realize its impor-
tance. "When 30ung he heard of the thorn as a stock for the pear,
and knowing some vigorous thorn trees he grafted on« with the
White Doyenne or St. Michael, and the fruit was very inferior.
While there is much that is occult in the influence of the stock and
graft on each other, it seemed to him that a poor stock must affect
the scion.

Caleb Bates asked why it should be thought strange that straw-
berries are changed through the influence of pollen, when it is
known that corn changes the first year? He had a curious instance
of this ; he planted a field of corn, in which black kernels
appeared, caused by black corn which his brother planted a mile
away.

Mr. Wood said that the same argument had been advanced in
Michigan. It would appear that the influence of the pollen ought
to show the first year in vegetables as well as in strawberries.

Mr. Hadwen said that corn is as much a myster}- as fruit. He
has grown red and yellow corn in the same field for ^ears without
intermixture.

Mr. Wood said that the general theory had been that seeds
would show variation, but not in the year when the pollen was
applied. He had a bed six or eight rods long of the Sharpless
strawberry, and next to it a bed of the Charles Downing, and in
that part of the latter bed nearest the Sharpless, for a space
twenty feet wide, he picked more cockscombed specimens than in
all the rest of the bed.

Mr. Bates said it is a fact that some varieties of corn do not mix
and some mix very readil}'. He planted Whitman corn and an
early kind near b}- to see if he could not get an improved early
kind ; the}' mixed thoroughly. Some kinds of sweet corn will not
mix. He has Russet apples grafted on Hightop Sweeting trees,
which are longer in form and milder in flavor than others.

William H. Hunt had grown strawberries for many j-ears, and
had used staminate to fertilize pistillate varieties ; among other
staminate varieties the Sharpless, but he did not think he could
detect its influence. He saw no change in the Manchester. He
thinks there is some influence, but that its extent has been much
exaggerated. He had had manj' instances where corn mixed.

Edward L. Beard spoke of the alleged means of destroying
ca)iker worms and other insects which had lately been mentioned

190 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

in the daily papers of this city, by boring holes in trees and in-
serting a mj'sterious compound. In his view, one might as well
try to put poison into a man's system with the idea of killing
mosquitoes when they bite him.

John Fillebrown said that he knew a case where a man spoiled his
orchard by boring holes in the trees and filling them with sulphur.

President Walcott said that it was much to be regretted that such
injury should have been inflicted on the trees in the public grounds
in this city by boring holes in them ; for even if the operation pro-
tects the trees from insects it inflicts a definite injury on the trees.

Mr. Beard said that the inventor of this method states that he
has studied the subject for many years and is now on the point of
success. One often smiles to see the nonsense printed in the daily
papers in regard to horticulture, but this ought not to pass unnoticed,
for if it is promulgated and acted upon manj* trees will be injured.

Mr. Bates thought we ought to be ver}* careful about condemning
any new experiment. The experiment with sulphur mentioned by
Mr. Fillebrown shows that sap will take it up. Can we not find
some substance that will destroy insects without injuring the trees?

Mr. Bates spoke of the apple maggot which came into Kingston,
Mass., where he resides, about forty years ago, but did not cross
the river to Plymouth for some years. It begins now to affect
pears as well as well as apples.

J. W. Manning said that this worm was first seen by him
in 1847 in Chelmsford. It is most troublesome in soft summer
apples.

Colonel Henry Wilson said in regard to preventing insects by
putting substances into holes bored in trees, that it is one of the
schemes which come up periodically. The papers were full of it
thirty years ago and he went through with them, trying all sub-
stances from mercur\' to unguintum, and they produced no eflect
whatever. The pressure of the sap in all cellular structures is
outward, and such vegetable structures cannot absorb anything
inward. Sap is not a solvent of anything ; lime and water will
dissolve a certain portion of sulphur. The scheme furnished him
a good deal of innocent amusement ; Nature always tries to heal
wounds in trees and animals, and the wounds which he made were
healed and the substances in them remained unchanged.

Mr. Beard concurred in Colonel "Wilson's views ; he regarded the
scheme under discussion as absurd and childish. The old methods

HISTORY OF THE STRAWBERRY. 191

which have been found efficient for the destruction of insects are
never tried in the public grounds.

The meeting was then dissolved.

The Committee on Publication and Discussion take pleasure in
publishing the following paper, the author of which has given much
study to the history of our cultivated fruits and vegetables.

Notes on the History of thb Strawberry.

By E. Lewis Sturtevant, M, D., South Framingham, Mass.

The Latin word for the Strawberrj', Fraga, has given name to
the botanical genus Fragaria, which includes our edible species.
Euellius, in 1536, says the French word fresas was applied to the
fruit on account of the excellent sweetness of its odor (odore
suavissimum) and taste; in 1554 this was spelled frayses by
Amatus Lusitanicus, but the modern word fraise appeared in the
form /raises, in Fuchsius in 1542, and Estienne, 1545. The
Italian //•a.g'/te and fragole, as used by Matthiolus in 1571, and
fragola as used bj- Zvingerus in 1696 and the modern Italians,
appear to have come directly from the Latin ; while the Spanish
fresa and fresera must have had the same immediate origin as the
French. Some of the ancient commentators and botanists seem
to have derived the Latin name from fragrans^ sweet-smelling, for
Turner in his "Libellus," 1538, says ^'■fragum non fragrum (ut qui-
dam scioli scribunt)," and Amatus Lusitanicus in 1554 writes/raf/?-a.
The latter quotes Servius, a grammarian of the fifteenth century
as calling the fruit terrestria mora, — earth-mulberry, — (or, follow-
ing Dorstenius who wrote in 1540, ''fructus terrae et mora
terrestria)," whence the Spanish and Portuguese murangaos, (the
modern Portuguese moranguoiro) . The manner of the fruit-bearing,
near the ground, seems to have been the character of the plant
more generally observed, however, than that of the fruit, for we
have Virgil's verse, " humi nascentia fraga," child of the soil,
and Pliny's epithet, " terrestribus fragis," ground strawberr}', as
distinguishing from the Arbutus unedo, L. or strawberry tree, as also
the modern vernacular appellations, such as the Belgian eertbesien,

192 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Danish Jordbeer^ German erdbeere^ Netherland aerdbesie, Smoland
Jordbar, while even the English Strawberry, the Anglo-Saxon
Streowberie, spelled in modern fashion by Turner in 1538, is said
to have been derived from the spreading nature of the runners of
the plant, and to have come originally from the observed strewed,
anciently strawed, condition of the stems, and reading as if written
Strawedberry plant. It was called Straberry by Lidgate in the
fifteenth century.

The classical history of the Strawberry can be written very
shortl}'. Virgil refers to the " humi nascentia fraga " in his
third Eclogue ; Ovid to the " arbuteos fructus montanaque fraga"
in his Metamorphoses, book 1, v., 104, as furnishing a food of the
golden age and again in the 13th book, " mollia fraga ; " and Pliny
mentions the plant b}' name in his lib. xxi., c. 50, and sepa-
rates the ground-strawberry from the Arbutus tree in his
lib. XV., c. 28. The fruit is not mentioned in the cook-book
ascribed to Apicius Coelius, an author supposed to have lived
about A. D. 230. The Greeks seem to have had no knowledge of
the plant or fruit ; at least there is no word in their writings which
commentators have agreed in interpreting as applying to the
strawberry. Nicolaus Myripsicus, an author of the tenth centur}',
uses the word phragouli, and Forskal in the eighteenth century
found the word p/t?-aoMZi in use for the strawberry b}' the Greeks
about Belgrade, and Fraas gives this latter word for the modern
Greek, and Sibthorp the word Kovkoumaria, which resembles the
ancient Greek Komaros or Komaron, applied to the Arbute tree,
whose fruit has a superficial resemblance to the strawberry.

Neither the strawberrj^ nor its cultivation is mentioned by Ibn-
al-awam, an author of the tenth century unusually full and com-
plete in his treatment of garden, orchard, and field products, nor
by Albertus Magnus, who died A. D. 1280. It is not mentioned
in " The Forme of Cury" a roll of ancient English cookery com-
piled about A. D. 1390 by two master cooks of King Richard II ;
nor in " Ancient Cooker}-," a receipt book of 1381 ; nor at the
Inthronizalion Feast of George Neville, Archbishop of York, in
1504. The fruit was, however, known in London in the time of
Henry VI, for in a poem b}' John Lidgate, who died about 1483,

we find

" Then unto London I dyde me hye,
Of all the land it bearyeth the pryse ;
' Gode pescode,' one began to cry —
' Strabery rype, and cherrys in the ryse.' "

NOTES ON THE HISTORY OF THE STRAWBERRY. 193

The strawbem' is figured fairh' well in the " Ortus Sanitatis,"
1511, c. 188, but there is no mention of culture, not necessitated
by the context. Ruellius, however, in 1536 speaks of it as growing
wild in shady situations, and as in gardens furnishing a larger
fruit, and mentions even a white variety. Fuchsius in 1542 also
speaks of the larger garden variety, and Estienue in 1545 (perhaps
also in his first edition of the " De Re Hortensi," 1535), sa3'8
strawberries are used as delicacies on the table, with sugar and
cream, or wine, and that they are of the size of a hazel nut ; he
says the plants bear most palatable fruit, red, especiall}' when they
are fully ripe ; that some grow on the mountains and woods, and
are wild, but that some cultivated ones are so odorous that
nothing can be more so, and that these are larger, and some are
white, others red, yet others are both red and white. Cultivated
strawberries are also noted by many authors of this century, as by
Mizaldus in 1560; Pena and Lobel in 1571 ; and in 1586 Lyte's
Dodoens records, " they be also much planted in gardens." Porta
in 1592 regards them as among the delicacies of the garden and
the delights of the palate. Hjil in 1593 says " they be much eaten
at all men's tables," and that " they will grow in gardens unto the
bigness of a mulberry." "Le Jardinier Solitaire," 1612, gives direc-
tions for planting, and Parkinson in 1629 notes a number of varieties.
As to size, Dorstenius in 1540 speaks of them as of the size of
a hazel nut ; Bauhin in 1596 as being double the size of the wild ;
the " Hortus Eystettensis," 1613, figures berries one and three-
eighths inches in diameter ; Parkinson in 1629, as " neere five inches
about;" Plat in 1^53, as two Inches about in bigness; Vaillant
in 1727 as an inch and sometimes more in diameter. It remained
for Frezier, who discovered the Fragaria Cidloensis, and brought
it to Europe in 1712, to describe fruit as of the size of a walnut,
sometimes as large as an egg ; and Burbidge a recent writer
says that in the Equatorial Andes, in the province of Ambato,
there are strawberries growing wild, equal in size and flavor to some
of our best varieties.

A careful examination of recent sale catalogues, at my command
shows seventy-eight varieties figured.

The one hundred and nineteen different wood-cuts of these
seventy-eight varieties, gave the following measurements :
13

194

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

4 in. diam.

fin

3

¥
7

in.
in.

1 in.
liin.
liin.
If in.
l|in.
If in.
If in.
l|in.

2 in.
2|in.
2iin.
2|in.

I]

1 1^12

']

11 50

18 f

16J
161
18
8
11

21
iJ
119

^53

These varieties included foreign as well as American sorts, and
the smaller measurements came mostly from the Alpines. Con-
sidering this circumstance we may well reflect upon the significance
of the berries figured in the "Hortus Eystettensis," 1613, as an inch
and three-eighths in diameter. This table also serves to discredit
the charge of exaggeration so frequently made against our cata-
logue writers, for but few of us have not seen berries as large and
even larger than these figures average, or even as the extreme.

The strawberry plant is variable in nature, and it seems probable
that the type of all the varieties noted under cultivation may be
found in the wild plant, if diligently sought for. In the Maine
fields I have found plants of Fragaria vesca with roundish, as well
as elongated fruit ; of Fragaria Virginiana with roundish berries
and elongated berries, with berries produced into a distinct neck
and those not so produced ; of a deep red, scarlet, and palish
color ; with large fruit and small fruit ; with large growth and small
growth, according to the fertility of the soil.

As to color of fruit, white strawberries, to be referred to
Fragaria vesca, are mentioned by Ruellius in 1536, and by a host
of following writers. Peck has found white berries of this species
about Skaneateles, New York. A white fruited variety of F.
Virginiana is noted by Dewey as abundant in the eastern portion

NOTES ON THE HISTORY OF THE STRAWBERRY. 195

of Berkshire County, Mass. Molina records that the Chili straw-
berr}', Fragaria Chiloensis, in Chili has red, white, and yellow
fruited varieties, and Frezier, who introduced the species to Europe
in 1712, calls the fruit pale red. Gmelin in his " Flora Sibirica,"
1768, mentions three varieties of the Fragaria vesca; one with a
larger flower and fruit, one with white fruit ; a third with winged
petioles and berries an inch long. This last variety se<^s to an-
swer to those forms of strawberry plants occasionally found among
the seedlings at the New York Agricultural Experiment Station,
which have extra leaflets upon the stem of the petiole. Five-
leaved strawberry plants are noted by many of the earlj- writers ; an
account of such plants may also be found in tlie "Report of the New
York Agricultural Experiment Station" for 1877. Variegated leaved
forms are named by Tournefort, 1719, and a number of varieties by
Mawe in 1778. Such forms were also noted among the seedling
Alpines at the New York Station in 1887. Don, in his " Gardeners'
Dictionary," 1832, describes the Fragaria vesca as varying into red,
white, and black fruit, as without runners, as double flowered, as
with stamens transformed into flowers, as without petals and folia-
ceous sepals ; F. majaufea, Duch., {=^F. Hagenbachiana, Dec. et
Naud.) as varying into green, red, and purple fruit ; F. Breslingii
Duch., as having varieties with usually five lobed leaves ; F. elatior
as possessing a curled leaved form ; F. grandijiora as furnishing a
variegated leaved form ; and F. CJiiloensis as having red fleshed and
white fleshed fruit. Among the variations to be also noted is that
of losing all its leaves in winter ascribed to thei^. viridis, Weston,
(==F. vesca var. pratensis, L.) and the twice bearing habit of the
Alpines, (F. vesca^ L., var. a).

The earliest cultivated variety with a distinct nomenclature
seems to be the Le Chapiron, of the Gallobelgians, a variety
with a large pale colored berry, so named by Lobel, in 1576, and
called by him Chapiton in the index to his " Icones," 1591. (The
Capiton of Tournefort, 1719, seems to correspond to the modern
Hautbois class.) The name Le Capiton occurs also in the " Hortus
Regius Parisiis," 1665. It is quite probable that the Caprons
mentioned by Quintinye in 1672, is the same or a similar variety,
as both kinds are to be referred to Fragaria elatior, Ehrh.

The first mention that I find of the cultivation of the various
classes of the strawberry may best be placed under the titles of
the ascribed species, in part neglecting probable synonymy, and
neglecting all introductions not preceding the nineteenth century.

196 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

1536. Fresas (red and white). Ruell., Stirp., 1536, 598,=

Fragaria vesca, L.
1542. Fragaria major. Fuch., Hist., 1542, 854; 1551, 808;

1555, 931.
1545. Fraises. Estienne, De Re Hort., 1545, 88; L'Agric,

1570, 75.
1560. Fraga (red and white). Mizald., Secret., 1560, 104.
1576. Fragaria and Fragra majora alba. Gallobelgis des

Chapirons. Lob., Obs., 1576, 396. (See 1613.)
1583. Fragaria and Fraga alteram genus. Dod., Pempt.,

1583, 660; 1616, 671.
"1586. Fraga alba. Cam. Epit., 1586, 7QG,=Fragana vesca,

L. var.
1586. Strawberries. Lyte's Dodoens, 1586, 93, = Fragaria

vesca, L.
1592. Fragole (red and white). Porta., Villae., 1592, 748,=

Fragaria vesca, L.

1596. Fructu duplo majore vulgari. Bauh., Phytopin., 1596,
653.

1597. Another sort, .... fruite greene when it is ripe. Ger.,
Herb., 1597, 84:5,:=Fragaria vesca var. a, Mill. Diet.

1597. Fragaria and Fraga. Ger., Herb., 1597, 8i5,=Fragaria

vesca, L. Mill. Diet.
1597. Fragaria and Fraga subalba. Ger., Herb., 1597, 844,=

Fragaria vesca, L. var. a. Mill. Diet.

1612. Fraisiers. Le Jard. Solit., 1612, 382.

1613. Caperonnier unisexe. Le Caperon. Fraise-abricot.
Fraise-framboise. Hautboy. Chapetons, Lob. Duch. in
Lam. Enc., 1786 (See 1576), = Fragaria elatior, Ehrh.
Fraise capron framboise, Vilm.

1620. Fragaria Virginiana. Don., Gard. Diet., 2, 542. (See

1623, 1629, 1633.) According to Sprengel, fig. 8 in the

Hortus Eystettensis, 1613, is this species.
1623. Fraga acque magna ac in Anglia in Virginia cres-

cunt. Bauh., Pin., 1623, 326. (See 1620.)
1623. Fragaria fructu parvi pruni magnitudini. Bauh.,

Pin., 1623, d26,=Fragaria elatior.
1629. From Brussels. Park., Par., 1629, 528. Caperonnier

royal? (See 1770.)
1629. Greene Strawberry. Park., Par., 1629, 528. See Bres-

NOTES ON THE HISTORY OF THE STRAWBERRY. 197

linge d'Angleterre. Probably the Green, of Downing, Fruits,

1866, 685, = (?)Fragaria elatior.
1629. White Strawberry. Park., Par., 1629, 528.
1629. Bohemia Strawberry. Park., Par., 1629, 528,=Fragana

vesca, L. var. b. Mill. Diet.
1629. Virginia. Park., Par., 1629, 528 (See 1620, 1623),=

Fragaria Virginiana, Ehrh.
1629. Quoimio de Virginia. Fraisier ecarlate. Duch. in Lam.

^nc, =zFragaria Virginiana, Ehrh. Fraisier ecarlate de Vir-

ginie, Vilm.
1629. Breslinge d'Angleterre. Fraisier vert. Duch. in Lam.

Enc. The Greene Strawben-y of Park., Par., 1629, 528,=

Fragaria elatior?
1633. Canadana pariter insolitae magnitudinis fraga adrepsit.

Ferrarius, Cult., 1633, 379 (See 1620) ,z=Fragaria Virgin-
iana, Ehrh.
1640. Fraisier double etcouronn^. Fraisier a trochet. Duch.

in Lam. l^nc.,=F7'agaria vesca, L. var. e. Don. See Blackw.,

t. 77, f. 3.
1651. Fragaria ferens fragra rubra & alba. J. Bauh., Hist.,

1651, 2, 39D,=Fragaria vesca, var. b. Willd., Sp., 2, 1091,

= F. fructu albo. Bauh., Pin., 1623, 326.
1653. Strawberries from the woods. Plat., Gard. of Eden,

1653, 38, 93, = Fragaria vesca, L.
1655. Fraisier fressant. Fraisier de Montreuil. Le Capiton.

H. R. P., 1665. Tourn., 1719. Duch. in Lam. Enc.,= i^ra-

garia vesca, L. Fraise de Montreuil, Vilm.
1680. Fragaria Anglica duplici petalorum serie. Mor., Hist.,

1680, 2, 186. (See 1640.)
1686. Fragaria hortensis major. Mor., Hist., s. 2, t. 19, f. 1,

= ? Fragaria vesca, L. var. b. Mill. Diet.
1693. Caprons. Quint., Comp. Gard., 1693, 146.
1712. Frutiller. Fraisier du Chili. Duch. in Lam. Enc.

Fragaria CJnloense. Pers., Syn., 2, 53. Carried to England in

1727. Mill. Diet., 1809 ,=zFragaria Chiloensis, Duch. Fraisier

du Chili vrai, Vilm.
1722. Bradley, in his Observations this 3'ear, names the White

Wood, Scarlet Wood, and Hautbois.
1726. Fragaria fructu parvi pruni magnitudine. Fraga fructu

magno. Eyst., 1613. 'Rui:>p.,Jen.,n26, 86, ==Fragaria elatior,

Willd., Sp., 2., 1091.

198 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

1739. Fragaria hortensis fructii maximo. Weinm., Ic, 1739,

t. 514, f. d,= ? Fragaria elatior.
1742. Fragaria fructu rotundo suavissimo flore duplici. Zann.,

Hist., 1742, 112. (See 1640, 1680.)
1742. Fragaria hispidis. C. B., 327. Tertium fragariae genus.

Trag. 500. Mapp., Alsat., 1742, 110,=Fragaria collina.

Willd., Sp., 2, 1093.
1744. Fragaria vulgaris. C. T. 326. Morandi, 1744, 9, t. 7,

ic. 3,=Fiaga7'ia vesca, L. Willd., Sp., 2, 1091.
1748. Fraisier buisson. Fraisier sans coulant. Duch. in

Lam. Enc.,=Fraisier des Alpes sans filets. Vilm., Les. PL

Pot., 222 ,=Fragaria alpina^ Pers., var.
1757. Fragaria hortensis fructu majore. Zinn., Got., 1757, 138.
1759. Fragaria grandiflora. Don., Gard. Diet., 2, 542.
1762. Fragaria vesca, b pratensis. Lin., Sp., 1762, 709,=

Fragaria elatior. Willd., Sp., 2., 1091.
1762. Quoimios de Harlem. Fraisier Ananas. Duch. in Lam.

'Enc.i^Fragaria grandiflora., Ehrh. Fraisier Ananas, Vilm.

(See 1759.)

1764. Fragaria semperflorens. Duch. in Lam. Enc.,=Fraisier
des Alpes, Fragaria alpina, Pers. A red and a white vari-
ety among others described by Vilmorin, Les Pi. Pot., 221.

1765. Stevenson, in his Gardeners' Kalendar of this year,
names the American, Coped White, Green, Scarlet, Long Red,
Dutch, English Garden, Polonian, and Wood.

1765. Breslinge de Suede. Fraisier Brugnon. Duch. in Lam.
Enc.,=i'Vo(/ana elatior, Willd. ,^F. vesca, var. pratensis, L.
(See 1762.) Cited by Linnaeus in Flora Lap., 1737.

1766. Majaufe de Provence. Duch. in Lam. Enc. Fraisier
de Bargeraont, observed in the year 1583 by Caesalpiuus,:^:
Fragaria collina, Ehrh. var., according to Vilmorin.

1766. Breslinge d'AUemagne. Duch. in Lam. Enc, =F7'a</aria

collina, Ehrh. Fraisier etoile, Vilm.
1768. Breslinge de Bourgogne. Fraisier Marteau. Duch. in

Lam. Enc.
1770. Le Caperonnier Royal. Duch. in Lam. Enc.,=Probably

the Prolific or Conical. Downing, Fruits, 1866, 680. (See

1629) ,=Fra^ana elatior ?
1770. Quoimio de Clagn}-. Duch. in Lam. Enc.
1772. Fragaria Virginiauacampestre. Bryant., Fl. Diet., 1783,

163.

NOTES ON THE HISTORY OF THE STRAWBERRY. 199

1778. Mawe and Abercrombie in their " Universal Gardener"
of this year, name : Wood strawberries, red fruited, white,
greenish pineapple tasted, double blossomed, with gold striped
leaves, with silver striped leaves. Virginian: Common
scarlet, roundish leaved large scarlet, striped leaved scarlet.
Hautboy or Musky : Oval fruited, globular fruited, pine shaped,
green fruited, red blossomed, white striped leaved, yellow
striped leaved. Chili: Round pale red, oblong pale red,
round scarlet Carolina, white. Alpine or Monthly : Scarlet,
red, white.

1786. Quoimio de Bath. Fraisier de Bath. Duch. in Lam.
^nc, =zFragariagrandiJlora, Ehrh. Don., Gard. Diet., 2, 545.

1786. Quoimio de Carolina. Fraisier de Carolina. Duch. in
Lam. ^uc, =Fragaria grandijlora, Ehrh. Frasier Ananas,
Vilm.

1786. Quoimio de Cantorberie. Frasier-Quoimio. Duch. in
Lam. Enc, ^-F'rag'ana Chiloensis. Don., Gard. Diet., 2, 545.

1786. Fragaria sylvestris. Duch. inLia.m.'Enc., =Fragaria vul-
garis. C. B. 1623,^i''. sylvestris vel montana. Cam. Epit.,
1586, 765. (See 1653.) Probably the same as Fresas, Ruell.,
15SQ, ^Fragaria vesca. L.

1786. Fragaria minor. Duch. in Lam. F^nc, =Fragaria vesca,
L. var. c. Don.

1790. Fragaria vesca (China). Lour., Cochinch., 1790, 325.

1798. Fragaria collina, Ehrh. Don., Gard. Diet., 2, 542. (See
1766.)

We hence find the following as the dates of the mention of the

species under cultivation. The synonymes are taken from Steudel.

Fragaria vesca, L. 1536, 1586, 1592, 1597, 1629, 1640, 1651,

1653, 1655, 1680, 1742, 1744, 1786.
Fragaria elatior, Ehrh.,=F. vesca, var. pratensis, L. 1576, 1613,

1623, 1629, 1726, 1739, 1762, 1765, 1770.
Fragaria Virginiana, Ehrh. 1620, 1623, 1627, 1633, 1772.
Fragaria Chiloensis, Ehrh.,=F. vesca, var. Chiloensis, L. 1712,

1786.
Fragaria collina, Ehrh.,=F. hispida, Duch. 1742, 1766, 1798.
(Fragaria alpina,Ftirs.) 1748, 1764.
Fragaria grandijiora, Ehrh.,=i^. ananassa, Duch. ,=2^. vesca,

var. ananas. Ait. 1759, 1762, 1786.

200 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Although this outline, confessedly imperfect, shows that straw-
berry culture had received some attention preceding the present
century, and that a considerable number of varieties had been
secured, yet it is in modern times that through the growing of
seedlings, and the facilities for reaping a reward for alleged
improvements, varieties have become overwhelming in number.
In remote times, even towards the close of the last century,
growers were wont to seek their supplies from the woods and fields ;
now the nurseryman is applied to. This increase in varieties
may best be indicated by giving in tabular form the number of
varieties that have been mentioned by garden writers of various

dates. ^

Kinds Named.

1545.

Estienne, De Re Hortensi, -

-

2

1612.

Le Jardinier Solitaire, -

-

1

1629.

Parkinson, Faradisus, -

-

6

1680.

Morison, Hist., . - -

-

8

1692.

Quintinye, Complete Gardener,

-

3

1719.

Tournefort, -Inst., - - -

-

10

1765.

Stevenson, Gard. Kal.,

-

9

1771.

Miller, Diet.,

-

8

1778.

Mawe, Gard., ...

-

23

1786.

Duch. in Lam. Enc,

-

25

1807.

Miller, Diet.,

-

8

1824.

PiroUe, L' Hort. Fran.,

-

14

1826.

Petit, du Jard. Petit., -

-

10

1829.

Noisette, Man., - - -

-

28

1832.

Don, Gard. Diet., - - -

-

112

1856.

Downing, Fruits, - - -

-

36

1865.

Pardee, Strawberry Culture,

-

42

1866.

Downing, Fruits, - - -

-

106

1867.

Fuller, Small Fruits,

-

248

Thomas, Fruit Culturist,

-

69

1869.

Knox, Fruit Farm and Nursery

Cat., -

15

1870.

Merrick, Strawberry Culture,

-

813

1877.

Gregg, Fruit Culture, -

-

42

1883.

Vilmorin, Les PI. Pot.,

-

58

American Pom. Soc,

-

41

1887.

44 U a . .

_

41

The modern varieties under American culture have usually large

NOTES ON THE HISTORY OF THE STRAWBERRY. 201

berries with more or less sunken seeds, with the trusses lower
than the leaves, and seem to belong mostly to the species repre-
sented in nature by Fragaria Virginiana, although there are sup-
posed hybridizations with Fragaria Chiloensis, and, in the higher
flavored class, with Fragaria elatior. Certain it is that in growing
seedlings from our improved varieties reversions often occur to
varieties referable to the Hautbois and Chilian sorts, from which
hybridization can be inferred. I have noted as of common occur-
rence that seedlings from high-flavored varieties are very likely to
furnish some plants of the Hautbois class, and even scarcely, if at
all, distinguishable from named varieties'of the Hautbois with which
there has been opportunity for close comparison. From large ber-
ried varieties of diminished flavor, and which occasionally throw
hollowed berries, the reversion occasionally produces plants un-
mistakably of the Chilian tjpe. In other cases we have noticed
reversions to forms of Fragaria vesca. These circumstances all
lead towards establishing the mingled parentage of our varieties
under cultivation, and render the classification of cultivated varie-
ties somewhat difficult. Vilmorin seems to have separated varieties
into natural groupings under the headings : — Wood strawberries,
Fragaria vesca^ L. ; Alpine strawberries, Fragaria alpina, Pers. ;
Short-runnered, Fragaria collina, Ehrh. ; Hautbois, Fragaria ela-
tior, Ehrh. ; Scarlet, Fragaria Virginiana, Ehrh. ; Chili, Fragaria
Chiloensis, Duch. ; Vmea,p\:>\e, Fragaria grandijlora, Ehrh., and
Hybrid \_Fragaria hybrida'] ? Under this latter distribution, to
which he does not venture the Latin nomenclature, he does not
recognize sufficient identity of chaiacter for general description,
but I cannot avoid expressing belief that an extended acquaint-
ance with varieties will enable a description to be formulated which
will make of this group a species b}' convenience, or, otherwise ex-
pressed, a historical species, with a number of sub-species [for
convenience] which shall simplify the question of arrangement and
which will enable us to secure a quicker identification of varieties.
The changes which have been produced, or have appeared under
cultivation, seem comparatively few. 1. Increased size of plant.
Yet in nature we find variability in this respect, arising from greater
or less fertility or favoring character of the soil and exposure. This
increase of size seems also in a measure to have become heredi-
tary. 2. Increased size of berry. In nature we find variability in
this respect. All analogical reasoning justifies the belief that this

202 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

gain may arise through a heredity' influenced by long series of se-
lections. 3. Firmness of berry. My present knowledge does not
admit of my assigning a cause for this feature, unless it has been
gained through hybridization. 4. Flavor. This seems to be the
direct sequence of hybridization, in its more marked aspects : in
its lesser aspects it does not seem to exceed that which occurs be-
tween natural varieties. 5. Aspect. This seems to have been
acquired through the action of hybridization, when the influence
of one parent appears to have become predominant. The whole
subject of the in^uences noted and to be ascribed to hybridization
must be left b}'^ me for further study before I can hazard judg-
ment.

In the present condition of horticultural associations, when more
interest is displayed in the commercial than in the scientific aspects
of research, future gain must come slOwly and unconsciously
through the chances that originate in numbers of attempts rather
than through design. Yet I cannot omit the expression of my
judgment that it is the duty of horticultural societies to foster
scientific studies by so much the more because their usefulness is
not as yet recognized by the mass of individual horticulturists.
Our societies, especially such flourishing ones as the Massachusetts
Horticultural, should insist upon methodical information being
secured at their exhibitions, and placed upon record. Confining
m}' attention here to the strawberry at the exhibitions of the
Massachusetts Horticultural Societj", in which I am proud to be
classed as a member, I would distinctly recommend that the weights
and measurements in two directions of the ten largest berries of
every variety that secures a prize, be entered upon the records.
I would further recommend that drawings made accurately, of full
size and properl}' colored, of the extreme variables of the variety
as well as of the berry considered as typical by the committee be
made each year from the first premium lot, and be filed so as at
the proper time to be bound into a volume and placed upon the
library shelves. I would also suggest the expediency of offering
premiums each year for not less than a certain number of her-
barium specimens of the varieties in bloom, the specimens to be
forwarded to the Herbarium at Cambridge for preservation. By
thus doing, material would gradually accumulate which would en-
able methodical study and wide generalization to be made to the
profit of horticultural advance, and we might reasonably hope to

KOTES ON THE HISTORY OF THE STRAWBERRY. 203

be able to formulate rules whereby groups of varieties could be
safel}' recommended for trial in localities of diverse climatic and
soil conditions.

As an appendix it may be of service to furnish a list of figures
of the strawberry plant which antedate the present century.

According to Sprengel the strawberry is not represented upon
the monuments of ancient Egypt or Greece. Figures occur as in
the following list :

1484. Fragaria. Herbarius maguntae, c. Ixiii.

1499. Fragaria. Jacobus de Dondis. Aggregator practicus.

(According to Sprengel.)

1511. Fragaria. Ortus Sanit. c. 188.

1536. Fragaria. Brunf. 40.

1540. Fragaria. Dorst., Bot. 131.

1542. Fragaria major et minor. Fuch., 853 ; ib., 1551, 808.

1550. Fragaria. Roszlin, Kreut., 153.

1552. Fragaria. Trag. de Stirp., 500.

1561. Fragaria. Pinaeus Flist., 480.

1570. Fragaria. Matth., Comm., 651.

1571. Fragaria. Matth., Comp., 686.
1576. P'ragaria and fraga. Lob., Obs., 396.
1583. Fraga altera. Dod., Pempt., 661.
1583. Fragaria and ft-aga. Dod., Pempt., 661.

1586. Fragaria. Cam., Epit., 765.

1587. Fragaria. Dalechamp, Hist., 614.

1588. Fragaria. I. Tabern., Kreut., 429.
1588. Fragum album. II. Tabern., Kreut., 429.

1590. Fragum. Trifolium fragiferum. Tabern., Ic, 118.

1590. Fragum album. Tabern., Ic, 119.

1591. Fragaria and fragu. Lob., Ic, 697.

1591. Fragaria and fragu major subalbida. Lob., Ic, 697.

1597. Fragaria and fraga. Ger., Herb., 844.

1597. Fragaria and fraga subalba. Ger., Herb., 844.

1598. Fragaria fructu albo. Matth., Comm., 721.
1613. Fragum. I. Tabern., Kreut., 353.

1613. Fragaria album. II. Tabern., Kreut., 354.

1613. Fraga fructu maguo. Eyst., Vern., ord. 7, fol. 8, p. 1.

1613. Fraga fruclo albo. Eyst., Vern., ord. 7, fol. 8, p. 2.

1613. Fraga fructu rubro. Eyst., Vern., ord. 7, fol. 8, p. 2.

1616. Fraga altera. Dod., Pemp., 672.

204 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

1616. Fragaria and fraga. Dod., Pempt., 672.

1617. Fragaria. Cast., Dur., 192.

1629. Fraga vulgaris. Park., Par., 527, f. 6.

1629. Fraga Bohemica maxima. Park., Par., 527, f. 7.

1629. Fraga aculeata. Park., Par., 527, f. 8.

1650. Fragaria ferens fraga rubra et alba. J. Bauh., Hist.,

2, 394.

1654. Fragaria vel fraga alba. Swert., Flor., t. 2, f. 7.

1654. Fragaria vel fraga maxima. Swert., Flor., t. 2, f. 8.

1654. Fragaria vel fraga media. Swert., Flor., t. 2, f. 9.

1677. Fragaria. Fraga. Chabr., Sciag., 169.

1680. Fragaria hortensis major. Mor.,Hi8t.Ox.,S.2, 1. 19, f. 1.

1680. Fragaria sylvestris. Mor., Hist. Ox., S. 2, t. 19, f. 2.

1696. Fragaria. Zwing., Theat. Bot., 864.

1696. Fraga alba. Zwing., Theat. Bot., 865.

1714. Fragaria flore pleno fructu rubello. Barrel., Ic, n. 89.

1714. Fragaria spinoso fructu. Barrel., Ic, n. 90.

1739. Fragaria vulgaris. Weium., leonog., t. 514, f. e. (col.)

1739. Fragaria hortensis fructo maximo. Weinm., Iconog., t.

514, f. d. (col.)

1742. Fragaria arborea confiore herbaceo. Zanon., Hist.,t. 78*

1744. Fragaria vulgaris. Morandi, t. 7, f. 3.

1749. Fragaria. Blackw., Herb., t. 77 (col.)

1760. Fragaria. Ludw., Ect., t. 136 (col.)

1774. Fragaria Chiloensis, etc. Dillen., Elth., t. 120, f. 146.

CONTENTS.

Page
Pkefatort Note, 3

Business Meeting, January 7, 1888; Address of President Walcott, pp, 6-9;
Amendment to Constitution rejected, 9; Committee on Window Gar-
dening and Appropriation, 9, 10 ; Reports of Committee of Arrange-
ments, Committee on Meeting of American Pomological Society, and
Committee on Gardens read, 10 ; Schedule of Prizes ready, 10 ; Appro-
priations made, 10; Appointment of Treasurer and Secretary, 10;
Awarding Prizes for Reports, 10; Announcement by Committee on
Publication and Discussion, 11; Member elected, Jl

Business Meeting, January 14; Committee on Window Gardening an-
nounced, 11

Meeting fok Discussion ; Notes and Memories of our Early Horticulture,

by Rev. A. B. Muzzey, pp. 11-21 ; Discussion, 21-25

Business Meeting, January 21, 25

Meeting fob Discussion ; .Esthetics in Agriculture, by George M. Whita-

ker, A. M., pp. 25-38; Discussion, 38-40

Business Meeting, January 28 ; Recording Secretary, pro tempore, chosen, 40

Meeting for Discussion; Garden Vegetables, by M. B.Faxon, pp. 41-53;

Discussion, 53-57

Business Meeting, February 4 ; Decease of Prof. Asa Gray announced, pp.

57, 58 ; Members elected, 67, 58

Meeting fob Discussion ; The Cultivation and Diseases of the Peach, by

J. H. Hale, pp. 58-72 ; Discussion, 72-74

Business Meeting, February 11, 74

Meeting fob Discussion ; Late Progress in the Application of Science to

Plant Culture, by Prof. W. O. Atwater, pp. 76-92; Discussion, . . 92-94

Business Meeting, February 11 ; Committee of Arrangements authorized
to purchase plate, p. 94 ; Communication from Bay State Agricultural
Society, 94

Meeting fob Discussion; The Bulb Gardens of Holland, by Robert Far-

quhar, pp. 95-106; Discussion, 106,107

Business Meeting, February 25 ; Award of Prizes for Reports, . . . 107

Meeting fob Discussion ; Injurious Insects, by Prof. C. H. Fernald, pp.

107-116; Discussion, 116-120

Business Meeting, March 3; Appropriation for Window Gardening ap-
proved, p. 120 ; Member elected, 120

11 CONTENTS.

Meetikg fob Discussiok; The Influence of Flowers upon National Life,

by Mrs. Fannie A. Deane, pp. 121-131; Discussion, 132-134

Business Meeting, March 10; Letter and Resolution from Wisconsin Hor-
ticultural Society 135

Meeting fob Discussion ; Hybrid Roses, Old and New, by William H.

Spooner, pp. 135-153 ; Discussion, 153-155

Business Meeting, March 17; " Proceedings" of the American Pomologi-

cal Society presented, p. 155; Memorial of Prof, Asa Gray, . . . 155,156

Meeting fob Discussion; Methods of Labelling Trees and Plants, by

Robert T. Jackson, pp. 157-164; Discussion, 164,165

Business Meeting, March 24, 166

Meeting fob Discussion; Fertilizers: — Agricultural, Intellectual, Moral,

and Political, by Rev. Frederick N. Knapp, pp. 166-183 ; Discussion, . 183, 184

Business Meeting, March 31 ; Treasurer's Report read, p. 184; Resolution

in regard to altering the Building, 184-185

Meeting fob Discussion ; Peppers, pp. 185, 186 ; Mutual Influence of Stock
and Graft, 186-189; Influence of Pollen, 187-189; Destroying Injurious
Insects, 189-191

Notes on the Histobt of the Stbawbebby, by £. Lewis Sturteraut, M.D., 191-204

TRANSACTIONS

glassacljitsctts Jortiailtiiral ^adt%

FOR THE YEAR 1888.

PART II.

BOSTON:

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY.

1890.

TRANSACTIONS

^assathusidtii ^ovtiniltuval ^amiv.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Satdrday, April 7, 1888.

A duly notified stated mceling of the Sot-iety was liolden at 11
o'clock, the President, IIknmiy F. Walcott, in the chair.

Tiie President, as Cliairman of tlie Executive Committee
reported a recoinmend:ition lliat the Society appropriate $100 to
continue the Card Catalogue of Platen in the Library. This
appropriation was unauiniously voted by the Society.

The recommendation that the Society appropriate $G,000, for
prizes for the year IHH8, which was omitted at the meeting on the
first Saturday in January, came up for action, and this appropria-
tion also was unanimously voted.

The following named persons, having been recommended b}* the
Executive Committee for membership in the Society, were, on
ballot, duly elected :

Mrs. Louisa A. Mourisox, of Roston.
"WiKLiAM E. C. Rich, of Roxl)ury.
Mrs. Joseph Millmoue, of Buston.

Adjourned to Saturday, May 5.

208 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Satdrdat, May 5, 1888.

The meeting of April 7, having arljouined to this day, was
called to order by President Walcott, but, no quorum beiug
present, it

Adjourned to Saturday, June 2.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Satdrdat, June 2, 1888.

The meeting of May 5, having adjourned to lliis day, was
called to order by Vice-President William H. Spooxer, but, no
quorum being present, it

Adjourned to Saturday, June 9.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, June 9, 1888.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was liolden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Henry P. "Walcott, in the chair.

The Annual Report of the Committee on Publication and Dis-
cussion was read by O. B. Hadwen, Chairman, accepted, and
referred to the Committee on Publication.

E. W. Wood stated that at the last session of the State Legis-
lature, a law was passed increasing the number of members of tiie
Board of Control of the State Agricultural Experiment Station
from seven to eleven, and providing that one of the additional
members should be chosen b}- this Society. Mr. "Wood moved
that a committee be appointed to nominate a candidate to repre-
sent the Society on the Board of Control. The motion was
carried, and the Chair appointed as the Committee, Mr. Wood,

AMENDMENT TO CONSTITUTION. 209

Francis II. Apploton, and Benjamin G. Smith. The Committee
retired, and after consultation reported the name of AVilliam C.
Strong. The report was accepted, and Mr. Strong was unani-
mously elected the representative of the Society on the Board of
Control of the State Agricultural Experiment Station.

The meetins: was then dissolved.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, July 7, 1888.

A duly notified stated meeting of the Society was holden at 11
o'clock, the President, IIenuy P. Walcott, in the chair.

Joseph H. Woodford proposed the following amendment to the
Constitution and By-Laws :

At the beginning of Section XXXIII, strike out the words
"Prizes or gratuities may be awarded to any person" and substi-
tute the following, — " Prizes may be awarded to any member of
the Society' residing in this State, and gratuities ma}- be awarded
to any person," the change to take effect on the first day of
January, 1889.

The proposed amendment, having been twice read, was, by a
majority vote, ordered to be entered on the records for considera-
tion at the stated meeting on the first Saturday in October.

The following named persons, having been recommended b}' the
Executive Committee for membership in the Societ}', were^ on
ballot, duly elected :

Miss Katharine IIorsford, of Cambridge.
Mrs. Charles A. Stearns, of East Watertown.
George A. White, of Roxbury.
John V. N. Stults, of Koxbury.
Benjamin W. Crovvninshield, of Boston.
Arthur B. Sheud, of Fort Wayne, Indiana.

Adjourned to Saturday, August 4.

210 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Satuuday, August 4, 1888.

An adjourned meotinrr of the Society was liolden at 11 o'clock,
the President, IIexuy P. Wai.cott, in the chair.

William C. Strong announced, with appropriate remarks, the
decease of Caleb Cope, late President of the Pennsylvania Horti-
cultural Societ}' and an Honorary Member of this Society, and
moved the appointment of a committee to prepare an expression
of the feelings of the Society in regard to tliis event. The motion
was carried and the Ciiair appoin'.ed as the Committee, Mr. Stiong,
Robert Manning, and Benjamin G. Smith.

Agreeably to the Constitution and By-Laws, the President
appointed the following Committee to nominate suitable candi-
dates for the various oHices of the Societ}-, for the year 1889 :

James F. C. Hyde, Chairman.
William H. Spooner, Joini H. IMoore,

Charles S. Sargent, Samuel Hartwell,

Edward L. Beard, Frederick L. Harris.

NicnoLAS F. McCartiit, of South Boston,

having been recommended by the Executive Committee for mem-
bership in the Society, was, on ballot, duly elected.

Adjourned to Saturday, September 1.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, September 1, 1888.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, IIknky P. Walcott, in the chair.

James F. C. Hyde, Chnirman of the Committee to nominate
candidates for Officers and Standing Committoes for the next year,
reported a list. The report was accepted and it was voted that
the Committee be continued and requested to nominate candidates
in place of an}' who might decline before the election.

MEMORIAL OF CALEB COPE, 211

William C. Strong, Chairman of tlie Committee appointed at
the last meeting to prepare a memorial of the late Caleb Cope,
reported as follows :

Tlie Committee which was appointed to prepare a tribute to the
memory of Caleb Cope make the following report:

The progress of Horticulture in this countr}- during the present
century has been so swift and tlie area of cultivation has become
60 vastly extended that the present generation can but faintly
realize the limited conditions of the earl}' days. We are so occu-
pied in keeping abreast with progressive changes that we have
little time and too little inclination to glance backward in
acknowledgment of our indebtedness to the past. Yet surely it
is the part of wisdom, as it is but simple justice to the memory of
a few eminent men who distinguished themselves as life-long
patrons of our art, that we recognize and hold in grateful remem-
brance their influence in securing the results which we now enjoy.

Caleb Cope was born in Greensburg, Pa., in the year 17i)7.
Removing to Philadelphia, he became the leading dry-goods
merchant of that city. Early in life his love of nature was mani-
fested, and with his increasing wealth he established an estate
which he called Spring Brook, then in the suburbs of the city,
and which soon became famous throughout the country. It was
to be expected, in those days, that such extensive ranges of glass
— cold graperies and graperies for earl}' forcing; peach and
nectarine houses ; houses for strawberries, tomatoes, and cucum-
bers ; camellia and cactus houses, and numerous conservatories
for mixed plants, — that such collections, at that time unequalled
in the country, should attract general attention. Upon the intro-
duction of the Victoria rcgia into England, Mr. Cope built a
magnificent house expressly for its culture, and with the assistance
of Sir William J. Hooker, he added many specimens of this regal
plant, and was the first to flower it in this country. Wiih char-
acteristic liberality he allowed the eager public to share in the
enjoyment of these treasures. Public institutions, hospitals, and
friends, received a large portion of the products of the estate.

For many years he was the patron and President of the Penn-
sylvania Horticultural Societ}', and it is to his influence and
generous aid that this honored Societ}' in a great degree owes its
success. He was the contemporary and friend of our own
Wilder, being President of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society

212 MASSACHUSETTS nORTICDLTDRAL SOCIETY.

at the same time that Mr. Wilder was President of this Society,
and their labors for the advancement of the art in which they
took such delight were in many respects similar.

In later years Mr. Cope turned his attention to out-door
gardening, ornaraenling his grounds and throwing them open to
the public for free enjoyment with the same generosity that
governed his whole life. At the advanced age of ninety years,
having filled the measure of his days with good deeds, on the r2th
day of Maj' last he entered upon the higher life. We honor his
memory, — we sympathize with those who mourn his loss. It is
left for us to be animated by the record of his worthy life.

William C. Strong, \

RoBKUT Manning, ? Committee.

Benjamin G. Smith. *

The Committee further recommended that this report be
entered upon the records of the Society and that a copy be sent
to the famil}- of the deceased.

The report was accepted and the recommendation was adopted.

Edward J. Coolidge, of Cambridge,

having been recommended by the Executive Committee for mem-
bership in the Society, was, on ballot, duly elected.

The meeting was then dissolved.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, October 6, 1888.

A Stated Meeting of the Society, being the Annual Meeting for
the choice of Officers and Standing Committees, was holden at
11 o'clock, the President, Henry P. Walcott, in the chair.

The Recording Secretary stated that the requirements of the
Constitution and By-Laws, in regard to notice of the meeting, had
been complied with.

Agreeably to the Constitution and By-Laws, the Chair
appointed Robert Manning, James Comley, and William K.

AMENDMENT TO CONSTITUTION. 213

Woorl, a Committee to receive, assort, and count the votes given
and report the number.

Tlie polls wore opened at ten minutes past eleven o'clock, and
it wns voted that they remain open one hour and that the check
list be used.

Tlie Amendment to the Constitution and By-Laws which
received a majority of votes at the July meeting and was then
entered on the records, came up for final action, and was dis-
cussed by Leverett M. Cliase, E. W. Wood, Robert INIanning,
Benjamin G. Smith, Edward L. Beard, Joseph 11. Woodford,
Willi:im II. Spooner, and O. B. Iladwen.

Mr. Manning moved that the words " residing in this State,"
be stricken from the [iroposed amendment.

Charles F. Curtis moved that competition be open to all
persons except for the prizes for strawberries and grapes. The
question was taken first on this amendment and it was defeated.

The question was next taken on the amendment proposed by
Mr. Manning, and it was carried.

The question was tiicn tnken on the adoption of the amendment
to the Constitution and By-Laws as modified, and two-thirds of
the members present having voted in favor of its adoption, it was
declared b}- the Presiilent to be adopted as a part of the Consti-
tution and By Laws, as follows:

In place of the wonls " Prizes or gratuities may be awarded
to any person" in the first line of Section XXXIII, read ''Prizes
ma}' be awarded to any member of the Society and gratuities may
be awarded to any person."

On motion of Leverett M. Chase it was voted that a microscope
be purchased for the use of the Socict}'.

Tlie following named persons, having been recommended by
the Executive Committee for membership in the Society, were, on
ballot, duly elected :

JosErii H. White, of Brookline.
Geoisge IIknky Ikying, of Newton.
John M. Way, of Roxbur>'.
Daviu II. CooLiDGE, Jr., of Boston.

214 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The polls were closed at ten minutes past twelve o'clot-k, nnd
the Committee to receive, assort, and count the votes, reported the

"Whole number of votes to be 3D.
Necessary for a choice 20.

The report of the Committee was accepted and the persons
reported as I)aving tiie iiumbcr of ballots nece>sary for a choice
were, ngrecably to the Constitution and I>y-Laws, declaicd l)y the
President to have a mnjority of votes and to be elected OUScers
and Standing Committees of the Society for the year 1889.

Adjourned to Saturday, November 3.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, November 3, 1888.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
Vice-President Charles II. B. Breck in the chair.

The Chairman reported from the Executive Committee a
recommendation that the Society approjaiate the sum of $0,000
for Prizes and Gratuities for the year 1889. The rpport was
accepted, and, agreeably to the Constitution and By-Laws, laid
over until the first Saturday in January for final action.

The Secretary lead circulars from the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture, asking the co-operation of tiic Society in
preparing a fruit displav fur the Paris Exposition of 1880. The
suliject was rcTerred to the Committee on Fruits, with authority
to issue circulars asking contributions of fruits.

It was voted that in compliance with the rules of the State
Board of Agriculture, three piizes of SIO, SS, and $G be offered
for the three best reports by awarding committees.

Edmund Ilersey, in behalf of the State Board of Agriculture,
stated that a public meeting oftlie Board would be hoM in Boston
in February next, and asked for tlie use of one of the Society's
Halls for the meeting. It was voted that the use of u hall bo
granted in compliance with Mr. llersey's request.

TRANSFER OF APPROPRIATIONS AUTHORIZED. 215

The following named persons, liaving been recommended by
the Kxeeiitive Commiltee, were, on ballot, duly elected members
of the kjociely :

Jamf.s "WiiF.KT.Kii, of Brookline.
FuAXK D. BAiiKKU, of Soulh Acton.
IIenky L. Clatp, of KoxlMiry.
Thomas Page Sjiitii, of Wallbam.
HKitBKirr PoRTKu, of IMaldcn.
AV'alteii H. Cowing, of West Roxbury.
Jamks T. Carroli,, of Chelsea.
P^DWiN II. Jose, of Cambridgeport.

Adjourned to Saturday-, December 1.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Satcjjday, December 1, 1888.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
Presid»jnt Henry P. AV^alcott in the chair.

The President, as Chairman of the Excculive Committee,
reported a recommemlation from that Committee that the Society
pass the following vote :

Voted^ That a chuise be appended to the Schedule of Prizes
opening competilion for prizes to all residents of Massachusetts.

The vole was unanimously passed.

The Schedule of Prizes for 1889, was presented by the Presi-
dent, as Chairman of the Executive Committee, and after some
modifications was adopted.

It was voted that the Fruit, Flower, and Vegetable Committees
be authorized to transfer from any unexpended balances of the
appropriation for the coming year, to the appropri;ition for the
Committee on Gardens, such sums as may be necessary to pay
the awards of the Garden Committee.

216 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Annual Report of the Committee on Plant3 and Flowers
was read b}' Joseph H. Woodford, Chairman, accepted, and
referred to the Committee on Publication.

The Annual Report of the Committee on the Library was read
by William E. Endicott, Chairman, accepted and referred to the
Committee on Publication.

E. W. Wood, Chairman of the Fruit Committee, asked for two
weeks further time to prepare the report of that Committee, which
was granted. Further time was also granted to the Chairman of
the Vegetable Committee to prepare his report.

M. B. Faxon, from the Committee on AVindow Gardening,
made a report of the expenditures of that Committee, which was
accepted. Mr. Faxon also moved that a Committee on Window
Gardening for the year 1889, to consist of seven members, bo
appointed by the President. This motion was carried.

The Chairman of the Library Committee laid l)efore the Society
a cop3- of the works of the late Dr. George P^ngelmann, collecled
and printed for private distribution by Henry Shaw, of St. Louis,
Missouri, in memory' of his friend, the author. The book was a
present to the Library from Mr. Shaw, and the thanks of the
Society were unanimously voted for the gift.

The Secretary read a letter from C. Ilarman Payne, Foreign
Corresponding Secretar}' of the National Chrvsanthemum Society,
of England, in regard to co-operation with that Society. The
letter was referred to the Executive Committee.

The following named persons, having been recommended b}- the
Executive Committee as members of the Society, were, on, ballot,
duly elected :

Miss Esther A. Squire, of North Cambridge.
Oliver B. Wyman, of Shrewsbury.
George C. Rice, of Worcester.
Arthur J. Bigelow, of INLnrlborough.
Thomas F. Galvin, of Boston.
Samuel Barnard, of Belmont.
George S. Houghton, of Auburndale.

Adjourned to Saturday, December 15.

ANNUAL REPORTS READ. 217

BUSINESS MEETING.

Satdkday, December 15, 1888.

An adjourned meetin<T of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Hkn'uy P. Walcott, in the chair.

The President announced the Committee on Window Garden-
ing for 1889, provided for at the last meeting, as follows :

Mrs. Henrietta L. T. Wolcott, Chairman.
Mrs. Ellen M. Gill, E. II. liitchings,

Miss Sarah W. Story, Henry L. Clapp,

Leverett M. Chase, M. B. Faxon.

The Annual Report of the Committee on Fruits was read by
E. W. Wood, Chairman.

The Annual Report of the Committee on Vegetables was read
by Charles N. Braekett, Chairman.

The Annual Report of the Committee on Window Gardening
was read by Mrs II. L. T. Wolcott, Chairman.

Robert Manning read his Annual Report as Secretary and
Lil'rariau.

Tiiesc reports were severally accepted and referred to the
Committee on Publication.

The meetius was then dissolved.

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON PLAjSTS AND FLOWERS,

FOR THE YEAR 1837.

By JOSEPH II. WOODFORD, Chairman.

As tlic year draws to a close it becomes the dut}' of yonr
Coniniiltce to make a reiiort of tlieir doings (or the past year, and
we now do so with great pleasure, feeling sure that as ilie years
roll round we ^re couUnually advancing in tlie proinolion of
horticulluie, the object for which our Society was formed.

This season has not been as favorable as usual, for the flower-
ing or development of i)l:ints out of doors, owing to excessive
rams all through the summer, and early frosts in the autumn.
These have had a tendency to curtail our weekly exhil)ltions and
uriake ihem more meagre and of less interest than formerly. Yet
this year shows remarkable progress in some of ihe classes of
plants which were already supposed to be nearly full and complete
and to possess all ihe beauty of whi^h the}' are capable. But our
meml)crs have been on tlie aKrt and by new processes of culture,
b}' hybridization, aiid l)y selection, they have been able to show
during the > ear more beautiful plants and flowers than some of
the older varieties we have been accustomed to see.

The number of exhil)itors was about the same as last year, but
we were sorry to notice that some of the largest and most valued
collections of plants were not represented at our large shows.
Our Society is lavish in its |)ri/.es of monej', medals, and plate,
and these prizes are of such value that one would suppose they

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 219

would command the compotilion of every one having large collec-
tions of valuable plants; but during the present j-ear these
collections have been conspicuous by their absence. Tliis is to
be deplored, and the only remedy we can suggest is to look to the
constantly inci-easing younger membeiship of our Society to step
into the breach and cany ou the good work already so well estab-
liahed. Our chief exhibitions are not going to case now, even if
a few of the former large contributors have become wearied in well
doing, for others will rise up lo take their places, having tlie same
zeal for the success of our sliows as was evinced by their prede-
cessors, carrying on the good woik with ever increasing energv,
and so successfully inspiring others yet to lake their places, that
our exhibitions will always be worthy of our Society, and the
S{Mrit of competition of years gone b^', will again be iu the
ascendant.

'i'he most notable plants and flowers exhibited during the year
will be menliuned as they were presented, for in this way we can
better see the progress we have mude during tiie past season.

On Febiuary 4th, John L. Gardner showed Polyanthus Narcissus,
superbly flowered, grown in shallow pans, with nothing but small
pebl)les to sustain them in the pans.

February 8th, Edwin Shep[)ard exhibited a plant of Dendro-
bium nobile of a much darker color than the usual type.

February 2oth, William II. Spoonei' showed the II. P. Rose
Clara Cocliet. It is of the same style as Baroness Rothschild,
but very fragrant.

March 3d, James Comley showed a large collection of blooms of
Seedling Roses, the most beautiful of which was one of a delicate
flesh pink color and ver^' fragrant. The petals are long and lirm
on the outside, while the inner ones are folded over the centre
very beautifully. It is named James Comley. Another one
called Oukmouut is a vivid |)ink in color, and the Fiancis B.
Hayes a brilliant scarlet. All of them arc valuable additions to
the ever increasing family of roses.

March 10ih,.Mr. Comley again made a splendid show of Roses,
among which was the one named James Comley. This rose after
being bef<Me your Committee for several years has |)rovcd itself
of such superior excellence, that we recommend the Society to
award Mr. Comley the Prospective Prize of §40 for the best seed-
ling rose produced since 1880.

220 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

SPRING EXHIBITION.
March 21, 22, and 23.

This was of superior excellence. Some of the most notable
plants and flowers ever seen in our halls were placed on exliibi-
tion, making a show long to be remembered even by those most
familiar with our past grand exhibitions. Amon^ the cut Rosea
most worthy of mention were those shown l)y Mrs. Francis B.
Hayes, Norton Brothers, F. Palmer, E. M. Wood & Co., Thomas
H. Meade, John Simpliins and Thomas F. Galvin.

The Indian Azaleas shown by N. T. Kidder, were splendid
specimens and won the Lyman Plate. Among the Crchids, which
were exhibited in profusion by W. A. IManda, E. W. Gihnore,
Jolin L. Gardner, P2. Sheppard & Son, Benjamin Gre}', George
McWilliam and II. II. Ilunnewell, was a Deiidrobiam nobile, from
Norton Brothers. This was a magniliccnt plant carrying more than
one thousand flowers and was awarded the Appleton Gilt Medal.

The displaj' of Spring Bulbs was very complete and the compe-
tition for nine medals offered b\' the General Union of Holland
for the Promotion of the Cultivation of Bulbs was very spirited,
and'all the medals were awarded. The Society's prizes, number-
ing lifty-five, were also nearly all taken, showing a greatly
increased interest in the cultivation of these beautiful plants.

March 3 1st, Edward Butler exhibited a plant of Deudrobium
Cambridgeanum which was coveted by all the growers of orchids ;
and Mrs. Francis B. Hayes showed cut trusses of Rhododendron
Victoria Regina, with flowers of a delicate buff color ; the trusses-
are large and resemble in form the hardy kinds.

April 7th, Robert Blair, gardener to A. W. Spencer, exhibited
three Rhododendrons in pots, named lago. Sir Robert Peel, and
Purit\', all of which were grand plants and splendidly flowered.

Ai)ril 25th, H. II. Hunnewell showed a large plant of Dendro-
bium GriffiLhiatium, bearing twenty-one spikes of flowers, and
James Couiley again exhibited his seedling rose bearing his own
name, in perfection. This is its second blooming this year.

MAY EXHIBITION.

May 12.

At this exhibition John L. Gardner made a grand display of
Indian Azaleas. The one most admired was a naturally grown

I

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 221

specimen of Decora, which was fully nine feet high and covered
with the most brilliant flowers. Denys Zirngiebel showed a new
strain of pansies from Rlons. Bugnot, of France, which for size,
color, and substance, surpassed any ever before seen in our Halls.

F. L. Temple showed some ver}' large plants of Sa'adopitys
verticillata or Japan Umbrella Pine, a very promising new orna-
mental tree.

II. H. Hunnewell exhibited thirty-eight varieties of tender
Rhododendrons and four varieties of Himalayan species, all of
which were very fine.

RHODODENDRON SHOW.
June 9.

The display was superb, Mrs. F. B. Hayes carrying off the
Hunnewell Plate for the best twelve hardy kinds. She also
showed some fine seedlings of the hard}' kinds, one of which was
named in her honor and entered for the Prosi)ective Prize. In color
it is white and rose with a rose-crimson blotch. It has a handsome
large truss and bold foliage. Other new plants were noticed, par-
ticularly a deep crimson Gloxinia called Comet, shown by John L.
Gardner ; Phlox Drnmmondi Star of Quedliuburg, b}- C. W. Hoitt ;
Pyrus Juponica Simoni, by T. C. Thurlow ; and four pans of seed-
ling Clematis grown by J. H. Woodford, some of whicli were fully
as good as the plants from which the seeds were obtained. Robert
Manning showed a large vase of Trillium grandijioram^ as culti-
vated in his garden, giving larger flowers than when in the wild
state. This genus of herbaceous plants comprises some of the
most beautiful of our native flowers, and as the}' show such a
diversity of color and are so desirable, it is to be hoped that our
gardens may receive mora of them.

On the 16th of June, the display of Rhododendrons was grand
in the extreme, Mrs. F. B. Hayes showing over three hundred
trusses comprising more than one hundred varieties.

On the 23rd of June, William H. Spooner showed a large col-
lection of cut Roses as a foretaste of what we might expect at the
grand Rose Show to take place the next week.

222 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ROSE EXHIBITION.
June 2G axd 27.

The " Feast of Roses" w.is very fine this yenr, notwithstnnrling
the very hot weather which immediately preceded it ; and nearly
all the prizes offered were taken. Thi^ show is one of great
interest and brinies out the result of different modes of growing
roses prMClised by all classes of gardeners. The specimens
sh )wn this year were very fine, giving |)roof of careful cidturo
and the knowledge only acquired by years of experience and
observation.

One of ihe attractions at this sliow was an exhibit, by Jackson
Dawson, of som3 forty species of roses gathered at the Arnold
Arboretum fiom the four quarters of the globe. The contrast
between tiieso nniive loses of all countries and the cultivated and
improved kinds furni-hes a subject for consideration and renectiou
uot to be parsed lightly over by the thoughtful student of nature.

WEEKLY EXHIBITIONS.

The weekly Satuiday Exhibitions began this year on the 7th
of July, and en led on the ^th of September. The shows were not
netirly so full as in previous j'ears, owing to the absence of
herbaceous [)laiits. the lequirements of the Schedule seeming too
onerous for exhibitors to un<lcrtake, and the remuneration too
small. This will probably be modidcd iu the new Schedule so as
again to stimulate competition.

The JniKin Irises shown on the 14th of July were of superior
excellence and deserve notice in this report. We were glad to sec
much more interest in their cultivation than heretofore, there
being seven exhibitors this j'ear. Arthur II. Fewkes showed
some good seedlings, which are very easily' raised, and we would
recommend others having moist ground to attempt the culture of
seedlings. Henry V. Walcott showed grand spikes of seedling
Delphiniums for which he receiveil a First Class Certificate of
Merit.

On the 21st of July, R. & J. Faiqnhar & Co. showed a very
beautiful white tufted Tansy called The Queen. It is pure white,

RErOFT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 223

and similar in form to the indiviilnal flowers of the double white
primrose, ami will, we think, l>c valiiablc (or florists' work.

The most notieealile fcatnre of the show of July 28th, was ton
pots of Achiineues, exhil)'teil !>}' William J. Martin, gardener to
N. T Kidder. These plants were rcniark:d)le for the good cul-
ture displayed and the larife number of blooms. The native Ferns
shown by Mrs. P. D. Richards, comprising forty-five varieties,
formed ihc largest callectiou ever exhibited before our Society,
and showed wh it may be done by a persistent collector.

August 4 til was the prize day for Sweet Peas. As we predicted
in our last report, this beautiful annual plant is grown in piofii-
eion by every one having a garden. No flower gives better
return for a liitle lalior than this, and the show today proved it,
there being ten competitors, some of whom showed as many as
forty nanied kinds.

The display of Gladioli on the ISthof August, was notably fine,
particularly the seedlings grown by J. Warren Clark, which showed
marked improvement on some of the older varieties.

ANNUAL EXHIBITION.
Septemdku 18, 19, 20, and 21.

The Annual Exhibition was not of that very superior excellence
we have seen in other years, yet it was a show full of interest, as
it contained plants of remirkable iieauly and usefulness. The
Crotons, Palms, and Cycads were of large growth and were fine
speeimens in all respects, while the great ninnber of economic and
useful plauis from the Botanic Garden of Ilarvaixl University, pre-
sented a spectacle of rare botanical and educational interest. The
tank of aquatic plants attracted great attention ; also a plant of
Ni'P"nt/ies bicalcariUd^ sus|)ended from the ceiling. J. F. C. Ilyde
exhibited ihirly-eight varieties of cultivated wild Asters, or INIich-
aelmas Daisies as they are called in England, which showed the
effect of gixKl culture in the increased size of the flowers and
more desirable habit. Norton Bi(jthcis showed a Tea Rose named
Madame de Watteville. This rose was sent out in 1883, by
Guillot, but is new here and is ver}' beautiful and fragrant. The
color is whitish splashed with pink.

224 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETr.

CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW.
November 14, 15, and 1G.

The culmination of our Exhibitions for the year was the magni-
ficent Chrysanthemum Show, which occupied both halU for tinee
days in November. Tliis is probably the most complete and
finished exhibition we hold during the year, as it comes at a
time when there are no other flowers to vie with it in splendor or
varict}'. This flower has been constantly growing in favor, and
during the past two years it has made greater strides toward
elegance than any other floral product. Enthusiastic importers,
hybridizers, and growers are at present centring their energies ou
introducing or producing new and more beautiful forms, and how
well they have succeedt-d our late show has demonstrated. One
bad but to look at the sport of Nil Desperandum, sliown by our
President, Dr. Henry P. Walcott, to understand what is meant by
improvement. This flower is very large, cone shaped, with broad
incurved petals, laying over each other very gracefully. The color
is white, while way down in the centre ma}' be seen a faint lemon
tint, which gives the flower a luminous or phosphorescent appear-
ance. If one person produced only one such flower as this during
a, long lifetime, it would be glory enough, but our President la
constantly growing seedlings, some of which are exceedingly
beautiful — notably his F No. I, a large deep yellow, after the
style of the Jardin des Plantes F No. 87, a yellow Mrs. Wheeler;
E No. 103, a soft pink Mrs. Wheeler, and E No. 25, a deep
yellow Chinese, like Jardin des Plantes.

Under the skillful cultivation given them b}' Edwin Fewkes &
Son, the collection of plants sent to Mrs. Alpheus Hardy, by
Neesima from iJai)an, is developing some wonderful flowers, some
of them far superior to any of the same forms now in the trade.
One, named William H. Lincoln, a very large yellow flower, when
fully expanded making half a globe, was so very fine that it
received the award of the Appleton Silver Medal. Another,
named Lillian B. Bird, a very large quilled varietv, full to the
centre, and of a shrimp pink in color, was very striking. Another,
named Kioto, was a very large Japanese variety, with incurved,
smooth petals, in form like Mrs. Alpheus Hardy, but larger and
more massive, of a luminous clear yellow color, almost indescrib-
able but very beautiful.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 225

Three seedlings grown by George Hollis, — the first, named by
him Peerless, a lemon yellow Japanese ; the second, Mrs. Benjamin
Harrison, a blush white Japanese ; and the third, Maiidus, a very
liglit pink Japanese, were considered worth}' of further trial, and
were awarded a First Class Certificate of Merit. Three blooms of
a new seedling grown b^- E. A. Wood, from seed produced by
crossing Mrs. Wheeler and CuUingfordi, were splendid great
flowers after the style of Mrs. Wheeler, but much darker in color
and, best of all, having the eye covered with fine petals. This
makes a grand plant and a free bloomer, this specimen having
twentj'-three good flowers.

The display of cut flowers has never been equalled at any
chrysanthemum show in our halls, for style, color, and finish, and
now all the flower needs to make it perfect is fragrance, and who
knows but that very soon, with the enter-prise and enthusiasm
which now prevail, we may be buying Chrysanthemums for
fragrance as well as beaut}'.

The amount appropriated by the Society for the use of our
Committee was §3,150, and out of this we have awarded in Pre-
miums, Melals, and Gratuities the sum of $3,065.

All of which is respectfully submitted.

Jos. H. WOOPFOUD,

Aktiiuk II. Fewkes,

Michael H. Norton, I Committee on

Wm. J. Stewart, > Plants

Warren II. Manning, \ and Flowers.

W. A. Manda,

F. L. Harris,

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR PLANTS
AND i- LOWERS.

February 4.

Frkesias. — Six pots or pans in bloom, Jolin L. Gardner, . . $'> 00

Roman IIvacixtiis — Six six-inch puts, " '• . . 4 00

Third, iMrs. E. M. Gill 2 00

Gratuities : —
John L. Gardner, Polyanlhus Narcissus, throe pans, . . , 2 00

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cut Flowers : — Caiuellias and Coelogyne, . 1 CO

Febkuauy 18.
Gratuity: —

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Centre-piece for Table, . . . , 6 00

Febkcary 25.
Gratuity: —

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Hybrid Perpetual and Tea Hoses, . . 2 00

RIarcii 3.
Gratuity:

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes. Fifty varieties of Roses, one Rhododendron,

and two Cypripediuuis, 6 00

March 10.
Gratuity: —

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Hybrid Perpetual Roses, over fifty vases, . 6 00

SPRING EXHIBITION.

~^ March 21, 22, and 23,

Theodore Lyman Prize.

Ikdian Azat.eas. — Six distinct named varieties, in pots, Nathaniel

T. Kidder, the Lyman Plate, value §35 00

Society's Prizes.

Four distinct named varieties, in not exceeding ten-inch pots,

James Sharkey, 10 00

Second," " 8 00

Third, " " C 03

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 227

cigl
Ics

inch

than
uinot,

Two distinct named varieties, Thomas Clark, gardener to Mrs
Brooks, ........

Second, A. \V. Spencer, .....

Spicimcn IMant, named, Thomas Clark,

Second, James Sliarkey, .....

Single plant, of any mimed variety, in not exceeding an
pot, James Sharkey, .....

Hybrid I'erpetl'al Hoses. — Twelve cut hlooms of no

si.x distinct named varieties, excluding General Jacque

Mrs. Francis B Hayes,

Second, Norton Brothers, .....

Tender Koses in Vases. — Twelve blooms of American Beauty
Norton Brothers, ......

Twelve bh)oms of Bennett, F. Palmer, .

Second. E M. Wood & Co., ....

Twelve blooms of Catiierine Mermct, E. M. Wood & C
Second, Thomas II. Meade, ....

Twelve blooms of Cornelia Cook, Norton Brothers,
Second, Thomas II. Meade, ....

Twelve blooms of La France, Norton Brothers, .

Second, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes,
Twelve blooms of Niphetos, Tiiomas II. Meade, .
Second, Norton Brother.*, .....

Twelve blooms of Papa Gontier, Norton Brothers,

Second, F. Palmer,

Twelve blooms of The Bride, Jo:in Simpkins,

Second, Norton Brothers, .....
Twelve blooms of Perle des Jardins, F. Palmer, .
Second, Norton Brothers, .....
Twelve blooms of Puritan, E. M. Wood & Co.,
Orchids. — Si.x plants in bloom, W. A. Manda,

Second, William J. Martin, gardener to Nathaniel T.

Third, E. W. Gilmore,

Fourtli, " " .....

Tiiree plants in bloom, John L. Gardner,

Second, Benjamin Grey, .....

Third, E. W. Gilmore,

Fourth, W. A. Manda,

Single i)lant in bloom, Benjamin Grey, .

Second, W. A. Manda, .....

Third, «« ««

Stove or GREENiionsE Plant. — Specimen in bloom.
Azalea or Orcliid, named, H. H. llunnewell, .
Second, H. II. Hunnewell, ....

Hardy Flowering Siikurs, Forced. — Fonr, in pots, o

tinct named varieties, John L. Gardner, .
Cyclamens. — Three plants in bloom, Thomas Clark,
Single plant in bloom, Thomas Clark, .

Kidder,

other

than

f four dis

§G 00
4 00
4 00
3 00

3 CO

c

00

5

CO

4

00

4

00

3

00

4

00

3

00

4

00

3

00

4

00

3

00

4

00

3

00

4

00

3

00

4

00

3

00

4

00

3

00

4

00

20

00

15

CO

12

00

10

00

8

00

C

00

6

CO

4

00

5

00

4

00

3

00

G

00

5

00

G

00

3

oo

2

CO

228 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Heaths. — Tliree plants of distinct varieties, in bloom, John L.

Gardner, $5 00

Hardy Primuoses and Polyanthuses. — Six plants of distinct

varieties, in bloom, William J. Martin, 5 00

Second, A. W. Spencer, 4 00

Cinerarias. — Si.x varieties in bloom, in not over nine-inch pots,

E. W. Gilinore, 8 00

Second, Tliomas Clark, 6 00

Third, William J. Martin, 4 00

Single plant in bloom, E. W. Gilmore, 3 00

Second, E. W. Gilniore, 2 00

Violets — Si.\ pots in bloom, William J. Martin, . . . . 4 00

Second, William J. Martin, 3 00

Third, " " 2 00

Pansies. — Six distinct varieties, in pots, in bloom, the second prize

to William J. Martin, 2 00

Fifty cut blooms in the Society's flat fruit dishes, W. C. Ward, . 3 00

Second, Miss Sarah W. Story, 2 00

Third, W. C. Ward, 1 00

Carnations. — Display of cut blooms, with foliage, not less than six

varieties, in vases, W. Nicliolson, • . . . . . 6 00

Second, Miss S. W. Story, 4 00

Camellias. — Displity of named varieties, cut flowers, with foliage,
not less tiian twelve blooms, of not less than six varieties,

Charles H. Hovey, 5 00

Six cut blooms of not less than four named varieties with foliage,

Charles H. Hovey, 3 OO

Centre-Pi ecb for Dinner Table. — Best designed and best kept

during the Exhibition, Mrs. E. M. Gill 10 00

Second, Miss S. W. Story, 9 00

Third, Mrs. A. D. Wood, 8 oa

Spring Flowering Bclbs.

Special Prizes for Bulls, offered hy the General Union of Holland for tht
rromotion of the Cultivation of Bulbs.

Hyacinths — Fifty named bulbs in fifty pots, in bloom, not more than tw&
pots of one variety :

Nathaniel T. Kidder, the First Prize, a Gold Medal.

John L. Gardner, the Second Prize, a Silver Gilt Medal.

Tliomas Clark, the Third Prize, a Silver Medal.
TcLirs, Single Eaulv. — Twenty-five pots, in twenty five distinct Tarietiea,
thiee bulbs of the same variety in a pot, in bloom :

Edwin Fewkes & Son, the First Prize, a Silver Gilt Medal.

N. T. Kidder, the Second Prize, a Silver Medal.

C. II. Hovey, The Third Prize, a Bronze Medal.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 229

PoLTjiNTnus Narcissus (^Tarcissus Tazetta or Bunch Flowered). — Twenty
pots, three bulbs of the same variety in a pot, not more than two pot»
of one variety :
C. II. Hovey, the First Prize, a Gold Medal.

" " the Second Prize, a Silver Gilt Medal.
'* " the Third Prize, a Silver Medal.

Society's Prizes.

Htacinths. — Twelve distinct named varieties, one in each pot, J. L.

Gardner, , $10 00

Second. William J. Martin, 8 CO

Third, Edwin Fewkes & Son, G 00

Six distinct named varieties, one in each pot, J. L. Gardner . . G GO

Second, C. H. Hovey, 5 00

Third, Thomas Clark 4 00

Three distinct named varieties, one in each pot, Edwin Fewkes &

Son, 4 00

Second, J. L. Gardner, 3 00

Third, Thomas Clark, 2 GO

Single named bulb, Edwin Fewkes & Son, 2 00

Second, J. L. Gardner, 1 00

Three pans, ten bulbs of one variety in each, "William J. Martin, 10 00

Second, C. H. Ilovey, 8 GO

Third, J. L. Gardner, 6 00

Two pans, ten bulbs of one variety in each, C. 11. Hovey, . . 8 GO

Second, William J. Martin G 00

Third, J. L. Gardner, 6 00

Single pan, ten bulbs of one variety, J. L. Gardner, . . . 5 CO

Second, Thomas Clark 4 GO

Third, C. H. Hovey, 3 GO

Tdlips. — Six pots, five bulbs in each, E. Fewkes & Son . . . 5 GO

Second, William J. Martin, 4 00

Third, J. L. Gardner 3 00

Three pots, five bulbs in each, E. Fewkes & Son, . . . 4 00

Three pans, ten bulbs of one variety in each, E. Fewkes & Son . 6 00

Second, C. H. Hovey, 5 00

Third, William J. Martin, 4 00

Polyanthus Narcissus. — Four pots, three bulbs in each, C. II.

Ilovey, 6 00

Second, C. H. Hovey, 4 00

Tiiird, «« u 3 00

Hardy Narcissus and Daffodils.— Twelve pots, not less than

six varieties, W. A. Manda, 10 00

Second, " " 8 CO

Jonquils. — Four pots, six bulbs in each, J. L. Gardner, . . . 3 00

General Display op Spring Bulbs. — C. H. Hovey, . . . 20 00

230

MASSACHUSETTS nORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

LiLiuM LoxGiFi.onnM or Harrisii. — Three pots, C

Second, C. J. Tower,

Thinl, Mrs. K. M. Gill,
Lilt of the Vali.ky. — Six pots, Tlioraas Clark,

Si'fonil, J. L. Ganlner,

Third, W. A. M.inda,
Anemoxks — Tliree p.»ts or pans, Tliomas Clark,

Second, Thomas Cliik,
FuEKSiAS — Six pot<, William J. Martin,

Second, J. L. Gardner,

Third, " " , .

J. Power,

CO
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

Grntuitirs: —
Jolin Sinipkins. Roses, — Merveille de Lyon and Baroness,
Thomas F. Gnlvm, Roses, — American Beauty,
E. M. Wood & Co., Roses,— Her Majesty and others,
Thomas H. Meade, Roses, — Bon Silene,
Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Roses, etc., .
II. H. Hunnewell, Cut Orchids and Foliage,
Lenjamin Grey, Display of Orchids, .
J. L. Gardner, Orchids and Ferns, .
E. Slu'ppard & Son, Orchids, etc., .
A. W. Spencer, Ci/cas nvoluta, etc.,
W. A. Manda. General Display of Plants,
William Ed<;ar, Hydrangea 0/aksa, si.x pots,
W. A. Manda, Display of Sprinjj Bulbs,

•' ♦* Dis])lay of llyacinlhs,

Thomas Clark, I)is|>lay of Bulbs,
John Simpkins, Knglish Primroses, .
William Patterson, Primroses, .
C H. Ilovey, Primroses, — Iloso-in-hose,
Mrs. E. F. Hovey, Cut Flowers.

5

00

3

00

3

00

1

00

8

00

25

00

8

00

3

00

2

00

5

00

25

00

5

00

10

00

5

00

3

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

ArniL 7.
Gratuities: —

A. W. Spencer, Rhododendrons, three varieties :— lago, Sir Robert
Peel, and Purity; and seedling Carnations, Florence, Pa.xton,
and Mrs. Frank Marigold,

John McFarlane, Cinerarias,

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cut Flowers,

Mrs. E M. Gill, Cut Flowers, .

E. U. Hitchings, Hepaticas,

5 00

1 00

2 00
1 00
1 00

April 14.
Gratuities: —

John L. Gardner, Six Gold Lnced Primroses, six assorted Primroses,
Rhododendron Princess Alice, and Anopteria glandalosus,

2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITII.S FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 231

Mrs. Francis R. Hayes, nine varieties of Himalayan Rliododendrons

and Cut Flowers, §2 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Cut Flowers, 1 00

April 21.
Gratuity: —

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Rhododendron and other Flowers,

2 00

April 28.

Gratuity: —

Mrs. Francid B. Hayes, Rhododendrons, .

1 00

MAY EXHIBITION.

May 12.

Pelargonicms. — Four named Show or Fancy Varieties in pots,
William J. Martin, gardener to Nathaniel T. Kidder,

Second, J. II. White,

Indian Azaleas. — Si.x plants in pots, named, John L. Gardner,

Siniile specimen, William ,T Martin, ....
Calckolaimas. — Six varieties, Thomas Clark, .

Second, A. W Spencer, ......

Single plant, Thomas Clark, ......

Second, A. W. Spencer, ......

TcLiPS. — Twenty-four blooms, distinct named varieties, C. H
Hovey,

Second, J. L. Gardner, ......

HARDr Bulbs. — Best collection of blooms, J. H. Woodford,
Basket of Fi.oweks. — Mrs. E. M. Gill, ....

Second, Mrs A. D. Wood, . . . „ .

Third, Miss S. W. Story,

Pansiks. — Fifty cut blooms, D. Zirngiebel,

Second, D. Zirngiebel, ......

Third, Thomas Clark, ......

Gratuities: —

A. W. Spencer, Calceolarias,

F. L. Temple, Sciadopiiys verticillata (Japan Umbrella Pine)

A W. Si)encer, Five Orchids, .

William J. JIartin, Three Orcliids, .

J. H. Wh.te, Six pots Gloxinias,

J. B. Moore & Son, Cut Koses,

Mrs. Francis B Hayes, Cut Flowers,

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Native Plants,

G

00

5

00

10

00

4

0)

C

00

5

00

2

03

1

00

4

00

3

00

G

00

G

00

5

00

4

00

4

CO

3

00

2

00

3

00

5

CO

4

03

3

00

3

00

1

00

1

CO

2

00

232

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL 80CIETT.

Mat 26.
Gratuities: —

Isaac E. Cobiirn, Pansies, from home-Rrown seed,
Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cut Flowers,
Mrs. E. S. Joyce, " " ..

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Native Flowers,
Walter E. Coburn, «< ..

J2 00

1 00

1 00

2 00
1 00

RHODODENDRON SHOW.

Jdne 9.

n. II. Hunnewell Premiums.

Bhododendrons. — Twelve distinct Hardy varieties, named, Mrs
Francis B. Hayes, a piece of plate, value,
Twenty-four Tender varieties, named, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes,
Twelve Tender varieties, named, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes,
Six Tender varieties, named, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, .

Second, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, .....

Three Tender varieties, named, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes,
Single truss of any Tender variety, named, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes
Hardy Azaleas, from any or all classes. — Fifteen named varieties
one truss each, Jolm L. Gardner, . . . • ,
Second, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, ....

Six named varieties, one truss each, Benjamin G. Smith,
Cluster of trusses, of one variety, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes,
Second, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, ....

. $20

00

8

00

5

00

3

00

2

00

2

00

1

CO

8

00

6

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

Society's Prizes.

German Iris. — Six distinct named varieties, one spike of each,

J. W. Manning, 3 00

Second, J. W.^Ianning, 2 CO

Clematis. — Named varieties, dispLay of cut blooms, with foliage,

J. H. Woodford, 4 CO

Hardy Flom'ering Trees and Shrubs — Largest and best collec-
tion, named, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, . . . . . 6 00
Cot Flowers. — Display filling one hundred bottles, Mrs. A. D.

Wood, 4 00

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 3 00

Native Plants. — Display of named species and varieties, one

vaseofoacli, Walter E. Coburn, . . . . . . 4 00

Second, Mrs. P. D. Ricliards, 3 CO

Herbaceous Plants. — J. W. Manning, 2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 233

Gratuities: —

John L. Gardner, Rhododendrons, $5 00

T. C. Thurlow, Azaleas and Rhododendrons 2 00

William C. Strong, Hardy Azaleas, 2 00

J. H. Woodford, Clematis and Bouquets, 5 00

J. W. Manning, German Iris, 2 09

J. L. Gardner, Orcliids, G 00

C. H. Hovey, Pelargoniums, 4 00

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cut Flowers and Foliage, . . . . 10 00

E. H. Hitchings, Native Plants, . . . . . . 2 00

Miss Mary L. Vinal, " " 1 00

JUNB 16.
Gratuities: — ■

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Display of Hardy and Tender Rhododen-
drons, 20 CO

John L. Gardner, Five Orchids and two Gloxinias, . . . . 5 00

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Hardy Azaleas, 2 00

Edwin Sheppard & Son, Pelargoniums, 2 00

Joseph Clark, Tliree Flowering Shrubs : — Xanthoceras, Exochorda,

and Cytisus, 1 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Cut Flowers, 1 00

June 23.

Gratuities: —

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Rhododendrons, Kalmias, and Clematis, . 6 00

William H. Spooner, Roses . • 3 00

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Roses, 2 00

Miss E. M. Harris, Paeonies and Ferns, .... . . 1 00

William C. Strong, Cut Flowers, 1 00

ROSE EXHIBITION.

June 2G and 27.

Special Prize, Theodore Lyman Fund.

Hardy Perpetual Roses. — Twenty-four distinct named varieties,

three of each, Warren Heustis & Son, $35 00

Second, John B. Moore & Son, 30 00

Regular Prizes.

Sixteen distinct named varieties, three of each, John L. Gardner, 25 00

Second, John B. Moore & Son, 20 00

Third, Warren Heustis & Son, 15 00

Twelve distinct named varieties, three of each, John B. Moore

& Son, 20 00

234

MASSACnUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Six distinct named varieties, three of each, John B. Moore & Son,
Si'cond, .lolin L Gardner, ........

Tliird William J Martin,

Twenty-four distinct named varieties, one of each, William H.

Spooner,

Second, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, ......

Third, J. n. Moore & Son,

Eighteen distinct named varieties, one of each, the second prize
to W. 11. St)oi)ni'r, .........

Third, J. B. Moore & Son,

TwhIvc distinct named varieties, one of each, J. L. Gardner,
Second, W. II Spoone;*, ........

Tliird, William Patterson, ........

Six di>tinct named varieties, one of eacli, J. L. Gardner,

Second, Mrs. I'rancis B. Hayes,

Tliird, J. B. Moore & Son

Moss HosKS. — Si.x distinct nanicd varieties, three clusters of each,

J. B. Moore & Sun,

SeconJ, Eilwin Shepjjard & Son, ......

Third, William Patterson, ........

Gener.^l Display of One Hundred Bottles of Hardy Roses. — J. B.
Moore & Son, ..........

Second, J. L Gardner,

Tliird, W. H. Spooner,

Fourth, Mrs. E. M Gill

Fifih Mrs. Francis B. Hayes,

Specimkn Plant in bloom, named, other than Orchid. — Ji.hn L.

Gardner,

Heaths. — Si.x plants of distinct named varieties, J. L. Gardner,-
Okcmius. — Twelve ])laiits. named varieties, J. L. Gardner,

Second, W. A. Manda

Si.x ])lants, named varieties, Benjamin Grey, .....
Single specimen named, W. A. Manda, .....

Second, J. L. Gardner,

Heruaceols P-EONiEs — Ten named varieties, O. B. Iladwen,

Hahuv Gauden Lilies.— Collection, .1. L. Gardner,

Vase of Flowers. — Best arranged, Mrs. E. M. Gill, . .

Second, Mrs. A. 1). Wood,

15

00

10

00

8

00

15

CO

10

(0

8

00

8

00

G

00

10

00

G

00

4

OJ

G

00

4

00

3

00

G

00

4

00

3

00

10

00

9

00

8

oo

7

to

G

00

5

00

G

00

20

00

15

00

10

00

C

00

6

00

8

00

6

00

5

00

4

00

Gratuities: —

Jackson Dawson, Single Roses, ....

B. G. Smith, Display of one hundred bottles of Roses,

W. C. Stnmg, " " " "

E. Sheppard, '« " " "

John B. Moore & Son, Moss Roses, ....

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Hoses, Fisher Holmes and Ulrich Brunner,

W. 11. Spooner, La France Roses, . . . ...

6

00

3

00

3

00

3

00

3

CO

3

00

2

00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 235

W. IT. Spooner, Mnie. Gabriel Luizet Roses,

E. Slu'ppard & Son, Uoses, etc.,

Warren Ileustis & Son, La France Roses,

O. 15. Had wen, Roses, ....

Benjamin Grey. Ferns, Lycopods, and Orchids

W. A. Manda, Orchids, Ferns, etc., .

J. L Gardner, Orcliids and Ferns, .

William J. Martin, Orchids,

J. L. Gardner, Palms, ....

T. C. Thurh)\v, Lilies and Flowering Shrubs,

J. L. Gardner, Gloxinias, ....

Mrs. Francis B Hayes, Kalniias,

Benjamin G. Smith, i'leonies, .

C. Packard, "...

Benjamin 1). Hill, "...

Charles W. Ross, Sweet Williams, .

Edwin Sheppard, Pelargoniums,

Jackson Dawson, Flowering Shrubs,

Mrs. E. M. Gdl, Cut Flowi-rs, .

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Native Plants,

2

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

8

00

8

00

8

00

4

00

5

00

2

00

2

00

2

(0

(0

00

00

00

CO

3

00

2

CO

3

00

July 7.

Delpiiixiums — Six named varieties, E. Sheppard & Son, . . 4 00

Second. Edwin Fewkes & Son, . . . . . . . 3 00

IIakuy Cakxatioxs anu Picoteks. — Twelve out blooms, distinct

varieties, tree or tender kinds not admissible, J. L. Ganlner, . 3 00
Campaxulas. — Collection, not less than twelve bottles, J. L.

Gardner, 2 00

Foxgloves. — Twelve spikes, J. L. Gardner, . . . . . 2 00

Cut Floweks — Display filling one huudred bottles, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 4 00

Second, Mrs. A. U. Wood 3 00

Gratuities: —
J. L. Gardner, Delphiniums, Foxgloves, and Hardy Carnations,

" " Jris KcEwpferi, .

W. C. Strong, " "...

Edwin Fewkes & Son, English Irises,

" " *' Sweet Williams,

J. W. Mann'ng, Herbaceous Plants, .

Walter E. Colmrn, Native Flowers, eighty -three varieties,
Mrs. P. D. Richards, Native Flowers, ....

3 GO
3 00
2 00
2 00

1

00

1

00

3

00

3

00

July 14.

Japan Iuises (varieties of Iris Kamipferi') . — Best collection. John
L. Gardner, ..........

Second, Edwin Fewkes & Son,

8 00
C 00

236 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Third, Henry Ross, 6 00

Six named varieties, Edwin Fewkes & Son, 4 00

Second, William Patterson, 3 00

Vase of Flowkrs. — Best arranged, Miss S. W. Story, . . . 3 00

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill, . 2 CO

Gratuities: —

W. C. Strong, Japan Irises, 2 00

E. Slieppard & Son, Japan Irises, etc. , 2 CO

J. L. Gardner, Four pots of Fuchsias, 2 00

'• '♦ Dendrochilum fitiforme and Lycaste Deppei, . . I 00

Mrs. P. D. Richards, NuLive Flowers, 3 00

Walter E. Coburn, " " 2 00

Jolt 21.

HoLLTHOCKS. — Double, twelve blooms, E. Sheppard & Son, . . 4 00

Si.x blooms of six distinct colors, J. F. C. Hyde, . . . . 2 CO

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 1 00

Cut Flowers. — Display filling one hundred bottles, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 4 00

Second Mrs. A. I). Wood, 3 00

Gratuities: —

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Native Plants 2 00

Edwin S. Hill, Cut Flowers, 1 00

July 28.

Native Ferns. — Best display, Mrs. P. D. Richards, forty-five vari-
eties, 4 00

Second, Walter E. Coburn, twenty-four varieties, . . 3 00

Gratuities: —

William Martin, Achimenes, ten pots, and Ixora Dixieana, . . 5 00

J. L. Gardner, Sobralia macrantha, . . . . . . . 2 00

J. F. C. Hyde, Sweet Peas, thirty-two varieties, . . . . S CO

J. B. Moore & Son, Tropaeolums, twelve varieties, . . . . 2 00

R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Tropaeolums, 2 00

J. F. C. Hyde, Hollyhocks 2 00

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cut Flowers, 2 CO

Mrs. E. M. Gill, <« << 2 00

E. Sheppard & Son, <« " 1 00

Edwin S. Hill, .... 1 00

Mrs. A. D. Wood, .^ <» 1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 237

August 4.

Special Prize, offered by M. B, Faxon.

Sweet Peas. — For the best display, filling twenty -five vases, J. F. C.

Hyde, 10 00

Regular Prizes.

Verbenas. — Twenty vases, three trnsses in each, the second prize

to Walter E. Coburn, 3 00

Third, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 2 00

Sweet Peas. — Display filling thirty vases, Joseph Briefly, . . 6 00

Second, M. B. Faxon, * 00

Third, William Patterson, 3 00

Cut Flowers — Display filling one hundred bottles, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 4 00

Second, Mrs, A. D. Wood, 3 00

Third, A. A. Hixon, 2 00

Gratuities: —

William J. Martin, Gloxinias, . 3 00

E. Sheppard & Son, Hollyhocks, 2 00

J. F. C. Hyde, " 2 00

A. A. Hixon, Petunias, 2 00

R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Tropaeolums, twenty-five varieties, . . 2 00

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cut Flowers, 3 00

L. W. Goodell. « c 3 00

A. A. Hixon, " " I 00

Edwin S. Hill, " " 1 00

E. H. Hitchings, Native Flowers, 2 00

Walter E. Coburn, " " ... . . 1 00

August 11.

Perennial Phloxes. — Ten distinct named varieties, one spike each,

Edwin Sheppard & Son, 3 00

Second, Edwin Fewkes & Son, 2 00

Petunias. — Collection filling thirty bottles, one spray in each,

L. W. Goodell, 2 00

Second. Mrs. E. M. Gill, 1 00

Cut Flowers. — Display filling one hundred bottles, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 4 00

Third, Edward J. Coolidge, 2 00

Native Flowers.— Collection, Walter E. Coburn 3 00

Second, Mrs. P. D. Richards, 2 00

Gratuities: —

John L. Gardner, Hydrangea, etc., 6 00

J. H. White, Gloxinias 2 00

3

238

MASSACHUSETTS HORTIOULTUKAL SOCIETY.

E. Sheppard & Son, Phlox and Petunia*,
Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cut Flowers.
L. W. Goodell,
Mrs. E. M. Gill,
Edwin S. Hill,

August 18.

Gladioli. — Twenty named varieties in spikes, J. Warren Clark,
Second, James Cartwright, ......

Ten named varieties, in spikes, J. Warren Clark,

Second, E. Sheppard & Son,

Single spike, named, jaines Cartwright, ....

Display of named and unnamed varieties, filling one hundred
bottles, .James Cartwright, ......

Second, J. Warren Clark, .......

Phlox Drummondi. — Fifty bottles not less than six varieties, C. A
Kidder

$2 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

1 00

00
00
00
00
00

00

00

.S 00

2

00

2

00

1

00

]

oo

1

00

1

00

5

00

2

00

2

00

I

00

1

00

]

00

Gratuities: —
R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Asters and Cannas,
John B. Moore & Son, Phlox and Roses, .
Mrs. E. S. Joyce, Gloxinias,
Daniel Duffley, Amaryllis Belladonna,

John Irving, Asters,

Mrs. Starkes Whiton, Dahlias, ten varieties,

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cut Flowers,

Mrs. E. M. Gill,

Mrs. A. D. Wood,

Edwin S. Hill, .<.<•.

C. H. Hovey, Sabbatia, three vases, .

E. H. Hitchings, Wild Flowers,

August 26.

Special Prize, offered by M. B. Faxon.

AsTBRB. — For the best display, filling twenty-five of the Society's

glass vases, .John Irving, . . . . . . . 5 00

Regular Prizes.

Asters. — Truffaut'a Paeony Flowered, thirty blooms not less than

twelve varieties, M. B. Faxon 5 00

Second, J. Chapman, 4 00

Third, H. B. Watts, 3 00

Victoria Flowered, thirty blooms, not lees than twelve varieties,

M. B. Faxon, 6 00

Second, John Irving, 4 00

Third, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, ' 3 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 239

Fompon, thirty cut plants not less than six varieties, M. B. Faxon, 4 00

Second, M. B. Faxon, 3 GO

Third, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 2 00

Basket of Flowers. — Best arranged, Mrs. A. D. Wood, . 4 00

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill 3 00

Gratuities: —

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Asters and Roses, 8 00

H. B. Watts, Gladioli and Asters. 2 00

Miss Sarah W. Story, Asters, 2 00

L. W. Goodell, Phlox Drummondi and Asters, . . . . 2 00

J. Warren Clark, Gladioli, 8 00

James Cartwriglit, " 7 00

W. E. Endicott, Seedling Gladioli, 1 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Cut Flowers, 1 00

E. S. Hill, '' <. 1 00

Mrs. A. D. Wood, ' " 1 00

Mrs. P. D. Richards. Native Flowers 2 00

Walter E. Coburn, " " 1 00

September 1.

Hardy Garden Lilies. — Collection, the third prize to T. C. Thur-

low, 4 00

■|'rop.«;olcms. — Display filling twenty-five vases, Mrs. E. M. Gill, . 3 00

Second, M. B. Faxon, 2 00

Marigolds. — Display filling twenty-five vases, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 3 00

Gratuities : —

J. Warren Clark, Gladioli, 6 00

James Cartwright, " 4 00

John B. Moore & Son, Phlox, . 1 00

T. C. Thurlow, Phlox, 1 00

W. E. Endicott, Seedling Dahlia, pink pompon. Highland Mary, . 1 00

George O. Smith, Tuberous Begonias, 1 00

J. W. Manning, Herbaceous Plants, 3 00

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cut Flowers, 5 00

Mrs. E. S. Joyce, <' <• 2 UO

E. Sheppard & Son, '< " 2 00

Edwin S. Hill, « <> 2 00

John Parker, .... 1 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, .... 1 00

Walter E. Coburn, Native Flowers, 1 00

Mrs. P. D. Richards, " " 1 00

240

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Sbptbmbbr 8.

Double Zinnias. — Twenty-five flowers, not less than six varieties,
Mrs. E. M. Gill,

Second, E. Sheppard & Son,

Third, John Irving,

DiANTHUS. — Collection of Annual and Biennial varieties, filhng fifty
bottles, single trusses, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes,

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill

Cut Flowers. — Display filling one hundred bottles, Mrs. E. M. Gill,

Second, Edwin S. Hill

Third, George B. Gill,

Oratuities: —

J. Warren Clark, Gladioli, ....

Walter E. Coburn, Drummond Phlox and Asters,

George Irving, Verbenas,

E. Sheppard & Son, Cut Flowers,
Mrs. P. D. Richards, Native Flowers,

3

00

2

00

1

00

4

00

3

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

I

00

1

ANNUAL EXHIBITION.

Sbptembeb 18, 19, 20, and 21.

Greenhouse Plants. — Six greenhouse and stove plants, of diflferent
named varieties, two Crotons admissible, William J. Martin,

gardener to Nathaniel T. Kidder, 40 00

Second, Thomas Clark, 30 00

Third, William J. Martin, 25 00

Fourth, J. H. White, 20 00

Specimen Flowering Plant. — Single named variety, William J.

Martin, 5 00

Variegated Leaved Plants. — Six named varieties not offered in
the collection of Greenhouse Plants, Crotons and Dracaenas

not admissible, William J. Martin, 12 00

Single specimenrvariegated, named, not offered in any collection,

Thomas Clark, 5 00

Second, William J. Martin, 4 00

Third, J. H. White, 3 00

Caladiums. — Four named varieties, William J. Martin, . . . 6 00

Second, William J. Martin, 4 00

Adiantums. — Five named varieties, William J. Martin, . . . 8 GO

Trek Fern. — Single specimen, Thomas Clark, . . . . 6 00

Second, J. H. White 6 00

Third, Thomas Clark, 4 00

Lycopods. — Four named varieties, William J. Martin, . . . 4 00

Second, William J. Martin 3 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 241

Drac^nas. — Six named varieties, Thomas Clark,

Second, William J. Martin,
Crotons. — Six named varieties, Thomas Clark,

Second, Thomas Clark,

Third, William J. Martin, ....

Fourth, Thomas Clark, ....
Palms or Cycads. — Single plant, named, J. H. Wl

Second, J. H. White,

Third, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, .
Orchids. — Single plant in bloom, the third prize to William J
Martin,

ite,

«

00

5

00

8

00

6

00

5

00

4

00

8

00

6

00

5

00

8 00

Cdt Flowers.

Special Prize, offered by M. B. Faxon.
Pansies. — Fifty cut blooms, L. W. Goodell,

5 00

Regular Prizes.

Dahlias. — Six named varieties, John Parker, 3 OU

LiLiPUTiAN Dahlias. — General Display with buds and foliage.

George S. Tuttle, 5 GO

Cut Flowers. — Best display and best kept during tlie exhibition,

Mrs. E. M. Gill, ItJ 00

Second, George B. Gill 14 00

Third, Edwin S. Hill, 12 OO

Gratuities: —

Pitcher & Manda, Orchids in variety, 40 00

L. W. Goodell, Tank of Aquatic Plants, 25 OO

Botanic Garden of Harvard University, Display of Economic Plants, 20 00

F. L. Temple, Evergreens and Weeping Lilac, . . . 15 00

W. C. Strong, Evergreens, . . ' 10 00

J. A. DeMar, Evergreens and Shrubs, .'5 00

W. C. Strong, "Variegated Shrubs and Trees, 3 00

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Dasylirion acrotrichum 5 00

J. F. C. Hyde, thirty- eight varieties of garden-grown native Asters. 8 00

Norton Brothers, Roses, 2 00

L. W. Goodell, Asters, 2 00

" " Drumniond Phlox, 2 00

E. Sheppard & Son, Dahlias, . . . . . . . 2 00

George S. Tuttle, " 1 00

John Parker, Dahlias and Zinnias, 1 00

J. H. Woodford, Stand of Flowers, 4 00

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cut Flowers, .5 OO

Edwin Fewkes & Son, " <« 2 00

Mrs. E. S. Joyce, it u ^ q^

Thomas Clark, Vase of Flowers, etc. 1 00

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Native Flowers, 2 00

24:2 MASSACHUSETTS HOETICULTURAL SOCIETY.

CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW.

NOVEMBEB 14, 15, AND l(j.

•

Chrysanthemums. — Display of twenty named plants, distinct varie-
ties, E. W. Wood, «75 00

Second, P. Maftey, 60 00

Third, William Elliott, 50 00

Twelve named plants, all classes, distinct varieties, Mrs. Francis

B. Hayes, .50 00

Second, William J. Martin, ... ... 40 00

Third, E. W. Wood, 30 00

Six Incurved or Chinese, distinct named varieties, E. W. Wood, . 20 00

Second, P. Malley, 15 00

Six Japanese, distinct named varieties, E. W. Wood, . . . 20 00

Second. William Elliott, 15 00

Eour pompons, distinct named varieties, E. W. Wood, ... 10 OO

Six plants. Large Flowered or Chinese, distinct named varieties,

bearing not more than four blooms each, E. A. Wood, . . 10 00

Six plants, Japanese, distinct named varieties, bearing not more

than four blooms each, Edwin Fewkes & Son, . . .10 00

Second, E. A. Wood, 8 00

Specimen Incurved or Chinese, named variety, P. Malley, . 6 00

Second, E. W. Wood, 5 00

Specimen Japanese, named variety. E. W. Wood. . . . 6 00

Second, P. Malley, 5 00

Third, William J. Martin, 4 00

Specimen Pompon, named variety, E. W. Wood, . . . . 5 00

Second, P. Malley 4 00

Third, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, ;^. 00

Specimen Anemone, named variety, E. W. Wood, . . . 6 00

Specimen trained Standard, any class, named, P. Malley, . . 8 00

Twelve cut blooms, Large Flowered or Chinese, named, Edwin

Fewkes & Son, . . . • (1 00

Twelve cut blooms, Japanese, named, Mr. Simpkins, . . . 6 00

Second, Edwin Fewkes & Son, 5 00

Third, Mr. Simpkins, 4 00

Six cut blooms. Large Flowered or Chinese, E. A. Wood. . . 4 00

Second, Pitcher & Manda, Short Hills, N. J. . . . ;5 00

••^ix cut blooms, Japanese, named, Edwin Fewkes & Son, . . 4 00

Second, Josepli H. White :i 00

Third, E. A. Wood, L' 00

Display of cut blooms, of all classes, filling fifty bottles, Mrs.

Francis B. Hayes 12 00

Second, Edwin Fewkes & Son, 10 00

Third, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 8 00

Fourth, E. Sheppard, 6 00

Fifth, Mrs. J. M. Woodice, 4 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 243

Special Prize from the Josiah Bradlee Finid.

Display of cut blooms of all classes, filling twenty-five bottles.

J. n. White, 6 00

Second, Edwin Fewkes & Son, 5 CO

Third, E. A. Wood, 4 00

Fourth, Mrs. E. M. Gill, . . 8 00

Gratuities: —

Edwin Fewkes & Son, Sixty Plants, 2o 00

Henry P. Waicott, Plants. 10 00

J. P. Melly, Ten Plants, 5 00

William H. Elliott, Fifteen Plants 5 00

T. N. Vail, Twenty Plants, 5 00

E. A, Wood, Six Plants, 3 00

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Five Plants, 3 00

William J. Martin, Three Plants, 2 00

Pitcher & Manda, Short Hills, N. J., Stand of fifty bottles, and six

blooms of Mrs. Alpheus Hardy, ...... 5 00

Galvin Brothers, Four vases Chrysanthemums: — Cullingfordii,

Jardin des Plantes, and Mrs. C. H. Wheeler, . . . 5 00

L. W. Goodell, Chrysanthemums, Cut Flowers, fifty-two varieties, . A 00

E. Sheppard & Son, Chrysanthemums, Cut Flowers, . . 1 00

Mrs. A. D. Wood, Vase of Chr^'santhemums, . . . 1 OP

William Martin, Cypripedium insigne and C. insigne Maulei, . 10 00

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Camellias, 1 00

SILVER GILT APPLETON MEDAL.

Spring- Exhibition, Marcii 21-23. Norton Brothers, Dendrohimn nohile.

SILVER APPLETON MEDAL.

Chrysanthemum Sliow. November H-lfi. K. Fewkes & Son, Chrysanthe-
mum. William H. Lincoln.

SOCIETY'S SILVER MEDALS.

April 28. H. H. Hunnewell, Dendrobium Griffithianum.
May 12. D. Zirngiebel, Pansies, French Bugnot.

" J. L. Gardner, ^za^ea c^ecora.
Annual Exhibition, September 18-21. Pitcher & Manda, Short Hills, N. J.,

Cypj'ipedium Sanderiaymm.
•' •• " '•'• George Mc William, Nepenthes bical-

carata .

244 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

FIRST CLASS CERTIFICATES OF MERIT.

February 11. William J. Martin, Superior cultivation of Cyclamen.

*' 18. E. Sheppard, Dendrobium nobile.
Spring Exhibition, March 21-23. W. A. Manda, Gypripedium callosum.
'• " " " H. H. Hunnewell, Odontogiossvm I'fs-

catorei Harrisi.
" " " " George McWilliam, Odontoglossum Alex-

andra ftaveolum.
" " " " John Simpkins, Seedling Pelargoninnis.

March 31. Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Rhododendron Victoria Regina.

" " Edward Butler, Gardener to Mrs. H. F. Durant, Dendmbiitm
Cambridgeanum.
April 7. Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Rhododendron Queen Victoria.
June 9. John L. Gardner, Gloxinia Comet.

" " C. W. Hoitt, Nashua, N. H., Phlox Drummondi Star of Quedlinlmrif,
" " T. C. Thurlow, Pyrus Japonica Simoni.

" 16. Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Hardy seedling Rhododendron Mrs. Franoi*
B. Hayes. Entered for Prospective Prize.
July 14. Arthur H. Fewkes, Seedling Japan Iris.
" '' H. P. Walcott, Seedling Delphiniums. .
" 21. R. & J. Farquhar & Co., White Tufted Pansy The Queen.
Annual Exhibition, September 18-21. Norton Brothers, Tea Rose Mnie.

de Watteville.
" " " " Pitcher & Manda, Short Hills, N. J.,

Cypripeditim concolor Regnierii.
" " " " John A. DeMar, Ptelea trifoliaia

aiirea.
Chrysanthemum Show, November U-16. George HoUis, Clirysanthemums,

Peerles.s, Mrs. B. Harrison,
and Maudus.
H. P. Walcott, Chrysantheniuiii,

Sport, Nil Desperandum.
H. P. Walcott, Chrysantln'iinnn

F. 1.
H. P. Walcott, Chrysanthoinum,

E. 25.
H. P. Walcott, Chrysanthi'iniini,

E. 87.
Edwin Fewkes & Son, Chrysan-
themums. Lillian Bird and
Kioto.
Pi. A. Wood, Chrysanthemum,
Seedling No. I.

REPORT

COMMITTEE ON FRUITS,

FOR THE YEAR 1888.

By E. W. WOOD, Chairman,

In ordinary seasons the fruits of New England suffer more from
drought than from any other single cause, but the past season has
proved exceptional in this respect, and the fruit-bearing trees,
shrubs and vines have made a strong growth. The fruit prospects
at the opening of Spring were more promising than usual. Straw-
berries had suffered little during the winter ; peach buds were
killed less than for several years past ; and it was the bearing year
for the apple, and the fruit buds indicated an unusual bloom. With a
few exceptions these earl}' promises have been realized. The rains
destroyed a portion of the cherries and there were few shown at
our exhibition. The cool, wet weather was unfavorable for ripen-
ing the grapes and the early frosts destroyed a large portion of
those grown in this State. Even where the vines were girdled, — a
plan practiced to some extent by those who grow mainly the
Concord variety, — they failed to ripen. The Moore's Early was
the only variety, grown to any considerable extent in this vicinity,
that appeared in our markets up. to the usual standard in qualit}'.

The exhibition of Strawberries, June 26, was the largest for
many years and attracted unusual attention from visitors. The
Sharpless, Belmont, and Jewell were the leading prize-takers.

246 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETT.

The Sharpless was most abundant, but the Belmont and Jewell are
of more recent introduction and were sufficient in quantity, wlien
exhibited from so many different sources, to show that they were
becoming generally adopted for cultivation and had come to stay.
The above named varieties are all of large size and fair quality
and ripen in succession, the Jewell first and the Belmont last.
They sell most readily in the market and bring the highest prices.
An earlier variety equalling these in size and quality would
extend the season and be a valuable acquisition. The May King
wa.s shown for the first time ; it is of medium size, light color, and
good quality, and desirable for the amateur, while its early ripen-
ing may make it also valuable for market. As proving the
tendency of growers of the Strawberry toward size rather than
quality, the record shows that, of the La Constante, Wilder, Hervej^
Davis, and Jucunda — all on our prize list and of the highest
quality — but a single dish was presented.

The weekly exhibits from July 1. to September 8, with the
exception of Cherries and Raspberries, have been above the
average. The want of a hard\' variety of the Raspberry limits its
cultivation in this vicinity. July 28, C. E, Grant showed the
Lucretia dewberry (a trailing blackberry). The fruit was of fair
size, well colored, and of good quality. It would seem to be
earlier than the varieties generally grown, as it was shown in fair
condition two weeks earlier than any other variet}'. At the same
exhibition two bunches of grapes received from A. F. Rice,
Griswoldsville, Georgia, named Superb, were shown; they were
small in size both of bunch and berry but of very good quality.
The show of early apples and pears was unusually large and of
good quality.

At the Annual- Exhibition the display of fruit was much above
the average. This was especiall}- true of apples and pears. Of the
one hundred and sixty-eight prizes offered for these two fruits, one
hundred and sixty-five were awarded. The fruit was fair and
smooth, but not as large as it has been in some years when the
crop was not so abundant. Of peaches, while the list was not full,
some were shown of every variety for which prizes were offered.
As proving that the killing of the peach buds is not entirely
dependent upon extreme cold, we have the fact that the past year
there have been more or less peaches grown throughout the State,

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE OX FRUITS. 247

while for several years previous, with much less extreme low
temperature, the buds were all killed.

The prizes offered for plums af the weekly aud aunual exhibi-
tions have all been taken. The value of this fruit has been much
increased within the past few years by the introduction of new
varieties, and could some means be discovered by which injury to
the trees by the black wart could be prevented, it would be found
in every fruit garden.

Grapes, owing to the unfavorable season, were shown in limited
quantity and but few of tlie prizes were awarded. The Cottage
and Worden were the only varieties for which all the prizes offered
were awarded. The exhibit of foreign grapes was unusually good,
some very large and well-ripened buuches being shown.

The exhibitions of October 6 and November 24, brought out
the finest fruit in size aud quality shown during the year. At
these exhibitions the late varieties of Apples and Pears are
shown in perfection, and of the one hundred aud twenty-four prizes
offered for these fruits one hundred and fifteen were awarded.
On the 24th of November, Mr. Hartshorn, from Maiden, showed a
dish of seedling pears. The fruit was of medium size and just in
condition for the table. Its quality and time of ripening entitle
it to favorable mention.

For the first time the Chrysanthemum and Fruit Exhibitions
Were held on separate days, the latter being on Saturday of the
week following the Chrysanthemum Show, when it was found to
be too late to show some of the varieties in the best condition,
and in the Schedule for 1889, the day is changed to the Saturday
preceding the Chrysanthemum Exhibition.

Of the seventeen hundred dollars appropriated for prizes aud
gratuities for fruits, the Committee have awarded fifteen hundred
aud sixty-four dollars, leaving an unexpended balance of one
hundred and thirty-six dollars which would have been considerably
reduced but for the partial failure of the grape crop.

Considering the peculiar, aud in some respects unfavorable,
reason for farm and garden products, the fruit grower has little
occasion for discouragement. The small fruits liave sold readily
and the strawberry especially has brought prices more satisfactory
to the growers than for several years. The pear crop has been
large, but beside the home market the demand from other States

248 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

has prevented an over-supply and they have sold at fair prices.
The apple crop has been one of the most abundant for many years
and prices have ruled low, yet the large crop has made them a
source of important income to the farmers, and furnished a cheap
article of food to the consumers.

E. W. Wood, ^

C. F. Curtis, J

O. B. Hadwen, / ^^.^

Samuel Hartwell, ) Committee.

Jacob W. Manning, V

Warren Fenno, I

B. G. Smith, /

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR FRUITS.

«3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

2

00

SPRING EXHIBITION.

March 21, 22, and 23.

WwTBK Apples. — Any variety, William T. Hall, Northern Spy
Second, G. W. Goddard, Tompkins King, ....

Winter Pears. — Any variety, W. Fenno, Duchess of Bordeaux,
Second, Edwin A. Hall, Winter Nelis, ....

Strawberries. — One pint, Hittinger Brothers,

Oratuities: —

George C. Rice, Apples, . . . 2 00

Robert Manning, Lady Apples, 1 00

Jdne 9.

Gratuity : —
"Winter Brothers, Foreign Grapes . 3 00

ROSE AND STRAWBERRY EXHIBITION.

June 26 and 27.
Theodore Lyman Fund.

Strawberries. — For the best four quarts of any variety, George

Hill, Sharpless, the Lyman Plate, value, .... $20 00

For the second best, George Hill, Jewell, the Lyman Plate, value, 12 00
For the third best, Warren Heustis & Son, Jewell, the Lyman

Plate, value 8 00

Special Prizes offered by the Society.

For the best two quarts of any variety, W. Heustis & Son, Bay

State, 12 00

Second, Samuel Barnard, May King, 9 00

Third, Warren Heustis & Son, Belmont, 6 00

Fourth, Samuel Barnard, Jessie, 3 00

250 MASSACHrSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Regular Prizes.

For ihe largest and best collection, not less than twenty baskets of

two quarts each, George Hill 25 OO

Second, Samuel Barnard, 20 00

Ten baskets of one variety, two quarts each, George Hill, Sharpless. 15 00

Second, William Doran & Son, 10 00

Two quarts of Belmont. S. Barnard 4 00

Second, W. Heustis & Son 3 00

Third, George V. Fletcher 2 OO

Bidwell, I. E. Coburn, 4 00

Champion, S. Barnard 4 00

Charles Downing, C. E. Grant 4 XK)

Second, Charles S. Smith 3 00

Third, William J. Martin 2 00

Crescent, I. E. Coburn, 4 00

Second, L. W. Weston 3 00

Cumberland, W. Heustis & Son 4 00

Second, E. W. Wood 3 00

Third, WUliam H. Hunt 2 00

Hervey Davis, the second prize to Benjamin G. Smith. . 3 00

Jewell, William H. Hunt, 4 00

Second, S. Barnard, 3 00

Third. I. E. Coburn, 2 OO

Manchester, the second prize to William J. Martin. 3 00

Miner's Prolific, S. Barnard 4 00

Second, L. W. Weston. ........ 3 00

Third, E. W. Wood, 2 00

Sharpless, George Hill, 4 00

Second. G. V. Fletcher 3 00

Third. B. G. Smith, 2 00

Two quarts of any other variety. W. Heustis & Son, Bay State, . 4 0(>

Second, I. E. Coburn, Parry, 3 00

Third, William G. Prescott, Bubach, 2 00

Collection of not less than six varieties, one quart each, S. Barnard, 8 00

Second. I. E. Coburn, 6 00

One quart of any new variety, not previously exhibited, William

H. Hunt, 3 00

FoREiGH Grapes. — Two bunches of any variety. Winter Brothers,

Muscat of Alexandria, 6 Oo

Second. Winter Brothers, Black Hamburg, . . 4 00

Gratuity: —

C. E. Grant. Strawberries. 1 00

July 7.

SiBAWBEaRiES. — <3ne quart of any variety, Varnum Frost, Belmont, 3 00

Second, Isaac E. Coburn, Belmont, . . 2 00

Third, George V. Fletcher, Sharpless, 1 00

.Chbmubs.— Two qoarts of any variety. C N. Brackett. Merriam. . 3 00

2

00

]

on

3

00

2

00

1

00

PRIZED AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS. 2/)l

Gratuities: —

C. E. Grant, Collection of Strawberries, .....
William Doran & Son, Highland Hardy Raspberries,

July 14.

Cherries. — Two quarts of any variety, Warren Fenno, Norfolk,
Second, M. W. Chadbourne, Downer's Late,
Third, C. N. Brackett, Downer's Late, ....
Raspberries. — Two quarts of any variety, William Doran & Son,

Red .Antwerp, 3 00

CrRRANTS. — Two quarts of any Red variety, B. G. Sraiili, Fay's

Prolific,

Second, William Doran &. Son, Versaillaise, ....

Third, B. G. Smith, Versaillaise,

Two quarts of any Wliite variety, B. G. Smith, French Trans-
parent,

Second, John B. Moore & Son, Dana's Transparent, .

Gratuities: —
Samuel Barnard. Strawberries, .......

C. E. Grant. "

4

00

3

00

2

00

8

00

2

00

2

00

1

00

July 21.

Raspberries. — Collection of not less than four varieties, two quarts
of each, William Doran & Son, ....
Two quarts of any variety, William H. Hunt, Franconia,
Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill, Souchetti, ....
Cdrrants. — One quart of Versaillaise, B. G. Smith,

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill, •.

One quart of any other Red variety, Mrs. E. M. Gill, .

Second, Samuel Barnard,

One quart of any White variety, .\. S. Mcintosh, Dana's Trans
parent, .........

Second, B. G. Smith, French Transparent,

Gratuities: —

Samuel Barnard, Strawberries

Warren Fenno, Collection of Currants and Cherries,

George Hill, Hyde's Seedling Cherry, ....

John L. Moore, Collection of Currants, ....

H. H. Hunnewell, Foreign Grape, Mrs. Pearson, First Class Certificate of Merit

July 28.

Raspberries. — Two quarts of any variety, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, 3 00

Second, William H. Hunt 2 00

Third, Charles Garfield, 1 00

4

00

3

00

2

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

252 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL 80CIETT.

Currants. — One quart of any Red variety, B. G. Smith, . . . 3 00

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill 2 00

One quart of any White variety, B. G. Smith, French Transparent, 2 00

Second, B. G. Smith, Dana's Transparent, . . . . 1 00

Blackberries. — Two quarts of any variety, C. E. Grant, Lucretia, ft 00
Gooseberries. — Two quarts of any Native variety, B. G. Smith,

Smith's Improved, 3 00

Second, Warren Fenno, Downing, 2 00

Third, B. G. Smith, " 1 00

Oratuity:—
Cliarles Garfield, CollecJcn, 2 00

August 4.

Blackberries. — Two quarts of any variety, B. G. Smith, WiUon
Junior,

Second, A. S. Mcintosh, Dorchester,

Third, C. E. Grant, Lucretia,

Gooseberries. — Two quarts of Industry, Joseph Brierly,

Two quarts of any other Foreign variety, B. G. Smith, Whitesmith,

Second, B. G. Smith, Bang-up

Pears. — Summer Doyenne, Horace Eaton,

Second, Warren Fenno,

Third, Charles N. Brackett,

Any other variety, A. S. Mcintosh, Madeleine, ....

Second, E. G. Hewins,

Third, Warren Fenno,

Peaches. — Any variety, Charles S. Smith, Alexander,

Second, Samuel Hartwell, Waterloo,

Gratuities: —

W. C. Winter, Collection of Gooseberries

Warren Fenno, Gooseberries

Charles Garfield, -Gooseberries and Raspberries, ....
J. H. White, Hot-house Peaches, . . . *.

August 11.

Apples. — Early Harvest, Horace Eaton,
Second, Samuel Hartwell, ,
Sweet Bough, Edward J. CooUdge.
Second, S. H. Coombs,
Third, George V. Fletcher,
Any other variety, Charles F. Curtis, Red Astracban,
Second, S. Hartwell, " "

Third, Warren Heustis & Son, " "

3

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

8

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS. 253

Pears.— Giffard, William P. Walker, $3 00

Second, B. G. Smith, 2 00

Third, Warren Fenno, 1 00

Any other variety, George Frost, Supreme de Quimper, . . 3 00

Second, Warren Fenno, Bloodgood, . . . . . . 2 00

Third, B. G. Smith, Jargonelle, 1 00

Blackberries. — Two quarts of any variety', B. G. Smith, Wilson

Junior, ........... 3 00

Second, M. W. Chadbourne, Dorchester, 2 00

Third, A. S. Mcintosh, " 1 00

Apricots. — Any variety, Warren Fenno, . . . . . . 2 00

Peaches. — Any variety, Charles S. Smith, Alexander, . . . 3 00

Gratuity: —

J. H. White, Peaches (from under glass), . . . . . 2 00

August 18.

Apples. — Oldenburg, Samuel Hartwell, . . . . . . 3 00

Second, George C. Rice, 2 00

Third, Warren Fenno, 1 00

Red Astrachan, George C. Rice, .... ... 3 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell, 2 00

Third, J. T. Foster, 1 00

Williams's Favorite, Charles N. Brackett, 3 00

Second, Charles F. Curtis, 2 CO

Third, Samuel Hartwell, 1 00

Pears.— Clapp's Favorite, A. S. Mcintosh, 3 00

Second, W. Heustis & Son, 2 00

Third, C. N. Brackett, 1 00

Manning's Elizabeth, Mrs. Mary Langmaid, 2 00

Second, Warren Fenno, 1 00

Any other variety, Mrs. Mary Langmaid, Giffard, . . . . 2 00

Second, B. G. Smith, Giffard, 1 00

Peaches. — Twelve specimens of out-door culture, of any variety,

Charles S. Smith, Alexander, 3 00

Six specimens, of cold house or pot culture, any variety, J. H.

White, Early Silver, 3 00

Second, J. H. White, Lord Palmerston, 2 00

Foreign Grapes. — Two bunches of any variety, William J. Martin,

Black Hamburg, ......... 5 00

Second, J. H. White, Lady Downe's, 4 00

Gratuities: —

S. H. Coombs, Apples, 1 00

M. W. Chadbourne, Pears, 1 00

Warren Fenno, Collection, 1 00

4

254

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

August 25.

Pears. — Bartlett, Mrs. Mary Langmaid,

Second, Varnum Frost,

Third, Edward J. Coolidge,
Rostiezer, M. \Y. Chadbourne,

Second, J. T. Foster, .

Third, C. N. Brackett,
Tyson, A. S. Mcintosh, .

Second, Warren Fenno,

Third, E. J. Hewins, .
Any other variety, A. S. Mcintosh

Second, W. Heustis & Son,

Third, E. J. Hewins, .
Peaches. — Any variety, Warren Fenno, Hale's

Second, Charles S. Smith, Downing, .

Third, N. D. Harrington, Seedling, .

Early

§3 00
2 00
1 00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

CO

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1 00

Gratuities: —

Artemas Frost, Apples,

S. Hartwell, Collection of Apples,

1 00
1 00

September 1.

Apples. — Chenango, Samuel Hartwell,

Second, Charles F. Curtis,

Maiden's Blush, the second prize to Warren Fenno,

Third, Charles S. Smith,

Any other variety, Samuel Hartwell, Oldenburg, .

Second, Warren Fenno, Summer Pippin, .

Tiiird, Samuel Hartwell, Gravenstein,
Pears. — Bartlett, Varnum Frost, ....

Second, Mrs.^Mary Langmaid, ....

Third, William P. Walker, ....

Any other variety, C. N. Brackett, Souvenir du Congres

Second, William Ham, Clapp's Favorite, .

Third, A. S. Mcintosh,
Peaches. — Any variety, Warren Fenno, Hale's Early,

Second, Charles S. Smith, Mountain Rose,

Third, Mrs Mary T. Goddard, Crawford's Early,
Plums. — Any variety, Horace Eaton, Washington,

Second, Samuel Hartwell, "

Third, " " Niagara, .

Native Grapes. — Six bunches, of any variety, the second prize to

Samuel Hartwell,

3 00

2 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

s,

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS. 255

Gratuities: —

H. H. Hunnewell, Cold house Peaches, $3 00

Samuel Hartwell, Apples, 1 00

Warren Fenno, Apples and Peaches, 1 00

September 8.

Apples. — Foundling, O. B. Hadwen, 3 00

Second, Reuben Handley, ........ 2 00

Third, Samuel Hartwell, 1 00

Gravenstein, Samuel Hartwell, 3 00

Second, Artemas Frost, 2 00

Third, Reuben Handley, . I 00

Porter, C. H. Brackett, 3 00

Second, Charles S. Smith, 2 00

Third, R. Handley, 1 00

Any other variety, Samuel Hartwell, Summer Pippin, . . . 3 00

Second, W. Fenno, Alexander, . . . . , . . 2 00

Third, Samuel Hartwell, Oldenburg, 1 00

Pears. — Andrews, Charles F. Curtis, 3 00

Second, Arthur Timmins, ........ 2 00

Third, Mrs. Mary Langmaid, 1 00

Boussock, C. F. Curtis, 3 00

Second, Leverett M. Chase, . . . . . . . 2 00

Third, Charles N. Brackett, 1 00

Any other variety, C. N. Brackett, Souvenir du Congres, . . 3 00

Second, Varnum Frost, Bartlett, 2 00

Third, Arthur Timmins, " 1 00

Peaches. — Collection, Charles S. Smith, 4 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell, . . . . . . . . 3 00

Third, N. D. Harrington, 2 00

Plums. — Collection, of not less than four varieties, Horace Eaton, 3 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell, ........ 2 00

Third, John Fillebrown, 1 00

Any one variety, Samuel Hartwell, Washington, . . . . 2 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell, Niagara, 1 00

Native Grapes. — Six bunches of Moore's Early, John B. Moore &

Son, 3 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell, ........ 2 00

Any other variety, six bunches, C. H. Brackett, Hartford, . . 3 00

Second, B. G. Smith, Champion, 2 00

Gratuity : —

Warren Fenno, Apples and Peaches, 1 00

256 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETT.

ANNUAL EXHIBITION.

September 18, 19, 20, and 21.

Special Prizes.

Samuel Appleton Fund.

Baldwin Apples. — Best twelve, W. H. Teel,

HuBBARDSTON AfPLES. — Best twclve, Samuel Hartwell, .

Bosc Pears. — Best twelve, W. P. Walker,

Sheldon Pears. — Best twelve, William Christie

Benjamin V, French Fund.

Gravenstein Apples. — Best twelve, Artemas Frost,

Rhode Island Greening Apples. — Best twelve, W. H. Teel,

Marshall P. Wilder Fund.

Anjou Pears. — Best twelve, Mary Langmaid,

Second, Samuel G. Damon,

Third, Cephas H. Brackett,

Fourth, Charles N. Brackett

Bartlett Pears. — Best twelve, Charles F. Curtis, ....

Second, Varnum Frost,

Third, Mrs. Mary Langmaid,

Fourth, Leverett M. Chase,

Concord Grapes. — Best six bunches, Cephas H. Brackett,

Second, G. W. Goddard,

Moore's Early Grapes. — Best six bunches, John B. Moore & Son,

Second, Horace Eaton,

Third, Samuel Hartwell,

Josiah Bradlee Fund.

Foreign Black Grape. — Heaviest and best ripened bunch, not less

than six pounds, George Mc William, Victoria Hamburg, . 10 00

Foreign White Grape. — Heaviest and best ripened bunch, not

less than six pounds, George Mc William, Trebbiano, . . 10 00

Special Prizes offered by the Society.

Anjou Pears. — Best twelve, Mrs. Mary Langmaid,
Bartlett Pears. — Best twelve, Charles F. Curtis, .
Seckel Pears. — Best twelve, C. H. Brackett,
Peaches. — Best twelve of any variety, Samuel Hartwell, Foster,
Native Grapes. — Best twelve bunches of any variety, John B
Moore & Son, Moore's Early,

$5

00

5

00

5

00

5

00

5

00

5

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

i

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

5 00
5 00
5 00
5 00

5 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR TRUITS.

257

Regular Prizes.

Theodore Lyman Fund.

Apples. — Baldwin, Reuben Handley,

Second, O. B. Wyman,

Third, A. M. Knowlton,
Danvers Sweet, C. C. Shaw,

Second, Warren Fenno,

Third, Reuben Handley,
Dutch Codlin, Benjamin G. Smith

Second, Warren Fenno,
Fall Orange or Holden, O. B. Wyman,

Second, W. H. Teel, .

Third, Reuben Handley,
Fameuse, George V. Fletcher

Second, B. G. Smith,

Third, Artemas Frost,
Foundling, O. B. Hadwen,

Second, Reuben Handley,

Third, Samuel Hartwell,
Garden Royal, O. B. Wyman

Second, Reuben Hiindley,

Third, B. G. Smith, .
Golden Russet, O. B. Hadwen,

Second, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes,
Gravenstein, Artemas Frost, .

Second, Samuel Hartwell, .

Third, O. B. Wyman,
Hubbardston, Mrs. Francis B. Hay

Second, Samuel Hartwell, .

Third, W. A. Morse, .
Hunt Russet, Samuel Hartwell,

Second, William H. Hunt, .

Third, Benjamin G. Smith,
Lady's Sweet, Horace Eaton,

Second, Benjamin G. Smith,
Leicester, O. B. Hadwen,
Lyscom, Samuel Hartwell,

Second, O. B. Hadwen,
Maiden's Blush, M. Smith,

Second, O. B. Hadwen,
Mother, Warren Fenno,

Second, O. B. Hadwen,

Third, Horace Eaton,
Northern Spy, W. A. Morse,

Second, George V. Fletcher,

Third, Reuben Handley,

$4 00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

GO

1

00

2

00

1

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

2

ofi

1

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

CO

1

00

258 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Porter, C. H. Brackett, ^3 00

Second, C. H. Coombs, 2 00

Third, A. S. Mcintosh, 1 00

Pumpkin Sweet, Samuel Hartwell, 2 00

Second, A. S. Mcintosh, 1 00

Rhode Island Greening, William H. Hunt, 4 00

Second, A. S. Mcintosh, 3 00

Third, W. A. Morse, 2 00

Roxbury Russet, W. A. Morse, 4 00

Second, William Christie, 3 00

Third, George V. Fletcher, 2 00

Tolman's Sweet, O. B Hadwen, 3 00

Second, Artemas Frost, 2 CO

Third, J. T. Foster, 1 00

Tompkins King, George C. Rice, 3 00

Second, W. A. Morse, 2 00

Third, Samuel Hartwell, 1 00

Washington Royal or Palmer, C. N. Brackett, . . . . 3 00

Second, O. B. Hadwen, 2 00

Washington Strawberry, George C. Rice, . . . . . 2 00

Second, O. B. Hadwen, 1 00

Any other variety, Samuel Hartwell, Stump, . . . . 3 00

Second, C. C. Shaw, Yellow Bellflower, 2 00

Third, Warren Fenno, Alexander, 1 00

Crab Apples. — Hyslop, twenty-four specimens, M. W. Chadbourne, 2 00

Second, C. H. Brackett 1 CO

Transcendent, twenty-four specimens, George W. Stevens, . . 2 00

Second, B. G. Smith, 1 00

Society's Prizes,

Pears. — Angouleme, John McClure, 4 00

Second, Warren Fenno, 3 00

Third, Samuel G. Damon, 2 00

Belle Lucrative JVTrs. Mary Langmaid, . . . . . . 3 00

Second, Warren Fenno, 2 00

Third, Samuel G. Damon, 1 00

• Bosc, Charles F. Curtis, 4 .00

Second, Edward J. Coolidge, 3 00

Third, Warren Heustis & Son, 2 00

Fourth, William J. Martin, 1 00

Boussock, O. B. Hadwen, 3 00

Second, Leverett M. Chase, 2 00

Third, Charles N. Brackett, 1 00

Clairgeau, Cliarles F. Curtis, . . . . . . . 3 00

Second, Warren Fenno, ........ 2 00

Third, W. H. Murdock, 1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

259

Cornice, C. N. Brackett,

Second, Warren Fenno,

Third, L. M. Chase, .
Dana's Hovey, S. G. Damon,

Second, Edwin A. Hall,

Third, Mrs. Mary Langmaid,
Diel, W. P. Walker,

Second, A. S. Mcintosh,

Third, S. G. Damon, .
Goodale, O. B. Hadwen,
Hardy, Warren Fenno, .

Second, W. P. Walker,

Third, Charles F. Curtis,
Howell, Warren Fenno,

Second, William Scollins,

Third, Benjamin G. Smith,
Lawrence, Samuel Hartwell,

Second, Warren Fenno,

Third, John McClure,
Louise Bonne of Jersey, C. H. Brackett

Second, T. M. Davis,

Third, Mrs. Mary Langmaid,
Marie Louise, Warren Fenno,

Second, A. S. Mcintosh, .

Third, Edwin A. Hall,
Merriam, A. S. Mcintosh,

Second, Warren Fenno,

Third, E. J. Hewins, .
Onondaga, W. P. Walker,

Second, Arthur Timmins, .

Third, Warren Fenno,
Paradise of Autumn, L. M. Chase,

Second, William H. Hunt, .

Third, Warren Fenno,
Seekel, Warren Fenno, .

Second, William J. Martin,

Third, William Doran & Son,
Sheldon, Mrs. Mary Langmaid,

Second, C. F. Curtis, .

Third, John L. Bird, .
Souvenir du Congr^s, Benjamin Ober,

Second, P. G. Hanson,

Third, William Christie,
St. Michael Archangel, T. M. Davis,

Second, W^arren Heustis & Son,

Third, Warren Fenno,

$3 00

2

00

1

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

CO

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

i

00

3

00

2

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

260 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Superfin, E. W. Wood, P 00

Second, Warren Fenno, 2 00

Third, Michael Finnegan, 1 00

Urbaniste, Warren Fenno, 3 00

Second, M. W. Chadbourne, 2 00

Third, A. S. Mcintosh, 1 00

Vicar, M. W. Chadbourne, 3 OO

Second, John L. Bird, 2 00

Third, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, 1 00

Winter Nelis, Edwin A. Hall, 3 00

Second, A. A. Johnson, 2 00

Third, Arthur Timmins, ....*.... 1 00

Any other variety, L. M. Chase, Clapp's Favorite, . . . 3 00

Second, Edward B. Wilder, Lemuel Clapp, .... 2 00

Third, Warren Fenno, Adams, 1 00

QniNCES. — Any variety, George S. Curtis, 3 00

Second, Benjamin G. Smith, 2 00

Third, C. H. Brackett, 1 00

Peaches. — Coolidge's Favorite, Charles S. Smith, . . . . 3 00

Crawford's Early, Charles S. Smith, 3 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell, 2 00

Third, N. D. Harrington, I 00

Foster, Charles S. Smith, 3 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell, 2 00

Oldmixon Freestone, Charles S. Smith, 3 00

Stump the World, Charles S. Smith, 8 00

Any other variety, Warren Fenno, 3 00

Second, Charles S. Smith, . 2 00

Peaches, Orchabd House Culture. — Any variety, the second

prize to J. H. White, 3 00

Nectarines. — Any variety, Warren Fenno, 2 00

Plums. — Not less than four varieties, Samuel Hartwell, . . . 5 00

Second, J. F. C. Hyde, 4 00

Third, B. G. Smith, 3 00

Any one variety, William Christie, Victoria, . . . . 3 00

Second, B. G. "Smith, 2 00

Third, Samuel Hartwell, Victoria, 1 00

Native Grapes. — Six bunches of Brighton, Samuel Hartwell, . 3 00

Cottage, William H. Hunt, 3 00

Second, B. G. Smith, . . . 2 00

Third, Samuel Hartwell, 1 00

Delaware, C. H. Brackett, 3 00

Second, Joseph S. Chase, 2 00

Eumelan, B. G. Smith, 3 00

Massasoit, B. G. Smith, 3 00

Second, C. H. Brackett, 2 00

Niagara, Samuel Hartwell, 3 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS. 261

Wilder, B. G. Smith, #3 00

Second, C. H. Brackett, 2 00

Worden, six bunches, Samuel Hart'srell, 3 00

Second, G. W. Goddard, 2 00

Third, Joseph S. Chase, 1 00

Foreign Grapes. — Four varieties, two bunches each, George

Mc William, 10 00

Second, J. H. White, 8 00

Third, E. H. Luke, 6 00

Two bunches of Black Hamburg, William J. Martin, . . . 5 00

Second, George Mc William, 4 00

Third, J. H. White, . 3 00

Buckland Sweetwater, William J. Martin, 5 00

Second, E. H. Luke, 4 00

Wilmot's Hamburg, George McWilliara, . . . . . 5 00

Muscat of Alexandria, " " ..... 5 00

Gratuities: —

Samuel Hartwell, Apples 1 00

William Christie, " 1 00

C. E. Grant, " 1 00

John Fillebrown, Display of Bartlett Pears, 3 00

M. W. Chadbourne, Ajjples and Pears, . . . . . . 2 00

A. S. Mcintosh, " " «• . . . . . . 2 00

Warren Fenno, u ^i << 2 00

William A. Morse, u .4 u 2 00

EXHIBITION OF AUTUMN FRUITS.

October 6.

Apples. — Gravenstein, O. B. Wyman, . . . . . . 3 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell, 2 00

Third, George C. Rice, 1 00

Fall Orange or Holden, O. B. Wyman, 3 00'

Second, Asa Clement, . . 2 00

Mother, George C. Rice, 3 00

Second, Benjamin G. Smith, 2 00

Porter, Cephas H. Brackett, 3 00

Second, Charles S. Smith, 2 00

Any other variety, Asa Clement, Foundling, 3 00

Second, George C. Rice, Wealthy, 2 00

Pears. — Angouleme, John McClure, . . . . . . 3 00

Second, William P. Walker, 2 00

Third, George S. Curtis, 1 00

Bosc, William P. Walker, 3 00

Second Charles F. Curtis, 2 00

Third, George S. Curtis, 1 OO

262 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Clairgeau, Willard P. Plimpton, $3 00

Second, Warren Fenno, 2 00

Third, William T. Hall 1 00

Comice, W. P. Plimpton, 3 00

Second, Charles N. Brackett, 2 00

Third, Leverett M. Chase, 1 00

Frederick Clapp, 0. B. Hadwen, 3 00

Louise Bonne of Jersey, George Hill, 3 00

Second, W. P. Walker, 2 00

Third, T. M. Davis, 1 00

Seckel, W. P. Plimpton, 3 00

Second, C. H. Brackett, 2 00

Third, J. V. Fletcher, • 1 00

Sheldon, George S. Curtis, 3 00

Superfin, L. M. Chase, 3 00

Second, Warren Fenno, 2 00

Third, Arthur Timmins, . 1 00

Urbaniste, M. W. Cliadbourne. . . . * . . . 3 00

Second, L. M. Chase 2 00

• Third, Warren Fenno, 1 00

Any other variety, Warren Fenno, Marie Louise, . . . . 3 00

Second, Warren Fenno, Hardy, ....... 2 00

Third, George F. Stone, Paradise of Autumn, . . . . 1 00

Quinces. — Any variety, George S. Curtis, 3 00

Second, B. G. Smith, 2 00

Third, William Christie, 1 00

Peaches. — Any variety, Samuel Hartwell, Crawford's Late, . 3 00

Second, N. D. Harrington, " " . . 2 00

Third, Charles S. Smith, " " . . I 00

Native Grapes. — Six bunches of Brighton, Samuel Hartwell, . 3 00

Second, B. G. Smith, 2 00

Third, Joseph S. Chase, 1 00

Concord, A. J. Bigelow, 3 00

Second, C. H. Brackett, . . -. 2 00

Third, Charles Garfield , 1 00

Delaware, J. S. Chase, 3 00

Second, S. G. Damon, 2 00

Third, B. G. Smith, I 00

lona, John B. Moore & Son, 3 00

Second, S. G. Damon 2 00

Third, B. G. Smith 1 00

Isabella, Samuel G. Stone, 3 00

Second, George W. Jameson, 2 00

Third, B. G. Smith, L 00

Lindley, B. G. Smith 3 00

Third, J. S. Chase 1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

263

Massasoit, B. G. Smith, $3 00

Second, C. H. Brackett, 2 00

Moore's Early, six bunches, John B. Moore & Son, . . . 3 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell, 2 00

Pocklington, Samuel Hartwell, 3 00

Second, George W. Jameson, 2 00

Third, S. G. Damon, 1 00

Prentiss, J. S. Chase 3 00

Second, B. G. Smith, 2 00

Wilder, B. G. Smith, 3 00

Second, E. A. Adams 2 00

Third, C. H. Brackett, 1 00

Any other variety, John B. Moore & Son, Eaton, . . . . 3 00

Second, B. G. Smith, Salem, 2 00

Third, George W. Jameson, Harrington, 1 00

Foreign Grapes. — Two bunches of any variety, J. H. White,

Alicante, ■* 00

OratuUies: —

A. S. Mcintosh, Apples,

1 OCT

C. N. Brackett, " . . .

1 00

C. E. Gn^nt, "

I 00

George W. Hall, Pears,

1 00

Horace Eaton, "

1 00

John B. Moore & Son, Collection of Grapes,

3 00

B. G. Smith, Collection

3 00

EXHIBITION OF WINTER APPLES AND PEARS.
November 24.

Special Prizes.

Benjamin V. French Fund,

Best twelve Baldwin Apples, W. H. Teel,

Best twelve Hubbardston Apples, M. W. Chadbourne,

5 00
5 00

Society's Prizes.

Apples. — Baldwin, George C. Rice, . . . . . . . 3 00

Second, Charles E. Grant, 2 00

Third, O. B. Hadwen, 1 00

Danvers Sweet, Charles N. Brackett, . . . . , . 3 00

Second, Benjamin P. Ware, 2 00

Third, Warren Fenno, . 1 00

264 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Hubbardston, M. W. Chadbourne, §3 00

Second, Reuben Handley, 2 00

Third, C. N. Brackett 1 00

Hunt Russet, Samuel Hartwell, 3 00

Second, T. Lawrence, 2 00

Third, Starkes Whiton, 1 00

Lady's Sweet, Asa Clement, 3 00

Second, O. B. Wyraan, 2 00

Northern Spy, J. B. Turner 3 00

Second, Calvin Terry, 2 00

Third, 0. B. Wyman, 1 00

Rhode Island Greeninof, George C. Rice, 3 00

Second, Willard P. Plimpton, 2 00

Third, William H. Teel 1 00

Roxbury Russet, Cephas H. Brackett, 3 00

Second, C. Terry, 2 00

Third, George C. Rice, 1 00

Tolman's Sweet, Asa Clement, 3 00

Second, W. P. Plimpton, 2 00

Third, George C. Rice, 1 00

Tompkins King, George C. Rice, 3 00

Second, John Parker, 2 00

Third, William Winn, . 1 00

Any other variety, George C. Rice, Mcintosh Red, . . . 3 00

Second, George C. Rice, Peck's Pleasant, 2 00

Third, A. S Mcintosh, Bellflower, 1 00

Pears. — Angouleme, William P. Walker, 4 00

Second, A. H. Lewis, 3 00

Third, S. G. Damon, 2 00

Fourth, Warren Fenno, ........ 1 00

Anjou, Warren Fenno, ......... 4 00

Second, William T. Hall, 3 00

Third, Cephas H. Brackett, 2 00

Fourth, Samuel Hartwell, 1 00

Clairgeau, W. T, Hall, 3 00

Second, S. G. Damon, 2 00

Third, Mrs. Mary Langmaid, 1 00

Cornice, the third prize to S. G. Damon, 2 00

Dana's Hovey, Edward Richards 4 00

Second, Edwin A. Hall, 3 00

Third, George Frost, 2 00

Fourth, Samuel G. Damon, 1 00

Diel, Edwin A. Hall, 3 00

Second, T. M. Davis 2 00

Third, A. S. Mcintosh, 1 00

Glout Morceau, Edwin A. Hall, 3 00

Josephine of Malines, Warren Fenno, . . . . . . 3 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

265

Langelier, S. G. Damon,

Second, A. H. Lewis,

Third, T. M. Davis, .
Lawrence, Andrew McDermott,

Second, Arthur Timmins, .

Third, A. S. Mcintosh,
Vicar, Leverett M. Chase,

Second, Arthur Timmins, .

Third, Edwin A. Hall,
Winter Nelis, T. M, Davis, .

Second, Edwin A. Hall,

Third, A. A. Johnson,
Any other variety, Arthur Timmins, Sheldon,

Second, A. S. Mcintosh, Columbia, .

Third, Warren Fenno, Duchess of Bordeaux,

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

Gratuities: —

S. G. Damon, Apples and Pears, ....... 2 00

C. N. Brackett, Apples, 1 00

C. E. Grant, " 1 00

A. E. Appleton, " 1 00

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES,

FOB THE YEAR 1888.

By CHARLES N. BRACKETT, Chairman.

The results of the exhibitions of the various vegetable pro-
ductions of the season which have been made in this department
the past year, when we take into account the unfavorable
conditions under which they were grown, may, on the whole, be
considered successful, and great credit is due to our contributors
for making such good exhibits as they have, under so many trying
and discouraging circumstances.

The spring opened late, wet, and cold. The planting season
was not favorable, the temperature being low in April and May,
and the moisture excessive, making replanting a necessity too
general for either the comfort or profit of the husbandman.
Plant growth was slow, and many plants presented an unthrifty
appearance throughout the season on account of cool days and
nights, and excess of moisture.

The season has been more favorable to those ci'ops which do not
require a high temperature than to others. Potatoes and all root
crops have grown with unusual luxuriance and the jield has been
abundant. The excess of moisture, and the low temperature were
unfavorable for the more tender vegetables, and furnished favor-
able conditions for the appearance of mildew and rust, which
caused considerable damage to various crops. The melon,
which delights in heat and comparative dryness, and which at one
time looked quite promising, was so much injui'ed by the heavy
rains of July and the beginning of August, as to cause an almost
entire failure of the crop.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES. 267

It is freel}^ conceded by every person of experience engaged in
either vegetable or fruit culture, that the most frequent cause of
repeated failures, and the greatest drawback to success which he
has to encounter, are insects and those diseases designated as
mildews and blights. There are few if any crops cultivated in any
part of the country that are not at some period of their growth
liable to injury from one of these causes or from all combined.

The damage caused bj' insects alone, to the various crops of the
country, is a great and growing one, which no one more fully
appreciates than the cultivator himself. The aggregate annual
loss to the nation from their depredations is immense, and very
forcibly demonstrates the importance of a more thorough knowl-
edge of their nature and habits, with a view to discovering the
best means of counteracting their ravages. The Asparagus
beetle, (Crioceris asparagi) which has been so destructive in
various sections of the country, particularly on Long Island, has
alread}' gained a foothold here, and, unless speedily checked, is
likely to do great damage to this important crop. We would
suggest that if a collection of insects, both injurious and beneficial
to the horticulturist could be obtained, with an expert at hand
to give the necessary information respecting them, it would form
an interesting and instructive feature for discussion at some of
our winter meetings, and prove a benefit to all who are interested
in this subject.

Great in^provement has been noticeable in our winter shows
since the plan of offering prizes instead of gratuities for forced
vegetables was adopted. Under this change our January and
Februar}' exhibitions have shown a large increase both in the
variety of exhibits and in the number of contributors, and a
healthy competition, which we hope to see continued, has been the
result.

The first exhibition of Asparagus of open culture, was made on
the 12th of May, John B. Moore & Son as usual taking the first
prize at this, and also at the subsequent exhibition on June 9th.
The weight of the four bunches shown June 9th, was 13 lbs. 8^
oz. Owing to the unfavorable season no Peas were exhibited
until June 26th, eleven days behind the record of last year. The
varieties shown were Kentish Invicta, by W. G. Prescott ; Alaska,
by C. E. Grant ; Maud S., by Samuel Hartwell ; and Dan O'Roiirke,
by Cephas H. Brackett. The first prize da}' for peas occurred at

268 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the Rose and Strawberry Show. Jane 26th. The prizes were
taken with Advancer and American Wond^. by Samael Hartwell
and Cephas H. Brackett respectively. Considerable complaint
has been made the past two or three seasons by growers of the
American Wonder, with regard to the parity of seed sold for that
variety, it having been badly mixed. It is hoped that oar seeds-
men will exercise the greatest care in growing their stock of this
ralaable pea. and if possible not allow it to degenerate or become
mixed. It is not only a great disappointment to the grower
to find his vines of this variety ranning ap three feet, when, if
trae. they should be less than one. bat it caases him to lose con-
fidence in his seedsman as well. In no other branch of agriculture
are pare, sound, reliable seeds of more importance than to the
market gardener, for more than half the success of his crop depends
upon the quality of the seed he uses. Should they fail to
germinate, a loss of a ojuple of weeks might be fatal to his entire
crop, for unless placed upon the market at the proper time, the
product would be comparatively worthless. If they do not prove
true to the variety, he is again subject to loss, for an unpopular
variety meets with very poor sale. Hence the very great import-
ance of the market gardener's procuring his seed from none but the
most reliable sources. It is his best policy to grow his own when
possible.

Although the season has seemed unfavorable to many species of
vegetables, particularly the more tender varieties, to t)thers it has
appeared propitious. Tomatoes, sweet com, beans, and mam'
other sorts, though later in making their appearance than usual,
were shown abundantly, and were generally of excellent quality.
The show of potatoes the past sea.son has been remarkably fine,
not only at the Annual Exhibition, but through the season. The
varieties standing highest in point of quality and productiveness
have been the Hebron, Clark, and Rose. Of the newer varieties,
Lee's Favorite and Charles Downing are very promising, of
excellent quality, and yield well. Both these varieties come from
the West where they are very popular. The report of the Ohio
Experiment Station for 1885 shows that of 92 varieties tested,
Lee's Favorite yielded at the rate of 423 bushels per acre, being 60
bushels per acre more marketable tubers than any other early
potato, and 12 bushels more than any late variety. Clark yielded
at the rate of 363 bushels per acre. Hebron 287. Charles Downing

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES. 269

319, Sunrise 170, and White Star 124. The Downing belongs
to the Snow Flake famil}', and is the best and most productive of
that class.

The collection of vegetables at the Annual Exhibition was better,
and the quantity was larger than we had anticipated seeing at the
close of a summer which had been so unpropitious.

Tomatoes, although somewhat later than in past seasons have
been exhibited in the usual quantity, of good quality, and more
than the usual variety. Several so called new varieties have been
shown, but none superior to existing sorts or which seem to call
for special mention. Long established and well known favorite
varieties have taken the lead and the prizes, and these have
so often been noticed in former reports, that no further remarks
are deemed necessary at this time.

At the Annual Exhibition both the Special Prizes for Celery were
awarded to ,W. W. Rawson ; the first for Arlington, and the
second for Boston Market. The first of the regular prizes for
celery was taken bj' H. F. Reynolds with the Golden Self-
Blanching, a very attractive variety and one which was much
admired.

The Special Prize for the best collection of seedling potatoes,
the Societ3''s Silver Medal, was awarded to Charles W. Stone,
who exhibited a ver}- fine collection of well grown specimens.

The Special Prizes for Cauliflowers were awarded to W. H.
Toel and W. W. Rawson respectively. The first of the regular
prizes at this exhibition was also taken bj' W. H. Teel. who
grows the cauliflower to perfection.

The show of potatoes at the Annual Exhibition was excellent,
contributors manifesting greater care in the selection of their speci-
mens. There were fewer coarse, overgrown, or rough tubers to
be seen than at some of our former shows, which is to be com-
mended as an advance in the right direction. There were fifty-six
dishes of potatoes, and thirty-three of tomatoes on our tables at
the Annual Exhibition.

A First Class Certificate of Merit was awarded C. N. Brackett
for Ruby Sweet Corn, a new and novel variety, originating with
him, with ruby colored husks and stalks, and pure white kernels,
of excellent qualitv.

It has been gratifying to observe the past year, that although
the injurious effects of an unfavorable season were plainly mani-
5

270

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

fest from its commencement to its close, and those conditions
which favor mildew and rust were rarely absent during the entire
summer, in very manj' instances, notwithstanding these unfa-
vorable circumstances, specimens exhibited have seldom been
surpassed in size and beauty, showing an improvement in the
methods of cultivation, and an increase of knowledge that can
overcome the evil consequences of an untoward season.

The amount appropriated for vegetables the past

season, was $1000.00

The Committee have awarded in Premiums and

Gratuities, $917.00

Leaving an unexpended balance of
All of which is respectfully submitted.

$83.00

Charles N. Brack ett,
Warren Heustis,
Varnum Frost,
Cephas H. Brackett,
John C. Hovey,
P. G. Hanson,
J. Willard Hill.

Vegetable
Committee.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOE
VEGETABLES.

January 7.

Radishes. — Four bundles, W. W. Kawson, . . . . . $3 00

Second, Warren Heustis & Son 2 00

Cucumbers. — Pair of any variety, Frederick C. Fisher, . . . 3 00

Second, C. H. Brackett, 2 00

Cauliflowers — Four specimens, W. H. Teel, . . . . 3 00

Lettuce. — Four heads, George F. Stone, . . . . - 3 00

Parsley. — Two quarts, George F. Stone, Moss Curled, . . . 3 00

Second, George F. Stone, Fern Leaved, 2 00

Third, Warren Heustis & Son, 1 00

Mushrooms. — Twenty-four specimens, C. H. Brackett, . . . 3 00
Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens. Winter Brothers, President Cleve-
land, 3 00

Second, Winter Brothers, Essex, 2 00

Third, William Nicholson, 1 00

Gratuities: —

Warren Heustis & Son, Celery, 1 00

Mrs. F. B. Hayes, Water-Cress 1 00

January 21.
Gratuity: —

C. H. Brackett, Asparagus and Mushrooms, . . . • .. S 00

January 28.
Gratuity: —

George F. Stone, Lettuce, 3 00

February 4.

Cucumbers. — Pair, Frederick C. Fisher, ......

Dandelions. — Peck, George F. Stone, . . * .

Lettuce. — Four heads, George F. Stone, . . . . ,

Second, C. H. Brackett,

Mushrooms. — Twenty-four specimens, C. H. Brackett, Campestris,

Second, " " French,

Rhubarb. — Twelve Stalks, George Sanderson, ....

Second, Cephas H. Brackett,

3

00

3

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

272

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Tomatoes. — Twelve, Charles Winter, $3 00

Second, Winter Brothers, Essex, 2 00

Third, " " President Cleveland, . . . . 1 00

Gratuities: —

Cephas H. Brackett, Asparagus, ....... 2 00

Warren Heustis & Son, Parslej-, 1 00

George F. Stone, " 1 00

February 11.
Gratuities: —

George F. Stone, Lettuce, 1 00

W. W. Rawson, Lettuce and Radishes, 1 OQ,

February 18.
Gratuity: —

George F. Stone, Lettuce and Radishes, ...... 1 00

March 10.
Gratuity: —

George F. Stone. Lettuce, 1 00

SPRING EXHIBITION.

March 21, 22, and 23.
William J. Walker Fund.
Radishes. — Four bunches of Turnip Rooted, C. A. Learned,

Second, W. W. Rawson, ....

Third, W. D. Philbrick, ....
Asparagus. — Two bunches, Cephas H. Brackett,
Cucumbers. — Pair of White Spine, C. H. Brackett,

Second, C. A. Learned,

Third, F. C. Fisher, ....
Celery. — Four roots, Warren Heustis & Son,
Dandelions. — Peck, W. D. Philbrick,

Second, George'^F. Stone, .
Lettuce. — Four heads, George F. Stone, .

Second, W. W. Rawson,

Third, Hittinger Brothers, .
Water-Cress. — Two quarts, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes,

Second, George F. Stone, .
Parsley. — Two quarts, George F. Stone,

Second, W. Heustis & Son,
Rhubarb. — Twelve stalks, C. H. Brackett,

Second, George Sanderson,
Tomatoes. — Twelve, Charles Winter, Essex,

Second, W. Nicholson, Hybrid, .

Third, " " Boston Market,

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2

00

1

00

8

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

March 31.

Gratuity: —
Cephas H. Brackett, Collection,

April 7.
Asparagus. — Two bunches, C. H. Brackett,
Cucumbers. — Pair of White Spine, Varnum Frost, .

Any other variety, C. H. Brackett, Improved White Spine,
Second, C. H. Brackett, Brighton, ....
Mushrooms. — Twenty-four specimens, C. H. Brackett, .

Oratuiiies: —
George F. Stone, Lettuce, . . . . .

C. H. Brackett, Beet Greens and Cress, ....

Gratuity: —
Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Potatoes,

•April 21.

Mat 5.

Gratuities : —
Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Potatoes, two varieties,
George Hill, White Spine Cucumbers,

273

$2 00

3

00

3

GO

3

00

2

00

3

00

1

00

1

00

1 00

00
00

MAY EXHIBITION.

May 12.
William J. Walker Fund.

Asparagus. — Four bunches, John B. Moore & Son,

Second, Varnum Frost,

Third, C. D. Tuttle, .
Cucumbers. — Pair, C. H. Brackett, .

Second, George Hill, .

Third, Varnum Frost,
Spinach. — Peck, Warren Heustis & Son,
Dandelions. — Peck, Varnum Frost,

Second, W. Heustis & Son,
Lettuce. — Four heads, George F. Stone,

Second, George Hill, .

Third, E. A. Kidder, .

Gratuities: —
C. H. Brackett, Cucumbers,
E. A. Kidder, Parsley,
J. Filiebrown, Onions,
George Hill, Radishes,
Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Collection, .
George F. Stone, Collection,

o

GO

2

OG

1

OG

3

00

2

GO

1

GO

3

GO

2

GO

I

GO

3

GO

2

00

1 .00

1 GO
1 00
1 GO
1 00
3 00
1 00

274 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mat 19.
Oratuity : —

John B. Moore & Son, Asparagus, weight of four bunches, 91bs. %oz., $2 00

May 26.
Gratuities: —

John B. Moore & Son, Asparagus, weight of one bunch 3 lbs. 2^oz., 2 00

Samuel Hartwell, Asparagus, ........ 1 00

RHODODENDRON SHOW.

Junk 9.
. Theodore Lyman Fund

Beets. — Twelve specimens, C. H. Brackett, Dewing, . . . 3 00

Second, C. H. Brackett, Lentz, 2 00

Third, " " Egyptian, 1 00

Carrots.— Twelve, C. H. Brackett, 3 00

Radishes. — Four bunches, George F. Stone, 3 00

Asparagus. — Four bunches, John B. Moore & Son, weight 13 lbs.

81^ oz., 3 00

Second, C. D. Tuttle, 2 00

Third, L. W. Weston, 1 00

Cucumbers. — Pair, C. H. Brackett, 3 00

Second, G. F. Stone, 2 00

Lettuce. — Four heads, J. S. Fay, 3 00

Second, Varnum Frost, ........ 2 00

Third, George Hill, 1 00

Rhubarb. — Twelve stalks, Mrs Francis B. Hayes, . . . . 3 00

Second, C. H. Brackett, 2 00

Third, J. B. Moore & Son, 1 00

Mushrooms. — Twenty-four specimens, C. H. Brackett, . . . 3 00

Oratuities:—^

J. B. Moore & Son, 150 stalks Asparagus, . . . . . 2 00

Samuel Hartwell, Asparagus, ........ 1 00

George F. Stone, Lettuce, 1 00

M. W. Chadbourne, Rhubarb, 1 00

James B. Oldrieve, Mushrooms, ....... 1 00

Winter Brothers, Tomatoes, 2 00

J. S. Fay, Cauliflowers, 2 00

C. H. Brackett, Collection, . ' 2 00

June 16.
Gratuity: —

C. H. Brackett, Mushrooms and Tomatoes, . . • . 1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

275

June 23.

Gratuities : —

W. G. Prescott, Peas, f 1 00

C. E. Grant, " 1 00

Samuel Hartwell, " 1 00

C. H. Brackett, Collection, 2 00

ROSE AND STRAWBERRY EXHIBITION.

June 26 and 27.

Beets. — Twelve Summer Turnip Rooted, C. A. Learned

Second, W. W. Rawson, .

Third, Warren Heustis & Son, .
Onions. — Twelve, John Fillebrown, Portugal,

Second, J. S. Fay, "

Third, John Fillebrown, Danvers
Cucumbers. — Pair of White Spine, George F. Stone,

Second, C. A. Learned,

Third, W. W. Rawson,
Cabbages. — Three, George Hill,

Second, W. Heustis & Son,

Third, C. A. Learned,
Lettuce. — Four heads, M. E. Moore,

Second, C. A. Learned,

Third, W. W. Rawson,
Peas. — Half-peck, Samuel Hartwell, Advancer

Second, " " American Wonder,

Third, C. H. Brackett, " "

Gratuities: —

Joseph S. Fay, Collection,
C. A. Learned, "

C. H. Brackett, "
Winter Brothers, Tomatoes,
George Hill, "

July 7.

Onions. — Twelve, John Fillebrown, ....

Second, J. S. Fay,

Squashes. — Four Long Warted, Warren Heustis & Son,

Four Scalloped, " " "

Cabbages. — Three, C. A. Learned, Henderson's,

Second, " " Drumhead,

Third, " " Wakefield,

Peas.— Half-peck, C. N. Brackett, Advancer, .

Second, C. E. Grant, "

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

CO

2

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

276

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Gratuities: —

C. H. Brackett, Tomatoes and Beans, .$2 00

W. Heustis & Son, Cabbages, ........ 1 00

C. A. Learned, Collection, 4 00

W. W. Rawson, •• 3 00

Jdly 14.

Potatoes. — Twelve, C. N. Brackett, Clark,
Second, C. H. Brackett, Hebron,
Third, C. E. Grant, Rose, .

Squashes. — Four Lon^' Warted, W. Heustis &

Beans. — Half-peck of String, I. E. Coburn,
Second, C. H. Brackett, Wax, .
Third, " " . . . .

Peas. — Half-peck, C. N. Brackett, Stratagem,
Second, William Patterson "

Third, Samuel Hartwell "

Gratuities: —

George F. Stone, Beans and Peas, .

J. P. Dillon, Gen. Grant Cucumbers,

C. H. Brackett, Tomatoes and Cucumbers,

John Fillebrown, Collection,

C. E. Grant, ' ...

Son

3

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

oo

2

00

1 00

1 00

1 00

2 00
2 00
2 00

July 2L

Whitcomb Prizes.

Cabbages. — Three, Warren Heustis & Son,
Beans. — Half-peck of Cranberry, C. N. Brackett,
Peas. — Half-peck, C. E. Grant, Stratagem,
Second, Samuel Hartwell, "

Third, C. N. Brackett, "

Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears, George Hill, Corey,
Second, E. J. Coolidge, "

Third, Samuel Hartwell,
Tomatoes. — Twelve, C. H. Brackett, Mellen, .
Second, " " Optimus,

Third, Winter Brothers, President Cleveland,

Gratuities: —

C. N. Brackett, Potatoes,

William Christie, "

J. L. Gardner, Cucumbers, ....
C. E. Grant, Collection,

3

00

3

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

3

00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

277

Jdly 28.

Potatoes. — Twelve, John B. Moore, Hebron,

Second, C. H. Brackett, "

Third, Warren Heustis & Son, .
Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears, C. H. Brackett, Crosby

Second, E. J. Coolidge, Corey,

Third, Samuel Hartwell, "
Tomatoes. — Twelve, William Edgar,

Second, Cephas H. Brackett,

Third, E. J. Coolidge,

$3 00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

Gratuities : —

L. W. Weston, Potatoes, . . 1 00

C. H. Brackett, Potatoes and Cucumbers, . . . . . 1 00

Sidney Lawrence, Peas, ......... 1 00

C. N. Brackett, Collection, 3 00

C. E. Grant, " .' . 2 00

John B. Moore & Son, Collection, 1 00

August 4.

PoTATOKS. — Twelve, John B. Moore & Son, Hebron,
Second, " " " " Clark,

Third, " " " " Rose,

Squashes. — Three Marrow, E. J. Coolidge,

Peas. — Half-peck, C. N. Brackett, Laxton's Evolution,
Second, " " Stratagem,

Third, " '' Telephone,

Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears, S. Hartwell, Parker House
Second, " " Crosby, .

Third, C. E. Grant,

Tomatoes. — Twelve, William Edgar,

Second, I. E. Coburn,

Third, P. G. Hanson,

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

,

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

Gratuities : —

J. B. Moore & Son, Potatoes, ....*.... 2 00

L. W. Weston, " 1 00

P. G. Hanson, Collection of Beans, 2 00

E. Sheppard, Cucumbers, 1 00

August 11.

Greenflesh Melons. — Four, Varnum Frost, .
Horticultural Beans. — Half-peck, E. J. Coolidge,
Second, P. G. Hanson, .....

3 00
3 00
2 00

278

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Tomatoes. — Twelve Acme, C. N. Brackett,
Twelve Emery, I. E. Coburn,
Second, P. G. Hanson,
Third, G. F. Stone, ....
Any other variety, I. E. Coburn, Puritan,
Second, C. N. Brackett, Cardinal,
Third, " " Paragon,

Egg Plant. — Four Round Purple, E. J. Coolidge,

Gratuities: —
Samuel Hartwell, Sweet Corn,
E. J. Coolidge, "

C. E. Grant, Peas and Beans,
P. G. Hanson, Collection,
C. N. Brackett, "

$3 00

August 18.

Levi Whitcomb Fund.

Gbebnflesh Melons. — Four, Varnum Frost, ....
Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears, C. N. Brackett, Potter's Excelsior,

Second, John Fillebrown, Crosby, .....

Third, Samuel Hartwell, Burr's

Egg Plant. — Four, E. J. Coolidge,

Gratuities: —
H. F. Reynolds, Ten varieties Celery,
John B. Moore & Son, Potatoes,
C. E. Grant, Wax Beans, .
C. N. Brackett, Collection,

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3 00

1 00
1 00

1 00

2 00
2 CO

3

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

3

00

1

00

I

00

3

00

August 25.

Potatoes. — Twelve, John B. Moore & Son, Hebron
Second, L. W. Weston, "

Third, Charles S. Smith, Winslow, .

Melons. —Four Sweet, Varnum Frost,

Lima Beans. — Two quarts, Benjamin G. Smith,
Second, C. E. Grant,

Peppers. — Twelve, C. N. Brackett, Squash,
Second, " " Ruby King,

Third, John Fillebrown, Squash,

Gratuities: —
C. E. Grant, Melons and Corn, ....
Samuel Hartwell, Corn, .....

C. A. Kidder, Celery,

C. N. Brackett, Collection, ....

s

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

I

00

1

00

2

00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

279

September 1.

Watermelons. — Pair, C. E. Grant, Black Spanish,
Second, C. E. Grant, Kolb's Gem,

Greenflesh Melons. — Four, Samuel Hartwell,
Second, W. S. Frost,

Peppers. — Twelve, C. N. Brackett, Squash, .
Second, " " Ruby King,

Third, " " Golden Queen,

Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears, C. N. Brackett, Potter
Second, Samuel Hartwell, Burr's,
Third, C. E. Grant, Potter's Excelsior,

$3 00
2 00

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

Gratuities: —

W. H. Teel, Cauliflowers, .
W. S. Frost, Tomatoes, .
P. G. Hanson, "
O. R. Robbins, Corn,
C. N. Brackett, Collection,
C. E. Grant,

2

00

I

00

1

00

1

00

2

00

I

00

September 8.

Cabbages. — Three, O. R. Robbins, .

Cauliflowers. — Four, W. H. Teel,

Celery.— Four Roots, H. F. Reynolds, Seedling,
Second, " " Ivory,

Third, " «' Crawford,

Lima Beans. — Two quarts, C. N. Brackett,

Second, B. G. Smith,

Third, C. E. Grant,

Peppers. — Twelve, C. N. Brackett, Squash, .
Second, " " Ruby King,

Third, " " Queen,

3 00

3

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

8

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1 GO

Gratuities: —

C. N. Brackett, Dreer's Wax Pole Beans, 1 00

O. R. Robbins, Lima Beans, 1 00

J. B. Moore & Son, Tomatoes, 2 00

Charles Garfield, Corn and Tomatoes, 1 00

C. E. Grant, Sweet Corn, 1 00

Samuel Hartwell, Melons, 1 00

John Fillebrown, " . . . . . . . . • 1 00

C. N. Brackett, Collection, 2 00

C. E. Grant, " 1 00

C. N. Brackett, Ruby Sweet Corn, First Class Certificate of Merit.

280 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ANNUAL EXHIBITION.
September 18, 19, 20, and 21.

Special Prizes.

Potatoes. — Collection of new seedling varieties, Charles W. Stone,

The Society's Silver Medal.

Caoliflowers. — Best four specimens, W. H. Teel, , • fo 00

Second, W. W. Rawson, 4 00

Celery. — Best four specimens, W. W. Rawson, Arlington, . . 8 00

Second, " " Boston Market, . 6 00

Regular Prizes.

Beets. — Twelve, C. A. Learned, . . . . . . . 3 GO

Second, George F. Stone, 2 00

Third, W. W. Rawson, " 1 00

Carrots. — Twelve Intermediate, W. W. Rawson, . . . . 3 00

Second, John Fillebrown, 2 00

Third, P. G. Hanson, 1 00

Parsnips. — Twelve, W. W. Rawson, 3 00

Second, C. A. Learned, 2 00

Third, George F. Stone, 1 00

Potatoes. — Four varieties, William Christie, 5 00

Second, C. N. Brackett 4 00

Third, W. H. Teel, 3 00

Clark, J. B. Moore & Son, 3 00

Second, William Christie, 2 00

Third, C. B. Lancaster, 1 00

Hebron, J. B. Moore & Son, 3 00

Second, W. -Christie, 2 00

Third, W. H. Teel, 1 00

Rose, J. B. Moore & Son, 3 00

Second, W. Christie, 2 00

Third, G. W. Goddard, 1 00

Savoy, I. E. Coburn, 3 00

Second, A. M. Knowlton, 2 00

Third, W. A, Morse, 1 00

Any other variety, W. H. Teel, Victory, 3 00

Second, " " Sunrise, 2 00

Third, Mrs. F. B. Hayes, Oakmount, . . . . • 1 00

Salsify.— Twelve, C. A. Learned, 3 00

Second, C. F. Curtis, 2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES. 281

Turnips.— Twelve Flat, G. W. Goddard, f 2 OD

Second, G. F. Stone, 1 00

Swedish, Mrs. F. B. Hayes, 2 00

Onions. — Twelve Danvers, C. A. Learned, . . . . . 3 00

Second, J. B. Moore & Son, 2 00

Third, George Hill 1 00

Portugal, " " . . . . • 3 00

Second, George F. Stone, 2 00

Red, George F. Stone, 3 00

Greenflesh Melons. — Four, Samuel Hartwell, . . . • 3 00

Second, C. E. Grant, 2 00

Third, P. G. Hanson, 1 00

Watermelons. — Pair, C. E. Grant, Black Spanish, . • . 3 00

Second, " " Kolb's Gem, . . . . 2 00

Third, " " Carolina, 1 00

Squashes. — Three Hubbard, Samuel Hartwell, . . . . 3 00

Second, E. J. Coolidge, 2 00

Third, John Fillebrown, 1 00

Marblehead, C. A. Learned, 3 00

Second, C. B. Lancaster 2 00

Third, P. G. Hanson, 1 00

Hybrid Turban, W. W. Rawson, 3 00

Second, C. A. Learned, 2 00

Third, P. G. Hanson, 1 00

Marrow, W. W. Rawson, 3 00

Second, C. A. Learned, 2 00

Third, P. G. Hanson, 1 00

Turban, " " 3 00

Second, R. A. Lovering, . . . . . . . . 2 00

Third, William Winn, 1 00

Cabbages.— Three Drumhead, C. N. Brackett, . . . . 3 00

Second, C. B. Lancaster, 2 00

Third, O. R. Robbins, 1 00

Red, C. N. Brackett, 3 00

Second, William Christie, 2 00

Savoy, C. N. Brackett, 3 00

Second, C. B. Lancaster, ........ 2 00

Third, G. W. Goddard, . 1 (0

Cauliflowers. — Four, W. H. Teel, 3 00

Second, A. M. Knowlton 2 00

Third, C. A. Learned, 1 00

Celery. — Four roots of Boston Market, W. W. Rawson, . . 5 00

Second, C. A. Learned 4 00

Any other variety, H. F. Reynolds, Self Blanching, . . . 5 00

Second, W. W. Rawson, Arlington 4 00

Third, C. A. Learned, " 3 00

Endive. — Four specimens, George F. Stone, 3 00

282

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Horseradish. — Six roots, W. W. Rawson,

Second, C. A. Learned,
Lima Bkans. — Two quarts, George Hill, .

Second, Benjamin G. Smith,

Third, C. N. Brackett,
Corn. — Twelve ears Sweet, C. N. Brackett, Excelsior,

Second, P. G. Hanson, "

Third, C. N. Brackett, Rhode Island,
Yellow or Field, Horace Eaton,

Second, William Christie, .

Third, J. F. Reynolds,
Egg Plant. — Four Round Purple, E. J. Coolidge,
Tomatoes. — Three varieties, George Hill,

Second, C. N. Brackett,

Third, I. E. Coburn, .
Acme, Twelve, C. E. Grant,

Second, C. N. Brackett,

Third, I. E. Coburn, .
Emery, P. G. Hanson, .

Second, George Hill, .

Third, I. E. Coburn, .
Paragon, C. N. Brackett,

Second, G. W. Goddard,
Cardinal, C. N. Brackett,

Second, George F. Stone,

Third, C. E. Grant, .
Any other variety, I. E. Coburn, Puritan,

Second, P. G. Hanson, Perfection,

Third, G. W. Goddard,
Peppers. — Twenty-four specimens, C. N. Brackett, Squash,

Second, C. A. Learned, "

Third, C. N. Brackett, Ruby King, ....

$3 00

2 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00
1 00

00
00

1 00

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
GO
00

1 00
3 00

00
00
00

1 00
3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00
1 00

Gratuities: —

C. A. Learnedj-CoUection, 5 00

P. G. Hanson, " 5 00

J. P. Dillon, Cucumbers, 1 00

EXHIBITION OF AUTUMN FRUITS.

October 6.

Theodore Lyman Fund.

Salsift. — Twelve roots, C. F. Curtis, 3 00

Cabbages. — Three Drumhead, C. B. Lancaster, . . . . 3 00

Second, C. N. Brackett, . . 2 00

Third, Samuel Hartwell, 1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES. 283

Red, C. B. Lancaster, #3 00

Second, C. N. Brackett, 2 00

Savoy, C. B. Lancaster, 3 00

Second, C. N. Brackett, . 2 00

Third, W. H. Teel, 1 00

Cauliflowers. — Four, W. H. Teel, 3 00

Third, Samuel Hartwell, 1 00

Celery — Four roots, H. F. Reynolds, Self Blanching, . . . 4 00

Second, " " Ivory, 3 00

Third, " " Seedling, . . . . 2 00

Gratuities: —

C. E. Grant,^ Collection, 3 00

C. N. Brackett, " 2 00

EXHIBITIONS OF WINTER APPLES AND PEARS,
AND VEGETABLES.

November 24.

Onions — Twelve, J. F. C. Hyde, 3 00

Cabbages. — Three Red, C. N. Brackett, 3 00

Second, C. B. Lancaster 2 00

Savoy, C. N. Brackett, 3 00

Second, William Christie, ........ 2 00

Third, C B. Lancaster, 1 00

Brussels Sprouts. — Half-peck, C. N. Brackett, . . . . 3 00

Cauliflowers. — Four, A. M. Knowlton, 3 00

Second, W. H. Teel, 2 00

Celery. — Four roots, W. W. Rawson, 3 00

Second, H. T. Reynolds, 2 00

Third, Warren Heustis & Son, 1 00

Gratuities: —

C. H. Brackett, Tomatoes, . , 2 00

W. W. Rawson, Lettuce, • 1 00

R E P O R T

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON GARDENS,

FOR THE YEAR 1888.

By JOHN G. BARKER, Chairman.

We again bring to you a report of our doings for the past sea-
son, and although the competition for the various prizes has not
been what we had hoped for, still such as have been taken, we
think, were for cultivation of a high standard, and we trust that
with the accounts of places visited which were not for competition,
our report will be found of sufficient interest to assure the Society
that we are, in a measure at least, alive to the fact that we are
expected to be of some use as the seasons go by.

Grounds of John L. Gardner.

On the 26th of Maj', the Committee visited the estate of John
L. Gardner, at^rookline, so ably managed by Mr. C. M. Atkinson.
The estate contains about forty acres, and is well known to many of
the Society as one of the oldest in this vicinity. There are on it many
fine old trees of noble growth that give grateful shade and beautiful
landscape effect. Upon entering the grounds, our attention was
drawn to a fine bed of rhododendrons, opposite the mansion-house,
which were in a vigorous and very healthy condition. In the season
of flowering they make a magnificent show, and are, moreover, so
favorably located that they can be enjoyed from the windows of the
house and from the piazza, without a tramp for the special pur-
pose of seeing them. Near the house is a very choice collection

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 285

of the rarer Japan evergreens, so happily arranged as to form all
through the year a bright and attractive bed ; there is also near
the greenhouse another bed equally attractive. The herbaceous
border opposite the grapery is filled with a choice collection of
plants chosen with much care. The length of their flowering sea-
sou and the variet}' of color in the flowers of this class of plants,
bespeak for them a place in every well-ordered garden.

The display of 7m Kcempferi, by Mr. Atkinson, was of unusual
beauty, and, for size of flower and variety' of color, exceeded
an3'thing that has been placed on exhibition. Indeed, so beauti-
ful are the colors of the flowers that they may be said to be almost
equal to some of the orchids. Those who wish to look them up
are referred to an article in " Garden and Forest," Vol. I, page
259, which will be read with profit and pleasure by all.

Many of the shrubs are worthy of special mention. The Sibe-
rian Crabs are planted in a group opposite the grapery, and when
in flower were a sight not to be forgotten. The Japanese Maples
were very fine and exceedingly rich in their coloring.

In going through the houses at a later date, we «aw very many
choice and well-grown plants that would be worthy of special
mention. The orchids, which are becoming so popular, receive a
good share of attention, and when seen a few days ago, were in a
very promising condition. The Cattleyas, Laelias, Cypripediums,
Odontoglossuras, etc., showed signs of producing many flowers, and
their very health}' state gave evidence of the best cultivation. The
cool house, which, by the way, is a very excellent one, contained a
large collection of plants. Although quite small, many of them
showed a remarkably fine growth, and now form the basis of a
valuable collection, among which at no distant day, many excel-
lent specimens will be found. A glance through the diff"erent
houses brought to ©ur attention many choice and well-grown
plants. All were good, but among the flowering plants we could
not help noticing some old favorites and wondering wh}' the}' are
not more grown. The Habrothamnus elegans is free flowering and
alwaj^s in bloom ; and, for a decorative plant^ we were glad to see
a good batch of Thyrsicanthus rutilans, a most excellent winter
flowering plant, producing from the single, straight-growing shoots
long racemes of bright crimson flowers, which are borne on their
summits, and droop gracefully down to the surface of the pots.
They are highly decorative. Another old plant, peculiarly well
6

286 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

adapted to basket culture is the ^schynanthus grandijlorus. It is
a handsome, free flowering plant, whose habit of growth is very
distinct, and it is but little troubled with insects. There was also
a nice lot of the bright Poinsettia pulcherrima. They were young
plajits, and the bright bracts on each plant were large and strik-
ingly effective. This is also a fine decorative plant.

The collection of azaleas is unusually good ; many of them have
been shown at our exhibitions, and at this time, January 1, 1889,
they promise to look as well as ever at the next flowering season.
Much more might be r.dded to this hasty glimpse of an excellent col-
lection which is so skilfully handled by Mr. Atkinson, but his being
so well known to 3'ou all, and being better known by his works than
he can be by our pen, makes us feel sure that when we say that
success has crowned his efforts on everj' hand, you will bear us
witness that our statement to that effect is his just due.

The principal object of our visit was the Spring Garden, — a
new feature of garden work in this vicinity, at least on a special
scale. Of course, spring gardening has received more or less
attention from many ; like everything else it has its place and
might be introduced to good advantage very much more than it
now is, and we trust that the example which has been set and so
well inaugurated ma^' stimulate those especially' who have not the
facilities afforded by greenhouses for raising their summer bedding
plants, to go and do likewise. At our request, Mr. Atkinson has
given us the following statement iu regard to this part of the
grounds :

" The present site of the Spring Garden was a flower garden
over forty years ago. Its surroundings were trees and shrubs,
and conveyed the impression that it was hewn out of the forest.
It was surrounded by a walk which formed a square ; inside that
was an oval walk, and then walks at right angles, so that a large
portion of the space was used up in paths, rendering it dr}' and
accessible at all times, yet the glare of the sunlight destroyed
that repose which such a retreat should possess. Now, without
injuring any of the plantation, a nragical change has been effected.

" The walks have been removed, green grass substituted, and
a large mass of shrubs has been added all around the inner lines,
and a gradually- undulating surface of vegetation from bulb-growth
to trees fort}- or more feet high is found. When inside, one is shut
out from all else. Care has been taken to exclude all shrubs and

REPORT or THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 287

plants that do not flower in April, May, or June. All bulbs, both
native and foreign, find here a home, as do all the beautiful flow-
ering shrubs. In the centre of the whole, stand two finely devel-
oped hemlocks, from twenty-five to thirty feet high, receiving the
homage of all this varied loveliness. The whole effect is one of
quiet, and restful beauty, and must be seen to be justly appre-
ciated.

"These changes are entirely due to Mrs. Gardner's excellent
taste. The advantages of this style of planting are manifestly
great. Through the snow the Chionodoxa and the Snowdrop usher
in the advent of another season of active vegetable life. The
swelling buds and unfolding leaves and flowers of tree and shrub,
the peeping out from mother earth of impatient, yet timid, bulb-
growth, call up glorious immortal hopes and consoling joys and
remind us of the words : ' I am the resurrection and the life.'
And as one day follows another, one is perplexed to decide what
presents the strongest claims to his affection or admiration.

" By the end of June, a large portion of all this varied floral
beaut}' has vanished, yet its attraction can be maintained by many
beautiful annuals.

" The advantage, for private gardens, of this style, over the
massing and ribboning and the gaud and glitter of the method of
decoration which has long prevailed, and is still in fashion, will be
readily seen. Rarel}', in this section, can bedding out be com-
menced before the 20th of May ; more often it must be many days
later, nor can we count upon its full development before Jul}^
and, when in its prime, the proprietors think of the sea-side and
the mist}' mountain top."

In this method we see an idea that is new to many, and, while
the usual style of bedding out will continue to prevail in pub-
lic places and many private ones, there are a vast number who
could derive more pleasure from adopting the system now so suc-
cessfully practiced at Mr. Gardner's than b}' following in the old
ruts of summer displays. New styles and changes we see on
every hand, but none, even when properly used, and in their
places, seem to commend themselves to those who leave their
homes in the summer more than this.

Mr. Atkinson has favored us with the following list of twenty-
five of the choicest hardy herbaceous plants, which will be found a
valuable guide to all who wish to add to their collections, or make
new ones.

288 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Anemone Japonica alba ; Gaillardia Templeana;

Aster alpinus speciosus; Helianthus multiflorus plenus ;

Aster Novoe-Anglice var. Lathyrus latifolms albiflorus;

roseus; Paeonies;

Campanula grandiflora; Papaoer nudicaule, three col-

Campamda persicifoUa alba ors ;

plena; Papaver Parkmani;

Coreopsis lanceolata; Phlox decussata, dwarf kinds;

Corydalis nobilis; Phlox suffraticosa, early kinds ;

Delphinium forme <? »;m ; Pyrethrum uUginosum ;

Delphinium hybridam; Pyrethrums, double and sin-

Dictamnus Fraxinella alba; gle ;

Digitalis; Radbeckia Newmani ;

Doronicum Clusii ; Trollius Europceus.
Funkia Sieboldi;

Oakmount, the Residence of Mrs. Francis B. Hates.

June 12th, the Committee with other invited guests visited the
estate of Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, at Lexington, the chief object
of the visit being the elegant display of Rhododendrons under the
large tent, seventy-five by one hundred and fifty feet, arranged
with two long beds the entire length on either side, and two semi-
circular beds at each end. These were all planted with hardy
varieties which stand there the entire season. In the centre of
the tent is a large oval bed, and between this and the end beds are
two large square beds, these three beds being filled with tender
kinds. At intervals, between these beds, the elegant standard
specimens, some nine feet or more in height, are planted in the
grass.

The varieties deserving special note and which were particularly
attractive are :

Annie Dixwell. — Clear rose, blotched with a rich magenta.

Apology. — Pale rose, blotched very thickly.

Candidissimum. — Thirteen feet high; the flowers are blush,
changing to white.

Concessum. — Clear pink, lighter centre. Mr. Waterer says
there is none more beautiful.

Crown Prince. — A very bright rose, yellow centre.

Duke of Teck.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 289

Eclipse. — Clear rose, spotted on all the petals.

Everestianum. — Nine feet high ; the flowers are rosy lilac,
spotted and fringed ; an excellent, free-blooming sort.

Fastuosumfiore pleno. — Mauve, with immense trusses of double
flowers, remaining a long time in bloom. It is very striking, and
should not be omitted in any collection.

Frank Oomer Waterer. — Scarlet, light centre.

Jack Waterer. — Scarlet, light centre.

James Nasmyth. — Rosy lilac, blotched with intense maroon ;
enormous truss, very fine.

Jean Verschaffelt.

John Macline

John Waterer. — Dark crimson color, fine and free bloomer.

Kale Alice Waterer. — Scarlet edged, light centre.

Lady Augusta M. Noel.

Lady Dorothy Neville. — Blush, distinctly spotted.

Lady Eleanor Cathcart. — Twelve feet high, the flowers a pale
rose, with chocolate-colored spots.

Lady Hoiv.

Lady Truro.

Lalla Rookh. — Dark puce, finely spotted.

Lord Eversley.

Lord Ongley. — Fine, rich, dark crimson.

Lord Sudley.

Marchioness of Lansdoivne. — Pale rose, with an intense, black
spotting ; a very distinct and telling variety.

Mrs. Arthur Walker.

Mrs. John Waterer. — Fine bright rose, spotted.

Mrs. Lnzard.

Mrs. Mendal. — Pink, each petal rayed white, yellow centre ;
distinct and beautiful.

Mrs. Thomas Agnew. — White, yellow blotch.

Mrs. W. Agneiv. — Pale rose, yellow centre.
Oliver Heywood.

Princess Christian. — White, with black spot.

Princess Louise.

Samuel Morley.

Silvio. — Kich purple, yellow centre ; very distinct.

Sir Richard Wallace.

290 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Snoiojlake. — Pure white, fine conical truss; distinct and beau-
tiful.

Sunrise.

Sylph. — Bright, rosy pink, fine truss ; beautiful.

The Moor. — Dark crimson, ver}' finely spotted ; distinct.

The Queen. — One of the most beautiful.

Vmihan. — Mauve, with rich yellow blotch, very fine truss and
habit.

Vestal. — Pale rose, mucli spotted, fine truss ; very distinct.

Vivian Orey. — Fright, ros}' pink, distinctly and beautifully
spotted.

The following are greenhouse varieties :

Aureum splendens.

Countess of Haddington. — Flowers large, blush-white ; robust
habit.

Dalhousice. — Flowers very large, blush-white.

Dennisonii. — Flowers white, with a lemon-stained throat, very
fragrant. A garden hybrid of excellent habit.

Duchess of Connaught. — Trusses compact, globular, bright ver-
milion red.

Duchess of Edinburgh. — Bright orange scarlet.

Duchess of Teck. — Light buff-yellow, shaded with orange-scarlet
tinged with rose ; centre yellow.

Qibsonii. — Flowers blush-white, foliage small.

Henryanum.

Jasminifloruni. — Tube long and slender, flowers white and very
fragrant.

Lady Alice Fitzivilliam. — Large flower, pure white ; one of the
best.

Lcevigatuni^

Maddeni. — Flowers white and very distinct.

Nuttalli. — Flowers of immense size, funnel-shaped, pure white,
tinged with rose on the outer surface.

Princess Alexandra. — Flowers larger and longer than those of
R. Jasminiflorum, pure, waxy white.

Prince Leopold. — A beautiful flower, fawn and rose, with rose
centre.

Princess Alice. — Dwarf habit, flowers bell-shaped, white tinged
with pink, and ver}- fragrant.

KEPORT OF THE COxMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 291

Princess Royal. — Flower tubes funnel-shaped, and, as well as
the limb, rich rose.

Taylori. — Flowers pink, with a rich brilliant hue, the tube of the
corolla white ; a finely-formed flower.

Veitchianum. — Flowers large, white, yellow at the base, and
fringed at the edges.

Clematises are largely grown here. Within the past few years
many new and beautiful varieties have been introduced which
have been the means of making this family more popular ; as
permanent hardy climbers they are very valuable. Some of the
varieties are ver}^ show}' ; they are indispensable in the flower gar-
den, and as bedding plants can be arranged so as to produce a
very beautiful effect. The following list ma}' help in the selec-
tion of varieties. These are growing at Oakmount :

The first five varieties bloom in spring and early summer.

John Gould Veitch. — Flowers large and double, light blue, sum-
mer bloomiilg.

Lord Londeshorough.

Lucie Lemoine. — The largest and best double white.

Sylph. — White, shaded with light, pinkish mauve.

Vesta. — Large, dead white, creamy bar.

The following are summer and autumn blooming varieties :

Alba Magna. — Pure white.

Blue Gem. — Deep lavender blue.

Crispa. — Lilac purple, very fragrant.

Fairy Queen. — Pale flesh, with a pink bar in the centre of each
sepal.

Flammula. — White; sweet scented.

Gem. — Deep lavender blue.

Gypsy Queen. — Rich, bright, dark, velvety purple ; ver\' free.

Hendersoni. — Bluish purple.

Henryi. — Large, of fine form, creamy white; very free.

Lady Bovill. — Flowers large, cupped, grayish blue, suffused
with mauve.

Lady Caroline Nevill. — Blush white, with a broad bar in the
centre of each sepal.

Lord Mayo. — Deep rosy lilac ; sweet scented.

Madame Van Houtte. — Pure white, fine shape and substance.

Mrs. Hope. — Satiny mauve.

OUo Froebel. — White, shaded with azure blue ; large.

292 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Prince of Wales. — Deep violet purple ; sepals barred with red.
Star of India. — Reddish purple with purple bands.
The Queen. — Delicate lavender.
Thomas Moore. — Rich, soft violet; stamens white.
Victoria. — Deep, reddish mauve; stamens with white filaments
and purplish brown anthers.

William Kennett. — Deep lavender.

In addition to the above-named varieties, a very promising
seedling raised by Mr. Comley and named Mrs. Francis B. Hayes
was very noticeable. The flowers, which appear in June and
Jul}', are very large.

The following varieties of Japanese and other ornamental-leaved
Maples, all good and hardy, were very attractive. They are,
without doubt,destined to become quite popular, with other hardy-
trees and shrubs :

Acer polymorphum V Sly. atropurpurezim (Japanese Maple).
" " " aureum.

" " " cristatum.

" " " palmatum.

" " " reticulatum.

" " " sanguineum.

" " " versicolor.

" Monspessulamim (Montpelier Maple).
" platanoides vax. cucidlatum (Norway Maple).
" " " dissectam " ''

'• " " Lorbergii. " "

" " " Reitenhachi. " "

' " " Schiverdlerii. " "

" dasycarpum var. lutescens (Silver Maple).
" "^ " pendulum. " "

" " " tripartitum. " "

" Pseudo-Platanus vav. Lemoinei (Sycamore-leaved Maple).
" " " " purpurea. '" " "

" " " '' tricolor. " " "

"■ " " " velutinum. '' "• ^

" " " " Worleii. "• " "

Of that handsome genus of Evergreens, the Araucaria, there was
a nice specimen of A. Bidtvilli, fourteen feet high, and A. imhricata
and A. Cookii, each twelve feet high. There were a pair of Box trees,
eight and nine feet high. Also a fine specimen of Sciadopitys ver-
ticillata, or Umbrella Pine of Japan, nine feet high. This is not

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 293

only one of the most distinct conifers, but also one of the most
remarkable evergreen trees ever introduced. There is scarcely
any department of ornamental planting into which it may not be
introduced with excellent effect ; and whether planted singly as a
specimen, or in combination with other trees and shrubs, for con-
trast and variety, its symmetrical habit and peculiar foliage mark
it out as one of the most characteristic of decorative subjects.

One other tree attracting especial attention was a specimen of
the true Abies Veitchii, sixteen feet high. This species was dis-
covered on Fusi-Yama, in Japan, in 1860, by the late Mr. J. G.
Veitch, after whom it was named by Dr. Lindley, who character-
ized it as "a most remarkable species." It is an alpine tree, of tall
and slender, but remarkably handsome habit, with a trunk fre-
quently attaining a height of one hundred feet, and thickly furnished
with whorls of slightly ascending branches. The foliage is thickly
set upon the branches, and is arranged upon them much in the same
way as that of A. Nordmnnnlana, but it is quite distinct from that
fine fir, the leaves being shorter, narrower, and lighter in colour.

Many more evergreens and rare plants might be mentioned, but
attention has been called to a sufficient number to remind you of
the interest that a visit to this beautiful estate always carries
with it.

The cultivation of Water Lilies has much increased of late, and
they constitute at the present time one of the principal attractions
in our gardens. Near the house a tank has been made twenty-
four feet long by sixteen wide, in which were growing :

Nelumhhim speciosum ; Nymphoea Devoniensis ;

NympJicea ccerulea; " rubra.

" dentata;

We have included these lists of varieties of Rhododendrons,
etc., in order to give some idea of the great variety and beauty of
color in the choice collection of trees, shrubs, and plants grown
on this place. We gratefully acknowledge the kindness of Mr.
James Comley, the skilful gardener, in assisting us to make up
this report.

It is possible that some may say this is well enough for the
extensive places and ample means of the proprietors of the
grounds reported on this year and last, but is not suited to the
purse of the average cultivator. Let us therefore say that we
believe that no evergreen flowerinof shrub will cive more satisfac-

294 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

tion than the Rhododendron and with so little care. It is not
difficult to tind good plants growing in ordinary garden soil.
Onl3' a short distance from here elegant specimen plants fully
nine feet high and well proportioned can be seen. These are
the Catawbiense varieties and for years they have had no other
care than keeping the ground clean about them, and in the
flowering season they are a delight to all who see them. We will
call 3'our attention particularly to a small bed planted at the base
of some ledges in Pine Grove Cemetery at Lynn, where a little
peat was mixed with the natural soil, and about two dozen small
plants set out a few years ago. Aside from seeing that they do
not get too dry, and placing a few pine boughs between them to
keep off the direct rays of the sun in winter, no further care has
been bestowed upon them. A good collection of lilies was
planted in the bed, with some plants of Andromeda floribunda in
the front, and on the back of the bed (which is quite elevated)
Kahiiia latifolia was set. This proved a very satisfactory
arrangement and always looked well. There is many a home
now devoid of anything pleasing or attractive which might have
a bed of rhododendrons, arranged as suggested, or varied to suit
the taste, which would not only add value to the estate, but would
be a source of pleasure and delight to the occupants. It is
generally believed that rhododendrons do not succeed without
peat, but it is not so. The writer prepared a bed two years ago
for the planting of one hundred plants ; he had no i>eat, but the
selected spot contained good loam. The bed was trenched two
and a half feet deep, and a liberal supply of leaf mould was
mixed with the loam, and it was found that it paid well to pre-
pare the bed thoroughly. The following varieties were selected
and planted in^he spring of 1887 :

Album elegans, Giganteum,

Atrorubrum, Kettledrum,

Atrosanguineum. Lady Armstrong.

Caractacus, Purpureum elegans,

Charles Dickens, Purpureum grandiflorum,

Everestianum, Roseum elegans,

Not a plant died and they are all flourishing finely. In winter pine
boughs are set between and in front of them. The rhododendron
ought to be more generally cultivated and the encouragement

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 295

should go from this Society. We call attention to the Hunnewell
Prizes offered at the special exhibition in June.

Strawberry Garden of Samuel Barnard.

The only Strawberry Garden your Committee w^re invited to
inspect this season was Mr. Samuel Barnard's at Belmont, which
was visited June 30th. The varieties under cultivation were the
Sharpless, Champion, Belmont, Jewell, Miner's Prolific, and Bid-
well, with a few other varieties for fancy or for trial, the May
King and Jessie being among them. The first four Mr. Barnard
considers the best now grown, giving the Belmont and Sharpless
the preference, with the reminder that the Belmont requires high
cultivation. To show that this is practised by Mr. Barnard we may
say that from twelve to fifteen cords of manure to the acre are
used, all or nearly all being horse manure, which he finds best
adapted to his land. It is ploughed in, in the fall. No bed is
fruited more than one year, and the condition of the beds showed
the wisdom of this manner of cultivation. We wish our descrip-
tive powers were suflScient to show to your imagination those beds
as the Committee saw them, for we think you would all agree with
us that such a yield of fruit 3'ou never witnessed before, and as to
to the size, color, and shape of the berries the display from the
same beds by Mr. Barnard at the Strawberry Show was ample
proof to all who saw them that the product was of more than
ordinary merit. The further fact that six thousand baskets were
picked from an acre of ground is additional evidence of Mr.
Barnard's success as a strawberry specialist. Any attempt to
describe the different varieties mentioned would be of little use,
as they are known by most cultivators. Belmont is noted for
successful strawberry culture, and Mr. Barnard has done his part
nobly. A hasty visit to the Belmont Strawberry Show where a
splendid exhibition of strawberries was being held, and the sight
of the elegant display of fruit there shown was the best evidence
that the town is sustaining fully its well earned reputation for the
production of the strawberry.

Each year produces perhaps more new varieties of strawberries
than of any other small fruit. Some are valuable, but for general
cultivation many are of little use outside the locality of their
origin. There is no small fruit cultivated that is so highly prized
and so anxiously looked for with each returning season, as the

296 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

strawbeny. It is first t© grow, blossom, and fruit, is delicious
and wholesome, and is always sought for the dessert and for
jellies, preserves, and ices, and will always be extensively used.
Its consumption is very large, and a ready market is always found
for good fruit at a fair price.

Oakley Park, the Residence of Robert M. Pratt.

On the llth of August, the Committee, with other invited
guests, enjoyed a visit to Oakley Park, Watertown, the estate of
Robert M. Pratt, which contains about thirty-five acres and is
well known to all. The extensive and well cared for lawns are
the first thing to attract attention. They have always been a
verj' noticeable feature of this place, no expense having been
spared to keep them in the best possible condition, and at the
same time the very excellent condition of all the trees adds very
much to the appearance of the grounds. On the large number of
trees that are to be looked after, not a dead limb, large or small,
could be seen. The}' were without exception the cleanest and best
lot of trees we have had the pleasure of looking at. In the care
of these trees it is worthy of note that wounds on young trees,
more particularly of the bark, are plastered over with rubber or
elastic cement, and it is really astonishing how quickl}- and well
the wounds heal over. In the case of decay in the larger trees,
after removing all the decayed part, the hollow made by the
removal is filled in with brick and Portland cement, thus exclud-
ing all air from any part of the wound. A large oak treated in
this way, to which our attention was called, was flourishing and
the wound was rapidly healing over.

Within a few years the division fences and stone walls be-
tween the lawn and pleasure grounds and the fruit and vegetable
gardens have been removed, much improving the lawn by giving
greater breadth. The changes are such that a few years hence
hardly a trace of the original flower garden will be visible. In
suitable places beds of rhododendrons have been added, and new
and rare evergreens have found homes. The formal style of
bedding has not been altogether abandoned but though there is
much less of it than formerly, there is enough of bedding out to
make the place cheerful and pleasant. The large and showy
displays often seen in places of this size, are not found here, but

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 297

instead there is an air of quietness and repose about the entire
•estate which assures the visitor of a pleasant welcome.

The fruit and vegetable gardens are admirably arranged and in
them were growing an assortment of both fruit and vegetables of
select and good kinds, all of which were in a very healthy and
flourishing state, showing good cultivation, care, and attention.
The soil is so heavy and retentive that P^nglish gooseberries find a
very congenial home here, and are grown quite as well as in their
native country.

The glass structures are three vineries in five divisions, and four
plant houses in six divisions. Vineries Nos. 1 and 2 are planted
entirely with Black Hamburgs for early forcing, and for the past
six years have given excellent crops of well finished grapes. No.
3 is a Muscat house planted four 3'ears ago with Muscat of Alex-
andria and Golden Queen, which are now in full vigor. No. 4 is
also a Muscat house, six years old ; No. 5 is a late house planted
with Lady Downe's, Black Alicante, and Alnwick Seedling. The
vine roots are all inside, for Mr. Allan does not believe in outside
borders for foreign grapes in a climate like ours. The borders
are about four feet deep, and from twelve to eighteen inches is
filled in with broken brick, stones, and any other article suitable
for drainage. Over this is placed about thirty inches of the top
sod of a rather heavy soil tending to clay, mixed with charcoal to
keep it open after the fibrous roots of the grass have decayed and
been taken up by the vine roots. This is all the nourishment
given except wood ashes, either mixed with water, and sprinkled
on the surface or scattered over it dry. Wood ashes, besides the
feeding qualities of the potash, contains from thirty to forty
per cent, of lime, to which vine roots are partial. This is Mr.
Allan's statement of his treatment of the grape vines ; of his
success as a grape culturist, we need no other proof than the fine
•clusters which from time to time he has placed on our exhibition
tables. There have been none better.

In a span-roofed house, the first of the six divisions of the
plant houses, Cyclamens are grown on the south side. On a visit
there, December 29th, we found them in a very promising state,
with a show for a great production of flowers, and by the middle of
February they will be in perfection. The varieties in this flower
are very numerous. A few in blossom at the time of our last visit
were beautiful, varying in color from a pure white to a deep

298 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

magenta, the flower stems being well above the foliage and Id
contrast with it. The Cyclamen is a lovely decorative window plant,
and there are few indeed that are better. On the north side of
this house the Odontoglossums are grown. In another large span-
roofed house, divided into two parts, Lapageria rosea and L. alba
cover the roof of one division, the space below being occupied with
Azaleas. The other division is filled with South Sea Island
plants, — Calanthes, Cypripediums, Anthuriums, Adiantum Farley-
ense, etc. Another house adjoining contains Mexican plants^
such as Cattle3'as, Laelias, etc. The other two houses contain prin-
cipally Dendrobiums, of which D. Wardianum is the special
favorite. It is not necessary to go into any elaborate description
of the plants grown by Mr. Allan ; our exhibitions have witnessed
many fine specimens of plants cultivated by him and, like the
grapes, to all that have seen them, they are the best evidence of
the skill of the cultivator. We may say in brief that all the plants
looked well. To undertake to describe all would be a task that the
time and space at our command are not equal to, while to select
those most worthy of description would be still more difficult. We
are glad to report that this old and well known place is in such
good hands and that its high reputation is so well sustained. Oak-
ley Park is, in a measure at least, a historic place, for, as we under-
stand, it was here that the first greenhouse in Massachusetts was
built, but we cannot tell how long since. We trust that the present
generous proprietor, may be blest with long life, health, and
happiness, and may enjoy fully all the pleasure and comfort that
such a beautiful place is able to impart.

Vineyard of Samuel Hartwell.

September 13th, the Committee visited Mr. Samuel Hartwell's
grounds at Lincoln, the special object being the Vineyard of the
Moore's Early Grape. You all know full well the value of a
reliable early grape to cultivators here ; at this date the fruit was
fully ripe, and of excellent flavor, and if never before the Moore's
Early has now been proved the best early grape for this vicinity,
as several other varieties grown along side of it were nowhere
near ripe. Mr. Hartwell's statement appended to this report will
be read with interest by all. Other vineyards were visited, but
owing to the unfavorable season we found that the fruit — which

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 299

was maiuly Concord — was not ripe at any of them, and nothing
of. sufficient interest to add to this report could be learned from
them. No premium offered b}' the Committee has been competed
for so much as that for vine3'ards and we hope in future to receive
applications from skilful cultivators whose experience in raising
this valuable fruit you will be pleased to know about. When
such delicious fruit as Mr. Hartwell was sending to market at the
date of our visit, can be purchased at a trifling cost, we are quite
sure that in offering premiums to stimulate good cultivation, we
are not only advancing and encouraging good fruit-growing, but
are blessing the mechanics and working men who have no means
of growing such choice fruit, on account of spending all day at
their labors, but who can carry it home with them and enjoy it at
little cost. But to all who can, we say, plant at least one grape
vine, — build a trellis in front of your garden fence, against the L of
3'our house, or the side of the stable, or anj'where a place oflfers
itself. Any way grow some grapes, for there is a pleasure in rais-
ing your own fruit. Take good care of them, and the reward of
3'Our labors will be found in being able to enjoy the fruit of your
own vines.

Mr. Hartwell's statement in regard to his vineyard is as
follows :

Statement of Samuel Hartwell.

To the Garden Committee of the Massachusetts Horticultural

Society, John G. Barker, Chairman :
Gentlemen :

The one acre of vineyard which I offered for the Society's prize,
contains about six hundred vines, which are set in rows nine feet
apart, and eight feet in the row ; consequently each vine is entitled
to seventy-two square feet of area. The vines are for the most
part Moore's Early, there being two rows of the white grape
Niagara. The vines were set in the spring of 1886, and at the time
of setting the Moore's Early vines were one, and the Niagaras two
years old. This being the first year of their bearing, in quantity,
makes the age of their coming into bearing, for Moore's Early
three, and for the Niagara four years. Perhaps I should say that
the former bore a few bunches at the age of two years.

At the time of setting out the vines the land received a dressing
of stable manure, perhaps five cords per acre, spread, since which

300 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

time gioimd bone and potash have been applied, about two
hundred [>oiinds to the acre, in the proportion of two parts of
bone to one part of petash. The crop which you saw at the time
of your visit (September 13) was not large, yet in ray opinion it
was all the young vines ought to carry. In August I thinned out
the sm:;ll bunches, leaving not over fifteen bunches on a vine.

The present year being very cold and wet, the grapes were
fully two weeks later than last year in ripening. The heavy and
continuous rains caused many of the well ripened berries to crack,
somewhat injuring the sale of them. The Niagaras being later,
did not become ripe and sweet before the early frosts, and the
market being fully supplied with grapes from other States, they
did not sell well ; but with better weather in future years I expect
they will ripen so as to be sweet and command a fair price.

Pruning can be done at any time after the leaves have fallen.
I usually prune in November, cutting away the old wood as much
as possible, leaving four or five arms of last j'ear's wood, about
four feet long, on each vine. These arms when trained on the wire
trellis, a part each way from the stem, should reach to those of the
next vine, thus covering the entire length of trellis. Trellis is
made by setting posts seven and one-half feet long at intervals of
sixteen feet, thus leaving two vines in each space. Four wires
(No. 14 galvanized) are stretched the length of the row and
fastened to these posts by means of small staples, the lower wire
about twenty inches from the ground, and the other spaces about
fifteen inches each in width.

Among other varieties of grapes which I grow to some extent, I
consider the Worden, Brighton, Pocklington, Hayes, and Esther
as ver}' promising. The Pocklington when fully ripe is a most
excellent and showy grape.

By request I give you a short history and description of my
youug Gravenstein Orchard. The orcliard contains about sixty-
five trees, — set about the years 1881 and 1882, distant from each
other about thirty-five feet. At the time of setting, holes were
dug broad enough to receive the roots without cramping, and deep
enough to give plenty of mellow soil, and to admit the tree as low
or a trifle lower than it stood in the nurseiy. After trimming off
the mangled ends of roots, the trees were placed in position, and
the hole gradually filled in with fine soil worked well in among the
roots with the fingers. When completed the soil was firmed by

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 301

trampiug. At the time of setting I trimmed off tlie top to corres-
pond with tlie loss of roots bv cutting. In after 3'ears I plan to
prune by taking out small limbs where they are too thick or cross
-each other, so as to leave the top well balanced, open, and S3'm-
metrical.

Respectfully.

Samuel Hartwell.

Lincoln, Oct. 24, 1888.

As previously stated our special object was the vineyard, but
we need not remind you that Mr. Hartwell cultivates other things
with quite as much success as the vine.

The apple has received no small share of attention, and the
abundant crop on the trees at the time of our visit was a sight not
to be forgotten. The orchard was certainly one of the best we
ever saw. There were harvested from it about two thousand
barrels of early and late varieties. In all there are between forty
-and fifty varieties, the more prominent ones being :

Baldwin, Palmer,

Ben Davis, Porter,

Gilliflower, Pound Sweet,

Gloria Mundi, Red Astrachan,

Gravenstein, Red Bietigheimer,

Henry Sweet, Rhode Island Greening,

Holden, Roxbur}' Russet,

Hubbardston, Stump,

Hunt Russet, Summer Pippin,

Miller Pippin, Tompkins King,

Northern Spy, Twenty Ounce,

Oldenburg, Williams's Favorite,

Orange Sweet, Yellow Bellflower.

As far as tested, Mr. Hartwell considers the Gravenstein by far
the most profitable. Other varieties such as the Bietigheimer,
Stump, Oldenburg, and Summer Pippin, which are thus far grown
only in a small way, he is much pleased with. At our request Mr.
H. sends the following statement :

"Several 3'ears ago I attended the New England Fair at
Worcester and there saw several plates of very handsome and
7

302 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

attractive apples with which I was unacquainted. I noted down
the names of the exhibitors and at the proper time, sent for scions.
I selected one large tree, and grafted the several kinds into differ-
ent parts of it. The}' all flourish and produce apples of the
several kinds just as well as though there were but one kind on the
tree. The tree bore at least nine kinds of apples the present
year." This tree was a curiosity indeed, and we can add nothing
to the simple statement just made.

It would be useless to attempt descriptions of the various
kinds of apples as they can be found b}- referring to any good fruit
catalogue. To give an idea how numerous are the varieties of
apples, we may mention that in the second edition of the London
Horticultural Society's Catalogue of Fruits, published in 1831, no
fewer than fourteen hundred were enumerated ; man}^ of them,
doubtless, not well identified, but about one hundred and seventy-
five were pronounced excellent sorts. The varieties of apples
have been classed in at least three divisions, — Table, Dessert, and
Kitchen. It would be a great task to designate under the differ-
ent headings the kinds best adapted to each use. Perhaps some of
the growers will do this hereafter. An orchardist well known to
most of us, said to the writer a few 3'ears ago that he considered
apples a good paying crop at one dollar a barrel sold on the place.

Apples are a necessary commodity in every well ordered house,
and certainly a very health}- fruit. Many would no more think
of being without them, than without potatoes or flour, and is it
not a part of our mission to give a little more stimulus to the
cultivation of this fruit which seems so well adapted to our New Eng-
land climate? Many a barren field could be made into a product-
ive and profitable one, and at a comparatively small cost, if apple
trees were planted and properly cared for.

Mr. Hartwell has cultivated Plums quite largely, and recom-
mends as the best varieties the

Blue Imperial, Pond's Seedling,

Bradshaw, Reine Claude,

Coe's Golden Drop, Shropshire Damson,

Jefferson, Smith's Orleans,

Lombard, Victoria,

Moore's Arctic, Washington.
Niagara,

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 303

• The Damson is considered the best for preserving, and for a
table or dessert variety Mr. Hartwell esteems the Washington as the
best that he grows. The cultivation that has been given the plum
has been the same as with other kinds of fruits, namely : common
field culture. The great trouble that he has to contend with, and
which is familiar to nearly all who undertake to grow plums, is the
black knot, which is quite prevalent and undoubtedly will soon cause
death to the trees. Most of the varieties are very productive,
and if the trees could be kept in a healthy state, the crop would
undoubtedly be a profitable one. It has been well said that the
plum is a fruit of rare excellence, and it is a matter of regret that
a practical remedy for the fatal black knot has not been found, so
that it might be more generally cultivated.

At our request Mr. Hartwell gives his opinion of Peaches as
follows: "Where laud suitable for the growth of the peach is
plenty and cheap, I would recommend the planting of peach trees.
Although we have had for several )'ears — too often for profit —
times when the severe cold has killed the buds, I do not feel as
though it would alwa3's be so and there are times when such
peaches as can be grown in this vicinity command a high price
in the market. For cultivation the following varieties are recom-
mended :

Alexander, Hale's Early,

Crawford's Early, Mountain Rose,

Crawford's Late, Oldmixon Freestone,

Early Rivers, Stump the World.
Foster,

The Alexander, Hale's Early, Mountain Rose, and Oldmixon
Freestone, are not considered as desirable as the others."

We see that at least one practical grower is not disposed to
give up the cultivation of this delicious fruit, and may it not be
possible that the supposed ease with which it ma}' be grown has
led many to neglect their trees ? Do not many orchards indicate
this to be the case? Of course no one can control the seasons,
but for much of the negligence and slovenl}- cultivation too often
seen, there is no excuse. Let us hope that we may be blessed
with favorable seasons, so that we shall again witness large
exhibitions of the peach, to which much of our soil seems so well
adapted.

304 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

In this c'onneclion we will try to answer a few questions which
are frequently' asked of us in regard to small fruits, in doing
which we have requested the assistance of Mr. Benjamin G. Smith,
whom we all know as a successful grower of small fruits.

1. What varieties of Hardy Grapes would you advise the
amateur cultivator to plant for his own family use? Answer —
After my experience in the cultivation of fift3--seven hardy varie-
ties of native grapes, 1 consider most desirable Moore's Earh',
Brighton, Lindley, Wilder, Barry, Salem, and Lady.

2. What varieties of Strawberries would 3'ou advise the
amateur cultivator to plant for his own family use? Ansiver —
Belmont, Sharpless, Charles Downing, and Hervey Davis. The
last is of the highest quality but not a vigorous grower.

3. Has the cultivation of the Gooseberry been a success with
you ? if so, what are the varieties you recommend and the cultiva-
tion you give? Ansiver — Native varieties. Smith's Improved and
Charles Downing. Foreign varieties, Whitesmith, Bang-up,
Wellington's Glory, and Glenton Green. Mr. Smith says that
in England there are over six hundred varieties, named and
catalogued, many of which no doubt are as good as the above.
He further says, "My experience with both the Native and
Foreign varieties is very satisfactory. The idea has generally
been held that the cultivation of foreign gooseberries should not
be encouraged ; but my success these past fifteen years has been
all that I could desire, as I have not failed of an abundant crop
in any year. In order to secure this, I have considered their
requirements in location, cultivation, and general management,
the soil being underdrained and subsoiled with a liberal quantity
of barn-yard manure to the depth of twenty-four inches. Foreign
gooseberries will not endure the mid-day heat of our summer sun,
and my plants are therefore placed where the}' receive only the
morning and late afternoon sun. They are gross feeders and
require a liberal dressing annuallj' of barn-yard manure. I prac-
tice severe pruning and thinning."

4. Has j'our cold graper}' been a success and given you
general satisfaction? Answer — A cold grapery I would recom-
mend to any one who possesses sufficient interest to give it atten-
tion. My house is a lean-to about forty feet in length and
thirteen or fourteen feet wide, built twenty years ago, since
^which time it has proved a complete success. In three years

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 305

after its erection, the vines commenced fruiting and have
never failed to give a satisfactory' crop. I have never been
troubled with either mealy-bug or red spider, or other depredators,
and I think this exemption is in consequence of pulverized sulphur
scattered about the house, four or five times a yeav and a solution
of sulphur, lime, and soft soap about the consistency of thin
cream, brushed over the vines twice a year.

The varieties grown are Black Hamburg, Muscat Hamburg,
Victoria Hamburg, Wilmot's New Black Hamburg, Golden Ham-
burg, Lad}' Downe's Seedling, and White Chasselas. Mr. Smith
adds that he has given the house his personal attention, and it has
been a delightful recreation. We all know his enthusiasm as a
small fruit culturist ; not only his own garden but our exhibition
tables have given good evidence of the success he has attained
and this additional record of his practical experience will be read
with pleasure and profit by all. Much more might be added to
what has been said in answer to these questions, but all who
desire furthur information we are sure will find Mr. Smith quite
ready to impart it.

The awards made by the Committee are as follows :

Frovi the John A. Loivell Fund.

For the best arranged and best kept Flower Garden, to
Charles M. Atkinson, gardener to John L. Gardner,
the Lowell Plate, value, $40 00

Society's Prizes.

For the best Strawberry Garden, to Samuel Barnard, . 30 00
For the best Vineyard of one acre, with a full statement
of its planting, cultivation, and production, to Samuel
Hartwell, 35 00

Gratuities : —

To David Allan, gardener to Robert M. Pratt, for a well

managed and well kept Estate, . . . . 30 00
To Samuel Hartwell, for a well cultivated Apple Orchard, 15 00

306 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

In conclusion we call your attention to the changes in the
Schedule of Prizes, trusting that the increase in the same is suffi-
cient to insure a more spirited competition ; and the Committee
earnestly invite all the members of the Society to cooperate with
them by calling their attention to anything that properly comes
under their charge, that it may receive appropriate notice and that
the Committee may thus be enabled to fill the position for which it
is created, acceptably and profitably to the Society.

Committee

John G. Barker,

E. W. Wood,

C. N. Brackett,

J. H. Woodford, \ ^^

C. W. Ross, ( Gardens.

David Allan, I

Henry W. Wilson. '

REPORT

OF THE

Committee on Window Gardening,

FOR THE YEAR 1888.

By HENRIETTA L. T. WOLCOTT, Chairman.

As Chairman of the Committee on Window Gardening, it
becomes my dut}^ to report progress for the year 1888.

The task is by no means an easy one — difficulties confront me
before I commence. To chronicle the improvements in the
culture of roses — marvellous as they have been — in any given
number of years, or those in any other special flower, is not
beyond the power of the average florist. To report the marked
improvement in the most excellent and toothsome cabbage, to
specify its size, its good qualities in the line of early maturity,
keeping well for a season, etc., is not a burdensome task. Com-
paring the present with the past, and rejoicing in all such benefits
to the producer and consumer, would not tax the ability of any
of us.

But to report on the growth of an idea, and to present a tabu-
lated list of the evidences of improvement in the minds of individ-
uals becomes almost an impossibility, especially when that ideal
report is to be given to a practical people — and the members of
the Massachusetts Horticultural Society are, emphatically, a prac-
tical people.

If we begin with the old, old, "once upon a time," we must
admit that the suggestion that this Society should encourage the
cultivation of plants, in windows, by amateurs, came from philan-
thropic citizens, accompanied by the very practical offer of money
to defray expenses.

308 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The object of the foundei's of the Society was also theirs, viz. :
to stimulate the love of flowers among the people b}' cultivation,
to increase that love, and to disseminate throughout the land the
humanizing influences that surely follow the raising of flowers by
lovers of flowers.

The work of the florist, as a money-making pursuit had little
weight in their deliberations. We all appreciate the strides which
have been noticed, as the result of his skill and industry. What
Roses ! what Asters ! what superb Chrysanthemums ! have, dur-
ing the past year, been exhibited in these Rooms as the result of
intelligent labor in hybridizing and otherwise obtaining new and
improved varieties.

Regretfull}^ we admit that all florists are not lovers of flowers in
the best sense. Were the}', our boasted civilization would not be
disgraced by the atrocities shown on great occasions, in designs
of trade implements, or pet animals, in all of which flowers are
used. With this side of flower raising your Committee had abso-
lutely nothing to do. Upon them rested the burden of leading the
young of both sexes to the knowledge of what can be enjoyed
when cultivating one simple plant.

To them was also intrusted the responsibility of influencing
those children to desire beauty in their possibly desolate homes,
and, having created the desire, to foster it, to encourage the
development of an invisible sentiment, by watching the growth of
a visible object, knowing full well that when the mind of a child is
directed into sweet, wise, and useful paths, there will be little
time and less temptation to stray into unwise, unpleasant, and
injurious paths. All this your Committee felt, and therefore as
they bent to their task the}' were not cast down at the obstacles
presented.

How should the army of children be met? Naturally in schools.
The wise regulations ©f the Public Schools compelled us to seek
the influence of Sunday School teachers. When such as could
compass the idea and its possibilities gave time, it was always of
service.

Following the published plan of the Flower Committee, prizes
were offered for certain plants easily grown by adults. You see
we lost sight at once of the fact that children are not adults. To
compel little children to ride three or four miles and be absent

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON WINDOW GARDENING. SOi)

from home seven hours, dinnerless, became a cruelty, and no idea
can gain much in a decent communit}^ while it encourages wrong.
Therefore this season we obtained the use of halls in different
sections of the city, Orienta Hall, Roxbury (loaned by the late
Mr. Nathaniel J. Bradlee) ; the Church of the Good Shepherd,
and the Industrial School on North Bennett Street, besides the
Society's Hall.

A request to the School Committee of Boston that teachers
should be allowed to mention the work of the Window Gardening
Committee resulted most favorably. In the two exhibitions held
in Roxbury, the influence of earnest teachers was most marked.
The list of the Secretary of the Committee, Mr. Faxon, tells the
delightful story of two hundred plants brought to the Hall by the
children who had watched them grow, or who had gathered them
in the fields.

The exhibitions in this Hall were not large, owing to the loca-
tion. But your Committee, realizing that in the main, the young
exhibitors displaj'ed courage and persistence, in bringing their
property — often weighty to their slender arms — offered a simple
lunch to the children. Attractive as this was, the expense would
not have justified any one in calling it a junket of the Window
Gardening Committee.

To gather up a few of the results of the summer's work : — All
the dail}' papers and many monthly journals gave most favorable
notices of it. The reporters were much interested, and were
present on each occasion watching and noticing progress. Teach-
ers who did not at first listen to the proposition, later confessed
their ignorance and promised help in the future. Such of the
community as paused to see and hear, approved. The Priest and
Levite, who passed by on the other side, saw nothing of it. But
their eyes are opening ; already their words of cheer greet us.
Better than all this, fellow members of the Horticultural Society,
those who doubted and feared, have experienced a change of
heart ; and althougli the little plants were pinched and sometimes
unfit for exhibition, those gentlemen have realized that the little
folks, " didn't have half a chance," for the circumstances of each
child cannot be known to the distributor. The same most excel-
lent rbembers, loyal to the aims of the Society, have seen that no
visitor for a moment dreams that the plants were raised by a

310 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

professional florist. We are sure tlmt one brother, whose appre-
ciation of the marks of a well grown flower cannot be questioned,
helps in the good work and holds up the hands of the Committee
when he turns in sweet memory to the good and faithful teacher
whose lessons by the wayside, opened to his young mind the
wonders and delights, which, but for her, would have been as a
sealed book.

Her voice may be still ; his voice we feel sure is to open the
beautiful life to some other child. We know that in many homes
and many hearts there has been something received of greater
value than the simple prize awarded. A real desire to make home
attractive must in time lessen the number of wjiattractive homes,
and so tend to lessen the number of recruits for the criminal class.

Mr. President and fellow members, our simple stor}' is in your
hands ; it remains for us to ask you to consider the money claim
we bring. It is really a pittance that we ask for ; not as much
for our plans for a 3'ear as goes to ornament a festive, or add a
grief to a solemn, occasion. Grant that cheerfully ; trust in
3'our Committee, and you will be carrying out the wishes of the
founders of this Society.

Our expenses for the year have been met by the grant of this
Society, supplemented by a private donation.

Prizes for well kept plants have been awarded to over two
hundred children, varying in sums of from seventy-five cents for
first prize to ten cents for evidence of care. We have attempted
to follow the example set by the Society. In cases where a child
had nurtured a poor, sickly plant, not seeing its faults. Prang's
Cards were given, Mr Louis Prang having authorized us to call
for all we needed, and at any time.

As a supplement to this report it may be wise to give some idea
of our plans for the coming year.

We intend to offer prizes for the best kept window of plants.
Desiring to stimulate window gardening any where in the State,
the Committee promise to examine all that are entered for compe-
tition.

In response to a very urgent demand from teachers of public
schools, we intend to issue a small pamphlet, containing direc-
tions for raising plants in windows, explaining what is meant by a
well kept and well grown plant, together with a list of our native
flowers, and their localities.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON WINDOW GARDENING. 311

The amount appropriated by the Society for the use of the
Committee on Window Gardening for the year 1888, was $100.
Of this amount there has been awarded :

In Prizes, ......

In Gratuities, . . . . .

Total awards, ....

Paid for Printing and other Incidental

Expenses, .....

Total, . . ... . . $100 00

A donation of $25, received from a lady interested in the work
of the Committee and desirous to promote it, was also used for
incidental expenses.

Respectfully submitted for the Committee,

Henrietta L. T. Wolcott, Chairman.

$15

00

40

02

$55

02

44

98

REPORT

STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

FOR THE YEAR 1888.

By GEORGE CRUICKSHANKS, of Fitchburg.

Early in the year 1829, a few gentlemen in Boston and the
surrounding towns who had long considered the desirability of an
association among them for the advancement of the science and
art of Horticulture, decided to form one. The Massachusetts
Horticultural Society was organized on the 17th of March of that
year.

The influence of its members soon began to be felt ; so much so
that the histor}' of this Society' is now the history- of Horticulture
in this country. One of the first movements of importance made
by the Society was the purchase of a tract of land in Cambridge
and Watertown, which, in due time, was consecrated as the first
Rural Cemetery- in this country, — Mount Auburn, that beautiful
" garden of tlie dead," where repose the sacred dust of so many
of the noble men who were instrumental in securing the place for
Christian burial.

As time passed, the Society increased in influence, gaining
strength from year to year. In 1845, it built a hall on School
Street for its use ; but soon found that more room was needed, so
that in September, 1865, the Societ}' took possession of its
present home on Tremont Street, which is truh' a beautiful
temple, dedicated to Ceres, Flora, and Pomona, where the Florist
and the Fruit and Vegetable Grower may exhibit the choicest
products of their skill. In wealth and influence, this Society

REPORT TO THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 313

stands first in this country. At a banquet given by the Worcester
Horticultural Society in 1871, I heard the late Hou. Marshall P.
Wilder state that the Massachusetts Society was the wealthiest
horticultural society in this country or in Europe, not excepting
the Royal Horticultural Societ}' of London. The sum appropriated
for prizes for the year 1888, was six thousand dollars, to be
awarded at the several exhibitions during the season.

The year began with a course of Essays and Discussions on the
following subjects :

Jan. 14. Notes and Memories of our Early Horticulture, by
Rev. A. B. Muzzey, Cambridge.

Jan. 21. Esthetics in Agriculture, by George M. Whitaker,
Editor of the New England Farmer, Boston.

Jan. 28. Garden Vegetables, by M. B. Faxon, Boston.

Feb. 4. The Cultivation and Diseases of the Peach, by J.
H. Hale, South Glastonbury, Connecticut.

Feb. 11. Late Progress in the Application of Science to
Plant Culture, b}' Professor W. O. Atwater, Middletown, Con-
necticut.

Feb. 18. The Bulb Gardens of Holland, by Robert Farquhar,
Boston.

Feb. 25. Insects Injurious to Vegetation, b}^ Professor C. H.
Fernald, State Agricultural College, Amherst.

March 3. The Influence of Flowers upon National Life, b^-
Mrs. Fannie A. Deane, Edgartown.

March 10. Hybrid Roses, Old and New, by William H.
Spooner, Jamaica Plain.

March 17. Methods of Labelling Trees and Plants, by Robert
T. Jackson, Boston.

March 24. Fertilizers: — Agricultural, Physical, Intellectual
and Moral, by Rev. Frederick N. Knapp, Plymouth.

March 31. Meeting for general discussion of such subjects
pertaining to Horticulture as might be suggested.

These discussions were well attended, and full reports of them
are published in the Transactions of the Society.

It was my privilege to attend the four larger exhibitions of the
year, beginning with the Annual Spring Show in March. The
Special Prizes offered by the General Union of Holland for the
Promotion of Bulb Culture brought out a large and fine display
of Holland bulbs. Although this was the chief attraction, other

314 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

departments were not overlooked, — the Rose, the Azalea, the
Cyclamen, the Cineraria, and that Royal Famil}' of plants, the
Orchids, all made a fine displaj' of their choicest varieties. One
specimen worthy of special mention — Dendrohium nohile — was
perhaps the largest orchid ever brought into the hall, having more
than a thousand flowers, and many buds ready to open.

June, the month of Roses, brought the best products of the
rosarian to Horticultural Hall, on the 26th. The extremely hot
weather a few days previous, followed by heavy thunder showers,
interfered somewhat with the rose exhibit, but, notwithstanding,
the Queen of Flowers, appeared in great loveliness, in all shades
of color from the pure white of the Puritan to the rich glowing
crimson of Fisher Holmes.

The display of Strawberries in connection with the Rose Show
was as large as the Society ever made. A change in the Schedule
of Premiums for the past year brought out a large display of all
the best varieties, new and old, — the Sharpless, the Jewell, and
the Belmont taking the first place in the exhibition for size and
quaUt^'. This Strawberry Show has not been surpassed by an}'
former exhibition.

The Annual Autumnal Exhibition began September 18th, con-
tinuing four days.

The first exhibition of this Society that I attended was in
September, 1848, at Faneuil Hall. A larger and finer collection
of Fruits had never before been presented to the public eye in this
city ; and it was doubted whether it had ever been equalled in this
country, or surpassed b}' the exhibition of any society in Europe.
There were 350 sorts of Pears (one collection comprising 260 vari-
eties) and 150 of Apples. Cultivators of forty years ago vied
with each other to see which could show the largest number of
varieties. While this collection included sorts of no interest in
any exhibition, except to show that they were unworthy of culti-
vation, many of the dishes were filled with large and perfect spec-
imens of the finest varieties. A great improvement has been made
in the Schedule of this Society by offering premiums for the best
single dishes, instead of for the largest collection. Apples and
Pears at the late show were noted for their large size, fine color,
and freedom from all blemishes caused by insects, which goes
to show that cultivators are exercising more care in the cultiva-
tion of our standard fruits.

REPORT TO THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 315

Owing to the lateness of the season of 1888, native grapes were
not as ripe as usual. Nothing in the way of fruit shows so much
improvement as the Native Grape. The time is within the
memorj' of almost ever}' member of this Board, when the Catawba,
the Isabella, and the Clinton were the only varieties of hardy
grapes in cultivation. Now more than one hundred and fifty
varieties are on the market. To the Old Bay State is due the
credit of originating some of the best hardy grapes in cultivation.
Of Foreign grapes there were many bunches of the largest size : —
one bunch of the Victoria Hamburg weighed seven pounds and
eight ounces, and one of the Trebbiano seven pounds and seven
ounces. Both were from Mrs. Josiah Lasell, of Whitinsville.

In greenhouse and stove plants a like improvement is seen since
1848. The Camellia, the Orange, the Lemon, and the Acacia
have given place to the Croton, the Dracaena, the Alocasia, and
Caladiums, with all their various shades of color. The Areca, the
Tree Fern, and the stately Palm all combine to make an exhibition
of tropical plants of great beautj'.

The vegetables were all well grown, of the best varieties, and
of excellent quality.

The Annual Chrysanthemum Show of this Society, is one of
the most brilliant exhibitions of the year. Of late years the
Chrysanthemum has obtained a high position in the favor of the
amateur horticulturist. Nor is this surprising ; for the flower
expresses its beauty in almost every variety of shade and color.

Both the upper and lower halls were used for the collection.
The principal display was made in the Upper Hall where there was
a magnificent array of plants and cut flowers. The platform was
arranged as a bank of cut flowers, the rich colors blending in a
most gorgeous mass of variegated hues. In the middle of the
hall, and on either side, were arranged the exhibits of the various
growers.

The scene from the balcony was a charming one, as from this
point the colors stood out in contrast, — the pure white, the deli-
cate yellow, the clear lemon tint, or the warm orange hue ; and
near by, the pink, red, brown, and all the intermediate shades
with the curious combinations of color seen in some varieties.
This exhibition surpassed all others in the large number of choice
seedlings shown for the first time.

316 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

I will close, in the language of another: " Horticulture, the
study of the Book of Nature, makes men better, more benevolent,
more friendly, more honest, more industrious and frugal, and
happier, than devotion to the subtleties of trade, the wily and
crafty intrigues of politicians, or the gambling calculations of the
speculator. A close intercourse with fieUl, forest, and garden in
boyhood and youth lays the foundation for a better character and
for nobler aspirations in approaching manhood : and, as one com-
munes with Nature in old age, the language of his heart will be,

' Nearer, my God, to Thee,
Nearer to Thee."'

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION AND DISCUSSION,

FOR THE YEAR 1888.

In their annual ,work, 3'our Committee have pursued the usual
course of holding weekly discussions during the first quarter of
the year. The papers presented preliminary to the discussions
have been of a variety and scope tending to the advancement of
horticultural knowledge, both practical, and scientific. It is
believed that the}' will have a tendenc}' to maintain the high
standing of the Society, and the elaborate discussions following
the papers will increase the interest and value of our Annual
Transactions.

Your Committee are glad to notice an increased interest in the
meetings, manifest the past season, and feel thereby encouraged
in their work. They also tender in behalf of the Society their
hearty thanks to all who have so freely contributed, either by
papers or discussion, to the general welfare and usefulness of the
Society.

The publications, — both the Reports and Bulletins of the
Society have been placed on the table with commendable prompt-
ness and are eagerly sought by the members.

The Committee have made the following awards of prizes for
the Reports of the Committees awarding prizes for horticultural
products :

The First Prize of $10, to Joseph H. Woodford, for the Report
of the Committee on Plants and Flowers.

The Second Prize of $8, to Charles N. Brackett, for the Report
of the Committee on Vegetables.

The Third Prize of $6, to E. W. Wood, for the Report of the
Committee on Fruits.

O. B. Hadwen, ■^ Committee on

Francis H. Appleton, > Publication and
William H. Hunt, } Discussion.

REPORT

COMMITTEE ON THE LIBRARY,

FOR THE YEAR 1888.

The report of this Committee can vary but little from year to
year. The growth of the Library, the progress of the Catalogue
of Plates, and many other matters have been ver}' much the same
in 1888 as in 1887.

No one, therefore, will be surprised at the repetition of the state-
ment that our accommodations are insufficient for the books we
have, to say nothing of future acquisitions. Some time ago plans
were made for a galler}', by means of which the upper part of the
walls of this room could be made use of and an amount of space
obtained which would probably suffice for j^ears to come. The
matter seemed likely to receive the serious and favorable attention
which it deserved, but the project of building on the Public Garden
was proposed and the whole affair was dropped and apparently
forgotten.

We are well aware that importunity is wearisome, but we feel
that we shall fail in our duty if we neglect to urge yet again that
this plan or some other more feasible one be speedily carried out.
The items of expense will be slightly different but their sum will
be nearl}' the -same and we believe will not be burdensome to the
Society.

The librar}- is worth}^ of the expenditure. Tlie objects of this
Society' cannot be carried out b}' the mechanical processes of
gardening alone ; like all other undertakings they need the quick-
ening spirit which only the exercise of the intellect can infuse.
With rare exceptions, growing constantly rarer, in whatever
direction the inquirer may seek, the information he needs is here ;
notonlj- in the so-called "practical" books of details of cultivation,
but in the equally useful treatises of botanical structure, upon
which successful hybridization depends, or with the geographical

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 319

distribution of plants which in a large degree governs their nature
and determines the conditions necessary for their growth.

The Botanical Magazine still steadily pursues the path it has
followed for more than a hundred 3'ears and gives us, every month,
faithful portraits of plants, for the greater part new and largely
of horticultural interest ; and the youthful Lindenia, Reichen-
bachia, and Orchid Album give pictures of new orchids far beyond
the means of most of us to buy, but whose beauty as portrayed
in these works, must delight every beholder.

We have numerous monographs of popular families, such as the
magnificent work of Elwes on the Lil}', and the even more beauti-
ful treatise of Maw on the Crocus.

But there is no need of argument as to the value of the precious
collection for which we urge this increase of storage and consulta-
tion room ; a glance around these walls will show an array of
works whose equal few libraries in the world can show — whose
superior, none. It is likel}' that books will be purchased here-
after, perhaps in the next twelve months, as valuable as any we
now have, and for many 3'ears to come Mr. Stickney's generosity
will continue to draw into this room from the chief book-markets
of the world, the choicest treasures of horticultural and botanical
literature, both new and old. Shall they be becomingly lodged
or shall they not? If to any of us as individuals this bounty were
offered there would be no question about it ; we should be only
too glad to acknowledge the munificence of the giver by making
the best possible provision for the care of his gifts.

We make this appeal earnestly because we feel the need so
keenly, and we hope it may cause a revival of the action which
seemed in so hopeful a way a few" years ago.

We will add but little to this report. The Librarian will, as
usual, print a list of this year's acquisitions, enough in themselves
to form no mean library : there is, therefore no need of mention-
ing any of them here. We announce with much pleasure that a
Card Catalogue of our books and pamphlets of the present year
has been commenced, which is the beginning of a complete cata-
logue of books and subjects. This has been done b}' the libra-
rian's assistant, and will be no extra expense to the Society.

For the Committee,

W. E. ENDICOTT, Chairman.

320 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS.

The terms folio, quarto, octavo, etc., having become extremely
indefinite, it has been decided to substitute for them in the follow-
ing lists exact measurements, in inches and tenths of an inch, of
the size of the books, giving first the height, next the thickness,
and lastly the width. When a pamphlet possesses no measurable
thickness the place of that dimension is supplied by a dash. The
material and color of the binding are also given, keeping ever in
view the object of the whole description, viz., to enable any one
desiring any book to find it as quicklj' as possible.

Books Purchased.

Hill, John. Eden : or a Complete Body of Gardening, etc. Full calf,
16.5X2.5X10.3, pp. iv, 2, 714, ij; frontispiece and 60 plates.
London: 1757.

Forbes, James, A. L. S. Journal of a Horticultural Tour through Ger-
many, Belgium, and part of France, in the Autumn of 1835. Dull
blue-green cloth, 10.2X. 6X6.3, pp. viii, 164. London: 1837.

May, W. J. Greenhouse Management for Amateurs. Second edition,
revised and enlarged. Olive cloth, 7.8X1.5X5.2, pp. 379; 128
cuts. London: n.d. [1888?]

Hibberd, Shirley. The Garden C)racle and Illustrated Floricultural Year
Book for 1888. Thirtieth year. Boards, green, 6.9. X. 5X4. 7, pp.
200; cuts. London: 1888.

IiOUdon, Mrs. The Ladies' Magazine of Gardening. Half dark green mo-
rocco, 9. 5X 1.4X6., pp. 379; 12 colored plates, 1 colored plan, and
87 cuts. London : 1842.

International Horticultural Exhibition and Botanical Congress, held in
London, from May 22d to May 31st, 1866. Report of Proceedings.
Half green morocco, 9.6X1.2X6.1, pp. 428; 13 plates. London:
n.d.

California State Horticultural Commission. First Report. Black cloth,
9. 2X. 4X5. 7, pp. 94. Sacramento: 1882.

Cree, John. Hortus Addlestonensis : or a Descriptive Catalogue of Plants,
etc., cultivated and sold by him at Addlestone Nursery, Chertsey, in
the County of Surrey : containing the Botanic and English Names,
with Numerous Synonymes, etc., etc., to which is added A Select
List of Fruit Trees with Descriptions ; and also A Catalogue of
Garden Seeds, etc. Vellum, 7. 3 X. 8X4.9, pp. 172. London: 1829.

Pelton, S. On the Portraits of English Authors on Gardening, with Bio-
graphical Notices. Half brown linen, 9. X. 8X5. 6, pp. xx.xviii, 221 ;
4 cuts. London : 1830.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 321

Hea, John, Gent. Flora : or a Complete Florilege Furnished with All
Kequisites Belonging to a Florist. The Second Impression, Cor-
rected, with many Additions and Several New Plates. Old calf,
12.4X1.1X8., pp. 231; 16 flower garden plans. London: 1676.

Molyneux, Edwin. Chrysanthemums and their Culture. Third edition.
Brown cloth, 7. 3X. 4X4.7, pp. Ill; frontispiece and 18 cuts. Lon-
don: 1888.

Castle, Lewis. The Chrysanthemum Annual, 1887 and 1888. Two pamph-
lets, light blue, 7.2X— X4.8, pp. 32 and 53; 2 portraits in 1888.
London: 1887, 1888.

D'Ombrain, Rev. H. Honywood. The Rosarian's Year Book for 1877 and
1888. 2 vols. Boards, blue-gray, 7.2 X. 5X5. 4, pp. 57 and 93; por-
trait in 1888. London : 1877, 1888.

. Roses for Amateurs. Gray paper, 7.2X.3X4.9, pp.

64; 5 plates, 3 cuts. London: 1887.

Wynne, B. (Editor.) The Tuberous Begonia, its History and Cultivation.
By Contributors to the Gardening World. Dull blue cloth, 8.5X.5
X5.4, pp. 106; portraits and cuts. London: 1888.

Lothian, James. Practical Hints on the Culture and General Management
of Alpine or Rock Plants. Red cloth, 6. 5X. 4X4.1, pp 84; 2 plain
and 4 colored plates. Edinburg : n.d.

Schweizerisclie Obstsorten herausgegeben vom Schweizerischen Land-
wirthschaftlichen Verein. 3 vols. Half plum-colored cloth, 9.5X
.5 -.7X13.2, 100 colored plates and descriptive text. St. Gallen :
1863-1873.

Hitt, Thomas. A Treatise of Fruit Trees. Old calf, 7.9X1.3X4.9, pp.
viii, 392, 7; 7 plates. London: 1757.

Knight, T. A., Esq. The Culture of the Apple and Pear, and the Manu-
facture of Cider and Perry. Second edition, enlarged. Boards,
gray, 7.5X.7X4.5, pp. 182. Ludlow: 1802.

Meech, W. W. Quince Culture. Red cloth, 7.5X. 6X4.8, pp. 143; front-
ispiece and 122 cuts. New York : 1888.

Ponsot, Mme. Vve. Francis. De la Reconstitution et du GrefFage des
Vignes. Pamphlet, 9. 3X. 1X6.1, pp. 275-307 ; 4 plates. 1880.

California State Viticultural Commission. Second Annual Report,
1882. Black cloth, 9. IX. 3X5. 7, pp. 79. Sacramento: 1882,

Goesehke, Franz. Die Haselnuss, ihre Arten and ihre Kultur. Brown
cloth, 11. 4X. 8X7. 7, pp. viii, 99; 76 plates. Berlin: 1887.

Warner, Robert, F. R. H. S., F. L. S. Select Orchidaceous Plants.
Series 3. Part 9. Tea paper, 18. X — X 13., 3 colored plates. Lon-
don: 1881.

and Benjamin Samuel "Williams, F. L. S. and F. R. H. S.

Orchid Album. Vol. 7, Nos. 77-84; Vol. 8, Nos. 85-89. Half
dark green morocco, 12.3X1.1X9.8., 52 colored plates. London:
1888.

Linden, J., Lucius Linden, and Eraile Rodigas. Lindenia. Iconographie
des Orchidees. Vol. 3, Liv. 4-12; Vol. 4, Liv. 1-3 Half dark
green morocco, 14.2X1.4X10.8, 48 colored plates. Gand : 1888.

322 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Sander, F. Reichenbachia. Orchids Illustrated and Described. Vol. 1,
parts 11 and 12 ; (Vol. 1, bound in half green morocco), 21.7X2.X 16.
Vol. 2, parts 1 and 2. Dark gray paper, 21. 4X. IX 15.5, pp. 91-110
and 1-18; plates 41-56. St. Albans, London, Berlin, Paris and
New York : 1888.

Veitch, James, & Sons. A Manual of Orchidaceous Plants cultivated
under glass in Great Britain. Part 3. Dendrobium, Bulbophyl-
lum, and Cirrhopetaluni. Gray paper, 10. X. 4X6.1, pp. 104; 4
plates, 2 charts, and several cuts. Chelsea, Eng. : 1888.

Shaw, C. W. The London Market Gardens, or Flowers, Fruits, and
Vegetables as Grown for Market. Green cloth, 7. IX. 7X5., pp. 222.
London : 1879.

May, W. J. Vegetable Culture for Amateurs : being concise directions for
the Cultivation of Vegetables, with lists of the best varieties of each
sort. Blue paper, 7. 8X. 3X5.1, pp. 68. London: n. d. [1888?]

Sails, Mrs. Harriet A. De. Dressed Vegetables a la mode. Half dull
green cloth, 7. X. 4X4. 7, pp. 85. London: 1888.

Sutton & Sons. The Art of Preparing Vegetables for the Table. Red
cloth, 6.8X. 4X4.3, pp. 68. London: 1888.

Pierre, L. Flore Forestiere de la Cochin-Chine. Fascicles 9-11.
Half claret cloth, 21.8X.4X 15.5, plates 129-176, and descriptive
text. Paris: 1888.

Hartig, Dr. Theodor. Vollstiindige Naturgeschichte der forstlichen Cul-
turpflanzen Deutschlands. 2 vols. Half brown linen, 10.8X1.1-
1.2X9. Vol. 1, pp. 10, 4, xvii, 580; Vol, 2, pp. 37; 120 plates,
colored and plain. Berlin: 1840,1851.

Pokorny, Dr. Alois. Plantae Lignosse Imperii Austriaci. Osterreichs
Holzpflanzen. Half black morocco, 14. XI 8X10., pp. xxvii, 524;
80 plates. Wien : 18G4.

M'Intosh, Cliarles. The Larch Disease and the Present Condition of the
Larch Plantations in Great Britain. Green cloth, 7.6X.6X4.8, pp.
136. Edinburgh and London : 1860.

Brisbin, Gen. James S., U. S. A. Trees and Tree-Planting. Green cloth,
8.1X1.3X5.1, pp. xxxii, 258; portrait and 12 cuts. New York:
1888. -

Morris, Richard, F. L. S. Essays on Landscape Gardening, and on Unit-
ing Picturesque Effect with Rural Scenery : containing directions for
laying out and improving the grounds connected with a country
residence. Half blue cloth, 13. X. 5X10., pp. ix, 91; 7 plates.
London: 1825.

Vincent, John. Country Cottages. Designs for an Improved Class of
Dwellings for Agricultural Laborers. Second edition. Half green
cloth, 14.9X7X11., pp, ix, 19; 21 plates. London: 1861.

Todd, Sereno Edwards. Country Homes, and How to Save Money.
Green cloth, 8.8X2.3X5.7, pp. 728; 13 full-page engravings, and
plans and other cuts. Philadelphia: 1885.

Columella, L. Junius Moderatus. Of Husbandry, in Twelve Books : and
his Book Concerning Trees. Translated into English. Old calf,
10.3X 1.9X8., pp. xiv, 14, 600, 8. London : 1745.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 323

Laurence, John, M. A. A New System of Agriculture. Being a Com-
plete Body of Husbandry and Gardening, etc. Full calf, 14. X 1.6
X9., pp. 24, 456; frontispiece. London: 1726.

Duncumb, John, A. M. General View of the Agriculture of the County
of Hereford. Drawn up for the Consideration of the Board of Agri-
culture and Internal Improvement. Half gray paper, 9.2X.6X5.7,
pp. 173; 2 maps and 3 plates. London : 1813.

Royal Agricultural Society of England. Journal of the. Second series.
Vol. 24. Half green calf, 8.4X2. Xo. 4, pp. vii, xxxii, 700, clii ; cuts.
London: 1888.

Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland, Transactions, with an
Abstract of the Proceedings, and the Premiums offered by the
Society in 1888. 4th series. Vol.20. Blue cloth, 9. XI. 4X5.7,
pp. iv, 344, G9, 95, iii. Edinburgh : 1888.

Metzger, Johann. Europaiische Cerealien. In botanischer und landwirth-
schaftlicher hinsicht bearbeitet von, Universitiits-giirtner in Heidel-
berg. Half Eussia, 16.8X.7X 11.5, pp. viii, 74; 20 plates. Hei-
delberg: 1824.

CandoUe, Alphonse De. Histoire Naturelle, Agricole, et £conomique du
Mais. Par M. Matthieu Bonafous. (A Review by A. De C.)
Pamphlet, 9.2X — X6.2, pp. 21. Geneve: 1836.

Tropical Agriculturist. A Monthly Record of Information for Plant-
ers of Coffee, Tea, Cocoa, Cinchona, Rubbers, Sugar, Tobacco,
Cardamoms, Palms, Rice, and other Products suited for Cultivation
in the Tropics. 7 vols. Green cloth, 10.X2. 2 — 2.4X7.3, pp.
1088, 1008, 936 and 56, 952 and 15, 880, 856 and 8, and 864 and 12.
Colombo, Ceylon : 1882-1888.

Rural Life in Bengal ; Illustrative of Anglo-Indian Suburban Life : more
particularly in connection with the Planter and Peasantry, the varied
produce of the soil and seasons ; with copious details of the culture
and manufacture of Indigo. By the Author of Anglo-Indian Domes-
tic Life, etc. Dull blue cloth, 10.4X.8X7., pp. xii, 203; map and
160 cuts. London : 1860.

Anderson, James, LL. D. A Practical Treatise on Peat-Moss considered
as in its natural state fitted for affording Fuel or as susceptible of
being converted into Mold, etc. Half calf, 8.5X.6X5.3, pp. xxvi,
150. Edinburgh: 1794.

Stephens, George. The Practical Irrigator and Drainer. Half green
cloth, 9. 3X. 8X5. 7, pp. viii, 195 ; 13 plans. Edinburgh and London :
1834.

Church, A. H., M. A., etc. Sulphate of Ammonia as a Manure. Gray
paper, 8.8X — X5.7, pp. 12. Sheffield, England : 1886.

Royle, John Forbes, M. D., F. R. S., L. S., and G. S. Essay on the
Productive Resources of India. Slate-colored cloth, 10.1X1.5X6.3,
pp. X, 451. London: 1840.

Drury, Heber. The Useful Plants of India, alphabetically arranged, with
botanical descriptions, vernacular synonyms and notices of their

324 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

economical value in Commerce, Medicine and the Arts. Brown
cloth, 8.2X1.5X5.2, pp, xiv, 559. Madras: 1858.

Collins, James, F. B. S. Edin. Report on the Caoutchouc of Commerce,
being Information on the Plants Yielding it, their Geographical
Distribution, Climatic Conditions, and the possibility of their Culti-
vation and Acclimatization in India. Plum-colored cloth, 10.9X.6
X7.5, pp. xii, 54; 4 plates, 2 maps, 3 cuts. London : 1872.

Ninth. Annual Report on the Noxious, Beneficial, and Other Insects of the
State of Missouri. By Charles V. Riley, State Entomologist.
Brown paper, 9. IX. 3X6., pp. 129, iii; 33 cuts. Jefferson City:

Ormerod, Eleanor A., F. R. Met. Soc, etc. Reports of Observations of
Injurious Insects and Common Farm Pests. 1877-1887. 12 pamph-
lets, salmon-colored paper, 9.7. X. 2X6., cuts. London: 1877-1888.

Sorauer, Dr. Paul. Die Obstbaumkrankheiten. Terra-cotta cloth, 7.3X
.5X4.8, pp. viii, 204. Berlin: 1882.

. Atlas der Pflanzenkrankheiten. Atlas: 2 vols., boards,

16.x. 2X10., plates i-viii and ix-xvi. Text: 2 pamphlets, lO.X —
X6.5, pp. 8 and 9-12. Berlin : 1887.

Weinmann, Johann Wilhelm. Phytanthoza-Iconographia, etc. 5 vols..
(Vols. 1-4, text and plates; vol.5, index.) Stamped parchment,
18.6X3.5-4.1X11.5 (vols. 1-4) and 15. 5X. 9X10.5 (vol. 5), pp.
200, 516, 488, 540, and 81 ; 1025 colored plates and 2 portraits.
Ratisbona; : 1735-1745.

Matthiolus, Petrus Andrea. De plantis Epitome utilissima, etc. Novis
iconibus et descriptionibus pluribus nunc primum diligenter aucta
a D.Joachimo Camerario medico inclytas Reip. Noribergensis.
Accessit Catalogus Plantarum, quae in hoc compendio continentur,
exactiss. Parchment, 8.7X3.4X6.5, pp. 1003, 27; 1003 cuts.
Francofurti ad Moenum : 1586.

Baillon, H. The Natural History of Plants. Vol. 8 (in continuation).
Compositae, Campanulaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Loasaceee, Passifloraceae,
Begoniaceee. Green cloth, 10.5X2. X7., pp.516; 353 cuts. Lon-
don: 1888.

. Histoire des Plantes. Monographic des Droseracees, Tamarica-

cees, Salicacees, Batidacees, Podostemacees, Plantaginacees, Solan-
acees, Scrophulariacees. (Completion of 9th vol.) Blue paper,
11. X. 5X7., pp. 225-491; figures 246-594. Paris : 1888.

Iiinnean Society of London, Transactions. 2d series. Botany. Vol.
2. Part 15. Enumeration of the Plants Collected by Mr. H. H.
Johnston on the Kilima-Njaro Expedition, 1884. By Professor
D. Oliver, F. R. S., F. L. S., and the Officers of the Kew Herba-
rium. Part 16. Title page, contents, and index. Blue paper,
12.x. 1X9.3, pp. 327-356 and 357-365, v; plates 60-63. London:
1887, 1888.

. Journal of the. Botany. Vol. 23, Nos. 153-155 ;

Vol. 24, Nos. 162-164. Blue paper, 8.7X.3X5.6, pp. 241-400 and
261-495; plates 7-10 and 9-19. London: 1887, 1888.

KEPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 325

Ketchtun, Annie Chambers-, A. M., Member of the New York Academy
of Sciences. Botany for Academies and Colleges ; consisting of
Plant Development and Structure, from Seaweed to Clematis ; and a
Manual of Plants, including all the known orders with their Repre-
sentative Genera. Blue clotli, 7.()Xl.X5., pp. xiv, 190, xvii, 192;
frontispiece, 245 cuts, and geological table. Philadelphia : 1889.

Iiincoln, Mrs. Almira H. Familiar Lectures on Botany, Practical, Ele-
mentary, and Physical. "With an Appendix containing descriptions
of the Plants of the United States, and Exotics, etc. Calf, 8.1X1.3
X5., pp. 246, and 18G; 8 plates, and 158 cuts. New York: 1840.

Oeder, Georg Christian. Einleitung zu der Krauterkenntniss. Half calf,
7.9X1.4X5.2, pp. 10, 434, 2; 14 plates. Kopenhagen : 1764.

Watson, Sereno. Contributions to American Botany. Pamphlets.

I. New Plants of Northern Arizona and the Region Adjacent. 9.2

X — X5.8, pp. 7. 1873.

II. Revisions of the Extra-Tropical North American Species of the

Genera Lupinus, Potentilla, and Oenothera. 10. X. 3X6., pp.
517-618. 1873.

III. On Section Avicularia of the Genus Polygonum. 9.oX — X6.,
pp. 662-665. 1873.

IV. Revision of the North American Chenopodiacese. 9.2X — X

5.9, pp. 82-126. 1874.

V. Revision of the Genus Ceanothus, and Descriptions of New

Plants, with a Synopsis of the Western Species of Silene.
9. 6X—X6., pp. 333-350. 1875.

VI. I. On the Flora of Guadalupe Island, Lower California.

II. List of a collection of Plants from Guadalupe Island, made
by Dr. Edward Palmer, with his notes.

III. Descriptions of New Species of Plants, chiefly Califor-
nian, with Revisions of certain Genera.

9.7X — X6., pp. 105-148. 1876.

VII. Descriptions of New Species of Plants, with Revisions of

Lychnis, Eriogonum, and Chorizanthe. 9.6X — X6., pp.
246-278. 1876.

VIII. The Poplars of North America. 9.3X — X5.9, pp. 3. 1878.

IX. I. List of Plants collected by Dr. Edward Palmer in South-

western Chiliuahua, Mexico, in 1885.

II. Descriptions of New Species of Plants, chiefly from the
Pacific States and Chihuahua.

III. Notes upon Plants collected in the Department of
Yzabal, Guatemala, February to April, 1885. I. Ranun-
culaceae to Connaraceae.

IV. Notes upon some Palms of Guatemala.
9.5X— X6., pp. 414-468, 2. 1886.

Dame, L. L., and F. S. Collins. Flora of Middlesex County, Massachu-
setts. Light brown cloth, 9.2X1.X6.2, pp. 19,9,201; map. Mai-
den: 1888.

326 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Jackson, Joseph. Catalogue of the Phjenogamous and Vascular Cryptog-
anious Plants of Worcester County, Massachusetts. Gray paper,
9.2X— X5.8, pp. V, 48. Worcester: 1883.

Bennett, J. L. Plants of Rhode Island, being an Enumeration of Plants
growing without Cultivation in the State of Rhode Island. Blue-
green paper, 9.2X.5Xr)., pp. xiii, 128. Providence: 1888. [Pro-
ceedings of Providence Franklin Society.]

Croom, H. B., A. M. A Catalogue of Plants, Native or Naturalized, in
the Vicinity of Newbern, N. C, with remarks and synonyms.
Green paper, 9. 2X. 2X5.2, pp. x, 52. New York: 1837.

Brendel, Frederick. Flora Peoriana. The Vegetation in the Climate of
Middle Illinois. Green flexible cloth, 10. IX. 2X6.4, pp, 89.
Peoria, 111. : 1887.

Hemsley, W. B. Biologia Centrali-Americana. Botany. Vol. 4. Part
24. December, 1887. Gray paper, 2.6X.4X10.1, pp. 299-410;
110 plates. London: 1887.

Hudge, Edward. Plantaruni Guianre rarioruni icones et descriptiones
hactenus ineditaj. Half Rus.sia, 16.8X l.X 11.5, pp.32; 50 plates.
London: 1805.

Martius, Karl Friedrich Philipp von. Flora Brasiliensis. Fasciculi 97,
98, 99, 100, 101, 102. Half dark brown cloth, 18.7X.3-.7X 12.2,
pp. 261-380, 117-250, 1-21?, 213-398, 1-124, and 381-486; plates
52-78, 25-50, 1-45, 46-78, 68-93, and 79-1 10. Lipsi^ : April, 1886,
to April, 1888.

Hill, John, M. D. The British Herbal. An History of Plants and Trees,
Natives of Britain, cultivated for use or raised for beauty. Full
calf, 16.x 2. 2X10.2, pp. 2, 533, and index; frontispiece and 75
plates. London : 1756.

Hulme, F. Edward, F. L. S., F. S. A. Familiar Wild Flowers. Fifth
series. Green cloth, 7.7X1.2X5.2, pp. xvi, 168; 40 colored plates.
London, Paris, and New York: n. d. [1888?]

Bulliard, Pierre. Histoire des Plantes veneneuses et suspectes de la
France. [Herbier de la France. Premiere division.] Boards,
old blue marble paper, 14. X. 7X9., pp. x, 177. Paris: 1784.

Lange, Joh. Nomenclator "Flora Daniel." Half calf, 10.6X1. X8.4,
pp. viii, 354. Hauniae : 1887.

Hallier, Dr. Ernst, and others. Flora von Deutschland. Parts 205-234
(in continuation). Blue paper, 8.X.3 -.6X5.7, 418 plates and text.
Gera-Untermhaus : 1887-1888.

Hoffmansegg, Johann Centurius, et Heinrich Friedrich Link. Flore
Portugaise, ou description de toutes les Plantes qui croissent natur-
ellement en Portugal. 3 vols. Half green morocco, 22. X 1.4 -2.
X15. Vol. 1, pp. 458; Vol. 2, pp. 436; Vol. 3, 3 plain and 111
colored plates. Berlin: 1809-1820.

Willkomm, Maurice. lUustrationes Florse Hispaniae, insularumque
Balearium. Livraison 14 (in continuation). Blue paper, 13.8X.1
XlO.l, pp. 49-64; plates 120-127. Stuttgart: 1888.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 327

Cesati, Passerini, e Gibelli. Compendio della Flora Italiana. Fascicle
36. Magenta paper, 11.1 X — X7.6, tavole 100-105 (in continuation).
Milano: 1888.

Parlatore, Prof. Philippo. Flora Italiana. Vol. 5, part 2; Vol. 6, com-
plete; Vol. 7, part 1 ; Vol. 8, part 1. Edited since Vol. 6 by Prof.
Caruel. Blue paper, 9. -9. 4X. 6 -.7X6. Firenze : 1875-1888.

Cupani, Francesco. Panphyton (Herbarium) Siculum. Half calf, 9.6X
.6X7.3, 176 plates. Panormi : 1713.

Cosson, Ernest, Durieu de Maisonneuve, and others. Exploration scienti-
fique de I'Algerie. Botanique. Flore d'Algerie. 3 vols. Half green
morocco, 15. X 1.7 - 2.5X 11.5. Vol. 1, Cryptogamie, premiere
partie. Par Durieu de Maisonneuve, pp. ii, 631 ; Vol. 2, Deux-
ieme partie. Phanerogamie. Groupe des Glumacees. Par E.
Cosson et Durieu de Maisonneuve, pp. civ, 331 ; Vol. 3, Atlas,
pp. 4, ii, 39; 90 colored plates. Paris : 1846-1867.

Ledebour, C F. a. Commentarius in J. G. Gmelini Floram Sibiricam.
Pamphlet, 10.5X. 2X8. 3, pp. 43-138. Kegensburg: 1841.

Hetley, Mrs. Charles. The Native Flowers of New Zealand. Half green
morocco, 15.2X l.X 11.3, 3 plain and 36 colored plates, wilh descrip-
. tive text and preface. London : 1888.

Host, Nicholaus Thomas, M. D. Icones et Descriptiones Graminum
Austriacorum. 4 vols. Half sheep, 18.7X1.5X13.5, pp. 6 and 74,
72, 66, 58 and 4; 400 colored plates. Vindobonse : 1801-1809.

Schott, Heinrich Wllhelra. Icones Aroidearum. Green cloth, 20.7X.7X
14. [No text.] 40 colored plates. Vindobonai : 1857.

Spae, D. Memoire sur les Especes du Genre Lis. Dark green cloth,
11.2X.2X8.5, pp. 46. Bruxelles : 1845.

Sinclair, George. Hortus Ericseus Woburnensis; or a Catalogue of Heaths
in the Collection of the Duke of Bedford at Woburn Abbey. Alpha-
betically and Systematically arranged. Half dark green leather,
12.3X.5X9.5, pp. xiv, 2, 42; 6 colored and 4 plain plates. (London:)
1825.

Mueller, Ferd., K. C. M. G., etc. Iconography of Australian Species of
Acacia and Cognate Genera. Decades 1-4. Buff paper, 12.X.2X
9.7. 40 plates. Melbourne: 1887.

Baker, J. G., F. R. S., F. L. S. Handbook of the Amaryllideffi, including
the Alstroemeriese and Agaveae. Blue-green cloth, 8. 9 X. 9X5. 5,
pp. xii, 216. London : 1888.

Gay, Jacques. Allii Species Octo Pleraeque Algeriensis. Blue paper,
10.X.1X6.5, pp. 31. Paris: 1847.

Fee, .A.. L. A. Memoires sur la Famille des Foug^res. Memoires 1-11.
Acrostichees. Vittariees. Pleurogrammees. Antrophyees. Poly-
podiacees. Lycopodiacees du Mexique. Fougeres exotiques rares
ou nouvelles. Fougeres et Lycopodiacees des Antilles. Also,
Cryptogames Vasculaires (Fougeres, Lycopodiacees, Hydropteri-
dees, fiquisetacees) du Brazil. 5 vols. Half green calf. Vol. 1,
19.X1.5X12.; Vols. 2-5, 12.X1.- 2.X9. 289 plates. Paris and
Strasbourg: 1844-1873.

328 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Moore, Thomas, F. L. S., F. H. S., etc. The Handbook of British Ferns:
being Descriptions, with Engravings, of the Species and their varie-
ties, together with Instructions for their cultivation. Third edition.
Green cloth, 6.4X. 9X3.9, pp. iv, 295; cuts. London: 1857.

Francis, G. W.,F. L. S. An Analysis of the British Ferns and their
Allies. Fifth edition, Kevised and Enlarged by Arthur Henfrey,
F. R. S. Green cloth, 8. 7 X. 6X5.5, pp. viii, 92; 10 plates. Lon-
don : 1855.

Baker, J. G., F. R. S , F. L. S. Handbook of the Fern-Allies : A Synop-
sis of the Genera and Species of the Natural Orders Equisetacese,
Ljcopodiacese, Selaginellaceae, Rhizocarpeae. Blue-green cloth,
9.x. 6X5. 6, pp. 159. London: 1887.

Braithwaite, R., M. D., F. L. S., etc. The Sphagnaceas or Peat-Mosset
of Europe and North America. Dark green cloth, 10.2X1.1X6.7,
pp.91; 29 plates with descriptions. London: 1880.

Tuckerman, Edward, M. A. A Synopsis of the North American Lichens :
Part 2, Comprising the Lecideacei, and (in part) the Graphidacei.
Olive green paper, 8.6X.4X5.5, pp. 17G. New Bedford, Mass.:
1888.

IiUCand, Capitaine. Figures peintes de Champignons de la France.
(Suites a I'lconographie de BuUiard.) Fascicles 9 and 10 (in
continuation.) Green paper, 13. X — XIO., plates 201-250, with de-
scriptive text. Autun: 1887, 1888.

Cooke, M. C. Illustrations of British Fungi, to serve as an Atlas to the
Handbook of British Fungi. Parts 52-G5. Gray paper, 9. X. IX 6.,
plates 815-1034. London and Edinburgh: 1887-1888.

. Index Fungorum Britannicorum. A Complete List of

Fungi found in the British Islands to the present date. Dark green
cloth, 9.7X.2X6.2, pp. 58. London: n. d.

De Bary, A. Fungi, Mycetezoa, and Bacteria. Translated by Henry E.
F. Garnsey; Revised by Isaac Bayley Balfour. Half dark green
morocco, 9.8X1.4X6.5, pp. xix, 525; 198 cuts. Oxford: 1887.

Gravis, A. Les Anomalies Florales du Poirier et la Nature Morphologique
de I'Anthere. [An article in the Bulletin dc la Societe Royale de
Botaniquie de Belgique, Tome 19, premiere partie.] Green paper,
8.7X.2X5.7, pp. 40-78; 3 plates. Bruxelles : 1880.

Reichenbach, Heinrich Gustav. De Pollinis Orchidearum Genesi ac
Structura et de Orchideis in Artem ac Systema redigendis. Old
red cloth, 10.8X. 3X8.9, pp. 38; 2 plates. Lipsise : 1852.

Henslow, Rev. George, M. A., F. L. S., F. G. S. The Origin of Floral
. Structures through Insects and other Agencies. [The International
Scientific Series, Vol. 64.] Red cloth, 7.GX 1.1X5., pp. xix, 349 ;
88 cuts. London: 1888.

Schouw, Joachim Frederic. The Earth, Plants, and Man. And Sketches
from the Mineral Kingdom, by Francis von Kobell. Translated
and edited by Arthur Henfrey, F. R. S., F. L. S., etc. Half calf,
7.1X1.1X4.6, pp. 402; map. London: 1852.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 329

IVood, J. G., M. A., F. L. S. The Illustrated Natural History. Vol. 2,
Birds. Vol. 3, Reptiles, Fishes, Molluscs. [Completing the set].
Half red morocco, 10.4X2.-2.2X7.2, pp. 2, 786, and 4, 810 ; front-
ispiece and cuts. London : 1862, 1863.

Books, etc., Received by Donation and Exchange.

Hibberd, Shirley. The Garden Oracle and Floricultural Year Book,
1873. 15th year. Boards, green, 6. 6X. 5X4. 8, pp. 152 ; cuts. Lon-
don : 1873. Charles W. Jenks.

Joly, Charles. Note sur la statistique horticole en France et aux Etats-
Unis. [Extrait du Journal de la Societe nationale d'Horticulture de
France. Cahier d'aout, 1888, pp. 458-465.] Pamphlet, blue-gray,
8.4X — X5.4, pp. 8; 1 cut. Paris: 1888. The Author.

£relage, J. H. Ouderdomssysteem. (A Historical Note on the Degen-
eration of Fruits and Plants.) Contained in Het Nederlandsche Tuin-
bouwblad, No. 8, Februari, 1888. Pamphlet, 11.8X— X9.5, pp.
61-70. 1888. The Author.

Saweis, Mrs. Rus in Urbe : or Flowers that Thrive in London Gardens
and Smoky Towns. Calico, 5. 3 X. 5X4.1, pp. 136; frontispiece and
20 cuts. London: n.d. [1888?] Waldo O. Ross.

E.OS en-Litter atur, Katalog der deutschen, englischen, franzosischen,
italienischen, und americanischen, etc. Pamphlet, 6. 3X — X4.6,pp,
11. Frankfurt a. M. : 1887-'88. The Publishers.

American Florists, Society of. Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Conven-
tion, held at New York, August 21-23, 1888. Pamphlet, light brown,
8. 9X. 4X5.8, pp. 189; portrait. Boston : 1888. William J. Stewart,
Secretary.

New Jersey Floricultural Society. Schedule of Premiums for the Forth-
coming Great Chrysanthemum Show at Orange, November 7-9, 1888.
Pamphlet, 9.8X— X6.2, pp. 4. 1888. The Society.

Chrysanthemum Society, The National [English]. Annual Report and
Financial Statement. Schedule of Prizes for 1888. Pamphlet,
pink, 8.4X.2X5.4, pp. 68. London: 1888. C. Harman Payne,
Honorary Corresponding Secretary.

Chrysanthemums, Catalogue of, prepared by a specially selected Com-
mittee of the National [English] Chrysanthemum Society. Part 2.
Pamphlet, buff, 8. 5 X. IX 5. 5, pp. 36, Also Part 3. Pamphlet, pale
green, pp. viii, 65. C. Harman Payne, Honorary Foreign Corres-
ponding Secretary.

Xelong, B. M. A Treatise on Citrus Culture in California. With a
Description of the Best Varieties grown in the State, and Varieties
grown in other States and Foreign Countries ; Gathering, Packing,
Curing, Pruning, Budding, Diseases, etc. Dark purple cloth, 9.2X
.4X6.,pp, 96; 17 cuts, colored plate. Sacramento: 1888. The
Author.

330 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Cooper, Hon. Elwood. Olive Culture. Read by him at Sacramento,
November 19, 1886, before the Sixth Annual Fruit Growers' Con-
vention. Pamphlet, 8.9X— Xo.8, pp. 8. [Being pp. 327-331 of the
Biennial Report of 188G.] B. M. Lelong, Secretary of the State
Board of Horticulture.

Green, Charles A. Green's Fruit Grower. Special Issue. [Five num-
bers in one.] July and October, 1886, and April, July, and October,
1887. Pamphlet, green, 9. IX. 1X6., pp. 28, 18, 24, 28,28; cuts.
Rochester, N. Y : 1888. The Publishers.

Joly, Charles. Note sur la Culture de la Vigne sous Verre. Pamphlet,
gray, 8. 4X — X5. 4, pp. 15; 3 cuts. Paris : 1888. The Author.

Lombard, Sons of A. C. Review of E.xports of Apples from America to
Europe. Seasons of 1886-'87 and 1887-'88. 2 broadside circulars,
11. X8. Boston: 1887, 1888. Messrs. Lombard.

United States Department of Agriculture. Division of Pomology. Bulle-
tin No. 1. Report on the Condition of Tropical and Semi-Tropical
Plants in the United States, in 1887. Prepared under the Direction
of tlie Commissioner of Agriculture. Pamphlet, tea, 9.1X.3X5 8,
pp. 149 ; 3 colored plates. Washington : 1888. Bulletin No. 2.
Report on the Adaptation of Russian and other Fruits to the Extreme
Northern Portions of the United States. Prepared under the direc-
tion of the Commissioner of Agriculture. Pamphlet, tea, 9.1X.1
X5.8, pp. 64. Washington: 1888. Hon. Norman J. Colman,
Commissioner of Agriculture.

American Pomological Societj', Proceedings of the Twenty-first Session.
Held in Boston, Mass., September 14-16, 1887. With State Fruit
Reports and Catalogue of Fruits. Pamphlet, tea, 11.8X. 4X9., pp.149,
Ivi. Printed for the Society : 1888. Benjamin G. Smith, Treasurer.

Gibb, Charles. The Nomenclature of our Russian Fruits. From the
American Pomological Society's Report for 1887. Pamphlet, gray,
11.9X— X9., pp. 24. Grand Rapids, Mich. : 1888. The Author.

Joly, Charles. Note sur la vingt et unieme session de la Societe pomologique
Americaine. [E.xtrait du Journal de la Societe Nationale d'Horti-
culture de France. Cahier d'avril, 1888, pp. 226 a 229 ] Pamphlet,
8.4X— X^4.3, pp. 4. Paris: 1888. The Author.

Nova Scotia Fruit Growers' Association and International Show Society.
Transactions and Reports. 1887. Pamphlet, flesh color, 8.6X.2X
5.8, pp. 141. Halifax: 1887. C. H. R. Starr.

Ontario Fruit Growers' Association. Report for the year 1887. Pamphlet,
salmon color, 9. 6X. 4X6. 5, pp. 177 ; cuts. Toronto: 1888. Linus
Woolverton, Secretary.

Maine State Pomological Society. Transactions for the year 1887. Edited
by the Secretary, D. H. Knowlton. Pamphlet, light olive brown,
9.x. 4X5. 8, pp. 164; 1 plate. Augusta: 1888. The Secretarj.
[5 copies.]

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 331

Viticulture and Viniculture in California. Statements and Extracts from
Reports of the Board, etc. [For the New Orleans World's Fair.]
Pamphlet, buff, 8,GX. IX 5. 8, pp. 42. Sacramento: 1885. Charles
A. Wetmore.

California Board of State Viticultural Commissioners. Annual Report for
1887. Black cloth, 9. 3X. 4X6., pp. 144; 2 cuts. Sacramento : 1888.
From the State Viticultural Commission.

California State Viticultural Convention, Report of the Fifth Annual,
held at San Francisco, March 7-11, 1887, under the auspices of the
Grape Growers' and Wine Makers' Association of California. Pam-
phlet, light brown, 9.6X.lX6.r>, pp. 88. San Francisco: 1887.
Charles A. Wetmore.

. Report of the Sixth Annual, held at San Fran-
cisco, March 7-10, 1888, under the auspices of the Board
of State Viticultural Commissioners of California. Black cloth,
9.2X.6X6., pp. 218; diagram. Sacramento: 1888. The State
Viticultural Commission.

California Fruit Growers. Synopsis of Proceedings of the Eighth Conven-
tion, held at Santa Rosa, November 8-11, 1887. Pamphlet, buff,
9.x. 1X5. 8, pp. 64. Sacramento: 1888. B. M. Lelong, Secretary
of the State Board of Horticulture.

Societe Pomologique de France. Catalogue Descriptif des Fruits adopt^s
par le Congres Pomologique. Pamphlet, gray, 9. 8 X. 9X6. 5, pp.
433; cuts. Lyon: 1887. The Society.

. Bulletin. La Pomologie Fran^aise. Nos. 1-6, 1888,

4e Serie. 6 pamphlets, yellow, 9. 3X. 2X6.2. Lyon : 1888. Louis
Cusin, Secretary.

Association Pomologique de I'Ouest. Congres pour I'etude des Fruits a
Cidre, tenu a Versailles du 25 au 31 Octobre, 1886. Par M. Miche-
lin. Pamphlet, gray, 8.5 X — X5.3, pp. 10. [Extrait du Journal de
la Societe Nationale d'Horticulture de France. July, 1887.] Paris :
1887. Ch. Joly.

Soston Parks Commissioners. Thirteenth Annual Report, for the year
1887. Pamphlet, green, 9. X. 5X5. 6, pp. 127; 6 photographic
plates, charts, sections, etc. Boston : 1888. The Commissioners.

Worcester Parks-Commission. Annual Report for the year ending
November 30, 1887. Pamphlet, green, 9.8X — X6.2, pp. 39. Wor-
cester, Mass. : 1888. E. W. Lincoln, Chairman.

Baltimore Park Commission. Twenty-eighth Annual Report, for the year
1887. Pamphlet, green, 8.5X— X5.8, pp. 58. Baltimore: 1888.
D. Rayhice, Secretary.

Cleveland, H. W. S. The Esthetic Development of the United Cities of
Minneapolis and St. Paul. Pamphlet, dark red imitation morocco,
7.6X — X5.2, pp, 20; plan. Minneapolis: 1888: The Author.

Joly, Charles. Note sur le pare de la liberte a Lisbonne. Pamphlet,
gray, 9. X. 1X5. 6, pp. 24; IG cuts, 4 plans. Paris: 1888. The
Author.

332 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mount Auburn Cemetery. Fifty-sixth Annual Report for the Year 1887.
Pamphlet, gray, 9. IX— X5.9, pp. 17. Boston : 1888. The Corpora-
tion.

Association of American Cemetery Superintendents. Proceedings of the
Second Annual Convention. Held at Brooklyn, N. Y., September
5 and 6, 1888. Pamphlet, raw sienna, 8.4X.1X5.9, pp. 61; frontis-
piece, 2 cuts. .'Vkron, Ohio : 1888. John G. Barker.

Robinson, Prof. John. Forestry and Arboriculture in Massachusetts.
Pamphlet, blue, 9. IX — X5.8, pp. 24. Read before the Massachu-
setts Board of Agriculture, at Springfield, December 6, 1887, and
printed with the Thirty-fifth Annual Report of the Board, 1887.
The Author.

Falconer, William. Shade and Ornamental Trees, etc. Prize Essay.
Pamphlet, blue, 8.9X.1X5.9, pp. 21. Jamaica, N. Y. : 1888. The
Author.

American Forestry Congress. Circulars, etc. Annual Meeting of the
American Forestry Congress held in Denver, Col., September,
1888. Pamphlet, 8.7X — X6., pp. 11. Forestry Bulletin, No. 2,
September, 1884. Pamphlet, 9. 3X — X5.9, pp. 13. Also seven cir-
culars on Public Timber Lands, Protection of Forests, etc., a copy
of the Florida Chatauqua, one of Forest Leaves, and a newspaper
article entitled "Danger to Forests." B. E. Fernow, Chief of
Division.

United States Department of Agriculture. Annual Report of the Division
of Forestry for 1887. By B. E. Fernow, Chief of Division. Pam-
phlet, tea, 9. IX. 3X5. 8, pp. 156. Washington: 1888. Hon. Norman
J. Colman, Commissioner.

. Forestry Division. Bulletin No. 2. Report

on the Forest Conditions of the Rocky Mountains, and other papers.
Pamphlet, tea, 9. IX. 4X5. 9, pp. 252; 2 tables, 2 maps. Washing-
ton : 1888. Hon. Norman J. Colman, Commissioner.

. Forestry Division. Increasing the Durability

of Timber. Pamphlet, 8.5X — X5 8, pp. 4. n.d. Hon. Norman J.
Colman, Commissioner.

United States Consular Reports. Forest Culture in Hesse. Report of
James Henry Smith, U. S. Commercial Agent at Mayence. [Con-
tained also in Consular Report, No. 88. January, 1888.] Pamphlet,
blue, 10.X.2X6., pp. 62. Washington: 1888. Hon. Thomas F.
Bayard, Secretary of State.

Michigan State Agricultural College. Bulletin No. 32. Proceedings of
the Forestry Convention held in Grand Rapids, January, 1888.
Bulletin No. 33. Hints for Arbor Day. 2 pamphlets, gray,
9.4X— X6.3, pp. 61 and 19. Lansing: 1888. The College.

SailX et Forets, Annuaire des, pour 1888. Blue-green, fle.xible linen, 6. IX
.7X4., pp. 399. Paris: 1888. The Publishers of the Revue des
Eaux et Forets.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 333

American Horticultural Society. Address at the Eighth Meeting in
San Jose, Cal., January 25, 1888. By Parker Earle, President.
Pamphlet, green, 8.8X — X5.9, pp. 10. Indianapolis, Indiana: 1888,
W. H. Kagan, Secretary.

Montreal Horticultural Society. Reports for 1884-1886. Dark blue cloth,
9.4X.lX6.3,pp. 82, 174, 142; cuts and map. Montreal: 1885-1887:
E. J. Maxwell, Secretary-Treasurer. [2 copies.]

. List of Premiums, 1888. Pamphlet, light brown,

8.8X — X5.8,pp. 16. Montreal: 1888. W. W. Dunlop, Secretary-
Treasurer.

Hampshire County [Mass.] Horticultural Society. Rose and Strawberry.
Show to be held June 26 and 27, 1888. Also Chrysanthemum
Exhibition, November 13 and 14, 1888. Pamphlet, 8.3X— X5.4,
pp. 7. Springfield, Mass. : 1888. B. L. Bragg, Secretary.

Rhode Island. Horticultural Society. Prizes to be awarded at the June
Exhibition, 1888. Pamphlet, light green, 8. 5X — X5.5, pp. 4. Prov-
idence : 1888. The Society.

Western New York Horticultural Society. Proceedings of the Thirty-
third Annual Meeting, held at Rochester, January 25 and 26, 1888.
Pamphlet, green, 9. 2X. 3X5. 8, pp. 135. Rochester, N. Y. : 1888.
P. C. Reynolds, Secretary.

mew Jersey State Horticultural Society. Thirteenth Annual Meeting,
held at Trenton, December 14 and 15, 1887. Pamphlet, gray, 9.X.4
X5. 8, pp. 158. Newark: 1888. E. Williams, Secretary.

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. Programme for the year 1888.
Pamphlet, blue, 9.1 X—X5. 8, pp. 20. Philadelphia: 1888. Edwin
Lonsdale, Recording Secretary.

Peninsula Horticultural Society. Transactions of the. Organization and
Proceedings of its First Annual Meeting, held at Dover, Del.,
January 11 and 12, 1888. Pamphlet, green, 8.5X.2X5.6, pp. 87.
AVilmington, Del., 1888. W. Webb, Secretary.

. Premium List for the First Annual Exliibition, Septem-
ber 18-21, 1888, Wilmington, Delaware. Pamphlet, salmon-color,
9.2X— X5.3, pp. 50. Wilmington : 1888. John P. R. Polk.

Georgia State Horticultural Society Proceedings of the 11th and 12th
Annual Meetings, July 28 and 29, 1886, and August 4 and 5, 1887.
New Series, Circular No. 85, of the State Department of Agriculture.
2 pamphlets, blue, 8. 7 X. 1X5. 8, pp. 69 and 68; 1 chart. Atlanta:
1886, 1887. The Society.

North Texas Horticultural Society. Premium List for Exhibits for the
Second Annual Meeting, to be held at Denison, June 27-29, 1888.
Pamphlet, 9.1X — X6.1, pp. 16; map. Denison: 1888. J. J.
Fairbanks, Secretary.

Missouri State Horticultural Society. Thirtieth Annual Report. Black
cloth, 9.3X1.2X5.9, pp. 488, iv. Jefferson City: 1888. L. A.
Goodman, Secretary. [10 copies.]
Ohio State Horticultural Society. Twenty-first Annual Report, for the
9

334 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

year 1887-'88. Pamphlet, light brown, 9.5X.oXG.5, pp. 231 ; cuts.
Columbus : 1888. George W. Campbell, Secretary.

Montgomery County [Ohio] Horticultural Society. Proceedings. Jan-
uary, February and March, 1888. Three pamphlets, 9.X — X6., pp.
1-12. Dayton: 1888. William Ramsay, Secretary.

Columbus [Ohio] Horticultural Society. Journal. Vol. 2, 1887. Black
cloth, 9.2X.7X5.8, pp. 238. Columbus: 1887. Vol. 3, No. 2
February, 1888. Pamphlet, light brown, 9.1X— X5 6. Columbus;
18S8. W. S. Devol, Secretary.

Indiana Horticultural Society. Transactions for the year 1887. Twenty-
seventh Annual Session, held at Indianapolis, December 6, 7, and 8,
1887. Together with Reports from Vice Presidents, Local Societies,
Papers, etc. Black cloth, 8. 9X. 5X6., pp. 134 ; 2 diagrams. Indian-
apolis : 1888. C. M. Hobbs, Secretary.

Illinois State Horticultural Society. Transactions for the year 1887.
New Series, Vol. 21. Green cloth, 8.9X1. X6., pp. xvi, 341.
Peoria: 1888. A. C. Hammond, Secretary.

Michigan State Horticultural Society. Seventeenth Annual Report of the
Secretary. 1887. Black cloth, 9. 6X 1.4XG.5, pp. xiv, 587. Lan-
sing: 1887. Charles W. Garfield, Secretary.

Wisconsin State Horticultural Society. Transactions, Vol. 18. Black
cloth, 9.X1.X6., pp. 288. Madison: 1888. B. S. Hoxie, Secretary
[6 copies.]

Minnesota State Horticultural Society. Annual Report for the year 1888.
Vol. 16. Embracing the Transactions of the Society from March
31, 1887, to March 31, 1888; also Proceedings of the Annual Meet-
ing of the Minnesota Amber Cane Association, Essays, Reports, etc.
Prepared by the Secretary, S. D. Hillman, Minneapolis. Black
cloth, 9.3X1. X6., pp. 464; 6 cuts. St. Paul : 1888. The Secretary.
[10 copies.]

California State Board of Horticulture. Biennial Report, 1885-86, and
Appendix for 1887. Black cloth, 9. 2X 1.3X6., pp. 583; 5 plates.
Sacramento : 1887. Bulletin No. 4. Winter Washes recommended
by the State Inspector of Fruit Pests. Pamphlet, 9.X — X5.8.
Sacramento : 1887. B. M. Lelong, Secretary.

American Association of Nurserymen. Proceedings at the Thirteenth
Annual Meeting, held at Detroit, 1888. Pamphlet, dull red, 9. IX. 3
X6.1, pp. 91; 7 portraits. Rochester, N. Y. : 1888. Charles A.
Green, Secretary.

Royal Horticultural Society. Journal. Vol. 7, No. 2. The Report on
the Primula Conference, held at South Kensington, April 20 and 21,
1886, and on the Orchid Nomenclature Conference, held at Liver-
pool, June 30, 1886. Pamphlet, light drab, 8.4X.4X5.3, pp. 159-
312; 28 cuts. London, 1888. Dr. Maxwell T. Masters.

Societe Nationale d'Horticulture de France. Journal. 3e serie, tome 10,
1888. 12 numbers. Half claret, colored morocco, 9.2X1.8X5.5.
Paris, 1888. Mons. E. Glatigny, Librarian.

REPOUT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 335

Soci6te Centrale d'Horticulture du Departement de la Seine-Inferieure.
Bulletin. Tome 30, 1887, 3e et 4e caliiers; Tome 31, 1888, ler et
2e cahiers. Pamphlets, purple, 8. 7X.2X5.G. Rouen: 1887,1888.
The Society.

Societe d'Horticulture de la Sarthe. Bulletin. Tome 11, 4e trimestre,
1887; ler, 2e et 3e trimestres, 1888. 4 pamphlets, salmon-color,
8.7X— X5.6. Le Mans : 1887, 1888. The Society.

Joly, Charles. Note sur les Expositions horticoles du Havre et de Toulouse.
Pamphlet, gray, 8.5X — X5.4, pp. 9. Paris: 1887. The Author.

Joly, Charles. Note sur la 12e Exposition Internationale de Gand.
Pamphlet, gray, 8.4X— X5.4, pp. 20; 10 plates. Paris: 1888.
The Author.

Societe d'Horticulture de Geneve. Bulletin. 1888. 34me Annee. 6 num-
bers, pamphlets, pink, 9. 3X — X6. Geneve: 1888.

. Programme de la 2ome exposition les 16, 17, 18, 19,

et 20 Mai, 1889, au batiment electoral a Geneve. Pamphlet, pink,
8. X — X5.5, pp. 16. Geneve: 1888. The Society.

R. Soeieta Toscana di Orticultura. Bullettino. Vol. 3. 2a Serie. 1888.
12 numbers, pamphlets, straw-color, 10. 5X — X7., 14 plates, part
colored. Florence, 1888. The Society.

Halsted, Byron D. Classification and Description of the American
Species of Charace®. [From the Proceedings of tlie Boston Society
of Natural History, Vol. 20, March 5, 1879.] Pamphlet, 9.X — X
5.8, pp. 169-190. The Author.

Watson, Sereno. Contributions to American Botany. XV.

I. Some New Species of Plants of the United States, with Revi-
sions of Lesquerella (Vesicaria) and of the North American
Species of Draba.

II. Some New Species of Mexican Plants, chiefly of Mr. C. G.
Pringlf's Collection in the Mountains of Chihuahua, in 1887.

III. Descriptions of some Plants of Guatemala.

[From the Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and
Sciences, Vol. 23. Issued May 29, 1888.] Pamphlet, tea,
9.6X—X6.1, pp. 249-287. 1888. The Author.

Macoun, John, M. A., F. L. S., F. R. S. C. Catalogue of Canadian
Plants. Part IV. Endogens. Pamphlet, light tea, 9.8X.6X6.6,
pp. ii, 248. Montreal: 1888. The Author.

Penliallow, D. P., B. Sc. Review of Canadian Botany from the First
Settlement of New France to the Nineteenth Century. [From the
Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, Vol, V, Section IV,
1887.] Part I. Pamphlet, terra cotta, 11. 9X. 1X8.9, pp. 45-61.
Montreal : 1888. The Author.

Owen, Maria L. Catalogue of Plants growing without Cultivation in the
County of Nantucket, Mass. Pampldet, butf, 9. X. 3X5. 9, pp. x, 87.
Northampton, Mass. : 1888. The Author.

Niagara Flora, Catalogue of the. A Catalogue of the Flowering and Fern-
Like Plants growing without cultivation in the Vicinity of the Falls

336 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of Niagara. Prepared, at tlie request of the Commissioners of the

State Keservation at Niagara, by David F. Day. Pamphlet, light

brown, 9.x. 2X5. G, pp. G7. New York : 1888. The Commissioners

of the State Reservation.
Gray, Asa. Botanical Contributions. 1888. Notes on Polypetalous

Genera and Orders. [Procet-dings of the American Academy of

Arts and Sciences, Vol. 23, issued April 19, 1888. Continuation

of a former paper.] Pamphlet, 9.6X— X6., pp. 223-227. 1888.

Sereno Watson, Ph. D.
Engelmann, George. The Botanical Works of the late George Engel-

mann, collected for Henry Sliaw, Esq. Edited by William Trelease

and Asa Gray. Dark claret cloth, 12.X3.X9. 5, pp. 548: portrait,

102 plates, and 33 cuts. Cambridge, Mass. : 1887. Henry Shaw.
Torrey Botanical Club. Bulletin. Edited by Elizabeth G. Brilton and other

members of the Club. Vol. 15, 1888. 12 numbers. Pamphlets,

tea, 9.x— X5. 8, plates 70-85. New York : 1888. The Club.
Boerliaave, Hermann. Historia plantarum quae in horto academico

Lugduni-Batavorum crescunt cum earum characteribus, & medi-

cinalibus virtutibus. Half calf, G.5X1.GX3.7, pp. 698 and index.

Romae : 1727. Dr. E. L. Sturtevant,
Panekow (Pancovius), Thomas. Herbarium oder Krauter- und Gewachi-

buch, etc. Parchment, 7. GX 2.9X5.8, pp. 18, 8, 425, 47; 1536 cuts.

Colin an der Spree : 1673. Dr. E. L. Sturtevant.
Sternberg, Caspar ab. Catalogus plantarum ad septem varias editiones

Commentariorum Mathioli in Dioscoridem. Ad Linnseani system-

atis regulas elaboravit. Blue paper, 17. 3X. IX 10., pp. 30, Iv.

Pragae: 1821. Dr. E. L. Sturtevant.
Vaillant, Sebastien. Botanicon Parisiense ou Denombrement par ordre

alphabetique des Plantes qui se trouvent aux environs de Paris.

Half calf, 16.1X1.4X10.1, pp xii, 205, preface, and index; 33

plates, map. Leide et Amsterdam : 1727. Dr. E. L. Sturtevant.
Xloyal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information,

1887. 12 pamphlets, 9.5X — X6., 8 to 23 pp. London: 1887.

Waldo O. Ross.
Joly, Charles. -Note sur le Bulletin de Kew. Pamphlet, gray, 8.2X — X

5.3, pp. 16; 2 cuts. Paris: 1888. The Author. [6 copies.]
Edinburgh Botanical Society. Transactions and Proceedings. Vol.

17, part 1. Pamphlet, buff, 8.8X.4Xo.6, pp. 148; 3 plates.

Edinburgh: 1887. The Society.
Societe botanique du Grand-Duche de Luxembourg, Receuil des Memoires

ft des Travaux publics par la. No. 11. 1885-1886. Pamphlet,

gray, 9. 5X. 4X6.1, pp. 132; 29 plates. Luxembourg: 1886. The

Society.
IiGS Champignons, etc. de Lucand. [Extrait de la Revue Botanique,

tome 6.] Pamphlet, blue, 9. 2X—X6., pp. 9, Auch : 1887. The

Publisher.
United States Department of Agriculture. Irrigation in the United State*.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 337

Report prepared by Richard J. Hinton, under the Direction of the
Commissioner of Agriculture. Pamphlet, tea, 9. IX. 4X5. 8, pp. 240;
9 maps, and diagrams. Washington : 1887. Hon. Norman J. Col-
man, Commissioner.

Joly, Charles. Note sur la Destruction des Lapins en Californie. Note
sur un Chataignier colossal dans I'lsle de Madere. Pamphlet, gray,
8.5X — X5.4, pp. 8; 2 cuts. Paris: 1888. The Author.

XTnited States Department of Agriculture. Report of the Commissioner
for 1887: Black cloth, 9.2X2.1X5.8, pp. 724; colored and plain
plates, cuts, and map. Washington : 1888. Hon. Norman J.
Colnian, Commissioner.

. New Forage Plants. A Circular to Seedsmen.

14.X8.4, 1 p. Washington: 1887. Hon. Norman J. Colman,
Commissioner.

. Botanical Division. Bulletin No. 4. Desid-
erata of the Herbarium for North America, North of Mexico.
Ranunculacese to Rosaccae, inclusive. By Dr. George Vasey,
Botanist. Pamphlet, tea, 9. IX — Xo.9, pp. 15. Washington : 1887.
Bulletin No. 5. Section of Vegetable Pathology. Report on the
Experiments made in 1887, in the Treatment of the Downy Mildew
and the Black Rot of the Grape Vine, with a chapter on the apparatus
for applying remedies for these diseases. Prepared by F. Lamson
Scribner, under the direction of the Commissioner of Agriculture.
Pamphlet, tea, 9.1 X. 2X5. 8, pp. 113; 24 cuts, 1 plate, and 1 chart.
Washington : 1888. Bulletin No. 6. Grasses of the Arid Districts.
Report of an Investigation of the Grasses of the And Districts of
Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and Utah, in 1887. Pam-
phlet, tea, 9.1X.2X5.8, pp GO; 30 plates. Washington: 1888.
Bulletin No. 7. Section of Vegetable Pathology Black Rot
{LcEsfadia Bidwellii.) By F. Lamson Scribner, Chief of the Sec-
tion of Vegetable Pathology, and Pierre Viala, Professor of Viti-
culture in the National School of Agriculture at Montpellier, France.
Pamphlet, tea, 9.1 X — X5.8, pp. 29; 1 plate. Washington: 1888.
Hon. Norman J. Colman, Commissioner.

. Report of the Mycologist, F. L. Scribner, for

the year 1886. Pamphlet, tea, 9.1X — X5.8, pp. 95-138; 12 maps
and plates, colored and plain. Washington : 1887. Hon. Norman
J. Colman, Commissioner.

. Division of Chemistry. Bulletin No. 13. Food

and Food Adulterants. Part 3 Fermented Alcoholic Beverages;
malt liquors, wine and cider. By C. A. Crampton, Assistant Chemist.
Pamphlet, tea, 9. IX. 3X5. 9, pp. 259-340; 2 cuts. Washington: 1887.
Bulletin No 17. liccord of Experiments conducted by the Commis-
sioner of Agriculture in the Manufacture of Sugar from Sorghum
and Sugar Cane at Fort Scott, Kan.sas ; Rio Grande, New Jersey;
and Lawrence, Louisiana, 1887-1888. Pamplilet, tea, 9. IX. 2X5. 9,
pp. 118, 6 plates. Washington: 1888. Bulletin No. 18. Sugar-

338 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Producing Plants. Record of Analyses made by authority of the
Commissioner of Agriculture, under direction of the Chemist,
1887-1888. Sorghum : Fort Scott, Kansas ; Rio Grande, New Jer-
sey. Sugar Cane : Lawrence, Louisiana. Together with a study of
the Data collected on Sorghum and Sugar Cane. Pamphlet, 9. IX
.2X5.8, pp. 132. Washington: 1888. Bulletin No. 19. Methods
of Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers, Cattle Foods, Dairy Pro-
ducts, Sugar, and Fermented Liquors, adopted in the Fifth Annual
Convention of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, held
at the U. S. Department of Agriculture, August 9 and 10, 1888.
Edited by Clifford Richardson, Secretary of the Association. Pam-
phlet, tea, 9. IX. IX 5. 8, pp. 9(). Washington: 1888. Hon. Norman
J. Colman, Commissioner.

United States Department of Agriculture. Report of the Entomologist,
Charles V. Riley, M.A., Ph. D., for the year 1887. Pamphlet, tea,
9. IX. 3X5. 8, pp. vi, 48-179, vi ; 8 plates. Washington: 1888.
Charles V. Riley, Entomohvgist.

. Division of Entomology. Bulletin No. 17.

Tiie Chinch Bug. A General Summary of its History, Habits,
Enemies, and of the Remedies and Preventives to bo used against it.
By L. O. Howard, M. S., Assistant Entomologist. Pamphlet, gray,
9.1X — X5.8, pp, 48; 10 cuts. Washington: 1888. Bulletin
No. 18. The Life and Entomological Work of the late Town-
end Glover, First Entomologist of the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture. By Charles Richards Dodge. -Pamphlet, tea,
9.x. IX 5. 9, pp. 08; portrait, 1 plate, 6 cuts. Washington: 1888.
Bulletin No. 19. An Enumeration of the Published Synopses, Cata-
logues, and Lists of North American Insects, together with other
information intended to assist the student of American Entomology.
Pamphlet, tea, 9.x. 1X5.8, pp, 77. Washington : 1888.

. Insect Life. Devoted to the Economy and Life-
habits of Insects, especially in their Relations to Agriculture, etc.
Periodical Bulletin. Vol. 1, Nos. 1-6, July to December, 1888. 6
pamphlets, tea, 9. IX — X5.9, pp. 200; 1 plate, 45 cuts. Wash-
ington : 1888. Hon. Norman J. Colman, Commissioner.

. Report of the Statistician. New Series.

Nos. 45, 47-57. On the Condition of Crops in America and Europe;
Yield of Grain per acre; Crops of the Year; Number and Condi-
tion of Farm Animals; Distribution and Consumption of Corn and*
Wheat; Progress of Cotton Planting; Freight rates of Transporta-
tion Agencies; Wages of Farm Labor; Area of Corn, Potatoes, and
Tobacco. 12 pamphlets, tea, 9.1X— X5.8. Washington: 1887,
1888. Hon. Norman J. Colman, Commissioner.

■ . Third Annual Report of the Bureau of

Animal Industry, for the year 188G. Black cloth, 9.3X 1.2X5 8, pp,
45G; 12 colored and 5 plain plates. Washington: 1887. Hon. Nor-
man J. Colman, Commissioner.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 339

United States Department of Ajrriculture. Report upon an Examination
of Wools and other Animal Fibers, by William McMurtrie, E. M.,
Ph. D. Black cloth, 11.9X2.1X9.2, pp. 613; plates and diagrams.
Washington: 1886. Hon. Norman J. Colman, Commissioner.

Ontario Department of Agriculture. Bulletin 36. Rust (Puccinia
Oraminis). By J. Hoyes Panton, M. A., F. G. S., Professor of
Natural History at the Ontario Agricultural College. Guelph, No-
vember 8, 1888. Pamplilet, 6.1X— X4.,pp. 6. The Ontario Depart-
ment of Agriculture.

Maine Board of Agriculture. Thirty-first Annual Report of the Secretary '
for the year 1887-8. Also Appendix, — Annual Report of the
State Pomological Society. 1887-8. Black cloth, 9.4X1.1X5.8,
pp. 250,163; frontispiece. Augusta: 1888. Z.A.Gilbert, Secre-
tary.

Report of the First Agricultural Meeting held in Boston, January 13, 1840,
containing the remarks on that occasion of the Honorable Daniel
Webster, of the U. S. Senate, and of Professor Silliman, M.D.,
LL.D., of Yale College. With notes by Henry Colman. Pamphlet,
green, 9.8X — X6., pp. 36, 8. Salem: 1840. John C. Hovey. [2
copies.]

Massachusetts Board of Agriculture. Thirty-fifth Annual Report of the
Secretary with Returns of the Finances of the Agricultural Societies
for 1887. Black cloth, 9.1X2.X5.2, pp. xi, 807 ; 4 plates, cuts.
Boston : 1888. The State Board of Agriculture. [50 copies.]

. Crop Reports for the months of June, July,

August, September, and October, 1888. Bulletins 1-5. Condi-
tion of Growing Crops, and other matters relating to Agriculture.
Compiled by William R. Sessions, Secretary of the Board of Agri-
culture. 5 pamphlets, 9.X — X5.7. Boston: 1888. The Secre-
tary.

Connecticut Board of Agriculture. Twentieth and Twenty-first Annual
Reports of the Secretary. 1886 and 1887. Black cloth, 9.1X 1.3X
5.9, pp. 354, 159 and 376, 188, 13 ; 1 plate and cuts. Hartford : 1886,
1887. T. S. Gold, Secretary.

Pennsylvania Board of Agriculture. Reports for 1887, including those
of the State Agricultural Society, the State Dairymen's Association,
the State Horticultural Association and the State College. Dark
blue cloth, 9.5X1.6X6.3, pp. 396, 113, 79, 36, 20, 8; plates and
diagrams, part colored. [5 copies.] Also 1 copy of Report of the
State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania [see above] for
1887. Pamphlet, gray, 9. 3X. 2X6.1, pp. 8, 79; colored and plain
plates. Harrisburg: 1888. E. B. Engle, Secretary of the State
Horticultural Association.

Georgia Department of Agriculture. Circular No. 100. New Series.
Supi)lemental Report for the year 1887, showing the yield of the
leading crops. Nos. 102 and 103. Season of 1887-1888. Analyses
and Commercial Valui-s of Commercial Fertilizers and Chemicals.
Also Circulars 104-109, being Crop Reports for the months of May,

340 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

June, July, August, September and October, 1888, showing the
Acreage and condition of growing crops and other matters relating
to Agriculture in the State of Georgia. J. T. Henderson, Commis-
sioner. 7 pamphlets, 8.7X — X5.6. Atlanta: 1888. The Com-
missioner.
Indiana State Board of Agriculture. Thirty-seventh Annual Report.
Vol. 29, 1887. Including the Proceedings of the Annual Meeting,
1888; Meetings of the Cattle Breeders, Swine Breeders, Wool
Growers, Bee Keepers, and Cane Growers, 1888. Black cloth, 8.5
- XI. 1X5. 8, pp. 512; portrait, and 2 cuts. Indianapolis : 1888. The
Board of Agriculture.
Society for the Proniotion of Agricultural Scienc:. Proceedings of the
Ninth Annual Meeting, held at Cleveland, O., 1888. Pamphlet,
olive, 9.x. 2X5. 7, pp. 101 ; frontispiece and 1 cut. Columbus, Ohio :
1888. ])r. E. L. Sturtevant.
£ssex Agricultural Society. Transactions for the Year 1887. "With the
Si.xty-fifth Annual Address. Pamphlet, tea, 9. IX. 5X5. 6, pp. 202.
Salem, Mass: 1887. David W. Low, Secretary.
Amesbury and Salisbury Agricultural and Horticultural Society. Trans-
actions for 1887, and the Secretary's Report of the Twenty-fourth
Annual Fair. Pamphlet, light brown, 8.9X — X5.5, pp. 30. Ames-
bury, Mass. : 1887. J. Q. Evans, Secretary.
Berkshire Agricultural Society. Transactions for 1887, and Premium
List for 1888. Pamphlet, olive, 9.2X — X5.9, pp. 55, 23. Pittsfield,
Mass. : 1887. William H. Murray, Secretary.
Hoosac Valley Agricultural Society. Twenty-eighth Annual Report, for
the year 1887. Pamphlet, light brown, 8.5X— X5.7, pp. 73. North
Adams, Mass. : 1888. Twenty-ninth Annual Cattle Show and Fair,
to be held at North Adams, September 18, 19, and 20, 1888. Pam-
plilet, dull red, 9.X — X5.8, pp. 30. North Adams, Mass. : 1888.
H. Clay Bliss, Secretary.
Housatonic Agricultural Society. Transactions for 1887, at the Forty-
sixth Annual Cattle Show and Fair, at Great Barrington, Mass.,
September 28-30, 1887. Pamphlet, blue, 8.5X.2X5.8, pp. 68.
Great Barrington : 1887. The Society.
Asociacion Rural del Uruguay. Vol. 17, 1888, 24 numbers. 10.5 X —

X(i.9. Montevideo: 18S8. The Association.
Sociedad Rural Argentina, Anales de la. Vol. 22, 1888, 24 numbers.

Gray paper, 10.8X—X7.4. Buenos Aires : 1888. Tlie^ Society.
Massachusetts State Agricultural Experiment Station. Fifth Annual
Report of the Board of Control, for 1887. [Public Document No.
33.] Pamphlet, gray, 9. IX. 5X5. 8, pp. 2G7; plates and plans.
Boston: 1888.
Bulletins. Nos. 28-31, March, June, August, and October, 1888. 4
pamphlets, 9. IX— X5. 8. Amherst: 1888. Analyses of Commercial
Fertilizers, for May, June, July, and November, 1888. 4 pamphlets,
9.5X— X5.8. Amherst: 1888. Dr. C. A. Goessmann, Director.
[Extra copies of all the above.]

REPORT or THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 341

Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College.
Bulletins. Nos. 1 and 2, .luly and October, 1888. 2 pamphlets, 9.2X
— X5.9, pp. 16 and 35; 1 cut. Amherst: 1888. H. H. Goodell,
Director.

New York Agricultural Experiment Station, Sixth Annual Report.
Dark red cloth, 9.3X 1.2X5.8, pp. 482. Troy: 1888. E. Lewis
Sturtevant, M.D., Director.

. Bulletin No. 10. New Series. August,

1888. Chemical Department. General Outline of Work. 1.
Influence of Fertilizers on the Chemical Composition of Plants. 2.
Analyses of Feeding Stuffs. 3. Feeding and Digestion Experiments.
Bulletin No. 11. September: 1888. 1. Experiments in Cultivation.
2. Experiment in Root Growth. 3. Experiment with Fertilizers. 4.
Experiments with Insecticides. 5. Experiments with Fungicides.
6. Experiments with the Potato. 7. Experiments with Sorghum.
Bulletin No. 12, September, 1888. Digest of the Fertilizer Laws
in Several States. Statistics of Fertilizers. The Maynard Bill.
Bulletin No. 13. September, 1888. Farm and Field Experiments ;
Experimental Plats ; Branch Stations. Bulletin No. 14. October,
1888. Chemical Composition of some Feeding-stuffs. 1. Defin-
ing of Terms. 2. Grasses, Clovers, and Forage Crops. 3. Grains
and By-Products. 4. Grasses of New York. 5 pamphlet-*, 8.9 X —
X5.7, pp. 33-104; 1 plate. Geneva: 1888. Peter Collier, Director.

New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station. Eighth Annual Report, for
the year 1887. Pamphlet, gray, 9. X. 4X5. 7, pp. 202; cuts.
New Brunswick : 1888.
Bulletins 43-49, Analj'ses and Valuations of Complete Fertilizers, of
Ground Bones, and of Miscellaneous Materials ; Sorghum and
Sugar Making; Prices of Nitrogen, Pliosphoric Acid, and Potash;
Insect Pests and the means for destroying them. 7 pamplilets, 9.1
X— X5.8. New Brunswick: 1887,1888. George H. Cook, Direc-
tor.

Pennsylvania State College, Report of the. Agricultural Chemistry and
Agricultural Experiment Work for the year 1886. With an Appen-
dix, containing a reprint of the Sixteen Bulletins previous to the
present series. Pamphlet, tea, 9.5X.6X6.0, pp. 330; frontispiece.
Ilarrisburg: 1887.

Pennsylvania State College Agricultural Experiment Station. Bulletins.
Nos. 1-5, October, 1887, January, April, July, and October, 1888.
5 pamphlets, 8.GX — X5. 7. Ilarrisburg : 1887, 1888. H. P. Armsby,
Ph. D., Director.

Purdue University School of Agriculture. Bulletin No. 11. Commercial
Fertilizers. By Robert S. Warder, State Chemist of Indiana.
Agricultural Experiment Station of Indiana. (Formerly the School
of Agriculture.) Bulletin No. 13, January, 1888. Report on New
Organization. By James H. Smart, LL.D., President of the Uni-
versity. Bulletin No. 14, April 1888. Experiments with Oats and
Corn. By William C. Latta, Professor of Agriculture. Bulletin 16,

342 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

August, 1888. Experiments with Wheat; Crop Rotations. By
Prof. Latta. Bulletin 15, June, 1888. Concerning the Potato Tuber.
By Professor J. C. Arthur. 5 pamphlets, 8.9X— X5.9, pp. 3, 16,
20, 11, and 14; cuts. Lafayette, Indiana: 1888. Professor Troop.

Illinois, University of. Agricultural Experiment Station. Bulletins. Nos.
1 and 2, May and August, 1888. 2 pamplilets, 9.X— X5.8, pp. 14.
Cliampaigu : 1888. William L. Pillsbury, Secretary.

Michigan State Agricultural College. Experiment Station. Bulletins.
Nos. 34, 36-42, Experiments with Insecticides ; Quantities of Seed
for Given Lengths of Drill ; Experiments in Hybridizing ; Notes on
Radishes ; Notes on Germination ; Effect of Latitude on Season of
Flowering and Fruiting, etc. 7 pamphlets, 9.3X — X6.4, 6 cuts.
Lansing : 1888. The College.

Iowa Agricultural College. Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa. Bulletins.
Nos. 1 and 2, Notes on Crossing; Corn Tassels, Silks, and Blades;
Grasses and other Forage Plants ; Arsenic Experiments : Promising
New Cherries, etc. 2 pamphlets, blue, 8.5 X — X5.7. Des Moines:
1888. Byron D. Halsted, Professor of Botany.

Wisconsin, University of. Fifth Annual Report of the Agricultural Exper-
iment Station, for the year ending June 30, 1888. Black cloth, 9.X
.6X6., pp. 184; 11 plates. Madison: 1888.

Agricultural Experiment Station. Bulletins. Nos. 13-17.

Artificial Fertilizers and Land Plaster; Grape Growing, etc. 5
pamphlets, 8. 9X — X5. 9. Madison : 1880. Professor W. A. Henry,
Director.

Kansas State Agricultural College Experiment Station. Bulletins. Nos.
1-4, April-June, 1888. 4 pamphlets, 8.5X — X5.7. Manhattan:
1888. E. M. Shelton, Director.

Ontario Agricultural College and Experimental Farm. Thirteenth Annual
Report, 1887. Pamphlet, salmon-color, 9.6X. 4X6.5, pp. 163;
cuts. Toronto • 1888. Hon. A. M. Ross.

Maine State College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts. Reports of the
Trustees and Faculty, Orono, Me., 1887. Pamphlet, light brown,
9. IX. 2X5. 8, pp. 58. Augusta, Me.: 1888. M. C. Fernald, Presi-
dent. ^

Massachusetts Agricultural College. Twenty-fifth Annual Report.
[Public Document, No. 31.] January, 1888. Pamphlet, light
brown, 9.2X.3X5.7, pp. 145; 2 plates, 22 cuts. Boston: 1888.
H. H. Goodell, President.

Goodell, Henry H. Agricultural Education. Pamphlet, 9. IX — X5.8,
pp. 21. [From the Report of the State Board of Agriculture of
Massachusetts for 1887.] The Author.

Pennsylvania State College. Annual Report for the year 1887. Part I.
Departments of Instruction. Part II. Agricultural Experiment
Station. Brown cloth, 9.5X.7X6.2, pp. 4, lOS, 226; frontispiece,
plate, diagram, and cuts. Harrisburg: 1888. George W. Atherton,
President.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 343

Michigan StatG Agricultural College. Bulletin 35. Weather Service
Department. Report of the Director. Bulletin 36. Veterinary
Department. Experimental Work among Cattle. 2 pamphlets, 9.3
X — X0.3, pp. 3-G, and 3-5. Lansing: 188S. The College.

Iowa Agricultural College. Bulletin issued by the Department of Botany,
November, 1884. By Charles p]. Bessey, Ph. D., Professor of
Botany. Part 1, Popular Descriptions of some Harmful Plants;
Part 2, Preliminary List of Cryptf)gams. Pamplilet, terra cotta,
8.7X.1X5 7, pp. 107-174; 7 cuts. Cedar Rapids: 1884. Bulletin
issued February, 1888. Part 1, Work with the Students; Part 2,
Observations and Experiments. By Byron D. Ilalsted, So. D., Pro-
fessor of Botany. Pamphlet, gray, 9. 2X. 2X5 8, pp. 118; 4 plates,
and cuts. Cedar Rapids : 1888. Professor Halsted.

Nebraska, University of. First Report from the Patho-Biological Labora-
tory. Southern Cattle Plague and Yellow Fever. By Frank S.
Billings, Director. Pamphlet, gray, 9. IX. 3X0., pp. 141; 1 colored
and 1 plain plate. Lincoln: 1888: The Author.

Ontario Entomological Society, Eighteenth Annual Report of the. 1887.
Pamphlet, salmon-color, 9.GX.1X6.5, pp. 82; 2 cuts. Toronto:
1888. Linus Woolverton.

Michelin, M. Note sur les ennemis a combattre dans les jardins. Pam-
plilet, dark gray, 8.3X — X5.3, pp. 9. [Extrait du Journal de la
Societe N;itionale d'llorticulture de France.] Paris: 1887. Ch. Joly.

Ottawa Naturalist. The Transactions of the Ottawa Field-Naturalists'
Club. Vol. 1, Nos. 10-12; Vol. 2, Nos. 1-7. 10 pamphlets, blue-
gray, 9.x — XO. Ottawa, Canada: 1888. W. H. Harrington,
Librarian.

Mitchell, Rev. Elisha, D.D. Memoir of, with Addresses delivered at the
re-interment of his remains, by Rt. Rev. James Otey, D.D. and
Hon. David L. Swain, LL.D. Pamphlet, brown, 9. X. 2X5. 5, por-
trait. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: 1858. The Elisha Mitchell
Scientific Society.

Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society. Journal. Vols. 1-5, 1883-1888. 7
pamphlets, mostly blue, about 9. X. 2X5. 7, portraits, map and plates.
Raleigh, N. C. : 1884-1888. The Society.

Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History. Bulletin. Vol. 2, Articles 7
and 8; Vol. 3, Article 4. 3 pamphlets, 9.(;X— X6.5, plates.
Peoria: 1888. Professor S. A. Forbes.

Leopoldina. Amtliches organ der Kaiserlichen Leopoldino-Carolinisch-
en Deutschen Akademie der Naturforscher. Zweiundzwanzigstes
heft, Jahrgang 1886. Dreiundzwanzigstes heft, Jahrgang 1887.
2 pamphlets, blue, 12oX.3X9.7, pp.228 and 220. Halle: 1886,
1887. Dr. C. H. Knoblauch.

Smithsonian Institution, Annual Report of the Board of Regents, showing
the operations, expenditures, and condition of the Institution to July,
1885. Part 2. Report of the United States National Museum.
Black cloth, 9.2X3.8X6., pp. xi, 264, vii, 939 ; 142 plates, 3 portraits,
2 maps, 1 plan. Washington: 188G. Prof. Spencer F. Baird,
Secretary.

344 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Lawrence Free Public Library. Sixteenth Annual Report of the Board
of Trustees and of the Librarian for 1887. Pamphlet, gray, 9.X — X
5.7, pp. 35. Lawrence, Mass.: 1888. Frederick H. Hedge, Jr.,
Librarian.

Ames Free Library, North Easton, Mass. Catalogue, 2 vols. Half red
morocco, 11.3X1.7X8.2, pp. 1-442, and 443-883 ; portrait of Oliver
Ames and photographic view of the Library Building. Boston :
1883. Bulletin No. 1. Pamphlet, gray, 9.8X — X6.7, pp. 40.
Boston: 1884. Bulletin No. 2. Pamphlet, blue, 9. 6X. 3X6. 7, pp.
93. New Bedford: 1888. The Trustees.

Astor Library. Thirty-ninth Annual Report of the Trustees for the year
1887. Pamphk;, gray, 9.x. 2X5.8, pp. 52. New York : 1888. The
Librarian.

Newberry Library. Proceedings of the Trustees. Pamphlet, blue, 8.8X
— XG.l, pp. 28. Chicago: 1888. The Trustees.

New England Historic Genealogical Society. Proceedings at the Annual
Meetmg, January 4, 1888. Pamphlet, gray, 9. 9 X. IX 6.3, pp. 40.
Boston: 1888. The Society.

Peabody, Rev. Andrew P., LL.D. A Memorial Address on the late
Marshall Pinckney Wilder, President of the New England Historic
Genealogical Society. [Delivered before the Society, January 18,
1888.] Black cloth, 9. 9 X. 3X6. 4, pp. 59; portrait. Also pam-
phlet copy, light drab, 10. IX. IX 6. 6. Boston: 1888. Abner C.
Goodell, Jr., President of the New England Historic Genealogical
Society.

Minnesota Historical Society. Catalogue of the Library. 2 vols. Black
cloth,9.5X2.X6.2, pp. 1016and839. St. Paul : 1888. The Society.

United. States Commissioner of Education. Report for the year 1885-86.
Black cloth, 9.2X1.8X5.8, pp. 792. Washington: 1887. Circular
of Information No. 3, 1887. Proceedings of the Department of
Superintendence of the National Educational Association at its
Meeting at Washington, March 15-17, 1887. Pamphlet, tea, 9. IX. 5
X5.9, pp. 200; 9 plates. Washington: 1887. N. H. R. Dawson,
Commissioner. ^

United States -^Department of State. Consular Reports, No. 86, Novem-
ber, 1887, to No. 95, July, 1888. 10 pamphlets, blue, 9.1X4X5.8,
maps and charts. Washington : 1887, 1888. Hon. Thomas F.
Bayard, Secretary of State.

Consular Report. Technical Education in Europe. First Part. Indus-
trial Education in France, by J. Schoenhof, Consul at Tunstall.
Pamphlet, blue, 9.2X.4X5.8, pp. xxiv, 136. Diagrams and charts.
» Washington : 1888. Hon. Thomas F. Bayard, Secretary of State.
Consular OfBces. Maps showing the Location of the Diplomatic and
Consular Offices of the United States of America. March 1, 1888.
Prepared and Published under the Direction of the Secretary of
State. Atlas, blue, 19. X — X23.6, 8 maps. Washington: 1888.
Hon. Thomas F. Bayard, Secretary of State.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 345

Grand Rapids as it is. Pamphlet, 11.8X.2X9.2, pp. 30; cuts. Grand
Rapids : 1888. The Grand Rapids Board of Trade.

San Bernardino, California, The County of, and its principal city. A
Descriptive and Historical Sketch. Pamphlet, blue green, 9.X.1X
5.8, pp. 72 ; map and cuts. San Bernardino : 1888. San Ber-
nardino Board of Trade.

Plax. Shall it be " Free "or " Protected?" Pamphlet, gray, 9.2X— X5.7,
pp.32. Boston: 1888. J. It. Leeson & Co., Publishers.

Appleton Homestead with Wistaria, Reading, Mass. Colored heliotype,
18. X 14. Edward Appleton.

United States War Department. Signal Office. Tornado Circular No. 1.
(New Series.) Pamphlet, tea, 9. IX — Xo.8, pp. 24. Washington:
1888. W^eather Map. Chart 5. Average Date of last killing
Frost. Also extract from U. S. Signal Service Monthly Weather
Review, 1 sheet, 12.1X9.6. Washington : 1888. Average Date of
First Killing Frost at Stations of Voluntary and State Weather Ser-
vice Observers. [Extract from Monthly Weather Review, July,
1888.] Pamphlet, 12.1X— X9.6, pp. 4 ; 1 chart. [No. 6.] Wash-
ington : 1888. The Chief Signal Officer.

Periodicals Purchased.

English. — Gardeners' Chronicle.

Gardeners' Magazine.

Journal of Horticulture and Cottage Gardener.

The Garden.

Gardening Illustrated.

Horticultural Times and Covent Garden Gazette.

Curtis's Botanical Magazine.

Journal of ETotany.

Grevillea.
French. — Revue Horticole.

Revue des Eaux et Forets.

Journal des Roses.
Belgian. — Illustration Horticole.

Revue de I'Horticulture Beige et fitrang^re.
German. — Botanische Zeitung.
American. — Garden and Forest.

Country Gentleman.

American Naturalist.

American Journal of Science.

346 massachusetts horticultural society.

Periodicals Received in Exchange.

Gartenflora.

Canadian Horticulturist.

American Garden.

Popular Gardening.

Vick's Illustrated Monthly Magazine.

Horticultural Art Journal.

American Florist.

California Florist.

Orchard and Garden.

Green's Fruit Grower.

Fruit and Grape Grower.

Seed-Time and Harvest.

Botanical Gazette.

Journal of Mycology.

West American Scientist.

Maine Farmer.

Mirror and Farmer.

New England Farmer.

Massachusetts Ploughman. •

American Cultivator.

New England Homestead.

Our Country Home.

American Agriculturist.

Rural New Yorker. •

American Rural Home.

The Farm Journal.

Germantown Telegraph.

Maryland Farmer.

Florida Dispatch, Farmer and Fruit Grower.

Prairie Farmer.

Orange Judd Farmer.

The Industrialist.

Pacific Rural Press.

Boston Daily Advertiser.

Boston Morning Journal.

Boston Post.

Boston Daily Globe.

Boston Evening Transcript.

Boston Daily Evening Traveller.

New York Weekly World,

The Cottage Hearth.

REPORT

OF THE

Secretary and Librarian,

FOR THE YEAR 1888.

The principal difference between the work of the Secretary
during the past 3'ear and that of preceding years has arisen from
the same gradual growth in the various departments as has been
mentioned in previous reports. This increase is perhaps as defi-
nitely shown in the Transactions as in any direction. The
addition of a few pages annually soon results in a material
increase. I wish that I could devise some way by which my
whole attention could be devoted to our publications until they
were completed, but I fear that this most desirable result is
unattainable. On the contrary the interruptions, remarked on in my
last report, to the work done in the Library room as well as to the
study of the books in our library, have not been less than in the
last four years. During that time, I regret to say, the privacy,
the quiet, and the dignity of the Library Room have been sadly
lowered, from causes entirely beyond the control of the Library
Committee or the Librarian.

The usual number of specimens of fruit have been presented for
name, and perhaps as large a proportion as heretofore have been
recognized and named at once. Others have been left for further
study with the assistance of other experts in pomology, but as
remarked four j'ears ago a large part of these are never inquired
after again, insomuch that' I have been led to question whether it
is worth while, when a fruit cannot be named off hand, to take
any further trouble with it.

In my last report I spoke of the desirability of a card catalogue
of the books in the library, and of some of the obstacles in the
way of making such a catalogue. The drawers in the new book-
case in the smaller room, however, offering a convenient and

348 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

suitable place for such a catalogue, which was wanting before, a
beginning with the books added to the library during the present
3'ear (or such of them as could be placed on numbered shelves,)
has been made. As the old terms folio, quarto, etc., have become
so indefinite as to be almost devoid of meaning, an exact measure-
ment of the size of the books, in inches and tenths of an inch,
giving first the height, next the thickness, and lastly the width,
has been substituted. A description of the binding has also been
added, ever keeping in mind the object in view, which is to enable
any one wanting a book to find it as quickl}- as possible. I feel
confident that the changes in the description of the books will be
found of material assistance in finding any desired book.

The two new bookcases last added, which at the date of my last
report had not been filled with books, are now filled, and much
more space might have been used. The filling of these bookcases
necessitated many other changes, and in all this work it was
necessary to regard ecouom}' of room and a systematic arrange-
ment, as well as the placing of the books most used in the most
accessible places. It is believed that all these objects have been
attained in a good degree, and especiallj' tiiat the S3'stematic
arrangement of the books has been improved. The heavy folios
on the high shelves, which could be reached only by the ladder,
have been taken down and placed on the lowest shelves and their
places filled with smaller books. These, as far as possible, consist
of sets of many volumes in preference to miscellaneous books,
and of completed sets rather than of such as are still growing.
There still remains a little room in which books of ordinary size
can be placed, but that for large books is entirely exhausted, and
I see no other course to pursue with most of those received during
the present year than to begin again to pile them on top of the
bookcases or to stow them in the attic.

In the report of the Library Committee for 1875, the attention
of the Society was called to the want of increased accommodation
for the books in the library as a serious obstacle to their use, and
a matter which must receive early attention from the Society.
The next year the Committee reported that though additional
space had been provided, it could not be many years before a
reconstruction of the library room would be imperatively demanded.
This subject has been urged upon 'the attention of the Society
almost every year since then, but though additional bookcases

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND LIBRARIAN. 349

have been built the accommodation has always fallen behind the
needs of the library. It is to be hoped that we shall not be com-
pelled to wait much longer for such accommodation as shall be
commensurate with the needs and value of this unrivalled horti-
cultural library.

The means of promoting horticulture which has ever been most in
favor in this Society has been the exhibition of horticultural pro-
ducts. But only three weeks after the organization of the Society
a Committee on the Library was chosen, with the view of collect-
ing books, drawings, engravings, etc., relating to horticulture and
kindred subjects. This was before a single prize had been offered
for any fruit, flower, or vegetable. In about a year from the
incorporation of the Society more than $700 had been remitted to
London and Paris in paj^ment for books. When we consider that
the only funds of the Society at that time were derived from
admission fees and assessments, the devotion of so large a part of
its means to the library shows the importance attached to this
department by the founders of the Society. Besides the books
purchased many valuable works had been presented.

It should be remembered that the best exhibition of horticultural
products ever made, however much gratification it may afford to
refined taste, or however much it may satisfy the love of beauty
or stimulate a desire to produce like results, in itself affords abso-
lutely no information to the inquirer on the last mentioned point.
If he is fortunate enough to place himself in communication with
the growers they are generally ready to afford information so far
as the hurry of an exhibition permits. Moreover the exhibitions
are at the oftenest but once a week and then for only a few hours,
while the greater shows occur but a few times in a year. The
meetings for discussion during the last fifteen winters have elicited
a vast amount of most reliable and useful information on horticul-
ture, yet from the necessity of the case these can be continued
during only a small part of the year and be attended by compara-
tively few persons. But the Library is always here and always
ready to yield its stores of information on almost every conceivable
subject connected with horticulture. These remarks are made
because that as a source of information on hoi'ticulture the library
has not been appreciated, and in the hope that its usefulness may
hereafter be more nearly commensurate with its possibilities.
Moreover we believe that if it were appreciated as it should be, the
10

350 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Society would not long allow these books of inestimable value to
remain unprovided with sufficient accommodation for convenient
use, and increased usefulness.

The work of binding such books as were in need of it has been
steadily pursued. The largest number bound of smy one set is
twenty volumes of the American Journal of Science. Our sub-
scription to this journal was discontinued about len years ago,
owing to the diminished appropriation for periodicals, but last
year the volumes wanting to bring up this valuable work to the
present time were procured, and. they are now on our shelves in
uniform binding with the preceding volumes. The next largest
set bound is the Pomologie Generale of M. Mas in twelve volumes,
which have been bound uniformly with Le Verger of the same
author. Man}- other less extensive, but not less valuable, sets, as
well as single volumes, both old and new, have been fitted for
convenient use by the binder's art.

ROBERT MANNING,

Secretary and Librarian.

TREASURER'S REPORT

FOB THE YEAR 1888.

RECEIPTS.

Cash on hand, December 31, 1887,

$7,360 94

Rent of Halls, .

10,977 15

Rent of Stores,

13,669 83

Admissions and Assessments,

796 00

Sales of History,

2 50

Sales of Transactions,

4 00

Mount Auburn Cemetery, .

2,917 66

Annual Exhibitions, less expenses,

889 96

State Bounty, .

.

600 00

Interest on Bonds,

.

370 00

" " Deposits,

.

89 20

" " the following Funds at 5

pe

r cent.

pe

r

annum :

Samuel Appleton Fund, .

$1,000 0

0 $50 0(

John A. Lowell '

. 1,000

0

3 50

0(

Theodore Lyman '

11,000

0

3 550

oc

Josiah Bradlee '

1,000

0

3 50

0{

Benjamin V. French '

500

0

0 25

0(

H. H. Hunnewell '

4,000

0

0 200

0(

William J. Walker '

2,354

1

3 117

7^

Levi Whitcomb '

500

0

0 25

0(

Benjamin B. Davis '

500

0

3 25

0(

Marshall P. Wilder '

1,000

0

0 50

0(

1 142 72

Josiah Stickney "

12,000

0

0

1 , i.rr A 4 u

Interest, expended on Libn

iry, •

.

700 00

M. B. Faxon, Special Prize Fun

d, .

* •

20 00

$39,539 96

352

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

EXPENDITURES.

Salaries, $2,924.99, $275.00,

$3,199 99

Labor,

1,356 73

Incidentals,

287 98

Interest, ......

3,026 22

Taxes,

2,412 41

Repairs .on Building, . . . .

1,202 29

Heating,

589 71

Water Tax, .....

97 19

Lighting,

1,858 72

Furniture and Exhibition Ware, .

78 35

Prizes for 1887,

6,322 35

Committee of Arrangements,

300 00

Committee on Window Gardening,

100 00

Committee on Publication and Discussion

, * 130 00

Stationery, Printing, and Postage,

826 13

Card Catalogue of Plates,

66 20

Stickney Fund, ....

700 00

Library, .....

295 13

Insurance, .....

791 00

Commissions on Stores,

895 00

Mortgage, paid on principal,

. 5,000 00

$29,535 40

Cash on hand, December 31, 1888,

10,004 56

$39,539 96

ASSETS.

Real Estate,

.

$250,000 00

Furniture and, Exhibition Ware, 1887,

$7,084 02

Added, 1888,

78 35

7,162 37

Library, ... . . 1887,

$26,633 59

Added, 1888,

995 13

27,628 72
297 00

Stereotype Plates and Copies of Historj

>

Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Bonds,

1,500 00

Illinois Grand Trunk "

500 00

Chicago, Burlington and Quincy "

4,925 00

Kansas City and Springfield "

1,000 00

Cash on hand, December 31, 1888,

10,004 56

$303,017 65

treasurer's report.

353

LIABILITIES.

Mortgage on Building,

$25,000 00

Josiah Stickne}' Fund, payable to Har-
vard College in 1899, without interest, 12,000 00
The following Prize Funds invested in

Building :
Samuel Appleton Fund, Sl,000 00

John A. Lowell " 1,000 00

Theodore Lj'man '/ 11,000 00

Benjamin V. French " 500 00

Josiah Bradlee " 1,000 00

William J. Walker " 2,354 48

Levi Whiteomb " 500 00

H. H. Hunnewell " 2,500 00

19,854 48

The following Prize Funds invested in

Bonds aforementioned :

H. H. Hunnewell Fund, $1,500 00

Benjamin B. Davis " 500 00

Marshall P. Wilder " 1,000 00

Prizes for 1888 due and unpaid, .

Surplus,

MEMBERS.

Number of Life Members per last report.
Added during the year, .
Commuted from Annual,

Deceased during the year,

Annual Members per last report,
Added during the year, .

Deceased,
Discontinued,
Commuted to Life, .

3,000 00
6,000 00

561

12

2

231
9

i,854 48

$237,163 17

575
15

240

560

234

Total membership,

794

354 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

INCOME FROM MEMBERSHIP.

12 Life Members, $360 00

9 Annual Members, .... 90 00

2 Commuted, 40 00

153 Assessments, ..... 306 00

$796 00

The Finance Committee, having audited the accounts of the
undersigned, made and subscribed to, in^ a book kept for that
purpose, the following report :

The Massachusetts Horticultural Society

In account with George W. Fowle, Treasurer.

Credit : —

By balance in treasury, December 31, 1887, . . $7,360 94

" total income, as per cash book, .... 32,179 02

1,539 96

Debit :—

To cash paid, as per cash book, . . . $29,535 40

" balance to new account ..... 10,004 56

► ,539 96

Boston, January 31, 1889.

We have received the above account and find it correct; and

the balance of- cash on hand ten thousand and four dollars and

fifty-six cents, as stated.

H. H. Hdnnewell, I Finance
H. P. Walcott, j Committee.

During the past year the mortgage on our building has decreased
by five thousand dollars ; the income from halls and stores has
been increased. Alterations in some of the stores have been made
and leases effected which will materially add to the future income
of the Society. Of the cost of said alterations about $4,000
remain to be paid for during 1889.

GEO. W. FOWLE, Treasurer.

MOUNT AUBURN CEMETERY.

355

u

O O O O lO
O O O lO b-

55

O O ! CO O

>00100<MOOOOOOtO>000 0»t!<
C^<3\OC0<MlftC0<MOJ05t-t- =000

_r _r ^-T _r _r ^ i (jq"

r1 ^ C^ —

^ *

'^

^

§^

g

3 c «> b; ? S

5 a a

a

S .ti

o
s

^ J

I

01

■o a ^

fl a> cj

.9 hcl

a -^ '^

eS >> 3

A « u

S CO

c ^ ^

■| S s

■S 2 5

■S •'^ 00

S 3 5o

O ^^ 00

c "! -■

05 ^

O M

«© °l

t-

o

■w

o

0)

lO

V

1

O"

m

1

si

a

g

O

0)

356 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society

To the Proprietors of the Cemetery of Mount Auburn, Dr.

For one-fourth part of the following expenditures for grading new lands for
sale during the year 1888 :

Olen Avenue.

20i days, men, $45 56

6i days, man and horse, 24 38

$69 94

Birch Avenue to Eagle and Cherry Avenues.
45 days, men, f 101 25

$171 19

One-fourth of $171.19 is $42 80

J. W. LOVERING,

Superintendent.
Mount Auburn, Dec. 31, 1888.

I certify the foregoing to be a true copy of improvements for the year
rendered by the Superintendent.

.H. B. MACKINTOSH,

Treasurer.

Slassatijasetts liortkulhtral Bmb.

OFFICEES AND STANDING COMMITTEES FOR 1889.

President.
HENRY P. WALCOTT, of Cambridge.

Vice-Presidents.

CHARLES H. B. BRECK, of Brighton. FREDERICK L. AMES, of North Easton.
BENJAMIN G. SMITH, of Cambridge. WILLIAM H. SPOONER, of Jamaica Plain.

Treasurer and Superintendent of the Building.
W. WYLLYS GANNETT, of Cambridge.

Secretary and Librarian.
ROBERT MANNING, of Salem.*

Recording Secretary.
ROBERT MANNING, of Salem.

Professor of Botany and Vegetable Physiology.
JOHN ROBINSON, of Salem.

Professor of Entomology.
SAMUEL H. SCUDDER, of Cambridge.

0tkndin^ domi^ittee^.

Executive.

The President, HENRY P. WALCOTT, Chairman.

The Chairman of the Fin.axce Committee, H. H. HUNNEWELL; WILLIA3t

C. STRONG, CHARLES H. B. BRECK, FREDERICK L. AMES, WILLIAM H.

SPOONER, HENRY WELD FULLER, CHARLES S. SARGENT,

EDWARD L. BEARD.

* Communicatlont for th« Secretaiy, on the buaineai of the Society, ahotUd be addreaaed to him at Horticul-
tural Hall, Boaton.

358 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Finance.

H. HOLLIS HUNNEWELL, Chairman.

FREDERICK L. AMES. HENRY P. WALCOTT.

Publication and Discussion.

O. B. HADWEN, Chairman.

WILLIAM H. HUNT. FRANCIS H. APPLETON.

Establishing Prizes.

CHAIRMAN OF COMMITTEE ON FRUITS, Chairman.

CHAIRMEN OF COMMITTEES ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS, VEGETABLES,

AND GARDENS, EX OFFICIIS ; CHARLES M. ATKINSON, EDWARD L.

BEARD, JACKSON DAWSON.

Library.

WILLIAM E. ENDICOTT, Chairman.

.THE PROFESSOR OF BOTANY AND VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY

AND THE PROFESSOR OF ENTOMOLOGY, EX OFFICIIS;

J. D. W. FRENCH. NATHANIEL T. KIDDER.

FRANCIS H. APPLETON. GEORGE W. HUMPHREY.

Gardens.

JOHN G. BARKER, Chairman.

CHAIRMEN OF COMMITTEES ON FRUITS, PLANTS AND FLOWERS, AND

VEGETABLES, EX OFFICIIS; CHARLES W. ROSS,

HENRY W. WILSON, DAVID ALLAN.

Fruit.
E. W. WOOD, Chairman.
BENJAMIN G. SMITH. J. W. MANNING. WARREN FBNNO.

CHARLES F. CURTIS. O. B. HADWEN. SAMUEL HARTWELL.

Plants and Flowers.

JOSEPH H. WOODFORD, Chairman.

F. L. HARRIS. '^ ARTHUR H. FEWKES. JAMES O'BRIEN.

MICHAEL H. NORTON. WILLIAM J. STEWART. JOHN H. MOORE.

Vegetables.
CHARLES N. BRACKETT, Chairman.
WARREN HBUSTIS. P. G. HANSON. JOHN C. HOVEY.

CEPHAS H. BRACKETT. VARNUM FROST. J. WILLARD HILL.

Committee of Arrangements.
EDWARD L. BEARD, Chairman.
CHAIRMEN OF COMMITTEES ON FRUITS, PLANTS AND FLOWERS, VEGE-
TABLES, AND GARDENS, EX OFFICIIS;
PATRICK NORTON. ROBERT FARQUHAR.

MEMBERS FOR LIFE.

Members of the Society and all other persons who may know of deaths,
changes in residence, or other circumstances showing that the following list
is inaccurate in any particular will confer a favor by promptly communica-
ting to the Secretary the needed corrections.

Information, or any clue to it, is especially desired in regard to members
whose names are marked thus f.

Adams, Luther, Brighton.

Albro, Charles, Taunton.

Alger, R. F., Becket.

Allan, David, Mount Auburn.

Ames, Frank M., Canton.

Ames, Frederick L., North Easton.

Ames, George, Boston.

Ames, Oliver, Boston.

Ames, Preston Adams, South Hing-

ham.
Amory, Charles, Boston.
Amory, Frederick, Boston.
Anderson, Alexander, West Hingham.
Andrews, Charles L., Milton.
Andrews, Frank W., Boston.
Andros, Milton, San Francisco, Cal.
Appleton, Edward, Reading.
Appleton, Francis H., Peabody.
Appleton, William S., Boston.
Augur, P. M., Middlefield, Conn.
Avery, Edward, Boston.
Ayling, Isaac, M. D., Waltham.

Bailey, Edwin C, West Stowe, Vt.
Bancroft, John C, Boston.
Banfleld,FrancisL.,M.D., Worcester.
Barber, J. Wesley, Newton.
Barnard, James M., Maiden.
Barnard, Robert M., Everett.
Barnes, Walter S., Somerville.
Barnes, William H. , Boston.
tBarney, Levi C., Boston.
Barratt, James, Cambridgeport.

Barrett, Edwin S., Concord.
Bartlett, Edmund, Newburyport.
Bates, Amos, Hingham.
Bates, Caleb, Kingston.
Beal, Alexander, Dorchester.
Beal, Leander, Boston.
Beckford, Daniel R., Jr., Dedluim.
Bell, Joseph H., Quincy.
Berry, James, Brookline.
Bickford, Weare D., Newtonville.
Birchard, Charles, Framingham.
Black, James W., Cambridge.
Blake, Arthur W., Brookline.
Blakemore, John E., Roslindale.
Blanchard, John W., Dorchester.
Blaney, Henry, Boston.
Blinn, Richard D., Chicago, 111.
Bliss, William, Springfield.
Bocher, Prof. Ferdinand, Cambridge.
Bockus, Charles E., Dorchester.
Bond, George W., Jamaica Plain.
Borland, John N., M. D., New Lon-
don, Conn.
Botume, John, Wyoming.
Bouve, Thomas T., Boston.
Bowditch, Azell C, Somerville.
Bowditch, Charles P., 'Jamaica Plain.
Bowditch, J.IngersoU, Jamaica Plain.
Bowditch, William E., Roxbury.
Bowker, William H., Boston.
Brackett, Cephas H., Brighton.
Brackett, Charles N., Newton.
Bradish. Levi J., Boston.

360

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Bragg, Samuel A. B., Dorchester.
Bresee, Albert, Hubbardton, Vt.
Brewer, Francis W., Hingham.
Brewer, John Reed, Boston.
Brigham, William T., Boston.
Brimmer, Martin, Boston.
Brintnall, Benjamin, Charlestown.
Brooks, Francis, West Medford.
Brown, Alfred S., Jamaica Plain.
Brown, Charles E., Yarmouth, N. S.
Brown, Edward J., Weston.
Brown, George BarnaiJ, Boston.
Brown, George Bruce, Framingham.
Brown, Jacob, Woburn.
Brownell, E, S., Essex Junction, Vt.
t Bruce, Nathaniel F., Stoneham.
Bullard, John R., Dedham.
Bullard, William S., Boston.
Burnett, Joseph, Southborough.
Burnham, Thomas 0. H. P., Boston.
Burr, Fearing, Hingham.
Burr, Matthew H., Hingham.
Buswell, Edwin W., New York, N. Y.
Buswell, Frank E., New York, N. Y.
t Butler, Aaron, Wakefield.
Butler, Edward K., Jamaica Plain.
Butterfield, William P., East Lex-
ington.

Cabot, Edward C, Brookline.

Cadness, John, Flushing, N. Y.

Cains, William, South Boston.

Calder, Augustus P., Boston.

Capen, John, Boston.

Carlton, Samuel A., Boston.

Carruth, Charles, Boston.

Carter, Miss Sabra, Wilmington.

Cartwright, George, Dedham.

Chadbourne, Marshall W., Water-
town.

Chamberlain," Chauncey W., Boston.

Chapin, Nathaniel G., Brookline.

Chapman, Edward, South Framing-
ham.

Chase, Andrew J., Lynn.

Chase, Daniel E., Somerville.

Chase, George B., Boston.

Chase, Hezekiah S., Boston.
Chase, William M., Baltimore, Md.
Cheney, Benjamin P., Boston.
Child, Francis J., Cambridge.
Child, William C, Medford.
Childs, Francis, Charlestown.
Childs, Nathaniel R., Boston.
Choate, Charles F., Cambridge.
Claflin, Henry, Newton.
Claflin, William, Newtonville.
Clapp, Edward B., Dorchester.
Clapp, James H., Dorchester.
Clapp, William C, Dorchester.
Clark, Benjamin C, Boston.
Clark, Orus, Boston.
Clarke, Miss Cora H., Jamaica Plain.
Clay, Henry, Dorchester.
Cleary, Lawrence, West Roxbury.
Clement, Asa, Dracut.
Cleveland, Ira, Dedham.
Cobb, Albert A., Brookline.
Coburn, Isaac E., Everett.
Codman, James M., Brookline.
Codman, Ogden, Lincoln.
Coffin, G. Winthrop, West Roxbury.
Coffin, William E., Dorchester.
Collamore, Miss Helen, Boston.
Converse, Elisha S., Maiden.
Converse, Parker L., Woburn.
Coolidge, Joshua, Watertown.
Copeland, Franklin, West Dedham.
Cowing, Walter H., West Roxbury.
Coy, Samuel I., Boston.
Crosby, George E., West Medford.
Crowell, Philander, Chelsea.
Crowell, Randall H., Chelsea.
Crowninshield, Benjamin W., Boston.
Cummings, John, Woburn.
Curtis, Charles F. , Jamaica Plain.
Curtis, George S., Jamaica Plain.
Cushing, Robert M., Boston.

t Daggett, Henry C, Boston.
Damon, Samuel G., Arlington.
Dana, Charles B., Wellesley.
Darling. Charles K., Boston.
Davenport, Edward, Dorchester.

MEMBERS FOR LIFE.

361

Davenport, George E., Medford.
Davenport, Henry, Boston.
Dawson, Jackson, Jamaica Plain.
Dee, Thomas W., Mount Auburn.
Denny, Clarence H., Boston.
Denton, Eben, Dorchester.
Dewson, Francis A., Newtonville.
Dexter, F. Gordon, Boston.
Dickerraan, George H., Sonierville.
Dike, Charles C, Stoneham.
Dorr, George, Dorchester.
Dove, George W.W., Andover.
Durant, William, Boston.
Durfee, Mrs. Fidelia B., Fall River.
Durfee, George B., Fall River.
Dutcher, F. J., Hopedale.

Eaton, Horace, Quincy.
tEldridge, E. H., Roxbury.
Ellicott, Joseph P., Boston.
Elliott, Mrs. John W., Boston.
Elliott, William H., Brighton.
Endicott, William E., Canton.
Eustis, William C, Hyde Park.
Everett, William, Dorchester.

Fairchild, Charles, Boston.
Falconer, William, Glencove, N.Y.
Farlow, John S., Newton.
Farlow, Lewis H., Newton.
Farquhar, Robert, Boston.
tFaxon, John, Quincy.
Fenno, J. Brooks, Boston.
Fewkes, Arthur H., Newton High-
lands.
Fewkes, Edwin, Newton Highlands.
Fillebrown, John, Arlington.
Fisher, David, Montvale.
Fisher, James, San Diego, Cal.
Fisher, Warren, Boston.
Flagg, Augustus, Boston.
Fleming, Edwin, West Newton.
Fletcher, George V., Belmont.
Fletcher, John W., Chelsea.
Fletcher, J. Henry, Belmont.
Flint, Charles L., Boston.
Flint, David B., Watertown.

Flynt, William N., Monson.
Forster, Edward J., M.D., Charles-
town.
Foster, Francis C, Cambridge.
Fottler, John, Jr., Dorchester.
Fowle, George W., Jamaica Plain.
Fowle, William B., Auburndale.
French, Jonathan, Boston.
French, J. D. Williams, Boston.
Fuller, Henry Weld, Roxbury.

Galvin, John, West Roxbury.
Gardner, Henry N. , Belmont.
Gardner, JohnL., Brookline.
Gibbs, Wolcott, M.D., Newport, R. I.
Gillard, William, Atlantic.
Gilmore, E. W., North Easton.
Gilson, F. Howard, Reading.
Glover, Albert, Boston.
Glover, Joseph B., Boston.
Goddard, A. Warren, Brookline.
Goddard, Mrs. MaryT., Newton.
Goodell, L. W., D wight.
Gorham, James L., Jamaica Plain.
tGould, Samuel, Boston.
Gray, James, Wellesley.
Gregory, James J. H., Marblehead.
Greig, George, Toronto, Ontario.
Grey, Benjamin, Maiden.
Grundel, Hermann, Dorchester.
Guild, J. Anson, Brookline.

Hadwen, Obadiah B., Worcester.
Hall, Edwin A., Cambridgeport.
Hall, George A., Chelsea.
Hall, George R., Fort George, Fla.
Hall, .John R., Roxbury.
Hall, Lewis, Cambridge.
Hall, Stephen A., Revere.
Hall, William F., Brookline.
Halliday, William H., South Boston.
Hammond, Gardiner G., New Lon-
don, Conn.
Hammond, Samuel, Boston.
Hanson, P. G., Woburn.
Harding, Charles L., Cambridge.
Harding, George W., Arlington.

362

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Harding, Lewis B., Stamford, Ct.

Harding, William C, Stamford, Ct.

Hardy, F. D., Jr., Cambridgeport.

Harrington, Leonard, Salem.

Harrington, Nathan D., Somerville.

Harris, Charles, Cambridge.

Harris, Thaddeus William, A. M.,
Cambridge.

Hart, William T., Boston.

Hastings, Levi W., Brookline.

Hathaway, Setli W., Marblehead.

Hayes, Daniel F., Exeter, N. H.

Hayes, Mrs. Francis B., Senior, Lex-
ington.

Hayes, Francis B., Lexington.

fHazeltine, Hazen, Boston.

Head, Charles D., Brookline.

Hemenway, Augustus, Canton.

Henshaw, Joseph P. B., Boston.

Heywood, George, Concord.

Hilbourn, A. J., Boston.

Hill, George, Arlington.

Hill, John, Stoneham.

Hitchings, E. H., Maiden.

Hittinger, Jacob, Belmont.

Hoar, Samuel, Concord.

Hodgkins, JohnE., New Castle, N. H.

tHoUis, George W., Grantville.

HoUis, John W., AUston.

Holt, Mrs. Stephen A., Winchester.

Hooper, Thomas, Bridgewater.

Horner, Mrs. Charlotte N. S., George-
town.

Horsford, Miss Kate, Cambridge.

Hovey, Charles H., Cambridgeport.

Hovey, John C, Cambridgeport.

Hovey, Stillman S., Woburn.

Hubbard, Charles T., Weston.

Hubbard, Gardner G., Cambridge.

Hubbard, James C, Everett.

Humphrey, George W., Dedham.

Hunnewell, Arthur, Wellesley.

Hunnewell, H. HoUis, Wellesley.

Hunnewell, Walter, Wellesley.

Hunt, Franklin, Boston.

Hunt, William H., Concord.

Hyde, James F. C, Newton High-
lands.

Inches, Herman B., M. D., Boston.

Jackson, Abraham, Boston.
Jackson, Charles L., Cambridge.
Jackson, Robert T. , Dorchester.
Janvrin, William S., Revere.
Jeffries, John, Boston.
Jenks, Charles W., Boston.
Johnson, J. Frank, Bostop.
Jose, Edwin H., Cambridgeport.
Joyce, Mrs. E. S., Medford.

Kakas, Edward, West Medford.
Kelly, George B., Jamaica Plain.
tKendall, D. S., Woodstock, Ont.
Kendall, Edward, Cambridgeport.
Kendall, Joseph R., San Francisco,

Cal.
Kendrick, Mrs. H. P., AUston.
Kennard, Charles W., Boston.
Kennedy, George G., M. D., Milton.
Kent, John, Charlestown.
tKeyes, E, W., Denver, Col.
Keyes, George, Concord.
Kidder, Nathaniel T., Milton.
fKimball, A. P., Boston.
King, Franklin, Dorchester.
Kingman, Abner A., Brookline.
Kingman, C. D., Middleborough.
Kinney, John M., East Wareham.

Lancaster, Charles B., Newton.
Lane, John, East Bridgewater.
Lawrence, James, Groton.
Lawrence, John, Boston.
Learned, Charles A., Arlington.
Lee, Charles J., Dorchester.
Lee, Henry, Boston.
Leeson, Joseph R., Newton Centre.
Lemme, Frederick, Arlington.
Leuchars, Robert B., Boston.
Lewis, A. S., Framingham.
Lewis, William G., Framingham.
Lincoln, George, Hingham.
Lincoln, Col. Solomon, Boston.
Little, James L., Jr., Brookline.
Locke, William H., Belmont.
Lockwood, Rhodes, Boston.
Loftus, John P., North Easton.

MEMBERS FOR LIFE.

363

Lord, George C, Newton.
Loring, Caleb W., Beverly Farms.
Loring, George B., Salem.
Lovett, George L., West Newton.
t Lowder, John, Watertown.
Lowell, Augustus, Boston.
Luke, Elijah H.,Cambridgeport.
Lumb, William, Boston.
Lunt, Charles H., Jamaica Plain.
Lyman, Theodore, Brookline.
Lyon, Henry, Charlestown.

fMahoney, John, Boston.
Mann, James F., Ipswich.
Mann, Jonathan, Milton.
Manning, Jacob W., Reading.
Manning, Mrs. Lydia B., Reading.
Manning, Robert, Salem.
Manning, Warren H., Reading.
Marshall, Frederick F. , Chelsea.
Martin, Darius A., Chelsea.
Martin, John S., Roxbury.
Matthews, Nathan, Boston.
McCarty, Timothy, Providence, R.I.
McClure, John, Revere.
McWilliam, George, Whitinsville.
Melvin, James C, West Newton.
Merriam, Herbert, Weston.
Merriam, M. H., Lexington.
Merrifield, William T., Worcester.
Metivier, James, Cambridge.
Millraore, Mrs. Joseph, Boston.
Minton, James, Boston.
Moore, John H., Concord.
Morrill, Joseph, Jr., Roxbury.
t Morse, Samuel F., Boston.
Morse, William A., Natick.
Motley, Thomas, Jamaica Plain.
Mudge, George A., Portsmouth, N.H.
Munroe, Otis, Boston.

Needham, Daniel, Groton.
Nevins, David, Framinghara.
Newman, John R., Winchester.
Newton, Rev. William W., Pittsfield.
Nickerson, Albert W., Marion.
Nickerson, George A., Dedham.
Norton, Charles W., Allston.
Nourse, Benjamin F., Boston.

Oakman, Hiram A., North Marsh-

. field.
Osgood, James Ripley, Boston.

Packer, Charles H., Boston.
Page, Thomas, Hinsdale, 111.
Paige, Clifton H., Boston.
Palmer, Julius A., Jr., Boston.
Parker, Augustus, Roxbury.
Parkman, Francis, Jamaica Plain.
t Partridge, Henry, Dunkirk, N. Y.
Partridge, Horace, North Cambridge.
Paul, Alfred W., Dighton.
Peabody, John E., Salem.
Pearce, John, West Roxbury.
Peck, O. H., Denver, Col.
Peck, William G., Arlington.
Peirce, Silas, Boston.
Penniman, A. P., Waltham.
Perkins, Augustus T., Boston.
Perkins, Edward N., Jamaica Plain.
Perkins, William P., Wayland.
t Perry, George W., Maiden.

Philbrick,WilliamD., Newton Centre.
Pierce, Dean, Brookline.
Pierce, Henry L., Boston.
Pierce, Samuel B., Dorchester.
Poor, John R. , Somerville.
Porter, Herbert, Maiden.
Potter, Joseph S. , Arlington.
Prang, Louis, Roxbury.
Pratt, Laban, Dorchester.
Pratt, Lucius G., West Newton.
Pratt, Robert M., Boston.
Pratt, William, Winchester.
Pray, Mark W., Boston.
fPrescott, Eben C, Boston.
Prescott, William G., Boston.
Prescott, William G., Quincy.
Pringle, Cyrus G., Charlotte, Vt.
Proctor, Thomas P., West Roxbury.
Prouty, Gardner, Littleton.
Putnam, Joshua H., Brookline.

Quinby, Hosea M., xVI.D., Worcester.

Band, Miss Elizabeth L., Newton
Highlands.

364

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Rand, Oliver J., Carabridgeport.

Rawson, Warren W., Arlington.

Ray, James F., Franklin.

Ray, James P., Franklin.

Ray, Joseph G., Franklin.

Reed, George W., Boston.

Rice, George C, Worcester.

Richards, John J., Boston.

Richardson, Charles E., Cambridge-
port.

Rinn, J. Ph., Boston.

Ripley, Charles, Dorchester.

Robbins, I. Gilbert, Wakefield.

Robeson, William R. , Boston.

Robinson, John, Salem.

Robinson Joseph B., Allston.

Ross, Henry, Newtonville.

Ross, M. Denman, Forest Hills.

Ross, Waldo O., Boston.

Ruddick, William H., M. D., South
Boston.

Russell, George, Woburn.

Russell, John E., Leicester,

Russell, Walter, Arlington.

Sampson, George R., London, Eng-
land.
t Sanborn, Amos C, Cambridgeport.
Sanford, Oliver S., Hyde Park.
Sargent, Charles S., Brookline.
Sargent, John 0., Lenox.
Saville, Richard L., Brookline.
Sawtelle, Eli A., Boston.
Sawyer, Timothy T., Charlestown.
t Scott, Charles", Newton.
Scudder, Charles W., Brookline.
Sears, J. Montgomery, Boston.
Seaver, Nathaniel, East Boston.
Shaw, Christopher C, Milford, N.H.
Shimmin, Charles F., Boston.
Shorey, John L., Lynn.
Skinner, Francis, Boston.
Smith, Benjamin G., Cambridge.
Smith, Calvin W., Grantville.
Smith, Charles H., Jamaica Plain.
Smith, Charles S., Lincoln.
Smith, Chauncey, Cambridge.

Smith, Edward N., San Francisco.

Smith, George O., Boston.

Smith, James H., Needham.

Smith, Thomas Page, Walthara.

Snow, Eben, Cambridge.

Snow, Miss Salome H., Brunswick,
Me.

Sparhawk, Edward C, Brighton.

Spaulding, Edward, West Newton.

Speare, Alden, Newton Centre.

Springall, George, Maiden.

Stetson, Nahum, Bridgewater.

Stewart, William J., Winchester.

Stickney, Rufus B., Somerville.

t Stimpson, George, New York, N.Y.

Stone, Amos, Everett.

Stone, George F., Chestnut Hill.

Stone, Phineas J., Charlestown.

Strong, William C, Newton High-
lands.

Sturgis, Russell, Manchester.

Sturtevant, E. Lewis, M.D., South
Framingham.

Surette, Louis A., Concord.

Taft, John B., Cambridge.
Tarbell, George G., M.D., Boston.
Taylor, Horace B., Boston.
Temple, Felker L., Somerville.
Thurlow, Thomas C, Newburyport.
Tidd, Marshall M., Woburn.
Tilton, Stephen W., Roxbury.
Todd, John, Hinghara.
Tolman, Benjamin, Concord.
Tolman, Miss Harriet S., Boston.
Torrey, Everett, Charlestown.
fTurner, John M., Dorchester.
Turner, Roswell W., Dorchester.
Turner, Royal W., Randolph.

Underwood, Guy C, Florida.
Underwood, William J., Belmont.

Vinal, Miss Mary L., Somerville.
Vose, Benjamin C, Hyde Park.

Wainwright, William L., Braintree.
Wakefield, E. H., Cambridge.
Walcott, Henry P.,M.D., Cambridge.

MEMBERS FOR LIFE.

365

Wales, George O., Braintree.
Walker, Edward C. R., Roxbury.
Walker, Theophilus W., Waltham.
Walley, Mrs. W. P., Boston.
Walton, Daniel G., Wakefield.
Ward, John, Newton Centre.
Wardwell, William H., Newton

Centre.
Ware, Benjamin P., Clifton.
Warren, George W., Boston.
Washburn, Andrew, Hyde Park.
Waters, Edwin F., Boston.
Waters, George F., Boston.
Watson, Thomas A., East Braintree.
Watts, Isaac, Waverly.
Webber, Aaron D., Boston.
Weld, Aaron D., West Roxbury.
Weld, Christopher Minot, Jamaica

Plain.
Wold, George W., Newport, R. I.
Weld, Moses W., M. D., Boston.
Weld, Richard H., Boston.
Weld, William G., Boston.
West, Mrs. Maria L., Neponset.
Weston, Leonard W., Lincoln.
Weston, Seth, Revere.
Wheeler, Frank, Concord.
Wheelwright, A. C, Brookline.
Whipple, John A., Boston.

Whitcomb, William B., Medford.
White, Edward A., Boston.
White, Francis A., Brookline.
White, Joseph H., Brookline.
Whitely, Edward, Cambridgeport.
Whittle, George W., Westminster, Vt.
fWhytal, Thomas G., New York,

N. Y.
Wilbur, George B., West Newton.
Wilder, Edward Baker, Dorchester.
Wilder, Henry A., Maiden.
Willard, E. W., Newport, R. I.
Willcutt, Levi L., West Roxbury.
Williams, Aaron D., Boston.
Williams, Benjamin B., Boston.
Williams, Philander, Taunton.
Willis, George W., Chelsea.
Willis, Joshua C, Roxbury.
Wilson, Col. Henry W., Boston.
Wilson, William Power, Boston.
Woerd, Charles V., Waltham.
Wood, Charles G., Boston.
Wood, Luke H., Marlborough.
Wood, R. W., Jamaica Plain,
Wood, William K., West Newton.
Woods, Henry, Boston.
Woodward, Royal, Brookline.
Wright, George C, West Acton.
Wyman, Oliver B., Shrewsbury.

11

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

Members of the Society and all other persons who may know of deaths,
changes of residence, or other circumstances showing that the following list is
inaccurate in any particular, will confer a favor by promptly communicating
to the Secretary the needed corrections.

Abbot, Samuel L., M. D., Boston.
Abbott, Allen v., Boston.
Aird, Duncan, Belmont.
Allen, Charles L., Garden City, N.Y.
Andrews, Augustus, Dorchester.
Atkinson, Charles M., Brookline.
Atkinson, Edward, Brookline.
Atkinson, William B., Newburyport.

Bacon, Augustus, Rqxbury.
Bacon, William, Roxbury.
Badlam, William H., Dorchester.
Bard, James, Dorchester.
Barker, John G., Jamaica Plain.
Beard, Edward L., Cambridge.
Beer, Carl, Bangor, Maine.
Bird, John L., Dorchester,
Bliss, Benjamin K., East Bridgewater.
Bock, William A., North Cambridge.
Bolles, Matthew, Boston.
BoUes, William P., Roxbury.
Bolton, John B., Somerville.
Bowditch, E. F., Framingham.
Bowditch, Jam~es H., Brookline.
Bowker, Albert, East Boston.
Boyden, Clarence F., Taunton.
Breck, Charles H., Brighton.
Breck, Charles H. B., Brighton.
Brooks, George, Brookline.
Brown, David H., West Medford.
Burley, Edward, Beverly.
Butler, Edward, Wellesley.

Carroll, James T., Chelsea.
Carter, Miss Maria E., Woburn.
Cartwright, James, Wellesley.

Chaffin, John C, Newton.
Chase, Joseph S., Maiden.
Chase, Leverett M., Roxbury.
Cheney, Amos P., Natick.
Clapp, Henry L., Roxbury.
Clark, James W., Framingham.
Clark, Josepli, Manchester.
Clark, Theodore M., Newtonville.
Collins, Frank S., Maiden.
Comley, James, Lexington.
Coolidge, David H., Jr., Boston.
Crafts, William A., Boston.
Crosby, J. Allen, Jamaica Plain.
Curtis, Daniel T., Sharon.
Curtis, Joseph H., Boston.

Davenport, Albert M., Watertown.
Davis, Frederick, Saxonville.
Davis, Thomas M., Cambridgeport.
De Mar, John A., Brighton.
Dolbear, Mrs. Alice J., College Hill.
Doliber, Thomas, Brookline.
Doran, Enoch E., Brookline.
Doyle, William E., East Cambridge.
Duffley, Daniel, Brookline.

Eaton, Jacob, Cambridgeport.

Faxon, Edwin, Jamaica Plain.
Faxon, Marshall B., Boston.
Felton, Arthur W., West Newton.
Fenno, Warren, Revere.
Fisher, Frederick C, South Sudbury.
Fisher, Sewall, Framingham.
Forbes, William H., Jamaica Plain.
Foster, Joshua T., Medford.

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

367

Francis, George E.,M.D., Worcester.
Frohock, Roscoe R., Maiden.
Frost, George, West Newton.
Frost, Stiles, Newtonville.
Frost, Varnum, Belmont.
Frost, Warren S., Belmont.
Fuller, T. Otis, Needham.

Gibbon, Mrs. James A., Brookline.
Gilbert, Samuel, Boston.
Gill, Mrs. E. M., Medford.
Gill, George B., Medford.
Gleason, Herbert, Maiden.
Godbold, Gustavus A., Chelsea.
Goddard, Thomas, Boston.
Gould, William P., Newtonville.
Grant, Charles E., Concord.
Grover, William O., Boston.
Guerineau, Louis, Cambridge.

Hall, Stacy, Boston.
Hall, William T., Revere.
Hamlin, Delwin A., AUston.
Hammond, Clement M., Hyde Park.
Harris, Miss Ellen M., Jamaica Plain.
Harris, Frederick L., South Natick.
Hartwell, Samuel, Lincoln.
Harwood, George S., Newton.
Hersey, Alfred H., Hingham.
Hersey, Edmund, Hingham.
Heustis, Warren, Belmont.
Hewins, James, Medfield.
Hews, Albert H. , North Cambridge.
Hill, Benjamin D., Peabody.
Hill, Edwin S., Clarendon Hills.
Hill, J. Willard, Belmont.
Hunt, Henry C, Newton.

Jameson, G. W., East Lexington.
Judkms, Rev. B., West Dedham.
Kendall, Jonas, Framingham.
Kenrick, Miss Anna C, Newton.
Kidder, Francis H., Medford.

Lamprell, Simon, Marblehead.
Lang, John H. B., Boston.
Langmaid, Mrs. Mary, Somerville.
Lee, Francis H., Salem.

Loring, Charles G., Boston.
Loring, John A., North Andover.
Lothrop, David W., West Medford.
Lothrop, Thornton K., Boston.
Low, Aaron, Essex.
Lowell, John, Newton.

Manda, W. A., Short Hills, N. J.
Manning, J. Woodward, Reading.
Marcou, Mrs. J., Cambridge.
Markoe, George F. H., Roxbury.
Martin, William J., Milton.
Maxwell, Charles E., Boston.
May, F. W. G., Boston.
McDermott, Andrew, Roxbury.
Mcintosh, Aaron S., Roxbury.
McLaren, Anthony, Forest Hills.
McMillan, Robert, Pearl River, N. Y.
Meriam, Horatio C, D.M.D., Salem.
Merrill, J. Warren, Cambridgeport.
Meston, Alexander, Andover.
Mills, William, Somerville.
Morandi, Francis W., Maiden.
Muzzey, Rev. Artemas B., Cambridge.

Nightingale, Rev. Crawford, Dor-
chester.
Norton, Michael H., Boston.
Norton, Patrick, Boston.

O'Brien, James, Jamaica Plain.

Park, William D., Boston.
Parker, George A., Halifax.
Parker, John, Medford.
Payson, Samuel R., Boston.
Peirce, George H., Concord.
Petremant, Robert, Roxbury.
Phillips, Nathaniel, Dorchester.
Pitcher, James R., Short Hills, N. J.
Plimpton, Willard P., West Newton.
Power, Charles J., South Framing-
ham.
Purdie, George A., Wellesley Hills.
Putnam, Charles A., Salem.

Randall, Macey, Sharon.
Rich, William E. C, Roxbury.

368

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Rich, William P., Chelsea.
Richards, John S., Brookline.
Richards, Mrs. P. D., West Medford.
Richardson, Horace, M.D., Boston.
Robbins, Oliver R., Weston.
Robinson, William, North Easton.
Rogers, Samuel C. B., Jamaica Plain.
Ross, Charles W., Newtonville.

Saflfbrd, Nathaniel F., Milton.
Sanders, Dr. Orren S., Boston.
Saunders, Miss Mary T., Salem.
Sawtell, J. M., Fitchburg.
Schmitt, Georg A., Boston.
Scott, Augustus E., Lexington.
Scott, John W., Nahant.
Scudder, Samuel H., Cambridge.
Sharpies, Stephen P., Cambridge.
Shattuck, Frederick R., Roxbury.
Shedd, Abraham B., Waltham.
Sheppard, Edwin, Lowell.
Snow, Eugene A., Melrose.
Snow, Francis B., Dorchester.
Southworth, Edward, Quincy.
Spooner, William H., Jamaica Plain.
Squire, John P., Arlington.
Stearns, Mrs. Charles A,., East

Watertown.
Stearns, Charles H., Brookline.
Stone, Samuel G., Charlestown.
Storer, Charles, Natick.
Story, Miss Sarah W., Brighton.
Strahan, Thomas, Chelsea.
Stults, John V. N., Roxbury.
Swan, Charles W., M. D., Boston.

Tailby, Joseph, Wellesley.

Talbot, Josiah W., Norwood.

Teel, William H., West Acton.

Terry, Rev. Calvin, North Wey-
mouth.

Tobey, S. Edwin, Boston.

Torrey, Bradford, Boston.

Tousey, Prof. William G., College
Hill.

Turner, Nathaniel W., Boston.

Vaughan, J. C, Chicago, 111.

Walker, Joseph T., Watertown, N.Y.
Walker, William P., Somerville.
Way, John M., Roxbury.
Wellington, Miss Caroline, East

Lexington.
Wells, Benjamin T., Newton.
Weston, Mrs. L. P., Danvers.
Wheatland, Henry, M.D., Salem.
White, George A., Roxbury.
Whitney, Joel, Winchester.
Whiton, Starkes, Hingham Centre.
Wilmarth, Henry D., Jamaica Plain.
Wilson, B. Osgood, Watertown.
Wilson, George W., Maiden.
Wolcott, Mrs. Henrietta L. T., Ded-

ham.
Wood, Mrs. AnnaD., West Newton.
Wood, E. W., West Newton.
Woodford, Joseph H., Newton.
Worthington, Roland, Roxbury.

Zirngiebel, Denys, Needham.

EXTRACTS FROM THE CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS. 369

EXTRACTS FROM THE CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS.

SECTION XXVI. — Life Members.

The payment of thirty dollars shall constitute a Life Membership, and
exempt the member from all future assessments ; and any member having
once paid an admission fee may become a Life Member by the payment of
tw^ty dollars in addition thereto.

SECTION XXVII. — Admission Fee and Annual Assessment.

Every subscription member, before he receives his diploma, or exercises
the privileges of a member, shall pay the sum of ten dollars as an admission
fee, and shall be subject afterwards to an annual assessment of two dollars.

SECTION XXIX. — Discontinuance op Membership.

Any member who shall neglect for the space of two years to pay his annual
assessment shall cease to be a member of the Society, and the Treasurer
shall erase his name from the List of Members. Any member may withdraw
from the Society, on giving notice to the Treasurer and paying the amount
due from him to the Society.

The attention of Annual Members is particularly called to Section XXIX.

HONORARY MEMBERS.

Members and correspondeyits of the Society and all other persons who may
know of deaths, changes of residence, or other circumstances showing that the
following list is inaccurate in any particular, will confer a favor by promptly
communicating to the Secretary the needed corrections.

Information, or any clew to it, is especially desired in regard to Joseph
Maxwell, elected in 1830, and George W. Smith, elected in 1851. The names
of those known to be deceased are marked with a star.

•Benjamin Abbott, LL. D., Exeter, N. H.

*JoHN Abbott, Brunswick, Me.

*HoN. John Quinct Adams, LL. D., late President of the United States,

Quincy.
♦Pbofessor Loois Agassiz, Cambridge.

* William T. Aiton, late Curator of the Royal Gardens, Kew, England.
*Thomas Allen, late President of the St. Louis Horticultural Society,

St. Louis, Mo., and Pittsfield, Mass.
*HoN. Samuel Appleton, Boston.
*HoN. James Abnold, New Bedford.
♦Edwabd Nathaniel Bancroft, M. D., late President of the Horticultural

and Agricultural Society of Jamaica.
*HoN. Philip P. Barbour, Virginia.

*DoN Angel Calderon de la Barca, late Spanish Minister at Wash-
ington.
♦Robert Barclay. Bury Hill, Dorkings Surrey, England.
*James Beekman, New York.
*L'Abbe Beelese, Paris.
♦Nicholas Biddle, Philadelphia.
*Dr. Jacob Bigelow, Boston.
*Me8. Lucy Bigelow, Medford.
*Le Chevalier Soulange Bodin, late Secretaire G4n4ral de la Soci^t^

d'Horticulture de Paris.
Hon. George S. Boutwell, Groton.
*Jo8iah Beadlee, Boston.
♦Hon. George N. Briggs, Pittsfield.
♦Hon. James Buchanan, late President of the United States, Lancaster,

Penn.
♦Hon. Jesse Buel, late President of the Albany Horticultural Society,

Albany, N. Y.
♦Hon. Edmttnd Burke, late Commissioner of Patents, Washington, D. C.

HONORARY MEMBERS. 371

*AuGTJ8TiN Ptramus de Candolle, Geneva, Switzerland.

*HoN. HoHACE Capron. late U. S. Commissioner of Agriculture, Wash-
ington, D. C

♦Commodore Isaac Chaitncey, U. S. Navy, Brooklyn, N. Y.

♦Ward Chipman, late Chief Justice of New Brunswick, St. John.

♦Lewis Clapier, Philadelphia.

♦Hon. Henry Clay, Lexington, Ky.
H. W. S. Cleveland, Minneapolis, Minn.

♦Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin, Bart., England.

♦Zaccheus Collins, late President of the Pennsylvania Horticultural
Society, Philadelphia.

♦Roswell L. Colt, Paterson, N. J.

♦Caleb Cope, Ex-President of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society,
Philadelphia.

♦William Coxe, Burlington, N. J. ,

♦John P. Cushing, Watertown.

♦Charles W. Dabney, late U. S. Consul, Fayal, Azores.

♦Hon John Davis. LL.D., Boston.

♦Sir Humphry Davy, London.

♦Gen. Henry Alexander Scammel Dearborn, Roxbury.

♦Jambs Dickson, late Vice-President of the Horticultural Society of
London.

♦Mrs. Dorothy Dix, Boston.

♦Capt. Jesse D. Elliot, U. S. Navy.

♦Hon. Stephen Elliot, LL. D., Charleston, S. C.

♦Hon. Henry L. Ellsworth, late Commissioner of Patents, Washing-
ton, D. C.

♦Alltn Charles Evanson, late Secretary of the King's County Agricul-
tural Society, St. John, N. B.

•Hon. Edward Everett, LL. D., Boston.

♦Hon. Horace Everett, Vermont.

♦F. Faldermann, late Curator of the Imperial Botanic Garden, St. Peters-
burg.

♦Hon. Millard Fillmore, late President of the United States, Buffalo, N.Y.

♦Db. F. E. Fischer, late Professor of Botany at the Imperial Botanic
Garden, St. Petersburg.

♦Hon. Theodore Frelinghuysen, late President of the American Agri-
cultural Society, New Brunswick, New Jersey.

♦Joseph Gales, Jr., late Vice-President of the Horticultural Society,
Washington, D. C

♦George Gibbs, New York.

♦Stephen Girard, Philadelphia.

♦Hon. Robert T. Goldsborough, Talbot County, Maryland.

♦Ephraim Goodale. South Orrington, Maine. «

♦Mrs. Rebecca Gore, Waltham.

♦Hoy. John Greig, late President of the Domestic Horticultural Society,
Canandaigua, N. Y.

372 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

*Mk8. Mart Griffith, Charlieshope, N. J.

*Gen. William Henrt Harrison, late President of the United States,

North Bend, Ohio.
♦S. P. HiLDRETH, M. D., Marietta, Ohio.

♦Thomas Hopkirk, late President of the Glasgow Horticultural Society.
*David Hosack, M. D., late President of the New York Horticultural

Society.
♦Lewis Hunt, Huntsburg, Ohio.
♦Joseph R. Ingersoll, late President of the Pennsylvania Horticultural

Society, Philadelphia.
♦Gen. Andrew Jackson, late President of the United States, Nashville,

Tenn.
♦Mrs. Martha Johonnot, Salem.

♦Jared Potter Kirtland, M. D., LL.D., East Rockport, Ohio.
♦Thomas Andrew Knight, late President of the Horticultural Society of

London.
♦Gen. La Fayette, La Grange, France.

♦Lb Comte de Lasteyrie, late Vice-President of the Horticultural Society
of Paris.
L. A. H. Latour, M. p., Montreal, Canada.
♦Baeon Justus Liebig, Giessen, Germany.
♦Professor John Lindley, late Secretary of the Horticultural Society of

London.
♦Franklin Litchfield, late U. S. Consul at Puerto Cabello, Venezuela.
♦Joshua Longstreet, Philadelphia.
♦Nicholas Longworth, Cincinnati, Ohio.

♦Jacob Lorillard, late President of the New York Horticultural Society.
♦John Claudius Loudon, London.
♦Hon. John A. Lowell, Boston.

♦Baron Charles Ferdinand Henry Von Ludwig, late Vice-President of
the South African Literary and Scientific Institution, Cape Town,
Cape of Good Hope.
♦Hon. Theodore Lyman, Brookline.
CoL. Theodore Lyman, Brookline.
♦Hon. James Madison, late President of the United States, Montpelier, Va.
♦Mrs. Charlotte Maryatt, Wimbledon, near London.
Joseph Maxwell, Rio Janeiro.

♦D. Smith McCaulet, late U. S. Consul-General at Tripoli, Philadelphia.
♦Hon. Isaac McKim, late President of the Horticultural Society of Mary-
land, Baltimore.
Rev. James H. Means, Dorchester, Mass.
♦James Mease, M. D., Philadelphia.
♦Lewis John Mentens, Brussels, Belgium.
♦Hon. Charl^ F. Merger, Virginia.
♦Francois Andre Michaux, Paris.
Donald G. Mitchell, New Haven, Conn.
♦Samuel L, Mitohill, M. D., LL.D., New York.

HONORARY MEMBERS. 373

*HoN. James Monroe, late President of the United States, Oak Hill, Va.

♦Alfred S. Monson, M. D., late President of the New Haven Horticultural
Society, New Haven, Conn.

*HoN. A. N. MoRiN, Montreal, Canada.

♦Theodore Mossblmann, Antwerp, Belgium.
Baron R. Von Osten Sacken, Heidelberg, Germany.

*Baron Ottenfels, late Austrian Minister to the Ottoman Porte.

*JoHN Palmer, Calcutta.

*HoN. Joel Parker, LL. I)., Cambridge.
Samuel B. Parsons, Flushing, N. Y.

*HoN. Thomas H. Perkins, Brookline.

*Antoine Poiteau, late Professor in the Institut Horticole de Fromont.

♦Hon. James K. Polk, late President of the United States, Nashville,
Tenn.

♦John Hare Powel, Powelton, Pa.

♦Henrt Pratt, Philadelphia.

♦William Prince. Flushing, N. Y.

♦Rev. George Putnam, D. D., Roxbury.

♦Col. Joel Rathbone, late President of the Albany and Rensselaer Horti-
cultural Society, Albany, N. Y.

♦Archibald John, Earl of Rosebery, late President of the Caledonian Horti-
cultural Society.

♦Joseph Sabine, late Secretary of the Horticultural Society of London.

♦Don Ramon de la Sagra, Havana, Cuba.

♦Henry Winthrop Sargent, Fishkill, N. Y.

♦Sir Walter Scott, Abbotsford, Scotland.

♦John Shepherd, late Curator of the Botanic Garden, Liverpool, England.

♦John S. Skinner, late Editor of the American Farmer, Baltimore, Md.
George W. Smith, Boston.

♦Stephen H. Smith, late President of the Rhode Island Horticultural
Society.

♦Hon. Charles Sumner, coston.

♦Hon. John Taliaferro, Virginia.

♦Gen. James Talmadge, late President of the American Institute, New
York.

♦Gen. Zachart Tatlob, late President of the United States, Baton
Rouge, La.

♦James Thacheb, M. D., Plymouth.
John J. Thomas, Union Springs, N. Y.

♦James W. Thompson, M. D., Wilmington, Del.

♦Grant Thorburn, New York.

♦M. Du Petit Thouars, Paris.

♦Le -Vicomte Herioart De Thurt, late President of the Horticultural
Society of Paris.

♦MoNB. Tougabd, late President of the Horticultural Society of Rouen,
France.

♦Gen. Nathan Towson, late President of the Horticultural Society, Wash-
ington, D. C.

374 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

♦Hon. John Tyler, late President of the United States, Williamsburg, Va.

*Rev. Joseph Tyso, Wallingford, England.

♦Hon. Martin Van Buren, late President of the United States, Kinder-
hook, N. Y.

♦Federal Vanderburg, M. D., New York.

♦Jean Baptiste Van Mons, M. D., Brussels, Belgium.

♦Gen. Stephen Van Rensselaer, Albany, N. Y.

♦Joseph R. Van Zandt, Albany, N. Y.

♦Benjamin Vaughan, M. D., Hallowell, Me.

♦Petty Vaughan, London.

♦Rev. N. Villeneuve, Montreal, Canada.

♦Pierre Philippe Andre Vilmorin, Paris.

♦James Wadsworth, Geneseo, N. Y.

♦Nathaniel Wallich, M. D., late Curator of the Botanic Garden, Calcutta.

♦Malthus a. Ward, M. D., late Professor in Franklin College, Athens, Ga.

♦Hon. Daniel Webster, Marshfield.

♦Hon. John Welles, Boston.

♦Jeremiah Wilkinson, Cumberland, R. I.
Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, Boston.

♦Frederick Wolcott, Litchfield, Conn.

♦Ashton Yates, Liverpool, England.

♦Lawrence Young, late President of the Kentucky Horticultural Society,
Louisville.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

Members and correspondents of the Society and all other persons who may
know of deaths, changes of residence, or other circumstances showing that the
following list is inaccurate in any particular, will confer a favor by promptly
reporting to the Secretary the needed corrections.

Information, or any clew to it, is especially desired in regard to Alexander
Burton, elected in 1829, S. Reynolds, M. D., 1832, and Francis Summerest,
1833. The names of those known to be deceased are marked with a star.

♦John Adlum, Georgetown, D. C.

*DoN Francisco Aguilar t Leal, late U. S. Vice-Consul at Maldonado,

Banda Oriental del Uruguay.
*MoN8. Alfroy, Lieusaint, France.

♦James T. Allan, late President of the Nebraska State Horticultural
Society, Omaha.

A. B. Allen, New York.
*Rev. Thomas D. Anderson, D. D., South Boston.

ficouARD Andre, Redacteur en chef de la Revue Horticole, Paris, France.
*Thomas Appleton, late U. S. Consul at Leghorn, Italy.
*CoL. Thomas Aspinwall, late U. S. Consul at London, Brookline.

P. M. AoGDR, State Poraologist, Middlefield, Conn.
♦Isaac Cox Barnet, late U. S. Consul at Paris.

Patrick Barry, Ex-First Vice-President of the American Pomological So-
ciety, Rochester, N. Y.
♦Augustine Baumann, Bolwiller, Alsace.
♦Eugene Achille Baumann, Rahway, N. J.
♦Joseph Bernard Baumann, Bolwiller, AUace.

Napoleon Baumann, Bolwiller, Alsace.

D. W. Beadle, St. Catherine's, Ontario.

Professor William J. Beal, Lansing, Michigan.
♦Noel J. Becar, Brooklyn, N. Y.

♦Edward Beck, Worton College, Isleworth, near London.
♦Rev. Henry Ward Beecher, Peekskill, N. Y.
♦Louis l^DOUARD Berckmans, Rome, Ga. '

Prosper J. Berckmans, Augusta, Ga.
♦Alexander Bivort, late Secretary of the Soci6t6 Van Mone, Fleurus,

Belgium.
♦Tripet Le Blanc, Paris.

Dr. Ch. Bolle, Berlin, Prussia.
♦Charles D. Bragdon, Pulaski, Oswego Co., N. Y.
';* William D. BRiKOKLi, M. D., Philadelphia.

376 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETr.

♦George Brown, late U. S. Commissioner to the Sandwich Islands, Beverly.
♦John W. Brown, Fort Gaines, Ga.
*Dr. Nehemiah Brush, East Florida.

♦Arthur Bryant, Sr., late President of the Illinois State Horticultural
Society, Princeton.

Professor J. L. Budd, Secretary of the Iowa Horticultural Society, Ames.
♦Robert Buist, Philadelphia.
♦Dr. E. W. Bull, Hartford, Conn.

William Bull, Chelsea, England.

Rev. Robert Burnet, Ex-President of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Asso-
ciation, Burlington.

Alexander Burton, tJnited States Consul at Cadiz, Spain, Philadelphia.

IsiDOR Bush, Bushberg, Jefferson Co., Mo.

George W. Campbell, Delaware, Ohio.
♦Francis G. Carnes, New York.
*CoL. Robert Carr, Philadelphia.
♦Rev. John O. Choules, D. D., Newport. R. I.
♦Rev. Henry Colman, Boston.
♦James Colvill, Chelsea, England.

Maxime Cornu, Directeur du Jardin des Plantes, Paris, France.

Benjamin E. Cotting, M. D., Boston.
♦Samuel L. Dana, M. D., Lowell.
♦J. Decaisne, late Professeur de Culture au Museum d'Histoire Naturelle,

Jardin des Plantes, Paris.
♦James Deering, Portland, Me.
♦H. F. Dickehut.

♦Sir C. Wentworth Dilke, Bart. , London.
♦Hon. Allen W. Dodge, Hamilton.

Rev. H. Honywood D'Ombrain, Westwell Vicarage, Ashford, Kent,
England.

Robert Douglas, Waukegan, Illinois.
♦Andrew Jackson Downing, Newburg, N. Y.
♦Charles Downing, Newburg, N. Y.

W. T. Thiselton Dter, C.M.G., F.R.S., Director of the Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew, England.

Parker Earle, President of the American Horticultural Society, Cobden,
111.
♦F. R. Elliott, late Secretary of the American Pomological Society,
Cleveland, Ohio.

George Ellw anger,, Rochester, N. Y.

Henry John Elwes, F.L.S., F.Z.S., Preston Hall, Cirencester, England.
♦George B. Emerson, LL. D., Winthrop.
♦Ebenezer Emmons, M. D. , Williamstown.
♦Andrew H. Ernst, Cincinnati, O.
♦Nathaniel Fellows, Cuba.
♦Henry J. Finn, Newport. R. I.

♦WiLLAED C Flagg, late Secretary of the American Pomological Society,
Moro, 111.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS. 377

♦Michael Flot, late Vice-President of the New York Horticultural Society,

New York City.
*JoHN Fox, Washington, D. C.
*HoN. Russell Freeman, Sandwich.

Andrew S. Fuller, Ridgewood, N. J.

Henry Weld Fuller, Roxbury.

Hon. Robert W. Furnas, President of the Nebraska State Horticultural
Society, Brownville.
*AoGUSTiN Gande, late President of the Horticultural Society, Depart-
ment of the Sarthe, France.
♦Robert H. Gardiner, Gardiner, Me.
♦Benjamin Gardner, late U. S. Consul at Palermo, Sicily.
♦Capt. James T. Gerry, U. S. Navy.

Charles Gibb, Corresponding Secretary of the Fruit Growers' Association,
Abbotsford, Quebec.
♦Abraham P. Gibson, late U. S. Consul at St. Petersburg.
♦R. Glendinning, Chiswick, near London.

Professor George L. Goodale, Cambridge.
♦George W. Gordon, late U. S. Consul at Rio Janeiro, Boston.
♦Professor Asa Gray, Cambridge.

Obadiah B. Hadwen, Ex-President of the Worcester County Horticultural
Society, Worcester.
♦Charles Henry Hall, New York.

♦Abraham Halsey, late Corresponding Secretary of the New York Horti-
cultural Society, New York.
♦Dr. Charles C. Hamilton, late President of the Fruit Growers' Associa-
tion and International Show Society of Nova Scotia, Cornwallis.
♦Rev. Thaddeus Mason Harris, D. D., Dorchester.
♦Thaddeus William Harris, M. D., Cambridge.
♦John Hay, late Architect of the Caledonian Horticultural Society.
♦Bernard Henry, late U. S. Consul at Gibraltar, Philadelphia.

Shirley Hibberd, Editor of the Gardeners' Magazine, London.
♦J. J. Hitchcock, Baltimore.

Robert Hogg, LL. D., Editor of the Journal of Horticulture, London.
♦Thomas Hogg, New York.

Thomas Hogg, New York.

J. C. Holding, Ex-Treasurer and Secretary of the Cape of Good Hope
Agricultural Society, Cape Town, Africa.

Rev. S. Reynolds Hole, Rochester, England.

Slb Joseph Hooker, K. C. S. I., The Camp, Sunningdale, England.

Josiah Hoopes, West Chester, Pa.

Pbofessob E. N. Hobsfokd, Cambridge.
•Sanford Howard, Chicago, 111.

♦Dr. William M. Howsley, late President of the Kansas State Horticul-
tural Society, Leavenworth.
♦Isaac Hcnteb, Baltimore, Md.
*I8AA0 HcBD, Cincinnati, Ohio.

378 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL 80QIETT.

George Hdsmann, Napa, Cal.
♦Professor Isaac W. Jackson, Union College, Schenectady, N. Y.
*Thomas p. James, Cambridge.
♦Edward Jarvis, M. D., Dorchester.

J. W. P. Jenks, Middleborough.

William J. Johnson, M. D., Fort Gaines, Ga.

Charles Jolt, Vice-President of the Soci6t6 d'Horticulture de France,
Paris.

Samuel Kneeland, M. D., Boston.
•MoNS. Laffat, St. Cloud, near Paris, France.

♦David Landreth, late Corresponding Secretary of the Pennsylvania Horti-
cultural Society, Bristol, Pa.

C. C. Langdon, Mobile, Alabama.
♦Dr. William LeBaron, late State Entomologist, Geneva, 111.

Max Leichtlin, Baden-Baden, Germany.

G. F. B. Leighton, President of the Norfolk Horticultural and Pomologi-
cal Society, Norfolk, Va.

Victor Lemoine, Nancy, France.
♦E. S. H. Leonard, M. D., Providence, R. I.
♦Andre Lerot, Author of the Dictionnaire de Pomologie, Angers, France.

J. Linden, Ghent, Belgium.
♦Hon. George Lunt, Scituate.

T. T. Lyon, President of the Michigan Horticultural Society, Grand Haven.
♦F. W. Macondray, San Francisco, Cal.
♦James J. Mapes, LL. D., Newark, N. J.

♦A. Mas, late President of the Horticultural Society, Bourg-en-Bresse,
France.

Dr. Maxwell T. Masters, Editor of the Gardeners' Chronicle, London.
♦James Maury, late L^. S. Consul at Liverpool, England.

George Maw, Benthall, Kinley, Surrey, England.

C. J. de Maximowicz, St. Petersburg, Russia.
T. C. Maxwell, Geneva, N. Y.

♦William Sharp McLeay, New York.

♦James MoNab, late Curator of the Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, Scotland.
Thomas Meehan, Germantown, Pa.
♦Allan Melvill, New York.
♦John Miller, M. D., late Secretary of tlie Horticultural and Agricultural

Society of Jamaica.
♦Stephen Mills, Flushing, N. Y.

♦Charles MTntosh, Dalkeith Palace, near Edinburgh.
♦Joseph E. Mitchell, late President of the Pennsylvania Horticultural

Society, Philadelphia.
Dr. Charles Mohr, Mobile, Alabama.
♦Giuseppe Monarchini, M. D., Canea, Isle of Candia.
♦£douard Morren, Editor of the Belgique Horticole, Li^ge, Belgium.

D. Morris, F.L.S., Assistant Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew,

England.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS. 379

Ch. Naudin, Antibes, France.
♦Horatio Newhall, M. D., Galena, 111.

♦David W. Offlet, late U. S. Consular Agent at Smyrna, Turkey.
*James Ombrosi, late U. S. Consul at Florence, Italy.
*JoHN J. Palmer, New York.
♦Victor Paquet, Paris.

♦John W. Parker, late U. S. Consul at Amsterdam, Holland.
♦Andre Parmentier, Brooklyn, N. Y.

William Paul, Waltham Cross, London, N.
♦Sir Joseph Paxton, M. P., Chats worth, England.
♦John L. Payson, late U. S. Consul at Messina, Sicily.

Professor D. P. Pbnhallow, Director^of the Botanic Garden, Montreal,
Canada. /

♦Com. Matthew C. Perry, U. S. Navy, Charlestown.

♦David Porter, late U. S. Charge d' Affaires at the Ottoman Porte, Con-
stantinople.
♦Alfred Stratton Prince, Flushing, N. Y.
♦William Robert Prince, Flushing, N. Y.

P. T. QoiNN, Newark, N. J.
♦Rev. W. F. Radclyffe, London, England.
♦William Foster Redding, Baltimore, Md.

D. Redmond, Ocean Springs, Miss.

Dr. Edward Regel, St. Petersburg, Russia.

S. Reynolds, M. D. Schenectady, N. Y.
♦John H. Richards, M. D., Illiaois.

Charles V. Riley, Entomologist to the U. S. Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D. C.
♦MoNS. J. Rinz, Jr., Fraukfort-on-the-Main, Germany.
♦Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, Herts, England.

William Robinson, Editor of The Garden, London.
♦Bernhard Roeser, M. D., Bamberg, Bavaria.
*Dr. J. Smith Rogers, New York.
♦Capt. William S. Rogers, U. S. Navy.
♦Thomas Rotch, Philadelphia.
♦George R. Rcssell, Roxbury.

John B. Russell, Indianapolis, Ind.
♦Rev. John Lewis Russell, Salem.

William Saunders, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
♦William Shaler, late U. S. Consul-General at Havana, Cuba.
♦William Shaw, New York.
♦Caleb R. Smith, Burlington, N. J.
.♦Daniel D. Smith, Burlington, N. J.

♦Gideon B. Smith, late Editor of the American Farmer, Baltimore, Md.
♦John .J;i\' Smith, Gerai mtowa, Peun.
♦Horatio Sprague, late U. S. Consul at Gibraltar.

Robert W. Starr, Port William, Nova Scotia.

Dr. Joseph Stayman, Leavenworth, Kansas.

380 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

*Capt. Thomas Holdup Stevens, U. S. Navy, Middletown, Conn.
♦William Fox Strangewat, late British Secretary of Legation at Naples,
Italy.

Dr. J. Strbntzel, Martinez, Cal.
*JnDGE E. B. Strong, Rochester, N. Y.
*Jame8 p. Storgis, Canton, China.

William Summer, Pomaria, S. C.

Francis Summerest.
♦Professor Michele Tenorb, late Director of the Botanic Garden at

Naples, Italy.
♦James Englebert Teschemacher, Boston.
♦Robert Thompsoi:, Chiswick, near London.
♦George C. Thorburn, New York.

Professor George Thurber, Editor of the American Agriculturist,

New York.
♦John Tilson, Jr., Edwardsville, Illinois.
*Cav. Doct. Vincenzo Tineo, late Director of the Botanic Garden at

Palermo.
♦Luther Tucker, late Editor of the Cultivator, Albany, N. Y.
♦Caret Ttso, Wallingford, England.
♦Louis Van Houtte, Ghent, Belgium.
♦Alexander Vattemare, Paris.

H. J. Veitch, Chelsea, England.

Henri Vilmorin, Secretaire de la Society Nationale d'Agriculture de
France, Paris.
♦Emilien de Wael, late Secretary of the Horticultural Society, Antwerp,

Belgium.
♦John A. Warder, M. D., late President of the Ohio State Horticultural
Society, North Bend, Ohio.

Anthony Waterer, Knapp Hill, near Woking, Surrey, England.
♦J. Ambrose Wight, late Editor of the Prairie Farmer, Chicago, 111.

Benjamin Samuel Williams, Upper Holloway, London, N.
•Professor John Wilson, Edinburgh University, Scotland.
♦William Wilson, New York.
♦Hon. J. F. -Wingate, Bath, Me.
♦Gen. Joshua Wingate, Portland, Me.
*JosBPH Augustus Winthrop, Charleston, S. C.

CONTENTS.

Page.
Business Meeting, April 7, 1888; Appropriation for Card Catalogue of

Plates, p. 207; Appropriations for Prizes, 207; Members elected, . . 207

Business Meeting, May 5, 208

Business Meeting, June 2, 208

Business Meeting, June 9; Report of Committee on Publication and Dis-
cussion read, p. 208 ; Member of Board of Control of State Agricul-
tural Experiment Station 208, 20a

Business Meeting, July 7; Amendment to Con.stitution and By-Laws

entered on Records, p. 209; Members elected, 20'J

Business Meeting, August 4; Decease of Caleb Cope announced, p. 210;

Committee on Nominations appointed, 210; Member elected, . . 210

Business Meeting, September 1 ; Report of Nominating Committee, p. 210;

Memorial of Caleb Cope adopted, 211, 212; Member elected, ... 212

Business Meeting, October 6; Annual Election, pp. 212,213,214; Amend-
ment to the Constitution and By-Laws adopted, 213; Vote to purchase
a Microscope, 213 ; Members elected, 21:!

Business Meeting, November 3; Appropriations for Prizes recommended,
p. 214; Fruit Display at Paris Exposition, 214; Prizes offered for Re-
ports, 214; Use of Hall granted to State Board of Agriculture, 214;
Members elected, -15

Business Meeting, December 1; Competition for Prizes opened, p. 215;
Schedule of Prizes for 1889 adopted, 215; Transfer of Appropriations
authorized, 215; Reports of Committees on Plants and Flowers, and
Library read, 216 ; Further time granted Fruit Committee, 216 ; Com-
mittee on Window Gardening, 216; Dr. Eugelmaun's Works present-
ed, 216; Letter from C. Harman Payne, 216; Members elected, . . 216

Business Meeting, December 15; Committee on Window Gardening ap-
pointed, p. 217; Reports of Committees on Fruits, Vegetables, and
Window Gardening read, 217; Report of Secretary and Librarian read, 217

Report of the Committee on Plants and Flowers; Introduction, pp.
218,219; Spring Exhibition, 220 ; May Exhibition, 220, 221 ; Rhododen-
dron Show, 221; Rose Exhibition, 222; Weekly Exhibitions, 222, 223;
Annual Exhibition, 223 ; Chrysanthemum Show, 224, 225; Prizes and
Gratuities awarded, 226-244

Report of the Committee on Fruits, pp. 245-248 ; Prizes and Gratuities

awarded, ; 249-265

Report of the Committee on Vegetables, pp. 266-270; Prizes and Gra-
tuities awarded, 271-283

II CONTENTS.

Report ok the Committee on Gardens; Grounds of John L. Gardner,
pp. 284-288; Residence of Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, 288-295; Strawberry
Garden of Samuel Barnard, 295,296; Residence of Robert M. Pratt,
296-298; Vineyard, Orchard, etc., of Samuel Hartwell, 298-303; Culti-
vation of Small Fruits, 304, 305; Awards, etc., 305,306

Report of the Committee on Window Gardening, 307-311

Report to the State Board of Agriculture, 312-316

Report of the Committee on Publication and Discussion, ... 317
Report of the Committee on the Library, pp. 318, 319; Library Acces-
sions,—Books Purchased, 320-329; Books, etc., received by Donation
and Exchange, 329-345; Periodicals Purchased, 345; Periodicals re-
ceived in Exchange 346

Report of the Secretary and Librarian, 347-350

Report of the Treasurer, 351-354

Report of the Finance Com:\iittee, 354

Mount Auburn Cemetery, 355, 356

Officers and Standing Committees for 1889 357, 358

Members of the Society; Life, pp. 359-365; Annual, 366-368; Honorary,

370-374; Corresponding, 375-380

EXTR.VCT from the CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS, 369

TRANSACTIONS

assacljttsetts Jortknitaral ^ocietg,

FOR THE YEAR 1889.

PART I.

BOSTON :

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY.

1890.

The following papers and discussions have been circulated to
some extent in the form of slips reprinted from the reports made
by the Secretary of the Society in the Boston Transcript. As here
presented, the papers are printed in full, and the discussions are
not only much fuller than in the weekly reports, but, where it
appeared necessary-, have been carefully revised by the speakers.

The Committee on Publication and Discussion take this oppor-
tunity to repeat what they have before stated, that the Society
is not to be held responsible for the certainty of the statements,
the correctness of the opinions, or the accuracy of the nomencla-
ture in the papers and discussions now or heretofore published, all
of which must rest on the credit or judgment of the respective
writers or speakers, the Society undertaking only to present these
papers and discussions, or the substance of them, correctly.

O. B. Hadwen, '\ Committee on

William H. Hunt, >■ Ptiblication and

Francis H. Appleton, J Discussion.

TBANSACTIONS

OF THE

a^isadittiscttsi gi0»tif ultut:al ^mut^.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, January 5, 1889.

A duly notified stated meeting of the Society was holden at 11
o'clock, the President, Henry P. Walcott, in the chair.

This being the commencement of the term of office of the new
board of ofllcers and standing committees, the President delivered
the usual inaugural address as follows :

Members of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society :

Ladies and Gentlemen : — The financial condition of the Society
during the past year will be submitted to you b}' the Treasurer in
his annual report.

It will be found that the account is still a favorable one. The
funds for the paj'ment of the outstanding indebtedness of the
Society are steadily increasing, and our mortgage debt, deducting
therefrom the amount of the sinking fund, has been reduced to
twenty thousand dollars. The rents of the stores in the base-
ment and first story have been raised in amount by satisfactory
leases to responsible tenants for a term of years. The external
appearance of the lower portion of the building has been improved
by some alterations of a permanent character made at the expense
of the Society, but to be practically repaid by the tenants in equal
annual instalments.

It is too early yet to state definitely the loss to the Society
caused by the fire of the 30th of December, 1888.

6 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The origin of tlie fire was in an act of stupid carelessness on
the part of a person not connected with the Society, and we have
every reason to congratulate ourselves upon the escape of the
' building and its contents from entire destruction. The fire
department of the city of Boston acted promptly, wisely, and
energetically, and we owe it a debt of gratitude for duty well done,
for which, in your name, I offer to the proper authorities our
hearty acknowledgements.

Losses by fire ar°i covered, so far as they can be, by ample
insurance ; but we hare been deprived of possessions which
money alone cannot replace. The cherished portraits of men
eminent in the history of this association, which were the adorn-
ments of our halls, are, with few exceptions, ruined. The Society
will so be compelled to forego for a number of weeks the custom-
-^ ary usos of the halls and of the revenue derived from them.

Mr. George W. Fowle, who has held the office of treasurer since
June, 1881, retired from that office on the first day of the present
year, and has been succeeded by Mr. W. "Wyllys Gannett. Mr.
Fowle has had the good fortune to see, during his term of service,
the immediate debt of the Society, amounting to more than sevent}'
thousand dollars, reduced to less than twenty thousand. He
deserves much credit for his share in this work. He has given to
us an honest, patient, and devoted service, and we wish him a
long enjoyment of his well earned leisure.

The question of a final arrangement of this building, so that it
may yield an income sufficient for the purposes of this organiza-
tion, on the one hand, and on the other give space for our exhibi-
tions and room for the decent accommodation of our library, has
not yet been answered.

The subject has been carefully considered by a committee to
which it was formally referred by the Society, and it is hoped
that a report mav soon be made which will contain some definite
recommendations upon this subject.

The exhibitions of the past year do not appear, as a whole, to
have quite reached our usual standard of excellence. The falling
off was more noticeable in the exhibitions of plants and flowers,
and though the unfavorable season ma}' explain to a certain
extent the deficiency, it was evident that a number of the largest
exhibitors of preceding years were not represented. While we hope
that our oldest exhibitors have not permanently withdrawn from

ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT WALCOTT. 7

the competitions and shows, it is nevertheless satisfactory to see
the many evidences of skill and taste displayed by the new comers,
and to know that a younger generation is, in turn, to enter into
the friendly rivalry which has contributed so much to the horticul-
tural successes of this time. The question naturally arises in
this connection — How can the exhibition of new and interesting
specimens of plants, fruits, and flowers be best promoted? As
the amounts of money awarded by us in prizes are apparently
equal to those which, under similar conditions elsewhere, are
found to be ample for the purpose of promoting exhibitions and
arousing competition, we may conclude that some other attending
circumstances are not favorable. The statement has been made
in the horticultural press of other countries, and it may be equally
true here, that the higher prizes, as medals and certificates of
merit, do not carry with them that suggestion of a deliberate
judgment exercised by a collection of competent judges which is
desirable. It does appear to be the fact that even in the case of
the large and well constituted flower committee of the Royal
Horticultural Society, these awards have been made by a very
small portion of the whole committee. Therefore, various propo-
sitions have been made for the purpose of securing a more
satisfactory bestowal of these prizes. The suggestion made is
this : that the qualities of excellence in the specimen under
consideration by the judges should be distinctly stated in writing,
this statement to be subscribed by a majorit}', at least, of the full
committee.

The preparation of this written statement might very properly
be committed to two or three experts in the class of plants brought
before them, and it would not be necessary that this sub-committee
should be drawn from the members of the prize committee. It is
onl}' necessary that they should be well-recognized authorities in
their respective specialties, and that their functions should be
limited to the preparation of the preliminary report. The prize
committee should then take such action upon the sub-committee's
report as may appear best to them. We should then secure in
the flrst place the opinion of a specialist, — and no committee of
reasonable size will contain men entirely competent to decide
upon the merits of all specimens submitted to them — and in the
next place, we should have the revision of the specialist's opinion
by those not limited in their tastes and acquirements, but who

8 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

can compare the object before them not only with all of its own
kind but also with all other kinds. The specialist might, and
probably sometimes would, recommend something from his own
limited point of view, which the larger committee, from a wider
survey, would wisely reject.

It is also desirable that some arrangement should be made so
that persons having new or interesting plants, flowers, or fruits
might be enabled to place them on exhibition in this building at
any time — without reference to our regular shows — if it prove
more convenient. A provision should be made for the proper
care of the specimens and an official recognition of their merits.
The establishment of informal exhibitions of this kind would bring
our members more frequently to these halls, and indirectly
promote that better personal acquaintance which would benefit us
all.

Some expressions of opinions have been heard here and else-
where, during the past year, upon the supposed undue prominence
given to fruits and vegetables in the prize schedules of the
Society. If it is only intended by this criticism to suggest that
some one fruit or vegetable receives a disproportionate share of
the awards there is not much to be said in reply.

It is probably as true of our schedule, as it is of the national
tariff, and we may anticipate a satisfactory agreement upon the
relative claims of the various articles upon our prize lists as soon
as, — may I express the hope, a little earlier than, — our national
legislators have brought their own labors in this field to a happy
conclusion.

But if it is meant that fruits and vegetables should as a class
receive proportionately less of the Society's attention and rewards
than plants and flowers receive, then it does seem to me that the
purposes of the founders and promoters of the Massachusetts
Horticultural Societ}' have been lost from sight. It is beyond
question true that they regarded the cultivation of fruits as the
most important object of interest to the young Societ}', and the
intelligent public shared this belief. It may almost be said that
one fruit, the pear, was for years the principal object of interest.
Fortunately, as j'ears went by, their horizon was extended and
the whole field of horticulture was open to them. But it is nearly
as important now as it was sixty years ago to encourage the
production of new varieties of cultivated fruits and vegetables.

ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT WALCOTT. »

In the opinion of many intelligent observers the lives of these
improved varieties are neither long nor certain. We retain still
upon our schedules the names of fruits of the highest quality
which are not now to be found in this Commonwealth, which
would be brought to our exhibitions if they were in existence here.

It is certainly a wise thing that we should endeavor to obtain
improved varieties of fruits and vegetables ; it is proper that we
should bestow large rewards upon the skilful horticulturist who
produces them, and we may have gained something even if these
varieties are found to be only as good as those now in existence,
for they will possibly have the better vitality belonging to a new
stock, or a closer adaptation to the peculiarities of our climate
and soil.

The production of a new plant or flower adds much to the
pleasure of the raiser and is a distinct addition to our means for
making our surroundings more attractive, and will never surely
be neglected in any condition of civilized society, however much
it may be stimulated, from time to time, by prizes and awards.
But he who enters upon the task of raising a new and better
vegetable or fruit should have all the encouragement possible in
his long and patient labors, and should receive at the fortunate
conclusion of his work, the larger reward which belongs of right
to him who has added not alone to the pleasures of man but to
the means of subsistence of the human race.

Our art dail}' teaches us that in the best garden even, nothing
but the useless weed grows without constant care. This Society
has been brought to its present condition of success and usefulness
by the earnest work of this and preceding generations ; we must
continue their unremitting toil if this garden of ours is to remain
fair and prosperous in the land, a monument of the patient
struggles of the fathers and the well sustained activities of the
sons.

The President, as Chairman of the Executive Committee,
reported a recommendation that the Society make the following
appropriations :

For Prizes for the year 1889, S6,000

For the Library Committee, for the purchase of maga-
zines and newspapers, binding of books and incidental
expenses of the Committee, ..... 300

10 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

For the same Committee, to continue the Card Catalogue

of Plates, $100

For the Committee on Publication and Discussion, . 250

For Prizes for Window Gardening, .... 150

For the compensation of the Secretary and Librarian and

his Assistant, ....... 1,700

For the salary of the Assistant to the Secretary and

Librarian, to supply the deficiency for the year 1888, 25

For the Committee of Arrangements, this sum to cover

all extraordinary expenses of said Committee, . 300

The Executive Committee also recommended that the expendi-
ture of $12.95, by the Committee of Arrangements, in excess of
the appropriation for the year 1888, be paid out of the appropria-
tion for the year 1889.

The report was accepted, and the appropriations were unani-
mousl}' voted.

The Executive Committee also reported the appointment of
Robert Manning as Secretary and Librarian, and W. Wyllys
Gannett as Treasurer and Superintendent of the Building.

The Executive Committee also reported, in regard to the letter
of C. Harman Payne, Foreign Corresponding Secretary of the
National Chrysanthemum Societ}^ of England, referred to the Com-
mittee at the meeting of this Society on the 1st of December, that
no action is expedient. This report was accepted.

The same Committee presented the following report :
The Executive Committee, after due investigation of the recent
amendment to Section XXXIII, of the Constitution and By-Laws,
adopted at the stated meeting on the 6th of October, 1888, by
which the award of prizes offered by the Massachusetts Horticul-
tural Society is restricted to members of the Society, unanimously
recommend to the Society that, as the said amendment conflicts
with the provisions of the State Statutes, said Section XXXIII
be restored, by striking out the words, "Prizes may be awarded
to any member of the Society and," and substituting the words,
"Prizes or," so that the Section shall commence as follows:—
" Prizes or gratuities may be awarded to any person."

AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 11

The amendmeut had two readings, and receiving a majoriU' of
votes was ordered to be entered on the records for consideration
at the stated nieeting in April next.

The Annual Report of the Garden Committee was read by John
O. Barker, Chairman, accepted, and referred to the Committee
on Publication and Discussion.

Frank W. Andrews proposed the following amendment to the
Constitution and By-Laws :

Strike out the whole of the first section, relating to the officers
of the Society, and insert the following :

" The officers of the Society shall consist of a President, four
Vice Presidents, a Treasurer, a Corresponding Secretary, and a
Recording Secretary-, who shall be chosen by ballot, and shall
hold their offices for one year, and until others are chosen in their
stead ; provided, however, that no person shall be eligible to any
office unless he shall have been a member for the term of three
years previous."

This amendment had two readings, and receiving a majority of
votes was ordered to be entered on the records for consideration
on the first Saturday in April.

O. B. Had wen, Chairman of the Committee on Publication and
Discussion, stated that though that Committee had not yet com-
pleted the Programme of Meetings for Discussion the present sea-
sou, the work was well advanced, and announced for the next Satur-
day, at half past eleven o'clock, a paper on the "Evolution and
Variation of Fruit Plants, and their Tendency to Degenerate
when Cultivated," b^' Joseph H. Bourn, of Providence, R. I.,
Ex-President of the Rhode Island Horticultural Society.

Benjamin G. Smith, Treasurer of the American Pomological
Society, announced that the Twenty-Second Biennial Session of
that Society would be held at Ocala, Florida, on the 20th, 21st,
and 22nd of February next, and invited all so disposed to become
members of the Society and attend the meeting. On motion of
Mr. Smith it was voted that the Chair appoint a committee of five
to report a list of delegates.

12 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETT.

"William E. Endicott, Chairman of the Library Committee,
presented the following amendment to the Constitution and
By-Laws, proposed by that Committee :

That the words, " have control of the Library Room and shall'*
be inserted after the words, " They shall " in the second sentence
of Section XVIII ; so that the sentence shall read " They shall
have control of the Library Room and shall cause the Library to
be opened for the use of members during business hours, and at
such other times as they may deem expedient." This amendment
had two readings, and receiving a majority of votes was ordered
to be entered on the records for consideration on the first Saturday
in April.

Mr. Endicott also laid before the Society, a copy of the new
quarto edition of the "Rose Garden;" also "Roses and Rose
Culture," and " Roses in Pots ;" a donation to the Library by the
author, William Paul, of "Waltham Cross, Hertfordshire, England,
a Corresponding Member of this Society, and moved that the
thanks of the Society be presented to Mr. Paul for his valuable
present, which motion was unanimously carried.

It was voted that the offer of a prize for the best plantation of
timber trees, in compliance with the laws of the Commonwealth,
relating to Agricultural Societies, be confirmed.

Also, voted that the Committee on Publication and Discus-
sion, be requested to award the prizes offered for the best reports
by Awarding Committees.

The following named persons, having been recommended by the
Executive Committee for membership in the Society, were oa
ballot duly elected :

James P. Dillon, of Jamaica Plain,
J. Hbnry Brooks, of Milton,
Francis Jackson Ward, of Roxbury,
William F. Day, of Roxbury.

Adjourned to Saturday, January 12, 1889, at half-past eleven
o'clock.

RESTORATION OF THE BUILDING. 13

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, January 12, 1889.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at half-past
eleven o'clock, the President, Henry P. Walcott, in the Chair.

On motion of John G. Barker, it was voted that a committee of
five be appointed by the President, to consider the suggestions
made by him in his Annual Address, delivered on the preceding
Saturday, and Mr. Barker, William C. Strong, William H.
Spooner, Charles H. B. Breck, and Francis H. Appleton were
appointed as that Committee.

The President stated in regard to the damage to the building by
fire on December 30, 1888, that he thought the sum to be received
from the insurers would be sufficient to restore the building as it
was before the fire. The Inspectors of Buildings would not,
however, be satisfied with such a restoration, but would require
greater safeguards against fire than had previoush^ existed, and
the manner in which the fire passed from one part of the building
to another made it evident that such safeguards are needed. He
suggested that the Finance Committee be authorized to incur the
expenditures necessar}' to make such changes as might be
required.

William C. Strong moved that the Finance Committee have
power to make such alterations as the Inspectors of Buildings
might require.

Nathaniel T. Kidder moved to amend Mr. Strong's motion by
providing for a larger committee. The amendment was accepted
b}' Mr. Strong, and it was voted that a committee of seven,
including the Finance Committee be appointed by the Chair to
consider the subject of repairs and alterations. The Chair
appointed as the additional members of the Committee, James F.
C. Hyde, Nathaniel T. Kidder, Frank W. Andrews, and E. W.
Wood.

On motion of O. B. Hadwen, it was voted that photographs
of the portraits belonging to the Society be taken for use in case
of loss.

Adjourned to Saturday, January 19, 1889.

14 MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

The Evolution and Variation of Fruit Plants ; their Ten-
dency TO Degenerate, when Cultivated.

By Joseph H. Bourn, Ex-President of the Rhode Island Horticultural Society,

Providence, R. I.

Knowledge of fruit bearing plants that were on the earth before
the commencement of the historical era is very limited. Ancient
writers did not make us acquainted with species of fruits in
countries that had no literature or archaeological records ; and
information imparted without giving botanical facts would have
been of but little value in comparison with the more advanced
ideas of modern naturalists. Besides, biological science has
outgrown the views bequeathed to us by Aristotle, Theophras-
tus and Galen. There is no record how long the impenetrable
forests of date palms have been growing in the solitary wilds of
Arabia, or how early the wild pomegranate blossomed in the green
gloom of the woods of Asia Minor ; but burnt apples and pears,
cherry stones and beech nuts, have been found in the lake dwell-
ings of Lombardy, Savoy, and Switzerland ; seeds of grapes have
been discovered near Parama and in the remote settlements of
Lake Varese, and vine leaves in the tufa near the French city of
Montpelier. One of the oldest examples of fruits, is represented
in a drawing of figs found in the Egyptian pyramid of Gizeh.
Fig flowers are spoken of as offerings in the days of the Rameses ;
and woods of dates surrounded by pathways of red fruits, were
luxuriant ornaments in the temple gardens of Egypt. Peaches,
plums, currants, bananas, olives, gooseberries, and pineapples
were wild species long before they were brought under domestica-
tion ; and although no traces of our fruits proper have ever been
discovered in the primary and secondary fossiliferous periods, it
is probable that the vegetation which characterized the close of
the tertiary epoch was nearly identical with that existing at the
present day, under the same climatic conditions. During the age
of conifers, plum-like stone fruits resembling those of the yew
were deposited in sandstone beds of the upper coal formations.
Trees belonging to the genus Prunus have been discovered among
the Miocene plants. Figs are included among the Eocene ; and
although there are traces of the preservation of but few fruit

THE EVOLUTION AND VARIATION OF FRUIT PLANTS. 15

species, it must not be inferred that others did not exist, as only
a few plants have external substances capable of resisting decom-
position. The loose vascular and cellular tissues of the earliest
vegetation readily decomposed and were therefore difficult of
fossilization.

The story of the life of fruit plants has been interrupted by long
periods of time ; yet there is substantial evidence that fruit trees
have usually accompanied the migratory progress of civilization.
As long ago as the time of the Crusades, the Romans brought
fruit trees, that they did not previously possess, from western
Asia, and names were erroneously given. The peach was called
the Persian apple ; the cashew the mahogany apple ; the pome-
granate the apple of Cartharge. Dr. Lindley grew three rasp-
berry plants from seeds discovered buried thirty feet below the
surface of the ground and which, it is assumed, had retained their
vitality seventeen hundred years. Seeds of beach plums have
been found in Maine in a stratum of sand twenty feet from the
surface, and trees have sprouted from the earth upon which the
sand had been strewn. Fruit germs may have retained their
vitality buried beneath the glacial rubbish, as seeds are occasion-
all}' found thus reposing in a dormant condition. Wild species
sometimes appear in situations where they have been previously
unknown, but after a change has been produced in the physical
state of the soil. The drift deposits may have been the vast
granary in which Nature preserved her store of seeds through
the long rigors of a geological winter.

Historical time is regarded as so small a fraction of the age of
the earth, as to make the date of the origin of fruit plants obscure ;
but an early development of flowers must have taken place in
order to perpetuate the species ; and Nature must have cared for
the pulp of the fruit sufficiently to protect the inner seed and
assist in its development and distribution. The long series of
fossiliferous deposits which form the connecting links between
the present and the remote past have demonstrated that different
specific and generic types of vegetable life followed one another
in successive periods ; that fruits with which we are familiar were
not always in existence but were preceded by numerous races
differing from them. At a certain definite period the life of a
fruit plant had a beginning. It is probable that its existence
depended on parental rather than spontaneous generation, yet the

16 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

conditions may have been entirely different from those existing at
the present time. The buried geological organisms are now
looked upon as the ancestors from which have been derived the
rich diversity of fruit forms of the present age. These have been
developed in their successive generations b}' the necessary
accommodation to the ever-changing and progressive conditions of
life. The mysterious development of the primitive fruits is the
expansion of that which was invisible into visibility. Their life
may be regarded as purely a physical phenomenon, dependent on
mechanical and chemical causes inherent in the nature of matter.
In the beginning no vegetation clothed the earth's crust, but the
decomposing influence of the atmosphere has taken effect upon
inorganic matter to such a degree as to develop vegetation in
suflScient quantity for the present economy of the world. The
plant growth of the carboniferous era was luxuriant and abundant,
but mostly flowerless and fruitless. The club-mosses were then a
magnificent group, never surpassed in their development. The
universal diffusion of lichens which disintegrated the hard and
barren rocks prepared an organic soil in which higher orders of
vegetation could exist. Their powderj' crusts and little colored
cups were formed from the particles of sand into which they
crumbled the surface of the rocks, and by their own decaying
tissues they produced a thin layer of mould for the sustenance of
the simplest mosses. These added their contribution of withered
leaves to increase the film of soil. The decay of gigantic ferns,
palms, and reeds supplied the soil with humus, and made material
necessary for the development of the succeeding generations of
fruit plants. Lycopods and ferns doubtless led the way from the
fiowerless plants to the flowering pines and firs ; and so, from
the lower to the higher forms of organized structures, progression
from the general to the special attributes of organic bodies is
shown to be a law of organization. Plants of a higher order
gradually succeeded each other, each series contributing to, and
assisting to prepare a soil for the future growth of its own and
other species, from the loose and incoherent mass of decaying
tissues, sand, and disintegrated soil which previous occupants had
left behind.

It has been demonstrated that for an indefinite period vegetable
life existed and perished ; that destruction of the individual as
that of species has taken place, and that while the death of a

THE EVOLUTION AND VARIATION OF FRUIT PLANTS. 17

plant was balanced by generation, its extinction has been concom-
itant with the Creative power which has continued to provide a
succession of species. But palseontology does not teach the law
according to which species of fruits have been introduced. Their
mysterious introduction is veiled from us and can never be pene-
trated, except it can be traced in the gradual departure of varieties
from the type of the species. The principle adopted by Nature,
which seems to produce permanent useful varieties, and then spe-
cies afterwards, under wider divergencies perhaps, is the principle
of selection. Nature is so orderl}' and systematic that every race is
continued by those individuals that are best adapted to the
circumstances of the day ; and in this way is preserved in harmony
the grand scheme of creation, according to which life is every-
where present, and is always tending to higher forms of develop-
ment when circumstances are favorable.

The investigation of the development of a fruit plant leads us
directly then to the germ from which it springs. Commencing
with a simple cell, it is impossible to tell what form it is destined to
take, its vitality cropping up like some unseen but felt presence
that hovers around the biological secret. The life history of
a fruit plant shows a complex collection of manufactories
and organizations ; but the structure of the germ acquired by
natural selection seems to be completely sufficient for producing
mechanically a numerous variety in the struggle for existence.
Some naturalists affirm that when individual species of fruit
plants were brought into existence, individuals of genera widely
diffused themselves, by the difference of localities, nourishment,
and soil, formed varieties, and in consequence of their isolation
having never been crossed and brought back to the main type, in
the end became permanent and distinct species. A few declare
the different species to be the specified productions of the forma-
tive tendencies of plants that arise from the various combinations
of the fundamental forces of organic matter ; others who have
adopted the theory of development have only arrived at the
conception that ever}' species of a fruit plant is the gradually
changed and transformed descendant of one or a few original
prototypes.

It was difficult to unravel the mystery of the life of a fruit plant
when there were no clear ideas regarding the constitution of
bodies or the composition of chemical aggregates ; but all species
2

18 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

are now claimed to be derived by descent with modification from
one or a few germs that were originally vitalized by Creative
Power ; but by what agency their development has been produced
has not j'et been announced ; all we know is that there has been a
constant tendency to produce new varieties ; and that the process
of variation by which any great change in organic forms has been
effected has been so slow as to be measured only by geological
time. Variability, which is the rule among domesticated species, is
the exception among the wild, but they become variable under the
influences of change of habitat, climate, and food ; and when these
changes do take place, new varieties and species more suitable to
the new conditions of life than the old, are formed by the conjoint
action of self-adaptation and natural selection. Species, although
not constant in their characters, are liable to great variations if
accumulated through successive generations. Most varieties in a
state of nature are local, so that while natural selection is forming
a variety suited to the locality it preserves only the individuals
adapted to that position, and destroys the rest. Within the limits
of a short experience, every species produces its own kind ; but
variation may become indefinite in amount, if unlimited time is
allowed for the variations to take place. The ways of Nature
lead us to suppose that species, like individuals, were developed
out of single germs whose parts gradually differentiated one from
another. The transformation of matter being a nutritive or
vegetable function, primarily is the decomposition by plants of
water and carbonic acid, and the formation of organic com^xjunds ;
then comes the arrangement of the latter so as to form tissues,
which in the simplest construction are cellular ; and this cell
formation consists in the separation of the primary structureless
germinal matter into consolidated substance which forms the
outside of the cell, and the soft almost fluid matter which consti-
tutes the cell contents. The organization of a fruit plant then
may in part be accounted for by the direct action of external
inorganic forces on the organism ; by the organism itself produc-
ing self-adaptation, and by natural selection among spontaneous
variations, which occurs only when a new individual comes into
existence.

The supposition is quite warrantable that the first traces of fruit
plant life existed in the form of protoplastic germs ; that the soft
gelatinous matter of the vegetable cell was the agent to which

THE EVOLUTION AND VARIATION OF FRUIT PLANTS. 19

has been assigned the duty of building up structure and of
transforming the energy of lifeless matter into that of living.
From the shapeless mass of protoplasm as a microscopic speck
the varied processes of development are laid down in orderly
sequence. The living plant passes through definite changes
before it obtains the form and likeness of the parent, wluch varia-
tions mark its pathway'' from shapelessness to the characteristic
form of its race. And this germinal matter exhibits changes of
form and other movements which are not explained by any
physical property or extraneous influences ; the probatie cause of
the first formation of cells being, that various influences from
without, on a minute mass of vitalized but inorganic matter,
determine a slight hardening of the surface. The evolution and
the development of fruit plants are really synonymous terms ; their
growth is simply a process of enlargement by which were evolved
from a particle of matter called a germ, a substance potentially
alive, having within itself the tendency to assume a definite living
form. And this germ is not merely a body in which life is
dormant or potential, but is simply a detached portion of the
substance of a pre-existing living body. The process of evolution
consists in a succession of changes of the form and functions of
the germ, by which it passes from an extreme simplicity of visible
structure to a greater or less degree of complexity ; and this
course of progressive differentiation is usually accompanied by
growth effected by intussusception. This germ is only a nucle-
ated cell — the vesicle contemplated as the fundamental form of
organization — the meeting point between the inorganic and the
organic, the end of the mineral and the beginning of the vegetable
kingdom. The first step in the process of evolution is the divi-
sion of the cell into two or more portions, which process is
repeated until the organism from being unicellular becomes
multicellular ; the single becomes an aggregate cell, and to the
growth and transformation of the cells produced from this aggre-
gate do all the organs and tissues of the adult owe their origin.

Fruit plants may be regarded then as the modified descendants
of pre-existing organisms, and not the unchanged posterity of
similar forms of life originally specially created. The discovery
of the indefinite remote ancestors of all plants, as represented by
the monera, structureless infinitely small jelly-like beings, repre-
sentatives of a kingdom intermediate between the animal and

20 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

vegetable, and the establishment of the plastic theory, has
removed the idea that there was a primordial or spontaneous
generation ; and these simple little lumps of albuminous combina-
tion of carbon are to be regarded as the natural bodies which
effect the transition from inorganic to organic nature.

It is quite probable that the fruit plants which we are familiar
with were the lineal descendants of a class that lived before the
Mesozoic epoch, and a practically unlimited time must be assumed
for their development, and physical or geological science is unable
to assign any special localities for their production on account of the
changed condition of the earth's temperature. Of their character
as food products we are ignorant ; but it can be assumed that the
immediate descendants of the first fruits were never absolutely
like their parents, and that their remote posterity have differed
considerably from them.

Since the distribution of fruit plant life has become a part of
nature, such is the order and law of creation that the mutual
relations of matter and motion, having been once established, have
ever since remained in perfect harmony and system ; and that
kind of life under the special conditions of climate and circum-
stances is exhibited that is best adapted to exist. A fruit plant
shows adaptation while it suffers modification ; it originates,
multiplies, and disappears. The favorable variation of an^^ species
of fruit is a slow process, relying on changes in the constitution
of the plant as well as those of climate and other external causes.
The continuance of its life depends on the development of those
little bodies in the seed-vessel, which are fitted by certain proces-
ses to unfold into new plants, which under certain conditions are
capable of giving origin to new races or varieties that live under
the sway and control of outward forces. The life of every
fruit plant in nature undergoes constant variation and change ;
the two factors always at work being a tendency to change and
the influence of environments. Change is the law, variation
proceeds if the causes are obscure, and nature encourages devia-
tion by progressing from the general to the special attributes of
the organism. The physiological function of nutrition affords a
general explanation of variation, which is manifested in the action
of water, the atmosphere, the influence of sunlight and tempera-
ture, of climate and soil ; while adaptation is only the consequence
of all those material variations produced in the change of substance

THE EVOLUTION AND VARIATION OF FRUIT PLANTS. 21

of the organism by the external conditions of existence or b}' the
influences which surround them. The laws of adaptation, or the
facts of variation caused by the influence of outward circum-
stances, are as important as the laws of inheritance. All
phenomena of adaptation can be traced to states of nutrition of
the organism, in the same way as those of inheritance are referable
to conditions of reproduction, though both may be traced to
chemical or physical causes ; and these new forms of organisms,
the transformations which artificial selection produces in the state
of cultivation, and that which natural selection furnishes in the
state of nature, arise solely by the interaction of these mechanical
causes. The functions of inheritance and adaptation have been
able so far to produce all the variety of fruit forms, but as to the
causes of deviation, naturalists have assumed the interaction of a
changing and a preserving formative tendency, corresponding
with the processes of adaptation and inheritance. The latter
strives to keep the organic form in its species, to form the
descendants like the parents, and always to produce identical
results; while adaptation, which counteracts inheritance, con-
stantly strives to change the organic forms through the influence
of the varying agencies of the outer world ; to create modifications
of those existing, and to entirely destroy the constancy and
and permanency of species. As fruit plants were born with a
tendenc}" to vary, so many forms have been slowly evolved during
the ages from those which were simpler and older ; and could we
trace back their history we should undoubtedly find evidence
that in the past they had for a common ancestor species that had
not acquired any of their distinctive features ; the characteristics
of the wild individual having been caused by its scanty food and
constant exposure. The fact that variation is due to the action
of changed or unnatural conditions upon certain cells of a preced-
ing generation is a reason why wild fruits vary and have individual
peculiarities, each plant being under slightly different relations to
the external world from all the others ; but as compared to
domesticated species their conditions of life are very uniform.
Domestic varieties var}' more than their wild relations ; and fruit
plants long propagated and cultivated by seed are highly variable,
owing to changed conditions of life. The tendencj' to vary is in
itself hereditary ; one variation is the cause of anotlier variation ;
a change in one cell of an organism will disturb the harmonious
adjustment of all related cells.

22 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

- The combined action of the laws of heredity and variation have
been the means then of bringing about the evolution of fruit plants ;
their characteristics are due to the influences to which they have
been exposed, while their present forms exist through the survival
of the fittest relations ; they depend very much for existence on their
environment, in which changes occur without any preparation for
them and when very great result in the death of the plant. This
consideration leads us to notice that many fruit plants subject to
health and disease are dependent on many and complicated
conditions which are bej'ond our control, while others are acces-
sible and capable of being modified by our actions. A fruit tree
is a chemical laboratory in constant action ; its physical or
chemical properties, diversely modified, underlie nutrition, growth
and reproduction ; and it is constituted of substances more or less
fluid and solid which hold in solution salts and gases. Atoms of
atmospheric origin constantly mingling with the organic molecules
are separating them, and would destroy the tree if food had not
been introduced from without into its texture ; which renovating
substances, after having undergone preparatory chemical changes
and become nutriments, are assimilated b^^ the trees. Complicated
unions with other elements are formed by carbon, whence arise
the first and most indispensable basis of all vital phenomena, the
albuminous combinations.

There is something in the surrounding circumstances in which
a fruit plant is placed that is the most probable stimulant of
change of its character, because it is entirely dependent on
terrestrial forces for its sustenance and preservation. The
difficulty has been to connect these movements with change of
structure ; and all we can assume is, that those plants whose
changed organization gave them an advantage over those not so
favored, have survived and transmitted their modifications.
Sometime we must expect to have a science of life that will tell us
why some fruit plants have died out and others have survived ;
while now only the fact is established, that health, disease, and
death sooner or later take place ; after an allotted period the tree
ceases to perform its proper functions ; it remains primitive or
unchanged ; it progresses or retrogresses. Periods of growth, of
bloom, and of decay will exist, which decadence is degeneration,
not dissolution, when applied to species : while the cause of the
transportation is not deterioration, but adaptation or modification
by the aid of external formative forces.

THE EVOLUTION AND VARIATION OF FRUIT PLANTS. 23

Degeneracy in the organs of fruit plants implies then nothing
pathologicall}^ or constitutionally injurious in character ; but means
only a step down from the genus, implying retrogressive or at
least arrested conditions. From a structural or anatomical view,
degeneracy is a loss of some elements without corresponding
development of other parts. Evolution has thus been not only
progressive but at times retrogressive ; its doctrine asserts an
endlessly irregular aJternation of epochs of life with epochs of
decay.

Since living Nature gravitates towards progression and improve-
ment, it may justly be said that a fruit plant exists between the
two great tendencies of retrogression and advancement. While
progressive evolution develops the tree, extends the branch,
clothes it with verdure, expands the blossom, and ripens the fruit,
so degeneration lops the aged stems, prunes the weakly foliage,
trims the budding growths. And this degeneracy will often
depend upon external conditions of temperature, food, warmth,
and moisture, and may frequently be called spontaneous deterior-
ation when we do not know the cause of the phenomena ; that is,
a fruit plant may be advanced or degraded by the influence of
the physical conditions in which it lives ; for nature is always
willing to go backward or forward as the result of the law of
development. Each function of a fruit plant has its special limits
of temperature, which does not exist independent of that of the
exterior medium ; and when an equilibrium has been maintained,
the tree will grow ; but organized vegetable bodies are perpetually
mutable ; their growth is only slackened when the tissues become
mineralized. Each bud has its own existence, so long as it
attracts and elaborates the nutritive fluids ; and leaves often
terminate their foliaceous growth, decay, and fall off before the
appearance of autumnal cold. This change takes place only when
an excess of mineral substances encumbers the vegetable tissues,
and determines the death of the anatomical elements which they
contain. Extremes of heat and cold affect many of our fruit trees
and vines ; their anatomical functions soon cease when subjected
to a too elevated temperature ; while cold, which retards the
nutritive phenomena, will not always destroy but will merely sus-
pend them, because the vital activities and qualities are directly
derived from the physico-chemical properties in the midst of the
anatomical elements. Thus it is that fruit plants grow stronger,
languish, or hasten to final extinction, on account of the sway of

24 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the molecular movements and mutations of which they are the
expression.

Blossoms of fruit plants that are habitually self-fertilized some-
times indicate degeneration, as shown in the reduction in the size
and number of the stamens and quantity of the pollen, the latter
being sensitive to barren soil and inclement weather. A too
energetic vegetative system will likewise surely affect the repro-
ductive.

No new organic form can be directly produced, but organisms
may be created under new conditions of life which are such as
to influence and transform them. All of our fruits, originally
descended from wild species, have been transformed b}' the
peculiar conditions of culture. In their native habitat the same
forms are produced year after year ; but in the garden great
changes are made by the gardener, who, skilled in the art of
selection, is enabled arbitrarily to create entirely new conforma-
tions by propagating according to a plan under the influence of
special conditions. He emploj's only the privileged beings for
propagation, while natural selection without a plan acts more
slowly to produce a particular kind of individuals. New species
arising from natui'al selection will maintain themselves more
permanentl}' and will return less easily to the original form than
the products of artificial selection, and will maintain themselves a
longer time, although the nature of the transformation and the
means by which it is produced are the same in both. Every
species of domesticated fruit transmits to its descendants the
peculiar individual qualities acquired during its existence as well
as those which it inherited ; and if the}' should become wild,
would experience changes that seem to be adaptations to their
new mode of life, and relapses into the ancient form out of which
the cultivated had been developed. The longer a desired pecul-
iarity of a new kind of fruit has been transmitted by inheritance,
the more certainly will it be retained. Fruit plants in their
wild state are subject to variation, and under the influences of
their environments do assume certain new peculiarities in vital
activity, composition, and form, which have not been inherited.
Permanent variations are often produced bj* causes which develop
diseases that are only dangerous adaptations of the organism to
injurious conditions of life. Fruit plants in a cultivated state
are quite liable to become sterile ; there is no development of the

THE EVOLUTION AND VARIATION OF FRUIT PLANTS. 25

fructified germ, because a changed mode of nutrition has destroyed
the capability of reproduction. Varieties of all species of fruit will
deviate frequently in important peculiarities, as a consequence of
different conditions of nutrition, air, and light. But there is a
limit to the adaptability of every organism, for in aged fruit trees
only the most necessary organs of nutrition and propagation
retain their activity ; the remainder have degenerated ; a diver-
gence in a retrograde direction has taken place, which is a
relapse to simpler conditions of life.

Few wild fruits become extinct, and many are of sufficient
value to be worthy of improvement by cultivation. In their
native haunts their quality is improved by pure air, rich soil, and
bright sunlight. But the}' often change their conditions. Wild
strawberries will disappear in the meadows, but reappear again in
after years. A piece of forest land burnt over and left uncleaned
will frequently be occupied by red raspberries ; after a short
period by black-caps and later by blackberries ; all of which
disappear in time and give place to other plants. Adventive
species are also sometimes found which have strayed from domestic
care. They appear and vanish because they cannot long endure
the conditions of climate, but a change in their habits is fre-
quently brought about by artificial methods of propagation.
There are no signs among Nature's laws that indicate a tendency
to the dying out of our favorite fruits ; neither do they fail from
necessity or in accordance with irrevocable laws. To explain
fruit deterioration we must not look to causes inherent in the
variety, for when we speak of degeneration of fruits or a decline
in their good qualities, we mean that certain varieties do not
maintain their character for healthfulness, hardiness, and produc-
tiveness ; and this lack of vitality may be due to enervating
methods of growing, the mutations of seasons or climatic influen-
ces, incessant propagation from the same stock or perpetual
growth upon the same spot, and to the mildews, rusts, rots, and
other fungous elements which are of recent origin, all implying
degeneration of culture but not of varieties. Fruits demand
constant care and high cultivation to keep them up to the standard,
and Nature permits no deterioration unless she is interfered with.
We think we raise the standard, but it is an artificial one and
must be maintained by artificial care, lacking which Nature goes
back to her original criterion.

26 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Fruit trees and vines degenerate when they do not produce fruit
in as large a quantity or of as good a quality as when they were
first introduced. An improved strawberry plant is only the result
of a higher cultivation than it can receive in its native condition,
and its tendency is to go back to its original state, which can only
be prevented by keeping up the character of the plant to as high
a standard as that from which it was originally produced ; and it
is surprising that so man}- plants, considering the treatment they
receive, sustain their vitality so long as they do. The cultivated
strawberry loses its original characteristics sooner than any fruit
we are acquainted with — often without visible neglect. The
blossoms are not always abundant fruit bearers ; only a part of
their number develop pistils sufficiently to swell into perfect fruit ;
and those plants that bear consummate flowers are onl}' more or
less fruitful as they produce stamens and pistils in sufficient or
adequate proportion to one another. The pistillate flowers of the
Hove}' variety have degenerated into perfect flowering plants, so
that the pistillate organs that remain do not make a respectable
show of fruit. Raspberry and blackberry plantations deteriorate
when the dead canes are not removed, and this deterioration is
due to the absorption of moisture from the roots by lifeless wood-
Wet land is always a cause of feeble growth and winter killing,
and severe frosts are enervating to man}- fruit plants.

This weakness or tendency to disease, called degeneracy,
pervades other fruits. The Early Harvest and Seeknofurther
apples ; Flemish Beaut}', St. Michael, and Diel pears ; Black Eagle
and Black Tartarian cherries ; Isabella and Catawba grapes in Rhode
Island ; Canfield and Vandevere apples in New Jerseys and the
Spitzenberg apple in the Champlain Valley of Vermont, are onlv a
few varieties of the man}' that are now grown with iudiflferent suc-
cess. Cultivated fruits will grow their allotted time and supply
us plentifully, as long as our plans conform to tiiose conditions of
soil and climate which are necessary to the health and vigor of
the plant we desire to propagate, and no longer. The best fruits
of today will be prolonged, but decline will inevitably come and
newer varieties will take their places, to be supplanted in due
time by others.

Many kinds of apples are less reliable in the West than
formerly, which is attributed in some degree to forest destruction-
Fungous diseases have increased ; pear blight, apple scab, rot and

THE EVOLUTION AND VARIATION OF FRUIT PLANTS. 27

mildew, black knot, rust, and yellows, are alarmingly prevalent.
The orange groves in the Azores ; the olive trees of Southern
Europe ; the mulberry growths of China and Syria, have sustained
great loss of vitality from an unusual development of black
mildews on the foliage. During the past year thousands of acres
of vineyards in Southern California have been destroyed by a new
mysterious disease that is not produced by any insect. The
habit of planting new trees in situations where the old have
perished is a peculiarly dangerous one to young fruit plantations,
arising from the spawn of fungi, which are often found deposited
in the old hidden stumps and decayed roots. Composts of
decayed leaves, twigs, and other vegetable material that strews
the ground, will also harbor injurious matter which may prove to
be a source of harm to a healthy growing plant. Insect enemies
are now increasing and more frequently invade orchards and
vineyards. The curculio, once only destructive to the plum, now
marks the peach, cherry, and apricot, as well as the pear, quince,
and apple. Increase in plant diseases is certainly an agent that
causes fruits to decline, as witnessed in the downy and powdery
mildew, black rot, and anthracnose which attacks the grape ; the
yellows and peach curl ; the leaf fungus and black rot of ihe plum ;
apple and raspberry rust ; apple and pear scab ; and pear, goose-
berry, and strawberry leaf blight. Fruit insect-pests are annually
increasing, now numbering at least a thousand in this country ;
so that a general knowledge of the elements and applications of
economic entomology seems to be desirable and almost necessary,
to ward off these causes of decline in varieties. Much degeneracy
is properly attributed to ignorance and want of skill and care in
cultivating. Sound trees can only be produced from seedlings of
first-class fruits : and the sooner a tree is transplanted after its
top is formed, the more favorable are the prospects of a healthy
growth and an unimpaired vitality.

The decline in numerous varieties of fruits shows how impor-
tant is the attempt to produce new ones, and suggests the inquiry
why so few kinds of recent origin are worthy of special commen-
dation. New original varieties of fruit have a tendency to revert
to an ancestral form. Certain kinds propagated by seed not
crossed with another variety, sometimes degenerate on account of
increased liability to disease and from the want of the rich stimu-
lants they demand, but they do not run out or lose their distin-

28 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

guishing characteristics from any inherent cause. Neither do
varieties propagated by buds and grafts necessaril}' deteriorate
and die, although trees propagated only by buds have a weaker
hold on life than a series produced from seed. The positive
evidence of vigorous old trees bearing sound fruits, is an argument
that aged varieties do not wear out except by exhaustion of the
soil, incoming of disease, alteration of climate, or other natural
circumstances, where failure is manifest. Non-sexually propagated
varieties are not endowed with the same unlimited power of
duration that is posss&sed by varieties and species propagated by
seed. The inference to be derived from the principle that cross-
fertilization between the individuals of a species is the plan of
Nature is fairly sustained, that no bi-sexual species constantly
self-fertilized would continue to exist. If such theoi'ies can be
maintained, we must conclude that sexually propagated varieties
or races, although liable to disappear through change, need not be
expected to wear out and do not ; but that non-sexually propa-
gated kinds, though not especially liable to change, may theoreti-
cally wear out, yet but slowly. There is a tendency, inherent in
species as in individuals, to die out, since no organic being self-
fertilizes indefinitely. This is now counteracted by wider sexual
breeding, amply secured in nature, which reinforces vitality to
such an extent as to warrant the inference, " that some unknown
great good is derived from the union of individuals that have
kept distinct for generations."

The phenomena of the life of fruit plants and their structures
thus have been formed and produced according to the laws of
growth, reproduction, inheritance, and variability. The science
of morphology informs us what their manner of organization is ;
physiology tells us how they live and the laws of their distri-
bution where they are found ; the science of causes how they
have come to be what they are. But important problems remain
unsolved and modern observers do not yet give an intelligible
account of the changes which succeed one another during the
growth of the smallest particle of the simplest fruits nor of the
mode of origin of the first living matter that formed the plants.
Nature only constructs, and scientific men must be allowed to
work on in the investigation of the origin of new forms. Fruit
evolution so far as now explained seems to take its stand on the
rational interpretation of the facts of Nature ; and there is grand-
eur in the contemplation of the wonderful and beautiful forms.

DELEGATES TO THE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 29

that have been, and are being evolved from a simple beginning.
Botany and geology are supplying the means by which the life of
bygone days is revivified, enabling us to interpret the structure
and relations of fruit plants long extinct. ''We are living now
as in a twilight of knowledge, charged with sublime revelations ;
«o also are we looking for more light, which shall reveal perfect
order." "While the influence of cultivation alters the peculiar
nature of fruit plants ; so will they continue to exist and grow
under favorable conditions of life ; but when these are changed,
they will languish and cease to be stable and profitable varieties.

At the conclusion of the lecture a vote of thanks was passed to
Mr. Bourn for his paper.

Notice was given that on Saturday, January' 19, F. L. Temple,
of Somerville, would read a paper on " The Nurseries of Europe,"
many of which he visited last summer.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, January 19, 1889.

An adjourned meeting of the Societ}^ was holden at half-past
eleven o'clock, the President, Henry P. Walcott, in the chair.

The President announced the following Committee to nominate
delegates to the meeting of the American Pomological Society :
William C. Strong, Frank W. Andrews, Stiles Frost, Robert
Manning, and Benjamin G. Smith.

The Committee subsequently reported the following list of
delegates :

President Henry P. Walcott,

Hon. Frederick Smyth, David B. Flint,

William C. Strong, Elijah H. Luke,

Charles H. B. Breck, Edward Kendall,

William H. Spooner, Jacob W. Manning,

Charles L. Flint, Felker L. Temple,

Frank W. Andrews, Horace Eaton,

O. B. Hadwen, George W. Fowle,

Stiles Frost, Benjamin P. Ware,

Chauncy Smith, Francis H. Appleton,

Robert Manning, Benjamin G. Smith.

30 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The President stated that the Committee on Repairs and Alter-
ations of the building felt somewhat embarrassed as to the course
to pursue. The question whether or not the Society will make
this building its future home had come up for decision, and the Soci-
ety also recognized the fact that the building, in its present form, is
not the best investment of its value. The Committee were unani-
mous in their judgment that an expression of opinion on these
points should be asked from the Society. The Inspectors of
Buildings had given a statement of the alterations which they
thought necessary to prevent the spread of fire, and it was probable
that these changes would cost as much as the loss b}' fire ; that is,
they would add nine thousand dollars to the cost of restoring the
building.

William C. Strong moved that the next Saturda}^, the 26th of
January, at ten o'clock, be assigned for the consideration of the
subject mentioned by the President, and after some discussion the
motion was cai'ried. It was voted that the Secretary send a
notice of the meeting to every member of the Society.

Adjourned to Saturday, January 26, 1889, at ten o'clock.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.
Notes on European Nurseries.

By F. L. Temple, Somerville.

To American visitors European nurseries are first of all an
inspiration, as they are the old creative centres from which have
come to us many of our best fruits and flowers.

We turn instinctively to them yet, for new and improved forms
of plants. Nowhere else are there so many men living so close
to the creative forces of nature as there.

European nurserymen — the best of them — are a distinct class
of intense specialists, who have their whole hearts as well as their
heads in their work, and we are told that " the heart giveth grace
unto every art." They also have the advantage over us that the
great plant collections of Europe are easily accessible to them, as
at Kew and other places, where the geniuses of the hybridizing
brush select the newl}' found species which are to be transformed
and blended " into something new and strange." Inherited adapta-

NOTES ON EUROPEAN NURSERIES. 31

tion also probably helps some of them, and the familiar handling
of plants from early youth under their fathers' tuition.

These nurseries are also extremely interesting to Americans
from their past achievements, whose benefits we have all shared,
and this strikes us with new force when we come to see the places
where, for instance, such things as the so-called Ghent Azaleas
were first produced, or the Hybrid Rhododendrons, or the Tuberous
Begonias, or many other things that we use and enjoy. Most of
these nurseries have nothing in the way of location or landscape
to make them attractive ; the whole interest is centred in the
plants grown there, or the great works of the past, by which
some addition has been made to the world's riches or happiness.
Such gardens are the real " gardens of Eden " to my mind, where
plants are created and set round about ; but the men who do
these things are the part of the stud}' that most engages one's
mind in going over some famous nursery.

They are always genial and even a little enthusiatic with those
of like tastes, but always keen-eyed eager students of plant life,
and withal practical business men. And how very differently they
go to work to get new plants.

One, lil^e M. Transon of Orleans, France, will collect every kind
of tree and plant that is hard}' in France and of any commercial
value, from all the world over, and plant them in such amazing
quantities as to have covered three hundred acres with beds four
feet wide, containing millions of young plants, from three inches
to three feet high. All our own best native shrubs and trees
stand there in incredible numbers, and are all sold while quite
small at prices incredibly low. More than five thousand dollars
are paid yearly for seeds by this house.

I had often wondered whether the young trees received from
them at such ridiculously low prices, were grown without any care
or cultivation to save expense. The truth is they receive the
most painfully perfect cultivation.

Now among these multitudes of seedlings are detected, by the
lynx-eyed gardeners, here and there, individuals differing more
or less from the type. These are planted in test grounds and
most of them thrown away later on as undesirable, while occasion-
ally one will prove a valuable new variety that we should all covet.
Then also in these immense numbers of trees many " sports " are
noticed — yellow foliage or some abnormal growth on a single

32 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. .

branch. The same sorting and study of these is made and the
same results follow — many poor ones to one good one. All
weeping trees are first obtained by the process of selection from
seedlings, and most variegated sorts by the same method — the
sporting of a single branch — "bud variation" as it is called.
But the truly creative florist is such a man as Lemolne, or John
Laing, or Veitch, who looks at all the newly found botanical
species of flowers that are brought together by that remarkable
adjunct of European nurseries, the "plant collector," from the
ends of the earth, and says — This species has beautiful foliage,
and that one has gorgeous blossoms and poor foliage. Let us
coax Mother Nature to combine especially for us florists, these
two good habits in one plant. Now follows the most marvellous
thing of modern da3's. This patient plantsman induces Nature to
break down in this instance the very thing that gives all their
values and all their stability to the trees and plants of the earth, —
that is to sa}', their specific limitations !

After keeping these two plants for ages within their own rigidly
defined habits and customs, the members of each species growing
up as uniform as a Quaker congregation, at the importunit}' of a
man who dares to ask it, she " makes the sun stand still on
Gibeon " for him, gives a special license to unite these two members
of two separated families, and the offspring of this union gives us a
choice of many combinations of the two desired qualities. This
comes the nearest to a miracle of anything in modern times.
Sometimes, however, when the florist asks too much, she says. No !
All these thoughts crowd upon us as we look, for instance, at the
new tuberous begonias in flower at John Laing's, near London,
and from the wonderful blossoms to the wonderful old man who
has persuaded Nature to do these things for us. In a very few
years — ten perhaps — some wild species of begonias have been
induced to cross, and have been so assisted also by generous cul-
ture that I saw one single kind whose flower actually measured
seven inches in diameter, and some smaller ones were as double as
the best zinnias, with much of their shape, too. Mr. Laing's fine
houses, which were very skilfully staged, were filled almost to the
roof with plants of all sizes up to six feet high and three feet
broad, all simply loaded down with a class of blossoms almost
totally novel to my eyes, of all shades of orange, white, and red, and
of such amazing size and figures as set the senses in a whirl of
delight and doubt. Could these be really begonias ? Outside iu

NOTES ON EUROPEAN NURSERIES. 33

the open ground were perhaps an eighth of an acre of a special
class of these plants selected as most useful for bedding purposes.
None of them grew over a foot high and all were full of mostly
dark crimson flowers from two to four inches across. These
should have a full and fair trial here, as the effect is very striking
and beautiful. I begged this genial old man who has done so
much, to turn his attention to the good old tall phloxes, which
still need genius and patience and are capable of so much im-
provement.

Another place that was first in my thoughts as I left home, was
Thomas S. Ware's, at Tottenham. If you would like to see nearly
all the hardy herbaceous plants worth growing that are yet known,
you could easily do so by staying at Ware's for a summer. Little
crossing is done there, but all the fine things coming to light any-
where are at once added to his list. The fields of new Dahlias
were the most gorgeous sight conceivable. Imagine two acres of
the newest sorts, six plants of each in the very highest state of
development, planted as a show ground merely for visitors. I value
my notes made in that field, but cannot attempt any description
of such blossoms.

Another class of plants here, of high interest and much useful-
ness, was the hardy Poppies. We consider the Parkman poppy
the best one ever produced here, but I saw there several of far
greater novelty and beauty. One was broadly striped with white
on a vermilion ground.

The tall Phloxes were extraordinarily good at Ware's, and some
new seedlings of his were great advances on the previously exist-
ing sorts. One, with very large salmon colored blossoms and large
white eye, had a solid truss exactly the shape of a prize spike of
hyacinth. This will probably be the parent of a section of
phloxes with this new shape of panicle, which is very extraordi-
nary. This was to me the most interesting single plant I saw in
Europe.

The packing and the labelling at Ware's are as nearly perfect as I
ever hope to do it. Zinc tags with the numbers stamped on them
agreeing with the numbers and names in the invoice, bring every
plant to the purchaser with the correct name. Mr. Ware also
grows in pots one season those herbaceous plants which do not
bear transplanting well. This causes them to give far better
results when planted again here than they would otherwise do.
3

34 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The famous nursery of Louis Van Houtte at Ghent, still shows
the work of his master mind, although he has been at rest from
his herculean labors for eight years. Large ranges of greenhouses
are still filled with plants, and long frames and beds are full of
hardy perennials, but the energetic mind that expanded a small
business into an immense one world-wide in its influence, and
which did so much scientific work of a literary sort in his beloved
art, is no longer directing the business. Here were once grown
great numbers of those bright hybrids of our own Azalea calendu-
lacea — the so-called Ghent Azaleas — and they were sold at prices
that brought them within the means of all. Only a few are now
grown there, but they are still grown for the trade almost wholly
in Holland, and at very low prices.

One thing at Van Houtte's struck me as very touching. The
various foremen of the different departments, with whom I
inspected the nursery, all spoke of their late employer in a tone of
reverence as " The Master," which was evidently sincere and as
if the}" still felt his powerful personality.

I saw at this place, also, several assortments of plants in full
leaf, being packed to go to such far off places as New Zealand,
Australia, and also to America. All the material used for packing
was very clean and new, and the whole work showed very great
experience and great manual dexterity. An eye to the appearance
of the whole was always had and the number of bulky plants that
would disappear into a given crate or box was wonderful to see.
I learned that these packers had never done anything else in their
lives but pack up plants, and some were greybeards. Surely we
have much to learn in our American nurseries !

One fact is instructive in this connection. The}- expend far
more money in Europe on packing than we do, and European
patrons pay it wilUngly as the cheapest part of their bill. Some
American buj'ers will not do so yet, but I fear we nurserymen
have a duty to do in teaching our customers the value of better
packing by doing better packing. I noticed everywhere that
the common workmen in these nurseries get nearer to their work
than ours do here. They are more painstaking and more exact in
all the many details of nursing seeds and cuttings into healthy
trees. They get down on their knees far more than our men do,
and as their opportunities for switching off into some other busi-
ness are not so numerous, as in this land of opportunities, they

NOTES ON EUROPEAN NURSERIES. 35

continue for generations to be faithful, plodding, expert workmen,
always to be depended upon and always bringing on stock of
even and satisfactory grades.

The common employment of women and children to do the weed-
ing and some other work was very distasteful to me. A row
of them kneeling upon little knee cushions and picking out weeds
with knife and fingers was a sight that spoke of intense competi-
tion and narrow lives. There is, I must confess, an all pervading
air of drudgery and an almost total lack of any enthusiasm and
hopefulness on the part of almost all the common people employed.
This is replaced by a strong sense of the stern necessity of doing
their work well in order to live. Few of them can ever hope to
rise to anything like comfort or ease, and their lives are dominated
by the necessity that drives men downward, and not, as is oftener
true here, b}' the hope that leads us willingly. It is only the
educated few, whose horizon is wider, who seem to see much rose-
color in the future. And so they go on forever, the proprietor
keen, receptive, and ready to do new things or buy new things, to
keep in the front rank of the trade ; the common workers, expert
of hand and eye through long practice of one thing, but otherwise
dull and unambitious.

Thoroughly well trained, as is everj^one in the nursery, they do
their mechanical work well as cogs on a wheel, and would be
amazed and horrified to see in this land, men of no more know-
ledge or training than themselves owning and managing nurseries,
with a large sign in front and a good patronage too, from people
who never had the benefit of any better service.

Discussion.

The discussion of Mr. Temple's paper was opened by William
C. Strong, who said that it was very interesting and certainly
very suggestive, and, he was obliged to add, very depressing.
The conditions of life in this country are so different from those
in Europe that we could hardly hope to have here such establish-
ments as had been described. Few nurseries here are handed
down from father to son as in Europe. On the other hand is the
question of labor, which had a depressing effect on Mr. Temple,
as it does on every one who goes abroad. It is useless to expect
to compete with such labor. Last fall our seaboard cities were
absolutely flooded with the products of European nurseries, which

36 MASSACHTSETTS HOETTCTLTURAL SOCTETT.

were sold by auction at exceedingly low prices. The market was
glutted. This is not a healthy condition of things either for
growers or purchasers, and the effect on nurserymen will be depress-
ing. On the whole, the picture of long-continued excellence in
cultivation is not encouraging unless we can have protection, and
he was free to say that he believes in protection.

Jackson Dawson was astonished at Mr. Strong's remark, for he
thought many things are grown here more cheaply than in Europe.
He did not think that any nurseryman in Europe could' compete
with American nurserymen — grow fruit trees in Europe, pay
freight and duty on them, and sell them at as low prices as many of
our western nurserymen, who offer apple and peach trees one year
from the bud at the rate of five dollars per hundred. It is true
that many seedling stocks from France are sold at very low rates :
but he had known of many European exporters who sent the stock
referred to by Mr. Strong, who are heartily sick of the experiment,
as the plants in many cases sold for less than enough to pay
freight and duty. Mr. Dawson thought good packing pays.
Many plants received from Europe are poorly packed ; the great
trouble there is that they are packed too wet, especially those from
around London where the soil is clay and the plants are packed im-
mediately in wet moss and not dried off properly before being
packed. In many instances the whole case has decayed. The
speaker had found that the lightest packing is best — that is, the
plants, especially those of a succulent nature, should be dry, and
the moss used in packing moist — not wet — and having the moss
around the roots and air space around the tops.

Robert Farquhar said that Mr. Temple's paper carried him
back to his early days, for the seed firm with which he was brought
up had also a nursery of one hundred and sixty acres, and, as Mr.
Temple had said, a permanent force at the very lowest rates. In
the fall gardeners who were out of employment would seek for it
in these great establishments, which formed harbors of refoge for
such, and this skilled labor was secured at low rates. In such
places seedling trees could be grown at very low prices. Such
establishments undertake the planting of forests by contract.
European nurseries are great in the line of plants used there, but
it is a different class from those most in demand in this country.
The time is coming when these things will be grown on as large a
scale and with as good success here as in Europe.

NOTES ON EUBOPEA^f XTRSEEIES. 37

M. B. Faxon said that the lesson which he drew from "Mr.
Temple's paper was that we should not attempt to grow ten
thousand different things, but should select special olijects and
endeavor to attain perfection in their cultivation.

Mr. Temple said that the nursery stock which was sold at such
wonderfully low rates was almost wholly grown from seed. If
one orders grafted plants from Europe the prices will be foand
much greater than here. Grafted apple trees from five to sis feet
high are obtained from American nurserymen at abouthalf the prices
charged by European growers, and peach trees at from one- third to
even one-fourth of European rates. But on the other hand seed-
ling plants are sold there at one-tenth of American prices. In so
great a disparity of prices in these a duty of twenty per cent
would make no difference in the amount of importation. He
hoped that no duty would be put on European tree stock.
England, which is the most beautiful country in the world, has
free trade, and yet plants bring the highest prices there. More
money is paid for nursery stock there than in all the world beside.
In answer to an inquiry as to the loss on imported plants Mr.
Temple said he had already received a dozen packages this year,
and that five dollars would cover all the losses. If one handled
French seedlings more than one year, he thought the average loss
should not exceed two per cent. These little seedlings are not
stocky : they need to be planted carefully very early in the spring
and the earth should be trodden down firmly around them. In
reply to a question how large trees could be transplanted safely,
Mr. Temple said that it depended on how carefully they are
handled : which qualification applied to the removal of plants of
all sizes. His judgment was that practically it is not profitable to
transplant trees that are over two inches in diameter, and generally
not over one inch. But he had once moved between thirty and
forty trees ranging from ten to fifteen inches in diameter, and
they did well. They were taken from a peaty soil and were like
pot plants.

Mr. Strong said that we have quick ingenuity and great mechan-
ical skill. We are experts in budding, root-grafting, and various
other modes of propagating. The mild climate of the South and
the rich soils of our Western States are considerations much in
our favor. But still, with their cheap labor, European nurserymen
can produce stock in many lines at prices with which we cannot

38 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

compete without protection. The government ought to protect
this infant industry.

Mr. Dawson took a more cheerful view of the matter than the
preceding speaker. While he knew there is great competition
in the immense amount of seedlings annually sent to this country,
besides the immense numbers of small shrubs or trees sold at
auction in our seaboard cities, he believed that the well known
pluck and energy of the Americans, added to their mental activity,
would enable them, if they were ever roused up, to produce a
better class of tre^s or shrubs, which would take better with the
general public and give better satisfaction, than the imported stock,
and with close attention, close application, and hard work in
America, nurserymen would succeed, and through them the Ameri-
can public would be better served.

Mr. Temple again alluded to the foreign grown plants sold at
auction in our seaboard cities, remarking that they were largely in
no condition to be sold. The}* were mere beginnings of plants
and therefore not such as could seriously affect the regular demand.
He spoke of the barberries, like knitting needles, which would
require years of culture to be of use. They could not meet his
needs when he has to furnish plants to landscape gardeners.
There is no trade in America that warrants the gathering and
planting seeds of forest trees, to any great extent.

Mr. Dawson said that two bushels of barber' les would produce
a hundred thousand plants six inches high the first season ; but
one cannot raise a specimen plant of it under five or six years,
neither can a specimen plant be grown from the small imported
seedlings in much less time. He a^so thought that Ameiiean
seedling nurseries are a great want in this country to counteract
the importation from Europe of plants which can be grown as
easily here. Such men as Douglas, Meehan, and others, who
have made a specialty of this business, can and do sell as cheap
and as good plants as many of those in Europe.

A vote of thanks to Mr. Temple for his interesting paper was
unanimously passed.

It was announced that on the next Saturday Professor James
E. Humphrey, of the Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion, would read a paper upon " Mildews."

REPAIRS OF BUILDING. 39

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, January 26, 1889.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 10 o'clock,
the President, Henry P. Walcott, in the chair.

The meeting was notified, by a circular sent to every member of
the Society, that the question what course to take in regard to the
Society's building would be considered at this time.

Frank "W. Andrews, from the Committee on Repairs and Altera-
tions of the Building, read a letter from the Inspectors of Build-
ings, giving a statement of the requirements which would be made
by the Inspectors as safeguards against the spread of fire.

Mr. Andrews also presented plans, which he had prepared on
his own responsibility and expense, showing his views of changes
desirable to be made in the building to produce a larger income to
the Societ}', with estimates of the cost of the changes and the
revenue to be derived therefrom.

Robert Farquhar moved that the Society retain this building for
Societ}' purposes. After full discussion this motion was laid on
the table, by a vote of fifty-seven to twenty-three.

The President stated that two of the members of the Committee
on the Building would be unable to serve, and that the Committee
desired to be discharged.

On motion of James F. C. Hyde, it was voted that a new Com-
mittee on the Building, to consist of five members, be appointed
by the Chair. The Chair appointed James F. C. Hyde, Nathaniel
T. Kidder, Frank W. Andrews, John D. W. French, and Augustus
Parker, as that Committee.

The whole subject of the disposition of the building was referred
to this Committee, with instructions to report definite plans and
information to enable the Societ}' to decide what course to pursue.

On motion of Francis H. Appleton, it was voted that the Com-
mittee be authorized to expend a sum not exceeding 6500 in the
preparation of plans and printing.

It was voted that the Committee report in print and that a copy
of the report be sent to every member of the Society, six days
before the meeting at which it will be presented.

On motion of Warren W. Rawson, it was voted that the Presi-
dent be added to the Committee on the building.

40 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

William E. Eudicott moved that the Society remain where it is.
On motion of Mr. Rawson, this motion was laid on the table.

William C. Strong laid before the Society a petition to the
State Legislature for an appropriation in support of the new
Department of Vegetable Physiology, established by the State
Agricultural Experiment Station, and it was voted that the Presi-
dent be authorized to sign the petition in behalf of the Society,
and to appear before the Committee of the Legislature in support
of it.

Benjamin G. Smith, Treasurer of the American Pomological
Society, announced the arrangements made with the railroads for
the delegates to the meeting of that Society.

Adjourned to Saturday, February 2, at half-past eleven o'clock.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.
Mildews.

By James Ellis HuMPHSEr, Professor of Vegetable Physiology in the Massachusetts
State Agricultural Experiment Station, at Amherst.

Professor Humphrey, in compliance with a request, prefaced his
lecture with the following brief statement of the object of the new
Department of Vegetable Physiology connected with the Station.
Two lines of investigation are proposed : first, the study of diseases
caused by parasitic plants, which include br far the larger part of
the diseases attacking cultivated plants, and which must be studied
before remedies can be suggested ; and, second, the investigation
of the relations and functions of the individual elements of plant
food farther than such investigations have yet been carried. He
then went on, as follows :

In speaking on the subject announced for this discussion, I pro-
pose to consider chiefly its theoretical, scientific side, touching but
briefly on the practical questions of preventing and combatting
the diseases produced by the organisms under consideration, and
trusting to the general discussion which may follow to bring out
that aspect of the subject more full}". The chief interest of the
practical man — the horticulturist or farmer — is to learn how to
stop, or, better still, how to prevent the ravages of the increasing
number of parasitic organisms which attack the plants under his

MILDEWS. 41

care and often so sadly reduce their yield even where they do not
utterly destroy them. And the greater part of the studies of these
parasites which are carried on have this practical end in view.
But it must be remembered, and this point cannot be emphasized
too stronglj', that direct experiments in prevention or cure, without
a sound and thorough knowledge of the nature of the trouble, are
merely leaps in the dark, with as little chance of success as the
random treatment of a human disease whose etiology is not yet
a matter of scientific knowledge. In other words, the theoretical
must, as a rule, precede the practical and serve as its basis, if it
is to be effective and truly practical. Furthermore, investigations
of this character take time — almost unlimited time. Nature does
not give up her secrets on demand but only as the reward of cool,
quiet, patient application. It is only fair, then, to ask those who
are at least no more anxious for results than we who are plodding
away at these problems, and who have less at stake than we, to be
also patient. The work is progressing slowly, but all the more
surely, for the real workers as yet are few. Far better, however,
that there should be still fewer and of the real sort, than any
more of that sort who proclaim a "new discovery" for every
month and make the name of " Scientist" a reproach.

But the practical men who furnish the moral support and,
directly or indirectly, the money which gives to us modest and
timid " scientific fellows" the equipments and ©pportunities we
must have to produce results, are just waking to the importance
and significance of the thorough scientific study of these pests
whose inroads on their profits are 3'early greater. They begin to
realize that it is economy to spend thousands to secure the saving
of tens and hundreds of thousands, and that even pure science
may not be such a totally Utopian thing, after all. And just here
lies the real hope for the future. The investigator must feel that
he has the financial and moral support of those in whose interest
he is working, and to retain these he must produce substantial
results. But to produce results which shall stand the test of
practice requires sound and thorough training, and this will be
demanded in an increasing degree as our knowledge increases and
the relations of science and practice become more harmonious.
Thus we ma}' hope that by a process of progressive development,
with the survival of the fittest onl}', sensational science will finally
be unknown except from the records of the past.

42 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

In selecting a subject for this address, it has seemed to me
better, and probably more profitable, to choose a quite restricted
field which I can hope to cover in some detail, rather than to
attempt to string together a few facts gathered in a necessarily
very superficial survey of a larger one. This moderately detailed
examination of a single small corner of the whole great field of
plant diseases will also, I believe, give a truer idea of its extent
and of the need of further exploration, than any general, outline
sketch of the whole could do. The word " mildew" is used very
loosely, to designate either of several appearances or effects due
to widely different causes.

But as our knowledge of the various parasitic diseases of plants,
and popular interest in them, have increased, botanists, yielding
to the demand for vernacular equivalents for the technical names
of the various groups under which the parasites are classed, have
pretty generally adopted this word as the English name of one
or two groups. If we accept the authority of the United States
Department of Agriculture, we shall apply the term to two groups,
botanically quite distinct, and shall distinguish the two by prefix-
ing descriptive adjectives. The Reports of the Department speak
of the doivny mildews and the poivdery mildews. The structure
and effects of the organisms composing these two groups are ver}'
different, and it would be impossible to discuss them together.
I shall, therefore, confine myself to that group to which the term
mildews is by some restricted — the downy mildews. This group,
known to botanists as the Peronosporece, is a rather small and
very natural one, and the life history of its members is much more
completely known and understood than is the case with most of the
vegetable parasites. For this result we are indebted chiefly to the
model researches of the great German master and pioneer in this
work, De Bary, whose untimely death a year ago has left a con-
spicuous vacanc}' in the ranks of the workers.

The members of the Peronosporece may be regarded, for our
purposes, as separable into two smaller groups, or genera, known
by the names Peronospora and Cystopus. Those included in the
latter genus difl^er in several important particulars from the mem-
bers of the former, and are often denominated the White Rusts.
They do not, then, concern us at present, and may be ignored.
We thus restrict the term mildew to those parasites included in the
genus Peronospora^ which we maj- now proceed to discuss.

MILDEWS. 43

And just here, allow me a parenthesis. The accurate statement
of scientific facts or conclusions requires the use of scientific
language. The vocabulary of any science includes familiar words
used in a technical sense, and speciall}" coined words. For these
technical terms science has no apologies to offer ; their use is the
inevitable condition of accurate thought or statement, and whoever
would become intelligently familiar with scientific methods or
conclusions must be prepared to accept and adopt them. They
give to thought and statement a definiteuess most attractive
to the precise mind, if it is the dread of the slipshod thinker.
The layman may justly ask that these terms be clearly and
thoroughly explained when thej' are first used, but the botanist
may as justly feel free to use them after they have been so
explained. Their seeming difficulty is only in their unfamiliarity,
which is soon overcome.

The word plant calls to the mind of the average hearer the idea
of a living organism growing in the earth, in which it is held and
from which it draws water by means of roots^ and having a stem
above ground, on which are borne leaves. But this idea is an in-
complete one ; because probably a half of all known plants do not
answer to this description at all. Most of the so-called higher
plants, it is true, are composed of these fundamental organs — root,
stem, and leaf — each of which has its special functions, and they
may be designated Stem-Plants. Contrasted with them however,
is an immense number of so-called lower plants in which there is
■comparatively little dift'erentiation into special organs, and there-
fore little division of labor. In these simpler plants, the whole
plant-body is known as a thallus and the}' may be termed Thalhts-
Plants. Typical examples are the "rock weeds" and "sea
mosses " of our coast. Again, greenness of color is commonly asso-
ciated with the idea of a plant ; but this too is not a constant
character. It is true some parts of the typical plant contain a
green pigment which gives them their color ; and it is this sub-
stance, called leaf-green or chlorophyll., which gives to green
plants their power of preparing the complex organic compounds
which serve as their food-material, from inorganic constituents
taken from the air and soil. But cases are familiar of stem-plants
which are without chlorophyll. Such, for instance, are our com-
mon Indian Pipe and Dodder, which must live on food-material
elaborated by other plants. It is however among the thallus-

44 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

plants that cases of the absence of chlorophyll become numerous,
and there, indeed, they include a majority of the species. These-
simple plants, without distinction of root, stem, and leaf, and
whose tissues contain no chlorophyll, are known collectively a»
Fungi. They vary greatly in size, structure, and development,
but they agree in these two particulars. Whence comes the food-
supply of these plants unable to provide their own?

The dodder, as is well known, twines about the stem of some
green plant, and sends into its tissues absorbing organs, which
abstract its nourishing juices for the support of the dodder.
Here we have a typical example of the relations between the
parasite which thrives at the expense of its host, which is greatly
weakened or finally killed. The Indian pipe, on the other hand,
probabl}' draws its nourishment chiefly from the humus in which i4
grows, which is composed of decayed plant remains and contains
much organic matter still directly available. This plant is a type
of those called saprophytic. On the same basis of division the
fungi fall into two classes — those which live at the expense of other
living organisms, the parasites, and those which live on the
remains of dead organisms, the saprophytes. The latter conse-
quently cannot cause diseases, and may be passed over with the
remark that the best known saprophj'tic fungi are the toadstools.

The attacks of a parasite on its host-plant cause a weakening
of its vitality, often produce also an abnormal stimulation which
results in the development of monstrous or distorted organs, and
frequently, finally lead to its death. The parasitic fungi, then, are
those which cause diseases of plants, and which have special eco-
nomic interest ; and among them are included the organisms which
cause diseases variously known as rots, moulds and mildews, namely
the members of the genus Peronospora, the mildeivs in the restricted
sense in which I have used the word. The mildews are parasites
chiefly of herbaceous plants, though they sometimes live on the
herbaceous parts of woody plants, and appear to the naked eye as
whitish, gray or brown, downy or felted growths on the under sur-
faces of leaves and sometimes on stems. Those parts of the plant
which are most directly affected are usually of a yellow or brownish
color, and this discoloration often appears before the fungus itself is
evident, affording to the practised eye the first indication of the dis-
ease. As we trace the life history of the mildew, it will perhaps be
an aid in presenting the subject, if we select a typical example and

MILDEWS. 45

follow its individual development. A good type for this purpose
is one of the most troublesome members of the group — the mil-
dew of the grape vine. The white dusty patches produced on the
iower sides of the leaves and the corresponding discolorations of
their upper sides, are only too familiar to every owner of grape
vines. They appear most commonly in midsummer, and the dis-
-colorations usuall}' give the first warning of the presence of the
disease. If, at this time, a thin section be cut through the thick-
ness of the leaf, the vegetative organs of the fungus will be found
pushing their way among the more or less closely packed cells of
which the leaf is composed.

This vegetative body or thallus of the fungus consists of fine,
colorless, branched threads occupying the spaces between the cells
and at intervals sending globular absorbing organs into the cell-
interiors. By means of these absorbing organs the food-materials
prepared in the cells of the leaf are appropriated by the fungus,
to the direct injury of the grape vine. The growth of the fungus,
thus bountifully supplied with food ready prepared, is naturally
rapid and luxuriant.

The cells near the under surface of the leaf are quite looselj'^
arranged, leaving considerable air spaces which communicate with
the outer air through special openings, or breathing-pores. As
the fungus develops, the ends of numerous threads emerge either
singly or in tufts, through these pores, standing vertically to the
under surface of the leaf. Toward their ends, these threads
branch freely into a tree-like form, the tip of each branch being
drawn to a point. At each tip now appears a swelling which en-
larges till the whole structure has the aspect of a tiny tree, with a
fruit at the end of each twig. When fully formed these bodies,
which are pear-shaped, are readily detached and great numbers of
them are carried away in tiny clouds of dust by light winds. Each
of them is now an independent cell, consisting of a mass of living
matter surrounded by a delicate membrane, and about the one-
thousandth of an inch in length. It is natural to suppose that they
serve to reproduce the fungus, and investigation justifies the sup-
position. They may be known by a term commonly applied to
nearly all the reproductive bodies of those plants which do not
produce flowers, namely, spores. The term is a very general one
and includes structures of the greatest diversity, which, however,
perform for their respective parent plants the same office which is

46 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

performed for the flowering plants by seeds, although no spore is
the exact equivalent of a seed. The spores in question are known
as the summer spores of the mildew. When they are sown in water
at a warm temperature remarkable changes occur in a few hours.
First, the living matter in a spore becomes divided into several
masses, which escape through an opening in the membrane at one
end of the spore. Each of these masses is furnished with two hair-
like lashes, by whose vibration it is propelled rapidl}' through the
water. From their remarkable activity, which recalls that of
animals, these bodies are called zoospores. After a short time
their motion ceases, the threads disappear, and the mass germinates
by producing a tube from its side. If this germination occurs on
the surface of a grape leaf, the tube pushes through a breathing-
pore or bores through the surface cells to the interior of the leaf,
where it produces the characteristic absorbing organs of the fungus,
and a new parasite is established. If the germination takes place
elsewhere than on a grape leaf, the tube soon ceases to grow and
then dies. If, on the other hand, one of the spores fails to find
the moisture and warmth necessary to its further development it
soon dies.

We may notice here two points of general application. The
species of parasitic fungi are limited, as a rule, each to a single or
to a few closely related species of higher plants as hosts, and are
incapable of development on others. The closely restricted condi-
tions of successful germination of the spores of a fungus, demand
that to secure the perpetuation of the species a vast number of
spores shall be produced, that the enormous waste may not be
fatal. As the parasite becomes mature the leaf becomes drier
and more shrunken, and the fungus begins to provide for tiding
over the approaching season of conditions unfavorable for growth.
This is accomplished by the formation of ivinter spores^ in whose
production a true sexuality is shown. They differ from the sum-
mer spores in having very thick walls and in germinating only
after a period of rest, and are produced from the threads of the
fungus within the leaf. The end of a fungus-thread swells up into
a rounded body containing a large amount of living matter, which
becomes aggregated into a dense globular mass. The end of
another branch becomes irregularly swollen, though of a much
smaller size, and is closely applied to the surface of the larger

MILDEWS. 47

swelling. A passage is now formed by which the living matter
of the smaller branch passes over and fuses with that of the larger.
After this act of impregnation the blended mass contained in the
larger branch develops a thick dense wall about itself, and assumes
the character of a mature winter spore. In this condition it can
successfully survive extreme and long continued cold or drought,
and can, on the recurrence of favorable conditions, germinate and
infect fresh grape leaves. The fungus so produced soon develops
summer spores, which may infest surrounding vines at a rapid rate,
and in its turn form winter spores towards the end of the season.

This is the story of the grape vine mildew. Leaves which are
attacked rapidly wither, lose their power of providing food mate-
rial for the plant, and at length fall off. Thus deprived of its
proper food supply, the plant is seriously' weakened, and while it
may produce new leaves these may in their turn be attacked. But
even if they do not suffer, the suspension of normal activity for a
considerable period during the growing season is a check from
which the vine cannot wholly recover, and those which have been
seriously infested are always less mature when growth ceases, and
so less able to withstand the severity of the following winter.
Besides this, the fruit stems, and even the berries themselves, may
be attacked, and the crop thus greatly reduced or even practically
destroyed. This fungus is a native of America and was introduced
with American vines into European vineyards about 1877. There
it has spread very rapidly and has proved far more fatal in its
effects on many of the delicate European varieties than on our
own species, which may, perhaps, be supposed to have become
somewhat inured to its attacks by generations of exposure and
selective survival.

Another of the mildews equally destructive with that of the
vine, and so equally important in an economic point of view, is
that which causes the so-called rot and blight of the potato plant.
The threads of this fungus penetrate the stems, leaves, and tubers
of the host, causing the rotting of the tubers and, in severe cases,
the complete collapse and death of stems and leaves. A casual
glance does not detect the disease until it is far developed, but
careful examination during its early stages will show the usual
discolorations of the leaves at the points where, on their under
surfaces, are found the downy tufts of branching threads which

48 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

bear the summer spores. The manner in which these spores are
borne differs slightly from that characteristic of the other mildews,
but the difference is not important for our present purpose.

Wherever the fatal fungus threads penetrate, the invaded tissue
dies, and under favorable conditions their progress throughout the
plant is very rapid. A few days of warm and moist weather at
the right time may suffice to convert an apparently flourishing
field into a mass of fallen, decaying, blackened stalks. The sum-
mer spores not only infest the leaves of fresh plants, but their
germinating tubes, produced in the soil, penetrate young tubers
which lie near the surface. Old tubers are protected by the cork-
layer constituting the so-called "skin." Unlike the mildew of
the vine, that of the potato is not known to form winter spores,
but is perpetuated b}' the vegetative threads which hibernate in the
tubers and resume active growth upon the development of new
stems from them. Where the tubers are stored in a warm place,
considerable rotting may occur during the winter, from the growth
of the fungus in them ; and sound tubers may even become
infected from the diseased ones.

Perhaps next of the mildews in economic importance may be
mentioned that which attacks lettuce, especially under glass. This
fungus also appears in white downy or felted masses on the under
side of the leaf, which becomes first yellow and then dead and
brown. It produces both summer and winter spores in essentially
the same manner as does the grape mildew, but each summer
spore produces a single tube directly, instead of several motile
bodies each of which may subsequently produce a tube. With
reference to the germination of the summer spores, therefore, the
grape mildew and lettuce mildew may stand as types of two
different modes. It is evident that those mildews whose spores
produce several zoospores from each, which can give rise to as
many new plants, have, at least theoretically, an advantage over
those whose spores can produce but one new plant each ; for the
number of possible new parasites from a given number of spores is
about eight times larger in the former than in the latter case, since
eight is commonl}' the number of zoospores formed from the con-
tents of a single summer spore.

The lettuce mildew is found also on several plants closely related
to the lettuce, including thistles, chicory, and the wild lettuce.
This may serve to call attention to the fact that some of our com-

MILDEWS. 49

monest weeds, are, so to speak, own cousins of valuable garden
plants, and many cases might be cited where the same parasite
attacks both. Another case within our present group is that of
the cabbage mildew, which is not, however, very destructive to
that crop, but attacks far more frequently and more fatally the
shepherd's purse, peppergrass, and other weeds of the mustard
family to which also the cabbage belongs. The life-history and
effect on the host-plant of this mildew agree in general with those
of others of the group, and further detail is unnecessary.

Another parasite of the group we are considering has caused
extensive damage in the "West, during the past few years, to Fox-
tail grass and to Hungarian grass or Millet. The leaves and
flower-spikes become distorted and of a dark gray color, and winter
spores are formed very abundantly in the tissues. The summer
spores, on the contrary, are more sparingly or less conspicuously
developed than in most of the mildews, so that the characteristic
felted appearance is not so noticeable.

Several other species of mildew-fungi attack cultivated plants
in Europe and may be expected in this country. Of these the
onion-rot or mildew has been observed in the United States, but
has not to my knowledge become epidemic, at least in our own
state. Others which, so far as I know, have not yet been found
with us, are the mildews of spinach, of beets, of poppies, and of
rose leaves, though there is no theoretical reason why the}' may
not be introduced at any time.

We come now to the practical problem of combatting these
diseases, and are in a position intelligently to attempt its solution.
Against the species which produce winter spores in the leaves, an
obvious precaution is to thoroughly collect, remove, and destroy
all the fallen leaves which may contain these spores. In the case of
the potato rot, whose threads winter over in the tubers, great care
should be taken to plant only sound tubers. And here it may be
remai-ked that slightly infected tubers often show almost no trace
of their infection and would be regarded, on ordinary inspection,
as sound. On the other hand, in a season unfavorable to the
development of the parasite, badly infected tubers may fail to com-
municate the disease to the plants grown from them. But our
chief object must be to prevent the development and dissemina-
tion of the summer spores ; or, failing in that, to prevent their
germination and penetration into the tissues of healthy plants.
4

50 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

"We must remember first of all that warmth and moisture are
essential to the germination of these spores. In cases, then,
where these conditions can be controlled, as in culture under glass,
anything like an epidemic of mildew need never be feared. And
intelligent market gardeners no longer do fear the mildewing of
lettuce in glass houses, because they have learned how to check it
promptly. But in out-door culture these meteorological condi-
tions are only to a very limited degree controllable. It is certain
that the injury caused by mildews in a dry season is insignificant
by comparison with the loss in a wet season, and it has been found
in the case of the grape vine that leaves protected from dew are
much more rarely attacked than those exposed. This result
would be expected on theoretical grounds, since the spores cannot
germinate on a dry leaf.

During the past few years numerous experiments have been
made in Europe and America in applying to grape vines various
substances which ma}' act as fungicides, preventing the growth of
the parasite without injurj^ to the leaves of the vine. For details
of the various preparations used and the results of their api>lica-
tion, reference may be had to Bulletin No. 5 of the Botanical
Division of the United States Department of Agriculture. It is
suflScient to say here that a considerable degree of success has
attended the use of some of the applications. The most generally
useful preparation seems to be that known as the "Bordeaux
mixture," which consists of sulphate of copper, quicklime, and
water, in definite proportions. This is sprayed over the plants
thoroughly and when it has dried there remains a compound
adhering to the leaves which does them no harm, but is promptly
fatal to fungus-spores falling on it. This mixture ought to be
equally eflScacious in the related diseases we have discussed.

A comparative stud}- of the behavior of different varieties of
grapes, potatoes, etc., toward their respective parasites is impor-
tant. So far as such studies have been made, the}' indicate a
much greater susceptibility or predisposition to disease on the part
of some than of other varieties. In the case of potatoes, the thick-
skinned, dark varieties resist the rot much more successfully than
the light, thin-skinned ones, some of which seem to ofl^er a pecul-
iarly favorable soil for its development.

Finally, it is a cardinal principle in dealing with any disease,
that a thoroughly healthy organism has the best possible chance of

MILDEWS. 51

remaining so. Just as a sound, vigorous, well-fed man will expose
himself where any other, weakened in any respect, would contract
disease at once, so a plant with well-developed organs of assimila-
tion and supplied with an abundance of the crude material of food
will often resist the attacks of parasites, or will have no trouble in
providing sufficient food for itself and for them beside. In this
lack of rational feeding, in respect to both quality and quantity,
lies, I believe, the secret of much disease and susceptibility to
disease in both animals and plants.

Discussion.

Benjamin P. "Ware believed that if the germs of potato rot are
retained in the tubers by their vegetative threads, they have power
to develop only under favorable conditions, and might in time be
destroyed did not such favorable conditions appear. He con-
sidered it hardly safe to say we do not have any, for he believed
there would always be enough preserved to keep the fungus along.
Under favorable conditions the disease would spread over a whole
field in from thirty-six to forty-eight hours.

Professor Humphrey replied to remarks and questions : The
spreading of potato rot ensues after the fungus has "struck."
Many experiments have been tried to find a remedy that may be
applied at planting time, but thus far without success. When
there is infection of the tuber to an}- extent, there is usuall}' dis-
coloration, but it may be too slight to be readily perceived. For
study with the microscope, the potato must be cut in thin slices,
which destroj^s it for planting.

Winter spores of the lettuce mildew are not produced under
glass. But the existence of summer spores may thus be prolonged.
Dryness in the summer may destroy the spores. Undoubtedly
spores may be produced in leaves that are thrown away. "Winter
spores may thus be developed. "We cannot yet wholly clear up
this matter.

"William D. Philbrick said he had noticed that whitish spots
appeared in muggy weather in August upon both sides of the
leaves of violets growing out of doors. The spots were white at
first, then grew darker, and the leaf dried up. He had found the
disease most troublesome in the fall. Sometimes the violet plants
are all killed out. If any survive until Christmas they will revive
in the spring.

52 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Rev. Calvin Terry said that he had been much interested and
instructed by the lecture, and on his motion a vote of thanks was
unanimously passed to Professor Humphrey, for this intelligent
and scholarly exposition of a scientific subject that is but little
understood by the people, although of vital interest to all.

The announcement for the next Saturday was a paper on the
"Structure and Management of Greenhouses," by William D.
Philbrick, editor of the " Massachusetts Ploughman."

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, February 2, 1889.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at half-past
eleven o'clock, the President, Henry P. Walcott in the Chair.

The following named persons, having been recommended by
the Executive Committee, were, on ballot, duly elected members
of the Society :

Charles W. Stone, of Boston,
Hon. John J. Hayes, of Dorchester,
Hon. Charles Whittier, of Roxbury,
Mrs. Mary E. Loud, of Chelsea,
^ Frederick Law Olmstead, of Brookline,
Miss Susan C. Lougee, of Roxbury,
Hon. Moody Merrill, of Roxbury.

William C. Strong, Vice President of the American Pomologi-
cal Society, stated the arrangements finally decided on with the
railroads, for the delegates to the meeting of that Society.

Adjourned to Saturday, February 9, 1889.

THE STRUCTURE AND MANAGEMENT OF GREENHOUSES. 53

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

The Structure and Management of Greenhouses.

By William D. Philbbick, Editor of the Massachusetts Ploughman.

I do not know that I have much information that is new to
offer upon the subject before us, but will endeavor to explain
briefly some points that have suggested themselves during fifteen
or twenty years of experience in working glass structures.

The aspect of the greenhouse should be facing the south or
southeast for such plants as love the light and heat of the sun,
as most plants do. But to this rule there are some notable
exceptions ; the Camellia, the ferns, some orchids and begonias,
and some trailing vines whose natural home is in shady places,
will thrive better in a house facing east or west or even north ;
and for the cutting bench a northern aspect is to be desired.

The angle of inclination of the glass roof is a matter of some
consequence and differs with the purpose for which the house is
intended.

Where a low temperature is desired and when the plants do
not require much height for their growth, as is the case with
lettuce, radishes, violets, pansies, primulas, and the like, a house
with a rather flat roof, having the beds quite near the glass is to be
desired. Most of the lettuce houses built by the market gardeners
have an inclination of about 10° or a rise of three feet in a rafter
twelve feet long, and the beds are from eighteen inches to five
feet from the glass. Such houses are usually devoted to growing
cucumbers in spring and summer.

Where a higher temperature is required during severe winter
weather, and where the plants require more room for their growth,
as for instance winter cucumbers, carnations, roses, and the like,
it is usual to give the glass a greater inclination — say from 20° to
25° or from four to five feet rise to twelve feet horizontal.

Where glass is used facing the north, as in the northerly side
of the span roof or three-quarters span, so-called, the portion
facing in a northerly direction is often made much steeper — sa}^
35°. This arrangement is in order to prevent snow from lodging,
and to avoid a high back wall.

I like to have a chance to work a cart alongside the greenhouse
and have movable sashes on both sides for the purpose of throw-

54 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ing earth and manure in or out and for passing plants in when
planting. It is far more convenient than using the wheel or hand
barrow.

The glass mostly used for greenhouses is ten by twelve inches,
or ten by fourteen inches, although some houses are built with
glass fourteen by sixteen inches, and even sixteen by twenty-four
inches, where light is important and expense is a minor considera-
tion. The glass should be of good quality, free from blisters and
lenses, and not crooked, but flat and by all means double thick.

The muntins or sash bars if supported as they usually are by
purlines every six or seven feet, are best made of two by one and
a quarter inches cypress, rebated to receive the glass and grooved
at the sides so as to catch the drip from the melting frost or leak-
ing glass. The purlines of two by four inches C3'press, are
sometimes supported on posts made by driving into the ground
pieces of one inch steam pipe, which are then cut ofl' in line with
a pipe cutter, and the purUne is bored on the under side half-way
through to receive the pipes. This kind of post casts little
shadow, does not rust away quickly, and is sufl3ciently stiff.

Ample ventilation must be provided by frequent sashes hung
with suitable fastenings ; some near the top of the house, others
near the ground on the south side ; and for this purpose it is
usual to have from eighteen inches to three feet of the glass
perpendicular on the south side.

"Where several greenhouses are to be built near each other they
may all be heated b}' one boiler b}' steam, but I like to have them
about twenty feet apart in order to work a cart between them,
and to give more light and divide the risk of fire, and also to give
room for clearing the snow from the glass.

The heating of large greenhouses, especially where several are
to be used in one establishment, is done far more satisfactorily by
steam than by any other method. Those who object to it are
usually those who have not tried it. The advantages are having
complete and perfect control of the temperature, and economy of
labor and of fuel. The economy of fuel is most apparent in large
establishments where a night fireman is employed. Mr. E. M.
Wood, of Natick, informed me that he saved nearly one-third of
his coal bill by using steam in place of hot water, and with far
less labor and more perfect results ; the saving in his case
amounted to two hundred tons of coal per year. In small estab-

THE STRUCTURE AND MANAGEMENT OF GREENHOUSES. 55

lishments where no night fireman is employed and where conse-
quently the coal must be burned slowly with a dull draft, leaving
the fire to itself for several hours, there is little saving of coal by
using steam ; still the temperature can be more easily regulated
than with hot water, and the cost of fitting up for steam is less
than for hot water, since only about half as much pipe is required.

The best arrangement of pipes for steam heating is to have one
flow pipe for each house passing overhead and branching at the
farther end into as many return pipes as are required. Each of
these return pipes is provided with valves at both ends and a
small vent cock near the lower end to blow off air. By this plan
the steam may be turned on to as many return pipes as are
required to keep up the temperature. One and a half inch pipe
answers for the flow, and one and a quarter inch or one inch for
the return.

There is not the least trouble in maintaining circulation of
steam in all the pipes, provided the boiler is powerful enough to
keep up a pressure of two pounds to the inch, and provided that
the condensed water in the pipes drains back freely into the
boiler ; and for this purpose the steam pipes are best arranged at
a height of two or three feet above the water line in the boiler if
possible. Of course the friciion of the steam in passing through
a long range of pipes, together with the rapid condensation as it
passes along, tends to reduce the pressure, so that in a circuit of
five hundred feet of pipe 1 have noticed a difference in pressure
between the flow and return pipe near the boiler of from one to two
pounds. This would be balanced by from two to four feet perpen-
dicular height of water in the return pipe, and if there is not so
much difference of height between the return pipe and the water
level in the boiler, water will stand in the pipe, preventing circu-
lation and causing "•hammering" when the steam reaches it.
There are cases, however, where steam pipes must be used at a
lower level than the boiler, and then it becomes necessary to drain
them and return the water to the boiler by a trap or pump.
These are somewhat expensive and it is better to set the boiler
low enough to avoid the need of them. Where no watchman is
employed it is very necessary to use a boiler large enough to hold
steam for several hours without attention. This is easily done by
means of the automatic draft regulator, but the dull draft required
by this method is wasteful of coal though economical of care ;

56 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

about one-third of the coal is wasted in a dull fire, and if this
waste is enough to pay a night man and something more then it
will pay to hire him. This is not generally understood, it being a
common mistake to think that a dull fire is economical of coal,
while the reverse is true. In large establishments there is another
advantage in having a good watchman. Our climate is extremely
treacherous and it is not easy to leave the greenhouse for six
hours so that it shall carry the uniform temperature required by
delicate plants when the outside temperature may change twenty
degrees without warning, so that where perfect work is to be
done the steam boiler and night watchman are essential and
economical.

The number of steam pipes required to maintain a temperature
of 40° in severe weather is found by allowing one inch in diameter
of pipes for each three feet of width of the house measured on
the rafters. Thus a house whose rafters measure twenty-four
feet will require pipes whose aggregate diameter is eight inches to
keep a temperature of forty degrees. To maintain a temperature
of 50° will require about twice as much pipe as 40°, and 60° about
three times as much. Of course exposure to the wind will have
much to do with the ease of heating a house ; in exposed situations
nearl}- double the pipe is needed. Where hot water circulation,
not under pressure, is used, it will require about double the pipe
to do the work that is needed for steam or water under pressure.

"Watering under glass in winter is best done in the morning of
a clear day, so that the leaves may dry off by airing the house.
In spring or summer the afternoon is a better time, since the
water then soaks in better. Water for tender tropical plants, such
as cucumbers, should be of about the same temperature as the
house and may be conveniently heated by a coil of pipe in the
chimney.

Shading greenhouses is necessar}' in spring and summer, and
for this purpose a mixture of glue and whiting, or of white lead
and naptha is good. Lime injures the glass and putty.

The internal arrangement of the greenhouse must depend upon
the purpose for which it is to be used. If for economy and profit,
the beds are built of hemlock or cypress boards held in place by
steam pipe driven into the ground. Beds raised from the ground
are built of slates on a frame of cypress. It is well to keep the
beds as near the glass as jou can so as to get all the light
possible.

THE STRUCTURE AND MANAGEMENT OF GREENHOUSES. 57

In ornamental houses the work is done in stone and concrete
and with as little regularity and stiffness as possible ; a good
example of this sort is to be seen at the conservatory of the
Newton Cemetery.

I have thus attempted to briefly describe some of the important
points in the structure of our greenhouses, those wonderful build-
ings in which the arctic blizzard is separated from the tropical
climate within b}' only a film of glass one-eighth of an inch in
thickness and where we grow the choicest productions of the
tropics amid the snow and ice of our truly arctic winter.

Discussion.

F. L. Temple said that he has a house one hundred feet long by
twenty wide, standing by itself, in which he has a small steam
boiler with an automatic draft regulator. He agreed with the
essayist that the econom}' of a watchman comes in in large estab-
lishments. The great advantage of steam is the ease and quick-
ness with which heat can be added or lessened ; steam pipes will
cool in twenty minutes. To keep up a night temperature of 40°
for hardy plants in such a house would require from six to ten tons
of coal, according to the situation and the care with which the
fires were managed. To keep it up to 60° would require twice as
much coal. He has a house two hundred feet by twenty-four, in
which he formerl}' used hot water, but for the last three years has
used steam. To keep this up to 40° in severe weather with hot
water took sixteen tons of coal ; with steam about twent}' tons.

It has been objected to steam that the water must be heated to
212° before heat can be diffused, but there is only a little water to
heat, so that heat can be got up much more quickly than with hot
water apparatus. Some of his neighbors use hot water under
pressure, but he could not account for all the advantages claimed
for this method. It does not require so much pipe as where only
the pressure of gravity is relied on for circulation. Leakage is
more troublesome from water pipes than from steam pipes. When
it is desired to keep both ends of a house at the same temperature
it can be done better with steam than with hot water.

William C. Strong said that the hot-water boilers heretofore
constructed had been imperfect, but he thought that a perfectly
constructed hot-water boiler would afford as equable heat as
steam. He had used a Gurnej' boiler with great satisfaction ; the

58 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

circulation was perfect, and it was managed with the greatest
ease. This was in a small house ; he thought hot water better for
small houses, but steam for large establishments. He would not
use glass less than twelve inches by sixteen, and perhaps would
use larger, though the larger costs higher in proportion than the
smaller.

Caleb Bates said he had just come from a store, twenty-three
by forty-three feet in area, which was heated by a small lamp-stove
having two burners. It was perfectly odorless, and he thought a
small greenhouse could be heated well and economically also, by
that method.

Mr. Philbrick said that if lamps were used, means should be
provided for the escape of the gas produced by combustion.

Mr. Temple said that he had tried lamps, and they smoked if
too low or too high, and had a good deal of odor. Dingee &
Conard, the great Pennsylvania rose growers, have sixty-four
houses which are all heated by flues, and always have been so
heated, and thej' have had the greatest success in growing roses.
If he were going to build a small house, say fifty feet long, for a
general collection of plants, he would heat it with flues. The
advantage is that they afford a variety of temperature.

Mr. Philbrick said that the objection to flues is their getting
leaky and allowing coal gas to escape, which is injurious to plants,
and the}' are not economical. Dingee & Conard's more than
sixt}' flres must require a great deal of work. Flues can be used
to better advantage with wood or bituminous coal than with
anthracite. It is difficult to grow tropical and hardy plants
together ; where the collection is large enough they should be
divided and planted in separate houses. Hardy plants cannot be
grown in a higTi temperature. Violets require 40° at night, carna-
tions from 55° to 60°, and tea roses from 60° to 65°, and by day
20° higher, giving air when uecessar}'. Any plant will bear more
heat in sunshine than in cloudy weather or at night.

Mr. Bates spoke of the late John Washburn, of Plymouth, who
was ver}' successful in resuscitating valuable plants which had
been injured bj' injudicious culture. He would allow them to get
wilted in the hot sun, then water them profusely, and later he
would expose them to an almost freezing temperature. Mr.
Washburn claimed that such treatment was " the way of Nature."

William E. Endicott was slad to hear the remarks which had

THE STRUCTURE AND MANAGEMENT OF GREENHOUSES. 59

"been made implying tliat flues are not witliout merit. In large
establishments, where only one kind of plant is cultivated in a
house, an even temperature is wanted, and in such a house
flues are unsuitable. The first house that he built was sixty feet
long and was heated by a flue, and the results were ver}' satisfac-
tory. He grew at the cool end anemones and similar plants.
He would heat a long and narrow house with a flue now.

Mr. Strong thought the flue system antiquated, and did not see
why we cannot get all the advantages of it with hot water. Bj'
the latter method the heat can be concentrated where it is wanted,
and he thought it could be distributed more advantageously.

Benjamin G. Smith said that he has an octagonal conservatory,
fifteen feet in diameter, attached to his dwelling-house, which he
bas heated with a Wethered boiler and two-inch wrought-iron
pipes in a satisfactory manner.

Mr. Temple said that with a small house and a variety of
plants one must have some means of producing different tempera-
tures. If hot water can be arranged to produce this it will do,
but flues are much cheaper. If carefully built they will not leak.
He would build the first fifteen feet of brick, laid very carefully,
and beyond that of glazed drain pipe put together with cement.

It was announced that on the next Saturday, J. B. Harrison,
Secretary of the American Forestry Association, Franklin Falls,
N. H., would speak on " Forestry as applied to Massachusetts."

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, February 9, 1889.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at half-past
eleven o'clock, the President, Henry P. Walcott, in the Chair.

George W. Fowle presented his report as Treasurer for the yenv
1888, which was read by the Secretary, accepted, and referred to
the Committee on Publication.

John D. W. French presented the following vote :
Voted, That a special committee of five be appointed by the
"Chair, to consider the subject of National and State Forestry ;

60 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the need of further legislation to protect the forests on our national
domain, and the best means to promote a greater interest in arbori-
culture. The motion was unanimously carried, and the Chair
appointed as the Committee therein provided for, Professor Charles
S. Sargent, Professor John Robinson, John D. W. French, Francis
H. Appleton, and Leverett M. Chase.

Adjourned to Saturday, February 16, 1889, at ten o'clock.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Subjects for Attention Connected witu Forestry and Arbori-
culture IN Massachusetts and New England.

By J. B. Harrison, Franklin Falls, N. H., Secretary of the American
Forestry Congress.

New England has in her own territory a conspicuous illustration
of the value of an extensive tract of mountain forest, and of the
evils which result from the destruction of the woods. The White
Mountain region of New Hampshire was, in its natural condition,
remarkable for the amount of beautiful scenery in a limited area —
that is, for the number, interest, and variety of its separate com-
plete landscapes. Each picture or scene was large enough to
make the impression of indivicJual and satisfying beauty, and there
was little waste space between them — merely for each one a
natural and charming frame.

I have time toda}' to mention but one of the functions of such a
mountain forest — that of a place for summer rest and recreation ;
for sylvan peace and shade, coolness, beauty, and refreshing change
for men and women wear}- of the heat and dust, the noise and
wearing care of life at home and in the towns. The preservation
of these mountain woods for this use was of vital importance ta
the people of the nation in general, and the inhabitants of New
Hampshire possessed in them a source of perpetual revenues. As
population, wealth, leisure, and the disposition to seek change of
scene in summer increase in our country, these mountains and
valleys would have been thronged by an ever-changing multitude
of guests, glad to have the opportunity of paying liberall}' for thfr
comforts and luxuries of life while sojourning at the great moun-
tain hotels. The region was worth more to the people of the State
than the richest sold mines would have made it. The oae condi-

FORESTRY AND ARBORICULTURE IN MASSACHUSETTS. 61

tion of a permanent and most liberal income was the protection
and preservation of the forests. These have been cut and burned
away in portions of the region in most unintelligent disregard of
their value as a permanent possession. In consequence, much
of the charm of the region has been destroyed, the value of the
hotel property is being seriously threatened, and some of the places
which were once among the loveliest are now desolate and hideous.
This forest region might have been preserved uninjured forever,
and yet it might have yielded another great revenue from the
timber which it produces, most of which could have been cut at
proper times without impairing the value of the forests in any way.
All this would have been practicable if we had been sufficiently
civilized.

I have not time to speak of the loss by the destruction of this
great source of timber suppl}', nor of the injury to the streams
which have their sources here, the disastrous floods and the depleted
summer flow, or the effect on the industries and subsistence of
thousands of men and women in the great mill towns between these
mountains and the sea. The injury to New Hampshire agriculture
is to be recognized, though it is less important because most of
the State is unsuited to cultivation and should have been left
permanently under forest conditions. Some portions of the hill
country of Western Massachusetts have in a considerable degree
the same character as the mountain region of New Hampshire, and
should be taken care of accordingly.

The care of small tracts of woodland is of interest to many land-
owners who think little about forestry in its larger aspects. It is
common for men from the towns to buy places in the country, and
then to find, when they begin to improve their wood-lots, that the
trees begin to die and to blow down, being pulled up by the roots.
This is very surprising to the owners ; but they usually begin by
cutting away all the underbrush, thus removing the natural mulch
from the larger trees. If there are wet places they drain them,
and, in short, they change as completely as possible all the condi-
tions under which the trees have lived hitherto, and then they
wonder that the trees do not thrive. One thing necessary to most
trees in this part of the countr}' is shade. In my own State of
New Hampshire, as in many other regions, the southern sides
of ravines and the north sides of hills grow up to trees when they
are protected from cattle and fire. But where the ground slopes

62 MASSACHTISETTS HOIlTICULTril.\L SOCIETY.

to the south it remains bare. The trees will not grow, the young
plants being scorched to death by the sun, and this is true of
some of the level country where the land has been exhausted by
tillage. Of course the forest would ** skirmish around " and would
cover such places in time, conquering them slowly from the edges.
But such object lessons are instructive, if we have eyes to see
them. The chief things required for the successful management
of small tracts of woodland are to prot.ect them from fire and from
pasturage, and then to let them m."istly alone. The trees will do
best under the eoncUtions which have produced them and have
always nourished them hitherto.

The destruction of the timl^r of a forest by fire is a trivial loss
compai-ed with the permanent injury to the soil itself which always
results from forest fires. The burned land produces only inferior
trees, and repeated burnings destroy the soil itself. We already
have deserts of our own in this country created by this process
where the soil was once remarkably fertile.

But taking our whole country together, pasturage is a worse
enemy to the forests than even fire, because it operates everywhere.
It works more slowly but the final result is the extinction of the
forest. If trees are to be grown and woodlands maintained in
New England, it is necessary that some land should be set aside
for forest uses and protected entirely from pasturage. The pas-
turage of woodlands is a feature of existing agricultural methods
in which a change might well begin which should be extended
to the whole matter of pasturage and its relations to the fertility
of the soil and to the profit and loss of farming. There can be no
considerable advance or improvement except by giving up some
esdsting practices and methods and adopting better ones in their
stead. A little synthetic observation would convince thoughtful
men that pasturage has too large a place in our present methods
of agriculture and that it is a wasteful and costly process,
especially in its effects on the fertility of the soil, I think it would
be an important step in a real advance in civilization if in Massa-
chusetts and New England the pasturage of domestic animals were
to a great extent gradually — and not too gradually — relinquished.

Forestry and ai'bori culture are chiefly economical subjects.
Where tillage is more profitable than the production of timber or
trees the land should be cultivated : where wood products are
more profitable forest conditions should, of course, be maintained.

FORESTRY AND ARBORICULTURE IN MASSACHUSETTS. 63

But considerable intelligeuce, instruction, observation, and fore-
thought may be required to determine what lands are really
available for profitable agriculture. A great deal of land is
farmed in New England which should never have been cleared or
cultivated. When farms are abandoned it means that the}' should
never have been there. The land would have been more valuable
under permanent forest conditions.

Our agricultural methods are steadily impairing the fertility and
productiveness of a large proportion of the soil of our country.
It is tilled and pastured to the last degree of exhaustion. A
little while ago I saw the great wheat country of the Red River
of the North ablaze with burning straw over hundreds of square
miles. We are not worth so much as we think. Much of our
agriculture impairs and exhausts the capital invested in land.
Methods of life which exhaust the soil of a country cannot
rightly be called civilized methods.

The wants of our people are increasing. More and more is
required to make life comfortable, interesting, and satisfactory for
the inhabitants of this country, while we deal more ignorantly
and carelessly with the soil which is the storehouse from which
nearly all our wealth must come.

I think that in New England forestry and arboriculture should
be considered largely in their relations to agriculture and to the
permanent fertility and productiveness of the soil. It is impor-
tant to observe that while no method or system can reasonably be
recommended which would be permanently unprofitable, yet much
of experiment is necessar}' in forestry and arboriculture as in
other fields, and we cannot expect that each particular step or
effort will in itself be profitable or yield a good return for the
capital invested. No considerable advance is easily or quickly
made, and changes of methods are necessarily attended with some
inconvenience. There is no wa}^ of learning all about these sub-
jects at once. The great need is, not that people should accept
an}' particular opinions or judgments regarding subjects about
which there is room for difference and uncertainty, but that they
should examine these subjects connected with forestry and tree
culture with a new degree of attention and interest, especially in
their economic aspects and relations. We do not need a senti-
mental fashion of talk about them, but we do need, as a means to
an important end, to have the people of our country think, talk,

64 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETT.

read, and write about these subjects until there is a tree-feeling in
the air and a reverberation of sensible and practical teaching on
the subject which will compel general attention. You are to be
congratulated on the establishment last year of the new journal
devoted to these and kindred topics and edited here in your own
city. If some rich man would place "Garden and Forest" in
every public library and reading-room in America he would do
more good than if he should found a new university.

As Massachusetts usually leads in every essential advance in
civilization, she ought to lead in the work of providing for the
defence of the forests on the nation's lands, especially in the
mountain forest regions of the Pacific and Central States. This
valuable national property is in imminent danger of speedy
extinction.

Discussion.

In the discussion which followed the reading of Mr. Harrison's
paper, he was asked what is the best practical method of manag-
ing forest land, and replied that the two great things are protec-
tion against fire and against pasturage. In tracts bearing trees
of considerable size care should be exercised in cutting out trees
as soon as they come to maturity ; after that time every tree
deteriorates. We have much to learn in the way of judicious and
intelligent letting alone. Some do not like to do this, but woods
resent interference. There is a delicate adjustment of all the
conditions which have brought trees to their present growth, and
many people want to interfere with these conditions. Trees
might as well be girdled as to have animals pastured among them.
The underbrush should be allowed to grow. When trees must be
pruned, the wounds should be covered to protect them from the
weather ; otherwise decay will begin and increase until it extends
to the whole tree. The speaker saw a very large tree in Salem,
N. J., from which large limbs had been pruned, and fungous
growths were penetrating even to the green wood.

When woods have been cut oflT and a second growth begins to
to sprout up, the weaker sprouts should be removed. It will
require an intelligent man to do this properly, but it will pay.

Benjamin P. Ware said that the essayist had emphasized the
importance of keeping cattle out of woodlands, but there is no
grass to tempt them there.

FORESTRY AND ARBORICULTURE IN MASSACHUSETTS. 65

Mr. Harrison replied that through the country people do not
think it important to keep cattle out of their woodlands. In
New Hampshire they are turned out early and eat off the young
sprouts. In the spring cattle are greedy for something green.
In a small tract of woodland the trampling of cattle will destroy
trees, though he could not say why. Many people do keep stock
out of woodland, but in New York and other States people have
woods pastures.

William D. Philbrick said that in this neighborhood we have
pastures and forests separate. After twenty-five years or more
the trees are generally cut off clean, excepting such ones as it is
thought best to reserve for seed.

Mr. Harrison said that sometimes it is best to cut off clean, and
sometimes it may be best to cut trees as they individually come to
maturity. Sometimes the new growth will start with greater
vigor if the trees are cut off before arriving at full maturity.

William C. Strong asked if it would not be better to plant
seedlings rather than to reh* on sprouts to renew the forest?

Mr. Harrison replied that Nature's way is likely to be the best,
but there are alwaj-s some seedlings among sprouts. He did not
see how it would be profitable to destroy a promising crop of
sprouts, but a poor tree should be taken out as soon as its worth-
lessness is seen.

Leverett M. Chase asked whether, when one species of wood is
•cut off, a different one does not usually follow? Nature seems to
have planted the seed.

O. B. Hadwen said that when oaks are cut off they are followed
by softer wood, and pine is followed by oak, walnut, and other
deciduous trees. The ground in pine forests offers the best
opportunity for squirrels to plant acorns and walnuts and affords
shelter to maple seeds.

There is now more forest land in Massachusetts than there was
fifty years ago, notwithstanding the famous prediction put forth
when the Boston and Worcester Railroad was in course of con-
struction, to this effect: "In less than ten years after that
railroad is completed there will not be a stick of wood left along
the whole line ; it will all have been used by the locomotive
-engines." A great deal of land has been brought under the
plough that never should have been tilled. Steep rocks and
inaccessible lands were intended by Nature for forest, and in
5

6Q MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

twent3'-five 3'ears much of such land will return to wood. He
begins to believe that the care of forests can be made a profitable
pursuit. To raise clear timber is going to require the care of an
educated man. He will ascertain that he can grow a white pine
in good soil in one-fifth of the time ordinarily required, and by
proper pruning he can produce clear lumber. Pruning pine trees
is done on different principles from those applied to deciduous
trees ; the small limbs should be cut off a foot from the trunk,
and in a year the remaining portion will be dead. Clear timber
will command a much higher price in the future than it does now,
and the speaker predicted that we shall have a supply.

Deciduous trees gain if the ground is enriched around them ; he
has elms planted in good ground thirty-six years ago that are
now nine feet in circumference. Pines planted in 1846 are now
suitable for mill logs. Larch makes good timber for inside work ;
he had trees of thirty years' growth which furnished timber eight
inches by ten and about thirty feet long ; some of it increased an
inch and a half in diameter in one season.

Mr. Chase said that he had seen the evils of deforesting land,
and to remedy it we must attend to two points — first, education,
and second, legislation ; the latter cannot amount to much with-
out the former. Some men never look at a tree without thinking
how many feet of lumber, or how many cords of firewood can be
got out of it. Some of the grand old trees planted by the Pilgrims
are now left to the worst part of our population, while the
descendants of the Pilgrims flock to six-story buildings in cities.
Last year two rare trees were cut down in Roxburj', which were
planted by the late Samuel Walker, one of the presidents of this
Society — a cedar of Lebanon and a fine specimen of the decid-
uous cypress of the Southern States.

In Nova Scotia the speaker had seen acres of forest burnt over
for the sake of the blueberries which came in two or three years
afterwards, and the same devastation for the same purpose north
of Calais, Me. At Mount Shasta in California he saw where
trees hundreds and thousands of years old, had been burnt by
hunters. At a redwood lumbering camp he saw a tree fifteen
feet in diameter and two hundred and fifty feet high cut down.
All the marketable wood was saved and the light portions were
burned. He suggested forming roadways three I'ods in width
through forests to prevent the spread of fire. The cutting off of

FORESTRY AND ARBORICULTURE IN MASSACHUSETTS. 67

forests is lessening the quantity of water in our streams. There
is a brook in Haverhill where he used to catch trout when a boy,
but four or five years ago he tried and found the water so low
that he could not get any fish. Some of the wandering fishes,
like the shad and salmon, want cold water, and this can only be
had where streams are shaded by trees. He had seen ice in
August under the moss in an Adirondack forest.

Cattle rarely, if ever, touch evergreen trees, and will not injure
large, well-established trees, though they might do injury to
young trees. In England cattle and trees thrive together. Seed-
lings will spring up six inches apart and should be thinned, and
when large enough should have the lower limbs cut off. He
hoped the time would soon come when children in schools would
universally be educated to see the beauty of trees and to love and
revere them and assist in preventing the wanton destruction of
trees on which so much depends. Years ago Bryant expressed
the sad thoughts of an exiled Indian upon revisiting the home of
his childhood :

"Before these fields were shorn and tilled,

Full to the brim our rivers flowed ;
The melody of waters filled

The fresh and boundless wood ;
And torrents dashed and rivulets played,
And fountains spouted in the shade.

Those grateful sounds are heard no more,

The springs are silent in the sun ;
The rivers by the blackened shore

With lessening current run ;
The realm our tribes are crushed to get,
May be a barren desert yet."

Unless we are wise this prophec}' is certain to come true.

J. D. W. French said that he is particularly interested in
forestry, and had practised arboriculture with such success that
he had received a premium from the Massachusetts Society for
Promoting Agriculture, for a plantation of larch trees and another
for ash trees. Mr. French added that possibl}' it might be wise
for the Society to have a standing committee on forestry. He
thought the Society should take a decided stand in regard to
education and legislation ; the latter not only of the State, but of
the nation. We should first consider whether we have too few or

68 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

too many laws, and then look to the national forests which are
daily becoming less and less. There is a bill now in the Senate
on the care of the national domain, so far as forests are concerned,
and though it might not be practicable to pass it during the
present Congress, the committee would have all the more time to
work.

Rev. A. B. Muzzey said that the subject before the Society is
very important and of very wide interest. The indifference to it
in Congress arises from want of intelligence. He wanted to see
it made a matter of education. If we begin with the children we
shall do one of the grandest works ; whenever he walks out with
his grandson he tries to teach him to be interested in trees. "We
want our farmers every one to be interested in this matter. He
was in favor of having the subject brought into the schools ; every
boy should be interested in the culture of trees for his own sake
as among the grandest and noblest productions of Nature. The
subject is legitimate!}' within the scope of this Society, but he
would like to have a society for the protection of trees.

F. L. Temple said that the best place to start the crusade in
behalf of trees is in the text-books of the common schools. No
persons recognize the value of trees unless they have had a part in
raising them. People injure other people's trees as well as their
own. He had a j^oung German at work for him who surprised
him b}' his knowledge of trees, and when he inquired how he
obtained it the answer was that he was taught it at school.

A vote of thanks to Mr. Harrison was unanimously passed for
his instructive and interesting paper.

M. B. Faxon, Secretary of the Committee on Window Garden-
ing, stated that that Committee had found a most encouraging
interest in their work. They had received donations of money
and fertilizers to promote it, and would publish a large edition of
a pamphlet giving directions for window gardening. Mr. Chase,
of the same Committee, spoke of the refining influence of window
gardening which he had observed in his experience as a teacher.
It made discipline easier. The thanks of the Society were voted
to those who had contributed to aid in the work of the Window
Gardening Committee.

COMMITTEE ON REPAIRS AND ALTERATIONS. 69

The announcement for the next Saturday was a paper on
*' Shrubs that are Perfectly Hardy," by Jackson Dawson, gardener
at the Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, February 16, 1889.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at half-past
ten o'clock, the President, Henry P. Walcott, in the Chair.

James F. C. H^'de, from the Committee on Repairs and Altera-
tions in the Building, read the following Report, which, agreeably
to the vote of the Society at the meeting on the 26th of January,
had been printed and sent to every member of the Society, with
notice that it would be considered at this time :

To the Members of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society :

Your Committee to whom was referred the subject of repairs
or alterations at Horticultural Hall, would report that they have
given careful attention to the whole matter, and find that there
are existing leases on parts of the building, one running ten 3'ears,
and several others about half that length of time.

The}' have reason to believe that it would be very expensive to
purchase these leases that now stand in the way of taking down
the present building, believing that at no distant day it will give
way to a more modern and profitable structure.

There remains then, as it seems to your Committee, one of two
plans to adopt, — either to sell the whole property, if a sufl^icient
price can be obtained, or, repair and renovate the present building
at moderate cost, and retain it for the uses of the Society and
for an income, substantially as before the fire.

It is well known to all the members of the Society that the
accommodations for our valuable Library are very restricted, and
if the Society decides to remain in the building as at present,
your Committee would recommend enlarging the room that is now
used as a ticket office, removing the partition out to the stair-rail,
and so secure, at a small expense, additional room for books.

70 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Further details will be given at the meeting called to consider
this report, at which all members are requested to be present.
The meeting will be held at Horticultural Hall, on Saturday,
Februar}^ 16, at ten o'clock, a. m.

Eespectfully submitted,

Henry P. Walcott,

James F. C. Hyde,

Nathaniel T. Kidder, ^ Committee.

Frank W. Andrews,

J. D. W. French,

Augustus Parker,

Mr. Hyde made a more particular statement of the leases
which stood in the way of entire rebuilding, and presented esti-
mates of the cost of the alterations recommended by the
Committee.

The report of the Committee was accepted.

The Secretary read a letter addressed to the President by
O. Winthrop Coffin, a member of the Society, suggesting that
arrangements should be made for holding the large exhibitions of
the Society in connection with the Zoological Garden to be estab-
lished by the Boston Society of Natural History at Franklin
Park.

On motion it was voted not to take down the building and
rebuild.

Robert Manning moved a vote that the Society will not sell its
estate at present.

J. D. W. French moved the following amendment:

That the Committee on Finance be authorized to sell the build-
ing and land now owned and occupied by the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society for a sum not less than five hundred
thousand dollars, provided that that Committee shall, before
selling, report a suitable location, to be acted upon b}' the
Societ}'.

After a full discussion b}' a large number of members, Mr.
French's amendment was lost b}' a vote of twenty-five in the
affirmative to thirty-two in the negative.

The vote that the Society will not sell its property at present,
was then put and carried.

SHRUBS THAT ARE PERFECTLY HARDY. 71

The question then came up on the adoption of the Report of
the Committee, and it was moved that it be adopted, and that the
sum of $10,000 be appropriated to carry into effect the recommen-
dations therein contained.

Francis H. Appleton moved, as an amendment, that additional
room for the Library be provided by the construction of a gallery
within the Library Room, and that the sum of $12,000 be substi-
tuted for $10,000.

This amendment was carried, and the original motion, as thus
amended, was carried.

Mr. Hyde moved that the Finance Committee be requested to
have the portraits destroyed by fire, restored as soon as possible.

The President stated that the family of General H. A. S. Dear-
born have an original portrait of him, by Stuart, which they are
■willing to sell.

Mr. Hyde's motion was carried, and it was further voted that
the Finance Committee be authorized to expend so much of the
money received from the insurance companies for injury to the
portraits, as is necessary to cover the expense of restoring them.

Adjourned to Saturday, February 23, 1889, at half-past eleven
o'clock.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Shrubs that are Perfectly Hardy.

By Jackson Dawson, Jamaica Plain.

The first question is : What shrubs can be called perfectly
hardy in our rigorous New England climate? I should say : Any
shrubs that will live and grow and flower in any ordinary, well
prepared soil without any protection whatever, either by covering
or by being planted in a sheltered position, and that when once
properly established will, with ordinary' attention, give satisfac-
tion to the planter. There are many of our finest shrubs that do
well if care is exercised in the selection of situation and soil, or
if they are protected for a few years, until well established, that
would not do well otherwise. But these could not be termed per-
fectly hardy, neither would they prove satisfactory to the general
planter. As a rule he knows nothing of the care required to
bring such plants to perfection, but after he has set his shrubs in

72 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the ground thinks that he has done all that is necessary for a
successful plantation. He is therefore much surprised in the fol-
lowing spring, to find so many half-dead plants, and often blames
the nurseryman for selling him dead plants, when in reality
the loss was due to his own ignorance of what were hardy or
tender. Man}' persons when planting new places procure nursery
catalogues and make out their lists from them, selecting only such
as are represented as most rare and showy, or the}^ may have
made their lists from plants which they have seen in horticultural
exhibitions, never thinking that they require any extraordinarj'
care in culture or in situation, to produce such specimens as they
saw exhibited.

Now this is all a mistake, for many catalogues are deceptive,
and the sooner nurserymen and others correct this evil, the better
it will be for all. Many planters, after buying plants which are
not hardy under ordinary' treatment, become disgusted to see them
dying off every year, and finally come to the conclusion that the
general run of plants-men are dishonest and that it is throwing
money awa}' to buy and plant trees and shrubs, when such is not
the case. What the public need is trustworthy information, and
the catalogues of nurserymen and seedsmen should be good
places to find it. What is wanted is an honest description of each
plant, and if it has weak spots to have them pointed out, stating
whether it needs protection, or a special situation, and in what
way. This would make the sales of this class of plants no less,
and people would plant intelligently, knowing the place or posi-
tion in which each would succeed best. Most of those who have
had anything to do with planting know that many of our choicest
shrubs need special care and protection in our New England cli-
mate if they wish to see them succeed. It must not be thought
for a moment that I do not advocate the planting of this class
which are not perfectly hardy, for I do in their proper places.
Many of them are so beautiful that they well repay us for all the
labor and care required to grow them successfully.

But the object of this paper is to give a list of those which have
grown side b}' side under ordinar}' circumstances, through cold
and heat, and have stood the test. In a short paper like this one
could hardly give the names of all the shrubs tliat are perfectly
hardy, but I will give the best of them, and have no doubt that
there will be an ample number and variety from which to select.

SHRUBS THAT ARE PERFECTLY HARDY. 73"

Many of them are natives of our own woods and fields, and cai>
compare well with their allies which we import from other lauds
with so much cost. On many large, as well as small places, they
could be used to great advantage, giving a finer general effect
throughout the year than many exotics. Before I give you the
general list, let us for a moment look over the field and see what
we have in our own country. What can be more beautiful than
our Kalmia or Mountain Laurel? What compares with those
plants that deck our hills and fields from Maine to Georgia, our
swamps of RJiododendron maximum, and our mountains covered
with H. Cataivbiense? our native Azaleas, such as calendidacea,
with its various colored blooms from yellow to flame color ;
arborescens, with its snowy white and pink flowers and scarlet
stems; viscosa, which fills our swamps with its white, fragrant
flowers ; or imdiflora, which grows so luxuriantl}' on some of our
dry hill-sides? Equally beautiful are our fields of Rhodora, with
its purple bloom ; our Viburnums, with their corymbs of pure
white flowers in summer, followed in the autumn b}- their manj^-
colored fruits, from purple to scarlet, which on some species last
well into the winter, enlivening the season when nearly everything
else is past.

Then there are our Cornuses, with good flowers and white and
blue berries and many colored woods, that are cheering even in
winter ; the wild Roses, that bloom from June to August ; thfr
Sumachs, with their fine tropical foliage and brilliant colored seed-
heads ; the wild Plums, especially maritima and jnimila; the
many American Thorns, which are beautiful both in flower and
fruit ; our Spiraeas, white and purple ; the White Fringe ; the
Clethra, with its fragrant white flowers from July to September \
the Hollies, such as the Black Alder in two species, which are
beautiful if fruiting specimens are selected, the fruit holding on
well into the winter. Even now a specimen in the Arboretum is.
as brilliant with its scarlet fruit as it was in October. The Ink-
berry is a fine evergreen, and especially ornamental as an under
shrub, as also is the Halesia (Snow-drop tree or Silver-bell), the
Andromedas, the Huckleberries, and the Blueberries ; all are useful,
and nothing can excel their rich autumn coloring. The Shad-bush,
giving almost the first flowers that appear in our woods ; the Bar-
berry, with yellow, fragrant flowers and scarlet fruit ; and the wild
Honeysuckles, with scarlet and orange colored flowers, are very

74 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETT.

ornamental. Other beautiful hardy shrubs are our native Phila-
delphus, Potentilla, Hypericum, Rose Acacia, Elderberry, Indigo
shrub, Ampelopsis, Bitter-sweet, and many others that I might
name that are perfectly hardy.

But I have already taken up too much time, and will now give
you a general list of the hardy ones. I shall begin with the
Clematis ; as there are so man}' varieties of these, I shall confine
myself chiefly to the species.

Clematis Virginiana, flowers white, climber ; C. Pitchei-i, dark
purple, all summev ; C crispa, pale blue, fragrant ; C. verticilla-
ris, large, pale purple flowers ; C. vitalba, England's " traveller's
joy," white ; C. fusca and the variety violacea, blue, not showj' ; C.
gjxiveolens, flowers yellow, late autumn, seed-pods very showy ; C.
Davidiana, fine porcelain blue flowers, like miniature hyacinths,
and fragrant ; C. robusta, flowers white, September, one of the
finest of the late-blooming species. The varieties of C, Jackmanni
and the other garden varieties are too well known for me to speak
of here.

Xanthorrhiza apiifoUa is a beautiful low shrub, with chocolate-
colored flowers, and fine autumn foliage.

Most of the varieties of Poeonia Moutan are hard}', with fine,
showy flowers.

The Allspice bush, Calycanthus Jloridus, and C. loevigatus; and
Schizandra Chinensis, a flne climber from China and Japan, with
fragrant flowers and scarlet fruit, are all desirable for their
fragrance.

Of the Moon-seed we have three species, — Menispermum Cana-
derise, Daitricum, and Japonicum; they are good plants for cover-
ing small posts or arbors, the foliage being of a rich green.

The Akebia^quinata is also a good vine for rock-work or trellises.

Of the species of Berberis, the best are B. Canadensis, a native ;
B. vulgaris and its varieties, with j'ellow, red, purple, and white
fruit, and the variety with purple foliage. B. Thimbergi, a fine
low-growing species from Japan, is one of the best of all the
species in fruit, being brilliant all winter. Berberis Sieboldii,
known in the gardens as B. Hakodaki, is also a good shrub.

Iberis coriacea and Alyssum gemonense are dwarf shrubs with
white and yellow flowers.

Hudsonia tomentosa and H. ericoides, two native plants, when
once established will grow in the most exposed place and the poor-
est soils ; flowers yellow, in June.

SHRUBS THAT ARE PERFECTLY HARDY. 75

Hypericum kalmianum and H. 2^roliJicu'm, from Lake Superior,
:and H. aureiim, from Tennessee, are the best three and bloom
well during the latter part of the summer.

Actinidia jwlygama^ a strong vine from Japan, has white
flowers and light green colored edible fruit about the size of a large
grape.

Xanthoxylum Americanum (the toothache tree), and Ptelea
trifoUata have inconspicuous flowers but grand foliage, and the
fruit is somewhat ornamental.

Of the Hollies which are hardy we have Ilex {Prinos) verticil-
lata, both red and 3'ellow fruited ; I. Icevigata, with early red
fruit, and I. glabra (Ink-berry), with evergreen leaves and black
fruit ; also Nemopanthes Canadensis, with rosy purple fruit.

The species of Euonymus are all ornamental in fruit, but their
flowers, or most of them, are inconspicuous. E. atropurpureus is
an American species, with rich scarlet fruit. E. Americanus, var.
obovatus, is a low growing species, good for the covering of em-
bankments, or in other places where a low growing species is
required. Of E. Europceus there are many varieties, with white,
3'ellow, purple, and scarlet fruits, all of which are highly orna-
mental in the fall. E. verrucosus is a small shrub with warty
branches. E. nanus is excellent where a dwarf plant is requii'ed,
the autumn and winter foliage being of a rich brown, which makes
it very effective for winter work. E. alatus is a fine variety from
Japan, with winged bark. E. radicans and its variety are fine for
covering rocks or fences, clinging almost as well as ivy.

Of the Bitter-sweets, Celastrus scandens, our native species, C.
2)U7ictatus, and C. paniculatus from Japan, all rapid growing climb-
ers and well suited to covering screens or unsightly objects, are
Tery ornamental in fruit (orange and scarlet) in autumn.

Of the Buckthorns, Rhamnus alpinus is the most beautiful in
foliage ; R. catharticus is used as a hedge plant, and R. Fran-
gula is ornamental, on account of its continuous blooming, which
gives the plant a peculiar character, it being covered with flowers,
and green, red, and black fruit during the summer.

Ceanothus ovatus, from Vermont, is a neat low shrub with white
flowers in June, and C. Americanus is a month later ; both are
valuable in dry soils.

The diff'ereut species of wild grapes are of great value in cov-
ering up unsightly buildings and walls ; V. Labrusca, V. cesti-

76 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETT.

valis, V. cordifolia, and V. riparia are the most hard}'. In the
Ampelopsis section we have A. qxiinquefolia and its varieties, one
of which has sucking tendrils like A. Veitchii., and has been
called Engelifnanni \>y some nurserymen. A. heterophylla and its
varieties, aconitifolia and serjanke folia, have blue berries.

uSsculus macrostachya is a fine late flowering shrub with spikes
of white flowers, excellent in large clumps on a lawn. Xanthoce-
ras sorbifolia, a near relation of the above, from China, is very
curious in bloom, but is short lived.

Staphylea trifolia, our native bladder-nut, is interesting in fruit.-

All the species of Khus, are fine for large clumps or embank-
ments, and when cut within an inch or two of the ground every
year make a very tropical appearance. The species typhina
(Stag-horn) and glabra, of which the laciniata is a variety, have
fine fern-like foliage. R. copallina is one of the finest for autumn
coloring. R. venenata and R. Toxicodendron are well known as
the poison ivy and poison sumach or dogwood. Rhus aromatica
is one of the finest coverings for banks ; when once established it
will grow in the poorest of soils. R. Cotinus, the smoke-tree, is a
well known shrub, with mist-like flowers. R. semialata Osbeckii
is a fine large-growing shrub or small tree from China, with large
heads of white flowers in late summer.

Of Cytisus, we have cap>itatus with round heads of yellow
bloom, and C. nigricans with long loose spikes of light lemon-col-
ored blossoms, which appear about the first of July. C elongatus
bijiorus has round heads of flowers during the early summer. These
species are low growing shrubs, seldom exceeding a foot in height.

Of the Amorpha, we have fruticosa and its many varieties, alii
of which are coarse growing shrubs with bluish purple flowers,
excepting A. canescens, the lead plant, which seldom exceeds two
feet in height, with spikes of purplish blue flowers and dusty foliage.

The Wistarias are all fine climbing plants, well adapted to all"
purposes for which climbers are used. Of these we have Sinensis
and Sinensis alba,flore-pleno, W. bracJiybotrys, and W. midtijuga^

In Robinias we have R. viscosa, the clammy locust, with pinkish
white flowers in June, and Robinia hispida, the rose acacia, with
large clusters of pink blossoms which bloom at intervals all
summer. There are several varieties of this old-fashioned plants
the difference being chiefly in the size of the flowers.

The species of Colutea, or Bladder-sennas, are very ornamental and
if well pruned will continue in bloom most of the season ; the seed

SHRUBS THAT ARE PERFECTLY HARDY. 77

pods are also interesting. C. arborescens has dark brown and
3'ellow flowers, and several varieties have flowers from orange to
pale lemon colors.

Halimodendron argenteum is a neat shrub from Asiatic Russia,
with clusters of purple flowers in June ; it forms a handsome shrub
when grafted on Caragana arborescens.

The Caraganas are a very ornamental class of shrubs from
China, Siberia, and Dahuria — all perfectly hardy and free flower-
ing. The species are arborescens^ ai-enaria, and arborescens pen-
dula. Arborescens and all its varieties attain a good size. C.
frutescens and its variety, grandijlora, are medium-sized shrubs,
with bright yellow flowers. The low-growing species are C. Alta-
gana, Chamlagu, pygmoea, and spinosa, with some intermediate
varieties. C. spinosa is well adapted for small hedges on account
of its long thorny branches. The dwarf and trailing varieties
make nice heads when grafted high on G. arborescens.

In the plum family we have a large variety from which to
choose. All are more or less beautiful, and many are exceedingly
handsome. The Kansas Sand plum, said to be a variety of
Prunus angustifolia, is a neat low shrub from two to four feet high,
and is densely covered with white flowers in early spring, which
are followed by yellow, red, and nearly purple fruit in abundance.
This species should attract the attention of our fruit growers, as it
begins to bear when less than eighteen inches high.

P. emarginata, from California, is very similar to our wild
*ed cherry. P. Pennsylvanica, P. Virginiana, and a variety
with semi-double flowers, are well worth a place in the garden.
The Siberian apricot, P. Sibirica, stands well here, and is a fine,
sturdy plant, very striking even when out of leaf, on account of
its curious colored bark. The varieties of P. Persica are
short lived when budded on the peach, but are very handsome.
They make neat plants and live much longer when worked on the
plum. P. Pissardi is also a good addition to our gardens where
purple foliage is required. P. Simoni is a fastigiate tree, with
light rose colored flowers and large purple fruit like an apricot.
P. Davidiana is a rare species from China, with pink flowers. P.
Americana and its varieties are desirable for large shrubberies ;
-they are beautiful in early spring, and by judicious pruning can be
-kept at any desired height. Of P. pumila we have two forms ;
one from the great lakes with willow-like foliage, growing five or
^ix feet high, and covered in spring with small white flowers and

78 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

in summer with black, cherry-like fruit. This is another plant
that might be improved as an eatable fruit. The second form^
our common P. pumila, seldom exceeds two feet in height.
Beside its flowering quality it is one of the finest plants for autumn
coloring. P. spinosa, P. spinosa Jlore pleno, and P. myrohalana
and its varieties are all hardy. P. tomentosa is a fine rose and
white fiowered variety from mountains near Pekin. P. triloba is
well known b}^ all, but its single variety has not been in this
country until a few years ago ; for the lovers of single flowers it
will be a great acquisition. The double-flowering almonds, P.
Japonica alba, rosea, and multiplex, are all good shrubs — hardy
but short lived. P. pendula, when well grown, makes a hand-
some plant for the lawn. P. chamcecerasus is grafted on either
standards or near the ground ; usually it is grafted high, but
when it is grafted close to the ground it makes a much more efl["ec-
tive plant for many purposes. P. semperjlorens continues in
bloom more or less all summer. The double-flowering cherries,
such as P. ranuculijlora, Watereri, Jlore pleno, acida and others,
are well worthy of a place in the garden.

In the genus Spircea, we have good material to choose
from. S. salicifolia is the parent of many garden varieties, such
as Billardi, Leneana, latifolia, rosea, Bethlehemensis and others.
These, if pruned well back every spring, will throw flower spikes
of twice the size of those not pruned. S. Douglasii is a beautiful
species from the northwest ; this also has a number of varieties
that are very showy. S. cliamoedrifolia and its varieties are good
early flowering kinds. S. millefolia is a curious, rare species from
Nevada. S. media and its varieties are the earliest of all the
spiraeas, except S. Thunbergii, which is no doubt one of the
finest plants for foliage or flower. S. liypericifolia, S. cana and
S. savranica are among the early bloomers. S. trilobata and S. Van
Houttei are two of the best later flowering species. Of S. Jap-
onica the forms are numerous, and many varieties are offered by
nurserymen. Some of the best of these are Ruheriana, semper-
jlorens, superba, atrosanguinea, glabra, alba, and Bumalda.
S. Japonica has long been known as S. callosa and Fortunei.
They are all late bloomers, and if the old flower-heads are cut off
as soon as out of bloom, they will, on good soil, bloom well the
second time. S. sorbifolia and >S'. TobolsJcia are good abowy
plants with large spikes of pure white flowers in June.

SHRUBS THAT ARE PERFECTLY HARDY. 7^

A sub-section of the Spiroeas are the Neillias. The species
opidifolia and its variety opulifoUa aurea are coarse growing shrubs
with white flowers. N. Torreyi is a low-growing species from
Oregon, and N. amurensis a fine bold growing species from
Northern Asia.

Exocliorda grandiflora is one of the most magnificent of our
hardy shrubs.

Rodotypos Kerrioides, with white flowers and chocolate colored
seed, is a good old-fashioned shrub.

Of the genus Ruhus there are several that are worthy of a place
in the garden ; these are R. odoratus, the red flowering raspberry,
and R. deliciosus, the Rockj' Mountain raspberry ; the flowers of
the latter variety are two inches or more across, and pure white ;
it has never been plentiful, as it is hard to propagate. R. villosus
flore pleno is rather coarse, but the flowers are quite show}'.
There are many other varieties of Rubus that are hardy, but those
mentioned are the most showy ones. R. hispidus and R. Cana-
densis are useful to cover the ground in places where few other
plants would grow.

Neviusia Alahamensis is a rare shrub, with white flowers in June.

Potentilla tridentata is a neat, low-growing plant with white
flowers. P. fruticosa is a species with yellow flowers in abun-
dance most of the season.

In the genus Rosa, there are many of the natural species, which
are beautiful in their place, and I think it will become fashionable
to have a garden of single or wild roses where the ground can be
spared. They are seldom much troubled by insects, and one or
two syringings will keep them clean for the season ; and what with
the flowers in summer, and the fruits in autumn and winter, they
well repay all trouble by their cheerfulness. Some of the best of
the native species are R. blanda, Arkansana, acicidaris, Nxitkana^
Californica^ Fendleria^ lucida, Carolinicma, nilida, foUosa, and
setigera. Lucida and nitida are the best two for covering banks or
planting as undergrowth for larger plants. R. foliosa is nearly
yellow and very late. R. setigera is the wild Michigan rose, one
of the finest of all the single American species, flowering pro-
fusely after all the others are done. This is the parent of the
Queen of the Prairies rose. Of the foreign single roses, I think
the best is R. repens, a climbing species growing from eight to
ten feet high, with pure white flowers three inches across. Rosa
glauca is a fine species with pink flowers and showy fruit. R.

80 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

■cilpina is the earliest wild rose. B. acicularis, R. cinnamomea, R.
dumetorum, R. caiiina, R. Belgradensis, R. rubiginosa, and R.
tomentosa are all good species. R. rnbrifolia has purple foliage,
which stands well all summer. R. Proviiicialis is the old French
rose, which cannot be equalled for fragrance. R. arvensis and its
varieties are all desirable. R. cinnamomea, var. Sibirica, comes
near R. rugosa. R. corylifoUa is from Turkistan, and has large
white flowers and good habit. R. Reggeriana flowers contiuuousl3\
In the Scotch Roses we have man}' fine varieties, of all colors ; they
have neat foliage and are of dwarf habit. A few of the varieties
are fulgens, penicillata, vemdosa^ pimpinelUfoUa, and vestiflora.
R. alba is a fine species with good foliage and flowers. This
is the parent of several of our good garden roses. R.
pumila, from the Mindeu Alps, is a dwarf species with fine large
flowers. R. rugosa and its varieties, such as pink, crimson, and
white, are worth a place in any garden. R. Kamtchatica comes
near to 7-ugosa, but is even coarser in its habit. The fruits of this
and riigosa are very ornamental. R. multijlora Japoyiica is very
desirable both in flower and fruit.

In Pyrus the varieties of arbidifoUa are ver}' ornamental, such
as pubens, serotina, grandijiora, melanoca^pa, and erythrocarpa,
which are all worthy of cultivation. With the exception of
€7-ythrocarpa the fruits are black or brown, and ripen during the
latter part of the summer ; erythrocarpa has brilliant red fruit,
which does not ripen until late and hangs on the plant well into
the winter. P. spectabilis, P. prunifolia, P. baccata, P. Park-
matini, P. Ringo, P. Jioribiaida, and P. mains jiore pleno are all
show}" plants. P. Japonka has been improved so much that
now almost innumerable varieties can be had, including single red,
white, carmine, rose, and other shades of color, beside several
semi-double varieties. One of the finest dwarf ones of late in-
troduction is P. Japonica Maidei, which seldom exceeds two feet
in height and is more floriferous than any of the other varieties.

Cotoneaster vulgaris, C. acutifolia, and C. tomentosa might be
termed perfectly hardy. The flowers of the Cotoneaster are not as
showy as some others, but the fruits are very ornamental and last
almost all the season.

All the Amelanchiers (shad-bushes) are hardy and are the earli-
est of spring flowering shrubs. They vary much in size, from
•one to twenty or thirty feet in height. The flowers are white and

SHRUBS THAT ARE PERFECTLY HARDY. 81

the fruit is edible. The species and varieties are Asiatica, alnifo-
Ua, alpina, vulgaris, and Canadensis. In the Canadensis section
there are a number of well marked varieties. The variety oSfong'i-
folia has fine edible fruit ; the variety rotundifolia has round
leaves, and in the type the leaves are of a reddish color when first
opened. The species oligocarpa, from the White Mountains, is
the earliest of all.

Photinia villosa is a dwarf shrub with flowers similar to those
of the hawthorn and scarlet fruit.

Among the Hydrangeas we have a few species that might be
termed perfectly hardy ; there are radiata, arborescens, paniculata,
panicidata grandiflora, vestita, and vestita pubescens. The vestita
and its variety are the earliest to bloom, and are followed by
radiata, arborescens, panicidata, and paniculata grandiflora, so
that we can have them in bloom from June till September. The
climbing Hydrangea is a good addition to our hardy shrubs.

Of the Deutzias, we have gracilis and parvijlora, the latter a
new species from Japan, with corymbs of white flowers, a few
days earlier than gracilis.

In the Mock Oranges there are many varieties of good hardy
flowers. Some of them are Philadelphus latifoUus magnijicus, a
fine variety with large white flowers ; nivalis, pearly white ;
grandiflorus, a fine large late variety ; Zeyheri, a variety with
flowers not much larger than those of the deutzias ; Gordonianus,
a fine late American species ; microphyllus, a miniature species
from Colorado ; speciosus, a fine variety ; nivalis, a very pure
white ; Cohimbianus, a fine intermediate flowered variety ; and
magnificus coronarius and its varieties. Schrenkii is the earliest
of all the syriugas, and the grandiflora section is the latest.

Jamesia Americana is a neat shrub from the Rocky Mountains,
growing from two to three feet in height, with white flowers.

Another rare hardy plant is Fendlera rupicola, from Texas.
This is a low, small shrub.

In the Currant famil}' we have many species that are hardy, but
a large proportion of these are only of botanical interest. Among
the best for ornamental purposes are Ribes floridum, a yellow
flowered variety with black fruit ; R. prostratum, a fine species
for rock-work or trailing on the ground ; R. aureum, the old Mis-
souri currant, and its vaviety, palmata ; also Gordonianum, which
seems to be a hybrid between sanguineum and aureum. The
6

82 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

species alpinum and saxatile are the earliest plants to bloom, and
enliven the garden when little else is in flower ; the fruit is also
showy. The varieties heterophyllum and laciniatum of B. nigrum
have fine cut-leaved foliage.

Fothergilla alnifolia, a medium sized shrub, is a native of the
mountains of our Southern States ; the flowers are in round spikes.

Hamamelis Japonica flowers in Ma}-, and H. Virginica in Octo-
ber and November.

The Aralias are fine, tropical-looking plants ; A. Chinensis is
fine for groups on lawns, or other places where a sub-tropical
eflfect is required.

Acanthopanax (Aralia) pentaphylla has elegant foliage ; A^
Cachemerica is a fine acquisition ; A. ricinifolia, or Maximoioicziiy
with broad palmate leaf, is as beautiful as man}' of the greenhouse
varieties. Our own Aralia hispida is excellent to cover the gi'ound
under larger plants. From China we have Panax sessilijlorum, an-
other araliaceous plant, with palmate leaves and round heads of
curious flowers, followed by large clusters of black fruit, which is
very ornamental.

Among the Cornacece are Cornus alternifolia, a large spreading
shrub ; C. circinata, with fine foliage and white flowers and fruit ;
C. stolonifera and C. sericea, with blue fruit ; C. paniculata, with
white flowers and white fruit ; when this species is trained to a
single stem, it makes a much finer plant than when left to grow
in its own way. No exotic shrub is more beautiful, either in fruit
or fiower, than Cornus Jlorida and its variety ricbra. C sangitinea
is a low growing shrub with white flowers and black fruit ; C»
mascula has yellow flowers, which are the first to appear in spring ;
C. alba and its varieties, Sibirica and foliis variegata, have the
finest colored woods of all the Cornacece, especially the variety
Sibirica, which in winter has bright vermilion colored shoots. All
these species are desirable for large shrubberies, being of rapid
growth in any good soil, and are ornamental at all seasons of the
year, as the flowers, fruit, and different colored woods lend a
charm to the landscape.

Among the Elderberries the Sambucus pubens is the earliest to
flower ; the fruit of this species is of a brilliant scarlet, and is ripe
about the time S. Canadensis is in bloom. S. aurea, which
is so much prized for its golden foliage, is a form of Canadensis.
Many make a mistake in planting the golden form in the shade of

SHRUBS THAT ARE PERFECTLY HARDY. 83

other shrubs ; to have it in perfection it needs a deep, rich soil
and full exposure to the sun. S. nigra is the European elder,
of which there are several varieties.

Of the Viburnums^ the American species, with few exceptions,
are far superior to those from other countries. Lantanoides is one
of the finest in foliage, fruit, and flowers, but unfortunately is
rather hard to make grow in cultivation ; V. opulus has large white
flowers, similar to some of the single hydrangeas, and brilliant
red fruit which hangs on well into the winter ; V. acerifoUum, with
white flowers and black fruit, turns to a beautiful purple in
autumn ; V. puhescens is very similar ; V. dentatum forms one of
the finest fringes along some of our country roads ; its corymbs of
white flowers are nearly as fine as those of the laurestinus, and are
followed in autumn by blue fruit in large clusters. V. molle, although
belonging farther South, is hardy here ; the fruit and flowers are
similar to those of V. dentatum, but are larger and brighter. V. nu-
dum and F". cassinoides are good dwarf shrubs, with white flowers
and fruit changing from light pink when half grown, to blue when
ripe. V. Lentago and its variety have large corymbs of white
flowers, followed by clusters of large fruit which change from red
to blue-black in its diff"erent stages. V. prunifoUum is a slower
growing species, but very similar to the above. The foliage of
all American Viburnums is very beautiful in the autumn. V-
Lantana, the English Wayfaring-tree, has large corymbs of
white flowers, and the fruit is black when ripe. The common
Snow-ball, V- Opulus sterilis, is well known by all. The variety
nana is a dwarf form, making a low dense mass of foliage, but
rarel}' flowers. There are many other species of Viburnums, but
as yet I have not found them hardy enough to put in this list.

In the Snowberries there are several good species that are orna-
mental on account of their fruit. Symp)horicarpos vulgaris has
clusters of red fruit ; S. racemosus and its variety, paucijlorus,
have white fruit. These are very ornamental in late fall and early
winter. The species occidentalis is the most showy in bloom,
and the flowers are also very fragrant. There is a good variegated
form of S. vulgaris.

Lonicera ccerulea is a native species, of very dwarf and compact
habit, with pale yellow flowers, which are followed with light blue
fruit at midsummer. L. oblongifolia is a small growing bush with
pinkish flowers and red fruit. L. involucrata, from Utah, is a
coarse growing shrub, the fruit being the most ornamental pari of

84 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

it. Many of our native climbing honeysuckles are beautiful and
well adapted to covering fences and trellises, the only objection
being tliat in some seasons the foliage is blasted by a fungus
which disfigures the plant ; but this is usually in wet seasons, and
after the blooming is over. The species are sempervirens and its
varieties, nearly all of which have scarlet and red flowers ; Sullivanti
Jlava, and hirsuta, which have yellow flowers and very ornamental
red and yellow fruit in large clusters ; Caprifolium or Pericly-
menum, the old Dutch monthly honeysuckle, which used to be in
every door-yard but now is seldom seen ; and Xylosteu7n, the old
Fly honeysuckle, and its varieties, with pink flowers in profusion
in early spring, which are followed by black fruit. L. Tartarica, the
old Bush honeysuckle, is one of the finest of our spring flowers,
being free blooming, fragrant, and ornamental in fruit ; the best
varieties are, alba, pure white ; splendens, with large pink flowers ;
and pulcherrima, with variegated flowers — red, pink, and white ;
there are many other shades of color, all of which are desirable.
L. Alberti is a neat, low-growing shrub, with lilac-colored flowers ;
L. Japonica Halli, a fine climbing species with white flowers all sum-
mer ; L. RuprecJitiana and L. Morrowi are two Japan species with
handsome flowers and yellow and red fruit, which completely cover
the plant when ripe, so that it is more beautiful in fruit than in
flower. L. chrysantha is a Chinese species with yellowish white
flowers ; L. Maximowiczii has pink flowers and red fruit ; L. Iberica
is a sturdy growing species, and the latest of all the bush honey-
suckles to bloom.

Diervillu trifida is a native species which is not showy in flower,
but makes an excellent covering on shady banks, and has a good
autumn coloring. D. sessilifoUa is a Southern species, with j'el-
low flowers which are quite showy. Of ordinary garden forms of
Weigela I will say nothing, as they are anything but satisfactory
here.

CepJialantJms occidentalis is a fine shrub in cultivation, flower-
ing as fx'eely on high grounds as it does in its native localities
along the riversides.

All the Huckleberries and Blueberries do well in cultivation
when once established, and nothing can be better than their
autumn coloring ; two species, Vaccinium stamineum and V. corym-
bosum, are verj^ ornamental as flowering shrubs, and the latter is
well known as producing valuable fruit.

SHRUBS THAT ARE PERFECTLY HARDY. 85

The Bearhervy, Arctostaphylos Uva-Ursi, is an excellent trail-
ing plant and will grow in the poorest soils when once established,
but it needs time and patience.

Epigcea repens (the well-known Trailing Arbutus or Mayflower)
can be grown successfully if nice clumps are selected and grown
in a frame or greenhouse one season ; it does best in a northern
aspect, or will do well if planted on the edge of rhododendron beds.

Cassandra calyculata also does well in cultivation, and is easily
handled ; this is one of the earliest spring flowers.

Oxydendron arboreum belongs to the Heath family ; it is a fine
shrub if well treated, flowering in late summer, and in autumn
becoming a deep red.

Andromeda Jioribunda is a neat evergreen shrub with white
flowers, which are among the first to appear in spring. A.
ligustrina is a rather coarse shrub, with flowers not showy but
hardy.

Erica carnea makes a neat plant at the edges of rhododendron
beds.

No shrubs are more showy than the Kalmias, especially K.
latifolia; the onl}' drawback to their cultivation is a lack of shade ;
although they grow well in the open sunlight, the foliage becomes
somewhat browned in winter, especially on a thin soil. The little
K. angustifolia makes a nice plant in cultivation if the roots are
kept cool, and the same ma}- be said of K. glauca, which is the
prettiest and earliest of the Kalmias.

Leiophylhcm hxixifolium is the Sand Myrtle, and a charming
little evergreen, hardl}' ever exceeding a foot in height.

Ledum piahistre is another of the dwarf Ericaceae ; it has rust}'
foliage and white flowers. All these little ericaceous plants need
a good deep soil ; if it can be made light with peat and sand so
much the better. They are all hard}- enough, and will stand the
sun well if due care is taken of the roots.

Rhododendron maximum is the latest of all rhododendrons,
blooming in July ; this is one of the finest shrubs to plant in the
vicinity of lakes or ponds, although it does well in other situa-
tions. The varieties of rhododendron that have Catawbiense
blood in them are the hardiest. I will attempt to name only a
few, as others here have had more experience in that line than m}*-
self. Those that I have are Album grandiflorum, Atrosanguineum,
Charles Dickens, Charles S. Sargent, Everestianum, General Grant,

86 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETT.

Kettledrum, H. W. Sargent, President Lincoln, and others of
which I have not made note. I have no doubt that many of our
rhododendrons are hurt b}- the drying winds in March more than
b\' the extreme cold, for in all situations where buildings or trees
cut off the keen winds many varieties grow well without any
protection. Rhododendron Dauricum, variety sempervirens,
stands well without protection.

Of the Azalea section we have calendulaceum, with bright
orange and flame colored flowers ; Bhodora, purple ; ai'horescens,
white and pink ; viacosum, white ; and nndijlorum, rose ; beside the
Ghent varieties, which are. h3'brids between R. Jiavum and R.
calendulaceum.

The Clethra alnifolia does well in all situations, from the hill-
side to the swamp, and is covered with its fragrant flowers during
July and August.

Symplocos paniculatus is a new shrub from Japan, with clusters
of small white flowers in June, and in autumn with bunches of
berries of an ultramarine blue. I have never seen the fruit of
an\' shrub with so fine a. color.

Halesia tetraptei'a, the Silver-bell, is a desirable native shrub ;
nothing can be more beautiful or graceful than a large plant of it
in full bloom.

Of the Styrax family, Styrax Americana is the best ; it is a
neat round-headed shrub, with drooping white flowers.

The Forsythias, with their golden flowers in early spring, are
well worth a place in every one's garden. The species are
suspensa, viridissima, and Fortunei.

CMonanthxis Virginica, with long bunches of fringe-like white
flowers, is also a good hardy plant.

Every one loves the lilac ; it seems as if it were the special
spring flower. It has been worked over so much that there is no
end to its varieties, both double and single. To name the whole
of these would require almost a catalogue by itself ; so I will only
call your attention to a few varieties : Alba grandiflora, Albert
the Good, Caerulea superba, Charles X, Marie Lagrange, Verscha-
feltii, and Philomel. So far as I have seen the last one is the
finest dark variety of the Syringa vxdgaris. Other species are
^S. Emodi, a coarse growing variety with purplish flowers ; S.
Josikcea, with very dark purple flowers, borne after most of the
other species are done ; S. villosa, from China, a shrub of medium

SHRUBS THAT ARE PERFECTLY HARDY. 87

height, good foliage, and lightish purple flowers produced in June ;
JS. pubescens, from Pekin, with small heads of purplish flowers ;
^S. Persica and its variety, alba, with large loose bunches of light
purple and white flowers about the last of May ; S. Chinensis, a
plant of more erect habit than S. Persica, and longer truss, with light
purple flowers in May and the first part of June ; S. Amurensis,
«. medium sized bush with clusters of white flowers about the mid-
dle of June ; and S. ligustrina, variety Pekinensis, a rapid growing
small tree of graceful habit, but which has not as 3'et flowered in
this country. There is also a pendulous variety of this species.
The Japanese lilac is one of the most majestic of this genus of
plants. It is clean in its growth ; no insect seems to touch it, and
it is grand in all its proportions ; the heads of flowers, which ap-
pear in July, are white and are from twelve to fourteen inches
long, and broad in proportion. The largest plant is now fully
eighteen feet high, and when it is in bloom in July is magnificent.

Of the Ligusti'ums, Ibota is the most graceful ; the flowers are
•white, in single drooping bunches ; L. Amurensis, which is said to
be a variety of this, is of a more erect habit, both in growth and
flower. Of L. vulgaris, the common Privet, there are several
varieties, with white, j'^ellow, and green fruit, but the general
habit of all is the same.

Lycium Barbarum and L. Chinense are two fine climbers for
covering unsightly places ; they bear small purple flowers, fol-
lowed in autumn by brilliant scarlet fruits, which hang long after
the hard frosts have killed the foliage.

The Dutchman's pipe, Aristolochia Siplio, is another excellent
climber.

Lindera Benzoin is a good shrub in large plantations ; its yellow
flowers open in early spring before the leaves ; these are followed
in early autumn by scarlet fruit.

Of the Daphnes, the hardiest is D. Mezereum, a neat shrub
with purple or white flowers appearing before the leaves, and fruit
at midsummer of brilliant red. There is a variety with white
flowers.

Dirca palustris, the Leather- wood, has bright yellow flowers
before the leaves appear ; the autumn coloring of the foliage is %
bright yellow.

The Silver-trees are fine objects in the distance, in Undscape
planting. Elceagnus hortensis flava and E. songaricus are small trees

88 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

with silvery foliage, and yellow fragrant flowers in summer. E,
longipes is a low growing shrub with rusty leaves, greenish yellow
flowers, and fruit of a dull red, mottled, about the size of a coi-ne-
lian cherry, and quite palatable to those who like a fruit combining
sweetness and acidity. E. argentea is a neat medium-sized shrub
with small silvery leaves, and fruit covered with a greyish bloom.

Hippopliae rhamnoides and H. salicifolia are two good plants
near the sea ; the flowers are inconspicuous ; the foliage is of a
silvery gray.

Myrica Gale and M. cerifera are excellent plants to grow as
under-shrubs, or to plant on dry, sterile places. The same can be
said of Comptonia asplenifolia, the Sweet Fern.

Empetrum nigrum and E. corema are not showy, but can be
used in deep sandy soils to form a carpet ; they become dense mats
of green, much resembling the heather when out of bloom. They
are somewhat hard to handle, but when once established do well.

I have no doubt that there are many more plants which might
be added to this list as perfectly hardy, but those I have mentioned
are the ones which, when tried by the side of others, have held
their own under ordinary treatment.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, February 23, 1889.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at half-past
eleven o'clock, the President, Henry P. Walcott, in the Chair.
No business being brought before the meeting it
Adjourned to Saturday, March 2, 1889.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.
The Embellishmekt of School Grounds.

By Leverett M. Chase, Master of the Dudley School, Roxbury.

The public school is distinctly an American idea. When the
principle that our government rests upon the consent of those
governed was established, popular education became a necessity.
The enormous expense of our school system is more cheerfully

THE EMBELLISHMENT OF SCHOOL GROUNDS, 89

borne than an}' other public burden. Our system of education is
in many respects the best in the world, and recent events have
clearly shown how dear it is to every true American, and with
what jealous care it is defended and protected. The high estima-
tion in which we hold our schools has perhaps made us too con-
servative and rendered us too unwilling to make changes to bring
them into line with the most advanced educational thought. The
wisest and broadest educators feel that our system is not as
practical as it should be ; that many courses of study are not in
line with the duties that must devolve upon every man and
woman.

Many college graduates are utterly unprepared to perform life's
most common duties. They know a great deal but cannot use
their knowledge. Important faculties and powers have never
been developed and trained, and these persons find their so-called
education as cumbrous as David found the armor of Saul.

But, to generalize no longer ; there are two important particu-
lars to which our schools should give most earnest and immediate
attention, — manual training, and natural science, or the study of
the facts and phenomena of nature.

The latter brings me to the consideration of the theme for this
morning, "The Embellishment of School Grounds" which 1 shall
chiefly consider from an educational stand-point.

If "we desire to render our school premises attractive and a
public ornament, there is nothing which yields so great results
for a small expenditure as the decoration of the surrounding
grounds. Costly construction and the finest and most skilful
architectural design are to a great degree of no account, if the
surroundings are not in proper keeping, or are neglected.

The educational influence of a fine public building with grounds
laid out with good taste is great. Among a number of examples
I will mention the citj' of Toronto, Canada, one of the handsomest
on this continent, the beauty of whose school and other public
grounds, made beautiful b}' tree and flower planting, is celebrated
throughout the world. The result is that a great majority of
the homes, whether magnificent or mean, are adorned with fine
trees and flowers. If the influence on mature natures is so great,
what must it be upon young children, whose tastes and habits of
thought are not fixed ! The celebrated Locke declared that he
gained more ideas before he was five years old than in all the rest

50 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of his life, and the Jesuits say that if they can have the education
of a child until he is seven years old they do not care who teaches
him afterwards. Indeed the permanence of early impressions has
become a proverb. "We cannot then begin too early to establish
right conceptions of moral and natural beauty in the hearts of the
young.

How little has been done to educate the young by rendering
their school surroundings beautiful and attractive. In how many
school yards you cannot find a tree, vine, or shrub, or even a
perfect blade of giass — the surface when wet, mud ; when dry,
dust ; lacking the conveniences required for comfort, and in some
cases for decency and good morals.

Let us now turn from what is to what ought to be. Every
school-house should have ample space around it for light and
ventilation, for exercise and for beaut}^ Children have an
inalienable right to enough space to insure health, happiness, and
physical development.

Even in cities, where the cost of land is great, it would be far
wiser, if economy must be practised, to diminish the superfluous
ornamentation of the houses and to increase the size and beauty
of the school grounds. Man}' of the school-houses in this city
would be far more attractive had they been properly located and
had a few dollars been expended in planting trees and shrubs
about them and improving the lines of approach. To have taken
a few acres of our vast and expensive parks, so located as to be
inaccessible to ten thousand of our school children, and sub-
divided and added them to our school grounds would have been
an act of wisdom. But I would have both parks and sufficient
school grounds. Our 3'outh, to whom play is as natural as
breathing, are daily more and more circumscribed and restricted.

The opportunities for ball-playing, coasting, skating, and,
indeed, every form of active, vigorous amusement, are rapidly
diminishing. Our youth are unable to engage in physical labor as
can country children, and time hangs heavy on their hands. The
vast throngs that crowd the five-cent and ten-cent museums, to
witness the most disgusting and corrupting displays, do so at
first, because they have no better way to occupy' their leisure
hours. The recent words of the school committee man who, in
reply to the charge of lavish expenditure for schools, declared that
" a child is at least as valuable as a paving stone," deserve
immortality.

THE EMBELLISHMENT OF SCHOOL GROUNDS. 91

School grounds should be separated into two distinct portions —
one for an out-door g^-mnasiura, and devoted entirely to that end ;
the other should be devoted to turf, trees, shrubs, flowers, and
walks. Pupils should be taught that everything which adds to the
beauty of this place must be carefully preserved. Every plant
should be labelled and catalogued, and most carefully nurtured.
The play grounds should have seats against the fences, a shelter
shed for protection from rain and heat, and a supply of pure
water. All out-buildings should be screened by lattice work or
better by climbing vines like the woodbine, Virginia creeper, etc.
Pupils should be early led to take an interest in the cultivated
part of the grounds. They will soon love the plants and learn
how to care for them. When this occurs, thefts and destruction
-of flowers, so common in many places, will almost entirely disap-
pear and most happy results will come, in the evident elevation
and refinement of the moral sentiments of our children.

Except in the State of Connecticut, almost nothing has been
done to adorn the country school grounds of New England.
Many of these, with an expense of five dollars per year, would
in ten years be rendered exceedingly beautiful, and would make
a net return of at least an hundred fold in the improvement of the
premises and in the intellectual and moral development of the
community. But the most important advantage of these improve-
ments is the use to which they can be put in practical instruction.
A great fault in our system of education is that it is almost
exclusively literary. Habits of accurate observation and a knowl-
edge of the phenomena and facts of nature are almost unknown.

We have no end of books, many good of their kind, but the
book which should be our primer and throughout life our constant
companion, is as little read as many family Bibles. Though
interesting, comprehensible, adapted to every age and grade of
mind, indispensable to our best enjoyment of life, unsectarian,
superbly bound and illustrated, and free to all, the Book of
Nature is almost never read. The great natural division of vege-
table life, the connecting link between animal and mineral
existence, is almost never even noticed. The great majority of
our people, with all their opportunities for knowledge, know
almost nothing of vegetable life, the mode and manner of vege-
table growth, its important relations to our comfort, health, and
even life, and its influence upon our moral and spiritual natures.

m

isji^m^^

X "SP TT^

"mas:

sfior^

XL ^Hta

-Jl.

z>-

T%in&.

ail
_. . .rde. 'fix^ volt ^oei&n?^ 4?

THE EMBELLISHMENT OF SCHOOL GEOUN'DS. 93

sighing of autumn, the blast of winter, and his education is
properly begun, and not till then. Nature is the child's counter-
part.

" All Nature's objects have

An echo in the heart. This flesh doth thrill.

And hath connection, by some unseen chain.

With its original source and kindred substance.

The mighty forest, the proud tides of ocean.

Sky clearing hills, and in the waste of air,

The starry constellations and the sun.

Parent of life exhaustless, these maintain

With the mysterious and breathless mould

A co-existence and community."

What better improvement of approaching Arbor Day can be
made than by planting some beautiful native trees in the school
grounds, or along the road-side? What more important and
interesting lesson can be given, than upon the genesis, growth,
and economical, sanitary, and aesthetic value of trees?

How the wisdom and goodness of Gk>d are shown in the life and
growth of the tree I How much in common with our lives have
the lives of trees I The spirit of the woods is most inspiring to
the soul. Their silence and tranquility wake meditation and
devotion. ''The groves were God's first temples." Solomon
loved trees and planted an arboretum. He knew them all, from the
stately cedar of Lebanon to the hyssop on the wall. Moses, the
greatest man of ancient Bible history, commanded : " When thou
goest out to besiege, or make war on another nation, thou shalt
not destroy the trees, for the tree of the field is the life of man."

Classic song catches its inspiration from trees. The rustic
poet sings under " the wide spreading beach tree." Homer gives
soul to trees and peoples the groves with dryads. Wanton
destruction of a tree was an impious act. and often, as in the
case of Erisichthon, severely punished, while those who like
RhcBCus spared and protected them were richly rewarded by the
woodland fays. Xerxes, invading Greece, halted to adorn a
plane tree with jewels and ornaments of gold, and appointed a
sentinel to watch over it.

How full of expression are many trees. Who cannot see
strength and firmness and endurance in the oak that has withstood
the storms of a century ; or dignity and queenly grace in the
stateh' elm? What grand associations cluster about Boston's

94 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Libert J' tree, or the Great Elm on the Common, or the grand tree
at Cambridge under which Washington took command of the
American army ; or the Treaty Elm of William Penn ; the Charter
Oak at Hartford ; the Apple tree of the Appomattox !

How the thousands of birds that once filled the air with their
melodious songs have left us, and instead have come countless
myriads of noxious insects, that seem likely to devour every
green thing. The destruction of our forests is the destruction of
our birds ; the destruction of our birds the destruction of our
gardens and fruit.

In these remarks I have sought to avoid repeating the usual
and far more important reasons for the promotion of forestry, and
shall be glad if I have made the slightest new contribution in aid
of this important work, upon whose successful prosecution our
national prosperity depends.

The time is near when, as in Germany, there will be connected
with all our school grounds, cultivated portions, in which can be
found flowers in bloom, from the early snowdrop to the late
blooming chrysanthemum ; and typical specimens of our finest
native trees and shrubs, and small beds of broken ground where
seeds can be sown from which children may see the myster}^ of
germination and plant development. These will serve the double
purpose of beautifying the premises, and affording aid in practical
instruction in natural science. It would also be wise to associate
these trees with interesting events and the names of great and
good men, as a just and beautiful expression of love and honor^
and an incentive to rouse the rising generations to noble and
beneficent lives. Especially should we plant and preserve trees in
the great centres of population " where wealth accumulates and
men decay," — those great maelstroms that more and more suck into
their terrible vortices our rural population, where the unfortunate
little ones are instructed by almost universal example, that the
chief end of man is to get money, and what luxury, vice, and
fashion it can command, — and not to " get understanding."

Religion, philanthropy, patriotism, gratitude to our progenitors^
justice to our posterity, self interest, science, and wise foresight,
all demand that we shall train up the young to love, plant, nurture
and revere trees.

The beneficent Father who adorns the lilies and numbers the
very hairs of our heads, has given trees and flowers for our good^

THE EMBELLISHMENT OF SCHOOL GROUNDS. 95

that we may reverently receive and riehl}' enjoy them, and at last
render a good account of our use of them.

Discussion.

William E. Endicott said that it might seem to some not a
practical thing to have flowering plants in school yards. His
experience, when a boy, was precisely opposite ; there was a strip
of ground three feet wide around the school yard, planted with
flowers which bloomed through the season, beginning with the
snowdrops, narcissi, and tulips in the spring, and continuing until
the frost destroyed the asters and marigolds. This was near a
manufacturing village, and it can be done now where the grounds
afford room, as well as in Canton fort}' years ago. If plants are
to be cultivated in school-rooms, the^- should be judiciously
chosen, so that interest could be maintained through the year,
and the janitor should be interested, as it is necessary to leave
them to his care during vacations, etc. Succulent plants, such as
cacti, stapelias, crassulas, and sedums would be most eligible.
Nearly all the narcissi would be valuable.

Rev. Calvin Terry considered the subject under discussion a
most important one ; it touches the foundation of all good citizen-
ship. He had had a good deal to do with schools ; the care of
buildings and grounds is too much left to janitors, and the
scholars do not come so near to Nature as they should. School
grounds are too much neglected, and he had been in school-rooms
where there was no air fit to breathe, owing to the neglect by
those in charge. A great defect in our schools is that it is made
the aim to see who will get the highest mark, so that instead of
education we have merely inculcation. A set of vandals is train-
ing up among us ; children should grow up with the feeling that a
tree or a flower is sacred, and that the needless destruction of
woods in which they have spent many happy days is a wrong.
The existing state of things may be the fault of the teachers in
some cases, but its prevalence shows it to be a fault of the s^'stem.
Many teachers think they have not time to give instruction in
natural histoiy, but if properl}^ qualified they would find time for
this important instruction and our scliools would be made more
useful by it.

Marshall B. Faxon held that teaching the young how to care
for plants is most important. The Committee on Window Gar-

96 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

dening have voted to do what they can to carry out the principles
laid down by the essayist. They have visited and examined
school grounds, and in the first one visited they found in the
centre a place ten feet square, prepared for planting a tree in the
coming spring. A border around the yard will also be made
ready, and be filled with flowers.

Mrs. H. L. T. Wolcott said it had often been supposed that an
attempt to improve school grounds would be met with the answer :
" It cannot be done ;" but she believed that if the}^ were prepared
and planted in good order, the boys as well as the girls would
care for them. She asked what protects the flowers in the Public
Garden, and expressed the belief that it is the children's love for
flowers. The cases of injury are few and exceptional ; children
will steal flowers sometimes, but so will women, and even a man
has been found guilty of it. If an expression of the sentiments
of this Society upon this subject went out to the public, its
influence might prove largely beneficial. Children accept the
facts of nature better than do grown people. Little children
should be taught more of those facts, and not be left so ignorant
of them as to accept as truth, many idle, fanciful whims that are
current among the uneducated.

Francis H. Appleton thought every successful attempt to
improve school grounds and similar places should be reported for
the encouragement of those who may contemplate similar action.
He then gave an interesting account of a successful effort within
his cognizance. A chapel and a school-house stood near by in an
open field. By subscription, money enough was collected to buy
trees for the purposed planting, and last Arbor Day the young
people, thirty-five years of age and under, assembled, dug the
holes, and planted one hundred white pine trees on the north side
of the grounds and maples in front of the buildings. Most
of these trees are living and in good condition now. Such
improvements can be easily brought about in other places as well.
When in Austria, Mr. Appleton saw school yards having the rear
grounds shaded by trees, while at the sides and front there were
beds of seedling trees and shrubs in variety, or of flowers.
During recess the teachers mingled with the students and inter-
ested them in object lessons based upon these plants.

William H. Hunt spoke of an instance in which permission was
obtained to plant trees in a school yard. The children subscribed
money for the purpose and the trees were planted. Teachers and

THE EMBELLISHMENT OF SCHOOL GROUNDS. 97

children took a strong interest in tlie matter, and enjoyed the
trees and the plants that came later. Children always take
interest when they have a chance. It is necessary to use judg-
ment in planting, that trees shall not interfere with the light, and
that nothing offensive shall arise from the presence of the plants.

William D. Philbrick stated that in Newton improvements
similar to those mentioned by the last two speakers had been
made, and there is a very good feeling in regard to ornamenting
school grounds. What has been done there has been mostly with
trees and shrubs, and the results have been excellent. Plants
have been cultivated in the school-rooms, and when the janitors
have taken sufficient interest in them to care for them during
vacations they have flourished. The great difficulty in the way
of object teaching from plants, is that very few teachers are
competent to give practical lessons in plant culture out of doors.

Rev. A. B. Muzzey remarked that there is a great deal said about
public schools now. He thought we should aim and strive so to
improve them that all children educated in the public schools
should have a fully developed character. It is a melancholy truth
that many boys will sooner injure a tree than cultivate it. If we
can induce children to cultivate trees and flowers they will feel a
love for them ; the heart follows the hand. But we must take
another step back of that ; we need to have teachers who under-
stand and love the cultivation of plants. In the examination of
teachers regard should be had to their taste and capacity in this
direction. The}^ should be prepared and disposed to cultivate in
their pupils a sense of beauty and a sacred regard for Nature.
These are fundamental points in the character of boys and girls,
and our schools should develop them.

Samuel Hartwell said there is a new school-house to be built in
his town, Lincoln, and he wished to know how much land ought
to be taken to carry out the ideas suggested by the essayist and
others. He would have room for the boys to play base-ball, and
and thought there should be an acre and a half or two acres,
especially if flowers are to be cultivated, and that the law should
be so amended that school boards might seize more than the half
acre now allowed. He thought it important that children should
be trained to love and cultivate plants ; he loves to see them him-
self and wishes that such a love might be encouraged and that
more of our farms might be embellished with them.
7

98 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Chase suggested that this Society might give an important
impetus to the good work b}' offering prizes for the best kept
school yards.

The Chairman of the Committee on Publication and Discussion
announced for the next Saturday, a paper upon " Plums; their
Cultivation and Varieties," by Ex-President James F. C. Hyde.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, March 2, 1889.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at half-past
eleven o'clock, the President, Henry P. Walcott, in the Chair.

The following votes, offered by Francis H. Appleton, were
unanimously passed :

Voted, That the Massachusetts Horticultural Society hereby
respectfully signifies its hearty approval of the efforts being made
by the present Legislature, at the recommendation of the Gov-
ernor, to secure the improvement of the roads and road-sides in
our towns and cities, and expresses the hope that such efforts,
whether they result in establishing a Road Commission or other-
wise, may meet with success.

Voted, That a copy of this vote be sent to the Chairman of the
proper Committee of the Legislature.

The following named persons, having been recommended by the
Executive Committee for election to membership in the Society,
were on ballot duly elected.

Mrs. E. M. Lancaster, of Roxbury,
Arthur W. Tufts, of Roxbury,
Silas Potter, of Roxbury,
Mrs. C. Stedman Hanks, of Boston,
Artemas Frost, of Belmont.

Adjourned to Saturday, March 9, 1889, at half-past eleven
o'clock.

PLUMS : THEIR CULTIVATION AND VARIETIES. 99

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.
Plums : Their Cultivation and Varieties.

By Ex-President James F. C. Hyde, Newton.

At the earnest request of your Committee we consented to
write a brief paper giving some of our observations and experi-
ence in growing this fruit.

We need not go into the history of the plum but we know that
it has been long under cultivation and has reached a high stand-
ard in size, quality, and productiveness.

Forty or fifty years ago there was no more difficulty in growing
plums than in growing apples, though we had fewer varieties than
now. A change came, and the trees dropped their fruit and also
became infested with black knots, so that in many orchards plums
entirely disappeared. Like the 3'ellows in the peach the cause of
the warts or knots was, for a time, a mystery. Some have
supposed they were caused b}' the curculio that destroys the fruit,
because the larvae of that insect are often found in the knots when
the}' are in a green state. It is true that the curculios lay their
eggs in the growing excrescence just as they do in the growing
fruit, prompted by instinct to propagate their species. There are
other theories entertained as to the cause of the black knot, but
whatever the cause of this disease the average farmer or fruit
grower became discouraged and no longer attempted to grow
plums, while the few who were able to do so obtained large prices
for their fruit.

To many the loss of this fruit was thought of little consequence,
while others regarded it as one of the best grown. While it may
not be as healthful a fruit as some when eaten freely in an
uncooked state, it is certainly one of the best for preserving or
canning, and we should not like to lose it altogether from the
lists of fruits for our climate.

The greatest drawback to plum growing is the black knot. In
many cases the trees are utterly destroyed almost before they
have given even one good crop. They become nearly covered
with this unsightly and destructive fungous growth if left to them-
selves. Not only is the plum liable to injury from the black knot
but some other trees as well. The fact is that in order to succeed

100 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

in raising plums one must successfully fight the black knot. How
shall it be done ? We know of no better way than to prevent it
so far as possible bj' keeping the trees in a thrifty and healthy
condition. To do this the land must be made and kept rich.
Even under the most favorable circumstances the knots will after
a time appear. The trees should be frequently examined during
the growing season, and as soon as the fungous growth makes its
appearance it should be cut off and burned. If it appears on a
small limb or twig, sacrifice the limb, but if on a large branch cut
off the wart and ci;t deep enough to remove the whole of it.
Heroic treatment is required if one would save his trees. Bad
wounds must sometimes be made, but better so than to allow the
warts to remain. Some recommend the application of shellac to
such wounds, but we never take the trouble to do this as we do
not expect to keep the trees for many years.

If the trees make a very thrifty growth it is well to head them
in just before the buds start in the spring, so as to keep them
stock}' and symmetrical. We have had many trees that would
make an annual growth of from five to seven feet from the ends
of the main branches. We usually cut back rather more than
half of such growth and in some cases back to within a foot of the
old growth. This of course with the high manuring we give the
land stimulates a large growth the same season, but this we rather
like because we think the trees will be freer from warts than if
less thrifty. Many regard the curculio as the great enemy of the
plum, to which opinion we do not assent. There is not much
difficulty in contending successfully with the " little Turk," who if
left alone it is true would make its crescent mark on every fruit
on ever}^ tree in the orchard. If the trees are left to themselves
and no measures are adopted to prevent the ravages of this insect
no crop will be obtained as a rule, but it is so easy to take
preventive steps that one has no excuse for not doing so if he
cares for his crop.

We have no new plan to suggest but will briefly describe our
method of circumventing the persistent insect who " plays 'pos-
sum" so successfull}'. We have iron plugs made, the head an
inch and a quarter square or a little moi'e, and about three inches
long, tapering nearly to a point. We bore a slight hole into the
body of the tree and drive in one of these plugs about half the
length of the plug. This iron receives the blow of the mallet used

PLUMS : THEIR CULTIVATION AND VARIETIES. 101

to jar down the insects. Soon after the blossoms have fallen
from the trees and the small fruit may be seen, we take a mallet
of good size, such as can be used with one hand, with a handle
three to four feet long ; a piece of cloth — the smoother the
better — say from three to six feet wide according to the size of
the trees, with a strip of wood on each side and end to keep the
cloth in place. The strip of wood on one side of the cloth is in
two pieces and the cloth has a slit about half way of its length,
running half way through its width, so that when the cloth is in
place for jarring the tree, the body or trunk of the tree will be at
about the middle of the cloth ; when it is so placed one of the two
holding the cloth will strike the head of the iron plug with the
mallet and instantly the cuculios, if there are any, will drop down
on the cloth, rolled up in a little ball looking like anything but a
winged insect, but a good deal like a ripe hemp seed.

After jarring three or four trees in this way the insects that
have fallen on the cloth can be shaken together, and then turned
into a pail partly filled with water with a little kerosene on top,
where they soon perish. Some use a mallet covered with rubber
or other soft material and strike directly on the limbs of the trees.
This way may become necessary where the trees are quite large.
The object is to shake down the insects and destroy them in the
easiest and quickest possible way.

Some go through their plum orchards and only shake the trees,
and so disturb but do not destroy the pests. Still others sprinkle
their trees when wet with air-slaked lime or ashes and so secure
some fruit, but there is no plan so effectual as the jarring down
on a cloth and destroying the insects on the spot. This jarring
must be done every morning for from four to six weeks if the
insects are numerous, requiring about an hour each morning for a
hundred trees.

If the work of jarring has been faithfully performed and the
trees have blossomed well and set fruit, much labor may be
required to thin it. This should be done in some cases to save
the trees from the effects of overbearing and to secure good sized
fruit.

There are many good varieties of this fruit, but for market we
should advise the planting of very few sorts. We have found
that a large blue plum sells better than a green or even a red one.
The public will not buy a delicious Green Gage so quickly as they
will the large showy Bradshaw.

102 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

For market purposes we should name the Bradshaw, which is a
large, early, purple variet}' of fair quality, that alwaj's sells well
because it is large and handsome and also because it may be put
into our market before it is supplied from New York and else-
where. The tree is a thrifty upright grower and comparatively
free from the black knot.

Smith's Orleans is of good size and showy, covered with a deep
purple bloom, and sells well though only of fair quality.

The Lombard is a well known fill-basket variety, of medium
size and fair quality. It is a reddish purple in color and the tree
is an enormous bearer. This variety needs to be thinned to
secure fruit of good size.

We are inclined to stop here for market sorts, but if a yellow
plum was to be added it would be Prince's Imperial Gage.

For home use we should make a different selection, — Green
Gage, Washington, Jefferson, Yellow Gage, Reine Claude de
Bavay, Lawrence's Favorite, McLaughlin, and possibly a few
others.

The plum crop is not so reliable as the pear or apple though
more profitable under favorable circumstances. In addition to
the drawbacks that we have enumerated it sometimes happens
that when the fruit is grown and nearly or quite ready to be
picked, unfavorable weather will cause the plums to crack, after
which they will soon decay and loss follow.

We do not advise extensive planting of plum trees except by
those who are favorably' situated and are willing to take pains to
secure good results.

Discussion.

On the conclusion of Mr. Hyde's paper, Leverett M. Chase
inquired whether arsenical poison had been tried here for the
curculio. Reports of good effects from its use had come from
Michigan and Iowa. The curculio is comparativel}' absent in Cal-
ifornia, but as 3'ou go north to Salem and Tacoma in Oregon,
they increase. Mr. Chase thought the exemption of California
was closely related to the extremely diy weather there.

Caleb Bates said that when he was vei'y young he found the
crescent mark of the curculio on plums, but never saw a descrip-
tion of the insect until Downing's " Horticulturist" was published.
Plymouth was formerly a favorable place for growing plums, but

PLUMS : THEIR CULTIVATION AND VARIETIES. 103

afterwards the eureulio came, and not only destroyed the plum
crop, but caused apples to drop and left its mark on pears. They
are now gone, however.

E. W. Wood had hoped the essayist would be able to tell us
how to get rid of the black wart, the greatest enemj^ to the plum
tree. For some years after he joined the Society he hardly saw a
dish of plums shown, but after that Mr. Butcher of Hopedale
exhibited collections of twenty or more varieties, and later the
speaker visited his grounds, where he found half an acre planted
with plums and enclosed with a wire fence to confine hens therein.
The hens destroyed the curculios, but the black warts had come in
to such an extent that the trees were much cut and mangled to get
rid of them, and some were reduced to mere stumps. Mr. Moore's
experience at Concord was the same, and now the speaker does
not know of any considerable plantation. If we could only get
rid of that one disease, the plum would be one of tlie most profit-
able fruits. It is still grotvn extensively in the Hudson River
Valle}'. Experiments are being made at the Agricultural College
with liquid applications to destroy the black wart, on which they
are not yet ready to report. Where it is not convenient to jar
trees, Mr. Wood approved of enclosing the plum orchard and
putting in hens to destroy the eureulio.

Mr. Hyde said that he could not count upon more than two or
three good crops of plums before the trees will be rendered worth-
less by the black warts, as you cannot count upon more than
one or two crops from a peach orchard. But he had headed in
his plum trees when they had become badly infested with the
warts ; the trees then sent out a new growth and he got altogether
five or six crops. The warts come more upon some trees than
others. His trees are now six years old from the bud, and he has
had a growth in one season of five, seven, and even nine feet.
He sold Bradshaws for eight dollars per bushel, and a hundred
dollars' worth from sixty or seventy trees on a piece of ground
about one hundred feet by two hundred. Some varieties are more
inclined to rot than others. If intended for market the fruit must
not be allowed to get too ripe. Everybody is attracted by beauty,
and large, handsome plums sell best. He wished it understood,
first, that plum trees must have a suitable soil — a heavy stiff
soil is the best ; and, second, that we must fight the eureulio,
which has not yet disappeared. Hens are a partial preventive.

104 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

To combat such enemies to our fruit crops is what we are here for.
Ellwanger & Barry, the great Rochester nurserymen, some years
ago had a crop of four or five hundred bushels of phims ; their trees
were from fifteen to eighteen feet high, and they kept tliree men
fighting the curcuUo for from four to six weeks. Professor Lin-
coin had tomatoes under plum trees which were exempt from the
curculio, and he recommended planting tomatoes as a preventive,
but his trees stood where they overhung water, and it turned out
that this, and not the tomato plants, was the cause of exemption.

Mr. Bates said tbft it is sixty years since he met the curculio, and
last year he did not find a mark. He believes that the use of the
knife will subdue the black wart. He once had a tree which burst
with black wart. He bought some trees including Green Gage,
and one of these developed black wart. He cut off the affected
part, and has had none since.

Rev. Calvin Terrj^ had no doubt that the black wart is caused
by an insect. Besides the plum he had seen another shrub that
grows along the highways infested with it.

Mr. Hj'de said that the black knot is not produced by an insect,
though insects come out of them. They are found on the choke-
cherry and other wild species of Prunus.

William D. Philbrick said that the black knot had been a subject
of scientific investigation by Dr. Farlow, who decided that it was
caused by a fungus.

Mr. Bates thought that the curculio might be frightened from
the plum trees. In apple and plum trees hanging over the high-
way, both plums and apples were free from them.

Mr. Hyde said that a battery of artiller^^ could not frighten them ;
they are here to propagate their species and they will do it if they
can.

Mr. Bates wanted to know if they were intelligent enough to
avoid trees overhanging water. He thought the exemption of such
trees might be explained by the water being uncongenial to them ;
either by its motion alone, or the sound produced by the motion,
or by the flashes of reflected light which came from it, they were
frightened avray. They are remarkably- timid insects.

Mr. Chase said that the fruit on one side of trees planted near
water had been punctured by the curculio, while that on the other
side was not ; they are intelligent enough for that. The manner
in which it "plays 'possum" when disturbed is evidence of its

PLUMS : THEIR CULTIVATION AND VARIETIES. 105

intelligence. He put some in vials with water and they were very
lively the next morning. This beetle is well shielded and well cal-
culated to make its way in the world. Fighting it every morning
for six weeks is very laborious. Nectarines are attacked by it
and all plums except little wild ones. He had noticed that some
varieties of pears are attacked by the curculio more than others.
Spraying the trees has been successful, and the ravages of this
pest have been much diminished by the use of arsenical prepara-
tions.

Mr. Wood said that arsenic had been more extensively used in
the West, especially in Michigan, than here, and some claim that it
is effectual. Professor Fernald, who lectured before the Society
last year on injurious insects, believed in it for the codling moth,
but not for the curculio, as after the egg of the latter is inserted in
the fruit the aperture is closed by the growth of the fruit, so that
the egg is be^'ond the reach of the poison.

Mr. Hyde said that plums of the Wild Goose class (varieties of
Prunus Chicasa) seem to resist the curculio. Those who can be
content with moderately good plums may plant these and be almost
sure of a crop. He has a tree of the Newman, one of these
varieties, which gives him two bushels or more of fruit. More-
over the}' scarcely wart at all.

William H, Hunt said that he has plum trees in his hen yard
and the hens keep down the curculio. It is a sufficient remedy if
there are hens enough. The only enemy is the black knot, which
it will be impossible to exterminate so long as there are hundreds
of acres of pastures filled with choke-cherries. He allowed his
plums to get too ripe at first to send to market.

Mr. Bates said that he had seen a variety of the plum called
Illinois, in which the fruit swelled into a fungus. They have
almost invariabl}^ done so.

Robert Manning said that he had seen this abnormal growth ;
what should be the fruit becomes a membraneous sac. It was
described in Hovey's Magazine for 1838, page 247, by Dr. T. W.
Harris, who attributed it to a little thrips — a minute insect.

Mr. Manning went on to speak of his experience in raising
plums, of which he had many years ago a large collection. The
black wart was the only trouble, and until this came in like a
flood he kept it under pretty well. But cutting this off as soon as
it appears means pruning in the growing season, and half the top

106 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of a large tree cannot be removed at that time without serious
injury. So he was obliged to leave them, and pruned them off
early in spring. Since then Professor Farlow has discovered the
■cause of the trouble in a fungus, Plowrightia (Sphoeria) morbosa,
described in the "Bulletin of the Bussey Institution," vol. 1, p.
440. It appears from this that the fungus is propagated by
several kinds of spores, one of which matui'es in the winter, and
the speaker said that if he had known this and pruned off and
burned the warts as soon as the trees became dormant in autumn
he might have destroyed these winter spores and doubtless checked
the spread of the fungus.

Samuel Hartwell said that he had grown plums on sandy soil
and got good crops. He spread a cloth under the trees to catch
the curculios, and caught a few. His trees have overborne, and
when this happens they must be thinned or they will rot. The
knife is effectual for a time in keeping down the black knot.

Joseph S. Chase said that he grows his plum trees in dwarf form,
by grafting a thrifty seedling, about five-eighths or three-quarters
of an inch in diameter, using a scion with four or five buds. The
grafting is done near the crown of the root. In case any one bud
grows faster than the others, he nips off its end, checking the
growth and making a tree of upright form, branching at from six to
«jght inches from the ground. This method keeps the tree wholly
within easy reach. He advised clean culture, and in the spring of
each year the application of about a pint of salt around each tree.
To protect the trees from the curculio he uses finely sifted coal ashes,
which he sprinkles with a scoop over the whole tree in the morning,
before the dew is off. This is commenced when the blossoms fall,
and is repeated every four days or immediately after a shower,
until the fruit is about one-third grown, P'or the black knot or wart
he thought prompt amputation of the part affected imperatively^
necessar}', and that it should be thoroughly done even if it takes
the root. Mr. Chase grows eight varieties of plums, but of all
kinds he prefers the Reine Claude de Bavay, both for the table
and for market.

Mr. Hyde thought air-slaked lime better than ashes. The best
time for grafting plums is early, say during the month of March.

Mr. Bates thought any fine, dry dust as good as ashes or air-
slaked lime.

Mr. Manning said that he had found the Prximis myrobalana,
some of the varieties of which have lately been recommended for

PLUMS : THEIR CULTIVATION AND VARIETIES. 107

planting as ornamental trees, exceedingly subject to the black
knot, and he advised caution in planting them. He recommended
the Drap d'Or as a very fine early plum for family use ; it is too
small for the market. He did not agree with the essayist that
Smith's Orleans is only of fair quality ; he thought it one of the best.

President Walcott said that the black knot has close analogy
with some diseases in man, and, as with those, there are two points
to be considered — first the cure of the individual, and second,
the proper healing of cut surfaces so as to exclude infection. A
surgeon is very careful not to leave an open cut, lest disease should
be communicated to it ; and so when a black knot is cut out, if the
wound is not covered you have provided a resting place for spores.
He asked why those who wished to exterminate the black knot
should be subjected to danger from their neighbors. He would
have worthless trees infested with black warts destroyed, as we
take a person who has smallpox to the hospital to prevent the
spread of the disease.

Mr. Hyde suggested that the wounds made in cutting out the
black knots should be covered with a solution of shellac.

Mr. Wood said that any ordinary paint would be equally good
for the purpose.

[The following letter from Charles V. Riley, was read at a later
meeting of the Society, but as it contains valuable information
relating only to the subject of discussion at this meeting, it is
inserted here as a part of the proceedings.]

United States Department of Agriculture.
Division of Entomology.

Washington, D. C, March 8, 1889.
Mr. L. M. Chase,

Master of the Dudley School, Roxbury, Mass.,
Dear Sir : Your letter of the 7th inst. asking certain informa-
tion regarding the plum curculio has been received. In reply I
may briefly state that the black knot of the plum is not caused by
the plum curculio, although this insect occasioaall}' breeds in the
black knot. This excrescence is a fungous growth and the scien-
tific name of the fungus is Plowriglitia morhosa.

There can be no question as to the advantage of spraying plum
trees with some one of the arsenical mixtures. The adult beetles
feed somewhat in the early spring and in mid-summer, and spray-

108 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ing the trees soon after the blossoms fall will kill a certain propor-
tion of them. The entire subject has been treated at some length
in the Annual Report of this Department for 1888, which is now
going through the press, and a copy will be sent you when it is
published.

Yours truly,

C. V. Riley, Entomologist.

The subject for the next Saturday was announced to be " Cer-
tain Phases of Domestic Economy — Dust and Dampness," by
Mrs. Ellen H. Richards, Instructor in Sanitary Chemistry at the-
Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, March 9, 1889.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at half-past
eleven o'clock, the President, Henry P. Walcott, in the Chair.
No business being brought before the meeting, it
Adjourned to Saturday, March 16, 1889, at half-past eleven
o'clock.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

Certain Phases op Domestic Economy — Dust and Dampness.

By Mrs. Ellen H. Richards, Instructor in Sanitary Chemistry, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology.

Mrs. Richards began by mentioning some of the different kinds
of dust. Arctic explorers have found cosmic dust everywhere
that they have gone, and the study of the phenomena following
the eruption of Krakatoa fully proves that the dust from that
volcano was disseminated world wide. It is now pretty well
settled that fogs are composed of moisture collected around
minute particles of dust in the air. Then there is the dust blow-
ing about the streets today, filling our eyes and irritating our
lungs, — a dust which corresponds to the dictionary definition.

DUST AND DAMPNESS. 109

This is composed mainly of mineral matter, and is not injurious
except as it is irritating. As it sifts into our houses, it is the
bane of careful housekeepers.

It has been known for a great while that there were other con-
stituents of dust than mineral matter, and the question what and
how much is an important one. Aristotle pronounced dust
injurious ; all dry bodies which become damp, and all damp
bodies which are dried, he said, engender animal life. After the
discovery of the microscope, the theory of animalcula and the spon-
taneous generation of them ruled the world. A mixture of flour
and water set out in the air will ferment, and a bit of bread or
cheese will in a night be covered with mould. The quickness of
such growths seems magical, and it was asked how it could be
possible unless the germs grew spontaneously, but we now know
that it is due to an immense number of exceedingly minute spores.
Pasteur, about thirty years ago, showed how dried bodies which
became damp engendered life. Pouchet had found that when a
tube was heated so as to destroy all germs and then inverted over
mercury, organisms were developed in it, but Pasteur in 1864
showed that the dust which clung to the mercury and that which
was suspended in the air carried the germs of life into the appar-
ently sealed tube. He rendered this dust visible by darkening a
room and allowing a beam of light to enter through a tiny open-
ing. This is the dust of the house, which falls on everything.
Everyone knows that dust is visible in a beam of sunlight when
none can be seen elsewhere in a room, and the careful old New
England housekeeper thought that sunshine brought in dust, and
so shut up the best room and kept it dark, and alao damp and
musty, which conditions caused the organisms in the air to
increase at the rate of many thousands in twenty-four hours.

It is now well recognized that air everywhere contains the
spores of moulds and bacteria, and air free from them is only to
be found on the tops of high mountains and perhaps at sea.
Many of them are too small to be seen by the microscope.

The amount of this matter and its effects are important, but we
know very little about them, except that these fine particles are
everywhere. If a pan of flour and water is set out-doors, enough
jeast germs will fall on it to cause it to ferment. In-doors, in
■dwelling-houses and public halls, and wherever people come
together, spores are found. They may be divided into moulds

110 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and bacteria, both needing a certain amount of moisture and food
to propagate. Dry bread will not mould ; moulds must have
moisture to increase, but they require very little food. Probably
there is food enough for them in any room, however clean. In
August we finds moulds springing up everywhere, showing that
the germs are everywhere.

Mineral particles are found in great excess in the air of cities.
One investigator tried by the process of fog-making to estimate
the number in a cubic inch. In a rainy day he found 521,000 ; Id
fair weather 2,119,000 ; in the air of rooms 30,318,000, and near
the ceiling 88,346,000 in a cubic inch. This dust is not usually
dangerous.

It is only quite recently that processes have been devised for
the determination of the number of living organisms or of their
spores in the air. Those interested in the subject will find a full
discussion in Mr. G. R. Tucker's admirable paper on the number
and distribution of micro-organisms in the air of the Boston City
Hospital, printed in the Twentieth Annual Report of the Massachu-
setts State Board of Health.

All investigators agree that while the particles of dust are so
abundant in out-door air the number of living organisms is very
small, ten litres (about two gallons) of air containing as a role
from ten to fifteen, and this holds good for Dundee, Scotland, and
London, England, as well as for Boston.

The number increases near the ground ; for instance. Dr. Percy
Frankland found that the air taken at the height of the top of the
dome of St. Paul's, contained only ten organisms in ten litres,
while air from the base gave thirty-five, and that from the surface
of the ground gave forty-seven organisms for the same amount.

But when houses and public buildings are examined, the results
are quite difl!"erent. Professor Carnelly found at Dundee, Scot-
land, that the air of the more roomy and clean houses contained
from 160 to 180 micro-organisms in ten litres, while that of the
smaller and dirtier houses had from 400 to 930.

Mechanically ventilated schools gave much better results, the
cleanest having «nly thirty organisms and the worst only 300,
while in some of the schools for poorer children there were 910, in
schools of average cleanliness 1,250, and in dirty schools 1,980»

It was supposed that the number of organisms would depend
wholly on the cleanliness of the rooms, but it was found that

DUST AND DAMPNESS. Ill

while in schools opened before 1885, there were only 380, in
those opened before 1880, there were 1,500, and in those opened
before 1866, there were 3,110. This showed that the number
depended partly on the age of the room, and that the increase
was due largely to propagation in cracks, etc., where the dust was
not easily dislodged. Architects should consider this point in
constructing buildings. The lodgment of these fine dust particles
has not been heretofore taken into consideration. They are
composed largely of spores, which when moist will begin to
multiply rapidl}'. Our uncomfortable feelings in a room are due
largely to these, and not merely to carbonic acid gas. Decay
always gives off gases, which are not as good to breathe as pure
air. As much dust from the top of a dining-room door as could
be taken on the point of a pin contained 3,000 living organisms,
which is not pleasant to think of, for among so many germs we
may get some harmful ones.

It becomes important to find under what conditions we can
have fewer of these germs. At the City Hospital, Boston, a large
number of experiments have been carried on to determine this
point. (See the Twentieth Annual Report of the State Board of
Health of Massachusetts, page 161.) The rooms are swept
three times and wiped over twice daily, and the average number
of organisms in two gallons of air averages ten, but one who tests
the air can tell whether a patient has been lateh" taken up and his
bed been shaken, for in that case the number rises to forty or
fifty. In a school in Scotland where the number was ten, the
boys were told to get up and stamp on the floor, which increased
the number to 150. Experiments in Scotland showed that these
micro-organisms do not come from the breath or the pei'son, but
from the building.

The great lesson in domestic economy to be learned from the
facts which have been mentioned is that dust cannot be wholly
got rid of, but it should be removed as thoroughly as possible.
A feather duster will not do this. Bacteria settle more rapidly
than moulds, and if, after two hours had been allowed for them
to settle, all surfaces could be wiped off with a damp cloth, it
would be a good way to remove them. Modern rooms with car-
pets and upholstery furnish fine resting places for dust. Anything
from which a footfall will raise dust favors the propagation of
bacteria. The lecturer did not see how to get rid of dust as long
as we keep carpets nailed down.

112 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The conditions for the propagation of bacteria are very favor-
able in houses without cellars. The Michigan Board of Health
reported a case of poisoning by milk. The family was poor but
tid}'. Their house was an old frame house long known as
unhealthful ; the sills were on the ground and there was no cellar
under it. Rain water collected under the floor of unjointed
boards ; sweepings collected in the cracks, and the floor was
scoured and mopped and the water ran through, and kept the
dust in the cracks moist. A corner of one of the two ground
floor rooms was p«\rted ofl" as a pantry, where the milk was kept,
and here a second floor had been laid over the rotted boards of
the first, and it was impossible to reach the mass of decompos-
ing moist material beneath. There were three fatal cases in a
family of four, and it was decided with certainty that the poison-
ing by the milk was due to the germs from the damp and mouldy
floor,

]n another case some ice cream was made, and a part flavored
with lemon was frozen immediately. The remainder was flavored
with vanilla, and stood for some time before freezing in an old
decayed and damp building which had been used as a meat
market, but had for months been unopened and unoccupied. The
latter caused a great deal of illness.

To get rid of the disadvantage of dust we should have things
as dry as possible. We should have sunlight and air in our
rooms, even if it does involve the admission of dust from the
street, which is much less harmful than the bacteria. The raising
of dust should be avoided. Dampness should also be avoided.
Sanitary experts often object to very dry air in a room, but from
this point of view it is an advantage.

The question how far the great quantity of organisms that we
breathe is injurious has not been decided. It seems probable
that for persons in perfect health the majority are harmless. The
ciliated epithelium of the respiratory passages probably sweeps
them out as fast as they become entangled in the mucus with
which it is bathed. Even those which have penetrated as far as
the trachea and bronchial tubes are thus probably ultimately
swallowed. It seems scarcely possible that any can ever reach
the air cells. The conditions are different, however, when there
is even a slight catarrh of the respiratory passages. The bacteria
in air are then probably a source of considerable danger. In our

DUST AND DAMPNESS. 113

usual household life they may not do much harm, but we never
know when they may become harmful. More attention might be
given to getting rid of dust in public halls than is the case. If
the sexton dusts a church Sunday morning, the trampling of
many feet raises much more from the carpet.

We now know that the conditions of growth of the dust plants
are those of all plant life — warmth and moisture, with the further
condition that light is not necessary. It is doubtful whether light
is in itself harmful to them, but light places are dryer than dark
ones. So, while a certain amount of air is needful, an excess of
air is not favorable, — probably because an abundant circulation of
air means dryness and often coolness.

The great question of modern housekeeping is how to protect
ourselves from these plant growths, and the answer is, first, not
to furnish them food, and, second, not to furnish the conditions
of darkness and dampness under which they thrive. Sun and air
are our best allies. Dr. Carnelly says, " Cleanliness, both of the
person and more particularly of the dwelling or school, is of the
ver}' utmost importance in maintaining purity of air as regards
micro-organisms, and one which from this point of view has not
been previously advocated. Though far from depreciating the
beneficial effect of abundant air space, yet we think that the
frequency with which the air of a room is changed is a far more
important point to be attended to in providing a pure atmosphere."

Discussion.

Benjamin P. "Ware said that the remarks of the essayist on
cosmic dust and fogs suggested that not only our beautiful sunset
effects, but the wonderful after-glow ef the Alps, and possibly
the "yellow day" of September, 1881, may all be due to fogs
and volcanic emanations.

Mrs. Richards said that a great advance has been made in the
study of beautiful sunsets, after-glows, etc. More attention has
been paid to these phenomena since the "yellow day," and
especially since those gorgeous "red sunsets" of a more recent
date. The investigations which were instituted to discover the
cause of the last named manifestations, have satisfactorily settled
the question in the minds of the most eminent scientists of both
Europe and America. They accept the theory that those brilliant

114 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETT.

colors were due to the presence of volcaDic dust in the higher
regions of the atmosphere.

Mrs. H. L. T. Wolcott remarked that while Mrs. Richards was
speaking, she had been much exercised in her mind by consider-
ing, in connection with what the lecturer said, the condition of
the Society's building, and also the relation which the statemenis
made bore to domestic housekeeping. She thought one might as
well die of bacteria as in an insane asylum, to which excessive
care in housekeeping led. Some years ago a family in Dedham
were attacked with diphtheria, which proved fatal to four out of
five children. Xo other person than the tired mother could be
found who would take care of them, for love or money. As she
had two or three grandchildren, her family were very fearful that
they might take the disease, if she helped to care for these child-
ren. She did it however, but after learing the sick-rooms for
home she took long walks and shook her clothing thoroughly in
the open air. None of her family took the disease then, but long
after that time she was stricken down with it, and one of her
grandchildren also. The physician who attended them wished to
look over the house to see if he could discover the cause of their
sickness. The cause was plainly ^'i8ible, as it came from neglect
of sanitary conditions in that locality, in respect to wells, vaults,
and cesspools. Therefore the speaker thought that people who
thus cause diphtheria to be developed in their own or neighboring
families should be indicted for criminal neglect. "While, however,
it continues to be the fashion to use heav}' curtains, stuffed furni-
ture, and velvet carpets in our houses, the penalty must be paid.
Therefore it is only by incessant labor and watchfulness on the
part of the housekeeper of today that the consequent multiplica-
tion of these [jestilent microscopic plant and animal germs can
be rendered harmless.

Mr. "Ware said that he had felt as Mrs. Wolcott did, that life
would hardly be worth living if one thought that he was in con-
stant danger from bacteria and must spend his life in fighting
them. London has been supposed to be the smokiest, dirtiest
city in the world, yet medical authorities consider it the safest
place in the world for amputations.

Mrs. Wolcott asked if London really is the dirtiest city in the
world. When she was there she found the streets cleaner than
were the floors of some public buildings. The dust was removed

DUST AND DAMPNESS. 115

from the street even at the risk of the lives of those men who
had to work under the carts and horses feet in the crowded streets
to do it.

President Walcott said that London and Paris are two great
cities, — the former outwardly ding}', while the latter, so far as
outward appearance goes, represents absolute cleanliness. Lon-
don was formerly' dirt}', but for the last thirty years a marvellous
change has been going on until it has become the cleanest large
city in the world, and the death rate is lower than in Paris.

The lesson to be learned from what has been said today is that
it is utterly impossible to get entirely rid of dust, and, paradoxical
as it seems, perhaps we could not exist if we did. If we disinfect
the air of this room we destroy the life of every human being in
it. We must strike the balance of inconveniences, and take the
least. The conclusion of the whole matter is, keep clean.

William C. Strong suggested that sulphurous acid gas, which
destroys mildews and other fungoid growths, might destroy the
lower forms of animal life which have been mentioned in this
discussion.

President Walcott said that in dealing with mildew and similar
fungi we have plants very easy to destroy ; but bacteria are very
difficult to destroy, and when we come to the spores it is almost
impossible to destroy them ; some of them have survived a tem-
perature above that of boiling water.

Mrs. Richards remarked that if the walls of a room could be
washed down with a solution of sulphurous acid it would be
better than merely to have the air impregnated with sulphurous
gas.

President Walcott cited one laboratory experience as showing
how difficult it is to destroy the bacteria and other organisms
which are found in dust. In this laboratory an investigation was
made of the bacillus of anthrax. During the time occupied in
that work the laboratory became stocked with the spores of that
bacillus, and as all efforts to eradicate them proved futile, the
whole establishment was rendered useless for further scientific
research in this direction.

Mrs. Richards stated that, with other substances, dust some-
times contains the pollen of plants. Its composition is influenced
by local causes. The "red snow," of the Arctic regions, takes
its color from the spores of algae, which are carried over it by the

116 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

wind. These are veiy different in character from the dust which
is visible only in sunbeams, and which settles very slowl^'.

It was announced that on the next Saturday a paper on " Hor-
ticulture and Design in the Surroundings of Houses," would be
read by Charles Eliot, landscape architect, of Boston.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, March 16, 1889.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at half-past
eleven o'clock, the President, Henry P. Walcott, in the chair.
No business was brought before the meeting and it
Adjourned to Saturday, March 23, 1889, at half-past eleven
o'clock.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

HORTICULTDRE AND DESIGN IN THE SURROUNDINGS OF HoUSES.
By Charles Eliot, Landscape Architect, Boston.

The recent enormous increase in the variety of the products of
the plant nursery has supplied the designer of house-surroundings
with much new material, but has not affected the main principles
of his art. Without counting fruit trees, an ordinary American
nursery catalogue now offers for sale some five hundred sorts of
trees and shrubs and an equal number of herbaceous perennials.
The demand for nursery-grown plants — that is for plants trained
to bear moving — is great and growing.

Possibly the time may come when thousands of trees will be
wanted for timber plantations, but at present in America the first
and foremost use for nurser^'-grown trees is the provision of shelter
from cold wind, or hot sun for men's houses and crops. Almost
two-thirds of our country must plant trees for this purpose, and
Western nurserymen will be called upon to grow vast numbers of
quick and hardy sorts. To shade and adorn streets trees must
also be wanted. In the more or less arid West they are particu-
Jarly needed, and there they will be planted even though irrigation

HORTICULTURE AND DESIGN IN HOUSE SURROUNDINGS. 117

must be introduced to support them. lu moister climates trees
which do not shade a road too darkly will prove best.

A second source of the demand upon the nurseryman is the
desire for table fruits. In spite of adverse climates, black rot and
curculio, men will doubtless continue to grow apples, pears,
peaches, and berries of ever better sorts and in ever larger quan-
tities. In the West experiment must go on for many years, before
the kinds best adapted to the various climates can be discovered
and proved ; and in the East the limit of improvement is by no
means reached.

A third great source of the demand for plants springs neither
from the need of shelter nor the desire for pleasant food, but from
the love of plants as beautiful or curious objects. Beginning in
this country with the introduction of Lombardy poplars, lilacs, a
few roses, and a few perennials, the desire for beautiful or striking
plants has grown continuously and prodigiously, encouraging
nurserj'men to discover and grow trees, shrubs, and herbs from
every temperate climate of the earth, and prompting them, as each
new thing becomes in its turn common or well known, to offer
some yet more striking novelty, derived perhaps from Asia or
Japan, or else developed from a rare form of some old friend.
Fine bloom has been most desired ; accordingly sorts which pro-
duce striking flowers have been introduced from abroad in great
numbers, and these have then been improved by zealous cultivators,
until the parent species has come to seem commonplace. Fine
flowering perennials are now offered in innumerable varieties,
and the number of conspicuously blooming trees and shrubs
exceeds one hundred. Remarkable foliage has also been sought
out and developed. Fifty or more sorts of cut leafed and colored
leafed trees and shrubs appear in the catalogues ; many coniferous
evergreens are grown for their colors, and the foliage plants of the
herbaceous tribes number hundreds. Uncommon form or habit
too has its admirers. The so-called weeping and fastigiate trees
now number more than thirty, and some of these add fine bloom
and pretty foliage to their more or less graceful or graceless shape.

I must leave the horticultural journals and the catalogues them-
selves to describe, as best the}' may, the marvellous wealth of
beautiful forms and colors which a great plant nurserj' now con-
tains. Progress in arboriculture and horticulture has become
amazingly rapid ; and if just now the growing of the familiar but

118 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

handsome native trees, shrubs, and herbs, is sadl}' neglected, this
is the one regrettable tendency to be noted. I know it is often
maintained that the growing of "dwarfs," " fastigiates,"
" weepers," and purple leafed and colored trees is itself a regret-
table, not to say a shocking violation of good taste and of nature.
It would seem, however, as if these critics of the nurserymen must
be ignorant of the fact that all these so-called monstrous forms
were somewhere originated by nature herself, and that it is in tbe
use which is made of them, and not in the art of propagating them,
that the possibility f^f gross sin against good taste is to be found.

Turn now to the scenes which the treasures of the plant nursery-
are to shelter or adorn. Late years have witnessed great move-
ments of city population to the suburbs and the country. An out-
of-town house may be surrounded by something of that country
quiet which the tired workers of the cities find so refreshing. It
ma}', moreover, have light and air on all its sides. Once so-called
rapid transit is provided, it is no wonder that thousands make their
homes in the suburbs ; and it is equally natural that those who can
afford it should spend the hot summers in the open country or by
the sea. To the architect the country house and the suburban
house present problems very different from those he is called upon
to grapple with in the citj-. Out of town he meets with endlessly
differing conditions of situation, of exposure, of prospect, and of
aspect ; and he finds almost unlimited opportunities for the exercise
of ingenuity and taste. That American citizens and architects are
taking advantage of these opportunities does not need to be said.
One well designed house built in a given neighborhood becomes
the forerunner of a dozen others. Such a new birth of interest in
architecture and in the principles of architectural design as has
been witnessed in America in the last few years, the world has
seen only once or twice before.

The out-of-town house has more or less land about it, — land
which the city man buys presumably not onl}' in order to keep
other houses at a distance, but also for the purpose of providing
something pleasant for his eyes to look upon. This ground about
the house, whatever be its character or area, must necessarily be
more or less altered from its natural state as soon as the house is
set upon it. At the verj- least, its undulations must be brought to
meet the rigid ground line of the architectural structure and its
surface must be crossed by the path to the house door. Generally

HORTICULTURE AND DESIGN IN HOUSE SURROUNDINGS. 119

the natural scene must undergo other and more considerable
changes. Trees must be felled to make a way for the approach
road or to admit sunlight to the house ; slopes must be cut into to
allow the road to pass along them and hollows filled so as to remove
standing waters ; ground must be made smooth for the growing of
fruits and vegetables, and so forth.

If, now, a man desires that his surroundings, after suffering these
necessary changes from their natural state, should be, like his
bouse, convenient and at the same time beautiful as possible, he
has upon his hands, whether he knows it or not, a problem of very
considerable diflSiculty. When his house is finished, his house-scene
is by no means complete ; and unless his house has been designed
as a part of the house-scene, — that is with careful reference to the
parts surrounding it, — the final effect is almost sure to be disap-
pointingly' fragmentary and ineffective. Few architects and fewer
house owners yet realize this. Indeed the ordinary practice is to
design and build suburban and country houses without much
thought of the surrounding scene, — often without consideration
of so practical a matter as the grade of the way of approach.
Commoul}' such necessaiy appendages as the laundry-yard and
the carriage-turn are not thought of until the house is up, when it
is likely that they cannot be so conveniently arranged as they
might have been, had they been thought of earlier. As for the
beauty of the house-scene, although it is so generally desired it is
very seldom planned or arranged for. It seems commonly to be
regarded as something to be added to the scene, after the house
and roads or paths are built, — probably by making a lawn and
inserting flower beds and specimen plants, no matter what may be
the nature of the ground.

The growing appreciation of design in architecture must work a
reform here in time ; meanwhile it will be well to insist upon two
fundamental facts, — first, that real beauty of scene is never derived
from added decorations but must spring directly from the shape
and character of the scene itself ; and second, that this true beauty
can be attained only when the house and its appendages and its
surroundings are studied and thought out together as one design
— one composition.

Both the countr}' seat and the suburban lot may illustrate the
truth of these propositions. A suburb is a district in which roads
and houses dominate the landscape. In the typical case the

1'20 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ground is smooth and flat, the streets and boundaries straight, the
separate ownerships bv no means large. In such neighborhoods
the architect's share in the making of the scene is so predominant
that an error in the choice of the style of the house is almost
necessarily fatal to the effect of the house-scene. Where the sur-
roundings are mostly formal, much irregularity either of building
or of ground always seems out of place and affected ; unless,
indeed, nature has by chance supplied a site which by its steep
slopes or its rockiness conquers the surrounding formality and
compels to the picturesque. A many-angled and many-gabled
building on a smooth site in a straight-bounded inclosure is out
of keeping ; and so also, in the same situation, is a tangle of
bushes and bowlders and a sharply curved approach road. This
does not mean that where the streets are curved or for any reason
a house door is easiest reached by a curved line, the curve must be
forbidden and the path or road made straight ; but it does mean
the shunning of all purposeless curvature, such as is often to be
seen in most suburbs. Awkward and breadth-destroying lines of
approach are the rule in the suburbs, and the architect is often
responsible for them, for he frequently places the house door in
such a position that the path or road leading to it must necessarily
cut the ground before the house into lamentably small pieces, and
he does this, too, when a little thought might perhaps have brought
about that happiest of all arrangements, in which a stretch of
grass as long or longer than the building is brought without a
break up to the house wall itself. No subsequent planting can
obliterate mistakes in these controlling elements of the suburban
house-scene, the house and- the approach ; and no planting can
accomplish what it otherwise might, if by reason of uumindful-
ness of the effect of the house-scene as a whole, the framework of
the scene is wrongly put together.

It is seldom that a suburban lot, after the house and approaches
are built, retains much of its former vegetation. A few large trees
m.iy survive the necessary gradings, but the natural ground cover-
ing is generally killed out. On the completion of the grading
grass is sown, and from the resulting sheet of green the house
walls and the boundary walls or fences rise abruptly. It is exceed-
ingly surprising to see, as one may everywhere, well designed
houses, adorned within with much rich ornament and probabh*
inhabited by people who appreciate art and nature, standing thus

HORTICULTURE AND DESIGN IN HOUSE SURROUNDINGS. 121

naked in naked enclosures. The contrast between a handsome
building and bare surroundings is sufficiently obvious in summer,
but in winter, in this New England climate, it becomes positively
startling, so that it is difficult to understand how educated people
can fail to be impressed by it, and how they can longer refuse to
comprehend that the house and the house-ground should be treated
in the same spirit.

From another point of view this miserable nakedness is equally
surprising. Here in the suburbs is an opportunity for adding to
all the usual advantages and ornaments of city life the new and
delightful pleasantness of verdure, fragrance, and bloom. As a
matter of fact it is an appreciation of this opportunity that causes
the first plantings in most suburban grounds. Trees and shrubs,
selected for their profuse flowering or their striking habit, are set
out here and there, and brilliant beds of flowers are perhaps added.
Desire for ornament of this sort, like some other desires, grows
b}- what it feeds on and causes the pressing demand upon the
nurseryman for plants of marked appearance of which I spoke
before. The effect upon house-grounds resulting from planting
undertaken in this spirit is everywhere to be seen, and is generally
unfortunate. Specimens of many sorts planted promiscuously on
a lawn compose an interesting though ill-arranged museum, but
not an appropriate setting for a house. They wholly destroy all
that breadth of effect, which it is so difficult but so important to
preserve in small grounds ; if thej' grow large they interfere with
the prospect and the aspect of the house, and whatever their size,
they give the scene the appearance of having been adorned to make
a show, and remind one of the saying of the Greek sculptor, who
charged his pupil with having richly ornamented a statue, because
he knew not how to make it beautiful.

An ambition to possess a collection of handsome, curious, and
rare plants, like the similar passions for shells or minerals or pre-
cious stones, is entirely praiseworthy and honorable, and may well
be indulged a/1 libitum, provided a place can be set apart and fit-
tingly arranged for the purpose, as cabinets are prepared in-doors
for collections of curios of all sorts. Out of doors, a flower garden
is such a cabinet, and there is no reason that tree and shrub gardens-
should not be similarly arranged by those who desire to grow
many striking sorts. In formal and highly decorated pleasure
grounds specimen trees are already used in this way and with good

122 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

effect. Before stately buildings and in connection with terraces
and formal avenues, appropriate specimens are always in keeping ;
but in New England house-scenes not especially arranged to receive
them they destroy the last hope of good general effect.

With what object, then, should the planting of the suburban
house ground be planned?

I answer, with the object of helping the building and the other
controlling parts of the scene, to form an appropriate and pleasing
whole. In the ver}' smallest front j-ai'ds one thing which should
seldom or never be omitted can be accomplished just as well as
it can be in grounds of larger area — that is the connecting of the
house walls with the ground by means of some sort of massing of
verdure. Shrubs planted near the base of the house wall remove
at once all appearance of isolation and nakedness, and nothing can
help a building more than this. There, if nowhere else, some
evergreens should be used ; and it is fortunate that in a climate in
which hardy evergreens are few, the stiff sorts like the box, the
arborvitses, and the junipers are all entirely appropriate in close
connection with a building. The more irregular the structure, the
more varied in detail may be these wall plantings, but if the house
is of formal design, a hedge-like row of bushes may be best. The
older houses in many New England villages often have bushes
set thus along their walls ; and at the Longfellow mansion in Cam-
bridge the same purpose is accomplished by a low terrace balus-
trade, half covered by creepers.

In grounds a little larger than the smallest, the securing of some
breadth of effect by means of grass should be attended to, next
after the wall plantings. If there is space enough to get this open-
ness and at the same time to have some bushes near the street line
as well as next the house, so much the better. Plant nothing which
will grow to a size disproportionate to the scene. Large trees on
small lots are not onlj^ inappropriate, but they shade the ground
excessively and make it difficult to grow the indispensable ground-
covering of shrubs. Maintaining sufficient openness, plant shrubs
again against the naked fences, or grow climbers on them if space
does not permit of anything more. In larger grounds give the
house a setting or background of appropriate trees. Where, as
in New England, climate keeps deciduous plants leafless half the
year, plant for effect in winter as carefully as for the summer ;
use all possible broad leafed evergreens and all the cheerful fruit
bearing and colored stemmed shrubs, and for summer add various

HORTICULTURE AND DESIGN IN HOUSE SURROUNDINGS. 123

sorts of foliage and bloom, but keep the whole scene to its own
appropriate st3'le, admitting brilliant decoration only in detail and
conspicuous single objects onh'' rarel}' if at all. If many flowers
are desired they should be grown in a garden, or in formal beds
close beside the formal building. The permanent scene can be
helped onl}' in its details by the temporary beauty of bulbs and
herbs.

To appreciate that a house-scene depends for real effectiveness
upon its general design and not upon decoration, one need only
look upon some such ground as that of the Longfellow place before
mentioned, where the planting consists of two elms supporting the
sides of the house, creepers covering the balustrade at its base,
and lilacs flanking the balustrade and forming a hedge along the
street wall. The open space of grass is well proportioned and the
whole scene is one which — in its formal, S3'mmetrical style — is not
surpassed for effectiveness in all New England. Suitable general
design is just as effective in any other conceivable style.

Space forbids further dwelling upon the suburban lot and I must
close with a few words about the country seat. All that has been
said of the importance of care for the house-scene on the part of
the architect, is just as applicable here as in the suburbs.
Approach roads ma}' be rightly or wrongly placed, and much
depends upon this. The house, if it stands in wild scenery, should
either be made to harmonize with the scener}' or it should distinctly
contrast with surrounding nature. In this latter case it should be
given a setting of its own, divided by terrace, wall, or hedge
from the scener}' around. Within this setting the rarest and
strangest specimens may be handsomely and flttingly displayed,
even though the neighborhood be extremely wild and rough. On
the other hand, if specimen planting generally works mischief in
the suburbs, it is absolutel}' monstrous in a broader landscape.
Small or large scenery can be " improved" by one method only :
it ma}' be induced to take on more and more of appropriate beauty
and character. What nature hints at she may be led to express
fully ; and, if the genius of the place be continuall}' consulted, there
is no scene the natural beauties of which may not be heightened by
landscape art.

Discussion.

William C. Strong said that the nature of their business leads
nurserymen to recommend the planting of many trees and shrubs,

124 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and there is a great temptation for them to exaggerate the value
of new things. In general, those who establish new places are
not competent to lay them out, although it is very important to
those who invest large sums in building that the surroundings
should be in keeping. Doubtless in the future new varieties of
ta-ees and shrubs will be introduced and used largely. Hybridiza-
tion will be more generally practised, and bv its means striking
varieties will be produced and will be wanted. Gentlemen, as a
rule, overplant, as they get catalogues of novelties and want
them all, and the««e produce want of harmony bj' being out of
place. The speaker recommended b}' all means that in planting,
new places a competent man should be employed to direct.

Heury Ross did not agree with those who teach that we must
not have much color or man^- foreign shrubs in our grounds. He
believes that we want color out-doors as much as we want pictures
in our houses ; the trouble is that the colors are not arranged
with good taste. In forming new grounds men are apt to select
too level a place for the house and keep it too level. He would
make hills if he could not get them otherwise, but it must be done
with good taste ; bowlders should not be placed at the fork of a
road iu grounds where no bowlders exist naturally. He believes
in curves, but we must have a good reason for every one. An
architect should not be emploj'ed and then a landscape gardener,,
but one man should be competent to build the house and lay out
the grounds. The speaker saw a bed of scarlet geraniums at
Mr. Sargent's several years ago, in front of a long greenhouse,
which were planted in good taste and iu connection with the trees
and shrubs produced an excellent effect. At the Lyman place
there is a large extent of lawn and an avenue of elms forming a
Gothic arch ; ^ two large clumps of red pj^onies near the house
gave the place when seen from the street more character than
anything else ; they added a finish to the whole. The time will
come when we shall have more flowers in our grounds than we
have now.

John G. Barker thought the paper which had been read a very
timely one, and leading iu the right direction. He did not agree
with the preceding speaker that the same man should plan both
house and grounds. If a landscape gardener's bump of adapta-
bility is at all developed, he will adapt the grounds to the house.
Manv new residences are formed in grounds that are almost

HORTICULTURE AND DESIGN IN HOUSE SURROUNDINGS. 125

woods, where grass and native shrubs produce beautiful effects.
The speaker would use permanent hardy flowering shrubs and
herbaceous plants rather than those that last for only one season.
Yet beautiful effects can be produced with annuals, as the Garden
Committee witnessed in a visit to Hopedale a few years ago,
where a lady with only a few hot-bed sashes and a bay window
produced surprising results. It is very easy to find out what are
the best shrubs, with the advantage of the Arnold Arboretum to
study them in. He considers the Arboretum one of the grandest
educational places in the United States. A great many hardy
trees and plants can be grown for the cost of a flower garden.
He thought this subject a very important one, and hoped it would
be brought up again.

"Warren H. Manning recommended the Junipers as especially-
desirable. Juniperus communis is valuable in many situations,
particularly in dry soils, on ledges, and among rocks. But it
varies greatly, the vase forms not being as useful in lawn planting
as the low trailing variety, which makes an excellent outside plant
in a group, bringing the foliage down to the grass better. Most
shrubs are more effective in masses than when spotted about, a
single plant in a place. It is better, also, that a single variety
should predominate, other kinds being introduced sparingly to
heighten the general eff'ect or give variety', but alwaj's subordi-
nate to the mass.

O. B. Hadwen said the paper was both interesting and instruc-
tive. He thought it would be hard to find two persons who would
agree perfectly as to the best method of planting home grounds.
A group of oaks is always pleasing to him. But he has a great
liking for all trees and shrubs, and for that reason it would be
diflScult for him to lay out and plant an estate. He believes in
annuals, and likes grass also near the house, rather than either
trees or shrubs. For sanitary reasons he would object to the use
of manure for lawns, preferring other fertilizers, such as bone and
ashes, near the house.

A vote of thanks to the essayist was unanimously passed for
his interesting and valuable paper.

The announcement for the next Saturday was that James J. H.
Gregory, of Marblehead, would read a paper upon " The Cultiva-
tion of the Onion."

126 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, March 23, 1889.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at half-past
eleven o'clock, the President, Henry P. Walcott, in the Chair.

Benjamin G. Smith announced the decease of Charles L. Flint,
formerly Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture, and moved
that a committee of three be appointed to prepare a memorial.
The motion was cf'rned, and the Chair appointed, as that Commit-
tee, Mr. Smith, O. B. Hadwen, and Robert Manning.

Adjourned to Saturday, March 30, 1889.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

The Onion ; Its Varieties and Cultivation.
By Hon. James J. H. Gregory, Marblehead.

Owing to the low prices at which onions have been raised in the
West, their culture is a sore subject, but in spite of such draw-
backs the farmer's occupation is the most independent of all.
He can get a living when those of no other occupation can, for
he can fall back on mother earth. His business is the only one
that admits of barter ; to this day we may see in country stores
two prices affixed to goods, the cash price and the barter price.

Botanically the onion belongs to the lily family. One difference
between it and other plants of the same family is the presence of
the dr}' outer skin on the bulb. The onion is a bulb — in reality
a bud ; it is not solid like the tuber, which is a thickened stem or
root. All the leaves begin at the bulb, which makes its greatest
growth while the leaves are dying down, and this seems to confirm
the popular saying among farmers that " the top has gone into
the bottom." That the onion is a true bulb is shown by the
manner in which it starts in the spring — not from all over the top
like a beet or a carrot, but with a sprout from the heart at the
centre like a cabbage, which is also physiologically a bud, the
outer layers wrapping and protecting the germ just as in the case
of the buds of a tree.

The native home of the onion is in the mother country of our
race and of a very large proportion of the food-yielding plants

THE ONION ; ITS VARIETIES AND CULTIVATION. 127

that support it — Asia. The Israelites after leaving Egypt
remembered with longing the onion among other vegetables which
they ate there.

As an article of diet the onion has not occupied the place it
deserves ; it is generally looked upon here merel}^ as a relish,
whereas it is really a nourishing food. I have heard of miners
in the West making their dinners of half bread and half onions.
Their unpleasant effect on the eyes when peeling them may
be avoided by holding them under water while doing it. The
peculiar flavor of the onion is due to a volatile oil which is very
subtle, and consequently, to be in perfection, it should be eaten as
soon as it is taken out of the ground. I have entertained at my
farm in Middleton friends who had never eaten onions fresh from
the ground and who were surprised at their sweetness. I think
that their fine flavor is even more volatile than that of green peas
or sweet corn.

There are two distinct classes of onions — those which do and
those which do not produce flowers. In the latter class are the
potato or "multiplying" onion and the shallot, which, as we all
know, are propagated by what are commonly called "setts" —
botanicallj' ofl^sets, though occasionally the shallot will make a
show of seed. The shallot is the longest keeper of all the onion
family ; sometimes it will keep for two years, and therefore it
fills a place of its own. Thej^ are sometimes sold in the market
as potato-onion setts. There are two or more varieties of shallot.

Top onions, potato onions, rareripes, Egyptian onions, onion
setts, and annual onions, or, as the last are termed in the South,
" black seed" onions, to distinguish them from those raised from
setts, include all that market farmers and gardeners handle, with
the exception of cives, a species which makes but a suggestion
of a bulb, the green tops cut for salad being the marketable por-
tion. These cives appear to be natives of this country ; it is
stated that they grow wild on the shores of Lake Huron and
Superior, and the name Onion River would suggest that they
have been found there. I think they grow wild also in
Marblehead.

As regards soil, onions will grow on any soil from muck
meadows to clay loam. They succeed on Marblehead Neck on
soil so gravelly that after a rain there will be places a yard square
on wliich not a particle of soil can be seen. Muck soil will not

128 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

make a first-class onion without silica added in the form of gravel
or sand. Two hundred loads of gravelly, gritty soil should be
carted on to an acre ; otherwise the onions will be coarse, thick-
necked, of bad color, soft and spongy, and poor keepers. In
other respects the muck may be treated like upland soils. Muck
is very rich in latent nitrogen, and if manure is applied it should
be bone and ashes rather than barnyard manure ; this remark will
apply not only to onions, but to any crop in such soil. Thin,
upland soils need humus ; muck does not. A gravelly, sandy
loam gives onions the strawy color so much desired. Very heavy
manuring gives earlier, harder, and thicker bulbs and causes them
to ripen all at once. To put in more manure than is really
needed makes the crop so much earlier that it pays well.

A weedy soil should be avoided. Old soils add greatly to the
expense of raising this crop. There are three weeds which are
especially injurious in an onion bed — twitch grass, purslane, and
chickweed. In regard to the first, money is saved by taking out
every spear before planting. The soil should be lifted lightly
with a fork and the grass drawn out. Purslane is a very peculiar
weed ; it not only produces innumerable seeds, but I have
found that every piece into which it is cut in weeding will
take root. It is, however, not a tall, smothering weed, and is
said to indicate land rich in potash. Chickweed is the worst of
all weeds for onions. It washes over the land, and sticks to your
boots, and is carried about in that way. If a bed is badly
infested it is better to discontinue cultivating onions on it and try
new land. Where grass land is broken up the sod should be well
rotted b}' other crops before planting onions ; they can be raised
the second 3'ear from pasture sod and in three years from mowing
sod. In pasture lands there are few weeds, and it will warrant a
large outlay for beets, onions, and similar crops. As much as
seven hundred bushels of onions per acre have been raised on
black muck soils without manure. They seem to do better in the
West on such soils than here. New York, Ohio, and Iowa are
our great competitors in onion growing. Onions will follow car-
rots, potatoes, or corn kindly, and will follow cabbages and
mangel wurzel, which have drawn heavily on the soil for potash,
provided an extra dressing of this element is given. Last year
I planted a bed, part of which had been in carrots and part in
mangel wurzel the year before, giving an extra quantity of

THE ONION ; ITS VARIETIES AND CULTIVATION. 129

potash to the latter portion, and no difference could be seen in
the crop on the two parts. It used to be thought that onions
could be raised successfully for many years on the same ground,
and General Barrett of Concord, once showed me a piece of
ground where they had been raised about ninety years continu-
ously, but now we can get only a few crops off the same piece of
ground. A deep, strong soil is best ; it should have sufficient
moisture and be level or nearly so, else the wash of the land will
cover the jj'oung plants.

As to varieties the European catalogues describe thirty or
more, which I have imported and tested, with the result that
there were only two or three of decent quality among them, the
great majority not being adapted to our climate. The Danvers
is mostly cultivated in New England. The Connecticut farmers
have run this variety thinner than it is grown here. The Cracker
is earlier and of fine quality, and will grow farther north than any
other. The Southport White Globe is very handsome, but requires
great care in curing not to become green ; after being pulled they
should be piled in heaps of two or three bushels each and covered
up or placed in siiry dark buildings six inches deep. The White
Pearl and New Queen are very nice for early bunching ; they come
a,long about as early as those raised from setts. In Connecticut
. the Red, White, and Yellow Southport are favorite varieties.
The Top onion is sometimes planted in August for May market-
ing. The Egyptian belongs to a distinct class ; it is of irregular
form, is planted in September, and starts early in the spring
— earlier than the weeds. They have to be planted but once.
Onion seed raised here is much better than foreign ; only about
fifty per cent of the latter will grow. Setts may be planted
about the middle of May, three inches apart ; they require very
rich manuring.

In preparing the ground for onions, I recommend the use of a
gang plough, and Meeker harrow which does the work of raking
in half the time required to do it by hand ; the competition is such
that we must economize in every possible way. With the Monarch
pulverizer and Meeker harrow I have prepared three and a half
acres in four hours. The Meeker harrow consists of four series
of wheels, and will do the work of eighteen men ; it makes the
ground as fine as raking, but does not press down stones of any
size.

9

130 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

As to manures, onions are great feeders and like something to
select from. I advise applying at least ten cords of barnyard
manure per acre, or its equivalent ; farmers in the vicinity of
Boston use twent}^ cords of stable manure. But I think it better
to use half the quantity of manure, and the other half in com-
mercial fertilizers, or, cheaper yet, to use all fertilizer. The latter
can be applied at any period of growth, but there is danger
from using a phosphate continuously. In Bermuda, the onion
growers use part sea manure and part commercial fertilizers.
One of m}' neighbors uses ten cords of a mixture of barnyard
manure, sea manure, and night-soil, a ver}^ concentrated manure,
probably equal to double the quantity of ordinar^^ barnyard
manure. I recommend the application of three hundred pounds
of nitrate of soda per acre just as the crop begins to bottom ; or,
if the crop looks feeble, a complete fertilizer may be used. In all
farming a good deal of manure seems to be misapplied, and I
suggest the use of less manure and more of commercial fertilizer.

In a crop of 700 bushels of onions there will be 58 lbs. of
potash and 53 lbs. of phosphoric acid. A cord of average stable
manure, weighing 4,500 lbs., will contain IS lbs. of potash and
22 lbs. of phosphoric acid, and 20 cords would contain 360 lbs. of
the former and 440 of the latter. If this quantit}' of manure is
applied every year for twenty-five years we shall have put into
the soil 9,000 lbs. of potash and 11,000 lbs. of phosphoric acid.
But the crop during this time will have contained only 1,450 lbs.
of the former and 1,325 of the latter, leaving in the soil an
excess of 7,550 lbs. of potash and 9,675 lbs. of phosphoric acid.
These substances will, if the laud is ploughed eight inches deep,
be distributed through 227 cords of soil per acre, which would
give an average of 33 lbs. potash and 42 lbs. phosphoric acid per
cord, so that the whole soil would average more than half again
as rich in potash as average barn manure (that is, in the propor-
tion of 33 to 18), and nearly twice as rich in phosphoric acid (in
the proportion of 42 to 22) . This soil itself would have become
manure, and as a dressing for grass land would be worth half as
much again as barn manure. On such land I suggest using no
barn manure, and nitrogen onh' in forms that will meet the wants
of the crop as it comes along. This should be done two or three
times during its growth.

There are three classes of seed-sowers — the finger-stirrers,

THE onion; its varieties and cultivation. 131

force-feeders, and agitators. I prefer the first two. There is
one that plants two rows at a time. Two men will produce
very different results with the same machine or with seed from
the same bag. In Connecticut the seed is sometimes dropped
in bunches alternating with carrots ; the carrots then have an
opportunity to make a late growth. From three and a half to
eight pounds of seed is sown on an acre ; four pounds is about
the usual quantity, but four and a half or five pounds may
be used on new soil, and from five to six pounds on very rich
soil. It is important to plant early ; certainly before the close of
the first week in May. The rows should be from twelve to eigh-
teen inches apart. If there are any blank spaces the}' should not
be filled in with tomatoes, cabbages, or other large-growing
plants, as these grow to shade more of the crop than they are
worth.

As to weeding, I would say — Be sure to weed just as soon
as a row can be seen. It is a good plan to sow radish seed
with the onions, that the rows may be distinguished more plainly.
If two or three rainy days come, this means an extra weeding.
I have tested twelve different sorts of weeders and like the hori-
zontal best for use when the onions are small. One kind, which
I think well of, weeds two rows at a time. There is one, called
the finger-weeder, which gives the operator very complete control
over his work. With a sliding weeder there is danger of cutting
or bruising the bulbs. It is an excellent plan to double-slide
them as we go along, first close to one row and then close to the
other. They should be weeded from five to seven times during
the season.

For the onion maggot, I have found hens and chickens a pos-
sible remedy. A hen and brood of chickens will take care of from
an acre to an acre and a half.

In harvesting green onions should not be mixed with dry ones.
"When most of the tops are down there is danger of their re-root-
ing. In Connecticut they are harvested earlier than here. On
highly manured land they will be ready to harvest earlier than on
land not so much enriched. A cultivator with a scraper attached
is a good thing to clean the bed with. I freeze a part of my
crop, piling them fifteen inches deep and from fifteen inches to
two feet from the wall of the building, the space between the wall
and the onions being filled with hay ; they are then covered two

132 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

feet deep with hay. They must not be touched or handled while
frozen. For marketing they should be evenly assorted ; many
small ones cause extra loss in price.

On concluding his lecture, Mr. Gregory asked whether any one
present had had experience in planting onion seed in the fall.

Discussion.

William D. Philbrick, replying to Mr. Gregory's call for expe-
rience in fall sowing of onion seed, said that he had sown in
August but did uot succeed. A neighbor, the late Timothy
Corey, of Brookline, followed the plan successful^, sowing about
the 20th of July. When the ground began to freeze the plants
would be about a foot high ; they were then covered with strawy
horse manure which was raked off the first thing in spring. In
this way he got bunch onions the 20th of May ; he succeeded
about three years out of five.

Mr. Gregory in reply to a question said that the very large
Spanish onions seen in the market, when cultivated here give only
a few good ones.

Benjamin P. Ware said that in the West farmers plough up
prairie land and sow onion seed broadcast and get a great crop
without cultivation. This seems discouraging to us, but they are
still considered a profitable crop here. The onion maggot has
given him so much trouble that he does not grow as many onions
as he used to. Mr. Gregor}^ had shown that great manuring is
useless ; the speaker thought that eight cords of manure such as
he uses — the manure of cows and horses, with the addition of
sea manure — would furnish all the food needed ; it is much
better than^stable manure from Boston, where the most valuable
part — that is the liquid part, runs into the sewer and is wasted.
The lecturer had had great experience with implements, but there
is one — the drag, which Mr. Ware regards as of very great
value, that he did not mention. The speaker exhibited a model
of this implement, which he thought would do better work
than the Meeker harrow in pulverizing the ground for small
seeds. It is eight feet long and four feet wide, made of two-inch
plank, with a hard-wood cleat three inches wide and q,n inch thick
on the bottom. The planks are nailed firmly to two pieces of
timber, one end of each piece of timber being cut at such an
angle that the plank nailed to it is slightly inclined, so as to be

THE ONION ; ITS VARIETIES AND CULTIVATION. 133

drawn over the ground more easily. The cleat is nailed to the
middle of the flat part. It is drawn by two horses after the
ground has been thoroughly harrowed, and crowds down the
stones and grinds up any lumps of earth. It may be driven
round the ground or back and forth. In using the drag the
driver stands on it. It is useful in laying fields down to grass,
the seed of which is the finest of any we sow. Labor is the great
expense in farming, and the more we can save the better we can
compete with those more favorably situated. We have got to
manage better and be sharper than before we were subjected to
such competition. A brush harrow would be better on top-
dressed land than the drag. The latter needs the weight of the
driver ; it carries a little wave of earth in front and fills up the
horse tracks.

Mr. Philbrick said that he made a drag to use in preparing
market garden beds, but did not like it as well as hand raking,
which carries the lumps of earth into the furrows.

Mr. Ware had found that the drag would not do good work on
wet land.

Mr. Philbrick said that market garden land must be ploughed
early.

Mr. Ware responded that he would not work land until it is
dry enough to be friable. Raking the land requires experienced
men to make the ground even.

Mr. Gregory remarked that the Meeker harrow should be used
two ways, first in the direction the rows of onions are to extend,
and the second harrowing crosswise of the first.

O. B. Hadwen moved a vote of thanks to the essayist for his
instructive and interesting address, which was unanimously
carried. He also, as Chairman of the Committee on Publication
and Discussion, announced that the meeting on the next Saturday,
would be the last of the series for the present season, and would
be devoted to short papers and discussions on such subjects relat-
ing to horticulture as might be presented or suggested, and any
one would have the opportunity to bring up any subject that the
Committee had overlooked.

134 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, March 30, 1889.

An adjourned meeting of the Societ}' was holden at half-past
eleven o'clock, the President, Henry P. Walcott, in the chair.

Benjamin G. Smith, Chairman of the Committee appointed at
the last meeting to prepare a memorial of the late Charles L. Flint,
reported the following :

Charles Louis Flint, son of Jeremiah Flint, a farmer, was born
in the town of Middleton, Massachusetts, May 8th, 1824. His
early life, like that of most farmers' bo^'s, was divided between
labor on the farm and stud}' in the country school. But in this
quiet country life influences were at work which gave this young
farmer-boy an intense desire for study, and a determination to
acquire a thorough education. By his indomitable perseverance,
unaided by others, he surmounted every obstacle and secured a
thorough academic, collegiate, and legal education at Cambridge.
He resolved not to graduate wholly without honor or distinction as
a writer ; he determined to compete for one of the Bowdoin Prizes,
and, although engaged in teaching at the time and having the
strongest competitors the class could offer, he won the first prize.

The Boylston Prizes for declamation were also open to him on
graduating, and he determined to try his fortune as a speaker. In
this contest he carried off the second prize. He had previously
taken the first prize for Latin hexameters and pentameters, on the
first institution of those prizes in 1848.

At his graduation from the Cambridge Law School he received
an invitation to enter the office of a lawyer in extensive practice in
New York City ; this he accepted, and he was admitted to the
New York bar, of which he was a member at his decease. At
this time he was a frequent contributor to the " Journal of Agri-
culture," a monthl}' publication in Boston, and some of his articles
were extensively copied and republished in agricultural periodicals
both in this country and in Europe.

The Massachusetts Board of Agriculture was organized in 1852,
and the selection of a competent secretary was a subject of anxious
concern to all interested in the enterprise. It was seen that the
efficiency of the Board in promoting the important interest for

MEMORIAL OF CHARLES L. FLINT. 135

which it was established, would in a great measure depend upon
the scientific and administrative abilit}' of the Secretary. Through
urgent solicitation by Ex-Governor Everett, Hon. Marshall P.
Wilder, and others, Mr. Flint was induced to relinquish his law
connection in New York, and accept the Secretaryship of the
Massachusetts Board of Agriculture at its organization, and for
twenty-seven years he discharged the duties of the office — how
well, all know who have read the annual reports for that period,
and have taken interest in the advancement of the industry upon
which all other material interests depend.

Mr. Flint, b}- his integrity, industry, superior education, and
good judgment, was successful in everything in which he engaged.
He acquired an ample competenc}', and was ready at all times to
contribute freely wherever he thought the object was deserving,
and especially to promote the interests of Agriculture, Horticul-
ture, and Pomology.

The Committee therefore recommend the passage of the follow-
ing resolutions.

Resolved, That the members of the Massachusetts Horticul-
tural Society greatly deplore the loss of their associate, who by his
eminent services has done so much to advance and extend a taste
for the kindred arts of Agriculture and Horticulture.

Resolved, That in the death of the late Charles Louis Flint,
Agricultural and Pomological science have sustained a great loss, —
distinguished alike for his private worth and public usefulness, his
memory will be cherished and his decease sincerely lamented.

Resolved, That while we deplore the loss of Mr. Flint we
rejoice that his example will still live ; that his printed works will
still speak to us, and that his influence in promoting rural art and
rural taste will continue to bless those who survive him.

Resolved, That we sincerely condole with his bereaved family
upon this afflictive dispensation of an inscrutable Providence, and
that as a manifestation of our respect and sympathy the Secretary
be directed to transmit to them a copy of the foregoing resolutions.

Benjamin Gr. Smith, ^

O. B. Hadwen, > Committee.

Robert Manning, j
Boston, March 30, 1889.

136 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Leverett M. Chase said Mr. Flint was his friend, and when the
death of that friend was announced his first feeling was that of
personal bereavement. There was never a firmer or a stauncher
friend. He knew Mr. Flint as a boy. His tastes were inherited
and were developed by the farmer life of his early years. When
he was teaching in Cambridge he became deeply interested in the
cause of education. He was one of the first and most active per-
sons in the movement to establish the Massachusetts Agricultural
College, and later on was as ardent a worker in the founding of
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. As a member of the
School Committee of the cit}' of Boston, his lively interest in the
higher education of our youth caused him to be placed upon the
Sub-Committee on the English High School and the Public Latin
School. He also took a great interest in the erection of the present
building for those schools. He was also on the Sub-Committee
in Mr. Chase's own district. Mr. Flint was free from everj^thing
that could look like a job ; he would not accept carriage hire as a
perquisite, although the state of his health, enfeebled by hard
study while at Andover from which he never recovered, made
riding necessary in the discharge of his official duties. He had a
very strong sense of duty and felt bound never to think himself
too feeble to respond to just calls upon his time and services. He
is now resting from those labors here ; but we believe his spirit is
still active and loving in his home above, and free from any sense
of weariness and thought of unrequited toil.

William C. Strong was very glad to hear this just tribute to the
character of Mr. Flint. He was sufficiently acquainted with him
to know that he was an able, true-hearted, and earnest man, who
had done good service to the cause of Agriculture, and though he
had not taken an active part in the affairs of this Society', yet his
sympathj- and warm interest had always been with us, and the
consciousness of it had given us strength.

O. B. Hadwen said it was his good fortune to be associated with
Mr. Flint in several ways, and especially in the Massachusetts
Board of Agriculture. There was much hard work to be done by
the Secretary of the Board, to effect the organization of the depart-
ment upon a basis so well planned as to secure permanence. For
this duty Mr. Flint was found to be peculiarly well qualified, as he
was also to formulate and carr^* on the business of that depart-
ment, which he did with great success during a period of twenty-

MEMORIAL OF CHARLES L. FLINT. 137

seven years. He was also Secretar}' of the Board of Trustees of
the Massachusetts Agricultural College for a long time, and when
President William S. Clark resigned his position, Mr. Flint
was called upon to assume those official duties until a permanent
president could be found. He always had an ardent desire to
promote the education of young men in the higher branches of
agricultural science, and during the year that he held the presi-
dency his enthusiasm exerted a strong influence in advancing the
interests of that cause. All his duties in connection with the
college were faithfully and efficiently performed, in addition to his
regular work as Secretary of the Board of Agriculture. The
death of Hon. Marshall P. Wilder made vacant the office of Presi-
dent of the Massachusetts Agricultural Club, and Mr. Flint was
at once elected to that office, which he continued to hold while he
lived. Of the members of this Societ}' the speaker was the last
one to see Mr. Flint.

Benjamin P. Ware said he also was thoroughl}' acquainted with
Mr. Flint, who was a native as well as a resident of Essex County
in early life. The story of his life was one of the most remarkable
as showing how little we know of the duties in life which are wait-
ing for us. Mr. Flint once said to him that the prizes he had won
helped him very greatly ; that on one occasion, while waiting in
the railroad depot at Salem, he saw the advertisement of a prize
of twenty dollars for the best essay upon " Indian Corn," offered
by the Essex Agricultural Society. After some consideration of
the matter he decided to try his power to win that prize. He went
to Cambridge to make some studies for the work. While so
doing he became deeply interested in the historical view of his
subject, and in his essa}^ he presented a thorough and exhaustive
history of Indian Corn from its introduction among civilized
people.' It won the prize; but that was not all. It attracted
the attention of Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, who had also read and
appreciated other writings of Mr. Flint upon agricultural topics.
Col. Wilder was then interested in making the projected State
Board of Agriculture a successful and permanent institution. He
believed that result depended largely upon the person who was
selected as its Secretary, — that whoever it might be must organize
and establish the department. The character and quality of Mr.
Flint's essays convinced Col. Wilder that the writer was the person
who should be secured for that secretarj'ship. His associates

138 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

coincided with him and Mr. Flint was persuaded to give up his
situation in a law office in New York, come to Boston, and take
hold of the work, and we know how well he fulfilled the anticipa-
tions of those who called him to it. Thus it would appear that
his course was marked out by other forces than his own desires.
His failing health prompted him to seek relief and benefit from the
more genial climate of Georgia, as in previous seasons of prostra-
tion. He started south with Mr. Hadwen, but, as it proved, he
was ill prepared to bear the fatigue of such a journey, and his
course was finished in one week after his arrival at Hillman,
Georgia. Mr. Ware gave his hearty approval to the resolutions
which so fittingly expressed the sentiments of all the members of
the Society.

The memorial was unanimously adopted.

The President gave notice that the meeting on the next Satur-
■da}', April 6th, would be a regular stated meeting for business, and
would be held at eleven o'clock, a. m.

The meeting was then dissolved.

MEETING FOR DISCUSSION.

No special subject was assigned for the meeting for discussion
today, but it was devoted to such general subjects relating to hor-
ticulture as might be suggested. The President remarked that on
so wintry a day it would be agreeable to have a whiff of the tropics,
and called on the delegates to the meeting of the American Pomo-
logical Society at Ocala, Florida, in February, for a report of
their visit.

William C. ^Strong, Vice President for Massachusetts of the Amer-
ican Pomological Society, said that the delegation from this State was
larger than that from any other Northern State. The greater part
of those who attended were from Florida ; probably there were a
hundred, mainly Northern men who had settled in Florida. All
that part of the State south of Jacksonville is well under Northern
influence, and all south of Palatka has been born within fifteen
years. In the northern part of the State there are old settlements,
built up by cotton, but south of Palatka all is new. Ocala, where
the meeting was held, is a typical town of the new order, a hun-
dred miles south of Jacksonville, and fifty miles southwest of
Palatka. It is in a region a little undulating, there being hills

HORTICULTURE IN FLORIDA. 139

from fifty to sixty feet above the sea level. There is very little
laud much above the oceau, and east of the St. John's River it is
very low. In going from Jacksonville to Ocala they rode on a dead
level through a very uninteresting country. Most of the orange
culture is west of the river, and all were surprised to see how
quickly it has grown up. At Ocala there is a wide avenue leading
three-quarters of a mile to the building of the Florida International
and Sub-Tropical Exposition, which had been tendered for the use
of the Fomological Society. This building had been put up
within sixty days, in a pine wood, and there were several tall pine
trees growing inside. The exhibition of oranges and other fruits
of the citrus family was marvellous, the specimens varying in
size from oranges no larger than walnuts to the enormous shad-
docks. There were a hundred and fifty varieties of oranges, but
it was diflScult for an untrained eye to perceive any diflTerence
•between some of them. The shaddock is regarded as of no value,
but the grape-fruit or pomelo, which resembles it in outward
appearance but grows in clusters, is preferred to the orange for
mating before breakfast with sugar. The oranges are full of juice,
with very little pulp.

The delegates were surprised to find that such able men had gone
there and been fascinated with orange culture ; also that their
numbers are increasing immensel}'. The papers on the culture of
the sub-tropical and tropical fruits read at the convention evinced
surprising ability ; the\' were admirable essays on the culture of
the orange, pineapple, banana, etc. Some wholly tropical fruits
can be cultivated in the lower parts of the State. Our markets
will probably be flooded with oranges from Florida. The Harris
grove consists of a hundred and eighty acres ; the owner went
there not twenty years ago, with less than fifty dollars, and this
year of low prices his crop sold for $60,000. This is what is
called a natural grove, consisting of wild trees grafted; the trees
were consequently not in rows, but growing irregularly. Generally
the soil is very sandy, but here there is much humus in it. The trees
were thirty feet high, interlocking though thinned out, and it was
very easy to lose one's self in this forest. The party of a hundred
persons got separated there. The sight was one of which we
should not have credited the story. Half the crop was unharvested,
and while the party were there ladders were run up tbe trees, and
two or three thousand oranges were brought down. The trees

140 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

were surprisingly beautiful, and with the gray ground and green
foliage and golden fruit, made a charming sight. Tramways are
laid through the groves, on which mules draw the fruit to the pack-
ing houses. Adjoining this grove was another, making the whole
extent on the river five miles. Most groves are not yet in full
beai'ing. There is a "boom " in fruit culture, and much Northern
capital will rush in and the business will be overdone and some
will lose. Transportation to market is the only problem ; the
oranges can be raised for fift}' cents a box gathered from the tree,,
but not including pricking. One grower said that if he could be
insured fifty cents per box for the fruit he would retire from all
labor.

The Deland grove was established by a gentleman of that name
who heard a paper on orange culture read at the meeting of the
American Fomological Society at Chicago in 1875, and was thereby
induced to go to Florida and purchase and prepare land and plant
a grove. This grove of one hundred and fifty acres was afterwards
sold to Mr. Stetson of Philadelphia. The older portions are more
regular than an}' apple orchard in New England. The trees are as
round and symmetrical as if made by machinery, and form as
beautiful a sight as can be conceived. Trees whose form has been
marred afterwards regain their S3'mmetry. They will not bear
neglect but if necessar}- must be fertilized, especially on pine
land. Low hummock land is never fertilized.

The speaker was surprised to find how rapidly the trees grow ;
he saw shoots six feet long and rank ; the}' make three separate
growths annually, — an early, middle, and late. They would come
into bearing in less time than the earliest bearing pear trees ; in
fifteen years they would be in fuller bearing than even Bartlett pear
trees. The anxiety about freezing is unnecessar}' except in the
northern regions ; the frost six years ago has not been repeated^
and as the trees get older they afford mutual protection.

The groves are cultivated b}' running a light cultivator or Acme
harrow through, though this could not be done in an irregular
natural grove like the Harris Grove. Many seedlings spring up in
the groves, which are carefull}' dug up and planted in nurseries to
be grafted.

The orange is not indigenous in Florida, and was not largely
planted until within a few years ; it was planted to some extent by
the Indians. The Harris grove indicates that it is entirely at
home there. In this grove are live oak trees, some of which are

HORTICULTURE IN FLORIDA. 141

of immense size ; one measured thirteen feet in diameter. Cypress
trees grow on the hummock ground.

O. B. Hadwen said that in going south they had an opportunity
to notice the difference in the parts of the country the}' passed
through. South of Washington they found a region of corn and
sweet potatoes. Next came tobacco, with large buildings for
curing it. Then came cotton, but apparentlj' not cultivated
under the most favorable circumstances ; the land seemed to lack
fertility. A great change was noticed in the forest trees ; tulip
trees and species of oaks that we do not have here were observed,
while the same species of maples continued. Before reaching
South Carolina they noticed the Magnolia grandijlora. In
Augusta, Ga., they saw fine specimens, probably a hundred years
old. There were two varieties of live oak. After leaving Jack-
sonville the orange groves were very striking. The exhibition
was exceedingly interesting, showing the products of the whole
State. Fine oranges were displayed in profusion, and the char-
acteristics of the different varieties were discussed as we discuss
those of apples. Mr. Hadwen said his eye was not yet educated
to pick out fifty different varieties, and he doubted whether those
of the growers were. He discovered slight diff'erences, but some
varieties could only be distinguished by cutting the fruit open.
The varieties are largely determined by the flavor and the size.
He did not hare an opportunity to study the growth of the trees.
Besides the remarkable exhibition of citrus fruits, such as the
orange, lemon, etc., the guava and other sub-tropical fruits were
shown. The bananas did not appear to be in a clima^-e that
favored them, but looked as if they wanted to be farther south.

The forest trees were ver^' striking ; the live oaks were wonder-
ful. So also were the long-leaved pines, which furnish the yellow
pine timber, especially in their earlier stages ; they run up like a
candle, as large at forty feet high as at the base. The deciduous
■cypress grows in swamps and low ground ; the timber is very
beautiful and very durable, so that it is said that shingles made
from it will last forever. The palmettos are marvellous ; the
stems are quite rough when young, but when eighty feet high they
are very smooth. The bud is used as a salad, and is perfectly
delicious.

Benjamin P. Ware said that one point had not been mentioned
by the previous speakers — the peculiar formation of the lakes
and springs ; a spring there means a river coming out of the

142 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ground from fifty to a hundred feet wide. Silver Spring affords
steamboat transportation for ten miles before it flows into a rirer
which empties into the St. John's, but he took a small boat
because he could see the river bottom better. The water is so
clear that where it is eight}' feet deep the sand at the bottom
looks as if it were within a foot of the surface. He could see
little fishes near the bottom and their shadows on the bottom.
The formation is coral, and in one place the water pours out from
under a coral shelf; in another spring there is a hole six feet in
diameter in the bottom, through which the water pours up. The
central part of the State is made up of a chain of lakes, forming
the St. John's River, which in some places is very wide and in
some very narrow. At Blue Spring a portion of the surface had
a beautiful blue color, and another was of a most brilliant green,
like the colors of a peacock. The bank was fifty feet high, and
the view from it was magnificent. A hunter, engaged in killing
birds to decorate ladies' bonnets, told the speaker that he had
also killed two hundred alligators this season ; the skins bring
from sixty to ninety cents each. While the alligators may be
exterminated in some places, there are thousands of acres that
will remain in swamps and be the home of alligators for all time.

There are no statistics in regard to the acreage of the orange
crop in Florida and no way of foretelling the future product.
The crop this j'ear is estimated at three million boxes — about
half the consumption of this country. There are not less than
four hundred thousand acres devoted to oranges today, but many
thousands of acres will never produce oranges, for they are not
successful unless cared for. But the increase must be immense,
for not more than one acre in thirty is in full development. The
growers are endeavoring to get a tariff on foreign fruit of one
dollar per box. The great want is cheap transportation to the
consumer.

The speaker thought it would have been better if some of the
capital which has built a surplus of railroads in the West had
been devoted to building them in Florida. The roads will proba-
bly hereafter centre in some port where steamships can take the
oranges to Northern cities. The growers are learning to load
them in cars in bulk so as to be transported safely. The price
will probably diminish until they are sold here for half what they
cost today, which will bring about additional consumption as we
learn to eat more. Oranges are enormously productive ; Mr.

HORTICULTURE IN FLORIDA. 143

Ware saw twenty-five on a stem not larger than his little finger ;
the buds which he saw are now in full bloom. At Mr. Phelps's
place he went up to the top of the house, from which he saw two
hundred acres or more of oranges, and beautiful lakes. He also
saw here a plant of the Cherokee rose, sixty feet in diameter and
twelve feet high. The plant was a mass of foliage ; the flowers,
which are large, pure white, and single, were not yet open, but it
was covered with buds.

Benjamin G. Smith spoke warmly of the hospitalit}^ which the
pomologists received everj'^where. They went under the most
favorable auspices, and had the freedom of all the railroads in
Florida. Their trains were run into orange groves, and waited
for them to inspect the estates and test the productions. They
were invited to numerous receptions. As a memento of this visit
to Florida, he brought home an orange shoot eight feet and three
inches in length, and which had been three feet longer, but that
amount was cut off. Although it was but one season's growth, it
was an inch and a quarter in diameter at the butt, and three-
quarters of an inch at eight feet from the butt.

Mr. Strong said that the development of Florida was all owing
to the railroads, which had been built beyond the demands of the
country. On such level ground, with the aid of the land grants
which have been given them, they could be built at a nominal
cost and the}' have spread over an immense territory. But the
whole had not been told — the sugar industry is going to exceed
all others. He saw one plant which promised wonderful results,
surpassing Louisiana, for the cane escapes frost and the manufac-
ture of sugar is not confined to a few weeks, as in Louisiana.

Robert Manning spoke of a visit to Florida with the late Hon.
Marshall P. Wilder and other horticulturists twenty years ago,
and of the soil, apparently consisting only of sand, which had
been mentioned by previous speakers. As Colonel Wilder and he
were walking in the street in Jacksonville they met a man who
had come from Hudson, Mass., to prospect for some of his towns-
men who were thinking of settling in Florida. He began at the
western part of the State and came east to Jacksonville, and
remarked in a dr^' wa}', " I haven't seen any land in Florida yet
but what looked as if it would want to be manured about once in
twenty-four hours." And truly it did look so to a Northern eye ;
but the late Solon Robinson, well known as an agricultural writer,
who then lived at Jacksonville, informed the party that he had

144 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

seen rank weeds growing in this apparently barren sand which

had been thrown up from a depth of eight or ten feet. The party
went from Charleston to Savannah in a little steamer, through the
Sea Island channels, where, in the month of January, the oranges
were hanging on the trees so near that they seemed as if the^'
could almost be reached from the boat.

President Walcott suggested that, as this was the last of the
series of meetings for discussion the present season, some
acknowledgement should be made to the Committee who had so
successfully provided papers and speakers. A vote of thanks to
the Committee for their efficiency was accordingly moved.

Rev. A. B. Muzzey said that the meeting ought not to separate
without some recognition of the valuable services which the Com-
mittee on Publication and Discussion had rendered to the Society.
The programme of the meetings comprised a great variety of
subjects, and there was not one that was not interesting and
instructive. One of the essayists had taken us abroad and given
us information in regard to foreign horticulture. The speaker
regarded the Massachusetts Horticultural Society as the foremost
of all such societies in this country; its motto is "growth" —
one of the most inspiring words in the English language. What-
ever we may have done we have power to advance upon it, and
we are likely to do far better in the future. Mr. Muzzey thought
that these meetings showed progress in the power of extempora-
neous discussion on the part of the members of the Society and
others who have united with them. There seems to be something
in horticultural pursuits especially favorable to intellectual growth.
We have only to go on with such progress in the future as we
have made in the past to effect the object for which the Society
exists.

The vote of thanks to the Committee on Publication and Dis-
cussion was then unanimoush' passed.

Leverett M. Chase spoke of the importance of increasing the
membership of the Society. He thought that it might easily be
enlarged by a thousand if the members would take hold in
earnest. Within a year he had proposed twenty members. The
Society ought to have a membership of two thousand.

The meeting was then dissolved.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Prefatory Note 3

Business Meeting, January 5, 1889; A.ddress of President Walcott, pp. 5-9;
Appropriations made, 9, 10 ; Appointment of Secretary and Treasurer,
10; Report on Letter from National Chrysanthemum Society of Eng-
land, 10 ; Amendments to Constitution and By-Laws entered on records,
10, 11,12; Annual Report of Garden Committee read, 11 ; Announcement
of Meetings for Discussion, 11; Session of American Pomological So-
ciety, 11; Books from William Paul, 12; Prize offered for Timber
Trees, 12; Awarding Prizes for Reports, 12; Members elected, . . 12

Business Meeting, January 12; Committee on President's Address, p. 13;
Damage to Building, 13 ; Repairs, and Committee thereon, 13; Portraits

to be photographed, 13

Meeting for Discussion; The Evolution and Variation of Fruit Plants,

etc., by Joseph H. Bourn 14-29

Business Meeting, January 19; Delegates to American Pomological Soci-
ety, p. 29 ; Statement by President in regard to Repairs and Altera-
tions, 30; Time assigned for consideration, 30

Meeting for Discussion ; Notes on European Nurseries, by F. L. Temple,

pp. 30-35 ; Discussion 35-38

Business Meeting, January 26; Plans in regard to Building discussed, pp.
39, 40; New Committee Appointed, 39; Department of Vegetable
Physiology at State Agricultural Experiment Station, .... 40

Meeting for Discussion; Mildews, by Prof. J. E. Humphrey, pp. 40-51;

Discussion, 61, 52

Business Meeting, February 2; Members elected 52

Meeting for Discussion; The Structure and Management of Greenhouses,

by W. D.Philbrick, pp. 53-57; Discussion, 57-59

Business Meeting, February 9; Treasurer's Report read, p. 59; Committee

on National and State Forestry, 59, 60

Meeting for Discussion; Forestry and Arboriculture in Massachusetts
and New England, by J. B. Harrison, pp. 60-64; Discussion, 64-68;

Window Gardening work, 68

Business Meeting, February 16; Report of Committee on Repairs and

Alterations, pp. 69, 70; Discussed, 70, 71; Restoration of Portraits, . 71

Meeting for Discussion; Shrubs that are Perfectly Hardy, by Jackson

Dawson, n-88

11 CONTENTS.

Business Meeting, February 23, 88

Meeting for Discussion; The Embellisliment of School Grounds, by L. M.

Chase, pp. 88-95; Discussion, 95-98

Business Meeting, March 2; Bill to secure the Improvement of Roads and

Roadsides, p. 98; Members elected 98

Meeting for Discussion; Plums: Their Cultivation and Varieties, by J. F.

C. Hyde, pp. 99-102; Discussion, 102-108

Business Meeting, March 9, 108

Meeting for Discussion ; Certain Phases of Domestic Economy— Dust and

Dampness, by Mrs. E. H. Richards, pp. 108-113; Discussion, . . . 113-116

Business Meeting, March 16, 116

Meeting fob Discussion; Horticulture and Design in House Surround-
ings, by Charles Eliot, pp. 116-123; Discussion 123-125

Business Meeting, March 23; Decease of Charles L. Flint announced, . 126

Meeting FOB Discussion ; The Onion: its Varieties and Cultivation, by

Hon. J.J. H. Gregory, pp. 126-132; Discussion, 132,133

Business Meeting, March 30 ; Memorial of Charles L. Flint, .... 134-138
Meeting fob Discussion; Horticulture in Florida, pp. 138-144; Closing

Proceedings 144

TRANSACTIOXS

Blassarljusftts lioilicultun( ^otittn,

FOR THE YEAR 1889.

PART II.

BOSTON:

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY,

189 0.

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

^^ssadittsdts pailic ultual f onetg*

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, April 6, 1889,

A duly notified stated meeting of the Society was holden at
11 o'clock, the President, Henry P. "Walcott, in the chair.

The report of the Committee appointed at the meeting on the
12th of January, to consider the suggestions made b}' the Presi-
dent in his annual address, was read, and it was

Voted, That the report of the Committee be printed, together
with such alterations in the Constitution and By-Laws as its
adoption will involve, and that a copy be sent to every member of
the Society-.

The President, as Chairman of the Executive Committee,
reported approval of the following appropriations :

For the Committee on repairs and alterations in the building,
a sum not exceeding SoOO, to be expended in the preparation of
plans and printing.

For the same Committee the sum of $12,000, to carry out the
recommendations in their report, with the provision that the
Library be relieved b}' the construction of a gallery within the
Librar}' Room.

For the Finance Committee, so much of the moue}' received
from the insurance companies on account of damage to portraits
as is necessary to cover the expense of restoring the portraits.

On motion of Ex-President James F. C. Hyde, these appropri-
ations were unanimously confirmed.

148 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The amendments to the Constitution and By-Laws, which
received a majority vote on the fii'st Saturday in January, came
up for final action.

The first of these amendments, viz : That Section XXXIII be
restored by striking out the words: "Prizes may be awarded to
any member of the Societ}' and," and substituting the words,
" Prizes or," so that the Section shall commence, "Prizes or
gratuities may be awarded to an}' person," was declared by the
President to have received the votes in the aflSrmative of two-
thirds of the members present, and to be adopted as a part of the
Constitution and By-Laws.

The amendment to Section I, concerning the election and eligi-
bility of officers, was declared by the President, not to have
received the votes of two-thirds of the members present and not to
be adopted.

The amendment to Section XVIII, concerning the control of the
Library Room, was declared b\' the President not to have received
the votes of two-thirds of the members present, and not to be
adopted.

The sum of $50 was appropriated for the use of the Committee
on Window Gardening, in addition to the amount previousl}^ appro-
priated.

The following named persons, having been recommended by
the Executive Committee for election as members of the Society,
were on ballot duly elected.

Henry S. Lawrence, of Roxbur3^
Harry S. Rand, of North Cambridge.

The following named persons were, on recommendation of the
Executive Committee, elected Corresponding Members of the
Society.

Dr. F. M. Hexamer, Editor of the American Agriculturist,
New Rochelle, N. Y.

Professor L. H. Bailey, Jr., Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

Professor William R. Lazenby, Secretary of the Agricultural
Experiment Station, Columbus, Ohio.

Charles E. Bessey, Ph. D., Industrial College of the University
of Nebraska, Lincoln.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS ELECTED. 149

Charles A. Goessmann, Ph. D., Director of the Agricultural
Experiment Station, Amherst, Mass.

Sereno Watson, Ph. D., Cambridge, Mass.

William G. Farlow, M. D., Professor of Cryptogamic Botany,
Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

Henry Shaw, St. Louis, Missouri.

William A. Stiles, Editor of "Garden and Forest," Deckertown,
N. J.

Dr. T. G. Richardson, University of Louisiana, New Orleans,
Louisiana.

Dr. George King, Superintendent of the Royal Botanic Garden,
Calcutta.

Dr. M. Treub, Director of the Botanic Garden, Buitenzorg,
Java.

Dr. P. MacOwan, Director of the Botanic Garden, Cape Town,
Africa.

J. Host, Superintendent of the Botanic Garden, Trinidad.

George Nicholson, Curator of the Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew, England.

Adjourned to Saturday, May 4, 1889.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, May 4, 1889.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Henry P. Walcott, in the chair.

The President, as Chairman of the Executive Committee,
reported approval of the appropriation of $50, voted at the Stated
Meeting of the Society, April 6, for the use of the Committee on
Window Gardening, for printing and other incidental expenses,
in addition to the amount already expended by said Committee
for these purposes, and also in addition to the amount of one hun-
dred and fifty dollars previously appropriated for prizes for the
year 1889.

150 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Report of the Committee on Publication and Discussion,
for the year 1888, was read by O. B. Hadwen, the Chairman,
accepted, and referred back to the same Committee for publication.

The President, as Chairman of the Committee on Repairs and
Alterations in the building, presented plans and specifications for
increased accommodations for the Library. After examination
and discussion of the plans by the members present, it was

Voted, That, the whole subject of increased accommodation for
the Library be referred back to the same Committee with full
powers, and that, for the consideration of this subject, the Chair-
man of the Library Committee be added to the Committee on
Repairs and Alterations.

Benjamin G. Smith, Chairman of the Committee to prepare a
memorial of the late Charles L. Flint, read a letter from Charles
L. Flint, Jr., expressing, in behalf of the family, their appreciation
of the kindness and sympathy shown by this Society in the reso-
lutions passed in regard to the decease of their father.

Mr. Smith also announced the decease of Aaron D. Weld, one
of the earliest members of the Society, and moved the appoint-
ment of a committee to prepare a suitable memorial. The motion
was carried and the Chair appointed as that Committee, Mr.
Smith, O. B. Hadwen, and Robert Manning.

The following named persons, having been recommended by the
Executive Committee, were on ballot duly elected members of the
Society.

Hugh Nawn, of Roxbury.

Col. Oliver W. Peabody, of Milton.

Miss Katherine W. Huston, of Roxburj'.

Miss Mary N. Plumer, of Salem.

Edwin P. Seaver, LL. D., of Newton Highlands.

Washington G. Benedict, of Boston.

Rev. Samuel D. Smith, of Auburndale.

Charlks a. Kidder, of Boston.

Mrs. Anna E. Arnold, of Newton.

Herbert H. D. Pierce, of Cambridge.

Adjourned to Saturday June 1, 1889.

MEMORIAL OF AARON D. WELD. 151

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, June 1, 1889.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Henry P. Walcott, in the chair.

It was voted that the appropriations hitherto made for the use
of the Window Gardening Committee be placed in the hands of
the Committee without restriction.

Benjamin G. Smith, Chairman of the Committee appointed at
the last meeting to prepare a memorial of the late Aaron D. Weld,
reported the following :

Aaron Davis Weld was an honored and respected member of
this Society from the 3"ear of its formation, having been elected
December 5, 1829. He was also a member, for forty-nine years,
of the Massachusetts Agricultural Club, and the last of the original
members. He was for more than half a centurj' the friend of and
co-worker with the Hon. Marshall P. Wilder in promoting agricul-
tural and horticultural interests. His fondness for the countr}',
where he lived for so many years, was a healthful element in his
character. None who ever met him could fail to be impressed by
his genial disposition. All who knew him will remember the
urbanity of his manner and the pleasant tones of his voice, and
will sorrow that they shall enjoy them no more. He was one of
the old time merchants of Boston, — of whom there are now very
few left, — whose enterprise, probity, and public spirit reflected
honor on their calling, and who have furnished worthy examples
for their successors. He was just and charitable in his judgment
of others, and in his domestic relations w as an example of all that
was kind, tender, and affectionate. He had long been favorably
known in the city as an upright and worthy man, illustrating in
his life the distinguishing principles of the New England character.

Mesolved, That in the decease of Mr. Weld we recognize and
mourn the loss which we, in common with the public, and especially
the agricultural and horticultural community, have sustained.

Resolved, That we would especially remember his enterprise,
his thoroughness in all that he undertook and the universal esteem
in which he was held for his social qualities ; we would remember
him as a man of strict honor and integrity. We recognize the

152 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Divine Goodness which gave to Mr. Weld and to the Society such
a long and useful life, which will be commemorated by the excel-
lent portrait that now adorns our walls.

Resolved^ That these proceedings be entered on our records, and
that a copy be transmitted to the family of Mr. Weld.

Benjamin G. Smith, ")
O. B. Hadwen, > Committee.

Robert Manning, )
The memorial was unanimously adopted.

The Secretary announced the reception of letters from Henry
Shaw, Serene Watson, L. H. Bailey, Dr. C. A. Goessmann, Dr.
William H. Farlow, and Charles E. Besse}', who were elected Cor-
responding Members of the Society at the April meeting, accepting
the membership and thanking the Societ}' for the honor.

The Librarian laid before the Society, vols. 5 and 6 of the
" Dictionnaire de Pomologie," presented to the Library by the
Enfants d'Andre Leroy, to complete the set of which the first
four volumes were presented by their father, the author, and, in
behalf of the Library Committee moved a vote of thanks for the
gift. He also moved that the thanks of the Society be presented
to the family of Charles M. Hovey, late President of the Society,
for a large and valuable donation of agricultural and horticul-
tural books from the library of their father. These votes of thanks
were uuanimouslj' passed.

Miss Charlotte M. Endicott, of Canton, and

William C. Winter, of Mansfield.
having been recommended by the Executive Committee, were on
ballot duly elected members of the Society.

The meeting was then dissolved.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, July 6, 1889.

A duly notified stated meeting of the Society was holden at 11
o'clock, Vice President Charles H. B. Breck, in the chair.

The Chairman reported from the Executive Committee, a recom-
mendation that the Society appropriate the sum of one thousand

AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS. 153

dollars, or, so much thereof as may be necessary to complete the
repairs in the Library Room. This appropriation was unanimously
voted.

William H. Spoouer reported from the same Committee, a
recommendation that the Society adopt the following amendment
to the Constitution and By-Laws, to form an additional section,
numbered Section XL : —

The members of the Board of Control of the State Agricultural
Experiment Station, provided for in the laws of the Commonwealth
to be elected by this Society, shall be elected for three years ; and
a candidate for this office, and also one for a member of the State
Board of Agriculture, as provided for in the laws of the Com-
monwealth, shall be nominated by the Nominating Committee
provided for in Section XI of this Constitution and By-Laws,
whenever the term of office of either of these officers is about to
expire, and these officers shall be elected at the annual meeting,
on the first Saturday in October next ensuing.

This amendment having been read twice, and having received a
majority of votes, was laid over for consideration at the stated
meeting on the first Saturday in October.

William H. Spoouer offered the following vote : —
Voted, That this Society extends a cordial welcome to the
Society of American Florists, and joins in an invitation to that
society to hold its annual convention in August, 1890, in Boston,
and offers the free use of its halls for that purpose.
The vote was unanimously passed.

The report of the Committee on the President's Address, was
taken up and accepted. The amendments to the Constitution and
By-Laws therein recommended, having been read twice, and
changed so as to provide for a Committee on Plants of five instead
of three members, received a majority vote, and were laid over
for consideration on the first Saturday in October.

These amendments are as follows : —

In Section III, sixth line of the printed copy, strike out thi-ee
and insert two, so that the line shall read; ''A Committee for
Establishing Prizes of two members."

Eighth line, strike out /our and insert ^/iree, so that the line shall
read : " A Committee on Gardens of three members."

154 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

In the tenth line strike out, plants and and seven, and insert ^ve
in place of seven, so that the line shall read : — " A. Committee on
Flowers of five members."

After the tenth line insert " A Committee on Plants of five
members."

In the twelfth line, strike out three and insert two, so that the
line shall read : — "A Committee of Arrangements of two members."

In Section XX, second line, strike out Plants and before
" Flowers," and insert Plants after "Flowers"; and strike out
three and insert two, so that the first clause of the sentence shall
read : — "This Committee shall consist of the Chairman of the Com-
mittee on Fruits, Flowers, Plants, Vegetables, and Gardens, and
two other members, who shall be chosen as provided in Section
III."

In Section XXI, second line, strike out Plants and before
" Flowers," and insert after " Flowers," the Committee on Plants,
so that the first sentence of the Section shall read: — "These
Committees shall be the Committee on Fruits, the Committee on
Flowers, the Committee on Plants, the Committee on Vegetables,
and the Committee on Gardens."

In the same Section, after the first paragraph, insert the two fol-
lowing new paragraphs : —

"The duties of the Committee on Plants shall be to judge of
the merits of all plants placed on exhibition, in doing which, they
shall be guided by the Rules and Regulations now governing the
Committee on Plants and Flowers. New and rare plants ma}^ be
placed on exhibition at any time, and if so placed on any other
than a regular exhibition day, the Secretary of the Society shall
notify the Chairman of said Committee, or any member thereof,
that an exhibit is at the Societ3''s rooms for inspection, and such
notes of the plant or plants shall be taken by the Chairman or other
member of the Committee, as shall give intelligent information to
the Committee of the merits of the same, that a fair and just
award may be rendered b}' the Committee.

The Committes on Plants and Flowers, shall jointly select from
our own members or otherwise, as they may deem best for the inter-
est of the Society, a Special Committee of three members, who shall
be well known experts in the cultivation of the Rose, to judge of
all the exhibits presented at the Annual Rose Exhibition ; and
under no circumstances whatever shall the said Special Committee

AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS. 155

have access to the Hall until the exhibition is ready for their
inspection, and all lists of exhibits, handed to the Committee, shall
be designated by numbers only, as indicated in the Schedule of
Prizes. The reasonable expenses of said Special Committee shall
be paid by the Society."

In vSection XXII, second line, strike out Plants and before
^^ Flowers," and insert Plants after "Flowers," and in the third
line strike out four and insert three, so that the Section shall
read : — "The Committee on Gardens shall consist of the Chairmen
of the respective Committees on Fruits, Flowers, Plants, and
Vegetables, and three members to be chosen as provided in Sec-
tion III."

In Section XXIII, fifth and sixth lines, strike out Plants and
before " Flowers," and insert Plants after " Flowers," and strike
out three and insert iivo, so that the last clause of the Section shall
read: — " and a Committee of Arrangements, to consist of the
Chairmen of the Standing Committees on Fruits, Flowers, Plants,
Vegetables, and Gardens, and two other members who shall be
chosen as provided in Section III, to superintend the same."

In Section XXXIII, sixth line, strike out Plants and before
"Flowers," and in the seventh line insert Plants after "Flowers,"
so that the clause shall read : — "or for any of the objects recom-
mended by the Standing Committees on Fruits, Flowers, Plants,
Vegetables, and Gardens."

The following named persons having been recommended by the
Executive Committee as members of the Society, were on ballot
duly elected.

Charles H. Hall, M. D., of Cambridgeport.

Mrs. Sarah D. J. Carter, of Wilmington.

Rev. William S. Smith, of Auburndale.

J. V. Pritchard, of Boston.

Aaron W. Spencer, of Boston.

Adjourned to Saturday, August 3, 1889.

156 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, August 3, 1889.

Au adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o' clocks
Vice-President Charles H. B. Breck, in the chair.

The Chairman announced the Committee to nominate Officers
and Standing Committees of the Society for the. year 1890, which
had been appointed by President Walcott, agreeably to the Con-
stitution and By-Laws, previously to his departure for Europe, as
follows : —

William C. Strong, Chairman.
William H. Spooner, Samuel Hartwell,

John G. Barker, Jackson Dawson,

John C. Hovey, Nathaniel T. Kidder,

Mr. Spooner declined to serve on the Committee, and it was
voted that he be excused.

On motion of Robert Manning it was unanimously
Voted^ That the Chairman of the meeting be authorized to fill
any vacancy in the Committee.

The Chair appointed Charles N. Brackett to fill the vacancy
caused by Mr. Spooner's declination.

The Secretary read the following letter.

Salem, July 29, 1889.
Dear Mr. Manning :

Under the will of J. L. Russell, one thousand dollars is left to
the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, " as a fund, the interest
of which shall be paid annually to some competent person, who
shall deliver a lecture on the latest discoveries of the connection
of the Fungi with Horticulture." I expect to be able to pay this
sum over shortly, and would like the Society to take some action
in regard to accepting the same.

Yours truly,

T. F. Hunt.

On motion of Joseph H. Woodford, it was unanimously
Voted., That the bequest be accepted, and that it be known
in the annals of the Society as the "John Lewis Russell Fund,"
and that it be devoted to the purpose for which Professor Russell
bequeathed it.

DECEASE OF H. W. FULLER AND W. C. HARDING. 157

The Secretary read a letter from Dr. P. MacOwan, Director of the
Botanic Garden, Cape Town, South Africa, accepting with thanks,
the Corresponding Membership in the Society to which he had
been elected ; also letters containing similar acknowledgments
from Dr. T. G. Richardson of New Orleans, Dr. F. M. Hexamer
of New Rochelle, N. Y., and Dr. M. Treub, Director of the
Botanic Garden, Buitenzorg, Java.

The following named persons having been recommended b}' the
Executive Committee for membership in the Society, were, on
ballot dul}' elected.

George M. Hobbs, of Boston.

Benjamin M. Watson, Jr., of Jamaica Plain.

Frederick S. Davis, of West Roxbury.

Adjourned to Saturday, September 7.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, September 7, 1889.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
Vice-President Charles H. B. Breck, in the chair.

William C. Strong, Chairman of the Committee to nominate
candidates for Officers and Standing Committees of the Society
for the next year, reported a printed list. The report was accepted,
and it was

Voted, That the Commitee be continued, and requested to nom-
inate candidates in place of any who might decline before election.

The Chairman announced the decease of Henry Weld Fuller,
Ex- Vice-President of the Society, and William C. Harding. The
following named gentlemen were appointed Committees to prepare
memorials of these members.

On Mr. Fuller, William C. Strong, Robert Manning, and Benja-
min G. Smith.

158 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

On Mr. Harding, John G. Barker, John C. Hovey, and Joseph
H. Woodford.

William C. Strong announced the decease of Henry Shaw of
St. Louis, Mo., and moved the appointment of a committee to
prepare a suitable memorial. The motion was carried and the
Chair appointed as that Committee Mr. Strong, Francis H. Apple-
ton, and Robert Manning.

The following named persons, having been recommended by the
Executive Commit^^ee, were on ballot duly elected members of the
Society.

Sidney Lawrence, of East Lexington.

Charles W. Galloupe, of Swampscot.

J. Warren Clark, of Mill is.

Henry Sargent Codman, of Brookline.

The meeting was then dissolved.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Satdrdat, October 5, 1889.

A Stated meeting of the Society-, being the Annual Meeting for
the choice of Officers and Standing Committees for the year 1890,
was holden at 11 o'clock, the President, Henry P. Walcott, in the
chair.

The Recording Secretary stated that the requirements of the
Constitution and By-Laws in regard to notice of the meeting had
been complied with.

Agi'eeably to the Constitution and By-Laws the Chair appointed
John G. Barker, John C. Hovey, and William D. Philbrick, a
Committee to receive, assort, and count the votes given, and
report the number. •

The polls were opened at fifteen minutes past eleven o'clock,
and it was voted that they be kept open one liour, and that the
check list be used.

MEMORIAL OF HENRY SHAW. 159

William C. Strong, Chairman of the Committee to prepare a
memorial of Henrj^ Shaw, reported the following :

The Committee appointed to express the sentiment of the
Societ}- in regard to the late Henrj- Shaw, report as follows :

The Massachusetts Horticultural Society, while confining its
main attention to its legitimate work within its own borders, has
always been deeply appreciative of its obligations to the dis-
tinguished men in the old world, and in other parts of our own
country, who have been eminent in the art of horticulture.
Among these benefactors of the race we recognize our late Corres-
ponding Member, Henry Shaw of St. Louis, as deserving our
grateful remembrance. Retiring from active business pursuits
with an ample competency at the age of fort^' j-ears, he set an
illustrious example of devotion of his large fortune and his time to
the welfare of his fellow-men. By his princely gift of Tower
Grove Park, — now famous throughout the country — to the city
of St. Louis, and by the bequest to the State of Missouri, of his
extensive Botanical Garden, which during his lifetime he planted
and kept open for the benefit and enjoyment of all classes, he has
conferred incalculable blessings which will continue to flow without
end.

The scientific world is also largely indebted to him for the col-
lection and publication of the woi'ks of his life-long friend, the
late Dr. P^ngelmann. It is the good fortune of this Society to
have received from Mr. Shaw himself a copy of these works during
the last year, which gift will be not only a prized addition to our
Library but a most interesting and valuable memorial of the giver.

On the 25th day of August last, after a well-rounded life of
ninety years, Mr. Shaw rested from his earthly labors, in the firm
hope of continued service beyond. We honor his memory ; we
mourn his loss ; we tender our sympath}- to his surviving friends.

William C. Strong, ~\

Francis H. Appleton, > Committee.

Robert Manning, )

The memorial was unanimously adopted.

John G. Barker, Chairman of the Committee appointed at the
last meeting to express the sense of the Society in regard to the
decease of William C. Harding, reported as follows : —

160 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Committee appointed to prepare a memorial of the late
William C. Harding respectfully report that they have attended to
their duty and beg leave to submit the following : —

To an unusual extent of late we have been called upon to record
the departure of our members. And now we are again reminded
that the dread angel of death is no respecter of persons. This
time the summons has come to our associate. Mr. William C.
Harding, of Stamford, Conn., formerh^ of Boston Highlands, who
was well known as an enthusiastic patron of horticulture, and also
as a frequent and welcome contributor to our exhibitions, as may
be seen by reference to the history of the Society for 1868 and
subsequently. Those who enjoyed a personal acquaintance with
Mr. Harding will bear witness that his love for all that is beautiful
in nature knew no limit, as his well kept place and rare collection
of plants gave abundant evidence. To him more than to any
other person are the proprietors of Forest Hills Cemetery indebted
for the many rare and beautiful trees, shrubs, and plants that now
adorn those grounds, and that have done so much to make them
attractive and to give to the Cemetery- the wide reputation which
it now enjoys ; and we are informed that to the end of his life Mr.
Harding maintained his great interest in their cultivation.

Mesolved, That in the death of Mr. Harding we bow submis-
sively to the will of our Heavenly Father, who doeth all things
well, and we tender to his family our sincere sympathy in their
great loss, trusting that he who called himself the Rose of Sharon,
and the Lily of the Valley, may guide them and us all peacefully
to that heavenly rest where sorrow and death are alike unknown.

Resolved. That this memorial be spread upon the records of the
Society, and that a copy of the same be furnished to the family of
Mr. Harding.

John G. Barker, ")

J. H. Woodford, v Committee.

JOHX C. HOVEY, 3

This memorial, also, was unanimously adopted.

The following amendment to the Constitution and By-Laws,
which was read twice and received a majority vote at the Stated
Meeting on the sixth of July, came up for final action, and was
adopted by a two-thirds vote : —

AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS. 161

The member of the Board of Control of the State Agricultural
Experiment Station, provided for in the laws of the Common-
wealth to be elected by this Society, shall be elected for three
3'ears, and a candidate for this office, and also one for member of
the State Board of Agriculture, as provided for in the laws of the
Commonwealth, shall be nominated by the Nominating Committee
provided for in Section XI of this Constitution and By-Laws,
whenever the term of office of either of these officers is about to
expire, and these officers shall be elected at the Annual Meeting
on the first Saturday in October next ensuing.

This amendment forms an additional section of the Constitution
and Bj'-Laws, to be numbered XL.

William H. Spooner moved that the term of office of the present
member of the Board of Control of the State Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, expire on the first da}' of January 1891. This
motion was carried.

Further amendments to the Constitution and By-Laws which
were read twice at the Stated Meeting on the sixth of July, and
then received a majority vote came up for final action, and were
declared bj' the President to have received a two-thirds vote, and
to be adopted as follows : —

In Section III, sixth line of the printed copy, strike out three
and insert ^zoo, so that the line shall read — "A Committee for
Establishing Prizes, of two members."

In the eighth line, strike onifour and insert three, so that the
line shall read : — "A Committee on Gardens of three members."

In the tenth line, strike out Plants and, and seven and insert
Jive, so that the line shall read : — "A Committee on Flowers, of
five members."

After the tenth line insert : — "A Committee on Plants of five
members."

In the twelfth line, strike out three and insert two, so that the line
shall read : — "A Committee of Arrangements of two members."

In Section XX, second line, strike out Plants and before
"Flowers" and insert Plants after "Flowers," and strike out
three and insert two, so that the first clause of the sentence shall
read : — " This Committee shall consist of the Chairmen of the Com-
mittees on Fruits, Flowers, Plants, Vegetables, and Gardens, and
two other members who shall be elected as provided in Section
III."

2

162 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

In Section XXI, second line, strike out Plants and before
' Flowers," and insert after " Flowers," the Committee on Plants,
so that the first sentence of the Section shall read: — "These
Committees shall be the Committee on Fruits, the Committee on
Flowers, the Committee on Plants, the Committee on Vegetables,
and the Committee on Gardens."

In the same section, after the first paragraph, insert the two
following new paragraphs : —

" The duties of the Committee on Plants shall be to judge of the
merits of all plants placed on exhibition, in doing which they shall
be guided by the Rules and Regulations now governing the Com-
mittee on Plants and Flowers. New and rare plants may be
placed on exhibition at any time, and if so placed, on any other
than a regular exhibition day, the Secretary of the Society shall
notify the Chairman of said Committee, or any member thereof,
that an exhibit is at the Society's rooms for inspection, and such
notes of the plant or plants shall be taken by the Chairman or other
member of the Committee, as shall give intelligent information to
the Committee of the merits of tlie same, that a fair and just
award may be rendered by the Committee.

The Committees on Plants, and Flowers shall jointly select from
our own members or otherwise, as they deem best for the interest
of the Society, a Special Committee of three members, who shall
be well-known experts in the cultivation of the Rose, to judge of
all the exhibits presented at the Annual Rose Exhibition, and
under no circumstances whatever shall the said Special Committee
have access to the Hall until the Exhibition is read}' for their
inspection, and all lists of exhibits handed to the Committee shall
be designated by numbers only as indicated in the Schedule of
Prizes. The reasonable expenses of said Special Committee shall
be paid by the Society."

In Section XXII, second line, strike out Plants and before
" Flowers," and insert Plants after "Flowers," and in the third
line strike out fow and insert three, so that the Section shall read : —
" The Committee on Gardens shall consist of the Chairmen of
the respective Committees on Fruits, Flowers, Plants, and Vege-
tables, and three members who shall be chosen as provided in Sec-
tion III."

ANNUAL ELECTION. 16'S

In Section XXIII, fifth and sixth lines, strike out Plants and
before "Flowers," and insert Plants after " Flowers," and strike
out^Aree and insert too, so that the last clause of the Section shall
read: — "and a Committee of Arrangements, to consist of the
Chairmen of the Standing Committees on Fruits, Flowers, Plants,
Vegetables, and Gardens, and two other members who shall be
elected as provided in Section III, to superintend the same."

In Section XXXIII, sixth line, strike out Plants and before
" Flowers," and in the seventh line m^evi Plants after " Flowers, "^
so that the clause shall read : — "or for an}' of the objects recom-
mended by the Standing Committees on Fruits, Flowers, Plants,,
Vegetables, and Gardens."

The following named persons, having been recommended by the
Executive Committee as members of the Societ}', were, on ballot^
duly elected.

George W. Hammond, of Boston.

Hon. Jediah P. Jordan, of Roxbury.

George HoLLis, of South Weymouth.

E. Bentley Young, of Boston.

William J. Hargraves, of Boston.

Lucius T. Peck, of Dorchester.

Richard T. Lombard, of Wayland.

Patrick Welch, of Dorchester.

Henry J. Bigelow, M. D., of Boston.

The polls were closed at a quarter past twelve, and the Com-
mittee to receive, assort and count the votes and report the num-
ber, reported the whole number of ballots to be 179
Necessary for a choice, 90

The report of the Committee was accepted, and the persons
reported as having the number of ballots necessary for a choice
were, agreeably to the Constitution and By-Laws, declared by the
President to have a majority' of votes, and to be elected Officers
and Standing Committees of the Society for the year 1890.

Adjourned to Saturdav, November 2.

164 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, November 2, 1889.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holdeu at 11 o'clock,
the President, Henry P. Walcott, in the chair.

The President reported from the Executive Committee, a recom-
mendation that the Society appropriate for prizes for the 3'ear 1890,
the same sum, and that it be divided in the same proportions as the
present ^-ear, viz : —

For Prizes and Gratuities for Plants and Flowers, $3,000

" " " Fruits, 1,700

" " " Vegetables, 1,000

" " 44 Gardens, Greenhouses, etc., 300

Total, $6,000

The report was accepted, and agreeably to the Constitution and
By-Laws, was laid over to the Stated Meeting on the first Saturday
jn January for final action.

On motion of John G. Barker, it was

Voted, That the amendments to the Constitution and By-Laws,
relating to the establishment of a Committee on Plants, etc.,
a,dopted at the last meeting, shall not go into effect until the year
1891.

Benjamin G. Smith, from the Committee appointed to prepare
a memorial of the late Henry Weld Fuller, presented the following
report : —

Henry Weld Fuller was born in Augusta, Maine, January 16,
1810, and died in Boston, August 14, 1889. He came of a leading
;family of Maine, his father being Judge Henry W. Fuller of
Augusta, and his mother a sister of Miss Hannah Flagg Gould,
the poet. Chief Justice Melville W. Fuller is a nephew of the late
Mr. Fuller, and Margaret Fuller was a near relative. At an early
age Mr. Fuller entered Bowdoin College. Henry W. Longfellow,
Franklin Pierce, and John P. Hale were college mates, though not
classmates of his. In 1828 he graduated, having the Latin Salu-
tatory, and three 3'ears afterwards returned to deliver the Latin
Valedictory at Commencement, taking the degree of A. M. At

MEMORIAL OF HENRY WELD FULLER. 165

the Commencement of 1836, he pronounced the annual oration
before the Atheusean Society. Having read law with his father
and at the Cambridge Law School, he was admitted to the Kenne-
bec bar, and for ten years he was a partner with his father. In
1841 he removed to Boston, and here for thirteen years was in
partnership with Elias H. Derby, and for eleven years was clerk of
the Circuit Court of the United States. Since resigning the latter
position, he has acted as trustee and treasurer for different persons
and corporations.

The talents of Mr. Fuller were of the highest order ; in him were
united a sound understanding, a rich and vigorous imagination,
and a logical precision of thought. His learning was extensive^
critical, and profound. In manners, Mr. Fuller was a courtly
gentleman, possessing that kindness of heart and delicacy of feel-
ing which made him study the wants and anticipate the wishes of
all whom he knew. His refined taste was marked. His drawings
are very fine, and one of the monuments of his taste is the Ceme-
tery at Woodlawn, with which he had been connected since 1851,
when he took it as a rough pasture, and by his own skill and good
judgment laid out the avenues and paths, and designed the gate-
way and arbors, bringing it b}' his daily care and oversight into
its present state of beauty.

He was never remembered to do an unkind act. Entire unsel-
fishness was a most marked trait in his character ; he never thought
of himself, but always of others. He was never too weary to give
help to those who needed it. His happiness was entirely connected
with his intense devotion to his home and friends.

His wonderful cheerfulness and brightness he always brought
into his home ; amid all the sorrows and trials of his life, which
were many and severe, his smile alone was a benediction. His
sunny disposition and religious character made him feel that all
trouble was sent for the best. Honest}- and strict integrit}- through
all his severe trials, and a strong desire to leave an honest name
behind him were foremost.

For many years Mr. Fuller was Vice-President of this Society,
and Chairman of the Committee on Gardens, and a member of the
Executive Committee. His magnanimity, when a piece of plate
was voted to him for his long and acceptable service as Chairman
of the Garden Committee, in gracefully declining to accept it,
adding that he had been more than compensated in performing the

]66 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

agreeable duties of that position, will be remembered. He was
also Chairman of the Society of Arts of the Institute of Tech-
nology ; a member of the Webster Historical Society ; of the New
England Historic Genealogical Society, and of the American Asso-
ciation for the Advancement of Science.

In 1835 Mr. Fuller was married to Miss Mary Storer Goddard,
daughter of Nathaniel Goddard, a well known merchant of Boston.
Two sons have died, one having been lost, with all his famil}', in a
cyclone which swept the Indian Ocean, as Ihey were returning
from Calcutta, but three daughters survive him.

Resolved, That in the death of Mr. Fuller, not onh^ this
Society, but the whole community, suffer a severe and irreparable
loss.

Resolved, That these sentiments of respect and affection, with
the earnest expression of sincere condolence, be communicated to
the bereaved family of the deceased.

For the Committee,

Benjamin G. Smith, Chairman.

John G. Barker seconded the motion to adopt the memorial,
which he considered an admirable one ; and added that Mr. Fuller
was trul}' an unusual gentleman — that to know him was to respect
him. He was a man of marked intelligence ; one whose ideas were
progressive and valuable ; who was quick to recognize real im-
provements in plans and methods, and was desirous that they
should be adopted. In his own intercourse with Mr. Fuller, Mr.
Barker had always found his conversation interesting and refresh-
ing upon all subjects, and in the line of cemeteiy work especially,
Mr. Fuller's ideas were suggestive and instructive. Alluding to
the fact that Mr. Fuller declined nomination for the presidency of
the Societ}', Mr. Barker added that for himself he felt it an honor to
be made Chairman of the Committee on Gardens, after Mr. Fuller
had held that position so long and to the great satisfaction of the
Society.

The memorial was unanimously adopted.

The Secretary read a letter from the relatives of the late Henry
Shaw, of St. Louis, Mo., acknowledging the receipt of the memo-
rial of Mr. Shaw adopted by the Society, and thanking the Societj'
for this mark of appreciation of his services in the advancement
of horticulture, botany, and rural pursuits. The Board of

ANNUAL REPORT READ. 167

Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden also acknowledged
with thanks the receipt of the same memorial.

The Secretarj' also laid before the Society a letter from Louis
B. Harding, acknowledging the testimonial adopted by the Society
in memory of his father, the late William C. Harding of Stamford,
Connecticut.

Adjourned to Saturda}^ December 7.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, December 7, 1889.

An adjourned meeting of the Societ}' was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Henry P. Walcott, in the chair.

The President, as Chairman of the Executive Committee,
reported a recommendation that the Society hold an exhibition in
August, 1890, during the time of the Convention of the Society of
American Florists, this exhibition to be considered a substitute
for that portion of the Annual September Show which includes
Plants and Flowers. This report was accepted and adopted.

The President also reported from the Executive Committee, the
Schedule of Prizes for 1890, with the approval of that Committee.
After amendment so as to provide that duplicates should be allowed
in the different classes of Roses at the Rose Exhibition, the
Schedule was adopted.

The Annual Report of the Committee on Plants and Flowers
was read b}* Joseph H. Woodford, Chairman.

The Annual Report or the Committee on Fruits was read by
E. W. Wood, Chairman. This report was accompanied by a
special recommendation that the Society award the Prospective
Prize for the best Seedling Strawberry to Warren Heustis for his
seedling, the Belmont. This recommendation was approved by
the Society.

John Robinson, from the Library Committee, read the Annual
Report of that Committee.

M. B. Faxon, Secretary of the Committee on Window Garden-
ing, read a statement of the receipts and expenditures of that Com-
mittee.

168 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The above mentioned reports were severally accepted, and
referred to the Committee on Publication.

Further time was granted to the Committee on Window Garden-
ing to prepare a report,

Benjamin G. Smith, from the Committee to prepare a memorial
of the late Henry Weld Fuller, read a letter from his daughters,
conveying their thanks for the tribute to the memory of their
father, adopted by the Societ}-.

James F. M. Farquhar, of Roslindale,
having been recommended by the Executive Committee as a mem-
ber of the Society, was on ballot duh' elected.

Adjourned to Saturday, December 14.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, December 14, 1889.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was holden at 11 o'clock,
the President, Henry P. Walcott, in the chair.

The Annual Report of the Committee on Vegetables was read by
Charles N. Brackett, Chairman, accepted, and referred to the
Committee on Publication.

The President, as Chairman of the Committee on Repairs and
Alterations of the Society's Building, appointed on the 26th of
January, presented the following report : —

The Comiaittee appointed for the purpose of making certain
repairs and changes in this building, occasioned by the fire of
December 30, 1888, beg leave to submit the following report : —

An early conference with the proper authorities of the city satis-
fied the Committee that it was expedient to comply without hesi-
tation, with the requirements of the Inspectors of Buildings, and
reconstruct the building, so far as possible, with all the safeguards
against fire. These new arrangements involved the expenditure
of a much larger sum of money than was received from the insur-
ance companies.

It was also found in the course of the new work for the im-
provement of the Library accommodations, that this portion of the

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON REPAIRS. I(l9

building suffered from very serious structural defects, which
required immediate remedy, and would have required such atten-
tion even in case no extension of the Librar}' had been entered on.
Extensive changes were therefore made, and 3'our Committee
believe that the Library' Room is now in better condition than at
any time before.

The roof was also defective and the Committee deemed the
present occasion a fitting one for making much needed repairs.

The Committee believe that the changes in the building have
commended themselves to the judgment of the members. The
Society is already enabled to secure better rents for the use of its
more attractive halls, and will undoubtedly be able to attract a
more desirable class of patrons than in the past.

Your Committee take comfort in the belief that no ver}' consid-
erable expenditures will be necessary for repairs or changes in the
upper portion of the building for man}- years.

All bills contracted for the necessary work have been paid.

Appended to the report was a detailed statement of the cost of
the repairs and alterations, which had been made, the total amount
being $17,487.89

To meet this, there were collections of insurance —
For Loss on Building $4,746.92

For Loss on Contents 5,700.00

'■ — $10,446.92

Paid from the Income of the Society $7,040.97

The report was accepted and referred to the Committee on Pub-
lication.

Robert Manning read his Annual Report as Secretary and Libra-
rian, which was accepted and referred to the Committee on Publi-
cation.

Adjourned to Saturda}', December 21.

BUSINESS MEETING.

Saturday, December 21, 1889.

The meeting last Saturday adjourned to this da}', but as no
quorum was present it dissolved.

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS,

FOR THE YEAR 1889.

By JOSEPH H. WOODFORD, Chairman.

Once more the time has come round when your Committee must
render an account of their doings in this department of the good
work our Societ}' has accomplished during the past year.

The year opened rather discouragingly, on account of the fire
which occurred in our building on the 30th of last December, ren-
dering the halls unfit for exhibition purposes. As the repairs were
not completed till the latter part of July, our shows for the first
half of the 3'ear were held at a great disadvantage, and were prob-
ably much smaller than they would have been under more favorable
circumstances.

The spring opened some two weeks earlier this j'ear than last,
and the frosts 4ield off fully two weeks later in the fall. Thus a
good month was added to the growing season for out-door plants
and consequently a month more of real enjo3'ment has been
experienced in our gardens than is usually allotted to us in this
vicinity.

As a general rule plants have been of slow growth this season,
because we have had a greater precipitation of moisture, and also
rather cooler weather than the average of past summers.

But neither the frequent rains nor the cool weather, discouraged
our exhibitors, for we had very good displays all through the year,
and some of unusual excellence. In making up our report we
include a special notice of the most commendable features of each

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 171

of the exhibitions as they occurred, somewhat in the form of a
diary for future reference.

In February-, there were placed on the table in the Library room,
Roman Hyacinths, Primroses, Camellias, and Orchids. Among
the last named were Coelogyne cristata by Mrs. Francis B. Hayes ;
Cattleya Triame Smithce, a remarkably fine variety with very large
and highly colored flowers, by Pitcher & Manda, of Short Hills,
N. J., and cut flowers of Dendrobium Wardianum, from Edwin
Sheppard & Son.

February 9, James Comley, showed his seedling Rose, the
Oakmont, — named after Mrs. Francis B. Hayes's estate in Lex-
ington. This rose was exhibited several times during the year,
and received considerable attention from rose growers.

March 2, Mrs. Henry F. Durant sent in a splendid specimen
plant of Dendrobium nobile, bearing four hundred and thirty-four
flowers. John L. Gardner also sent a Phajus grandifolius having
eleven spikes bearing two hundred flowers. Thomas W. Dee showed
a Lilium Harrisii with three stalks, bearing thirt3'-one large fra-
grant flowers. The above named three plants were remarkably
fine specimens and reflected much credit on the growers.

E. Sheppard & Son again brought their new Dendrobium nobile,
bearing flowers of a much deeper color than the type. This variety
was noticed in our last 3'ear's report.

March 9, Fisher Brothers & Co. made a lovely show of twenty-
five pots of Cyclamen giganteum, interspersed with small plants of
Cocos Weddelliana and Isolepsis gracilis. Mrs. Francis B. Hayes
showed for the first time, a hardy Rhododendron, grown from seed
by her gardener, James Comley. This bears a large truss of white
flowers with brown spots, and being very beautiful it has been
honored with the name of Mrs. Cleveland. Another exhibition of
this same Rhododendron was made March 16th, together with
thirty varieties of Hybrid Perpetual Roses, and the Oakmont.

SPRING EXHIBITION.

March 27, 28, and 29.

Owing to the damaged condition of our halls, this was not so
extensive as the previous year, yet it was a splendid show of good
plants and flowers, and exhibitors competed for nearly all the prizes
offered.

172 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Roses shown by Thomas H. Meade. Mrs. Francis B. Hayes^
Norton Brothers, and John Simpkins, were of great excellence^
and won the admiration of every one.

The Orchids from Benjamin Gre}', E. W. Gilmore. and Pitcher
& Manda, of Short Hills, X. J., fascinated the visitors by their
quaint forms and gorgeous colorings.

The Dutch bulbs were flowered in perfection, and their various
colors and perfumes were appreciated b}' all. We noticed a decided
advance in the flowers of Cinerarias, as grown by Nathaniel T.
Kidder and Thomas Clark ; and in Pansies as grown by Denys
Zirngiebel and Joseph S. Fay.

Mrs. Anna L. Moring's pyramidal Mignonette was very luxu-
riant, some of the flower spikes being over a foot long and quite
dense. The PiimuJa obconka shown by Fisher Brothers & Co.
was very superior, having been grown from seed saved from the
largest flowers of the best plants, and showed great improvement
in the size and quality of this beautiful flower.

The Botanic Garden of Harvard University- sent a large collec-
tion of Herbaceous Plants in pots and pans, all well flowered and
making a very fine display.

A new Rose. Souvenir de "Woottou, sent by C. Strauss & Co.,
of Washington, D. C, was shown for the first time. The color
was something between a William H. Bennett and a Jacqueminot*
but having come from such a distance it was not in as fine condi-
tion as if the specimen had been taken fresh from plants grown in
this vicinity, yet it possessed sufficient merit to command a First
Class Certificate.

April 13th. May 4th, and May 11th, James Comley showed his
seedling Rose, the Oakmont, fully proving that it is a good bloomer
as well as a beautiful rose.

May 11th, the Calceolarias shown by Kenneth Finlayson, gar-
dener to Dr. C. G. Weld, and William J. Martin, gardener to
Nathaniel T. Kidder, were very fine, as were also the Pansies from
Denys Zirngiebel. John L. Gardner sent the following Orchids in
splendid bloom :

Calanthe Textori, Dendrohium Deareiy

Cypripedium caudatum, Lycaste Deppei,

C. Lawrenceanum, Odonioglossum maculatum.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 173

On Ma^' 25th, H. H. Huuuewell made a grand display of two
hundred vases of hardy Rhododendrons, forty of which were named,
fifty vases of Ghent and Mollis Azaleas, and fort}- vases of Indian
Azaleas. Mrs. Francis B. Hayes also showed a grand collection
of Rhododendrons, Azaleas, Japan Maples, etc., and Joseph H.
Woodford sent in ten pans of seedling Clematis in great variety.
The eight varieties of Carnations, b}' Frederick C. Fisher, — Victor,
Snowdon, Degraw, Anna Webb, Hiuze's White, Florence, AUe-
gati^re, and Catharine Paul, were finely grown, with large flowers,
and very fragrant.

RHODODENDRON SHOW.
June 1.

This exhibition was changed from .June 8th, on account of the
■earliness of the season.

The display was superb and attracted a large number of admirers
■of these most beautiful flowers. The chief contributors were
H. H. Hunnewell, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, and John L. Gardner.
Mr. Hunnewell sent forty-four named varieties, and two hundred
vases of unnamed.

John L. Gardner has established the fact that a large number of
the Rhododendrons heretofore supposed to be tender varieties are
really hardy, he having grown them for a number of 3-ears in
the same manner and under the same conditions as the kinds
recognized as hard3^ The following are some of the varieties
formerly supposed to be tender, but whose hardiness is now proved,
— Lady Emily Cathcart, Mrs. John Glutton, Minnie, Lord John
Russell, Atrorubens, and Queen.

The display of German Iris exceeded all previous exhibits in
quantity and in variety of colors, Robert T. Jackson showing sixty-
eight varieties in his collection, while Edwin Fewkes & Son and
J. W. Manning, had rich collections.

First Class Certificates of Merit were awarded to Joseph H.
Woodford, for double seedling Clematis, in large variety ; Robert
T. Jackson, for seedling German Iris, after the style of Susiaiia;
and Thomas C. Thurlow for seedling Ghent Azaleas.

Among the other numerous exhibits, we noticed small displays of
hardy Pyrethrums, in a variety of colors and forms. We predict

174 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

that this flower will come to the front, and in the near future will
be largely grown by all lovers of hardy herbaceous plants.

June 8th was show day for Herbaceous Poeonies, and we are
glad to note that the exhibition was of a superior character. John
L. Gardner took the lead with four blooms each of seventeen
varieties. William C. Strong sent a fine collection, including one
called Atrosanguinea which, when only partially opened, resembled
a Jacqueminot rose in *both form and color, and was very hand-
some ; but to our mipd the choicest and daintiest collection was
shown by Miss Ellen M. Harris, including double, semi-double^
and single flowers.

A First Class Certificate of Merit was awarded to Joseph H.
Woodford for a seedling Clematis ; the flowers were white with
gray anthers and seven inches in diameter.

June 18th, Sewall Fisher showed a seedling Carnation, named
Mrs. Fisher. The flowers were of large size and good substance ;
the color pure white. It was awarded a First Class Certificate of
Merit. This Carnation was shown again in November, in fully as
good form and style as when first exhibited, and was pronounced
to be a fine acquisition to this fragrant class of flowers.

ROSE EXHIBITION.

June 18 and 19.

This also was held a week earlier than the Schedule time, and
was not as complete as usual, owing to the unfavorable weather
during the growing season, nor did the individual flowers show
that degree of perfection which we like to see at the time when the
" Queen" should be looking her best.

The most beautiful collection of Hybrid Perpetual Roses was
that sent in by John B. Moore & Son, on the second day. They
were cut with long stems, which had not been disbudded, showing
the terminal rose in perfection, with the surrounding buds in all
stages of development.

Another fine display was that made by Charles W. Galloupe,
consisting of eleven varieties of Tea Roses, each in a large vase.
They were arranged by his gardener, Mr. Lalley, with a freedom
from stiffness and formality which made them exceedingly
attractive.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 175

The Orchid family were out in full force and presented some of
the most wonderful forms and gorgeous colorings of any class of
plants. The Cypripediums from Pitcher & Manda, of Short Hills,
N. J., included many rare kinds, and some of them so beautiful
that one might with propriety affirm that they would adorn some
beautiful Cinderella in case she lost her glass slipper. Among the
rarest ones were :

C. euryale, C. Javanico superbiejis,

C. Gandavense, C. Pleistochlorum,

C. Harrisianutn Pitcher ianum, C. superciliare ornatum.

Among less rare kinds were fine specimens of C. Veitchii, C.
Lawrencecmuvi, and others. Other noticeable specimens were
Oncidium crispum, having about fifty flowers on the stem, each
measuring four inches across, and Trichopilea crispa var. gloxince-
Jiora with richly colored flowers.

John L. Gardner's exhibition of Orchids, interspersed with
palms, was very imposing, and formed an attractive feature of the
show.

The display of Delphiniums was very large, comprising some of
the best spikes ever seen of these flowers.

Nathaniel T. Kidder showed flowers of Syringa Pekinensis.
This is a weeping shrub introduced by F. L. Temple. It is very
graceful in form and handsome in foliage ; the flowers, are white,
with a fragrance of the privet, and are produced in large panicles
on the ends of the branches, giving to a full grown plant the
appearance of a large green umbrella with a beautiful white fringe.

June 29th was not a prize day, yet the exhibition of Iris Kmmp-
feri was the best we ever had. When we recollect that this
species of Iris was introduced into this country only a few years
ago, we are surprised at the progress made in producing new
varieties ; and yet we ought not to be, for our cultivators know a
good thing when they see it, and then the desire comes to improve
even that which is already good. William C. Strong showed the
largest collection. John L. Gardner sent three flowers each of
twenty-two named varieties. Edwin Fewkes & Son showed in
their numerous collection some fine seedlings, which they had
raised from carefully cross-fertilized seed, therebj^ getting new
colors and improved flowers.

176 MASSACHTSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

E. Sheppard & Son showed thirty varieties of named Pelar-
goniums in fine form and rich colors.

On account of the earliness of the season the weekly show
appointed for July 13. was held in connection with that of July 6th,
and for the same reason all the other weekly shows preceding the
Annual Exhibition were held a week earlier than the Schedule time.
These exhibitions were very good indeed. The flowers of all classes
in their season being at their best in each display commanded a large
attendance of visitors, who found great pleasure in these free
exhibitions of flowers, for they were such as no other city on this
continent, and no other society provides weekly for the education
of the masses in floriculture. We can take credit to ourselves for
the liberality manifested by this Society in thus opening these
shows to the public without charge, and when we hear the favor-
able comments made by eminent members of our fraternity from
distant places, who visit our shows while sojourning temporarily
in this city, it does our hearts good to know from their testimony
that no other Society in the United States compares with our own,
in the quality of its exhibitions or the welcome given bv its mem-
bers to visitors, either from this vicinity or from a distance.

As we predicted, in one of our former reports, that certain flowers
would become more prominent in the near future, we take pleasure
in again alluding to that subject and noting the progress which
has lately been made. The first to which we will call attention is the
Sweet Pea. This flower has such intrinsic merit that it is no
wonder every one wants the old kinds. But some of our seed
growers are continually introducing new varieties. One of the
latest of these is Miss Blanche Ferry, grown by D. M. Ferry &
Co.. of Detroit. Michigan, which is of brighter color than the
old standard. Painted Lady.

One excellent quality of the sweet pea is that it can be used in
connection with all other flowers, and while it does not cheapen
the others or lose its own individuality, it is always sweet and
beautiful. -James F. C. Hyde exhibited forty-four varieties. The
M. B. Faxon Special Prizes were taken by Joseph H. Woodford for
a bouquet, and William Patterson for twenty-five varieties. Every
one having a garden should grow a mixed collection of Sweet Peas.

The Tropaeolnm is another flower that is engaging the attention
of gardeners to a greater extent than formerly. The colors are
excellent, and every day in the summer it gives out its wealth of

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 177

bloom, so that with only a few plants one can always have a bunch
of flowers for a friend. Dr. C. G. Weld took M. B. Faxon's
Special Prize for twenty-five vases of this beautiful flower.

The Aster is still another flower that is being grown lately more
than ever before, the colors are being made clearer and the flowers
more nearh- perfect. R. & J. Farquhar & Co., exhibited one
hundred and fifty-six varieties and Honorable Mention of their
exhibit is hereby recorded. Fearing Burr showed some of large
size, clear colors, and particularly good form. .Joseph H. White
took the M. B. Faxon Special Prize for twenty-five blooms.
Joseph S. Fay. and Nathaniel T. Kidder showed some fine flowers.
The Dianthus Heddewigii, the Marigolds, the PJdox Drutnmondi^
and the Zinnias exhibited by L. W. Goodell showed an improve-
ment over the older kinds.

July 27th Pitcher & Manda of Short Hills, X. J., showed a
new variety of Achillea serrata called the Pearl — a whiter flower
and a trifle larger than the old one. It was awarded a First Class
Certificate.

August 3d H. H. Hunnewell made a grand showing of Orchids,
which were arranged with palms, ferns, and grasses, by Mr.
Harris, in his usual felicitous manner.
The following were in the collection : —

Aerides qninquevidnerum Cattleya Sanderiana

BoUea Patiyiii C. Schqfieldiana

Cattleya chrysotoxa Cypripedium Curtisii

C. GaskeUiuna C. Doniinii

C. gigas C. grande

C. imperialis Dendrobium suavi^simum

and many others.

August 31st -Jackson Dawson brought from the Arnold Arbore-
tum, a beautiful shrub called Symplocos paniculatiLS, bearing cobalt
blue berries. This was very striking in effect, as it was well cov-
ered with the berries, and will make a beautiful addition to garden
shrubbery. It was awarded a First Class Certificate of Merit.

Honorable Mention is made of a seedling Dahlia shown by
William E. Endicott, light pink in color, and named John Frost.
Also of Hibiscus Jlavescens, shown by James F. C. Hyde ; of
Phlox Drianmondi, shown by L. W. Goodell. and of the Japan
Anemone, Honorine Jobert, shown September 7 by Walter
Hunnewell.
3

178 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ANNUAL EXHIBITION.

September 17, 18, 19, and 20.

This was more sombre thau in most years, owing to the unusual
absence of the brilliant colors, both in foliage and flowers generally
seen at these shows. Palms seemed to predominate, whereas
they should be interspersed with the ornamental foliaged plants,
such as Crotons and Dracaenas to enliven them, and make the
grouping more attractive. William E. Doyle brought the largest
collection of plants, while the exhibits made b}^ Joseph H. White,^
H, H. Hunnewell, Nathaniel T. Kidder, Thomas Clark, and
Dr. C. G. Weld, were very effective, being mostly of large well
grown plants. Mr. Hunnewell was awarded the Society's Silver
Medal for well grown Dracaenas. Mrs. E. M. Gill took the M. B.
Faxon Special Prize for a vase of single Dahlias, and William C.
Strong won the Hunnewell Prize for Evergreen Trees and Shrubs.

October 5 John L. Gardner showed for the first time Vanda
Kimhalliana which was awarded the Society's Silver Medal.

October 19 Mrs. Anna L. Moring sent in seven varieties of
splendidly grown Chrysanthemums. John Simpkins was awarded
a First Class Certificate of Merit for a seedling Chr^^sanlhemum, a
large flower fully six inches in diameter ; color white, slightly
pinkish, tinged lemon in the centre, and named Miss R. Simpkins.

October 26 John L. Gardner showed JEschynantlms grandi-
Jlorus. This is a drooping shrub, bearing trusses of crimson-yellow
flowers on the ends of the branches. It was introduced into this
country a good many years ago, but we are alwaj'^s glad to greet
an old favorite, and to Charles M. Atkinson, gardener to Mr. Gard-
ner, was awariJed a First Class Certificate of Merit for Superior Cul-
ture of this plant.

The beautiful collections of Wild Flowers and Ferns that have
been exhibited by Mrs. P. D. Richards, Fj. H. Hitchings, Sever-
ance Burrage, Walter E. Coburn, and Miss M. W. Nichols during
the season, have been a source of great pleasure to a numerous
constituency of ardent admirers. Nearly ever}' Saturday during
the year specimens of our native flora have graced our tables, and
when we take into consideration that these are all correctly marked
with both the botanical and the common names, we see at once the
value of each exhibit to students in botau}-, and even to the ordinary
observer. These collectors cannot be too highly commended for
their perseverance in so good yet so arduous a work.

REPORT OF COMMITTEK ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 179

THE CHRYSANTHEMUM EXHIIUTION.
November 12, 13, 14, and 15.

This was the crowning show of the jear. Although the individ-
ual plants were not generally equal in robustness to those of
former years, some of them were superior, and reflected great
credit on the gardeners having them in charge. Walter Hunne-
well's twenty plants, Mrs. Francis B, Hayes's twelve, and H. L.
Higginson's four, were exceptionally fine, but the greatest progress
was evinced in the display of cut flowers, as grown by John Simp-
kins and Charles J. Powers. Never were thei'e seen in our halls,
such wonderful flowers. They were enormous in size, yet were as
perfect in form, and as finely finished in ever}' respect as the ordi-
nary sized ones. In short they were rich to an extreme, and beau-
tiful beyond the comprehension of those who have not kept pace
with the development of this grand production of China and Japan.

The new seedlings shown by John Simpkins, Edwin Fewkes &
Son, George Hollis, and Henr}' P. Waicott, gave evidence of great
progress in the right direction, for they were generally large flowers
of fine form and decided colors, any one of them being far in
advance of the seedling to which was awarded the Silver Cup
offered by Mrs. President Harrison, at Indianapolis.

John Simpkins took the first special prize, the Society's Silver
Medal, for Sandyside, the best seedling of 1889. Edwin Fewkes
& Son received the second special prize, for Waban, and George
Hollis took the third special prize, for Aureole.

Edwin Fewkes & Son carried off the Bradlee Plate, offered for
the best fift}' blooms, comprising thirty Japanese, ten Chinese In-
curved, and ten Anemone Chrysanthemums. Honorable Mention
is made of a pink variety of the Mrs. Alpheus Hardy Chrysanthe-
mum, exhibited by Peter Henderson & Co., of New York, and
named Louis Boehmer. Honorable Mention is made of a new
Rose grown by Peter Ball, called the Duchess of Albany. It re-
sembles La France but is pink all over and of a deeper color than
La France. Honorable Mention is also made of a new seedling
Carnation grown by William Nicholson, called Mrs. F^lliot. This
is of a deeper color than Grace Wilder, ami considerably larger.

A First Class Certificate was awarded to E. W. Gilmore for the
Orchid, Soplironitis coccinea grancliflora. Honorable Mention is
also made of an orchid shown by Pitcher & Manda, of Short Hills,

180 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETT.

N. J., named Cypripedium MaseereUianuTn. this is sTnon5'mous
with C. Leeanum and very much resembles C. Spicerianum .

This exhibition was the most successful and certainly the most
fiatisfactory of any we have held this year, and it showed more
progress in the cultivation of plants and flowers than during any
previous year within the recollection of the oldest member of our
Society.

The prizes for Herbaceous Plants have received the attention of

only one exhibitor during the whole season. Therefore the Apple-
ton Silver Medal has been awarded to J. W. Manning for superior
collections contributed at the times specified in the Schedule.

Our report would not be complete if we did not drop flowers in
pleasant remembrance, on the graves of our late associates, Edwin
Fewkes. James Cartwright, and James O'Brien, who have died
during the past year, having lived long, useful, and worthy lives as
successful florists. Requiescant in pace.

Of the appropriation of $3,000 for Plants and Flowers, your Com-
mittee have awarded in prizes and gratuities $2,967.

All of which is respectfully submitted.

Joseph H. Woodfobd,
F. L. Harris.

Committee on
M. H. NoEToy. T>, ,
V Plants

AeTHTB FeVTKES, j ttt-

' V and Fiowers.
JoHK H. Moore.

Wm. J. Stewabt,

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR PLANTS
AND FLOWERS.

February 5.
Roman Hyacinths. — Six six-inch pots, John L. Gardner, . . $4 00
Gratuities : —

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Basket of Camellias, 5 00

George Seaverns, Six Primroses, 1 00

February 9.
Gratuity: —

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Centre Piece for Table, . . . . 3 00

March 2.

Gratuities : —

Edward Butler, gardener to Mrs. Henry F. Durant, Dendrobium

nohile, with 434 flowers, ....... 3 00

John L. Gardner, Phaius grandifolius, . . . . . . 3 00

March 9.

Gratuities : —

Fisher Brothers, Twenty-five pots of Cyclamens, . . . . 6 00

John L. Gardner, Cattleya TriancB, . . . . . . 1 00

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cut Flowers, 1 00

March 16.
Gratuities : —

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Twenty varieties of Hybrid Perpetual

Roses, 3 00

Frederick C. Fisher, Eight varieties of Carnations, . . . 1 00

SPRING EXHIBITION.

March 27, 28, and 29.
Theodore Lyman Prizes.

Indian Azaleas. — Six distinct named varieties, in pots, Nathaniel

T. Kidder, the Lyman Plate, value $35 00

Orchids. — Ten plants in bloom, E. W. Gilmore, the Lyman Plate,

value 30 00

Second, E. W. Gilmore, the Lyman Plate, value . . . 25 00

182

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Society's Prizes.

Indian Azaleas. — Four distinct named varieties, in not exceeding
ten-inch pots, A. W. Spencer, ......

Second, Kenneth Finlayson, gardener to Dr. C. G. Weld,
Two distinct named varieties, Kenneth Finlayson,
Specimen Plant, named, Nathaniel T. Kidder, . . . .

Second, Thomas Clark, ........

Single plant, of any named variety, in not exceeding an eight-inch
pot, Kennetli Finlayson, ........

Second, A. W. Spencer,

Hybrid Perpetual Roses. — Twelve cut blooms, of not less than
six distinct named varieties, excluding Gen. Jacqueminot,
Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, ........

Tender Roses in Vases. — Twelve blooms of Catherine Mermet,

Thomas H. Meade,

Twelve blooms of Cornelia Cook, Thomas H. Meade,
Twelve blooms of La France, Thomas H. Meade,

Second, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes,
Twelve blooms of Niphetos, Thomas H. Meade, .
Twelve blooms of The Bride, Thomas H. Meade,
Orchids. — Three plants in bloom, Benjamin Grey, .

Single plant in bloom, Benjamin Grey, .

Stove or Greenhouse Plant. — Specimen in bloom, other than

Azalea or Orchid, named, the second prize to Mrs. Francis B

Hayes for a Himalayan Rhododendron, .

Cyclamens. — Ten plants in bloom, Thomas Clark,

Three plants in bloom, Kenneth Finlayson, gardener to

Weld,

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder, ....

Single plant in bloom, Kenneth Finlayson,
Heaths or Epacrises. — Four plants, the second prize
Finlayson, .......

Hardy Primroses and Polanthuses. — Ten plants,
varieties, in bloom, Edwin Fewkes & Son,
Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder, ....

Cinerarias. — Six varieties in bloom, in not over nine

Nathaniel T. Kidder,

Second, Thomas Clark, .....

Third, Thomas Clark,

Single plant in bloom, Thomas Clark, ...
Second, Thomas Clark, .....
Violets. — Six pots, in bloom, Nathaniel T. Kidder,
Second, Thomas Clark, .....
Third, Nathaniel T. Kidder, ....
Pansies. — Six distinct varieties, in pots, in bloom, W. C
Second, W. C. Ward,

to Kenneth

of distinct

Dr. C. G

inch pots

Ward,

$10 00
8 00
6 00
4 00
3 00

00
00

6 00

5

00

5 00

6

00

4

00

6

00

5 00

8

00

5

00

6

00

10

00

3

00

2

00

2

00

6 00

5 00

4 00

10 00

8 00

6 00

3 00

2 00

4 00

3 00

2 00

4 00

3 00

PHIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 183

Fifty cut blooms in the Society's flat fruit dishes, Denys

Zirngiebel, .......... 4 00

Second, Joseph S. Fay, 3 00

Third, Denys Zirngiebel, ........ 2 00

Carnations. — Display of cut blooms, with foliage, not less than six

varieties, in vases, Frederick C. Fisher, . . . . 5 00

Second, E. Sheppard & Son, 4 00

Camellias. — Display of named varieties, cut flowers with foliage,
not less than twelve blooms, of not less than six varieties,

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, 4 00

Centre Piece or Artistic Design. — The last day of the Exhibi-
tion, Norton Brothers, . . . . . . . . 20 00

Second, Mrs. A. D. Wood, 15 00

Spring Flowering Bulbs.

Hyacinths. — Twelve distinct named varieties in pots, one in each

pot, in bloom, Nathaniel T. Kidder, . . . . . 10 00

Second, Thomas Clark, 8 00

Third, Edwin Fewkes & Son, 6 00

Six distinct named varieties in pots, one in each pot, in bloom,

Edwin Fewkes & Son, 6 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder, 5 00

Third, Kenneth Finlayson, gardener to Dr. C. G. Weld, . . 4 00
Three distinct named varieties in pots, one in each pot, in bloom,

Edwin Fewkes & Son, 4 00

Second, Thomas Clark, 3 00

Third, Nathaniel T. Kidder, 2 00

Single named bulb, in pot, in bloom, Edwin Fewkes & Son, . 2 00

Second, Thomas Clark, I 00

Three pans, ten bulbs of one variety in each pan, Nathaniel T.

Kidder, 10 00

Second, Kenneth Finlayson, ....... 8 00

Third, Thomas Clark, 6 00

Two pans, ten bulbs of one variety in each pan, Nathaniel T.

Kidder, 8 00

Second, Kenneth Finlayson, . . . . . . . 6 00

Third, Thomas Clark, . • 5 00

Single pan, with ten bulbs of one variety, Kenneth Finlayson, . 5 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder, 4 00

Third, Thomas Clark, 3 00

Tulips. — Six six-inch pots, five bulbs in each, in bloom, Edwin

Fewkes & Son, 5 00

Second, Kenneth Finlayson, . . . . . . . 4 00

Third, Thomas Clark, 3 00

Three six-inch pots, five bulbs in each, in bloom, Edwin Fewkes

& Son, 4 00

Second, Edwin Fewkes & Son, 3 00

184

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Three pans, ten bulbs of one variety in each pan, Edwin Fewkes

& Son,

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder, .......

Third, Thomas Clark,

Fourth, Nathaniel T. Kidder,

Polyanthus Narcissus. — Four seven-inch pots, three bulbs in
each, in bloom, Thomas Clark, .....

Second, Thomas Clark, ........

Hardy Narcissus and Daffodils. — Twelve pots, not less than
six varieties, Kenneth Finlayson, ......

Second, Thomas Clark, ........

Jonquils. — Four six-inch pots, six bulbs in each, in bloom, Thomas

Clark,

General Display of Spring Bulbs. — All classes, Thomas Clark,
Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder, .......

LiLiuM LoNGiFLORUM OR Harrisi. — Three pots, not exceeding ten
inches, Kenneth Finlayson, .......

Lily of the Valley. — Six six-inch pots, in bloom, Nathaniel T.
Kidder, ...........

Anemones. — Three pots or pans, Thomas Clark, ....

Second, Thomas Clark, ........

Freesias. — Six pots, Thomas Clark, ......

6

00

5

00

4

00

3

00

6

00

4-^

00

10

00

8

00

3

oo

20

00

18

00

8 00

5 00

4 00
3 00

5 00

Gratuities : —

John Simpkins, Koses, Merveille de Lyon, Baroness Rothschild, and
Her Majesty, ......

Mrs. Francis B Hayes, Cut Roses, Camellias, and Violets,

Thomas H. Meade, Roses, Bon Silene,

Norton Brothers, Roses, Papa Gontier,

Norton Brothers, Roses, Mme. de Watteville, .

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Pot Roses, Rhododendrons, and Azalea,

Benjamin Grey, Cattleya Triance, twenty-five varieties.

Pitcher & Manda, Fifty bottles of Orchids,

Fisher Brothers & Co. , Primula obconica, and Palms,

John Irving, Primula obconica, Cinerarias, Deutzia,

T. Rowland, gardener to Anna L. Moring, Six pots of Mignonette,

Botanic Garden, Herbaceous Native Plants,

A. "W. Spencer, Display of Pot Plants,

Temple & Beard, Evergreens in tubs and pots,

Nathaniel T. Kidder, Broom and Furze, -

Edwin Fewkes & Son, Iris Susiana,

E. Sheppard & Son, Cut Flowers,

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " u ...

10 00

10 00

2 00

2 00

2 00
10 00

10 no

5 00
8 00

4 00

3 00
10 00

5 00
10 00

2 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

April 6.

Gratuity : —
Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cut Roses,

2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 185

April 13.

Gratuities : —

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Azalea Charmer, . . . . . 2 00
Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cut Roses, including Oakmont, . . . 2 00
Mrs. E. M. Gill, Cut Flowers, 1 00

April 27.

Gratuity : —

Walter E. Coburn, Pansies, eight dishes, . . • . . . 2 00

Mat 4.

Gratuities : —

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cut Flowers in variety, . . . . 2 00
Mrs. E. M. Gill, Pansies and Cut Flowers, . . . . . 1 00
E. H. Hitchings, Wild Flowers, 1 00

MAY EXHIBITION.

May 11.

Pelargoniums. — Four named Show or Fancy varieties, in pots, in

in bloom, Joseph H. White, 6 00

Six named Zonale varieties, in pots, in bloom, Thomas Clark, . 5 00
Indian Azalea. — Single specimen in pot, named, Nathaniel T.

Kidder, 4 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder, 3 00

Calceolarias. — Six varieties, in pots, Kenneth Finlayson, gardener

to Dr. C. G. Weld, 6 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder, 5 00

Single plant, Kenneth Finlayson, . . . . . . . 2 00

Second, Kenneth Finlayson, . . . . . . . 1 00

Tulips. — Twenty-four blooms, distinct named varieties, Kenneth

Finlayson 4 00

Basket of Flowers. — The second prize to Mrs. E. M. Gill, . . 5 00

Third, Mrs. A. D. Wood, 4 00

Pansies. — Fifty cut blooms in the Society's flat fruit dishes, Deuys

Zirngiebel, .......... 4 00

Second, Denys Zirngiebel, ... . . . , 3 OO

Third, J. S. Fay, 2 00

Gratuities : —

John L. Gardner, Six Orchids, 7 00

Mrs. A. D. Wood, Hydrangeas, etc., . . . . . . 5 00

Joseph H. White, Gloxinias, etc., . . . . . . . 5 00

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Oakmont Roses and Cut Flowers, . . 3 00

Miss Anna C. Kenrick, Magnolias, . . . . . . . 1 00

186 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Walter E. Coburn, Cut Flowers, 2 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " << 1 00

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Flowers, 2 00

E. H. Hitchings, " " 1 00

May 25.
Gratuities : —

H. H. Hunnewell, Display of Rhododendrons and Azaleas, . . 20 00
Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Collection of Rhododendrons, Azaleas,

Japan Maples, etc., 10 00

Joseph H. Woodford, Collection of Seedling Clematis, in ten dishes

and four vases, ......... 5 00

Frederick C. Fisher, Eight varieties of Carnation, . . . . 2 00

William C. Strong, Azalea mollis, . . . . . . . 1 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Cut Flowers, 1 00

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Flowers, 8 00

E. H. Hitchings, " " 1 00

RHODODENDRON SHOW.

June 1.

H. H. Hunnewell Premiums.

Rhododendrons. — Twelve distinct hardy varieties, named, John L.

Gardner, piece of plate, value, ...... $25 00

Second, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, piece of plate, value . . 20 00

Single truss of any tender variety, named, Joseph Clark, . . 1 00
Hardy Azaleas. — From any or all classes, fifteen named varieties,

one truss each, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, . . . . . 8 00

Second, Thomas C. Thurlow, 5 00

Twelve named varieties, one truss each, E. Shepperd & Sou, . 4 00

Cluster of trusses, of one variety, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, . . 2 00

Second, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, 1 00

Society's Prizes.

German Iris. — Six distinct varieties, one spike of each, Edwin

Fewkes & Son, 3 00

Second, Edwin Fewkes & Son, 2 00

Clematis. — Named varieties, display of cut blooms, with foliage,

Joseph H. Woodford, 4 00

Hardy Pyrethrijms. — Display, Joseph H. Woodford, . . . 3 00

Second, J. W. Manning, 2 00

Hardy Flowering Trees and Shrubs. — Largest and best collec-
tion, named, cut blooms, Nathaniel T. Kidder, . • . 6 00
Native Plants. — Display of named species and varieties, one

bottle of each, Mrs. P. D. Richards, 4 00

Second, Walter E. Coburn, 3 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 187

Basket of Flowers. — Miss Sarah W. Story, . . . .

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill

Herbaceous Plants. — Largest and best arranged collection, cor-
rectly named, J. W. Manning, ......

Second, Miss Sarah W. Story,

Gratuities : —

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Display of Rhododendrons,

H. H. Hunnewell,

Nathaniel T. Kidder,

John L. Gardner, " " "

Joseph Clark, " " "

E. Sheppard & Son, " " "

J. W. Manning, Display of Hardy Azaleas,

Robert T. Jackson, German Iris,

J. W. Manning, " "

Edwin Fewkes & Son, English Iris,

Benjamin Grey, Nymphaeas,

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Cut Flowers, .

E. H. Hitchings, Native Plants,

June 8

Gratuities .

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Display of Rhododendrons and Pseonies,
John L. Gardner, Paeonies, seventeen varieties,

William C. Strong, "

Joseph H. Woodford, Peonies, ......

Miss Ellen M. Harris, "

E. Sheppard & Son, Paeonies and Cut Flowers,

Dr. C. G. Weld, Cattleya Sanderiana and Dendrobium Bensoni,

William H. Spooner, Roses, .......

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Cut Flowers,

June 15.

Gratuities :

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Roses, Kalmias, etc.,
"William H. Spooner, Roses,

5

00

4

00

4

00

3

00

20

00

20

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

2

00

3

00

3

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

5 00
3 00

ROSE EXHIBITION.

June 18 and 19.

Special Prize, Theodore Lyman Fund.

Hardy Perpetual Roses. — Twenty-four distinct named varieties,

three of each, the second prize to William H. Spooner, . $30 00
Third, Warren Heustis & Son, 25 00

188 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Regular Prizes.

Twelve distinct named varieties, three of each, Mrs. Francis B.

Hayes, 20 OO

Second, William H. Spooner, 15 00-

Third, Warren Heustis & Son, 10 00

Six distinct named varieties, three of each, the third prize to

Joseph H. White, 8 00

Three distinct named varieties, three of each, Dr. C. G. Weld, . 10 00

Second, Joseph H. White, 8 00

Twenty-four distinct named varieties, one of each, the second

prize to William H. Spooner, 10 00

Eighteen distinct named varieties, one of each, the second prize to

William H. Spooner, 8 00

Twelve distinct named varieties, one of each, John B. Moore &

Son, 10 00

Second, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, 6 00

Third, Warren Heustis & Son, 4 00

Six distinct named varieties, one of each, John B. Moore & Son, 6 00

Second, Joseph Clark, 4 00

Third, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, 3 00

Three distinct named varieties, one of each, Mrs. Francis B.

Hayes, 3 00

Second, John B. Moore & Son, 2 00

Third, Dr. C. G. Weld, 1 00

General Display of one hundred bottles of Hardy Roses, buds

admissible, J. B. Moore & Son, . . . . . . 10 00

Second, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, 9 00

Third, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 8 00

Fourth, John L. Gardner, 7 00

Fifth, William C. Strong, 6 00

Specimen Foliage or Flowering Plant. — New and rare, other
than Orchid, John L.Gardner, Gymnogramma Schizophyllum

gloriosum, .......... 5 00

Orchids. — Six plants, of six named varieties, in bloom, John L.

Gardner, 15 OO

Second, E. W. Gilmore, 10 OO

Three plants of three named varieties, in bloom, E. W. Gilmore, 8 00

Second, John L. Gardner, 6 00

Single specimen, named, John L. Gardner, 6 00^

Second, E. W. Gilmore, 5 00

Herbaceous Pjeonies. — Ten named varieties, 0. B. Hadwen, . 8 00^
Sweet Williams. — Thirty trusses, not less than six distinct varie-
ties, E. Sheppard & Son, 3 00-

Second, Edwin Fewkes & Son, 2 00

Third, Joseph H. White, 1 C=0

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 189

Vase of Flowers. — Best arranged, in one of the Society's glass

vases, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 5 00

Second, Miss Sarah "W. Story, 4 00

Third, Mrs. A. D. Wood, 3 00

Hardy Garden Lilies. — Collection, Thomas C. Thurlow, . . 5 00

Gratuities : —

<!!!harles W. Galloupe, Eleven varieties of Tea Roses, • . . 10 00

John B. Moore & Son, Two stands of Roses, . . . . ■ . 7 00

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Hybrid Perpetual Roses, . . . . 4: 00

John L. Gardner, " " " .... 3 00

John B. Moore & Son, " " " .... 2 00

Benjamin G. Smith, Roses, ........ 2 00

O. B. Hadwen, " 2 00

Joseph Clark, " 1 00

William H. Spooner, Tea and Hybrid Tea Roses, open culture, . 2 00

Pitcher & Manda, Orchids, 25 00

John L. Gardner, Palms, etc., . . . . . . . . 25 00

E. W. Gilmore, Orchids, etc., 4 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Delphiniums, 2 00

J. B. Moore & Son, " 1 00

E. Sheppard & Son, " and Sweet] Williams, . . . 3 00

John L. Gardner, " and Foxgloves, . . . . 3 00

Dr. C. G. Weld, " etc., 1 00

Miss Sarah W. Story, Sweet Williams, 1 00

William Patterson, Foxgloves, ....... 2 00

William C. Winter, " Antirrhinums, and Sweet Williams, 1 00

Thomas C. Thurlow, Japan Iris, etc., . . . . . . 1 00

Edwin Fewkes & Son, English Iris, 1 00

John L. Gardner, .. << 1 00

Joseph S. Chase, Magnolia glauca, ....... 1 00

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Flowers, 3 00

E. H. Hitchings, " " 1 00

June 22.

Gratuity : —

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Hybrid Perpetual Roses, seventy varieties, S 00

June 29.

Gratuities : —

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Hybrid Perpetual Roses, . . . . 2 00

William C Strong, Iris Kaempferi 5 00

John L. Gardner, " " . . . . . . . 3 00

Edwin Fewkes & Son, " " Hand-Fertilized Seedlings, . 3 00
Edwin Sheppard & Son, Zonale Pelargoniums and other Cut

Flowers, 2 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Cut Flowers, 1 00

190 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

July 6.

Habdt Carnations and Picotees. — Twelve cut blooms, distinct

Tarieties, tree or tender kinds not admissible, Mrs. E. M. Gill,

Second, William C. Winter, .......

Tbird, WilUam Patterson,

Basket of Flowers. — Mrs. E. M. Gill, • . . . .

Second, Miss Sarab W. Story,

Third, Mrs. A. D. Wood

Herbaceous Plants. — J. W. Manning, ......

Second, Miss Sarah W. Story, .......

Japan Iris (varieties of Iris Ksempferi). — Best collection, in vases,

William C. Strong,

Second, Edwin Fewkes & Son, .......

Six named varieties, in vases, Edwin Fewkes & Son,

Second, William C. Strong, .......

Vase of Flowers. — Best arranged, in one of the Society's glass

vases, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 4 OO

Gratuities : —

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Lilies and Roses,

E. Sheppard & Son, Hollyhocks and Iris,

John Irving, Sweet Peas, . . . . .

Joseph H. Woodford, Bouquet of Sweet Peas,

Mrs. E. S. Joyce, Cut Flowers,

Mrs. E. M. Gill, "

Mrs. P. D. Eicbards, Wild Flowers,

3

00

2

00

1

00

5

00

4

00

3

00

4

00

3

00

8

00

6

00

4

00

3

00

1 00

2 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

1 00

2 00

July 13.

Hollyhocks. — Double, twelve blooms, on dishes, of twelve distinct
colors, E. Sheppard & Son, .......

Second, Edwin Fewkes & Son, .......

Six blooms, of six distinct colors, on dishes, Joseph S. Fay,
Second, Edwiji Fewkes & Son, .......

Parlor Bouquets. — Miss Sarah W. Story,

Second, Joseph H. Woodford,

Third, Mrs. E. M. Gill,

Gratuities : —

Edwin Sheppard & Son, Hollyhocks, ......

Joseph S. Fay, " .......

Edwin Fewkes & Son, "

Mrs. E. M. Gill, "

Charles W. Galloupe, Hoses, Pinks, etc., .....

Joseph H. White, Tuberous Begonias, . . . . . . 10 00

William C. Strong, Japan Iris, 2 00

Walter E. Coburn, Wild Flowers, 1 00

4 oa

3

00

2

00

1

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 191

July 20.

Special Prize, offered by M. B. Faxon.

Sweet Peas. — For the best Bouquet or Vase and best arranged,
other foliage than that of sweet peas admissible, Joseph H.
Woodford, 3 00

Regular Prizes.

Gloxinias. — Display of cut flowers, Joseph H. White,

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill,

Native Ferns. — Best display, Severance Burrage, .

Second, Mrs. P. D. Richards, ....

Third, Walter E. Coburn,

Gratuities: —

Charles W. Galloupe, Roses and Pinks,

James F. C. Hyde, Hollyhocks, ....

Caleb Bates, Sweet Peas, ......

Frederick S. Davis, Poppies, .....

William B. Atkinson, Tuberous Begonias,

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cut Flowers,

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " " . . . .

Caleb Bates, Table Design,

Walter E. Coburn, Native Flowers, ....

4

00

3

00

4

00

3

00

2 00'

2

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

July 27.

Special Prize, offered by M. B. Faxon.

Sweet Peas. — For the best display, filling twenty-five of the

Society's glass vases, William Patterson, . . . . 6 00

Regular Prizes.

Verbenas. — Twenty vases, three trusses in each, the third prize to

Charles W. Galloupe, 1 00

Sweet Peas. — Display, filling thirty vases, James F. C. Hyde, . 6 00

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 4 00

Third, Joseph H. White, 3 00

Basket of Flowers. — Miss Sarah W. Story, . . . . 4 00

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 3 00

Third, Mrs. A. D. Wood, 2 00

Herbaceous Plants. — J. W. Manning, ...... 4 00

Gratuities : —

Joseph H. Woodford, Bouquet of Sweet Peas, . . . . 1 00
Dr. H. E. Emery, Vase of Tritomas, 1 00

192 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

C. F. Tarbell, Twenty-four varieties of Dianthus Chinensis, and

D. Ileddewigii, and five varieties of The Bride, . . . 2 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Lilium auratum macranthum, . . . . 1 00

James W. Clark, Gladioli 2 00

J. W. Manning, Phlox, 1 00

Charles W. Galloupe, Cut Flowers, 2 00

Dr. C. G. Weld, " " 2 00

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Flowers, 3 00

Miss N. W. Nichols, " " 2 00

Walter E. Coburn, " " 100

August 3.

Perennial Phloxes. — Ten distinct named varieties, one spike each,

Edwin Fewkes & Son, 4 00

Second, E. Sheppard & Son, 3 00

Third, J. W. Manning, 2 00

Petunias. — Collection, filling thirty bottles, one spray each, the

second prize to Mrs. E. M. Gill, 2 00

Vase of Flowers. — Mrs. E. M. Gill, 4 CO

Second, Mrs. A. D. Wood, 3 00

Third, Miss Sarah W. Story, 2 00

Native Flowers. — Collection, Mrs. P. D. Richards, one hundred

varieties, .......... 4 00

Second, Severance Burrage, ninety varieties, . . . . 3 00

Third, Walter E. Coburn, sixty-five varieties, . . . . 2 00

Gi'atuities : —

H. H. Hunnewell, Orchids, Palms, etc., 20 00

J. Warren Clark, Gladioli, 5 00

Joseph H. White, Gloxinias, 3 00

William Patterson, " etc., 2 00

James F. C. Hyde, Hollyhocks, 1 00

E. Sheppard & Son, Phloxes, 1 00

Charles W. GaUoupe, Cut Flowers, 1 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, « 1 00

August 10.

Gladioli. — Twenty named varieties, in spikes, J. Warren Clark, . 6 00

Single spike, J. Warren Clark, ....... 1 00

Phlox Drummondi. — Thirty vases, not less than six varieties,

L. W. Goodell, 3 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld, 2 00

Third, William Patterson, 1 00

Gratuities : —

William E. Endicott, Gladioli, 1 00

Dr. C. G. Weld, Phlox Drummondi, . . . . . . 1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 193

"William Patterson, Dianthus Heddewigii, . . . . . 1 00

Robert Petremant, Tuberous Begonias, thirty-nine varieties, . , 1 00

William C. Winter, Show, Cactus, and Pompon Dahlias, . . 2 00

George S. Tuttle, Pompon Dahlias, 2 00

Mrs. Starks Whiton, Dahlias, 1 00

L. "W. Goodell, Fairy Blush Poppies and Japan Lotus, . . . I 00

Edwin S. Hill, Petunias, 1 00

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cut Flowers, 3 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, u .< 2 00

Nathaniel T. Kidder, " " . . ' . . , . 2 00

John Parker, " " . . . . . . 1 00

Mrs. A. D. Wood, u .< ^ 00

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Flowers, 2 00

August 17.

AsTKRS. — Victoria Flowered, thirty blooms, not less than twelve

varieties, Nathaniel T. Kidder, 5 00

Basket of Flowers. — Best arranged, Mrs. E. M. Gill, . . 4 00

Second, Mrs. A. D. Wood, 3 00

Third, Miss Sarah W. Story, 2 00

Gratuities : —

Nathaniel T. Kidder, Collection of Asters, 2 00

Fearing Burr, " " 2 00

Joseph S. Fay, Asters, 2 00

J. Warren Clark, Gladioli, Lilies, and Euphorbia, . . . . 4: 00

Benjamin D. Hill, Hardy Lilies, 3 00

Daniel Duffley, Amaryllis Belladonna, . . . . . . 2 00

George S. Tuttle, Liliputian Dahlias, 2 00

Edwin Fewkes & Son, " 2 00

Temple & Beard, " 1 00

John Parker, Dahlias, etc, ........ 1 00

James F. C. Hyde, Hibiscus, . * . . ... . . . 1 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Cut Flowers, 1 00

Mrs. A. D. Wood, " 1 00

Edwin S. Hill, " 1 00

Severance Burrage, Wild Flowers, 2 00

Mrs. P. D. Richards, " " 2 00

E. H. Hitchings, " " 1 00

August 24.
Special Prize, offered by M. B. Faxon.

Asters. — For the best display, filling twenty-five of the Society's

glass vases, Joseph H. White, . . . . . . 4 00

4

194 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Regular Prizes.

Hardy Garden Lilies. — Collection, the second prize to Benjamin

D. Hill, 4 00

Trop^olums. — Display, filling twenty-five vases, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 3 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld, 2 Oa

Third, Benjamin D. Hill, 1 00

LiLiPUTiAN Dahlias. — Twenty vases, George S. Tuttle, . . 4 00-

Gratuities : —

William Patterson, Asters, • 3 00

J. Warren Clark, Gladioli, 2 00

George S. Tuttle, Liliputian Dahlias, 2 00-

Edwin Fewkes & Son, Dahlias, 2 00

Edwin S. Hill, Petunias, 1 00

Miss Sarah W. Story, Vase of Flowers, 2 00

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Cut Flowers, 2 00-

Mrs. E. M. Gill " " 1 00

John Parker, " " 1 00

Walter E. Coburn, Wild Flowers, 1 00

Severance Burrage, " " . . . . • . . 1 00^

Mrs. P. D. Richards, " " 1 00'

August 31.
Special Prize, offered by M. B. Faxon.

Trop^olums. — Best display, filling not less than twenty-five of the

Society's vases. Dr. C. G. Weld, 3 00

Regular Prizes.

Double Zinnias. — Twenty-five flowers, not less than six varieties,

L. W. Goodell, 3 00

Second, Edwin Sheppard & Son, 2 00

Third, Mrs. E. M. Gill, . . % 1 00

DiANTHus. — Collection of Annual and Biennial varieties, filling fifty

bottles, L. W. Goodell, 4 00

Second, William Patterson, ....... 3 00

Third, E. Sheppard & Son, 2 00-

Herbaceous Plants. — J. W. Manning, . . . . . . 4 00

Gratuities : —

H. B. Watt, Tropffiolums, 1 Oa

R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Asters, one hundred and fifty-six varieties, 5 00

William Patterson, Asters, ........ 1 00^

George S. Tuttle, Liliputian Dahlias, 2 00

Edwin Fewkes & Son, Dahlias, 1 00

L. W. Goodell, Cut Flowers, 2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 195

Charles W. Galloupe, Cut Flowers,
E. Shephard & Son,
Mrs. E. M. Gill,
Mrs. A. D. Wood,
John Parker, " "

William Patterson, •' "

Mrs. P. D. liichards, Wild Flowers,
Walter E. Coburn,

1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

1 00

2 00
1 00

ANNUAL EXHIBITION.

Septembkk 17, 18, 19, and 20.
Hunnewell Pi-emiums.

New Evergkeen' Trees and Shrubs and Hardy Rhododen-
drons.— Display in pots, William C. Strong, .... $15 00

Society's Prizes.

Greenhouse Plants. — Six greenhouse and stove plants, of differ-
ent named varieties, two Crotons admissible, Thomas Clark, 30 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder, 25 00

Third, Joseph H. White 20 00

Single plant for table decoration, dressed at the base, Nathaniel

T. Kidder, 10 00

Second, Joseph H. White, . . • 8 00

Third, Mrs. A. D. Wood, 6 00

Specimen Flowering Plant. — Single named variety, Joseph H.

White, 6 00

Second, John L. Gardner, ........ 5 00

Variegated Leaved Plants. — Six named varieties, not offered in
the collection of greenhouse plants, Crotons and Dracaenas

not admissible, Nathaniel T. Kidder, 20 00

Second, Joseph H. White, 15 00

Single specimen, variegated, named, not offered in any collection,

Nathaniel T. Kidder, 6 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder, ....... 5 00

Third, Thomas Clark, 4 00

Caladiums. — Four named varieties, Joseph H. White, . . . 5 00
Ferns. — Six named varieties, no Adiantums admissible, Nathaniel

T. Kidder, 10 00

Adiantums. — Five named varieties, Nathaniel T.Kidder, . .< 8 00

Second, Dr. C. G. Weld, 5 00

Tree Fern. — Single specimen, named, Dr. C. G. Weld, . . 6 00

Third, Joseph H. White, 4 00

Lycopods. — Four named varieties, Nathaniel T. Kidder, . . 4 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder, 3 00

196 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Drac^nas. — Six named varieties, Nathaniel T. Kidder, . . . 6 00

Second, John L. Gardner, ........ 5 00

Third. Joseph H. Wliite, 4 00

Crotons. — Six named varieties, Thomas Clark, , . . . 8 00

Second, Nathaniel T. Ividder, 6 00

Palm or Cycad. — Single plant, named, Joseph H. White, Cycad, 8 00

Second, Joseph H. White, Palm, 6 00

Third, William E. Doyle, Cycad, 5 00

Orchids. — Six plants, named varieties in bloom, Nathaniel T.

Kidder, 12 00

Three plants, na,iiied varieties, in bloom, John L. Gardner, . 8 00

Cut Flowers.

Special Prize offered by M. B. Faxon.

Single Dahlias. — For the best vase and best kept during the exhi-
bition, raised from seed as an annual, Mrs. E. M. Gill, . 3 00

Regular Prizes.

Dahlias. — To be examined by the Committee each day of the exhi-
bition ; the prizes to be awarded on the second day.
Twelve named varieties, John Parker, . . . . . . 4 00

LiLiPDTiAN Dahlias. — General Display, with buds and foliage,
filling twenty-five bottles, George S. Tuttle, ....

Second, Franklin Bacheller, .......

Third, William C. Winter,

Basket of Flowers. — To be awarded on the second day of the

exhibition, Mrs. E. M. Gill,

Second, Mrs. A. D. Wood, .......

Third, Miss Sarah W. Story,

Vase of Flowers. — To be awarded on the third day of the exhi-
bition, Miss Sarah W. Story,

Second, Mrs. A. D. Wood,

Third, Mrs. E. M. Gill,

Table Design. — To be awarded on the last day of the exhibition,

Mrs. A. D. Wood,

Second, Mrs. E. M. Gill,

Third, Miss Sarah W. Story

Gratuities: —

William E. Doyle, Display of plants, centre of the hall
William E. Doyle, " " " on the platform,
H. H. Hunnewell, " " " .
Nathaniel T. Kidder, " " " .
Dr. C. G. Weld, " " " .

Fisher Brothers & Co., Stand" of Plants, .

5

00

4

00

3

00

5

00

4

00

3

00

5

00

4

00

3

00

8

00

6

00

5

00

30

00

20

00

10

00

5

00

5 00

5

00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 197

Benjamin Grey, Table of Plants and Water Lilies, . . . 5 00

H. H. Hunnewell, Water Lilies, 5 GO

L. W. Goodell, ^ '< 5 00

William C. Strong, Cut Foliage and Flowering Shrubs and Trees, . 5 00

Charles W. Galloupe, Vase of Roses, 3 00

James F. Marble, Liliputian Dahlias, . . . . . . 3 00

William C. Winter, Dahlias, 2 GO

John Parker, " 2 Oa

George S. Tuttle, " 2 GO-

Macey Randall, " 2 GO

Temple & Beard, " I 00

H. H. Hunuewell, Tuberous Begonias and Cut Flowers, . . . 3 00

Joseph Clark, Two Vases of Anemones and Chrysanthemums, . 1 00

Mrs, E. M. Gill, Cut Flowers, 2 GO

James F. C. Hyde, Asters, native and hybrid, . . ... . 3 00

George Hollis, Asters, native, ........ 1 00

Mrs. P. D. Richards, Wild Flowers, 3 00-

October 19.
Qratuity : —

Mrs. Anna L. Moring, Chrysanthemums, seven varieties, . . 2 00

CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW.

November 12, 13, and 14.

Special Prize, from the Josiah Bradlee Fund.

Fifty blooms, viz., thirty Japanese, ten Chinese, and ten Anemone,

Edwin Fewkes & Son, the Bradlee plate, value . . . 25 00

Society's Special Prizes.

Best Seedling of 1889, John Simpkins, for Sandyside, . Silver Medal

Second, Edwin Fewkes & Son, for Waban, . . . . 5 00

Third, George Hollis, for Aureole, . . . . . . 4 00

Regular Prizes.
Chrysanthemums. — Display of twenty named plants, all classes,

distinct varieties, Walter Hunnewell, . . . . . 60 00

Second, E. W. Wood, 60 GO'

Third, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, 40 00

Display of twelve named plants, all classes, distinct varieties,

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, 40 00

Second, E. W. Wood, 30 00

Third, Joseph H. White, 20 GO

Six incurved or Chinese, distinct named varieties, Henry P. Wal-

cott, 20 GO

Six Japanese, distinct named varieties, Henry P. Walcott, . . 20 00

Second, E. W. Wood, 15 GO

Third, Joseph H. White, 10 GO

198

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Four Pompon, distinct named varieties, the second prize, to E. W.

Wood, 8 00

Six plants, Japanese, in not over eight-inch pots, distinct named
varieties, bearing not more than four blooms each, Dr. C. G.

Weld, 10 00

Second, Charles J. Daw'son, 8 00

Specimen Incurved or Chinese, named variety, Henry L. Higgin-

son, 6 00

Second, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, 5 00

Third, Edwin Fewkes & Son, 4 00

Specimen Japanese, named variety, Henry L. Higginson, Snow

Storm, 6 00

Second, Henry P. Walcott, 5 00

Third, E. W. Wood, 4 00

Specimen Pompon, named variety, Henry P. Walcott, . . 5 00

Second, E. W.Wood, 4 00

Specimen Anemone, named variety, Henry L. Higginson, . . 6 00

Second, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, . . . . . . 5 00

Third, E. W. Wood, 4 00

Specimen trained Standard, any class, named. Dr. C. G. Weld, . 8 00

Second, Col. W. H. Forbes, 6 00

Third, Dr. C. G. Weld, 5 00

Twelve cut blooms. Large Flowered or Chinese, named, in vases,

Joseph P. Melley, 6 00

Twelve cut blooms, Japanese, named, in vases, John Simpkins, . 6 00

Second, Joseph H. White, 5 00

Third, Elijah A. Wood, • . . 4 00

Six cut blooms. Large Flowered or Chinese, in vases, Elijah

A. Wood, 4 00

Six cut blooms, Japanese, named, in vases, John Simpkins, , 4 00

Second, John Simpkins, ........ 3 00

Third, Joseph H. White, 2 00

Display of cut blooms, of all classes, filling fifty bottles, E. Fewkes

feSon,-^ 12 00

Second, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, 10 00

Third, Mrs. E. M. Gill, 8 00

Fourth, Dr. C. G. Weld, 6 00

Fifth, Edwin Sheppard & Son, 4 00

Gratuities : —
Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Display on the platform of Chrysanthemums

in pots, 20 00

Charles J. Dawson, Chrysanthemums in pots, . . . . . 15 00
Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Chrysanthemums, ten plants, group in

upper hall,' 10 00

George B. Gill, Chrysanthemums, Nine seedling plants in pots, . 4 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " 3 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, " Display, 2 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 199

Galvin Brothers, Chrysanthemums, Twelve vases,

Edwin Fewkes & Son, Chrysanthemums, Five vases,

Mrs. A. D. Wood, Chrysanthemums, Three vases,

John Simpkins, Chrysantliemums in vases,

Jennie W. May, Chrysanthemums, Fifty hottles, open culture

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Chrysanthemums, Grafted,

Pitcher & Manda, Chrysanthemums, Cut blooms,

George B. Gill, " "

Oeorge Hollis, "

Edwin Fewkes & Son, "

Joseph H. White, "

Norton Brothers, Orchids,

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Orchids, etc

Norton Brothers, Palm for Centre Table,

Charles W. Galloupe, Vase of Roses,

R. T. Lombard, Carnations,

Frederick C. Fisher, Carnations, eleven varieties,

T. Rowland, Case of Growing Mushrooms,

5 00

3 GO

3 00

3 00

2 00

3 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

1 00

5 00

2 00

2 00

2 00

1 00

1 00

2 00

APPLETON SILVER MEDAL.

J. W. Manning, Best Collection of Herbaceous Plants exhibited at the stated
times during the season, as specified in the Schedule.

SOCIETY'S SILVER MEDALS.

Annual Exhibition, September 17-20. H. H. Hunnewell, Dracaenas.
October 5. John L. Gardner, Vanda KinibalUana.

Chrysanthemum Show, November 12-14. John Simpkins, Seedling Chrys-
anthemum, 1889, Sandyside.

FIRST CLASS CERTIFICATES OF MERIT.

February 23. Pitcher & Manda, Cattleya Triana var. Smithes.
March 2. Thomas W. Dee, Superior cultivation of Liiium Harrisi.
" 9. Fisher Brothers, Superior cultivation of Cyclamen.
" 9. Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Seedling Hardy Rhododendron, Mrs.
Cleveland, entered for Prospective Prize.
Spring Exhibition, March 27-29. T. Rowland, Gardener to Mrs. Anna L.

Moring, Superior cultivation of
Mignonette.
" " " " C. Strauss & Co., Rose, Souvenir de

Wootton.
Rhododendron Show, June L Joseph H. Woodford, Seedling Double

Clematis.
" " " " Robert T. Jackson, Seedling German Iris.

" " " " Thomas C. Thurlow, Seedling Ghent

Azaleas.

200 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

June 8. Joseph H. Woodford, Clematis.

Rose Exhibition, June 18, 19. Sewall Fisher, White Carnation, Mrs. Fisher.
July 27. Pitcher & Manda, New Achillea serrata, The Pearl.
August 31. Jackson Dawson, Symplocos panicidatus.
October 19. John Simpkins, Seedling Chrysanthemum, Miss R. Simpkins.
" 26. Charles M. Atkinson, Gardener to John L. Gardner, Superior
cultivation of u^schynanthus grandiflorus.
Chrysanthemum Show, November 12-15. E. W. Gilmore, Sophronitis coc-

cinea grandifiora.
December 14. Lothrop Wight, Seedling Carnation, Hector.

" " Pitcher «& Manda, Lcelia autumnalis Fostermanni.

" " " " LcBlia autumnalis alba.

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON FRUITS,

FOR THE YEAR 1889.

Bt E. W. wood, Chairman.

While the fruits of New England suffer more or less from
drought in the average of years, the past year has been excep-
tional in this respect, and all the fruits have suffered from too
much and too constant wet weather. The fine flavor for which
our fruits are noted, the result of the usually bright and sunny
days of late summer and early autumn, was wanting in our
autumn and winter fruits. This was especially noticeable in
pears.

The winter of 1888-89 was less severe than usual, and the
fruit-bearing vines, shrubs, and trees suffered little or no injury,
except strawberries, which, owing to the ground being bare almost
constantl}', unless well protected were badly injured. In some
localities, beds which in the fall gave promise of an abundant
crop, were found so badly winter-killed that the ground was
ploughed and devoted to other crops. Of the beds that were
comparatively uninjured, owing to some cause, apparently the
cold storms that prevailed while the plants were in bloom, a por-
tion blasted, and few if any beds produced full crops.

No new strawberries have appeared during the past year that
are superior to those already in general cultivation. Among the
growers for market, the Belmont, Jewell, and Sharpless, still

301 M4WJRMMtiMaafc HMiMMiTimg^r. flOOKIT.

iisve t^ jfwfarBMBB. Tiier si? all strong untmi'tw «ad Iw^
±niii£d x-atriwiiflR, smd l^eir frnit eanrnmnSs liie tririiMd^ pirkge la
iifflT^seL T^p Sobaeh snd Jessie weic aiiowii al onr ed^StaonB :
thev SOS iKKlii if ^^n^ same but lisTe not b^sn wrffiraBafly grova
ir tiis XI ' liie fluMimittrr lio inds? of 'tbor denxidBSt^ Sbc

seneral cl _ T"r*^ show of steawbErri^ al tint Sase aaid

SJuwvlKcnr !!::_ fnlhr up to tbe slam&Erd of 'past yetos,

ibongh m is^f t:.. ' - ' were ncrt awarded.

_" If I mTiTijmw.Tf- I • - " . list SQ^ TaZK^aCB

as X& CuwrtHfite, STBder^ Jiwrnaht. and Herpev Davm. are so

*&£ uLuwvkuuT m nm^bmt&K re . as ii d^terves. more

aliraiij ' i^' -^ , i»w»ght bigfaer piie^ in
_ HDB "&■& ^BT aowj pens.

Itedovrgf saaii fnteat iSe Sbbhet cdBi&mB lia£ been
limiled in qmu^aix. wHii so SBfaovaBent !■ ^saEta^ •wer past
2«ais. The C^bitt. & tree ef itlia'fl^ grD«p&, I'eqwm.m^ i
'trv^eij lit& eai^ or eolianttiai. seen^ lx> s^eeeove liQ^
:£rmb qkt cxMiiatasB ia pnafMHiMB te ab ww^j**- Hk <
JBor pnaBB lae eaaateafiy g^vmm leaa fisr acwaal ^obk.

X!iK Corwi'ti' ■ 1 J is gxvwa aaBOBaddlj br a fawtod
onr niiflihiMR, ;pet. Ite Saer laaMga ■«■*<■•*■ anliew
viBvicaa, ao ae to aHfae "tiKB vadeMEaiiie., aad IIk
tfaoa^ fiiHWi ■! amne eMOhp^ hwe ao catdfirihed aaa
ws^'OBsm feaiiaMe far caM»rtiaa.

TiierebBe befca ae ava^fid iaBfrnweanat la ikec^Aiteaf 4e
fiaapbesTT. WfaHe -Abb :friut k grovriL. ae Jt Aauwm to Wi, la
abaoBEt evgy.fm^'ate sardou it xb iaudij » aaCeieai; qaaatitf to
|Nek. m -t^H- cbtir of «xiutMtioa, tkeaegaiaBd aaMiaai «f npir'iaw^a

tame is ^TDwiu^. ptekia^ aad aiaifcnf.iag, tfaaa Um iiliBattJij

vdnttec, aa aoae vff Hk ratieiiea iaae piowBd iavdty^

cnUssvtioB iiar waM^pf* ia tUe pkiaity^

Ttie esiubole olf Ulaiilwiiiini kaa« teea larger lioB aaaaL, iait
txieFf are tbe aaaw «ibfBelaaaa to 4e ^eaoai caiiii rtiaa af fhe
blackbern . ae ^«ea aSbove m ariafiaa to Ike faapbenr, aai ^bef
art myr so gfatecalhr gr»«rs is Hk pdvato g— «#r*i aa it ia aaaae

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON" FROTS. 203

difficult to keep them in a limited space and owing to their tall,
stiff, thorny canes it is not an easy or agreeable pastime to gire
them the needed winter protection.

The show of Plums has been less than for several years.
Some half dozen exhibitors who. a few years since, set oat
collections of plam trees, including the most desirable varieties,
made interesting and attractive exhibits of the fmits for three or
four years, bat most of the trees have fallen victims of that fatal
disease, the black knot. There are hopeful indications that a
remedy may soon be found for this disease, and if the efforts now-
being made prove successful, the plum will soon be found in
every garden and will become a profitable orchard fruit.

The Peach buds were not as badly killed the past winter as in
several recent years, bat the wet weather was unfavorable, and
an unusually large proportion of the fruit rotted before maturing.
It requires more patient perseverance to grow a crop of peaches
than any other of our tree fruits. It has been remarked by an
experienced grower and most careful observer, that he has never
seen a tree affected with the yellows, that had a sound trunk, the
inference being, that the disease follows an injury, either by
accident or borers, to the body of the tree.

It has been an exceptionally unfavorable season for the Grape.
This fruit seldom suffers from drought : it requires a dry, warm
soil and bright sun to secure its highest quality. In view of
the fact that the grape is often injured, and not unfrequentiy
destroyed, by early frosts, the practice of girdling the vines is
every year receiving more attention from those interested in
growing this fruit, as by this process the crop can be secured in
suitable condition for market at least two weeks earlier than if
allowed to ripen in the natural way. The fruit from girdled vines
is larger and more attractive in appearance. But it has been the
genei-al belief that girdling the branch affected the quality of
the fruit unfavorably, though there has been a difference of
opinion on this poiut. In this connection some recent analyses,
made at the Experiment Station at Amherst, are especially
interesting. Arrangements were made with Dr. Fisher, of Fitch-
burg, to furnish fruit gathered at different times, from both
girdled vines and those not girdled, and Professor Goessmann
made the following report :

204 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

With fruit gathered September 20, the result was :

From girdled vines. From ungirdled vines.

Moisture, 83.00% 84.69%

Ash, .42 —

Sugar, 8.13 6.24
Soda solution* required

to neutralize acid 85.4 c. c. 75.0 c. c.

With fruit gathered October 1 :

From girdled vines. From ungirdled vineSw

Moisture, 82.69% 84.51%

Ash, .37 .53

Sugar, 8.50 6.09
Soda solution* required

to neutralize acid 50. c. c. 48. c. c.

In reference to the above analyses, Professor Maj-nard adds r
" This is the same result as was obtained years ago in our experi-
ments on the college grounds, and with Dr. Fisher's judgment as
to the selection of fruit, and Dr. Goessmann's analysis, I feel
that we can claim to have settled the question of qualit}' of girdled
and ungirdled grapes." Girdling in no way disfigures the vines,
or requires an}" change in the present method of pruning and
training, as the practice is to grow each year new canes for the
following year's fruiting, and the girdling is confined to the fruit-
ing canes, which are cut awaj- clean at the end of the season,
leaving no trace of the previous year's girdling.

It has been the oflF year for the apple crop, and as usual it has-
been small and more unevenly distributed than usual. Some
parts of the State, notably a large portion of Worcester County^
have had hardly an}- crop at all.

Pears have been unusually large and fair, especially some
varieties, among which, the Seckel and Bosc were conspicuous.
The display of fruit at the Annual Exhibition, as a whole, was
good, though not so evenly distributed as usual, owing to the
peculiarity of the season. In some classes it was small, while m
others it was exceptionally large and fine in appearance.

At the October and November Exhibitions of Autumn an<i
Winter fruits, there was a strong competition for the prizes for

• 1 part Sodium Carbonate to 100 parts water.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FRUITS. 205

pears, while, owing to the causes previously mentioned, the
show of apples and grapes was limited. Last year, apple growers
found it difficult to dispose of their crop, even at low prices.
This year many of them are obliged to buy western fruit for
home consumption, and at ver}' much higher prices. As this is
continually occurring it would seem to be an object with growers
of this fruit to change the bearing year, and thus secure a more
even distribution in successive years. This may be done on
young orchards, with comparatively little labor.

There have not been as many new fruits shown the past year as
usual, which may be owing to the fact that it has been an unfavor-
able season to test the quality of all kinds of fruits.

Of the $1,700 appropriated for prizes and gratuities for fruits,
$1,562 have been awarded, leaving an unexpended balance of
$138.

Although the highest hopes and anticipations of the fruit-
growers ma}' not have been fully realized, when their crops are
compared with other agricultural products they have little cause
for complaint.

The Committee recommend that the Society award the Prospec-
tive prize for the best Seedling Strawberry to Warren Heustis for
his seedling, Belmont.

E. W. Wood,

C. F. Curtis,

Samuel Hartwell, ^^^

Benjamin G. Smith, ( Committee.

Jacob W. Manning,

Warren Fenno,

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR FRUITS.

SPRING EXHIBITION.

March 27, 2S, and 29.

Winter Apples. — Any variety, George C. Rice, Toinpkin.s King, . $3 00

Second, Calvin Terry, 2 00

Winter Pears. — Any variety, Warren Fenno, Duchess of Bor-
deaux, ........... 3 00

Second, M. W. Chadbourne, Vicar, 2 00

Strawberries. — One pint. Oak Grove Farm, 3 00

Gratuities: —

Winter Brothers, Foreign Grapes, ....... 2 00

O. P. Eook, Gardenia, Florida, Collection of Citrous Fruits,
First Class Certificate of Merit.

April 6.
Gratuity: —
Winter Brothers, Foreign Grapes, 2 00

Mat 4.

Gratuity: —
Calvin Terry, Hunt Russet Apples, 1 00

June 1.

Gratuities: —

Winter Brothers, Foreign Grapes, . . . . . . . 3 00

William Brown, Peaches, ......... 1 00

Frederick C. Fisher, Crescent Strawberries, . . . . • 1 00

Leonard W. Weston, " " 1 00

June 8.
Gratuities: —

George Hill, Jewell, Jessie, and Sharpless Strawberries, . . . 2 00
William G. Prescott, Sucker State, Bubach, and Jewell Straw-
berries, ........... 1 00

William Doran & Son, Charles Downing and Sharpless Strawberries, 1 00

June 15.
Gratuity: —
Charles E. Grant, Jessie, Downing, and Bubach Strawberries, . 1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

207

ROSE AND STRAWBERRY EXHIBITION.

June 18 and 19.

Special Prizes from the Theodore Lyman Fund.

Strawberries. — For the best four quarts of any variety, Samuel

Barnard, Sharpless, the Lyman Plate, value .... $20 00

Second, Samuel Barnard, Belmont, the Lyman Plate, value . 12 00

Third, Warren Heustis & Son, Belmont, the Lyman Plate, value 8 00

Special Prizes offered hy the Society.

Strawberries — For the best two quarts of any variety Thomas C
Thurlow, Prince of Berries, ......

Second, Warren Heustis & Son, Belmont,

Third, Isaac E. Coburn, Belmont, .....

Fourth, Samuel Barnard, Miner's Prolific,
For the best exliibition of a seedling Strawberry introduced within
the last five years, and never having taken a prize, Stephen
Hoyt & Son, Yale, Silver Medal.

Regular Prizes.

For the largest and best collection, not less than twenty baskets,
of two quarts each, and not less than five varieties, Samuel
Barnard, ..........

Ten baskets of one variety, two quarts each, Samuel Barnard,
Sharpless, ..........

Second, Warren Heustis & Son, Belmont, ....

Third, William Doran & Son, Sharpless, .....

Five baskets of one variety, two quarts of each, Samuel Barnard,

Champion, ..........

Second, Isaac E. Coburn, Belmont, ......

Two quarts of Belmont, Samuel Barnard, .....

Second, George V. Fletcher, .......

Third, William Patterson, .......

Bidwell, Isaac E. Coburn, ........

Champion, Samuel Barnard, .......

Second, Leonard W. Weston, .......

Third, J. Henry Fletcher

Charles Downing, Charles E. Grant, ......

Second, Isaac E. Coburn, ........

Third, William Doran & Son

Crescent, Leonard W. Weston, .......

Second, Winter Brothers, ........

Cumberland, Winter Brothers, .......

Jewell, Samuel Barnard, ........

Second, George V. Fletcher, .......

Third, Isaac E. Coburn, ........

00
00
00
00

25 00

15

00

10

00

5

00

8

00

6

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

4

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

4

00

3

00

4

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

208 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Jucunda, Charles F. Curtis, . . 4 00

Miner's Prolific, Samuel Barnard, . . . , . . 4 00

Second, Oliver R. Robbins, 3 00

Third, Isaac E. Coburn, 2 00

Sharpless, Samuel Barnard, 4 00

Second, George V. Fletcher, 3 00

Wilder, Winter Brothers, 4 00

Two quarts of any other variety, Isaac E. Coburn, Jessie, . . 4 00

Second, Leonard W. Weston, Bomba, . . . . . 3 00

Third, Winter Brothers, Kenny's No. 10, 2 00

Collection of not less than six varieties, one quart each, Samuel

Barnard, 8 00

Second, Isaac E. Coburn, ........ 6 00

One quart of any new variety, not previously exhibited, Winter

Brothers, Henderson, ........ 3. 00

Benjamin G. Smith, Louise, ........ 2 00

•Cherries. — Two quarts of any variety, Edwin Hastings, Knight's

Early Black, 4 00

Second, George V. Fletcher, Early Purple Guigne, . . . 3 00

Third, George V. Fletcher, Governor Wood 2 00

Foreign Grapes. — Two bunches of any variety. Winter Brothers,

Black Hamburg, 6 00

Second, Winter Brothers, Muscat of Alexandria, . . . 4 00
Forced Peaches. — Six specimens of any variety, Winter Brothers,

Amsden's June, ......... 3 00

Second, Winter Brothers, Waterloo, . . . . . 2 00

June 29.

Gratuities : — *

William Doran & Son, Currants and Raspberries, . . . . 1 00

Charles N. Brackett, Cherries, 1 00

Leverett M. Chase, " 1 00

July 6 and 13.

Strawberries. — One quart of any variety. Winter Brothers,

Gaudy, 3 00

Cherries. — Two quarts of any other variety than Black Eagle,
Black Tartarian, Coe's Transparent, or Downer's Late, Charles

N. Brackett, Seedling 3 00

Two quarts of any variety, Leverett M. Chase, . . . . 3 00

Second, George V. Fletcher, 2 00

Raspberries. — Two quarts of any variety, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes,

Herstine, 3 CO

Second, William Doran & Son, Hornet 2 00

Third, Charles N. Brackett, Franconia, . . . . . 1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS. 209

Currants. — Two quarts of any Red variety, William Doran & Son,

Versaillaise, .......... 4 00

Second, Winter Brothers, Fay's Prolific, . . . . . 3 GO

Third, Benjamin G. Smith, Fay's Prolific, . . . . 2 00

Two quarts of any White variety. Winter Brothers, White Grape, 3 00

Second, Benjamin G. Smith, French Transparent, . . . 2 00

Gratuities : —
Winter Brothers, Foreign Grapes, . . . . . . . 4 00

Joseph H. Woodford, Gooseberries, ....... 1 00

July 13.
Raspberries. Collection of not less than four varieties, two quarts

of each, William Doran & Son, . . . . . . 4 00

Two quarts of any variety, Charles E. Grant, . . . . 8 00

Second, William Doran & Son, 2 00

Currants. — One quart of Versaillaise, William Doran & Son, . 2 00

Second, Benjamin G. Smith, . . . . . . . 1 00

One quart of any Red variety, Benjamin G. Smith, Fay's Prolific, 2 00
One quart of any White variety, Aaron S. Mcintosh, Dana's

Transparent 2 00

Second, Benjamin G. Smith, French Transparent, . . . 1 00

Gratuities : —

Joseph H. Woodford, Raspberries, ....... 1 00

Mrs. E. M. Gill, Currants and Raspberries, . . . . . 1 00

Joseph S. Chase, Gooseberries, ....... 1 00

July 20.
Raspberries. — Two quarts of any variety, Charles N. Brackett,
Cuthbert, ..........

Second, Charles E. Grant, Cuthbert, .....

Third, William Doran & Son, Hornet,

Currants. — One quart of any Red variety, William Doran & Son,
Versaillaise, ..........

Second, Winter Brothers, Fay's Prolific,

Third, Benjamin G. Smith, Versaillaise, .....

One quart of any White variety, Benjamin G. Smith, French
Transparent, ..........

Second, Winter Brothers, White Grape, .....

Blackberries. — Two quarts of any variety, Benjamin G. Smith,
Wilson, Jr., ..........

Second, Aaron S. Mcintosh, Dorchester,

Third, Leonard W. Weston, "

Gooseberries. — Two quarts of any variety. Winter Brothers,
Downing, ..........

Second, Winter Brothers, Mountain Seedling, ....

Third, Benjamin G. Smith, Downing, .....

5

8

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3 00

2

00

1 00

210

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETr.

Gratuities : —

Charles N. Brackett, Pears and Apples, .
Samuel Hartwell, Peaches,
Joseph White, " ...

Charles S. Smith, " ...

Benjamin G. Smith, Seedling Blueberries,

July 27.

Blackberries. — Two quarts of any variety, M. W. Chadbourne
Dorchester, .......

Second, Leonard W. Weston, Dorchester,
Third, Aaron S. Mcintosh, "

Gooseberries. — Two quarts of Industry, Winter Brothers,
Two quarts of any other Foreign variety, Benjamin G. Smith
Bang-up, .....

Second, Winter Brothers, Whitesmith,
Pears. — Summer Doyenne, Warren Fenno,
Second, Winter Brothers, .
Third, Benjamin G. Smith,
Any other variety, William P. Walker, Giffard,
Second, Warren Heustis & Son, "

Third, Charles N. Brackett,
Peaches. — Any variety, Charles S. Smith, Alexander,
Second, Samuel Hartwell, Waterloo,

August 3.

Apples. — Sweet Bough, Warren Heustis & Son,

Second, George V. Fletcher, ......

Third, Warren Fenno, .......

Any other variety, Samuel G. Damon, Red Astrachan,

Second, Samuel Hartwell, Williams, ....

Third, M^W. Chadbourne, "

Pears. — Gififard, Francis B. Snow,

Second, Warren Fenno, .......

Third, Warren Heustis & Son, ......

Any other variety, Aaron S. Mcintosh, Clapp's Favorite,

Second, Edward B. Wilder, Supreme de Quimper, .

Third, Charles N. Brackett, Brandywine, ....
Blackberries. — Two quarts of any variety, M. W. Chadbourne
Dorchester,

Second, Aaron S. Mcintosh, Dorchester, ....

Third, Leonard W. Weston, " ....

Gratuity : —
Joseph H. White, Peaches,

2 0»

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

211

August 10.

Apples. — Oldenburg, William S. Janvrin,

Second, William T. Hall, ....
Red Astrachan, C. C. Shaw, Milford, N. H.
Second, William T. Hall, ....
Third, Samuel G. Damon,
Pears. — Clapp's Favorite, Horace Partridge, .
Second, M. W. Chadbourne,
Third, Aaron S. Mcintosh,
Manning's Elizabeth, Mrs. Mary Langmaid,

Second, Frank Ware, ....

Any other variety, Edward B. Wilder, Brandywine
Second, Charles N. Brackett, "

Peaches. — Twelve specimens, of out-door culture,
Nathan D. Harrington, Crawford's Early,
Second, Samuel Hartwell, Foster,
Third, Charles S. Smith, Crawford's Early,
Six specimens of cold house or pot culture, of any
H. White, Early Rivers,
Second, Joseph H. White,
FoKEiGN Grapes. — Two bunches of any variety
Kidder, Black Hamburg,
Second, Joseph H. White, Alicante, .

August 17.

Apples. — Williams's Favorite, Charles F. Curtis, .

Second, P. G. Hanson, ......

Third, C. C. Shaw,

Peaks. — Bartlett, Mrs. Mary Langmaid, ....

Second, Varnum Frost, ......

Third, Warren Heustis & Son,

Rostiezer, M. W. Chadbourne, .....

Second, Horace Partridge, .....

Third, Joshua T. Foster,

Tyson, Benjamin G. Smith, ......

Second, Warren Fenno,

Third, Aaron S. Mcintosh,

Any other variety, Aaron S. Mcintosh, Clapp's Favorite,

Second, Warren Heustis & Son, " "

Third, Samuel Hartwell, ......

Peaches. — Any variety, Elijah H. Luke, Crawford's Early,

Second, Charles S. Smith, " "

Third, Nathan D. Harrington, " "

of any variety

variety, Joseph

, Nathaniel T

3 00

2 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

5 00

4 00

00
00
00
00
00

1 00

00
00
00
00
00

1 00
3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00
1 #0

August 24.

Apples. — An^ variety, Warren S. Frost, Gravenstein,
Second, Warren Fenno, Summer Pippin, .
Third, Warren Heustis & Son, Gravenstein,

3 00
2 00
1 00

212

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Pbars. — Bartlett, Mrs. Mary Laugmaid, ....

Second, Varnum Frost, . . . . ...

Third, William P. Walker,

Any other variety, Leverett M. Chase, Clapp's Favorite,

Second, Aaron S. Mcintosh, " "

Third, Warren Heustis & Son, " "

Peaches. — Any variety, Elijah H. Luke, Crawford's Early,

Second, Samuel Hartwell, Foster,

Third, Nathan D. Harrington, Crawford's Early,
Plums. — Any variety, Leverett M. Chase, Bradshaw,

Second, Williair' P. Walker, Jefferson,

Third, Benjamin G. Smith, Imperial Gage,
Native Grapes. — Any variety, Cephas H. Brackett
Early,

Second, Samuel Hartwell, Moore's Early,

Third, Samuel G. Damon, " "

Moore's

August 3L

Apples. — Foundling, Warren Fenno,
Gravenstein, Warren Heustis & Son,

Second, Artemas Frost,

Third, Warren S. Frost, .
Maiden's Blush, Warren Fenno,
Porter, Samuel G. Damon, .
Any other variety, Warren Fenno, Summer Pippin

Second, Samuel Hartwell, Pumpkin Sweet,

Third, Charles E. Grant, Fall Orange,
Pears. — Andrews, Mrs. Mary Langmaid,

Second, Leverett M. Chase,

Third, C. B. Smith, .
Boussock, Thomas M. Davis,

Second, Leverett M. Chase,

Third, Mrs. Mary Langmaid,
Any other variety, C. H. Johnson, Bartlett,

Second, Warren Heustis & Son, Bonne d'Ezee.

Third, Samuel Hartwell, Souvenir du Congres,
Peaches. — Collection, Charles S. Smith,

Second, Samuel Hartwell,

Third, C. H. Johnson, ....
Plums. — Collection, not less than four varieties, Benjamin G. Smith
Any one variety, Benjamin G. Smith, Coe's Golden Drop,

Second, Benjamin G. Smith, Pond's Seedling,
Native Grapes. — Six bunches of Delaware, Cephas H. Brackett

Second, Samuel Hartwell,
Cottage, William H. Hunt, .

Second, Samuel Hartwell,

(, PRIZES AND GEATCITIES FOR FRUITS. 213

Moore's Early, Samuel Hartwell, 3 00

Second, Varnum Frost, ........ 2 00

"Worden, Samuel Hartwell, 3 00

Any other variety, William H. Hunt, August Rose, . . . 3 00

Second, Benjamin G. Smith, Lady, 2 00

September 7.
Gratuity : —

James H. Clapp, Collection of Apples, 2 00

ANNUAL EXHIBITION.

September 17, 18, 19, and 20.

Special Prizes.

Samuel Appleton Fund.

Baldwin Apples. — Best twelve, Christopher C. Shaw, . . . 5 00

HuBBARDSTON AppLES. — Best twelve, Warren S. Frost, . . . 5 00

Bosc Pears. — Best twelve, William P. Walker, . . . . 6 00

Sheldon Pears. — Best twelve, Mrs. Mary Langmaid, . . . 5 00

Benjamin V. French Fund.

Gravenstein Apples. — Best twelve, Warren S. Frost, . . . 5 00
Rhode Island Greening Apples. — Best twelve, Charles E. Grant, 5 00

Marshall P. Wilder Fund.

Anjou Pears. — Best twelve, Warren Fenno, . . . . . 4 00

Second, Mrs. Mary Langmaid, . . . . . . . 3 00

Third, George W. Hall, 2 00

Fourth, William P. Walker, 1 00

Bartlett Pears. — Best twelve, Mrs. Mary Langmaid, . . . 4 00

Second, Abraham M. Leavitt, . 3 00

Third, Warren S. Frost, . . . . . . . . 2 00

Fourth, Leverett M. Chase, 1 OO

Concord Grapes. — Best six bunches, Arthur J. Bigelow, . . 3 00

Second, G. W. Goddard, 2 00

Third, Cephas H. Brackett, 1 00

Moore's Early Grapes. — Best six bunches, Samuel Hartwell, . 3 00

Josiah Bradlee Fund.

Foreign Black Grapes. — Heaviest and best ripened bunch, not
less than six pounds, George McWilliam, Black Hamburg,
7 lbs. 2 oz., 10 00

Foreign White Grape. — Heaviest and best ripened bunch, not
less than six pounds, George McWilliam, Trebbiano, 9 lbs.
8oz., 10 00

214 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Special Prizes offered by the Society.
jLnjou Pears. — Best twelve, William P. Walker, . . . . 5 00
Bartlett Pears. — Best twelve, Varniim Frost, . . . . 6 00
Seckbl Pears. — Best twelve, A. D. Miller, . . . . . 5 00
Peaches. — Best twelve of any variety, Samuel Hartwell, Craw-
ford's Late, 5 GO

Native Grapes. — Best twelve bunches, any variety, Samuel Hart-
well, Moore's Early, , 5 00

Theodore Lyman Fund.

Apples. — Baldwin, Reuben Handley, . . . . . . 4 00

Second, William H. Teele, 3 00

Third, C. C. Shaw, 2 00

Danvers Sweet, C. C. Shaw, 3 00

Second, Joshua T. Foster, 2 00

Third, Benjamin G. Smith, 1 00

Dutch Codlin, Warren Fenno, 2 00

Second, Aaron S. Mcintosh, 1 00

Fall Orange, Reuben Handley, 3 00

Second Charles S. Smith, 2 00

Third, Charles E. Grant, 1 00

Faraeuse, Artemas Frost, 3 00

Foundling, C. C. Shaw, 4 00

Second, Warren Fenno, 3 00

Golden Russet, Warren Fenno, 2 00

Gravenstein, Warren S. Frost, . . . . . . . 4 00

Second, Warren Heustis & Son, 3 00

Third, William T. Hall, 2 00

Hubbardston, C. C. Shaw, 4 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell, 3 00

Third, Joshua T. Foster, 2 00

Hunt Russet, Samuel Hartwell 3 00

Second, William H. Hunt, 2 00

Third, Benjamin G. Smith, 1 00

Lady's Sweet, Warren Fenno, 2 00

Leicester, O. B. Hadwen, 2 00

Maiden's Blush, Warren Fenno, . . . . . . . 2 00

Mother, Warren Fenno, ........ 3 00

Second, O. B. Hadwen, 2 00

Northern Spy, William T. Hall, 3 00

Second, Warren Fenno, 2 00

Third, G. W. Goddard 1 00

Porter, Edward Hemmenway, . . . . . . . 3 00

Second, A. S. Mcintosh, 2 00

Third, C. C. Shaw, 1 00

Pumpkin Sweet, George W. Stevens, . . . . . . 2 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell, . . . . . . . 1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS. 215

Ehode Island Greening, Reuben Handley, . . . . . 4 00

Second, Aaron S. Mcintosh, ....... 3 00

Third, George V. Fletcher, 2 00

Roxbnry Russet, Cephas H. Brackett, . . . . . . 4 00

Second, William Christie, 3 00

Third, Warren Heustis & Son, 2 00

Tolman's Sweet, G. W. Goddard, 3 00

Second, Christopher C. Shaw, 2 00

Third, Joshua T. Foster, ■ 1 00

Tompkins King, G. W. Goddard, 3 00

Second, Christopher C. Shaw, 2 00

Washington Royal or Palmer, Charles N. Brackett, . . . 2 00

Second, O. B. Hadwen, 1 00

Washington Strawberry, James H. Clapp, . . . . . 2 00

Second, Miss Sarah W. Story, 1 00

Any other variety, Z. Breed, Granite Beauty, . . . . 3 00

Second, George V. Fletcher, Pound Sweet, . . . . 2 00

Third, G. W. Goddard, Ribbed Sweet, 1 00

Crab Apples. — Hy slop, Twenty-four specimens, Cephas H. Brackett, 2 00

Second, Artemas Frost, ........ 1 00

Transcendent, Twenty-four specimens, George W. Stevens, . 2 00

Second, Warren Fenno, 1 00

Society's Prizes.

Pears. — Angouleme, Samuel G. Damon, . . . . . 4 00

Second, Warren Fenno, 3 00

Third, A. H. Lewis, 2 00

Belle Lucrative, Abraham M. Leavitt, . . . . . . 3 00

Second, Warren Fenno, 2 00

Third, George W. Hall, 1 00

Bosc, Charles E. Curtis, 4 00

Second, Leverett M. Chase, 3 00

Third, Edward J. Coolidge, 2 00

Fourth, Warren Fenno, 1 00

Boussock, George W. Eaton, 3 00

Second, Thomas M. Davis, 2 00

Third, Leverett M. Chase, 1 00

Clairgeau, Warren Fenno, ."....... 3 00

Second, Willard P. Plimpton, 2 00

Third, Charles F. Curtis, 1 00

Comice, Warren Fenno, ........ 3 00

Second, Leverett M. Chase, 2 00

Third, Charles N. Brackett, 1 00

Dana's Hovey, George Frost, . . . . . . . 4 00

Second, Thomas M. Davis, 3 00

Third, Mrs. Mary Langmaid, . . . . . . . 2 00

216

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Diel, William P. Walker,

Second, Edwin A. Hall,

Third, Charles A. Smith, .
Goodale, O. B. Hadwen,
Hardy, Warren Fenno,

Second, William P. Walker,

Third, Aaron S. Mcintosh,
Howell, William P. Walker,

Second, Warren Fenno,

Third, E. W. Wood, .
Lawrence, A. A. Johnson,

Second, Charles N. Brackett,

Third, William T. Hall, .
Louise Bonne of Jersey, Thomas M. Davis,

Second, Charles E. Richardson

Third, William P. Walker,
Marie Louise, Warren Fenno,

Second, Edwin A. Hall,
Merriam, Charles F. Curtis, .

Second George S. Curtis, .

Third, Samuel G. Damon,
Onondaga, Andrew McDermott,

Second, Thomas M. Davis,

Third, Charles A. Smith, .
Paradise of Autumn, Leverett M. Chas

Second, John L. Bird,

Third, Charles N. Brackett,
Seckel, A. D. Miller, .

Second, James H. Clapp, .

Third, Nathan D. Harrington,
Sheldon, Aaron S. Mcintosh,

Second, Charles F. Curtis,

Third, Warren Fenno,
Souvenir du Congres, Benjamin H. Ober,

Second, Joshua T. Foster,

Third, William T. Hall, .
St. Michael Archangel, Thomas N. Davis,

Second, Warren Heustis & Son,

Third, Abraham M. Leavitt,
Superfln, Leverett M. Chase,

Second, E. W. Wood,

Third, Warren Fenno,
Urbaniste, Aaron S. Mcintosh,

Second, M. W. Chadbourne,

Third, John L. Bird, .
Vicar, Aaron S. Mcintosh, .

Second, Edwin A. Hall,

Third, Warren Fenno,

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS. 217

Winter Nelis, Thomas M. Davis, 3 00

Second, Edwin A. Hall, 2 00

Third, William P. Walker, 1 GO

Any other variety, Warren Heustis & Son, Bonne d'Ez^e, . . 3 00

Second, C. F. Weston, Fulton, 2 00

Third, Warren Fenno, Esperine, . . . . . . 1 00

Quinces. — Any variety, Benjamin G. Smith, 3 00

Second, George S. Curtis, 2 00

Third, George V. Fletcher, 1 00

Peaches.— Stump the World, Charles S. Smith, . . . . 2 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell, 1 00

Any other variety, G. W. Goddard, Excelsior, . . . . 3 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell, Crawford's Late, . . . . 2 00

Third, Warren Fenno, " " . . . . 1 00

Peaches. — Orchard House Culture, Charles E. Grant, Globe, . 4: 00

Plums. — Any one variety, Benjamin G. Smith, Coe's Golden Drop, 3 00

Native Grapes. — Six bunches of Brighton, Samuel G. Damon, . 3 00

Second, Joseph S. Chase, 2 00

Third, Benjamin G. Smith, 1 00

Cottage, William H. Hunt, 3 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell, 2 00

Third, Benjamin G. Smith 100

Delaware, Cephas H. Brackett, ....... 3 00

Second, Samuel G. Damon, 2 00

Third, Joseph S. Chase, 1 00

Eumelan, Benjamin G. Smith, . . . . . . . 3 00

Second, Samuel G. Damon, ....... 2 00

Massasoit, Benjamin G. Smith, ....... 3 00

Second, Joseph S. Chase, 2 00

Third, Samuel G. Damon, 1 00

Niagara, Samuel Hartwell, ........ 3 00

Second, P. G. Hanson 2 00

Wilder, Benjamin G. Smith, 3 00

Second, Samuel G. Damon, ....... 2 00

Worden, Samuel Hartwell, 3 00

Second, G. W. Goddard, 2 00

Third, William Christie, 1 00

Any other variety, Samuel Hartwell, Hayes, . . . . 3 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell, Pocklington, . . . . . 2 00

Third, P. G. Hanson, " 1 00

Foreign Grapes. — Four varieties, two bunches each, George

McWilliam, 10 00

Second, Elijah H. Luke, 8 00

Third, Benjamin G. Smith 6 00

Two bunches of Black Hamburg, Nathaniel T. Kidder, . . 5 00

Second, George McWilliam, ....... 4 00

Third, John Simpkins, 3 00

218

MASSACHTSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Biicklanl Sweeriraier. Nathaniel T. Kidder.

Muscat of Aleian'iria, John Simpkins.
Second, Georg-e McWilliam.

WilmoT's Hamburg. George MeWiUmm.

Any other Tariety. John Simpkins. Syrian.
Second. George McWilliam. Alicante,
Third. •• •• TrebbiAno,

Warren Penno. Collection of Apples.
H. Barker. ■ • Pears.

Aaron S. Mcintosh. •• '• "

Edward B. WUder.

Charles X. Bracken, ••

John B. Moore k Son. Eaton Grapes,

Marshall W. Cha^dboume. Collection.

Charles E. Grant.

00
00
00
00
00
00
00

1 00

2 00

2 00
1 00

1 00

3 00

2 00
1 00

EXHIBITIOy OF AUTUMN FRUITS.

OCTOBKB 5.

Appl«s. — ijraTenstein. William T, Hall. . . . . . $ 00

Second. Warren S. Frost, 2 00

Third, Warren Heustis & Son, ....... 1 00

Fan Or«nge or Holden. Charles E. Grant 3 00

SeomL Charles S. Smith. 2 00

Modier, Warren Tenno 3 00

PwtCT, Wairrai Heustis & Son 5 00

Any odier varie^, William Winn. Tompkins King. 3 00

Second. G. W. Godiard. 2 00

Pkaks. — Angooleme, Samuel G. Damon, . 3 00

Second, Warren Fenno. 2 00

Third, A. H. Lewis 1 00

Btwc, William P. Walker 3 CO

Second. C. A. Moore 2 00

Third, Mrs. Mary Liangmaid. 1 00

Clairgean, William T. Hall, 3 00

Second. WiEiam P. Walker 2 00

Third, Willard P. Plimpton 1 00

Cornice, John J. Merrill, 3 00

Second, WMTen Fenno ? 00

Third, CSiarles X. Bracken 1 00

Jjomae Bonne of Jersey. Thomas M. Daris. 3 00

Second, Aaron 5. Mclnt-ish 2 00

Se<iel, Naflian D. Harrington 3 00

Sectnid, William Read, 2 00

ITiiTd, AarcNi S- Mcintosh, 1 00

PRIZES ASD GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

219

Sheldon, Nathan D. Harrington,

Second, Warren Fenno.

Third. John J. Merrill,
Superfin, Thomas M. Davis,

Second, Warren Fenno,

Third, Charles A. Smith, .
Urbaniste, A. D. Miller,

Second, A. S. Mcintosh.

Third, E. J. Hewins,
Anv other rariety, S. F. & F. S. Weston, Columbia

Second, ■ ■• " Fnlton,

Third, A. A. Johnson, Lawrence,
QciKCES. — Anv variety. Benjamin G. Smith,

Second, Joseph S. Chase. .

Third, Charles S. Smith, .
^Native Geapes. — Six bunches of Brighton, Samuel Hartwell

Second, Samuel G. Damon,
Concord, G. W. Goddard,

Second, George W. Jameson,

Third. Samuel G. Damon,
lona, Samuel G. Damon,

Second, Benjamin G. Smith.

Third, Joseph S. Chase.
Isabella, Samuel G. Stone. .

Second, Benjamin G. Smith,
Lindley, Benjamin G. Smith,

Second, Samuel G. Damon,
Massasoit, Benjamin G. Smith,

Second. Samuel G. Damon,
Moore's Early. G. W. Goddard,

Second, Samuel HartweU,
Pocklington, Samuel Hartwell,

Second. Benjamin G. Smith.

Third, Winter Brothers, .
Prentiss, Benjamin G. Smith.
Wilder, Benjamin G. Smith.

Second, Samuel G. Damon.
Any other variety, G. W. Goddard, Worden,

Second, Samuel Hartwell, '•

Third, Samuel Hartwell, Hayes.

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3 00

2

00

1

00

3

00

9

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

3 00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

Crratuities : —

Xeverett M. Chase. Collection of Pears 3 00

Jabez Fisher, • -^ Grapes 3 00

Benjamin G. Smith. Grapes. ........ 1 00

CJalvin Terry. Cranberries, ........ I 00

-2-20

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

EXHIBITION OF WINTER APPLES AND PEARS.

November 9.

Benjamin V. French Fitnd.

Bai-pttix Arri.E$. — For the best twelve. Warren S. Frost.
HrBBARPSTOx Apples. — For the best twelve. Warren S. Frost.

Society's Prizes

Apples. — Baldwin, "William H. Teele

Second, Warren S. Frost, .

Third, J. T. Foster, .
Dan vers Sweet. Warren Fenno,

Third. J. T. Foster, .
Hubbardston. Warren S. Frost,

Second. J. T. Fost^er.

Third, Samuel Hartvrell.
Hunt Russet, Starkes Whiton,

Second, A. S. Mcintosh.

Third, Samuel Harrwell. .
Lady's Sweet. Warren Fenno.

Second. William H. Teele,
Northern Spy. William T. Hall, .

Second, Warren Fenno.

Third. Calvin Terry, .
Rhode Island Greening, Warren Fenno

Second. Richard T. Lombard. .

Third. Charles E. Grant. .
Roxbury Russet. Cephas; H. Bracken.

Second. Warren Heustis & Son.

Third. Warren Fenno.
Tolman's Sweet. Joshua T. Foster,
Tompkin's King. William Winn, .
Any other variety. John Fletcher. Fletcher Russet

Second, J. W. Wetherbee. "

Third. Warren Fenno, Rome Beauty,
Pears. — Angouleme, Samuel G. Damon,

Second, William T. Hall, .

Third, Warren Fenno.

Fourth, Thomas M. Davis,
Anjou. William P. Walker, .

Second. Leveren M. Chase.

Third. Warren Fenno.

Fourth. A. D. Miller.
Clairgeau. E. L. Wright.

Second. William T. Hall. .

Third. William P. Walker.

5

00

5

0^

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

1

00

o

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

•2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

o

00

2

00

1

CO

3

00

2

oo

1

00

3

00

3

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

4

00

3

00

2

oo

1

00

4

oo

3

00

2

oo

1

oo

3

00

2

00

1

oa

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR FRUITS.

221

Cornice, Mrs. H. J. Merrill, .

Second, Leverett M. Chase,

Third, Warren Fenno,

Fourth, Samuel G. Damon,
Dana's Hovey, Thomas M. Davis,

Second, Edwin A. Hall,

Third, Benjamin G. Smith,

Fourth, Warren Fenno,
Diel, C. A. Smith,

Second, Edwin A. Hall,

Third, Thomas M. Davis, .
<jrlout Morceau, Augustus King,

Second, C. A. Smith,

Third, Edwin A. Hall,
Josephine of Malines, Warren Fenno,

Second, John L. Bird,

Third, Benjamin G. Smith,
Langelier, A. H. Lewis,

Second, Jacob Eaton,

Third, Thomas M. Davis, .
Lawrence, A. A. Johnson,

Second, William T. Hall, .

Third, Warren Fenno,
Vicar, C. A. Smith,

Second, William P. Walker,

Third, Edwin A. Hall,
Winter Nelis, Edwin A. Hall,

Second, Thomas M. Davis,

Third, Leverett M. Chase,
Any other variety, A. S. Mcintosh, Urbaniste

Second, M. W. Chadbourne, "

Third, A. S. Mcintosh, Merriam,

1 00

1 00

Oratuities : —

C C. Shaw, Apples, 2 00

G. W. Goddard, Apples, 2 00

Samuel G. Damon, Pears and Grapes, 2 00

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES^

FOR THE YEAR 1880.

Bv CHARLES X. BRACKETT, CnAmMAN.

The past season has been a remarkable one. The early*
severe, and prolonged rains, the cold and wet of midsummer^
and the heavy and frequent storms during the season of harvest,
have all conspired to make the season of 18S9 one of great
discouragement to farmer and horticulturist.

The unprecedented amount of rainfall throughout the entire
growing season not onlv injured the quantit}- and quality of many
crops, but made it next to impossible to do much of the farm
work seasonably. If we may accept the reports of market
orardeners in this vicinity as a criterion, the vegetable crops as a
rule have been far from satisfactory.

Spring opened early. The month of May was unusually favor-
able for gardening operations generally, and all crops were in a
more advanced state of growth at its close than is usual at this
season of the year. One of the hottest days of the season
occurred during this month, the temperature running up into the
nineties, which had the effect of pushing vegetation ahead wonder-
fully. In fact the warm and favorable weather during this month,
carried the season at least ten days ahead of the average, and
fhlly a week in advance of the Schedule of Prizes, so that it was
found necessary to hold the exhibitions of July 6 and 13 together
on the 6th. and succeeding exhibitions a week earlier than the
Schedule time, in order to bring the requirements of the Schedule
and the advance in the season, more nearly together.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES. 22S

It was about this time that the unfavorable weather before men-
tioned set in, beginning with rain which continued with such short
intervals that what promised to be an unusually favorable season
proved the reverse. Crops which promised well earlier in the
season, were on this account either partial or total failures.

The exhibitions of forced vegetables on January 5 and February'
2, from some unknown cause, were not as good as usual. For the
prizes for Tomatoes January 5, there was no competition, and
none for Mushrooms February 2. The falling otf in these exhib-
itions was more remarkable from the fact that heretofore at both
these shows the number of contributors has been large and
competition close.

May 4, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes showed three varieties of forced
potatoes, the specimens of each being remarkably well grown and
very fine. The varieties were Charles Downing, Lee's Favorite,
and Bliss's Triumph, or Stray Beauty as it is sometimes called
further south.

The first Peas of the season were shown by Cephas H. Brackett,
June 1, which was from a week to ten days earlier than the
average for several years. There has been such an advance made
of late years, both in the quality and earliness of the wrinkled
sorts, that it is hardly worth while to waste time in growing the
little hard peas whose only recommendation is their earliness.
The green, wrinkled varieties are sweeter and much finer flavored,
and now follow them so closely that one can afford to wait a day
or two longer and get a variety well worth eating.

At the Rose and Strawberry Show, June 18, the display of the
various vegetable productions of the season was very full and
complete, making it one of the best exhibitions in this depart-
ment during the year. Competition was unusually brisk, and
everj' prize offered was taken.

The Tomato crop, like many others this year, has been affected
unfavorably by the unseasonable weather. The crop has conse-
quently been a short one, and the fruit inferior in quality. The
first exhibit of open culture was made Juh' 13, when Cephas H.
Brackett brought in the Dwarf Champion, a new variety intro-
duced last 3'ear, and which comes up more nearly to the promise
of the catalogue than new tomatoes generally do. The plants are
stocky and compact in their growth, and will admit of much closer

224 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

planting than the common sorts. The foliage is distinct, with
fruit not over large, but of fair size, remarkably smooth and solid,
and, last but not least, it is one of the earliest varieties.

Not very many 3'ears ago the tomato was grown in this country
onl}' as an ornamental plant ; today it is one of our most popular
vegetables. It seemed to increase in popularity from the start,
and the growing demand at the present time is astonishing.
Through the aid of the canning factories our tables are kept
supplied with this favorite vegetable during the entire year at
reasonable prices. These establishments have multiplied so
rapidl}' of late, throughout the country, that in seasons of over
production and consequent low prices they become profitable
channels through which the producer can dispose of his surplus
crop. They are now practically indispensable to growers of both
vegetables and fruits. They not only relieve the producer of his
surplus, but also make special contracts with him to furnish them
with the products of hundreds of acres of sweet corn, tomatoes,
and other farm and garden vegetables, needed and used by them
in this business. When we consider that a single establishment
of this kind has contracted to have grown for them alone, upwards
of three hundred acres of tomatoes annually, some idea of the
magnitude of this industry may be gained.

At our Annual Exhibition there were fift\'-seven dishes of toma-
toes shown, mostly of fine specimens of all the leading varieties.

Among the novelties of recent introduction we notice as worthy
of special mention, a new Bean introduced this season by Peter
Henderson called the Bush Lima. One great objection to the old
Lima bean has been, veith manj', that it can be grown only on
poles, which aje both unsighth' and expensive. The new Bush
Lima does away with this necessity, as it grows only about fifteen
to eighteen inches in height, like any other bush bean. The only
fault we have to find with it is the size of the bean itself. We
think it would have been nearer the true thing to have named it
a bush Sieva, as the beans are even smaller, if an3'thing, than
those of that variety. However, it must be considered a great
acquisition, and will meet the wants of a large class, even should
it prove too small to be profitably grown by the market gardener.
It is a " break" in the right direction and opens up a wide field,
the possibilities of which can hardly be estimated. The past

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES. 225

season was perhaps not verj favorable for a fair test of this bean
as regards earliness. It is claimed to be two weeks earlier than
the old, large Lima. It was shown here August 17, by Charles
E. Grant, and did not at that time appear quite fully grown,
while the large Limas shown on the same date by Benjamin G.
Smith and others, were in perfection.

The potato crop of the past season must be considered as
decidedly poor, especially in this vicinity. The vines were again
badly injured by blight, and the unpropitious weather during the
growing season favored the spread of the disease, and served to
diminish the yield. As an instance either of the effect of unusual
skill in their cultivation, or the advantage of location or soil for
their development, Isaac E. Coburn was enabled to make the
finest display of potatoes at the Annual Exhibition that we
remember to have seen from any one exhibitor for a long time, if
eter. He was awarded the first prize in each of the six classes.
It was considered somewhat remarkable that all the different
varieties shown by this exhibitor were equally clean, smooth, and
well grown, and without the slightest trace of disease on a single
specimen. Their superiority was perhaps made more noticeable
by comparison with some other exhibits on the same table.

At the Annual Exhibition the collections of vegetables were
much better than we had anticipated seeing at the close of such
an unfavorable summer. It would seem as though some favored
sections had escaped the misfortunes of the season, and had come
out at this time with the results of the harvest to fill the tables at
this exhibition.

The most noticeable deficiency at this show was in the stands
of Celery, Cauliflowers, and Melons, all of which were more or
less injured by the unseasonable weather, and the last named
crop was almost a total failure. At this exhibition the Special
Prizes, No. 486, for Cauliflowers, were awarded, first, to William
H. Teele, and the second to Warren W. Rawson. The Special
Prizes, No. 487, for Celery, were awarded to Charles A. Learned,
first, and Warren W. Rawson, second.

It is a pleasure to record the fact that while we are constantly
gaining new and valued contributors, several old ones, who from
some cause had dropped out for several successive years, have
this season again put in an appearance, and were to be found in

226 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL, SOCIETY.

their accustomed places, thereb}^ adding by their presence and
their contributions to the interest and success of our exhibitions.
Of the $1,000 appropriated for prizes and gratuities at the
Society's exhibitions in this department during the past year^
there has been awarded by your Committee the sura of $948, leav-
ing an unexpended balance of $52.

Annexed will be found, a list of the awards of prizes and gra-
tuities made by your Committee during the year.
Respectfully submitted.

For the Committee^

CHARLES N. BRACKETT,

Chairman.

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR
VEGETABLES.

January 6.

Radishes. — Four bunches of any variety, George F. Stone,

Cauliflowers. — Four specimens, William H. Teele,

Lettuce. — Four heads, George F. Stone,

Parsley. — Two quarts, George F. Stone,

Mushrooms. — Twenty-four specimens, Oak Grove Farm,

Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens. Winter Brothers, .

Second, Cephas H. Brackett,

Third, Charles Winter, . . . . .

Gratuities : —
Oak Grove Farm, Rhubarb,
Oephas H. Brackett, Asparagus,
Warren Heustis & Son, Celery,

February 2.

Radishes. — Four bunches of any variety, George F. Stone,
Second, W. W. Rawson,

Cucumbers. — Pair of any variety, John L. Gardner,

Dandelions. — Peck, George F. Stone,

Lettuce. — Four heads of Tennisball, W. W. Rawson,
Second, George F. Stone,

Rhubarb. — Twelve stalks, George E. Sanderson,
Second, Cephas H. Brackett, ....

Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens. Winter Brothers, Essex,
Second, Charles Winter, Essex,
Third, Winter Brothers, President Cleveland,

Gratuities : —
Cephas H. Brackett, Asparagus, ....
Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Parsley and Cress,
Joseph S. Chase, Sibley Squashes, ....
W. W. Rawson, Mushrooms, .....

Gratuity : —
Oeorge F. Stone, Lettuce,

Gratuity : —
George F. Stone, Collection,

February 9.

February 10.

$3 00
3 00
3 00
3 00
3 00
3 00
2 00
1 00

2 00
2 00
1 00

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

oo

1 00

1 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

1 00

2 00

228 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETT.

February 23.
Oratuity : —

George F. Stone, Collection, 1 00

March 16.
Gratuity : —

Frederick C. Fisher, Collection, 3 00

SPRING EXHIBITION.

March 27, 28, and 29.

Radishes. — Four bunches of Turnip Rooted, Varnum Frost, . . 3 00

Second, George F. Stone, 2 00

Third, W. W. Rawson, 1 00

Long Scarlet, W. W. Rawson, 3 00

Second, George F. Stone, ........ 2 00

Asparagus. — Two bunches, Cephas H. Brackett, . . . . 3 00

Cucumbers. — Pair of White Spine, Frederick C. Fisher, . . 3 00

Second, W. W. Rawson, 2 00

Third, Cephas H. Brackett, 1 00

Dandelions. — Peck, Warren S. Frost, . . . . . . 3 00

Warren Heustis & Son, 2 00

Third, George F. Stone, 1 00

Lettuce. — Four heads of Tennisball, Frederick C. Fisher, . . 3 00

Second, W. W. Rawson, 2 00

Third, George F. Stone, 1 00

Water Cress. — Two quarts, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, . . . 2 00

Parsley. — Two quarts, George F. Stone, Fern Leaved, . . . 2 00

Second, George F. Stone, Curled 1 00

Rhubarb. — Twelve stalks, Cephas H. Brackett, . . . . 3 00

Second, George E. Sanderson, ....... 2 00

Tomatoes. — Twelve specimens, Winter Brothers, Essex, . . 3 00

Second, Cephas H. Brackett, Emery 2 00

Third, _" " " Essex, 1 00

Oratuities : —

Oak Grove Farm, Mushrooms, ........ 1 00

M. W. Chadbourne, Artichokes, ....... 1 00

April 6.

Asparagus. — Two bunches, twelve stalks each, Cephas H. Brackett, 3 00

Cucumbers. — Pair of White Spine, Cephas H. Brackett, . . 3 00

Second, Frederick C Fisher, 2 00

Any other variety, Cephas H. Brackett, Brighton, . . . 3 00

Mushrooms. — Twenty-four specimens, Cephas H. Brackett, . . 3 00

Gratuities : —

Winter Brothers, Tomatoes, 1 00

Cephas H. Brackett, " 1 00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

229

Gratuity : —
Walter Russell, Radishes,

April 20.

Mat 4.
Gratuities : —
Walter Russell, Collection, . . . . .
Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Potatoes, three varieties,

1 00

3 00
2 00

MAY EXHIBITION.

Mat 11.

Asparagus. — Four bunches, Leonard W. Weston,

Second, Charles E. Grant, ....
Cucumbers. — Pair, Varnum Frost, White Spine,

Second, Cephas H. Brackett, " "

Third, " " " Brighton,

Spinach. — Peck, Warren Heustis & Son, Thick Leaved,

Second, " " " Arlington,

Third, Walter Russell,
Dandelions. — Peck, Warren Heustis & Son, .

Second, Walter Russell, .....
Lettuce. — Four heads, the third prize to Walter Russell,
Rhubarb. — Twelve stalks, Cephas H. Brackett,

Second, Warren Heustis & Son,

Gratuities : —

Walter Russell, Collection,

Cephas H. Brackett, Tomatoes, ....

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Potatoes and Parsley, .
Warren Heustis & Son, Radishes, ....

Mat 18.

Oratv/ities : —

Cephas H. Brackett, Tomatoes, three varieties,
George F. Stone, Collection,
M. Ernest Moore, Radishes,

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

2 00
1 00
1 00

RHODODENDRON SHOW.

June 1.

Theodore Lyman Fund.

Beets. — Twelve specimens of any variety, Warren Heustis & Son,
Radishes. — Four bunches of Long Scarlet, Charles A. Learned,
Asparagus. — Four bunches, twelve stalks each, Leonard W.
Weston, ...........

Second, Charles E. Grant

3 00
3 00

3 00
2 00

230

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Cucumbers. — Pair, Varnum Frost, .

Second, Frederick C. Fisher,

Third, Charles A. Learned,
Lettuce. — Four heads, Charles A. Learned,

Second, Varnum Frost, . . . .

Third, TVarren Heustis & Son, .
Khubarb. — Twelve stalks, Cephas H. Brackett,

Second, Benjamin G. Smith,

Third, Varnum Frost, . . . .

Gratuities : —

Joseph S. Fay, CaulUowers,

Cephas H. Brackett, Peas and Tomatoes.

"Winter Brothers. Tomatoes,

Charles A. Learned, Collection,

"Warren Heustis & Son, "

June 8.

Gratuities :

Charles A. Learned, Collection,

Charles E. Grant, Peas,

Cephas H. Brackett. Peas and Tomatoes,

Juke 15.

Gratuities : —

Charles E. Grant, Peas, .
Charles A. Learned, Collection,
" " " Cauliflowers,

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

1

00

3 00
1 00
1 00

1 00

2 00

1 oa

ROSE AND STRAWBERRY EXHIBITION.

JUXE 18 AND 19.

Beets. — Twelve Summer Turnip Rooted, W. "W. Rawson,

Second, Charles A. Learned, ....

Third. T\'~arren Heustis & Son, ....
Onions. — Twelve, Charles A. Learned, "White Portugal,

Second, "Warren Heustis & Son, " "

Third, Charles A. Learned, Danvers,
Cucumbers. — Pair of "White Spine, W. "W. Rawson,

Second, Charles A. Learned, ....

Third, "Warren Heustis & Son, ....
Cabbages. — Three of any variety, Charles A. Learned,

Second, Charles A. Learned, Henderson, .

Third, 'V\^arren Heustis & Son, ....
Lettuce. — Four heads of any variety, M. Ernest Moore,

Second, Charles A. Learned, ....

Third, "W. "W. Rawson,

"Wakefield

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

oa

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

PRIZES AND GRATDITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

231

Peas.— Feck, Samuel Hartwell 3 00

Second, P. G. Hanson, 2 00

Third, Charles E. Grant 1 00

Gratuities : —

Charles A. Learned, Collection, 4 00

Cephas H. Brackett, " 3 00

George F. Stone, " 2 00

John B. Moore & Son, Tomatoes, 1 00

Winter Brothers, " 1 00

June 22.
Gratuity : —

Charles N. Brackett, Advancer Peas, 1 00

June 29.
Gratuities : —

Charles N. Brackett, Stratagem Peas, 1 00

€harles E. Grant, " " 1 00

July 6 and 13.

Onions. — Twelve specimens, Charles A. Learned, Portugal,

Second, Charles A. Learned, Danvers, ....
Squashes. — Four Long Warted, Warren Heustis & Son,
Cabbages. — Three of any variety, Charles A. Learned, Drumhead

Second, Warren Heustis & Son,

Third, Charles A. Learned, Henderson,
Peas. — Half-peck of any variety, P. G. Hanson,

Second, Charles N. Brackett,

Third, Charles E. Grant, ....

Gratuities : —

■Charles A. Learned, Collection,
W. W. Rawson, Beets,
Winter Brothers, Tomatoes,

Potatoes. — Twelve, Cephas H. Brackett, Triumph,

Second, Cephas H. Brackett, Hebron,

Third, Caleb Bates, Sunrise, .....
Squashes. — Four Long Warted, Warren Heustis & Son,
Beans. — Half-peck of String, Charles N. Brackett,

Second, Warren Heustis & Son, ....

Third, Caleb Bates,

Peas. — Half-peck of any variety, Charles E. Grant, Stratagem

Second, Charles N. Brackett, Advancer,

Third, Calvin Terry, " ...

2

00

1

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

4

00

1

00

1

00

3 00

2

00

1

00

2

00

3 00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

232

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

July 13.

Levi Whitcomh Fund.

Beans. — Half-peck Cranberry, Charles N. Brackett,

Second, Warren Heustis & Son, ....

Third, Isaac E. Coburn, ......

Peas. — Half-peck of any variety, Charles E. Grant, Stratagem

Second, Charles N. Brackett, Stratagem, .

Third, " " " Telephone, .

Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears, Cephas H. Brackett, Crosby,

Second, Caleb Bites, Corey, .....

Third, Charles N. Brackett, Corey, ....
Tomatoes. — Twelve of open culture, Cephas H. Brackett, Cham
pion,

Gratuities : —

William G. Prescott, Peas, .......

M. W. Chadbourne, Corn and Peas, .....

Oliver R. Bobbins, Potatoes, Pearl of Savoy, ....

Charles N. Brackett, New Blue Podded Beans, and Potatoes, .
Warren Heustis & Son, Potatoes, ......

Samuel Hartwell, " ......

Cephas H. Brackett, " ......

Isaac E. Coburn, Beans, ........

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

3 00

1 00
1 00'

1 00

2 00
1 00
1 00
1 00'
1 00

July 20.

Potatoes. — Twelve, Isaac E. Coburn, Hebron,

Second, P. G. Hanson, Hebron, ....

Third, Isaac E. Coburn, Rose, .....
Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears, Charles N. Brackett, Corey,

Second, Cephas H. Brackett, Corey, ....

Third, Charles E. Grant,

8 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00
1 00

Gratuities .■^—

Cephas H. Brackett, Collection,
Charles N. Brackett, Peas,
Charles E. Grant, " .

July 27.

Potatoes. — Twelve of any variety, P. G. Hanson, Hebron, .

Second, Isaac E. Coburn, Essex,

Third, Charles B. Lancaster, Clark, .....
Squashes. — Three Marrow, Edward J. Coolidge,
Peas. — Half-peck of any variety, Sidney Lawrence, Stratagem,

Second, Charles E. Grant, Champion, ....

Third, Isaac E. Coburn, Stratagem, .....

2 00
1 00

1 m

3 00

2 GO-

1 00

3 00

3 oa

2 00

1 oa

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

233

Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears, E. J. Coolidge, Belmont,

Second, Warren S. Frost, Crosby,

Third, Charles E. Grant, " ...

Tomatoes. — Twelve, Isaac E. Coburn, Champion, .

Second, Charles N. Brackett, Emery,

Gratuities : —

Sidney Lawrence, Beans,
Charles N. Brackett, Collection,
Charles E. Grant, Potatoes,

August 3.

Beans. — Half-peck of Horticultural, A. S. Mcintosh,
Tomatoes. — Twelve Acme, Charles N. Brackett,

Second, Charles E. Grant,
Emery, George Hill, ....

Second, Charles N. Brackett,

Third, P. G. Hanson,
Any other variety, George Hill, Cardinal,

Edward J. Coolidge, Livingston,

Isaac E. Coburn, Champion,
Egg Plant. — Four Round Purple, Edward J. Coolidge,

Gratuities : —

Charles N. Brackett, Collection,
Samuel Hartwell, "

Charles E. Grant, "

Joseph H. Woodford, Beans, .
P. G. Hanson, "

Calvin Terry, Corn, .

August 10.

Greenflesh Melons. — Four, Varnum Frost,

Second, Warren Heustis & Son,
Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears, Edward J. Coolidge,

Second, Oliver R. Robbins,

Third, Charles N. Brackett,
Egg Plant. — Four Round Purple, Edward J. Coolidge,

Gratuities : —

Charles E. Grant, Beans, .

Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Potatoes,

George Hill, Tomatoes,

Varnum Frost, Tomatoes,

Nathaniel T. Kidder, Peach Tomatoes,

Edward J. Coolidge, Collection,

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

3 00

3 00

2 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

3 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

2 00

2 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

3 00

234

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

George F. Stone, Collection,
Charles N. Brackett, "

August 17.

Potatoes. — Twelve of any variety, P. G. Hanson, Hebron,

Second, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, Lee's Favorite,

Third, Leonard "W. Weston, Hampden,
Melons. — Sweet, four of any variety, Varnum Frost,

Second, Warren Heustis & Son, Champion,

Third, " " " Hackensack, .

Lima Beans. — Two quarts, Benjamin G. Smith,

Second, Edward J. Coolidge, .....

Third, Charles E. Grant,

GoDDAKD Beans. — Two quarts, shelled, P. G. Hanson, .

Second, Edward J. Coolidge, .....

Third, William Christie,

Peppers. — Twelve specimens, Charles N. Brackett, Squash,

Second, Nathaniel T. Kidder, Bull-nose, .

Third, Charles N. Brackett, Ruby King, .

Gratuities : —
Charles E. Grant, Henderson's Bush Lima Beans, .
Charles N. Brackett, Collection, .....

P. G. Hanson, "

Charles E. Grant, "

August 24.

Watermelons. — Pair, Charles E. Grant, Black Spanish,

Second, Calvin Terry, Black Spanish, ....
Greenflesh Melons. — Four, Warren Heustis & Son, Hackensack

Second, Joseph S. Fay, Casaba,

Peppers. — Twelve, Charles N. Brackett, Squash,

Second, Charles N. Brackett, Ruby King,
Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears, Charles N. Brackett, Potter's Excel
sior, . "^

Second, William H. Hunt, Burr's,

Third, Samuel Hartwell, "

Gratuities : —
Varnum Frost, Lima Beans, .......

Joseph S. Fay, Melons,

P. G. Hanson, Collection,

Charles N. Brackett, "

Charles E. Grant, "

August 31.

Cabbages. — Three of any variety, Oliver R. Robbins,
Second, Charles B. Lancaster, ....

2

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

8

00

2 00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

3

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

235

ISkans. — Two quarts of Large Lima, Varnum Frost

Second, Benjamin G. Smith,

Third, Charles N. Brackett,
Peppers. — Twelve, Charles N. Brackett, Squash,

Second, Charles N. Brackett, Ruby King,

Third, Warren Heustis & Son, .

Gratuities: —

Charles E. Grant, Peach Tomatoes,
Samuel Hartwell, Sweet Corn, .
Charles N. Brackett, Collection,
Charles E. Grant, "

3

00

2

00

1

CO

3

00

2

00

1

00

1

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

Gratuities : —

September 7.

Charles A. Learned, Cauliflowers,

Charles E. Grant, Gold Coin Sweet Corn,

Charles N. Brackett, Collection,

Charles A. Learned, "

■Charles E. Grant,

George F. Stone, "

1 00

1 00
3 00
3 00
3 00

2 00

ANNUAL EXHIBITION.

September 17, 18, 19, and 20.

Special Prizes.

'Cauliflowers. — Best four specimens and best kept during the

exhibition, William H. Teele,

Second, W. W. Rawson,

'Celery. — Best four specimens, and best kept during the exhibition,

Charles A. Learned,

Second, W. W. Rawson,

Regular Prizes.

Beets. — Twelve Turnip Rooted, Varnum Frost,

Second, Edward J. Coolidge,

Third, Warren W. Rawson,
Carrots. — Twelve Long Orange, Walter Russell,
Twelve Intermediate, Warren W. Rawson, .

Second, William Christie, ....

Third, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, .
Parsnips. — Twelve Long, W. W. Rawson,

Second, W. W. Rawson, Student,

Third, Charles A. Learned,

5

00

4 00

8

00

6

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

236

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Potatoes. — Four varieties, twelve specimens each, Isaac E
Coburn, ....

Second, Charles W. Stone,

Third, William Christie, .
Twelve Clark, Isaac E. Coburn,

Second, William Christie, .

Third, Charles B. Lancaster,
Hebron, Isaac E. Coburn,

Second, P. G. Hanson,

Third, G. W. Goddard,
Rose, Isaac E. Coburn,

Second, Calvin Teiry,

Third, G. W. Goddard,
Savoy, Isaac E. Coburn,

Second, G. W. Goddard, .
Any other variety, Isaac E. Coburn, Essex,

Second, Charles N. Brackett, Charles Downing

Third, G. W. Goddard,
Salsify. — Twelve roots, Charles F. Curtis,

Second, Charles A. Learned,

Third, Walter Russell,
Turnips. — Twelve Flat, Walter Russell,

Second, George F. Stone, .
Twelve Swedish, P. G. Hanson,

Second, William Christie, .
Onions. — Twelve Danvers, Charles A. Learned,

Second Warren Heustis & Son,

Third, Warren S. Frost, .
Portugal, George F. Stone, .
Red, Warren Heustis & Son,

Second, George F. Stone, .

Third, George W. Jameson,
Greenflesh Melons. — Four, Joseph S. Fay, Bay View

Second, Charles E. Grant,
Watermelons. — Pair, Charles E. Grant, Black Spanish,

Second, Charles E. Grant, Green and Gold,

Third, " " " Kolb's Gem,

Squashes. — Three Hubbard, Walter Russell,

Second, G. W. Goddard, .

Third, James J. H. Gregory,
Three Hybrid Turban, Charles A. Learned,

Second, W. W. Rawson, .

Third, G. W. Goddard,
Marblehead, P. G. Hanson, .

Second, Charles A. Learned,
Marrow, Varnum Frost,

Second, P. G. Hanson,

Third, G. W. Goddard,

5

OO

4

00

3

00

3

GO

2

00

1

GO

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

GO

2

00.

1

00

2

GO

1

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

oa

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

oa

3

OG

2

00

1

GO

3

GO

2

00

1

GO

3

00

2

00

1

on

3

(0

2

GO

3

00

2

00

1 oa

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES. 237

Turban, P. G. Hanson, 3 00

Second, G. W. Goddard, 2 00

Third, E. Hemmenway, . 1 00

Cabbages. — Three Drumhead, Charles B. Lancaster, . . . 3 00

Second, Oliver R. Robbins, 2 00

Third, S. A. Merrill, 1 00

Three Red, E. J. Coolidge, 3 00

Savoy, Walter Russell, 3 00

Second, C. B. Lancaster, 2 00

Third, William Christie, 1 00

'Cauliflowers. — Four, W. W. Rawson, . • . . . . 3 00

Second, William H. Teel, 2 00

Celery. — Four roots Boston Market, W. W. Rawson, . . . 5 00

Any other variety, Charles A. Learned, Arlington, . . . 5 00

Second, W. W. Rawson, 4 00

Endive. — Four specimens, M. W. Chadbourne, . . . . 3 00

Horseradish. — Six roots, Charles A. Learned, . . . . 3 00

Second, W. W. Rawson, 2 00

Third, Walter Russell 1 00

Beans. — Two quarts of Large Lima, Varnum Frost, . . . 3 00

Second, Benjamin G. Smith, ....... 2 00

Third, Charles N. Brackett, 1 GO

Sweet Corn. — Twelve ears, P. G. Hanson, Stowell's, . . . 3 00

Second, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes " . . . 2 00

Third, William H. Hunt, Burr's, 1 00

Field Corn. — Twenty-five ears, William Christie, . . . 3 00

Second, Leonard W Weston, ....... 2 00

Third, G. W. Goddard, 1 00

Egg Plant. — Four Round Purple, Edward J. Coolidge, . . . 3 00

Second, Joseph S. Fay, 2 00

Tomatoes. — Three varieties, twelve specimens each, Charles N.

Brackett, 5 00

Second, William Christie, 4 00

Third, W. W. Rawson, 3 00

Twelve Acme, G. W. Goddard, 3 00

Second, George E. Sanderson, . . . . . . . 2 00

Third, George F. Stone, 1 00

Emery, P. G. Hanson, 3 00

^ Second, Varnum Frost, 2 00

Third, Charles N. Brackett, 1 00

Paragon, Varnum Frost, ........ 3 00

Second, George E. Sanderson, ....... 2 00

Third, William Christie, 1 00

Cardinal, Varnum Frost, ........ 3 00

Second, Samuel Hartwell, ....... 2 00

Third, Charles N. Brackett, 1 00

Any other variety, G. W. Goddard, Beauty, . . . . 3 00

Second, P. G. Hanson, Perfection, 2 00

Third, Richard T. Lombard, Red Cross, 1 00

238 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Peppers. — Twenty-four specimens, Charles N. Brackett, Squash, . 3 00;

Second, Charles N. Brackett, Ruby King, . . . . 2 00

Third, George W. Jameson, Squash, . . . . . 1 00

Oratuities : —

Joseph S. Fay, Collection of Melons, 3 00

Walter Russell, " 3 00

S. A. Merrill, " 1 OO

William Christie, Bush Squash, new, 1 00

Edward J. Cooledge, Egg Plant 1 00

S. A. Merrill, Mammoth Squash, 2 00

James F. C. Hyde, Sweet Potatoes, 1 00

Eben Davis, " " 1 00

W. W. Rawson, Bay State Squashes, 1 00

James J. H. Gregory, Collection, 5 00

Charles A. Learned, Collection, 5 00

E. J. Coolidge, " 5 00

October 5.
Theodore Lyman Fund.

Salsify. — Twelve roots, George W. Jameson, . . . . 3 00

Third, George F. Stone, 1 00

Sqcashes. — Three Hubbard, Edward J. Coolidge, . . . . 3 00

Second, Calvin Terry, 2 00

Third, P. G. Hanson, 1 00

Marrow, Varnum Frost, 3 OO

Second, Edward J. Coolidge, 2 00

Third, G. W. Goddard, 1 CO

Brussels Sprouts. — Half-peck, Mrs. Francis B. Hayes, . . 3 00

Second, William Christie, 2 00

Cabbages. — Three Drumhead, Charles B. Lancaster, . . . 3 OO

Second, William Christie, 2 00

Third, George F. Stone, 1 00

Three Red, E. J. Coolidge, 3 00

Third, C. E. Parker, 1 00

Three Savoy, Charles B. Lancaster, 3 00

Second, William Christie, 2 OO

Third, E. J. Coolidge, 1 00

Celery. — Four roots Boston Market, Artemas Frost, . . . 4 00

Second, Isaac E. Coburn, 3 00

Gratuities :

Charles E. Grant, Melons, 2 00

George W. Jameson, Collection, 3 00

E. J. Coolidge, " 3 Oa

Charles N. Brackett, " 2 00-

PRIZES AND GRATUITIES FOR VEGETABLES.

November 9.

Cucumbers. — Pair, Cephas H. Brackett,

Second, Richard T. Lombard, .

Third, Frederick C. Fisher,
Cabbages. — Three Red, George E. Sanderson,

Second, Edward J. Coolidge,

Third, P. G. Hanson, ....

Savoy, William Christie, ....

Second, P. G. Hanson, ....
Brussels Sprouts. — Half-peck, William Christie,
Cauliflowers. — Four, William H. Teele,
Celery.— Four roots, Warren S. Frost, .

Second, Charles A. Learned,

Third, Warren Heustis & Son, .
Lettuce. — Four heads, Warren Heustis & Son,

Second, Joseph S. Fay, ....

Third, George F. Stone, ....
Tomatoes. — Twelve, Winter Brothers, Scoville,

Second, Winter Brothers, President Cleveland,

Third, Cephas H. Brackett, Champion,

239

Gratuities : —

P. G. Hanson, Collection of Squashes,
Cephas H. Brackett, Mushrooms,

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

3

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3 00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

2

00

1

00

REPORT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON GARDENS,

FOR THE YEAR 1889.

By JOHN G. BARKER. Chairman.

We present to the Society a report of our proceedings during
another season. We have been called upon for visitation in our
official capacity less than we had hoped at the commencement of
the year we might be, but we trust that what we have to say will
be of interest, and that we can show that progress is being made
in the art to which most of us have given our lives thus far and
in which we expect to spend our remaining days. Undoubtedly
the season, which has been unusually wet, has had its influence to
decrease the number of invitations which otherwise the Committee
might reasonably have expected ; especially would this be true of
strawberry gardens and vineyards, as for several seasons the latter
have commanded the attention of your Committee more than any
other objects, and although the premiums that have been offered
have not been as large as some have thought they should be, we
think our past and present reports will show that a desire has
been created to improve the cultivation of our hardy grapes, and
we feel assured that no premiums have been offered which have
excited more worthy competition, and that at the same time they
have proved a strong stimulus to improved cultivation.

Langwater Gardens, North Easton, the Residence of
Frederick L. Ames.

The special object of our visits to this charming place was to
inspect the elegant collection of orchids, and at the times of

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 241

our visits — .lanuar}' 10 and April 2 — little else was to be seen.
For several years past the exhibitions of this Society have been
made more attractive by the magnificent plants from Mr. Ames's
collection. No prizes ever offered have been more worthily
bestowed than those given for orchids, and no other class of
plants ever commanded the attention and elicited the admiration
of the public as they have. This Committee have appreciated
fully the liberality of Mr. Ames in allowing his best plants to
adorn our tables, but we have desired that a more extended notice
might be given of this superb collection than could be bestowed
upon the few sent in from time to time as the different exhibitions
occurred. Much attention is now being given to their cultivation,
since it has been demonstrated that the art of growing them is not
so much of a mystery as at one time was supposed. The fact
that many varieties can be grown for their flowers at a good
profit has induced florists, as well as wealthy amateurs to culti-
vate them quite largel}'.

The unique as well as the superb character of the specimens of
new and rare varieties in Mr. Ames's collection commanded our
attention.

The Cattlej'a house, where most of the blooming plants were, is
span-roofed, one hundred feet long by twenty feet wide, and is
built in the most thorough and substantial manner. There is no
woodwork at all ; the material is all iron and glass. The benches
are of slate, the floors of cement, and the steam-heating apparatus
is of the latest and most approved make. It is not too much to
say that this is as complete a house in all its appointments for
practical use, and at the same time as good a show house, as we
have ever seen.

In a communication from William Robinson, the skilful
gardener, he remarks that: "There is a generally accepted idea
that the best time to view a collection of orchids is in February
or March. While those are certainly good months in which to
see a good display of orchids, I do not for my part know whethier
from January to June there is any one month better than another.
Each month is interesting, as there are species which follow each
other so regularly that as the blooming time of any one is closing
others are in bloom even more brilliant than the preceding ones."
It would take more space and time than we can command to
enumerate even one-half of the plants in this collection, but we
7

242 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

will name a few as they flower each month. While the season can
be prolonged or retarded a few weeks, it is not wise to do so if
the future welfare of the plants is consulted, neither are the present
results so satisfactory. With Mr. Ames's large collection he can
have Cattleya Percivaliana in bloom in December, and some even
in Februar3'^ or March. The same is true of the varieties of
Cattleya Triance; also of Lcelia anceps and varieties, Dendrobiums,
Odontoglossums, Coelogynes, Cypripediums, etc.

In the months of January, February and March, the following
named varieties of Lcelia anceps may be seen — Daivsoni, a charming
variety, properly called the Queen of all Laelias ; Scottiana, Win-
niana, Protheroiana and Sanderiana ; also Cattleya Percivaliana., C.
Lawrenceana, and C. Schroederoe, all in variet}' ; of C Trianoi and
varieties, including the brilliant splashed form, Backhousiana, the
immense flowers of C Triance Leeana, of which Mr. Ames owns
part of the original plants ; the varieties Ehoracensis and Dayana,
which in form are unequalled ; alha^ delicata^ chocoensis, etc. All
are chaste and beautiful ; and in a collection of two hundred
plants of C. Triance there are scarcely two which do not vary in
some slight degree, but the varieties above named are all recog-
nized as among the finest extant.

Of Dendrobiums the following are particularly worthy of notice :

D. Wardianum, a superb variety having sepals and petals white,
with the upper portion bright rich magenta, broad, thick, wavy ;
lip large, white above, rich orange in the lower part, with two
deep eye-like spots of crimson magenta.

D. nobile is the oldest species in cultivation, and the best known
orchid grown ; undoubtedly if only one orchid could be had this
would be the one above all others, that would be selected.

Of D. nobile nobilius, Mr. W. H. Gower in " The Garden,"
London, January 18, 1890, says: "In its growth it exactly
resembles the typical plant, the sepals and petals are a rich ros}'
purple, the petals much the darker, and far darker towards the
tips ; lip large, considerably over an inch across, the base of the
lip is very dark purplish black. In front of this is a zone of
white, the apical portion recurved and of a rich deep amaranth
purple, the flowers being thick and flesh}- in texture ; it is a variety
which cannot be mistaken, and it is without doubt the finest
extant for depth of color."

D. euosmum is cream colored, marked purple, and powerfully
Bcented ; it is a hybrid between D. endocharis and D. nobile.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 243

D. Leechianuni and D. splendidissimum are beautiful, distinct
garden hybrids, obtained by fertilizing D. nobile with D. aureum.
Fevf Dendrobes are more beautiful than D. crassinode^ the pure
white of the petals tipped with purple, and the delicate yellow of the
throat, are colors that harmonize so well as to give the flower an
unusually handsome appearance.

D. Melanoptlialmum is a natural h3'^brid between D. Wardianum
and D. crassinode.

D. densijiorum (dense flowered) has flowers of a rich clear
amber color, produced in long pendulous racemes springing from
immediately below the junction of the leaf and stem. The lip is
orange colored and delicately and beautifully fringed. This is a
very handsome free flowering species.

D. Farmeri is a beautiful compact evergreen orchid, with dark
green foliage ; the flowers are pink, with a yellow centre.

D. chrysotoxum is a strong erect evergreen species. The
sepals and petals are of a pale yellow, and the lip a deeper
yellow. It is a fine upright growing variety.

Other fine species are Phalcenopsis SchiUeriana, a charming spe-
cies from Manila, with beautifully vnriegated foliage, quite dis-
tinct from all other kinds. The flower spikes are produced
from the axils of the leaves, and the blossoms are arranged in
two rows down the spike. The sepals and petals are a beautiful
light mauve edged with white ; the lower part of the lip is of the
same color witli darker spots, while the upper part is yallow
spotted with reddish brown ; the inside is handsomely spotted and
the whole plant is exceedingly attractive.

P. amabilis has been called the Queen of all Orchids. The spikes
of flowers are very graceful. The flowers are produced nearly the
whole year round, and are arranged in two rows down the spike.
The sepals and petals are pure white ; the lip is of the same color,
but has the inside streaked with rose pink. The flowers keep in
perfection a long time.

P. Boxallii has sepals and petals of sulphur color, the former
barred and blotched with brown ; lobe of lip white and crescent
shaped.

P. Stuartiana. Flowers cream colored, except that the sepals
outside and the inferior halves of the lateral sepals inside are of a
light sulphur color with dark cinnamon blotches, while the lip is
pure white at the top.

244 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Aerides expansum. Sepals and petals creamy white, with purple
markings ; the lip is fully expanded and the spur of a greenish
color. A very fine variet}'.

A. LeonL

A. Houlletianum.

A. Fieldingii is called the Fox-brush Aerides. The flowers are
large, white, mottled with bright rose color. The racemes are
from two to three feet long and last in flower several weeks.

Aeranthus Leonis. Flowers ivory white and not unlike those of
Angrcecum sesqtdpedale, but having a shorter spur, which is
funnel shaped at the base, then filiform and bent abrupth^ upwards.

Angrcecum eburneum. A fine free flowering orchid, with light
green, stiff, thick, and broad foliage, from twelve to eighteen inches
long. The flowers are ivory white and are produced on upright
spikes. It is a valuable decorative plant.

A. sesquipedale. The blooms are of a beautiful ivory white and
very large with a tail or spur from twelve to eighteen inches long
hanging from the bottom of each flower. This truly wonderful
plant is rare and beautiful and without doubt the finest of the
class.

A. fastuosum has flowers of ivory white and scented very much
like tuberoses ; it is one of the best.

A. citratum is a rare and pretty species. Its leaves are close
set and the slender pendulous flower spike bears flowers of a pale
yellow color closely set on the spike ; the plant is of compact
growth.

Anguloa eburnea is a valuable cool-house orchid. It has large
dark colored bulbs while the leaves are bright green. The flowers
are large and of the purest white, except the lip, which is spotted
with pink.

A. Clowesii. A beautiful species with sepals and petals of
bright yellow and pure white lip. It will last long in perfection if
kept cool.

Lycaste Skinneri and its varieties are all very beautiful and of
easy culture. They are well worthy of a place in every good col-
lection of orchids, as are also L. plana and L. plana Measuresiana,
two excellent varieties.

Codogyne cristata is a magnificent orchid, of which many beauti-
ful specimens have been exhibited within a few years past. The
:flowers are produced from the bottom of the bulb on a drooping

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 245

spike, six or more together. The color is a beautiful white with
a blotch of yellow on the lip. This is the finest species of the
genus. C. cristata alba is without doubt the most beautiful variety,
the whole flower being pure white, and no collection should be
without it.

C. Jlaccida, C. Dayana, and C. Massangeana, all valuable
plants, are found in this collection.

Of Cypripediums an unusually fine collection is found here.
We noted the following as among the choicest : — Cypripedium
vexillarium, a handsome variety which is a cross between C. Fair-
ieanum and C. harhatum^ and as yet is quite rare.

C. Harrisianum is a garden hybrid from C. villosum fertilized
by G. barbatum.

C. Ashburtonice is not unlike C barbatum; petals white, tinged
with green and veined with purple ; lip pale purple, tinged wi^h
3^ellow and slightly blotched with purple. It is a handsome
hybrid.

C. Arthurianum has the dorsal sepal of a pale green tipped with
white, and ornamented with clear dark pencillings. It is a hybrid
between C. insigne and C. Fairieanum.

C. oenanthum.

C. Master sianum.

C. Cartisi.

C. Fairieanum is small and rare.

C ciliolare is said to resemble O. superbiens, of which it is prob-
ably a form, the sepals and petals having more numerous nerves
and more hairy margins ; the keel of the lip is shorter, and the
staminode lower and broader.

C. Schroederce is a hybrid between C. caudatum and C Sedeni.

C. albo-piirpureum is a hybrid between C. Domini and C
Sedeni.

C. Measuresianum has the dorsal sepal yellow margined with
white and veined with 3'ellowish green ; the petals are shaped as
in C. villosum and are light brownish purple, changing to light
orange, the upper half suffused purple ; the lip is large, orange
tinted, and veined purplish brown ; scapes, purple, hairy.

Cymbidium ebiirnetim. — The foliage is pale green, from sixteen to
eighteen inches long and half an inch broad. The flowers are
borne two together on erect scapes and are generally of the purest
white. This is a superb species whicii flowers in spring and lasts
fully six weeks in beauty.

246 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

C. ajffine is white with a few purplish dots on the anterior por-
tion of the lip.

C. Lowianum. — Sepals and petals green with a few faint sepia-
brown lines over the strongest nerves ; the lip is whitish j^ellow.
The colors are novel and attractive making it very distinct and
beautiful and one of the handsomest of the Cymbidiums.

C. giganteum is a large growing species and a good plant for
winter blooming. The flowers, which are produced on long
upright spikes, are brown and purple, and continue long in per-
fection.

C. Mastersii is very much like C. eburneum in its growth, but
the flowers are different, being white with yellow centres, and are
produced on upright spikes, the former carrying seven or eight
flowers, and the latter two,

C. tigrinum is a pretty plant with large flowers, which are green-
ish yellow spotted with red in the sepals and petals ; the lip is
large and tapers to a point, having its middle portion white
striped with cross bars of red and purple, and its sides also striped
with purple.

Of the truly beautiful genus Odontoglossum there is scarcely a
single species that is not worth growing, and the\' have gained
ground quite rapidly with orchid growers.

Odontoglossum crispum with its varieties is now quite numerous.
" The Garden," says of it : " If we were asked to name the most
useful, profitable, easily grown and beautiful orchid in cultivation
it would without hesitation be our choice." Nothing can well
surpass the chaste beauty of the blossoms of this orchid.

Among other species most prominent in Mr. Ames' superb collec-
tion were the following : 0. Pescatorei in variety, 0. Lindleyanum,
0. Sanderiamim, O. gloriosum, 0. triumphans in varieties, 0.
Andersonianuin, 0. Ruckerianuvi, 0. Edithice, 0. elegans.

The genus Oncidium is the most numerous in species of the
orchids, excepting only the Epidendrums. All the species are
evergreen ; some are large growers ; others more compact, and a
few have handsome spotted foliage. The flowers are quite beau-
tiful, and some are rich and showy. We noticed particularly the
following species :

Oncidium cucnllatum is a small flowered, dwarf -growing species.
The flowers are rose colored in the sepals and petals, and in the
lip reddish purple spotted with deep purple. They are very
beautiful and last a long time in perfection.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 247

0. Harrisonianum is brownish yellow with purplish spots ; the
sepals and petals linear obtuse and the lip three lobed.

0. macrantlmm is said to be the best of the genus both as to
size and beauty ; the flower spike on one of the plants in bloom
had attained a length of fifteen feet and the branches of the spike
were bearing from ten to fifteen large flowers each. The sepals
are of a warmish brown color ; the petals clear golden yellow ; the
lip, shaped like a dagger, is of a bright purple ; the flowers are
from two to three inches across, and last a long time in perfection.
It is a noble plant.

Masdevallias are a very interesting genus. They are beautiful
compact growing plants and no collection should be without them.
The species we noticed were :

M. ignea, with curious solitary orange scarlet blossoms which
arc produced on long slender scapes.

J/. Lindeni has flowers of a pale silvery lilac color, in some
varieties merging into rosy purple and exceedingly beautiful.

M. Veitchiana is said to be the handsomest of all the genus. Its
leaves are a foot long ; the flowers are large and grow singly on
scapes at least fifteen inches high ; their color is a very brilliant
orange, the lower sepals densely set with bright purple hairs which,
mingling with the orange beneath, give an indescribable brilliancy
to the flower. Like the rest of the species it grows and flowers the
year round.

M. Hoatteana is one of the quaintest little plants, bristling with
flowers.

Other species were M. Chelsoni, M. Davisii, M. macrura, M.
corniculata, M. amabilis, M. Harryana acanthifolia, M. ignea
eruhescens, M. ignea, Massangeana, and M. Schlimii, all very
brilliant and beautiful.

Saccolabiums are among the finest orchids that are cultivated ;
the growth is compact, the foliage long, pendent, and evergreen ;
the flowers are produced on graceful racemes about a foot long.

S. giganteum is a beautiful species, producing long racemes of
thickly set flowers ; sepals and petals white, the latter spotted
with lilac ; lip lilac and violet. It lasts in bloom a long time and
has a deliciously sweet fragrance.

S. violaceuni is a magnificent species. The flowers, which are
numerous, are produced on racemes a foot or more long, growing
from the axils of the leaves. The sepals and petals are pure white

248 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

spotted with mauve ; the lip dark mauve marked with deeper col-
ored lines. Besides these two this large and choice collection in-
cludes most of the newest and best varieties.

The months of April, May, and June are particularly brilliant
in Cattle^'as, which stand in the front rank amongst orchids.
There are C. Trianoe, C. Skinneri, and its congener, the chaste and
lovelj' C. Skinneri alba, C. amethystoglossa, C. Mendelii including
the varieties Morganice, grandijlora, picturata, Wallacei, Leeana,
pulcherrima, triumphans, and others, all beautiful ; the species
mtermedia and Wa,yneri, and the rare and unique varieties of
C. Mossice — Arnoldiana, Reineckiana, Wageneri, alba, Massan-
geana, aurea ; C. Oaskelliana alba and other varieties, C.
Dowiana, C. gigas in varieties, including the only plant yet seen
of the white form, named C. gigas Bochelliensis, Lcelia purpurata,
and L. elegans and varieties.

Other genera are Odontoglossum crispum, 0. Pescatorei. 0.
Harryanum, and O. vexillarium in numerous varieties, including
superbum; Masdevallia Harryana — scarcel}' two alike in form or
color ; Cypripediums, which are always represented by some species
or varieties ; Sobralia macrantlia, S. macrantha alba (very rare) , S.
leucoxantha and S. xantholeuca, the last here represented by the
finest plant in cultivation ; Epidendrum vitellinum, and E. pris-
matocarpum ; Vanda suavis, Calanthe Masuca and many others.

There are now many hybrid orchids which have been introduced
in the last few j^ears, that add largely to the interest and grand-
eur of a collection, but being scarce are as yet very expensive.

It will undoubtedly add interest to this report to mention in a
special list the orchids that have been named for Mr. Ames.
Lcelia Amesiana was exhibited at the Ro3'al Horticultural Societj^'s
Show, July 24, 1888, and is described as an extremely beautiful
hybrid Lselia. It is one of Messrs. Veitch's acquisitions, resulting
from a cross between Cattleya (Lcelia) criapa and G. maxima.
It has the character of C. crispa ; the flowers are about the size of
an average C. Mendelii, and in the character of the petals a like-
ness to L. elegans is traceable. The sepals are narrow, twisted
somewhat, and flushed with a pale amethyst tint ; the petals are
broader, wavy at the margin, and of the same delicate tint; the
lip has a rich purple color except at the base, where it is yellow,
this color running into the throat and intensifying the whiteness
of the arclied lateral lobes.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 249

Lcelia anceps Amesiana is also a superb variety ; the flowers are
large, resembling those of L. anceps Dawsoni, the sepals and
petals are large, of a pearly white slightly flushed with flesh color,
the pointed tips being rich rose color ; the side lobes of the lip are
heavily striped inside with deep crimson, the front lobe is smaller
than usual, and its color is an intense violet-magenta — so deep
that to a 'casual observer it appears to be black ; the large crest is
yellow. "The Garden" (London), from which we obtain this
description, says : " This is a truly wonderful and valuable variety."

Cypripedium Amesianum is said to be a cool house orchid and
as such is a valuable acquisition. It is the result of a cross be-
tween C. villosum and G. venustum^ and appears to combine the
characters of both plants in a charming manner.

Odontoglossum Rossii Amesianum is described as a charming
variet}', having large, bold, fine flowers, with colors well de-
fined, and form exquisite, and it is undoubtedly a very valuable
addition to the cool house orchids.

Vanda Amesiana was introduced by the Messrs. Low of Clap-
ton. It is mentioned as a rather small growing plant, producing
erect spikes of deliciously fragrant flowers, which are white,
suffused with flesh color, the lip being rich rosy magenta, " W.
H. G." in " The Garden," says : '^ Should this plant become free
flowering under cultivation, it will be one of the glories of our
plant houses."

Of rare and unique varieties, the following will be found quite
worthy of looking up, and a lover of orchids will deem the time
taken in so doing well and profitably spent.

Cattleya Bowringiana var. lila- Cattleya intricata,

cina, " leucoglossa,

Cattleya Brabantioi, " Master soni^

'^ Brymerianayax. '' MorgancB,

" Eurydice, '* Percivaliana,

" Fausta, " Reineckia superhissima^

" " crispa, " resplendens,

" Oaskelliana alba, " Scita,

" '' Delliense, " Shinneri alba,

" gigas RochelUensis, " Sororia,

" Harrisii, " Stella,

" Hardyana Amesi, " Wageneri,

250

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Cattleya Zenobia,

" (species) var. Mendelii
gigas,
Codogyne. cristata alba,

" Day ana,

" tomentosa,

Cypripedium Hyeanum,

" Mastersi,

" T. B. Hay ward,

" Wallisi,

Dendrobium Arnoldianum ,

" Bromfieldi,

" Cybele,

" ettosmum var. leu-

copterum,

" nobile var, nobilius,

" Phalcenopsis,

" Schneideriana,

" Williamsi,

Grammatophyllum Measuresia-

num,
Lcelia anceps Scottiana,

Lcelia elegans Littleana,

" " Turneri, (several

varieties.)
" Euterpe,
" Exoniensis,
" Patinii alba,
" Philbrickiana,
" Pilcheri,
" purpurata Lowiana,
" triophthalma,
" Veitchiana,
Odontoglossum excelleris,

' ' Schrcederianum ,

' ' vexillarium su-

jierbum varieties,
Oncidium Mantini,

" ornithorynchum al-
bum,
Saccolabium Heathi, (a unique

plant.)
Zygocolax leopardinum,
" Veitchii.

' ' callistoglossa ,

The last two are new bigeneric hybrids ; ^. Veitchii is a cross
between Zygopetalnm crinitum and Golax jugosus, and Mr. Ames's
plant is the only one known. The generic name, it will be seen,
^s made up from those of the two genera hj'bridized.

We have tried to give you some idea of the beauty and richness
of Mr. Ames's orchids. Our descriptive powers are not equal to
our wishes, and you may not wonder that we consider our task a
difficult one when we state that in selecting those we have men-
tioned we have made the choice from a collection numbering
between seven and eight thousand plants, and representing over
thirteen hundred acknowledged varieties. There are seven houses
devoted to orchids, — two for Cattleyas, two for Odontoglossums,
one for Dendrobiums and Phalsenopsis, one for the East Indian
and one for the Mexican and miscellaneous species. We feel
sure that we do not exaggerate in the least in saying that Mr.
Ames's collection of orchids is one of the finest, and we think it
the finest, on this continent, ranking little if any below the largest

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 251

and best collections known, and without any doubt it includes
more unique and rare specimens than can be seen in any other
place. We feel justified in making this statement, as it is based
on testimony given by those who have seen all the large collections
in the country. To he able to appreciate them one must see them,
and it is gratifying to know that visitors are always welcome, and
that all who wish may enjoy the pleasure which a visit only can
give. Many other things might be properly mentioned ; the
foliage plants are truly charming ; particularly the Crotons, Ferns
of luxuriant growth, Aralias, and Palms in the most healthy con-
dition, and some twenty varieties of Nepenthes, or Pitcher Plants
as they are popularly called. These superb specimens are grown
in baskets suspended from the roof of the house, and are so curious
and interesting that attention is at once drawn to tliem, and they
always excite admiration. There is also a large collection of Aza-
leas ; in fact there seems to be nothing lacking that is necessary to
make up a choice collection of all the rare and valuable plants found
in such places. Neatness and cleanliness are the rule, in the elegant
reception room, the glass houses, and the potting room. We have
confined this report entirel}' to the orchids, with a brief mention
only of other plants, but we hope that we may have the privilege
ot speaking to you at some future time of the grounds, where we
noticed many rare trees and shrubs.

We desire to express our sincere thanks to Mr. Robinson for
his kindness on each of our visits, and for the interesting facts
which form a large part of this report. The excellent condition
of all the houses and plants gives the most abundant evidence of
his skill and ability to execute the trust committed to him.

Strawberry Garden of Samdel Barnard, Belmont.

The second visit of the season was to see the Strawberry Gar-
den of Mr. Barnard, at Belmont. We cannot add anything to our
report of last year's visit, except that in all respects the crop was
full}' equal to that of 1888, and those who had not the privilege of
a visit to his grounds, but did attend the Strawberr}' Exhibition,
had the evidence before them, in the exhibits made there, that
Mr. Barnard's crops of this fruit are of superior merit ; no exhibits
from any individual have surpassed his. The strawberry is a wel-
come fruit, not onh' on account of its being the earliest of the
small fruits, but because it comes within the reach of all, rich and

252 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

poor alike. A great deal has been said about strawberries, but
not too much. The strawberry has been well termed the " Queen
of Small Fruits," and in its improvement size has surely been
attained — whether or not at the expense of flavor remains perhaps
to be decided. The rage for size in strawberries seems to be quite
equal to that for size in other productions. We know that the
large berries are captivating to the eye and we frequently hear
the exclamation " Did you ever see such berries." We are not
surprised that the sight of the large specimens of Sharpless brings
forth such expressions. We do not object to size, but if with it
we could have the quality which enabled us to say, " What a sweet
and delicious berry," the triumph would be much greater. Why
cannot some of our strawberrj' specialists make tliis a point? It is
fair to presume that such a result can be attained. What amateur
would not prefer a moderate sized berry, of good color and flavor,
to a larger one with less flavor? It is generally acknowledged that
all unusually large fruit is deficient in rich flavor, and frequently
is very acid, and requires the addition of just about its own weight
of sugar to make it palatable. Where are the varieties that have
taken the places of the Triumph de Gand, Keeus's Seedling, and
La Constante — varieties which one could pick from the vines and
relish without the aid of sugar? Now if there are defects to remedy
and points to be attained, why should we not look to such gentle-
men as Mr. Heustis, Mr. Barnard, and others to meet these
demands ? They have already done much to improve this wholesome
and appetizing fruit, and we rejoice with them in the result thcN'
have achieved, and that such great success has crowned their efforts ;
but improvement should still be our ambition, and we will wait
patiently but hopefully for still further advances. In this connec-
tion we cairthe attention of growers to the Prospective Prize of
$50, offered on page 3 of the Schedule, for the best Seedling
Strawberry.

Grounds of Benjamin G. Smith, Cambridge.

July 31st, the Committee visited the grounds of Benjamin G.
Smith, on Fayerweather Street, Cambridge. Unfortunately the
afternoon was very wet and it was with difficulty that we could see
the grounds at all, the only opportunity being a hasty glance'
between the showers. It is six years since the Committee enjoyed
a visit to Mr. Smith. It is not unfrequently the case that in that

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 253

length of time many changes take place ; often less enthusiasm is
manifested, and perhaps the interest of the cultivator is turned in
another direction ; but we are pleased to say that the evidence
given at Mr. Smith's shows an increased interest in the same pur-
suits. Small fruits command the most attention, the object being
to supply the family with good fruit as long as it can be obtained,
and, with the apples added to the list, fruit is furnished for the
table nearly, if not quite, the year round. It must be remem-
bered that Mr. Smith is not engaged in fruit growing for profit,
and the work is accomplished with the help of one man. The
cause of his success lies in his love for the work and his com-
mendable enthusiasm in the endeavor to produce the best fruit
that culture and skill will give. The results which have been
obtained ought to satisfy the most ambitious. The term "small
fruits," is well understood as applying to the Strawberry, Rasp-
berry, Currant, and Gooseberry. Their uses for the dessert, and
the making of preserves and wines, are of great importance. The
Strawberry, ahead}' referred to in our report upon Mr. Barnard's
garden, is a fruit of great value to the amateur, and several of the
best varieties are found here. The Raspberry, so highly prized as
a choice table fruit, is very successful!}' grown. The Currants —
Red, White, and Black — also receive good care and attention, the
collection comprising the best varieties. Gooseberries have re-
ceived special attention and Mr. Smith has been very successful
with them, of which the fine fruit shown by him from year to year
at the Society's exhibitions has given ample proof. Apples, Pears,
Quinces, Plums, and Grapes are all successfully grown, and none
but the best varieties find a place in the garden.

Ornamental plants and flowers also receive a due share of atten-
tion. The Rhododendron bed is healthy and flourishing as is also a
good collection of Hj'brid Perpetual Roses. A fine assortment of
summer bedding plants adds to the attractive appearance of the
grounds. In the winter months the conservatory attached to the
house is filled with a choice collection of flowering plants, adding
very much to the cheerfulness of the library, from which it is
entered. To keep up a good supply of plants for the conservatory
a small and convenient propagating house has been built during
the past season. The cold grapery, which has always been
a source of satisfaction to the owner, is still in good order, and no
season has passed since the vines commenced bearing, without

254 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the production of a satisfactory crop of fruit. For last year's
report. Mr. Smith furnished at our request a list of small fruits
which he had successfully grown. This season we take pleasure
in adding to this report a letter in which he gives his experience in
the cultivation of Hardy Grapes. We are glad that an opportunity
has been afforded us to give a second account of Mr. Smith's fruit
garden ; we only wish there were many more like it and that their
owners could enjoy the pleasure and satisfaction of a personal
interest in the growth and cultivation of fruits and flowers as he
does.

Cambridge, Nov. 19, 1889.
My Deab Mr. Barker :

At your request I briefly note my experience the past season
with regard to the cultivation of hardy grapes. The collection
covers fifty-five varieties, and I have given them especial atten-
tion, in order if possible to ascertain the best dozen varieties
to cultivate in Eastern Massachusetts. At the time of the visit of
your Committee, Jul}' 31, the vines and fruit presented a promising
appearance, several varieties being well furnished with large clus-
ters of fruit. Ihe weather during the six weeks following was
the most unfavorable for maturing out-door grapes within my
recollection.

A superabundance of rain and cold damp weather not only caused
mildew but retarded the ripening of the fruit. The grapes arrived
at a certain point and did not progress, the fruit being very defi-
cient in grape sugar. Champion, Moore's Early, Cottage, Early
Victor, Geneva, Brighton, and Lindley, were the first to ripen and
in about the order named. None were up to the usual standard.

This has been a phenomenal year with regard to rain and moist-
ure : therefore cultivators ought not to be discouraged, as such
a season may not occur again in twenty years. My experience in
laying down and covering the vines for winter protection has
proven very satisfactory ; this practice I continue until the yines
are too large and unyielding to admit it.

Yours sincerely,

Benjamin G. Smith.

Nurseries of William C. Strong, Newton Highlands.

August 7th the Committee spent a portion of the afternoon
with Mr. W. C. Strong, who is delightfully located at Waban, on

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 255

the Boston & Albany Circuit Railroad. For several j'ears Mr.
Strong has been busily engaged in laying out the grounds and
making streets on a large tract of land, which is being sold in house-
lots. Portions of this ground command some of the finest views
in Newton. The ease of access to the city from this neighborhood
renders it a very desirable place of residence, and with good taste
and judgment in laying out the grounds, combined with a judicious
planting of trees, all of which the plans for future work assure us
will be done, it will be one of Boston's most attractive suburbs.

Mr. Strong has removed his entire nursery stock from Brighton
to this place, and in looking it over we found a clean lot of healthy
deciduous trees ; a good collection of evergreens in a remarkably
flourishing condition ; and of vines and shrubs, the old and well-
known standard varieties, with all the new ones that are desirable
and worthy of cultivation. It was very gratifying to see this well
ordered nursery so clean and well cared for. In the propagating
house many thousands of cuttings of the best shrubs were being
rooted, which was to us an evidence that Mr. Strong expects there
will be a demand for good and desirable shrubs, and we hope that he
will be in the front rank of those who are keeping up the standard
of a first-class nursery. Too many are filled with trees and shrubs
that are of no use whatever, but we hope the day is near at hand
when our home nurseries will be noted for well grown trees and
shrubs that are reliable and true to name. Then purchasers can
select from the nursery with the assurance and confidence that
they are obtaining plants which will afford pleasure and delight as
they grow and increase in age and beauty. With such assurance
the bitter disappointments which so many have suflTered from the
captivating but deceptive chromos of the pedler, will no more be
feared. Encouragement will take the place of discouragement
when people know they are dealing with intelligent and honorable
growers, whose statements are based on knowledge gained from
experience in their practice and not from the picture or the cata-
logue alone.

Newton Cemetery.

After leaving Mr. Strong's the Committee paid a visittothis place,
which they had visited five years ago. Since that time many im-
provements have been made, the most conspicuous of which are
the Bigelow Mortuary Chapel and Conservator}', both of them

256 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

being the munificent gift of one of Newton's public spirited citizens,
Hon. John S. Farlow. The Chapel is a memorial to the late Dr.
Henry Bigelow, and is situated near the entrance, just north of the
Soldiers' Monument. It is the first object that attracts attention
after entering the grounds, and is a very handsome piece of stone
masonry. The style is pure Gothic, twenty-two by forty-two feet
in size, and thirty-eight feet high ; it is lighted by stained glass
■windows in the roof, at each end, and on the left side. The furnish-
ings are of oak ; on the right side of the building are three gothic
doors opening into the conservatory, which is of handsome design,
thirty-five b}' fifty-four feet on the ground, and twenty-three feet
high in the centre. Instead of having the usual straight side-tables
and centre stand, it is laid out in artistic style, with rockeries,
fountains, waterfalls, etc. Many of the plants being set in the
ground are already fine specimens and have grown so large that
they reach the roof. Palms and ferns are most conspicuous but there
is quite a variety of other choice plants, with Begonias and Lycopo-
diums to fill up intervening spaces and run over the rockeries.
These have taken on a very luxuriant growth and seem to delight
in the place they occupy. Two plants of Musa Cavendishii with
fruit on each were interesting, and there were a number of orchids
scattered among the other plants. The roof is partly covered
with climbing plants, one of which, Thunbergia lata' if oli a, was very
attractive on a visit made December 7. It was the most flourishing
plant we had seen and was flowering profusely. The very impor-
tant improvements which we have described add greatly to the
interest of the cemetery, and are highly appreciated by the pro-
prietors and visitors.

As we passed through the grounds we noticed parcels of land
that have been put in order and added to the improved parts of
the grounds. In all cases these improvements are made on the
lawn plan, which has been carried out to good advantage. The
largest addition was made this year, by taking in what is known
as the " Horrigan lot," which was laid out and planted this fall,
adding very much to the breadth and liberal appearance of that part
of the grounds lying on the Beacon Street side and just beyond
the pond. In the immediate vicinitj' of the Chapel a new pond
has been formed, irregular in shape and supplied by living springs,
which in the dryest seasons furnish such an abundance of water as
to keep it well filled. Several small islands have been constructed

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS, 257

in the broader part of it, and a rustic bridge crosses at the narrowest
point toward the opposite end. On the borders are beds of azaleas
and rhododendrons, groups of shrubs and single specimens ; also
some trees, all which are appropriately planted, making the sur-
roundings of the chapel and conservatory very attractive and
interesting.

It is gratifying to notice also that great improvements have been
made in planting all through the grounds. At the entrance, trees
and choice shrubs have largel}' taken the place of the usual sum-
mer bedding plants. A very pleasing feature is the groups and
single specimens of evergreens, of which a very choice collection
is here found. These are cheerful at all seasons, especially in
winter. The artistic bedding-out is confined to the vicinity of the
chapel and conservatory, where it belongs. These changes are
delightful to the eye and gratifying to good taste, denoting an
era of progress which we are glad to recognize. The usual amount
of bedding-out on lots was noticed in mixed and set beds. The
condition of the grounds was all that could be expected ; choice
and rare specimen trees and shrubs — the latter in groups and
single plants — greet one at every step. Were we to speak specially
of each object that we could with propriety mention we should
encroach upon your time and tax your patience too much. But
Newton is so near you can get there very easily. Go and see it
for yourselves, and you will bear witness that Nature assisted by
Art has made this a charming spot. Under the fostering care of
Mr. Henry Ross, and Mr. Charles W. Ross, his able assistant,
if their plans for the future are successfully carried out the
citizens of Newton will have added reason to feel proud of their
delightful cemetery, which is not second to any suburban cemetery
that we have seen.

Vineyard of Dr. Jabez Fisher, Fitchburg.

September 4, the Committee visited the vineyard of Dr. Fisher,
at Fitchburg. For many 3'ears he has supplied the Boston market
with a very superior quality of fruit, and we are pleased to make a
report of his vineyard to the Society. His aim has been in the
cultivation of the grape to find out just what is required in fertili-
zation and care to produce the best results.

Dr. Grant of lona fame said some years ago: "The delight
which all fruits of high excellence give, is in only a small degree
8

258 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

measured bj' the momentary sensation which the}' communicate to
the palate, but their great excellence and power of attraction con-
sist in the animation and vigor which they impart in their refresh-
ing power, and the aid which they give to nourishment. For this,
the peach in its perfection is eminent; also the citron melon, and
the best pears and apples ; but the true grape stands at the head
of refreshing fruits, greatly surpassing them all."

We have from the pen of Dr. Fisher, a ver^' full and interesting
account of the manner of cultivating and caring for the vineyard^
which is of unusually practical value, and is of greater interest
than any extended report of the observations of the Committee
could be. The healthy and vigorous vines and the even crop of
fruit, together with the excellent condition of the vine3'ard, were
highly satisfactory to the Committee.

The following letter gives Dr. Fisher's method :

FiTCHBDRG, October 5, 1889.
Committee on Gardens :

Gentlemen: — I send you herewith a sample of the grapes taken
from my vineyard October 1st, and which you visited September 4th.
I do not send " show clusters," but rather those which will give
the most satisfaction in the eating, for which these are intended.
I wish to ask your assistance in deciding a question in regard to
fertilization. My vineyard is divided into three parts, designated
as the 1st, 2d, and 3d. One of the three has been fertilized
for three years with sulphate of potash among other ingredients,
while the other two have had muriate of potash. Sulphate is
believed by some to be much better adapted to the production of
sugar than muriate. The grapes in the bottom layer of the basket
are from Vineyard No. 3 ; the middle layer from No. 2, and
those in the top layer are from No. 1. I have put in No. 1 also
some of the girdled grapes which you saw, and which 1 think were
as good September 20th as these which were left until October 1st.
You will know them by the larger berries. After you have dis-
posed of them all, please tell me if one la3'er — omitting the girdled
ones — contains to the taste more sugar than either of the others.

This basket is a sample of m}' way of marketing and I hope may
get to you in good order. The quality is not nearl}' so satisfactory
as in a dry and sunny year, nor does the crop handle as well.

Yours truly,

Jabez Fisher.

REPOKT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 259

The fruit ariived in excellent condition, and while it is true that
very many good Concord grapes have been exhibited, there is no
doubt whatever that these were the very best that have been shown.
The bunches were very even, and the berries of good size and fine
color and flavor. The Committee's test of the fruit resulted as
follows : — No. 2 is the sweetest ; No. 3 next ; No. 1 last.

The fruit from the girdled vines was not of as good quality as
the others — perhaps on account of being over-ripe.

Dr. Fisher's Statement.

To the Committee on Gardens :

The vineyard to which I have called your attention is situated
in the northeast part of the city of Fitchburg, on the southerly
descent of Pearl Hill. Its elevation above tide-water is about seven
hundred feet. The land slopes gently to the south and east, and
contains a little more than three acres. The soil is a deep, strong
loam, resting on hard pan underlaid with gneiss rock. A thrifty
apple orchard, which I set in 1854, was removed to make room
for it.

The vines, which were one year old Concords, were set in the
spring of 1871, and since 1872 no other growtli has been allowed.
The vines were originally placed six feet apart in rows eight feet
distant. Some four to six years ago each alternate vine was
removed so that now each occupies a space eight by twelve feet.
They are trained to a trellis of four wires, the upper one being
five feet two inches from the surface, and the others fifteen inches
apart. A pair of arms are grown from each vine and trained to
the lower wire in opposite directions. The succeeding spring
these arms are tied to the second wire, and the upright shoots
from them are tied to the third and fourth, wiiile two new arms
are trained to the first wire. The upright shoots are stopped at
one joint above the upper wire, and all laterals are stopped beyond
their first leaf throughout the season. At the autumn pruning all
the wood that has borne fruit is cut away, leaving only the two
arms upon the bottom wire, which are not allowed to bear.

Cultivation is given by an Acme harrow as often as a crust is
formed by rain. No barnyard manure has ever been used, but
various commercial fertilizers have been applied annually. The
mixture for 1889 was as follows, applied broadcast to each acre,
April 13 : cotton-seed meal, 220 lbs., muriate of potash, 165 His.,

260 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

sulphate of ammonia, 58 lbs., nitrate of soda, 22 lbs., South
Carolina floats, 55 lbs., and plaster, 80 lbs. In all 600 lbs.,
in which was contained, 87 lbs. of oxide of potassium, 30 lbs. of
nitrogen, and 20 lbs. of phosphoric acid. This cost, aside from
labor and cartage, $10.50. The vineyard is divided into three
parts. In No. 2, sulphate of potash took the place of the muriate.

When the fruit is as large as peas, all small and imperfect clus-
ters are removed, with enough others to bring the crop down to
what my judgment tells me the different vines are likely to carry
to perfection ; in uo case more than twenty lbs. per vine, or four
tons to the acre. If more than that is attempted in this part of
the state the quality will be poor, and the vines will suffer so
much that the following one or two crops will be much inferior in
both quantity and quality.

The crop is harvested when fully ripe, which is ordinarily from
the fifth to the twelfth of October — this year about the first ; and
marketed during four to six weeks following.

July 5th I girdled one of the two bearing arms on each of sixty
vines by taking out a ring of bark half an inch long near the
trunk. As a result, these grapes showed color August 12th, six
days before those on the opposite half of the same vines. They
were fit for market September 20, the berries being then from
thirty to forty per cent larger than the others, and much sweeter.
October 1st they still were sweeter than those not treated, which
were then ripe, but had a somewhat insipid taste without the
refreshing sparkle of those not thus treated. An analysis was made
by Professor C. A. Goessmau, chemist of the Hatch Experiment
Station, which is here given :

September 20th.

Girdled.

Not Girdled.

Moisture, at 100°c.

83.00%

84.69%

Ash

.42

—

Sugar

8.13

6.24

Soda solution to neutralize acid

85.40 c.

c* 75.00 c. c*

October 1st.

Moisture at 100°c.

82.69

84.51

Ash

.37

.53

Sugar

8.50

6.09

Soda solution to neutralize acid

50.00 c.

c* 48.00 c. c*

*Cubic centimetres.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 261

The loss of acid at the second period is the only explanation of
the increased sweetness evident to the palate, particularl}' in those
not girdled, and unpleasantly in those girdled. The results of
girdling, so far as they are apparent from this trial, show a
gain of ten days in fitness for market with largely increased size
of berries. The drawbacks are, in a season as wet as the past, a
loss of from twenty to forty per cent of the berries by cracking
open ; berries too soft to bear carriage ; both of which would be
lessened in a dryer season but not overcome in my experience,
and a decided diminution in quality for connoisseurs. Add to
this the harm which may come to the vine from the operation
repeated year after year, but the amount of which is not yet settled.

The vines are pruned preferably as soon as the foliage has
dropped, but it may be safely done at an}' time before the swelling
of the buds in spring. The new arms upon the lower wire are
allowed to remain through the winter without protection, which, if
the wood and roots are thoroughly ripe is unnecessary, and if they
are not, is nearly or quite useless.

Insects have done no appreciable injur\' this season, and although
mildew and black rot have both prevailed, yet the loss thereby has
not equalled two per cent of the product. Jabez Fisher.

The Arnold Arboretum.
This is always an interesting and instructive place to visit. Go
when you will there is something to learn, and very much to see.
In our report for the year 1885 your attention was called to the
Arboretum ; since that time many changes have been made and
many new and rare trees and shrubs have been added to the large
and choice collection. The readers of " Garden and Forest,"
more tlian any other journal have been favored with valuable notes
and suggestions from them, which, we are glad to record, are
alwaj'S anxiousl}' looked for and eagerl}' read on account of their
reliable and practical character. The opportunity for obtaining
information and instruction in regard to trees and shrubs is unsur-
passed, especially if 3'ou meet our friend Dawson and are fortunate
enough to get him to accompany you around the grounds. On a
recent visit we were charmed by a delightful bed of Compositae
which was in the height of beaut}- when the summer flowering
plants were all past. At our request Mr. Dawson has furnished
us a statement concerning this bed, which we are sure will be read
with interest and profit. Mr. Dawson writes :

262 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

" At the Arboretum is a bed of Compositse, containing seventy-
nine species and varieties of Aster, Solidago, Helianthus, Rud-
beckia, Pyretlirum, Silphium, Echinacea and others. The mass-
ing together of these species of plants makes a display at a time of
the year when most other bedding plants are on the wane, and they
continue well into the fall after the more tender plants have been
destroyed by frost. This kind of bedding should receive more
attention, especially on large estates, where many nooks and
corners often unsightly could be made things of beauty. In many
instances people of wealth go to the sea-side or other summer
resorts as soon as the spring flowers are over, and do not return
until September or later, when the beauty of the garden is past ;
now by a judicious planting of these late autumn flowering Com-
positse, the autumn garden would be as brilliant as the spring gar-
den, if not more so. Thus by a judicious arrangement of all the
spring and autumn blooming plants, each end of the season could
be made to vie with the other, and the place would not have the
desolate appearance that many gardens present after the first frosts.
The cultivation of this class of plants is simple ; the main requi-
sites being a good deep well prepared soil, clean culture, securing
the taller species by stout stakes to keep them from being broken
by the fall gales, and the taking up, dividing, and resetting of the
plants every two or three years. Indeed this last operation is
necessary with most herbaceous plants when fine blooms are
wanted. When they remain too long without change, they are
apt to crowd each other, and the flowers are smaller and do not
last as well as where the beds are made over and the plants
divided and reset every two or three years.

The following are some of the species in the bed at the Aboretum ;

Helianthus rigidics, Boltonia glastifolia,
" grosse-serratus, " asteroides.,

" heterophyllus ^ Pyrethrum uUginosum,

" doronicoides, Silphiuvi perfoliatum,

*•' tuberosus, " laciniatum,

" mollis, " trifoliatum,

" Maximiliani, " terebinthinaceum,

" strumosus, R%Ldbeckia subtomentosa,

" decapetalus, " maxima,

Actinomeris squarrosa, " laciniata.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS.

263

Mudbeckia grandi flora.
Coreopsis deJphinioides,
Achillea Ptarmica^
Ghilopsis Icevis,
Aster inultiflorus,

*' Drummondii,

" versicolor,

" sagittifolius,

" macrophyllus,

"'• umbellatus,

" prenanthoides,

" cestivus,

*' loBvigatus,

' ' simplex,

" spectabilis,

'^ Sibiricus

*' turbinellus,

" Shortii,

' ' amethystinus,

Aster Novi-Belgii, var.

" effus^is,

' ' puniceics,

" Tartaricus,

" Tradescanti,

' ' Herveyi,

" oblong if olius,

" Lindleyanus,

Solidago lanceolata,
" arguta,
" rugosa,
" squarrosa,
' ' Canadensis,

"• ulmifoUa,
'' sempervirens,
" Shortii,
" serotina,
" Riddellii,
" latifolia.

The Helianthuses, Silphiums, Rudbeckias, and Boltonias, being
chiefly tall growuig plants, are placed in the background, and the
others, according to their height, in the front. This bed has been
the admiration of all who have seen it, and the coining season will
probably see more of this kind of bedding."

The fruiting shrubs at the Arboretum are among the choicest
things to be found there. In a stroll through the grounds in the
fall it was delightful to see them so bright and cheerful ; we wish
that we could speak with trumpet sound so that all could hear our
praises of them, and if we had persuasiveness and influence suffi-
cient we should induce every one who plants shrubs to give these
varieties a place with others. They show and look best as
single specimens, but a skilful landscape-gardener could undoubt-
edly succeed in making effective groups.

The following list of the most conspicuous kinds will be a guide
in making selections. One star indicates those whose fruit drops
when frosty weather comes on or a little later ; on those marked
with two stars the fruit hangs nearly all the season ; and those
not marked hold their fruit all through the season :

** Celastrus scandens and ** C. articulata are valuable climbers.

264 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

*Ilex Icevigata, and */. verticillata are species of a beautiful
genus, with deciduous foliage and bright red fruit. */. glabra has
evergreen foliage and black fruit.

Berberis Sieboldii, **B. Tliunbergii, B. Armirensis, and *B. vul-
garis belong to a very interesting genus of shrubs ; their leaves are
rich and beautiful ; the flowers, which are orange or yellow, are
very showy, and are succeeded by bright colored fruit in the fall
and winter. B. Sieboldii is the gem of the hardy species.

*Mhammis Frangula is a fine, robust, hardy shrub, in fruit
and flower all the season :

*Euoriymtis JEuropceus — varieties alba and Corsica — E. alata,
and E. Hamilioniaiius, belong to a very interesting genus ; the
open capsules are very beautiful when other shrubs are losing
their beauty.

Rosa rngosa, **li. multiflora^ R. repens, R. corylifolia. **R.
tomentosa, and others.

Ribes alpina and R. saxatile are beautiful earlj'-spring flowering
shrubs.

*Cornus alba, C. sericea, C. stolonifera, C. paniculata, C. altern-
ifolia and C. circinata are all verj^ valuable shrubs and should be
extensively grown.

Viburnum dentatum, V. nwlle, ** V. Optilus, and V. cassinoides are
all elegant species, somewhat early flowering and quite ornamental.
Lojiicera Morroicii, L. Ruprechtiana, L. Xylosteum, and L.
chrysantha, of the bush honeysuckles; *L.Jlava, *L. Sullivanfii,
L. hirsuta, and L. Caprifolium of the climbing ones are also
species of a genus of ver}' ornamental shrubs.

** Symphoricarpus vulgaris and **S. racemosus are very hand-
some dwarf shrubs producing a quantity of fruit in the autumn.
Symplocos paniculatus has beautiful blue berries.
*Lycium Chinense is a very pretty climbing shrub.
Eleagnus longipes and E. umbellatus are very ornamental shrubs.
**Pyrus arbutifolia, variety erythrocarpa.

This list comprises the most conspicuously fruiting shrubs at the
Arboretum, but there are others; for a full and reliable descrip-
tion of those named see several articles in " Garden and Forest,"
Vol. 2, 1889.

Of late much attention has been bestowed upon the cultivation
of Water Lilies: Mr. E. D. Sturtevant of Bordentown, N. J., has
for many years made a specialty of them and at several of our

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS. 265

annual exhibitions we have seen his splendid productions. In our
vicinity they are successful!}' grown b}- Charles M. Atkinson,
at John L. Gardner's, Brookline ; by James Comley, at Mrs.
Francis B. Hayes's, Lexington, and bj' Frederick L. Harris at H.
H. Hunnewell's, Wellesley. We all know that when Mr. Harris
speaks it is from practical experience, and we are glad to give 3'ou
the benefit of that experience from his own pen.

Letter from Frederick L. Harris.

Wellesley, November 29th, 1889.
Mr. John G. Barker,

Dear Sir : — I send you as promised the way in which I manage
my Lily Tank. The tank is forty-eight feet long, twelve feet in width,
and three feet deep. I fill in with a compost of half-rotted sods to
the depth of ten inches, then a sufficient quantity of cow manure to
make the depth of soil twelve inches, and add half a barrel of half-
inch bone, thoroughly mixing all together. I then put on the water,
to the depth of a foot, which is heated to 75° or 80° by four four-
inch pipes, two flows and two returns, connected with a boiler
in one of our houses. The plants are started in the greenhouse
during the month of April so as to have six or eight leaves on
each, and about the 15th of May I place them in the tank, taking
care to have the water of sufficient depth to cover all the leaves, in
order to prevent their being chilled by the cold nights which often
occur even up to the first of June. I do not think it wise to put
in more than sixteen plants, as before the end of the season they
would become too crowded. With me the past season was a very
successful one, having given a continuous show of fine flowers
from the 15th of June until the 7th of October.

Under favorable circumstances in a naturally well protected
location they will flower without the use of artificial means, but
our seasons at the best are of short duration, and this compara-
tively trifling extra expense adds very much to the time we may
have them to enjoy. The sorts cultivated are :

Nymphoea alba candidistima, N. Devoniensis, night blooming,
N. ccjerulea, N. Zanzibar ensis.^ blue,

N. dentata, iV. '' pink,

N. Devoniensis,

Many of the flowers when in bloom measured ten inches in
diameter and they were a constant source of attraction to the
many visitors here.

266 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Early in November the small tubers are preserved by being
placed in a tub of water kept at about 60° during the winter.

Hoping the above hints may prove acceptable to you in making
up your report, I remain, Dear Sir,

Yours truly,

F. L. Harris.

The following Prizes and Gratuities have been awarded by the
Committee : —

To William Robinscu, Gardener to Frederick L. Ames,
for the best House of Orchids in bloom during the
month of March, . ......

To Dr. Jabez Fisher, for the best Vinej'ard,

Gratuities : —

To Benjamin G. Smith, for well kept Amateur Garden,

To Samuel Barnard, for successful cultivation of Straw-
berries .........

To Henry Ross, Superintendent of Newton Cemetery,
for well kept grounds, and for artistic laying out and
successful improvement of the same, . . . 25 00

To William C. Strong, for successful cultivation of

Nursery stock, 25 00

$60 00

50

00

25

00

25

00

$210 00

In closing this report we again solicit your cooperation, that we
may unitedly be of practical value and assistance not only to each
other within the limits of our Society, but to all with whom we
are brought in contact, whether through the visits of the Committees,
the exhibitions, the reports, or the discussions. Let the Massa-
chusetts Horticultural Society be a thoroughly educational insti-
tution. Set the standard high, we can attain to it.

John G. Barker, Chairman^
E. W. Wood,
Joseph H. Woodford,

Committee

\ on

C. N. Brackett, i Gardens.

Henry W. Wilson, j

C. W. Ross, /

REPORT

Committee on Window Gardening,

FOR THE YEAR 1889.

By MRS. HENRIETTA L. T. WOLCOTT, Chairman.

At the commencement of the 3'ear just now drawing to its
close, your Committee paused in their work to consider carefully
the results of steps taken by them and to discuss new plans for
the coming season.

The Treasurer reported a small amount of cash on hand ; this
presented an opportunity which had been previously mentioned
as desirable.

While the contestants in the past had been children, and the
prizes small, rumors had been brought to the Committee that
there were windows full of flowering plants in fine condition, which
might be admitted under the published Schedule of Prizes to
competition. In the interests of this class of competitors a few
reasonably attractive prizes were offered through the public prints.

Thirteen windows filled with plants were entered and were
examined by the Committee. Wishing to secure justice in
awarding prizes or certificates of merit, each window was visited
by that member of the Committee residing nearest, accompanied
by one of the Committee who was chosen to visit each and all.

The variety in the work of each exhibition was marvellous.
In one cit}'^ window, where the conditions usuall}' deemed unfavor-
able were present, and those considered favorable to the growth
of plants were wanting, Geraniums, Palms, Ivies, and two rare
Ferns from Ireland were in excellent condition. Man}' of these

268 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

plants had been sunk in the ground in the sunny yard during the-
summer, for a period of ten years, and returned to the window in
the early Fall.

In another window, where seventy' pots were exhibited, every
plant had been raised either from seed or from slips collected in.
that hap-hazard way, well-known and practiced by lovers of
flowers. Oranges and lemons were growing as thrift}^ plants.

In another window — the one that received the first prize, a
Frost's Microscope, — every one of the seventy plants was in
perfect order. Vigorous growth, carefully trained stems of
erect or twining plants, freedom from the trace of insects, and
tasteful arrangements in very crowded space, attested the skill
and industry of the exhibitor.

In one public school-room in the Roxbur^' district, hundreds of
plants, many of them in full bloom, made the visitors wish that
they might have studied in company' with such beautiful and
fragrant flowers.

A collection of one hundred pots in a home in the suburbs,
included plants of Pelargonium, Geranium, Ivy, Oxalis, Calla,
Tradescantia, Petunia, Palm, Heliotrope, Rose, Verbena^
Senecio, and Carnation. Ignoring the plans adopted by the
Committee that each plant should be upright and symmetrical,
these had been trained toward the glass, thus offering to the
traveller a gorgeous display of brilliant blossoms which, contrasted
with the deep green of the leaves, made a picture rarely equalled,
and in the judgment of the visitors, never excelled.

Considering the educational effect on children, in or out of the
family ; the stimulus of a prize, even in the neighborhood, the
Committee felt authorized to bestow five prizes — books or their
equivalent in cash, — and Certificates of Merit with the seal of the
Society, on the competitors in Boston, Dorchester, Maiden, Rox-
bury, Chelsea, and West Dedham.

Before special work in the spring commenced, two special prizes
were granted for Gloxinias raised from seed and grown in
windows, although such prizes were not advertised.

The Committee printed and issued, in response to continued
demands for such instruction, a pamphlet containing simple
directions as to the preparation of soil and size of pots needed,
together with a list of native plants readily found in the suburbs
of Boston, which must be considered as the headquarters of the

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON WINDOW GARDENING. 269

Committee, while the interest of the main Societj' should and
-does cover the whole State.

The letter-press was excellent and the publication was grate-
fuU}'^ received in the communit}'. Many hundreds were given to
those who purchased plants for themselves or for distribution by
the churches ; enough were sold to partially defray the expenses
incurred by the Committee, and many were sent to the country in
response to requests from eager readers.

The seeming nari'owness of the list of native plants was
emphasized when the Chairman of the Committee addressed a
school in Greenfield, Mass., whose friend and pastor had pro-
vided plants to be given to the scholars in the sewing school.

In the Fall, prizes in money were awarded to the successful
growers.

The exhibitions have been held in different sections of the city
according to the advertised programme.

Great improvement over last year's work was manifested in the
general appearance of the plants ; pots were scrubbed b}' the
little hands, and dead leaves and faded blossoms had been
removed, showing that the children had been quick to follow the
directions and suggestions made to them by the Chairman and
Treasurer. While exhibitors generally brought but one pot,
often one or two small children offered several varieties.

Exhibitions of cut native flowers were exceptionally good,
when the fact is considered that nearly every child resided in the
■city proper, and the blossoms had to be gathered after school
iiours.

Quantities of Solidago in variety, Aster Novae- Anglioe, and other
plants contributed to the beauty of one display. One lad of ten
years of age presented nearh^ fifty varieties of wild plants
labelled by himself.

To one used to the various trials and vicissitudes incident to
horticultural exhibitions, when the professional raisers display
their results either for their employees or for their own advantage,
it was instructive and at the same time amusing to witness the
«ame jealousies evinced, the same anxiety manifested, lest another
should bear away the coveted award. To be sure criticisms were
not loud or deep, but there were criticisms earnest and saddening,
which could, however, be more easily explained away than can be
•done when the contestants are adults. Outside of the advertised

270 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

exhibitions there was one not set down in the plan that deserves
notice ia this report. Quite late in the season, well after Easter.
on which day the plants are given so generally lo children of
Sunday schools, an application was made to the Chairman for
influence to aid in introducing the plan of work into a large
Mission School in the city proper. There were over five hundred
children in attendance, and the school could secure neither plants
nor money. The Committee at that time were in the same condi-
tion. With judicious interviewing of two members of the
Flower Committee, over three hundred plants were sent to the
school lo be distributed on Children's Sunday. Hundreds of small
bouquets of Ox-eye Daisies {Chrysanthemum leucanthemum) and
other flowers, which had served to decorate a church in Dedham
for their children's services, were grouped on the platform around
the plants for distribution.

Included in the services was an address by the Chairman, and
one. while distributing plants and pamphlets to the children, by
the Treasurer. So earnest were all the teachers that the pastor
appointed a special Sunday in the late Fall for awarding the
prizes, which work has been done by the Treasurer.

The cordial interest in the work of the Window Garden Com-
mittee is by no means confined to our little world.

As one branch of the education of children, cultivating the
observing faculties while cultivating the plants, it annually
interests a larger circle.

In many places the idea which animated the founders of the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society has taken root, and " to
promote the love of flowers among the people " is accepted as one
of the philanthropic responsibilities of the latter part of the
nineteenth century.

Gentlemen and ladies, members of the Massachusetts Horti-
cultural Society, the Treasurer has told you of the financial
record of our Committee. It reports a small sum to be returned
from your appropriation to the coflfers of the Society. Bear with
me a moment while I ask you to consider what the Window
Garden Committee endeavors to do for these children.

They wish to awaken in their young minds an interest in the
evidences of God's love and care and to arouse an appreciation of
the effect in the household of a few blossoming plants. So far so
20od. But one scarcelv realizes what a task is set for the child-

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON WINDOW GARDENING. 271

ren, unless experience in the same line renders the examiner of
the exhibits qualified to decide on the merits or demerits of the
plants. Familiarity with the rapid growth when plants are raised
under glass, is apt to cause and often does cause an ill concealed
contempt for the offerings of the children.

In a majority of cases the plants purchased in large quantities
by the churches at Easter have been forced by the florist, as he
alone can force them, to reveal the color of their blossoms, often
but one blossom, early in the season to attract the buyer. During
the following season, provided its dail}- food and sunshine be
secured, the tiny plant ma}' recover and reward the care and
patience which it has developed in the owner. But the winter is
apt to bring dire disaster. The supply of coal in the cellar gives
out ; heat is taken away ; the open door or window chills the
impoverished plant past recovery. Still the hopeful child clings
to the idea that by and b}' the flowers will come, and so brings the
stem, ornamented with two or three leaves, for the Committee to
pass judgment upon.

Added to this education, which will bj' and b}^ change the
cheerless homes to attractive ones, and so lessen crime, there is
another education to be attempted. We may hope to banish from
our show windows and from our burial grounds all those atrocities,
which under the misnomer of funeral decorations, flood the
market and vitiate the taste of the people. Horrid " Gates Ajar,"
made of the dyed blossoms of Helichrysum, in yellow and purple
do not simulate, or reveal the Gates of Pearl. Locomotives,
butcher's blocks, sections of drain pipe, to decorate the grave of
experts in those lines of business are an offense. The figures
of animals composed of the sweetest blossoms, do not suggest
sweetness to the bereaved family. The love of flowers should be
cultivated, but in sweet Charity's name, do not copy mechanical
tools to show them.

To stand before the windows of our own members is a delight
equal to that felt by some in gazing at a fine picture or a piece of
sculpture. The beauty of simplicit}- in the arrangement of fine
flowers is a joy forever. The}' offer their wares for profit, wisely
too ; and they are educating the people in so doing.

With grateful thanks for the constant support and encourage-
ment given by the honored President, Dr. H. P. Walcott, and

272

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

asking for their successors in tlie work of the Window Gardening
Committee as hearty sympathy from his successor, this report is
respectfully submitted.

Henrietta L. T. Wolcott, \

Eben H. Hitchings, I Committee

Ellen M. Gill, f on

S. W. Story, [ Window

Henry L. Clapp, \ Gardening.
M. B. Faxon, /

The receipts and expenditures of the Window Gardening Com-
mittee for the year 1889, were as follows :

Receipts.

Cash on hand from 1888, .

From Mrs. Bigelow,

'' Bowker Fertilizer Co.,
" Mrs. C. Stedman Hanks,

The Society's appropriation.

Sale of Window Gardening pamphlets.

Sale of Plants, . . . .

$33 30

50 00

50 00

2 00

200 00

142 77

112 90

Expenditures.

Window Gardening pamphlets.

189 30

Plants bought for cash,

109 65

Labor, .....

95 50

Prizes and Gratuities,

51 08

Stamps, .....

25 05

Stationery, ....

28 50

Printing, . . . .

25 50

Expressing, ....

8 85

Lunch at the September Show, .

7 75

Miscellaneous Expenses, .

46 79

Balance, .....

3 00

$590 97

$590 97

M. B. Faxon,

Secretary and Treasurer.

REPORT

STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE,

FOR THE YEAR 1889.

By GEORGE CRUICKSHANKS, of Fitchburg.

The Massachusetts Horticultural Society began the year 1889
with a course of lectures and discussions on subjects connected
with the work of the Society, by the following persons :

January 12. The Evolution and Variation of Fruit-plants
and their Tendency to Degeneracy when Cultivated, by Joseph
H. Bourn, Providence, R. I.

January 19. The Nurseries of Europe, by F. L. Temple,
Somerville.

January' 26. Mildews, by Professor James E. Humphre}', of
the Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station, Amherst.

February 2. The Structure and Management of Greenhouses,
by William D. Philbrick, Newton Centre.

February 9. Forestry as Applied to Massachusetts, by J. B.
Harrison, Franklin Falls, N. H.

February' 16. Shrubs that are Perfectly Hardy, b}' Jackson
Dawson, Jamaica Plain.

February 23. The Embellishment of School Grounds, by
Leverett M. Chase, Roxbury.

March 2. The Cultivation and Varieties of the Plum, by
James F. C. Hyde, Newton.

March 9. Certain Phases of Domestic Econom}' ; Dust and
Dampness, by Mrs. Ellen H. Richards, Jamaica Plain.

March 16. Arboriculture and Horticulture as Handmaids of
Design, by Charles Eliot, Boston.
9

274 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

March 23. The Cultivation of the Onion, by Hon. James J.
H. Gregory, Marblehead.

March 30. Short Papers and Discussions on General Subjects
Relating to Horticulture.

These essays and discussions are published in the Transactions
of the Society, which are free to all its members. The Society
appropriated sis thousand dollars to be awarded in premiums
and gratuities during the year. This Society owns the most com-
plete Horticultural Library in this country ; rich especially in
illustrated foreig.i standard works on Botany, Floriculture, and
Pomology.

The Society had the misfortune to meet with a heav}' loss by
fire in their beautiful hall in December last.

The Annual Spring Exhibition opened March 27. It is always
a display of great interest to all flower lovers. The upper hall
being under repairs on account of the recent fire, the show
was held in the lower hall. It comprised the hardy spring
flowering bulbs — Hyacinths, Tulips, Lilies, and Narcissus ;^
these bulbs were all well grown, especiall}' the Hyacinths, many
of the spikes being very large and fine. The Indian Azaleas were
masses of bloom and attracted much attention. Then came that
curious family of plants, the Orchids, with their great variety of
colors. The Cinerarias were well grown and in fine flower and
the show of cut flowers was large and very beautiful. Among the
vegetables were fine Lettuce, Radishes, Rhubarb, Asparagus, and
Cucumbers — all of excellent qualit3\

The Rhododendron Show was held one week earlier than the
Schedule time on account of the forwardness of the season. On
entering the hall the first view of a long table in the centre was
one of great beauty. The fiowers were of large size, fine form,
and in colors from pure white to dark purple and rich crimson.
The show of vegetables was large and excellent.

The Rose and Strawberry Show also was held one week earlier
than usual. It is fitting that the Rose — the queen of flowers —
and the Strawberry — the king of small fruits — should meet on
the exhibition table, to receive the praises that are their due. The
show of hardy roses was not as large as in the preceding year,
but what was lacking in number was made up in beauty of form
and richness of colors. A fine group of Tea roses attracted much
attention ; particularly the pure white Bride, the radiant Mermet,
the rosy American Beauty, the sweet scented Niphetos, and the

REPORT TO THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 275

favorite La France. The Strawberries were of more than usual
excellence, many of the varieties being very large and fine.

The Annual Exhibition of this Society has always been looked
forward to with great interest b}' all lovers of the beautiful in
plant growth. The newly renovated upper hall was devoted to a
choice collection of tropical plants, including crotons, dracsenas,
lycopods, stately palms, and tall ferns. From the display of wild
flowers at the entrance of the upper hall, to the rare orchids which
fringed the platform with all their fantastic growths, the visitor was
charmed by the great variety of form and color. The tree ferns
were all verj' large and well grown.

In the upper hall was placed a very broad tank filled with a
large and choice collection of water lilies, including the different
varieties of pink, white, and blue, among them being the-
lovely night-blooming Nymphaea Devoniensis. Altogether the-
upper hall presented an exquisite picture of floral beauty — one
such as is rarely seen even in Horticultural Hall. The lower hall
was devoted to fruits and vegetables. The collections of vege-
tables were very large and all of the finest quality — none over-
grown, but all suitable for family use.

Among the grapes were many collections of both native and
foreign varieties ; one bunch of the latter weighed between nine
and ten pounds. The show of apples was not large but was of
very superior quality. Of pears many were better than are usually
exhibited. The Boscs, Sheldons, and Seckels were worthy of more
than a passing notice. Twelve specimens of the last named
weighed four pounds and five and one-half ounces, and made the
largest and finest dish of that variety which your delegate had
ever seen.

The Chrysanthemum Show is always one of the most brilliant
exhibitions of the 3'ear. The flower has been called the Queen of
Autumn and wears her honors with a royal air befitting a plant
that in China and Japan has been made the national emblem. All
the classes were represented by well grown plants, of all the dif-
ferent colors — white, yellow, purple and the intervening shades.
The collections of cut flowers shown in the lower hall liave never
been surpassed in size, form or color, at any exhibition of thia
Society. A marked improvement has been made of late years in
the exhibits of this Society ; a higher standard of excellence in all
departments has been attained, which shows the increased skill of
the growers.

REPORT

COMMITTEE ON THE LIBRARY,

FOR THE YEAR 1889.

The Committee on the Library report, as usual, the expenditure
of the Stickney Fund and of the Society's appropriation. The
former is applied only to the purchase of books, no part of it
being used for periodical publications or for binding.

It brings to this room, year by year, the most desirable of
recent publications as well as the most valuable works of older
date. Their titles are all printed in the Librarian's report, but it
maj' not be out of place to make special mention of Blanco's
" Flora of the Philippine Islands," in five magnificent volumes,
with colored plates.

The Society's appropriation suffices for many uses : it purchases
<3ur numerous periodicals ; it pays for binding ; it goes to continue
the Card Catalogue of Plates. This Catalogue still grows at the
usual rate, though we long since lost the count of its multitudinous
thousands of cards. It proves a larger undertaking than we at
first expected ; so much the more important was it therefore that
it should be taken in hand.

The Catalogue of Books and subjects, mentioned in last year's
report, was continued up to June of the present year, when the
work upon this room compelled its abandonment until such time as
the shelf place of the books could be permanently fixed.

We still receive numerous. Seed and Plant Catalogues, all of
which after lying on the table for a time are put away to be kept
as valuable material for the history of horticulture.

The most obvious and important fact in the year's historj' of
the Librar}^ is, of course, the addition of the gallery which gives
us the book-space for which we have so persistently asked. A
glance at its shelves after the re-arrangement of the books will
probably remove an}^ doubt (if any there be) that it was needed.

For the Committee,

W. E. ENDICOTT, Chairman.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 277

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS.

The measurements of the books in the following lists are in
inches and tenths of an inch, giving first the height, next the
thickness, and lastly the width. When a pamphlet possesses no
measureable thickness the place of that dimension is supplied by
a dash.

Books Purchased.

Nicholson, George, A. L. S., Editor. The Illustrated Dictionary of

Gardening, a Practical and Scientific Encyclopaedia of Horticulture

for Gardeners and Botanists. Vol. 4, — T to Z, and Supplement.

Green cloth, 10.5X1.4X8., pp. viii, 608; colored frontispiece, 259

and 63 cuts. New York : 1889.
Hibberd, Shirley. The Garden Oracle and Floricultural Year Book for

1889. Thirty-first Year. Boards, green, 6.8X. 5X4.8, pp. 212 ; 2

portraits. London : 1889.
Royal Horticultural Society of London. Journal. New Series, Vols. 1,

2, and 3. Parts 1-12. 1866-1873. 9 pamphlets, tea, 8.8 X.2-.5X

5.5, cuts, plates, diagrams. London: 1866-1873.
Bulletin de la Federation des Societes d'Horticulture de Belgique. For

the years 1860 to 1878. 15 vols. Half red morocco, 9.8X.8-

1.4X6.3. Gand: 1861-1879.
Ijemaire, Charles. L'Horticulteur Universel ; Journal general des Jardin-

iers et Amateurs presentant I'analyse raisonnee des travaux horti-

coles, Fran^ais et Strangers, redige par Charles Lemaire. 6 vols.

Half olive-brown calf, 9.7X1.3X6.3, 264 plates. Paris : 1839-1845.
Trew, Christoph Jakob. Hortus nitidissimis omnem per annum superbiens

floribus, etc. 3 vols, bound in 4. Half red leather, 22. X. 7X15.

Vol. 1, pp. ii; 59 colored plates: Vol. 2, pp. iv; plates 60-120:

Vol. 3, pp. iv; plates 121-180: Vol. 4, pp. 88, 5-51. Niirnburg :

1750-1786.
Auswahl schoner und seltener Gewiichse als eine Fortsekung der Ameri-

kanischen Gewachse. 2 vols. Full calf, 8.2X1.1X5.1, pp. 40, and

41-58, 33-52; plates 100 and 101. Niirnburg: 1795,1796.
D'Ombrain, Rev. H. Honywood, Editor. The Rosarian's Year-Book for

1889. Boards, blue-gray, 7.3X. 5X5. 4, pp. 77; portrait. Loudon:

1889.
Castle, Lewis, Editor. The Chrysanthemum Annual. 1889. Pamphlet,

blue-green, 7. X. 2X4. 9, pp. 70. London: 1889.
"Watson, W. Cactus Culture for Amateurs : being descriptions of the

various Cactuses grown in this Country, with Full and Practical

Instructions for their Successful Cultivation. Green cloth, 7.9X.8

X5.2, pp. 246; frontispiece, 90 cuts. London: 1889.

278 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Hooker, Sir "William Jackson. A Century of Orchidaceous Plants
selected from Curtis's Botanical Magazine, consisting of a hundred
of those most worthy of cultivation, systematically arranged, and
illustrated with colored figures and dissections chiefly executed by
Mr. Fitch : accompanied by an Introduction on the Culture and
General Management of Orchidaceous Plants, and with copious
remarks on the treatment of each species, by John Charles Lyons,
Esq. Half green morocco. 12.4X1.6X9.8, pp. 78, 2: 100 colored
plates. London: 1851.

Warner, Robert, F. E. H. S.. F. L. S., and Benjamin Samuel Williams,
F. L. S., and F. R. H. S. Orchid Album. Vol. 8. Xo«. 90-96;
Vol. 9, Nos. 9? and 98. Half dark green morocco, 12.3X 1.3X 10.2,
colored plates 357-384 and descriptive text. London : 1889.

Sander, F. Reichenbachia. Orchids Illustrated and Described. Vol. 2,
parts 3-6. Half green morocco. 21.6X2. X 19.6. pp. 19-56: plates
57-72. St. Albans, London, Berlin. Paris, and Summit. N. J. :
1889.

Tiinden, J., Lucien Linden, and Emile Rodigas. Lindenia. Iconographie
des Orchidees. Vol. 4, Parts 4-12 ; Vol. 5, Parts 1 and 2. Half
dark green morocco, pp. 29-104, 1-20; colored plates, 157-200.
Gand : 1S88. 1889.

Veitch, James, & Sons. Manual of Orchidaceous Plants cultivated under
glass in Great Britain. Part 4. Cypripedium. Gray paper, 9.9 X
.4X6.1, pp. 108; 15 plates, 24 cuts, 2 maps. Chelsea. Eng. : 1889.

Booth, "WiUiam Beartie, A. L. S., and Alfred Chandler. Illustrations and
Descriptions of the Plants which compose the Natural Order Cam-
elliese, and of the varieties of Camellia Japonica cultivated in the
Gardens of Great Britain. The Drawings by Alfred Chandler and
the Descriptions by "William Beattie Booth. Full green morocco,
15.X1.X10.8, pp. xii, 88; 40 colored plates. London: 1831.

Baltet, Charles. Culture du Poirier. comprenant la plantation, la taille,
la mise a fruit et la description abreg^e des cent meilleurs poires.
Light green paper. 7.4X. 2X4.7, pp. vi, 100: 8 cuts. Paris : 1867.

Decaisne, .Joseph. Du Poirier et du Cidre. Gray paper, 9.7X — X6.5, pp.
8; 1 plate. Gand: 1881. [Extrait de la Flore des Serres et des
Jardins de I'Europe. Vol. 33, fascicle 3.]

Ferrari, Giovanni Battista. Hesperides sive de malorum aureorum cultura
et usu Libri Quatuor. Full calf, 14. X 1.6X9.3, pp. 10, 480, 14;
frontispiece and plates. Romae : 1646.

Marvin, Arthur Tappan. The Olive : Its Culture in Theory and Practice.
Olive-green cloth, 10.2X. 8X6.8, pp. 146; 16 plates, 10 cuts. San
Francisco : 1888.

Delchevalerie, G. Le Dattier, sa description, son histoire, sa culture, sa
multiplication et son emploi dans les arts, Tindustrie, la medecine et
Teconomie domestique. Pamphlet, gray, 9.4X — X6.4, pp. 18.
Gand : 1873. [Extrait du Bulletin de la F.ederation des Societes
d'Horticulture de Belgique, 1871. p. 159.]

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 279

Van Berchem, Eugene. Monographie botanique et horticole cles Plantes
Potageres de la famille des Composees. Pamphlet, 9.8X.1X6 4, pp.
7G. n. d.

Griffith, William Pettit, Architect. Architectural Botany; setting forth
the Geometrical Distribution of Foliage, Flowers, Fruit, etc.
[Extracted from Ancient Gothic Churches, Part 3 ] Half brown
cloth, 12. 7X. 1X9. 9, pp. 10; 2 plates. London: 1852.

Eennion, Edward, F. S. A. An Essay on Trees in Landscape ; or an
Attempt to shew the propriety and importance of Characteristic
Expression in this branch of Art, and the Means of Producing it :
with Examples. Half red leather, 13.5X1.X11.3, pp. x, 48; 50
plates. London: 1815.

DuHarael du Monceau, Henri Louis. Du Transport, de la Conservation
et de la Force des Bois ; etc. Full calf, 10.5X1.8X8.2, pp. xxxii,
556; plates 2-17, 19-27. Paris: 1767.

Guimpel, Friedrich, Friedrich Otto, und Friedrich Gottlob Hayne.
Abbildung der fremden, in Deutschland ausdauernden Holzarten
fur ForstmJinner, Gartenbesitzer, und fiir Freunde der Botanik.
Half green morocco, 10.2X 1.GX8.3, pp. 170; 144 colored plates.
Berlin: 1825-1828.

Marshall, . On the Management of Landed Estates : a general

work for the use of professional men. Being an Abstract of the
more enlarged Treatise on Landed Property, recently published.
Full sheep, 8.9X1.1X5.5, pp. xvi, 448; 1 plate, cuts. London:
1806.

Wrightson, John, M. E. A. C, F. C. S., etc. The Principles of Agri-
cultural Practice as an Instructional Subject. Green cloth, 8.2X1.
X5.3, pp. 218; 1 map, 3 cuts. London: 1888.

Phillips, P. Lovell, M. D., F. E. C P. L. The Principles of Agriculture,
especially Tropical, and of Organic Chemistry-, familiarly treated.
Green cloth, 9. X. 8X5. 7, pp. ix, 203. London : 1857.

Royal Agricultural Society of England. Journal, Second series. Vol.
25, Part 1. No. 49, April, 1889. Half green calf, 8.5X2.3X5.2,
pp. iv, XXX, 380, xxxix; 1 plate, cuts, diagrams. London: 1889.

Timehri: Being the Journal of the Eoyal Agricultural and Commercial
Society of British Guiana. Vol. 2, Part 2, and Vols. 3-5, Old
series; Vols. 1 and 2, and Vol. 3, Part 1, New series. Half green
morocco, 8.4X1.4X5.4, plates. Demerara : 1883-1889.

Tabernaemontanus, Jacobus Theodorus. Neuw Kreuterbuch mit
schonen, kiinstlichen und leblichen Figuren und Conterfeyten
aller Gewachss der Krauter, etc., etc. Durch Jacobum Theo-
dorum Tabernajmontanum. pp. 44, 818, 19 ; many cuts in the
text. Franckfurt am Mayn ; 1588.

Das Ander Theyl, etc., durch Nicholaum Braun. pp.

10, 822, 39; cuts. Franckfurt am Mayn: 1591.
Two Tols., stamped parchment, 14.6X2.5X9.6.

280 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Xiimideus, Carl. Species plantarum, exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad
genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus,
synonymis selectis, locis natalibus secundum systema sexuale
digestas. Editio quarta, post Reichardianam quinta, adjectis vegeta-
bilibus hucusque cognitis, curante Carolo Ludovico Willdenow.
6 vols, bound in 11. Half black leather, 8. X. 9-2. X 4. 7-5. Berolini :
1797-1830.

Gray, Asa, Scientific Papers of. Selected by Charles Sprague Sargent.
2 vols. Vol.1. Reviews of Works on Botany and Related Subjects.
1834-1887. Vol. 2, Essays ; Biographical Sketches. 1841-1886.
Dark blue cloth, 8.9X1.5X5.8, pp. viii, 397, and iv, 503. Boston
and New York: 1889.

Green, Thomas. The Universal Herbal; or, Botanical, Medical and
Agricultural Dictionary. Second edition. 2 vols. Full calf, 10.7
X2.4X8.5, pp. 790 and 886; colored title page and frontispieces,
and many colored plates. London : 1823.

Linnean Society, Journal of the. Botany. Vol. 23, Nos. 156, 157.
Half green morocco, 8.6X1.7X5.5, pp. 401-521; plates 11-14.
London : 1888. Vol. 25, Nos. 165-171. Half green morocco,
8.5 X 2.x 6., pp. 306; 49 plates, 1 map. London: 1889. Vol. 26,
No. 173. Blue paper, 8.8X.4X5.6, pp. 120; plates 1 and 2.
London: 1889.

"Waterhouse, Benjamin, M. D. The Botanist. Being the Botanical Part
of a Course of Lectures on Natural History, delivered in the Uni-
versity at Cambridge. Together with a Discourse on the Principle
of Vitality. Full calf, 8.1X. 7X5.1, pp. 263. Boston: 1811.

Lawes, John Bennet, F. R. S., F. C. S., Joseph Henry Gilbert, Ph. D.,
F. R. S., F. C. S., and Evan Pugh, Ph. D., F. C. S. On the
Sources of the Nitrogen of Vegetation ; with special reference to
the question whether Plants assimilate Free or Uncombined Nitro-
gen. Boards, buff, 11. 9X. 5X9. 3, pp. 431-577; plates 12-15.
[London] : 1862.

Farlow, William G., M. D. An Asexual Growth from the Prothallus of
Pteris Cretica. Buff paper, 8.4X— X5.5, pp. 267-272, ii; 2 plates.

Hogg, Robert. _ The Vegetable Kingdom and its Products; serving as an
Introduction to the Natural System of Botany and as a Text-Book
of all the Vegetable Substances used in the Arts, Manufactures,
Medicines, and Domestic Economy : arranged according to the
system of De Candolle. Green cloth, 7.7X2.2X5., pp. 882; 229
cuts. London : 1858.

Christy, T., F. L. S., M. S. C. I., etc., etc. New Commercial Plants and
Drugs. No. 11. Gray paper, 9.6X.2X 6, pp. 88; 1 plate'. Lon-
don: 1889.

Kew Royal Gardens, Reports on the Progress and Condition of the,
during the years 1873, 1874, 1875, and 1877. Pamphlets, 8.4X— X
5.5, pp. 8, 15, 19, and 53; 1 plate. London: 1874-1878.

Willdenow, Carl Ludwig. Hortus Berolinensis, sive icones et descrip-
tiones plantarum rariorum vel minus cognitarum, quae in horto

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 281

botanico Berolinensi excoluntur. Half calf, 17.7X2.2X11.2, pp^
13, and descriptive text; 110 colored plates. Berolini : 1816.
Tineo, Vincenzo. Catalogus plantarum horti regii Panorraitani ad annum
1827. Half green cloth, 8.8X1.X5.5, pp. 8, 284. Panormi : 1827.
Gray, Asa, M. D. Chloris Boreali-Americana. Illustrations of new, rare
or otherwise interesting North American Plants, selected chiefly
from those recenth" brought into cultivation at the Botanic Garden
of Harvard University. Decade 1. [From the Memoirs of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. 3, New Series.]
Half slate-colored cloth, 11. 6X. 4X9. 2, pp. iv, 56; 10 plates, colored
and plain. Cambridge, Mass : 1846.
Hemsley, W. B. Biologia Centrali-Americana ; or Contributions to the
Knowledge of the Fauna and Flora of Mexico and Central America.
Edited by F. Ducane Codman and Osbert Salvin. Botany. Parts
16 and 25. Half green morocco, 12.3X2.3X10.6. Part 15, pp.
97-184 ; plates 77-80. Part 25, completing the work. (Cycadaceae,
by W. T. Thiselton Dyer, F. R. S.) pp. v, Ixviii, title pages and
contents to Vols. 1-5, etc. London : 1888.
Karsten, Hermann. Auswahl neuer und schon bliihender Gewachse
Venezuela's. Boards, mottled black, 12. 7X. 3X9. 5, pp. 40; 12
colored plates. Berlin : 1848.
Spix, Dr. Job. Bapt. von, and Dr. C. F. Phil, von Martins. Travels in
Brazil in the years 1817-1820. Undertaken by command of His
Majesty the King of Bavaria. 2 vols. Half calf, 9.1X1.1X5.7,
pp. xix, 327, and x, 298; 4 and 5 plates. London : 1824.
Hallier, Dr. Ernst. Flora von Deutschland. Herausgegeben von denPro-
fessoren Dr. D. F. L. v. Schlechtendal, Dr. L. E. Langethal, und
Dr. Ernst Schenk. Parts 235, 236. Half green morocco, 7.9 X 2.5 X
5.7, pp. 353-456; 33 plates. Also General Register (completing the
work). Half green morocco, 7.9X.9X6., pp. 240. Gera-Unterm-
haus: 1888.
Willkoinra, Maurice. Illustrationes Florse Hispanife insularumque
Balearium. Livraison 15 (in continuation). Blue paper, 14. X — X
10.2, pp. 65-84; colored plates 128-137. Stuttgart: 1889.
Cesati, v., G. Passerinl, e G. Gibelli. Compendio della Flora Italiana.
Fascicle 37 (in continuation). Pink paper, 11. X — X8., plates
106-111, with descriptive text. Milano, Napoli, etc. n. d.
Parlatore, Filippo. Flora Italiana continuata da Teodoro Caruel. Vol.
8, Part 2. Ederacee. Apiacee. Blue paper, 9.2X.8X6.2, pp.
177-560. Firenze : 1889.
Pierre, L. Flore Forestiere de la Cochin-Chine. Fascicles 12-14. Half
claret cloth, 21. 8X. 5X15.4, plates 177-224, and descriptive text.
Paris: n. d. [1889.]
Maiden, J. H., F. L. S., F. C. S., etc., Curator of the Museum. The
Useful Native Plants of Australia (including Tasmania). [The
Technological Museum of New South Wales, Sydney.] Olive-
green cloth, 9.X2.X5.8, pp. xiii, 696. London and Sydney : 1889,

282 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Blanco, P. Fr. Manuel. Flora de Filipinas. Segun el Sistema sexuale de
Linneo. [First edition.] Vellum, 8.3X2.5X5.8, pp. Ixxviii, 887.
Manila: 1837.

, and others. Flora de Filipinas, por el P. Fr. Manuel

Blanco, Agustino Calzado, adicionada con el manuscrito inedito
del P. Fr. Ignacio Mercado, las obras del P. Fr. Antonio Llanos
y de un apendice con todas las nuevas investigaciones botani-
cas referentes al Archipielago Filipino. Gran edicion hecha a ex-
pensas de la provincia de Agustinos Calzados de Filipinas, bajo la
direccion cientifica del P. Fr. Andres Naves. 4 vols, bound in
5. Half red morocco, 18.3X2.1-3.2X13. Vol. 1, pp. xxx, 350,
vii; 123 plates: Vol. 2, pp. 419, viii; plates 124-285: Vol. 3, pp.
271, vi; plates 286-358: Vol. 4, Part 1, pp. xviii, 108, vi, 63, ix,
94; plates 359-418: Part 2, pp. 95-375, vi; plates 414-477.
Manila: 1877-1880.

CandoUe, Alphonse et Casimir de. Monographije Phanerogamarum pro-
dromi nunc continuatio, nunc revisio editoribus, etc. Vol. 6.
Andropogoneffi, auctore Eduardo Hackel. Half black morocco,
10.2X2. X6. 6, pp. 716; 2 plates. Paris : 1889.

Baillon, H. Histoire des Plantes. Monographic des Bignoniacees et
Gesneriacees. Monographic des Gentiaaacees et Apocynacees.
(In continuation.) 2 pamphlets, blue, 11. X. 3X7., pp. 112, and
113-220; cuts 87 and 88-156. Paris: 1888,1889.

Decaisne, Joseph. Revision des Clematites du Groupe des Tubuleuses
cultivees au Museum. \^From Nouvelles archives du Museum
d'Histoire naturelle. Deuxieme serie.] Green paper, 12. 2X. 2X9. 9,
pp. 195-214; plates 9-16. Paris: 1882.

. Memoire sur la Famille des Lardizabalees, precede de

remarques sur I'anatomie comparee de quelques tiges de vegetaux
dicotyledones. Half brown cloth, 12. X. 6X9.6, pp. 143-213; plates
10-13. Also Plantes de 1' Arable heureuse, pp. 89-199 ; plates 5-7.
Paris: 1839.

Cogniaux, Alfred. Diagnoses de Cucurbitacees nouvelles et Observations
sur les especes critiques. Fascicles 1 and 2. Paper, blue, and
green, 8T7X.1-.2X5.6, pp. 44, and 102; 1 plate. Bruxelles : 1876,
1877.

Caruel, T. IGeneridelle Ciperoidee Europee. Green paper, 11.2X.1X
8.3, pp. 31. Firenze: 1866.

Clarke, C. B. Compositse Indicae descriptae et secus genera Benthamii
ordinatse. Half red cloth, 8.4X1.2X5.3, pp. ii, v, xxiv, 377, xlv.
Calcutta: 1876.

IiUCand, Capitaine. Figures peintes de Champignons de la France.
[Suites a I'lconographie de Bulliard.] Part 11 (in continuation).
Blue-gray paper, 13. 3 X. 2X10., colored plates 251-275, with descrip-
tive text. Autun : 1889.

Heise seiner Majestiit Fregatte Novara um die Erde. Botanischer Theil.
Half green morocco, 11.8X1.3X9.7. I Band. Algen, bearbeitet

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 283

von A. Grunow, pp. 104; plates 1-11 (including plate 1^) Wien :
1868. Also Cryptogams Vasculares, bearbeitet von Dr. Georg
Mettenius, and Ophioglossete und Equisetacese, von Dr. Julius Milde.
pp. 197-228. n. d. [To complete the work.]

Corda, August Carl Joseph. Icones Fungorum hucusque cognitorum.
Vols.l, 2, 3, and 5 (completing the set). Bound in one vol. Half
Russia, 19.8X1.7X10.8. Vol. 1, pp. 8, 32; 7 plates: Vol. 2, pp. 8,
43 ; plates 8-15 : Vol. 3, pp. 8, 55 ; 9 plates : Vol. 5, pp. 12, 92 ; 10
plates. Pragffi: 1839-1842.

Plowright, Charles B., F. L, S., M. R. C. S. A Monograph of the
British Uredineaj and UstilagineEe, with an account of their Biology
including the Methods of Observing the Germination of their Spores
and of their Experimental Culture. Orange-colored cloth, 9. X 1.5 X
5.7, pp. 347; 8 plates, 13 cuts. London: 1889.

The American Journal of Science and Arts. Conducted by Benjamin
Silliman. Vols. 17-30. Half calf, 9.4X1.5X5.8. New Haven
and New York : 1830-1836.

Books, etc., Received by Donation and Exchange.

Joly, Charles. Rapport sur les serres et le materiel de I'horticulture.
Pamphlet, blue-gray, 8.7X— X5.4, pp. 18. Paris : 1889. [Exposition
universellc Internationale de 1889, a Paris] The Author.

. Note sur les nouvelles serres de Cambridge. Pamphlet, blue-
gray, 8.6X — X5.3, pp. 5; 3 cuts. [Extrait du Journal de la Societe
d'Horticulture de France. Cahier d'avril, 1889.] The Author.

Paul, William, F. L. S. The Rose Garden. Green cloth, 12.5X1.8X9.9,
pp. xiv, 361; 20 colored and 16 jilain plates, 80 cuts. London:

1888. The Author,

. Roses and Rose Culture. Boards, yellow, 7.4X.3X4.7, pp. 92;

14 cuts. London: 1888. The Author.
. Observations on the Cultivation of Roses in Pots ; including

the Autobiography of a Pot-Rose. Sixth edition. Red cloth,

7.2X.4X4.8, pp. viii, 86; 12 cuts. London : n. d. The Author.
Veitch., Harry J., F. L. S. Orchid Culture Past and Present. A paper

read by the Author before the Royal Horticultural Society, July 11,

1889. Pamphlet, blue-gray 8. 4X — X5. 5, pp. 16. London: 1889.
The Author.

Sydenhain, Robert. How I came to grow Bulbs. Pamphlet, pink, 8.X —
X5.1, pp. 27. Birmingham, Eng. : 1888. The Author.

United States Consular Reports. No. 108. September, 1889. Tobacco
Culture in Foreign Countries. Pamphlet, blue, 9. IX. 4X5. 7, pp. iv,
192, X. Washington : 1889. Hon. James G. Blaine, Secretary of
State.

Vaughan, J. C. Vaughan's Celery Manual. A Treatise on Celery Cul-
ture. Pamphlet, yellow, 7.5X — X5.3, pp. 39; cuts. Chicago:
1889. The Author.

284 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

American Florists, Society of. Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Conven-
tion, held at Buffalo, N. Y., August 20-23, 1889. Pamphlet, lilac,
9. IX. 3X5. 8, pp. 127, xxvi; portrait. Boston: 1889. William J.
Stewart, Secretary.

California State Floral Society. Schedule of Prizes offered at the
Spring Exhibit, 1889. Pamphlet, 9.X — X5.8, pp. 11. San Fran-
cisco : 1889. Emory E. Smith, Recording Secretary.

Chrysanthemums, Supplement to the 1888 edition of the Catalogue of,
prepared by a specially selected Committee of The National Chry-
santhemum Society. Pamphlet, 8. 3X — X5.3, pp. 8. London: 1889.
C. Harman Payne, Honorary Foreign Corresponding Secretary.

Chrysanthemum Society, The National. Annual Report and Financial
Statement. Schedule of Prizes for 1889. Pamphlet, cream color,
8.4X — X6.4, pp. 47. London: 1889. C. Harman Payne, Hon-
orary Foreign Corresponding Secretary.

Exhibition, Horticultural Hall, Boston, November, 1888, Photograph

of the. Cherry-wood frame, 11. X9. 2. George E. Davenport.

Exhibition, Horticultural Hall, Boston, November, 1889, Two Photo-
graphs of the. 8.5X5.3. "William F. Dawson.

South Carolina Agricultural Society. Premium List of the Floral Exhibi-
tion. April, 1889. Pamphlet, blue-green, 5.8X— X3.4, pp. 8.
E. L. Roche, Secretary.

Garden, Field, and Forest. [From the Demerara Argosy, May 26 to
November 24, 1888.] Pamphlet, 11. 4X. 1X8. 7, pp. 27-54. Deme-
rara: 1888. G. S. Jenman, Government Botanist.

Ontario Fruit Growers' Association. Twentieth Annual Report, 1888.
Pamphlet, salmon-color, 9.4X.4X6.4, pp. xviii, 167; portrait and
5 plates. Toronto : 1889. L. Woolverton, Secretary.

Maine State Pomological Society. Transactions for the year 1888. Pamph-
let, light brown, 9. IX. 4X5. 8, pp. v, 148; 1 plate. Augusta: 1889.
[4 copies.] Circular. Pamphlet, 8. X — X5.8, pp. 8. Augusta:
[1889.] D. H. Knowlton, Secretary.

Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association, Fruit List of the. Pam-
phlet, tea, 9. 4X—X6.1, pp. 25. Harrisburg: 1889. E. B. Engle,,
Recording Secretary.

Kansas Fruit-Crop Report, for July 1, 1889. Published by the Secretary
of the Kansas Horticultural Society. Pamphlet, yellow, 8.2 X — X
5.4, pp. 13. The Secretary.

California Fruit Growers' Convention, Official Report of the Ninth, held
under the Auspices of the State Board of Horticulture, at the City
of Santa Barbara, April, 1888. Compiled by B. M. Lelong, Secre-
tary. Important Information on Fruit Growing, Transportation,
Marketing, etc. Pamphlet, gray, 9. X. 2X5. 9, pp. 119; 1 diagram.
Sacramento : 1888. Frank A. Kimball, Horticultural Commissioner.
Official Report of the Tenth, held under the Auspices of the State
Board of Horticulture, at Chico, Butte County, November, 1888.
Edited by the Secretary. Black cloth, 9. 2X. 7X6.2, pp. 252; 14

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 285

plates. Sacramento : 1889. B. M. Lelong, Secretary of the State
Board of Horticulture.

Official Report of the Eleventh, held under the Auspices of the
State Board of Horticulture, at National City, San Diego County,
April, 1889. Edited by the Secretary. Pamphlet, blue, 8.9X.3X
5.8, pp. 161 ; 2 plates, 2 cuts. Sacramento : 1889. B. M. Lelong,
Secretary of the State Board of Horticulture.

Lelong, B. M. The Olive in California. Varieties, Budding, Grafting,
New Methods and General Observations. Pamphlet, blue, 9.X.1X
5.8, pp. 21 ; 14 plates. Sacramento : 1888. Frank A. Kimball,
Horticultural Commissioner.

Societe Pomologique de France, Bulletin de la. La Pomologie Fran-
gaise. Nos. 1-6, 1889. 6 pamphlets, yellow, 9.3X.2X6.2, pp.
400. Lyon: 1889. Louis Cusin, Secretaire general.

Jenman, G. S., Government Botanist. Report on the Fruit Resources of
British Guiana. Pamphlet, 13. IX — X8.3, pp. 16. Demerara :
1888. The Author.

Boston Common and Public Grounds, Annual Report of the Superinten-
dent of. City of Boston. Document 76. 1889. Pamphlet, 8.7X
.4X5.7, pp. 121; 17 plates, 1 map. Boston: 1889. The City of
Boston.

Worcester, Annual Report of the Parks-Commission of the City of, for
the year ending Nov. 30, 1888. Pamphlet, tea, 9. 8X. 2X6.2, pp.
55 ; 1 plate. Worcester, Mass. : 1889. Edward W. Lincoln,
Chairman.

Baltimore Park Commission. Twenty-ninth Annual Report to the
Mayor and City Council of Baltimore for the Fiscal Year ending
^December 31, 1888. Pamphlet, pink, 8.9X.1X5.7, pp. 48. Balti-
more : 1889. The Park Commissioners.

-Chicago South Park Commissioners' Report to the Board of County
Commissioners of Cook County, from December 1, 1886, to
December 1, 1887. Pamphlet, pink, 8.6X.1X5.8, pp. 34. Chicago :

1888. Report from December 1, 1887, to December 1, 1888.
Pamphlet, fawn, 8.9X.1X5.9, pp. 39. Chicago: 1889. H. W.
Harmon, Secretary.

Michigan State Forestry Commission. First Report of the Directors, for
the years 1887 and 1888. Black cloth, 9. 5X. 5X6.4, pp. 92; 15
plates. Lansing: 1888. Dr. W. J. Beal, Director.

Mount Auburn Cemetery. Fifty-seventh Annual Report. January 1,

1889. Pamphlet, gray, 9.1 X—X 5.8, pp. 15. Boston: 1889. The
Corporation.

Forest Hills Cemetery. Annual Report. 1889. Pamphlet, light brown,
8. 6X. 1X5. 8, pp. 30. Boston: 1889. John G. Barker, Superinten-
dent.

American Cemetery Superintendents, Proceedings of the First Annual
Convention of the Association of, held at Cincinnati, O., October
19 and 20, 1887. Pamphlet, 8.8 X—X 5. 8, pp. 7. Detroit, Mich. :
1887. John G. Barker.

286 MASSACHUSETTS HORTECULTURAL SOCIETY.

United States Department of Agriculture. Division of Forestry. Annual
Report for 1889. By B. E. Fernow, Chief of Division. Pamphlet,
tea, 9.x. 1X5. 7, pp. iv, 597-641; 1 plate. Washington: 1889.

Bulletin No. 3. Preliminary Report on the Use of Metal Track
on Railways as a substitute for Wooden Ties. By E. E. Russell
Tratman, C. E. To which is added a Report of Experiments in
Wood Seasoning by the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad
Company, and other notes. Compiled by B. E. Fernow, Chief of
Forestry Division. Pamphlet, tea, 9. X. IX 5. 8, pp. 79; diagrams.
Washington : 1889.

Circular No. 5. Arbor Day Planting in Eastern States. Pamph-
let, 9.9X— X8., pp. 4. Washington: 1889.

Hon. J. M. Rusk, Secretary of Agriculture.

Instructions to Tree Agents. How and what to sell; and Something
about the Culture of Trees and Shrubs, for the use of our salesmen.
Pamphlet, light green, 7.3X — X4.1, pp. 8. S. L. Boardman.

!Eaux et Forets, Annuaire des, pour 1889. Blue-green flexible linen,
6. IX. 6X4.1, pp. 346. Paris : 1889. Publishers of Revue des Eaux
et Forets.

Pern-leaved Beech in front of Redwood Library, Newport, R. I., Photo-
graph of. 12. X 10. Frank W. Andrews.

Montreal Horticultural Society and Fruit Growers' Association of the
Province of Quebec. List of Premiums offered at the Exhibition to
be held at Montreal in September, 1889. Pamphlet, gray, 8.7X — X
5.8, pp. 15. Montreal : 1889. W. W. Dunlop, Secretary-Treasurer.

Worcester County Horticultural Society. Transactions, for A. D. 1888.
Pamphlet, green, 10. X. IX 6. 3, pp. 35. Worcester, Mass.: 1888.
Edward W. Lincoln, Secretary.

Hartford County Horticultural Society. Exhibition at Hartford, Conn.,
September 24-26, 1889. Pamphlet, buff, 8.9X— X5 8, pp. 20.
Hartford : 1889. George W. Atwood, Secretary.

Western New York Horticultural Society. Proceedings at the Thirty-
fourth Annual Meeting, held at Rochester, January 23 and 24, 1889.
Pamphlet, blue, 9.x. 4X5. 8, pp. 177, and index. Rochester: 1889.
P. Barry, President. Also a copy from P. C. Reynolds, Secretary.

New Jersey State Horticultural Society. Proceedings at its Fourteenth
Annual Meeting, held at Trenton, December 12 and 13, 1888. Pam-
phlet, gray, 9. X. 3X5. 7, pp. 163. Newark: 1889. E. Williams,
Secretary.

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. Programme for the year 1889.
Pamphlet, 9.3X — X5.8, pp. 14. Philadelphia: 1889.

List of Prizes of the Spring and Bulb Exhibition to be held April
2-4, 1889. Pamphlet, pp. 4.

List of Premiums to be given at the Chrysanthemum Show, to
be held in Horticultural Hall, Broad Street, Philadelphia, Novem-
ber 11-16, 1889, and the Advance Sheet of Premiums for Spring
Show to be held April 1-4, 1890. Pamphlet, 9.3X— X5.9, pp. 8.
Philadelphia : 1889. The Society.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 287

Ohio State Horticultural Society. Twenty-second Annual Report, for the
year 1888-9. Pamphlet, buff, 9.7X.5X6.5, pp. 211. Columbus:
1889. "W. W. Farnswortb, Secretary.

Columbus (Ohio) Horticultural Society. Proceedings for 1886. Pam-
phlet, olive, 8.5X.2X5.7, pp. 77. Columbus: 1886. Journal, Vol.
2, 1887. Black cloth, 9.3X.7X5.8, pp. 7, 238. Columbus: n. d.
Vol. 3, 1888. Pamphlet, fawn, 9. X. 2X5. 6, pp. 123, ii. Columbus :.
1889. Augustus D. Selby, Secretary.

Illinois State Horticultural Society. Transactions, for the year 1888.
Being the Proceedings of the Twenty-third Annual Meeting held at
Alton, December 11, 12, 13; also Proceedings of the Central, Alton-
Southern and Northern District Societies ; also Pike County, Kan-
kakee and Warsaw Societies for the year 1888. New Series. Vol.
22. Dark green cloth, 9. XI. IX 6., pp. xvi, 340; portrait. Peoria:
1889. A. C. Hammond, Secretary. [5 copies.]

Wisconsin State Horticultural Society. Transactions, Vol. 19. Annual
Report for the year 1888. Black cloth, 9. X. 7X6.1, pp. 240. Mad-
ison : 1889. B. S. Hoxie, Secretary.

Minnesota State Horticultural Society. Annual Report for the year 1889,
embracing the Transactions of the Society from March 81, 1888, to
March 31, 1889; also Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the
Minnesota Amber Cane Association, Essays, Reports, etc. Vol. 17.
Prepared by the Secretary, S. D. Hillman. Black cloth, 9.2X1.4X
5.9, pp. 477; frontispiece, 14 cuts. St. Paul: 1889. The Secretary.
[17 copies.]

Missouri State Horticultural Society. Thirty-first Annual Report, 1888.
Thirty-first Annual Meeting, held at Nevada, December 5, 6, and 7,
1888 ; also Semi- Annual Meeting held at Oregon, June 5, 6, and 7,
and other papers. Plum-colored cloth, 9.2X1.3X6., pp. 501, iv ;
portrait, map, plan, and plate. Jefferson City : 1889. L. A. Good-
man, Secretary.

Kansas State Horticultural Society. First Biennial Report, for the years
1887-8. Containing the Proceedings of the Semi-Annual and Annual
Meetings in 1887, and Semi-Annual and Annual Meetings in 1888.
Edited by the Secretary. Vol. 17. Dark green cloth, 9.2X1.4X6.,
pp. xvi, 492; cuts. Topeka : 1889. G. C. Brackett, Secretary,
Lawrence.

Colorado Horticultural Report, for the years 1882, 1883 and 1884; Vol. 1.
Green cloth, 9. IX. 6X5.9, pp. 245, iv. Denver : 1884. Report for
the year 1885; Volume 2, Pamphlet, yellow, 6. X. 2X5. 8, pp 99.
Denver : 1885. J. M. Clark, Secretary. Third Annual Report, for
1886. Pamphlet, light brown, 8. 8X. 5X5. 8, pp. 242. Denver: 1886.
Nelson Millett, Secretary.

Colorado State Horticultural and Forestry Association. Annual Reports,
for the years 1887-1888. Vol. 4. Black cloth, 9. X 1.1X5.9, pp.
671, iii. Denver: 1888. Dr. Alexander Shaw, Secretary. [Also
4 pamphlet copies for distribution.]

288 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

California State Board of Horticulture. Third Biennial Report for the
Thirty-eighth and Thirty-ninth Fiscal years, 1887-1888. Edited by
the Secretary. Black cloth, 9.2X.8X6., pp. 302 ; 14 plates, colored
and plain, 16 cuts. Sacramento: 1888. Frank A. Kimball, Horti-
cultural Commissioner.

Royal Horticultural Society. Journal. Edited by D. Morris, M. A., F. L. S.,
Treasurer; and the Rev. W. Wilks, M. A., Secretary. Vol. 10.
1888. Pamphlet, blue-gray, 8. 5 X. 9X5. 6, pp. 376; 1 map, 4 plates,
cuts. London: n. d. The Society. Vol. 2, Part I. March 1889.
Pamphlet, blue-gray 8.4X.2X5.4, pp. 26, xxxii. London: 1889.
Part II. July, 1889. Pamphlet, blue-gray, 8.5X.2X5.5, pp. 27-130.
London: 1889. D. Morris.

Royal Caledonian Horticultural Society. Plum Congress, 1889. Broad-
side, 10.3X—X8. 2. Edinburgh: 1889. The Society.

Bulletin de la Federation des Societes d'Horticulture de Belgique. 1886.
Green Paper, 10. X. 9X6. 8, pp. 104, 265-617 (in continuation).
Bruxelles : 1888. L. Lubbers, Secretaire.

Society nationale d'Horticulture de France, Journal de la. 3e serie, tome
11, 1889. Also Supplement, — Catalogue general des Fruits imites,
faisant partie des collections de la Societe nationale d'Horticulture
de France, and Annuaire. Half claret morocco, 9.2X1.8X5.5,
pp. 847, 67, 155. Paris: 1889. E. Glatigny, Librarian.

R. Societa Toscana di Orticultura, Bullettino della. Anno XIV. — 1889.
(Vol. IV della 2a Serie.) Half brown leather, 11. X 1.7X7.6, pp.
392; 12 plates, colored and plain, and cuts. Fireuze : 1889. The
Society.

Soci6te d'Horticulture de Geneve, Bulletin de la. 35me Annee. 1889.
6 pamphlets, pink, 9.4X— X6.2, pp. 210. Geneve: 1889. The
Society.

Societe centrale d'Horticulture du department de la Seine-Inferieure.
Bulletin. Tome XXXIe. 1888, 3e et 4e cahiers ; 1889, ler et 2e
cahiers. 4 pamphlets, lilac-color, 9. X .2X5.7. Rouen : 1888, 1889.
The Society.

Societe d'Horticulture de la Sarthe, Bulletin de la. Tome 11. 1888, 4e
trlmestre; 1889, ler trimestre. 2 pamphlets, orange-color, 8.8X —
X5.7. Le Mans : 1888, 1889. The Society.

Joly, Charles. Compte rendu de I'Exposition Internationale d'Horticulture
de Cologne, du 4 aout au 9 septembre, 1888. [Extr. du Journal de
la Societe nationale d'Horticulture de France.] Pamphlet, 8.6 X —
X 5. 4, pp. 8; 1 cut. Paris : 1888. The Author.

. Note sur les Importations et les Exportations de produits

horticoles, de 1886 a 1888. [Extrait du Journal de la Societe
nationale d'Horticulture de France.] Pamphlet, gray, 8.4 X — X5.4,
pp. 11 ; 2 cuts. Paris : 1889. The Author.

Congr^S International d'Horticulture. [Ministere du Commerce et de
rindustrie. Exposition universelle Internationale de 1889. Direc-
tion generale de I'exploitation.] Pamphlet, 10. X — X6.5, pp. 8.
Ernest Bergman, Secretaire.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 289

Gray, Dr. Asa, List of the Writings of, chronologically arranged, with an
Index. [Appendix to Vol. 36, American Journal of Science.]
Pamphlet, tea, 9. IX. 1X5. 8, pp. 68. New Haven: 1888. Mrs.
Asa Gray.

Goodale, George L. Wild Elowers of America. Half light brown
morocco, 12.9X1.7X9.4, pp. 210; 50 colored plates from original
drawings by Isaac Sprague. Boston : 1882. Nathaniel T. Kidder.

"Watson, Sereno. Contributions to American Botany. XVI.

I. Upon a Collection of Plants made by Dr. E. Palmer, in 1887,
about Guaymas, Mexico, at Muleje and Los Angeles Bay in Lower
California, and on the Island of San Pedro Martin in the Gulf of
California.
II. Descriptions of some new Species of Plants, chiefly Californian,
with Miscellaneous Notes.

Pamphlet, tea, 9. IX. 2X6. 2, pp. 35-87, 2. [From the Pro-
ceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol.
24. Issued January 31, 1889.] The Author.

Torrey Botanical Club. Bulletin. Edited by Nathaniel Lord Britton,
and other members of the Club. Vol. 16. 1889. 12 pamphlets,
tea, 9. IX. 1X5. 8, pp. 340; plates 87-97. New York : 1889. The
Club.

Michaux, Andre, Journal of. 1787-1796. With an Introduction and
Notes by Charles Sprague Sargent. Proceedings American Philoso-
phical Society, Vol. 26, No. 129. Read October 19, 1888. Pam-
phlet, half buff cloth, 9. X. 5X5. 8, pp. 145. C. S. Sargent.

Missouri Botanical Garden. Announcement concerning Garden Pupils.
December, 1889, Pamphlet, gray, 7. 4X — X 5.1, pp. 8. St. Louis :
1889. William Trelease, Director.

Edinburgh Botanical Society. Transactions and Proceedings. Vol. 17,
Part 2. Pamphlet, buff, 8.8X.7X5.6, pp. 149-366; plates 4-6.
Edinburgh : 1888 The Society.

Kew Royal Botanic Gardens. The Gallery of Marianne North's Paint-
ings of Plants and their Homes. Descriptive Catalogue com-
piled by W. Botting Hemsley, A. L. S. Fourth edition, much
enlarged containing an Introduction and descriptions of 220 addi-
tional paintings. Pamphlet, olive-buff, 7. IX. 3X8. 4, pp. 160; map.
London : 1886. W. T. Thiselton Dyer, Director.

and Arboretum, Route Map and Index to the. Broad-
side, 16.x 11.7. W. T. Thiselton Dyer, Director.

. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, 1888. Royal

Gardens, Kew. Half green cloth, 9. 5 X. 8X6.1, pp. ii, 298; 7 plates.
London : 1888. W. T. Thiselton Dyer, Director.
. OflScial Guide to the Museums of Economic Botany.

No. 1. Dicotyledons and Gymnosperms. Second edition, revised
and augmented. Pamphlet, olive-buff, 7. IX. 3X4.8, pp. 173. Lon-
don: 1886.

10

290 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

No. 3. Timbers. Pamphlet, olive-buff, 7. 2 X. IX 4.8, pp. 80.
London : 1886. W. T. Thiselton Dyer, Director.

Capo Town Botanic Gardens and Government Herbarium, Reports upon the,
for 1883, 1885, 1886, 1887, 1888. 5 pamphlets, tea, 9.2-9. 5X—X
5.8-6.1, pp. 14, 11, and plate, 11, 9, and 8. [To report for 1888 is
appended a list of Bulbous and other Plants.] Cape Town: 1884-
1889. P. McOwan, Director of the Cape Town Botanic Gardens
and Curator of the Cape Government Herbarium.

Jenman, G. S., Government Botanist, British Guiana. Balata and the
Balata Industry, Forest Laws, etc. Report to the Government.
Pamphlet, 12. 6X. 1X8.1, pp. 38. Demerara: 1885. The Author.

. Report of the Government Botanist and Superintendent of the

Botanic Gardens, on some of the India-rubber and Gutta-Percha
trees of British Guiana. Pamphlet, 12.6X— X8., pp. 14. Deme-
rara : 1883. The Author.

. Report on Macwarrieballi {Forsteronia gracilis'), a new

India-rubber Plant of British Guiana. Pamphlet, 13.1 X — X8.3,
pp.9. Demerara: 1888. The Author.

BiOVUe des Sciences naturelles appliquees. Bulletin bimensuel de la
Societe nationale d'Acclimatation de France. Histoire d'un nou-
veau Legume. Par A. Paillieux et D. Bois. Pamphlet, light blue,
9.8X— X6.5, pp. 14; 2 cuts. Paris : 1889. D. Bois.

Penhallow, D. P., B. Sc, and Sir William Dawson, F. R. S. On
Nematophyton and Allied Forms from the Devonian (Brian) of
Gaspe and Bay des Chaleurs. (With Introductory Notes, by Sir
William Dawson.) From the Transactions of the Royal Society of
Canada, Vol. 6, Section 4, 1888. Pamphlet, gray, 11.9X— X8.9,
pp. 37-47; 2 plates, 4 cuts. Montreal: 1889. Professor D. P.
Penhallow.

Tlie American Journal of Science and Arts. Conducted by Benjamin
Silliman.

Vols. 1-4. Half sheep, 8.8X1.1X5.3 New York and New
Haven: 1819-1822,

Vol. 50, Index. Half calf, 9.1X1.1X6. New Haven: 1847.

The Essex Institute.
Vols. 31-49, 51-78. Conducted by Professor Benjamin Silliman,
Benjamin Silliman, Jr., James D. Dana, and others. Half calf,
9.4X1.5X5.8, New Haven and New York : 1857-1859.

The Family of Charles M. Hovey.

TJnitGd States Department of Agriculture. Report of the Commissioner
of Agriculture. 1888. Black cloth, 9. 3X 1.9X6., pp. 708; 69
plates, colored and plain, 1 map and cuts. Washington: 1889.
Hon. J. M. Rusk, Secretary of Agriculture.

. First Report of the Secretary of Agriculture.

Pamphlet, tea, 9.x— X5. 8, pp. 40. Washington: 1889. Hon. J.
M. Rusk, Secretary of Agriculture.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 291.

XJnited States Department of Agriculture. Botanical Division.

Bulletin No. 8. A Kecord of some of the Work of the Division,,
including Extracts from Correspondence and other communications.
Prepared by Dr. George Vasey and B. T. Galloway, under the
Direction of the Commissioner of Agriculture. Pamphlet, tea,,
9.x. IX 5. 8, pp. 67. Washington: 1889.

Bulletin No. 9. Section of Vegetable Pathology. Peach Yellows ;
A Preliminary Report by Erwin F. Smith, B. Sc, Special Agent.
Prepared under the Direction of the Commissioner of Agriculture.
Pamphlet, tea, 9. X. 7X5. 7, pp. 254; 9 maps, 37 plates, colored and
plain. Washington : 1888.

Bulletin No. 10. Section of Vegetable Pathology. Report on
Experiments made in 1888, in the Treatment of the Downy Mildew
and Black Rot of the Grape Vine. Prepared under the Directioic
of the Secretary of Agriculture. Pamphlet, tea, 9.1 X. 1X5. 8, pp.
61; 2 plates. Washington: 1889.

Hon. J. M. Rusk, Secretary of Agriculture.

. Section of Vegetable Pathology. Quarterly-
Bulletin. The Journal of Mycology : devoted to the study of;
Fungi, especially in their relation to plant diseases. Prepared under-
the direction of the Secretary of Agriculture, by B. T. Galloway,,
Chief of the Section. Vol. 5, Nos. 1, 2, and 3, March, June, and'
September, 1889. [Volumes 1 to 4, inclusive, were published at
Manhattan, Kansas.] 3 pamphlets, tea, 9.1X.1-.3X5.8, pp. 180;
12 plates. Washington: 1889. Hon. J. M. Rusk, Secretary of.
Agriculture.

. Section of Vegetable Pathology. Circular No.\

8. Experiments in the Treatment of Pear-Leaf Blight and the^
Apple Powdery Mildew. Pamphlet, tea, 9. X — X5.8, pp. 11 ; 2 cuts.
Washington : 1889. Hon. J. M. Rusk, Secretary of Agriculture^

■ — . Division of Chemistry.

Bulletin No. 13. Food and Food Adulterants . Part 2. Spices-
and Condiments. By Clifford Richardson. Pamphlet, tea, 9.1 X.S-
X5.8, pp. 127-259; plates 13-28. Washington: 1887. Part 4.
Lard and Lard Adulterations. By H. W. Wiley. Pamphlet, tea,.
9. IX. 3X5. 8, pp. 401-554; plates 29-38, cuts 16-25. Washington:
1889. Part 5. Baking Powders. By C. A. Crampton, Assistant
Chemist. [Investigations made under direction of Dr. H. W. Wiley,
Chief Chemist.] Pamphlet, tea, 9. X. 1X5. 7, pp. 555-628. Wash-
ington: 1889.

Bulletin No. 20. Record of Experiments conducted by the Com-
missioner of Agriculture in the Manufacture of Sugar from Sorghum
at Rio Grande, N. J. ; Kenner, La. ; Conway Springs, Douglas, and
Sterling, Kans. 1888. By H. W. Wiley, Chemist. Pamphlet, tea,
9.x. 3X5. 8, pp. 162. Washington: 1889.

Bulletin No. 21. Report of Experiments in the Manufacture of
Sugar by Diffusion, at Magnolia Station, Lawrence, La., season of"

592 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

1888-'89. By Guilford L. Spencer. Pamphlet, tea, 9. X .1X5.8,
pp.67; 5 cuts. Washington: 1889.

Bulletin No. 22. Kecord of Experiments at Des Lignes Sugar
Experiment Station, Baldwin, La., during the season of 1888. By
•C. A. Crampton, Assistant Chemist. Pamphlet, tea, 9.X — X5.7,
pp.36, Washington: 1889.

Bulletin No. 23. Record of Experiments at the Sugar Experiment
Station on Calumet Plantation, Pattersonville, La. By Hubert
Edson, Assistant in Laboratory. Pamphlet, tea, 9.X — X5.7, pp.
42. Wasliington: 1889.

Hon. J. M. Rusk, Secretary of Agriculture.

TJnited. States Department of Agriculture. Special report No. 33. Re-
port on Analytical and other work done on Sorghum and Cornstalks
by the Chemical Division of the Department. July to December,
1880. Under direction of Hon. W. G. Le Due, Commissioner, by
Peter Collier, Chemist. Pamphlet, tea, 9. X. 3X5.8, pp.101; 13 and
14 plates. Washington : 1881. S. L. Boardman.

-. . Reports of the Statistician. New Series.

Nos. 58-68. On the Crops of the Year; Numbers and Values of
Farm Animals ; Distribution and Consumption of Corn and Wheat ;
Condition of Winter Grain ; Condition of Farm Animals ; Progress
of Cotton Planting; Acreage of Wheat and Cotton; Condition of
Cereal Crops ; Area of Corn, Potatoes and Tobacco ; Condition of
Growing Crops ; Condition of Crops in America and Europe ; Yield
of Grain per Acre ; Yield of Crops per Acre ; Freight Rates of
Transportation Companies. 11 pamphlets, tea, 9. X. 1X5. 8. Wash-
ington : 1889. Hon. Norman J. Colman, Commissioner of Agricul-
tiire and Hon. J. M. Rusk, Secretary of Agriculture.

' . Album of Agricultural Statistics of the United

States. Boards, terra-cotta, 12. 6X. 3X9. 9, pp. 8; 16 charts.
Washington : 1889, Hon. J. M. Rusk, Secretary of Agriculture.

■' . Hog Cholera: its History, Nature and Treat-
ment, as determined by the inquiries and investigations of the
Bureau of Animal Lidustry. Black cloth, 9.2X.7X5.8, pp. 197;
16 plates, colored and plain. Washington : 1889. Hon. J. M,
Rusk, Secretary of Agriculture.

. Division of Economic Ornithology and

Mammalogy. Bulletin No. 1, The English Sparrow {Passer
domesticus) in North America, especially in its relations to Agricul-
ture. Prepared under the direction of C. Hart Merriam, Ornitholo-
gist, by Walter B. Barrows, Assistant Ornithologist. Pamphlet,
tea, 9. IX. 7X5. 8, pp. 405; map and 9 cuts. Washington: 1889.
Hon. J. M. Rusk, Secretary of Agriculture.

' . Office of Experiment Stations.

Experiment Station Bulletin No. 1. Organization of the Agricul-
tural Experiment Stations in the United States. February, 1889.
Pamphlet, tea, 9.x. IX 5. 8, pp. 82. Washington: 1889. Hon. J.
M. Rusk, Secretary of Agriculture.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 293

ExperimeDt Station Record. September, 1889. Vol. 1, No. 1.
Pamphlet, blue-gray, 9. IX. IX 5.7, pp. X, 56. Washington: 1889.
W. O. Atwater, Director. .

Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletins and Annual Reports have
been received from the Stations in the United States and Canada.

Society for tlie Promotion of Agricultural Science.

Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Meeting, held at Buffalo,
N. Y., 1886. Pamphlet, olive, 9. X. 2X5. 7, pp. 88. Columbus,
Ohio: 1886.

Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Meeting, held at New York City,
1887. Pamphlet, light brown, 8.9 X. 2X5.8, pp. 102; 1 table. Colum-
bus : 1887. William R. Lazeuby, Secretary.
Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Meeting, held at Toronto,
Canada, 1889. With index to the 7 volumes from 1880 to 1889.
Pamphlet, fawn, 9. X. 2X5. 7, pp. 114, xiii; 1 plate, cuts. Colum-
bus : 1889. Dr. E. L. Sturtevant.

New England. Agricultural Society. Twenty-sixth Annual Fair, in connec-
tion with the Worcester Agricultural Society of Worcester, Mass.,
September 3, 4, 5, and 6, 1889. Pamphlet, blue, 8.8X.1X5.7, pp,
45. The Society.

Maine, Agriculture of. Thirty-second Annual Report of the Secretary of
the Maine Board of Agriculture for the year 1888-9. Black cloth,
9.3X1.4X6., pp. V, 233, 159, 7, 152; plates and cuts. Augusta:
1889. Z. A. Gilbert, Secretary.

Massachusetts Board of Agriculture. Thirty-sixth Annual Report of
the Secretary, with Returns of the Finances of the Agricultural So-
cieties for 1888. Black cloth, 9.1X1.6X6.1, pp. xvi; 660; plates.
Boston : 1889. Hon. William R. Sessions, Secretary. [50 copies.]

. Laws relating to the State Board of Agricul-
ture and Incorporated Agricultural Societies, together with the
Regulations of the Board. 1889. Pamphlet, olive-buff, 9.1X —
X 5.8, pp. 23. Boston: 1889. The Secretary.

. Crop Reports for the months of May to October?

1889. Bulletins 1-6. Compiled by William R. Sessions, Secre-
tary of the Board of Agriculture. 6 pamphlets, 9.X— X5.7.
Boston: 1889. The Secretary.

Bay State Agricultural Society. List of Premiums and Regulations for
the Third Cattle Show and Fair to be held at the Mechanics' Charit-
able Association Building, Boston, October 7-12, 1889. Pamphlet,
light brown, 7.7X. 1X4.6, pp. 34. Salem: 1889. F. H. Appleton,
Secretary.

Essex Agricultural Society. (Organized, 1818.) Transactions for the
year 1888, and Sixty-sixth Annual Address, by Hon. Horatio G.
Herrick of Lawrence. With Premium List for 1889. Pamphlet,
tea, 9.x. 5X5. 7, pp. 223. Salem: 1888. David W. Low, Secretary.

Amesbury and Salisbury Agricultural and Horticultural Society. Trans-
actions for the year 1888, with the Secretary's Report of the 25th

294 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Annual Fair held at Amesbury, October 2-4, 1888. Pampfilet,
olive-bro>rn, 9.X — X5.7, pp. 29. Amesbury: 1889. The Society.

Marshfield Agricultural and Horticviltural Society. Transactions during
the year 1888. Pamphlet, tea, 8. 5 X. 2X5. 6 pp. 30, 18. Plymouth:
1889. Francis Collamore, Secretary.

INantucket Agricultural Society. Transactions for 1888, together with the
List of Premiums offered for 1889. Pamphlet, fawn, 8.6X.1X5.2,
pp.45. Nantucket: 1888. The Society.

Soosac Valley Agricultural Society. Transactions for the year 1888.
Twenty-ninth Annual Report. With the Treasurer's Report, Life,
Perpetual, and Honorary Members of the Society, etc. Pamphlet,
tea, 9.X.2XC S, pp. 69. North Adams, Mass. : 1888.

. Thirtieth Annual Cattle Show and Fair, to be

held at North Adams, Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday, Septem-
ber 17, 18 and 19, 1889. Pamphlet, blue, 8.9X.1X5.7, pp. 30.
North Adams, Mass. : 1889. Geo. F. Miller, Secretary.

B,hod.e Island Society for the Encouragement of Domestic Industry.
Sixty-ninth Anniversary. Premium List for the State Fair to be held
at Narragansett Park, near Providence, R. I., Sept. 23-27, 1889.
Pamphlet, light brown, 7. 7X. 4X5.1, pp. 1G2. Providence: n. d.
The Society.

New York State Agricultural Society. Transactions, Vol. 34. 1883-1886.
Black cloth, 9.3X1.6X6., pp. xxiv, 648; cuts. Albany: 1889.
J. S. Woodward, Secretary.

Pennsylvania, Agriculture of ; containing Reports of the State Board of
Agriculture, the State Agricultural Society, the State Dairymen's
Association, the State Horticultural Association, and the State Col-
lege, for 1888. Black cloth, 9.5X1.5X6.2, pp. 389, 87, 89, 48, 19,
12; plates, colored and plain, cuts, diagrams. Harrisburg : 1888.
Also 1 copy of the Report of the State Horticultural Association of
Pennsylvania, for 1888. Pamphlet, tea, 9.8X.2X6.4, pp. 89; 2
colored plates. Harrisburg: 1889. E. B. Engle, Recording Secre-
tary of the State Horticultural Association.

Georgia State Department of Agriculture. Publications for the year 1888.
Vol. 14. Blact cloth, 8.8X.8X5.7, pp. 348. Atlanta: 1889.
J. T. Henderson, Commissioner.

Georgia Department of Agriculture. Circulars 113, 115-121. New
Series. Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, and Crop Reports
from May to October, 1889, etc. J. T. Henderson, Commissioner.
8 pamphlets, 8.5X — X5.8. Atlanta: 1889. The Commissioner.

XjOuisiana Commissioner of Agriculture. Biennial Report, Vol. 2. May,
1888. Half black leather, 8.8X1.4X5.7, pp. 236, 79, 79. Baton
Rouge : 1888. William C. Stubbs, Director of the Experiment
Station.

lilichigan State Board of Agriculture. Twenty-third Annual Report of the
Secretary, from Oct. 1, 1883 to Sept. 30, 1884. Black cloth, 9.6X
1 2X6.4, pp. 463; 2 portraits, 1 plan, cuts. Lansing: 1884. H. G.
Reynolds, Secretary.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 295

Indiana State Board of Agriculture. Thirty-eighth Annual Report, Vol 30.
1888-1889. Black cloth, 8.7X1.4X5.8, pp. 6G3. Indianapolis:
1889. Alexander Heron, Secretary.

Iowa State Agricultural Society. Annual Report of the Board of Directors
for the year 1888. Containing the Second Annual Report of the Iowa
State Dairy Commissioner for the year ending October 31, 1888.
Black cloth, 9. X 1.7X5.8, pp. G92, 44. Des Moines: 1889: John
R. Shaffer, Secretary.

Sociedad Rural Argentina, Anales de la. Vol. 23. 1889. 24 pamphlets,
blue-gray, 10.8X — X7.3, pp. 700. Buenos Aires: 1889. The
Society.

Asociacion Rural del Uruguay. Vol. 18. 1889. 24 pamphlets, 10.3X
—X 6.8, pp. 637. Montevideo: 1889. The Society.

Kansas State Agricultural College, Manhattan, Kansas. Report of Exper-
iment in Pig-Feeding, made by the Farm Department, to test the
value of Mixed Shorts and Bran, as compared with Corn Meal for
Fattening Fully-grown Pigs. [Extract from Report of Kansas State
Board of Agriculture for April, 1889.] Pamphlet, light brown,
9.2X — X6.1,pp. 19; 6 plates. Manhattan: n. d. E. M. Shelton,
Director of the Agricultural Experiment Station.

neld and Other Experiments, conducted on the Farm and in the Laboratory
of Sir John Bennet Lawes, Bart., LL. D., F. R. S., at Rothamsted,
Herts. Memoranda of the Origin, Plan, and Results. Also a State-
ment of the present and previous cropping, etc., of the arable land
not under experiment. June, 1889. Pamphlet, 14. X — X10.5, pp.
41. London : 1889. Little, Brown & Co.

Sturtevant, E. Lewis, M. D. Paramount Fertilizers. Pamphlet, blue,
9.x— X5. 7, pp. 19. The Author.

Colcord, Samuel L. Colcord's System of Preserving Green Forage with-
out Heat or Fermentation by the use of the Silo Governor. Olive
green cloth, 7. 9X. 7X5. 2, pp. 160; 5 cuts. Chicago: 1889. James
W. Wilson.

Ontario, Entomological Society of. Nineteenth Annual Report. 1888.
Pamphlet, salmon-color, 9.7X.2X6.5, pp. iv, 91; 48 cuts, 1 chart.
Toronto: 1889. W. E. Saunders, Secretary-Treasurer,

Iiintner, J. A. Some Injurious Insects of Massachusetts. [From the
Thirty-third Annual Report of the Massachusetts Board of Agri-
culture.] Pamphlet, tea, 9.1X — X5.7, pp. 34. Boston: 1886.
The Author.

. Some Pests of the Pomologist. Read before the American

Pomological Society at its Boston Meeting, September 15, 1887.
Pamphlet, light yellow, 11.8X— X9.2, pp. 13. Grand Rapids, Michi-
gan : n. d. [From the American Pomological Society's Report for
1887.] The Author.

New York, Injurious and other Insects of the State of.

Fourth Report. By J. A. Lintner, Ph. D., State Entomologist,
Pamphlet, gray, 9. X. 6X5. 6, pp. 237; 68 cuts. Albany: 1888.

296 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Fifth Eeport. By J. A. Lintner, Ph. D., State Entomologist,
Pamphlet, fawn, 9.1 X. 6X5. 9, pp. 143-348; 50 cuts. Albany:
1889. J. A. Lintner, Entomologist.

New York State Museum of Natural History, Bulletin of the.

No. 5, November, 1888. The White Grub of the May Beetle.
By J. A. Lintner, Ph. D., State Entomologist. Pamphlet, blue,
9.1X— X5.8, pp. 31; 5 cuts. Albany: 1888.

No. 6, November, 1888. Cut-worms. By J. A. Lintner, Ph. D.,
State Entomologist. Pamphlet, blue, 9. X — X5.8, pp. 36; 28 cuts.
Albany : 1888. The Author.

United States Department of Agriculture. Division of Entomology.
Bulletin No. "JO. The Root-Knot Disease of the Peach, Orange,
and other plants in Elorida, due to the work of Anguillula. Pre-
pared under the direction of the Entomologist, by J. C. Neal,.
Ph. D.,M. D. Pamphlet, tea, 9. IX. 2X6. 7 pp. 31; 21 plates, colored
and plain. Washington: 1889. Hon. J. M. Rusk, Secretary of
Agriculture.

. Division of Entomology. Insect Life. Devoted

to the Economy and Life-Habits of Insects, especially in their re-
lations to Agriculture. Edited by C. V. Riley, Entomologist, and
L. O. Howard, First Assistant, and others. Periodical Bulletin.

Vol. I, Nos. 7-12. Half green morocco, 9.1X1.1X6.2, pp. 201-
388; cuts. Washington: 1889.

Vol. II, Nos. 1-6. 6 pamphlets, tea, 9. 8X. 1X6. 2, pp. 197; cuts.
Washington : 1889. Hon, J. M. Rusk, Commissioner.

New York Microscopical Society. Journal. Vol. 5, 1889. 4 pamphlets,
fawn, 9. 8X--X5. 9, pp. 119: plates 15-20. New York : 1889. The-
Society.

Iowa State University. Laboratories of Natural History. Bulletin. Vol.
1, No. 1. Pamphlet, olive, 9.2X.3X6., pp. 96. Iowa City: 1888.
S. Calvin and T. H. McBride.

St. Louis Academy of Sciences. Transactions. Vol. 5. Nos. 1 and 2.
1886-1888. Pamphlet, gray, 9.9X. 9X6.5, pp. 336, xxix, 16; 9
plates, cuts. St. Louis : 1888. The Academy.

Smithsonian Institution. Fourth Annual Report of the Bureau of Eth-
nology to the Secretary, 1882-83, by J. W. Powell, Director.
Brown cloth, 11.6X2.2X7.7, pp. Ixiii, 532; 83 plates, 564 cuts.
Washington : 1886. The Institution.

Ottawa Naturalist. The Transactions of the Ottawa Field Naturalists'
Club. Vol. 2, Nos. 7-12; Vol. 3, Nos. 1-3. 6 pamphlets, blue-
gray, 9.1X — X6.1. Ottawa: 1888, 1889. W. H. Harrington,
Librarian.

Slisha Mitchell Scientific Society. Journal. Vol. 6, Part 1. January-
June, 1889. Pamphlet, blue, 8. 8X. 1X5. 7, pp. 40. Raleigh : 1889.
The Society.

Leopoldina. Amtliches Organ der Kaiserlichen Leopoldino-Carolinischen
Deutschen Akademie der Naturforscher, herausgegeben unter
Mitwirkung der Sektionsvorstaende von dem Praesidenten Dr. C.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 297

H. Knoblauch. Vierundzwanzigstes heft. Jahrgang 1888. Pam-
phlet, blue, 12. 5X. 3X9. 6, pp. 228; 1 plate. Halle: 1888. Dr. C.
H. Knoblauch.

Lawrence Free Public Library. Seventeenth Annual Report of the
Board of Trustees and^ Report of the Librarian. 1888. Pamphlet,
blue-gray, 9. X—X5.7, pp. 31. Lawrence, Mass. : 1889. Frederick
H. Hedge, Jr., Librarian.

Astor Library. Fortieth Annual Report of the Trustees, for the year
1888. Pamphlet, light blue, 9. X. IX 5. 8, pp. 48. New York: 1889.
The Librarian.

New England Historic Genealogical Society. Proceedings at the Annual
Meeting, January 2, 1889. Pamphlet, tea, 10.1X.2X6.2, pp. 62.
Boston : 1889. The Society.

Wilder, Marshall Pinckney. Memorials. Half dark brown morocco,
9.2X1.X5.9, pp. 216; portrait. Boston: 1889. Mrs. Nancy J.
Bigelow.

Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul. Biennial Report to the Legisla-
ture of Minnesota, Session of 1889. Pamphlet, light salmon,
9.2X— X6.9, pp. 40. St. Paul: 1889. The Society.

Kansas State Historical Society. Sixth Biennial Report of the Board of
Directors, for the period commencing January 19, 1887, and ending
November 20, 1888. Pamphlet, light brown, 9. 3X. 3X6.1, pp. 128.
Topeka : 1889. The Society.

United States Commissioner of Education. Report for the year 1886-87.
Black cloth 9.2 X 2.8. X 5.9. pp. 11, 70. Washington: 1888.

Circulars of Information Nos. 2-7, 1888, and No. 1. 1889. 7
pamphlets, tea, 9.x. 1— .6X5.9, plates. Washington: 1888,1889.
N. H. R. Dawson, Commissioner.

Bowdoin College. Eighty-seventh and Eighty-eighth Annual Catalogues,
for the Academical years 1888-89 and 1889-90. 2 pamphlets, light
brown, 9. X. IX 5. 9, pp. 63 and 61. Brunswick, Maine: 1888, 1889.
William DeWitt Hyde, President.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. President's Report, December
12, 1888. Pamphlet, flesh color, 9. X. 1X5. 8, pp. 50. Boston:
1888.

. Twenty-fourth Annual Catalogue of the Officers

and Students, with a statement of the Courses of Instruction and a
List of the Alumni. 1888-1889. Pamphlet, flesh color, 9.1X.5X
5.8, pp. 184. Boston: 1888. The Institute.

Yale University. Report of the President, 1887-88. Pamphlet, gray,
8. 8 X. IX 5. 7, pp. 78. New Haven : 1889. The University.

Pennsylvania State College. Catalogue. 1888-89. Pamphlet, tea, 9.1
X.2X5.8, pp. 64; frontispiece. State College : 1889. The College.

Illinois University. Fourteenth Report of the Board of Trustees, for the
two years ending September 30, 1888. Black cloth, 9. X. 8X5. 8, pp.
264. Springfield: 1889. William L. Pillsbury, Corresponding
Secretary.

298 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

United States Consular Reports. No. 97, September 1888, Vol. XXVII,
to No. 109, October 1889, Vol. XXXI, inclusive. 15 pamphlets,
blue and terra cotta, 9.1X.1— 1.X5.8, maps and charts. Washington:
1888, 1889. Hon. Thomas F. Bayard, Secretary of State.

Interstate Commerce Commission. An act to Regulate Commerce. (As
amended March 2, 1889.) Pamphlet, 9.X— X5.8, pp. 13. Wash-
ington : 1889. The Commission.

Of9.cial Congressional Directory for the use of the United States Congress.
[Fiftieth Congress.] By W. H. Michael, Clerk of Printing Records.
Second edition. Pamphlet, blue, 8.9X.6X5.7, pp. 255 ; frontispiece,
plans, and map. Washington: 1889.

San Diego: The City and the County. Soil, Water Supply, Produc-
tions, etc. A pamphlet published and compiled under the Auspices
of the Executive Committee of the San Diego Chamber of Commerce,
and Citizens. Edited by F. D. Waite. Containing an Article on
Climate by R. B. Davy, M. D. Pamphlet, blue, 9. IX. 1X5.8, pp.
44; cuts. San Diego: 1888. Frank A. Kimball, Horticultural
Commissioner.

United States Department of State. Reports from the Survey of the
Boundary between the Territory of the United States and the posses-
sions of Great Britain from the Lake of the Woods to the Summit
of the Rocky Mountains, authorized by an Act of Congress approved
March 19, 1872. Archibald Campbell, Esq., Commissioner. Cap-
tain W. J. Twining, Corps of Engineers, Brevet Major, U. S. A.,
Chief Astronomer. Green cloth, 12.X2.X9.3, pp. 624; plates,
maps and charts. Washington : 1878. Also Atlas, brown paper,
24.x— X 16., 24 plates. The Department of State.

Periodicals Purchased.

English. — Gardeners' Chronicle.

Gardeners' Magazine.

Journal of Horticulture and Cottage Gardener.

The Garden.

Gardening Illustrated.

Horticultural Times and Covent Garden Gazette.

Curtis's Botanical Magazine.

Journal of Botany.

Grevillea.
Pbemch. — Revue Horticole.

Revue des Eaux et For^ts.

Journal des Roses.
Belgian. — Illustration Horticole.

Revue de I'Horticulture Beige et fitrang^re.
German. — Botanische Zeitung.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 299

American. — Country Gentleman.
Garden and Forest.
American Naturalist.
American Journal of Science.

Periodicals Received ik Exchange.

Canadian Horticulturist.

American Garden.

Popular Gardening.

Vick's Illustrated Monthly Magazine.

Horticultural Art Journal.

American Florist.

California Florist.

Orchard and Garden.

Green's Fruit Grower.

Fruit and Grape Grower.

Seed-Time and Harvest.

Botanical Gazette.

•Journal of Mycology.

West American Scientist.

Maine Farmer.

Mirror and Farmer.

New England Farmer.

Massachusetts Ploughman.

American Cultivator.

New England Homestead.

Our Country Home.

American Agriculturist.

Rural New Yorker.

American Rural Home.

The Farm Journal.

Germantown Telegraph.

Maryland Farmer.

Florida Dispatch, Farmer and Fruit Grower.

Prairie Farmer.

Orange Judd Farmer.

The Industrialist,

Pacific Rural Press.

Boston Daily Advertiser.

Boston Morning Journal.

Boston Post.

Boston Daily Globe.

Boston Evening Transcript.

Boston Daily Evening Traveller.
New York Weekly World.

The Cottage Hearth.

REPORT

OF THE

Secretary and LiBRARiAisr

FOR THE YEAR 1889.

. The paost prominent thing to be noticed in this department
during the present year has been the extraordinary calls upon my
time in many directions, caused mainly, either directly or indi-
rectly, by the fire in the building last winter. I regret that, owing
to what appeared to be more immediately pressing demands, it
has been impossible to print the Transactions as early as usual.
The next part is, however, now in the hands of the printer and
will be pushed as rapidly as possible.

As regards the Library, this has been in some respects the most
memorable year in its history. We may congratulate ourselves-
that being at the opposite end of the building from the fire it
wholly escaped injury from that calamity, and that we have now,
for the first time for many years, sufficient room for new books
without crowding. This however has not been effected without
adding largely to the labors of the Librarian and his assistant.

1 need not say anything of the work of carrying ever}' book and
bookcase into the Hall, ai-ranging them there, and then reversing
the process, for it must have been apparent to every one. A still
greater work yet remains before us, viz., the entire rearrangement
of the whole library in a systematic manner, bringing together all
the books on the same subject or on kindred subjects. After this
we shall have to change all the shelf numbers, both in the books
and in the catalogue, the whole forming, as I remarked in my
report two years ago, a work of great magnitude, but absolutely
necessary to be performed as speedily as possible.

REPORT dF THE SECRETARY AND LIBRARIAN. 301

It is well known that the United States government has passed
a law, known as the Hatch Experiment Station act, to provide for
the establishment of an Agricultural Station in every State and
Territory, and appropriating $15,000 yearly for each. Besides
these, such stations had previously been established in several
States under State laws. As the investigations carried on at
these stations relate largely to principles underlying the operations
of horticulture, as well as of agriculture, the Library Committee
have thought it desirable to procure, if possible, complete sets of
all the publications of these stations, and in this we have been
reasonably successful, having sets more or less complete of forty-
six experiment stations in the United States, besides two in
Canada. I wish here to acknowledge the assistance in this
work kindly offered by President Goodell of the State Agricultural
College, which has been of great value. It should be understood
that this work is not, like the arrangement and numbering of the
books, one which when once done will not require to be done
again for years, but forms a permanent and continuous and by no
means a light addition to the labors of those having immediate
charge of the Library.

Another event in the history of the Library which should not
be passed unnoticed is the reception from the family of our late
President, Charles M. Hovey, of one of the largest donations, if
not the largest, ever received from one source. The arrangement
of these has ah-eady involved much work, and will require much
more before the}^ are finally disposed of, but I may mention as the
most important item forty-seven volumes of the " American Jour-
nal of Science." This journal contains manj' valuable papers on
botany by the late Professor Gray and other eminent botanists.
The whole set comprises one hundred and thirty-eight volumes, a
greater number than in any other set in the Library, and with
those above mentioned, and some obtained from other sources,
the set wants onl}^ twelve volumes (from the 5th to the 16th,
inclusive, of the first series) to make it complete, and we are not
without hopes of obtaining them. The Hovey gift has also ena-
bled us to perfect our set of the " Country Gentleman," and that
of the " American Agriculturist." As intimated above, it has
been impossible to make the usual record in detail of this gift, and
consequently only a few are mentioned in the list of Library
Accessions for the present year, but it is hoped to do this as they
are hereafter classified and given permanent places on our shelves.

302 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Concerning the ordinary current work of the Library, I need
only say that it has been carried on as well as circumstances
would admit, and I think we may congratulate ourselves that the
improvements made have been effected without interfering in any
greater degree with the use of the Librar}', either for consultation
here or for home reading, and with no loss of books and little
injury.

ROBERT MANNING,

Secretary and Librarian^

TREASURER'S REPORT,

FOR THE YEAR 1889.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society in account current to Dec.
31, 1889, with W. Wyllys Gannett, Treasurer.

Dr.

1889.
Dec. 31. To amount paid balance cost of
alterations to store, 100 Tre-
raont St., stated as still due

in last report, $3,870 57

To amount paid total cost of
alterations and repairs to
building during 1889, details
of which have already been

submitted to the Society, . . . 15,229 64

To amount paid cost of repaint-
ing portraits of twelve Ex-
Presidents, and re-gilding

frames for same, .... 2,245 40

To amount paid for furniture and

exhibition ware during 1889, . . 82 53

To amount paid on account of
the Library in 1889, viz:
Appropriated and expended

for books and binding, . $300 00
Income from "Josiah Stick-
ney Fund," expended for
books, . . . . 700 00

1,000 00

Amount carried over, .... 22,428 14

304

MASSACHTSETTS HOKTICULTURAL SOCTETT.

AmomMi brmig^ over, ....

To Prizes awarded in ISSS —
paid during 1889. as follows :
For Plant* and Flowers. . $2,974 88

$22,428 14

" Fruits

** Vegetables. .

** Gardens and Greenliouses.

** Hunnewell Rhododendron

prizes,
•' Special Faxon prizes,
" Window Gardening,

1.535 36
920 00
150 00

60 00

20 00

197 00

5,857 24
3,175 00
2,528 40

1,062 50

319 35

75 70

822 26

To amount paid for Salaries in 1889. .
" Taxes in 1889, .
•* '* Interest, on mortgage

$25,000 <&) 4^ %,
•• • • Insurance, additional in

1889.
•• • • City Water rates,

•• " Stsrionerr, Printing, and

Postage, .
** *» Publications and DLs

cussions, .
** " Card Catalogue, .

•* ** Expenses of Committee

of Arrangements.
*' *• Heating,
** ** Lighting,
" '» Labor,
** •• Incidental Expenses of
the year, .
To interest on funds for prizes, credited
below

Total payments of 1889, . . . $42,320 47
To balance account — Cash on hand Dec. 31,

1889, 10,620 56

206

49

99

80

. 292

20

533

70

1.109

18

1.457

60

510

19

1.S42

72

$52,941 03

treasurer's report. 305

Cb.

1889.
Jan. 1. By cash received from Geo. "W.
Fowle, being balance of his ac-
count as Treasurer, December

31, 1888, 810,004 56

By amount collected from insur-
ance companies, for loss by the
fire of Dec. 31, 1888, onbuild'g, $4,746 92
On contents. . . . 5.700 00

10,446 92

Dec. 31. By amount received for mirrors

and old furniture sold, .... 245 58
By amount income from building
in 1889, viz :
Rent of stores, 1888, 862 50
» " 1889, 17,400 00

§17,462 50

" halls, .... 4,452 00

21,914 50

By amount income from Mount

Auburn Cemetery for 1889, . . . 4,322 31

By amount receipts from Exhibi-
tions, gross amount, . . $1,450 40
Less expenses, . . . 852 82

597 58
By amount from Admissions and

Assessments of members, . . . 1,368 00

By amount Mass. State Bounty, . . . 600 00

By amount Interest received on

bonds, account 1888, 825 00

Account 1889, 395 00

420 00

On deposits in bank, . . 173 36

593 36
By amount received from sales.

History of the Society, ... . 5 50

By amount legacy of John Lewis

Russell received (the income of

which is for an annual lecture

on Cryptogamic Botany), . . . 1,000 00

Amount carried over, ...... 51,098 31

11

306 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Amount brought over, ....

$,

51,098 31

By amount Interest credited to

the following Funds, against

charges opposite :

Samuel Appleton Fund, $1,000,

fa) 5 %,

$50 00

John A. Lowell Fund, $1,000,

rS) 5 % ,

50

00

Theodore Lyman Fund, $11,000,

fa) 5%,

550

00

Josiah Bradley Fund, SI, 000,

fa) 0 %,

50

00

Benj. V. French Fund, $500,

fa) 5 %,

25

00

H. H. Hunnewell Fund, $4,000,

fa) 5%,

200

00

Wm. J. Walker Fund, $2,354.43,

fa)5 %,

117

72

Levi Whitcomb Fund, $500, fa)

5 %, '

25

00

Marshall P. Wilder Fund, $1 ,000,

fa) 0 %,

50

00

Josiah Stickney Fund, $12,000,

amount, ....

700

00

Benjamin B. Davis Fund, $500,

® 5 % ,

25

00

1,842 72

> $52,941 03

W. WYLLYS GANNETT, Treasurer.
Boston, December 31, 1889.

Approved :

H. H. Hunnewell, ) Finance
Fred. L. Ames, J Committee.

treasurer's report. 307

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Balance Sheet, December 31, 1889.

ASSETS.

Real Estate — Ledger account value, . $250,000 00

Furniture and Exhibition ware, . . 3,544 72

Library, 28,628 72

Stereotype Plates and Copies of His-
tory, 287 50

Chicago, Burlington and Quincy R. R.

7 % Bonds, 1,500 00

Illinois Grand Trunk R. R. 8 % Bonds, 500 00

Chicago, Burlington and Quincy R. R.

4 % Bonds, S5, 000— cost, . . 4,925 00

Kansas City, Clinton and Springfield

R. R. 5 % Bonds, $1,000— cost, . 980 GO

Cash on hand December 31, 1889, . 10,620 56

$300,986 50

LIABILITIES.

Mortgage on Building, . . . $25,000 00
Josiah Stickney Fund, payable 1899 to

Harvard College, .... 12,000 00

Prize Funds invested in Building, viz :

Samuel Appleton Fund, $1,000 00

John A. Lowell " 1,000 00

Theodore Lyman " 11,000 00

Benjamin V. French " 500 00

Josiah Bradley " 1,000 00

William J. Walker " 2,354 43

Levi Whitcomb " 500 00

H. H. Hunnewell " 2,500 00

John Lewis Russell '• 1,000 00

20,854 43

Amount carried over, . . . 57,854 43^

308 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Amounts brought over, . . . $57,854 43 $300,986 50
Prize Funds invested in Bonds, as
above, viz :
H. H. Hunnewell Fund, $1,500 00
Benjamin B. Davis " 500 00

Marshall P. Wilder " 1,000 00

3,000 00

Prizes of 1889 due and unpaid, . 6,000 00

66,854 43

Surplus, ~. $234,132 07

W. WYLLYS GANNETT, Treasurer.

MEMBERS.

Number of Life Members, per last report, . . . 560

Added during 1889, 19

Commuted from annual membership, ... 1

580
Deceased during 1889, ..... 7

573

Number of Annual Members, per last report, . . 234
Added during 1889, 32

266

Commuted to life membership, ... 1
Deceased during 1889, . . . .3
Discontinued during 1889, .... 42

^ 46

220

Present membership, ..... . . 793

INCOME FROM MEMBERSHIP IN 1889.

19 Life Members,

32 Annual Members, .....

1 Commuted to Life, .....

Assessments, .......

, $570

00

320

00

20

00

458

00

$1,368 00

MOUNT AUBURN CEMETERY.

309

oooooooooooo

OOOOOIOOOOOIOO
OlOmO(Mb-OOlOCTlOOO

o o

o o

o o

o

c^

t- (O

00

OS -H

t^

^

»

«©

«©

d » ^ o.^ 3 3 5 g< u o »

•3 9-3=,

Q is ^

a s

W .ti

CO M

to

■Si

£ a

!3<J 2p

bjo aj

H a

2 =«

l<

O pq

SCO

O" cS

a ^
O £

310 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society

To the Proprietors of the Cemetery of Mount Auburn, Dr.

For one-fourth part of the following expenditures, for grading new lands for
sale during the year 1889 :

Glen Avenue.

1201 days, men, ........ $271 69

41| days, men and horses, 156 56

$428 25

I

Birch Avenue to Eagle and Cherry Avenues.

33 days, men, $74 25

56 days, man and horse, 131 25

$205 50

$633 75

One-fourth part of $633.75 is $158 44

J. W. LOVERING,

Siiperintendent.
Mount Auburn, December 31, 1889.

I certify the foregoing to be a true copy of improvements for the year
1889, rendered by the Superintendent.

H. B. MACKINTOSH,

y Treasurer.

Passac|j«setts lortitultural Sonetj.

OFFICERS AND STANDING COMMITTEES FOR 1890.

President.
WILLIAM H. SPOONER, of Jamaica Plain.

Vice-Presidents.

CHARLES H. B. BRKCK, of Brighton. FREDERICK L. AMES, of North Easton.
BENJAMIN G. SMITH, of Cambridge. NATHANIEL T. KIDDER, of MUton.

Treasurer and Superintendent of the Buildingr.
W. WYLLYS GANNETT, of Cambridge.

Secretary and Librarian.
ROBERT MANNING, of Salem.*

Becording^ Secretary.
ROBERT MANNING, of Salem.

Professor of Botany and Vegetable Physiology.
JOHN ROBINSON, of Salem.

Professor of Entomology.
SAMUEL H. SCUDDER, of Cambridge.

^tki^dii)^ doii\ii\ittee^.

Executive.

The President, WILLIAM H. SPOONER, Chairman.

The Chairman of the Finance Committee, H. H. HUNNEWELL, EX OFFICIO;

WILLIAM C. STRONG, HENRY P. WALCOTT, CHARLES H. B. BRECK,

FREDERICK L. AMES, JOHN C. HOVEY, CHARLES S.

SARGENT, BENJAMIN C. CLARK.

* Communications for the Secretary, on the business of the Society, should be addressed to him at Horticul-
tural Hall, Boston.

312 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Finance.

H. HOLLIS HUXXEWELL, Chaieman.
FREDERICK L. AMES. WILLIAM H. SPOONER.

Publication and Discussion.

O. B. HADWEX, ChaiPuMA>-.
WILLIAM H. HUNT. FRAXCIS H. APPLETON.

Establishing Prizes.

CHAIRMAN OF COMMITTEE ON FRUITS, Chaihman.

CHAIRMEN OF COMMITTEES ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS, VEGETABLES,

AND GARDENS, EX OFFICII S; CHARLES M. ATKINSON, JOHN C.

HOVEY, FREDERICK L. HARRIS.

Library.

WILLIAM E. ENDICOTT, Chairman.

TETE PROFESSOR OF BOTANT AND VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY

AND THE PROFESSOR OF ENTOMOLOGY, EX OFFICIIS;

J. D. W. FRENCH. NATHANIEL T. KIDDER.

FRANCIS H. APPLETON. GEORGE W. HUMPHREY.

Gardens.

JOHN G. BARKER, Chaieman.

CHAIRMEN OF COMMITTEES ON FRUITS, PLANTS AND FLOWERS, ANI>

VEGETABLES, EX OFFICIIS; CHARLES W. ROSS,

HENRY W. WILSON, DAVID ALLAN.

Fruit.
E. W. WOOD, Chaikman.
BENJAMIN G. SMITH. O. B. HADWEN. SAMUEL HARTWELL.

CHARLES F, CURTIS. WARREN FENNO. J. ^VILLARD HILL.

Plants and Flo'wers.

JOSEPH H. WOODFORD, Chairman.

FREDERICK L. HARRIS. ARTHUR H. FEWKES. JOHN H. MOORE.

MICHAEL H NORTON. WILLIAM J. STEWART. E. H. HITCHINGS.

Vegetables.
CHARLES N. BRACKETT, Chairman.
WARREN HEUSTIS. P. G. HANSON. JOHN C. HOVEY.

CEPHAS H. BRACKETT. VARNUM FROST. CHARLES A. LEARNED.

Committee of ArranErements.
PATRICK NORTON. Chairman.
CHAIRMEN OF COMMITTEES ON FRUITS, PLANTS AND FLOWERS, VEGE-
TABLES, AND GARDENS, EX OFFICIIS;
EGBERT FARQUHAR. WILLIAM J. STEWART.

MEMBERS FOR LIFE.

Members of the Society and all other persons who may know of deaths,
changes in residence, or other circumstances shoiving that the following list
is inaccurate in any particular, will confer a favor by promptly communicat-
ing to the Secretary the needed corrections.

Information, or any clew to it, is especially desired in regard to members
whose names are marked thus f.

Adams, Luther, Brighton.

Albro, Charles, Taunton. .

Alger, R. F., Becket.

Allan, David, Mount Auburn.

Ames, Frank M., Canton.

Ames, Frederick L., North Easton.

Ames, George, Boston.

Ames, Oliver, Boston.

Ames, Preston Adams, South Hing-

ham.
Amory, Charles, Boston.
Amory, Frederick, Boston.
Anderson, Alexander, West Hingham.
Andrews, Charles L., Milton.
Andrews, Frank AV., Washington,

D. C.
Andres, Milton, San Francisco, Cal.
Appleton, Edward, Reading.
Appleton, Francis H., Peabody.
Appleton, William S., Boston.
Augur, P. M., Middlefield, Conn.
Avery, Edward, Boston.
Ayling, Isaac, M. D., Waltham.

Bailey, Edwin C, West Stowe, Vt.
Bancroft, John C, Boston.
Banfield, Francis L., M. D., Worces-
ter.
Barber, J. Wesley, Newton.
Barnard, James M., Maiden.
Barnard, Robert M., Everett.
Barnard, Samuel, Belmont.
Barnes, Walter S., Somerville.

Barnes, William H., Boston.
fBarney, Levi C, Boston.
Barratt, James, East Pasadena, Cal.
Barrett, Edwin S., Concord.
Bartlett, Edmund, Newburyport.
Bates, Amos, Hingham.
Bates, Caleb, Kingston.
Beal, Alexander, Dorchester.
Beal, Leander, Boston.
Beckford, Daniel R. , Jr., Dedham.
fBell, Joseph H., Quincy.
Berry, James, Brookline.
Bickford, Weare D., Newtonville.
Birchard, Charles, Framingham.
Black, James W., Cambridge.
Blake, Arthur W., Brookline.
Blakemore, John E., Roslindale.
Blanchard, John W., Dorchester.
Blaney, Henry, Salem,
Blinn, Richard D., Chicago, 111.
Bliss, William, Springtield.
Bocher, Prof. Ferdinand, Cambridge.
Bockus, Charles E., Dorchester.
Bond, George W., Jamaica Plain.
Borland, John N., M. D., New Lon-
don, Conn.
Botume, John, Wyoming.
Bouve, Thomas T., Boston.
Bowditch, Azell C, Somerville.
Bowditch, Charles P., Jamaica Plain.
Bowditch, William E., Roxbury.
Bowker, William H., Boston.
Brackett, Cephas H., Brighton.

314

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Brackett, Charles N., Newton.
Bradish, Levi J., Boston.
Bresee, Albert, Hubbardton, Vt.
Brewer, Francis W., Hingham.
Brewer, John Reed, Boston.
fBrighani, William T., Boston.
Brimmer, Martin, Boston.
Brintnall, Benjamin, Charlestown.
Brooks, Francis, West Medford.
Brooks, J. Henry, Milton.
Brown, Alfred S., Jamaica Plain.
Brown, Charles E., Yarmouth, N. S.
Brown, Edward J., Weston.
Brown, George Barnard, Boston.
Brown, George Bruce, Framingham.
Brown, Jacob, Woburn.
Brownell, E. S., Essex Junction, Vt.
Bruce, Nathaniel F., Billerica.
Ballard, John R., Dedham.
BuUard, William S., Boston.
Burnett, Joseph, Southborough.
Burnham, Thomas O. H. P., Boston.
Burr, Fearing, Hingham.
Burr, Matthew H., Hingham
Buswell, Edwin W., Brooklyn, N. Y.
Buswell, Frank E., Brooklyn, N. Y.
fButler, Aaron, Wakefield.
Butler, Edward K., Jamaica Plain.
Butterfield, William P., East Lex-
ington.

Cabot, Edward C, Brookline.

Cadness, John, Flushing, N. Y.

Cains, William, South Boston.

Calder, Augustus P., Boston.

Capen, John, Boston.

Carlton, Samuel A., Boston.

Carruth, Charles, Boston.

Carter, Miss Sabra, Wilmington.

Cartwright, George, Dedham.

Chadbourne, Marshall W., Water-
town.

Chamberlain, Chauncey W., Boston.

Chapin, Nathaniel G., Brookline.

Chapman, Edward, South Framing-
ham.

Chase, Andrew J., Lynn.

Chase, Daniel E., Somerville.

Chase, George B., Boston.
Chase, Hezekiah S., Boston.
Chase, William M., Baltimore, Md.
Cheney, Benjamin P., Boston.
Child, Francis J., Cambridge.
Child, William C, Medford.
Childs, Francis, Charlestown.
Childs, Nathaniel R., Boston.
Choate, Charles F., Cambridge.
Claflin, William, Ncwtonville.
Clapp, Edward B., Dorchester.
Clapp, James H., Dorchester.
Clapp, William C, Dorchester.
Clark, Benjamin C., Boston.
Clark, Orus, Boston.
Clarke, Miss Cora H., Jamaica Plain.
Clay, Henry, Dorchester.
Cleary, Lawrence, West Roxbury.
Clement, Asa, Dracut.
Cleveland, Ira, Dedham.
Cobb, Albert A., Brookline.
Coburn, Isaac E., Everett.
Codman, Henry Sargent, Brookline.
Codman, James M., Brookline.
Codman, Ogden, Lincoln.
Coffin, G. Winthrop, West Roxbury.
Coffin, William E., Dorchester.
Collamore, Miss Helen, Boston.
Converse, Elisha S., Maiden.
Converse, Parker L., Woburn.
Coolidge, Joshua, Mount Auburn.
Copeland, Franklin, West Dedham.
Cowing, Walter H., West Roxbury.
Coy, Samuel I., Boston.
Crosby, George E., West Medford.
Crowell, Randall H., Chelsea.
Crowninshield, Benjamin W., Boston.
Cummings, John, Woburn.
Curtis, Charles F., Jamaica Plain.
Curtis, George S., Jamaica Plain.
Cushing, Robert M., Boston.

fDaggett, Henry C, Boston.
Damon, Samuel G., Arlington.
Dana, Charles B., Wellesley.
Darling, Charles K., Boston.
Davenport, Edward, Dorchester.
Davenport, George E., Medford.

MEMBERS FOR LIFE.

315

Davenport, Henry, Boston.
Dawson, Jackson, Jamaica Plain.
Day, William F., Roxbury.
Dee, Thomas W., Mount Auburn.
Denny, Clarence H., Boston.
Denton, Eben, Dorchester.
Dewson, Francis A., Newtonville.
Dexter, F. Gordon, Boston.
Dickerman, George H., Somerville.
Dike, Charles C, Stoneham.
Dorr, George, Dorchester.
Dove, George W. W., Andover.
Durant, AVilliam, Boston.
Durfee, Mrs. Fidelia B., Fall River.
Durfee, George B., Fall River.
Dutcher, F. J., Hopedale.

Eaton, Horace, Quincy.
tEldridge, E. H., Roxbury.
Ellicott, Joseph P., Boston.
Elliott, Mrs. John W., Boston.
Elliott, William H., Brighton.
Endicott, William E., Canton.
Eustis, William C, Hyde Park.
Everett, William, Dorchester.

Fairchild, Charles, Boston.

Falconer, William, Glencove, N. Y.

Farlow, John S., Newton.

Farlow, Lewis H., Newton.

Farquhar, Robert, Boston.

t Faxon, John, Quincy.

Fenno, J. Brooks, Boston.

Fewkes, Arthur H., Newton High-
lands.

Fisher, David, Montvale.

Fisher, James, Roxbury.

Fisher, Warren, Boston.

Flagg, Augustus, Boston.

Fleming, Edwin, West Newton.

Fletcher, George V., Belmont.

Fletcher, John W., Chelsea.

Fletcher, J. Henry, Belmont.

Flint, David B., Watertowu.

Flynt, William N., Monson.

Forster, Edward J., M. D., Charles-
town.

Foster, Francis C, Cambridge.

Fottler, John, Jr., Dorchester.
Fowle, George W., Jamaica Plain.
Fowle, William B., Auburndale.
French, Jonathan, Boston.
French, J. D. Williams, Boston.

Galloupe, Charles W., Swampscott.
Galvin, John, West Roxbury.
Gardner, Henry N., Mount Auburn.
Gardner, John L., Brookline.
Gibbs, Wolcott, M.D., Newport, R. I.
Gill, George B., Medford.
Gillard, William, Atlantic.
Gilmore, E. W., North Easton.
Gilson, F. Howard, Reading.
Glover, Albert, Boston.
Glover, Joseph B., Boston.
Goddard, A. Warren, Brookline.
Goddard, Mrs. Mary T., Newton.
Goodell, L. W., Dwight.
Gorham, James L., Jamaica Plain.
fGould, Samuel, Boston.
Gray, James, Wellesley.
Gregory, James J. H., Marblehead.
Greig, George, Toronto, Ontario.
Grey, Benjamin, Maiden.
Grundel, Hermann, Dorchester.
Guild, J. Anson, Brookline.

Hadwen, Obadiah B., Worcester.
Hall, Edwin A., Cambridgeport.
Hall, George A., Chelsea.
Hall, George R., Fort George, Fla.
Hall, John R., Roxbury.
Hall, Lewis, Cambridge.
Hall, Stephen A., Revere.
Hall, William F., Brookline.
Halliday, William H., South Boston.
Hammond, Gardiner G., New Lon-
don, Conn.
Hammond, George W., Boston.
Hammond, Samuel, Boston.
Hanson, P. G., Woburn.
Harding, Charles L., Cambridge.
Harding, George W., Arlington.
Harding, Lewis B., Stamford, Ct.
Hardy, F. D., Jr., Cambridgeport.
Harrington, Nathan D., Somerville.

316

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Harris, Charles, Cambridge.

Harris, Thaddeus William, A. M.,
Cambridge.

Hart, William T. , Boston.

Hastings, Levi W., Brookline.

Hathaway, Seth W., Marblehead.

Hayes, Daniel F., Exeter, N. H.

Hayes, Mrs Francis B., Senior, Lex-
ington.

Hayes, Francis B., Lexington.

jHazeltine, Hazen, Boston.

Hemen-way, Augustus, Canton.

Henshaw, Joseph P. B., Boston.

Heyxrood, George, Concord.

Hilbourn, A. J., Boston.

Hill, George, Arlington.

Hill, John, Stoneham.

Hitchings, E. H., Maiden.

Hittinger, Jacob, Belmont.

Hoar, Samuel, Concord.

Hodgkins, John E., Boston.

fHollis, George W., Grantville.

Hollis, John W., Allston.

Holt, Mrs. Stephen A., Winchester.

Hooper, Thomas, Bridgewater.

Horner, Mrs. Charlotte N.S., George-
town.

Horsford, Miss Kate, Cambridge.

Hovey, Charles H., East Pasadena,
Cal.

Hovey, John C, Cambridgeport.

Hovey, Stillman S., Woburn.

Hubbard, Charles T., Weston.

Hubbard, Gardner G., Cambridge.

Hubbard, James C, Everett.

Humphrey, George W., Dedham.

Hunnewell, Arthur, Wellesley.

Hunnewell, H. Holhs, Wellesley.

Hunnewell, Walter, Wellesley.

Hunt, Franklin, Boston.

Hunt, WilUam H., Concord.

Hyde, James F. C, Newton High-
lands.

Jackson, Charles L., Cambridge.
Jackson, Robert T., Dorchester.
Janvrin, William S., Revere.

Jeffries, John, Boston.
Jenks, Charles W., Boston.
Johnson, J. Frank, Boston.
Jose, Edwin H., Cambridgeport..
Joyce, Mrs. E. S., Medford.

Kakas, Edward, West Medford.
Kelly, George B., Jamaica Plain.
fKendall, D. S., Woodstock. Ont.
Kendall, Edward, Cambridgeport.
Kendall, Joseph R., San Francisco..

Cal.
Kendrick, Mrs. H. P., Allston.
Kennard, Charles W., Boston.
Kennedy, George G. , M. D., Milton.
Kent, John, Charlestown.
tKeyes, E. W., Denver, Col.
Keyes, George, Concord.
Eadder, Charles A., Boston.
Kidder, Nathaniel T., Milton.
fKimball, A. P., Boston.
King, Franklin, Dorchester.
Kingman, Abner A. , Brookline.
Kingman, C. D., Middleborough.
Kinney, John M., East Wareham.

Lancaster, Charles B., Newton.
Lane, John, East Bridgewater.
Lawrence, James, Groton.
Lawrence, John, Boston.
Learned, Charles A., Arlington.
Lee, Charles J., Dorchester.
Lee, Henry, Boston.
Leeson, Joseph R., Ne^vton Centre^
Lemme, Frederick, Arlington.
Leuchars, Robert B., Boston.
Lewis, A. S., Framingham.
Lewis, William G., Framingham.
Lincoln, George, Hingham.
Lincoln, Col. Solomon, Boston.
Little, James L., Jr., Brookline.
Locke, William H., Belmont.
Lockwood, Rhodes, Boston.
Loftus, John P., North Easton.
Lord, George C, Ne^rton.
Loring, Caleb W., Beverly Farms.
Loring, George B., Salem.
Lovett, George L. , West Newton.

MEMBERS FOR LIFE.

317

i-Lowder, John, Watertown.
Lowell, Augustus, Boston.
Luke, Elijah H., Cambridgeport.
Lumb, William, Boston.
Lunt, Charles H. , Jamaica Plain.
Lyman, Theodore, Brookline.
Lyon, Henry, Charlestown.

tMahony, John, Boston.
Mann, James F., Ipswich.
Mann, Jonathan, Milton.
Manning, Jacob W., Heading.
Manning, Mrs. Lydia B., Reading.
Manning, Eobert, Salem.
Manning, Warren H., Reading.
Marshall, Frederick F., Chelsea.
Martin, John S., Roxbury.
Matthews, Nathan, Boston.
McCarty, Timothy, Providence, R. I.
McClure, John, Revere.
McWilliam, George, Whitinsville.
Melvin, James C, West Newton.
Merriam, Herbert, Weston.
Merriam, M. H., Lexington.
Merrifield, William T., Worcester.
Merrill, Hon. Moody, Roxbury.
Metivier. James, Cambridge.
fMilmore, Mrs. Joseph, Boston.
Minton, James, Boston.
Moore, John H., Concord.
Morrill, Joseph, Jr., Roxbury.
tMorse, Samuel F. , Boston.
Morse, William A., Natick.
Motley, Thomas, Jamaica Plain.
Mudge, George A., Portsmouth, N.H.
Monroe, Otis, Boston.

Needham, Daniel, Groton.
Nevins, David, Framingham.
Newman, John R., Winchester.
Newton, Rev. William W., Pittsfield.
Nickerson, Albert W., Marion.
Nickerson, George A., Dedham.
Norton, Charles W., AUston.
Nourse, Benjamin F., Boston.

Oakman, Hiram A., North Marsh-
field.
•Osgood, James Ripley, Boston.

Packer, Charles H., Boston.
Page, Thomas, Hinsdale, 111.
Paige, Clifton H., Boston.
Palmer, Julius A., Jr., Boston.
Parker, Augustus, Roxbury.
Parkman, Francis, Jamaica Plain.
tPartridge, Henry, Dunkirk, N. Y.
Partridge, Horace, North Cambridge.
Paul, Alfred W., Dighton.
Peabody, John E., Salem.
Peabody, Col. Oliver W., Milton.
Pearce, John, West Roxbury.
Peck, Lucius T., Dorchester.
Peck, O. H., Denver, Col.
Peck, William G. , Arlington.
Peirce, Silas, Boston.
Penniman, A. P., Waltham.
Perkins, Augustus T. , Boston.
Perkins, Edward N., Jamaica Plain.
Perkins, William P., Wayland.
fPerry, George W., Maiden.
Philbrick, William D., Newton Centre.
Pierce, Dean, Brookline.
Pierce, Henry L., Boston.
Pierce, Samuel B., Dorchester.
Plumer, Miss Mary N., Salem.
Poor, John R., Boston.
Porter, Herbert, Maiden.
Potter, Joseph S., Arlington.
Prang, Louis, Roxbury.
Pratt, Laban, Dorchester.
Pratt, Lucius G., West Newton.
Pratt, Robert M., Boston.
Pratt, William, Winchester.
Pray, Mark W., Boston.
fPrescott, Eben C, Boston.
fPrescott, William G., Boston.
Prescott, William G., Quincy.
Pringle, Cyrus G., Charlotte, Vt.
Proctor, Thomas P., Jamaica Plain.
Prouty, Gardner, Littleton.
Putnam, Joshua H., Brookline.

Quinby, Hosea M., M.D., Worcester.

Rand, Miss Elizabeth L., Newton

Highlands.
Rand, Harry S., North Cambridge,
Rand, Oliver J., Cambridgeport.

318

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

Rawson, Warren W., Arlington.

Ray, James F., Franklin.

Ray, James P., Franklin.

Ray, Joseph G., Franklin.

Reed, George W., Boston.

Rice, George C, Worcester.

Richards, John J., Boston.

Richardson, Charles E., Cambridge-
port.

Rinn, J. Ph., Boston.

Ripley, Charles, Dorchester.

Robbins, I. Gilbert, Wakciield.

Robeson, William R., Boston.

Robinson, John, Salem.

Robinson, Joseph B., Allston.

Ross, Henry, Newtonville.

Ross, M. Denman, Forest Hills.

Ross, Waldo 0., Boston.

Ruddick, William H., M. D., South
Boston.

Russell, George, Woburn.

Russell, John E., Leicester.

Russell, Walter, Arlington.

Sampson, George R., London, Eng-
land.
Sanford, Oliver S., Hyde Park.
Sargent, Charles S., Brookline.
Sargent, John O., Lenox.
Saville, Richard L. , Brookline.
Sawtelle, Eli A., Boston.
Sawyer, Timothy T., Charlestown.
tScott, Charles, Newton.
Scudder, Charles W., Brookline.
Sears, J. Montgomery, Boston.
Seaver, Nathaniel, East Boston.
Shaw, Christopher C, Milford, N. H.
Shimmin, Charles F., Boston.
Shorey, John L., Lynn.
Skinner, Francis, Boston.
Smith, Benjamin G., Cambridge.
Smith, Calvin W., Grantville.
Smith, Charles H., Jamaica Plain.
Smith, Charles S., Lincoln.
Smith, Chauncey, Cambridge.
Smith, Edward N., San Francisco.
Smith, George 0., Boston.

Smith, James H. , Needham.

Smith, Thomas Page, Waltham.

Snow, Eben, Cambridge.

Snow, Miss Salome H. , Brunswickj,
Me.

Sparhawk, Edward C, Brighton.

Spaulding, Edward, West Newton.

Speare, Alden, Newton Centre.

Springall, George, Maiden.

Stetson, Nahum, Bridgewater.

Stewart, William J., Winchester.

Stickney, Rufus B., Somerville.

fStimpson, George, New York, N. Y^

Stone, Amos, Everett.

Stone, Charles W., Boston.

Stone, George F., Chestnut Hill.

Stone, Phineas J., Charlestown.

Strong, William C, Newton High-
lands.

Sturgis, Russell, Manchester.

Sturtevant, E. Lewis, M. D., South.
Framingham.

Surette, Louis A., Concord.

Taft, John B., Cambridge.
Tarbell, George G., M. D., Boston.
Taylor, Horace B., Boston.
Temple, Felker L., Somerville.
Thurlow, Thomas C.West Newbury^
Tidd, Marshall M., Woburn.
Tilton, Stephen W., Roxbury.
Todd, John, Hingham.
Tolman, Benjamin, Concord.
fTolman, Miss Harriet S., Boston.
Torrey, Everett, Charlestown.
Tufts, Arthur W., Roxbury.
fTurner, John M., Dorchester.
Turner, Roswell W., Dorchester.
Turner, Royal W. , Randolph.

Underwood, William J., Belmont.

Vinal, Miss Mary L., Somerville.

Wainwright, William L., Braintree*
Wakefield, E. H., Cambridge.

MEMBERS FOR LIFE.

319

Walcott, Henry P., M.D., Cambridge.
Wales, George 0., Braintree.
Walker, Edward C. R., Roxbury.
Walley, Mrs. W. P., Boston.
Walton, Daniel G., Wakefield.
Ward, John, Newton Centre.
Ward, Francis Jackson, Roxbury.
Wardwell, William H., Boston.
Ware, Benjamin P., Clifton.
Warren, George W., Boston.
Washburn, Andrew, Hyde Park.
Waters, Edwin F., Boston.
Waters, George F. , Boston.
Watson, Benjamin M., Jr., Jamaica

Plain.
Watson, Thomas A., East Braintree.
Watts, Isaac, Waverly.
Webber, Aaron D., Boston.
Weld, Christopher Minot, Jamaica

Plain.
Weld, George W., Newport, R. I.
Weld, Moses W., M. D., Boston.
Weld, Richard H., Boston.
Weld, William G., Boston.
West, Mrs Maria L., Neponset.
Weston, Leonard W., Lincoln.
Weston, Seth, Revere.
Wheeler, Frank, Concord.
Wheelwright, A. C, Brookline.

Whipple, John A., Boston.
Whitcomb, William B., Medford.
White, Edward A., Boston.
White, Francis A., Brookline.
White, Joseph H., Brookline.
fWhitely, Edward, Cambridgeport.
Whittle, George W., Westminster, Vt.
tWhytal.ThomasG., NewYork,N.Y.
Wilbur, George B., West Newton.
Wilder, Edward Baker, Dorchester.
Wilder, Henry A., Maiden.
Willard, E. W., Newport, R. I.
Willcutt, Levi L. , West Roxbury.
Williams, Aaron D., Boston.
Williams, Benjamin B., Boston.
Williams, Philander, Taunton.
Willis, George W., Chelsea.
Willis, Joshua C, Roxbury.
Wilson, Col. Henry W., Boston.
Wilson, William Power, Boston.
Woerd, Charles V. , Waltham.
Wood, Charles G., Boston.
Wood, Luke H., Marlborough.
Wood, R. W. , Jamaica Plain.
Wood, William K., West Newton.
Woods, Henry, Boston.
Woodward, Royal, Brookline.
Wright, George C, West Acton.
Wyman, Oliver B., Shrewsbury.

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

Members of the Society and all other persons who may know of deaths,
changes of residence, or other circumstances showing that the following list is
inaccurate in any x>articidar, will confer a favor by promptly communicating
to the Secretary the needed corrections.

Abbot, Samuel L., M. !>., Boston.
Abbott, Allen V., Boston.
Allen, Cbarles L., Floral Park, N. Y.
Andrews, Augustus, Dorchester.
Arnold, Mrs. AnnaE., Newton.
Atkinson, Charles M. , Brookline.
Atkinson, Edward, Brookline.
Atkinson, William B., Newburyport.

Bacon, Augustus, Roxbury.
Badlam, William H., Dorchester.
Bard, James, Dorchester.
Barker, John G., Jamaica Plain.
Benedict, Washington G. , Boston.
Beard, Edward L., Cambridge.
Beer, Carl, Bangor, Maine.
Bigelow, Arthur J., Marlborough.
Bird, John L., Dorchester.
Bliss, Benjamin K. ,East Bridgewater.
Bock, William A., North Cambridge.
BoUes, Matthew, Boston.
Bolles, William P., Roxbury.
Bolton, John B., Somerville.
Bowditch, E. F., Framingham.
Bowditch, James H., Brookline.
Bowker, Albert, East Boston.
Boyden, Clarence F., Taunton.
Breck, Charles H., Brighton.
Breck, Charles H. B., Brighton.
Brooks, George, Brookline.
Brown, David H., West Medford.
Burley, Edward, Beverly.
Butler, Edward, Wellesley.

Carroll, James T., Chelsea
Carter, Miss Maria E., Woburn.

Carter, Mrs. Sarah D. J., Wilmington.
Chaffin, John C, Newton.
Chase, Joseph S., Maiden.
Chase, Leverett M., Roxbury.
Cheney, Amos P., Natick.
Clapp, Henry L., Roxbury.
Clark, Joseph, Manchester.
Clark, Theodore M., Newtonville.
Collins, Frank S., Maiden.
Comley, James, Lexington.
Coolidge, David H., Jr., Boston.
Crafts, William A., Boston.
Crosby, J. Allen, Jamaica Plain.
Curtis, Daniel T., Sharon.
Curtis, Joseph H., Boston.

Davenport, Albert M., Watertown.
Davis, Frederick, Saxonville.
Davis, Frederick S., West Roxbury.
Davis, Thomas M. , Cambridgeport.
De Mar, John A., Brighton.
Dolbear, Mrs. Alice J., College Hill.
Doliber, Thomas, Brookline.
Doran, Enoch E., Brookline.
Doyle, William E., East Cambridge.
Duffley, Daniel, Brookline.

Eaton, Jacob, Cambridgeport.
Endicott, Miss Charlotte M. , Canton.

Faxon, Edwin, Jamaica Plain.
Faxon, Marshall B., Boston.
Felton, Arthur W., West Newton.
Fenno, Warren, Revere.
Fisher, Sewall, Framingham.
Forbes, William H., Jamaica Plain.

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

321

Eoster, Joshua T., Medford.
Frohock, Roscoe R,, Maiden.
Frost, Artemas, Belmont.
Frost, George, West Newton.
Frost, Stiles, Newtonville.
Frost, Varnum, Belmont.
Frost, "Warren S., Belmont.
Fuller, T. Otis, Needham.

Gibbon, Mrs. James A., Brookline.
Gilbert, Samuel, Boston.
Gill, Mrs. E. M., Medford.
Gleason, Herbert, Maiden.
Goddard, Thomas, Boston.
Gould, William P. , Boston.
Grant, Charles E., Concord.
Grover, William O., Boston.
Guerineau, Louis, Cambridge.

Hall, Charles H., M. D., Cambridge-
port.
Hall, Stacy, Boston.
Hall, William T., Revere.
Hamlin, Delwin A., Allston.
Hammond, Clement M., Hyde Park.
Hanks, Mrs. C. Stedman, Boston.
Hargraves,William J., Jamaica Plain.
Harris, Miss Ellen M. , Jamaica Plain.
Harris, Frederick L., South Natick.
Hartwell, Samuel, Lincoln.
Harwood, George S., Newton.
Hersey, Alfred H., Hingham.
Hersey, Edmund, Hingham.
Heustis, Warren, Belmont.
Hews, Albert H., North Cambridge.
Hill, Benjamin D., Peabody.
Hill, Edwin S., Clarendon Hills.
Hill, J. Willard, Belmont.
Hobbs, George M., Boston.
Hollis, George, South Weymouth.
Houghton, George S., Auburndale.
Hunt, Henry C, Newton.
Huston, MissKatharineW., Roxbury.

Jameson. G. W., East Lexington.
Jordan, Hon. Jediah P., Roxbury.
Judkins, Rev. B., West Dedham.

12

Kendall, Jonas, Framingham.
Kenrick, Miss Anna C, Newton.
Kidder, Francis H., Medford.

Lamprell, Simon, Marblehead.
Lancaster, Mrs. E. M., Roxbury.
Lang, John H. B., Boston.
Langmaid, Mrs. Mary, Somerville.
Lawrence, Henry S., Roxbury.
Lawrence, Sidney, East Lexington.
Lee, Francis H., Salem.
Lombard, Richard T., Jamaica Plain.
Loring, Charles G., Boston.
Loring, John A., North Andover.
Lothrop, David W., West Medford.
Lothrop, Thornton K., Boston.
Loud, Mrs. Mary E., Chelsea.
Lougee, Miss Susan C, Chelsea.
Low, Aaron, Essex.
Lowell, John, Newton.

Manda, W. A., Short Hills, N. J.
Manning, J. Woodward, Reading.
Markoe, George F. H., Roxbury.
Martin, William J., Milton.
Maxwell, Charles E., Boston.
May, F. W. G., Boston.
McDermott, Andrew, Roxbury.
Mcintosh, Aaron S., Roxbury.
McLaren, Anthony, Forest Hills.
McMillan, Robert, Pearl River, N. Y.
Meriam, Horatio C, D.M.D., Salem.
Meston, Alexander, Andover.
Morandi, Francis W., Maiden.
Muzzey, Rev. Artemas B., Cambridge.

Nightingale, Rev. Crawford, Dor-
chester.
Norton, Michael H., Boston.
Norton, Patrick, Boston.

Olmsted, Frederick Law, Brookline.

Park, William D., Boston.
Parker, George A., Halifax.
Parker, John, Medford.
Payson, Samuel R., Boston.

122

MASSACHTSETTS HORXICULTtTKAL SOCIETY.

Peirce, Greorge H., Concord.
Pteirce, Herbert H. D. , Cambridge.
P&tremant, Boben:. Dorchester.
Rtcher, James R., Short Hills. X. J.
Plimpton. Willard P., Wei«t Xewton.
Power, Charles J., South Framing-
ham.
Prichard, Joseph V., Boston.
Pnr£e, George A. , Wellesley Hills.
PHkasB, diaries A. , Salem.

R>Twl»n, Macej, Sharon.
J&A, WfBSxm £. C, Boxbnry.
Blei^ WiDiara P., Chelsea.
Bjefauds, Joim S., Barool^fine.
I&AudB, Mrs. P. D., West Medford.
BiAudBOB, Horace, ii. D., Bostaao.
BoUiBS, OBt&t B., Weston.
BoiLMMOB, WiUiam, Forth Eutm.
Bogexa, SanndC. B. , Jamaica PlaiD.
Boss, Claries W., Newtonville.

Safford, Nathaniel F., iVIilton.

Saonders, Miss ilary T., Salem.

Sawtell. J. >L, Fitchburg.

Schmitt, Georg A., Boston.

Scott, Angnstus E., Lexington.

Scott, John W.. Ifahant.

Scndder. Samuel H., Cambridge.

Sealer. Edwin P.. LL. D., Newton
Highlands.

Sharpies, Stephen P., Cambridge.

Shattuck, Frederick R., Boibury.

Shedd, Abraham B., WaMiam.

Shepparii, Edwin, LowelL

Snow, Eugene A. , Melrose.

Snow, Francis B., Doreitester.

Southworth, Edward, Qbib^.

Spencer. Aaron "W., Boston.

Spooner, vv iT1ia.Tn H., Jamaica FlaiBL

Sq^uire. Miss Esther A. , North Cam-
bridge.

Squire, John P. , Arlington-
Steams, Mrs. Charles A., East
Watertown.

Steams, Charles H., Brookline.

Stone, Samuel G., Charlestown.

Storer, Charles, Natick.
Story, Miss Sarah W., Brighton.
Strahan, Thomas. Chelsea.
Stults, John V. N., Roibury.
Swan. Charles W.. M. D.. Boston.

Tailhv, Joseph. WellesleT.

Talbot. Josiah W. . Norwood.

Teel. William H., West Acton.

Terry, Rev. Calvin. North Wey-
mouth.

Tobey, S. Edwin, Boston.

Torrey, Bradford, Boston.

Tousey, Prof. William G., College
Hill.

Turner, Nathaniel W., Boston.

Vaughan, J. C, Chicago,^nL

Walker, Joseph T., Watertown. N.T-
Walker, William P., Somerrille.
Way, John M., Roibury.
Welch, Patiiek, Dorchester.
Weffin^ton, Miaa Caroline, Easi

LexingfecHi.
Wells, B^amin T., Newttm.
Weston, Mrs. L. P., Dangers .
Wheatland. Henry, M. D., Salem.
Wheeler. James. BrooMine-
White, George A., Roibury.
Whitney, Joel. Winchester.
Whiton, Starkes. Hingham Centre.
Whittier, Hon. Charles, Roibury.
Wifanarth. Henry D., Jamaica Plain.
Wil9<Ht, B. Osgood, Watertown.
Wilson. George W., Maiden.
Winter, William C, Mansfield.
Wolcott. Mrs. Henrietta L. T., Ded-

ham.
Wood, Mrs. Anna D. , West Newton.
Woo.i, E. W., West Newton.
Woo<iford. Joseph H., Newton.
Worthington, Roland, Roibury.

Toang, E. Bentley, Boston.

Smgiebel, Denys, Needham.

EXTRACTS FROM THE CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS. 323

EXTRACTS FROM THE CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS.

SECTION XXVI. — Life Members.

The payment of thirty dollars shall constitute a Life Membership, and
exempt the member from all future assessments ; and any member having
once paid an admission fee may become a Life Member by the payment of
twenty dollars in addition thereto.

SECTION XXVII. — Admissiox Fee and Annual Assessment.

Every subscription member, before he receives his diploma, or exercises
the privileges of a member, shall pay the sum of ten dollars as an admission
fee, and shall be subject afterwards to an annual assessment of two dollars.

SECTION XXIX. — Discontinuance of Membership.

Any member who shall neglect for the space of two years to pay his annual
assessment shall cease to be a member of the Society, and the Treasurer
shall erase his name from the List of Members. Any member may withdra^r
from the Society, on giving notice to the Treasurer and paying the amount
due from him to the Society.

The attention of Annual Members is particularly called to Section XXIX.

HONORARY MEMBERS.

M wilii 1 1 mmd tm i tapuuJentt of &e Soeietg amd aU other persons trko may
kmow of demAs, duatffes of fien^awe, or a/ker eiremmuiaaces AowiȤ Hust
&t fMowimg list is inaecmroOe im mmg pmrtieulmr, wUt tomfar « famor hf
fromfttif CBWwiiwritfwy to fh* SecrelmrjfAe needed tomrHtmt.

b^mrauBtiam, or mmy elew io ii, is especisMy desired in regard to Joee]A
MaxveD, eUxled in 1830^ and G«<H>ge W. Smitli, deiied in 1651. Tke names
of Aase Aaa— io ie deceased are marked wi& a star.

•Bksjakdt Abbott, IX. D., Exeter. X. H.

•JoKS AsBOTT. Brmigwi^ Me.

*HoK- Jobs Qracr Anxsts. UL. D.. la:-? Presiieni of the United States,

QnincT.
"•Pbofkssob I»ns A'Sas^iz. Cambriig-e.

*WiLij_ot T. AiToy. laxe Caraior of the Boral Gardens, Ke^r. England.
*Thoil*.s AixEjr. laie President of the St. Louis HomcuhTtral Society,

St. Lonis. Mo., and Prrtsfieli. MaǤ.
*Ho5. Sajtcxl Applttos. Boston.
♦Hoy. Jajtes ARyoLX". ^ew" Bedford,
•Bdwajld XATHAynx Baxceoft, M. D., late President of the Horticultural

and Agricnlmral Societr of Jamaica.
•Hoy. Phuip p. BAKBorE, Virginia.
*Dov AxeEx. Cajldesok se ll Babca, late Spanish Minister at Wash-

'•Bobkkt Babiouit. Baiy Hill, Dorking. STurer. Engiand.

•Jambs BEKEStaar, Sew York.

■•L'Aebe Besi£SE, Paris.

^}sicHOLA> 'Bntmjt, PUlade^pfaia.

•!>£. Jacob Bigei>o^. BoBton.

*Mbs. LrcT BioEixjw, Medfnd.

*Le Cbetaliek SorLAXGE BoDDf. laie Seeg^taire General de la Societfi

d"HortictQtnre de Paris.
Hos. George S. BorrwEii. Groton.
*Joeiah Bbai>i.ee. Boston.
•Hojr. Geobge X. BBi">Gg. Pittffield.
•HoK. Jajces BzcejlSas, late President of the United States, Lancaater,

Penn.
•Hos. Jebse Buex. late President of the Albany Horticoltoral Society,

Albany, X. Y.
'HoK. EoirrKS Bussx. late ConuadaBono' of Patents, Washington, D. C.

HONORARY MEMBERS. 325

*AuGU8TiN Pteamus de Candolle, Geneva, Switzerland.

*HoN. Horace Capron, late U. S. Commissioner of Agriculture, Wash-
ington, D. C.

♦Commodore Isaac Chauncet, U. S. Navy, Brooklyn, N. Y.

*Waed Chipman, late Chief Justice of New Brunswick, St. John.

*Lewis Clapier, Philadelphia.

*HoN. Henrt Clay, Lexington, Ky.
H. W. S. Clevblakd, Minneapolis, Minn.

♦Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin, Bart., England.

*Zacched8 Collins, late President of the Pennsylvania Horticultural
Society, Philadelphia.

*Ro8WELL L. Colt, Paterson, N. J.

♦Caleb Cope, Ex-President of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society,
Philadelphia.

♦William Coxe, Burlington, N. J.

♦John P. Cushing, Watertown.

♦Charles W. Dabnet, late U. S. Consul, Payal, Azores.

♦Hon John Davis, LL. D., Boston.

♦Sir Humphry Davy, London.

♦Gen. Henry Alexander Scammel Dearborn, Roxbury.

♦James Dickson, late Vice-President of the Horticultural Society of
London.

♦Mrs. Dorothy Dix, Boston.

♦Capt. Jesse D. Elliot, U. S. Navy.

♦Hon. Stephen Elliot, LL. D., Charleston, S. C.

♦Hon. Henry L. Ellsworth, late Commissioner of Patents, Washing'
ton, D. C.

♦Alltn Charles Evanson, late Secretary of the King's County Agricul-
tural Society, St. John, N. B.

♦Hon. Edward Everett, LL. D., Boston.

♦Hon. Horace Everett, Vermont.

*F. Faldermann, late Curator of the Imperial Botanic Garden, St. Peters-
burg.

♦Hon. Millard Fillmore, late President of the United States, Buffalo, N.Y.

♦Dr. F. E. Fischer, late Professor of Botany at the Imperial Botanic
Garden, St. Petersburg, Russia.

♦Hon. Theodore Frelinghuysen, late President of the American Agri-
cultural Society, New Brunswick, New Jersey.

♦Joseph Gales, Jr., late Vice-President of the Horticultural Society,.
Washington, D. C.

♦George Gibbs, New York.

♦Stephen Girard, Philadelphia.

♦Hon. Robert T. Goldsborough, Talbot County, Maryland.

♦Ephraim Goodale, South Orrington, Maine.

♦Mrs. Rebecca Gore, Waltham.

♦Hon. John Geeig, late President of the Domestic Horticultural Society
Canandaigua, N. Y.

826 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

*Mrs. Makt Griffith, Charlieshope, N. J.

*Gbn. William Henry Harrison, late President of the United States,

North Bend, Ohio.
*S. P. HiLDRETH, M. D., Marietta, Ohio.

*Thomas Hopkirk, late President of the Glasgow Horticultural Society.
*David Ho sack, M. D., late President of the New York Horticultural

Society.
*Lewi8 Hunt, Huntsburg, Ohio.
*JosEPH R. Ingersoll, late President of the Pennsylvania Horticultural

Society, Philadelphia.
*Gen. Andrew Jacfson, late President of the United States, Nashville,

Tenn.
♦Mrs. Martha Johonnot, Salem.

*Jared Potter Kirtland, M. D., LL.D., East Bockport, Ohio.
♦Thomas Andrew Knight, late President of the Horticultural Society of

London.
*Gen. La Fayette, La Grange, France.
*Le Comte de Lasteyrie, late Vice-President of the Horticultural Society

of Paris.
Major L. A. Huguet-Latour, M. P., Montreal, Canada.
♦Baron Justus Liebig, Giessen, Germany.
♦Professor John Lindley, late Secretary of the Horticultural Society of

London.
•Franklin Litchfield, late U. S. Consul at Puerto Cabello, Venezuela.
♦Joshua Longstreth, Philadelphia.
♦Nicholas Longworth, Cincinnati, Ohio.

♦Jacob Lorillard, late President of the New York Horticultural Society.
♦John Claudius Loudon, London.
♦Hon. John A. Lowell, Boston.
♦Baron Charles Ferdinand Henry Von Ludwig, late Vice-President of

the South African Literary and Scientific Institution, Cape Town,

Cape of Good Hope.
♦Hon. Theodore Lyman, Brookline.
Col. Theodore Ljtman, Brookline.
♦Hon. James Madison, late President of the United States, Montpelier, Va.
♦Mrs. Charlotte Maryatt, Wimbledon, near London.
Joseph Maxwell, Rio Janeiro.

♦D. Smith McCauley, late U. S. Consul-General at Tripoli, Philadelphia.
♦Hon. Isaac McKim, late President of the Horticultural Society of Mary-
land, Baltimore.
Rev. James H. Means, Dorchester, Mass.
♦James Mease, M. D., Philadelphia.
♦Lewis John Mentens, Brussels, Belgium.
♦Hon. Charles F. Mercer, Virginia.
♦Francois Andre Michaux, Paris.

Donald G. Mitchell, New Haven, Conn.
♦Samuel L. IMitchill, M. D., LL.D., New York.

HONORARY MEMBERS. 327

*HoN. James Monroe, late President of the United States, Oak Hill, Va.

*Alfred S. Monson, M. D., late President of the New Haven Horticultural
Society, New Haven, Conn.

*HoN. A. N. MoRiN, Montreal, Canada.

*Theodore Mosselmann, Antwerp, Belgium.
Baron R. Von Osten Sacken, Heidelberg, German}',

*Baron Ottenfels, late Austrian Minister to the Ottoman Porte.

*JoHN Palmer, Calcutta.

*Hon. Joel Parker, LL. D., Cambridge.
Samuel B. Parsons, Flushing, N. Y.

*HoN. Thomas H. Perkins, Brookline.

*Antoine Poiteau, late Professor in the Institut Horticole de Fromont.

*HoN. James K. Polk, late President of the United States, Nashville,
Tenn.

*JoHN Hare Powel, Powelton; Pa.

*Henrt Pratt, Philadelphia.

*WiLLiAM Prince, Flushing, N. Y.

*11ev. George Putnam, D. D., Roxbury.

*CoL. Joel Rathbone, late President of the Albany and Rensselaer Horti-
cultural Society, Albany, N. Y.

^"Archibald John, Earl of Rosebery, late President of the Caledonian Horti-
cultural Society.

*Joseph Sabine, late Secretary of the Horticultural Society of London.

*DoN Ramon de la Sagra, Havana, Cuba.

*Henry Winthrop Sargent, Fishkill, N. Y.

*SiR Walter Scott, Abbotsford, Scotland.

*John Shepherd, late Curator of the Botanic Garden, Liverpool, England.

♦John S. Skinner, late Editor of the American Farmer, Baltimore, Md.
George W. Smith, Boston.

♦Stephen H. Smith, late President of the Rhode Island Horticultural
Society.

*HoN. Charles Sumner, Boston.

*HoN. John Taliaferro, Virginia.

*Gen. James Talmadge, late President of the American Institute, New
York.

*Gen. Zachart Taylor, late President of the United States, Baton
Rouge, La.

♦James Thacher, M. D., Plymouth.
John J. Thomas, Union Springs, N. Y.

♦James W. Thompson, M. D., Wilmington, Del.

♦Grant Thorburn, New York.

♦M. Du Petit Thouars, Paris.

♦Le Vicomte Hericart De Thurt, late President of the Horticultural
Society of Paris.

♦Mons. Tougard, late President of the Horticultural Society of Rouen,
France.

♦Gen. Nathan Towson, late President of the Horticultural Society, Wash-
ington, D. C.

328 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

*HoN. John Tyler, late President of the IJDited States, Williamsburg, Va.

*Kev. Joseph Tyso. Wallingford, Eng.

*HoN. Martin Van Buren, late President of the United States, Kinder-
hook, N. Y.

♦Federal Vanderburg, M. D., New York.

*Jean Baptiste Van Mons, M. D., Brussels, Belgium,

*Gen. Stephen Van Rensselaer, Albany, N. Y.

*JosEPH R. Van Zandt, Albany, N. Y.

*Benjamin Vaughan, M. D., Hallowell, Me.

*Petty Vaughan, London.

*Rev. N. Villenbuve, Montreal, Canada.

♦Pierre Philippe ANi>r.E Vilmorin, Paris.

*James Wadsworth, Geneseo, N. Y.

♦Nathaniel Wallich, M. D., late Curator of the Botanic Garden, Calcutta.

♦Malthds a. Ward, M. D., late Professor in Franklin College, Athens, Ga.

*HoN. Daniel Webster, Marshfield.

♦Hon. John Welles, Boston.

♦Jeremiah Wilkinson, Cumberland, R. I.
Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, Boston,

♦Frederick Wolcott, Litchfield, Conn.

♦Ashton Yates, Liverpool, Eng.

♦Lawrence Young, late President of the Kentucky Horticultural Society,
Louisville.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

Members and Correspondents of the Society and all other persons who may
"know of deaths, changes of residence, or other circumstajices showing that
the following list is inaccurate in any particular, mil confer a favor by
promptly reporting to the Secretary the needed corrections.

Information, or any clew to it, is especially desired in regard to Alexander
Burton, elected in 1829, S. Reynolds, M. D., 1832, and Francis Summerest,
1833. The names of those known to be deceased are marked with a star.

*JoHN Adlum, Georgetown, D. C.

*DoN Francisco Aguilar y Leal, late U. S. Vice-Consul at Maldonado,

Banda Oriental del Uruguay.
*MoNS. Alfkoy, Lieusaint, France.

*James T. Allan, late President of the Nebraska State Horticultural
Society, Omaha.

A. B. Allen, New York.
*Rev. Thomas D. Anderson, D. D., South Boston.

ficouARD Andre, Redacteur en chef de la Revue Horticole, Paris, France.
*Thomas Appleton, late U. S. Consul at Leghorn, Italy.
*CoL. Thomas Aspinwall, late U. S. Consul at London, Brookline.

P. M. Augur, State Pomologist, Middlefield, Conn.

Professor L. H. Bailey, Jr., Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.
*IsAAC Cox Barnet, late U. S. Consul at Paris.

Patrick Barry, Ex-First Vice-President of the American Pomological

Society, Rochester, N. Y.
*Augustine Baumann, Bolwiller, Alsace.
*EuGENE AcHiLLE Baumann, Rahway, N. J.
*JosEPH Bernard Baumann, Bolwiller, Alsace.

Napoleon Baumann, Bolwiller, Alsace.

D. W. Beadle, St. Catherine's, Ontario.

Professor William J. Beal, Lansing, Michigan.
*NoEL J. Becar, Brooklyn, N. Y.

♦Edward Beck, Worton College, Isleworth, near London.
*Rev. Henry Ward Beecher, Peekskill, N. Y.
*Louis ^douard Berckmans, Rome, Ga.

Prosper J. Berckmans, Augusta, Ga.

Charles E. Bessey, Ph. D., Industrial College of the University of
Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb.
♦Alexander Bivort, late Secretary of the Societe Van Mons, Fleurus,

Belgium.
*Tripet Le Blanc, Paris.

330 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Dr. Ch. Bolle, Berlin, Prussia.
*Chables D. Bragdon, Pulaski, Oswego Co., N. Y.
*WiLLiAM D. Brixckle, M. D., Philadelphia.

*George Brown, late U. S. Commissioner to the Sandwich Islands, Beverly.
*JoHN W. Brown, Fort Gaines, Ga.
*Dr. Nehemiah Brush, East Florida.

* Arthur Bryant, Sr., late President of the Illinois State Horticultural

Society, Princeton.

Professor J. L. Budd, Secretary of the Iowa Horticultural Society, Ames.
*RoBERT BuiST, Philadelphia.
*Dr. E. W. Bull, Hartford, Conn.

William Bull, Chelsea, England.
*Rev. Robert Burnet, Ex-President of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Asso-
ciation, Milton.

Alexander Burton, United States Consul at Cadiz, Spain, Philadelphia.

IsiDOR Bush, Bushberg, Jefferson Co., Mo.

George W. Campbell, Delaware, Ohio.
*Francis G. Carnes, New York.
*CoL. Robert Carr, Philadelphia.

*Ret. John O. Choules, D. D., Newport. R. I. *

*Ret. Henry Colman, Boston.
*James Colvill, Chelsea, England.

Maxime Cornu, Directeur du Jardin des Plantes, Paris, France.

Benjamin E. Cotting, M. D., Boston.
*Samuel L. Dana, M. D., Lowell.
*J. Decaisne, late Professeur de Culture au Museum d'Histoire Naturelle,

Jardin des Plantes, Paris.
*James Deering, Portland, Me.
*H. F. Dickehut.

*SiR C. Wentworth Dilke, Bart., London.
*HoN. Allen W. Dodge, Hamilton.

Rev. H. Honywood D'Ombrain, Westwell Vicarage, Ashford, Kent,
England.

Robert Douglas, Waukegan, Illinois.
*Andrew Jackson Downing, Newburg, N. Y.

* Charles Downing, Newburg, N. Y.

W. T. Thiselton Dyer, C.M.G., F.R.S., Director of the Royal Botanic

Gardens, Kew, England.
Parker Earle, President of the American Horticultural Society, Cobden,
111.
*F. R. Elliott, late Secretary of the American Pomological Society,
Cleveland, Ohio.
George Ellw anger, Rochester, N. Y.

Henry John Elwes, F.L.S., F.Z.S., Preston Hall, Cirencester, England.
*George B. Emerson, LL. D., Winthrop.
*Ebenezer Emmons, M. D., Williarastown.
*Andrew H. Ernst, Cincinnati, O.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS. 331

•
William G. Faklow, M. D., Professor of Cryptogamic Botany, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Mass.
^Nathaniel Fellows, Cuba.
*Henry J. Finn, Newport, R. I.
*Willakd C. Flagg, late Secretary of the American Pomological Society,

More, 111.
^Michael Floy, late Vice-President of the New York Horticultural Society,

New York City.
*JoHN Fox, AVashington, D. C.
*HoN. Russell Freeman, Sandwich.

Andrew S. Fuller, Ridgewood, N. J.
*Henrt Weld Fuller, Roxbury.
Hon Robert W. Furnas, President of the Nebraska State Horticultural
Society, Brownville.
^AuGUSTiN Gande, late President of the Horticultural Society, Depart-
ment of the Sarthe, France.
*RoBERT H. Gardiner, Gardiner, Me.
^Benjamin Gardner, late U. S. Consul at Palermo, Sicily.
*Capt. James J?. Gerry, U. S. Navy.
Charles Gibb, Corresponding Secretary of the Fruit Growers' Association,
Abbotsford, Quebec.
*Abraham p. Gibson, late U. S. Consul at St. Petersburg.
*R. Glendinning, Chiswick, near London.
Professor George L. Goodale, Cambridge.

Charles A. Goessmann, Ph. J) , Director of the State Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, Amherst, Mass.
♦George W. Gordon, late U. S. Consul at Rio Janeiro, Boston.
♦Professor Asa Gray, Cambridge.
Obadiah B. Hadwen, Ex-President of the Worcester County Horticultural
Society, Worcester.
*Charles Henry Hall, New York.

♦Abraham Halsey, late Corresponding Secretary of the New York Horti-
cultural Society, New York.
♦Dr. Charles C. Hamilton, late President of the Fruit Growers' Associa-
tion and International Show Society of Nova Scotia, Cornwallis.
*Rev. Thaddeus Mason Harris, D. D., Dorchester.
♦Thaddeus William Harris, M. D., Cambridge.
♦John Hay, late Architect of the Caledonian Horticultural Society.
♦Bernard Henry, late U. S. Consul at Gibraltar, Philadelphia.
Dr. F. M. Hexamer, Editor of the American Agriculturist, New Rochelle,

N. Y.
Shirley Hibbebd, Editor of the Gardeners' Magazine, London.
♦J. J. Hitchcock. Baltimore.

Robert Hogg, LL. D., Editor of the Journal of Horticulture, London.
♦Thomas Hogg, New York.
Thomas Hogg, New York.

J. C. Holding, Ex-Treasurer and Secretary of the Cape of Good Hope
Agricultural Society, Cape Town, Africa.

332 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

•

Rev. S. Rkynolds Hole, Rochester, England,

Sir Joseph Hooker, K. C. S. I., The Camp, Sunningdale, England.

JosiAH H00PE8, West Chester, Pa.

Professor E. N. Horsford, Cambridge.

J. Host, Superintendent of the Botanic Garden, Trinidad.
♦Sanford Howard, Chicago, 111.

*Dr. William M. Howslev, late President of the Kansas State Horticul-
tural Society, Leavenworth.
♦Isaac Hcntbr, Baltimore, Md.
*I8AA0 HpRD, Cincinnati, Ohio.

George Husmann, Napa, Cal.
■"Professor Isaac W. Jackson, Union College, Schenectady, N. Y.
*Thomas p. James, Cambridge.
*Edward Jarvis, M. D., Dorchester.

John W. P. Jenks, Middleborough.

William J. Johnson, M. D., Fort Gaines, Ga.

Charles Joly, Vice-President of the Societe d'Horticulture de France^.
Paris.

Dr. George King, Superintendent of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta.

* Samuel Kneeland, M. D., Boston.

*MoN8. Laffat, St. Cloud, near Paris, France.

*David Landreth, late Corresponding Secretary of the Pennsylvania Horti-
cultural Society, Bristol, Pa.
♦Charles C. Langdon, Mobile, Alabama.

Professor William R. Lazenby, Secretary of the Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, Columbus, Ohio.
*Dr. William LeBaron, late State Entomologist, Geneva, 111.

Max Leichtlin, Baden-Baden, Germany.

G. F. B. Leighton, President of the Norfolk Horticultural and Pomologi-
cal Society, Norfolk, Va.

Victor Lemoine, Nancy, France.
*E. S. H. Leonard, M. D., Providence, R. I.
*Andre Leroy, Author of the Dictionnaire de Pomologie, Angers, Frjince..

J. Linden, Ghent, Belgium.
*HoN. George Lunt, Scituate.

T. T. Lyon, President of the Michigan Horticultural Society, Grand Haven.,
*F. W. Macondray, San Francisco, Cal.

Dr. p. MacOwan, Director of the Botanic Garden, Cape Town, Africa.

* James J. Mapes, LL. D., Newark, N. J.

*A. Mas, late President of the Horticultural Society, Bourg-en-Bresse,.
France.

Dr. Maxwell T. Masters, Editor of the Gardeners' Chronicle, London.
*James Maury, late U. S. Consul at Liverpool, England.

George Maw, Benthall, Kinley, Surrey, England.

C. J. de Maximowicz, St. Petersburg, Russia. ,

T. C. Maxwell, Geneva, N. Y.
*WiLLiAM Sharp McLeay, New York.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS. 333

"* James McNab, late Curator of the Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, Scotland.

Thomas Meehan, Germantown, Pa.
'*Allan Melvill, New York.
*JoHN Miller, M. D., late Secretary of the Horticultural and Agricultural

Society of Jamaica.
^Stephen Mills, Flushing, N. Y.

*Charles M'Intosh, Dalkeith Palace, near Edinburgh.

*JosEPH E. Mitchell, late President of the Pennsylvania Horticultural
Society, Philadelphia.

Dr. Charles Mohr, Mobile, Alabama.
*Giuseppe Monarchini, M. D., Canea, Isle of Candia.
^f^DOUARD Morren, Editor of the Belgique Horticole, Liege, Belgium.

D. Morris, F.L.S., Assistant Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew,
England.

Ch. Nacdin, Antibes, France.
*HoRATio Newhall, M. D., Galena, 111.

George Nicholson, Curator of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kevr, England.
*David W. Offley, late U. S. Consular Agent at Smyrna, Turkey.
*James Ombrosi, late U. S. Consul at Florence, Italy.
*John J. PALMfeR, New York.
*ViCTOR Paquet, Paris.

*JoHN W. Parker, late U. S. Consul at Amsterdam, Holland.
^Andre Parmentier, Brooklyn, N. Y.

William Paul, Waltham Cross, London, N.
*SiR Joseph Paxton, M. P., Chatsworth, England.
^JoHN L. Paison, late U. S. Consul at Messina, Sicily.

Professor D. P. Penhallow, Director of the Botanic Garden, Montreal,
Canada.
^CoM. Matthew C. Perry, U. S. Navy, Charlestown.

"♦David Porter, late U. S. Charge d' Affaires at the Ottoman Porte, Con-
stantinople.
'^ Alfred Stratton Prince, Flushing, N. Y.
*WiLLiAM Robert Prince, Flushing, N. Y.

P. T, QciNN, Newark, N. J.
"♦REV. W. F. Radclyffe, London, England.
* William Foster Redding, Baltimore, Md.

D. Redmond, Ocean Springs, Miss.

Dr. Edward Regel, St. Petersburg, Russia.

S. Reynolds, M. D. Schenectady, N. Y.
*JoHN H. Richards, M. D., Illinois.

Dr. T. G. Richardson, University of Louisiana, New Orleans, La.

Charles V. Riley, Entomologist to the U. S. Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D. C.
^MoNS. J. RiNZ, Jr., Frankfort-on-the-Main, Germany.
*Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, Herts, England.

William Robinson, Editor of The Garden, London.
*Bernhard Roeser, M. D., Bamberg, Bavaria.

334 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

*Dr. J. Smith Rogers, Xew York.
*Capt. William S. Rogers, U. S. Navy.
*Thomas Rotch, Philadelphia.
*George R. Russell, Roxbury.

John B. Russell, Indianapolis, Ind.
*Rev. John Lewis Russell, Salem.

William Saunders, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C^
♦William Shaler, late U. S. Consul-General at Havana, Cuba.
*Henrt Shaw, St. Louis, Missouri.
* William Shaw, New York.
*Caleb R. Smith, Burlington, N. J.
*Daniel D. Smith, Burlington, N. J.

♦Gideon B. Smith, late Editor of the American Farmer, Baltimore, Md.
*John Jay Smith, Germantown, Penn.
*HoRATio Sprague, late U. S. Consul at Gibraltar.

Robert W. Starr, Port William, Nova Scotia.

Dr. Joseph Statman, Leavenworth, Kansas.
*Capt. Thomas Holdup Stevens, U. S. Navy, Middletown, Conn.

William A. Stiles, Editor of Garden and Forest, Deckertown, N. J.
♦William Fox Strangewat, late British Secretary of Legation at Naples^
Italy.

Dr. J. Strentzel, Martinez, Cal.
♦Judge E. B. Strong, Rochester, N. Y.
♦James P. Sturgis, Canton, China.

William Summer, Pomaria, S. C.

Francis Summerest.
♦Professor Michele Tenore, late Director of the Botanic Garden at

Naples, Italy.
♦James Englebert Teschemacher, Boston.
♦Robert Thompson, Chiswick, near London.
♦George C. Thorburn, New York.

Professor George Thurber, Editor of the American Agriculturist^
New York.
♦John Tilson, Jr., Edwardsville, Illinois.

♦Cav. Doot. Vincenzo Tineo, late Director of the Botanic Garden at
Palermo.

Dr. Melchior Treub. Director of the Botanic Garden, Buitenzorg, Java.
♦Luther Tucker, late Editor of the Cultivator, Albany, N. Y.
♦Caret Ttso, Wallingford, England.
♦LoLis Van Houtte, Ghent, Belgium.
♦Alexander Vattemare, Paris.

H. J. Veitch, Chelsea, England.

Henry Vilmorin, Secretaire de la Societ6 Nationale d'Agriculture de

France, Paris.
♦Emilien de Wael, late Secretary of the Horticultural Society, Antwerp,

Belgium.
♦John A. Warder, M. D., late President of the Ohio State Horticultural
Society, North Bend, Ohio.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS. 335

Anthony Waterer, Knapp Hill, near Woking, Surrey, England.

Sereno Watson, Ph. D., Cambridge, Mass.
*J. Ambrose Wight, late Editor of the Prairie Farmer, Chicago, 111.

Benjamin Samuel Williams, Upper Holloway, London, N.
♦Professor John Wilson, Edinburgh University, Scotland.
♦William Wilson, New York.
♦Hon. J. F. Wingate, Bath, Me,
♦Gen. Joshua Wingate, Portland, Me.
♦Joseph Augustus Winthrop, Charleston, S. C.

CONTENTS.

Pagb.

Business Meeting, April 6, 1889; Report of Committee on Presidents
Address, p. 147; Appropriations voted, 147; Amendments to Constitu-
tion and By-Laws, 148; Additional Appropriation for NVindow Garden-
ing Committee, 148; Members elected, 148; Corresponding Members

elected, 148, 149

Business Meeting, May 4; Appropriation approved, p. 149; Report of Com-
mittee on Publication and Discussion read, 150; Plans for Library, 150 ;
Letter from Charles L. Flint, Jr., 150; Decease of Aaron D. Weld an-
nounced, 150; Members elected, 150

Business Meeting, June 1 ; Appropriations for Committee on Window
Gardening, p. 151; Memorial of Aaron D. Weld, 151, 152; Acceptance
of Corresponding Memberships, 152; Thanks to the families of Andri^
Leroy and C. M. Hovey for books, 152; Members elected, ... 152
Business Meeting, July 6; Appropriation for repairs in Library Room, pp.
152. 153 : Amendments to Constitution and By-Laws proposed, 153-155 ;
Invitation to Society of American Florists, 153; Members elected, . 155
Business Meeting, August 3; Committee on Nominations appointed, p. 150;
Bequest from Professor John Lewis Russell, 156 ; Acceptance of Cor-
responding Memberships, 157; Members elected, 157

Business Meeting, September 7; Report of Committee on Nominations,
p. 157; Decease of Henry Weld Fuller, William C. Harding, and Kenry

Shaw announced, 1-57, 158 ; Members elected 158

Business Meeting, October 5; Annual election, pp. 158, 163; Memorials of
Henry Shaw and William C. Harding, 159, 160; Amendments to Con-
stitution and By-Laws adopted, 160-163; Term of office of Member of

Board of Control, 161 ; Members elected 163

Business Meeting, November 2; Appropriations recommended, p. 164;
Effect of Amendments to Constitution and By-Laws postponed, 164;
Memorial to Henry Weld Fuller, 164-166; Memorials of Henry Shaw

and William C. Harding acknowledged, 166, 167

Business Meeting, December 7; Exhibition in August, 1890, p. 167; Schedule
of Prizes reported, 167 ; Annual Reports of Committees on Plants and
Flowers, Fruits, and Library read, pp. 167, 168; Statement of Window
Gardening Committee read, 1G7; Further time to prepare report, 168;
Letter from the daughters of Henry Weld Fuller, 168 ; Member elected, 168

Business Meeting, December 14; Report of Committee on Vegetables and
Report of Secretary and Librarian read, pp. 168, 169: Report of Com-
mittee on Repairs and Alterations of the Building, .... 168, 169

11

CONTENTS.

Page.

Bl'Siness Meeting, December 21 ; no quorum, 169

Report of thb Committee ox Plants and Flowers; Inttoduction, pp.
170, 171; Spring Exhibition, 171-173; Rhododendron Show, 173, 174;
Rose Exhibition, 174, 175; Weekly Exhibitions. 175-177, 180; Annual
Exhibition, 178; Chrysanthemum Exhibition, 179,180; Obituary, 180;

Prizes and Gratuities awarded, 181-200

Report of the Committee on Fruits, pp. 201-205; Prizes and Gratuities

awarded, 206-221

Report of the Committee on Vegetables, pp. 222-226; Prizes and Gra-
tuities awarded, 227-239

Report of the Committee on Gardens; Introduction, p. 240: Orchids,
etc., of Frederick L. Ames, 240-251 ; Strawberry Garden of Samuel
Barnard, 251, 252; Grounds of Benjamin G. Smith, 252-254; Nursery
of William C. Strong, 254, 255 ; Newton Cemetery, 255-257 ; Vineyard of
Dr. Jabez Fisher, 257-261 ; Arnold Arboretum, 261-264; Water Lilies

—letter from F. L. Harris, 264-266; Awards, 266

Report of the Committee on Window Gardening, pp. 267-272; Finan-
cial statement, 272

Report to the State Board of Agriculture, 273-275

Report of the Committee on the Library, p. 276; Library Accessions,
—Books Purchased, 277-283; Books, etc., received by Donation and
Exchange, 283-298; Periodicals Purchased, 298, 299; Periodicals re-
ceived in Exchange 299

Report of the Secretary and Librarian, 300-302

Report of the Treasurer, 303-308

Report of the Finance Committeb, 306

Mount auburn Cemetery, 309, 310

Officee« and Standing Committees for 1890, 311, 312

Members of the Society: Life, pp. 313-319; Annual, 320-322; Honorary,

32i-328; Corresponding 329-335

Extract from the Constitution and By-Laws, 323

-y.

"^r^"- ■

•*^:-''^ \

.#■

^

^

'3:-*

*-'^*^:=

■f;i*>'

. '""^

':'.%i

v.p^-

i^wIT*^

:^ t^'

.f*^ 4* --^^js'

4tfy^^4

^ ■. ^

^^*^;-;v<