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TRANSACTIONS

——OF THE —

mete IN Bass COL A.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCHETY,

PROCEEDINGS, ESSAYS, DISCUSSIONS AND REPORTS

Bie ee ay COT I"
SEPTEMBER 21, 22, 1881,

—AN od

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING

SS

fee IN IN) Bs A FP? Orr Se

JANUARY 16, 17, 18, 1882.

1882.

ST. PAUL:
J. W. CUNNINGHAM, STATE PRINTER-
1882

LIBRARY
NEW YOR i,
BOTANICAI

GARDEN

NOTICE TO CORRESPONDENTS.

Secretary Hollister having gone South, to be absent an indefinite
length of time, the Executive Committee, on the first of June, 1882, at
Mr. Hollister’s request, appointed the undersigned acting Secretary
with authority to superintend the publication and distribution of the
Transactions for the current year, and to perform all other duties
devolving on the Secretary during Mr. Hollister’s absence.

Address, OLIVER GIBES, Jr.,
LAKE City, Minnesota.

OFFICERS#@RM@R 1882.

President—Joun S. Harris, es : - LaCrescent.
Vice Presidents—A. W. Stas, Ist Dist., = . Rochester.
S. M. Emery, 2nd ‘ - : Lake City.
G. W.. FuLwer, 30° : : Litchfield.
Secretary—U. S. HoniistEer. St. Paul.

Treasurer—J. T. GRIMEs, : - - Minneapolis.

STANDING COMMITTEES AND DELEGATIONS.

Executive Committee—TRuMAN M. SMITH,

(President and Secretary ex. officio.)

Wyman ELLio7, :

J. M. UNpDERWoopD, :
D. W. Humpurey, -

F. G. GouLp, -

pt. Paul.
Minneapolis.
Lake City.
Faribault.
Excelsior.

Representative and Vice Pres. Miss. Valley Horticultural Association.

J. T. Grimes, Minneapolis.

Delegate to meeting of Wis. State Horticultural Society.

OLIVER Gipss, JR.; Lake City.

Delegate to meeting of Iowa State Horticultural Society, 1883.

Committee on Legislation—(See Tuesday morning. )

E. H. S. Dart, Owatonna,

E. H. S. Dart, E. B. Jonpan and U. 8. Hobiister. :

Delegates to meeting of Minnesota State Agricultural Society.

J. H. STEVENS,

U. 8. Hox.istEr,
T. M. Sirsa,

J. T. GRIMEs, =
Ditus Day, -

S. M. Emery, -
M. PEARCE, -
J. S. Harris, -

Wyman ELtiot,
M. W. Cook, -
H. D. Exprinesr,

R. J. MENDENHALL,
Wyman EL ior,

Committee on Seedling Apples.

Committee on Experimental Farm.

Committee on Entomology.

Minneapolis.
St. Paul.
St. Paul,
Minneapolis.
Farmington.

Lake City.
Minnetonka.
La Crescent.

Minneapolis.
Rochester.
Excelsior.

Minneapolis,
Minneapolis.

6 ANNUAL REPORT

Committee on Landscape Gardening.

S. TYLER, - - - - - - Minneapolis.
J; Sy HARRIS, E = - : - La Crescent.

Committee on Vegetable Gardening.

Wyman Exxiort, - - = - - Minneapolis.
U. S. HotzistEr, . . - - : St. Paul.
Cras. Hoaa, - - - - = Minneapolis.

Committee on Meteorology.
Wo. CHENEY, - - 3 - -
Committee on Geology.
Pror, WINCHELL, - . - : - Minneapolis.
Committee on Revision of Premium Lists,

The Executive Committe, J. T. Grimes and U. 8. Ho.uister.

Committee on Nomenclature.

OLIVER GiBps, JR., - - - - : Lake City.
Wyman Exniot, - - . - - Minneapolis.
ASW ..SIAS, - - - - . - Rochester.
Committee on Forestry.
JOHN A. WARDER, - - . 3 - Ohio.
is boHopers, "= - - . - - St; Pan:
S. M. Eumry, - - - - - - Lake City,
; . Committee on Evergreens.
G. W. FuLuer, - - E - - - Litchfield.
J.T. GrimEs, - - - - - - Minneapolis.
A. W. Stas, - - - - - Rochester.
Committee on Apple Blossoms.
GEO. PEFFER, - : - - - Pewaukee, Wis.
OLIVER GiBBs, JR., - - - - = Lake City.
M. PEARCE, - : - - - Minnetonka.
Committee on Russian Apples.
Jd, BuDD; - - - - “i : Ames, Iowa.
IF. G. Goutp, 3 - - - - - Excelsior.
A,.W:..Sras, > = - - - - - Rochester.
Committee on Horticultural Literature.
OLIVER GiBBs, JR., - - . - z Lake City.
Jad GRIMES, oe - : - - Minneapolis.

W. J. ABERNETHY, - - : : Minneapolis.

CoLLIns PRATT,
DANIEL Buck,
Wm. Forster, -
‘'T. M. Suita,
G. W. FuLLER,
Gro. H. Fisu,

D. W. HumpHRey,

F. G. Goutp,
Wa. CANNON,

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

“1

General Fruit Committee.

- - - Millville, Wabasha County.
- - Mankato, Blue Earth ‘
= - - Chatfield, Fillmore ‘‘
: - St. Paul, Ramsey “
- - Litchfield, Meeker ‘‘
- - - Sauk Center, Stearns ‘
- - - La Crescent, Houston ‘*
: Rochester, Olmstead ‘*‘
- - - Faribault, Rice ‘‘
2 = - Austin, Mower ‘
- Excelsior, Hennepin ‘‘

- : 2 Ft. A. Lincoln, D. T.

MEME DRS sPOR eee:

ABERNETHY, W. J., - - Minneapolis, Hennepin County-
ANDREWS, John P., = = Faribault, Rice ‘‘
BeEasom, J. F., - = - Rice Lake, Dodge ‘‘
BRAND, O. F., : : E - Faribault, Rice ‘‘
BRIMHALL, W. E., - - - St. Paul, Ramsey ‘
BuNNELL, M.C.,_ - - - Newport, Washington ‘
CANNON, WM., : 7 E - Bt. A. Linealn} Dae
Cor?, SIDNEY, - - = Hammond, Olmstead County
Darn “Koo. St, : ° - Owatonna, Steele ‘°°
Day; 122K. = 2 2 Farmington, Dakota ‘“
Day, Drirus, - = = es oe ‘é
EBERT, C.S., - = - - - Tomah, Wis.
Emery, 8. M., eel ge _- - Lake City, Wabasha County.
Mery, Jona A. . - - - i = 7
Fisu, Gro. H., - - - Sauk Center, Stearns ‘* »
Mowiir Ke PC © - - - Lake City, Wabasha ‘‘
Fawcett, Isaac, - - Minneapolis, Hennepin ‘*
FuuueEr, G. W,. - - - Litchfield, Meeker ‘‘
FuLKeErson, W. M., - - - Roscoe. Goodhue ‘*f
GIBBS, OLIVER. JR., - - Lake City, Wabasha ‘‘
GREENMAN, C. H., - - Dover Center, Olmsted ‘
GouLp, F. G., - - . Excelsior, Hennepin ‘*
CRIMES als Dut =.- = - Minneapolis, Hennepin ‘*
Hzaaisz, D. G., - - - Lake City, Wabasha ‘*
Ho.iistEr, U. S., - - - St. Paul, Ramsey ‘‘
Humpurey, D. W., - - - Faribault, Rice >.“
JORDAN, E. B., - - - Rochester, Olmsted ‘*
KENNY, SETH H., = - Morristown, Rice ‘*
LABBITT, GEO., - - - Lake City, Wabasha “
Lyon, Wo., - - - Minneapolis, Hennepin ‘
LOWELL, H. E., - - Washburne, Hennepin ‘*
MENDENHALL, R. J., - - Minneapolis, Hennepin ‘*

MacintosH, Wo., . - Langdon, Washington ‘*

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

McHenry, Wo., . -
Noravist, J., -

_ PooxtEr, James W., -
PEARCE, M., - -
Paarn.€. L.,

Paar, L. J., . -
Rosrnson. E. C., -

Sras, A. W., -

SMITH, CALEB, : -
parce. 1. M., = -
SpraGcukE, Mrs. L. E. P.,
UnprErwoop, J. M.,
UnpbERwoop, Anna B.,
Wurpete. K. H.,

Witson, Epwin, - -
Wir009x, FJ... = -

HONORARY

Pror. J. L. Bupp, 2 2
Dr. Joon A. WARDER, -
Hon. MarsHauyi P. WILDER,
Gro. P. PEFFER, - -

KE. Witcox,’ - 2 -
Mrs. C. 0. VANCLEVE, -
Wrman, Extior, : -
R. J. MENDENHALL, -
‘Mrs. Wm. Patst, :

Cou. J. H. STEVENS,

J. S. Harris, . :
tas, Y.-LAcy, | - -
CHARLES Hoaa, - -

HONORARY MEMBERS FOR

Miss HortTENSE SHARE, -
Mrs. L. E. P. Spraque, -
Mrs. ATWATER, - Ss
Mrs. W. R. Murray, -

. St. Charles, Winona ‘‘

Red Wing, Goodhue ‘“

- Farmington, Dakota

Minnetonka, Hennepin

Millville, Wabasha ‘

La Crescent, Houston

Portland, Maine

- Rochester, Olmstead County.
Farmington, Dakota ‘*

- St. Paul, Ramsey,

Minneapolis, Hennepin

- Lake City, Wabasha ‘

Son ue “e 6

Minnetonka, Hennepin

Lake City, Wabasha ‘

- Northfield, Rice ‘‘

LIFE MEMBERS.

Ames, lowa.
South Bend, Ohio.

Boston, Mass.
Pewaukee, Wis.
La Crosse, Wis.

- Mimneapolis, Minn.
“ee se

66 ce

Hersey, Minn.
Minneapolis ‘
LaCrescent ‘
Fort Benton, Montana.
Minneapolis, Minn.
FIVE YEARS.
Rosemount, Minn.,—Elected 1881.
- Minneapolis, ‘ = ¥

ce oe Ny

- Lake Uity, ‘ bi a

10 ANNUAL REPORT
CHAPTER 72, GENERAL LAWS OF 1881.

AN ACT TO AMEND CHAPTER THIRTY-SIX (36), GENERAL LAWS OF ONE
THOUSAND EIGHT HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-THREE, (1873), RELATING TO
THE STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Be it enacted by the Legislature of the State of Minnesota:

Section 1. That section (2) of said act is hereby amended so as to
read as follows :

Src. 2. There shall be annually printed five thousand copies of the
report of the State Horticultural Society, Provided the number of
printed pages of the same shall not exceed three hundred (300), which
report shall be made to the Legislature, and the Secretary of State shall
destribute the same as follows, to-wit: One thousand (1000) copies shall
be bound in cloth and distributed in making the customary exchanges
and in supplying one copy to every public library and kindred society or
scientific institution, and the balance to the State Horticultural Soci-
ety; four thousand (4000) copies in paper covers to be destributed as
follows: One copy to the editor of every periodical in this State, one (1)
copy to each member of the Legislature and the officers thereof. and
each of the State officers; one hundred (100) copies to the State Agri-
cultural Society, five hundred (500) copies to the State Board of Im-
igration, fifty (50) copies to each County Horticultural Society, who
shall report an abstract of its proceedings for publication in said
volume to the State Horticultural Society, twenty-five (25) copies to
each County Agricultural Society, who shall report annually to the
Secretary of the State Agricultural Society, as provided by statute, and
allfremaining copies to the State Horticultural Society, Provided that
the expense of such!publication and “distribution shall not exceed in
any one year the sum of seven hundred and fifty (750) dollars.

Src. 2. Section three (3) of said act is amended to read as follows :

Sxc. 3. That the sum one thousand dollars ($1,000) be annually
appropriated. out of any moneys not otherwise appropriated, to aid the
said Horticultural Society in the work of distributing said reports,
collecting data, specimens pertaining to Horticulture, providing a suit-
able place for its books, specimens and articles of the society, and for

payment of salary and expenses of its secretary and committees for labor
actually performed by them, and other uses that may, in the opinion of
the board of directors. be deemed necessary and proper. The said sum
shall be paid by the State Treasurer on the order of the President of
the said Horticultural Society.
Src. 3. This act shall take effect from and after its passage.
Approved March 7, 1881.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 11

MEETING OF EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

In compliance with resolutions passed at the annual winter meeting
of the Minnesota State Horticultural Society, January 23, 1881, the
executive committee was called together by the president to consider
the subject of a fall meeting at Lake City and such other business as
should be deemed proper.

The committee met at St. Paul, July 12, 1881- Present,—President
J. S. Harris, Wyman Elliot, Truman M. Smith, J. M. Underwood, D.
W. Humphrey and the Secretary.

It was decided to hold a fall meeting of the State Society at Lake
City, beginning at 9a. m.,Sept. 21st and continuing two days, and that
the exhibition should include fruits, flowers and vegetables.

Upon motion of Mr. Smith, it was decided to offer premiums on
single plates, both of fruits and vegetables, and that five specimens
should constitute a plate.

The sum of one hundred dollars was appropriated for premiums, and
fifteen dollars for printing programmes and premium lists.

The sum of two hundred dollars was appropriated to offer as prem-
iums at the winter meeting.

J. M. Underwood, John S. Harris and U. 8. Hollister were appointed
a committee on premium list, and Oliver Gibbs, Jr., superintendent of -
exhibitions.

A committee to look after seedling apples was appointed, consisting
of A. W. Sias, M. Pearce, J. S. Harris.

Committee appointed on premium list for winter meeting, Smith,
Elliot; and Hollister.

LIST OF PREMIUMS

OFFERED AT THE FALL MEETING AT LAKE CITY.

APPLES, HYBRIDS AND PLUMS.

5 Specimens to constitute a Plate.

Best Plate Duchess of Oldemberg..... 00.0.0 cccccccccssceneccccssseces ist Prem. $2.00
ee \ WGI BORA RE 0 Ae Dr GEC DCCTO COGIC IRC CODNG TAD apee rp anes Ista (<é 2.00
Re TOUOLSKY 5 cates nn acess dis cls wielele: sjeveieis(a’s Be aiaitiets, so /srie eynyo levi tate sai Sbt wee 2.00
se SWNT ES sie ore eietslotess ceraie e tivietalclinc oicls aii lascte efeleteteltleteyetainya!afdidiete LN tee | 1.00
ae [Shits cits Aa Stss Sn OOAp OSD COCOUSTCMars doco nacnantonc 1st. ss 1.00
oe TAR cic cieere.ceieis ereiste lao o's sais jnie e lasieraleVelerelelate sie Yevetsteveletelelerniel sire ist << 1.00
We A IMENISG Sersicioiais oon sicl-felasieicla 2a lelsieeestatajeie’> acniD ad BOOnOSL iste pie 1.00
ee Seedling apples not before exhibited...................00 List) a 2.00
oe WVATIEL Vs OUP MATIC. « craic lofe)nsl-tstetele ota lalataiaial = sis ols vicle Siatelelalstaielote Ist.*- 2.00
Co WLENSY BNO. 20's == /o sic ajeisteleineleieie eie/a\einiel =[a slv10/0\e/e'e's10)/e1a/o\s (0 1 ee ed 1 00
se Early Strawberry...... POD ODOTOOG MASACIIC Ie FADO OnOUDOATAG Ist. = 1.00
as IStEAYE MSHS (GS) Nad soceiacicddc conc. Good adudadnd quccnyodunn cos 1st t as 1.00
Of GONG aera ccreetcta oe Sete Une Saisie (olsi eh sibyolo,ois:0,s\creleialnpleleinme|sis asels items 1.00
Ke POWELS AT POUR GC aic\o1e/cizas'eia\aln'e svieis)ele o/e1s/n]s\ei0\s\s/elnis\n aleiniow sie Ist) 8 F100
oY VARS Ba gedeicsage Sor o0decods osbeuaduaddactsccc Bonsecooode” Late yes 1.00
* Min GS{0 Fi caiga sand 950 Jospnc00o Bony DoOGaTO em oriac ceascatoos Isty cs 1.00
8 OLANZE... 0c cece cwwecceece ss cow envccacecsscenrrsdeneesnaces Isto: 1.00
2 lebyloje tl sit) 9 teh ogg qooriog an oponebaooddscr siatioicha(s aie cin’ Teta 1.00
es lDeanehinell |)“ ASS Resb ono sddOeoRDO deeana-scosconcsatan isteene 1.00
a LONE Keeping FLY DTA s/oc001,-1¢ aiels|s -1slo/e clot c= viste(ora ciclo temierensionsts istry 1.00

estiPlateanwWieaver css, oscsicss ne oaiersnice sweaters BU ca crises ist Prem. $2.00
ca WWOreat Garden ces. cial. cajorsiclctetcteteteteinecictalyetetstele arora «:svicistcls tealaate ts iin 2.00
me IGE SOL Oates oieter, ‘oieie sia claw ie’e eine mieionmerdeeia ciaiseleie isis ateisieie eiejeleiaye let, “ 2.00
oe Mamet ys nou Named «... «nscicleitsilelemmnterieleleiela slate shine aiaieinie vies Ash ate eo 00

GRAPES.

5 Bunches to constitute a Plate.

2d Prem.$1.00

2d * 1.09
ad“ 1.00
Qd « 50
2d“ 50
2d“ 50
ad“ 50
2d “ 1.00
2a 1.00
ad“ 50
ad“ 50
gd « 50
gd « 50
ad“ 50
2d « 50
Qa“ 50
Qa « 50
2d * 50
2d * 50
Qi « 50

2d Prem.$1.00

ile 1.00
ad AS) - 1-00
ode ea 100

Heat Platey Concord sesso 1s si icsee ch tis,c,s 00s noppoeatect arte tate ne sivietaistets 1st Prem. $2.00 2d Prem.$1.00

ue MDGTG WATE sierclercisiaicve:cisie's\s: o's 0'0,0\ ste oiciai> tale ra otslernleleieleis(ovatatalney lero 1 (try 7 2.00 2S A 1.00

ce VAEX ANU AL IER cretete liters aie)aia’s; sie] sis(s)<\0,e1s\=/a/e oateeleverersrevaveteintaiata eeapetelsteraisters ist oe 2:00). | Sada’ 1.00

ae AWOL GON errr eieusit cutis orm ie,0| saisia.u eis oetoisieteeysieieielaarsia seresteletn sive ast 7 ce 200 aoe I.C0

Me Clintoremeenccrts re ciclasincres binhe oleic ololovsletelstesstarermieiaiera stasetaleleisiete Tats 0d ee 1.00

wY PANES VETS meetrae(slois oc sc aiviaveys's ee slate. ees oiticte sie tiaeisle = eels winters Jet. 2°. 912100 Aedi is 1.00

SPECIAL PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE JEWELL NURSERY CO.

Best Display of Apples..............0..+. ia aa, overolatle sree tees $10.00 in Nursery Stock, winner’s selection:
i: a Hy Dridsctisererte ele aarcialeiaics’s,c\e's se ie somiejieeets 10.00 ae ce ts “6
ee ae tad se

GTAP OR ae Nera orateetcteater a sie nate le'e''e\s'0 ore stele eee ere 10.00 se a

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 13

FLOWERS.

Best Round Bouquet—cut Mowers... 2.2... cece ees pee cccncs cecccace Ist Prem. $2.00 2d Prem.$1.00
“ Plat “ MMR. cat Volcte cistabi cratesoe' oa nie wae einaeientiacte TR Giese 2.00 Sd se 1.00
“ Floral Design a is deisne base ee AOS OO AO LOSOD FOnUCINe aadS TBtr et 22:00) 2d Senco
** Show Pansies Reed em mimrcrelacelorieieioie dlsinacieves cies oe a eiesiaies iste 1.00 Da Arist 50
wb ** Verbenas NO fsa ernelensyco main tip OceinGeieie einic.aiaha’nye oc atatele ale Uy eG 1.00 Soares 50

VEGETABLES.

SEMZER Sad UC MESOMTS acim ala ate slayerecsj cpa bislc, e/a, vel & Diclannin ie olsteia Givielnc 4 Swiav vinis’s ws oo a4 6 e/aiays napanceinte oceriaiesele $100
« SME UULSERHES OFLYENE (iiat- teas nicycrotaretiavatn cvaia tah sie icis\s'oip'o)a:c) evele)eue/elate ie aleAhcielaiesaleis oi ar eiel sinistatetars <) crema er RTORe eI ERRETE 1.00
RAS IMES DOL Stes.) farstalatarelols'siuls ofc meveiseha lace sicle Sevaturelavaretecetiversceturaiahefalalsi ejekelasiolaisy ciate vials ove tale ee eaeeeenCSe 1 00
SMES SSMS ULI EFRON trate eorcth 7 10 aah elatel ote Siato]n cia) sin (ere|as a sie's/eiehals/vinic'a\eipta leis a/et¢)¢)n:chsiel o's) e!\aheeve/aitemerealetae donee at)
ce SoM COVELIBU AU EL carne cla tatcraisia a's arelerm(axsiatalae aiaieVee is eM iets skate uehe MieieTe me: able nicloiee tie « oe nae eee 1.00
oS SPM CLET OT Vsecararalvaretanee ne) sio'e\e atece sali jm) Aleleis’s 6:47 s/n" arulsfulera ievernte: a eres cal olese\e! Siete ape a8 kaw m3 a 2 Rea CCE 1.00
SRE CCRHIRET | CONTODA sors) os nr=\aiclaiaictatsia’ehelere ate lvithe cTotels s'cicle\ eceleashetete Malavelerd oiatele da icieisiete cladvlew abv ee susteaee 1.00
ss UII EEE UCANITOTIR Satara Raticte, Ge sis aiels (Cs bars fovajishe Sucve ie Saanreuatt stale ie brahclak fete wiarePamy oxialbies aoa ac amtaeneee . 1.00
Re MERIC TT C07 CD ITIOTI Notes ciassais/o yas Aveusts vests a;esuie © xi< snes! a ctohetaipin lela siarstayer@temteis ore’ cias oa con thalkiniat omtcsererane 1.00
RE TEC ING D DET GIN CLAS 1-755 nie cteiatater Mete’s once wicisloisis /aiiiaiesele sie nieleiel eie/aiale/are-eiaietesey eielsieisis o'e:eiaiatare oo sis elements 1.00
SIAL ECSU SO LOSE erty 'arcte ais, <.</aiataiets nis slele/altve/s/siela’ e+) slerorcie’alviaje e(elela’e ele(e)slaia/are efola\sivie.evs/nje" leis)se = fie palpate 1.00
SCE a ee OO syd OMMALOGS a ayo bie «eee tele wlsiere «wm oF wee minisisucciweie creaehe wialele ante Ba Waatatcte rain eels cae reels 1.00
Se otrL Ua POLAUOES viorac «sisters etttetede nuts, olere.e: sic aie a\5(aiiore: oie ere ate, nisials loimanle eters aaiele sieisTereiS relearn eC nee 2.00
ee SCPRMIUAT SEO ALOE stu. cie crore a etetso oelete Wie ae eieie io ciatlrre einer ata aldol Galeie’ gale ae chan leny lense toes 2.00
& “© Sweet Potatoes............ Pete en es ERIN ea SARE a ok evr 8 dae a 2.00
as Beee OAD BOLTICS aie crap oa s\ajeiaiaisiv:& lbs. vis o ste! s'ejafaieislelavere) Seis iagsie vackews 0 ol awiewess cle caaee. sues acetates 1.00

SPECIAL PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE FARMERS OF WABASHA AND
GOODHUE COUNTIES.

One Half Bushel Yellow Dent Seed Corn...............+ S600onaS0 sn0ede Ist Prize $2.00 2d Prize $1.00
One Half * “Seed Ce atc Onno 30 SIDE. C Geo ONO ot BOUT E A _18t) dS 2100 ed! ss aleel 00
Bueaialtens. 9 Hard SprineiWheabs «0.4 cise ecuiccm sce ces atic co deieens HE ER ON el CO Te
One Half * WU IMRHOL: WEAN ctafocsicleicae cers) </e s'eld/e s(elejeicieisi ase. cictsla ciaiersiate 1st sete 2-00.) e2Oniace 1.00
RPE UMEAU LOCH te/cfois sansa ce cteloistela, etree ais alole' 6: aiaavelcvetalatols aiparoreiciete’e sist asics Ist co 00 20) ace 3.00

Gallon Amber Cane Syrup......-cccesee cececccccsasccccsccecesces cere Ist; ff 3:00), Sad) 7s SeOe

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

PAE MEETING ADM eee

SEPTEMBER 21-22, 1881.

This, the first Fall Meeting of the State Horticultural Society, en-
countered such an unfavorable state of weather as to nearly discourage
all interested. The arrangements were all admirably made by the
people of Lake City, and in spite of the incessant rain there was a
magnificent exhibition, a good attendance and much interest in horti-
culture developed. Owing to the ‘unpleasant state of the weather no
formal organization was effected the first day, but the time was well
spent in arranging articles for exhibition, etc., aud in general horticul-
tural talk,

SEPTEMBER 22.

Meeting called to order by president Harris, at 10 a. m. It was
arranged for Gen. McLean of Frontenac, to deliver the address of wel-
come, but he being unavoidably absent, Mayor J. M: Underwood, in a
few words, tendered to visiting members the hospitality of the city.

PRESIDENT JOHN 8. HARRIS

Being called upon for his address—as per programme—responded
as follows:

Gentlemen of the Minnesota State Horticultural Society, and Visitors and Exhibitors
of the Fair: I find that I am set down upon the programme for an address. Owing
to recent severe illness, the Jabors and anxieties of attending the late State Fair, and
an unusual pressure of business at home, I appear before you wholly uaprepared for
the occasion, and the few words I shall have to say will be rambling and disconnect-
ed. If there is any institution or organization in this State that I love and cherish
above all others it is the State Horticultural Society. Our society may not, to the
minds of those who believe that the actual necessities of life are of more im-
portance than the luxuries, appear to be as essential an institution as the State Ag-

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 15

ricultural Society, but it has a mission, which is to make men better and happier,
and this will only be accomplished when all the people of our great and growing
state have an abundance of the choicest home grown fruits, every home its vegeta-
ble and flower garden and every waste and untillable spot is covered with forest. It
has already reached a condition where its influence is being felt in every part of the
State. Iam a warm friend of the State Agricultural Society, and those who have
known me for the past fifteen years can bear testimony that I have stood by it faith-
fully and helped to uphold it in its darkest hours, notwithstanding I have often felt
that in their annual fairs the fast norse has frequently been given more prominence
than I believed to be expedient or profitable. But as education is a better means of
promoting reforms and setting things in their right positions than ignorant and vio-
lent denunciation, so I would not rail out about their shortcomings, but would con-
tinue to exhibit with them such articles as will by their beauty and utility counter-
act the evil. There is probably no better means of promoting horticultural educa-
tion than the public exhibition of fruits, flowers, etc., where the best growers are
brought into sharp competition. The veriest dolt may get ideas upon such occa-
sions as will tend to make him a lover of horticulture, if not a skillful horticulturist;
and when he shall have been such, the race-course will become to him the least
attractive part of the fair. There is not an agricultural society in America that
publishes so generous a premium list for horticultural products as our Minnesota
State Society, or that pays the premiums awarded more promptly and cheerfully.
And this cendition of things has been brought about through the influence of our
intelligent fruit growers. Fifteen years ago the amount of premiums offered that
could be taken by Minnesotians was: $5 and $3 for the greatest variety of apples; $5
and $3 for best exhibits of fruits; $3 and $2 for best exhibits of pears; $5 and $3 for
green house plants, and a few dollars for hand bouquets and variety of cut flowers—
I think about $50 all told.

At the last State Fair held in Rochester the premiums offered aggregated $716 on
fruits and flowers and $331 on garden vegetables, which covers nearly one-fourth of
the entire amount offered in all other departments. All will admit that they have
done well by us and merit our good will.

This is our first fail meeting for many years,’ and the first fair we have ever at-
tempted to hold independent and alone. This meeting may appropriately be called
an anniversary meeting, and we will be justified in reviving the past, congratulating
ourselves upon our present prosperity and in indulging in fond hopes for the future.
Our society was organized in Rochester in 1866, under the name of the Minnesota
State Fruit Grower’s Association. The first meeting was called at the oftice of Dr.
Cross, on the evening of October 4, and on the evening of the 5th a constitution
was adopted and officers elected. The whole number of names enrolled was twelve.
The proceedings of those meetings and the list of the original members have been
lost and therefore there yet remains a little uncertanity about who some of them
were, and steps ought to be taken to secure a correct roll if possible, to hand down
to posterity. The next annual meeting was held on the afternoon of October 4,
1867, under the amphitheatre of the race-course. The attendance was small, partly
owing to a drizzling rain storm, and no business was transacted except the election
of officers, and an adjourned meeting was held in the evening at the office of Dr
Cross and continued to a late hour. At this meeting there was considerable enthu-

16 ANNUAL REPORT

siasm manifested by Col. Robertson, Messrs. Harkness, Hoag, Walters, Harris, and
one or two others, and they were branded by the more sedate and doubting Thomases
as slightly insane or very visionary. The late Mrs. P. A Jewell was present at thos©
meetings and became the first lady member of the society. The membership was
not increased above the original nnmber, but was somewhat changed. This was —
purtly owing to the very unfortunate state of the weather.

The next meeting of the society was held at Faribault, January 30, 1878, and was
the first of the annual winter meetings, and from that meeting perhaps may be dated
the real growth and prosperity of the society. The winter meetings have continued
to grow in interest and they have exerted an influence for good that is felt in all
sections of the State, and in fact over the whole Northwest, and it has enjoyed a
' steady increase of membership.

The winter of 1872-73 was the most disastrous to fruit trees of any ever known
in the West. The bright visions of fruit in abundance were suddenly darkened.
Our orchards and vineyards were laid low, and the croakers on every side met us
with “I told you fruit could not be raised in Minnesota.’’ But our society met the
emergency with a firm determination to overcome every obstacle or perish in the at-
tempt, and thanks to the aid granted us by the legislature of 1873, in publishing
and distributing our transactions, the disasters of that winter did not prove any
great calamity. Since that date there has been no interruption to our growth and
prosperity, and our influence has become second to no society in the State. Among
the cheering results are the establishment of a State Experimental Fruit Farm of 116
acres, and an annual appropriation of $1,000, to be expended in raising seedlings,
and testing new varieties with a view to originating new varieties of apples that
shall he hardy and good, and withal long keepers. The last legislature granted an
additional annual $1,000 to the society to further aid in developing the fruit in-
terests of the state. This sum if carefully husbanded and judiciously expended may
be made to return to the State a thousand fold in material wealth, and will accom-
plish much in increasing the intelligence, comfort and morality of our people.
Nor are these the only causes we have for congratulations. Already are the fruits
of our labors being seen and felt, as is manifested in the splendid exhibits of orchard,
vineyard, garden and floral products spread upon the table before you.

I have always been accused of being a little visionary, but the great variety o¢
apples and grapes of Minnesota growth, and many of them of Minnesota origin that
I have seen at the fairs this season (and it is not a good year for fruit either), surpass
my most sanguine expectations, and I cheerfully acknowledge myself beaten as an
exhibitor, as the awards of first premiums will testify.

At the State Fair of 1866 twenty square feet of table was ample for the display of
all the truits present, and I do not think the whole number of entries exceeded a
dozen, and in the floraldepartment still less. At the late State Fair, entries of fruits

exceeded 380, and 500 square feeet of table was found entirely inadequate for the
display, and of green house plants and flowers there was at least a car-load_

Wonderful indeed is the progress of fifteen years. Then our apples in variety were

less than a score of named varieties, and a few seedlings, and of Siberians only four,
and the Concord, Clinton, Isabella and Black Cluster were the only grapes. Now
behold varieties of apples more than five score, and more than fifty Siberians and

Hybrids, some of them as large as the more popular apples, and unsurpassed for

delicious flavor and marvelous for their beauty.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 17

This speaks volumes for the energy and perseverance of Minnesota Horticulturists.
However, it remains a fact that of this great number of varieties but a few are hardy
enough to be reliable at all times and in all places, or are otherwise desirable
for general cultivation. But in the past, fruit raising has been mostly an experiment,
and a very costly one to some of those who entered into it extensively. But the
experiment has demonstrated that the Duchess of Oldenberg is hardy and productive,
and will succeed everywhere; that the Tetofsky is about equally hardy, and is
adapted for gardens and small places. It has given us the Wealthy, which was orig-
inated in our own State by the venerable Peter M. Gideon, and has already acquired
a National fame because of its hardyness, productiveness, beauty and good quality.
That variety is now taking its place in the front ranks of pomology and will prove a
monument to the originator more lasting than marble. As long as civilization lasts
history will tell the story of the old Hero who has accomplished a greater good to
the people of the Northwest than many renowned generals who lead aimies on to
victory. I might mention many other varieties that are doing reasonably well in
certain localities and are proving worthy of cultivation, but you are all familiar with
them and as we have set out to make a pomology of our own we hope very soon to
have something better that will be safe to plant everywhere. I did intend to speak
of our grapes but will only remark that the present season they have produced larger
crops and better fruit than in the states south of us, and, lest I weary your patience,
will pass on from the pas‘ and present to the future. What will the future of hor-
ticulture be? Minnesota has a soil of great fertility and a climate salubrious for man
and beast. Her people, for enterprise and industry, stand peers with the first states
and nations on the earth. They have refined tastes and are fast developing the
means that will enable them to gratify their every desire. They realize the impor-
tant part that horticulture is taking in promoting virtue, comfort, prosperity and
civilization. They appreciate the work that the State Horticultural Society has
already undertaken to accomplish, and sympathize with us in all our disappointments
and trials, and more and more will they extend to us the facilities for the prosecution
of our work. We have science at our command, and more can now be accomplished»
in the improvement of fruits in a single decade than in the days of our fathers in a
lifetime. Natural hybridization and cross impregnation of plants is as old as crea-
tion, and during all the past ages has aided man in the work of amelioration, and the
laws of reproduction and vegetable physiology were so nearly understood that we
have but to become familiar with their operations to very nearly know the end
from the beginning. Knowing these things of which I have spoken, I feel safe in
saying that for the future of horticulture a good time is coming. Our beloved Min-
nesota will yet occupy a position equal with any of the northern states as a producer
of hardy fruits. Our fertile prairies will be dotted over with groves, forests, truit-
ful orchards and happy homes. Vineyards will adorn our hillsides, and instead of
expending our hard earnings for a meagre supply of fruit and enriching others, we
shall enrich ourselves by sending our surplus to less favored climes. And the com-
ing horticulturist will be the true country gentleman, fitted to adorn any station in
life. He wili bea man of the most liberal education, and, understanding the laws
of nature, will know how to apply science to his calling. He will be able to divide
his time between his orchard and garden, conservatory and library of the best pub-
lications of the age. He will have his museum and cabinet and have a personal ac-

°
=

18 ANNUAL REPORT

quaintance with the birds and insects and can distinguish between his friends and
foes and keep each in their proper place. The world will honor him and a beneficent
Creator smile upon him.

M. Pearce of Minnetonka Fruit Farm, read the following paper on

STRAWBERRY CULTURE.

A good location, with the right kind of soil, under the management of an ex-
perienced strawberry grower, and we seldom need have a failure, with the varieties
he is acquainted with. So much has been written and said on strawberry culture,
that there is no excuse for ignorance in this important branch or horticulture.
Nevertheless, with all the light that has been thrown on the subject, I do not think
there is one individual out of twenty who tills the soil for a living, who is competent
to select location, fit the soil, and make proper selections of varieties and arrange
them as they should be on the ground, so that a good yield of large and delicious
fruit could be expected.

Much care and judgment must be exercised in selecting soil and location to grow
strawberries. Jt should be as free from frost as possible, level, to prevent washing,
and easy to cultivate; should be new, of a rich, sandy loam or leaf mold, which is
better than side hills. Knolls of all description, bleak places where the snow blows
off in the winter should be avoided.

The soil must be rich to very rich, depending on what varities are to be grown, as
there are but few varieties, if any, when rightly understood, that require the same
richness of soil.

In all cases the ground should be plowed deep and sub-soiled if possible. When
but one or two varieties are to be grown, such as the Wilson or Downer, it is not a
hard matter to fit a piece of new ground or clover sod on which either do well. But
if it is your intention to grow large quantities of the largest and best varieties for
market, such as will sell at sight in an overstocked market, at the highest market
price, quite a different course must be pursued. To accomplish this, we will sup-
pose a proper location and soil has been selected, plowed and harrowed level, suf-
ficiently rich to grow an average crop of corn.

Make a plat of the land thus prepared on paper, marking it off in rows repre-
senting four feet apart, numbering each row commencing with No. 1, 2, and so on,
till all are numbered. We then select our varieties, an equal number of pistillate and
hermaphrodite. In making these selections it is absolutely necessary that the in-
dividual be well acquainted with each variety, or have it from those of good author-
ity. We test the vigor of plants on soil that will grow an average crop of corn
usually without manure. Thus we will take the Glendale, vigorous 1, hardy 1,
prolific 1, quality 1, size 1, shipping qualities 2, a very good fertilizer 1, scores 8.
Crescent Seedling, very vigorous 2, ver yhardy 2, wonderfully prolific 3, size good 1,
quality good 1, sells well 1, scores 10. In this way we select the varieties we plant,
using those that score the most good points. According to our method, the follow-
ing varieties score as follows: Sharpless 10, Wilson 6, Capt. Jack 614, Seth Boyden
8, Col. Cheney 8, Charles Downing 8, Winsor Chief 8, Pioneer, or King of the North
10, Downer’s Prolific 5, Green’s Prolific 6, Prouty’s Seedling 7, Hart’s Seedling 6-

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 19

Bidwell and several other varieties we have not fully tested. Our choice of the above
varieties, after taking into consideration the good points of each variety would be six,
namely: Glendale, Crescent Seedling, Sharpless, Seth Boyden, Col. Cheney, Pioneer,
or King of the North.

The next thing to be done is to assign each of these varieties to their proper
place on the ground, that has been plowed, harrowed and platted on paper in rows
four feet apart, and each row numbered.

To row No. 1, we will assign the Glendale, for the following reasons: it is a strong,
hardy, healthy, vigorous plant, an early and late bloomer, fruit large and firm, one’
of the best fertilizers, just such a plant as should always be grown by the side of
Crescent Seedling. I will here state this plant is vigorous on the soil on which we
make the trial test, but not very vigorous, which should be the condition of all plants
to grow the best of fruit and the greatest yield. Well rotted manure, wood ashes,
or leaf mold should be applied to each row where such plants are to be set, to bring
them up to the proper degree of vigor. We use nothing but leaf mold, which we
consider the best of all manures for the strawberry.

To row No. 2, we assign the Crescent Seedling, very vigorous, very hardy, and
exceedingly prolific. A pistillate variety.

To row No. 3, we assign the Sharpless; vigorous, hardy and prolific. Fruit of the
best quality and very large (hermaphrodite) and one of the best fertilizers.

To row No. 4, we assign Uol Cheney, vigorous, hardy and prolific. Fruit large
and of the best quality. A pistillate variety.

To row No. 5, we assign the Pioneer or King of the North, wonderfully vigorous,
very hardy and prolific. Fruit large, quality averages with the best,a good shipper
(hermaphrodite. )

To row No. 6, we would assign Seth Boyden or Windsor Chief, both vigorous,
hardy and prolific. Fruit large and of the best quality. Both pistillate, or nearly so.

Our varieties would here cease, and would plant row No. 7 to Glendale, No. 8 to
Crescent, No. 9 to Sharpless, and so on till our rows were all planted to those varie-
ties named. Iam aware that many good varieties have been left out, such as the Wil-
son and Charles Downing, &c. But let it be borne in mind, our aim is a large amount
of fruit, of the largest size and best quality, and not varieties. Here is where a great
mistake is often made. 4

Four feet one way and twelve or fifteen inches the other way, owing to what varie-
ties are being planted, I consider the proper distance to plant. The ground should
be smooth and level, and the plants set straight in the rows, which will be a great
saving of labor in cultivating. In setting plants, be careful and not set too deep or
cover the crown, which always kills or injures the plants.

Cultivation should commence as soon as the plants begin to grow, especially if the
ground is foul, which is usually the case. Use at first, a light, fine, one horse har-
row, with handles, and go two or three times between the rows as close to the plants
as you can and not disturb them. Repeat this each week until the plants begin to
throw out runners. Then lay aside the harrow and use a light cultivator. The ut-
most care and judgment must be exercised in using the cultivator not to hill up the
plants.

Cultivate but one way and keep an open space of at least two feet between the
rows, and never allow the plants to close it up. Hoeing must also commence with
the harrowing in the rows between the plants, use a light, sharp, thin- bladed hoe

20 ANNUAL REPORT

and cut under the little weeds and grass, and a few hours hot sun will kill them
without removing them from the ground where they grew. The hoeing must be
continued until the plants take entire possession of the space between.

A bed of strawberry plants of two or more acres, of the varieties named, and man-
aged as directed, will present a beautiful appearance in the fall, the rows will be
covered about two feet wide, with strong, healthy, vigorous plants, with foliage vary-
ing from dark to light green. Mulching the plants to protect them against the cold
of the winter and thawing and freezing in the spring, with most varieties, is very es-
sential.

This should be done in early winter, after the first permanent fall of snow, by
spreading about two inches of straw, free from all foul seeds on the snow over the
plants, or what is still better, marsh hay or forest leaves. The mulching should re-
main over the plants as late in the spring as possible, not to injure them, and then
raked on the open spaces between the rows, and there remain to keep down the
weeds and the ground moist, which the plants always require when fruiting. A
sufficient amount must be left on and about the plants to keep the fruit from the
ground. Nothing now remains to be done till after tbe fruiting season, but to pull
up all weeds that may make their appearance. When the fruiting season is over
remove the mulching, if not rotten, and cultivate thoroughly between the rows.
Set a new bed, and plow up the old one after the second year’s crop.

A vote of thanks was tendered Mr. Pearce, and the paper ordered
published with the Transactions.

Mr. Gibbs asked how he separated the leaf mold from the rubbish of
the forest. .

Mr. Pearce replied, that he simply raked off the sticks and leaves, and
used the top soil.

Mr. Stevens inquired if the sorts named, would do well on the prai-
rie,

Mr. Pearce said he thought they would all do as well on the prairie,
as in his Minnetonka woods.

Mr. Harris asked how the prairie people would secure leaf mold.

Mr. Pearce replied, that he would take top soil from any place he
could get it.

He further stated that the Glendale and Pioneer were both good
shippers, and that the Pioneer would remain a long time on the vines
after ripening, without injury.

The Cresent Seedling he found to be a big cropper, but too soft for
shipment.

The Seth Boyden and Windsor Chief, large fine market fruit.

For the farm, he would recommend more common sorts, like the
Wilson and Chas. Downing.

Mr. Underwood said farmers and towns people were all planting, and

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 21

asking which was the best? For years the answer had been, the Wilson
Now, it was getting to be a serious question, what we shall recommend.

Mr. Pearce said there was so much difference in tastes, soil, and cul-
tivation, that the question was a difficult one to answer.

Said he would name the the Crescent Seedling and the Glendale.
He should plant of the Pioneer. Said they were very hardy and pro-
ductive, and a special pet with him.- He recommended a dozen sorts
altogether, and said it was impossible to answer Mr. Underwood’s
question, so far as relates to s single berry.

Mr. Underwood asked how far apart plants of different varieties could
be planted and secure perfect fertilization,

Mr. Pearce replied that this distance varied with different plants,
from four to sixteen feet. Said he could raise 259 bushels per acre of —
Pioneer and Crescent Seedling mixed.

Mr. Harris asked about the Countess, as a farmer’s berry.

Mr. Elliot thought it a good one, but that it would not carry safely
long distances. He was surprised at Mr. Pearces’ position, in ignoring
the Wilson. He considered it the best for shipment of all good sorts,
and liked the Green Prolific for home use. In reply to Mr. Under-
wood’s question as to the comparative value, as compared with the Cres-
cent Seedling he said, the Crescent was much the best.

The principle objection he had to the Crescent was the fact, that it
sometimes failed to fertilize in rainy weather.

Mr. Abernethy thought the society far behind in its recommenda-
tions of strawberries for general planting. He said there must be a
few entitled to consideration as the best, and that this society ought
to know it, and be fearless in recommending them, that there are many
new and valuable varities.

Mr. Elliot would not advise the Sharpless for general cultivation.

Mr. Underwood thought Mr. Abernethy too sweeping regarding the
recommending of new, untried, highly advertised Eastern strawberries.
Said we must put these new things on trial in the West, and not rec-
ommend them until trial, because they were well advertised.

Mr. Gibbs moved that all farmers who subscribed to the special
farmers’ fund as premiums to this exhibition, be entered as members of
the State Horticultural Society for current.year, and be entitled to the
published Transactions; carried.

The following names, as per the action of the society are enrolled:

P. H. Rahilly, W.S. Arnold, HK. F. Carpenter,
J. ©. Bartlett, Chas. Gould, D. G. Heggie,
Joel Clark, Collins Pratt, Grannis & Wilson,

E. C. Eaton, H. Webster, C, C. Roberts.

92 ANNUAL REPORT

Dr. D. C. Estes appeared before the meeting, and invited all to visit
his museum of natural history, which invitation was accepted,

O. Gibbs, Jr., as Chairman of the committee: on articles on exhibi-
tion, reported as follows:

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON EXHIBITS.

Mr. President, and Fellow Members :—It is with more than ordinary pleasure that
your committee undertake the duty of summarizing the exhibits at this meeting,
for a permanent record in the transactions of the society, as we have here, before
us, for the first time in our history, what appears to be, in our leading department,
that of autumn fruits, a display of nearly all the varieties in the state, with the
exception perhaps, of a few undiscoverd seedlings, and insignificant crabs, and
shown as a general rule in good condition as to form, size, maturity and color, and
that outside bloom and finish that makes all our well-grown Minnesota fruit
remarkable by contrast with the same or similar varieties grown elsewhere.
Besides this statement, we think it is the opinion of all present that our display at
this time is the best ever yet obtained in the State on any occasion, although per-
haps the number of individual exhibitors may possibly be less than at some of our
State Fairs. We find upon our tables 100 plates of apples, seventy of hybrids and
crabs, twenty-four of grapes and ten of plums.

The individual exhibitors of fruit and the varieties shown, are as follows:

Underwood & Emery, Lake City. Duchess, Tetofsky, Wealthy, Fameuse, Sax-
ton, White Astrachan, Plumb’s Cider, St. Lawrence, Fall Orange, Deomia, Minne-
sota, Whitney No. 20, Conical, Gen. Grant, Maiden Blush, Orange, Akin’s Striped
Winter, Jewell’s Red Winter, Beecher Sweet, Hutchinson Sweet, Russet Sweet,
Golden Beauty, White Winter, Green Winter, Lady, Early Strawberry, Angular,
Orion, Pickett’s Prolific, Vermont Red, Pine and Yellow Transparent, in apples
and crabs. Forest Garden, Weaver, DeSotoand Miner Plums Delaware, Agawam,
Clinton, Janesville and Lindley grapes.

Oliver Gibbs, Jr., Lake City. Haas, Minnesota, General Grant, four varieties
unnamed hybrids, Angular, Talman Sweet, Price’s Sweet, and seedling winter apple.

S. 8. Workman, Lake City. Concord, Agawam, Rogers’ 19, Delaware, Musca-
dine, Dracut Amber, Clinton, Hartford Prolific and seedling grapes.

G. M. Dwelle, Lake City. Quaker Beauty, Hyslop and unnamed red crab

M. M. Ingram, Lake City. Talman Sweet. -

Abner Dwelle, Lake City. Wallbridge.

S. K. Gates, Lake City Sweet Seedling apple.

Mrs. Montgomery, Lake City. Angularand Meader’s Winter.

’§. Hazlett, Lake City. Quaker Beauty and Seedling apple.

Wm Jewell, Lake City. Hutchinson Sweet.

Myron Hill, Lake City. Hyslop.

F. H. Doughty, Lake City. Concord and Clinton grapes.

H. D. Wickham, Lake City. Perry Russet and Golden Russet.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 23,

Thos. Mateer, Glasgow. Minnesota, Price’s Sweet and Alexander.

N. Schmidt, Glasgow. Fall Orange and Wallbridge.

B. B. Fetzer, Glasgow. St. Lawrence.

Mrs. Thomas Crawshaw, Lake. Utter’s Red and General Grant.

Theodore Bowen, Lake. Wealthy and Wallbridge.

M. D. Carroll, Lake- Unnamed Sweet Crab.

Mrs. Agnes Frost, Lake. Utter’s Red, Maiden Blush, Hesper Blush.

John Monroe, West Albany. Green Winter.

C. Konig, Pepin. King Apple. _

A. W. Fountain, Frontenac. Seedling Sweet Apple.

Mrs. Amelia Heine, Wacouta. Talman Sweet.

Joseph Church, Waconta. Seedlings and Golden Russet.

W. H. Roberts, Wacouta. Plumb’s Cider and unnamed crab.

Baker Harrison, Mt. Pleasant. Plumb’s Cider, Utter’s Red, Haas and two
unknown varieties.

Joel Clark, Mt. Pleasant. Talman Sweet and Plumh’s Cider and Seedling Apple.

G. A. Cook, Cook’s Valley. St. Lawrence.

Collins Pratt, Oakwood. Haas, Melinda, Wealthy, Duchess, Orange, General
Grant, Seedling Sweet Apple, Gilliflower Crab, and Concord, Deleware, Janesville
and Seedling Grapes.

J. S. Harris, LaCrescent, Seedling Hybrid Apple.

E. Wilcox & Son, La Crosse, Wis. Rhode’s Seedling, Seedling Crab, Grimes’
Golden, Jefferson County, Pewaukee and General Grant.

Wm. Forster, Chatfield. Seedling Winter Apple.

D. K. Michener, Etna, Fillmore county. Seedling Winter Apple.

W. E. Brimhall, $t. Paul. Tetofsky and Virginia.

Wyman Elliot, Minneapolis. A display of Wealthies.

Geo. H. Nichols, Prescott, Wisconsin. Concord and Delaware grapes.

D. G. Heggie, Florence. Duchess, Wealthy, Haas, Gen. Grant, Hyslop, Hutch-
inson Sweet, Maiden Blush, Aikin’s Striped Winter, Orange, Beecher Sweet,
Transcendent, Red Siberian, Early Strawberry, Minnesota and Conical.

Among the seedlings included in the above list your committee would call the
especial attention of the society to those of Messrs. Forster, Michener, Fountain,
Hazlett and Harris, to the end that if thought advisable they may be further inves-
tigated by the committee on seedlings.

That of Mr. Forster was awarded the first preminm at the recent State fair at
Rochester for the best winter seedling. Samples of bright, healthy four-year-old
wood were shown, and statement made that the tree has been in bearing five or
six years, and has produced in all about twenty bushels. (This from statement
furnished to one of your committee by that respected fellow-member of our society,
Martin W. Cook, of Rochester). Specimens from the plate here on exhibition will
be put away for safe keeping till our next winter meeting, when this new candi-
date can be further examined, and receive a name if found worthy.

Mr. Michener’s seedling certainly has the present symptoms of a long keeper.
After having been handled over and over again for the hundredth time at Roches-
ter and here, it is still a dangerous missel to throw at a tree-peddler, although rep-
resented by its producer to be capable of mellowing into eatable condition and

24 ANNUAL REPORT

flavor about the first of May. Let us hope and pray that this may prove a hardy
sort at least, that we may be able to add to our list a keeper.

Mr. Fountain’s apple was awarded the first premium also at the State fair for the
best seedling sweet apple. It is from a seedling orchard over twenty years old,
planted by Mr. Uriah Lewis near Frontenac. A peculiarity of this orchard is that
while it was planted from seedlings obtained from a barrel of apples in which
there were no sweet ones, a majority of the trees produced sweet apples. The
tree now under consideration has borne many abundant crops, and is yet in fair
condition, and stands in rather low ground, adjacent to a marsh, Against this
unfavorable location it has the advantage of a timbered bluff shelter on the south
and west, and to this it doubtless owes its longer life. The apple resembles the
Talman Sweet in color and flavor, though a little more elongated in form.

There may possibly be some question as to Mr. Hazlett’s tree being anew seed-
ling. Itis not represented by the owner as such. The tree is an old one, is in good
condition, and bears abundant crops. The apple shows for itself. It is a fair
keeper.

The seedling of Mr. Harris is from Transcendant crab, supposed to be fertilized
by Talman Sweet or Golden Pippin. According to this pedigree it should rank as
a hyb«id apple, as it shows more of the characteristics of an apple than of a crab.
There is another seedling in the collection, furnished by Mrs. Geo. Hartman, of
Hokah. Of this, as well as of his own seedling, Mr. Harris himself can furnish
infonuation not known to your committee.

Of the class of apples on exhibition known as hybrids or improved crabs, or if
they be hybrids, more proper to be classed as hybrid crabs, your committee would
invite attention to some of them, now that abundant samples are furnished, to be
tested for their excellent quality as eating or dessert apples, in addition to their
merits as orchard trees for hardiness, abundant bearing, etc. In this category we
have the Minnesota, the Beecher Sweet, the Early Strawberry, the Whitney No.
20, the Conical, Angular, the Maiden Blush, the Hutchinson Sweet, the Hesper
Blush, Sweet Russet and Seedling No.8 Of the hybrid crabs, that are good cook-
ing apples, the Orange is of delightful flavor and would rank as a fine dessert ap-
ple if it would get mellow, and the names of the others are too numerous to men-
tion. Some of this class are fair to good keepers— particularly the Maiden Blush,
Minnesota and Hutchinson Sweet, the latter being doubtless a late keeper.

In the line of grapes the Janesville deserves especial mention for its earliness and
its consequent adaptation to localities subject to early autumn frosts. Its qualityis
good, and is said to make ‘‘the appetite grow with what it feeds on.’’ The exhibi-
tors of grapes are Underwood & Emery, 8. 8. Workman, Lake City; Collins Pratt,
Oakwood, and G. H. Nichols, Prescott, Wis.

Ot plums we have a large collection of Weavers, Miners, DeSotos and Forest
Gardens from our Lake City hosts, Messrs. Underwood & Emery, and your com-
mittee take no risks in remarking that they (both plums aforesaid and the hosts)
have been well sampled by the members of the society. If not strictly tame, these
varieties are easily domesticated in Minnesota, and they are large, handsome and
of excellent quality. The Miner has at last jumped into full bearing at a bound
and are sold in Lake City this year by the bushel. The Weaver isa perfect free-
stone.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. » 25

The show of cut flowers is not extensive in number of entries but the samples
are fine in quality and condition, and arranged in designs and bouquets with ex-
cellent taste.

The collection is as follows: Displays of pansies and verbenas and four bouquets
of gladiolas, dahlias, phloxes, roses and wild flowers, by Mrs. H. B. Sargent, of
Lake City; a cross design in phloxes and geraniums by Miss Maggie Gibbs, of Lake
City; a bouquet of geraniums and one of dahlias, verbenas and asters, by 8. 5.
Workman, of Lake City, and a display of pansies by Mrs. D. G. Heggie, of Florence.

The grain and vegetable departments had the following -entries: D. G. Heggie,
Florence— blood beet, white French and yellow sugar beets, mammoth mangle»
rutabaga, cabbages, cauliflowers, Danvers, white Portugal and red Weathersfield
onions; acme and trophy tomatoes; peerless, snowflake and burbank potatoes, hub-
bard squash and large hybrid squash.

E. C. Eaton, Florence —cabbages, cauliflowers, hubbard squash, blood beets and
mammoth mangle; rutabagas, white turnips, one-half long carrots, turnip beets,
sweet corn, parsnips, yellow Danvers and red Weathersfield onions; peppers, celery,
display of gypsey watermelons; early rose, beauty of Hebron, snowflake, blue im-
perial, peach blow, manimoth pearl, Burbank and Jordan prolific potatoes.

Chas. Gould, Central Point, display of potatoes, consisting of beauty of Hebron,
early rose, Burbank, snowflake and mammoth pearl.

Oliver Gibbs, Jr., Lake City, early rose, beauty of Hebron, snowflake, Burbank,
Jordan prolific and belle potatoes; white portugal and multiplying or potato onions,
top onion sets, sugar beets, yellow and red globe and large red mangels, black
spanish winter raddish, carrots, parsnips, tomatoes and Swede turnips.

W.58. Arnold, Florence, north star, yellow dent corn and Jordan prolific pota-
toes, samples of the latter weighing one pound 114 ounces.

M. Pearce, Minnetonka, samples mammoth sugar, canada yellow, white dent
and compton surprise corn; maple syrup and strawberry plants in pots and boxes.
Underwood & Emery, Lake City, sweet potatoes and potted strawberry plants.

Hiram Webster, Lake City, collection of garden seeds, forty-four varieties; black
wax beans, table beets and top onion sets.

The samples in this department are all good, and many of them of unusual merit.

Of amber cane syrup we note but three samples. These are contributed by
Grannis & Wilson, of the Central Point Steam Works, recently established,
Knight Whipple of Minnetonka and George Perkins of South Troy.

In conclusion your committee would express the belief that this, the first inde-
pendent exhibition meeting of the Minnesota Horticultural Society will impress all
present as it does your committee, with the value of such meetings as a means of
obtaining useful information, not easily found otherwise, and of disseminating it
among the people, and that their continuance in the future will come to be re-
garded as something quite as worthy of popular attendance and patronage as any
of our more miscellaneous but certainly not more useful annual fairs.

The agricultural horse trot may be an economical device to increase the speed
and foster the class of horses that are wanted to trot rapidly in going for the doc-
tor, but it is a fair question whether a better encouragement of horticultural meet”
ings and shows to make good, wholesome fruit more plenty and cheap might not
result in the doctors’ professional visits being fewer, except in those cases where

26 ANNUAL REPORT

they seem at present desirable for due observance of the commands of holy writ.

There is hope for the fruit interests of our State, and its success will not be far
distant when public attention can be once more fixed upon it, and especially when
our young men can be attracted to it as something worthy of their talent and am-
bition. Our processes in creating a pomology of our own in the production of °
seedlings and in the importation sf varieties from regions where they grow under
climatic conditions similar to our own, are at last becoming scientific and closely
in accord with clearly defined laws of vegetable physiology, and it seems that
though their steps are-slower than the rapid strides we once hoped to make, re-
sults must hereafter be sure. Let us keep up our meetings and exhibitions and
speed the work of making Minnesota not only one of the recognized fruit growing
States, but the best in the Union, this side of the Rocky mountains, for where else
can fruit be grown that approaches in beauty or exceeds in quality our own first
born Minnesota seedling, our pride and pet, the Wealthy?

In this connection your committee would say there is reason to believe that at
some meeting of the society not far distant the Wealthy will have good company
in our list of seedling celebrities, produced in a number of localities about the State
where careful experimerts are being conducted.

In closing, your committee would suggest the consideration of the subject of a
summer meeting at the proper time for an exhibition of small fruits and flowers
and early vegetables. Respectfully submitted, ,

OLIVER GrBss, JR., ;
WYMAN Enxior, Committee.
M. PEARCE,

Norr.—After the adjournment of the meeting a box ‘of samples of Wisconsin
fruits, comprising pears and several varieties of new seedling apples, also speci-
mens of leaves, wood and bark of the several sorts, was received from George P.
Peffer, of Pewaukee, Wisconsin. They were repacked for preservation for the
next winter meeting, and consigned to the care of Wyman Elliot, Minneapolis, to-
gether with a barrel of samples collected from exhibits at this meeting.

2 NI,

The following paper on Window Gardening was read by Mrs. W.
R. Murray, of Lake City. A vote of thanks was tendered the lady,
and the paper ordered published:

WINDOW GARDENING.

Although my subject is far from uninteresting, treated as it should be, Iam fearful
a novice in essay writing will fail to do it justice. However, since a certain ener-
getic and sprightly old gentleman has insisted that I undertake to convince you of
a much greater knowledge of window gardening than I was ever guilty of possess-
ing, I will endeavor to do so, begging your patient hearing, sincerely trusting
there will be no fatal brain prostration from the amount of knowledge about to be

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 27

poured into theirs in so short atime, and rejoicing to think at the close of this
reading the gentleman referred to will feel that he, at least, has been sufficiently
punished

Plants, in many respects, are like children—they want food when hungry, drink
when thirsty, petting when sorry, ‘and at all times the very best of care; fa'ling to
- receive these attentions, iike children, they become troublesome, like children they
get very dirty, and like children they die. Just here let me speak a word for my
favorites, who cannot speak for themselves. Ladies, do not be afraid of soiling
your hands; plants are very easily insulted; if they become impressed with the
idea that you dare not touch them without gloves on, they will immediately show
signs of disapproval and end by cutting your acquaintance entirely. Again, is il
not.time and money thrown away for a person to devote the whole summer to the
culture of house-plants, and the first cold snap allow them to freeze to the ground,
or if not quite freeze to sleep so cold every night, they barely live and never bloom—
are perfectly ashamed of themselves, and a distress to every one who beholds them?
Why not—if a lover of flowers—cultivate annuals of which there are so many
beautiful and interesting varieties?

If my house-plants failed to bloom freely for me during the winter, I should feel
that I had very little compensation for the care and trouble bestowed upon them.
I see no reason why any one should fail to cultivate plants who attend to their
various wants, for in these few words lie the secret of success: take care of them.
And now I propose to tell you, without doubt imperfectly, but I trust plainly, how
I take care of mine. About the middle of May I remove my plants from the house
to the open air and immediately commence re-potting those I wish to retain in jars
and preparing cuttings of those I bed out. My bedding plants are not again taken
into the house, I either put them in the cellar or leave them to perish. The soil
for plants should be very carefully prepared. Ladies, for this purpose a man is
absolutely necessary, showing, without doubt, the chief object of man’s creation.
Have a bushel of ‘earth brought from some corner of your grounds where slops are
never thrown; add to this about two quarts of fine sand and a peck of fertilizing
material, that from a henery is best, rake all thoroughly together until not a lump
or pebble is to be found, then just as fast as you bed out your plants fill the empty
jars with earth and plant your cuttings for winter use; dampen with a sprinkler
and place them in a warm, shady spot until the leaves brighten up, and remove to
where they will have the morning sun for three or four hours. More is not required
through our hot summers. Pinch all buds until about the middle of August, and
when, about the middle of September, it becomes necessary to remove your plants
indoors, you will find yourself the possessor of strong, well-rooted plants, ready
and willing, with proper care, to gladden your hearts with their lovely blossoms,
all through the long, cold winter. Plants require to be watered nearly every day,
and many times twice a day, through the summer; the best time for doing this is
after sunset, always using soft, tepid water. Some ladies seem to think plants are
like camels, capable of taking an unlimited amount of water and retaining it until
convenient to water them again; others mix with the water, salt, ammonia, and
various other preparations, all of which are injurious, and just as long as practiced
the plants will present a slender stick-like appearance, which, however beautiful
it may be in the human form, is not desirable to the correct growth of plants. Our

28 ANNUAL REPORT

dear Lord uses nothing but pure water for his immense flower garden; are we not
perfectly safe in following His example?

During the winter, water your plants in the morning and only when they need it.
Sprinkle thoroughly once a month, not oftener, unless your plants are infested
with insects, which through the winter are sometimes very troublesome upon cer-
tain kinds of plants. Avoid keeping roses or carnations unless you have plenty of
sun and intend devoting a great deal of time to their care.

Do not keep more plants than you have room for. They hate being crowded.
Always give them a chance to reach out their arms and stretch. Give them all the
light your windows afford. Nothing makes them more angry and disgusted than
a pair of lace curtains; the fact that they are real lace makes no difference in their
opinion. They are great sun worshippers, and they want nothing hung between
them and the god they worship In my opinion, a window full of blooming plants
far exceeds in beauty of coloring, fineness of texture and graceful draping any cur-
tain ever yet manufactured.

Every person desirous of cultivating plants extensively ought to have a room
built expressly for their use through the winter. I had long desired such a room
but was unable to convince the master of the house that he had any money to in-
vest so unprofitably, until about a year ago, (he happening to be in a very pleasant
frame of mind) suddenly surprised me by remarking: ‘‘I tell you what; I will
build you a conservatory if you will let me use it as a smoking room.’’ Wasn’t I
happy? Didn’t I put on my sweetest smile, while I hastened to assure him that
nothing could give me greater pleasure than to see him smoking there? Of course
I did. Trust a woman for that.

In a few days a carpenter made his appearance, with whom I immediately made
friends, and together we built a room nine feet by fifteen, laid a double floor with
heavy paper between, tightly sided and papered upon the outside, filled between
the joist with sawdust and sealed up inside with narrow boards painted a very
light drab, we having, as you will readily perceive, only one end in view, that of
warmth. It has a western exposure and three large windows. <A seven foot slid-
ing-door connects it with the adjoining room. I had two tables made nearly as
long as the rooms, one two feet higher than the other. Upon these I arranged my
plants in an inclined plane towards the windows. By such an arrangement all
have nearly an equal amount of light, and none are brought very near the glass.
It is not advisable for plants to stand so near the window that any part of their
foliage rests upon the glass. At midday they are frequently too warm and at mid-
night always too cold, and these extremes alone kill many rare and valuable plants
through our long winters, which under the best of circumstances proves very try-
ing to the delicately constituted plant. The first Sabbath morning after I had my
plants all arranged to my entire satisfaction, the ‘‘master of the house’’ might be
seen approaching the door of what he was pleased to call his smoking room—a
peaceful look upon his face, a cigar in his mouth, and dragging behind him a
monstrous chair. He drew near; he looked around—a change for the worse crept
over his face; he whirls around and remarks (ina much louder tone than was
necessary) to a delicate little woman standing not far away: ‘‘I should like to:
have you show me where Iam going to sit down in this room.’’ She, knowing
that ‘‘a soft answer turneth away wrath,’’ meekly replies: ‘‘Why, my dear, you

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 29

said nothing to me about sitting down to smoke.’’ A slight muttering is heard
and a disgusted man retires from the conflict. Ladies, your plants do not require
smoking—they are not high-toned enough to enjoy it. All the long cold winter
my plants gave me the greatest pleasure by responding bravely to the many Calls
made upon them; they helped to make lovely faces look lovelier in the merry
dance; they decked the bride as she stood at the altar with the loved one of her
choice; they ornamented the dear church of our Lord, and they lovingly nestled
about the cold faces of many dear ones ‘‘who slept that sleep which knows no
waking.”

And so each flower its mission has,

For daily do they whisper to the soul

Sweet thoughts of goodness, tenderness and love;

They speak of all things true and beautiful,

And make us pray—that thus our hearts may be

A censer full of richest incense that

Shall rise unceasing to the throne of God.

At-the conclusion of Mrs. Murray’s paper the following article upon Cranberry
Culture, by J. 8. Stickney, of Wauwatosa, Wis., was read by the Secretary and
ordered published.

CRANBERRY CULTURE.

Cranberries, and their cultivation and general management, on the natura]
cranberry lands in Wisconsin, have for the past few years, been to me, matters of
considerable observation and study, some amusement, and much expense, all of
which may prove of little use to myself or anybody else.

Yet when we consider the large amount and great value of this crop, I do not
wonder at my interest, or regret my efforts. The first and strongest conclusion
that forces itself upon me, is that after all, I don’t know much about it.

This is less discouraging, because in the culture of all other fruits, I have often
been driven to very similar conclusions.

Could I find a competent teacher, I could very soon be set right, but the truth
is, even the most successful, seem to have done it more by chance than as the re-
sult of any definite plan or management.

I will briefly outline such facts as have presented themselves to my notice.

For location, such places are chosen as have a good supply of water, and so sit-
uated that by a system of ditches and’dams, the ground can be flowed to the
depth of one to two feet from November to May, and then, at the proper time, the
water be promptly drawn off.

It is also desirable, at the upper part of the works, to have more or less of water
that can be held in reserve and let on during the summer as the vines or fruit may
need. On the perfect or imperfect working of this water system, much of the suc-
cess or failure depends.

This water is usually put on about Noy. 15th, and drawn off abont May 15th.
Some hold it on later to hold back the bloom and thus escape late spring frost,

30 ANNUAL REPORT

but by so doing they are liable to run square into the embrace of a ruinous freeze
in September before their crop is matured,

Many things are too short at one end, but our cranberry seasons seem a little
short at doth ends.

Next after water comes the question, is your land ‘‘well vined,”’ that is, is it
evenly and well covered with native vines? Happy is he who has this condition,
for very soon after he has them under good water control, he will reap fair and in
many instances bountiful returns.

If not well vined, a very light sprinkling of native vines, will in a few years,
with the advantages of good water treatment, fully occupy the ground, but if
these are absent, then vines must be planted.

This is done by taking pieces of vine 8 to 12 inches long, from 3 to 6 together,
dropping them on the ground, and with the end of a thin strip of board placed
near their middle, punch them into the mud 3 to 4 inches, so that the ends pro-
trude an inch or two, one part will be wrong end up and will perish, but the
other will be right and will be sure to grow. This work may be done all through
June and July, and perhaps a month later. More rapid work is done by having a
substitute for the thin board, fastened to the sole of the boot, and thus stepping
the vines in. Of many acres thus planted I never lost three per cent.

Three feet each way will do, but two feet is much better and will occupy the
ground and yield returns enough sooner to pay.

These planted vines do not come forward as rapidly as those of native planting’
and the planter must be resigned to 4 to 6 years of patient waiting for full returns.
On all unimproved marshes there is more or less (usually more) moss. It is de-
_ sirable to destroy this and get the vines down to, and rooted in the peat as soon as
possible.

This moss killing is best done by perfect flowing until rather late in the spring,
then draining it quickly and as dry as possible. With this treatment, a few warm
sunny days usually do the work.

On all marshes are found patches of sage, featherbush and willows, disputing
possession with the cranberries, and in many places getting ‘‘the lion’s share.”
These can only be eradicated by persistent pulling and burning.

Insect enemies are the fruit worm—very similar to our codling worm—which
sometimes does very considerable damage, but which can be kept well in check by
early and perfect flowing; also the tip worm, which works on the tender points of
the vine and thus destroys the fruit buds for the following season. Their damage
is usually trifling.

The soil of these marshes is peat, varying from 6 inches to 3 feet, resting on
pure sand,—probably underland—at depths varying from 6 to 20 feet, by sand rock.

The country is very level and the water is all from the rain and snow, held back
for weeks and months in its course to the streams by the deep moss, and spruce,
and tamarac swamps.

Water thus gathered and held is generally believed to better meet the wants of
the vines than from springs or running streams.

Scalping and planting has in some instances been successfully done; also plant-
ing on very sandy soil with but little peat, and not naturally submerged, but this
has only been successful when water could be introduced in sufficient quantities

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. SL

to perfectly give the necessary winter flow, and maintain a good degree of summer
moisture. All] such experiments should never involve much outlay until firs,
tried in a small way and proved to be thoroughly practical.

Where the natural conditions are favorable, cranberry culture will not only pay,
but in many instances pay very liberally.

Fields of 200 bushels per acre are frequent and unquestioned, and where the
yield is 25 bushels and upward they always represent,a net dollar per bushel as
they lay on the marsh, provided they are gathered without frost injury.

The amusement referred to has been from the study of human nature as presented
on the cranberry fields in the busy picking season; 500 to 800 pickers in one gang,
drawn from every nationality this side of China, clad in cast off ciothing repre-
senting the fashions of the last twenty years. All earnestly working, yet brimming
full of fun and jollity; filling out the evenings with songs, stories, and an occa-
sional dance; make an exhibition that can ‘‘discount’’ any county or State Fair in
the land.

Another interesting study has been varied and constantly changing theories
and management. No two men agree as to what is best, and no one man holds
to the same management for a series of years The reasons assigned for this suc-
cess, or remedies proposed for that failure are as varied as the human face, and
often as wide of the mark as the wildest guess work.

But amid all this confusion the good old general rule holds good in this, as in all
other interests, presistent, earnest, well-directed effort is sure to win. Every success-
ful grower within my knowledge has made his success by earnestly working on
some well defined plan; turning neither to the right or left, for one, two, or three
years of adversity, but meeting and overruning any obstacle with the hand of a
master, until success was reached, and to such, as far as I know, there have come
no continued failures.

J. 8. STICKNEY,
Wauwatosa, Wis.

COMMITTEE OF AWARDS REPORTED AS FOLLOWS :

VEGETABLES.

O, Gibbs, Jr.—

aE MOIBECATLY D OUMLOOR: « c:s/-5x-sfeis'o e.0'v'«, 6,6 5, «105's duais/ero a nants ate ee a aie iss <I eS $2.00

PEEL EM EMO ibe COPE ONIONd ©... ss0k <iaininmisarcjenad ooeabe pueden eet bak tieibe 1.00
Wm. S. Arnold—

Ist prem. on Late Potatoes...............e0eeeee eres SS Riee ci Mer eR tie enlace tacts «a eetaat 2.00
Underwood and Emery—

BEEIONE O11 WEG: EO GULOER sae occ tae once v chan So tiie ak OLE MEE PRE pen Ecc do cones 2.00
Hiram Webster—

SAECO SOT WAX: BEANE. c.s)s ou /ci2. ane hace else a OO eae ec v cls d-ne'ee Conaeeee 1.00

SEMEL TEES OTL ALS DIG HOOKS 56 4.25 c5s0%e0 as in eco asec ae ee Ate win Pe 2% dakeiely Ths Oe 1.00
O. Gibbs, Jr.—- .

SE rn One D Isp hy) POCA GORA: -..). < + t's <' 8cs,s\oe SOREN CRIRS ee peal vic 2-0 < 0% obi oes 3.00

Wm. Arnold—
Ist prem. on Dent Corn....... Posed sea sce dt eee TR ES crowns Delt gis os. swetrnde FAAS Ep Ease 2.00"

32 ANNUAL REPORT

Chas Gould—

istiorem: On Display Potatoes. *ccc cme sivsew races pple sie alds\oe ce/dis als seg elem oi eine ame ee iene 5.00
Grannis and Wilson—

ASL MTOM OD SYTUP'si+.0\. vinsiesoiabrelalcinleloyaiclalsio we + elstelalesioln'oeinicislele\ele ciel (ele ele pia were wa seih asl emia letaeiers 3.00
D. G. Heggie—

IsttpreMm, ON NW eLOW! ONIOUSt. 2 ateielaon oets’s visi crieisielelotesieweln stetale aie slate aveie,o/aje.e's \pieieie pines aioe ena 1.00

HSL PTE vON REG. OM OUB isa saiv.ctsie siels! sels poise dete mia ee ieiphatce els loistw’w ate ia 270'p 7'brm\s eral sisiclpin tela eee 1.00

LSE PTOND ODL OMALOOS aches std je cleailalciate’e cle teicy afore wise beter Ae Gee Bela vhlernre tek pinto sieves a /bereratelet mieten 1.00

1st prem, on Hubbard Squash..............cess000 AE OO AIC IOOT COP RISO ORO NEO ORM OET re. * 1.00

Tstsprem: On Liar re Squash jet aoe cinvs su « worteloe pci choot is os slate pinsiajoirn sie abenialecte nies slseiuters se siseiete 1.00
Edwin C, Eaton—

USt Prem Oni AUG WEN shies cet niles seine oteie elem leleve= = ulnlale rel stvihis sib\e/uie pietaiaea he alma wiolp ele piaeisalnivtals 1.00

TRU pPNEME ONG CAD PALE). (clare ioisccls\atalorets atacucielassunio(clavssc'siape als core ajacsrclslaieleneleieacs ep iela amie alecomsterae Met mninyE 1.00

HEH ope) eG) W812) 2) Aor EAH GOOCa eset Ooen GAcas ae AAaDonO do doraoOU roa GaacdhAS a aredocmstoc 1 00

ISt/ prem yon Hard Spring’ WHC. bient oe ps arctaieciswierersie’e,e eteioiis elec clslaisie cre sveinelalafereinatel steiamnatile 2.00

Maggie Gibbs—

ASESPTOM! HLOVAT MCSE < cisrevsierave nisi apslale aie ecth cix'st nia ef Oiaisce "sisi stele ele nvets'# sislatvere sie cleeys eal nate ene $2 00
ANA MPREM. ISP) AYAE LOW ELS s,./c/<:cipiereiclo\ete:i<lassisie nisictae wi sie loin ais leleieleievstalelave nirieiele-cleie eaiare ai ete ste sterete
Mrs. H. B, Sargeant—
TSEAPTEMLS VEL DOMAS 5015/0: cieleceisin'c aso 6 ajaisietelnvoinioiniciclaicicieeiniviaiielsin oieiaseiohete eiehelsinel stats er siete = ite eee ae 1.00
USES PROM. HP ANBICS ees, oiec’o'aG'e e) eslele Vale aisielelctoletsiese: ainia'sislai0is« e's/e « cole feiielenalieri oie ete oe eee eI 1.00
AUAUMTEM. ROWNMI CUOUEN <ste\clera/oieio*ebcinjnivioisis oie 'eielcie'e sic vi ercteielolarawinystareteys miclelsys eimie ele satel tate ee aaeeainte 1.00
ISVs ov ces enieg! MEN ial SLO LiKe) Boum noodood GonAAOd SDA Ia OOODDDONC sODrOodSSaadd. Gudea wasogoudSes4 2.00
Ustip remy DIS play: HMO WEIS sc o-s.«:0/e:s1ais,aisyaastss0 x/cjereisveleyalereietetel Gaistelola ois ssa bian aisles oe etek ore eiee eee
S. S. Workman—
Ish prem MROUNG BOUQUET. i. snc ses miemiemme st caibmns smaieataeles » steinc.s selec are retelen ore isteeemia cele meee 2.00
QBudiprem.uab BOUGUCE 4. saya iaa-myeleriste sau wtepsetions seiets rarsia e csicls e aeite ea eee eee eee 1.00
Mrs. D. G. Heggie—
PROS LOVV ere ANISICS)s ajetarsieter ade totoileloveiein'sletele oto ater ete vahsicrc1<'c ies rete ais ey bis tois faicies omichsta lois imtetiere iota ravers ee ae 50

Underwood and Emery—

A BTEPLOMd. HaMEUSe VAD PIO’ saya c,e.0 crejareicie\« 6 elanrasisistatsleeaiavelsis eielc ercre > RISER Oe CTR EE et era 2.00

A SURPLOTN OVAL CaCO AD rcis.0.sicteieietojalsicley cic esis si otets/aiatete islets lets. ohelciere/eielerntelaineiaiais eee eel ene 1.00

UStipremiavNitNE VI CTAD 6 wines ce cickercicre saya svete e sure eioetele ele teisietie ibe ace nee ee icone Den eee 1.00

BILGPPNE I BeACHELSHS WEEL) CLAD a\ctcvs\0'si10ic0c inning oreterenstoitieleleisio sree enis nie site emia ete RIE ETE 50

SLAP EM MWY EAVEL PA TLED 151016 oleiible itis) o's\sie nies a aici Wise aisigln ieee tee Lee nee hein apa etoiaters a einaiare eierale 2.00

TSTAPLEMe HOES OL OME LUIS «o's hoi ointssr sia «0.0 sv craves slo e'nivle, epee seeTs Ce eine ECE eee ee 2.00

TSHIPKEMM PAM NOL MAMEG sereis, © | Sicis\eiais ajsiare etalsictavrete wiceleta Cocteteloreiorercmiarernvere stra Rare eT 2.00

ONG PREM BWClE WATE! GLADE store) sloieis'vic oo %,ac ete Gene ev o's evaretret olen cle cietore cave ete ine noe ree ee 50

PUG prem CON COLGCIGIAPS sere itjeiels alee ciajelayesirclarcteloialo, lols are fetoin SIEM et ctele me inioTe eee aE 50
O. Gibbs, Jr.—

2ndhprem. (Minnesota (CLAD cmvelsvars sie)sjsis) lare.evw7a. vale eis [o/eisie 6. pe'aly agetnlerohae eseteisioke a ieloreen a a 50

Sud prem. WDESSEL’ CLaDiec cise cimcicnen ceils aisietiole recs ee estes eve ciseinieleieite Meare Cie meee REIT 50
N. Smith—

IshipremissWallrideg AD ples: sic cesicisseteiesfenthm bie se tepleeice costs, cis cicteiroie/ioletsielel aieteiai cust oteiereteai its 1.00

B, B. Fetzer—

PHONE. Mus AWE CCAD DIE vie xietastsieiercteleroieinterslalitoreys (evn si Yo es wie ei ctoyetete toler ete eieleteteie elite eee erent 50
Thomas Mateer—

Stypnem rr DEssent Cra... cisincpsicloteraialaloisietsinetaietslalnsefsiwiens cictole viele eratea elsise aieieiet one evs cles ere atta 1.00
Mrs. Agnes Trost—

ASt: PROMYUOLLED.:0.. 030.0 5\s:6 a \e'ec'e wie ooo nolwye basa. 01g atte eiciolteictckelsialale eretelele sicis Pelee cise pita e CR creme mas 1.00
Baker Harrison—

PALL VEIN MW) ULOL e avei2-a</c\sreiere.o/e/u.0is,i0i8, alojw leis eyeceya selec’ iste) eleteraiate ofelarcie eroleretetetarcict Mice eee eee Mere ere 1.00

ALG prem wVemevy Ot Dame. Crabs vaciauracece tevin bceriecs einicioee a eeeeen nee aeeeeeamnecite 1.00
G. A. Cook—

TSt MPLEM I Se MAW LENCE. ou: \saws cicgink oeleeivsisem een oeeriok ae GMS Reece teeter caine sisters sine 1.00
Collins Pratt—

1st prem. Display Apples, —Underwood & Emery prize....... AGOUOT EOD DUC SONS Jc 10.00

ANC a DFO EAGAN ow cre metemteyetestaiaratele inte wae 0 6(0’piole:ovatoss wig laleinvelste! ote sicletate’sielcintel isis sletsiarove acer siete ire em 50

Ist prem. Wealthy...... sin lojole’a.is'e.m'®. 9}¢ 0:8,blerwiuis/v ayersinge ete Breve Te mintel <pietbyesaveisieie’s uaa riake ie mteraiet ¢yeteeiekelc aE 2.00

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 33

Fst prem. Duchess... 00... .ccceccsecescceesecscscsccscces Be mieiate Tetaiaicie. aiajn/aje'eje e/aiaiayalsateiaie7ai cian’ 2.00

Qn prem. Orange Crab... ...c.cserccccccaccsraccsccsnnceceae seccssecnse sesecseccccevccens 50

Ist prem Delaware Grape......seeceeecsecccccercececes Say cicts are taleteratalaeie elevs,ticialslet nn ievere Wisin austere 2.00

Qnd prem. Janesville Grape... 2... eee cecececeneccrsees sence ececeeseeecceneeerensccscee cess 1.00
$. Hazlett—

2nd prem. Seedling APPle........- eee eeeen cece eceeren ences e cece tenes eee eeee seen eee eeeaee 1.00
Wm. Forster—

Ist prem. Seedling Apple.......2.ccccesecccccccccec nesses ecceesesaseeessessesseecesccescres 2.00
D. K. Michener—

ist prein. Long Keeping Apple..........ee.eeee Ricloterslutstelete (ats /e/a/eisVeiele\ajeivvelehl siefeletereithels) eteteleriainiwie’« 1,00
Ww, E. Brimhall—

HSMIPLOMMs TOCOEY APPle ss cecccce ce coe sacs cc cine tevin: vices) ne 00\s vine nels eltin viel sioesis cove eeemasiace 2.00

PPMISRALA VAIN NO ct OLA naiaiie cleie)e clare aieigi< s/o stcl=(eraie a/> sie)e sinin)s|~/a)e\s/elelais'ste\e\als'win a's) oleieieisie'viel=isin'yiv/eciste 1.00
S.S. Workman—

ist prem. Display Grapes—Underwood & Emery prize.......ssceeecescceveccccccsececncees 10.00

Pub NN e7 CONC ONG GLAD OS io) ei ec<reyeiaie,<sfatsie:e o:vie/sjo!eje eicveisisisiecais iw /arwte rctistensigcas.dadackmatea conta 1.00

URSSESEOINS CES F< WY ATTEN CLL IER lateraifaia els elatsiayafe\sie eierale!sielisiofaie/einisieleneiaibinlcts sieil aibleteieins'y oisia\e)s lyin a's) apie'elaistale 2.00

SF EER TST TIUEO LATLUO TA STATION ofoye: defo ss subie’ ays -15:«/=}6)0-0'« 5 /cict «76 che; etelsveh etalavayeisielel sislaw sieve 6 etaisieie nis's cisie’ere cjpieie eye 1.00
George H. Nichols—

BEETS MANES IEC OUR Gk TION oral siafieielaiayere sieve ois\siecs) enrels. v1olstoia’s slainicivinie iaisia’eteleleleielala/aiel<ia.e/a/o seq 'aiea «inte eisiate 2.00
D. G. Heggie—

1st prem. Display of Hybrids—Underwood & Emery prize.......-..ceeceeee ee cece cece cence 10.00

RRIEETROTD aU ILCHEAS SA THD IE wine ote sielaletassalernie este’ 6) alas e)/a'e) aie (ole wre/ele/olelaloialele/sieisiein'r\sieielei siete eikeintern wanaiete 1.00

MOMIPOLN AVY CAN UILVEATSP LO wieia otc ajela sia /aiars/atalesincale’ oehcts)e\eisiovers covers eie/ eile elalnlete/siaie cele ais minis atuilelereiave'stais 1.00

PAUOLE RE MS CACUCLS IS WOULD yurcreeaisafelaie’siinteiaieleg/elereialeitiefers|aieieletalsla sjeleielereisle eiaeisiela(e slnisit i siateiatete 1.00

TR REe en VN AMELO Us CAL cys, ofci are! lsictcceiscsisleisieis erst sicie eysleleieieen selec] elaveie’elela/s ieinjeleiviy s,s wield’s\eleje[s/elalele/w erate 1.00

Hep yaTen BAN VeStra wiDELLy. CLUD: cad cane sie clvnceeseiu em ani eaerisioues-ceidolsoeeds accsnaeaenunle OU

APMC MOOT A NVC AD nio/e-ehs,aiuto//c'ess) nin (a) erayai eis eic’aln ale le'e/e’a,'s\ecaistele/sisieinje(el pr alareie|sia(abatadacors-ef¥’a"sTol v= otmyeintalsteye 1.00

The thanks of the society were tendered to the citizens of Lake City
for the cordial hospitalities enjoyed by the visiting members during
the meeting; to Oliver Gibbs, Jr , Superintendent, for his services in
the large array of exhibits and the fine arrangement of the several
departments; and to the Chicago, St. Paul & Milwakuee Railroad Com-
pany for its reduction of fares to the members coming and returning
by its route.

The formal proceedings were then closed with a few well timed re
marks from President Harris, the meeting being unanimously voted a
success.

=o OS Ell | Meese

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

WINTER MEETING -AT MINNEAPOLIS,

SU oF eee

soars

nm

oe oe

MONDAY, TUESDAY AND WEDNESDAY.

JANUARY 16. 17 AND 18, 1882.

PROGRAMME.

MONDAY, JANUARY 16, —2 P.M. P)

Opening exercises.

Address by the President, Hon. J. S. Harris, of LaCrescent.
Appointing Committees.

Future of Apple Culture—E. Wilcox, LaCrosse.

Questions.

MONDAY EVENING.

Strawberry Calture—Isaac Fawcett, Minneapolis.

Fall or Spring delivery of trees and plants—M. Pearce, Minneapolis.
Cultivation of the Cyclamen—James Bowen, Minneapolis.

Raising new Strawberries from Seed—M. Crawford, Cuyahoga Falls, 0.
Questions.

TUESDAY MORNING.

Report of Committee on Seedling Apples.

Report of Committee on Fall meeting at Lake City.
Report of Committee on Legislation.

Report of Committee on Experimental Fruit Farm.
Report of General Fruit Committee.

TUESDAY AFTERNOON.

Apple Tree Blossoms—George P. Peffer, Pewaukee, Wis.

Cultivation of Shrubs and kerns—Mrs. C, O. Van Cleve, Minneapolis.
Evergreens for the Prairies—G. W. Fuller, Litchfield.

Plums—J. M. Underwood, Lake City.

Questions.

TUESDAY EVENING.

Wild Fruits of Minnesota—Col. J. H. Stevens, Minneapolis.

Tulips and other hardy Flowers—Mrs. J. M. Underwood, Lake City.
Spur Pruning Grape Vines—C. H. Greenman, Dover Center.
Domestic Fruits—A& W. Sias, Rochester.

Questions.

36

ANNUAL REPORT

WEDNESDAY MORNING.

1. The importance of Experiments in producing hardy Apples from seed—F. K. Phenix, Delevan,
Wisconsin.

Timber Culture—S. M. Emery, Lake City.
Reports of Secretary and Treasurer,

Election of officers by ballot, without nomination.
Appointing Committees.

cp ow

WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON,

1. Summer Cultivation and Winter Protection of Orchards—J. T Grimes, Minneapolis.
2. Commercial Orcharding—E, B. Jordan, Rochester.
3. Report of Delegate to Wisconsin Horticultural Society —C. H. Greenman, Dover Center.
4. Blight—Geo. P. Pefler, Pewaukee, Wis.
5. Questions.
WEDNESDAY EVENING.
1 Report of Committees on Current Meeting.
2, Report of Committees of Award.
3. Miscellaneous Business—Locating next Annual Meeting, &c.
4. Questions.

PREMIUM LIST.

5 Specimens to constitute a Plate.

S PIATC— WeEBIEHy oi oi0c sew cc cece: os cnin sense oeeieeis) eivials cleisis\sitsie’e sitinvenne Ist Prem. $2.00 2d Prem. $1.00
Es MIMANW BI DIIG PG) in ryevete elalelolelainenciniela s(eic.e o)ois clo iojnla nis vieiaiwinusiol @niele'e o\wjs\rin ies TUsjire ae 21008 20 iae: 1.00
ss lOnaa eet nen obodwoc Geno aoOCDooIoIeE Soom nanoitics coda become Ist = 2.00 Fah Oe 1.00
ce TSR TIG a Ate AHO HIO te LMPRBaoe Ao obadacntdopiekcsnuood loa Maron ES Nagle 200K) 2d ss 1.00
Ret RULINOMISE cee istora elas a lace/o avolaiavo]al ochre oe! slain +1<ja/el oie cisiueslatetatelote'site Stee 200M tae 1.00
J Seedling Apples not before exhibited..................eeeeeees 1Sta -° 5.00 2d 3 00
Se Variety DOt WAMCO : oo .5 a eclecciere oeieie(e em o's,e viejalss. « =/alr a\e)s/e\eisie\e\e sve DS tise 2.00 7 Ne 100
xe AEA NOS Congo cosn0a0 beer ca, Boos HOcodoo 1066 deb Sapo OGe Ushers ss 2.00 Sd! i55 1.00
ee COMICS: ooh sie ciscratisterailtal \inletcisieieies's lols o!er=|a7s)s\e\sie\e\e%efelelts/alslelsjivielee Ist, 2.00 2d. tec® 1.00
“Powers Large Red.......see cece cece reece cee eeeee cnet ceeeeees Isbe es 2:00) (dine 1.00
ef \iileahi es caeannnpmgen Hoedcopdo > CO00n00Gd0 COs abopSicubsigoDa Asti 055 2.009 720s Ee 1.00
ce IVETN TI PSOUD seek cote afew eval sue sterstetetors elayiekeinrelolninlelers/eselsla\si (el ela ‘eles eislotele Esty Ass 2.00 Pde: 1.00
a OVTATA ENG Sota fatsseveis alo ove'leie’<1<)o\0\s o74(0 eletats aisle oVa}e sinysioseleielc\\alele/o's,1e\<'=)Xnlojainia 1st ‘S 2:.00° “2dr # 100
. Hybrid not named...... 2. ce ccc cece eee ee ee ceee cece ceeceeeeee Lsties 2.00 2dh ois 1.00
ae MESEr GEN VDTI Geis ale els sia.ajow eisla/alsiel=(etaielelelvista slelsisisinivis.s slo sis(0/six.e\sin i= Ast 2.00 rele a 1.00
ices onerkeepine Hy DLide.( <- vaecieelenieleew ime sel metsetye esse tae kUL gas 2100: — Rdse es 1.00

GRAPES.
Best Plate Long Keeping..........ssceeseesseeeeereees Ist Prem. $5.00 2d Prem. $3.00 3d Prem $2.00
FLOWERS AND PLANTS.
Best Display Plants in DIOOM.........cccecee cece cece ceeeeeecsenceee cscs enccesscercsse sees sees $10.00
2a ue Ge Bn, brave siaroxaiar wrote ere oloale etevasiole eielsisialistal=iaylcjalalatecieisinteten steerage AGH DHeGASCeDD 7.00
3d Be of RMT Ts oc ar e.cy ceichsfota ciarainea invotele isle, wig aceieltelojsielevele eta) =leneietereyeissecedar=i=celainlsieraleje siaye7aIs.ale 5.00
Best Single Specimen Plant ..........eeceecceccceccccnccccscsccsccreseces secs sescscssccc cess 3.00
2d ss xe CE ako. ovis". ia alter eole 8 oie Pi senor telometohemiajetale lalate s. sUstsisis/afolnsio’s, unser alalaaeieie 2.00
3d Ss oe CCUM JS”, sais ete ve te neietatatele mCnern ie haniete aletoie sis bialsia ereietviore stais's (es /s IS 1.00
Best Ornamental Foliage Planits........0.cscccccccccccnes secs cces sens ccoeccnccssesscscssssecres 5.00
2d om 4 “ 3.00

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Be

CUT FLOWERS.

pM OLU ALL POSTE 2 515i tcrare cre ea aiolaetercetein A cielo a eipis «a eid cieleratels aeye/ Sie ncere atwrwis 6's me) s's\slcvaloys.aiasiei onion cialels $10.00
2d oe RP OAT yotate ce toete ta pete etmaicle a aleraisia s aie's siaiicszieie) sinsniavayeiecb,a i nvere@ urate erste aisin)el.<atc/e| ejeleia) s'a/a/a (an iatetets 5 00
ES FSC ENN SUL EA ELG ES OO EECH EEG Ea esere ce fatttotestat Ma eveha cjaialsfin/aro/<1(=\=]aie\~ cieiny jor siays,¢.9\e'n a’eta eft syelaintaln aie, siaie/aler sina! «\'cel. ‘evavela yates ate 2.00
2d oe Ae WR SSE u6 cadae MOn dees BOSC a IROAOEEE POCO DIC COmnOo asic ne Sonera Camanees BasoC 1.00
Best Flat SO MME Deeper iss ieietors esos aia ecntae wi tie ish nol tet elaie e,/a ote sib (a'd arate’ aVacmiotatn al ajegutaielaljevavaia fate vetelatalale 2.00
2d 4) BAM Etec ie tole cies.) cre pistalsierere winteloin'e|cietalerevoccisiere eis e/a slalaieivialeintslalelebataaretetatural to /S.eie| ciate, ahs 1.00
ase UR AER SER BOSS cacao a) pve" ait sissy as vs 16) vale ates Wve. cw eieaaby sled ‘isle ‘a bts alias’ Sa alelererarsrote etdreie foe(e aes 3.00
2d a Rete sstehen Petey a iciata\ciniaatster aire cied fine seven’ efest inle'b sis’e'a iviei siete’ e/siejaleieieisleletais cictetmetsinaceye miata: Siete 2.00
Best 4 Carn POOPIE eect t cist -tetatcta cet saivloks ae eierietas aca nen 254 Dic mee ane Mae eee 3.00
2d Re es BED Me alata ateinieotavolelet ae av eitisreis Gina cntaremtarts cic thea ain GES e ae Oe tear a ateya eno meas 2.00
casio LDTEPALOVAI DE UAUESTIEDS SHe et RE CAD CLS ONATRONS OCG Ot cic TRCN ERENT eT Tey ae air oR EE Oe ae REDS 3.00
2d cf Penn Gieeveisinin sindelatatneccialatatdet elas atc slofnhele'e's ciatsieta che (ercistaieisicte\ diab = avs eis eieve sisis avis eletean eaters 2.00
VEGETABLES.
Persie DECI PNAM Ve DOA TINE sisiaye so spo 8c/ers;s4siajs' fim Gussie olelersoleyeis $2.00 PONDEST einer sivieree ae aisisieioaes ee $1.00
PEPER NEC WV ASHE OR TINS ofc ajorcis ale aie a ois,6 ale eich a vidiuld) is ahislo. slays © 2.00 RAS DEREoets <rociereie crue wingisieeteeie 1.00
Best Peck Mangel Wurzel Beets.... 2.20.22. scccceececess 2.00 PUIG Ue sierevesialavacieiatisiereatalstane 100
ATER EC UE OIG COUS « «ara caralersc.aicic areiiswla ee asics wisieee Lic 2.00 ZEIDEST s/t 2152: el enaieleta ters eleseta 1.00
BAAR SMOUL FEO soles neta eatoie ajar eialolsaaslafehetelvloaisiaisioen clete.e/ce 2.00 AOUDOSt amp vctcns <eirary claemaeteisters 1.00
PROM AIDLEE Ut, Ayo rot cic (aia s oc eiclsicie, c/s 'ysiaiecesima iowa alos oc wisieseie 2.00 2d best....... mene eiaraaaeniers 1.00
REC ECE TGIISs raiat's o)s'a) sieeve sixiaie leiaicye Misietnteievaloiclels at ele lure 2.00 POSHEStALetcccrusasiteve teciamnee 1.00
RIE OE is VCLLOW, ODIOUIS ns\0: ais nou ciclelviefetstelaiewiicistoioue's'e 'e/ere/ale 2.00 BU DOSE ae cistlinde sete ein tasters as 1.00
BSAA Ka VV LITO CONIOM Sa. ars lela soysi vise ce isiele’ ain cise cje1efe\3 alaje vie.sis 2.00 AOUDERUS aeiersi els sipvecciowisiceetctssale 1.00
Bese EXOD OATO SQUARE coe nc vuccisiclee same ces teslee caaeles 200 PODER.) aatscts egos Seeman aie 1.00
Best Display Potatoes $5.00; 2d best..........00seeeseeee 3.00 OO HESt cit saree sretaeed laeenenete 1.00
BESEMEECR DAEIY POtATOCSs ce ciale sees cere nes. ejecta ecielerpiajeisres 2 00 AG DESE Srvole ci cist ovaysioleevarerei 1.00
Besy Peck Tate: Potatoes: . (i... scssisccessccis jeehdass Zee PS5 LTS Sh Secigon Bono qoga eon coe 2 OD
Best Peck Sweet Potatoes... 62. oi. ce cece cece esse ee 200 2d best........ ois ares. « =< eins 1.00
MGS POU RUOTANDERTICN. e's sc Saisie ge nsiellis ce slew eccik siete ROE CEE 2.00 20 DOSbisnce. <tc smetsacetesetn 1.00
CANNED FRUITS, &c.
Best Display Minnesota-grown Canned Fruits.............. $5.00 Ad DORs. ctissaciscns casei $3.00
BERNA GMTEANG, DOLLY: 1.1101 cciele) sisisise-ais = vis'clsielsioreielsiys/ ue 2.00 QQ DOR Uae ws seen oc setae 1 00
Beau ample Crab-apple Jelly. eco. tcc. ceicciccciscvicc swine B00) Seed DEST sate wale here atarere tents 1.00
GETS MLE IO Gre Ord OV LY iz cteinewie elcie’eislejeieele pais 016 aca n(nioieieiaieays)ave'e 2.00 Bd Destiaras o/s valerewiarcterevetaarene 1.00
Best Sample Canned Strawberries............-.sscesccsssces 2:08 AdUDESbSs. coptlameclecadeacins 1.00
Best Sample Canned RaspberrieS............sssesecsscarccs 2.00 RO. DO at sv siecs.c cj’ senere ate 1.00
Best Sample Pickles..............- .-= Walaie's siv'a ereiaterolaltve Stee ee OU ee He! DESU. siciatv tes) =e vie see eet 1.00

38 ANNUAL REPORT

MONDAY, January 16, 1882,—2 p. mM.

Pursuant to notice, the Annual Meeting of the Minnesota State
Horticultural Society, convened in the new Board of Trade rooms,
Minneapolis, Minn., at the appointed time. President J. S. Harris in
the chair. Mayor Rand, who was unavoidably absent, was represented
by Col. J. H. Stevens, who welcomed the Society to Minneapolis as
follows : :

ADDRESS OF WELCOME.

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen of the Society : In behalf of Mayor Rand, who,
I regret to say, is confined to his home to-day by illness, I bid you a cordial wel-
come to our city, the citizens of which recognize the noble efforts you have made
and demonstrated in the all-important industry of horticulture. They have always
lent a friendly hand to your society, and they earnestly wish you success in your
laudable work. It affords me much pleasure to extend to you their hospitality
during your deliberations, in which they feel such a deep and lasting interest.

The president of the society, J. S. Harris, of LaCrescent, responded to Col,
Stevens as follows:

‘Agriculture has been styled the noblest occupation of man. But for it the
human family would bea race of barbarians subsisting by pillage, and warring
upon every other species. There would have been no cities, no beautiful habita-
tions of man, no great steamers plying the oceans and carrying our produce
throughout the world, no railroads binding the ends of the continent together in
bands of steel that cannot be broken; the lightning would not have been tamed
and made the servant of man throughout the civilized world. Horticulture is the
poetry of agriculture. It not only makes up a portion of our commercial prosper-
ity ,as does agriculture; it beautifies our homes, gives us innumerable luxuries, and
conduces to the growth of taste, and refinement and intelligence. One who loves
horticulture cannot be a very bad man.

We love Minneapolis, and are heartily glad to accept your cordial welcome.
Many times before have you extended to us your hospitality, and we feel that
your constant cordiality is one of the causes of our prosperity. Again we thank
you for your welcome.

At the conclusion of the above response President Harris read his opening
address as follows:

PRESIDENT HARRIS’ ADDRESS.

Members and Friends of the Minnesota State Horticultural Society: Once more we
have assembled in convention in this beautiful city, the Queen City of the North-
west, under circumstances auspicious for a pleasant and profitable meeting. A
beneficent Providence has smiled upon our State and prospered her various indus-
tries, and all the people have abundant cause for entering upon the new year with
rejoicing. The hateful locust has not again devastated our fields, and no pestilence
has stalked abroad striking terror to the heart and leaving a trail of death and
sorrow in its course; but our flocks and herds have brought their increase and the
earth has yielded up her fruits to the tillers of the soil so that we have enough an

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 39

‘to spare. Never in our history has the prospect been brighter or the people as a
whole more prosperous than to-day.

The State Horticultural Society has also reached and occupies an honorable
position among the institutions of the state, and is now where it can make its in-
fluence felt for usefulness. Our membership is larger than ever before and is com-
prised of the most zealous and enterprising men of the state, many of them of large
experience and capable of enduring much self-denial if, as a result, they can see
our interest advanced thereby, Our state has already a world-wide fame for the
healthiness of its climate, the fertility of its soil, and for the intelligence, enterprise
and morality of its people. We have the Mississippi river and the great lakes, the
one giving us a highway to the ocean, the other water communication with the
older states of the East. And we have a system of railroads, managed and

equipped in the best possible style, which affords ample facilities for travel and
commerce and a market for almost every farmer at his door. The new industry of
cane growing promises soon to relieve us of the great expense of importing our
Sugar, which is so essential to good living, and perhaps yield us arevenue. And
but two obstacles are in the way of our state becoming one of the best for the habi-
‘tation of man that the sun ever shone upon.

We are here for the transaction of business of great moment to the state. The
obstacles are such as doubtless can be removed or remedied, and it is the mission of
this society to do it.

First, we have treeless prairies over which blizzards occasionally sweep with fury
carrying with them suffering and sometimes death to man and beast, and blockad
‘ing our railroads, causing enormous expense to keep them in a condition to trans-
port the necessities of life to the hardy pioneers who are opening homes upon the
frontier. _Thg several railroad companies are deserving of praise for their almost
‘superhuman efforts made during the last winter to keep down the blockade and
carry food and fuel to those who were literally shut off from the civilized world.
Had they failed, who can tell the horrors that the opening spring would have re-
‘vealed? We may do very much to modify or remove this evil by giving a portion
-of our time to the encouragement of forestry. I am aware that in Europe and the
Eastern states forestry is not classed with horticulture. But here for the present,
cat least, they must go hand in hand, for every one knows that forests have a favor-
-able influence upon climate, by softening down the temperature, breaking the force
of winds and somewhat charging the atmosphere with moisture. I believe that if
every quarter section of prairie in Minnesota and Dakota had the shelter of a
‘timber belt two rods wide around them, and they were checked off into squares or
‘forty acres by like belts, and an evergreen grove of five or six acres to shelter the
‘buildings, the land would produce better crops, the difficulty to fruit culture would
‘be removed and there would never more be danger of snow blockades. It is our
duty to encourage the planting of wind breaks and shelter belts, groves and forests
in order that suitable timber may always be at hand for fuel, fencing and the
‘manufacture of agricultural implements and furniture. Forests cannot be raised
in anight but require half a century to bring them to their best. But they will
commence yielding returns in fuel in five or six years, therefore it is unwise to
delay their planting a single season. Thousands, of those who are carving out
homes on the prairies are either young and inexperienced, or men who have all

40 ANNUAL REPORT

their lives followed some other vocation than farming, and hence have but a super-
ficial knowledge of trees, or how they should be handled. We are expected to be
able to see the majestic tree in the tiny seed, and to know just how to get it out.

The least we can do for such men will be to adept a select list of such varieties
and species as will flourish in this climate and soil, and meet the present and future
wants of the pecple, and impart such information and give such instruction as will
enable every settler to grow at least sufficient to meet his own wants. The other
objection made to our State, is that it is not adapted to the successful growing of
fruits, and especially apples. Toa certain extent this is an erroneous idea, and yet
has it been so oft repeated that it has exerted a powerful influence against us. Ido,
and always have denied the assertion, and it is evident to every one who has attend-
ed our fairs for the past ten years, that we can and do raise many varieties of fruit
of great excellence, and that we have made satisfactory progress, considering the
disadvantage of having to deal with untried varieties, and being so often victimized.
by unscrupulous peddlers.

We have been compelled to defy public sentiment, work under disadvantages and
surmount difliculties that nothing less than the enterprise and preseverance of our
earlier fruit growers could have overcome. At the present time a universal interest
is being manifested in the production of new varieties from seed, which is worthy
of praise. The Wealthy is daily growing in popularity, and proving itself of in-
estimable value, not only in our own State, but in all the Northwest, New England,
and Canada. Although far from being perfect, it has had the effect of encouraging
experiments in the productionzand improving of varieties by raising seedlings.
Doubtless this is the method which has given Russia and Siberia valuable varieties
adapted to their climate, which I suppose to be more inclement than ours. It is
nature’s method, as old as creation, and which has gained in forge and power
through all the ages, and to natural hybridizing or cross impregnation of plants we
are indeoted for every luscious fruit and many of our beautiful flowers. Whether
artificial impregnation of plants was known and practiced by the ancients, lam un-
able to say; but if so it became one of the lost arts to be re-discovered in our age,
and even now we but imperfectly understand the laws govering reproduction; but.
from the rapid improvement in fruits we have witnessed in the last score of years,
we have reason to believe that we have only to become familiar with their operation.
to be able to produce some of the grandest results the world has ever seen. We
have at our hand what would seem to be the best material to operate with. Some
of the Siberians have been already so improved in size and quality that were they
not so subject to blight, and had long keeping qualities, they would be about all
that could be desired; and many of the Russians are of large size and good appear-
ance and fair quality, perfectly hardy and only objectionable because so perishable.
Natural crossings of these with our common late-keeping varieties, while not im -
possible, would be a slow and uncertain process, owing to difference of time of com-
ing into bloom; but when skill and science takes them in hand we might reasonably
expect that rapid improvement will follow. In the past we have devoted the major
portion of the time in our meetings to the apple question; but we should bear in
mind that there are other interests demanding our prompt consideration. I have
already alluded to forestry. As it is so important an assistant to successful hor-
ticulture, I recommend that you give it a part of your attention, and every encour-

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 41

agement within your power; for every wind break, successfully established upon
our western border and in Dakota, will do something toward ameliorating the cli-
mate, und I have not a doubt will tend to lessen the depredations of insects.

Ornamental tree planting isa part of the legitimate work of the agricultural-
ist. In this, my friends, go where you will, you may find some missionary work
that ought to be done. If youdoubtit, pay the grounds of our State unniversity and
our normal schools a visit and take a note of what they are, and what they might
become if they were artistically laid out and planted with ornamental trees, shrubs
and flowers. Go to the country school houses out on the prairies,—yes and in the
timber, too. Having no pretensions to architecture or convenience more than the
ordinary farm barn, their surroundings harmonize perfectly. Usually fenced off
from the corner of some grainfield, the name ‘‘Bleak House’’ would be appropriate,
for there is not a bush or tree to give cooling shade in summer or break the force of
winds in the winter. Our stock-breeders would blush to stable their thoroughbreds
in sucha place. Cheerless they are, yet we expect that our farmers’ sons and
daughters will there receive an education that will enable them to become good
citizens and adorn every station-in life. Can we expect that they will acqure a love
for the country and the farm? The country school house ought to be the most de-
lightful place on God’s earth. The grounds instead of being a fourth acre, should
comprise four to six acres, beautifully laid off, having its play-ground, grass lawns,
flower beds, and evergreen bowers. Is there one here present who can look back
to a home of his childhood that was artistic. convenient and neat; where there was
music, good books, and good cheer inside to help while away the time, and outside
heavy laden orchards, beautiful trees, garden and lawn; who does not believe that
he isa nobler man than if his childhood and youth had been restricted to a place
directly the opposite? It is a fact that the character of men will be influenced, more
or less, by the association and surroundings of their childhood. [trust that this
matter will receive your early attention, and that you will be able to devise means
to hasten the time when every school house in the State shall become a thing of
beauty, the joy and pride of our people.

Another field open for a little missionary work is the beautifying of country
cemeteries. Many of them which have come under my observation would convey
the idea that our rural districts were inhabited by a people not over far advanced
in civilization. It is lamentable to have the cenvetery carry the impression that
when our dead are buried out of sight, they are also forgotten. In the earliest
settlement of the country, these things may be excusable ; but with the wealth,
intelligence and refinement found everywhere at the present time no excuse is
valid Gentlemen, if possible, start a reform in this direction. ‘‘A littl eleaven”’
will in time ‘‘leaven the whole lump.”

Among the events of the year of special interest to us were the Minnesota State
Fair, the fall meeting and fair of this society at Lake City, the meeting of the
Mississippi Valley Horticultural Society and the meeting of the American Pom-
ological Society.

(See report of horticulture at the State Fair.) The fair was held in the midst
of arainy season without parallel in the history of the State. This had a tend-
ency to deplete the attendance and cut off other sources of revenue, and to deter
many from making exhibits. The weather was such as to force the visitors to re-

49 ANNUAL REPORT

main most of the time within the buildings, thus rendering it very inconvenient
for exhibitors to arrange their displays in a tasty manner, and doubtless the hor-
ticultural exhibit was much inferior to what it would have been under different
circumstances. Again the season had not been a favorable one for most varieties
of fruit and especially apples. The crop was unusually light, and, owing to the
extreme heat, and drought, and depredations of insects, not up to the usual stand-
ard of excellence. Nevertheless, the fruit was so ably managed as to make it a
success and the horticultural department was not behind any other, and was a
credit to the State Horticultural Society and to all who contributed to the exhibit.
The premiums awarded have been paid in full.

The fall meeting and fair at Lake City was a very pleasant occasion. Owing to
the rain and unpleasant weather the country roads were nearly impassable, and
the attendance of visitors from outside the city was light.

The display of fruits and vegetables was fine. Great credit is due to the com-
mittee who had the arrangements of the meeting in charge and to the citizens of
Lake City for the hospitality extended to the members. For particulars see official
reports After considering that apples and the late fruit are exhibited at the State
and other fairs and pretty freely discussed at the winter meeting, I am of the
opinion that hereafter we should appoint our extra meeting in the season of small
or summer fruits, and offer suitable premiums to insure a good exhibition.

The meeting of the Mississippi Valley Horticultural Society was held at Cincin-
nati, Ohio, commencing September 6, and the eighteenth biennial session of the
American Pomological Society occurred at Boston, Massachusetts, September 14,
15, and 16. Our society was not represented at either of the meetings. Upon re-
ceiving official notice of them I immediately addressed a circular letter to our sec-
retary and each member of the executive committee, and in reply they each ex-
pressed the opinion that in view of the shortness and quality of our fruit crop, it
would be impossible to make a creditable showing at either of the meetings, and
that under existing circumstances it would not be expedient for us to defray the
expenses, of a delegate to either of them. No report of the Mississippi Valley
Society meeting has come to my notice, but I have the assurance that the Pom-
ological meeting was a success and the most interesting, in some respects, of any
year held, for which I am heartily glad. This membership comprises the best hor-
ticultural talent of America. It has completed thirty-three years of its existence
and it was the first national association for the promotion of pomology of which
history gives any account. It is not only national in extent, but American as well,
for it also embraces the provinces of British America. It has vice-presidents and
fruit committees in more than fifty States, Territories and Provinces, who give re-
ports upon the fruits specially adapted to their respective districts, and it is doing
a good work in encouraging the cultivation and improvement of the choicest
varieties of fruit in every portion of our great country. Its sessions have been dis-
tributed among the larger cities of the United States and I think that a little ef-
fort on our part might secure one in this State. The venerable Marshall P. Wilder
opened the meeting with an address which (though he is 83 years old), shows that
he has lost but little of the vigor ef his youth and that he stands first among the
horticulturists of the age, in view of which I would recommend that he be elected
a life member of our society, and that the leading portion of his last address be

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 43

published in the next volume of our transaction. I would like to dwell longer
upon this subject but so many others present themselves that I must hasten on.

It seems to me that the time has arrived when we should be enjoying the most
fraternal relations with the State societies, and especially those of Wisconsin and
Iowa, whose interests are so nearly identical with our own. I have no doubt that
an arrangement may be perfected for the exchange of transactions, by which every
member of the three societies shall be supplied with copies of each, and I trust
the annual mecting will provide for sending a delegate to represent us in the annual
meetings of those States. Another matter that occurs to me, is that we are feeling
the want of a hand book of fruit culture, adapted to the peculiarities of the soil,
climate, etc , of the States of Wisconsin, Northern Iowa, Minnesota and Dakota.
It should be something of the style of Downing’s ‘Fruits and Fruit Trees of
America.’’ It should describe the fruits, both native and domestic, in successful
cultivation here, give accurate descriptions of our wild fruits, their value as articles
of human food or commerce, and the best methods of cultivating and improving
them, and also accurate descriptions of the new varieties of the old and well known
classes of fruits. The preparation of soil, planting, pruning and treatment re-
quisite to success in the climate should, of course, be a leading characteristic of
the book. In order to bring this subject into notice and sooner bring about its con-
summation, [ would recommend the appointment of a committee to correspond
with like committees of those states, to report at a future meeting.

Since the adjournment of our last annual meeting, the State legislature has
granted us an annual appropriation of $1,000. This sum if judiciously used, may
prove of great benefit to the society and to the people of the State at large. It re-
mains with you at this meeting to say what disposition shall be made of it. See to
it that its disposition shall reflect credit upon us, accomplish the object for which it
is designed, and secure for us the confidence of the tax-payers of the State. Iam
in favor of setting aside a portion of the amount to be used only in the payment of
premiums to be offered to encourage the growing of fruits from seeds, the offers to
be so guarded as to leave no chance for imposition, and I think that we ought,
without delay, to create a committee to perfect a premium list and make rules to
govern it. I would say $500 for the best long-keeping variety, as hardy as Duchess
or Siberians, of good quality, fine appearance, medium to large in size, to keep until
May; $400 for second best, same rules to govern; $300 for third best; $200 for best
winter sweet apples; $100 for a grape as hardy as the Concord, as good or better in
appearance and quality, two weeks earlier and that will keep wellinto winter. If
any or all of these were now originated, it would require five more years to give
them the requisite test and probably $200 per year wonld meet the demand.

Iam also in favor of establishing two or more experimental stations under the di-
rect supervision of the society where every new candidate for favor may be tested
before thrown upon the market or given a place on our fruit lists. 1 think that we
have enterprising members who would cheerfully manage such grounds if stocks
and scions were furnished them free of cost. We have a standing seedling fruit
committee. It should bea part of their duty to visit and examine seedling trees
that are reported as promising and secure scions of such as are deemed of value, and
their actual expenses ought to be defrayed from our appropriation.

Our society has now become so large that the duties of the secretary are a heavy

44 ANNUAL REPORT

draft upon his time, and he should receive a salary. It is also important that the
executive committee hold one or two meetings between our annual sessions, and in
order to secure their attendance it will be necessary to defray their traveling ex-
penses or elect all of our officers near one central locality. I trust that these matters
will receive your careful attention before our final adjournment.

There is one other matter, already too long delayed, which I wish to present to
your notice. The legislature of 1873 passed an act providing for the publication of
the transactions of the annual meeting of that year, and a condensed history of the
society from the date of its organization The scciety at the time was virtually
bankrupt, and the act made no provision for collecting together the statistics and re-
writing the whole matter and getting it ready for the State printer. Hon. R. J.
Mendenhall and Wyman Elliott advanced for the purpose $100 each. Nine years
have since passed; they have never spoken of the transaction, and J have no knowl-
edge that they have ever received in return even a vote of thanks from this society.
It is high time that they should receive some testimonial of respect from us, and
that some action be taken for liquidating the debt. I do not think we have a legal
right to use any portion of our state appropriation for the purpose, but we can set
aside our receipts for annual dues and appropriate what money remains in the treas-
ury for its settlement. Some of the essays published in our transactions would be
much more useful if illustrated. I would recommend you to authorize $25 to $50 to
be expended in providing cuts for that purpose.

In conclusion, gentlemen, permit me to tender my sincere thanks for the great
honor you conferred upon me in electing me to the high position of president of the
Minnesota State Horticultural Society. I am fully conscious that I have not the
ability to fill the position as it ought to be filled. However, in this, I think you will
bear me witness that in the past, I have done what I could for its prosperity. This
I will ask of you, that you will believe me when I say that I have faith in Minnesota
and in this society. As far as possible, overlook my shortcomings and cover my
faults with the broad mantle of charity. May the society become as a light-house
set upon a high hill, sending its bright rays over the prairies of Minnesota and
Dakota, growing stronger and brighter until the fruits of our orchards and vine-
yards shall be shipped by car loads, and until beauty and comfort shall rest in every
home. May all your meetings be harmonious, and every member re‘urn to his home
better fitted and ready to grapple with the difficult questions that may arise, and
while my life is spared my earnest prayer will be for the perpetuation of our society
and the diffusion of its blessings upon all mankind.

At the close of the President’s address, the following committees on
current meeting were appointed :

ON PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.

U.S. Holllister. S. M. Emery.
J. H. Stevens.
COMMITTEE OF AWARDS—(FRUIT.)

J. F. Grimes. F. G. Gould.
M. Pearce.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 45

COMMITTEE OF AWARDS—(FLOWERS. )

Mrs. Underwood. Mrs. Emery.
Mrs. Gould.

COMMITTEE OF AWARDS—(VEGETABLES. )

Geo. W. Fuller. Wm. Faweett.
D. G. Heggie.

COMMITTEE ON FINAL RESOLUTIONS.

S. M. Emery. J. H. Stevens.
G. W. Fuller. :

The following paper, by E. Wilcox, of La Crrosse, Wis., was read by
the Secretary :

THE FUTURE OF APPLE CULTURE IN WISCONSIN AND
MINNESOTA.

Iam so often met with the saying, ‘‘Can’t raise apples here,’’ that I am impelled
to give a little history of what has transpired, mainly in my day and my own rec-
ollections of them; it will show how little we know of the future, and how chary
we ought to be in our predictions.

Sixty years ago or thereabout the only stove in use was the open Franklin, used for
warmth only; all cooking was done in an open fire-place with trammel, pots and
kettles; baking was done in a bake-kettle, or oven. The flax break and hatchel, pre-
pared the flax for the little wheel and the tow for the big wheel. The cloth was
woven in the hand loom. The garments for all were made by the women folks of
the family. The land was plowed with the bull plow witha steel point, wooden
mould-board, one upright handle witha hole bored through it and a pin put in.
The grain was sown by hand and cut with sickle or cradle. The grass was cut with
the scythe and got together with the hand rake. Threshing was done with the
flail, at the rate of about ten bushels a day, and wages were three York shillings.
The pay, perhaps would be in rye, at ten shillings per bushel. Wages in summer,
hoeing corn, (we used to hoe in those days) four shillings, in harvest eight shillings.
Rye and Indian corn were our daily bread. Wheat bread was seldom seen on the tables
of even the well-to-do. The poor man could be imprisoned for debt, but could not
vote. The old stage coach was the usual way to travel. I have often waited for
them going from Albany to Saratoga with the names of the proprietors on each one,
Young & Walbridge or Rice & Baker, with an eager curiosity as boys of the present
day collect at the depot to see the iron horse and train of cars come in. The first
steamboat ascended the Hudson in 1807, five years before my birth. In 1817 the
Erie canal was commenced. I have heard people say, ‘‘I only want to live to see the
Erie canal completed;’’ in 1825 this was done, and this is the way they celebrated
the event: Cannon were placed at proper distances from Buffalo to Albany, and when
the report of the one at Buffalo was heard at the next station east, the one there was
flred, and so on to Albany. It was acold, wintry day in November. I suffered
much for my youthful curiosity. Bear with mea little longer. Iam coming to the

46 ANNUAL REPORT

apple question soon, but want to impress upon the minds of the doubtful that you
may be mistaken, as many great men have been before you. I remember riding in
the cars, when drawn by horses, from Saratoga to Schenectady. Col. Sam. Young,
a great statesman in his day, candidate for governor, etc., was kept waiting some
time for the horse train; when he got on board be began to complain about the folly
of railroads. Why, said he, if I had taken my own team I could have gone to Albany
and done my business. He could not see sixty miles an hour in the future for the
iron horse no more thun the croakers can apples in the future for Minnesota and
Wisconsin. I find in the history of Wisconsin in the war of the rebellion, in sub-
stance the following: There had been two unsuccessful assaults made on Marcy’s
Heights, Fredericksburg. Col. Allen, of the Fifth Wisconsin, and some other reg-
iments were ordered to make another attempt. In his short speech to the men, he
said: ‘You think you can’t take them, but youcan. You will advance until you get
the word halt; you will not get that word.’’ Let me say after a residence of nearly
forty years in Wisconsin, you of little faith will not get the word halt from the
fanatics engaged in this fruit war, but the word will be right on until you succeed as
Col. Allen’s brigade did at Fredricksburg. Let us reason a little: When the wheat
blighted about 1850 in Wisconsin, so that the old hedgerow was nearly a failure, the
farmers changed their seed and sowed the Canada club, which was a success. We
have changed from Rhode Island Greening apple to Duchess of Oldenburg; the suc-
cess is assured as much as the change in wheat. Again, the potatoes rotted so badly
twenty-five or thirty years ago that we had to fall back on beans. Rev. Mr. Good-
rich, a fanatic at Utica, N. Y., began experimenting by growing from the potato
ball. Others took it up until now there is little complaint about rot. Peter M.
Gideon has from seed produced the Wealthy apple, which promises to be as great a
success as the Seedling potatoes. J.S. Harris has experimented in the same way
with a prospect of success, trees grown by us from scions of his seedlings having
stood the last two winters as well or better than some of the crab apples. I have
not done yet with that class who say, ‘‘Can’t grow apples here.’’ If Satan had the
same opportunity to harm the people of the Northwest that he had with our first
parents in the Garden of Eden, do you think he would call the attention of the Eve
of the present day toanapple? Farfremit. He would tell her to dig in the ground
for the potato. Let us see. When the Colorado bug made his appearance there was
war declared at once. Men, women and children turned out and destroyed them,
both old and young, even the eggs, and that, too, at the risk of life. The papers
published numerous cases of death, where women had eaten their meals without
washing their hands after picking the bugs. Now turn your attention for a moment
to the apple and see how those same persons regard that. Their trees are in the sod
without protection or care. The cattle, horses, sheep, rabbits, and mice all have
fullswing. The coddling moth, tent caterpillar, canker worm and curculio are not
disturbed in their destructive work; yet still we hear that old story that we canno?
grow apples here. I tell yonlamright. That old serpent, the devil, has the rep-
utation of being smart. He jwould never try the Northwestern man or woman
with an apple to tempt them to trespass a divine command. I confess I do not
understand this. People let a smooth-tongued tree peddler, representing some
nursery in the State of New York, Ohio or Canada, go for them, and they will buy
the sand cherry of the Mississippi bottoms at $1.50 each, if it be called “Utah
Hybrid” cherry, or Box Elder five or six feet, labeled ‘‘Burgundy Maple,” at $1.50.

led

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 47

I have met some of their victims who would chuckle and laugh over their pur-
chase, and tell how gentlemanly they were, and how nicely they did it, while others
were so mad that they threatened to set the dog on or shoot the next man who asked
them to buy trees. ‘Thus the nurseryman who has something really valuable and at
low prices is left with it on his hands after years of toil to grow it. Perhaps he has
also paid a tax on what he is compelled to consign to the brush pile. Nowif Queen
Pomona has a paradise for honest, superanuated nurserymen who have come
through great tribulation, persecution and want in this Northwest, where their
work is appreciated, [ would like to obtain a passport and seek admission.

Well, what has been done to make fruit a success in the Northwest. 1 will only
give a hasty sketch on the apple. Only the early settlers introduced the kinds they
had grown up with at the East. After some years trial these were found to bea
failure, and other kinds were tried and failed. Then for some time the Wisconsin
Horticultural Society recommended five kinds on which there was no opposition.
These were Red Astrachan, Duchess, Fameuse, Tallman’s Sweet, and Golden Russet.
Now only the Duchess will stand the test except in favorable locations and soils,
and to the Duchess add the ‘letofski and Wealthy. A small list, says the faithless.
True, but will you remember that you being a farmer, can try a new farm imple-
ment, and in a few hours or days at most can fully test its value. Not so with an
apple tree. hat, it will take many years to test its hardiness and fruitfulness, and
when one has been found like one 1am acquainted with, twenty-five years old, and
has borne twenty bushels of good apples in a year without injury from cold or heat,
yet the nearest neighbors to this tree will not buy good trees propagated from it.
Is it any wonder 1f slow progress is made by Northwestern nurserymen? This tree
is only one among many in Wisconsin and Minnesota which have proved their ability
to stand this climate. There is one in Pine River Valley, Richland county, Wis.,
which, it is claimed, has passed through more than one winter when the mercury .
froze where it stands. There are a number in Waupacca county, Wis., said to be
equally hardy. I know of anumber near mein both Minnesota and Wisconsin,
though not quite as old as twenty-five years, yet giving good promise to outlive some
of those whose cry is, ** You can’t grow apples here.’’ To these may be added hun-
dreds imported from Russia, and lastly the crab-apples and hybrids, about the hard-
iness of which there is no doubt. Many of them are large enough and good enough
for first-class dessert apples. Some will keep until winter. Trees are nearly free
from blight. Iam satisfied with the above showing.

The secretary was instructed to get from Mr. Wilcox, the name and
history of the hardy and prod:ctive apple referred to.

Mr. Gibbs stated that he had seen the fruit—as shown by Mr.
Wilcox—medium size, good flavor and good keeper for a fall apple.
The original tree stands on low ground, near a marsh, in what was
thought to be a very unfavorable location. It is known as Rhode’s
Seedling,

The following question discussed: Have we a hardy apple adapted to
Minnesota climate ?

Mr. Underwood did not know a single apple or crab, but was injured

48 ANNUAL REPORT

by the severe cold of 1880. He wished it understood that the degree
of injury varied, and that some trees, though injured, were still worth
planting.

The Duchess, though injured in some localities, escaped in others.
Said the Wealthy proved one of the hardiest.

In further discussion vf this question, Mr. Gibbs said:

If by the question is meant, whether we have a variety hardy enough
to endure both our summer blights and our occasional sudden changes
from extremes of heat and cold, and long periods of low temperature,
in our winter season, without injury, in the sense that our common
forest trees are hardy, it must be answered in the negative, at least so
far as general experience extends; but if it is meant whether we have a
variety that with reasonable protection, is sufficiently hardy to supply
us with fruit till we can find something more hardy or perfectly hardy,
then we can answer in the negative, and point to our Duchess and
Wealthy, and claim truthfully that they are profitable varieties to
plant. It is common to hear it said that the Wealthy and Duchess are
as hardy as the bur oaks and cottonwoods, yet every nursery man and
every orchardist of much experience knows to the contrary. The
Wealthy will take the blight from the blighting crabs, especially from
the transcendent, if growing near them; both Duchess and Wealthy
are liable to ‘‘sunscald’’ on the southerly sides if not protected or grow-
ing on very cool, airy, northern slopes, and both of them in such
winters as 1873 and 1879-80 are hurt all over and all through, though
not so badly, unless root-killed, which is rare, as to prevent recovery,
or even in the bearing sizes, to destroy the next years crop. In my
opinion, the best service we, as a society can do the people of our State
at present is, to admit the tenderness of even our hardiest sorts, to
preach the necessity of constant protection of our fruit trees, showing
if we can what the best methods of protection are; and the next best
we can do, is stimulate and encourage the production of new seedlings
by processes that shall give a gradually increasing hardiness from gen-
eration to generation, till we reach in time, that great desideratum—
**a pomology of our own,”’

MONDAY EVENING.

Paper by Isaac Fawcett, of Minneapolis.

STRAWBERRY CULTURE.

The published transactions, as well as the various horticultural periodicals and
fruit books of any pretensions, are replete with careful and accurate information
about planting, cultivating and marketing the strawberry. I therefore trust lam

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 49

justified in mainly passing those topics by; and in calling attention to how largely
we are as yet dependent upon natural causes for our finest crop of this favorable
fruit; by this, not disparaging in the least good culture, but endeavoring to find out
how we may extend it, and best supplement or modify these forces of nature when
absent,

Strawberry yields are extremely variable in quantity and quality of fruit, during
different seasons in the same place, under almost precisely the same treatment.
Thus it may happen after we have grown an enormous crop of very fine fruit, we
flatter ourselves that we know precisely how to duplicate it. And following up
the same mode of preparation of soil, planting, and cultivation, we are sorely dis-
appointed at last in securing only an ordinary or even poor crop.

The finest yields are undoubtedly the result of a combination of every favorable
condition of soil, varieties, cultivation, location, moisture, and temperature,
Yet I have seen some remarkable ones when soil, varieties, and cultivation were
all apparently inferior, leaving, perhaps, the two combined influences of proper
moisture and temperature through the entire season to account for them. We are
all familiar with the reverse, when by lack of moisture or extremes of temperature,
other conditions having been good, poor crops followed.

Marking well these facts, may we not infer that so far as is possible, we must
select a soil and location that will naturally resist these untoward conditions of
nature, to that end also applying the most intelligent methods of culture and
management ?

One of our most eminent horticulturists, being asked what special fertilizers
and in what order he would recommend them for the strawberry, replied, first,
water, and second, water again Within reasonable bounds, this accords nearly
with my own experience. Where irrigation is attainable, I do not doubt it could
be used to good advantage and profit, even in districts where the average rainfall
is considered sufficient.

During a severe drouth occurring at New Albany, Ind , just as strawberries
were beginning to ripen, I irrigated one and a half acres of Charles Downing.
The plants were in matted row form, and had been covered for the winter with
straw, in the spring a part of it being drawn into the paths, the plants pushing
through the remainder. The drouth was so severe that even with this mulch the
foliage was wilting, and some of the fruit scalding in the sun. Two teams were
employed hauling water in large hogsheads from a stream three fourths of a mile
distant, and four large sprinklers in the hands of as many men, distributed the
water profusely on the rows of plants. One half of the patch was gone over each
alternate day.

From the time of the first application of the water the plants perfectly revived,
and as fine a crop of fruit as we ever gathered was the result, bringing high prices
on account of the short and inferior crop in general. The expense was inconsid-
erable indeed, as compared with the increased quantity and quality of fruit.

Desirable as is irrigation at times, very few of us will assume the expense of pre-
paring forits use. But to be sucsessful we must do the next best thing. So pre-
pare the soil, cultivate and manage, as to retain and utilize all the moisture at
command. I of course recognize the fact, that occasionally we have too much
rain, even for the strawberry, but such is the exception.

4

50 ANNUAL REPORT

Serious damage from drouth frequently occurs during the season the plants are
set ; judicious selection and preparation of soil and cultivation seem to be about
our only means of obviating it. To this end the soil should naturally be moist
and cool, but not wet; sufficiently fertile, and thoroughly pulverized in preparing
for planting. Persistent cultivation must then be maintained, especially so as to
keep a good surface mulch of finely pulverized soil.

For this purpose we prepare steel-toothed harrows, adjustable to the width of
the rows, the teeth so made and set as to do the work perfectly, and passed
through often enough to destroy all weeds in embryo or infancy ; and after each
and every rain, so soon as the ground is in condition. The best results can only
be attained by keeping the plants singly in the row, or in quite narrow matted
rows. This character of cultivation also modifies changes in temperature, resist~
ing the heat of the day and the cold at night.

In this connection I will allude to the practice of winter protection, giving pos-
sibly varying results in different localities. Our experience induced us to apply
it early, entirely ignoring the oft-repeated recommendation to wait until the
ground was hard frozen—so soon as the plants were fairly matured, and the fruit
buds well developed. Covering with straw, one or two inches in thickness over
the entire surface ; from two to four weeks solid freezing weather producing so
far as was descernible no injury, but in all cases modifying the bad effects of the
cold, dry winds prevalent at that season.

In localities where alternate freezing and thawing frequently occurs this artifi-
cial covering is practically indispensable. In the Spring, when removing a portion
of this mulch from the plants, care should be taken to leave all that they will easily
push up through, thickening up that already in the paths with it. For in this mulch
we again have one of our chief defenses against drouth during the fruiting season.

Adverse temperature, as manifested in Spring frosts, is a source of serious
loss, as it destroys the germ of the fruit in the bloom, or sometimes almost full-
grown fruit, plantations in valleys and on wide stretches of table land suffering
most; those on bluffs and ridges of land comparatively higher than that immedi_
ately around it often escaping the slightest injury.

Considerable bodies of water, as lakes and rivers, greatly modify temperature as
well as moisture, in notable localities shielding the tender germ of the peach
against winter’s fiercest blast, in many other tempering the late polar waves in
spring until their breath is harmless upon the tenderest flower.

These facts are of importance to everyone wishing to grow fruit of almost any
kind, who has any opportunity to make choice of site, and are of great and
growing moment to that large and rapidly increasing class who are depend-
ent upon the general fruit supply; for that supply can only be adequately and
regularly met by the fruit grower who knows well how to avail himself of these
stepping stones to his own success.

The history of the strawberry in Minnesota, as set forth in the published trans-
actions of this society, shows that failures are almost universally attributed to
conditions of temperature, rather than to any want of intelligent cultivation.

Spring frosts have not proved so serious as winter killing of the plants, at.
least there are,many localities almost exempt from them. Winter killing is more
general and wide spread when it does occur, and calls for intelligent observation

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 51

and experiment to overcome it if possible. Some varieties have already proved
hardier in this respect than others, giving promise that by extended testing of
those we already have, and in the production of native seedlings a remedy may be
found. Undulating or rolling land, sufliciently so to insure prompt surface drain-
age, has proven safer than that which is very level.

Different exposures, especially in reference to the sun, increasing or lessening
the sudden transition from heat to cold, is recognized as of great importance, and
certainly shows that shielding against the direct rays of the sun gives promise of
the surest crop, with least danger to life of tree or plant.

In regard to the best material for and manner of applying winter covering, and
whether it is of special use during the most trying ordeals, there certainly is a
diversity of opinion. Yet it is a subject of the highest importance, and we
anxiously await further light upon it.

I sincerely hope I have presented a matter worthy of your careful consideration
and discussion, believing that if we can point out, how, by proper selection of
varieties, soil and cultivation, to in the main overcome the unfavorable influences
of moisture and temperature, we can readily trust to the intelligence of the aver-
age fruit grower as regards what is usually termed cultivation.

In reply to a question, Mr. Fawcett said that his soil in Indiana was
a limestone clay. For a number of years, he had relied entirely on the
Wilson, but later he had found the Charles Downing the most profitable.

Mr. Grimes asked which had been found most profitable, hill or row
planting. Mr. Fawcett said he grew Wilson’s only in rows. The
Charles Downing he grew in matted rows, clipping off the runners.
He had found the Kentucky and Seth Boyden a success only in hill
culture. He asked the most favorable exposure, soil and protection, for
the strawberry in Minnesota.

Mr. Grimes replied, that as to soil, he found dry clay land the safest.
He said if the ground froze up dry, in the fall, without snow, that we
must mulch immediately and liberally. Mr. Underwood thought dry
lands more unfavorable than wet ones; said on his grounds, where the
soil was dryish, the plants root-killed the worst. On low lands, he
had never lost any plants by root-killing.

Mr. Gibbs never lost any plants by winter-killing, except in 1872 and
3, but always mulched heavily with straw.

Mr. Underwood explained that his soil was oak opening, inclined to
be sandy.

Mr. Gibbs believed the severe winter-killing of 1872 and 3, the result
of low temperature. On a portion of his field of eight acres, by acci-
dent, about two feet of straw was left on a small space, and that was
the only part of his field that produced a good crop, though the balance
was well mulched. Thinks that if after the usual autumn covering,
if the season proves excessively cold, it is a good plan to put on more

~

52 ANNUAL REPORT

mulch. His soil, a sandy loam. He has had good success for some
years past by covering his ground heavily with straw before planting;
in planting separates the straw on the row sufficient to plant, and then
replaces it around the plant. Does no cultivating on ground planted
in this way, but pulling what few weeds come through the straw. This
is the cheapest way he can subdue weeds, as but few of the seeds of
weeds will germinate and come up through the straw. The runners
needed for new plants areput under the straw by hand, and will grow
up through it. When these plants are mature in the fall, he has the
roots under the straw and the leaves on top, and his berries never
need washing to fit them for the table. Would be afraid to use this
plan on heavy soil, for fear of the plants damping off. Mr. Underwood,
in favoring this plan, said the straw best retained the moisture, prevent-
ng the damages of drouth, and protecting against winter-killing.

Mr. Gould found two causes for the winter-killing of strawberries:
First, rupturing the roots, by heaving of the soil, caused by alternate
freezing and thawing. Second, the drying out of the soil about the
roots. Thinks mulching with straw will protect in most cases. He
had never experienced a failure on northern exposure, but he had often
failed to secure a good crop on a southern slope.

Mr. Gibbs explained that his planting in straw had heen with the
Wilson only.

Mr. Lyon said he grew the Countess De Haricout, and that he had
succeeded better with it, than with the Wilson. He never had lost
any Countess until last year. He usually leaves a portion of his plants
without protection during the winter for experiment, and often gets
good crops from the exposed part of his plantation. He found first
and second crops the best. Usually gets 2000 quarts per acre as an
average, and has grown 3500 quarts per acre.

Mr. Dartt said he thought strawberries degenerated, that he had
heard lately of failures of the Wilson, and wanted to know if it was
not running out?

Mr. Gibbs did not believe the Wilson was degenerating. Had grown
‘them twenty-five years in succession without change of stock plants,
and the last crop was as good as the first, in fact the best he ever grew.

Mr. Gould said the Wilson was good with him all the time. He
averaged 3000 quarts per acre.

In answer to Mr. Emery’s question if well rotted straw made a good
mulch, Mr. Harris replied that it was the best. He had grown straw-
berries on all slopes; considered eastern and northern the best, and
that a stony clay loam was the best; thought much of a good porous

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 53

subsoil, on ‘Which water would not stand. He never mulched on
ground sloping to the north. Last spring his vines looked well, but he
had no crop, except where the snow had drifted and made winter pro-
tection. He strongly recommended the Duchess or Countess De Har-
icout, as a farmer's berry, and that it would remain a long time bear-
ing on same grounds.

Mr. Labbitt said he arranged his bed of strawberries, so that he can
build low fences to accumulate the drift from the plowed lands.
Had one bed from which he had picked berries for seven years under
this treatment.

Mr. Pearce remarked, that he had plowed up all his Wilsons, and
would never plant any more of them. He wants a berry that will
stand the winter and sell at the highest price. He said that close to
market, he could make more money off the Crescent Seedling, than any
other berry. He had a record of a yield at the rate of 460 bushels per
acre. He got 15 cents per quart for Crescent Seedling by the crate,
when Wilson’s were retailing at 8 cents. The Seth Eoyden, he had
found to grow large, of fine flavor and a good market berry. To guard
against winter-killing, he selects level land and plants so that the
crown is a little lower than the surface, and in cultivating, takes care
not to cover with earth. His soil a leaf mold, originally now in culti-
vation twenty years, always mulches.

DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS.
BY R. J. MENDENHALL.

Our ‘‘ bugs ’’ are very much like our besetting sins, no matter how thoroughly
we may think we have subdued them one year, on the first appearance of their,
vegetable temptations the succeeding year, there they are again in full force,
bugs, borers, potatoe beetles, onion flies, currant worms, cabbage worms, cut
worms—the whole rank and flle of the crawling and flying army, and nothing re-
mains for us but continual warfare, direct and strategetic! Occasionally, it is
true, the familiar form of some pest almost or quite disappears from our fields or
gardens, but almost before we have time to congratulate ourselves on the fact, we
are confronted by a new recruit, with whose tactics we are not acquainted, and
which may prove a worse foe than ihe one it supplanted, or whose number it at
least made good. At all events our weapons, so to speak, need never rust for lack
of objects upon which to use them. This seems a rather discouraging view of the

_case, but it is the true one.

We must accept the ‘‘ insect factor ’’ among the expense items in the production
of our crops, and that we are gradually coming to do so, I need only instance the
cost of raising a crop of potatoes, in which the item of Paris green or some simi-
lar application, as a remedy for the Colorado beetle, is set down as one of the
necessary expenses as much as the planting, ploughing and digging. And except

54 ANNUAL REPORT

the occasional locust and army worm invasions, we Minnesotians pay but a smal’
tribute to insects. In the South it is very much greater, for in addition to all the
pests with which we have to contend, and many more affecting fruit and garden
crops, they have the ruinous cotton worms and tobacco worms, affecting two of
their most important products. To keep these in check necesitates a large expen-
diture, which ranks with the hoeing and picking in the production of the crops:
The planters have accepted the situation. They expect the attack of insects and
their attention is mainly directed to the discovery of the most efficacious remedies
and to the invention of machinery with which to apply them.

It is a well established fact that, up to a certain point, the longer a country has
been settled the more numerous are the species of insects with which the agricul-
turist has to contend. This is a natural result from growing the same plants over
large areas, thus providing sustenance to unlimited numbers of such insects as
have acquired a taste for them. This being contrary to nature’s method, she i8
not, at first, able to keep the proper balance between vegetable and animal life.
After a time, however, she in most cases adjusts matters by the introduction of
parasites that greatly diminish the numbers of the plant-feeding species, so that
in very old countries the balance is again established. But nature’s aid comes too
tardily to save several generations of human beings from serious loss, and conse-
quently there is a necessity for artificial remedies and preventatives. In the em-
ployment of these, as I have more than once said, there is great need of organized
effort. What can it avail to the thrifty farmer to burn his stubble to destroy the
fall brood of the Hessian fly, or to carefully clear up all his rubbish to prevent the
hibernation of the chintz bug on his premises, if his careless neighbor on the other
side of the fence neglects all these precautions? The latter will have flies and
bugs enough and to spare, and the labors of the former will be well nigh wasted.

Knowledge on this subject must be more generally disseminated. The United
States Government and many of the State governments are paying out annually
large sums of money and employing distinguished talent for the investigation of
the habits of injurious insects, and for the discovery of the best and cheapest
remedies and. means of prevention, and if our farmers and horticulturists would
but read the reports of these officers and follow their directions, they would learn
at what time each destructive insect was most easily mastered, and what remedies
and applications to use against each species. For instance, the hay or folded pa-
per band is an excellent remedy for the codling moth; as the larve of the latter,
will hide in it in great numbers and may easily be killed. But this band would be
no protection against the curculio or the canker worm; while the jarring, which is
effective against the two latter, would in turn be no safeguard against the codling
moth. This illustrates the necessity for accurate knowledge of the habits of each
injurious insect.

The intensely practical farmer, is inclined to regard with something like con-
tempt the careful and minute inquiries and experiments of the entomologist.
‘What difference does it make,’’ he asks, ‘‘where and how these bugs breed ?
What we want to know is how to kill ’em.’”? And that is just what the entomolo-
gist wants to know, too; but he realizes the hopelessness of taking them off indi-
vidually, so he carefully watches them through their various transformations until
he discovers their most defenseless stage, and where each is to be found at that

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 55

time, and then and there applies his remedy. This is the main object of the econ-
omic entomologist, and the result of his investigations is.at the service of the

farmer whenever he cares to avail himself of it.

During the past year several new destructive insects have been reported at en-
tomological headquarters, but with most of them we are not directly concerned,
as they are southern species and affect semi-tropical products only.

Some grass and clover pests, hitherto unknown in destructive numbers, made
their appearance in New York-State, and did considerable damage in certain lo-
calities. With these we may eventually have to deal. One of them is a species
of grass worm (crambus vulgivagellus) of slender form and glossy green color, about
an inch long, which eats the grass-blades off at the roots, and when full grown,
spins up in a loose web on the surface of the earth. It has a habit of congregat-
ing in great numbers about the bases of trees before changing to pupe, so that,
as Mr. Lintner, State entomologist of New York, describes, he was able to gather
it up by handfuls. The moth expands about one and one-eight inches. The fore
wings are narrow, of a dingy cream color, with numerous dusky and metallic
streaks. The pup form a snout-like projection in front of the head.

Several small moths have also been found breeding in the heads of clover and

destroying the seed.
A small curculio of an imported species proved very destructive to clover in the

same way, and also destroyed the leaves. The only remedy that has been pro-
posed, is heavy rolling as soon as there is evidence of the presence of these pests.

At the close of the paper, Mr. Mendenhall exhibited a Wealthy
apple, fair in outside appearance, but decayed in the center, from the
work of the worm of the codling moth.

Mr. Underwood gave his experience with this pest, and considered
it a very serious matter.

In answer to Mr. Jordan’s question, how to combat the codling
moth, Mr. Mendenhall said that the best plan was to place bands of
hay around the trees in July, and examine and destroy the moths
weekly.

Mr. Harris explained that two broods appeared annually. He said
the hay bands should be placed about the trunk of the tree, about six
weeks after the bloom of the tree, and examined every week until
Aug. Ist, when they may remain until October, and then removed and
burned. He referred to the cabbage worm as haying been very de*
structive the past season. Said he had hope only by the assistance of
parasites, that would destroy the larvae. Said he had not noticed
anything of the kind early in the season, but lately he had found a
small, black, ichneuman fly, evidently destroying the eggs of the
cabbage butterfly. Referring again to the coddling moth, he said
that the most economical bands to use,- were heavy paper, folded once
and tacked around the tree, about eighteen inches from the ground.

56 ANNUAL REPORT

FALL OR SPRING DELIVERY OF TREES AND PLANTS, OR
WHY DO HARDY FRUIT TREES DIE IN MIN-
NESOTA.

BY M. PEARCE,

Answer, from various causes; I can answer all of them satisfactory to myself,
but probably not all to the public, and what I am about to say on the numerous
causes, are my Own views after years of experience; various experiments, and close
observation. Il ask no one to endorse them unless they coincide with their own
views and experience. I am fully satisfied that more hardy fruit trees are killed,
or fatally injured during the intervening period, from the time the trees are taken
up in the fall, and commence growing in the spring, than from any other cause.
It is generally believed that when trees are taken up in the fall and heeled or
pitted in, they are secure, and will come out in good condition in the spring.
This depends in what condition the trees and ground are in when placed in winter
quarters. If the wood was ripe when the trees were dug, and the ground suf-
ficiently moist, and the trees heeled in as they should be, they will come out in
perfect condition. But if the trees were stripped and dug at the time when they
were making their healthiest and best growth, about the twentieth of September,
I do not think itis possible to keep them in anything like good condition, by any
known means, such as is practical by nurserymen and fruit-growers. A careful
examination of all parts of a tree at this time will present a wonderfully imperfect
structure, torn from its mother earth and all supplies, just at a time when it was
putting forth every effort to complete its numerous organs, to give it protection
against heat, cold, damp, drying winds and sun, when the earth is frozen and all
nourishment is stopped from the rcots. Thus prematurely removed, it is at the
mercy of every element, like a cake of ice exposed to a June sun without any
power of resistance. Such trees, to say the most I can in their favor, are worth~-
less for planting, and the best use I know for them, is to use them for pea brush.
Nevertheless, hundreds of thousands of such trees in years gone by, have found
their way to Minnesota, and not only destroyed the business of honest nurserymen,
but created a distrust in apple raising throughout the State, which in reality has
no foundation.

About the middle of October, is about the usual time fruit trees are dug. In this
State it is too scon; the wood is not ripe with the exception of a few varieties.
Trees dug at this date, so far as outward appearance is concerned, are all right in
the spring, but inwardly are affected, and it will make its sppearance in the future
as will appear hereafter.

Fruit trees injured on the south side and other parts (this is my opinion) is the
result of four or more causes, namely: digging the trees too early in the fail, plant-
ing out too early in the spring, setting too deep and reversing the position of the
trees as they stood in the nursery. To illustrate my views, experiments, and re-
sults on this subject more fully, and to show the power of resistance there is nat-
urally in a tree, take for an example, six Wealthy apple trees, three years old; this
variety is about ten days later in ripening its wood than the Duchess of Oldenberg.
Dig three of those trees about the 10th or 15th of October, the other three after the

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 5T

leaves are off, about the first of November; keep them all in the best possible con-
dition till spring. As soon as the frost is out, set out four of them as follows: take
one tree that was dug early and one that was dug late, set both moderately deep;
set the other two in the same order, shallow; keep the other two trees closed up in
earth, root and branch till the 25th of May, and then plant them out about as deep
as they stood in the nursery. About the middle of June give those six trees a care-
ful examination, and they will be found about as follows:

Those that were set early and deep, will have leaves about the size of a squirrel’s
ear. The tree that was dug early will have a dead streak on the sonth side, also
dead in the forks and limbs; the other tree will be slightly affected on the scuth
side. Both trees will be found to be in a very unhealthy condition. Those set early
and shallow have both made a fair start; the one that was dug early is slightly af-
fected on the south side. Those that were set late and shallow, are found to be ina
very vigorous and healthy condition. No defect can be found on either tree. Ex-
amine those six trees again, about the 25th of May, the following year. The one
that was dug early, set early and deep is found dead; the other one that was dug
late, set early and deep is dead on the south side, and inside bark alive on three
sides; the two that ;were set early and shallow are the ones dug early, and are
barely affected on the south side, and other parts of the tree; the one that was dug
late is very slightly affected on the south side; the two that were set late and shal-
low, are both perfect. The above results are real and well astablished by repeated
trials, and can, on philosophical principles, be accountedfor. Take foran examplea
fruit tree that is set early, the ground is cold, the roots remain inactive for weeks,
the supply of food and nourishment that is in the wood soon becomes cxhausted,
and is without any protection until the ground becomes warm, and the roots are
excited into action, and by this time the tree is more or less damaged, as we have
shown. A tree that is set deep, the roots remain much longer inactive, and of course
the tree is more damaged; while those set late, preserved in good condition, iull of
sap and vitality, set at a time when the ground was warm, the roots become active
at once; the sap circulates through all parts of the tree, and ina very short time
will be out in full leaf.

It is often argued by some, and they ought to know better, that the cold winters
of Minnesota kill fruit trees. I think it isanerror. <A fruit tree that has made a
good healthy growth, sap cells completely filled with sap, and wood ripe, will go
through our coldest winters without injury; this may appear strange to some, but
nevertheless it is true. Of course if the winter is very long the tree will come out
weak and exhausted in the spring, as du your calves and colts when you run short
of feed. It is precisely the same with «a fruit tree, and for this reason, should
never be removed in the spring. The fruit trees of 1872 and 1879 received their
death blow before winter set in, from the first of August till the last of September
of both years. It had been extremely dry, but a very scant supply of sap was taken
up by the roots of the trees; just sufficient to keep them alive and no surplus to com-
plete the growth of the trees and their various organs, and fill them with a supply
for winter use. At the commencement of the drouth of each year, had the fruit
trees been well mulched with litter or straw, and wet three or four times during
those drouths, the trees would not have died.

There is but one right time to dig all deciduous trees, and that is at the falling of

58 ANNUAL REPORT a

the leaf, when all vegetation bas ceased, and if this great law of nature was closely
observed by all nurserymen and all deliverers at a distance, done in the spring, the
results would be more satisfactory to the fruit grower and more money in the end
to the nurseryman.

In summing up the essence of this paper (if it has any) we gleam the following.

First, all deciduous trees should be dug when the wood is ripe; or at the falling of
the leaf.

Second, heeled in and covered up root and branch.
Third, set out when the ground gets warm, not sooner than the 20th of May.
Fourth, if a drouth occurs during the growing season, mulch without delay.

There is another thing in regard to fruit trees that have grown in the sun, that
is worthy of attention. The back on the south side is usually of a light brown, and
much thicker than that on the north side, the wood is also much tougher and inter-
locked together and owing to its zig zag form, contains at least a third more sap
cells, which gives it more circulation and resistance. The bark on the north side is
thin in color, from a light toa dark green, wood straight and splits free, showing
very conclusively to reverse those sides would very naturally injure the tree. To
obviate this, before digging I mark each tree with white paint on the south side.
There are other things pertaining to the good of fruit trees I could mention, but
have already taken up too much of your valuable time. I will here close thanking
you for your attention.

In reply to the positions taken by Mr. Pearce in reference to de-
livery of nursery stock, Mr. Emery said:

The facts in the case regarding spring or fall delivery are as follows:

It is out of the question to have a nursery at every man’s elbow in Minnesota. If
it were, beyond question, the spring delivery would be the dest.

Ata guess, the average customer is 150 miles from the nursery. This distance
presupposes a reasonable amount of time to dig and transport trees to them. We
can count safely on only 15 days to do this. Asa rule the leaves of our hardy treeS
are ripe and ready to drop at the touch by October first; the wood is thus proven to
be ripe, and fit to be dug.

The farmer is the man to whom advice and admonition must be given. Let them
give their nursery stock the deliberate care, that it receives up to the time it is de-
livered to them, and we will hear but little complaint regarding failure of stock.
There isn’t a nurseryman in this room that would dig stock and deliver it in the
spring and expect it to do well. Now, if this stock must be dug in the fall, it can
be wintered by the customer, as well as the nurseryman.

The farmer has no time to drop his seeding and go for stock in the spring, while
if he had the stock to hand early in the spring, it could be planted at a season when
it would be better than later set.

The tree that is set early in the spring is the one that is going to do well for the
planter.

Ours is a changeable climate, no two springs or falls are alike, and we must plan
our business with reference to a general average of the whole.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 59

TUESDAY MORNING, JAN. 17TH.

Upon motion of Mr. Gibbs, it was decided that premiums be award-
ed apples shown, and not named on premium list, in place of some |
named on premium list, and not shown.

Messrs Grimes and Hollister, as members of Committee on Legisla-
tion, reported that our claims had been recognized by the legislature,
and an appropriation of one thousand dollars per year been secured.

The following resolution offered by Mr. Emery was adopted:

Resolved, that the thanks of this society be, and are hereby tendered to the gov-
ernor and members of the legislature for the appropriation made last win'er for the
encouragement of Horticulture, particularly to Hon. Daniel Buck, of Mankato, for
his care of the measure, and to our committee on legislation for their faithful at-
tention to their duties in laboring for the appropriation.

Mr. Jordan, strongly urged upon the society, the appointment of a
committee to secure proper legislation to do away with the law taxing
nursery stock.

Upon motion of Mr. Dart, a committee was appointed to draft a
memorial to the next legislature, relative to taxing nursery stock.
Committee appointed: E.H. 8. Dart, EK. B. Jordan, U. 8. Hollister.

The discussion of Mr. Pearce’s paper was next taken up. Mr.
Harris thought it perfectly safe to dig trees as soon as Oct. 15th.

Mr. Pearce explained, that if a tree was dug early in the fall, it
must not be planted until the ground warmed in the spring.

EK. B. Jordan replied as follows to Mr. Pearce’s paper:

If all our springs were uniform in temperature and rain-falls, we might arrive at
a certain result by some uniform practice, but experience has taught us that we have
no certain basis in our climate, such as setting trees the 20th of May, for the majority
of springs a drouth sets in about the 1st of May, that lasts some springs from four
to six or eight weeks, then good bye to all your late set trees.

In a few words my experience has been as follows:

The spring of ’78 I set 3000 trees in March, and out of the 3000 I did not losea
tree. One spring some eight years since, I set trees in holes on the ice, many of the
holes filling most full of water. This planting was done in March, and all the trees
grew and did: well. These two out of twelve successive years of planting trees, were
the most successful, yet there might be springs when a tree planted late, may do
equally well, but it would be the exception.

Second, that the cold winters do not kill our hardy fruit trees; well, this is a hard
question to answer, because it is simply based upon a negative assertion. He does
not undertake to tell us what does kill them, but by close observation it has been
fully determined that all varieties of fruit bearing trees and vines will withstand
just so low a temperature.

The trees of the orange, lemon and fig, kill with a few degrees of freezing in
every instance, there being no exceptions. The peach will withstand 15 to 20 below

60 ANNUAL REPORT

zero, but 25 below kills the trees. The Greening, Baldwin, Spitzenburg, etc., will
kill at 30 below zero, while the Duchess, ‘Tetopfsky and Hybrids, will withstand 35
to 40 below, but 45 kills even these ‘‘Iron Clads.’’ So we find with the different
varieties of grapes, the Eumelian withstands but little freezing, the Delaware stands
a little more, the Concord still more freezing, and the Jansville about all our Min-
nesota winters see fit to yield. [If you could give us winters in Minn: sota with
mercury going but 20 below zero, we could furnish apples to feed all our neighbor
States on the frontier.

Mr. Pearce replied, that is was impossible for anyone to tell what
degree of cold killed a tree. When a tree isin bloom, it is partially
exhausted, the sap cells are not filled. The same is true of a tree in
the height of its growth. At these times, or when in this condition,
they fully receive their vitality, or fail todo so. The failure is their
death—are an easy prey to cold or to drying winds. During all the
time there is constant evaporation going on. Just as soon as from any
cause the tree fails to go forward, this evaporation kills it.

Mr. Dart thought Mr. Pearce too strong in his assertion, without

\

argument to sustain. He said the illustration given by the six
Wealthy was not founded on the facts of experience.

Mr. Dart gave evidence of trees killed to the snow line, that were
perfectly alive below the snow line.

Mr. Fish opposed burrying trees in the fall.

Mr. Harris preferred a tree to be delivered in the fall.

CULTURE OF THE CYCLAMEN PERSICUM.
BY JAMES BOWEN.

These are one of the most beautiful winter and spring perennials yet known; pro-
ducing their elegant orchid like, sweet-scented flowers of various shades, from deep
red to pure white, in great abundance, from Christmas to May; their beautifully
marked foliage, when well grown is also sufficient to attract attention and admiration
from all plant lovers. I have grown and exhibited plants of this lovely species two
years old, from seed producing over 100 flowers and the foliage equal to any zonale
geranium measuring from cight to nine inches in diameter. It isa sight not easily
forgotten, a house containing some 5,000 specimens, ranging in pots from six to ten
inches in diameter, in full flower, and each one a specimen, indeed. And I can
state from experience, that with very ordinary care, not so much as is often bestowed
by many a plant-loving housewife on some fuschia or geranium, they will produce
results far more pleasing and satisfactory than any other winter and spring flower-
ing plant. For cutting for bouquets, or for window or table decoration, they are in-
valuable; or what finer sight when grouped with other growing plants in the con-
servatory ?

You will, perhaps, think I am troubled with cyclamen on the brain, but I was in-
duced to offer these remarks from the almost daily question of ladies; What can I
grow that will flower and look nice tor my window in winter and spring? My

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 61

answer invariably is, try Cyclamen Persicum, and with good care, fine results will
follow, and here also is an opportunity for those who wish to try cross breeding for
the improvement in color, size and shape of the flower. In performing this opera-
tion the pollen of one flower should be used to fertilize its neighbor The quantity
of seed thus obtained will well repay the trouble to those who wish to commence
the growth of this charming flower, especially those not provided with a greenhouse.
Procure in the beginning of February from some reliable seedman, a package of seed
for which you will probably pay twenty-five or fifty cents. The best thing to sow
the seed in, is a shallow box or pan from two to three inches deep, with holes bored
or open seams in the bottom, through which the water will easily drain. Over each
hole place a crock, or broken pot, near the bottom, with half an inch of moss, easily
obtained from any swamp. Use leaf mold two parts, well decayed vegetable
mold one part, and one part of sharp sand. Well incorporate the whole, take a
rough kitchen sieve and sift sufficient to fill the box to within half an inch of the
top, then pat down evenly the surface, and witha fine sprinkler water the soil.
When dampened evenly, distribute the seed. Do not cover except with very fine
leaf mold, and then only sufficient to cover the seed; place the box where the direct
sun’s rays will not reach it, nor where. the soil will get baked by the heat of the
stove or furnace, taking care to water only with a very fine spray whenever the soil
appears dry; in about three weeks the seeds will begin to germinate and form a
small cone or bulb. When they have grown sufficiently strong, which if sown in
March, will be in about four weeks, take up carefully and pick off singly into thumb
pots, using the same kind of soil as for seed box; as soon as the weather permits
place outside on a sandy bottom, or if a box with glass sash is available, so much the
better, as they will require to be kept from the bright sun and heavy rains; re-pot as
fast as the pots become filled with roots; to the soil already named, add a small por-
tion of dry cow manure A slight sprinkling of fine bone dust over the mass at the
bottom of the pot will prove advantageous. In the fall, before removing to rooms,
and when giving their final shift, be careful the drainage of the pot is clean and
good, and that no insects or worms infest the soil or the plant. When removing to
the room you wish to grow them in, place as near the light as practicable; water
when dry with tepid water; a slight sprinkle of the foliage twice or thrice a week,
on sunny mornings, will prevent the red spider from making its appearance. The
seed has been sown, the plant grown, and now for the harvest. A window full of
sweet scented flowers of all decided colors, and in some instances beautifully
spotted, although the latter is generally produced from too much moisture. They
last a long time in flower, and every amateur grower can be successful in growing
these, hence they are well suited for windows in city and country. Those having
well appointed greenhouses, have also gardeners, well versed in plant raising. so
that any information from me on this subject will be quite unnecessary. I will also
add one more important item. After the bulbs have done flowering the first season,
water should be gradually withheld until the leaves decay, when shey should again
be placed outside in a shady place, protected from heavy rains, when the seeds will
bulb also. When again wanted, carefully shake out, remeving as much of the,old
soil as possible with a pointed label or stick, care being used, however, not to injure
the roots. The same treatment will follow, when the plants thus treated will pro-
duce the second and third years even much finer results.

62 ANNUAL REPORT

The report of Peter M. Gideon, Superintendent ot the State Ex-
perimental Fruit Farm, as made to the Regents of the State University,
was read as follows:

EXcELsIor, Minn., Oct. 30, 1881.
Wn. W. Folwell, President Minnesota State University.

Dear Sir:—Below, I give a brief report of the doings and success on the State
Fruit Farm the present year:

The last winter, though hard, was less ruinous than anticipated. Only lost ten or
twelve varieties, out of fifty varieties, oflong keepers, not one of which are on their
own or tender roots. Suchas are generally used in nursery stock, could have not sur-
vived the winter, but grafted on our hardy seedling stocks, that mature early, and
thus stop their flow of sap, and in due time prepare for winter, is what saved them
and gives assurance of ultimate success in growing long keeping varieties through
fertilization; the commingling the pollen of our most hardy, though early varieties
with that of the long keepers, thus giving hardiness to the forthcoming seedling,
grown from the seed of the long Keepers, a result very desirable, as there is no long
keeper yet tested that will make a long lived tree, though grafted on the most hardy
’ of stocks; a few crops and they are gone, but in those few crops we will secure the
long hoped for prize, a fact developments clearly demonstrate. But as yet no long
keeper has fruited, but hope another year may produce a few specimens, as the
trees are doing quite well in health and vigor.

As anticipated, every year we lose trees, but each spring fill up again, and when
full the orchard holds 768 trees. ;

As to pear culture, I must say the prospects are not flattering. The last winter
cleaned all out, except those on the American Mountain Ash, and even some of them
are hurt more or less, enough at least to make success doubtful. A few more
year’s trial will tell definitely—success or failure.

We have about six hundred grape vines on the State Farm, consisting of nearly
every variety of note in the United States, the most of which will probably fruit
next year.

No variety of blackberry will stand cultivation here, not even the natives.

The raspberry and strawberry culture we find a paying success, and what is best
better able to tell another year.

That part of our State Farm cleared and plowed, by order from the University,
and by the same paid for, comprises five acres, two of which is set in our best seed-
ling apple trees, done without charge on our part, and will fill up the balance if not
otherwise ordered.

Important experiments on our own grounds, in the meantime, have not been ne-
glected.

Through the last two years, grafting has been almost a failure, owing to the
damaged condition of the trees, the effects of the two last hard winters Some fine
samples of new seedlings have borne the first crop this season, but further trial will
test the real value, and keeping qualities and productiveness. Trees are hardy.

We have a fair prospect of making peach culture a success. Some fine fruit this
year for the first, but it requires care and skill, as the trees have to be laid down and
covered, same as the grape vine. It will take another year or more, to tell whether

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 63

it will pay, for home luxury or market. If a success, the whole procedure will be

given.
Respectfully, PETER M. GIDEON.

Superintendent of State Experimental Fruit Farms.

Mr. Harris reviewed the management of the fruit farm. He thought
we needed a system embracing hand fertilization of blossoms to secure
a certainty of immediate improvement in varieties, and not be de-
pendent wholly upon chance crossing, through pollen carried by winds
and insects.

Mr. Grimes respected Mr. Gideon’s efforts so far as they went, but
was in favor of more systematic work in the experiments and more
complete records of it. \

Mr. Jordan defended Mr. Gideon’s action, and Mr. Gibbs spoke as

follows:

Mr. President: This apple [presenting a plate of the Wealthy] is Peter M. Gideon’s
contribution to the fruit interest of the Northwest, and not only to the Northwest,
but of the whole country, for it is becoming famous everywhere, and is eagerly
sought after for nurseries and orchards in all the apple belts of the land. It is
doubtful if any other apple combines in itself so many excellent points that go to
make up the perfect apple. It is hardy in tree, it has quality, size, fairness, color,
in fact every beauty to the eye; it bears early, profusely and annually, and it isa
fair keeper—a good, reliable keeper for its season, which is early winter. And its
propagation was not the result of accident either. It came to Mr. Gideon after
more than twenty years of practical, careful work in the planting of apple seed,
after years of failure and discouragement, and likewise of that impoverishment
which overtakes so many great inventors and followers of hobbies for the benefit
of mankind. By no set of men was it more joyously welcomed than by the nurs-
erymen of Minnesota, who have so largely composed the membership of this so-
ciety It made its advent at atime when they had played their last card for a
hardy winter variety, and lost, and ruin stared them in the face. The spring of
1873 found them with nothing whatever of their own production in the shape of
an apple to tie to, and nothing of anybody else’s production, east or south, except
the Duchess and Tetofsky, both summer fruits. They were utterly unable to offer
a winter variety in market that had stood the test of that Arctic winter of 1872-3.
At this critical time Mr. Gideon’s Wealthy stood out as the only one alive, as you
might say, and promising, and they all grasped it and on it rode again into pros-
perity, It takes time to propagate and introduce a new variety of apple, and to
distribute and grow it so as to have it make its appearance over a state. Yet it is
but seventeen or eighteen years since the little crab seed that produced the Wealthy
was planted, and now, after having had it exhibited for many years by the bushel
at our fairs and at our meetings, some here present have seen it during the past
autumn in the markets of Minneapolis, St. Paul, Rochester and Lake City by the
hundreds of bushels, and if in the next ten years it does as well as it has done in
;he past ten, itis perfectly safe to say that we have trees enough of it already
planted about the State to supply the wants of the growers and leave hundreds of
car loads to sell or ship abroad.

64 ANNUAL REPORT

And now, Mr. President, what I wish to say in the most kindly manner to my
fellow members here, and what has been in my mind for three years past to say is,
that in view of such a service to the fruit interest of our State, and of the benefits
conferred on all of us as individuals by the production of this Wealthy, and in view
ot Mr. Gideon’s continued labors and experiments to produce other and possibly
more valuable varieties of fruits by systematic propagation, based upon his long
experience and close observation in cross breeding, had we not better, as a society
either sustain him in his position on the fruit farm, or if we cannot do that at least
let him alone? He has been made the subject of criticism in our meetings more or
less personal for three or four years past He has had his friends and defenders in
our debates, but when published in our transactions the record has been all against
Mr. Gideon. JI, for one, am tired of this I feel that this society, instead of being
his detractor, should honor him. Other state horticultural societies are ringing
with his praises as a public benefactor. Every one of them in western states has
made him an honorary life member, and welcomes, in fact seeks his contributions
to its transactions. But it has come to pass here in this case that a prophet is not
honored in the horticultural society of his own country, and the fact does not at
present stand to our credit. What is the reason of this?) Mr. Gideon was invited
four years ago to read his paper on ‘‘Fruit Raising and Fast Horses’’ before this
society. In that paper he introduced matters not strictly horticultural, yet in his
opinion relative thereto. He commented freely, it was thought irreverently, in
language that will stand, in some sentences as models of vigorous English, on social
vices and sundry shams. It was too strong meat. The members could not all
stand it. Its further reading was interrupted in the middle of the paper and for-
bidden by vote. Mr. Gideon placed the manuscript in his pocket, and retired from
the meeting. He has not been here personally since, and probably will not until
his paper is recalled and spread upon our minutes entire. But what of this? Be-
cause we have got up a little rumpus with Mr. Gideon, shall the whole business of
thorough, systematic experimenting in the propagation of new varieties of apples
to supplement the Wealthy, and of other fruits, be set back? ‘‘Because we are
virtuous shall there be no more cakes and ale?’’ Who else but Mr. Gideon is cross
breeding in apple blossoms systematically? Who else but him is planting apple
seeds, except, perhaps, to grow roots to graft Mr. Gideon’s varieties on for the tree
market? I mean who else but Mr. Gideon is doing this on any general scientific
plan in the public interest, or any other interest for that matter? Where is the
man among us who has obtained by a lifetime of observation such a mass of useful
information in apple propagation to use as a basis of successful work now and in
the future? If we do not like Mr. Gideon’s religious views, or all of his eccentrici-
ties, we are not thereby obliged to forget that he has done more for horticulture
than all the rest of us put together, nor that his goodness and integrity as a man
are unsullied; nor that while we are scolding him annually he is plodding away in
his experiments for our benefit, as hard as ever. Even while we sit here, he is
away, ransacking all the western and some of the eastern states for information
and scions of new varieties for the fruit farm. Nor need we be oblivious to the
fact that though this state experimental fruit farm is less than four years old, and
not reasonably expected to show any new fruits at present of its own growing, that
is, in both tree and fruit, yet by contributions from his own private grounds freely

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 65

and without reward transplanted to the state farm, Mr. Gideon has advanced the
state orchard fully one-half the time necessary from parent flowers to new seedling
fruit, and perhaps before these transactions of ours shall be printed we may hear of
a still better apple than the Wealthy dropped into our open mouths. Mr. Gideon
has his commission from the governor to work away on that experimental) fruit
garm at Excelsior. He makes an annual report to the board of regents of the State
University, as the law directs him to do. They furnish us with a copy of it. What
more can we require of Mr. Gideon except courteous reception of friendly visitors,
which is always accorded? He is put there solely to work out Peter M. Gideon’s
ideas of fruit propagation by cross breeding, and for trial of new sorts from else-
where. The State gives him a little money to do it withy payable not from taxes
taken from the people, but from the University fund contributed by the United
States Government. It is not all for himself, for out of it Mr. Gideon has to pay
for the hired labor he puts upon the experimental farm; and the State has made
enough in the purchase of that 116 acres of land on Lake Minnetonka to pay, 1f the
surplus were sold at present prices, Mr. Gideon his annual stipend to the end of
his life. In honoring Mr. Gideon and ‘giving him this encouragement and employ-
ment, it has put money in its own purse by the rise in value of the land. So far,
so good. Let it honor itself by continuing to help him as it is doing at present, in
his labors in the propagation of the new and hardy seedling fruits that we so much
need; and there is nothing else that could offer so good a prospect of success in
this direction, except it might be that some of us, or some other of our citizens in
the State, should with equal knowledge and equal enthusiasm and industry, under-
take to do what he is doing for us. One word more. Mr. Gideon has been criti-
cised as having no system in his propagation. Mr. President, this is most unjust
and unfair. His work is all system at present. Look in the Iowa agricultural re-
port for 1879, and his reports to the board of regents, and his communications to
the press, and you will see what it is. His methods are exact and are based on his
jong experience and observation of nature’s laws. Again, he has been held to ac-
count for not exhibiting his fruits at State fairs. All the apples he has raised up
to this date have been produced on his own farm, and he has a right to do as he
pleases with them. He objects to the undue prominence of horse-racing and does
not patronize the State fairs. That is all there is of that. In our own society ex-
hibitions we have never had a large display of Wealthies that did not come from
Mr. Gideon’s trees. If he has anything in future that is valuable either on his own
farm or on the State experimental fruit farm, we shall all have the benefit of it,
for there is no patent on inventions of this kind, nor can any apple tree be grown
and hid under a bushel.

- Mr. Emery said Mr. Gideon was a conundrum, and moved to give up
the discussion and presented the following resolution :—

Resolved, That the committee on legislation be instructed to use its
influence to abolish the act providing $1,000 per annum for conduet-
jng the experimental farm under Management of P. M. Gideon, and
that an annual pension of $1, 000 be appropriated for the benefit of
Mr. Gideon, as a token of the appreciation of the State of his services

in prodneing the Wealthy.
5

66 ANNUAL REPORT

Mr. Dartt did not believe any man entitled to a premium—because
of the Wealthy or any other fruit; said the Wealthy was not hardy on
his grounds.

Mr. Jordan said he had 7,000 trees of the Wealthy in orchard, and
intended planting 1,000 more next spring.

Mr. Gould spoke highly of the Wealthy, and said that he believed
Mr. Gideon would yet accomplish valuable results on the fruit farm.

Motion of Mr. Abernethy to table Mr. Emery’s resolution lost, and
it was by unanimous consent referred to the following committee to
report at this meeting:

F. L. Gould, O. Gibbs, R. J. Mendenhall. The following commit-
tee was appointed on the financies of current meeting: R. J. Men-
denhall, 8. M. Kmery, A. W. Sias.

The report of general fruit committee partially submitted as follows :

LaCrEscEentT, Mrnn., January 10, 1882,
U. S. Hollister, Secretary State Horticultural Society:

DEAR Str:—I am sorry that I cannot attend the annual meeting of the State
Horticultural Society, but I will send in short report as general Fruit Committee.
There was not much fruit in Houston county, except grapes. They were middling
good, but the Concord was the best. I have some new seedlings that I think are
good, but the birds spoiled them last year. Strawberries were not much. I had one
seedling. I found out they were pistilate and set some of Hart’s seedling in the bed
and they were the best I ever had. Hart’s seedling did not do anything. Raspber-
ries were not much, they killed last winter. Not many apples in this county; the
Tetofsky, Duchess and Walbridge bore the best. Ben Davis Northern Spy, Fa-
meuse and Haas killed some last winter. The blight was very bad on the Crab
apples and some apples. The Wealthy bore some, but they were not so good as
before A good many of the Duchess were small, knotty and hard inside. What is
the cause of it? Trees look favorable for a crop of apples this year. Strawberries
are not very good; they were hurt in the dry weather last summer.

Respectfully yours,
JOHN C. KRAMER.

M. I. Matthews, of Foster, Big Stone County, reports as follows re-
garding the Catalpa Speciosa:

I received my Catalpas in the spring of 1879, and that summer they made a
growth of 12 to 24inches. In the spring of 1880, they had frozen back about half
their growth, and in the spring of 1881, about one-fourth, though a few stood the
last winter without injury.

They do not ripen their wood in the fall but continue to grow until frost.

I consider them good for ornamental planting, but not suitable for general cul-
ture as a forest tree.

LITCHFIELD, MINN., January 10, 1882.

The last two winters has been hard on fruit trees in this section, but the last
summer has been very favorable, and the trees have recovered very rapidly from

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 67

the injury. We had a large supply of fruit of all kinds that we ae to grow:
All Transcendent, Hislop and Early Strawberry crabs bore abundantly.
There was a good yield of Duchess from the few bearing trees we have, also a
few Minnesota, Beecher Sweet and Wealthy.
The crop of small fruits was very full.
G. W. FULLER.

; RocHESTER, MINN., January 15, 1882.
Mr. President, and Gentlemen of the State. Horticultural Society:

Twenty-two years ago last month, I came to this State. At that time the ‘‘Wise-
acres’’ all said, it was worse than useless to attempt to raise fruit in Minnesota.
But rather than profit by this premature information, I chose the old motto of —
“Prove all things and hold fast to that which is good,’”’ I was able to comprehend,
even at that early day, that frwzt was good, and I have since proved upon several
sorts—proved too that with fair culture they will pay better than wheat at $1.25
per bushel, and although laughed to scorn many times during our early experi-
ment in planting trees in Olmsted county, yet we claim now that it is our turn to
laugh, as we fairly glutted the Rochester market the past season with the common
apple, and shipped quite a quantity west, and no county in the State carried away
so many premiums on fruit as ours at the last State Fair. Summer and fall fruits
were much more abundant than winter. This mistake is mostly due to the fact,
that for several years during the early history of this society the great cry was for
fruit from Russia. This demand was supplied with summer fruit, but now the de-
mand should, and will be for native grown winter fruit. Will name six varieties
of common apple and same number Hybrids that we believe yielded the best with
us, viz.: Duchess, Wealthy, Rollins Russet, Haas, Fameuse and Walbridge. Hy-
brids—Meader’s Winter, Powers Large Red, Whitney No. 20, Conical, Transcendent
and Orange.

Praks.— Pears blossomed finely, but for some unknown reason the fruit mostly
dropped before maturity.

Piums.—No tame plums—wild, or seedlings from them in abundance and some
of most excellent quality.

CHERRIES.— Would have been a fair crop had it not been for the ravages of in-
ect 8.

GRAPES.—Grapes have done remarkably well, especially the Janesville, which
appears to be rapidly growing in favor, also some of the Roger’s Hybrids. The
Concord, Clinton, Hardy Connecticut and others yielded most abundantly. The
only total failure that I have observed was with the Eumelian.

GOosEBERRIES. —Native varieties fair crop; English sorts, complete failure. Cur-
rant crop good as usual, seldom fails in our county.

BLACKBERRIEs. — But little attempt has beén made in our county as yet to culti-
vate this valuable fruit. The most successful grower as far as I know is Rev. M.
L. Tibbetts, of Dover. He fruited several new varieties the past season, and when
I saw them July Ist, were well loaded with fruit. ‘lhe Stones Hardy looked very
promising.

RASPBERRIES.—The Philadelphia winter killed pretty badly last winter. The
Turner stood the winter good and yielded well, and is by the way the most popular

68 ANNUAL REPORT

variety ever introduced into our county. The Mammoth Cluster and some of the
other Black caps produced *good crops.

STRAWBERRIES.—Last, although not the least, among the good tl.ings mentioned
comes the Strawberry Of this delicious fruit, we were blessed with a large crop,
and good paying prices kept up to the very last picking.

Downers Prolific, Green Prolific, Crescent Seedling, Captain Jack, Hart’s Min-
nesota Seedling paid the best. The latter for size, and uniform good shape, and
quality, I consider inferior to none on the list.

A. W.Sras.

Sauk CENTER, Minn , January 12, 1882.
Mr. President and Gentlemen :

From quite a general observation and considerable experience in small fruits, L
would report that there seems to be no reasonable encouragement to attempt the
raising of any of the standard apples except the ‘‘Dutchess,’”’ and that only in the
best of locations Some settings of the ‘‘crabs’’ are looking and bearing well, and
some from their appearanee indicate that their vitality is on the decline.

Currants, with proper pruning and mulching, grow thriftily and bear profusely.
With me the Philadephia Quinces and Purple cane raspberries for many years have
proved almost perfectly hardy to stand the winters after thorough cultivation and
early and continued pinching off of the tips of the new canes. The pinching
back keeps the canes stocky, self supporting, more productive, and I think the
main condition to be observed to secure hardiness.

With me the Philadelphia proves far the most productive—the Purple Cane next,
and of far better flavor—the Turner not as productive as the last named, but of
superior quality. Strawberries, I consider a success in good locations, with intel-
ligent care.

Gro. H. FisuH.

REPORT FROM THE 9TH DISTRICT.

LAKE City, Minn., January 10, 1882.

Strawberries—Only a medium crop. Season of fruitage favorable, but the vines
had suffered from drouth and perhaps other causes the previous autumn. The
Wilson continues to be the berry mostly in sight in the general market here,
although the Red Jacket, Captain Jack, Sharpless, and others are known to be
doing well. The Sharpless is the largest berry yet raised in this district, and is
well liked by those who have it. Specimens of it of enormous size, making the
largest Wilson’s look small by comparison, were exhibited at our Lake Pepin Hor-
ticultural Society’s meeting in June last, by 8. S. Workman of this city.

Raspberries—Very light crop. Scarcely any in market. Of the reds, the Clark
made the best showing on the bushes, and of the black the Seneca has always taken
the lead here.

Blackberries—None fruiting within my knowledge except a few Snyders here and
there. Stone’s Hardy, recently planted, are very promising. These two sorts are
at the present writing perfectly soand to the terminal buds, without protection,
although I am inclined to think they should be pruned low aud branchy and cov-
ered, to make sure of their wintering well in the severest seasons.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 69

Cherries —There are so few in bearing, that the birds take them all before they
are ripe. Early Richmonds planted since 1872, (when the cherry trees were killed
everywhere in the west), are found in many places in this district, are looking
sound and thrifty.

Pears—I did not see one in the district last year. and know of no sound ones of
bearing size. They can be grown well enough on the northerly slopes of our river
bluffs ; there are Flemish Beauties twenty feet high at Read’s Landing; but the
blight comes in just when the grower begins to think he is going to have some
fruition of his hopés, and that is an end of his pear culture. Give us a remedy for
pear blight, and these slopes will fill our markets with twelve-ounce pears. The
winters will not kill the tree there.

Plums—Enormous crops of Forest Garden, DeSoto, Weaver and Miner—the lat-
ter fruiting for the first time, and just barely saving itself from the axe of the
owner by offering a show of fruit the last year of its long probation. Enough can
not be said in praise of these delicious natives of southern extraction, yet perfectly
hardy and successful here, and as near curculio proof apparently as any plums
can be.

Grapes —-Abundance of all sorts, and good quality. I would again make mention
of the Janesville for 1ts merit of earliness for the benefit of people wishing to
plant in low grounds liable to early frosts.

Apples—Light yield except in a few locations. Local markets fairly supplied with
Duchess and Wealthy, of the large apples; also the common and Hybrid crabs,
The large orchards of Underwood & Emery, of this city, owing doubtless to con-
stant cultivation during the past few years, distinguished themselves and enriched
their proprietors in this off year for apples, by bearing an abundant crop. From
one orchard of eight hundred Duchess, planted I think, eight years ago, they har-
vested nearly seven hundred bushels, and sold them mostly in St. Paul and Minne-
apolis at prices ranging from $1.00 to $1.33 per bushel, net. From an orchard of
twenty-five hundred young Wealthies, bearing this year only their second crop,
they picked about three hundred bushels, while their harvest of crabs and Hybrids
was estimated at five hundred bushels more, all selling quickly for cash at good
prices. So yousee we have at least one place in this district proving that apples
can be profitably raised in Minnesota ,and justifying the faith of that long-headed
fruit pioneer, P. A. Jewell, who, when he became convinced of the value of the
Duchess and Wealthy, for this climate, backed up his recommendation to the peo-
ple to plant them freely, by setting them out for permanent orchards on every
‘ available rod of his own grounds. While it is true that the generality of our peo-
ple show little interest in apple culture, not enough to take hardly decent care of
the trees they reluctantly buy, there is enough successful orcharding going on in
this district, though mostly on a small scale, to impress this conclusion upon me,
from extended observations made from year to year, that those who judiciously
select their varieties to plant, avoiding the known tender ones, and the bad blight-
ers, and then admitting to themselves the fact that the hardiest of our trees need
protection, give it to them, together with cultivation and general care in propor-
tion to their value as faithfully as any good farmer takes care of his cattle, his
horses, his pigs and his poultry, can raise al] the summer, fall and early winter

70 ANNUAL REPORT

apples he can use, and the hardy long keepers, too, whenever this desirable thing
shall be truly added to our list. *

Respectfully submitted by
OLIVER GIsss, JR.,

Of General Fruit Committee.

La CRESCENT, January 10, 1881.
U.S. Hollister, Secretary State Horticultural Society :

DEAR Sir: As a member of the seedling fruit committee, I am expected to
make a report. Sickness in the fall prevented me from making an examination of
most of the trees heretofore reported. Some of the Pickets’ seedlings are hardy
and fruit fair, but they are doubtless of Siberian origin. Two or three trees upon
the farm of Mrs Geo. Hartman, town of Hokah, still show evidence of hardiness.
One at least is a good keeper. A few new seedlings were shown at the last State
Fair. Two by S. Bates, Stockton, and two by Wm. Forster, town of Orion, were
very fine and should be looked after. If they should prove hardy they will prove
of considerable value. One of Mr, Forster’s seedlings is a long keeping sweet
apple of good quality, medium size, and reported as a profuse and regular bearer.
I have heard of another tree at Plainview, about twenty years old, never winter
killed or blighted ; never fails to bear fruit. The fruit below medium in size, sub
acid or tart; season, September to December. Spoken highly of by those who
know it, and is the property of G. S..Washburn. Mr. Kramer, of La Crescent has
some young trees that look promising, but they have not yet fruited.

Yours, &c. JoHN S. HARRIS,
Member of Seedling Fruit Committee.

MiInneEAPoLis, January 13, 1882.
Owing to the want of time I have not been able to make a thorough examination
of our native seedlings. I will name a few that have come under my observation.
The first that I shall call your attention to is the Clawson. The original tree orig-
inated in Wisconsin about forty years ago. In 1854, the son of the originator of
this tree removed from Wisconsin to Olmsted county, Minnesota. His father, then
an old man, took up four sprouts from the original tree, and the son set them out
on his claim. Those trees from the day they were set have lived under every dis-
advantage, both in regard to location and protection. The trees are still living
and have been producing fruit for at least twenty years. The trees are now
twenty seven years old, and still living. The trees are immense bearers ; fruit
resembling the yellow Bellflower in size and color, very juicy, excellent for codk-
ing or eating, and will keep longer than the Wealthy. Theage of the trees is
sufficient to recommend it to the good favor of the people of Minnesota. The
Kimball 20 years old, free from blight, perfectly sound, fruit of excellent quality,

and a long keeper. M. PEARCE.

TuEsDAY AFTEROON, January 17, 1882.
Meeting called to order by President Harris. Upon motion of O.

*For list of fruits raised inthis district, see report of fall meet‘ng of State Horticultural Society,
and President Harris’ report of exhibits at State Fair.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. (ei!

Gibbs, Jr., the following named persons were elected honorary life
members of the Minnesota State Horticultural Society :

Prof. J. L. Budd, of Iowa; Dr. John A. Warder, of Ohio; Geo. P.
Peffer, of Wisconsin; Marshall P. Wilder, of Massachusetts; E. Wil-
cox, of Wisconsin; for long and distinguished services in Horticulture
and Pomology. Mr. Peffer’s paper on apple blossoms was read by the
Secretary, as follows:

Mr. President and Horticulturists of the State of Minnesota :

I see by your transactions for the year 1881, that I am to write a paper on the
following questions :

APPLE TREE BLOSSOMS.
Their date of opening.
What varieties mature simultaneously ?

What varieties should be planted together for mutual perfection in fertiliz-
processes ?
5. What varieties have the greatest power to resist spring frosts and winds ?

To answer the first question would say that the first blossoms appeared this
spring on the following varieties: Fourth of July, Tolman Sweet, Lyman’s Yel-
low, Transcendent, Whitney No. 20, and Bellflower crabs, on the 4th of June; it
being very late with us on account of the large amount of snow that had to melt,
which kept the ground cold. On the 5th, Lyman’s Early Red, Haas and Early
Strawberry, (on a gravelly knoll.) On 6th, one Duchess (on the same knoll,)
Plumb’s Cider, Golden Russet, Tetofsky, Fall Stripe, St Lawrence. 7th, Hyslop,
and mostly all of the other crabs, Limber Twig, Fall Orange, Sour Bough, Summer
Queen, Summer Pennock, etc. Eighth, Duchess, Red Astrachan, Pewaukee, my
Golden No. 4, also No. 1,17 and 35, Nellis White, Pomme Grise, Cranberry Pip-
pin, anda Wealthy, on level land. Ninth, Westfield Seek-No-Further, Northern
Spy, Fameuse, Utter, Alexander, Baltimore, Englfsh Russet, also a seedling of Yel-
low Bellflower. Tenth, Jonathan, Rawle’s Janet, and seedling Gilliflower, and a
few others under northeast side of a knoll that runs north and south through the
orchard.

By this time the first bloomers had ail their blossoms open, and some flowers had
already dropped their petals, but as I had to examine very closely, to answer the
other questions, I found that some petals had only wilted and were adhering to the
calyx, and the pistils were turning grayish yellow, and were quite limber. On closer

1
2
3. What varieties are perfect and what imperfect bloomers ?
+
ing

inspection most all those varieties, (apple as well as crab,) that commenced to blos-
som the 5th and 6th were affected, and had begun to wilt or droop’ but those that
blossomed later seemed to be opening quite even, and all had about finished on the
15th.

Second, we could not determine the varieties that would have blossomed at the
same time, as some parts of our orchard are high and others low, and some were
covered with snow two feet deep, while others were bare. Where the ground was
bare, the trees commenced to bud several days in advance of others in the orchard.
Although the varieties named were put down as the first ones that blossomed, we

79° -
ia ANNUAL REPORT

have to mention that a Wealthy on a gravelly knoll opened a few flowers on the
same date as the Transcendent; while the most of them on level ground com-
menced to blossom on the 8th. Several, where the snow laid the longest, not till
the 13th ; so there were eight days between them. All but the first one bore a good
crop of apples, and that one was on the knoll, and the blossoms were affected the
same as those already mentioned.

Now as we come to the third?question—the flowers when they first opencd were
as perfect as those on the later trees of the same kind, but they were scalded of
burned as it afterwards proved, and will be described more fully hereafter.

There is quite a difference in the size, form, and color of the petals, or flower
leaves of the different varieties, some being larger than others; also, some have
longer pistils and some thicker and broader ones; some are crooked and some
doubled up, when they push through the petals. AJ] that I- have examined seem
to have plenty of stamens and the flowers appear to be perfect; but the variations:
in the forms of the pistils must have something to do about their impregnation, as
those that are longer and straight seem to have more perfect stigmas, and force
their way through the ftlower’s leaves first, so that they can be fertilized as soon as:
the pollen is ripe enough or dry enough to fall or fly. By all appearances there is
pollen enough in the flowers of one single tree bud to fertilize fifty or one hundred
times as many pisti's as there are in the flowers of that bud. The only way to
answer the question asked, would be to isolate or inclose a bud of the different
varieties, either in a glass bottle or small light paper bag, until the flowers had
opened and the petals dropped off; then it could be taken off and the flowers
watched to see if any fruit sets. If fruit sets and perfects itself, and the seeds:
become full size, the perfection of the varieties could be ascertained to a certainty.
A single bud on a spur is sufficient on one tree to make a trial ; and the seeds sown
and trees raised from this fruit, could not be other than the variety of fruit the
seed is raised from. Butif the little apples should all drop off, it would be evident
that either the pollen or the pistils were not perfect ; that isif the other buds on
the tree should be setting fruit.

In answer to the fourth question—I would say, plant together those varieties that. .
blossom at the same time.

Answer to the fifth. All those that have very short pistils, and hollow petals, as
they shield the embryo and protect it from the cold and winds; such, for instance,
as the Fourth of July, Wealthy, Fameuse, and others that have such forms or are so
constructed.

Now we must describe what we mentioned on starting in on the third question.
We found the petals burned, or scalded as it were, and before the later varieties
commenced to bloom, the first enes were already dead. It happened that we had
from 92 to 96 degrees heat, and wind south, southwest, for two or three days, just
in time to scorch the first bloomers, and in a few days not only the blossom, but the
leaves that had started out with the blossoms were blighted from the heat, and
commenced running down and effected to the last years’ growth, so nine-tenths of
all the twigs so affected perished, except those we stopped by breaking off the new
spur that had just blossomed. It made no difference, the apples, as well as the
Transcendent crabs, were affected alike on the north, as well as on the south side
of the trees, All the trees that were in full bloom on those two or three hot days

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 73

were so blighted they looked in a few days after as if a fire had scorched them, but
trees (of the same varieties), although they were only a few rods off, but with no
blossoms on them, on those hot days, or had no flowers at all, were exempt from
blight all summer, although we had it just as hot afterwards, and more so ; but the
sap must have been in better condition to withstand it. Why those varieties were
not affected alike, must be caused by the absorption of the liquid matter or sap,
that circulated freer or faster than ahose that were in full bloom, than those that
hadn’t any, and the flower petals offered larger surface, and thinner leaf, for the
hot and dry air to absorb it faster than it could be supplied ; hence the wilting and
finally drying up of them, on tbe ends; but all the flowers were not affected from
the one bud, because they do not all open at the same time, as there is always one
or more that will take the lead (same as sprouts on potatoes) and upon the petals
first.

After wilting or drying up, the damp, or cooler air sets in, the petals turn gray-
ish brown, and then is the time, the germ of fungii germinates, or as Prof. Burrill
explained at the Lllinois State Horticultural meeting in Chicago last December,
about finding a still lower minute organism, called Bacteria. He showed charts,
and explained the kinds he found in five blighted trees, and said that kind lived on
dead substances, same as fungii, and then the leaves turn dark, and finally black,
and rotten sap or vines running back from the petal to the calyx, and then down
the stem of the little apple, on away to the base, where all the fine stems started
from, (on the bad) making all affected after them, the new on young growth of
the shoot, (or if no shoot had yet started) the bunch of leaves, but if that is rubbed
off or dry weather had set in again in the apples, and most of the crabs, it is stop-
ped on accent of thicker bark, and other causes. On the pear it generally runs
down untll the tree is killed, if not in one season it will be in the next, unless stop-
ped by the fruit grower, either by cutting off the affected spur or whole limb a few
inches helow where there is life. We find by cutting off the outside bark at the
place where the limb should be cut off answers fully as well, if the knife has not
been used on the affected part, but if so it must be cleaned before using in girdling.

Gentlemen, I am very much obliged to you for giving me this duty, though my
work is not satisfactory to me.

I shall pay more attention another spring if I live, and make closer examinations,
as I find there are just as many varieties and forms in the blossoms as there are
varieties of trees, and I think the varieties can be distinguished more correctly by
the blossoms than by the fruit itself. Also for the marked effects on starting the
blight from the blossoms, and as most western fruit growers who have talked or
wrote on the blight question, myself not excepted, always advocated that the sap
that has been forced through either the stomata of the small hair on the under side
of the leaves, or by puncture &c.. or the pressure of sap circulation are the cause®
for the parasitic fungii, which germinates in sap that is dead, or in an overdose of
it, (as we always find it first on young, thrifty, fast growing trees and especially on
highly enriched and cultivated grounds), I found it just the reverse, there was not
enough for a supply, hence the petals wilted, just when they wanted the largest
supply, and when the absorption uses the greatest, but as the next question is on
blight, and the gentleman is perhaps better acquainted with this subject than I

74 ANNUAL REPORT

am myself, and can do it better justice, or can perhaps give us some remedies that
will enable us to avoid, I will close.
GEORGE P. PEFFER,
Pewaukee, Wis.

Mr. Gibbs offered a resolution thanking Mr. Peffer for his valuable
paper, and requesting him to continue his observations and report at
next meeting which was adopted.

Mrs. VanCleve read the following paper on

SHRUBS.

In Colorado, last summer, I noticed many beautiful shrubs quite new to me
growing among the canons and on the mountain sides, and in many highly orna-
mented grounds. These shrubs, transplanted, or left where nature placed them, and
carefully cultivated, occupied a very prominent place. The flowering raspberry
completely covered with large snow-white blossoms, is very beautiful, the flower-
ing season is long, and is succeeded by the fruit, similar to the ordinary raspberry in
appearance, but more like the mulberry in taste, not considered valuable as a fruit,
but very pretty. The foilage is dense, and the leaf beautifully shaped; it is hardy
and of rapid growth. A landscape gardener told me he had planted the seed at
his home in Wisconsin, and it had grown nearly two feet the first season. He
thought it could be raised easily in Minnesota and would stand our winters with very
little protection. Then there is a bush there which bears a fruit something like
our sumach in taste. It is called the ‘‘lemonade berry,”’ the leaves are very bright
and glossy, prettily shaped and very full; the bright red berries in small clusters
ornament it till late in the fall. The silver cedar found there is the prettiest of
evergreens. It would, without doubt, thrive in our climate, and its silver frosted
leaves and berries would contrast beautifully,with the dark green arbor vite and
other permanent shrubs so much in vogue with us.

There are many other shrubs native to that locality which are hardy as well as
ornamental, and seeing these native products so highly appreciated there, brought
to my mind many pretty plants growing in our own woods which might be used
to advantage in the decoration of our lawns and our door-yards. There is the
cranberry tree ( Vzburnum opulus) or bearing snow-ball; erroneously called the high
bush cranberry, with its darkly veined leaves, its red stems and its beautiful fruit,
far excelling, in richness of flavor, as a swectmeat, many kinds of imported fruit
for which we pay liberally; the dogwood, too, whose crimson flower stems, even
in the autumn and winter, are so ornamental and make such pretty additions to
winter bouquets; the prickly ash, whose pretty leaves and dark red berries are so
highly pungent and aromatic. And many other perfectly hardy shrubs might be
named, which would add more to the real beauty of cultivated grounds than num-
erous plants which we procure at great cost, and care for with trembling uncer-
tainty as to results. ' :

All who have visited Manitou Springs, Colorado, must have been impressed with
the beauty of Dr. Bell’s place, just at the entrance to the town, but all may not
have realized that much of this beautiful effect is produced by the elegant shrub-
bery which embosoms this lovely English home.

A circular clump of shrubs, just where nature placed them, carefully protected

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 75

from injury by a low stone coping, stands directly in front of the gateway in the
center of the carriage road. Driving around this striking ornament you enter the
. grounds and behold with wonder the fine effect produced by a tasteful judicious
arrangement of native shrubs and making the beautifully kept lawn glorified by a
bed of brilliant blossoms, the whole scene is so enchanting that you involuntarily
exclaim, ‘‘charming, exquisite,’ and tee] that your esthetic taste is fully met and
that you are taking in a picture so perfect, so restful, that even when vacation is
over, and toil comes again, memory will retain it and it will become to you a peace-
ful oasis, where your overworked mind may find rest and refreshment.

All this is in marked contrast to the usual stiffness and monotony in the decora-
tion of grounds which costs so much money, and yet does not satisfy the eye of a
true lover of the beautiful.

It is plain that the point aimed at in these remarks, is that we are neglecting
the beauties so lavishly bestowed upon us by nature, and reaching out after exo-
tics and rare things at great expense of time, money and anxiety, while half the
outlay properly used in cultivating what is ready to our hand, would make our
grounds a joy and praise throughout the land,

We have great reason to hope and believe that the esthetic craze over which we
all laugh so heartily will have the effect to do away, in a great measure, with the
artificial and ungraceful in our dress, and furniture, and lawn decorations, and in-
troduce in its stead something really and instrinsically beautiful in its appropriate-
ness to the place and uses for which it is designed.

FERNS.

I have chosen this subject, not because I know much about ferns, but because I
love them, and think that of all the beautiful delicate things that God has made to
gratify our esthetic tastes, they are the most exquisite, and because I would have
others love and appreciate them. A few years ago, while on a long visit to that
beautiful kingdom in the blue Pacific, whose ‘islands lift their fronded palms in
air,’ [saw ferns everywhere, and was told that there were to be found in that
country one hundred and fifty varieties of this graceful family. From the great
treé fern, the stalk or trunk of which is as large as a man’s leg, and from which
the natives procure a soft silky substance with which they fill their beds and pil-
lows, to the delicate Aspleniwm Multisectum or lace fern and the diminutive Trich-
omanes. In the valleys, on the mountain sides, down in the craters of the spent
voleanoes; lifting high their plumy tops in the flower borders of beautiful lawns ;
or grouped together in elegant grotto ferneries as the central ornament of highly
cultivated grounds, everywhere, and all the year round, these feathery beauties,
personification of grace and delicate loveliness, can be seen and enjoyed in that
paradise of beauty, the kingdom of Hawaii. I noticed with great interest the large
birds- nest fern, with its great lanceolate leaves growing in a perfect circle, enclos-
ing and keeping from harm the tiny leaves curled and nestled in the center, like,
little callow birds, the Nephrodium latifrons, with its yellow-brown fruit so regu-
larly placed around the edge of the leaf as to simulate very perfectly diminutive
buttons on the trimming of a lady’s dress, the Trichomanes meifolium, so like a perfect
little tree, and the graceful Cystopteris fragilis, so aptly representing refined gen-
tility. Then there were the endless varieties of Asplentum much of the year, heavy
with brown fruit, as the spores of the fern are called; the Polypodium; the pretty

76 ANNUAL REPORT

Maraitia douglassi, with leaves regularly serrated like the leaves of a rose-bush ;
the Achusticum with its many varieties; the Davallia upeus and the Asplenium fra-
gile or walking fern. These are but a few of the large family of plants so interest-
ing to botanists, and so full of beauty even to the uninitiated. I saw also the stag-
fern of Australia growing from the smooth trunk of the royal palm; it is secured
by fine wires around the tree and soon becomes a parasite, when the wires are re-
moved and it excites great wonder in all who see it until what seems a freak of
nature is explained tothem. The leaf is large, lanceolate and not very ornamental,
mainly interesting from the readiness with which it accommodates itself to its new
home and surroundings. ‘There is also an edible fern found there, the root and
stalk of which, I was told, are very palatable and nutritious. A lady living in
Honolulu has given much time and attention to the study of ferns, and has made
the collection and preparation of tnem somewhat profitable. She has sent the
varieties of Hawaiian ferns to naturalists in almost all the civilized countries on
the globe, and has received in return specimens of the different species to be found
in these countries, so that her collection is, perhaps, one of the finest to be seen
anywhere. All are perfectly classified and preserved in such a way that they can
be studied and enjoyed. One can spend many days looking them over and won-
dering at the infinite variety of beautiful, graceful forms.

I am under life-long obligations to this dear friend for a fine collection of
Hawaiian ferns which she prepared and gave to me for a birthday present, while en-
joying my ‘‘dvlce far niente,’ in beautiful Honolulu. They are elegantly mounted.
finished up with the many hued mosses of the islands, properly classified and lo-
cality named. This group of delicate loveliness, 1s ‘ta thing of beauty and a joy to
me forever.’’

I do not know that ferns could be successfully imported from the Pacific I lands
and raised in this climate, but I do know that we have in Minnesota a great variety,
and that their cultivation would add much to the beauty of ourlawns and our win-
dow gardens, and if this paper should stimulate some young and enthusiastic flori-
culturist to turn her attention to it I shall be much gratified. Were this the morn -
ing, instead of the evening of my life it would be a real delight to me to make it a
specialty ; as it is, lam trying some new varieties from Colorado, and am doing
what I can to make them flourish. One of them is the smallest fern known to bo-
tanists ; it was procured in ‘‘Queen’s Canyon Glen Eyrie,” and is exquisite in its
diminutive beauty. I have also sent to Wisconsin for roots, for the spring, having
learned that in the woods near one of the mission stations there, ferns abound in
great variety; and can there be a prettier ornament to fine, highly cultivated
grounds than a flourishing fernery? So possible and easy too, where watering fa-
cilities are abundant, Great taste may be displayed in arranging ferns, either with
rock-work or without; some other plants such as begonias, water-ivy, and many
varieties of mosses bring out the ferns and make a beautiful blending. True our
seasons are short, but we have many hot days, when the sight of pretty, cool look-
ing ferns on the shady side of the lawn is wonderfully pleasing and refreshing.
Far be it from me to discourage the esthetic furor now so prevalent, for although
as in many other new things its votaries are going to great extremes, and frustrat-
ing in a great measure by their mistaken zeal the intentions of those who set the
ball rolling, yet I am convinced that when it subsides, it will leave some good

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. fi §

results, and it is well to let it run on, and run out. Yet let me say timidly, and in
a whisper, that I cannot but think that a beautiful fern, fresh from the Almighty
hand, is more truly satisfying to the pure, elevated taste than a stiff Japanese fan,
or a dilapidated tea-pot.

Pardon a digression while I tell a story, in point, which all may not have heard :
A young married couple, intensified «esthetes, had procured at great expense, and
in the face of difficulty and discouragement, one old, discolored and badly cracked
tea-pot—very rare and valuable, a bit of satsuma, for aught we know Placing it
very conspicuously among their collection of quaint old things, they stepped back,
and, with folded hands and uplifted eyes, gazed upon it in silent awe. At last, the
young wife found voice to say, with a tremor in her tones which bespoke heartfelt
emotion, ‘‘Algernon, beloved, let us try to live up to it.”’

Now if a desire to be truer, purer and nobler can be stimulated by an infirm old
tea-pot, what might we not predict as the effect of beautiful ferns, the perfect
work of Him who put into our hearts the love of beauty, should they once become
the fashion ?

There will be a reaction some day; the old disjointed things, the contemplation
of which now fi'ls some hearts almost to bursting with admiration, will be re-
manded to the garret, the dark closet, or the dust heap; and then will comea
yearning for something really fresh and beautiful to fill the void. Let us be ready
with our ferns and pretty, graceful plants to catch these beauty lovers on the
rebound, and satisfy their yearnings. It may be that thus a new era of «esthetics
will be inaugurated and hearts may be filled with healthy aspirations to live up to
the lessons our Heavenly Father inculcates, through the beautiful ‘‘voiceless teach-
ers’’ He has scattered in such rich profusion all over the world.

Mr. Underwood moved, that in consideration of Mrs. Van Cleve’s
long and intelligent work in horticulture, she be made an honorary
life member, which resolution was adopted.

EVERGREENS FOR THE PRAIRIES.

BY G. W. FULLER.

Prairie and evergreens. These two words suggest all that can be said regarding
both the beauty and utility of setting evergreens on the prairies. But two or three
questions may be considered briefly perhaps with profit. Can evergreens be suc-
cessfully grown on the prairies ? This question is easily and satisfactorily answered
by the fact that they are now growing and growing well on all varieties of prairie
soil. Ten years ago the coming spring, I began in a wheat field where not a tree
or shrub of any kind was gréwing, or had ever grown, as far as we know, and now
I have thousands of evergreens as healthy and vigorous as in their native forests.
Among these are the Balsam Fir, Norway White and Black Spruce, Scotch White,
Austrian and Norway Pine, the Arborvitae and Hemlock.

What kinds are best ? The Austrian Pine I should reject entirely. While it is
quite tenacious of life, and makes a brave fight for it, yet the Scotch and White are
so much better, it is hardly worth while to have anything to do with it. The great
objection to the pines for general planting, is the great loss, unless the digging and

ANNUAL REPORT

setting is done by careful and skilled labor. Their roots are not fibrous, but few
and coarse, and very little exposure to wind or sun ruinsthem. But once fixed in
their place and growing, both the Scotch and White pines are ‘‘just splendid, ’’and
good for ages. There is some objection to the Norway Spruce, because it more or
less sun-burns and looks badly for a while in the spring, espeeially after a severe
winter, and for a few years after it is transplanted. But they are very tenacious
of life, are easily transplanted, and if half cared for, very few fail.

The first two years of my experiment a lot of Norways were sent me so badly
sun-burned that I was strongly tempted to throw them all into the fire—as I did
part of them. But the thought occurred to me, experiment with them ; see what
they will do. I accordingly set them out carefully, cut them back severely, watched
them for two years doubtingly, but finally most of them gathered courage and
strength, and have made a success of it. And a yearago I sent one of these same
trees to Wilmar, and they wrote me it was the finest Christmas tree they ever had.

The White Spruce is rather of a myth with me. For ten years Ihave been buying
the White Spruce from one to six feet high, have never sold but one to my knowledge,
and yet have not one on my grounds over a foot high. Of Black Spruce I have
plenty which does very well, if you cannot get anyting better, and is really very
fine, especially when small. Arborvitae is specially designed for small hedges, and
Iam inclined to think it ought to be planted more largely for all purposes. The
Hemlock is very modest on the prairies and wants to be kept in the shade. Were it
not for the loss in transplanting, the Scotch Pine undoubtedly should stand first in
the list. But as it is I think the real order of value is Norway Spruce and White
Spruce, if the real thing can be had, Balsam Fir, Scotch and White pine, Arborvitae.

When to plant? There are but two seasons for setting out evergreens. The first
and best is in the spring, from the time the frost is out of the ground sufficiently to
set them, to the time when they are beginning to grow. For large trees the latter
part of the season is the best. The next best time is just after they are done grow-
ing in July or August. I have no confidence in moving evergreens after the first of
September.

How shall we plant successfully? In the first place deg carefully. Get good roots
to begin with. Then keep these roots from sun and wind ~-not even let them get
dry. In the second place have the ground in good condition and keep it so by good
tillage until the trees are well growing. Then they will take care of thsmselves.
In my light soil, I always water well where I set a tree; but never afterwards, and
pack down solid, so the tree will stand almost as firmly as before it was dug up. And
finally, when the tree is well set, mulch thoroughly, so thoroughly that the ground
will keep moist under the mulching the whole season. For small evergreens, good
cultivation will answer the place of mulching.

As a single instance of the benefit of evergreens, I will state that a few years
since, the only currants which grew in our whole county, as far as I know, grew on
three rows of bushes which stood by the side of a double row of Scotch Pines, which
were then eight to ten feet high. The row next to the pines bore a full crop, the
second one half, and the third about one-fourth of acrop I enjoy my evergreens,
though often during the growing season, I have the feeling that they are going to
crowd me off from the premises, yet in the winter, when all else is apparently dead,
they come to me with the beauty of life, and often clothe themselves gloriously with

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 79

the snow and frost gems, a single picture of which is worth more jthan they have
cost.

DISCUSSION OF MR. FULLER’S PAPER.

Mr. Sias thought that in Southern Minnesota the Austrian Pine was
a better tree than the Scotch Pine.

Mr. Jordan gave it as his experience, that the Scotch Pine was best
for wind-breaks.

Mr. Dart understood the Hemlock was not hardy in Minnesota,
and asked information regarding it.

Mr. Fuller said his Hemlocks at Litchfield were hardy and doing
well. Mr. Gibbs said that he saw Hemlocks at Wilmar, five years
planted, that were doing well.

Mr, Pearce said the Austrian Pine is the most tenacious of life of
any evergreen, and that it was one of the finest for ornamental plant-
ing.

Mr. Underwood considers the Austrian Pine a failure ; said it dis-
colored, lost its leaves, and was bad generally; but spoke very highly
of the Scotch Pine, and of the White Spruce, which he said had been
very successful with him.

Mr. Fuller had planted White Spruce and lost them all. Mr. Dartt
found the White Spruce the most beautiful of evergreens, and best for
ornamental planting, but for rapid growth and for wind-breaks, he
preferred the Scotch Pine to any other. Mr. Fuller remarked that he
never had a branch of Scotch Pine broken by the snow.

Mr. Harris asked Mr Fuller if the sapsucker injured his pines. He
replied that it did not. Mr. Harris thought the Austrian Pine an
admirable tree to clothe the bluffs along the river, but did not think it
adapted to the prairies, and thinks the Hemlock equally valuable, but
that they need a little protection.

Mr. Dart thas a dwarf White Pine that is a success on his grounds.
He described it as a low habit, and especially adapted to ornamental
planting. Mr. Sias said he had several hundred dwarf White Pine
doing well, several of them seven feet high.

PLUMS.

BY J. M. UNDERWOOD.

Why is it that the cultivation of this most excellent fruit has occupied so diminu-
tive a place in the deliberations and publications of our society I do aot know, unlesg
it is because the English varieties are known to be too tender for this climate, and
nothing else was thought worthy of much attention or prominence. Possibly it is
thought that the immortality won for it, by the illustrious ‘‘Jack Horner’’ on that

®

80 ANNUAL REPORT

memorable Christmas, was sufficient tribute to pay to this particular branch of hor-
ticulture. It is time, however, that all that is known about them as adapted to our
present wants, be brought out and placed on record in our reports as a ready refer-
ence for those who may wish to grow them, and I shall be glad to contribute what I
can to this end

Oricin.—Prunus domestica, or what has usually been known as the cultivated
plum is supposed to have come from Asia Minor, but as well as the varieties of this
class are too tender for this climate. We must confine ourselves to our native varie-
ties of which there are said to be two distinct classes, lst, P—Americana or com-
mon native plum found growing from Maine to California, and too well known to
need describing. 2nd P—Chicasa, or Chicasaw plum, a native of the S. W. States ;
but claimed by some to be hardy at the north, which is doubtful, however.

The ‘‘Wild Goose’’ belongs to this class, and is known to be tender, even in north-
ern Iowa. It is claimed for some of our hardy kinds that they belong to this class,
but my impression is that they all probably belong to P Americana, and it is this
class of plums I wish mainly te consider. It is but a few years since any thought
was given to their improvement, and perhaps the first that called attention to the
development of new varieties was their hardiness and comparative exemption from
the ravages of the curculio. Propagation—Plums are usually grafted on seedling
roots, the same as apples, but it will not pay to use more than the crown graft—that iS
the first few inches of the root from where the top begins, as they start less freely
than the apple and need the most favorable conditions for uniting and growth.
When on their own roots they may also be propagated from root cutting, but graft-
ing or budding is preferable as it enhances their early productiveness and certain it
is that there is no dependence to be placed in seedlings from the pit. Roots for
grafting may be raised, by procuring pits before dry and mix with damp sand, when
cold weather comes submit them to alternate freezing and thawing. In the spring,
if any are not cracked open they should be cracked with a hammer, before planting
this will insure greater evenness in the rows, they may then be cultivated like other
seedlings. Young seedling trees can be budded in August, or grafted very early in
spring, and if done in season large trees may be successfully, top worked. Soil.—
Any soil that is well drattied 1s suitable for the plum. Orchard cultivation; 1st, they
should be set one rod apart each way, and like every thing else, to do well should be
thoroughly cultivated, and he who plants them in a cramped place, near large soft
maples or other trees that already occupy the ground or in the sed need not expect
much fruit. Pruning—They do not require much pruning except to head back the
long protruding limbs to make them throw out laterals, and form a round top that
will net split to pieces with heavy crops of fruit or blow off, with hard winds, cur-
culio. While it is true that P Americana is comparatively free from disease and
the ravages of the curculio, it may be well to note that thorough cultivation is one
of the best ways to prevent the working of this little pest. It is also recommended
that to smoke the tree with coal tar two or three times a week, during the fruiting
season will keep the beetle and all other insects off. In the cool of the day they may
be jared off on a sheet and so caught and killed. With us, however, they have
never done much injury, and we have never paid any attention even to the few
grubs we occasionally eat with the fruit unawares, thinking that if they can stand it
we can.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 81

.

VARIETIES.—Perhaps the first of the hardy varieties that was brought to notice is
the Miner or Hinckley. It originated near Galena, Ill., and is reported as being a
perfect success there and in some portions of Iowa, bearing hundreds of bushels of
beautiful fruit, but with us and in many other places they will not bear. The tree
is vigorous and healthy and they are the most profuse bloomers I ever saw, hut the
blossoms perish and we seldom get a crop. The tree makes an excellent one to top-
work, and we were about to convert all of ours to this use, but the past season they
bore several bushels of most beautiful and delicious plums, and we shall await
further developments before changing the rest of the trees into other varieties. The
fruit is very large, of a purplish red, flesh firm and bears handling well; quality ex-
cellent.

For an early plum | know of nothing better than the Forest Garden. It originated
on the Cedar River, near Cedar Rapids, Iowa. It is perfectly hardy, bears profusely,
ripens from the Ist to the 25th of August, size large, being one to one and a half
inches in diameter. Oblong round, color mottled red and yellow, skin thin and
juicy, very sweet and rich. The ‘‘Weaver,’’ also a variety originated in Iowa, isa
remarkable departure from the other varieties. It ripens two or three weeks later
than the Forest Garden, and their peculiar shape and blotched appearance will make
you think that they are a worthless thing, until they are more fully developed,
when they gradually assume a gorgeous appearance, and I can hardly conceive of a
more beautiful show of fruit than the trees present as it becomes fully ripe. Its
most remarkable feature is that it is a perfect free-stone and the flesh is as firm as a
peach. Perhaps these two varieties I have just mentioned are worthy of a place at
the head of our list of plums, but the DeSoto, Brainard, Harrison Peach, Hoag,
Elliott’s Egg, and others are all worthy a trial.

MarkeEtiIne.—Of course, in seasons where there is an abundance of wild plums;
there is not so good a demand in markets for an ordinary fruit, but any one that wil)
put into market in neat clean crates, any of the improved sorts will always com-
mand a ready sale and good price, some having reported as high as $6 a bashel for
twenty-five bushels.

New Varreties.—Like every other variety of fruit known to horticulture, new
varieties are rapidly springing up to demand public favor and it is the duty of this
society to chronicle the origin and particular merits of each, as they are certain in
thé near future, to occupy a prominent place among the fruits of our State.

J. M. UNDERWoopD.

DISCUSSION OF MR. UNDERWOOD’S PAPER.

Mr. Dart said that all plum trees grown from the root are much
better than the same variety grafted, as in this case he could propagate
from the suckers, and know just what you were getting.

Mr. Underwood said it was impracticable; that we could not propa-
gate a valuable root fast enough in this way. Mr. Jordan agreed with
Mr. Dart except as to rapid propagation. He had secured a lot of
Miner plum sprouts from Mr. Grimes, and at the same time he had set
a lot of top worked young trees from different sources. The former
are all doing well, while the latter killed back badly.

6

82 ANNUAL REPORT

Mr. Abernethy asked about the Harrison plum. Said his were not
bearing. Mr. Fuller replied that he had a tree seven years old, that
had fruited the past season for the first time. Mr. Jordan had the
same plum, but found that it was inferior to the Miner. Col. Stevens
said it was first introduced here by Wm. Harrison, of Minneapolis.
When first introduced, they were prolific bearers. The Miner is too
late for our climate. Think the DeSoto the best. They do not sprout
sufficiently to indicate that they are on their own roots.

Mr. Underwood root grafts plum same as apple trees. Mr. Dart
propagates from pieces of root cut in two-inch lengths. Mr. Jordan
says he both root and top grafts plums, but the grafting must be done
early and very carefully. He does all grafting of plums before sap starts.

Mr. Harris explained propagation by roots. He digs roots in the

fall and preserves them in dry sand in the cellar. In the spring he
cuts the roots into pieces two inches long, and plants them out under
glass, using saw-dust as mulch.
’ Under discussion of seedling apples, Mr. Gibbps showed leaves and
wood of three varieties from Mr. Peffer, accompanied by the wood
from parent tree, to prove that by the leaf and wood the parentage of
a seedling can be traced. Mr. Jordan said he saw Mr. Forster’s seed-
ling at Chatfield, and pronounced it about the same hardiness as
the Fameuse. He had grafted first cions from Pickett’s seeeling. Mr.
Pickett said this tree grew from seed of the Haas ; don’t think it per:
fectly hardy. Said he did not think much of the Clawson seedling-
Said he had a fine hardy seedling, but the fruit is inferior, which proves
that we must try a great many before we get a good one.

Mr. Gibbs said there were specimens of the wood of Mr. Forster’s
seedling, of three years’ growth, on our tables. It showed well, better
than any Fameuse he had seen, and he thought it a variety worthy: of
trial. The quality was good, size and color not bad, and it was a keeper.

Mr. Jordan said that he had most of Mr. Gideon’s fruit.. In answer
to a question regarding Mr. Gideon’s new, wonderful seedling, he
thought it the Wealthy, but the tree was reported dead.

Mr. Harris said the old original Wealthy was dead, but that a young
tree had sprung up from the roots and was rapidly making a new tree. _

Discussion of the question ‘‘ Where shall we draw the line between
agriculture and horticulture,’’ Mr. Grimes defined horticulture as refer-
ring to the culture of garden crops. His line would include all apples
and small fruits and garden vegetables.

Mr. Harris thought that in our meetings for exhibition, we should
admit all garden vegetables and root crops.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 83°

Mr. Dart said that in our meetings for discussion, he would be in
favor of gaining time by shortening the list of subjects for discussion,,
and include fruit and flowers only.

Mr. Pearce said it was best to confine ourselves strictly to fruits
and flowers, and continued that we were passing over important ques-
tions much too superficially. We ought, in the discussion, to go to bot-
tom facts, and when we get through, be considered authority, and that
we had not time to discuss all the products of the earth.

Mr. Harris said that until we had a State Agricultural Society,in fact,
as well as in name, we had better discuss potatoes and cabbages, for if

we do not, no one else will.

In closing the discussion, Mr. Gibbs said:

We use the term dorticuliure, not because it expresses comprehensively and exactly”
what we mean when we speak of the arts our Soeiety is designed to foster, but be-
cause it comes nigher to it than any other word we have. Horticulture is the culti-
vation of gardens. A garden is an inclosed place, devoted to the cultivation of
herbs, plants, flowers, vegetables, or fruits, one or all. Wehave the idea embraced
in the word from the habit of ancient pastoral nations of inclosing small places for
domestic gardening, while the whole country outside was left open for the range of
their flocks and herds, from which they derived their principal means of existence.
The name we have from the Romans—from Aortus, a garden. In the American sense,
an orchard is not a garden, neither is it horticultural, strictly speaking, unless
inclosed so that it may be called a tree garden ; yet as orcharding as an art gener-
ally practiced in this country, entirely separate from gardens, is the most extensive
branch of industry in which our Society is interested, and as its own name includes
nothing else, we place it under the general term, horticulture, as an accommodation.
Ispeak of this to show that in drawing the line between agriculture and horticul-
ture, we must not undertake to draw it too straight or arbitrary, lest by so doing we
shut out from our horticultural inclosure our uninclosed orchards. I suppose the
real question ‘is whether we should enlarge or restrict our range of topics. If we
retain our name, consistency requires us to give free scope to all gardening, and
necessity obliges us to retain all there is of orcharding. We cannot afford to be
merely pomological, for there is not at present enough of fruit culture to occupy our
attention and secure sufficient popular interest in our Society, and for the further
and conclusive reason that it would exclude, besides all there is of kitchen or market
gardening, the flowers and ornamental plants which are the fringe and perfume of
our whole business.

Now then where shall we draw the Jine? In reference to exhibitions and premium
lists, to suit our conditions here in Minnesota, I would say, draw it so as to inciude
all orchards and all gardens, fruit gardens, flower gardens, vegetable gardens, seed
gardens, herb and plant gardens, and as many of the leading products of our farms
as can be conveniently exhibited at our meetings and brought within our means.
The tables were spread according to this plan at the fall meeting of this Society last
September, at Lake City. Grains and vegetables were invited and brought in, and
the farmers who contributed them were made to feel at home in the Society, whether”

84 ANNUAL REPORT

they had fruit or flowers to exhibit or not. Their admission there on an equal foot _
ing with other contributors, and the cordiality with which they were received, con-
verted such of them to horticulture as had not been awakened to it before ; and I
submit to all ourmembers who were present whether, even in view of the abundance
of the horticultural display, which might or might not be so easily got together
again, they would regard such a meeting as quite so successful with the agricultural
branch left out. Living there among farmers and knowing them well, I can say that
they were astonished at the exhibition cf fruit, and some of them who had been
previously indifferent to fruit culture or discouraged with it, went home with new
views and more hopeful thoughts on the subject.

Regarding topics for discussion at our meetings, we are obliged to narrow our
range for want of time; yet here perhaps we can find room occasionaally for a paper
on special branches of agriculture, and whenever our secretary can accommodate his
programme to it, I would advise, as an experiment, that it be admitted.

Mr. Grimes presented a resolution which was adopted, that our ex-
hibitions and discussions should include fruit, plums, plants and gar-
den vegetables.

The committee on Mr. Emery’s resolution reported as follows:

The undersigned committee to whom was referred the resointion by Mr. Emery
relative to the appropriation for the experimental fruit farm, under the supervision
of Peter M. Gideon, having had the matter under consideration, beg leave to report,
recommending that in the absence of any one at this meeting representing the State
University, the subject be postponed until the next annual meeting.

Respectfully submitted,
F. G. GouLp,
OLIVER GIBBs, JR.
R. J. MENDENHALL.
Committee.

Discussion.—‘‘Will the Wealthy top-worked on hardy, free grow-
ing crabs succeed as an orchard tree and prove profitable ?’;

Mr. Sias thought that it would, his Wealthies on Siberians were
bearing good. Mr. Jordan said he was perfectly at home on the sub-
ject. To say, that any one variety was a success grafted on all hardy
stocks was more than he believed.

As a rule he thinks it a failure, though in some instances a success.
Said the Wealthy killed almost universally on the Hyslop and Trans-
cendent. It does well on Early Strawberry and on some of the Siber-
ians.

If we can find congenial wood for top grafting, stay by it, and use it
all the time. No tree is perfectly hardy on all hybrids; thinks the
Malinda a perfect tree on Transcendent.

Mr. Emery said they had perfect success grafting Wealthy on Trans-
cendent, the union was perfect. Mr. Jordan admitted that it worked

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. ; 85

readily, and that the junction was good, but said he had more trees
of that sort killed in winter of 1880 than any other sort.

Mr. Grimes said Mr. Gideon grafted a number of Wealthy in Trans-
cendent, and gave him trees that were yet alive growing and doing
finely, the stock and graft of the same size, and making uniform
growth, so that the junctions could not be detected.

Mr. Dart said with him top grafting had been a failure. He be-
lieves a hardy stock wil: impart some of its qualities to a more tender
cion, though he is not sure, as he has had such cions kill as_ badly on
hardy stock as on their own roots. Top grafting, so far as profit is
concerned, is a failure. Defined top grafting as limb grafting.

Mr. Jordan said that in other localities than his, ce had evidence
that the Wealthy was a success, top worked on Transcendent.

Mr. Gould did not think the Wealthy would ever be a success top:
grafted on the Transcendent, from the fact that the new cion always
blighted, no matter whether budded or grafted. He had known of
successful grafting on Siberians.

TUESDAY EVENING.

SPUR PRUNING GRAPE VINES.
BY C, H. GREENMAN.

Mr. Greenman’s paper was illustrated by the cutting of vines before
the audience, and much oral and practical explanation, not meluded
in his paper, which is as follows:

Practical grape growers understand all the operations of training and pruning grape
vines. My contribution at this time is designed for those who desire to raise this de-
sirable fruit, but are deterred from doing so by the idea that there are difficulties to
surmount in training and pruning—those who are confounded with such terms as
cones, shoots, spurs, laterals, &c., &c.. and without an ocular demonstration. These
terms are liable to be misunderstood by the beginner. A grape vine consists of one
or more cones springing from the roots, with nodes or joints. From these joints a
bud appears on alternate sides of the cone, that portion of the vine which these buds
produce are denominated shoots. At the junction of these shoots with the cone are
accessory buds, which, when grown are called laterals. When the cones are pruned,
the portion left are called spurs. Hence spur pruning consists in cutting away the
shoots and bearing grape vines in such a manner as to leave a portion of each shoot
attached to the cone. Before proceeding to demonstrate the manner of procedure in
pruning, allow me to say that there are a number of requisites for the successful
cultivation of grapes. Training and pruning are indispensible. Neglect this, and
failure is sure to follow. Thorough cultivation is necessary. The stake system of
training facilitates this by allowing the horse cultivator to run both ways, thus keeping
the soil loose and mellow. With the single stake, most cultivators adopt the annual
renewal system of pruning, while the ordinary trellis allows one to mark ihe vine-
yard only one way. The mest perfect bunches are nearly always found upon shoots

36 ANNUAL REPORT

from wood of more than one years growth. Hence the spur pruning I consider the
most desirable whether trained to stakes or otherwise. In order to get the vines in
proper shape, the system commences with the first pruning, which is at the end of
the first seasons growth, when the vines should be cut back to three buds. The fol-
Jowing year only one cone should be allowed to grow, and at the second pruning is
ito be cut back according to the strength of the vine. When all are strong the cones
may be cut to four or five feet long, and will be denominated a fruiting cone as
«shown in fig. one. Figure two shows the same cone in fruit. Atthe end of the season,

— >

Fig. 1, Fig. 2.
eeut the shoots back to two or three buds, as shown in figure three. From each of the
buds on these spurs a shoot will appear, bearing the fruit, and will appear as shown
‘in figure four, and in pruning all the wood is to be cut away, except one shoot, and

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 87

this one cut to three buds again, and will appear substantially as shown by figure
three, only that a portion of the old wood of the spur will remain, and will be length-
ened a few inches each year. When your vine consists of more than one cone, each
one is to be treated in the same way. When these spurs get so long as to be incon-
venieni, train a cone from near the base and proceed as with figure one. All suck-
ers should be kept off, and not allowed to grow except for a renewal cone.

Mr. Gould thinks that though methods of pruning might differ, the
results would be about the same. He would leave one spur of six buds
on the leading shoot, and prune all other spurs back to one bud.

Mr. Greenman said he found the earliest grapes nearest the ground;
the largest ones on the new wood of the second year’s spurs. Said
further, that the farmer or any one else who plants grapes must not
expect a crop unless the vines are pruned of their superabundance of

wood.

Mr. Harris said he would buy two year old vines with strong roots.
He illustrated his system of pruning, which differed but little from Mr.
Greenman’s, except that he practiced the renewal system.

Mr. Greenman objected to the renewal system, on strong growing
varieties, because the canes got too large for the number of buds. Mr.
Harris thought the renewal system the best for farmers on account of
its simpheity.

Mr. Emery said, as a matter of interest, that $800 had been realized
from a single acre of grapes.

TULIPS:

BY ANNA B. UNDERWOOD.

Minnesota is agrand good State to live in, in spite of the extremely cold weather, that is so trying
to the comfort and good nature of its inhabitants ; and even these trying periods may be pleasantly
passed, if ample provision has been made for warmth both in and out of doors, But this wintry
weather does not lust forever, not over six months of the year, and the balance of the year is so fullo
delights and pleasures, that compensation in fullis received for the dreary period of waiting, Rich and
varied as the spring and summer months are when left wholly to Dame Nature’s care, still with a lit-
tle assistance rendered at suitable times,and as needed, she will repay a thousand-fold. The spring
months are particularly full of enjoyment, beginning with the earliest days, when the tiny blades of
grass begin to show themselves, and the buds on trees and shrubs having heard the welcome news that
it is time for them to awaken, and to work, begin to open, gladdening the eyes that have tired so of the
" cold and dreariness of winter, And what a brief space of time it is until our bluffs, prairies and valleys
are reveling under a beautiful covering of soft green—and trees and bushes so lovely in their fresh new
outfit. The contemplation of these beauties is quite satisfying for awhile and then the eye craves more
coloring, and the woods and fields are invaded in pursuit of the earliest spring blossoms, that have the
strength and hardihood to come forth from their snug retreat before the frosty days are fairly gone,
But oftentimes the woods and fields are too far away for many to avail themselves of this glorious treat
of hunting and finding the early wood flowers. An effort must be made to secure these and similar
pleasures nearer home, and the flower garden is selected as the scene or earnest endeavors to gratify this
love of variety. Some of the wild beauties can be transferred to the garden and do well, while others
are quite impatient over the change and languish and die—and even those that do thrive always look
out of placein the garden. It is better to have a little neglected natural corner of the lawn, and then

88 ANNUAL REPORT

Coax these early harbingers of spring to make their home there, where they can come and go at their
Own sweet will.

There are a goodly number of early flowering bulbs and plants that with but very little care and
thought bestowed upon them, will abundantly repay every effort made by brightening the garden with
their showy blossoms, that would otherwise present a dulland bare appearance. Among these early
bulbs and plants may be mentioned the blue grape, hyacinth, iris, crocusand tulips. If a really bril-
liant, showy bed of flowers is desired, tulips will furnish it. Before the frost is fairly out of the grgund
a close inspectien of the bed will disclose the brown tips of the leaves pushing out of the ground. The
last that was seen of the tulips the previous fall was some little brown bulbs, with no roots and show-
ing no signs of life whatever. When did they grow? While the ground was frozen solid; for surely
they had no time to push themselves through three or four inches of soil after the frost was gone! But
there they are, and how fast they grow! As svon asthe leaves are up two or three inches, a sharp
eye will detect the buds nestling in the center of each cluster of leaves; and now the interest deepens
in watching the rapid growth of these flower buds. The flower bed is already handsome, covered with
the green leaves and buds, but there is semething richer in store for the watcher—a few days more of
waiting and then patience is amply rewarded! The bed is simply gorgeous with the brilliant blossoms;
yellow, white, red, orange, purple, two or more of these colors oftentimes combined in one flower. And
then the fragrance of some of them is truly delightful. Care must be taken not to introduce the nose
too far into the cup of the blossom in search of the fragrance, or the flower in joke will cover the tip
end of it quite profusely with the powder kept always on hand to decorate the unwary. If no severe
rain or wind storms prevent,the tulip bed will be a “thing of beauty,” for from three to four weeks and
perhaps longer, if both the early and late varieties are planted.

To attain the best results with tulips in bed p!anting (the easiest and consequently most satisfactory
way of planting) the following suggestions are offered :

The bulbs must be obtained in the fall, and planted in this State in October.

Tulips do not require very rich soil, but still the soil must not be poor. Light sandy soil well enriched
yields the best bulbs and blossoms.

Have a fancy shaped bed cut in the lawn, and procure enough bulbs to fill it. It may cost several
dollars, but that is all the expense it need ever be again, as they propagate freely. If the svil is poor,
have it removed to the depth of about twenty inches, and replace with good soil. putting in about one-
eighth old, thoroughly decomposed cow mauure, and a little sand, if the soil should be adhesive—thor-
oughly incorporating these materials. If too highly manured, the flowers will make a rank growth,
but they will net be as fine as if ‘‘just right.”

Mark the bed regularly in circles or rows according to shape or bed. laying the bulbs on the ground
so that they will be about seven inches apart in all directions. Then with a dibble or sharp-pointed.
stick, make a hole at least four inches deep. Place the bulbinright side up. Some propagators re-
commend putting a little sand under the bulb and a little over it. Then cover with earth, pressing
down carefully...

If the soil is hard, it should be spaded deep and mace very fine and light. The bed should be bordered
by boards, brick, or stone, to prevent the grass getting inand choking the bulbs. After all this is done,
and before heavy freezing, cover the ground with coarse mannre and straw. This is not absolutely
necessary, as the bulbs will grow and blossom, but they will give much larger bulbs if treated in this-
way, and censequently the leaves and blossoms will be much finer and larger.

In the spring, remove the straw gradually, uncovering a little at a time as the disappearing frost will
admit. Then as the little brown points begin to show themselves, with a garden trowel or old knife,
stir the ground up carefully, mixing in wel] the fine manure left ontop. Be very careful in working
among bulbs not to cut the tops off, nor throw out the bulbs. The ground should bekept well loosened
all the time they are in leaf flower.

In early spring procure some choice petunia seed, sowing it in a box in the house or im a hot bed.
When the tulips are through blossoming, stir the ground as deeply and thoroughly as you can, without
disturbing the bulbs, then set the petunia plants in between the tulips about eight or ten inches apart.
Take good care of these for two or three weeks, watering and shading if necessary, and keeping the
ground well stirred. In an incredibly short space of time the bed will be amass of bloom. Again
petunias are preferable to any other annual, on account of their early andconstant blooming, and being
of a rambling growth, soon cover the ground entirely. It requires no care after the first two or three
weeks, and for a show bed on the lawn it has no equal for same expenditure of timeand money. Don’t
put anything but annuals on the tulip bed, for in taking them up in the fall—suppesing they were ger-

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 89

aniums, the ground would be too much disturbed and the bulbs liable to be thrown out. Every fall
cover with coarse manure and straw, In the spring, proceed as before stated, taking off the dead petu-
nia stalks, and without doubt every one trying the experiment, will unite in proclaiming the tulip as
the grandest flower of the early spring. A word with regard to varieties for planting. Our florists’
catalogues are extremely bewildering in the long lists of named varieties which they offer, and still
more bewildering are the prices they ask for some of the choicer varieties—particularly so when $10.00
is set aside to fill a bed with tulips, and after scanning the long lists of named varieties,—the choicest
ones are selected, the price carried out and then find that at $1 or $2 each, there will be no more bulbs
than one can holdinhis hand. It is a tax on ones ingenuity to make $10 cover a bed of several feet at
these figures. But leave these expensive varieties entirely alone for the present. Take the cheaper
varieties—they will give good satisfaction, and later on if it is thought desirable, the choicer varieties
may be procured and planted in a corner of the garden, and when enough accumulated fot a good sized
bed, lay out another bed on your lawn, if large enough.

Tulips are divided into two general classes, early 1nd late, and these are again subdivided into other
classes. The early varieties flower on short stems; the later ones rise afoot or more from the ground
before opening. In setting out, it would be best to have the late varieties in one bed and the early in
another, as it would detract from the general effect of the bed to have the bulbs coming into flower at
different times, keeping different colors separate. It would also be a good idea before purchasing to draw
a plan of bed on paper, laying it off regularly, and decide just how many are wanted of each color to
fill it.

The single varieties are the prettiest, most graceful ; the double varieties strike one at first glance as
monstrosities, and the eye instantly seeks relief in resting on the stately single blossoms. By havinga
bed of each of the different varieties, the succession of blooms may be made to extend over several
weeks. Have afew of the ridiculous Parrott Tulips by all meansjif only for health’s sake, their very
homeliness is conducive to good digestion, for certainly one can’t look at them without langhing at
their grotesqueness and funny attempts at resembling a flower, and laughter is conceded to be a grand
promoter of digestion and happiness.

Some propagators recommend taking the bulbs up every season after they are through flowering, but
this would interfere with their being used for lawn purposes, as nothing else would be put on the bed
until the bulbs were taken up, and then it would be too Jate to start other plants. This plan willdo
where they are planted out in nursery rows—but when they are in beds on the lawn, leave them undis-
tarbed us long as they are doing well. When the plants become too thick and show signs of weakness,
abeutthe last of June or ist of July, when the tops have died down, take the bulbs up carefully, let-
ting them dry under cover. When dry, remove offsets and smaller bulbs. Wrap each large flowering
bulb by itself in a paper, place in a box, and keep ina dry place until wanted for setting out in the fall.
The offsets and smaller bulbs may be set out in a bedin the kitchen garden where they may perfect
their growth for another season.

The tulip has been called the ‘king of florists flowers,” and it certainly merits the name; coming at
a time when flowers are so scarce, making the lawn so bright and cheerful. For some years past it has
not been very popular—some more pretentious flowers but not more worthy, having absorbed the
attention of flower lovers, to its almost utter exclusion. It is time that it is brought forward and
given the place it justly deserves—as king of the early spring flowers.

DOMESTIC FRUITS IN MINNESOTA.
BY A. W. SIAS.

The florist, vegetable gardener and seedsman no doubt begin to regard this subject of apples and hy
brids as somewhat hackneyed. But it should be borne in mind that ever since the establishment of the
Garden of Eden, fruits have been first and foremost among the attractive and irresistible products of the
horticulturist. The word irresistible is used because we do know that the ‘‘best regulated families,”
whenever an opportunity presents itself, will steal, unless supplied with home grown fruits.

THe APpPpL®, Kine oF ALL FRuitTs.—Downing says, “is most perfectly nataralized in Am-
erica, and in the northern and middle portions of the United States succeeds as well, or,
as we believe, better than any part of the world, The most celebrated apples of Ger-
many and the north of Europe are not superior to many of the varieties originated here,
and the American or Newton Pippin is pretty generally admitted to be the finest apple in the
world.’ Downing also says, in ‘Duxbury, Mass., is a tree which in its girth measures twelve feet five

90 ANNUAL REPORT

inches, and which has yielded in a single year 12134 bushels.”’ While visiting orchards and nurseries in
Western New York in 1876, we measured a tree of the Northern Spy variety, (it originated here) that
was stock grafted some four or five feet high, the seedling below where the graft was inserted, and four
feet above the surface of the ground was a trifle over thirteen feet in circumference, and above the base
of the graft the Northern Spy measured plump thirteen feet six inches in circumference. Western New
York is thought by some to be the finest fruit section in the world, but no foreign variety can approxi-
mate their native trees in size, or excel their fruits in quality. It was here that I first saw the Duchess
of Oldenburg in bearing—some twenty-five years ago—trees, now, perhaps, thirty-five years old, and
it is doubtful if to-day you could find one that would measure four feet in circumference. No varieties
from Northern Europe have attracted much attention in Western New York, simply because their na-
tive trees grow so much larger, yield so much more abundantly, and the fruit as aruleis better in
quality. I predict the day is not far distant when the same can be said of Minnesota. But we have
good reasons to be a little proud of the Duchess if she is of foreign origin, and but the forerunner of
something better, and as Josh Billings would say, its too much like ‘“‘argering agin a success” to say
aught against her. Of the Washburne seedling, S. H. Gaylord, an old and esteemed friend of Wabasha

county, writes me under date of Dec. 8, 1831: ‘I called on Mr. Washburne to investigate the fruit and
tree business. Unfortunately this being a year that fruit fails to keep, there was none to be had.-I se.

cured the desired specimen of wood, also the measure of circumference one foot from the ground, viz. ,
4 feet 1034 inches, which you will see is larger than we supposed. You will observe that the wood is in-
jured some. Mr. W. says last winter was the first it ever hurt. The fruit is a good cooking, tart apple,
yellow, with red cheeks, and good toeat from hand, The bark on the trunk looks very much like a

wild crap.

One of our committee on seedlings requested me to look into the merits of a new sweet apple that
took the first premium as a seedling winter fruit, at our last State fair. We found the originator to
this new candidate of public favor, W. Forster, living in the township of Orion, Olmsted county, He
claims it to be a seedling of the St. Lawrence, and one might infer from the general appearance of the
tree and fruit that its other parent was the Talman Sweet. From my short acquaintance with this
seedling I am inclined to think the tree just a trifle more hardy than St. Lawrence and Talman Sweet,
with fruit more tender and jucy than the latter.

J. S. Stickney, one of the most reliable horticulturists of Wisconsin, who represented that State at the
American Pomological Society meeting at Rochester, N. Y., Sept. 17 and 18, 1379, said: ‘And here I
may state, as showing also what is possible for us, that nothing finer, more attractive, or beautiful
could be found on any table, than the plates of Wealthy and some four other seedlings, sent from Ex-
celsior by our friend Gideon.’ These were all domestic fruits. Ina glimpse at Michigan horticulture,
Secretary Charles W. Garfield says: ‘‘When Father Marquette and his Jesuit brothers paddled around
our beautiful peninsula over 200 years ago, dropping here and there a few apple and pear seeds along
with ‘the seeds of the word,’ they little dreamed of the great future that was indicated for Michigan in
the thrifty growth of seedling fruit trees that were to spring up along their pathway. A few of these
old trees are still found on the shores of Erie, Huron and Lake Michigan.”

PrArs.--Downing says: ‘By comparing the robust vigor and longevity of many native pear trees to be
found in the United States, some 80 or 100 years old, and still producing large crops of fruit, with the deli-
cate trees of several new varieties now in our gardens from Europe, the superiority of the former becomes
apparent. These varieties are delicate, not only with respect to their constitutional vigor, but they are
also more susceptible to injury from the severity of our winter’s cold and summer’s sun. The high
flavor of the Seckel pear, an American variety, as yet unsurpassed in this respect by any European
sort, proves the natural congeniality of the climate of the Northern States to this fruit.

Piums.—Of all the different fruits indigenous to this country, there is perhaps none but what may be
as successfully moved further from its place of origin than the plum. With this fruit, at least, it is do-
mestic or none.

Curerries.—We know of know efforts having been made'to domesticate, or rather to propagate, the
cherry from seed in this State; hence, little progress has been made.

Graprs.—Foreign grapes in the Northwest, we all know to be worthless, when compared with such
domestic sorts a8 Delaware, Concord, Janesville, Roger's Hybrids and many others.

STRAWBERRIES —With me no strawberry has given as good satisfaction as Hart’s Minnesota seed-
ling. Wilson's Albany and the leading varieties of the country are known to be domestic fruits, Lastly

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 91

we find domestic frnits better adapted to our soil and climate, making larger, more durable, and pro-
ductive plants. Moral, whyjrun after strange gods?

GoosEBERRIES.—Haye we a foreign variety in this country worth cultivating? The Houghton seed
ling, origin Lynn, Mags., the American seedling, Downing’s and perhaps a few other natives, are all that
are worthy our attention.

Curranrs.—Currants are no exception to the general rule that domestic fruits areahead. A few
years ago I happened to find, in a neighbor’s garden, a seedling from our native black currant; they
were very large and bearing heavy; I took seeds from them, and raised plants that for the past three
years have born, double the amount of the black English and black Naples, with fruit as large, clustered
longer, and we think, just a trifle better in quality.

HORTICULTURE AT THE STATE FAIR AT ROCHESTER.
BY JOHN S. HARRIS, SUPERINTENDENT

September 5th to 10th, 1881.

The State Fair of 1881 was held under many unfavorable circumstances. The net surplus of the
previous fair (1880), was applied pro rata upon the upaid premiums of the previous year, thus leay-
ing the Agricultural Society without any funds in the treasury to?guard against any contingency that
might arise. The fair was held in the midst of a deluge of rin that had no parallel in the annals of
our history, which had a tendency to deplete the attendance and cut off other sources of revenue.
There was but one really passable day during the entire week, and a feeling seemed to prevail that the
fair couldend only in disaster. The weather was such that the visitors in attendance were forced much
of the time to remain within the building, rendering it very inconvenient for exhibitors to set up and
arrange their displays in a tasteful manner, and at no time could wesee “joy and gladness’’ upon their
faces, and several of the old exhibitors did not put in an appearance, doubtless owing to these and other
untoward circumstances, Again, the season had not been a good one for most varieties of fruit, and
especially of apples the crop generally was light, and owing to the extreme heat and drouth of sum-
mer and the depredation of insects, were not up to the usual standard of excellence. Notwithstanding
all difficulties, the fair was a success and the horticultural department a credit to the State Horticul-
tural Society, and to every individual member who contributed to sustain its reputation. Our thanks
are due to the management of the State Agricultural Society for the very liberal premiums offered, the
facilities afforded for making the exhibit, and the many favors and courtesies shown us during the
entire week; also to the people of Rochester who gave us every aid and encouragement within their

power. One of the serious difficulties we met with was procuring suitable plates, and we were com-
pelled to resort to the use of paper and wooden ones, greatly to the detriment and appearance of the
fruit. Right here permit me to suguest that our Horticultural Society do at once either provide plates
for its members, or adopt a rule that every exhibitor shall be required to furnish his own'plates.

The competition in the fruit department was spirited. Thesecretary’s books show that three hun-
dred and eighty-one entries were made and that there were fifty-nine competitors. I will here only note
the larger collections. E. Wilcox & Sons, of LaCrosse, had a fine display of apples and crabs, and some
young trees of fine growth, They showed about forty varieties of apples and seventeen of crabs and
hybrids. Their popular grafted varieties of the apples were the best on exhibition. A. W. Sias, of
College Hill Nursery, exhibited fifty-two varieties, many of them of Russian origin and Minnesota
origin, and seventeen varieties of crabs and hybrids, and some young trees. The Jewell Nursery, Lake
City, exhibited about thirty-five varieties of grafted apples, and something over thirty of Siberians and
Hybrids ; some of the latter were of large size for that class of fruits and of very superior quality ;
also four varieties of native plums and’seven of grapes. E. B. Jordan, of Rochester, made a creditable
showing of some thirty varieties of apples, and about the sume of Siberians and Hybrids, and six of
grapes, and a dozen fine nursery trees. Jordan is an old ‘‘regular” at fairs and makes a very tasty
display. J.S, Harris & Son, of La Crescent, were on hand with forty-eight varieties of apples, 23 of
Siberians and Hybrids, and 11 of grapes. M. J. Hovey, Rochester, showed a dozen or more varieties of
fine apples and several of crabs. R.J. Coterell, Dover Center, exhibited about 25 varieties of very
choice apples and four of grapes anda few of nativeplums. Mr. Coterell is one of the old pioneers
who has been very successful with apples, but being a modest man, scarcely ever has justice done him
inthe awards made. S. Bates, of Stockton, exhibited nearly twenty varieties of apples, six of Siberians,
and three of grapes. For the number of varieties comprised in the exhibit, this surpassed all others

92 ANNUAL REPORT

for size, quality, and appearance of the fruit. The Olmsted County Horticultural Society, under the
direction of A. H. Sias, showed about 200 plates of apples and other fruits. The Lake City Horticul-
tural Society, under the direction of Oliver Gibbs, Jr., made a display of about 300 plates of fruit.
This display was so well arranged that it was an attractive feature of the fair, and showed that the
thirty-five farmers of Wabashaw and Goodhue counties who contributed the fruits are meeting with
success in their tree planting, and the society is indebted to Mr. Gibbs for his indefatiguable efforts in
their behalf that enabled them to secure the highest prize. This list includes only such as made large
exhibits, but credit is due to every other exhibitor as well for the success of the fair.
The premiums arwarded are as follows :

APPLES.

Best and greatest variety, eight exhibits, E. Wilcox & Sons, La Crosse, Wisconsin............ Ist $20
te = - As 'W..Sias: ROCHEStER., 5 < sccnis seness Arne a ws oeaicene 2d 15
CS fe ey E. B. Jordan, RUSS fe Be Snel ne pesatee: sth eiaieceia otrare terete taete rate 3rd 10
ay Ee at Underwood & Emery, Lake City........... ..seese-- 4th 8
= oi ok SssBaless SOCK TOM aatarapetetaretotatolercieisisvaln/evafersloleraisroletaistaretote 5th 6
BH ee Se R. 8;\Coterell; Dover" Centers: .c.%,< cre sate aleomicrieeiete 6th

Greatest and best display of Wiuter Apples, eight exhibits. E. Wilcox & Sons, ua Crosse...... Ist 10
Un a = me &s Underwood & Emery, Lake City, 2d 8
ae as es vo ue E. B. Jordan, Rochester......... 3rd 6
WY WS Be oe se A’: Sias; Rochester... ose... 4th 5

Greatest and best display Autumn apples, nine exhibits, E. Wilcox & Sons, La Crosse........ Ist 6
Oo Bs ue BS es ‘9 JS) Bates: Stockton, -.nece saisebiaceccts 2d 5
UP Ss YJ eK Es ‘) A. W..\Sias, ‘Rochester... . 2.00. eeeere 4
ss cs iy cb ss ‘- R.S. Coterell, Dover Center... ..... 4th 3

APPLES—SINGLE PLATES.

DuchessofOldenpurghi 14 entries: co ble side, ke OCMOS LEM eiis:+ta s.s/cis)alelo iris = loynialele|e'alcislgteleletsieisietaceisiaiats Ist $2
Underwood do Henry, duake Citys cis cise. oi tes snislaieve melanie) Gielen 2d 1

Tetofsky, four entries, Underwood & Emery, Lake City....... Sieiei corn drdom iarcieiaesoe REA Sea re 1st
Ris COverell DOvers Center: ca) a1 s)efelsietous kein chep easels ei eiceineaae sitie ies eretale 2d I
Fameuse, seven'entries, J..S. Harris & Son, la Crescent. 0... 36. cece wes cele sees ajeee ccs cee Ist 2
BeWille OX: 66S ONS, Jia) CLOSSO inal iaisieut vis eo seielels siete nian wei oslo terete 2d 1
Haas; twelveventries ‘Baker Harrison) Mt. Pleasanitins neste oo arecs acictesers dan oe © clasieieiaeiaeie as Ist 2
Mi sPrenvor: Makes Cauyes « cyeisanteteikevasacvs Saveunetuntan el tastocgsiere besten 2d 1
Wealthy,eleven entries. (S.Bates;|StOCKtON |< oc... cess, satem cis) siciaeincle'siciei se vetere speseieisiseieeuterstede «eee 18t 2
BY, Willcox S&)Sons), Wa Crosses erciy clerics usisicjeycieiviol = eisislelareisfelsicte) eteustaeloieislsie 2d 1
Golden Russet, eight entries, J. S. Harris & Son, La Crescent...........ee eee eee c eee eeeeee cree 1st 2
By Wale oxi& SONS) vai Crosse. cisiiosjcrerarsseeraieieii nisi cinteloioy ielevereienciaierel 2d 1
Plum Cider, nine entries, Underwood & Emery, Lake City.........-........0sceesessoreeces ist 2
Jie SELARnis ere On laa Crescentine-m s:gancemcioe aociercne recta meine 2d 1
Price's’ Sweet, seven entries, E. Wilcox, & Son, LaCrosse... sas. csc oc cece o> = s+ nememedeecien sist 5
Thos Mateerin AG LASLOW ¢ ersieije) so, caters) eters coratels teas sisiciel nis lclece:eielepietatale.= 2d 1
St. Lawrence, nine entries, Underwood & Emery, Lake City ...........ccccecccevcceceecteeeeres 1st 2
GA COOkACOOk’ a! Valleys. crac. rec) eel es erat ethers telomere stele eee 1
Walbridge, eight entries, J. S: Harris & Son, La Crescent... ....6..- ces severe es corncerrsens Ist 2
A. sDyrelle: sake Citys ons aruahestie Gere xivetaae nei lestorudeie dese nidaetieas 2d 1
Utter or Cooper, nine entries, E. Wilcox & Sons, La Crosse... 2... ca. es noe e eee eee enacee 1st 2
Si Bates: SOCK HOM cise essence clase acti he ate es Pete nna a aerate hates eaten 2d 1
Tallman Sweet, ten entries J.S. Harris & Son, La Crescent............ cc cece cece ee eee cere sees 1st 2
Mrs; Amelia Hemme; SWiacoutal. sey.) icin 1aieistsie ote «easiest tiation eect 2d ]
Malinda: four entries, 1.B; Jordan, JROCHester s << .-cci.cise:a/e.cfe:cscie eres ai «fs es eiml seteieda inieieeisieietesei'> 21) Ist 2
Collins Pratt, Oakwood! cn ilo-n ps asce ale OS ote ee em Ee eit eta ela wielot 2d 1
Siberians and Hybrids, nine entries, E. B. Jordan, Rochester................0+seeeeeseeeerees Ist 19
Wnderwood smerny, daake!Citiy, reise ate) vinci ictalelstetersled stelelilel=/<)-[o1 ele lereeieteld 2d 6
Joisa Aris &iSons Lia Crescent ai chseeycteiotealetsieaiets eleretetella viele (o/s) tra" <-ealate 3rd 4
Plate Transcendents, 10 entries, B. Wilcox, La Crosse 2.0.2. secce ede) cece een cice ee cncees cee niole ist 1.00
AWE Sia; ROCHEStGn assis ceisce ieee oe era ee mi cte so) ole ins tS erate 2d 50

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Hyslop, nine entries, M. J. Hoag, Rochester...........seeeeecee eee cere eee e eee ee eee ee en es Ist 1.00
RAVER COM ae SONS) Lif) CYORSSB a. arares s'6) ce ets ou cra tnubaleta’y ois 01s) s16here alnl ais si 0Yelols 2d 50°
Virginia, four entries, E. B. Jordan, Rochester........ +--+ .2s esses cee eee ee eee eee ee eee cere eens Ist 100
MMMEGHECH BLOCK COMM s sichs ties) cigie eine co -feture erie ieee attenteatela alates eidie 2d «50
Orange, nine entries, Underwood & Emery, Lake City.......- 0.66.2 seeeceee cece nese eee WE Rtas Seats Ist 1.00
SBRALES: SLOCKVOD neasetpeisacie sada. sie nie at's ne eteiel-' eialeisi inter sistain=binire 2d 50
Minnesota, seven entries, P. Prenter, Lake City.............see cee e cece eee e er ee eres eeseeee cess Ist 1.00
: Underwood & Emery, Lake Gity...5:... 02... .cscsecswaen: one delves 2d 50
Whitney No. 20, three entries, E. Wilcox & Sons, La Cross€........ 0.05 --0+++ee sere BS OM aOOOO LS ist 1.00
Underwood Mer yeplaRKe OlUWiems vias ine.. «'cic/c)o:ss0's «1nluis oc seleelaleieie sielste 2d 50
Alaska, two entries, J. S. Harris & Son, La Crescent....-... 6... eee sc eee cence eee eee teen eees Ist 1.00
Powers Red, three entries, M. J. Hoag, Rochester........ cece cece cece cece cree cent ee ne ee eeeee rene Ist 1.00
A. W. Sias, Se tatataticrele lore sini sbaistaly vieiatel a ofe'efictals ta es clelcye\e fares eta(rimtate rs 2d =
Conical, seven entries, Mrs. Agnes Trost, Lake City......... ccc eee cree eee eee eee ee ete en ceee 1st 1.00
Mmuderwoodse Himeny, Muake| Oty pede weniects.. wn /eiaje ols(alete cielle wrsle dy Peistere .2d 650
Quaker Beauty, four entries, Underwood & Emery Lake City.... 1... 1 1 cseeceee eee e eee ee enone ist 1.00
SSO VAG ama FEA TSk Gn aroeicnecmcioodicae Dmbccoander.. Uomsaoboccarnas a) coe ag
Maiden’s Blush, eight entries, Mrs. Agnes Trost, Lake City.... 0... -... see cece cece ee eee eee enes 1st 1.00
Hes WW COM (6a SONS. eeeuOL ORS en tetrepicls eicicleieis ati oietelel srels lei cwie/ainiele seeielernie 2d 50
MewIOrAh TVveOntries, —:. Bb. JOLGan, ROCHESLET . <6 vole 0 vac «wo cele ceicclee sinieinleisis #in\e slwieieleialyin ies cre Ist =
Bs Walle Oxras ISON: 118 CYOSSE ls. oasis sieats sisi o/ols] ciel sas alinreis abinle = Slate! “eine 2d ut
Winter Crab, six entries, J.S. Harris & Son, La Crescent ........ 020. cece cece tect rece ence veces 1st 2
Underwood & Emery, Lake Citys... cccts ccc cnccies voce ccaseenewce 2d 1
Seedling Apples, all purposes, S. Bates, Stockton..... pags Lian ern ta satan sctiveiaienimontereete mee lst 5
Sweet, ASW ME OUNGRD ET OMCEMAG sirace ofan wat clebateice ote dalclbeleraterd viene cloteiatetaietsie Ist 3
Winter, Wine FH OFSGEIs CHAUAE] AD seieie cte.<'s e101 coetarsieislerein.c ole stebeVoicteletete wis ete terstes ate 1st 5
Pears, single plate, A. W.Sias, Rochester ..........cccecececeee cece eee eens cree ceeeeneeee 2d 3
NATIVE PLUMS.

Best Collection, Underwood & Emery, Lake City..........ccccceccceccccccvccccncescnccsee neces 1st 3
Single plate, Underwood & Emery ‘! — .......ccce cece cece cece cceses ces vee eeceecces Ist =
Best Trees grown in Minnesota, E. B, Jordan, Rochester. .......... 6... e eee e cece eee eee e ee eees Ist 10
A. W. Sias, CONN Pi sewt: ote cioltwra tier hota wots tees saints oeenarreste 2d 5

grown out of the State, E. Wilcox & Sons, La Crosse ............ see cece eee eee ee 1st

GRAPES.
Best and greatest variety, J.S. Harris & Son, La Crescent ............ cece e cece eee nent cece ceee Tete ¥10:
Dinderw.ood 18 EMerVs ModKe Clty. acim oc <o be cin see's cleselalbeyn/etv eine eialete 2d 8
USES OUT EOC HOSEGL « sis\e (rc erotere s/alv.cie'e 2 asic Se eve cise eared we goto oe eeTOO De 6
A. W. Sias, GO er PS Nee syernclar <teeriela deisiay ost apetebeene set bearsre eather 4th 4
Best plate Delaware, Underwood & Emery, Lake City............ cece ee ee ee ee ee nee enee ween cere 1st 2
De eePLAE TIN eS OD LE CLOSCEINU re <aca/el- aia) crete pels uiniolealere smiviexcreliia creisieteleiere 2d 1
Concord, Mrs. W. S. Newton, Pine Island..........-.ccceeeesccceereecceeeceees cone 1st 2
BBE -JOLAAN. ROCHESCEL. < olerara a, are's wie 'aisiniatsisinse siulp @ /Mtwaie einpeltielgiaie bee mie! «peeve 5m 2d 1
Roger’s 15, Underwood & Emery, Lake City..........-.ceceveeeeece eee eee e ee ceeeaees 1st 2
Jos aarris & Sony lia. Crescent. <ctecsc.ctemiele tetemimei ste sisie si ajelsre oyeve nies fasten 2d 1
Roger’s 9, Underwood & Emery, Lake City..... 0... scccee sees ee cece cree cere cece ce 1st 2
Creseling, J. S. Harris WSO, a (Crescent, vee cers cece teteies » cieecieic clas celewisiats Ist 2
Northern Muscadine, R. S. Coterell, Dover Center..............cccscecccccccrcece Ist 2
Tanesville, Miran Wes, NOWtON, LNGrISIANG.< cee eeitaee cuits o0.c0 vtec ca astresitent 1st 2
Jo} By JOrdany OGDEStGLs onc ce cccreriae acemiets aetaci c's sicch es ows siennmemactals 2d 1
Clinton, E. B. Jordan, TUT cane S OER IN telus con's oe Co ascsineme pane 1st 2
Si Bates, Sisco. i viv od vwcle aastete ee autete tae’. cctatics oss vee welennie wee eae 2d
SWEEPSTAKES TO COUNTY AND LOCAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES.

Lake Pepin, Horticultural Society... 1... cs cts ce sccctccceeiavens cosncccscnsvesceseeve@eeeenes Ist 50
Olmsted’ County Horticultural Society....c. cc. cece scdeeeWete cece see ecescccvcecy se dcleupens 2d 30

94 ANNUAL REPORT

FLOWERS.
Greenhouse Plants, J. A. Salzer, Lid Crosse... ccs cecscccccs cscs vere cece cove ccensseecesepocvns Ist 20
IMPs. B. Welch; ROCHOStGI. uc ssc sercisiac els cicls sola «\n'e cs sist “elviecle'e sisy Jumma een ialeas 2d «(15
Mrs. Nesbit, GEL” l Seve Bae bb letete es a cvone siete Ae birie.s)cisis.e.e a] spipioibe e)snelr ener 3d 10
Greenhouse Plants by Amateur, Mrs. J,S.Fishbeck Rochester,,... ........eceeeceeeeeerere Ist 15
Mrs. A. H. Markham, SED UBET, Maree pare cis inoiaie'o: olvidieteineeivh nie 20" 210
Mrs. Breckinridge, MOM EL Bole ela toielsa sice.ata | else toy «el Meal 3rd 5
Best display of Geraniums, Mrs. R. Welch, CORR ee Tate Fatty ei ceieicipypia\e) a awa eiisiave hala Ist 5
H. C. Butler. Re kg ERE, Ay cen sctarers iets siete mists by ein eke 2d 4
Wie (AS Salzer: Mia (Crosses dioace seclotc crete wetenge airioie a ele wre mala areas 3rd Ba
Roses in Pots, J, A. Salzer, CES MRE Ta el ctcste create he Reale pl UaeTA miata slate a ahh ote Ist 6
Single specimen Plant, J. A. Salzer, Fhe. SEAT ial ae cieie Sieteleraieldaroncetm ats Gre sister Mielareierets ist 3
Basket cut Flowers, J. A Salzer, La Crosse .... 0... ..cccc cece cesses eccncces snes sarees 1st 3
Best display climbing vines, Ls Oe bw ot Wetaree dita rseie xi sila crake Sienna eta ciave eva avis Mit lelaints eaten 1st 5
Gladiolus, vt Cet ae Sera eye sti an atte havare.s orarercunreveyeRelethie ot enesiate Ist 3
Tube Roses, O SI shy Ih UR AIRS SB TN DA SE Mae ovina eh alee, alters ate pata Ist 3
Floral design, us Ss |) tick ptareteran RC easle olor seme Meain g's cisvais/eOvmlelsarelelnoieniae Ist 5
Cactus, ss CHLTE FT RIS. eR ecicnsieeletincicte ais tnicte etetateie ore sleds eta(eteperlateteye Ist >
MEG Mi. el LOBE, | ROCHESECI'. cle ear cote v cteiciotere er oetntotaiclaienstalateraln\srulinlele o(niare 2d 3
Verbonas, Mrs. S. B. Welch, Go hs RIL BELT dates afer octane eevee) atnie et sleleip tele fets tela 1st 2
Mrs. J. S. Fishbeck, BEN) 01h GRAM era cheie Heals she ayeisiete miole/n/sia(einsons-c(aleraie sl aleraie 2d i:
Pansies, Mrs. S. B. Welch, SES MTB hse sare icteric aie ators iets Pee aren eet ist @&
PjcA. Salzer, Lia Crosse’ cicleictew es elentesie cere! wisiate le'etols ala)niata (a s/a\aiw'n)nilsid(e alelalecnlaiels 2d 2

The flower department contained representatives of nearly everything that is cultivated in the green-
house and conservatory, and proved to be one of the most interesting features of thefair. Time will
not permit me to make a full report of the vegetable department. I will only say that it was full and
complete, and a credit to our Siate. The great number of the newer varieties of vegetables shown, tell
us that our gardeners and farmers are wide awade and progressive. I have neglected to mention that
there were two large and well arranged horticultural exhibits in the railroad department ; one by the
Winona & St. Peter, under the direction of H. M. Burchard, and C, A. Whitney, assisted by Martin
Cook, of Rochester, and the other by the St. P. & Manitoba railroad, under the supervision of A. M.
Fridley. The first showed about 300 plates of apples and Siberians grown along the line of the road,
and an endless variety of vegetables. The other contained less fruit, but a number of varieties of veg-
etables that were marvelous for their size and perfection. Ours is indeed a wonderful State for veget-
ables. Considerable difficulty isexperienced in securing competent committees, and I thinkit would be
well to have the committee on frnits appointed at the winter meetings of the Horticultural Society and
to provide for their expenses. Some dissatisfaction is manifested because our Minnesota fruit growers
are brought into competition with those of other States. Can this Society suggest any remedy while
competition in the State Fair is left open to the world? The State Agricultural Society will no longer
duplicate like premiums to exhibitors from other States.

A vote of thanks was tendered President Harris, who, as a member
of the State Board of Agriculture, furthered our interests at the State
Fair.

WEDNESDAY MORNING, JANUARY 18.

HARDY APPLES FROM SEED.

BY A. K. PHOENIX, DELAVAN, WIS.

What are, to-day most Western farmers rights as to fruit trees and fruits? (1.) To go without,
(2.) once or twice each year to buy costly, often worthless imported trees and costly imported fruit.
Yet they struggle bravely on in the same old road, annually taxing themselves in the aggregate, ime
mense sums, vainly hoping that something better may turn up. What is comparatively the Western
horticultural situation? Certainly depressed. ‘Lo iliustrate, In 1830 was a wouderrul fruit crop, said
to be the largest ever grown West, and with what result? At least at this section aside from what the
owner’s family and stock consumed, most of the beautiful apples, thousands of bushels rotted on the

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. _ 95

ground! There was almost no organized preparation to save the crop, almost no buyers, barrels, cider
mills or fruit houses, and farm help very scarce. Yet in the glut, there came to this station a carload
or two of Eastern apples which sold at paying prices. Why? They were the best and best known
winter apples, Baldwin, Greening, Red Canads, Tompkins County King, Esopus Spitzenburg, Peck’s
Pleasant, Northern Spy, of which none but the Northern Spy could be had here of home growth—and
it was claimed that Eastern growth Northern Spy kept better, Some Wisconsin growers collared
large lots of their best winter apples which kept splendidly over winter. But in market they could
not compete with the ruling Eastern sorts and had to be mostly given away or fed to stock. No won-
der many farmers ‘‘never would set out another apple tree” and even threatened to cut down their
bearing orchards. The situation here in 1880 was similar to that of Western New York fifty years ago.
Choice winter apples were then delivered to buyers at twenty-five cents per bushel, or gladly sold on
the trees at twelve and a half cents per bushel. Howisit there now? (1.) Their soil and climate for
fruit thoroughly mastered. (2.) A complete assortment of the finest apples in the world in possession.
(3.) All details worked out, markets, orchards, fruit buyers, hand pickers, fruit packages, fruit dry-
ers jelly, preserved and canned fruit factories, cider mills, vinegar factories, shipping arrangements, fa-
yorable railroad and water routes and rates, markets and commission houses, all in organized working
order. In the best fruit districts the apple grower has only to grow his apples, sell them at so much
per bushel or barrel, or in the lump on the trees, and take his money, This is profitable, systemized
organization, while here at the West, is almost as complete disorganization.

Why? (1.) Western climate not yet mastered. (2.) Eastern varieties, especially of winter apples
failing here, we have neglected to grow Western sorts to compete with them. (3.) Having no founda-
tion, no first-class winter varisties adapted to our climate, we have no superstructure, no first-class
market fruit, fruit utilizing factories or market arrangements, very few nurseries, but missionary tree
peddlers in plenty. For forty years have Western tree and fruit growers vainly tried to acclimate
Hastern, Southern and European winter apple trees and fruits in our midst. Among the vast multi-
tude of grafted winter varieties, I believe three thousand or more, there is, so far as I know, but one
well at home among us. In tree or fruit, or both, they all fall short of Eastern varieties, crops and
profits. The Eastern staple market winter sorts, Baldwin, Greenings, etc.. were grown from seed, say
one hundred years ago.

What progress has America made in the past century? Why then in cultivated apples is the whole
country tied down to ancient Baldwin, Greening & Co.? Perhaps for the same reason we are in bonds
to the Declaration of Independence. But I believe there is a better reason, the practice of grafting.
- Grafting is a good thing but too much grafting is bad. Since grafting, especially root grafting, came
into use, a process which uses only the roots, throwing away the tops of seedlings, comparatively few
seedlings have been fruited—and those that have borne have been almost everywhere overlooked, cried
down, condemned because they were ‘‘nothing but seedlings,” proved first-class in both tree and fruit,
and quite at home in the West. In tree or fruit, or both, they all fall short of the accepted Eastern
standard varieties, raised mostly, say a hundred years ago, from seed.

In my forty years of horticultural experience [ cannot remember of even so much as one respectable
premium offered for a worthy new variety of apples. Our grandparents said: “Seek no further,” and
too obedient, we have sought no further. Everybody could have the best grafted sorts, while nobody
dared hope to raise better or even as good from seed. Grafted nurseries, grafted orchards, grafted ap-
ples were everything—seedlings East or West were nothing. And in our blind Western attachment to
Eastern grafts we haye taxed ourselves out of probably $2,000,000 a year, which, had we a set of
worthy

WESTERN IRONCLAD WINTER APPLES

for every Western fruit-growing section, we could have kept in our own pockets. It is high time that
we of the West declare our horticultural independence and try ts set up fruit-growing for ourselves.
We begin as our forefathers began their revolutionary struggle for freedom, poor euough. We have the
world, the flesh and the missionary tree peddlers to fight, but we realize that independence is best for
all parties and for everybody, We want as soon as possible our own set of choice ironclad apple, pear,
plum, cherry, etc., for all sections, uses and purposes, We want them wherever they are to be found,
in foreign lands, in obscurity in our own grafted or seedling orchards. or in yet unborn generations of
seed to be saved, sowed, the seedlings therefrom grow up fruited and the best sifted out, until we get
varieties worthy of the glorious West. We are very grateful for, very hopeful of the splendid contribu-
tions to our list of hardy varieties from foreign lands, notably from Russia and China. We will fruit
them, adopt the best, cross and hybridize them with our own, asI believe, in fine flavor, unequalled

96 ANNUAL REPORT

American cultivated apples, and from the seed raise up a new cosmopolitan tribe of the very choicest
sorts for grafting and budding. In our next selections let us embody more delicious fragrance, aroma,
spice and variety of flavor.

How wide does the horticultural revolt extend? From Ohio and Michigan on the East to Califor-
nia on the West. Hardier trees with as choice varieties of fruits would be welcomed by the whole coun-
try. The entire Northwest wants ironclad trees enduring sixty below zero unharmed.

What foundation is there for this talk about choice Western ironclads, especially winter ironclads?
We have now summer and fall ironclad Siberian crabs ; ironclad Russian, as Duchess of Oldenburg,
Tefofsky, Yellow Transparent, etc.; ironclad natives, as the Wealthy apple, and many hybrid summer,
fall and winter Siberians, and old choice winter sorts like Blue Pearmain, Golden Russet, etc., almost
ironclad, with many very hardy winter apple seedlings. In far northern ironclad orchards, from the
Atlantic to the furthest Western bearing apple trees, we have the best reason to believe there are dozens
of ironclad winter apple seedlings (and perhaps grafts) of the highest quality, only needing to be hunted
out and propagated from buds and cions as rapidly as possible. Only iron-bound regions would natu-
rally develop ironclads. So far as I know, our most northern apple regions have not, until very lately,
been even looked into, and now are probably not one-hundredth part explored.

Given ironclads, can the West produce as fine apples for the markets of the world as the East?”
Most emphatically, yes. Under culture, Western soil certainly improves for fruit-growing; and West-
ern apples, for high flavor, color and fine quality throughout, I have never seen excelled. Every needed
fruit element is here, “‘lying around loose’”’ in separate varieties, only waiting for us to give nature, the
master workman, the opportunity to combine into new and more perfect seedling forms.

How are we to get the desired choice ironclads? As our forefathers got their (and our) best grafted
varieties, by growing from the best seed millions of native seedlings, testing, and selecting out only the
very best trees and fruits for given locations. By seedlings they got deliverence from inferior foreign
varieties. Imitating their example we shall escape this galling yoke of bondage to sectional, tyrant
varieties. Seedlings are nature’s horticultural plaster casts, fruit studies, fruit pioneers mine, from
which the best selections, one in one, or ten, one in a hundred or a thousand are the refined gold.

But why go back to the seed and through the wilderress of despised seedlings? Because there and
nowhere else can we find what we want. Only in the seed and through the wilderness of seedlings can
we escape present bondage in a worse wilderness of fruitless or inferior grafts, of worthless tree-ped
dling taxation. We now pay probably not less than two million a year for the privilege of doing with.
out home nurseries, profitable orchards or a supply of first-class fruit, to say nothing of galling tree- .
peddlers tricks and impositions, which the present order of things enforces uponus. I submit that
western men and women are not the ones to sit down in hopeless inferiority. Wecan do better or try
to. Wecan stop throwing away money, time, labor on worthless, tender, anti-western trash and be-
gin back at the seed, the root of the whole matter. Another important point we have but touched
upon. At least three-fourths of all our orchards should be winter ironclad varieties. Now it may be
our ignorance, but we do not know of so much as one strictly ironclad winter apple tree offered in any
of all American nurseries! Yet we hope, we believe there are already several hopeful sorts promising
to be winter ironclads now under full trial and propagation.

In this dilemma what can we do? Stop planting till winter ironclads are propagated in sufficient
numbers to supply planters or go on in the old, old way? Do neither; plant summer and fall iron-
clads as far as you want and can get them direct from reliable nurseries, home nurseries preferred.
Aside from that, let all who can do so, get ironclad or the hardiest winter apple seed procurable. Sow
it and grow trees for their own planting, not merely for even winter apple seedlings but for the chance
of getting choice sorts. Needing winter ironclads far more than the East, the West must take the lead
in getting them up. Itis true that from seed of winter ironclads we could not depend on getting all
winter or all ironclad seedings. But as like begets like, so would ironclad winter apple seed be most
likely of any trees, seeds or grafts in reach, to produce what we most need. Probably half the produce
of average ironclad winter apple seed can be depended on to give ironclad winter apple trees. Every
ironclad winter apple seedling fruited increases our chances for these very choice selected seedlings we
all want for budding and grafting. Let us stop putting the fruit before the tree. Let us strike for the
fundamental bedrock of hardihood first and having thus started right we can safely go ahead. This
job, however tedious and difficult, has to be done and done right. Every Western man is interested in
its speedy accomplishment and so we ask everybody’s help. The more go at it the quicker 4nd easier
will it be done as it should be. Please note carefully that I do not recommend common apple

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 97

SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS

which would only make a bad matter worse. P.M. Gideon, of Excelsior, Minn., who raised the iron-
clad Wealthy apple, first sowed a half bushel of common apple seed from Bangor, Me. All he found in
it worth saving was the Wealthy. But this one variety he told me he had been repeatedly assured was
worth to the State of Minnesota alone a million of dollars. Comparisons are odious, but, all things
considered, for Northwestern planting in that extreme climate, which were better, a hundred fresh-
average apple seeds, costing in and with say ten apples, ten cents; or a hundred average tender, first,
class, grafted apple trees, costing delivered $15 or $20? I should choose the seeds. The seeds, if I
could do no better, I would plant, and from them might posstbly get one hardy bearing tree. The ten-
der trees I would not have on the farm even all planted out as a free gift, because I know that the first
test winter would kill every one. In going hack to the seed let us not repeat the folly of meddling with
tender stock. Let us take no avoidable risks in that direction but secure ironclad winter apple seed or
the very heardiest in reach. : ;

“But what can we already overworked farmers of the West do with apple seeds and the nursery busi-
ness?’” Do what thousand of Eastern, yea, Western farmers*thave done before you, raised glorious
seedling orchards, got them into full bearing, had plenty of apples for their families and live stock and
some for their unbelieving neighbors, kept the best trees for fruit and grafted over the poorest with the
best grafted fruit. Iftyou can see money in apple seeds as well as in timber seeds, sorghum, garden
and flower seeds, I have no fears but that the apple seeds will take their proper place in your affections
and the farm course. In the growing season, if you have a little ‘nursery, you can go that way to and
from the barn and lot. Advising careful experiments, I would reject impossibilities, as for instance the
effort in a Northwestern climate to grow fruit or tender trees. I ask only yourlcandid consideration of
the whole subject. It will do your children, at least, as much good to grow up with young trees, fruits
and flowers as with young live sto¢k. It will make them better citizens, physically healthier, mentally
strenger. They will love the country {and stay on the farm all the better for it. Your live stock wil,
doubtless be healthier, more profitable with daily fruit rations. For both people and live stock, taking
. the whole country together, I doubt if thereis half a proper supply of fruit grown. When those de-
youring evils, strong drink and tohacco are abolished, then, and not till then, will fruit and fruit-grow-
ing take its rightful place in the world, Tadvise orchard growing from ironclads, and, because in that
way only can Northwestern farmers get the best orehards possible in their locations, in the shortest
time and for the least money. Top-grafting the trees that bear the harvest apples, it is true, will cost
money or time, perhaps considerably more than the first cost of grafted nursery trees for the orchard,
on the other hand remember first, that hardy seedling orchard trees make the best stocks to graft on;
second, that ironclad winter apple nursery trees are not now to be had; third, that by tha time your
ronclad seedlings get to bearing choice ironclads, grafted sorts will probably be known and by top-
grafting them you can soon have the very best.

“Bunt from the seed it takes so long!’? Have we not been planting alien grafts forty years? Would
you spend more time and money thereon? Ten years’ growing ironclad seedlings will help more than
forty years more on the old track. Average seedlings may be one or two years tardier in bearing than
the average rootgraftad trees. The ironclad grafts we now have, Tetofsky, Duchess of Oldenburg and
mst Siberians, are very early bearers. Ironclad seedlings, at least a part will probably bear early, on
account of a more dwarf northern habit. From the seed very early bearers would come, say in five
years, tardy bearers in eight or ten years. Our early enjoyment of fruitsis not the highest considera-
tion. Shall the West have choice ironclad winter apples and shall we grow seedlings as the best way
to get such?

On the question of time and Western nurseries, how many smart Western towns would like a live
nursery started in their suburbs the coming spring? Do you really want to secure a nursery as soon as
possible? Help us remove the great stumbling blocks in the pathway of Western horticulture; (1.)
Popular ignorance and indifference; (2.) These unnaturalized, unnaturalizable varieties of fruit. Help
us get honest, hardy western ironclads and every one of you can have a first-class local nursery—if you
support it as you ought to. Big nurseries and. tree peddlers kill or prevent geod local nurseries. Why
not take pains to patronize a worthy young local nursery just as much as any other needed, local
convenience? Every year every western State or county agricultural fair offers premiums on fruit dis-
plays. If they would help western horticulture, why not offer every one a liberal premium on a choic,
ironclad winter seedling apple grown in the State or county? These premiums should require (1.)
sufficient time and exposure to full crops and severe test winters to establish their ironclad hardihood
and productiveness; (2.) high quality of good keeping winter fruit; (3.) good size and color to com«

7

98 ANNUAL REPORT

pete throughout with best eastern varieties. Put all regular seedling apple premiums on choice winter
ronclads. Striving for them, plenty of good ironclad summer and fall will come in, which, if worthy,
may receive special premiums.

‘‘How far north may we hopefully plant ironelad appleseed?”? I can only answer that I believe we
may confidently plant as far north as the native crab apple grows. Careful experiments alone can tell.
It might be you could grow trees on your soil when your next neighbor on his soil could not.

Directions for starting seedling orchards in the northwest many northern horticulturists can give
better thanI. But I will try to speak of (1.) Soil; (2.) Lecation; (3.) Seed; (4.) Management.

Sort.—Any good tree, corn or garden soil will do. In severe climates that soil is best which gives
the ripest, nearest ironclad growth. Soiltoo poor, enrich carefully with well-rotted barnyard manure
or the like. Trees dearly love ashes, leached or unleached, which are often best applied on the surface.
Coarse manure, hay, or straw, leaves, weeds, etc., make good mulch, which, decaying, enriches the
soil. Too clayey soil sand-dress, too sandy soi! clay-dress. Special manures, salt, lime, land plaster?
bone dust, etc., I believe well worth careful trial. Don’t burn straw and leaf piles, don’t neglect ma-
nure heaps and the many other sources of soil enrichment. Teach children that waste is wicked—mur-
der in the first degree. :

LocaTrion.—For the farm nursery choose a side or corner of the garden well sheltered and protected
from winds, live stock, rabbits and mice. And now about locating orchards—in many sections orch-
ards on low ground are more liable to lose fruit, bloom and sets by late spring frosts. To prevent this,
we formerly favored and still prefer rather high, dry, gentle slopes for fruit, choosing any slope rather
than the southern or southwestern. But since returning to Wisconsin in August, 1879, we have found
sound, profitable orchards on relatively low, level land and again on full southern slopes. We have
often been surprised at the wonderful adaptability of trees to widely varying locations and soils-
Glorious old King Apple Tree seems perfectly democratic, rearing his royal throne wherever a loyal
subject dwells. We note some failures chiefly on poor, windy, gravel knolls and wet, soggy ground.
Before planting wet soils drain thoroughly. Tile underdrains are best, but surface draining, planting:
every row ona heavy ridge witha deep dead furrow between in the middle, will help greatly. In
planting gravel knolls protect thoroughly from winds and dig out @ pit where each tree is to stand and
put in a big cart load of strong loam to plant in,

SEED.—If we can’t get ironclad winter apple trees at the nurseries, where are we to get ironclad win-
ter apple seed to start with?” First, find ironclad winter apple trees and then arrange to secure the’
seed, As we want everybodys help in this good work, so do we want seed from every hopeful source.
In a multitude of counsellors and varieties there is safety. Let us first lookin the northwest, where
trees have been most thoroughly tested, in Minnesota, northern Iowa, central and northern Wisconsin,
then in Canada and northern or mountainous New England, last but not least, let us look through the
apple trees of northern Europe and Asia. Scattered over this vast expanse ure donbtless thousands of
glorious winter ironclads. But I believe within comparatively easy reach of northwestern horticultur-
ists and farmers there are ironclad trees the seed of which, if known and saved, would be literally worth
to the country at large its weight, forty pounds to the bushel, in gold. The chances are that it can be
had for, at the very highest, the going price of the fruit. Until the seed of each particular tree or variety
is sowed by itself and tested, we must be guided by parent tree indications.

“What kind of seed shall we try to get?” That which combines the most strong points. (1.) Fresh
seed. (2.) From well-tested, vigorous, productive, winter, ironclad, grafted or seedling trees. (3 )
From trees that hold the fruit well the season through, not droppingit in hard winds or drouth. (4.>
Fruit that keeps well through winter, (6.) Of fine flavor. (6.) Of brilliant red or some other fine
color. (7.) Of good size. There are some other points to be added as fast as possible: (1.) Annual
bearing trees. (2.) Blight prooftrees. (3.) Trees that shape themselves, requiring little or no prun-
ing. (4.) With blooms and sets that stand late frosts the best. (5.) Earliest bearing trees or natural
dwarfs for small lots. Another point that will take long comparative trial to work out, what sorts.
possess the highest breeding capacity and will give from seed the best results in tree and fruit? Some
yeading horticulturists think that at some future time, after long in-and-in breeding our best fruits may
be best propagated from seed. For such and many other experiments every State should have a splen-
did State agricultural and aorticultural college—and will have whenever the peeple demand it.

“How shall we get such choice seed?” Where there's a will there’s a way. I believe if one-tenth of
the ironclad winter apple seed now wasted in cider domace, in kitchens, in eating fruit out of hand and
feeding live stock, were saved and utilized, we shouid have an ample supply for both nurserymen and
farmers. Ordinarily, who thinks of saving fruit seed? How quickly, almost spitefully the precious
seed is rejected? Why not careful, discriminative saving and sowing of fruit seeds? The best time to

ANNUAL REPORT 99

find the best trees for seed is in the fall, when the trees are in full bearing. Of anything extra choi.:e, take
cions also for the grafting and nursery test, also fruit for the celler test. For such work in the hurry-
ing fall season, nurserymen have little or no time. Who then wiil promptly, adequately explore the
vast extent of northern orchards, extending over both hemispheres? In the absence of national and
State appropriations, we must rely the more on editors friendly to horticulture, on earnest individual
help, on everybody that loves good apples and on everybody interested in the west.

There are those in our country who have acquired wealth in the true business spirit, May we not
most respectfully lay this case before them also? Cotd they not most patriotically devote a few of
their multiplied thousands to the exploration of these northern orchard mines? What a blessing to the
country at large, what a special boon to the great west, what an honor to the profession would such
aninvestment be! Why not as useful, as worthy as the vast public and private appropriations for
Arctic exploration? Why not as worthy of national government attention as the costly and usually
whitewashing investigations of public steals and scandais? Millions for the farce of locking the stable
door after the horse is stolen—or rather to attract public attention to old steals, the better to cover
new Ones in progress, but scarcely a cent for the prevention of crime through the encouragement of
honest farm and fruit improvement. Things will be different whenever the people wish it!

Reader; you who have lived on the northern limit of apple orchards, think back and see if you have
not known of some tough, hardy trees that have stood up, grown and borne apples, while other trees
all about them gave up and died. Perhaps in Canada, northern Maine, northern Vermont or New
Hampshire, in father’s or uncle’s, in Deacon or Neighbor So-and-So’s orchard, you know several such
trees. Some bore early, others fall apples; while one or two bore such small, hard, late winter apples
they went to tne cider mill, and the seed was thrown out in the pomace. The long-keeping apple seed
is the kind we want, remembering that common winter apples from there, prove here, in our longer,
hotter falls, only fall or earry winter fruit.. But by chance, somewhere in the neighborhood, there
might have been a hardy seedling that bore smooth, fair, brilliant red long-keeping apples, ‘‘real nice
tasted,” or pretty sour—yet because of its small size the fruit went to the cider mill with the rest.
Seed of that will be the gilt-edged seed for us. Possibly you might have known a local ironclad graft
or a seedling that bore large, fine, red, long keepers, ‘‘just as good as any grafted fruit,” and stored in
the cellar with the grafts for late winter and spring. Of such atree we want not only seeds but cions’
with specimens of the fruit to test in comparison with our standard grafted apples of the same season.
Anybody knowing of a choice ironclad, long-keeping apple should lose no time getting it into good
hands for immediate propagation if before good judges it proves or promises to prove, worthy. We
must be both prompt and careful. We will take some risks to hasten promising winter ironclad apple
tree propagation by grafting and budding, in the meantime urging forward in different States or sections
fall and final tests and until then recommending varieties as promising only so far as known. In such
a crisis the floodgates of ignorance and deception will be opened to a floodtide of new trash, worthless
in both tree and fruit. Whoso will may be swindled thereby and whoso will may go unscathed.

If it seems good to you, as soon as possible after reading this, write back to father or uncle, aunt or
cousin, friend or neighbor to please be sure and save you some of those ironclad long keepers the very
next crop the trees bear. To write will cost you a three-cent stamp and will do yourself and your
friends many times three cents worth of good. Here we beg to digress to say that the neglect of many
well-educated people to keep up their writing (reading and thinking) is one of the most discouraging
signs of the times. For those who cannot read and write there is an excuse, but for the many who can
write but will not, what excuse can be offered? Why not at once, O most noble Americans, put up the
broken down wires and henceforth keep up the communications?

Those friends will save you, say halfa pint of clean apple seeds, which, ina strong envelope at one,
cent per ounce postage, will cost you six cents more, making the total cash outlay for, say a thousand \
good apple seeds to start your farm nursery with, nine cents! A thousand good apple seeds should give
you two or three hundred seedlings. IfI could get Duchess of Oldenberg, or Siberian crab seed, or any
other sort that promised to be ironclad, I should sow it, To get a start this spring, I would, if possible,
buy northern grown ironclad winter apples, save and sow the seed just tomake a beginning. Of grafted
fruit, so far as I know, Golden Russett is the most hardy and common ia market, but it is not ironclad.

Apple seed, before doing up to send off, should be carefully dried off to prevent mold and decay. Dry
apple seed soak thoroughly two or three days, place in a vermin-proof box in layers with sand, and set
on the north side of a building, where it will freeze and keep frozen till spring.

MANAGEMENT.—‘‘But this horrid climate, such extremes of heat and cold!” True, but the climate
1g of your own seeking, and all I ask, now that you are there on the ground, is whether you will try to

100 ANNUAL REPORT

make the best of it. Lying down at the very outset will not make you master even as far as it can be
mastered, I don’t know and you don’t know what can be done in a new country until youtry. I be-
lieve in our glorious, rugged pioneers. As well as I know in fruit matters, I am offering them the key
to the whole situation.

WereI a farmer I would plant fruit seed, take a farm paper, plant a sugar orchard, plenty of timber
and sorghum, belong toa farmer’s club, learn how and teach my children how to bud and graft, if I
knew anything about it; our farmers bitterly need more horticultural knowledge and skill.

Sow apple seed very early, as soon as the gréund will do to work in spring. As before remarked,
sow on ground well sheltered, thoroughly protected from wind, live Stock, rabbits and mice. In light ‘
soil fresh seed or new pomace can be sown in the fall, mulching just after ground freezes to keep the
ground soft and moist over winter. Early in the spring take off the mulch, cover apple seed in rows or
drills an inch deep, pressing the soil pretty firmly over theseed. When the seed is up weed and hoe as
with young vegetables, killing worms and insects as fast as they appear. The young seedlings the first
fall should be, say a foot high, root grafts rather taller. If the trees stand too thick, thin out to six or
eight inches in the row, burying those taken up root and branch, covering roots a foot deep, treading
the soil firmly on the root and covering the ground after it freezes with six or eight inches of permanent
mulch to keep the roots from weather changes and extremes. Seedlings winter well in moist not wet
dirt, in a cool, frost-proof cellar, best ina mice proof box. Early in spring shorten roots to eight
inches and plant an inch deeper than they grew in the nursery, rows four feet apart, and six or eight
inches apart in the row. -

To winter seedlmgs where they grow just before the ground freezes, haul up eight inches of dirt in the
row just after the ground freezes, mulch all over with six inches of manure or something that will keep
in place and not harbor mice. Next spring take away mulch and dirt, then weed or hoe up to July 15.
After that let the soil harden and w -ds willhelp check and ripen off growth perfectly before cold
weather. Any late growing t pinch and drop off Sept. 15. Before the ground freezes the second
fall the trees, new about’ ce feet high, should be well ridged up, say twelve inches inthe row. To
protect roots mulch as .n the first fall. To protect tops against snow-drifts, severe cold, rabbits and

mice, set bundles of straw, hay, flax or cornstalks solid on each side of the row. In nurseries over win-
ter, Ihaye never seen any protection for tree tops or bodies above ridges of dirt plowed against the
rows. Butin farm nurseries I would prefer greatly to protect every fall and so keep on the safe side.
The first three or four winters from seed or graft, trees are most subject to (1.) Killing back in top; (2.)
Blackheart in bodies; (3.) Root killing in dry freezing and thawing ground.

Against all three dangers we protect by (1.) Ironclad seedlings or ironelad grafts on ironclad root
(2.) Cultivating early in season only, pinching off any late shoots Sept. 25, to secure perfect maturity

of growth; (8.) Thorough fall ridging up in row; (4.) Thorough mulching in fall over winter; (.)

Thorough protection of bodies and tops while trees are young with bundles of straw or the like as al-

ready mentioned—such protecting straw and dirt to be removed early every spring.

In three or four years from seed trees should be five to seven feet high and fit to transplant into the
orchard. Trees got through the first three or four winters perfectly sound are much more certain to re.
main permanently sound and healthy. Pruneif you must in the spring, but an ounce of preventive
nipping, pinching, shaping tops just at the right time when shoots are starting is worth a pound of
compulsory after pruning. In severe climates I must prefer low heads commencing only a foot or two
above ground. In handling trees do not expose the roots to the sun, air or frost. Keep roots always
moist and covered well under ground with dirt trod on them.

Until northwestern nurrerymen are well supplied with choice grafted winter ironclads why not for
orchard planting grow seedlings from best winter ironclad seed? There need be no fear of having too
many seedling winter ironclads from which to select future best cultivated varieties. To select out
such varieties must take many years of trial.

I repeat, sow ironclad wiuter apple seed. The poorest farmer or lot-owner or child of such may grow
only one seedling that in tree and fruit may excel all competitors.

Sow ironclad pear seed or the hardiest you can get. Next to apple, nothing so needed, so promising
in the west as pears from hardy seed. ;

Sow hardy plum seeds, especially of our most delicious native plums. Large, luscious, beautifal na-
tive plums are grown in Northern Dakota along the line of the Northern Pacific railroad. Let us get
sprouts and seeds to try in our several localities.

Sow hardy cherry seed, including seeds of the best sorts of the hardy, late, prolific native black
cherry. I have seen fruit of this of nearly twice the common size and better in proportion.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 101

Sow hardy grape seed and seed of all other hardy, edible fruits, of flowering shrubs and plants to keep
improving our assortment of cultivation.

In the present depressed condition of western horticulture whoever brings into bearing an ironclad
fruit seedling is so far a public benefactor,

Mr. Dart firmly believed in the arguments advanced by Mr. Phoenix,
particularly that we should grow seedlings from hardy apples.

Mr. Jordan said that though it was a long and tedious plan, it must
win, and the coming apple was a seedling from hardy parentage.

Mr. Pearce said it would take generation after generation before we
could produce an apple of desirable quality that would be perfectly
hardy in Minnesota.

In his trials of seedlings, in order to facilitate the work, he buds
from seedlings into bearing trees and is thus able to produce fruit in
two years from seed.

Mr. Dart said if we take seeds from allsorts of fruit indiscriminately,
that it will be many generations before we arrive at satisfactory re.
sults, but if we plant seed from such good hardy fruit as the Duchess
and Wealthy, the desired result will be reached much sooner.

If a thousand seedlings grown from seed promiscuously, not ten would
be alive in ten years. He had planted a large lot of crab seed and
grafted the seedlings, and found only one in twenty sound.

Mr. Harris said that he believed if all would practice the planting
of seed from hardy fruit, we would get our apple in time.

The Russian apples were advanced by generations after generations
of seedlings from China to Moscow, but it took five hundred years to
doit. Soil and climate has much effect on seeds and seedlings, and
the tree that would endure sixty degrees below zero at Moscow, might
be killed by forty degrees below zero in Minnesota.

» Mr. Gibbs said there was no use in groping in the dark, there are
authorities on these matters. Certain varieties will transmit their
qualities through seed to tree; they have the ear marks of bud
and leaf by which they can be distinguished.

He cited to the Iowa report of 1879, article by Prof. Budd, and com-
mended the experiments at the Iowa experimental fruit farm as worthy
of careful study.

REVISION OF THE FRUIT LIST.

Mr. Dart moved that the Wealthy be recommended for general cul-
tivation, in favorable localities in the State. Mr. Stevens moved to
strike out the word favorable.

Mr. Dart said that the Wealthy was hardy in some localities. Ife
lost one-half of his during the Christmas freeze of 1880, and half -the
balance were now looking sick.

102 ANNUAL REPORT

He cited other localities where it was not doing well, thinks if there
is any doubt at all we ought to be very careful about recommending
it for general cultivation.

It was first put on the list without sufficient long trial, thinks it a
very valuable tree, but on the bleak praries and north of the southern
belt of the State he did not believe it was hardy enough.

Mr. Stevens thought much of the complaint about the Wealthy
arose from parties getting trees not true to name.

Mr. Fuller said that notwithstanding. his report, he must object to
Mr. Dart’s position. Mr. Sias said we must judge a tree by its fruit.
The Wealthy shows its fruit every year. He did not care about the
color of the wood if he can get the apples, said the wood was often
black, from the effects of insects. Mr. Grimes warmly sustained the
Wealthy. Mr. Jordan said the Wealthy stood the weather as well as
the Transcendent or Duchess. Mr. Gould thought the State would
yet be divided into sections, when fruits of different degrees of hardi-
ness would yet be grown. Mr. Underwood thought his test at Lake
City a good one, as the location of his orchard was bleak and sandy,
and the Wealthy was doing well with him, thought the soil very try-
ing, grew four hundred bushels of Wealthy last summer. Mr. Harris
said he had seen Mr. Underwood’s Wealthies on the trees and had es-
timated the crop at four hundred bushels at the time. Mr. Gibbs said
the oldest bearing Wealthies in the Jewell nursery were now eleven
years old, top-worked on Transcendent and all sound and thrifty.

Mr. Pearce had 700 Wealthies five years old, all looking hardy. He
would discard all apples but the Wealthy.

Mr. Stevens’ amendment prevailed and the Wealthy recommended’
for general cultivation in the State, 19 for, one (Mr. Dart) against.
The Haas stricken from the list entirely.

Fruit List as corrected is as follows for 1882:

APPLES.

For general planting, Duchess of Oldenburgh, Wealthy. For plant-
ing in limited quantities Tetofski. For planting in limited quantities in
southern eastern Minnesota.

Plumbs cider, 4 against, 8 for.
Fameuse, aie” MS

~ Tetofski, a Ait ee
St. Lawrence, unanimous.

Walbridge, ee

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 103
CRABS AND HYBRIDS.

For general planting, Beecher Sweet, Orange, Early Strawberry,
Whitney No. 20, Powers Red and Minnesota.

For planting in limited quantities, Conical, Hesper Blush, Virginia,
Hyslop, Hutchinson’s Sweet. The latter added to list by a vote of 12
to 1.

The following varieties are named as exempt from blight: Orange,
Beecher Sweet, Conical, Whitney No. 20, Minnesota and Karly Straw-
berry.

As liable to blight: Transcendent, and recommended to be planted
isolated from other orchard trees.

GRAPES.

For general planting, Concord, Delaware and Janesville. The
Janesville especially recommended for its earliness.

For planting in limited quantities, Worden, Rogers No. 15, 19, 3, 4.

For trial, Moore’s Early, Lady and Brighton.

RASPBERRIES.—FOR GENERAL PLANTING.

Black Caps. Doolittle, Seneca, Mammoth Cluster.
Reds. Turner, Philadelphia, Purple Cane. For trial, Gregg.

CURRANTS.—FOR GENERAL PLANTING.

Red. Red Dutch, Victoria.

White. White Grape.

Black. Black Naples. For trial, Stewarts Seedling’s Red and Sia’s
Seedling Black.

GOOSEBERRIES.
For general planting, Houghton’s American Seedling.

NATIVE PLUMS.

For general planting, Harrison’s Peach, Forest Garden, Weaver and

DeSota.

STRAWBERRIES.

For general cultivation, placed on list in order of merit.
1st. Wilsons Albany Seedling, Hermaphrodite.

9d. Charles Downing, $

3d. Downers Prolific, -

4th. Green Prolific, Pistillate.

5th. Crescent Seedling, Pistillate.

6th. Capt. Jack, Hemaphrodite.

104 ANNUAL REPORT

For general trial, Cumberland Triumph, Miners Prolific, Red Jacket
and Pioneer. |
For trial by Amatuers, Bidwell and Lowa Prolific.
BLACKBERRIES.

Stone’s Hardy recommended for trial.
WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON, JANUARY LT.

Paper by Col. Stevens, (not furnished the Secretary.)
Upon motion of Col. Stevens, Chas. Hoag was elected an honorary
life member of the society.

FOREST TREE CULTURE.
ADDRESS BY S. M. EMERY.

The consideration of the above vital question is of the greatest importance to us
as horticulturists. Upon it depends largely the successful opening up and maintain-
ing of homes on the vast prairies extending from the Mississippi to the base of the
Rockies.

This vast region is treeless, excepting an occasional be!t skirting the water courses
that intercept the country.

We can obtain no definite idea of the immensity of this country by scanning the
map and saying it is a tract so many hundred miles long and broad. Infinity is al-
most as well comprehended, or the earth’s distance from the sun.

To approximate a correct idea one must see for themselves. Go into the Red river
valley, if you please, where from the extreme levelness, (if the expression be allow-
able), the impression forces itself upon you that you are in the center of a vast de-
pressed circle, the circumference of which arises to the horizon miles away and
stretches out on all sides, a vast inclined plane up which yot must ascend to reach
the apparent level beyond.

These lands, as a rule, are fertile and highly desirable, with the exception of an
occasional stony tract or sand hill, rendering the soil unfit for wheat culture but
offering much needed building material.

This is literally a Garden of Eden, with naught to do but to enter in and take pos-
session, and to give you an idea of the countless host which is entering in and taking
up the land, I will, by the courtesy of the United States land officials at the follow-
ing offices, give the figures of timber culture entries, first reciting the total number
to present date, since the opening of the offices, and second the entries for the year
1881 :

Upto Entries,
Date. 1881.

Wiatertowil DAKO /stoc/riceleiecle yeleeler ais Satara cie held toumoante ieee aforsraveneve ere 5,044 1,149
Mitchell, D. T...... Bis rave oa, eka eyes F. Acid’s tarddeaietsen eat aaa 7,274 1,369
Fargo, Dakota ..... Bisbee“ leg iabereuevaseis ereceietaieseislsrs aksleveneissa1s die kee keener 1,329
Redwood: Malls; Winnie...) si. <~.scjmewrs bese ssc t05k nee Cae A e0O 70

TD Otel sya s tse eieeiens REID SOO, Aad SG NRO OS ROO Oboe eC aEle . 18,684 3,909

These you will observe are the land offices that we as members of the State Horti-
cultural Society of Minnesota, may class as our neighbors, and to these seventeen

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 105

thousand and odd timber culture filers we will presume to address these observations.

During certain seasons of the year travelers in the Alps are careful, when travers—
ing dangerous parts of their journey, to abstain from calling in a loud tone of voice,
lest the vibrations of the air, set in motion by their voice, should detach masses of
the yielding, melting snow, which in its descent should assume such dangerous pro-
portions as to form avalanches, greatly imperiling life and property. oe

The writer apprehends no such immediate effects from the uplifting of his voice
in this matter, nor does he expect to diffuse so much information in handling the
topic, that the question will be easily solved by following suggestions thus thrown
out; but he does expect the older and more experienced members of this society
to embrace the opportunity for remarks and discussion, after this reading, that will
in a great measure, help our frontier settlers to bury as with an avalanche, the
troubles and difficulties experienced in making anything of the nature of a tree, to
thrive on the prairie.

If this end be accomplished, great indeed will be our reward.

Returning to our subject, these settlers find to their hands, broad acres of virgin
soil, inviting the ministry of man and machinery.

The lands, to commence with, are in better condition than the no less fertile tim-
bered lands of Wisconsin, Michigan, Ohio and Indiana, after three generations have
patiently dug, blasted and grubbed their way to the hidden mysteries under the sur-
face.

The first question suggesting itself in the premises is, What is the one thing need-
ful to make happy, prosperous homes of these beautiful lands? What is the great
desideratum to success, comfort and happiness? We unhesitatingly answer, Timber
—for fuel, buildings, fences, railroad purposes anda hundred equally needful re-
quirements. In a word, timber means homes, society, communities; the lack of it
discomfort and desolation. To say these broad level plains are embryo wheat fields
is literally true, would an exclusive disposition to thisend be wise? As Minneso-
tians, we are wont to felicitate ourselves on being an agricultural people, and com-
miserate the mining regions, who get their gold and silver ready made.

Look at the mining sections of California. The beautiful hillsides scarred and
gashed with ditches, tunnels, and excavations; its clear, free running streams filled
with mud—changing the crystal snow-water to turbid masses of impurity, and the
fair face of God’s creation used for dump piles. A home with such surroundings
would truly be in the midst of unqualified desolation ; and yet, we ought to inquire
if our course, in exclusive wheat-growing, is a wiser one. :

The older sections of our State are crying out for freedom from a merciless tyrant
whom we created in crowning wheat for king.

Dame Nature is long suffering and kind, but when we demand “bricks without
straw’? it’s too much, even with her boundless resources, and any system of farmifg
that looks to the planting of one fixed certain crop, year after year is exhaustive to
the soil, expensive to the farmer and injurious to the body politic.

To say that our bonanza farms are bonanzas to any except the owner is a mooted
question.

Suppose the case of the money-making Eastern merchant, who, worn out with
business, care and worry, comes west for recuperation. His active, speculative mind
sees rare chances offered for the taking. He buys a few thousand acres of land ;

106 ANNUAL REPORT

sends east for men, mules and machinery by the car-load, and provisions for them
come from the same source; the lands are speedily put under cultivation ; a half
dozen crops of wheat are skinned off; he owns his own elevator on the line of the
railroad, ships his grain to the east, sells it, and adds the proceeds to the fat bank
account in New York city. If any of this cash ever gets into circulation out west,
where it rightfully belongs, it will be at the expense of a mortgage lien, upon the
farm of some poor homesteader, which our New York friend will need bye-and-bye
to square out his railroad sections, when the mortgage takes the land, which it will
surely do if he bases his expectations upon exclusive wheat culture in a small way,

Machinery, taxes, interest, are certain actors, uniformly good crops of hard No. 1
are uncertain factors, the whole going to make up the problem of wheat growing for
a living.

The evident intention of these speculators is to make money both in buying and
selling their lands, and after the novelty wears away and the cream fairly skimmed
off, they will peddle them out by the quart (er) and ‘“‘better late than never,’’ for the
country. Then, what are these wheat farms worth, how can they be utilized? How
make amends for previous abuse?

True they can be seeded down, but what will you do with the product. Handling
hay for profit on a large scale is a delicate task, and stock to which the hay can be
fed becomes a necessity. Stock grewing presupposes shelter from cold and heat,
and fences for pastures, and it is then late in the day to commence a new deal, and
to make all this from seeds, seedlings and cuttings.

The law of congress regarding the growth and culture of timber, is too well
known to need mention in detail at this time, suffice it to say that in the extreme
liberality displayed in this measure, rare foresight was shown in the endeavor to pro-
vide this great and crying necessity, and the disadvantages are invariably owing to
the machinations of land sharks, who are always ready to snap up the unwary. The
most serious defect in the law, is allowing an entry under the timber culture act to
be relinquished, and either a homestead or pre-emption to be placed upon the same.
This will probably be changed by this present congress. We need all the timber
claims that have been made, and we must bave them improved. Estimating that
each settler on government land takes his full quota—three quarter sections, as is
the usual custom,—this will only provide one-sixty-fourth of the entire land to be
planted to timber. And now, how can the most be made of this limited area?

Too many men only see in this law the means of procuring 160 additional acres of
land, and if they comply with the law and carry out its demands, it will be as if they
are saved by grace alone.

The provisions of the law, in substance, is to the effect that the first year the land
must be broken, the second year cropped and the third year planted, in two install-
ments of five acres each, a year apart, ten acres in all, with an acre thrown in for
good measure, and to provide a firebreak around the young grove.

The best time to break is from May 15 to June 15, depending upon the condition
of the grass, which should be in its prime as to rankness, tenderness and juiciness,
it being desirable that it should rot speedily when turned under to the depth of two
inches. After doing this allow the breaking to rest until the middle of August, by
which time, in some localities, the noxious plant seeds in the soil will have grown
and can be turned under by back setting, 7. e. turning the sod bottom side up, with

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 107

two inches of fresh soil thrown over all,—this presupposes a breaking depth of two
inches and a back-setting depth of four inches. Ground thus treated, on examina-
tion the following spring, will be found to be as loose and friable as an ash heap,
and in fine condition for the crop as provided for by the statute. :

At this time many make a fatal mistake in planting a crop that will allow a thor-
ough seeding of weeds. Beyond question the best crop to keep the soil free from
weeds is flax. By carefully harrowing the soil, and planting in good condition, flax
will yield from fifteen to twenty bushels to the acre, and, as a rule, will average
eighteen bushels, and at the usual price ought to reimburse one for every penny ex-
pended up to this time.

As soon as the crop is harvested plow shallow, expecting before it freezes to plow
again, deeper than ever before, say six inches; after thorough harrowing the
timber claim will then be in fit condition for any kind of stock, be it trees, seeds or
cuttings. At the end of the second year, and all things being considered, if it is
possible to reach it before it freezes up, one should by all means plant the claim at
this time; why make two bites of a cherry? You have then anticipated the law
by two years, and put yourself beyond the pale of a jumper, who is always ready
to take advantage of any man, who through ignoran e or inability, fails to comply
with the law. To make the claim in finer condition, I would recommend the pul-
verizing of any claim jumper who may show himself in your vicinity, bone dust
being highly valuable as a fertilizer, and beside improving your own farm, you are
doing your neighbor a kindness in removing a detestable evil, peculiar to the
frontier.

From the large quantity of entries under this law, it is safe to say, that it will be
necessary to use the three methods provided, 7. e., trees, seeds and cuttings, with
the ground in proper condition anda growing spring, each will do well, if properly
planted. The rooted seedlings, however, will stand more abuse of planter and
season than the cutting or seed. The cutting will make larger growth, if a favora-
ble season, than either the tree or seed, providing they are the same when planted.
There are two things to avoid in planting cuttings or seeds: (1.) Sticking the cut-
ting by hand into the mellow soil. (2) Covering the seed with too much earth.

Plant a cutting with a spade, dibble or plow, if the two former, set full depth
and firmly. If, with the plow, open a furrow, set the cutting slanting in the fur-
row, and throw the earth back, filling the furrow, and pressing down perfectly the
loose soil on thecutting. In planting seed, it is a safe rule to cover with earth the
depth of the greatest diameter of the seed or kernel to be planted, unless it be wal-
nut or hickory nuts, which demand deep planting, to obtain moisture sufficient to
aid the germ to force its way out of the shell. By this I mean if an apple seed be
one-fourth of an inch at its greatest size that it would be safe to cover it a quarter
of an inch, a maple seed one-third of an inch should have one-third of an inch of
soil over it.

In preparing to plant, it would be advisable to mark in rows eight feet apart
north and south, planting two feet apart in these rows, and thus affording an op-
portunity to plant some kind of a hoed crop in the ground destined for the young
plantation, thus insuring careful cultivation for the trees, and allowmmg a profit
over and above the expense of cultivating each crop.

And now that we are ready to plant, what shall be the selection? Beyond doub

108 ANNUAL REPORT

the cottonwood is the hardiest, easiest grown of all the forest trees, and the least
desirable after being grown. Its long, far-reaching roots make it a perfect octopus,
sucking the life and moisture from soil, crops and other trees. Up to the period
that it becomes six to ten inches in diameter it is easy to handle, after that time
it is of no earthly use as timber to any one, from the comparative impossibllity to
work it up. It is soft, spungy wood, allowing the axe to penetrate to the eye, and
the locky structure of the fibre preventing it from splitting. After being split it
makes a fuel a little better than hay or sunflower stalks, being of a quick flashy
nature while burning. Laying aside the feasibility for fuel or timber purposes it
makes a quick, rampant growth for windbreaks or boundary line, a question of no
minor importance in a country subject to blizzards.

The surest way to propagate this, 1s by planting the seedings from twelve inches
to three feet in height.

Next to the cottonwood, as a general favorite, comes the white willow, grown from
cuttings. Itis by all odds the better investment of the two. Its rapidity of growth,
and the ease with which it is worked up, commends it in every spot that the cot-
tonwood could be placed; planted in a hedge, 1t soon makes a stock tight fence,
from which annually liberal amounts of fuel may be cut.

The box elder grows from seeds and seedlings, and in favorable years from cut-
tings attaining large size with great rapidity, its sap ranking nearly up to the sugar
maple in the manufacture of sugar, and as it occupies the half-way ground, be-
tween soft and hard woods, it is of more real value to the planter than the soft
woods, such as soft maple, willow and cottonwood.

The white or green ash 1s grown from seeds or seedlings. There are seasons
when cuttings will grow, but the latter method is not reliable, and will only suc-
ceed under the most favorable circumstances.

The wood of the ash is in demand in the manufacture of wagons, sleighs, and
other implements requiring tough, springy timber easy to work. It should be
planted in great numbers, as it offers some returns on the investment.

These four mentioned form, perhaps, 90 per cent. of the forest trees that are be-
ing planted on timber claims, owing to the ease with which they are obtained and
rapidity of growth.

The government accepts any tree that attains size and is desirable, such as the
four already enumerated, and also the poplar, elm, hard maple, linden, black and
white walnut, birch, oaks, larch, evergreens that are trees by nature and practice
and not shrubs, affording the plauter a wide range, with use and beauty as his
guides in his selection.

Our idea of a timber claim would be to select a plat of twenty acres in the most
favorable locality for timber growing, and prepare the plant as before advised in
rows eight feet apart, forming a piece 49x80 rods in extent, its greatest length east
and west. In this plat set alternate rows, two feet apart, in the following order:
White pine, European larch, balsam fir, white elm, Norway spruce, box elder,
white spruce, black walnut, red cedar, white walnut, Scotch pine, white ash.

The twenty acres would then be divided into a plat, eighty rods east and west
forty rods deep; this would subdivide into about eighty rows north and southy
forty rods long, eight feet apart, and trees two feet apart in the row would contain
54,000 trees, the constitutional number. Thorough cultivation in eight years or

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 109

less would give one of the grandest sites in the Northwest for a home, with ample
ground for barn-yards at a reasonable distance from the dwellings, and all alike
protected from the summer’s sun, or the winter’s wind.

Can we estimate the value of such a tract? Is the man or woman living, who,
possessing a claim so highly improved, would ever place a mortgage upon it?

And now that the trees are planted, what shall we do for further care of them?
For the first season, the low growing crops are the better, such as potatoes, beans,
or a low growing species of corn, that will not too thoroughly occupy the soil and
rob the weaklings of the warm rays of the sun. In case it is found that the trees,
seeds or cuttings have not come regularly, it will be easy in the month of June to
procure fresh seeds of soft maple and plant, thus filling out the vacancies at com-
paratively small expense. With good cultivation they will attain a height of
twelve inches the first summer.

We cannot expect to grow a crop in the young plantation after the third year, as
the trees should then stand as high as a man, and the leaves will occupy the space
thoroughly. They can then be trimmed and pruned to good advantage. With ju-
dicious thinning, by the eighth year, the trees will stand eight feet apart and 625 to
the acre. Their slender, shapely trunks, growing heavenward, will be a better
monument to industry and perseverance than all the worn-out wheat fields in the
Northwest. :

There may be a difference of opinion as to the best means to attain this end; but
there can be no controversy as to the truth that timber is what we need and must
have before our fertile valleys are the haven of rest they should be.

And now a word to those on our prairies who have not timber claims. Why not
surround four farms with a living fence? Set in three rows, four feet apart in the
row, breaking joints, how it would shorten the road to town, whether in bleak
midwinter, or whether the intensity of the summer’s heat fairly scorches the brain.
Think of the benefit such a belt would afford to the railroad that may pass through
your farm. The suffering and discomfort that would be aleviated when the snow
blockades are abroad in the land, with such a windbreak under good culture, I am
almost prepared to offer in the name of the railroad companies, free passes to the
men who plant and maintain such a windbreak, through a quarter section of land.

Should you desire to sell your farm, it will be a living advertisemeut, speaking
in eloquent language of our energy and thrift, and the good quality of our soil.

There are new departures in timber planting worthy of our consideration, promi-
nent among which are the hardy catalpa and the Russian mulberry. The former
you will remember as a native of the shores of Minnetonka, contemporaneous
with Col. Stevens and Father Hennepin. The mulberry, an importation from
Russia by the Mennonities, where it flourishes in a latitude of 49 degrees. Its con-
sequent hardness and the wonderful rapidity of growth, together with the fact of
its being the natural food of the silkworm, makes it by no means an unworthy ap-
plicant for public favor.

With the ideal timber claim under successful cultivation, and the mulberry, a
valuable addition to the former list, furnishing the means of luxury in the way of
silk, our friends of the amber cane society showing us how to make our own sweet,
we will then change the old figure of speech, when each man ‘sat under his own
vine and fig tree,”’ to a new version, when, ‘‘ clad in silk garments, we recline un-

110 ANNUAL REPORT

der the wide spreading boughs of an old orchard tree, sipping syrup made from
the amber cane,’’ we will be fit subjects of envy by the gods.

We cannot bring this article to an end without paying some slight tribute to the
noble men who have so long and dilligently labored to convince the destructive
people of America that we must do somethIng to make amends for the devastated
forests, and that the only way to do this is by replanting, Prominent among them
is Dr. John A. Warder, who, first, last and all the time, has been an-earnest advo-
cate of forest trees, and in season, and out of season has had the one end in view,
to add to our forests.

One of the most successful arboriculturists in the Northwest is Judge E. C.
Whiting, of Monona county, lowa. He has confuted once and for all the fallacy
. that forest trees cannot be grown on the prairie, and to-day has living witnesses by
the thousands in shapely, stately forest trees on his farm in the Missouri valley.

Nor would we forget our own earnest worker, Mr. L. B. Hodges, who has done
more for forestry and forest tree planting than any ten men in the state, and to-day
is earnest and active in this commendable pursuit. Honor to them and their work.
Proud may we be to occupy an humble position in their ranks, striving for this
noble cause, and may our honest endeavors to ameliorate the condition of our
frontier sufferers prove our worthiness to stand with them, laboring from the com-
mon end.

Mr. Dart presented the following resolution which was adopted:

Resolved, That in all competitive exhibitions we recognize and admit exhibitors
from Wisconsin and Dakota, belonging to the same fruit belt as Minnesota.

THE SECRETARY’S REPORT.

Our horticultural year, closing with the beginning of this meeting, has not been
an extraordinary one, either of failure or success.

No disheartening calamity of cold or of untempered wind or summer heat, has
swept the product of our horticultural labors entirely from the credit side of na-
ture’s ledger of fruits and flowers. While all intelligent and painstaking labor has
not been met with its meed of success, this should not discourage, for the same fact
is recorded of all climates, and that a majority of our workers have been repaid for
their labors here in Minnesota is a lasting memorial, bearing evidence of the skill
of our cultivators and the value of our Horticultural Society. Its teachings have
not been for ourselves alone; but through the beneficence of the legislators of our
State we have been able to send our published reports to the ‘‘poor but honest’’
lover of horticulture everywhere upon application. The demand for our reports
is so rapidly increasing that your secretary must ask for positive instructions as to
their distribution, outside of the provisions of the law.

I have letters in my portfolio from prominent horticulturists bearing tribute to
the great value of our work, as being absolute authority relating to the hardiness
of trees and plants. This fact makes our volumes of peculiar interest to the nur-
seryman who grows for the northern trade, and also to those who are following
westward the star of empire, and wish for knowledge relating to the horticultural
possibilities of the North Star State.

To this latter class I have endeavored always courteously to respond, believing
that in doing so l was not only benefitting our State, but ourselves as well, fo,

‘we are the State.”’

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. tt

Fortunately, before the burning of the capitol last winter, I had secured a large
number of our reports, in addition to those already on hand, and with the excep-
tion of 1879, we now have several hundred copies of each issue. These will all be
wanted in time, as each convert to horticulture joining our society is anxious, and
justly entitled to complete his files of our reports. Add to this the demand from
kindred societies and public libraries shows the wisdom of giving carefully in our
liberality.

With the consent and advice of our president I had constructed a number of
strong cases, to contain all our volumes and they are now all arranged and as-
sorted, each case being marked with number and date of contents. So far I have
been able to furnish a room for the storage of these boxes without cost to the so-
ciety, but Lam unable longer to do so, and would suggest that some immediate
steps be taken to secure a suitable room, that would be at once convenient of ac-
cess and secure from fire.

It is reasonable to suppose that upon the completion of our State capitol build-
ing we will be able to secure a room in that for this purpose, and also for the pur-
poses of our meeting, if so desired, and the plan for storage need only be considered
temporary.

With its customary liberality in forwarding projects of public weal, our last
regular session of the legislature granted us an annual appropriation of $1,000 to
aid us in our work, and also increased the number of our reports to be printed by
the State, and also allowed us an increased number of pages.

The same act provides for the distribution of almost one-half of them. As there
was no room for the current year’s publication in the State document room, at the re-
quest of the secretary of State I took charge of the entire 5,000 copies and made the
distribution as required by law, so far as I thought best, without consulting the so-
ciety. I have delivered to the chief of the immigration bureau 500 copies, and sent
fifty copies to each county agricultural society and local horticultural society in
the State and the State Agricultural society.

The law further provides that each periodical published in the State and each
member of the legislature shall have a copy, but as no authority is vested in me to
pay postage on so large a number of copies, I have left this for your consideration.

As bound volumes are so much more desirable for preservation, I took the re-
sponsibility of ordering 500 copies in cloth, samples of which are being distributed
to members of the meeting.

There has been one meeting of the executive committee, one of committee on
premium lists, and a fall meeting of the society at Lake City, of which all have
had due notice, and full reports are hereby submitted, consisting of premiums
awarded, with names of exhibitors, etc., the discussions and addresses at the Lake
City meeting, which will be an important factor in next roport.

The last report was in the hands of the printers early in the spring and was the
first State horticultural report ready for distribution. This is due much to the
promptitude of the State printer, J. K, Moore of St. Peter; and the work is credit-
ably done. Errors have crept into it that would not be there if the work had been
done in St. Paul or Minneapolis, as the distance compelled proof sending by mail,
which prevented the careful revision necessary to insure correctness. While these
reports are good for all time, the current year’s publication seems to be demanded

112 ANNUAL REPORT

early, and all reasonable means should be used to place it in the hands of the peo-
ple as early as possible.

SECRETARY ’S FINANCIAL STATEMENT.

Receipts since last annual meeting:

RUGTADETS LDCS: are tick = a mys feel page Bis ries sia a pi Seb aiae ibis tok ainie mets con, * 20
From State Treasury........0«.« eiata fate sulile-siein Mei 64 Wigs asia ta hh nik a ule’ sales 131 00
Harmer’s special, Lake Citys cc he crip vee eos euler wie AP APA Or 9 00

} $150 00

Disbursements as per schedule, audited by committee, $166.21, leaving a balance
due the society of $16.21.

The report of the committee on the president’s address, was then submitted and
adopted, as follows:

Mr. President, and Members of the Horticultural Society :

Your committee would make the following suggestions : :

First. The appointment of a committee of (3) three to confer with the Horticul-
tural Societies of Iowa and Wisconsin, looking toward the appointment of a simi-
lar committee from the societies of these states. The joint committee of (9) nine,
to compile a hand book of instruction, for the use of Horticulturists, said book to
be a brief synopsis of desirable varieties, how to plant them and subsequent culti-
vation, said book not to exceed 150 pages, nor to cost each society a larger sum than
($100.00) one hundred dollars, and to be endorsed by each society before publication.

Second. That the executive committee be instructed to appropriate the sum of
($200.00) two hundred dollars, be set aside annually from the annual appropriation
of $1,000.00, and invested in interest bearing bonds, interest and principal to be
devoted to a premium list, with the object in view of increasing our list of hardy
winter varieties of apples, undcr such restrictions, as shall be deemed best by the
society. .

Third. That the regents of the State Univeristy be requested to institute an ex-
perimental fruit farm, on the part of the new University farm, under scientific
management.

Fourth. That a seedling fruit committee of three (3) be elected by the society,
and that such committee shall testify their willingness to serve on such committee,
their reasonable necessary expenses being paid by the society for visiting desirable
seedling trees in our own State. The expenses of such committee not to exceed
$100.00.

Fifth. That our society acknowledge their just and honorable indebtedness to
Messrs. R. J. Mendenhall and Wyman Elliot, and that the proceeds from member-
ships be deposited to the order of our Treasurer, on interest; that certificates be
issued Messrs. Mendenhall and Elliot in the sum of $100.00 each, to be paid as
such sums accrue, to reimburse them for condensing, compiling and publishing our
report from 1866 to 1873.

Siath. That the executive committee be authorized to appropriate the sum of
$200.00 annually, (the first payment to be made at the present time) to be paid to
our Secretary, for labor in our behalf, also, that the Secretary be authorized to pro-
cure at the expense of our society, suitable and necessary cuts, to be used in illus-
trating our reports.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 113

Seventh. That our Secretary be authorized to offer the Secretaries of the lowa
and Wisconsin State societies, to exchange a number of reports, equal to our mem-
bership, with a view to furmishing each of our members with a copy of their
reports. =

Eighth. That this society elect a delegate to the winter meeting of the Wiscon-
sin Horticultural Society, 1882, and to the Iowa Society 1883; and pay reasonable
expenses incurred by such delegate; the object of this, to secure a report of such
meetings for publication in our reports.

The following resolution, No. 9, was laid on the table :

That the executive committee be authorized to appropriate three hundred dol-
lars annually, to be expended in equal amounts at the annual summer and winter
meetings in payment of premiums on fruit, flowers and vegetables.

The committee in closing their report, compliment President Harris on his useful

and instructive address.
S. M. Emery,

J. H. STEVENS,
F. G. GouLp,
Committee.

The following officers were elected for the ensuing year:
President, Joun 8. Harris, La Crescent.
Vice-President, Ist District, A. W. Sras, Rochester.
$ e 2d “* _ §. M. Emery, Lake City.
“4 4 3d iis G. W. Fuuuer, Litchfield.
Secretary, U. S. Honuister, St Paul.
Treasurer, J. T. Grimes, Minneapolis.
EK. H. 8. Dart was elected delegate to the lowa meeting, session of
1883.
The chair was instructed to appoint delegates to the annual meeting
of the State Agricultural Society.
Upon motion, it was decided to hold the next annual meeting at
Minneapolis, begining the third Thursday in January, at 9 a. M., and
continue four days.

Mr. Gibbs presented the following resolution, which was adopted:

Resolved, that one or more summer meetings for the exhibition of small fruit and
flowers be held at such time and place as the ex-committee may deem best, and
that the sum of fifty dollars be appropriated for premiums at such meetings, pro-
vided the locality where such meetings are held shall contribute for premiums an
amount equal to one-half the amount offered by this society, and that the subject
of fall or winter meetings be left to the executive committee, to act at their
discretion.

COMMERCIAL ORCHARDING.
BY E. B. JORDAN, ROCHESTER, MINN.

The first steps toward commercial orcharding are the planting and growing of
an orchard and the selection of such varieties as will produce a profitable return of
fruit in market.

8

114 ANNUAL REPORT

In this severe climate where the temperature, once in five or six winters, goes
down to 40 or 45 degrees below zero, next in importance to the selection of varie~-
ties, is the selection of a suitable location. a

All else being equal, a location surrounded on the north and west by water is the
best. Yet, I find in our state, where the blight is so prevalent, that the chances
are that you may not gain much, as the annual loss is very great, where the atmos-
phere is heavily charged with moisture.

So a timber protection would be desirable were it not that without free circula-
tion of air your trees suffer much from blight. We find that high or elevated land
sloping to the north or east with south protection, is best. Mr. Gideon once said to
me, ‘‘that one acre of north slope was worth ten acres of south slope for an orch-
ard,’’ and I believe he was not far from right.

As I have already suggested, the most important thing when you have selected
a desirable location, and thoroughly subsoiled the same and prepared it for plant-
ing, is the selection of the varieties. After fourteen years of experience and
orcharding in Minnesota, and the planting of over 200 varieties of the standard
apples, and now having over 100 acres in orchard, my selection of varieties for a
commercial or a domestic orchard would be very small. You can count them on
less than the fingers of one hand. The varieties that I shall recommend as havy-
ing been of profit to me are, Tetofsky, Duchess of Oldenburg, and Wealthy.

I have given them in their order of ripening, (the apples,) but in points of value
the first should be last. Yet my Tetofsky apples the past summer brought me $2
a bushel, while two weeks later the Duchess were selling in the same market at.
fifty cents a bushel, and my Wealthy sold at from $1 to $1.25 a bushel. Yet the
profit on Duchess at fifty cents was greater than on Tetofsky at $2. I am looking
for better returns from my Tetofsky trees, they having well withstood the severity
of the last two winters. Minnesota’s favorite variety of apple, the Wealthy, has
gone clear to the front in Vermont horticulture. Dr. Hoskins, of Newport, in the
northern part of the state, pronounces it ‘‘ the king of all hardy apples,’’ keeping
until March and outselling the Baldwin or any other variety brought into that
market. In the shipping of fruit I have had but little experience, as our city,
Rochester, has furnished market for all my apples except the last season. I did
not expect at so early a day to be obliged to ship fruit, but our market was so flood-
ed with early apples that I had to look to other markets for the consumption of
my Duchess apples. Not having made preparation, I had to ship most of my
apples to be sold on commission _In most cases they netted $1 per bushel. The
points shipped to were St. Paul, Minneapolis, St. Peter, Sleepy Eye, Tracy,
Marshall, Redwood Falls, St. James, Windom, Worthington, Wells, Jackson, and
in Dakota, Watertown, Aurora, Brookings and Huron

Of the three varieties named I have in my orchard: Tetofsky, about 2,000 ; Duch-
ess of Oldenburg, 3,000; Wealthy, 7,000 to 8,000, and I am now preparing to plant
1,000 more this spring.

Of grapes I had a beautiful crop of Concords. My Eumelian not being covered
early, all killed to the ground. Janesville were planted on low ground and mil-
dewed badly.

Of plums I had a fine crop but none of much value for market except the Miner. °
They sold readily at $1.60 per bushel.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 115

We very much need a long-keeping winter apple with all the qualities of the
Wealthy. Who shall furnish this apple?

Mr. Gould asked Mr. Jordan how many apples he had shipped. He
answered about four hundred bushels. He had seven hundred bushels
altogether.

For every hundred trees planted he would plant ten Tetofsky,
thought they would become profitable as they got older.

Mr. Jordan was anxious to ventilate the subject of blight. He be-
lieved it an animalcule growth, and that a remedy was found in
sulphur. He gave the following, which he said, saved his trees. One
part sulphur and four parts unslacked lime. He prepared, by slacking
the lime, and when at its greatest heat, in slacking, he adds the
sulphur. With this, he whitewashes his trees thoroughly. If the
blight gets started before this application, he uses air-slacked lime and
sulphur, dusting the trees with it. He believes that if you cannot pre-
vent blight from appearing, that he can kill it, when once there.

Mr. Fuller had used the same preparation sufficiently to destroy cur-
rant worm, and to prevent blight.

Mr. Sias stated, that from personal knowledge, Mr. Jordan’s orchard
was nearly free from blight, and thought his method a success.

Mr. Jordan stated, that he thought timber protection, that kept out
a free circulation of air, contributed to blight and mildew.

Mr. Bunnell said, that in his travels, orchards that were most shel-
tered showed the most blight.

Mr. Jordan said, there are varieties of apples that never blight un-
less planted near blighting trees. He said he could grow Wealthy or
Transcendent without blight. The secret is to keep back all sap-
sprouts on wood of the Transcendent, not allow a particle to grow. He
now has no blight in his orchard, but agrees with Mr. Pearce, that it is
epidemic, and that he may get it yet.

The subject of the Russian mulberry was brought up, but no one
seemed to possess much information regarding it. Col. Stevens and
Mr. Gould each had fifty, and would report at next meeting.

DISCUSSION OF QUESTION.

What tree or trees would you plant in the Red River Valley, fifty
miles northwest of Fargo, soil from two to four feet deep, black, with
little or no sand, the country flat, also what apple trees would you
recommend ?

Mr. Emery would plant white willow, birch and poplar. Thinks the

116 ANNUAL REPORT

list as presented in his paper about right. He thinks our Minnesota
list of apples will do well there if well cared for.

Mr. Fuller said he would send the Transcendent crab there. Mr.
Aebrnethy had seen the Transcendent doing well at Winnipeg.

Discussion of question, what eyes of the potato produce the earliest
and best yields of potatoes. Not answered, except that Mr. Harris
stated that the strongest eyes gave the earliest crop.

Regarding potatoes in general, Mr. Harris said he thought the
Beauty of Hebron was holding ts own. The White Elephant he re-
garded as hardly up to expectation, but explained that his were
planted late. ‘

Mr. Sias recommended the Beauty of Hebron first, and Early Ohio
second, for early, and the Burbank seedling for late.

Mr. Gibbs exhibited the Belle, and spoke highly of it, though he
would like to give it further trial. He said the Jordan Prolific gave
the largest crop of any potato he had grown, and the quality was
excellent.

Mr. Grimes thought the Early Vermont a better cropper than the
Beauty of Hebron.

Discussion of question, which is the best time to gather apples to
have them keep?

Mr. Harris would gather them just before ripening fully. ‘

Truman M. Smith said grapes should be gathered just when fully
ripe.

WEDNESDAY EVENING, JANUARY 18.

The following bills were presented and ordered paid:

Heating room during present: session...2-.-.5----- \-224--e oe $ 6 00
GasmixiTItOd 2) otc oS eee eet aie ens eth Rae oa oe ee 2 50
a ee oe el a eta keel ee ee ee 2 50
Bs. eeris. GXPeCNSESe: otis oaks Anh ne bale See he Na oe) 3 11 00

The committee of awards on fruit, made the following report :

Mr. President:

Your committee on fruits on exhibition find a very creditable display of apples,
contributed mostly by members from the southern half of the State. We also find
’ that our people are becoming better acquainted with the science of pomology, as
the present exhibit compared with that of former years fully demonstrates.

The contributions are as follows :

Collins Pratt) MilvillesswWabashaw. Cowan ce 0 veic nities eal <i » 3 plates
Underwood & Emery, Lake City ...........c.cceseeeee cette ccceeeeees 15 es
Baker Harrison, Lake City ............00 :. ccs ccnen cece seccecesecs Wt Ream eo.

Oliver Gibbs Jr, COMI «ss, 9 cvarnsele uel Aboot lotenste ebeeheteyarclspanere:s) = oiersialeltetorets 3

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Let

Hazlett S, SI Yee a Walk Ue vista sclera Wo nts, athe ie e OAIG 0H 'n:oia7% 9 9 1 plate
Peffer George P., Pawaukee, Wis...... .. seve ceeeseeecceserceereess Ze aie
iMicheror 1). K.; Etna, Filmore Co... 2. i ..cce cece e ce eeee cece JAR Ean Theat
Forster Wm., Chatfield, es Bn aise actbetaratantoke che oie viele wale tsa nicl sitet 1) ee
riman Mrs. Geo., HOKaR 66 9) sich. ce weed ates adie) 3 a) 3p Rid vatetmalcratei ste its
Elliot Wyman, Minneapolis ........... ..cecececne ceeeee cece sane cence oes
- also a large display of Wealthy.
eerie De G., Lake City... 0. ccc cece n ct cee eres ccene cceves sees 3 He
Total number GF, plates. ss... <cecas a0) meen saeae oo 38

Of varieties we find the following: Walbridge, Utter’s Red, Haas, Golden Rus-
sett, Talman Sweet, Plumbs Cider, Perry Russett, Minnesota, Quaker Beauty,
Hutchinson’s Sweet, Seedling No. 8, Melinda, Wealthy, Fall Orange, Allen Rus-
sett, Gibbs’ Crab, Peffer’s Seedling No. 1, Grimes’ Golden, Gen. Grant, Pewaukee,
Maiden Blush, Long Keeper, Hyslop, Soulard, Lady Crab, Jewel’s Red Winter,
and also seven plates of seedlings unnamed, comprising in all thirty-two varieties
of apples and one plate of grapes, (the Iowa).

This is certainly a large collection of varieties, but it must be borne in mind
that many of them are not sufficiently hardy for our climate unless planted in *
favorable localities.

Your committee, after careful examination, submit the following awards of
premiums :

Best display of apples, Wyman Elliot......... Trafopageels; stad Seth state ys.ore Ist premium
Best plate of Wealthy, Collins Pratt .......00.. ce seee cece ee erenee lst
+ be Dnderwond G BMeryiadiec.xwscieaet sine diene bias 2d
as Biiher-sskved:. © AGU DS spasjerccs petereiels ere (a oterole otelsietel. (aa a4 1st
bf : Underwood & Emery.......-....-+-0e0e- 2d
uC Haas, Uuderwood & Emery. .....)...- cscs ccessosece Ist
a Walbridge, Underwood & Hmery..........-.0s.s00-:. Ist
Ee Seedling not before exhibited, Geo. P. Peffer......... Ist
re ef A ee Wm Forster........... 2d
ag variety not named, O, Gibbs .... ....cecceeessenees Ist
" “ ef Gear eer Clb licje croin d:sivie: eh eiereysie sje eens 2d
¥ Minnesota Crab, Underwood & Emery .......-...++- Ist
45 Hybrid not named “6 SRS Ca scm aco Ist
A ‘¢ (desert) re Ae Mae ange. Ist
as i % 5 0G SY eR a PSSA 2d

o. long keeping Hybrid, Underwood & Emery........... Ist 4,
For the best plate of long keeping grapes, Wyman Elliot.......... Ist ;

All of which is respectfull submitted.
J. T. GRIMES,
M. PEARCE,
F. G. GouLp.

In answer to a question as to the best time to prune trees, Mr. Un-
derwood advocated pruning in June.

Mr. Pearce agreed with Mr. Underwood. Mr. Pearce would not
prune, but would pinch back young shoots.

118 . ANNUAL REPORT

Mr. Harris thought we might prune in the fall with perfect safety.

Upon motion of the Secretary, a vote of thanks was tendered Mr.
Gale, for use of chairs, furnished by him.

The Committee on final resolutions, made the following report :

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON FINAL RESOLUTIONS.

Mr .Chairman and Members of the State Horticultural Society :

Your committee have a pleasant task to perform, in returning their sincere
thanks to the citizens of Minneapolis for their generous treatment of our delegates,
We are under renewed obligations for this duty so pleasantly and hospitably
rendered.

We can only offer, in token of our sincere appreciation, a hearty invitation to
those citizens to lend their presence to our summer meetings, and allow us an op-
portunity to reciprocate in some slight degree their many favors, to us as a society.

We would further remember in grateful appreciation, the Chicago, Milwaukee &
St. Paul, the Chicago & Northwestern and the Chicago, Minneapolis & Omaha
lines of railroad, for substantial favors tendered, in furnishing transportation to
our members, to and from this convention, at one and one-fifth the regular rate.

Also the chamber of commerce, for the use of their pleasant room, for our
sessions.

Especial thanks are due to Messrs. Pearce, Stevens, Elliot, Chute and Menden-
hall, for their self-imposed duties of providing room entertainment for our mem-
bers during the meetings, and to the daily papers, for their generous reports of our
sessions. Also to H. A. Gale, for his kindness in furnishing chairs to seat the hall
ean conclusion, we compliment individually and colletively, the members of the
society, for the good attendance and interest that have prevailed.

We. certainly, as lovers of Horticulture, can feel encouraged at the present, and,
We, as a‘society, can but be of great benefit to our young State and the entire North-

west, by a faithful performance of our duty.
G. W. FULLER,

S. M. EMERY.
The Secretary was instructed to rent a room for storage of Horti-
cultural property, and to correspond with the officers of local societies,
relating to the holding of a summer meeting.
Wymann Elliot and R. J. Mendenhall were unanimously elected
honorary life members of the society.

THE CULTIVATION AND PROTECTION OF ORCHARDS IN
MINNESOTA.

BY J. T. GRIMES, OF MINNEAPOLIS.

In this cold climate we have much to learn in the cultivation and care of orch-
ard trees and some things to unlearn, for the most plausible theories frequently
fail in practice, and what we may claim to be an established fact to-day, to-morrow
may prove to be no fact at all, and we are constantly surrounded by apparent con-
tradictions that we are unable to explain.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 119

It is plain that there can be no safety in planting an orchard of trees that cannot
be relied upon to endure all probable extremes of cold in the place where they are
to grow. Many who have thought differently have been brought most unwillingly
to accept this conclusion as one not to be evaded. The limit of successful orchard-
‘ing is determined by two factors: the intensity of the cold and the resisting power
of the trees. The two past winters have done much to enlighten us on this very
point and there can be little doubt that there is an exact limit under certain condi-
tions that govern the vitality of every species and variety of plant, as regards tem-
perature, and as we proceed north we find one after another in the catalogue dis-
appear, until nothing but the lowest order of plantsremain. Practically the plant-
ing of orchards in this climate must be limited to the varieties that are not killed
by a minus temperature of 42 degrees. This is the aerial temperature at which the
mercury congeals, and trees without sufficient resisting force cannot be called
‘“Sronclads.’”’ Itis a matter of vital importance that we should understand the
prerequisites to success, without which after cultivation and protection is little less
than loss of time and labor.

There are various opinions in regard to cultivation; some contend that orchard
trees should be deeply planted and their cultivation somewhat neglected, in order
to have them ripen up early, thus producing little wood well matured before the
cold sets in. Others say plant shallow (no deeper than the trees grew in the nur-
sery), in good soil, give good cultivation, ridging up to the trees, mulch heavily
and wrap the trunks for the winter, and in a few years the roots will penetrate be-
low the frost so as to insure a circulation of sap to some extent without regard to
temperature, by which the vitality of the tree is maintained. Good in theory, but
what does it amount to in practice if the trees are not hardy enough for the climate
without it? Why is it that we have somany black-hearted trees in all our orch-
ards that stand as witnesses against the recommendations of this society? A black-
hearted tree is one injured by cold and is self-condemned for planting where the
winters are severe. Such trees never live long, or become profitable, and might as
well be dug up at once. I have never known any but a black-hearted tree to bleed
when cut or otherwise injured, and such trees always become the prey of insects
which sometimes extend their depredations to the injury of whole orchards. Some
have concluded that insects have been the main cause of disease when the reverse
was the case. A healthy tree is rarely attacked. To an experienced eye the clear
bark reveals the healthy tree.

Let us suppose that you have selected suitable grounds for an orchard, and that
you have planted none but healthy, hardy trees, and that now your success de-
pends upon the cultivation and protection you give them. In the first place, while
the trees are young and until they come into bearing, the ground should be well
tilled about them during the season of growth; but as soon as the growth checks,
cultivation should cease for the season in order that the wood may ripen before
cold weather, otherwise late cultivation would be likely to produce a second growth
which could not withstand the severity of our winters, and the whole tree would
be injured. Hoed crops of some kind, or small fruits, can be grown profitably be-
tween the rows while the trees are small, and just such cultivation as they require
would be most beneficial to the trees,

Pruning may be considered a necessary part of cultivation. Some persons think

120 ANNUAL REPORT

the knife indispensable in keeping the trees in proper shape. But my advice is to
let your trees branch low and do but little pruning. Millions of trees have been
destroyed by pruning, and this is more true in our northern climate than else-
where, but it is true everywhere. Each wound made by the knife or saw is a dan-
ger and aninjury. By beginning right and making the subject a study, trees need
no pruning except such as may be done by the thumb and finger, and in this way
may be grown to maturity without a scar. Yet sometimes we have ill-grown trees
that must be pruned. When this is the case the first question is as to the proper
season. The governing principle in all cases is to have as small an exposed surface
as possible for the winter’s cold to act upon. This excludes fall pruning in our
climate altogether. When pruning is done early in the spring the wound will go
on healing all summer, and many of the smaller cuts will be nearly or quite healed
by fall. If it should be necessary to take off a larger branch than would likely
heal over, better cut a littlefrom the trunk, leaving a spur about an inch or two-
long, which should be covered well with paint or some clastic water-proof cement,

Manuring is as indispensable in keeping up the fertility of the soil of an orchard
as for other growing crops, but should not be applied too liberally, especially near
the trunks of the trees. When the orchard comes into bearing and the growth of
the trees no longer permit the use of the plow, then it should be seeded down with
clover or some other grass that will not make a compact sod, especially above the
trunks of the trees.

We now come to that part of our subject which treats of the winter protectiom
of orchards. In the first place, if your trees are not sufficiently hardy for the cli-
mate, better give them over to the tender mercies of the winter winds at once.
Some advantage may be taken in selecting a site for an orchard for even the Du-
chess and Wealthy are not hardy in many localities. It is generally admitted that
high ground is less subject to the extremes of heat and cold during the winter than
low land, and a northwestern exposure is perhaps the best on account of the frost
remaining in the ground longer in the spring, thus keeping back the circulation of
sap until the proper time for the commencement of the season’s growth. If, by
any means, the sap could be kept in check until the hot days and cold nights that
intervene between winter and spring is past, then we should hear less complaint of
sun scald on the south side of our apple trees. I do not know but there is some
analogy between sun scald and blight, and the cause of the one may in some meas-
ure be productive of the other.: Protection from prevailing winds, especially the
fall and winter winds, is very desirable, and for this purpose wind breaks of spruce,
pine or arborvite planted around and through the orchard are worth far more
than they cost, and if well cared for add much to the beauty and value of the
grounds.

While the trees are young and the bark tender, rabbits and mice esteem it a
privilege to have free access to the orchard, and sometimes before the owner is
aware many trees are damaged beyond recovery. Blood or offal of most any kind
sprinkled on the bark will keep away the rabbits, and working the ground up to
the trees, or a small mound of earth thrown up around them will usually keep off
the mice. This last precaution is also necessary when trees happen to stand in
low spots and where the water is liable to freeze around them. I have known
many trees to be girdled in this way.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 121

There is still another difficulty to be considered and one of no little importance
in winter protection. Most of our hardy trees have been grafted upon seedling
roots grown from seeds collected promiscously at the cider mills and are conse-
quently are tender and unreliable as stocks for grafting, and unless there is a suffi-
cient covering of snow, or the ground about them heavily mulched, are almost
sure to winter kill, and such will be the result until our nurserymen are willing to
stake their reputation upon the hardiness of the roots as well as the tops, This
fact has led some to believe that the roots of fruit trees are more easily killed by
cold than the trunks and limbs. I have known apple trees that appeared healthy
and vigorous at the putting forth of the leaves in spring to die before midsummer
from this very cause. This is a matter of the most vital importance to every fruit-
grower, and one which is not yet understood in all its bearings as it should be.
Hence this society together with those nurserymen that meet with us from time to -
time say mulch, mulch and save your trees! Yes, you may mulch the roots and
wrap the trunks in a blanket and kiss them to bed, and flatter yourself that when
they become older, larger and stronger, they become more hardy and repay your
tender care with all the lusciousness that Pomona can bestow. If trees become
more hardy as they attain growth and age I have failed to notice it; on the con-
trary, many trees that grow thrifty in the nursery and seem hardy, fail in the orch-
ard soon after coming into bearing. It is well and proper to mulch the roots and
give all the protection possible, but if the trees have not vital force within them-
selves to resist the extreme degrees of cold to which they will be subject, better at
once procure for them a burial place among the honored dead. It should be the
work of this society to prove the hardiness as well as the quality of the fruits we
recommend, _

The State has given us a liberal annual appropriation to aid us in our investiga-
tions and experiments and will certainly look to us tor its legitimate results.

In discussing this paper President Harris said he had known orch™
ards of black-hearted trees that lived to great age and were profitable.
The heart wood of a tree may be dead or decayed and still the outside
go on growing, and the tree continue thrifty and in full bearing. Yet

would not recommend planting black-hearted trees when others can
be obtained.

REPORT OF COMMMITTEE ON FLOWERS AND PLANTS,
AND CANNED FRUITS.

The committee, in awarding premiums on flowers, plants and fruits, regret to
find so few entries, deeming that competition would prove a stimulus to greate™
effort.

They feel, that in making this criticism, they condemn themselves, as well as
others, and would suggest, that the society take such measures as would be con-
ducive, to a larger and more attractive display.

The committee would advise the male members to use their influence with their
wives, ‘‘ their sisters, their cousins and their aunts,’’ to induce them to take a more
active part in their deliberations, and, at the same time, impart confidence to the

122 ANNUAL REPORT

occasional woman interested in horticulture, who may timidly venture to seat her-
self upon the outskirts of this august assembly.

There are but few subjects discussed that would not prove of interest to a wo-
man wishing to add to the comfort and beauty of her house, from the hardy ever-
green, and apple tree, to the delicate flowers of the ‘‘ Cyclamen,”’ casting its refin-
ing Influence over the most humble dwelling. '

To be sure, she may not be so well qualifled to judge’of the hardiness of the tree
but her taste, unimpaired by the use of tobacco, to say nothing of stroger stimu-
lous, would at least render her more competent to test the superior quality and
flavor of the fruit, and, if she would only remember that the good, old scriptural
injunction, ‘‘ Let your women keep silence in meeting,’’ did not apply to Horticul-
tural societies, she might, by uplifting her voice, show how much horticulture, by
well directed effort, can do for woman, changing what is too often but a dreary
abiding place, comfortless and unadorned, to a house in the true sense of the
word, where grace, and beauty, and refinement, are taught by the trees and.
shrubs and flowers.

ANNA B. UNDERWOOD,
Mrs. F. G. Goutp,
JuLiA H. EMERY.
The following awards are made:
R. J. MENDENHALL,
1st premium on display of plants in bloom.
= 3 single specimen plant.
ornamental folage plant.
floral design.
round boquet.
ee ee flat ce
Mrs. D. G. Heeare, Lake City.
1st premium on crab apple jelly.
a a canned raspberries.
mixed pickles-
display, Minnesota grown canned fruit.

ee

ee es

ec ce

Report of committee of awards on vegetables: .
Wyman Elliot, of Minneapolis, O. Gibbs, of Lake City, and J. 8. Harris, of La
Crescent, make the following exhibit :
Wyman Eniot,
1st premium on display of potatoes.

1st A peck early ee
2d es Bed, pAate Me
Ist a Ee DECLS-
ec ms 3 Hubbard squash.
O, GIBBs,
2d premium on display of potatoes.
2d ee peck early ‘

1st gu ** Jate te

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 123

J. 8. Harris,

Ist premium on peck yellow onions,
President Harris offered the following copy of report of viewing
committee on flowers at the State fair, which was ordered published in

transactions:

The committee report a fine collection of plants tastefully arranged, those from
Rochester being very fresh and beautiful. The fountain throwing sprays of water
over the plants, greatly enhanced the beauty of the display, which was fully appre-
ciated by the thronging multitude.

We have been greatly troubled to decide between the first and second premiums,
for best display of green house plants.

We think that Mrs. Welch makes the finest show, and that her plants seem to be
in the most healthy condition ; but Mr. Salzer has more vase plants, and they have
been longer on the grounds, and coming from a greater distance, has somewhat in-
jured their appearance, still, we feel compelled to award him the first premium, and
Mrs. Welch the second, for best display of green house plants.

The third premium 1s awarded to Mrs. Nisbet, whose collection is smaller, but in
fine condition, and deserves honorable mention.

There is close competition between the exhibitors of coleus and foliage plants.
Mr. Salzer’s collection of coleus is large and beautiful, but Mrs. Welch has more
varieties, with more brilliant maskings. Mrs. Welch’s plants are less in number,
but very highly colored and very thrifty ; Mr. Salzer’s more varied and tropical.

We found difficulty in awarding single plant, because but few were entered, so
many being part of a collection, and not subject toa prize. Some plants on the
premium list are not represented at all, and quite a number are entered that are
not on the premium list.

Mrs. N. C. CHapin,

Mrs. C. F. YouNGLOvVE,

Mrs. P. L. DANSINGBURY.
Committee.

The following letter from J. L. Budd, of Iowa, was deemed worthy

of publication:
Ames, Iowa, Dec. 27, 1881.
Mr. J. H. Harris:

My Dear Srr:—I intended to get up to your meeting this year, but find I can-
not, a8 Our meeting commences on the 17th of January. If I could be on hand to
defend it I would like to read a paper on the fruits of northern Europe. The sub-
ject is not well understood. There is no lack of winter varieties of the apple of
the Astrachanica type around Moscow. At St. Petersburg the summers are too
short and cool to mature winter varieties. Around Moscow are also grown pears,
cherries, plums, and Apricots which would be valuable in your climate. The idea
of making anything from the crosses of the Siberian crab will amount to nothing,
as the whole race has too much tendency to blight. Sooner or later you will decide
to make use of the fruits of northern Europe and Asia.

In judging of the Russian fruits, the idea should be kept in mind that when the
scions were sent from St, Petersburg in 1870, Dr. Regel had just commenced his

124 ANNUAL REPORT

work. He was a German, and very naturally he secured scions of over four hun-
dred varieties from Dr. Lucas of the Pomological Institute at Reulingen, Germany.
All of these were sent to Washington, with a few of the true Russian varieties.

Of course these German varieties would not stand with you, but on hardy stocks
most of the Moscow sorts will prove as hardy as the Oldenburg.

I hope you will have a pleasant and profitable meeting.

Yours with respect,
J. L. Bupp.

As pertaining to the subject of Russian apples, the following letter
from Geo. P. Peffer, while attending the Agricultural Congress at
Washington will be of interest:

Wasurneton, D. C., January 12, 1882.
U. S. Hollister:

My Dear Srr:—I have just met Prof. Porter, your delegate to the Agricultural
Congress, and he asked me to report on the Russian apples in the government ex-
perimental grounds here.

Mr. Saunders says he has not yet seen a specimen cf the apples that will keep
or that is of any value here with him.

He says they are all liable to blight, but I find two varieties that have not yet
blighted. The trees show that they cannot withstand the hot sun or heat. Mr.
Saunders reports the fruit specked, but thinks both the specks and blight would
mostly disappear if grown in a colder climate.

He claims that blight is not contagious. There has not been any call for scions
lately, and as the ground is wanted for other purposes the trees willsoon be dug up.

Cordially yours,
Gro. P. PEFFER.

Report of the Lyon county Horticultural Society, being a short his-
tory of that organization, and fruit reports from the members for the
year 1881.

The Lyon County Horticultural Society was first organized in February, 1876,
with J- W. Balke as President, and C. H. Whitney, Secretary.

It was re-organized, January 24, 1882, with G. M. Robinson, President, and G.
M. Durst as Secretay. At this time a Constitution and By-Laws were adopted, and
it was agreed to hold the fair of the society annually in connection with the fairs of
the County Agricultural Society.

On January 27, 1882, D. C. Pierce was elected President, and S. B. Wheeler, Sec-
retary. The work of the society has been to promote and encourage horticulture
in its different departments, and to collect facts and statistics, some of which are
transmitted herewith- S. B. WHEELER,

Secretary.

FRUIT REPORTS FROM LYON COUNTY.

BY J. W. BLAKE,

In spring of 1874, I set eighty Hyslop trees on my residence lots, (in Marshall).
Dug holes in the prairie sod, four feet in diameter, one foot deep. Did not break
the land until 1877. I kept the trees well mulched with coarse litter during the

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 125

summer, never had any mulch left around them in the winter. They are now all
alive and doing well, have never lost a tree except a few broken down by cattle.
Last season they bore bountifully. Have never been troubled with the blight, ver-
min or any diseases. Have grown better and withstood the winters better in every
respect than the ash or box elder, which were planted in the same manner and at
the same time and equally well cared for. My trees are planted on a gentle south-
east slope and are as hardy as forest frees. Don’t recommend planting in the na-
tive sod, unless a person is just opening a new farm, then would do same asI done
and break the sod the next year. Every land owner in southwest Minnesota, should
plant a small orchard of crab trees for pleasure as well as profit.

C. E. PIERCE.

Have five acres of young forest trees growing. Broke the land in 1875-6 and
sowed to grain for three years, and planted to corn the next year, and trees planted
in with the corn. Trees consist of Cottonwood, Box Elder, and Lombardy Poplars.
The Cottonwoods were ‘‘seedlings’’ pu'led up along the Redwood river, also the
Box Elders; Lombardys were cuttings. The Cottonwoods grow from three to five
feet the first season. The Box Elders did not make much growth the first season—
barely lived through. About two-thirds of the cuttings lived and made a growth of
two feet. The Cottonwoods have continued to keep the start and are no w from ten
to twenty-five feet high, and make a splendid wind-break. The Box Elders are
doing well now, but do not grow as Cottonwood, but make a fine shade tree. The
Lombardies are growing fast now. I use the plow when the trees are small; afte,
they get larger, the cultivator; am careful not to cut the roots when cultivating.
Have never mulched them; think good cultivation is better.

ROBERT GARDNER

Came to Lyon county in April 1878, the first of May I broke the first sod, the
~ next day I took a spade and turned back two or three furrows, dug the sub-soil up
for a depth of twelve to fifteen inches, breaking the lumps up fine with the back
of the spade, planted my apple trees and then replaced the sods around the trees.
About the 10th of June I took the sods away from the trees and gave the soil a
good stirring and replaced the sods. I planted fourteen apple trees this way, when
they had been planted five months they were a surprise to my neighbors and to all
who saw them. My neighbors were so much encouraged at my success that when
I ordered more for my own use they had me order some for them. I got my trees
from Mr. Gould, of Excelsior, he furnished them to us at cost to encourage us in
planting. Allof my subsequent plantings have done well, and all of my neigh-
bors who have planted are much encouraged at their prospect of raising their own
apples in the near future, and those who have not planted are now sorry and say
they shall plant this spring. But oh! the wicked, wicked winter of 1880-81. The
deep snows broke nearly all the branches off and then the settling crust broke the
bodies of the treesdown. My apple trees were set next to a grove of cottonwood,
__4sh and box elder, which caught the snow and lodged it on my fruit trees. Think
if they had not been surrounded by this grove they would have come out all right,
they have made a good growth the past season. The first I planted, fourteen only,
were so large that they came out in good shape last spring, and promise to bear
ome fruit this year. I have 250 apple trees now alive.

126 ANNUAL REPORT

Plums do well, have a plum shoot which shows a growth of over six feet last
season. Currants with a liberal mulching do well. Gooseberries have blighted
badly with me, can any one tell me a remedy? My place is on the Cuteaus, a sandy
soil and some gravel on the ridges.

SETH JOHNSON

Thinks thinning out the bushes might help the blighting of guoseberries, also heavy
mulching so as to hold them back in the spring.

In June 1873, I planted about five acres of cottonwood cuttings on land broke
the year before, also planted eighty rods of willow hedge on same kind of land,
two furrows from the unbroken sod. The reason I planted so late was owing to
failure to get my cuttings through in time as the car they were shipped in was re-
turned from New Ulm, east. My cuttings were in bad shape, about one-third
of them lived and to-day I measured cottonwood which are 36 to 40 inches in
circumference, willows with six branches from one cutting measured as follows:
14, 19, 19, 20, 20 and 22 inches in circumference. How is that for less than eight ~
years growth from one cutting a total circumference of 114 inches. I have also a
nice lot of soft maples, seeds sown June 1876, measuring 14 inches in circumfer-
ence. Black walnuts transplanted four years ago ten inches. Centennial tree, one
inch in diameter when planted, now measures 30 inches in circumference. Scotch
Pine transplanted in 1875 from O. F. Brand’s nursery, 18 inches in circumference.
Transcendant and Hyslop planted five years, measure 14 inches in circumference.
Set my apple trees too near my forest trees, snow drifted over them and broke them
down badly last winter. In 18731 planted two rows of currants 12 rods long on
sod broke that spring, the third year had an abundance of fruit from them. L
want to caution our farmers about setting their fruit too close to their groves, as
the snow is sure to lodge in and break down their trees and shrubbery, I have
had good success with gooseberries, also Philadelphia raspberries.

LEVI S. KIEL.

I have some over 100 apple trees, most of them are crabs. Have a few of the
Wealthy and Duchess of Oldenburg. Commenced planting seven years ago, have
cultivated thoroughly, used some manure, never mulched any of them. Have
never been troubled with any disease; only trouble I have had was to get trees to
plant; have never pruned my trees much; don’t know but they would do better if
I did, but believe in letting well enough alone. Had over fifty bushels of apples
last year. They were all sound and smooth, as good quality as any apples that can
be bought in the market. Trees are all hardy and healthy stand the climate as
well as forest trees. My orchard is set on the bottom lands of the Redwood river’
Soil rich sandy loam, has been cultivated since 1870.

R. D. BARNES.

Have a fine young grove of forest trees. Have willows set in 1873 which are now
forty inches in circumframce, and thirty-five feet high. Maple (soft} seed planted
in 1877 that are eighteen feet high and five inches in diameter. Cottonwood cut-
tings set 1879, now from twenty to twenty-four feet high ; believe the Cottonwood
to be the best to plant on the prairies for both shelter and fuel. Have Cottonwood
that made a growth of ten feet last season. Have never given my grove any extra

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

care, could make them grow much fasterif I tried. Have a few grape vines,
planted four years ago, but never done well until last year, always had goo d care,
think perhaps they had too much attention showed them, for after I quit working
them so much, they done better; hada fine crop of extra nice grapes from them
last year, large and very fine; think they are the Concord; got them from Filmore
county, no name given. Have some currant bushes, but have not had very good
success with them, the fruit is very small. Raspberries (red cap,) do well with
very little care, winter kill some, bnt seem to recover every year and bear well

not as much trouble to raise them as to raise a crop of corn. Strawberries do wel

with me. No reason why every farmer in Lyon county can’t have all the small
fruit he wants. $10 invested this spring in currants, raspberries and strawberries,

~ will give him all the berries he can use in two years.

APPENDIX.

NOTICE OF ANNUAL MEETING, 1883.

The annual meeting of the Minnesota State Horticultural Society for 1883, wil
be held at the Agricultural Hall of the State University, Minneapolis, commencing
on the third Tuesday, the 16th of January, and continuing four days. Full pro-
gramme and premium list will be issued hereafter.

Among the premiums offered are $25.00 for the best essay on the propagation of
improved seedling fruits, and $25.00 for the best essay on the management of orch-
ards in Minnesota. ‘The essay on orchards must include the selection of site, pre-
paration of soil, choice of varieties, general care and cultivation, pruning, budding»
grafting, protection from severities of seasons and from insects, harvesting and
marketing of fruit, ete These essays should be sent tothe Secretary, or notice
given him, before the date fixed for the meeting in order that a place may be re-
served for them in the programme. All essays offered for these premiums are to
be the property of the Society, to be published at its discretion.

‘Premiums will also be offered in the programme for winter fruits, flowers, plants
and vegetables. ,

Features of special interest in the exhibits will be displays of seedling apples and
new varieties of potatoes. Prof. Edward D. Porter of the State University, has
kindly offered to receive and store for the exhibition, any specimens of fruits 07
other products of agriculture or horticulture sent him for that purpose. He has
every convenience to keep them in good condition.

By arrangement with Prof. Porter, the week of the meeting of the State Horti-
cultural Society, will be the Horticultural Week of the ‘Farmers’ Lecture Course’’
of the State University. The lectures engaged by him for that week will be deliv-
ered before the State Horticultural Society, and be published in its transactions.
Among them it is understood, there will be a lecture by Prof. C. V. Riley, Ento-
mologist of the Department of Agriculture at Washington, on Insects injurious to
Agriculture and Horticulture, and it will be devoted specially to insects now
threatening the industries in the northwest.

The membership fee in the State Horticultural Society is one dollar, and cntitles
any person a voice and vote in all meetings and to the usual privileges of reduced
rates on railroads going and returning from the meetings, and to hospitalities ex-
tended to members at place of meetings; also to the annual reports or transactions.
Persons joining before the next annual meeting will be entitled to transactions fcr
1882-3, and to membership for both years.

Special Notice to Members:—It is understood that a competent short hand reporter
will be employed at the annual meeting to take down the discussions, verbatim for
the use of the Secretary in editing the transactions, and that the published reports
will be as full and complete as space will allow.

For further information address,

OLIVER GIBBS, Jr., Acting Secretary.
LAKE Crry, Minn.

Page

meee mocretary, appointment Of... .. . 0.0... eee wees eee e ceveeeeeeeseeers 3
TE: HARE PERE i. | ciclatgis ysis oie cis ds wi ateies oles vie was aelelelee'a's ecnes ob es 10-16
Appropriation to State Horticultural Society. ........... 0... ecw eee wee ee 10
vce for Hxperimental Mrwit Wary... 2.5. oem. caekts cies cle ee inee es cle 16
Apples..11, 15, 16, 22, 23, 24, 32, 33, 36, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 91,92, 94, 102, 114, 123, 125
lip COWIE Wb logge enclgo Ot oe EOIN Re Sogn Go Gringinoreclo GO ACRinS torts Nero icrciCsn 13-25
_ Addresses of President Harris...........seeseeesseeeeeeeeeeee 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 38
SEMMEENIEIN EE RADA oi ovccavicrc cic cdscects sued caciv asc eeeecucedeusases es Sa500¢ 35
American Pomological Society...........+.seeseeee ae aude sh are <fargn she cee aa 41-42
Apple Culture, Future of, Paper by E. Wilcox.......cseseeeeseee eens 45, 46, 47
mpc blossoms, Paper by Geo. P. Peffier.........0cccccessccaesesaseuces 71 to 74
MPIC Vre eince ek wins seo el avn wis oe 6, 6 wlp/ain's 6 alpnyse's © wlaisenelue Was 21, 62, 82, 116
NIEMAN TNS te a ie Lhe ee he ue cbt ariel aaa. 5 Ooo maieiale abelatahar iat aval lesa 21, 25, 31
OUP ATOSPOM TUG <0. cies a wesc e bee die etme aie oieuliseys Pevafsts teleytemrete ete ei estore 116
es LEOLOIOLIGL wach el deter idinnac (Hen Gt DIS REPS IGG ics GOIRoots > Boi ciceio oeiaern 122

Sl UMC Eiri. ete icra octet ita oir sles a’vs\o ea eta’s wala w aah eran Sew ered eae 122
MeaMOTIEM IGUB EG rccais 2/52 a sis 6 cle cietelecnt) oie Ravsitinre eaierseisle ws + ks eye Ceare amass 62, 67, 68, 104
POC UMMENCOGOLE. .... 666s Faas ce oes ie ele ea cies se hace eines HOS COS ATE, 23
PT re PS o, vied oie = tie wi =a oe, dle wratala i wiele) efiia’y n'oisie lsc viele so a oe nce ea) edad
TePPEN, PAMES, 6... ..506 1 cea We apniatahoisie ol cteaerinnatteor sae: ts MOO ORC OC 35, 60, 61
“Pik. Sh od 6 er entity Gtr eh eGR O SOO OE IO RIOR IER Utosc binioit GRSoIon EIS nS 70, 91, 92, 93
I ereree Air lene iets oie Saks Hh. Saeeies S ea oe ee ase os bs 71, 101, 123
ES TPOMONN IAS Oe cle teats exia'c/asic'a- ain sce i efsiiamtee gris 6's s s/s'e a asuin'e mMelnibeeieteel a 94
bod wlen, 18.7 (he Gonlt dhe Ais AB Ria Ucn Gin Geriatr eee SPR sop Gam wicicn 94
PSIRCHOLO TEs Mes cscs ccs Reet toleiataletal Weave leje asia sd vibe Stine toeae Metelesiien ete
CRI ELU Me DMC Shee rev esis ete ils fs )e onetsfaTs ai sletwiel 3(si0 esis eo, ie's ae. vic ale ohajolondeaterae ate ateteein's. 2 21
NTNIEST > RE Te LC LLMs SSL am es daa nids.s ss CR a MOTeR Reema wale 59
NIE, Naren, |, ee RON A mea wk he a) aoe mats Seo ha Se am ate a0 8 0's 124
bobctiat, 1016 SiG ot aeeeyI gee Eee Cis eae en iarnictsic SIGIR itetoige can 6.5.0. reer 116
County Agricultural and Horticultural Societies..........2..500 158. wiceee 10
SeeEmICnOOR, PAvMIeNG OF EXPENSES OF. : 6.2.52... sve wece ba Mtbam cece cceyeees 10
WCAPRIDASPSCLOSS... 6 Uswiewes cvs css ss BORO Sa nie ntieive ut 0 odo eeE Cees 66
AIELOG OL PERUTRO EWS. bac se. scan cisves cht en emesis e's. PTE cry. 11
ME orf a ays fa gcd Sats sa Wa pikes oye GORD. OLE PRR bis «> 67, 68, 90,123
RIMETRL EEDA S/S 2.0. wetiSer aye ons FUN. wea Ok) oT Sicte lo OID ARSENE e's 3 6s 68, 91, 103, 126
Cyclamen Persicum, Culture of, Paper by James Bowen.............+++ 60, 61, 62
Cranverty wumure, Paper by J. 8. Stickney. 005. .tieeees scse sees cseeds 29, 30, 31
Crabs and Hybrids.. 11, 15, 16, 22, 23, 24, 32, 33, 36, 67, 68, 69, 91, 92, 103, 123, 126
CORTE LY ho, 57a Enon Se Rit 5.c cL. eee nd aietente 37, 121
OETA le ee Sok oko aos aOR Renee RSE IAISE iOios: “hick 2 ccs ine re ria 15

li INDEX.

Carpenter, 1. Fis. sss cease ana cp aise et ephats a via a fle teak 21
Crawsha, Mrs, Thomas.... ...... Sw ’o1p (Srohbi pias ie are bs a ofanp ofepiaie ssl rie aera Con aaa 23
err INE. DD is a. 5:0 0s x nStue Ss nd 3 ee meet ee aU Re hae ito uem aia eae ane ne 23
(ren, oO OBE DI: . s/s sips c6.5 ew icte nis sion eee eeraintaa Sele aoe) ie Ie ethane ene ie ee 23
BAERS AOC]. 556 2 tu Dis Srw.s aca 510.2 aOR RM aca cies, Aw’ 4 71 ciel oles a 21-23
COT AT Al Fahne OES KATE Tae bia lars a ORT alate dea Se aera oes eed aly beatae 23, 32, 92
aga CW rise, esate had ae tse pete Sete! 4.2) fn am 23-94
CRO WLOUI GME os nies ob atin pera ny beled © (Sap eee See wen eee Onan A
Otter eee) 25 sais e sin 's siere win aye ani s «ish pie eats kG a Wee Oe ee 91, 92, 93
Chicago, St.. P. & Milwaukee RoR. :.. dav. 42. aevidpes tone aoa eee 33, 118
Comamercial: Orcharding: .s..5..'.++ 7. tgasae>bisaels at pede IR eee eee 113
» Mhicazo: & Northwestern i. Reach. 8s" Wes ieadeenirae! so eeeee cee abi 118
Ghicarp, Minneapolis & Omaha Ry Ri J...) $25 eo sck eee enav eee eee 118
TUNA ALG tae ajdbove SF Salers 8s, 2): sPatavaie» © Sie Oletele nb lars Oroteht etre REE eIbE as 2a Ere 118
Delay of ‘Trees'and Plants, Paper by M. Pearce. +-.:,J.<:...4e0l sania 56, 57, 58
Domestic Fruits, Paper by A. WW. Stas... ......:. os aspmeley Selene ae 89, 90, 91
Wstribution-Of Reports... <5 sss \y..c.ay » dae pape chs eS ape a Oe 10,;111
Dy wells (Go Ms seo, ies eye 0 5 oc eiuelw a> oe cov spell pipe) Allo peepee eee te 22
WiwellescCADNEL:: <ciercis errs eo ecole wee, eelesosdve, shores tthe ero Michal eetatel eI ieleise wv aepe Speers . 22-92
IGUAL Y gc Fo TAY oi a-5 otis aren ne: 00'% ee si w Biaenieiplatal pie ele alates aimee Beare tote te 22
Dart, H. H. 8.0.0. ee cess cece se ens 52, 59, 60, 66, 79, 81, 82, 83, 85, 101, 102, 110
Executive Committee, meeting Bis De ev tae enemas | calhaed a sts relearn 3-1
Mxpenumnental Staptoneyctetweercctesss bine) cles eusstc <1" ctelets ale oie onts PR eS Ce rt 5 43
Hyergreens for the Prairies, Paper by G. W. Fuller... ...% /. 2050 220s on 77, 78, 79
Hien erin eiatal Har nit MAC. 5 x25.s\60. =<. a/ons.cn ae see ome mens Senne 16, 62, 112
Elliot, Wyman ....... SSP MOR peers faa cite 11, 21, 23, 26, 44, 112, 118, 122
LD) cots Beal 8 Sal Cor ees, ee MR ESE SUE IMR ST Me EN See, UA 22
aioe, We Sos aise Hope weiss ols sass aia'n Stapnis © ayaroke acai ehal tea atauote eeteletetacs eiaenietene 21, 25, 32
MECTIES 15 -BINE, cheteiste ores sects cae niciaa ees Harnees 36, 44, 45, 52, 58, 59, 65, 66, 84, 87, 104
Emery, Mrs. S.M......-- sss. ee Pe er es 45
Fall Meeting, 1881... 2. .sscceee sees sees cee eeenceeree see cennne 15 to 33, 42, 111
lowers and (Plants aes. < ois seeainer.-s nleieie ena oe 13, 22, 25, 32, 36, 37, 114, 121
TUT S AID OWMLES TLC) ot tee ota ao Reve Pe eats acre macoto ow telat fe arate peur ta tee 89, 90, 91, 116, 124
Forest Tree Culture, Address by S. M. Emery. .......:...eeesssee eves 104 to 110
GET, Bae Ws ooic cpm ajo a ecdene a Ome vara pte Re 0 Fie A mime reliene aie alata 23
FOTN TRUM TAT OW cw roe i tchore) ais i S1e Sel crereete phaytelenen phd esa se te gerne oe 23, 24, 93
BROTSHOTS WW iMisrs oie 3.0: c's 0 /rsisin: + eielv aces gissoipielebele a adpieym Siasew iim ee uae ote 23, 70, 82, 90, 93
Ba wCetis MSaaCl.\.) i... \2% FE te CRBS a oa HOOD ATID BOC 35, 45, 48, 51
ihe a MN peers «t= 5 i wt ass in eidn eo eee eee 35, 45, 67, 77, 78, 79, 82, 102, 115
Meth Ges spats x oe 0. ov cis wae dials le shaulseuapath eta te spa ate Sve et a 60, 68
Bia vel: WW BWW ew stokes oo «0's od = 0 bien Mw hein nya nim 06) olle aban’ tw eile ey oie pear iy
Bish becks sMinsiiliens).s,-.' 20.» sjes ae Pern Hee ne ope os so Soatlages 94
Pridley; A. Moet 6. +++ pn ameible me elnwe- > reesieipatds tlre kn ape a6 were
GOoseDeUnies s.. suite siete’ «s oa.s Scie a ab erp epeenertelots leet eaten eT 67, 91, 103, 126
Grapens . a4ck Hen 11, 15,16, 24, 32, 33, 36, 62, 66, 67, 69, 85, 86, 87, 90, 103, 114, 127
Graing:and Vegetabledge.. ... 5 2202p 20a ser in as aes =e . 26, 31.82%

Gates, S. Kos ces ican APR iie 6 +» =e cee canaries EIR ce eet, 2 «0 ce Hye Roo ceo 3. - 22

INDRX. ll

Greenman C. H......... Ree rie toeh clstas myn etal ete velein(Vie'riais machete tee aise 35, 36, 85, 86, 87
PMMTSENTETC RT RPIOCSUWV «oleic. fiveia'e! ciclstalataiaiaate:s 1s eee slate wlalite pS ciate ete eiate sain en's © aa 90
ER oh Sse Sale cy ose vie. aiviese aa) thee kin cial bine said Flot Me mp aia bce 90
CTE i al Be ee chore oe ReaD 36, 44, 51, 59, 63, 81, 82, 84, 85, 102, 116, 118
ELTON Reenter ee rep craic 1c cies sie acto is aes aalelete'S.gcte ecto Shree 21, 25, 32
ae OEE NE aa 44, 52, 66, 84, 85, 87, 102, 115
MET IRIMMV ENON AUN fois horeeyc'ore® «hava lata cies sO: coaele, Sis aus ga ie:0 Sigleia-aboaie tet Oe etete Ae eeea CG 45
IN ERASE UR oa ectyaia ins ovaie G's x'a'a cold eked eee aiae wae ae a 21, 25, 32, 102
emMeMMOPETOLET: IVE Sorc ayaa evacsisleisiaie cc Ss wis 0 17, 46, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 82, 84, 85, 90, 97

Gibbs, Oliver, Jr ... 11, 20, 21, 22, 25, 26; 31, 32, 33, 47, 48, 51, 52, 59, 63, 64,
65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 74, 79, 82, 83, 84, 92, 101, 102, 113, 116, 117, 122

Gibbs, Miss Maggie........ AE BEDE: Sra GIN Grn CEM Ir SELDEN oc, DE OER On RAE 25, 32
a be TEL J ge A Aah oa le cP eA Pa bid ing Sea eee | te pe ES oe 118
RermeRtaaEeY ae ERODED UEE cry tee ok iae.s cla kevesels cud ctaie o Gael aie a eels eet CAO iba 125
TRC ETISC LICL IL LEO loc ates ghee tn si nian a's Back va nis Soto ede Oe vO eee 43, 112
Horticulture at State Fair, Report of J. S. Harr's...... ........ ... 91, 92, 98, 94
Hardy Apples from Seed, Paper by F’. K- Phenix ..................005: 94 to 101
NN RIEL P AST CSE 0s Tuleh ota ‘ale vy 5 GPs Sa o'os whale Si oie ais a ogeme™ eke ee Ge ee 104
PEON) 1 Oictaterers once GS eas cis Sel De tay ey cial ooiateebe eee as en 3, 11, 44, 59, 66, 70
RMA AABC NTU MEAN VPTKL I oo ces o/s cass as ln a's? oe ates ove/e ON GMOS ES Habra tole Rates eT SA Lacan cnc 82
UMN eine Cah 5/68 4 80s viele cours. f vir sles Sab se eae ete Eat eet kine oe arate 91
2 act MOS ete sa AEE SES Dae Ra mL nee CRE Am RRR gee Op Oo 93
ERI cca ose LOR eh oS Vis Sete tees Soe) vara Ree her eS 94
EN a etais se'n's 2p are evwe Vintaatola ets Save SAD o VGia o< wh nea ale entatareetta bras 110
MME MEEMEO LL VY bres 0 (5,285 Alain § clo hi aie ROE Mer EP OEN taivele eee aay We one COME lL

Harris, J.S.... 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, 23, 24, 33, 36,38, 46, 52, 55, 59, 60, 63,
70, 79, 82, 83, 87, 91, 92, 93, 94, 101, 102, 116, 121, 122, 123

RR SUGE seas sos Ged rani. cosa ass aivecnvi dul Desa idas scone ter varncivunes 2
NNR AS he cc tase SN a's ROM mere hee ed dso w wnat Wale 22
AS). WHE CATT eis SO ER 23, 92
REM TROL, Ge, skies ee capes cases ape d a ois ole: nal ya shaver eve eneremereres 23, 32, 92
UME Nl cadre ASN Sees ew oie oh A ta id ve cw qe wae Rated 21, 23, 25, 32, 45
a EEIMEPO CRT age cc fe Ue Passes stows Vice Glte Sah ¥ adacbhus ata haw seme 25, 32, 122
RBM TE TT AINE ates Be eS Lhe sshe'n S viaw's nia Raby «oa saeco Moanstebls pada eeu. 24, 90
eens, Caper by iy. 0). Mendenhall... sh o.kes cen s o sweety pede dae ee sce ees 53 to 55
EEO areal cha ule datas ata by 8 Spas sy ae MRS Ge RaRRN Se Re een ak SUS 22
Ctra UNTER, Na Ne ae SR hee ere eee GLa eae a 2 he ee 22
See TEMG eS ck rc eRe x as RAG 4 RUE a coe. cas ine hei 69
SReMRR SU TSMIYT Tse eat ec PR ia ys ots FS s0'dini'e b.5id'G-¥ oa ar paid OMe bia weave: ace ale Sot 16
DEY 5 ES Soto ate. oe ait 36, 55, 59, 63, 66, 79, 81, 82, 84, 85, 91, $2, 93, 101, 102, 113
mlounson, Seth. ose secre 6 3. RO ee EE Seren |: ee 126
GAOT a'P craN eile, Sa'nce a'hie a's Nin a Via'ast 0p OMAR Cee ove. UE ken 23
I NPNATY: Cy occ becca F isin eidin & winbaishictcle wena REMIT Y o's. a. Shs wha Pore 66, 70
oe a oe ee PRE RO 2S 5. 5-0 EOE cote eer 126
Hires Wuriee MOTELS 3 00g. 5s S'S sere tere bis: vy of ARERR! CoS ssw. cas lod brute 24
i aa ERP. oS gsc aii Wh Aga: UIE a ss wy ne sa whet Ca 52

ae ON UREN a Bee gh n Dois «S05 hike dp aes RECMERS. ous caus cuvasaeailiebee - 63

iv INDEX.

Bako deepal More: SOCIEtY.« ..s:sssie'a vakliaai¢s nacre wawna aes eve vce cere eye. oa, OG
Lyon County Hort. Society..... 5,48 Sie sueleie'g ora kis» siete pia's'stn a.a'e e'ti3"» gia Re 124
rf EYL ROPOVERy cose xasrerph wn dimen mee eeu tae eee eee ary 124, 127
Mesabera Sinte Hort: Sacioty an: jon. floras Gomera csess sas 2) wee 8,9
WES an BOY OYE, BOCIEbY.. 6.5 sos. «cs adeitoeaee ve an CONNAG ACs bax 's «vie ole SRE RE 41, 42
MeBean’ (Nie i© yas gex sive s arnes Healers tietetthh Meee aielererae s Mora hos Mela Tee 14
RPE OUAPIY. SMITH). 's 5 aina va Pao Dc paid owe tip ee hee Re ene eee Se se eee 22
NEAR COT MITOS Palsy icc a cic Pew iretae oc aioe Sees Sratehare Sieh! o.cben ne ot ake arene Aten 23, 32, 92
DEG MINE MOUND 2.2 «2 ies. AER ote ein Kins rapa vdadele pie sae ules Vek FoR eee ee wtb ice
MMaahiT ems GME. Te ad. > 5 sa < Byn is nceacls eee BACAR WTR a ei 66
Moore; J; Kes. «3's Te Svotbat 60" SES wile SGI ahts Byars’ osreb’ wfteeno te Ren idk erie hiear ona taice capa Tae ta oinarstee Fae ate 111
ETN NEUE ANV cc eek, 32 ira “ix shes travels adre awe a «pee Bt, insole 5) aap Re 26
MPIGCHEHOG WI es cock ae Lak cei y hi 6-00 ete bias Da hae aR OR he ede he Va ee 23
JS TNS Rt 1 eS eRe ae Rosy 44, 53, 54, 55, 66, 84, 112, 118, 122
Misano, Nr AL EE ek, coe ein ge ay 0 een ot a waa is een 94
WMEROIS AG GO EDs oc s.cie'titn wie care Saree eajaudainv eb se hvra eich eRe ee 23
IN we eT iy MIPS SW. Sis 6-55 ore ca: « seavesmst ~ coh wieapyhttearalpclcrn "er ose 'apeehth Ee oleae eI ote 93
PRES VETER tort oak Necieiain rata alee ors es oie ean Rll er ae ere oe ee ..- 94, 123
Oimcers and@ommittees, 1882 o.c0. 2... oka es bun gee wade eee ee 4,5, 637
Olnstead County, Hort: Society:.: << ci tis... «4s xswes's esis s oan wos oe ee ae ee 92, 93
Onchardins, Commercial, Paper by. E..B. Jordan: 2.20.00... s<sslaeanaaes 113
Orchards, Cultivation and Protection of, Paper by J. T. Grimes.......... 118, 121
Rhine Paper by J. Underwood cscs so «son's sno vies calgon ere seen ae 79, 80, 81
irpceenines Kall Meeting) 1881 ue n2 5... 2 jes ons o's’ beac oxen Mele eae 14 to 34
Runine and Distribution of Reports... . 2.02.0. .c.<ss eas: s aahhese eee 10
Premiums on Beedlinosl rots, oc. se dds sein E Deshi sls eka bees Geer 112
PRET INIS Beso Wet SHE AREY, Bios Sls iethandale mone eeire ee. (01, 125-1355; 21S, eye
[PDT aA ae ested cin Dinero 11, 22, 24, 32, 67; 69, 79, 80, 81, 90, 103, 114, 123, 126
RSET Sie Neaehe eM ote tate cetobebctolewe eveccia eis S, ons acetal obelee seielmrate aiehratots Sieeee tiene 62, 67, 69, 70, 123
HZBACHE CUTE). ae ayo. oja'e raiers ape ose. es Seco Ueccchale Sale te ee cetic cs as nets at SAL ep eae 62
Ee ee re eh eae MR OR mags ele) oo 13, 31, 32
PREUTRER Meter Rts 125 -cws co's pos.ajd reset sce ANSE mE ee ae ote oronebeel ge eee tithe eer ene 36, 121
Pearce, M....... 18, 19, 20, 21, 25, 26, 36, 44, 53, 56, 59, 60, 70, 79, 83, 101, 102, 117
Panel iae CONUS yarn’ eres SHURE aR, atere prec eee cee it Lk eee 5 tense ete 21, 23, 32/38; 925 1k7
HERING CO aah sc poe hikaleiote astern te ee n techareebiondidt. alos bo eee 25
Better; Geo Pan. ee ncen gestae ses 26, BD, BO, CL, (2,00, (4,00a coger en LL dce es
LN Dy OUI ciaiel al SG 1 PR any a ater echt a PRPS CO So pO DUO e ITs 4 OF 36
LOA bbb a So taki ic a OREICICE OR ORG DOG mionckom: dec acco maDapo aondba nae Caos o 117, 119
JEM TREC Ci] HES ANS, eRe mere re Gini ay Ais. eee Mdm eabe Reduce sw ais a lor also a ee 125
. Reports) Printing and: Distfibution, of ..). A Getic dee sine vec iaioo eins esta one 10
Cats Mme res ss, u.. coinaee evan a ueetee hares Lanai sce: ¢, scuba 112
Committee on Exhibits at Lake City................ 26. 22, 23, 24, 25, 26
CommiitieefonvA wards... ciel tedaiee: oa ae 31, 32, 33, 116

Of Bocidty oe nas ss. » «vis se cunnat eee ee ey Jew ah
Committee /onveresidents Address: )-..-.usce ellis oieiteteienr ean) es een tie 112

General KruitsCommittee. vic, cic eiece vis aisles) tense eneetervers s sirys c/n 66 to 70
Committee on Final Resolutions.........<.........- iiss 2ys.¥ Eee 118
Committee on Flowers. Plants and Canned Fruits..................- 121

INDEX. | Vv

SIN PR 20 a ica hos 0 <5. Va ie Re 21
REIS COs Tye Same sans 2 asso cae aie.e sia/eis cies ator o lal clot enetetae stetreaitce |oea-a, crete 21
EATEN ee Oe ee aia cerca pss aoe ciclo! cisrs'eia.s, ste coteece Sie enon. « SP Sls Le Ee rae 23
MEME Pa cai <2 Mle tained xisis Cale vic Veta setnir cas! 4 as Ooo Meet te ae 16
AMATO Tic Sirtg NAMES EC leldin’s Sine cs sis e.veynceyceadys ) 24s aon ceemebemneats 38
INES cS EERE ope sets ans. <o a/e em Vix < o'.d be cas ane Sassy ota awale 62, 67, 68, 103, 126
ECL MIOMIETN, EEOC GUNGULG. 50.50 cc wean bsctemcies voeenselaeespmeiene 115
TE Cer Reeer at waite a ahs oe A as ee 123, 124
Strawberry Ptute ceperity We PeaICe 25.0... 20s. exe esses 6 prayniales cee 18, 19, 20
: Paper Dy, ISaacrla WGetiacric. = csc com 2) puta ee unos 48, 49, 50, 51
SERUM etTG GCOMIMIGLEE? 65 2 ak. seco st cgnetces sevece iiniers sane aie ae eee 43, 112
OMG coy oof bss de Sona wusees ciesh < 11, 22, 23, 24, 43, 47, 66, 90, 112
SEE SRIOUN ERE Cyc 58. cos nelg is SEs cow ae da ceele else oa a blade cee ei 112
PSEC HELPER PIOACIOUY i a0 esis it ios a sb yicle''e 2 vayeilelele ov eo Dees cele dle 10, 15, 83
TEM ne 5's crc e ea nies 6 )S vide w denlg'a ok on wok 14, 15, 16, 41, 91, 92, 93, 94
Btate Hort. Society............... tetetaomaivn! Gata ens seat oii sais ae ogee eee 10, 15
State Experimental Fruit Fawm..............0e.000: ates cise ste LGt68. G4e65. lo
RIERAWDETIIOS << a« = ees csie sk ones 18, 19, 20, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 62, 66, 68, 90, 103, 127
Spur Pruning of Grape Vines, Paper by C. H. Greenman............... 85, 86, 87
EEO NI ATYICOUE bes Ee. 0% ga.0 oo eden napa danse kes Aken noemceeeden ee 94
MEL EADVIOTA 0 5 Re le cies ot yo dba frbie es pas cos Pade eee on ae 110
umetanerny Mrs; €)O: VanCleve.... 0.000500 si decwsee se eeven 74, 75, 76, 77
a 20, 35, 38, 44, 45, 82, 101, 102, 104, 109, 115, 118
PUMA OSE WYie ola when sas Siebe e aic nha Sies <2 ule MRO ae dick Meee 38
Pen Sere TS, EWES 5 ocsteyeleiee « salves. paper ane BOe no wali shai tigre dae late vet egie 25, 32
Stickney, J. S..... SOROS Se mE ore eh hy BO Oe ee epee Meera ten ater J 29, 90
I i ay dance, aa'v ates’ 35, 66, 79, 84, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 102, 115
ME IE Se eee BER chen Bt CaS nO OI eS 94, 123
IR MINORESIEN Nope dics ie pias xaie's keels wh era oes OWn es 6s eh kw ARS EERIE 11, 116
feransactions. Erinting and Distribution of... 2... 00.0. oo 0c... le wa cele cenees 10
Tulips, Paper by Mrs. Anna B. Underwood...................... -.. 87, 88, 89
emia. caper by. Mo Wmery jo .6. 56. ses cee cnn csnene cen 104 to 110, 115
af Eile MOREE ECL SEO vec palin. sn ate 3.05/05 oa"e SaaS een Ra 125, 126
Tre TRINURIEPO ULSD LERCH chy calveimse asic sx 4 od oe 0s se se ue «tea wnteeems 84, 85
RITA: TERMED cb rina ais aerdn Was «so a0 watiees voce ee Sandee desig mange 23, 32, 93
Underwood, J. M........... 11, 14, 20, 21, 35, 47, 51, 55, 77, '79, 80, 81, 82, 102, 117
Underwood, Mrs. Anna B..............++. oun ccciaes amyammetig. 50, 40,97, Saas
Underwood and Emery............... «eee 22, 24, 25, 31, 32, 55, 69, 91, 92, 93, 117
ME MN MU RON es iy0 ss yield ag ncn hist ss ann c nd. wk See eos 35, 74,75, 16, aa
0 SRS Ic Se Se eee ears ee 13, 25, 31, 32, 37
Window Gardening, Paper by Mrs. W. R. Murray.................. 26, 27, 28, 29
BREET: NECOUUN ODD Divto ra class aie'rie 0m sYaveie, a) «as eae RMEEIEM iso's ‘0 0's a owe IORI 35
a TR SS eceiateve Miss ae etulsietn areiete cola ec aM reo" fa « «6's bam GAN Appendix
Winona & St. Peter R. R. Co....... ones fins AEE ova a + 50.0 saa RRR 94
Wilcox, E., Paper on Apple Culture
Workman, 8.8...... ss:/4.+ (cle Op celeiuta:tata liars Raven 3. cs wisia oreiatn oe. 22, 25, 32, 68
Wickham, H. D.......... x 5 ater ous*xan aan BEG occ scsunae | 5 Seema 22

vl INDEX.

MUTA ME SiS aks as sais ab we eee eeu te ee eae ee 23, 35, 36, 45, 47, 71, 91, 92, 93
WVSHALOE, FSITRID.« 0 s's,4¢4s aiawien 10 0)) Oka 4s «45 50S whl mee, Vane ire eee 21, 25, 31
Wile, night oe Voss cess) Jag. wercaes oy oeakan ee aap tay a ames “ci on
Rien Marahall Dis. cto" pt setae doce igen Jugs ee eee wintse Se
MVR RDONE Ct, oan cise ox vith, 6 heeeinaaw ee ely aster sia ais'a: <3 + SAS 70, 90
Warder, John A.......4:.%.. Fe eee eee Tela anecd a its «ca = 5 > ae 71, 110
erry SIMTSP Boe. etl RA ce a akties Sos beens Sacatls leis Rea at alt wry aa: 2: «a 94
Vee NEES EG cinta =r 1 0,202 eae eth a pes’ am nines 6 mye? OE Ra eT atc anid’: 94
Wieleh Mirsi Si Bie. ccc < pials onc, sievaes ate us @sahe te oles Sean te a ae eee a he 94
UMAR AN Ass vce water pee ks beunr Skt meay oso Ws egsnnt rast Sy ean 94
Vy LCE, Gn Oa AP Ieee PCE eee eee er 110

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