‘i AN HARVARD UNIVERSITY LIBRARY OF THE Museum of Comparative Zoology J = Se ZEIIRUAVANIPRIDNNTNUANUPNIINIPNUAROAATANIANTANTINIPNUPNOPRANS — _ a —_ oe ; MBS. ROW. Z00L LIBRARY MAY ~ 2 1963 . HARWARD | if UNIVERSITY TRANSACTIONS OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, OF NORTHUMBERLAND, DURHAM, AND NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE. NEWCASTLE: PRINTED BY T. & J. HODGSON, UNION STREET, FOR EMERSON CHARNLEY, AND LONGMAN & CO, LONDON. 1838. PIB RARY Vu COME ZO VLOGS AM BRLD GE Wat AN pnt a — Sis Gh ae mentation dot HARVARD COLLEGE LIBRARY IN RAHAM FUND j uy SIGE? Poet uf lol Lo ‘Apa: heeds / } © ~~ . “ 3/se. my ay mHCHCIT UR VHSITY Wray aie () Li ff } byeay A i piannadiae | GA RA { ty / CONTENTS. PAGE. I. Flora of Northumberland and Durham, by Nathaniel John Winch, DIAG MSs S Css eek coeaee Il. Remarks on a peculiar Gilaurug Mae m Dota ed Wood, a Y W.C. Trevelyan, V. P., F. G. S., &c., of Wallington, ........... Ill. An Account of the Method of Smelting Lead Ore and Refining Lead, practised in the Mining Districts of Northumberland, Cum- berland, and Durham, in the Year, 1831, by H. L. Pattinson, . IV. Notes of a singular Transformation of the Seams of Coal into Stone, at Crummock Colliery, by Williamson Peile, Ff. G. S., &c., ...... V. Notice of some rare Birds recently killed in the Counties of North- umberland and Durham, by G. T. Fox, V. P., F. L.S., &¢., ..- VI. On the Stratiform Basalt associated with the Carboniferous Forma- tion of the North of England, by Wm. Hutton, F. G.S., §e. . VII. Notice of the Island of St. Kilda, on the North-west Coast of Scot- land by Mc Cre tkAnsOMserenrscumesses cele eneee sa caceeeeeinen cena reeset 2 VII. Narrative of the Sinking of Preston Grange Engine Pit, from the Surface of the Great Seam, Seventy Fathoms, situate in the Parish of Preston Pans, near Edinburgh, by Matthias Dunn, . IX. On the Lepidodendron Harcourtii, by Henry T. M. Witham, V... B., FG. Si; §6-, Sieene X. A Descriptive Catalogue of the recent eds ie Gueie on he Cou of North Durham, by George Johnston, M. D., Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh,.. XI. An Account of two rare British Birds, by Yy Pridcaue Tian Selby, Vie Hides So: Lig ELS 1 Cie 3 zr XII. On the Application of Isometrical Pr one to Ginicen Plans and Sections ; with Descriptive Notices of the Mining District at Nentsberry, in the County of Cumberland, by T. Sopwith, F.GS., 1 . 272 277 iv CONTENTS. PAGE. XII. Notice on the Gravel Bed of St. Lawrence Colliery, by Matthias 1 Diaby, peo nehoddcacs 5 PSD XIV. On the Quadr en nd Bir 4 Bain the Benty ty of Shells tho observed there during an Excursion in the Summer of the Year 1834, by P. J. Selby, V. P., F. RS. £, FL. S., §c., §¢., ... 288 XV. Observations on the Young of Salmon, and some Remarks on the Migration of Eels, by The Hon. H. T. Liddell, 7. P., V. P.,... 304 XVI. On making the Society a Place of Deposit for the Mining Records of the District, by John Buddle, V. P., F. G. S., Se5...00202202. 809 XVIL. Supplement to a Catalogue of the Land and Fresh-water Testa- ceous Mollusca, a in the ee ay Newcastle, Me Joshua Alder qt ancarn. . 337 XVII. On the Effects pr radial. th vy a ice eenstone “Delle upon Whe Coal in passing over Cockfield Fell, in the County of Durham, by Elenry T. M. Witham, V. P., F. GoS., S¢., ....2.:.. . 343 XIX. Narrative of the Explosion which occurred at Water) Collier, ‘y on the 18th of June, 1835, by John Buddle, V. P., F. G.S., &c., 846 XX. Chemical Examination of the Fire Damp from the Coal Mines near Newcastle, by Edward Turner, 7. D., F. R.S., Lond. and kidinb., V. P. G. S., Professor of Chemistry in the University a London, 22.222. . 884 XXI. Description and naes of ue na in ae teh Collier, “Ys near Newcastle, by James F. W. Johnston, A. M., FR. S., Lond. and Edinb., F. G.S., 86., .2..0000. . 394 XXII. Researches upon the Composition of Chal, b Y Then Richey fate 401 List of Presents, from August, 1831, to December, 1837, ........0ce.00 414 Eaplanation Of the Plates, csstenccnssosecesseenece tec: see teeren ake. ceo te iceens ADS ADVERTISEMENT. The Committee, in their capacity of Editors of the Transactions of the Natural History Society, beg to make known to the public, that the authors alone are responsible for the facts and opinions contained in their respective papers. TRANSACTIONS OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Oma COCs No. Il.—F'1ora of Northumberland and Durham. By NATHANIEL JoHn Wincu. PART I. PHAXNOGAMOUS PLANTS. MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 1. SALICORNIA 1. S. herbacea. Marsh Samphire, Jointed-glasswort. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 2; Hook. Fl. Scot. 1; Berwick Flora, 2; S. annua, Eng. Bot. 415. 8S. procumbens. Procumbent Jointed-glasswort. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 2; Eng. Bot. 2475, On the muddy sea shores and salt marshes of Tyne, Wear, Tees, &c., also at Holy Island. @ in salt marshes at Saltholme, Hartlepool, D.—Mr. J. Backhouse. In the north, where the true Samphire is not known, the Glasswort is sold under that name. 2. HIPPURIS. - H. vulgaris. Mare’s-tail, Sm. Eng. Fl.i. 4; Eng. Bot. 763; With. ii. 6 Curt. Fasc. iv. t. 1; Gr. Fl. Eds. 1. At Prestwick Carr, N. In the Skern near the bridge at Darlington, and at Hell-kettles, D. In stells about Thorp, Norton, and Stockton, D,—John Hogg, Esq. Ob? aol - DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 3. LIGUSTRUM. . L. vulgare. Privet, Print. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 13; Eng. Bot. 764; With. ii. 11; Curt. Fasc. v. t. 1; Hook. Fl. Scot. 3; Ber- wick Flora, 5, In woods and hedges between Sunderland and Castle Eden, and on Limestone rocks on the coast, D.— About Greatham and Thorpwood, D.—John Hogg, Esq. Naturalized in hedges about Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. VOL. II. ~ B 1, & F. heterophylla. 1. 2 ae 1. The Privet is truly indigenous only in our Magnesian Limestone district, though straggling plants may be occasionally met with throughout the north of England. 4. FRAXINUS. F. excelsior. Common Ash. Sm, Eng. Fl. i. 14; Eng. Bot. 1692; Hook. Fl. Scot. 3. Simple-leaved Ash. Sm. Eng. Fl. 14; Eng. Bot. 2476. # In woodsand hedges. 4 in plantations. A variety of the ash with leaves mostly simple. 5, CIRCEA. C. lutetiana. Common Enchanter’s-nightshade. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 15; Eng. Bot. 1056; With. ii. 11; Hook. Fl. Scot. 4; Curt. Lond. Fase. iii. t. 3; Berwick Flora, 6. In moist shady woods and hedges, but not very com- mon, N. and D. Near Wooler and below Lang- ley Ford, N.—Dr. G. Johnston. At Wallington, N.—W. C, Trevelyan, Esq. C, alpina. Mountain Enchanter’s-nightshade. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 16; Eng. Bot. 1057; With. ii. 12; Hook. Fl. Scot. 43 C. lutetiana B, Gr. FI. Eds, 2. Near Featherstone Castle. —W. C. Trevelyan, Esq. In Hulne Woods near Alnwick.—Mr. J. Emble- ton. By the Roman Wall, near Haltwhistle, N. —Miss Dale, Sp. Differing from Cireaa lutetiana by its heart-shaped leaves. 6. VERONICA. V. serpyllifolia. Smooth Speedwell, Paul’s Betony. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 20; Eng. Bot. 1075 ; Curt. Fasc. i. t. 3. Q Mr. Wrncn’s Flora of Northumberland, &c. 8 V. humifusa, Dicks. Linn. Tr. ii. 288; With- il. 18. In meadows, pastures, gardens, &c. & by rivulets on the sides of Cheviot, N. 2. V. Beccabunga. Brooklime. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 20; Eng. Bot. 655; Curt. Fasc. ii. t. 8; Hook. Fl. Scot. 6. In rivulets and ditches. 3. V. Anagallis. Water Speedwell, Long-leaved Brooklime. Sm. Eng. Fl. i, 21; Eng. Bot. 781; With. ii. 18; Curt. Fasc. v. t. 2; Gr. FL Eds. 3; Ber- wick Flora, 6. In the Ousebourn, in ditches near Tynemouth, and at Prestwick Carr, N. In ditches near West Bol- donand Harton, D. In Whitburn Moor Lane.— Rev. J. Symons; and near Norton, D.—John Hogg, Esq. 4. V. scutellata, Narrow-leaved Marsh Speedwell. Sm. Eng. FI.i. 21; Eng. Bot. 782; With. ii. 19; Curt. Fase. v. t. 2; Gr. Fl. Eds. 3; Berwick Flora, 7. In_bvogs at Prestwick Carr, and on Newcastle Town Moor, N. Below Calf Hill.—Thompson’s Ber- wick Plants. In ditches near Twizell House.—Mrs, Selby. In Purdies Bog.—Miss Forster, delin. ; and by ponds on Alnwick Moor, N.—Mr. J. Da- vison. At West Boldon, Harton, East Morton, Beamish, and by the Whey Syke and Cauldron Snout, Teesdale, D. Hill Close Carr.—Mr. E. Robson. Near Castle Eden, D.—Rey. J. Sy- mons. 5. V. officinalis. Male or Common Speedwell. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 22; Eng. Bot. 765; Curt. Fasc. iii. t. 1; Hook. Fl. Seot. 6; Berwick Flora, 7. On heaths, dry banks, &c. frequent. 6. V. Chamadrys. Germander Speedwell, Wild Ger- mander. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 23; Eng. Bot. 623; Curt. Fasc. i, t. 2; Hook. Fl. Scot. 7; Berwick Flora, 7. In meadows, pastures, gardens, &c. 7. V. montana. Mountain Speedwell, Mountain Madwort. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 23; Eng. Bot. 766; Curt. Fasc. iv. t.2; Gr. FI. Eds, 4. In woods, but not very common. 8. V. agrestis. Green Procumbent Speedwell, Ger- mander Chickweed. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 24; Eng. Bot. t. 783 and t. 2603 ; Curt. Fase. i. t. 13 V. pudchella, Lam. and De Cand. vy. 388, according to specimens from Thomas of Bex. On cultivated ground everywhere. Fries,a German Botanist, as well as the authors of the Supplement to the English Botany, have separated Veronica agrestris into two species (see 763 and 2603) though the plant with blue flowers, and the other with the lower petals variegated with white, are found con- stantly growing together, and can scarcely be con- sidered as varieties. The seeds of both vary in number. Veronica polita is the name assigned by them to the plant figured at 763. 9. V. filiformis. Long-stalked Speedwell. Lam.and De Cand. Fl. Fr. v. 388 (excluding Sm. in Linn. Tr. ii. 195); Berwick Flora, 252, f. 1; V. agrestis 6, Sm. Fl. Greece. t. 8; Prod. i. 9; V. Buxbaumii, Tenore F]. Neap. i. p. 7, t. 103 Linn, Syst. Veg. Spreng. i. 75. Naturalized in the dene near Twizell House, N. In- digenous at Whiterig, in Berwickshire, eight miles from Berwick,—Dr. G. Johnston. 10. V. arvensis. Wall Speedwell, Speedwell Chick- weed. Sm. Eng. FI. i. 24; Eng. Bot. 734; Curt. Fasc. ii. t. 2; Hook. FI. Scot. 7. On dry banks, walls, &c. 11. V. hederifolia. Ivy-leaved Speedwell, Small 3. Henbit. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 25; Eng. Bot. 784; Curt. Fasc. ii. t. 1; Hook. Fl. Scot. 7 ; Berwick Flora, 7. On cultivated ground, frequent. 7. PINGUICULA. P. vulgaris. Common Butterwort, Yorkshire Sanicle. : Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 28; Eng. Bot. 70; Hock. Lond. t. 140; Fl. Scot. 88; Berwick Flora, 8. In bogs on moors. There is a variety in mountainous boggy meadows, with a very large flower of a duller purple, and a remarkably long spur.—Wallis’s Northumberland, vol. i. p. 222, 8 UTRICULARIA. . U. vulgaris. Common Bladderwort, Hooded Mil- foil. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 30; Eng. Bot. 253; Gr. Fl. Eds. 5; Berwick Flora, 8; With. ii. 24. At Prestwick Carr, N. In the pond-field above Spindlestone.—Dr. G. Johnstone. In Newham Lough near Bamborough, N.—Miss Pringle, Sp. At Hell-kettles and Polam, near Darlington, D. At Hardwick, near Sedgefield, D.—J. Hogg, Esq. . U. intermedia. Intermediate Bladderwort. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 30; Eng. Bot. 2489; Hook. FI. Scot. 9. At Prestwick Carr and in Bromley Lough, N. But never observed to flower. U. minor. Lesser Bladderwort. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 31; Eng. Bot. 254; Hook. Fl. Scot. 9; Gr. Fl. Eds. 5; With. ii. 24, In bogs on Plainmeller Fell, opposite Haltwhistle, N. -—-Miss Dale, Sp. 9. LEMNA. . L. trisulca. Ivy-leaved Duckweed. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 32; Eng. Bot. 926; Hook. Lond. t. 119; Fl. Scot. 10; Berwick Flora, 9. In clear stagnant pools near Newcastle. In ditches near Sunderland, and at Hell-kettles near Darling- ton, D. In stells in the Billingham Vale, D.— John Hoge, Esq. In ditches on Boldon Hills. — Rev. J. Symons. . L. minor. Lesser Duck-weed. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 32; Eng. Bot. 1095; Hook. Lond. t. 120; Fl. Scot. 11. In ponds and ditches, everywhere. 10. LYCOPUS. 1. L. ewropawus. Water Horehound, Gypsy wort. Sm. Eng. Fl. i.34; Eng. Bot. 1105; Curt. Fase. iii. t.2; Hook. Fl. Scot. 9. At Prestwick Carr, and in the Ouse-bourn, N. On the banks of Team, near Urpeth Mill, Team Bridge, and Lamesley, D. Ie _ —_ ry no —_ . A. odoratum. 0. We . F. olitoria. Mr. Wincn’s Flora of Northumberland, &c. 11. SALVIA, S. verbenaca. Wild English Clary. Sm. Eng. FI. i. 35; Eng. Bot. 154; Curt. Fasc. vi. t. 1; With. ii. 27; Gr. Fl. Eds. 6; Ber- wick Flora, 9. By the waggon-way near Newburn, and on the banks below Tynemouth Castle. On the ruinsof the Ab- bey of Lindisfern and Norham Castle, N., where it was noticed by Wallis, who mistook it for Salvia pra- tensis. On ballast hills below Gateshead, and on the banks of Hawthorn Dene, near Sailor’s Hall, D. 12, CLADIUM. C. Mariscus, Prickly Twig-rush. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 36; Hook. Fl. Scot. 11; Schanus Mariscus, Eng. Bot. 950 ; Robson’s Flora, 238 ; With. ii. 119. In Hell kettles near Darlington, D. Very rare in the north of England, and but one loca- lity for it mentioned in Hooker’s Flora Scotica. DIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 13, ANTHOXANTHUM. Sweet-scented Spring-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 37; Eng. Bot. 647; Curt. Fasc. i. t. 4; Hook. Fl. Scot. 11. In meadows, pastures, &c. TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 14. VALERIANA. rubra. Red Valerian. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 42; Eng. Bot. 1531; With. ii. 98; Hook. Fl. Scot. 14. Naturalized on the walls of Hulne Abbey near Aln- wick, N. V. dioica. Small or Marsh Valerian. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 43; Eng. Bot. 628 ; Curt. Fasc. iv. t. 3; Hook. Fl. Scot. 15; Berwick Flora, 13. In boggy meadows. V. officinalis. Great Wild Valerian. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 43; Eng. Bot. 698; Curt. Fase. vi.t.3; Hook. Fl. Scot. 15; Berwick Flora, 13. In marshes and on the banks of rivers. 15. FEDIA. Corn-salad, Lamb’s Lettuce. Sm. Eng. F1.i. 45; Hook. Fl. Scot. 155; Valeriana Locusta, Kng. Bot. 811; Curt. Fase. v. t. 4; Berwick Flora, 13. In Heaton Dene, and in corn fields near Benwell, N._ Below the Union Bridge, and above Waren. —Dr. G. Johnston. About Alnwick, N.—Mr. J. Davison. Near Whitburn and Boldon, D. At Norton, Wynyard, and Seaton, D.—J. Hogg, Esq. F. dentata. Oval-fruited Corn-salad. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 45; Gr. FL. Eds. 8; dentata, Eng. Bot. 1370; With. ii. 101. On_ Fulwell Hills and at Cocken, D. Fields near Crowhall, opposite Ridley Hall, N.—-Mr. J. Thompson. Near Twizell House, N.—Mrs, Selby. Valeriana I: 2. — —_ 1S 2. 4. S. lacustris. . S. nigricans. . R. alba. 3 16. IRIS. I. Pseud-acorus. Yellow Iris, Water Flower-de- luce. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 48; Eng. Bot. 578; Curt. Fasc. iii. t. 4; Hook. Fl. Scot. 16; Berwick Flora, 14. In ditches, pools, and by rivers. ‘ I. fetidissima. Stinking Iris, Gladwyn. Sm. Eng, Fl. i. 49; Eng. Bot. 596; With. ii. 106. At Jolby, D.—Mr. E. Robson. Its most northern British locality, no mention being made of the plant in Hooker’s Flora Scotica. Blue-flowered Iris, Iris germanica, Wallis’s Northum- berland, i. 241. Robson’s Flora, 144. In boggy places, but notcommon. What plant Wallis mis- took for so showy a species it is dificult to imagine, but the error began with the historian of Northum- vera, and was copied by Stephen Robson in his lora. 17. SCHCENUS. Black Bog-rush. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 51; Eng. Bot. 1121; Hook. FI. Scot. 16; Berwick Flora, 14; Cyperus nigricans, With. i. 118. On the heath at Prestwick Carr, N. On moors and bogey places near Berwick, frequent.—-Dr. G. Johnston. In bogs near Hartlepool, to the S.E. of Coatham near Darlington, and near Murton Moor, D. Near Norton, D.—John Hogg, Esq. oD? 18. RHYNCHOSPORA. White Beak-rush. Sm. Eng. Fl.i. 52; Schenus albus, Eng. Bot. 985 ; With. ii. 122 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 16. On the heath at Prestwick Carr, N. On Beamish Moor, D. 19. SCIRPUS. S. cespitosus. Scaly-stalked Club-rush. Sm. Eng. Fl, i. 53; Eng. Bot. 1029; Hook. FI. Scot. 16. On turfy moors, common. S. pauciflorus. Few-flowered Club-rush. Sm. Eng. Fl. i, 55; Eng. Bot. 1122; With. ii. 112; Hook. Fl. Scot. 17; Berwick Flora, 14 ; S. Beothryon, Roth. Germ. ii. 54, In bogs at Willington Quay, and at Prestwick Carr, N. Bog in a field adjoining Spring Gardens near Berwick.— Dr. G. Johnston. Below Hilton Cas- tle and near Darlington, D. 8, fluitans. Floating Club-rush. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 56; Eng. Bot. 216; With. ii. 113; Hook. Fl. Scot. 18; Berwick Flora, 15 ; Robson’s Flora, 240. In ditches near Cleadon and Darlington, D. At Prestwick Carr, and in the pond at Forest Hall, N. In Roadley Lake.—W. C. Trevelyan, Esq. On the moor west of Belford, N.—Thompson’s Ber.- wick Plants, Bull-rush. ¥ Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 56; Eng. Bot. 666; Hook. FI. Scot. 18; Lond. t. 91. BS. glaucus. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 57; Eng. Bot. 2321; S. lacustris 8, Hudson. 19; Sm, Fl. Brit. 52; Hook. Fl. Scot, 18. 4, a By rivers, lakes, and ponds. in marshes near Dyke House, in the neighbourhood of Hartlepool, D.—Mr. J. Backhouse. 5, S. setaceus, Teast Club-rush. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 58; Eng. Bot. 1693 ; Hook. Lond. 97; Fl. Scot. 19; Berwick Flora, 155; Jsolepis setacea, R. Br. Lindley Syn, 283. On boggy moors, frequent. 6. S. caricinus, Compressed Club-rush. Sm. Eng. FI. i. 58; Berwick Flora, 15; Schaenus compressus, Eng. Bot. 791 ; With. ii. 121 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 16. On the banks of Tyne at Chollerford and Low Park End, and on the Links at Holy Island and Bam- borough, N. Near Gallowhill.—Thompson’s Ber- wick Plants. In bogs at Ryehope, and on the banks of Tees near Middleton, D. Near Darlington.— Robson’s Flora. 7. 8. rufus. Brown Club-rush. Sm. Eng. FL. i. 59 ; Schaenus rufus, Eng. Bot. 1010; Hook.sFl. Scot. 17; With i. 122. In marshes on the Wear below Southwick, D. Near Hartlepool, D.—Rev. J. Dalton. S. carinatus. Blunt-edged Club-rush. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 60; Eng. Bot. 1983; Hook. Lond. t. 79; S. lacustris 8, Hudson, 19. By the Tees near Stockton, D.—G. T. Fox, Esq. 9. S. maritimaus. Salt-marsh Club-rush. Sm. Eng. FL i. 61; Eng. Bot. 542; Curt. Fase. iv. t. 4; Hook. Fl. Scot. 19; Berwick Flora, 16. On the salt marshes of Tyne, Wear, Tees, N. and D. Sea coast near Beal, N.—Thompson’s Berwick Plants. 10. 8. sylvaticus. rus-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i, 62; Eng. Bot. 919; With. 11.116; Hook. Fl. Scot. 19; Berwick Flora, 16. On the banks of Pont and of Till, also in Scotswood, Denton, and Walbottle Denes, N. By the Tweed between the Union Bridge and Horncliffe.—Dr. G. Johnston. On the banks of Team, and in Ravens- worth and Cawsey Woods, D. 20 ELEOCHARIS. . E. palustris. Creeping Spike-rush. Sm. Eng. FI. i. 635 Scirpus palustris, Eng. Bot. 131; Hook. Fl. Scot. 18. By rivulets, lakes, and on boggy ground. » Ey multicaulis, Many-stalked Spike-rush. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 64; Scirpus multicaulis, Eng. Bot. 1187; With. ii. 111, S. palustris 8, Hook. FI. Scot. 18; Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 14. On the heath at Prestwick Carr, N. 21. ERIOPHORUM. 1. E. vaginatum. Hare’s-tail Cotton-grass, Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 66; Eng. Bot. 873 ; Curt. Fasc. iv. t. 10; Hook. Fl. Scot. 20; Berwick Flora, 16. On turfy bogs, on moors, &c. 2. E. angustifolium. Narrow-leaved Cotton-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 69; Eng. Bot. 564; Berwick % Wood Club-rush, or Millet Cype- —_ bo Flora, 17; E. polystachion, Hudson, 21;. Curt. Fasc. iv. t. 9. B E. polystachion, Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 67; Eng. Bot 563; Berwick Flora, 16; E. nivale, G. Don. Sp. Mr. Wrncu’s Flora of Northumberland, &c. On turfy moors and in boggy meadows. # on moors with var. #, not rare. Below Allerton Mill near Berwick. —Dr. G. Johnston. In @ the stalks of the spikes are long as represented by the figure in Eng. Bot., and the stem frequently puts out lateral branches from the sheathes of its leaves. 3. E. pubescens. Downy-stalked Cotton-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i 68; Berwick Flora, 17; Hook. Br. Fl. 25; E. polystachion, Northumberland and Durham Guide, i. 6; E. datifoliwm, Schrad. Germ. 154, 8 E. gracile, Sm. Eng. Fl. 69 ; Eng. Bot. 2402 ; Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 19; E. triguetrum, Hoppe, Fasc. 1800. a Near the Widdy Bank, on Teesdale Moors, and in Waskerly Park near Wolsingham, also on bogey ground below Hilton Castle, D. Near Haly--pike Lough, N. On the Wallington Moors.—W. C. Trevelyan, Esq. Near Berwick, N.—Dr. G. John- ston. £ onthe Teesdale and Wolsingham Moors, D On Redpath Moors, N.—W. C. Trevelyan, sq: This species of Cotton-grass is easily recognised by its soft grass-like leaves and the downy stalks of its spikes. @ is only a slender variety. I suspect that slender specimens both of Eriophorum angustifolium, and Eriophorum pubescens pass under the name of Eriphorum gracile. For the correctness of the quo- tations of the synonyms from Wahlenberg’s FI. Lapp. and Hoppe Fasc., I rest upon the authority of specimens from the late Dr. Swartz and Mr. ‘Thomas of Bex. 22. NARDUS. 1. N. stricta. Mat-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 70; Eng. Bot. 290; Hook. Fl. Scot. 21; Berwick Flora, 18. On moors and commons. TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 23. PHALARIS. - P. canariensis. Manured Canary-grass. Sm, Eng. FL i. 74; Eng. Bot. 1310; Berwick Flora, 18; Hook. Fl. Scot. 23. On the ballast-hills of Tyne and Wear, N. and D. P. arundinacea. Reed Canary-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 74; Eng. Bot. 402, and 2160, f. 2; Arundo colorata, Sm. Fl. Brit. 147; Hook. FI. Scot. 23; Berwick Flora, 18, On the banks of rivers and margins of pools. —_ ro 24. PHLEUM. Common Cat’s-tail-grass, Timothy- — . P. pratense. grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 75; Eng. Bot. 1076; Hook. Fl. Scot. 23. y P. nodosum, Linn. Sp. Pl. i. 88 ; Alopecurus bul- bosus, Dick. Hort. Sic. Fasc. xii. 4. # In moist meadows; y on dry barren ground. 2. P. arenarium. Sea Cat’s-tail-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 78; Hook. Lond. t. 7; Hook. Fl Scot. 24; Berwick Flora, 19; Phalaris arenaria Eng. Bot. 222; With. ii. 166. Mr. Winen’s Flora of Northumberland, &c. 5 On the sea-coast of N. and D., frequent. On the links at Holy Island, N. 25. ALOPECURUS. 1. A. pratensis. Meadow Fox-tail-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 79; Eng. Bot. 759; Curt. Fasc. v. t.5; Hook. Fl. Scot. 21; Berwick Flora, 19. One of the best and most abundant of the meadow grasses. 2. A. agrestis. Slender Fox-tail-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 80; Eng. Bot. 848; Hook. Fl. Scot. 22. In cultivated fields, chiefly in the Magnesian Lime- stone district. 3. A. bulbosus. Bulbous Fox-tail-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 81; Eng. Bot. 1249; With. ii. 175; Hook. Br. Fl. 28. Near Seaton and Hartlepool, D.—Mr. Backhouse. 4. A. geniculatus. Floating Fox-tail-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 82; 22. By ditches, ponds, &c. 26. POLYPOGON. 1. P. monspeliensis. Annual Beard-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl i. 853 Agrostis panicea, Eng. Bot. 1704; Alopecurus monspeliensis, With. ii. 177. On Sunderland ballast hills, D.—W. Weighell’s Herb. 27. MILIUM. . M. effusum. Millet-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 87; Eng. Bot. 1106; Curt. Fasc. iv. t. 12; Hook. Fl. Scot. 24. In shady woods, common. _ 28. AGROSTIS. 1. A. Spica-venti. Silky Bent-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i.89 ; Eng. Bot. 951; With. ii. 180. Onthe Windmill Hills, near Gateshead ; and close to Beamish mill, D. In Heaton Dene, near Rennold- son’s mill; also by the road side near St. Anthon’s, and North Shields, N. Introduced among corn. This grass is not mentioned in Hooker’s Flora Scotica. 2. A. canina. Brown Bent-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 90; Eng. Bot. 1856; Hook. Fl. Scot. 24. 6 Hudson 30; A. tenwifolia, Curtis Br. Gr. 42. On the heath at Prestwick Carr, N. On Gateshead Fell, and in Waskerly Park, D. At Birch Barr, near Darlington.—Mr. Backhouse. In autumn this grass puts out long shoots, which take rootatevery joint. In this state it is dgrostis fusct- cularis of Curtis and Davy’s Agricultural Chemis- try, 2d Ed. p. 162. In common with other stolo- niferous grasses it produces but few seeds. 3. A. vulgaris. Common Bent-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 91; Eng. Bot. 1671. Hook. FL Scot. 25; Berwick Flora, 19. 6 FI. Brit. i. 80. y Fl. Brit. i. 80, A. pumila, Willd. Sp. Pl. i. 371 ; Lightfoot, 1081. > FIL. Brit. i. 80. @ In fields, frequent. 8 and Jin fields, &c. lesscom- mon. y in Teesdale Forest, and alpine pastures VOL. II. Curt. Fase. v. t. 6; Eng. Bot. 1250; Berwick Flora, 19 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. Cc 4. —_ _ ro ~ bo on . D. sanguinalis. . A. cristata. . A, alpina. . A. pracox. near Knitsley and Hamsterley, D. Probably a dis- tinct species. A. alla. Marsh Bent-grass. Sm. Eng. FL. i. 93; Eng. Bot. 1189; Hook. Fl. Scot. 25; Berwick Flora, 20. 6 A. stolonifera, Linn. Sp. PL. i. 93; Eng. Bot. 1532; Fl. Brit. 80; Fiorin Grass of Dr. Richardson. y A. sylvatica, Hudson, Ist Ed. 28; Willd. Sp. Pl. i. 371. « In wet meadows. 6 by the Tyne, Wear, and Tees. vy iu woods, but not common. When growing in salt marshes, but especially by springs close to the sea, as at the foot of T'ynemouth Castle rock, this grass attains a remarkable size, and in that state it used to be considered a distinct species, and described under the name of Agrostis stolonifera. 29. DIGITARIA. Cock’s-foot Finger-grass. Sm. Eng. FL i. 96. Panicum sanguinale, Eng. Bot. 489 ; Curt. Fasc. iv. t. 7 ; Hook. FI. Scot. 21; With. ii. 169. On Sunderland ballast hills, D.-W. Weighell’s Herb. 30. PANICUM. P. verticillatum. Rough Panick-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 98; Eng. Bot. 874; Curt. Fasc. iv. t. 6; With. ii. 168. On Sunderland ballast hills, D.-W. Weighell’s Herb. P. viride. Green Panick-grass. Sm. Eng. FL. i. 99; Eng. Bot. 875; Curt. Fasc. iv. t.5; With. ii. 168. On the ballast hills of Tyne and Wear, N. and D. 31. AIRA. Crested Hair-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 101; Eng. Bot. 648; Hook. Fl. Scot. 29; Berwick Flora, 20; Poa cristata, With. ii. 205. In Castle Eden Dene; in Limestone pastures near Sunderland; at Baydales, near Darlington; and near Eglestone, D, Near the Spanish Battery, at ‘Tynemouth, and on the Links at Dunstanborough, Bamborough, and Holy Island, N. Near Berwick, not uncommon.— Dr. G. Johnston. A. aquatica. Water Hair-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 101; Eng. Bot. 1557; Berwick Flora, 20; Curt. Fase. i. t. 5; Hook. Fl. Scot. 29. By ditches, pools, and rivers. A. cespitosa. "Turfy Hair-grass. Sm. Eng. FL i. 102; Eng. Bot. 1453; Hook. Fl. Scot. 29; Berwick Flora, 20. In woodsand on the borders of fields, abundant. Smooth Alpine Hair-grass. Sm. Eng, Fl. i. 108; Hook. Fi. Scot. 29; A laevigata, Eng. Bot. 2102. On the banks of Wear above Low Pallion, D. The viviparous variety.kx—Mr. Wilkinson, Sp. A. flecuosa. Wavy Mountain Hair-grass. Sm. Eng. FL i. 104; Eng. Bot. 1519; Hook. Fl. Scot. 30; Berwick Flora, 21. On moors and hilly pastures. Early Hair-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 105; Eng. Bot. 1296 ; Curt. Fasc. iii. t. 73; Hook. Fl. Scot. 30; Berwick Flora, 21. On moors and in barren pastures. 7. A. caryophyllea. Silver Hair-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 106; Eng. Bot. 812 ; Curt. Fasc. vi. t. 6; Hook. Fl. Scot. 30; Berwick Flora, 21. In barren pastures, and on moors. 32. HOLCUS. 1. H. lanatus. Meadow Soft-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 107; Eng. Bot. 1169 ; Curt. Fase. iv. t. 11; Hook. Fl. Scot. 28. In meadows and pastures, abundant. 2. H. mollis. Creeping Soft-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 108; Eng. Bot. 1170; Curt. Fase. v. t. 8; Hook. Fl. Scot. 28. In woods and hedges. 3. H. avenaceus. Oat-like Soft-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 108; Eng. Bot. 813; Hook. Fl. Scot. 28. In hedges, fields, and woods. 33. MELICA. 1. M. uniflora. Wood Melic-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 112; Eng. Bot. 1058 ; Curt. Fasc. y. t-10; Hook. Fl. Scot. 31 ; Berwick Flora, 22. In woods, frequent. 2. M. nutans. Mountain Melic-grass. Sm, Eng. Fl.i. 112; Eng. Bot. 1059 ; Curt. Fasc. vi. t. 4; Hook. Fl. Scot. 30; With. ii. 196. In Tecket-wood near Simonburn, N. On the banks of Irthing at Gilsland, N.k—Mr. J. Thompson. In Castle Eden Dene, and woods near Middleton in Teesdale, D. In Cocken woods, D.—Rev. J. Sy- mons. 3. M. cerulea. Purple Melic-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 113; Eng. Bot. 750; Curt. Fasc. y. t. 113 Hook. Fl. Scot. 31; Berwick Flora, 22. On moors and heathy places, common. 34, SESLERIA. 1. S. cerulea. Blue Moor-grass. Sm. Eng, Fl. i. 114; Eng. Bot. 1613; With. ii. 198; Hook. Fl. Scot. 31. On Limestone rocks and in dry pastures, on both sides of the Wear, above Sunderland, and on the banks of Tees, from Eglestone to the Cauldron Snout, D. 35. GLYCERIA. 1. G. aquatica. Reedy Sweet-grass. Sm. Eng. FI.i. 116 5 Poa aquatica; Eng. Bot. 1315 ; Curt. Fase. v. t. 12; ; Hook. FI). Scot. 32. By rivers, pools, &c., frequent. 2. G. fluitans. Floating Sweet-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 116; Br. Prod. N. Holl. 179; Berwick Flora, 22; Pow fluitans, Eng. Bot. 1520; Hook. Fl, Scot. 32; Festuca fluitans, Curt. iasesi-vterge In pools and slow streams. One of the few British plants which is also indigenous in Australia, 3. G. distans. TReflexed Sweet-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 118; Poa distans, Eng. Bot. 986 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 33; With. ii. 199; Poa retro- Jlewora (an excellent name), Curt. Fasc. vi. t. 10, Mr. Wineun’s Flora of Northumberland, &c. In lanes near Darlington, and in fields near Painsher and Whitburn; also by the road side near Castle Eden, and on walls at Hartlepool, D. On the sea coast at Cullercoats, and on St. Anthon’s ballast quay, N. 4. G. maritima. Creeping Sea Sweet-grass. Sm, Eng. i. 118; Berwick Flora, 23; Poa mariti- ma, Eng. Bot. 1140; With. ii. 207; Hook. Fl. Scot. 33. On the shores of Tyne and Wear; near the sea. Rocks at Dunstanborough Castle and Landisfern, N. On the coast near Berwick, and by the Tweed above the bridge. —Dr. G. Johnston. On the Fern Islands. —P. J. Selby, Esq. At Hartlepool, D. By the Tees at Portrack, D.—J. Hogg, Esq. 5. G. procumbens. Procumbent Sea Sweet-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 119; Berwick Flora, 23; Poa procumbens, Eng. Bot. 532; Hook. Fl. Scot. 33 s Curt. Fase. vi. t. ii-; Poa rupestris, With. ii. 207, t. 26. On the sea coast near Cullercoats, N. Between Hendon Lodge and the sea near Sunderland, and on Sunderland Moor; also at Fulwell, in Byers’s quar’, near Whitburn, and on the quay above South Shields, D. Near Hartlepool, D.—Mr. E. Robson. On the Fern Islands, N.—P. J. Selby, Sq: 6. G. rigida, Hard Sweet-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 119; Berwick Flora, 23 ; Poa ri- gida, Eng. Bot. 1371; Curt. Fasc. ii. t. 4; With. ii. 206; Hook. Fl. Scot. 33. On the Magnesian Limestone in the vicinity of Sun- derland and Hartlepool, and at the Lizards, near Whitburn, D. On the Heugh at Holy Island, N. 36. POA. - P. compressa. Flat-stalked Meadow-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 121; Eng. Bot. 365; With. ii. 206; Hook. Fl. Scot. 34. Near the White-lead Factory, W. of Newcastle, N.— Mr. Wm. Robertson. At Hartlepool, and between East Boldon and Cleadon, D. 2, P. trivialis. Roughish Meadow-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 124; Eng. Bot. 1072; Curt. Fasc. ii. t. 6; Hook. Fl. Scot. 35. In meadows and pastures. An excellent pasture- grass. 3. P. pratensis. Smooth-stalked Meadow-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 125; Eng. Bot. 1073; Curt. Fase. li. t. 6; Hook. Fl. Scot. 35. y P. subcerulea, Eng. Bot. 1004; P. humilis, With. ii. 202, @ An excellent grass, common in meadows, &c. on Fulwell Hills, and on the coast north of Sun- derland Pier, D. Near Benton, N. 4. P. annua. Annual Meadow-grass. Sm. Eng. FI. i. 127; Eng. Bot. 1141 ; Curt. Fasc. i. t. 6; Hook. FI. Scot. 35. In lowland situations everywhere. 5. P. nemoralis. Wood Meadow-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 129; Eng. Bot. 1265; Hook. Fl. Scot. 35. In woods near Darlington. —Mr. E, Robson. Cocken Woods, D.—Rey. J. Symons. Tecket Wood, N._ A rare grass in these counties. _ 37. TRIODIA. 1. 'T. decumbens. Decumbent Heath-grass. Mr. Winen’s Flora of Northumberland, &c. Sm. Eng. FI. i. 131; Berwick Flora, 24; Poa de- cumbens, Eng. Bot. 792; Hook. Fl. Scot. 36 ; Festuca decumbens, Linn. Sp. Pl. i. 110 ; Hudson, On moors and barren heaths, frequent. On Gateshead Fell, D., and Newcastle Town Moor, N. Near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. 38. BRIZA. . B. media. Common Quaking-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 133; Eng. Bot. 340; Hook. Fl. Scot. 37; Berwick Flora, 25. In pastures, &c., frequent. 39. DACTYLIS. 1. D. glomerata. Rough Cock’s-foot-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 134; Eng. Bot. 335; Hook. Fl. Scot. 37. In meadows, pastures, and by hedges. A productive, but coarse grass. 49. CY NOSURUS. - C. cristatus. Crested Dog’s-tail-grass. Sm. Eng. FI. i. 137; Eng. Bot. 316; Hook. Fl. Scot. 37. In meadows and pastures on a dry soil everywhere. 2. C. echinatus. Rough Dog’s-tail-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 137; Eng. Bot. 1333 ; With. ii. 212. On the ballast hills of Tyne and Wear, N. and D., rare. On St. Anthon’s ballast hills, N.x—Mr, John Thornhill and Mr. R. Waugh. 41. FESTUCA. - F. ovina. Sheep’s Fescue-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 139; Eng, Bot. 585 ; Hook. Fl. Scot, 38. 8 F. rubra, With. ii. 153, according to Smith, y F. cesia, Eng. Bot. 1917. dF. tenuifolia, Sibth. 44. In upland pastures, and on moors. Carr, N 2. F. vivipara. Viviparous Fescue-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 140; Eng. Bot. 1355 ; Berwick Flora, 25. With. ii. 216; F. ovina 8, Gr. Fl. Eds. 25; I. ovina y, Hook. Br. Fl. 45. Near Eglestone, D. Near Crow Hall, opposite Ridley Hall, on the Tyne.-—Mr. J. Thompson. On Cheviot, N. Most probably a variety of Festuca ovina, . F. duriuscula. Hard Fescue- grass. Sm, Eng. Fl. i, 141; Eng. Bot. 470; Hook. Fl. Scot. 38. BF. dumetorum, Linn, Sp. Pl. i. 109. « In dry meadows. £ in woods. 4. F. rubra. Creeping Fescue-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 141; Eng. Bot. 2056. > F.glavca. Sm. Eng. Fl. 142; Northumberland and Durham Guide, vol. ii. Preface 2 and 19, No. 1102; Berwick Flora, 26. # On the coast at Holy Island, N._ } on rocks be- low Tynemouth Castle, and at Hartley, N. At Whitburn and Hartlepool, D. On Spittle Sands, —Thompson’s Berwick Plants. 5. F. bromoides. Barren Fescue-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 142; Eng. Bot. 1411 ; Hook. Fl. Scot, 39; Berwick Flora, 26. _ _ —_ dat Prestwick oo 7 On walls and in sterile places. 6. F. Myurus. Wall Fescue-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl, i. 143; Eng. Bot. 1412; Hook. FI. Scot. 39. Not common about Newcastle. On St. Anthon’s ballast hills, N. On Hebburn and Sunderland ballast hills, D. On dykes about Berwick, frequent. —Dr. G. Johnston. 7. F. gigantea. Giant Fescue-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 144; Eng. Bot. 1820; Hook. Fl. Scot. 39; Bromus gigantcus, Curt. Vasc. v. t. 7- In moist wocds and hedges. 8. F. loliacea. Spiked Fescue-grass. Sm. Fl. i. 146; Eng. Bot. 1821; Curt. Fasc. vi. t.9; Hook. FL Scot. 40; Berwick Flora, 26. In meadows near Team; near Darlington; and in Lambton Park, D. By the sides of the Tweed, near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. 9. F. pratensis. Meadow Fescue-erass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 147; Eng. Bot. 1592 ; Curt. Fasc. vi. t. 73; Hook. Fl. Scot. 40. A valuable grass, but not very abundant in our mea- dows and pastures. 10. F. elatior. Tall Fescue-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 148; Eng. Bot. 1593 ; Curt. Fase. vi. t. 8; Berwick Flora, 27. In damp woods and moist meadows, N.and D. Near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. 11. F. sylvatica. Slender Wood Fescue-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 149 ; Hudson, Ist ed. 38 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 40; Berwick Flora, 27 ; Bromus sylvaticus, Eng. Bot. 729; Fl. Brit. i, 136. In woods and hedges, common. 42. BROMUS. - B. secalinus. Smooth Rye Brome-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 151; Eng. Bot. 1171; With. ii. 224; Hook. Fl. Scot. 41. In corn fields near Gateshead and Sunderland, D. Near Darlington, D.—Mr. Backhouse. Near Reedsmouth, N. . B. velutinus. Downy Rye Brome-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 152; Hook. Fl. Scot. 41; B. mul- tiflorus, Eng. Bot. 1884; With. ii. 225. Near Seaton, D.—Mr. Backhouse. In fields at Nor- wood, near Ravensworth, D. 3. B. mollis. Soft Brome-grass, Sm, Eng. Fl. i. 153; Eng. Bot. 1078 ; Curt. Fasc. i. t. 8; Hook. Fl. Scot. 41. In fields, common, 4. B. racemosus. Smooth Brome-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 154; Eng. Bot. 1079; Hook. Fl. Scot. 41; With. ii, 226; B. pratensis, Eng. Bot. 1984, at the bottom. Sm. Comp. 19. B. arven- sis, Eng. Bot. 920. In fields near Sunderland, Hartlepool, and Darling- ton, D. On St. Anthon’s ballast hills, N. B. arvensis. Taper Field Brome-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 156; Eng, Bot. 1984 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 42. B. spiculi-tenuata, Knapp. t. 81. At Hartlepool, towards Seaton, D.—Mr. Back. house. 6. B. asper. Hairy Wood Brome-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 158; Eng. Bot. 1172; Hook. Fl. Scot. 42. B. hirsutus, Curt. Fase. ii. t. 8. In damp woods and hedges. 7. B., sterilis. Barren Brome-grass. _ bo oo 8 Mr. Wrncn’s Flora of Northumberland, &c. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 159; Eng. Bot. 1030; Curt. Fasc. i. t. 9; Hook. Fl. Scot. 43. In fields, hedges, and on old walls. 8. B. diandrus. Upright Annual Brome-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 160; Eng. Bot. 1006; Curt. Fasc. vi. t. 5; With. ii, 228; Hook. Fl. Scot. 43. On Sunderland ballast hills, D.—W. Weighell’s Herb. 43. AVENA. 1. A. fatua. Wild Oat, or Haver. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 162; Eng. Bot. 2221; Berwick Flora, 28; With. ii. 233; Hook. Fl. Scot. 43. In corn fields on the Magnesian Limestone, near Sunderland, Easington, and Castle Eden, About Darlington, D.—Mr. Backhouse. In corn fields, near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. About Newcastle, not frequent. 2. A. strigosa. Bristle-pointed Oat. Sm. Eng Fl. i. 163; Eng. Bot. 1266; With. ii. 234. In corn fields near Sunderland, Castle Eden, Tanfield, and Burnupfield, D, Near West Pitts, D.—Mr. Backhouse. 3. A. pubescens. Downy Oat-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 164; Eng. Bot. 1640; With. ii. 233; Hook. Fl. Scot. 43; Berwick Flora, 28. On the Magnesian Limestone near Whitburn, Ful- well, Sunderland, and Castle Eden, and on the Encrinal Limestone near New House, Weardale, D. In fields near Haddrick’s Mill, N. Onthe sea coast and the banks of the Tweed, near Berwick. —Dr. G. Johnston. 4, A. pratensis, Narrow-leaved Oat-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 164; Eng. Bot. 1204; Berwick Flora, 28; With. ii. 234; Hook. Fl. Scot. 43. In Magnesian Limestone pastures about Cleadon, Sunderland, and Castle Eden, D. Near Spittal, Gull-hole, and by the river banks near Berwick on the Encrinal Limestone.—Dr. G. Johnston. 5. A. flavescens. Yellow Oat-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 166; Eng. Bot. 952; Curt. Fasc. iii. t. 5; Hook. Fl. Scot. 44. In every field. 44. ARUNDO. 1. A. Phragmites. Common Reed. Sm. Eng. Fl. i, 168; Eng. Bot. 401; Hook. Fl. Scot. 27. In marshy places, by rivers, &c. 2. A. epigejos. Wood Reed. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 169; Eng. Bot. 403; With. ii. 236; A. Culamagrostis, Lightfoot, 106; Hook. Fl. Scot. 27. Calamagrostis lanceolata, Hook. Br. Fl. 32. At the foot of the north branch of Castle Eden Dene, and by the Tyne above Hebburn Quay, D. On the banks of North Tyne, near Warden Mill, and in woods near Gilsland wells, N. 3. A. arenaria. Sea Reed, Marram, Sea Mat-weed. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 171; Eng. Bot. 520; Hook. Fl. Scot. 27; Berwick Flora, 29. Ammophila arun- dinacea, Lindley Syn. 303. On the sea beach of Northumberland and Durham. 45. LOLIUM. 1. L. perenne. Perennial Darnel, Red Darnel, Ray- grass. : Sm. Eng. FI. i. 173; Eng. Bot. 315; Hook. Fl. Scot. 45; Lond. Fase. i. t. 18. B I. tenue, Willd. Sp. Pl. i. 462. > Sm. i. 173. «In meadows and pastures every where. much less common. 2. L. temulentum. Bearded Darnel. 5 Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 174; Eng. Bot. 1124; Hook. Fl. Scot. 45; Berwick Flora, 30. In corn fields near Cleadon, Sunderland, Castle Eden, and Darlington, D. Less frequent in Northum- berland. On Shoreswood farm near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston. 3. L. arvense. White Darnel, Annual Beardless Darnell. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 174; Eng. Bot. 1125; Hook. Fl. Scot. 45; With. i. 239; Berwick Flora, 30. In fields between Darlington and Conniscliffe.—Mr. Backhouse. On the borders of corn fields at Whickham, D. In corn fields at Easington, near Belford, N.—Dr. G. Johnston. Band > 46. ROUTBOLLIA. 1. R. incurvata. Sea Hard-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 175; Eng. Bot. 760; With. i. 240; Hook. FI. Scot. 46. In Seaton pasture, D.—Mr. Backhouse. In the salt marshes of Tyne, Wear, and ‘Tees, N. and D. 47, ELYMUS. 1. E. arenarins. Upright Sea Lime-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 177; Eng. Bot. 1672; Hook. Fl. Scot. 46; With. ii, 241. On the coast near Castle Eden, Sunderland North Pier, and South Shields, D. At Seaton Snook.— John Hogg, Esq. South of Sunderland, D.—Mr. John Thornhill. At Cullercoats and Newbiggen, 2. E. europeus. Wood Lime.grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 178; Eng. Bot. 1317; With. il. 242: Hordeum sylvaticum, Hudson, 57; Knapp. t. 107 In Ramshaw Wood and Scotswood Dene, N. On the east bank of Wescrow Bourn, four miles north of Wolsingham, D. Between Rushyford and Ferry Hill, D.—Mr. E. Robson. This plant is not mentioned in Hooker’s Flora Sco- tica. It appears more nearly allied to the genus Hordeum than to Elymus. 48. HORDEUM. 1. H. murinum. Wall Barley, Mouse Barley, Way Bennet. i Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 179; Curt. Fasc. v. t. 9; Eng. Bot. 1971 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 46. On old walls, and by way sides, common. 2. H. pratense. Meadow Barley. Sm. Eng. FI. i. 180; Eng. Bot. 409; Hook. Fl. Scot. 46; Berwick Flora, 31. In meadows near Jarrow and Monkton, D. Near Ponteland, N. By no means a common grass in the north of Englaud. In moist meadows near Berwick, rare.—Dr. G. Johnston. 5. H. maritimum. Sea Barley, Squirrel-tail- grass. _ bo i — — bo . 'T. junceum. . T. loliaceum. - M. fontana. - D, fullonum. - D. sylvestris. » D. pilosus. . K. arvensis. Mr. Wincn’s Flora of Northumberland, &c. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 180; Eng. Bot. 1205; With, ii. 244; Hook. Lond.i. t. 43; Fl. Scot. 46. Near Seaton, D.—Mr. Backhouse. At Hartlepool, D.—Rev. J. Dalton. On Holy Island, opposite St. Cuthbert’s Island, N.?—Thompson’s Berwick Plants. 49. TRITICUM. Sea Rushy Wheat-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 182; Eng. Bot. 814; Hook FI. Scot. 44; Berwick Flora, 31. On the sea shores of N. and D. abundant. Not very common on the coast near Berwick.—Dr. G. John- ston. T. repens. Creeping Wheat-grass, Couch-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 182; Eng. Bot. 909; Hook. Fl. Scot. 44. In hedges and fields, every where. T. caninum. Fibrous-rooted Wheat-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 184; Eng. Bot. 1372; Hook. Fl. Scot. 44; Berwick Flora, 32. In moist woods and hedges. Dwarf Sea Wheat-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 185; Eng. Bot. 221; Hook. Fl. Scot. 45; With. ii. 246. Near Seaton, D.—Mr. E. Robson; and Hartlepocl, D.—Reyv. J. Dalton. On the ballast hills of Tyne and Wear, N. and D. TRIANDRIA TRIGYNIA. 50. MONTIA. Water Chickweed, Blinks. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 187; Eng, Bot. 1206 ; Curt. Fasc. iii. 8; Hook. Fl. Scot. 47; Berwick Flora, 32. In springs and clear rills. TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA, 51. DIPSACUS. Manured or Fuller’s Teasel. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 192; Eng. Bot. 2080; Hook. Fl. Scot. 49. On_ Sunderland ballast hills, D.—W. Weighell’s Herb. Wild Teasel. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 193; Eng. Bot. 1032 ; Curt. Fase. iii. t. 9; Hook. Fl. Scot. 49; Berwick Flora, 35. In moist hedges, &c., frequent. By road sides near Berwick, rare. —Dr. G. Johnston. Small Teasel, Shepherd’s Staff. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 193; Eng. Bot. 877; Curt. Fasc. i. t. 10; With. ii. 255 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 49. On the ballast hills, west of Bishopwearmouth, D,— Rey. J. S. Symons. 52. KNAUTIA. Field Knautia. Hook. Br. Fl. 60; Scabiosa arvensis, Sm, Eng, Fl. i. 195; Eng. Bot. 659; Curt. Fasc. iv. t. 135 Hook. Fl. Scot. 49 ; Berwick Flora, 35. In corn fields and pastures, common, VOL. II. Ue bo _ _ bo . 8. columbaria. . A. odorata. . G. cruciatum. . G. palustre. . G. saxatile. 53. SCABIOSA. S. succisa. Devil’s-bit Scabious. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 194; Eng. Bot. 878; Curt. Fasc. iii. 10; Hook. Fl. Scot. 49; Berwick Flora, 35. In moist meadows, and by the edges of woods. Small Scabious. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 195; Eng. Bot. 1311; Hook. Fl. Scot. 50; Berwick Flora, 35. In limestone fields near Fulwell, Sunderland, and Castle Eden, D. Near Durham, and in Emble- ton Dene, D.—John Hogg, Esq. Near Old Park, Weardale, D.—W. C. Trevelyan, Esq. On War- den hills, near Hexham, N. On the banks of Tweed, near West Ord House, on Spindlestone hills and above New Farm, near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. Indicative of a caleareous soil. 54. SHERARDIA. . S. arvensis, Blue Sherardia, or Little Field-Mad- der. Sm. Eng. Fl i. 196; Eng. Bot. 891; Curt. Fasc. v.13; Hook. Fl. Scot. 50; Berwick Flora, 36. Among corn, and in fallow fields. 55. ASPERULA. Sweet Woodrutf, or Woodroof. Sm, Eng. Fl. i. 197; Eng. Bot. 755; Curt. Fasc. iv. 15; Hook. Fl. Scot. 50. In every wood. 56. GALIUM. Cross- wort, Mug-weed. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 199 ; Eng. Bot. 143 ; Valantia Cru- ciata, Linn. Sp. Pl. 1491; Hudson, 441 ; Light- foot, 663. In hedges, and the borders of woods, frequent. White Water Bed-straw. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 199; Eng. Bot. 1857; Hook. Lond. Fase. i. t.20; Gr. Fl. Eds. 36; Berwick Flora, 36. @ Hook. Br. Fl. 62; G. Witheringii, Sm. Eng. FI. i. 200; Eng. Bot. 2206; Hook. Fl. Scot. 51; With. ii. 261, t. xxviii ; Berwick Flora, 37. a In ditches and pools. @ in situations comparatively dry, by no means common. At Polam, D.—Mr. J. Backhouse. At the base of Cheviot, below Lang- ley-ford, N.—Dr. G. Johnston. Smooth Heath Bed-straw. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 201; Eng. Bot. 815; Hook. Fl. Scot. 51; Berwick Flora, 37; G. montanum, Hudson, 67; G. procumbens, With. ii. 261. On moors and fells, abundant. G, uliginosum. Rough Marsh Bed-straw. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 201; Eng. Bot. 1972; Hook. Fl. Scot. 51; Berwick Flora, 37; Lond. Fase. i. 21; With. ii. 262. On the heath at Prestwick Carr, N. Near Berwick, not rare,x—Dr, G. Johnston. On Beamish Moor, Hear Medomsley, and near Winch-bridge, in Tees- ale, G. tricorne. Goose-grass, Sm. Eng. FL i. 205; Eng. Bot. 1641; With. ii. 264; G. spurium, Hudson, 68. Corn Bed-straw, Three-flowered 10 On Fulwell Hills. —Mr. E. Robson. In corn fields, near Seaton, and the mouth of Tees, D.—Mr. Backhouse. 6. G.verum. Yellow Bed-straw, Cheese-rennet. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 208 ; Eng. Bot. 660; Curt. Fasc. vi. t. 13; Hook. FL. Scot. 50; Berwick Flora, 36. In dry hilly situations, and on the sands of the sea shore, common. 7. G, Mollugo. Great Hedge Bed-straw. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 208; Eng. Bot. 1673; With. ii. 264; Hook. Fl. Scot. 53. In hedges and denes, frequent. G. boreale. Cross-leaved Bed-straw. Sm. Eng. FL i. 209 ; Eng. Bot. 105; Hook. FI. Scot. 53; With. ii. 267. On the banks of Tyne at Bywell, Wylam, Tow Park End, and Warden-mill, and on the banks of the Ir- thing, near Wardrew, N. On the banks of Tees, at Winch Bridge, and near Eglestone, on the banks ofthe Skern, near Darlington, and in Ciiffwood, D. . G. Aparine. Goose-grass, or Cleavers. Sm. Eng. FLi. 210; Eng. Bot. 816; Curt. Fasc. il. t. 9; Hook. Fl, Scot. 53. In hedges, common. = o 57. PLANTAGO. - P. major. Greater Plantain. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 218; Eng. Bot. 1558; Hook. Fl. Scot. 53; Curt. Fase. ii. t. 11. In meadows and pastures, every where. P. media. Hoary Plantain. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 214; Eng. Bot. 1559; Curt. Fasc. iv. t. 14; Hook. Fl. Scot. 53; Berwick Flora, 38. In pastures on the Magnesian Limestone, common. On dry pastures near Berwick, upon the Encrinal Limestone. 3. P. lanceolata, Rib-wort Plaintain. Sm. Eng. Fl. 1.214; Eng. Bot.507; Curt. Fasc. ii. t. 10; Hook. Fl. Scot. 54; Berwick Flora, 38. In meadows and pastures, frequent. I have gathered the panicled variety mentioned by Smith, in mea- dows at Beamish, D. 4. P. maritima. Sea Plantain. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 215; Eng. Bot. 175; Hook. Fl. Scot. 54; Berwick Flora, 38. On the sea coast, common. On Newcastle Town Moor, and near Bavington, N. Near the High Force of Tees, D. In the neighbourhood of Bar- nard Castle, D.—Mr. E. Robson. P. Coronopus. Bucks-horn Plantain, Star of the Earth. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 216; Eng. Bot. 892; Hook. Fl. Scot. 54; Berwick Flora, 38. On the sea coast, common. _ bo oS 58. SANGUISORBA, . 8. officinalis. Great Burnet. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 218; Eng. Bot, 1312; Hook. Fl. Scot. 54. In moist meadows and pastures, frequent. — 59. CORNUS. 1. C. sanguinea. Wild Cornel-tree, Dog-wood. Mr. Winen’s Flora of Northumberland, &e. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 221; Eng. Bot. 249; Hook. Fl. Scot. 55. On the Magnesian Limestone, in woods and hedges about Hetton-le-Hole and Castle Eden, D. Near Norton, D.—John Hogg, Esq. 2. C. Suecica. Dwarf Cornel. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 221; Eng. Bot. 310; Hook. FI. Scot. 55; With. ii, 278; Gr. Fl. Eds. 39; Ber- wick Flora, 39. On the Cheviot Hills, N., first discovered by Dr. Penny, who died in 1568; again noticed by Thos. Willisell in 1670.—Ray’s Letters, p. 68. Re-dis- covered by Dr. G. Johnston in 1828; on the east side of the mountain, two-thirds from the base, and close to the spring, where persons ascending gene- rally rest themselves. 60. PARIETARIA. 1. P. officinalis. Pellitory of the Wall. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 222; Eng. Bot. 879; Curt. Fasc. iv. t.63; Hook. Fl. Scot. 56; Berwick Flora, 39. On Newcastle town walls, Durham Abbey, and on the ruins of most old castles, N. and D. Also on the Magnesian Limestone rocks near Southwick, D. On the ramparts of Berwick, and dyke below the chain bridge.—Dr. G. Johnston. 61. ALCHEMILLA. 1. A. vulgaris. Common Ladies’ Mantle. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 223; Eng. Bot. 597; Berwick F]. 39; Hook. Fl. Scot. 66; 8 A. minor, Hud- son, i. 59. a In woods, meadows, and pastures; 4 in mountainous situations. 2. A. arvensis. Field Ladies’ Mantle, Parsley-piert. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 224; Eng. Bot. 1011; Hook. FI. Scot.56; Berwick Flora, 39. In barren situations, fallow fields, &c. TETRANDRIA TETRAGYNIA. 62. ILEX. 1. I. Aquifolium. Holly-tree. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 227; Eng. Bot. 496; Hook. Fl. Scot. 56; Berwick Flora, 39. Remarkably luxuriant in the woods of Northumber- land and Durham. = 63. POTAMOGETON. 1. P. natans. Broad-leaved Pond-weed. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 228; Eng. Bot. 1822; Hook. Fl. Scot. 57; Berwick Flora, 41. In ponds and rivulets. 2. P. heterophyllum. Various-leaved, Pond-weed. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 229; Eng. Bot. 1285; With. ii. 293; Hook. Fl. Scot. 57; Berwick Flora, 41. In Prestwick Carr, N. In pools near Wescrow Bourn, in Waskerley Park, D. 3. P. perfoliatum. Perfoliate Pond-weed. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 229; Eng. Bot. 168 5 Br. Prod. 343; Hook. Fl. Scot. 58; Berwick Flora, 41. In a lake at Dudley Shield, near Netherwitton, N. In the Skern, near Darlington. —Mr. E. Robson. In the Tweed, and in large ponds near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston. Mr. Wincu’s Flora of Northumberland, &c. This appears to be a native of Australia by Brown’s Prodromus. 4. P. densum. Close-leaved Pond-weed. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 230; Eng. Bot. 397; Hook. Fl. Scot. 58. In ponds at Walker, N. Ina spring near Manhaven, on the coast north of Whitburn, also in ponds at Hebburn, and the Skern, near Darlington, D. 5. P. fluitans. Long-leaved floating Pond-weed. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 230; Eng. Bot. 1286; Hook. Fl. Scot. 57; With. ii, 293; Gr. Fl. Eds. 40; P. rufescens, Hook. Br. Fl. 75. In Whey Syke, on Teesdale Forest, D. In ditches communicating with Hell Kettles, near Darlington. Mr. E. Robson. In ponds on Alnwick, moor, N. —Mr. John Davison. 6. P. lucens. Shining Pond-weed. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 231; Eng. Bot. 376; Hook. Fi. Scot. 58; Gr. Fl. Eds. 41; Berwick Flora, 41. In Prestwick Carr, Crag Lake, and the lake at Dud- ley Shield; also in the mill-race at Hexham, in the Tweed above the Union Bridge, and a little below Coldstream, N. In the Whey-syke on Tees- dale Forest, the river Skern, and ponds near Dar- lington, D. 7. P.crispum. Curled Pond-weed. Sm. Eng. FI. i. 233; Eng. Bot. 1012; Curt. Fasc. v. t. 15; Hook. Fl. Scot. 58 ; Berwick Flora, 41. In ponds and rivyulets. 8. P. compressum. FF lat-stalked Pond-weed. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 233; Eng. Bot. 418; Hook. Fl. Scot. 58; With. ii. 295. In ponds at Wide-haugh, near Dilston, N. In stells near Seaton, and in a pond near Darlington, D.— Mr. Backhouse. 9. P. pusillum. Small Pond-weed. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 235; Eng. Bot. 215; With. ii. 297; Gr. Fl. Eds. 41; Berwick Flora, 41. In the loch at Holy Island, and in Prestwick Carr, N. In ponds at Lambton, and in Mordent Carr, D. About Norton and Stockton, D.—John Hogg, Esq. In the Aln, near Alnwick, N.—Mr. J. Davison. 10. P. pectinatum, Fennel-leaved Pond-weed. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 236; Eng. Bot. 323; Gr. Fl. Eds. 41; Berwick Flora, 42; With. ii. 295; Hook. Fl. Scot. 59; P. marinum, Linn. Sp. Pl. 184 ; Hudson, 76. At Hell Kettles, near Darlington; in the river Wear at Chester New Bridge, near Lambton Ferry, and above Sunderland, D. In salt-water ditches near the Tees.—John Hogg, Esq. In salt marshes near Hilton, D.—Rev. J. Symons. In a salt-water ditch called Megey’s Bourn, north of Seaton Sluice, N. In the Tweed and the lough at Holy Island, N.—Dr. G. Johnston. 64. RUPPIA. 1, R. maritima. Sea Ruppia, Tassé] Pond-weed. Sm. Eng. FL. i. 237; Eng. Bot. 136; Hook. Lond. t. 50; FL Scot. 59; Gr. Fl. Eds, 42; With. ii. 297. In Meggy’s Bourn, north of Seaton Sluice, N. Near Tees Mouth, D.—Mr. E. Robson. 65. SAGINA. 1. S. procumbens. Procumbent Pearl-wort. Sm. Eng. FI. i. 238; Eng. Bot. 880; Curt. Fasc. iii. t. 12; Hook, Fl. Scot. 59 ; Berwick Flora, 42. 11 On walls and waste places, common. On the Fern Islands, N.— Dr. G. Johnston. 2. S. maritima. Sea Pearl-wort. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 239; Eng. Bot. 2195; Hook. Lond. t. 115; Gr. Fl. Eds. 42 ; Berwick Flora, 42. On Hartlepool Pier, D. On Seaton Moor, D.— Mr. Janson. Between Holy Island Castle and the Heugh, N. Onthe Fern Islands.—Dr. G. John- ston. 8. S. apetala. Annual Small-flowered Pearl-wort. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 240; Eng. Bot. 881 ; Curt. Fasc. v. t. 14; Hook. FI. Scot. 60; Berwick Flora, 43. Near Sunderland, D. At Blackwell, D.—-Mr. Backhouse. On the heights between Belford and Bamborough.—Thompson’s Berwick Plants. On the walls at Fisher’s Fort, Berwick. —Dr. G. John-- ston. 66. MQENCHIA. 1. M. erecta. Upright Mcenchia. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 241; M. glauca, Hook. Fl. Scot. 60; Sagina erecta, Eng. Bot. 609; Curt. Fasc. ii. 12; With. ii. 299. , In gravel pits on Durham Moor.—Rev. J. Symons. On Limestone hills, near Sunderland, D.—W. Weighell. 67. RADIOLA. 1. R. millegrana, Thyme-leaved Flax-seed. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 243; Eng. Bot. 893; Berwick Flora, 43 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 60; Linum Radiola, With. ii. 435; Linn. Sp. Pl. 402. On Newcastle Town Moor, by the road leading to Benton, N.—Reyv. Jas. Birkett, Sp. Near Ber- wick.—Dr. G. Johnston. PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 68. MYOSOTIS. 1. M. palustris. Great Water Scorpion-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 249; Hook. Fl. Scot. 67; Ber- wick Flora, 51; Eng. Bot. 1973; Curt. Lond. Fase. iii. 13. In rivulets, mill-pools, ditches, &c. 2. M. caspitosa. Tufted Water Scorpion-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 250; Berwick Flora, 51; Eng. Bot. t. 2661 ; Hook. Br. Fl. 83. In dry ditches, and by ponds near Wallington, N.— W.C. Trevelyan, Esq. In the lane below Unthank Colliery, near Berwick,—Dr. G. Johnston. 3. M. sylvatica. Upright Wood Scorpion-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 251; Hook. Fl. Scot. 66; Dill. Ray’s Syn. 229, t. ix. f. 3 (good). Berwick Flora, 52. In Castle Eden Dene, and near Middleton in Tees- dale, D. Near Whitfield, also in Scotswood Dene and Twizell Castle woods N. In Wallington woods, N.—W. C. Trevelyan, Esq. In Horncliff Dene, N.—Dr. G. Johnston. 4. M. arvensis. Field Scorpion-grass. Eng. Bot. 2629 ; Hook. Br. Fl. 85 ; Fl. Scot. 67; M. scorpioides % arvensis, Sm. Fl. Brit. i. 212. B M. collina, Hook. Br. Fl. 85; M. arvensis, Eng. Bot. 2558 ; Sm. Eng. FI. i. 252. 12 % On hedge banks, and in woods, frequent. walls and basaltic rocks, frequent. . M. versicolor. Yellow and blue Scorpion-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 253; Eng. Bot. 2558 and 480, f.i.; Hook. Fl. Scot. 67; Berwick Flora, 52. On walls, and in fields near Newcastle, but not com- mon. On Cloudy crags near Alnwick, N.—Mr. J. Davison. Bon ou 69. LITHOSPERMUM. 1. L. officinale. Common Gromwell, Grey Mill, Grey Miller. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 254; Eng. Bot. 134; Hook. Fl. Scot. 68 ; With. i. 308. In Castle Eden and Hawthorn Dene, and Hilton woods, on the Magnesian Limestone, D. L. arvense. Corn Gromwell, Bastard Alkanet. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 255; Eng. Bot. 123; Hook. Fl, Scot. 68. In corn fields, frequent. Linnzus remarks, that the girls of the north of Europe paint their faces with the juice of the root, upon days of festivity. . L. maritimum. Sea Gromwell. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 256; Hook. Fl. Scot. 68 ; Gr. Fl. Eds. 44 ; Pulmonaria maritima, Eng. Bot. 368 ; Curt. Fase. vi. t. 18, t At Scremmerston Mill, between the Salt Pans and Berwick.—Lawson. Dill. Ray’s Syn. 228. This elegant plant has not been observed on the coast of Northumberland for many years past. On the shores of Cumberland and Wales, it is by no means rare, and I have specimens from Fifeshire. i) Qo 70. ANCHUSA. . A. officinalis, Common Alkanet. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 258; Eng. Bot. 662; With. ii. 310. Naturalized on the links near Hartley Pans, N. Brought here in ballast from the Continent. A. sempervirens. Evergreen Alkanet. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 258; Eng. Bot. 45; With. ii. 310; Berwick Flora, 53; Hook. Lond. t. 94; Fl. Scot. 68. Naturalized near Berwick, in a hedge behind Ram- say’s barn.—Dr.Thompson. Near the Grieve’s House.—Dr. G. Johnston. _ w 71. CYNOGLOSSUM. - C. officinale. Common Hound’s-tongue. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 260; Eng. Bot. 921; Curt. Fasc. iv. t. 16; Hook. Fl. Scot. 69; Berwick Flora, 53. By road sides and on rubbish, particularly near the coast, but by no meanscommon, N. and D. On the links at Scremmerston and Holy Island, N.— Dr. G. Johnston. _ 71. PULMONARIA. . P. officinalis. Common Lung-wort. Sm. Eng. Vl. 261; Eng. Bot. 118; With. ii. 312; Gr. Fl. Eds. 46. In_ Cliff Wood, six miles west of Darlington, D.— Mr. E. Robson. Near the gate of the Stocking, in the neighbourhood of Alnwick, N.—Miss Pringle, Sp. In a wood near Howick.—Rev. J. Dodd. Probably naturalized in all these habitats. _ Mr. Wiwen’s Flora of Northumberland, &c. 72. SYMPHYTUM. 1. S. offvinale. Common Comfrey. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 263; Eng. Bot. 817; Curt. Fasc. iv. 18; Hook. Fl. Scot. 69. BS. patens, Sib. Fl. Ox. 70; With. ii. 315. On the banks of Pont near Ponteland, in lanes at Benwell; and in Wall’s End Dene, N. By hedges between South Shieldsand Jarrow, D. At Polam, near Darlington, D.—Mr. J. Backhouse. 6 On the banks of Pont, near Ponteland, N. 2. S. tuberosum. 'Tuberous-rooted Comfrey. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 263; Eng. Bot. 1502; Lightfoot, 1091; Gr. Fl. Eds. 46; With. ii. 315 ; Hook. Brit. Fl. 81. Durham.—Mr. E. Robson, in Hooker’s Flora. By the side of the Whiteadder, half-way between its mouth and the bridge within Berwick bounds. —Dr. G. Johnston. 73. BORAGO. - B. officinalis. Common Borage. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 264; Eng. Bot. 36; With. ii. 315; Hook. Fl. Scot. 70; Berwick Flora, 53. Naturalized on the ballast hills of Tyne and Wear, N. and D. On the links between Hartlepool and the second wind-mill, D.—John Hogg, Esq. In fields at Hallidon, N.k—Mr. A. Baird. 74. ASPERUGO. 1. A. precumbens. German Mad-wort. Sm. Eng. I'l. i. 265; Eng. Bot. 661; Hook. Fl. Scot. 70; Gr. Fl. Eds. 46; Berwick Flora, 54 ; With. ii. 316. In the Holy Island, N.—Dill. Ray’s Syn. 228. On Bamborough Castle, and on rubbish by the road side below it, N.—Miss Nevison and Miss Forster, Sp. 75. LYCOPSIS. 1. L. arvensis, Small Bugloss. Sm. Eng. FI. i. 267; Eng. Bot. 938; Curt. Fasc. v. t. 7; Hook. Fl. Scot. 70. In corn-fieids and the links of the sea coast. 76. ECHIUM. 1. E. vulgare. Common Blue Viper’s Bugloss. Sm. Eng. Fl i. 268; Eng. Bot. 181; Hook. Fl. Scot. 70 ; Berwick Flora, 54. In fields, on waste ground, and on the links on the sea coast, not very frequent. I have gathered an elegant variety with white flowers, (not noticed by Smirn or WirHERING), on the west- ern extremity of Box Hill, Surrey. 2. E, italicam. White Viper’s Bugloss. Sm. Fl. Brit. i. 221; Eng. Bot.. 2081 ; With. ii. 317. On Sunderland ballast hills, D. : at one time far from rare but imported from the Continent, 1 make no oubt. _ 77. PRIMULA. 1. P. vulgaris. Primrose. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 270; Eng. Bot. 4; Hook. Fl. Scot. 71; P. acaulis, Curt. Fase. vi. 16; Ber- wick Flora, 54. 8 P. elatior. (Oxlip.) Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 270; Eng. Bot. 5J3; With. i. 319; Hook. Fl. Scot. 71. Mr. Wrnen’s Flora of Northumberland, Sc. y P. veris. (Cowslip.) Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 271; Eng. Bot. 5; Hook. Fl. Scot. 71; Berwick Flora, 55, a In groves and thickets, and on the banks of hedges. Var. 1; flowers of a brownish or dusky red. In Felton woods, on the banks of the Coquet, N. In Swansfield plantations near Alnwick, N.-—Miss Pringle. Near Harperley, D.—John Hogg, Esq. & on the banks of Team near Urpeth, in meadows near Chester-le-street and Lambton, and in Dalton Dene, D. At Snipperley.—Rev. J. Symons. Near Norton and Stockton, D.—John Hogg, Esq. In Hulne woods, near Alnwick, N.—Mr. J. Da- vison. War. 1; flowers tinged with red. In mea- dows near Castle Eden Dene, D. y in meadows and pastures. Var. 1; With. ii. 390; Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 271. The outside of the corolla scarlet. Near Brunton Mill, N. However singular it may appear, yet the experiments of the Hon. and Rev. W. Herserr, detailed in the 4th vol. of the Horticultural Transactions, at p. 19, clearly prove the suspicions of Linn aus, that the Primrose, Ox-lip, Cowslip, and Polyanthus, were only varieties of the same species, to be well ground- ed. On this subject, so interesting in a Botanic point of view, Professor Hrnstow’s paper, pub- lished in Loudon’s Magazine for September, 1830, throws additional light. 2. P. furinosa. Bird’s-eye Primrose. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 272; Eng. Bot. 6; Hook. Lond. t. 133; With. ii. 320; Gr. Fl, Eds. 48; Curt. Fasc. vi. t. 9. In bogs and wet pastures near Easington, Painsher, Hilton Castle, Castle Eden, East Murton, and Dal- ton-le-Dale ; also near Eglestone, and in Teesdale Forest, D. Near Ovingham, N. Near Durham, Norton, to the west of Stainton, and in Close wood, near Embleton, D.—John Hogg, Esq. This pretty Primula follows the Wear and Tees from the sea- coast to the Sub-Alpine mountains, in which these rivers have their sources. 78 MENYANTHES. 1. M. trifoliata. Buckbean Marsh-Trefoil. Sm. Eng. Fl.i. 274; Eng. Bot. 495; Curt. Fasc. | iv. t. 17; Woodv. t. 23 Berwick Flora, 55. In marshes and bogs, not rare. 79. VILLARSIA. 1. V. nympheoides. Fringed Water-lilly. Vent. Lindley Br. Syn. 180; Hook. Br. Fl. 92; Menyanthes nympheides, Sm. Eng. FI. i. 275 ; Eng. Bot. 217. This elegant plant, a native of the Thames, near Hampton Court, Walton, and Windsor, has become naturalized in the ponds at Wallington, N. 80. HOTTONIAw 1. H. palustris. Feather-foil Water Violet. Sm. Eng. FIL. i. 276; Eng. Bot. 364; Curt. Fasc. ae te Vis Wathsyi1.3225 At. Mainsforth Carr near Rushyford, in a pool below East Boldon, and near Cocken, D. In ditches near Darlington.—Rev. J. Harriman. Also near Norton, D.—John Hogg, Esq. This plant does not appear in Hooker’s Flora Scotica, nor has it been met with north of the Tyne. Hook. Fl. Scot. 71; VOL. II. 81. LYSIMACHIA. 1. L. vulgaris. Yellow Loosestrife. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 277; Eng. Bot. 761; Curt. Fasc. v. t. 19; Hook. Fl. Scot. 72; Robson’s FL 73; Berwick Flora, 56; With. ii. 323, By the side of a pond at the south-west end of Wide- haugh near Dilston, by the road to Hexham, and on the banks of North Tyne at Low Park-end near Nunwick, N.—Wallisi. 157. I have not been able to find it in these localities. At Sow-mire near Swinton, Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. By the Drop-wellon the banks of Skerne near Darlington, where it was noticed by S. Robson.—Rev. John Harriman, from whom I have specimens. 2. L. punctata, Four-leaved Loose-strife. Hook. Brit. Fl. 88; Jacq. Aust. iv. 366. ‘‘T have gathered this plant twenty-five years ago on the banks of the Skerne, in abundance; the plant grew both above and below the Railway-bridge. A botanist from Richmond of the name of Warp gathered it three or four years since in the same si- tuation.”—Mr. Backhouse, MSS. 3. L. xemorum. Wood Loosestrife, Yellow Pimper- nel. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 278; Eng. Bot. 527; Curt. Fasc. v. t. 18; Hook. Fl. Scot. 72; Berwick Flora, 56. In moist woods, and on bogs. 4, L. Nummularia. Creeping Loosestrife, Money- wort, Herb Twopence. Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 279; Eng. Bot. 528; Curt. Fasc. iii. t. 14; Hook. FJ. Scot. 72; With. ii. 325, On Hebburn ballast hills, D. St. Anthon’s ballast hills; N. 82. ANAGALLIS. 1. A. arvensis. Scarlet Pimpernel. Sm. Eng. Fl. i, 280; Eng. Bot. 529; Curt. Fasc. i.t. 12; Hook. Fl. Scot. 72 ; Berwick Flora,-56. 6 A. cerulea, (Blue Pimpernel.) Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 280; Eng. Bot. 1828 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 72; P. avium, With. iii. 600. a In woods and hedges, N. ard D. Near Fleming- ton, N.—Dr. G. Johnston. yon the banks of Tees about Barnardcastle.—Johnson in Ray. At Chowden, near Gateshead Fell, D. Jin woods about Darlington, D.—Rev. J. Symons. P. domestica. Wild Plumb-tree. Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 355; Eng. Bot. 1783 ; Woodv. t. 85; Gr. Fl, Eds. 108; With. ii. 600, In hedges near Morpeth and Alnwick, N. In the neighbourhood of Urpeth, D. Near Witton Gil- bert, D.—Rey. J. Symons. Probably not originally indigenous in the north of England. P. insititia. Wild Bullace-tree. Sm. Eng, Fl. ii. 356; Eng. Bot. 841; With. iii. 600; Gr. Fl. Eds. 108. In Ryehope Dene, and in hedges between Durham and Chester-le-Street, D. P. spinosa. Sloe.tree, Black-thorn. Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 357; Eng. Bot. 842 ; Woodv. t. 84; Hook. I'l. Scot. 151; Berwick Flora, 109. In hedges and thickets. ICOSANDRIA PENTAGYNIA. 200. MESPILUS. Hawthorn, White-thorn, May. Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 359; Eng. Bot. 2504 ; Berwick Flora, 109; Crategus Oxyacantha, Hook, Fl. Scot.151; Crataegus monogyna. Sibth, 156, In woods and hedges, everywhere. 32 1, _ _ . P. Malus. . P. Aria. . S. salicifolia. 201. PYRUS. P. communis. Wild Pear-tree, Iron Pear. ne Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 361; Eng. Bot. 1784; With. iii. 607. In hedges near Cocken, D.—W. Weighell’s Herb. Probably not truly indigenous. Wild Apple-tree, Crab-tree. Sm. Eng, FL ii. 362 ; Eng. Bot. 179 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 151; Berwick Flora, 110. In woods, denes, and hedges, common. P. aucuparia. Mountain Ash, Quicken-tree. Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 364 ; Hook, Fl. Scot. 151; Ber- wick Flora, 110; Sorbus aucuparia, Eng. Bot. 337; With. iii. 604. In woods and plantations, common. Near the High Force, and Winch Bridge in Teesdale, D.; and at the foot of Cheviot, N. Certainly wild. mR White Beam-tree, White Wild Pear- tree. Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 365; Eng. Bot. 1858; Gr. Fl. Eds.110; Crategus Aria, With. iii. 602. 8 P. pinnatifida, Sm. Eng. FI. ii. 365; Eng. Bot. 2331; P. hybrida, Fl. Brit. 534. z In Castle Eden Dene, on rocks of Magnesian Lime- stone, and near Winch Bridge, ‘Teesdale, on En- crinal Limestone and Basalt, D. 8 in plantations. A variety usually raised by cultivation, and called the Bastard Mountain Ash. 202. SPIRAZA. Willow-leaved Spirzea. Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 367; Eng. Bot. 1468; Hook. Fl. Scot. 152; With. iti. 609. Naturalized in woods at Wallington, and by Roadley Lake, N. In Gibside woods near the Chapel, D. ; but not indigenous as Dr. Smith was erroneously informed.—See Eng. FI. ii. p. 369. S. Filipendula. Common Dropwort. Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 368; Eng. Bot. 284; With. iii. 610; Hook. Fl. Scot. 152. At Baydales, and Conniscliffe near Darlington, and in Byer’s Quarry field near Whitburn, D. In Crag Close near Barwesford, N. This plant flourishes both on the Magnesian and En- crinal Limestone. S. Ulmaria. Meadow-sweet. Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 368; Eng. Bot. 960; Hook. Fl. Scot. 152; Curt. Lond. Fase. v. t.33; Berwick Flora, 110. On .the banks of rivers and in moist meadows, fre- quent. ICOSANDRIA POLYGYNIA. 203. ROSA. R. rubella. Red-fruited Dwarf Rose. Fruit oval, somewhat bristly. Flower stalks, bristly. Stem spreading, clothed with straight slender spines. Leaflets elliptical, smooth, singly serrated. Segments of the calyx entire. Eng. Bot. 2521 and 2601, Fruit f.3; With. iii. 613; Sm. Com. 78; Woods, Linn. Trans. xii. 177; Lindley, Mon. 40; Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 374; Winch, Geog. Pl, 2nd ed., No. 1, App. ; Hook. Br. Fl. 225. Flowers white tinged with pink. Fruit, when . R. spinosissima. » R. gracilis. Mr. Wincun’s Flora of Northumberland, Sc. ripe, pear-shaped, scarlet, and pendant. Calyx permanent. On the sands of the sea coast near South Shields, D., mixed with the dwarf variety of the Burnet Rose, rare.—July 17, 1797. This shrub appears a link between Rosa spinosissima and Rosa alpina; the latter of which it greatly re- sembles in habit. It is not Rosa pimpinellifolia of the Swiss Botanists, as Mr. Woods conjectures ; for, by a specimen procured from Schleicher, that plant appears to be Rosa spinosissima. Nor is it Rosa spinosissima, var. 3, of Withering, as I am as- sured by that gentleman. Burnet Rose. Fruit globose, smooth as well as the flower stalks. Stem clothed with numerous straight slender spines. Leaflets singly serrated, smooth and round. Eng. Bot. t. 187; With. iii. 612; Winch, Geog. PL, 2nd ed., No. 2, App.; Berwick Flora, 111; Hook. Br. Fl. 226; Fl. Scot. 154; Gr. Fl. Eds. 111; Woods, Linn. Trans. xii. 178; Fl. Brit. ii. 587; Lindley Mon. 50; Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 375; R. pimpinellifolia, Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed., 1062 ; Schleicher’s Catalogue, 24. Flowers yellowish white. Fruit first reddish brown, as coloured in English Botany, and then turning black. Calyx permanent. y pusilla, Woods, Linn. Trans. xii. 179 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 376. Flower stalks short. Fruit large, depressed. The Burnet Rose isa shrub of a very diminutive growth on the sea beach (var. Y), but rises to a tall bush in woods and hedges distant from the coast. It is not very common, but occasionally to be found even in our sub-alpine vallies; and in the woods bordering the Lakes of Cumberland and Westmoreland. It may be met with about Newcastle, Corbridge, the Crag Lake, and on the coast at Holy Island, N. At Hebburn Quay, on the links near South Shields, at Norton; alsoin Weardale and Teesdale, D. Tall Bristly Rose. Flower stalks bristly, generally bracteated. Bran- ches, fruit and calyx bristly. J.eaflets doubly serrated, hairy on both sides. Woods, Linn, Trans. xii. 186; Sm, Eng. Fl. ii. 379; Winch, Geog. Pl., 2nd ed., No. 4, App. ; R. villosa, Eng. Bot. t. 583. 8 R. Sabini, Woods, Linn. Trans. xii. 188; Sm. Eng. FI. ii. 80 ; Lindley Mon. 59; Hook. Fl. Scot. 155; Gr. Fl. Eds. 112; Hook. Br. FI. 229; Eng. Bot. 2594; R. Doniana, Woods, Linn. Trans. xii. 185; Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 378 ; Eng. Bot. 2601; R. nivalis, Hort. Cant. 7th ed., 155. R. involuta. Winch, Geog. Pl., 2nd ed., No. 3, App. y R. involuta, Eng. Bot. 2068; Fl. Brit. ii. 398; With iii. 613; Woods, Linn. Trans. xii. 183 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 380; Hook. Fl. Scot. 154; Br. Fl. 229. . Flowers pink ; generally one, but sometimes two or three together. Petals yellowish at the base. Fruit globular scarlet. Calyx permanent, entire. @ At Baydales, near Darlington, D. 8 in Heaton Dene, below. Benton Bridge, and near Goldspink Hall, N. Near Middleton-one- Row, D.—Mr. J. Backhouse. » 6. R. scabriuscula. Mr. Wiweun’s Flora of Northumberland, &c. in & gracilis the large prickles are somewhat falcate ; this is all the difference I can observe in the plants growing between Keswick and Lorton, from which Voods drew up his specific character, and 8 Sa- bini the variety found in Heaton Dene. We have not the elegant white variety withred glands, abun- dant in Ennerdale. With vy involuta, I am ac- quainted by specimens and plants procured on the shores of Arran by the late Mr. G. Don. It is merely a dwarf variety from growing on the sands of the sea coast, as is the case with Mosa spinossis- sima and its petals are occasionally involute, which in dry situations happens to most other roses. 4, R. villosa. Soft-leaved round-fruited Rose. Fruit globose, half as long as the segments of the calyx, bristly as well as the flower-stalks. Prickles of the stem straight. Leaflets elliptic, ovate, downy on both sides. Calyx permanent. R. villosa, Woods, Linn. Trans. xii. 189; Winch, Geog. Pl. 2nd ed. No. 5 App.; Hook. Br. Fl. 230; With. iii. 612; Var. 2, Sm. Eng. FL. ii. 311; R. villosa, 8 Fl, Brit. ii. 538; R. mollis, Eng. Bot. t. ii. 459; Winch, Geog. of Plants, Ist ed., 42 ; Lindley, Br. Syn. 100; R. tomentosa, Lindley, Mon. 77; Hook. Fl: Scot. 156; R. _ villosa B, mollissima, Willd. Sp. Pl. ii. 1070. Very common about Newcastle, in hedges and woods. When this shrub grows on a sterile soil, or in a bleak exposed situation, it assumes the stunted habit and full red flower, as delineated in Eng. Bot. t. ii. 459. The fruit varies from smoothness to a considerable degree of roughness. Rosa villosa, of Dr. Swartz and other foreign botanists, is the Apple Rose of our gardens, which I believe is not indigenous in Britain. Its fruit is very large, and leaves pointed. 5, R. tomentosa. Downy-leaved Dog Rose. Fruit ovate, bristly as well as the flower stalks, Prickles of the stem slightly curved. Leaflets doubly serrated, ovate, downy on both sides. Divisions of the calyx permanent. Eng. Bot. t. 990; Fl. Brit. ii. 539; With. iii. 615 ; Woods, Linn. Tr. xii. 197; Lindley, Mon. 27; Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 383; Berwick Flora, 111; Winch, Geog. Pl. 2nd ed., No. 6 App. ; Hook. Br. Fl. 231. Flowers bright red, paler at the base. In woods and hedges about Newcastle, by no means rare. Rough-leaved Dog Rose. Fruit, roundish, ovate, bristly as well as the flower stalks. Prickles awl-shaped, as well as the flower stalks. Leaflets doubly serrated, elliptical, with minute hairs. Divisions of the calyx perma- nent. Eng. Bot. t. 1896 ; Woods, Linn. Trans. xii. 193 ; Sm. Compend. 78; With. iii. 6155; Berwick Flora, 111; Winch, Geog. Pl., 2nd ed., No. 7, App. ; &. tomentosa «? Hook, Br. Fl. 231; R. tomentosa 8, Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 383. Fruit red. Bristles on the fruit and flower-stalks ending in minute glands ; but there is a variety with smooth fruit. Leaflets are more pointed than represented in Eng. Bot. and covered with a hoary, velvety down. in hedges near Benwell (1797), Paradise, Scotswood, Fenham, Jesmond, Ponteland, and Heaton Dene, N. Near Ravensworth, the High and Low Team, VOL. II. K 35 and Tanfield, D. Near Wallington.—W. C. Trevelyan, Esq. On the banks of Tweed, above the Union Bridge, and in hedges near Berwick, N. —Dr. G. Johnston. The buds are peculiarly handsome when sufficiently expanded to shew the bright red tints with which the outer edge of the snow-white petals is marked. Probably Sir J. E. Sarr is right in considering this rose a variety of Rosa tomentosa ; but I shall let it stand as a species, till the contrary be proved by sowing its seeds. 7. R. Eglanteria. Sweet Briar. Fruit ob-ovate, bristly as well as the flower-stalks. Leaves doubly serrated. Prickles of the stem hooked, clothed beneath with rusty-coloured glands. Segments of the calyx deciduous. Huds. Fl. Ang. 218; Woods, Linn. Trans. xii. 206; Winch, Geog, P]., 2nd ed., No, 8, App. ; R. rubiginosa, Eng. Bot. 991; Fl. Brit. ii, 540 ; With. iii. 616; Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 385 ; Lindley, Mon. 86; Hook. FL. Scot. 157; Gr. Fl. Eds. 113; Hook. Br. Fl. 234; Berwick Flora, 112. Flower pale red, fruit scarlet. In hedges near the Friar’s Goose and Hebburn Hall, also on rocks below Westoe, D. In Rocoe Lane near Monkwearmouth.—Rev. J. Symons. Near High Conniscliffee—Mr, Janson. In Raby Park, D.—Mr. J. Backhouse. On the edge of the mili- tary road by the twelfth mile stone, also on the north side of the Coquet at Warkworth, almost opposite the church, N.—Wallis, 143. Naturalized about Scremmerston and Broom House.—Dr. G. John- ston. 8. R. Borreri. Downy-stalked Dog Rose. Fruit ovate, smooth. Flower-stalks villous, somewhat bristly, clustered. Prickles of the stem hooked. Leaflets ovate, doubly serrated, slightly hairy beneath. Foot-stalks very downy. Woods, Linn, ‘Trans, xii. 210; Winch, Geog. Pl., 2nd ed., No. 9, App.; R. dwmetorum, Eng. Bot. t. 2579; Sm. Compend. 79 ; With. iii. 618; Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 388 ; R. inodora, Hook. Br. Fl, 233 ; R. rubiginosa inodora, Hook. Fl. Lond. t. 117. 3 Lindley Mon. 88. Fruit scarlet, ovate. at the base. In a hedge on Friar’s Goose Quay, probably brought with ballast from the south of England. This rose is accurately delineated in the English Bo- tany, but the calyx remains long on the fruit. Like Rosa canina, it frequently throws out long leading shoots, which soon overtop the bunches of flowers. In all likelihood Lindley was notin error in making it a variety of the Eglantine. 9. R. dumetorum. Thicket Rose. Fruit elliptical, smooth, as tall as the bracteas. Petals pale pink, yellowish Flower-stalks silk ine slightly hairy. Calyx pinnate. Prickles numerous, scattered, hooked. Leaves simply serrated, hairy on both sides. Woods, Linn. Trans. xii. 217; Sm. Eng. Fl. ii, 392; Lam. and De Cand. Fl. Fr. iv, 534; Eng. Bot. 2610; Winch, Geog. Pl. 2nd ed., No. 11, App; R. casia, Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 389; Woods, Linn. Trans. xii, 212; Eng. Bot. 2367; Hook. Br. Fl. 239 ; R. canina iG Hook. Fl. Scot. 157; R. bractescens, Woods, Linn, Trans. xii. 216; Sm. Eng. Fl. ii, 391. 34 Bracteas serrated, pointed and leafy, longer than the flower-stalks, which are short and stout, sometimes four or five together. Tube of the calyx roundish. Segments pinnate, permanent. Flowers pale red. Styles prominent, hairy. Stigmas forming a round head. Fruit, red, globular. In Heaton Dene, and hedges near Sandyford, N. Between Middleton and Langley Ford, N., and near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. 10. R. canina. Common Dog Rose. Fruit ovate, smooth as well as the flower-stalks. Prickles of the stem hooked. Leaflets ovate, pointed, very smooth, singly serrated. Eng. Bot. 992; Fl. Brit. ii. 540; With. ii. 617 ; Woods, Linn. Trans. xii. 223; Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 394; Hook. Fl. Scot. 157 ; Gr. Fl. Eds. 113 ; Winch, Geog. Pl. 2nd ed., No. 12, App. ; Ber- wick Flora, 113. Flowers pale pink, clustered, soon out-topped by the leading shoots of the shrub. Fruit scarlet, oval. Calyx deciduous. Leaves dark shining green. The young shoots very strong, armed with large hooked prickles. B R. Forstcri. Downy-ribbed Dog Rose. Sm. Eng. FI. ii, 392; Eng. Bot. 2611 ; Berwick Flora, 113; R. collina & and y, Woods, Linn. Trans, xii. 219; R. canina ¢, Hook. Br. Fl. 236. Ribs of the leaflets hairy. a Inevery hedge. § near Berwick.—Dr. G. John- ston. 11. R. sarmentacea, Glaucous-leaved Dog Rose. Calyx permanent. Fruit egg-shaped, smooth. Leaflets ovate, doubly serrated, glaucous.— Prickles hooked. Calyx deciduous. R. sarmentacea, Woods, Linn. Trans. xii. 213; Swartz. MSS.; Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 390; Eng. Bot, 2595; Berwick Flora, 112; Winch, Geog. Pl, 2nd ed., No. 13, App. ; R. canina 8, Hook. Br. Fl. 236; R. glaucophylla, Winch, Geog. Pl., Ist ed., 45; With. iii. 619. In every hedge near Newcastle, both in Northumber- land and Durham. This isamuch slenderer, though less trailing Briar than Rosa canina; its flowers pale pink, growing in pairs or single, and its fruit large. It also further differs in habit, by not having young shoots sprouting be- yond the blossoms, so as to give them the appear- ance of being axillary ; and from Rosa sentriosa of Acharius (Stockholm Transactions) in the fruit being ovate, not globular. The leaves of the shrub are glaucous—peculiarly so in the spring of the year; and with reluctance I relinquish the name given to it in the first edition of the Geog. of Plauts, for the less appropriate one of my late friend, Dr, Swartz. This rose stands exactly in the same predicament as R. scabriuscula, and I leave it as a species till ascer~ tained to be a variety of R. canina, to which, it must be owned, it bears a strong resemblance. 12. R. arvensis. White-trailing Dog Rose. Style united. Fruit globose, smooth as well as the flower-stalks, Leaves unequally serrated. Stem and leaf-stalks prickly. Flowers generally clustered. Prickles hooked. Eng. Bot. t. 188; Fl. -Brit. ii. 538; With. iu. 611; Woods, Linn, Trans. xii. 232; Sm. Eng.’ 1. 3. ~ 5. 6. . R. corylifolius. Mr. Wrneu’s Flora of Northumberland, Sc. Fl. ii 396 ; Lindley, Mon. 112 ; Hook. FI. Scot. 158; Gr, Fl. Eds. 114; Winch, Geog. Pl., 2nd ed., No. 14, App. ; Hook. Br. Fl. 241; Var. 6 Hudson, 219, with only one flower. Flowers white. Germen oblong, Fruit globose. deep red, terminated by the simple base of the styles. Calyx deciduous. Stems glaucous, some- times the colour of mahogany. In woods and hedges at Friar’s Goose, near Gates- head, at Cocken, and between Norton and Sadberge, also near Marsden, D. At St. Anthon’s, and in Elswick Dene near Newcastle, N. Between Broom House and Haggerstone, N.—Thompson’s Berwick Plants. The foreign Botanists do not seem to be well acquaint- ed with this species, some of them considering it the same as Rosa sempervirens, from which it is easily distinguished by the more oval form and colour of its leaves, and the ealyx being quite smooth. From Dr. Swartz I have received specimens of a rose named Rosa arvensis, but which resembled a small variety of Rosa canina, and is Rosa agrestis of Schleicher’s Catalogue of Swiss Plants. The Ayr- shire Rose, which may frequently be seen trained against walls, is scarcely a variety. When the plant grows upon a poor soil, and is weak, its flowers are not clustered, and it then becomes the var. & of Hudson’s Flora Anglicaand Ray’s Synopsis. 204, RUBUS. R. fruticosus. Common Bramble. Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 399; Eng. Bot. 715; With. ii. 622; Gr. Fl. Eds. 115; Berwick Flora, 114. In hedges, but not very common. R. glandulosus. Glandular Bramble. : Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 403; Berwick Flora, 114; R. Kohleri, Eng. Bot. 2605; Lindley, Br. Syn. 94. In Heaton Dene and hedges near Jesmond, N., not rare. Hedges near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. R. ideus. Raspberry. Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 407; Eng. Bot. 2442; Woodv. t. 138; With. iii. 620; Hook. Fl. Scot. 159; Berwick Flora, 114. In denes, woods, and by rivulets, not uncommon, N. and D. Among the Cheviot mountains, N. On Alnwick Moor, near Brislie Tower.—Mr. J. Davi- son. By the brook below Tecket, N.— Wallis, 143. Hazel-leaved Bramble. Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 408; Eng. Bot. 827; Hook. Fl. Scot. 160; With. iii. 621 ; Berwick Flora, 114; R. vulgaris, Lindley, Br. Syn. 93. The most common bramble in Northumberland and Durham. Near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnson. In woods and sheltered denes this shrub becomes al- most an evergreen, and is then Rubus macrophyllus of Lindley’s Synopsis, 93, and the Eng. Bot. t. 2625. R. casius. Dew-berry. Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 409; Eng. Bot. 826; Hook. Fl. Scot. 160; With. iii. 620; Berwick Flora, 114. In woods, hedges, and denes, but not common. On the banks of Tweed, beyond Ord Mill.— Dr. Thompson. The double-flowered variety, in Tecket Wood, by the path leading westward from the Rec- tory Dene Simonburn, N.—Wallis, 144. R. saaatilis. Stone Bramble. Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 410; Eng. Bot. 2233; Gr. Fl. Eds. 115 ; With. iii. 623. In Castle Eden Dene, on the banks of Tees at the 7. _ i = On 5, . EF. vesca. - P. fruticosa. » P. anserina. . P. argentea. . P. verna, Mr. Wincu’s Flora of Northumberland, &c. High Force, in Hown’s Wood near Butsfield, and near Eglestoneand Middleton, D. In Allendale, on the banks of Irthing, and on the rocks at Shew- ing Shields, N. In plantations north of Walling- ton, and about Hartburn banks. —Miss Emma Tre- velyan. Near Whinetly Mill, at West Dibden, Hexhamshire, N.—Wallis, 144. R. Chamemorus. Mountain Bramble, or Cloud- berry. Sm. Eng. FI. ii. 412 ; Eng. Bot. 716; Gr. Fl. Eds. 115; Hook. Lond. t. 136; With. ii. 624; Ber- wick Flora, 115. On Knoutberry Fell near Eglestone, D. In mosses above Allen Heads, on Kilhope Law, Hedgehope, and Cheviot, N. Above Knaresdale and Coan Wood, N.—Mr. J. Thompson. On Simonside, N. —Miss Emma Trevelyan. On Cronkley Fell in Teesdale. 205. FRAGARIA. Wood Strawberry. Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 414; Eng. Bot. 1524; Hook. Fl. Scot. 162; Berwick Flora, 115. In woods and denes. F. calycina, Calycene Strawberry. Loiseleur, Lindley, Br. Syn. 96; F. grandiflora, Thuil. i. 254; F. vesca y, Lam. and De Cand. Fl. Fy. iv. 468; Hook. Br. Fl. 250. In Northumberland.—Lindley. I know nothing of this strawberry. 206. POTENTILLA. Shrubby Cinquefoil. Sm. Eng. FI. ii. 416; Eng. Bot. 88; With. iii. 626; Ray’s Syn. 256. On the banks of Tees at Eglestone Abbey, at Winch Bridge, and at the High Force, Teesdale, D., where it was observed in Ray’s time by Mr. Lawson. The banks of Tees is the only part of the kingdom where this ornamental shrub grows wild, except in a ravine called the Devil’s Sledge-gate in Wast- dale Screes, in Cumberland; it was there detected by Mr. Bicheno. Silver-weed, Wild Tansey. Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 417; Curt. Lond. Fase. iii. t.31 ; Eng. Bot. 861; Hook. Fl. Scot. 162; Berwick Flora, 115. By road sides and on barren ground. Hoary Cinquefoil. Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 418; Eng, Bot. 89; With. iii. 628; Gr. Fl. Eds. 116. Between Sunderland and South Shields, and on Sun- derland ballast-hills, D. Near Beaufront, Hex- ham, N. P. alpestris. Orange Alpine Cinquefoil. Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 418; Hook. Br. Fl. 252; P. au- rea, Eng. Bot. 561; Hook. Fl. Scot. 163; With. ii. 630. On basaltic recks at Winch Bridge, and near the Caul- a8 Snout, Teesdale, D. Near Corbridge Mill, Spring Cinquefoil. Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 420; Eng. Bot. 37; Gr. Fl. Eds. 117; With. ii. 630; Berwick Flora, 116. On Spindlestone hills, N.—Dr. G. Johnston. P. reptans. Common Creeping Cinquefoil. Sm. Eng. FI. ii. 423; Eng, Bot, 862; Curt. Lond, 7. P. Fragariastrum. 1. T. officinalis. 2. T. reptans. 2. G. rivale. 1. D. octopetala. 1. C. palustre. 1. C. majus. 35 Fase. i. t. 37; Woodv. t. 59; Hook. Fl. Scot. 163; Berwick Flora, 116. By way sides and in pastures. Strawberry-leaved Cinquefoil. Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 425; Berwick Flora, 116; P. Fragaria, Gr. Fl. Eds. 1165 Fragaria sterilis, Eng. Bot. 1785 ; Curt, Lond. Fase. iii, t. 30. On hedge banks and in dry pastures. 207. TORMENTILLA. Common Tormentil, or Septfoil. Sm. Eng. FI. ii. 427 ; Eng. Bot. 863 ; Curt. Lond. Fase. v. t. 35; Hook. Fl. Scot. 164; Berwick Flora, 116; T. erecta, Woody. t. 9; Hudson, 2253; Potentilla Tormentilla, Gr. Fl. Eds. 116. On heaths, and barren pastures. Trailing Tormentil. Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 428; Eng. Bot. 864; Hook. Fl. Scot. 164; With. iii. 632 ; Berwick Flora, 116 ; Potentilla procumbens, Gr. Fl. Eds. 117. In the lane leading to Lumley Ford, D.—Rev. J. Sy- mons. Ona bank about a hundred yards west from Anick Grange, on the north side of the lane that leads to Hexham, N.— Wallis, 199. 208. GEUM. 1. G. urbanum. Common Avens, Herb Bennet. Sm. Eng. Fl. ti. 429; Eng. Bot. 1400; Curt. Lond. Fase, ii. t.36; Hook. Fl. Scot. 165; Ber- wick Flora, 117; Woody. Supp. 259. 6 G. intermedium, With. iii. 634; G. rivale 6, Sm. Fl, Brit. 555; G. urbanum 8, Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 429. a In thickets, denes, and by hedges, not rare; 6 in Scotswood and Heaton Denes, N. Near Norton, and in woods at the Friar’s Goose below Gateshead, also near Saltwellside, D. Near St. Helen’s Well by Darlington, D.—Mr. E. Robson. In the vicinity of Wallington, N.—W. C. Trevelyan, Esq. Water Avens. Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 430; Eng. Bot. 106; Berwick Flora, 117; Hook. Fl, Scot. 165; 6 proliferus, 2nd. var., With. iii. 634; G, rivale y, Sm. Fl. Brit. 555. a In damp woods and by the sides of rivulets; 8 in woods on the Irthing, near Wardrew, N. At Wal- lington, N.—W. C. Trevelyan, Esq. In Castle Eden Dene, D. Near Darlington, D.—Mr. E. Robson. 209. DRYAS. Mountain Avens. Sm. Eng. FI. ii. 432; Eng. Bot. 451 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 165; With. iii. 635. Near the Black Ark on Cronkley Fell, Teesdale. 210 COMARUM. Marsh Cinquefoil. Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 433; Eng, Bot. 172; Hook. Fl. Scot. 165; With. iii. 635 ; Berwick Flora, 117. In bogs, frequent. POLYANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 211. CHELIDONIUM. Celandine. Sm. Eng, Fl. iii. 4; Eng, Bot, 1581; Woodv. 36 Sup. t. 263; With. iii. 639; Hook. Fl. Scot. 167; Berwick Flora, 119. In hedges near farm houses and villages. 212. GLAUCIUM. 1. G. luteum. Yellow Horned-Poppy. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 6; Hook. Lond. t. 56; Gr. Fl. Eds. 119; Berwick Flora, 119; Chelidonium Glaucium, Eng. Bot. 8; C. luteum, With. iii, 640. A sea-side plant, but now completely naturalized on the ballast-hillsof Tyne and Wear, N. and D. On Willington ballast-hills, N., where Wallis observed it. At Seaton, D.—Mr. Backhouse. 213. PAPAVER. - P. hybridum. Mongrel Poppy. Sm. Eng. FL. iii. 9; Eng. Bot. 43; With. iii. 642. _ In corn fields on the Magnesian Limestone about |. Whitburn, Cleadon, Fulwell, and Sunderland, D. Near Alnwick, D.—Miss Forster, delin. This plant is not mentioned in the Flora Scotica. P. Argemone. Long Rough-headed Poppy. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 10; Eng. Bot. 643; Curt. Lond. Fasc. v. t. 38; Hook. Fl. Scot. 168; Berwick Flora, 120. In corn fields. . P. dubium. Long Smooth-headed Poppy. Sm. Eng. FL. iii. 10; Eng. Bot. 644; Curt. Lond. Fase. v. t. 37; Hook. Fl. Scot. 168; Berwick Flora, 120. In corn fields, not rare. ° . P. Rheas. Common Red Poppy, Corn Rose. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 11; Eng. Bot. 645; Berwick Flora, 120; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iii. 32; Woody. t. 186; Hook. FL Scot. 168. & Var. flore albo. C7 Ae corn fields,common. 6 near Norton.—J. Hogg, sq. 1 Soninifeins White Poppy. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 11; Eng. Bot. 2145 ; Woodv. t. 185; Hook. Fl. Scot. 168; With. iii. 645. On the ballast-hills of Tyne and Wear, N. and D. Near Seaton.—Mr. J. Backhouse; and Norton, D.—J. Hogg, Esq. A native of the Levant, with but slight claim to be enumerated as an English plant. bo Oo o 214. NYMPHAEA. . N. alba. White Water-lily. Sm. Eng. FL. iii. 14; Eng. Bot. 160; Hook. Lond. t. 140; With. iii. 647; Gr. Fl. Eds. 120. In Greenley and Broomley Lakes, near Shewing Shields, N. In Grinden Lake.—Wallis, 238. Na- turalized in the ponds at Wallington, N. _ 215. NUPHAR. 1, N. lutea. Common Yellow Water-lily. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii.-15; Hook. Lond, t. 141; Fl. Scot. 169; Berwick Flora, 120; Nymphaea lu- tea, Eng. Bot. 159; With. iii. 646. &N. pumila. Least Yellow Water-lily. Sm. Eng. FI. iii. 16; Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 151 ; Hook. Lond. t. 165 ; N. minima, Eng. Bot. 2292; N.|1. D. Consolida. Kalmiana, Hook. Fl. Scot. 169; NMymphea lutea, var. 2, With. iii. 647. i 3. . T. europea. . T. grandifolia. « C, marifolius. . C. Helianthemum. Mr. Wrncun’s Flora of Northumberland, Sc. « In the Pont, Ouse Burn, and in ponds at Wide= haugh, near Dilston, also in the Loughs near Shew- ing Shields: naturalized in ponds at Wallington, N. In ponds at Park House, and in the Skerne near Darlington, D. Near Norton.—J. Hogg, Esq. #8 in Chartner’s Lough, on the Wallington moors, N.—Sir John Trevelyan, Bart. Some years since the Teast Yellow Water-lily was transplanted from the Sub-alpine moors into the ponds at Wallington, where it now scarcely differs from the common Water-lily ; in both varieties, at least I consider them as Stich, the stigma is entire when young, but becomes toothed as it grows older. 216. TILIA. Lime-tree, Linden-tree. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 17; Eng. Bot. 610; Lightfoot, 280. In woods and plantations, scarcely indigenous. Broad-leaved Downy Lime-tree. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 18; Hook. Br. Fl. 259; T. europea §, Sm. Fl. Br. 571. At Wallington, N.—W. C. Trevelyan, Esq. Probably planted there. T. parvifolia. Small-leaved Lime-tree. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 20; Hook. Br. Fl. 259; Eng. Bot. 1705; T. europea 8, Sm. Fl. Brit. 571, var. 2; With. iii. 648. At Wallington, N.—W. C, Trevelyan, Esq. Probably planted there. 217. CISTUS. Hoary Dwarf Cistus. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 23; Eng. Bot. 396; With. iii. 649 ; Hook. Lond. t. 171; Davies’ Welsh Bot. 53; Helianthemum canum, Dunal. Lindley, Br. Syn. 36; Hook. Br. Fl. 257. Near the Black Ark on Cronkley Fell, Teesdale ; its northern limits. Common Dwarf Cistus. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 26; Eng. Bot. 1321; Curt. Lond. Fase. v. t. 36; With. iii. 651; Hook. FI. Scot. 170; Berwick Flora, 120; Helianthemum vulgare, Hook. Br. FI. 258. On limestone hills at the Lizards, and near Sunder- derland, also in Castle Eden Dene, and at Winch Bridge in Teesdale, D. Onthe moor to the north of Hartlepool, and in Close Wood, D.—J. Hogg, Esq. On the banks of Tyne at Whitley Point, by the road side near Walbottle Dene, on the Basaltic rocks and on the Roman wall at Shewing Shields, above Crag Lake (C. marifolius of Wallis, 208), near Warden Mills, at Dunstanborough, and on the Heugh at Holy Island, N. East side of the bridge at Barwesford, near Chipchase.— Wallis, 208. On the Chapel Hill at Belford, and on Basal- tic heights between it and Bamborough, N.— Thompson’s Berwick Plants. POLYANDRIA TRIGYNIA. 218. DELPHINIUM. Field Larkspur. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 30; Eng. Bot. 1839; With, iii. 655; Hook. Br. Fl. 261. = _ _ _ _ . A. vulgaris. . S. aloides. . A. nemorosa, » C. Vitalba. - T. alpinum. Mr. Wiwcu’s Flora of Northumberland, &c. On the ballast-hills of Tyne and Wear, N. and D. Ina clover field near the Lough on Holy Island, N.; probably introduced from the Continent. In corn fields at Norton.—J. Hogg, Esq. In a lime- stone quarry near Bishopwearmouth, D.—Mr. Backhouse. Not truly indigenous in the north of England, nor mentioned in the Flora Scotica by Hooker. POLYANDRIA PENTAGYNIA. 219. AQUILEGIA. Common Columbine. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 33; Eng. Bot. 297; With. iii. 657; Gr. Fl. Eds. 121; A. alpina, Hudson, 235. By the Ousebourn in Heaton Dene (probably the outcast of a garden), and on the banks of the river Derwent near Allans-ford, N. In Willington Dene, by the path from Wallsend, and in Dilston Park near Hexham, N.—Wallis, 165. In the dene below Dalton-le-Dale, near Middleton-in- Teesdale, at Baydales near Darlington, in Castle Eden Dene, by Pontburn near Medomsley, and at Barley Haugh near Ebchester, D. In Hesledon Dene and in Portrack Lane, half way to Norton, D.—John Hogg, Esq. So truly distinct did the Columbine, in its wild state, appear to Hudson from the cultivated variety that he mistook it for Aquilegia alpinaof Linnzxus. His Aquilegia vulgaris, I suspect, must have been intend- ed for the garden plant which is not rare in the south of England, but generally found in the vicinity of cottages. 220. STRATIOTES. Water Aloe, Water-soldier. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 34; Eng. Bot. 379; With. iii. 657; Hook. FL Scot. 171. Naturalized in the ponds at Wallington and north of Cambo, N. Brought from the south of England. POLYANDRIA POLYGYNIA, 221. ANEMONE. Wood Anemone. Sm. Eng. FL iii. 36; Eng. Bot. 355 ; Curt. Lond. Fase. ii. t. 38; Hook. FL. Scot. 171; Berwick Flora, 121. In woods and denes frequent. 222. CLEMATIS. Traveller’s Joy. Sm. Eng. FL iii.39; Eng. Bot. 612 ; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iv. t. 37; Hook. Fl. Scot. 171; With. iii. 662. Naturalized on St. Anthon’s and Willington ballast hills, N. On Hebburn ballast hills, D,.—Mr. J Thornhill, jun. This elegant plant does not appear to be a native of the north of England, even on the Magnesian Lime- stone, where it mightbe expected.— See Dr. Hooker’s remarks in the Fl. Scot. 171. 223. THALICTRUM. Alpine Meadow Rue. Sm. Eng. FI, iii. 40; Eng. Bot. 262; Lightfoot, 286 t. xiii. ff. 1; With. ii. 662, VOL. II. L 2. _ . T. majus. . T. flavum. . A. autumnalis. - R. flammula. 37 Near Cauldron Snout by the path that leads from thence to Widdy Bank, D. Also upon Cronkley Fell, Teesdale. T. minus. Lesser Meadow Rue. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 41; Eng. Bot. J1; Gr. Fl. Eds. 123; With. iii. 662; Berwick Flora, 121. On the links of the sea coast at Tynemouth, Culler- coats, Hartley, Blyth, Newbiggin, Holy Island, and Berwick, N. At South Shields, Castle Eden, Hartlepool, and Seaton, also on Limestone Crags at Hilton Ferry, D. On the banks of Tweed op- posite Spring Gardens, on Spittal Links, and banks beyond Hudshead.—Thompson. Greater Meadow Rue. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 42; Eng. Bot. 611; With. iii. 664; Berwick Flora, 121. On the banks of Tees near Barnardcastle, and a little above the foot of Middleton Beck, also near Egle- stone, and at Baydalesin the vicinity of Darlington, and at Coatham, D. Common Meadow Rue. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 42; Eng. Bot. 367; Berwick Flora, 121; Hook. Fl. Scot. 172; With. iii. 663, On the banks of Tyne above Ovingham, N. On the banks of Wear near Ayre’s Quay, and of Team near Lamesley, D. In moist meadows near Hell Kettles, Darlington, D.—John Hogg, Esq. 224, ADONIS. Corn Pheasant’s-eye or Adonis flower. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 43; Eng. Bot. 308; Curt. Lond. Fasc. ii. t. 37; Hook. Fl. Scot. 172; With. iii. 665, In a potatoe-field near Norton, D.—J. Hogg, Esq. This pretty annual has but slight claim to be consider- ed indigenous in the north of England. 225. RANUNCULUS. Lesser Spear-wort. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 45; Eng. Bot. 387 ; Berwick Flora, 122; With. iii. 667; Curt. Lond. Fasc. vi. t. 37; Hook. Fl. Scot. 174; > reptans, Lightfoot, 289; fig.in title page. a In marshy places frequent. 9 by the Loughs at Shewing Shieldsand Holy Island, N. On Alnwick Moor.—Mr. J. Davison. R. Lingua. Great Spear-wort. Sm. Eng. FIL iii. 46; Eng. Bot. 100; Berwick Flora, 122; Hook. Fl. Scot. 173; Lond. t. 171; With. iii. 668; Robson’s Flora, 199. In ditches at Prestwick Carr, in ponds at Wide Haugh near Dilston, and in bogs at the west end of Little Cow Lake, N. In the pond at Spindlestone, N.— Dr. G. Johnston. At Newham Lough, N.—Miss Forster, delin. Near Darlington, D. R. Ficaria. Pilewort, Lesser Celandine. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 47; Eng. Bot. 584; Curt. Lond. Fasc. ii. t. 39; Hook. Fl. Scot. 174; Berwick Flora, 122; Ficaria ranunculoides, Gr. Fl. Eds. 126. In woods and on the banks of hedges, frequent. R. auricomus. Wood Crow-foot, Goldilocks. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 47; Eng. Bot. 624; Curt. Lond. Fase. ii. t. 41; Hook. Fl. Scot. 174, In woods and shady places, not rare. 38 5. R.. sceleratus. Crow-foot. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 48; Eng. Bot. 681; Curt. Lond. Fase. ii. t. 24; Hook. FL Scot. 174; Berwick Flora, 122. In watery places, frequent. 6. R. bulbosus. Bulbous Crow-foot, Butter-cups. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 49 ; Eng. Bot. 515; Curt. Lond. Fasc. i. t. 38; Hook. Fl. Scot. 175; Berwick Flora, 123. 8 flore pleno. c In meadows and pastures everywhere. in Hulne Park, Alnwick, N.—Miss Forster, delin, 7. R. hirsutus. Pale Hairy Crow-foot. Sm. Eng, Fl. iii. 50; Curt. Lond. Fase. ii. t. 40; Eng. Bot. 1504; Hook. Fl. Scot. 175; With. iii. 672; R. Philonotis, Ehrh. Lindley, Brit. Syn. 11. On St. Anthon’s ballast hills, N. On Sunderland ballast hills, D. 8. R. repens. Creeping Crow-foot. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 51; Eng. Bot. 16 ; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iv. t. 38; Hook. Fl. Scot. 175; Berwick Flora, 123. In moist meadows and near ditches, everywhere. 9. R. acris. Upright Meadow Crow-foot. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 51; Eng. Bot. 652; Berwick Flora, 123; Curt. Lond. Fasc. i. t. 39; Hook, Fl. Scot. 174; Woody. Supp. t. 246. B flore pleno. a In meadows and pastures everywhere. / in mea- dows at Mill-green near Ravensworth, D. 10. R. arvensis. Corn Crow-foot. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 52; Eng. Bot. 135; Curt. Lond. Fasc. vi. t. 36; Hook. Fl. Scot. 175; Berwick Flora, 123. In corn-fields, not uncommon. 11. R. parviflorus. Small-flowered Crow-foot. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii, 53; Eng. Bot. 120; With. iii. 670. By the road side between Cockerton and Norton, D. —Mr. Backhouse. Its most northern locality. 12. R. hederaceus. Ivy Crow-foot. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 54; Eng. Bot. 2003 ; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iv. t. 39; Hook. Fl. Scot. 173; Berwick Flora, 123, In rivulets and ditches. 13. R. aquatilis. Water Crow-foot. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 54; Eng. Bot. 101; Hook. Fl. Scot. 173 ; Berwick Flora, 124. 8, Ray’s Syn. 249; 9 250; R. pantothrix, De Cand. Lindley, Brit. Syn. 12. # and In ponds and ditches. Jin rivers, 226. TROLLIUS. - T. exropeus. Globe-flower. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 56; Eng. Bot. 28; With. iii. 675; Gr. Fl. Eds, 127; Berwick Flora, 124. In Ravensworth woods, Heaton Dene, and Shipley woods, in Teesdale; also near Belford, Alnwick, and Morpeth, and in most of the moist woods, and on the banks of numerous rivuletsin N. and D. In moist mountainous woods, abundant.—Wallis. At Cat- cherside, Roadley, and Long-witton, N.—W. C. Trevelyan, Esq. Near Norton, D.—John Hogg, Esq. In moist meadowsin the vicinity of Berwick. —Dr. G, Johnston. Water Crow-foot, Celery-leaved _ 1. H. viridis. bo — -_ ro . C. palustris. . A. reptans. . T. Scorodonia. - N. cutaria. Mr. Wrncen’s Floraof Northumberland, &c. 227. HELLEBORUS. Green Hellebore. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 57; Eng. Bot. 200; Curt. Lond. Fasc. vi. t.34; Hook. Fl. Scot. 176; With. iii. 675. Upon the banks of the Tees near Whorlton.—Reyv. J. Harriman. Near Piercebridge, D.—Mr. Back- house. In the Abbey grounds at Alnwick, N.— Miss Forster, delin. H. fetidus, Stinking Hellebore, Bear’s-foot, Setter-wort. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 58; Eng. Bot. 613 ; Woody. t. 19; Gr. Fl. Eds, 127 ;. With. iii. 676. Upon the banks of Tees a little below Winston Bridge, D.—Rev. J. Harriman. Ina wood on the north side of Tyne a little above the Chain Bridge near Hexham, N.—Mr. A. Hancock, Sp. 228. CALTHA. Marsh Marygold. Sm. Eng. FI. iii. 59; Eng. Bot. 506 ; Curt. Lond. Fasc. i. t. 40; Berwick Flora, 125; Hook. Fl. Scot. 176, & De Cand. Syst. i. 309; C. radicans, Hook. FI. Scot. and Gr. Fl. Eds. 127; but not of Forster in Linn. Tr. viii. 324 t.17, nor of Smith in Eng. Bot. 2175. # In marshy meadows, and by ponds and rivers. on the margins of the Loughs near Shewing-shields, N. On Eglestone Fell, Teesdale, D. I believe the late James Dickson was the only botanist who ever found Caltha radicans wild; but in what part of Scotland I know not. Itstill keepsits habit, ~ and the triangular shape of its leaves, in the Botanic Gardens of Edinburgh and Cambridge, and with Edward Forster, Esq. in Essex ; and certainly is entitled to rank asa species. Our plant is only a small variety of C. palustris. B DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA. 229. AJUGA. Common Bugle. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 65; Eng. Bot. 489; Hook. Fl. Scot. 179; Curt. Lond. Fasc. ii. t. 43 ; Berwick Flora, 129. In woods and moist pastures, common. Ajuga alpina was never found in the county of Dur- ham.—See Sm. Eng. FI. iii. 66. 230. TEUCRIUM. Wood Germander, Wood Sage. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 68 ; Eng. Bot. 1543 ; Curt. Lond. Fasc. v. t. 10; Hook. Fl. Scot. 180; Berwick Flora, 129. In dry woods and on hedge banks, not rare. T. Chamedrys. Wall Germander. Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 69; Eng. Bot. 680; Woodv. Supp. t. 243; With. iii. 684; Hook. Fl. Scot. 180. On old hedge banks near Gateshead Park engine, D. 231. NEPETA. Nep, or Cat-mint. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 70; Eng. Bot. t.137; Hook. Fl. Scot. 180; With. ili. 686. Mr. Wrncn’s Flora of Northumberland, Sc. On hedge banks at Ovingham, Bywell, the Riding, and Tyne Green near Hexham; also in the neigh- bourhcod of Chirton, N. In a hedge at Nether- warden, and about Hexham, N.-—Wallis, 168. On the ruins of Langley Hall near Witton Gil- bert, at West Boldon, and in lanes near Sunderland and Haughton, D. 232. VERBENA. . V. officinalis. Common Vervain. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 71; Eng. Bot. 767; Woodv. Supp. t. 218; Curt. Lond. Fasc. i. t. 41 With. iii. 687 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 190. On the banks of Tyne at Bywell, where it was ob- served by Wallis (p. 168), at Corbridge Mill, and the Riding, N. Near Stainton, Bishopton, Dar- lington, and in the west lane at Chester-le-street, D. Near Norton.—John Hogg, Esq. 233. MENTHA. . M. rotundifolia. Round-leaved Mint. Sm. Eng. FI. iii. 74; Eng. Bot. 446 ; With. iii. 689; M. sylvestris, Sole, Menth. 7. t. 3. In the lane between Pittington and Elemore where the Sunderland road turns off, D.—Rev. Jas. Dal- ton. Near Ponteland, N. 2. M. viridis. Spear Mint. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 75; Eng. Bot. 2424; Woodv. Supp. t- 170; With. iii. 689; Sole, Menth. 11 t. 5, _ — 8 Ray Syn. Ist ed., 79. # On the east side of the bourn in Blackstone-bank wood, four miles north of Wolsingham, D. By the Tees near Neisham, D.—Mr. Backhouse. # in neglected gardens and orchards about Newcastle, N. 3. M. piperita Pepper Mint. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 76; Eng. Bot. 687 ; Woodv. 169; Berwick Flora, 129; M. piperita officinalis, Sole, Menth. 15, t. 7. 8 M. piperita vulgaris, Sole, Menth. 19, t. 8. #« Near Mason Dinnington and Stannington, N. «& and @ in Dene Lane, Castle Eden, D.—Mr. Back- house. 4, M. citrata. Bergamot Mint. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 78; Willd. Sp. Pl. iii. 79; M. odorata, Sole, Menth. 21, t. 9; Eng. Bot. 1025 ; With. iii. 692. In neglected orchards and near cottage gardens, not truly indigenous. . M. hirsuta. Hairy Mint. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 78; Eng. Bot. 447 ; Hook. Lond. t. 166; Fl. Scot. 180; M. aquatica, major and minor, Sole, Menth. 25, t. 1) and xxiii. t. 10; Berwick Flora, 129. By ditches and in watery places, not rare. M. rubra. Tall Red Mint. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 82; Eng. Bot. 1413 ; With. iii. 695; Berwick Flora, 130; M. sativa, Sole, Menth. 47, t. 21. On the banks of Team near the High Forge, D. By the pont above Ponteland, N. On the banks of the Gaunless, in the Bishop’s Park, Bishop- A uck- land, D.—Mr. W. Backhouse. . M. gentilis. Bushy Red Mint. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 83; Eng. Bot. 2118; With. iii. 695; M_ rubra, Sole, Menth. 41, t. 18 ; Berwick Flora, 130. on > ~~ 39 y M. variegata, Sole, Menth. 43, t. 19. a On the banks of Team near the High Forge, D. On the banks of Blyth below Stannington Bridge, N. By the road side near Winston, D.—Mr. W. Backhouse. In the bed of the Wooler water near the Haugh Head. ¥ by the side of the water course above the Carding Mill at Wooler, N.—-Dr. G. Johnston. About villages, but scarcely wild, N. and D. 8. M. arvensis. Corn Mint. Sm. Eng. FI. iii. 85; Eng. Bot. 2119; Hook. Fl. Scot. 181; Berwick Flora, 130; Sole, Menth. 29, t. 12; With. iii. 697. ) Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 86; With. iii. 697, var. 3. « In corn fields about Beamish, Cawsey, Urpeth, and Darlington, D. In the vicinity of Berwick. —Dr. G. Johnston. } by ditches near the west end of Prestwick Carr, N. 9. M. agrestis. Rugged Field Mint. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 87; Sole, Menth. 33, t. 14; Eng. Bot. 2120; M. arvensis ¢, Sm. Fl. Brit. 624 ; With. iii. 697, var. 4. In Cawsey Dene, also near Beamish, and on the banks of Team near Lamesley, D. 10. M. Pulegium. Penny-royal. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 87; Eng. Bot. 1026; Sole, Menth. 51, t. 23; Hook. FI. Scot. 181; With. ili. 698 ; Woody. t. 171. On the borders of a pond at Winston, D.—Rev. J. Harriman. 234. GLECHOMA. 1. G. hederacea. Ground Ivy, Gill, Ale-hoof: Sm. Eng. FI. iii. 88; Eng. Bot. 853 ; Curt. Lond. Fasc. ii. 44; Woodv. t. 28; Hook. Fl. Scot. 181; Berwick Flora, 131. On hedge banks and in shady places. 235. LAMIUM. - L. album. White Archangel, White Dead-nettle. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 89; Eng. Bot. 768; Curt. Lond. Fasc. ii. t. 45; Hook. Fl. Scot. 181. In waste ground, everywhere. L. purpureum. Red Archangel, or Red Dead- nettle. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 91; Eng. Bot. 769; Curt. Lond. Fasc. 1. t- 42; Hook. Fl. Scot. 181. On waste ground, everywhere. 3. L. incisum.*Cut-leaved Dead-nettle, or Archangel. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 91; Eng. Bot. 1983; With. iii. 700; Hook. Fl. Scot. 182; Gr. Fl. Eds. 130; Berwick Flora, 131. In waste placesabout Darlington, D, Near Alnwick, Belford, and Hexham, N. In the neighbourhood of Berwick, frequent.—Dr. G. Johnston. On Sunderland ballast hills, D.—-W. Weighell’s Herb. Probably a variety of L. purpureum. 4, L. amplexicaule. Henbit Archangel, Great Henbit. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii.92; Eng. Bot. 770; Curt. Lond. Fasc. ii. t. 46; With. iii. 701; Gr. Fl. Eds. 130; Berwick Flora, 131. On hedge banks at East Morton, at the Salt Meadows near Gateshead, and near Whitburn and Darling- ton, D. At Norton, D.—John Hogg, Esq. On old walls near Ovingham, also at Wylam, Hexham, -_ nN 40 iG i) oe —_ 1 ew - B. officinalis. . S. sylvatica. . S. palustris. and Alnwick, N. At Spittal-point, N.—Thomp- son’s Berwick Plants. About Berwick, common. —Dr. G. Johnston. 236. GALEOPSIS. G. Ladanum. Red Hemp-nettle. Sm. Eng. FI. iii. 93; Eng. Bot. 884; With. iii. 701; Gr. Fl. Eds. 131. On the Magnesian Limestone at Whitburn, Fulwell, Easington, and Castle Eden, D. Near Darlington, Mr. E. Robson. G. Tetrahit. Common Hemp-nettle. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 94; Eng. Bot. 207; Hook. Fl. Scot. 182; Berwick Flora, 132. In corn, potatoe, and turnip fields, common. G. versicolor. Large-flowered, Hemp-nettle, Bee- nettle. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 95; Eng, Bot. 667; Berwick Flora, 132; Curt. Lond. Fase. vi. t. 38; Gr. Fl. Eds. 131; G. cannabina, With. iii. 703. y Dill. Ray Syn. 240. # On the banks of North Tyne at Low Park-end near Nunwick, in corn fields between Newcastle and Jesmond, also near the Minories, N. About Tynemouth and Elsdon,—Miss Emma Trevelyan. In a field at the high end of Pandon Dene.—Wil- son, Syn. 95. Near Wooler.—Mrs. J. Johnston. Below Langley Ford.—Dr. G. Johnston. Near Alnwick.—Miss Pringle, Sp. In corn fields be- tween Halystone and Harbottle Castle; also on the banks of North Tyne near Smales-mouth, N.— Wallis, 167. In fields near Gateshead, D. yy in corn fields between Newcastle and Jesmond, N. 237. BETONICA. Wood Betony. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 97; Eng. Bot. 1142; Curt. Lond. Fasc, iil. t.33; Woody. t. 241 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 183; Berwick Flora, 132. : In woods and denes, frequent. 238. STACHYS. Hedge Woundwort. Sm. Eng. Fl. ui. 98; Eng. Bot. 416; Curt. Lond. Fase. iii. t. 34; Hook. Fl. Scot. 183; Berwick Flora, 133. In woods, denes, and shady hedges, common. S. ambigua. Ambiguous Woundwort. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 99; Eng. Bot. 2089; Hook. Fl. Scot. 183; Gr. Fl. Eds. 132. In fields at Burdon Mills, and by the Skerne near Darlington, D.—Mr. Backhouse. On the banks of Tyne near Hexham, N. Marsh Woundwort. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 99; Eng. Bot. 1674; Curt. Lond. Fase. iii. t. 35; Hook. Fl. Scot. 183; Berwick Flora, 133. On the banks of rivers, andin wet meadows, frequent. S. arvensis. Corn Woundwort. Sm. Eng. FL. iii. 100 ; Eng. Bot. 1154; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iv. t. 41; With. ili. 707; Gr. Fl. Eds. 132; Berwick Flora, 133. } In neglected gardens aud on waste ground at Hex- ham, in fields near Ridley Hall, and near the Bar- ras Bridge, Newcastle, N. On the ballast hills of Tyne and Wear, N. and D. Near Berwick.— Thompson. Mr. Wincu’s Flora of Northumberland, Sc. 239. BALLOTA. 1. B. nigra. Black or Stinking Horehound. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 101; Eng. Bot. 46; Hook. FI. Scot. 184; Berwick Flora, 133. & B. alba, Linn. Sp. Pl. ii. 814; B. nigra 6, Hud- son, 260; With. iii. 708, var. 2. « On hedge banks and waste ground, frequent. near Hartlepool and Castle Eden, D. Near Mor- peth, N. 240. MARRUBIUM. . M. vulgare. White Horehound. Sm, Eng. Fl. iii. 103; Woodv. t. 97 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 184; Eng. Bot. 410; With. iii. 708; Berwick Flora, 133. On the island at Hexham Bridge, on waste ground at Cullercoats, and on the rocks and links at Bambo- rough Castle, N., at which place it was noticed by _ Wallis. Inthe lane that leads from the Bearton to the Stanton road, D.—John Hogg, Esq. 241. LEONURUS. 1. L. Cardiaca. Motherwort. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 104; Eng, Bot. 286; Gr. Fl. Eds. 133; With. iii. 709. Naturalized in fields at Spring Gardens near New- castle, N. Near Wycliffe. —Rev. J. Harriman. 242. CLINOPODIUM. 1. C. vulgare. Wild Basil. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 105 ; Eng. Bot. 1401; Hook. Fl. Scot. 184; With. iii. 710; Berwick Flora, 134. In woods and hedges, especially in the Magnesian Limestone district. 243. ORIGANUM. 1. O. vulgare. Common Marjoram. Sm. Eng. FL. iii. 106; Eng. Bot. 1143; Curt. Lond. Fasc. v. t. 39; Woodv. t. 164; Hook. FI. Scot. 184; Berwick Flora, 134. In woods, particularly on the Maguesian Limestone. 244. THYMUS. 1. T. Serpyllum. Wild Thyme, Mother of Thyme. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 107; Eng. Bot. 1514; Curt. Lond. Fasc. ii. t. 47; Berwick Flora, 134; Hook. Fl. Scot. 185. ¢ citratum, Ray Syn. 231. c« On dry heaths, frequent. ¢ on Basaltic heights near Bamborough, N.—Thompson’s Berwick Plants. 2. T. Acinos. Basil Thyme. Sm. Eng. FL iii. 109; Eng. Bot. 411 ; Curt. Lond. Fasc. i. t. 43; Hook. Fl. Scot. 185; With. iii. 713; Acinos vulgaris, Persoon, Syn. ii. 13). In a field bordering on East Common Wood near Hexham, N.—Mr. F. Scott, Sp. On St. Anthon’s ballast hills, N. Between Marsden Cottage and Whitburn, D. In Middleham Lane, D.—R. Sur- tees, Esq. T. Calamintha. Common Calamint. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 109; Eng. Bot. 1676; With. iii. 714; Calamintha officinalis, Hook. Br. Fl. 279. Near Gateshead Ropery, D. Near Conniscliffe, D. —Mr. E. Robson. 4. 'T. Nepeta. Lesser Calamint. 3. Mr. Wrneu’s Flora of Northumberland, &c. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 110; Eng. Bot. 1414; With. iii. 713 ; Melissa Nepeta, Curt. Lond. Fasc. vi. t.40;] 1. E. officinalis. Calamintha Nepeta, Hook. Br. Fl. 280. On the banks of Wear by Durham Abbey.—Wilson, Syn. 97. It still grows there. 245. SCUTELLARIA. 1, S. galericulata. Common Skull-cap. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 113; Eng. Bot. 523 ; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iii. t. 36; With. iii. 716; Gr. Fl. Eds. 134; Berwick Flora, 134. On the shore of Tyne below St. Anthon’s, alse by ditches near Hexham, N., where it was observed by Wallis. On Hoppen Bog near Alnwick.—Miss Pringle, Sp. On the banks of Team near Team Bridge and Urpeth, and at Hell Kettles near Dar- lington, D. By the Tyne below Stella, D.—Wil- son’s Syn. 99. 2. S. minor. Lesser Skull-cap. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 113; Eng. Bot. 524; Curt. Lond. Fase. iv. t. 43 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 185. On moors south of Wolsingham, D., plentiful. —Mr. Backhouse. 246. PRUNELLA. 1, P. vulgaris. Self-heal. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 114; Eng. Bot. 961; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iv. t. 42; Hook. Fl. Scot. 185; Berwick Flora, 134. In meadows and pastures, frequent. DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA. 247. BARTSIA. 1. B. alpina. Alpine Bartsia. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 117; Eng. Bot. 361; Hook. Lond. t. 87; Fl. Scot. 186; With. iii. 719. By the Whey Syke near Widdy Bank in Teesdale Forest, D. First pointed out to me by the Rey. J. Harriman. 2. B. Odontites. Red Bartsia. Sm. Eng. FI. iii. 119; Eng. Bot. 1413; Hook. Fl. Scot. 186; Berwick Flora, 135 ; Euphrasia Odon- tites, Curt. Lond. Fasc. i. 44. In meadows and pastures on a wet clay soil. 248. RHINANTHUS. 1. R. Crista-galli. Yellow Rattle. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 120; Eng. Bot. 657 ; Curt. Lond. Fasc. v. t. 43; Hook. Fl. Scot. 186; Berwick Flora, 135. B R. major. Large Bushy Yellow Rattle. Sm. Eng. Fl. ili, 121; Berwick Flora, 135; R. Crista-galli B, Fl. Brit. ii. 649; With. iii. 720, var. 2. #% In meadows and pastures on poorland; & observed in 1723 by Dr. Richardson, among corn near West Newton, N.—Dill. Ray’s Syn. *284. At Crawcrook and Ryton, D.—Mr. R. B. Bowman. In corn fields on Stockton Common and other parts of the county, where the soil approaches to peat.—Mr. J. Backhouse. In fields near Benwell, Denton, and | 3- Elswick, N. VOL. Il. i iS) _ a iw) M . M. sylvaticum. . L. Squamaria. . P. palustris. » P. sylvatica. . A. Cymbalaria. . A. spurium. 4h 249. EUPHRASIA, Eye-bright. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 122; Eng. Bot. 1416; Curt. Lond. Fase. v. t. 42 ; Woodv. t. 220; Hook. Fl. Scot. 186; Berwick Flora, 135. On moors and mountainous pastures. 250. MELAMPYRUM. M. pratense. Common Yellow Cow-wheat. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 125; Eng. Bot. 113; Hook. Fl. Scot. 187; Berwick Flora, 136; M. sylvaticum, Hudson, 270. In woods and denes, frequent, N. and D. Onthe hill at Hepburn near Chillingham, and on Cheviot and Hedgehope, N.—Dr. G. Johnston. Wood Cow-wheat. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 126; Eng. Bot. 804 ; Lightfoot, 325; With. iii. 725. On the banks of Tees above Middleton, also near Winch Bridge, and in Shipley Wood near Egle- stone, D. In woods near Hexham, N.—Mr. F. Scott. I have no specimens from the latter habitat. 251. LATHRZEA, Greater Tooth-wort. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 127; Eng. Bot. 50; Gr, Fl. Eds. 135; With. iii. 725. In Shipley, Eglestone, Cocken, and Lumley woods, D. Near Pierce Bridgee—Mr. Backhouse. In Irehope Dene, Weardale, D.—W. C. Trevelyan, Esq. In Twizell woods.—P. J. Selby, Esq. At Break-back near Alnwick, N.—Miss Forster, delin. In the wood bottom at the west end of the Rectory Dene at Simonburn, N.— Wallis, 234. 252. PEDICULARIS. Marsh Louse-wort. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii, 129; Eng. Bot. 399 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 187; Berwick Flora, 137. In boggy meadows and marshes, common, Pasture Louse-wort. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 129; Eng. Bot. 400; Hook. Fl. Scot. 188; Berwick Flora, 137. In wet moorland pastures and on commons, frequent. 253. ANTIRRHINUM. Ivy-leaved Snapdragon. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 131; Eng. Bot. 502; Curt. Lond. Fase. i. t. 45; Gr. Fl. Eds, 1386; With. iii. 728; Linaria Cymbalaria, Mill. Lindley, Br. Syn. 191. Naturalized on the bridge over the Greta at Rokeby, and on walls near Cleadon, and in Whitburn-lane, A native of Italy, now naturalized as far north as Edinburgh, Round-leaved Fluellin. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 131; Eng. Bot. 691; Curt. Lond. Fase. iii. t. 37; With. iii. 728; Linaria spuria, Mill. Lindley, Br. Syn. 191. On Hebburn ballast-hills, D. On Sunderland bal- last-hills, D.—W. Weighell’s Herb. A. Elatine. Sharp-pointed Fluellin. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 132 ; Eng. Bot. 692; Curt. Lond. Fase. i. t- 46; With. iii. 729; Linaria Elatine, Desf. Lindley, Br. Syn. 191. On Sunderland and Hebburn ballast-hills, D. On Willington ballast-hills, N. 4, A. repens. Creeping pale-blue Toadflax. Sm. Eng, Fl. iii, 133; Eng. Bot. 1253; Hook. Fl. Scot. 188; With. iii. 729 ; Linaria repens, Hort. Kew. Lindley, Br. Syn. 191. On Hebburn ballast-hills, D. On Willington ballast- hills, N. 5. A. Linaria. Common Yellow Toadflax. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 134; Eng. Bot. G58:5 Curt. Lond. Fase. i. t. 475 Woodv. Supp. 221 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 188; Berwick Flora, 137; Linaria vulgaris, ‘Moench. Lindley, Br. Syn. 191. In dry hedges and on the borders of fields, not rare. 6. A. minus. Least Snapdragon. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 135; Eng. Bot, 2014; Curt. Lond. Fase. v. t. 41; Hook. Fl. Scot. 188; With. iii. 730; Berwick Flora, 138; Linaria minor, Desf. Lindley, Br. Syn. 192. On Fulwell hills near Sunderland, D. By the Union Bridge over the Tweed, N. —Dr. G. Johnston. 7. A. majus. Great Snapdragon. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 135 ; Eng. Bot. 129; Hook. FL. Scot. 189 ; With. iii. 732. Nearthe Hermitage at Warkworth, N. On the walls of Barnardcastle, and naturalized on old walls at Kibblesworth, D. 8. A. Orontium. Lesser Snapdragon. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 186; Eng. Bot. 1155; Curt. Tond. Fasc. iv. t.45; With. ili. 732. On the ballast-hills of Tyne and Wear, N. and D. 254. SCROPHULARIA. 1. S. nodosa. Knotty-rooted Fig-wort. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii, 187; Eng. Bot. 1544; Hook. Fl. Scot. 189; Berwick Flora, 138. In denes, woods, and hedges. 2. S. aquatica. Water Fig-wort, Water Betony. Sm. Eng. FL. iii. 158 ; Eng. Bot. 854 ; Curt. Lond. Fasc, v. t. 44; Hook. Fi. Scot. 189. On the banks of rivers and ponds, frequent. 255. DIGITALIS. 1. D. purpurea. Purple Foxglove. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 140 ; Eng. Bot. t. 1297; Curt. Lond. Fasc. i. t. 48; “Hook. Fl. Scot. 189; Woody. t. 24; With. ‘iii. 736 ; Berwick Flora, 138. In dry woods and on hedge banks, very frequent in the county of Durham, but rather scarce in Northum- berland. Atthe foot of Scotswood Dean, and near Alemouth, N. Rare near Berwick, but common about Houndswood and Renton inns, near Wooler. —Dr. G. Johnston. On Fourstone hills and among the rocks at Tecket. The White-flowered Fox- glove, by the road under Blenkinsopp Castle, N.— Wallis, 161. 256. LINNEA. 1. L. borealis. Two-Howered Linnea. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 142; Eng, Bot. 433; Hook. Fl. Scot. “190; Fl. Lapp. 2nd ed., 214, t. 12, £4; With. iii. 737; Winch, Geog. of Pl. 2nd ed., 25, Mr. Wrneun’s Flora of Northumberland, &c. In an old fir plantation at Catcherside four miles west of Wallington, N., growing with Trientalis europwa and Pyrola minor. First discovered by Miss Emma Trevelyan. 257. LIMOSELLA. 1. L. aquatica, Common Mid-wort. Sm. Eng Fl. 145; Eng. Bot. 357; Hook. Lond. t. 62; Fl. Scot. 190; With. iii. 738. In ditches near Cocken, D.—W. Weighell, MSS. 258. OROBANCHE. 1. O. major. Greater Broom-rape. Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 146; Eng. Bot. 421 ; Fasc. iv. t. 44; Gr. Fl. Eds. 739; Sutton, Linn. Tr. iv. 175. In Scotswood Dene, N. Near Beamish, Urpeth, Cawsey Wood, and Derwent Bridge, D. Near Staindrop. —Rev. J. Harriman ; andin Raby Park. —Mr. E, Robson; among furze on Fourstone hills near Hexham. "_-Wallis, 233; at Ellingham. —P. J. Selby, Esq.; on Bothal banks, Where it was observed by ‘Turner.—Miss Emma Treve- lyan; near Alnwick, N.—Miss Forster, delin. 2. O. elatior. Tall Broom-rape. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 147 ; Eng. Bot. 568 ; 739; Sutton, Linn. Tr. iv. 178, t. 17. Near Eliemore and not far from the gates of Burn Hall, D.—Rey. J. Dalton. Curt. Lond. 138; With. iii. With. iii. TETRADYNAMIA SILICULOSA. 259. DRABA. 1. D. verna. Common Whitlow-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 158; Eng. Bot. 586; Curt. Lond. Fasc. i. t. 49; Hook. Fl. Scot. 196; Ber- wick Flora, 141. On walls, banks, and dry places. 2. D. incana. 'Twisted-podded Whitlow-grass. Sm. Eng. FI. iii. 160; Eng. Bot. 388 (lad) ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 197; With. iii. 751. On walls and Limestone rocks north of Middleton, D. Upon Cronkley Fell, Teesdale. 260. CAMELINA. 1. C.sativa. Gold of Pleasure. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii, 164; Hook. Lond. t. 70; FI. Scot. 198 ; Alyssum sativum, With. iii. 774. In fields between Newcastle and Jesmond, on newly broken up ground, N. On the ballast hills of Tyne and Wear, N. and D. 261. LEPIDIUM. 1. L. latifolium. Broad-leaved Pepperwort. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 165; Eng. Bot. 182 ; Gr. Fl. Eds. 140; With. iii. 753. On the cliffs between Prior’s Haven and Tynemouth Castle, N. Near Seaton, and by the Wear near Durham Abbey, D. In Limestone quarries at Har~ tlepool, D.—J. Hogg, Esq. On the banks of hedges at the Hermitage near Hexham, N.—Mr. F. Scott. aie have no specimen from this locality. . L. ruderale. Narrow-leaved Pepperwort. ice Eng. Fl. iii. 165; Eng. Bot. 1595 ; Fl. Scot. 194 ; With. iii. 753. Hook. a i) ~ 2. C. anglica, . T. nudicaulis. . T. Bursa Pastoris. Mr. Wincu’s Flora of Northumberland, &c. On St. Anthon’s ballast-hills, N. On the ballast-hills above South Shields; and at Hartlepool, D L. campestre. Common Mithridate Pepperwort. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 166; Hook. Fl. Scot. 195; Ber- wick Flora, 141; Thlaspi campestre, Eng. Bot. 1385; Curt. Lond. Fasc. v. t. 45; With. iii. 784, and var. 2. On hedge banks and in corn fields, not rare. L. Smithii. Smooth Field Pepperwort. Hook. Brit. Fl. 297; L. hirtum, Sm. Eng. FI. iii. 167; Thlaspi hirtum, Eng. Bot. 1803 ; Hook. FL Scot. 195; With. ii. 755. On hedge banks between Newcastle and Jesmond, also in Heaton Dene, and between Paradise and Scotswood, N. I have specimens of Lepidium hirtum of the continen- tal botanists, but gathered on the Sunderland bal- last-hills, and probably an exotic. 262. TEESDALIA. Naked-stalked or Irregular Tees- dalia. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 170; Hook. Fl. Scot. 194; Ber- wick Flora, 141; Iberis nudicaulis, Eng. Bot. 327; Curt. Lond. Fasc. vi. t. 42 ; Dicks. Hort, Sice. Fase. i. 10; With. iii. 763. On_ Wall-town Crags near Wall-town.—Rev. A. Hedley, Sp. In the vale between Middleton and Langley Ford, N.—Dr. G. Johnston. 263. THLASPI. . T. arvense. Penny Cross, Smooth Mithridate Mustard. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 171; Eng. Bot. 1659; Curt. Lond. Fase. vi. ve 43; Gr. “FL Eds. 139; With. iii. 754; Berwick Flora, 141. In corn fields near Gateshead, D. In Heaton Dene, below Rennoldson’s Mill-race, N. In Ord fields, near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. T. alpestre. Alpine Shepherd’s Purse. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 172; Eng. Bot. 81; 756; Hook. Br. Fl. 295. Near Winch Bridge, above Middleton-in-Teesdale, D. Near Nentwater, on old lead mine heaps, N. Both these habitats are on the Encrinal Limestone, and are its most northern places of growth, Common Shepherd’s Purse. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 173; Eng. Bot. 1485 ; Curt. Lond. Fasc. i. t. 50; Hook. Fl. Scot. 194; Ber- wick Flora, 141; Caspella Bursa Pastoris, De Cand. Hook. Br. Fl. 295. By way sides and hedge banks, everywhere. 264. COCHLEARIA. C. officinalis. Common Scurvy-grass. Sm. Eng. FI. iii. 175; Eng. Bot. 551; Woodv. t. 29; Berwick Flora, 142; Hook. Lond. 148; Fl. Scot. 195. y Brit, Fl. 175; With. iii. 759, var. 2 az On rocks and marshy places on the sea coast, com- mon ; and on the shoresof Tyne, Wear, Tees, &c. ; on the Fern Islands, abundant; also naturalized on rocks at Harnham, N. £ on wet ground near the Whey Sike House, and at Cauldron Snout, Tees- dale, D, In wet places near Coal Cleugh, N. English Scurvy-grass. With. iii. 3. _ bo _ _ 1. . C. Armoracia. . S. Coronopus. . I. amara. . I. tinctoria. 43 Sm. Eng. Fl, iii. 176; Eng. Bot. 552 ; Hook. FY Scot. 195; With. iii. 760. On the shores of Tyne, at the mouth of Coble Dene near North Shields, and on Holy Island, N. By the river Wear, D.—W. Weighell’ s Herb. C. danica. Danish Scurvy-grass. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 177; Eng. Bot. 696; Gr. Fl. Eds. 141 ; With. iii. 7603 Berwick Flora, 142. Qn the sea oats beyond (@iiercoatss and on Willing- ton ballast-hills, N. On the Pinnacles, one of the Fern Islands, N.—Dr. G. Johnston. On the coast north of Tynemouth,—Mr. J. Thornhill. Horse-raddish. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 177; Eng. Bot. 2323 ; Woody. t. 150; Gr. Fl. Eds. 141; With. iii. 761. On the banks of Team near Dunston, and of Skerne near Darlington, D. Ray observes, we found it plentifully about Alnwick and elsewhere, in Northumberland, in the ditches and by the water sides. — Dill. Ray’s Syn. 301. 265. SENEBIERA. Common Wart.-cress, Swine’s- cress. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 179; Berwick Flora, nopus Ruelliit, Eng. Bot. 1660; Hook. 193; With. iii. 762. By way sides and on waste ground, but not very com- ee Coro- Fl. Scot. mon. Near Berwick, and on Holy Island.—Dr. G. Johnston. At Alemouth, N.—Miss Forster, delin. . S. didyma. Lesser Wart-cress, Procumbent Pep- perwort. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 180 ; Coronopus didyma, With. iii. 762 ; “Fl. Brit. 691; Lepidium didymum, Eng. Bot. 248; L. anglicum, Hudson, 280. On the ballast-hilis of Tyne and Wear, N. and D. Near Hartlepool, D. 266. IBERIS. Bitter Candy-tuft. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 181; Eng. Bot. 52; With. iii. 763. In fields on the banks of Tyne near Hexham Bridge, and at Hoferd banks, N Probably introduced with corn. 267. ISATIS. Woad. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii, 182; Eng. Bot. 97; With. iii. 747, On the banks of Wear between Framwellgate and the New Bridge, D., where it was noticed by S. Rob- son.—See Flora, 129. Cultivated in the fields near Newburn. N. On the ballast-hills of Tyne and Wear, N. and D. 268. CAKILE. - C. maritima. Purple Sea Rocket. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 183; Hook. Lond. t. 160; Ber- wick Flora, 142; Gr. Fl. Eds. 139; Bunias Ca- kile, Eng. Bot. 231; With. ii. 746. On the sandy sea-beach, frequent. TETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA. 269. CARDAMINE C. hirsuta, Hairy Ladies’-smock. 44 Sin. Eng. Fl. iii. 188; Eng. Bot. 492 ; Berwick Flora, 143; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iv. t. 48; Hook. FI]. Scot. 199; C. flexuosa, With. iii. 766. In moist shady woods and by rivulets, not rare. 2. C. pratensis. Meadow Ladies’-smock, Cuckow Flower. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 189; Eng. Bot. 776; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iii. t. 40; Hook. Fl. Scot. 198; Woodv. t, 30; Berwick Flora, 143. 8 Var. flore pleno. a In moist meadows and pastures; 8 on Newcastle Town Moor, N. In Cat Dene above Bill Quay, on the Tyne. D.—Mr. J. Thornhill, jun. The leaflets of var. 8, fall off and become viviparous. 3. C.amara. Bitter Ladies’-smock. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 190, Eng. Bot. 1000; Curt. Lond, Fase. iii. t. 39; With. iii. 768; Gr. FI. Eds. 142; Berwick Flora, 144. in moist woods near Newcastle, Hexham, Morpeth, and Alnwick, N.; and in similar situations in the county of Durham, not rare. In the vicinity of Berwick, raree—Dr. G. Johnston. In Teesdale, D.—Rev. J. Harriman. 270. NASTURTIUM. 1. N. officinale. Common Water Cress. Sm. Eng. F]. iii. 192; Hook. Fl. Scot. 201 ; Ber- wick Flora, 144; Sisymbrium Nasturtium, Eng. Bot. 855; Curt. Lond. Fasc. vi. t. 44; Woodv. t. 48. In springs and rivulets, but not very common near Newcastle. 2. N. sylvestre. Creeping Yellow Cress. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 193; Hook, FL. Scot. 201; Berwick Flora, 144; Sisymbrium sylvestre, Eng. Bot. 2324; Curt. Lond. Fase. iii. t. 41; With. iii. 769. On the banks of Team near the Red Heugh, D. On the banks of the Derwent between Swalwell and the Tyne-—Mr. R. B. Bowman. Near Nor- ton Bridge, D.—J. Hogg, Esq. On the shores of Tyne below Benwell, N._ By the Tweed at the Union Bridge.—Dr. G. Johnston; and above West Ord, N.—Dr. Thompson. 3. N. terrestre. Annual Yellow Cress. Sm. Eng. FI. iii. 198; Hook. Fl. Scot. 201; Ber- wick Flora, 145 ; Sisymbrium terrestre, Eng. Bot. 1747; Curt. Lond. Fase. v. t. 49; With. iii. 770. On the borders of Prestwick Carr, N. Near Dar- lington, D.—Mr. E. Robson. By the sides of Tweed from West Ord to Norham, and in ponds at Calf Hill and Cow-port, N.—Dr. G. Johnston. 4, N. amphibium. Amphibious Yellow Cress, Great Water Radish. Sm. Eng. FI. iii. 195 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 201; Sisym- brium amphibium, Eng. Bot. 1840 ; With. iil. 769. On Sunderland ballast-hills, D.—-W. Weighell’s Herb. 271. SISYMBRIUM. 1. S. officinale. Common Hedge-mustard. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 196; Hook. Fl. Scot. 202; Ber- wick Flora, 145 ; Erysimum officinale, Eng. Bot. 735; Curt. Lond. Fase. v. t. 50; Woodv. t. 244. By road sides and on waste ground, everywhere. Mr. Wrncu’s Flora of Northumberland, &c. 2. S. Zrio. London Rocket. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 197; Eng. Bot. 1631; Curt. Lond. Fase. v. t. 48; With. iii. 773; Ray’s Syn. 298; Berwick Flora, 145. On the Ramparts of Berwick-upon-Tweed, where it was observed by Ray. Most abundant at the Pier- gate.—Dr. G. Johnston. The only locality in the north. 3. S. Sophia. Flix-weed. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 197; Eng. Bot. 963; Gr. Fl. Eds. 145; With. iii. 772; Berwick Flora, 145. Near Scotswood and Ovingham, and on Holy Island, also about Belford and Alnwick, N. On rubbish at West Boldonand Cleadon, D. About East Ord, Ee and Bamborough, N.—Thompson’s Berwick ants. 272. BARBAREA. 8. B. vulgaris. Yellow Rocket, Bitter Winter-cress. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 198; Hook. Fl. Scot. 200; Ber- wick Flora, 145; Erysimwm Barbarea, Eng. Bot. 443. On the banks of rivulets and in marshy meadows. 2. B. precox. Early Winter Cress. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 199 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 201 ; Ber- wick Flora, 146; Erysimum pracor, Eng. Bot. var. 2, 1129; E. officinalis, With. iii. 774. On a hedge side between Wooler and Earl, N.—Dr. G. Johnston. Probably the out-cast of a garden. 273. ERYSIMUM. 1. E. cheiranthoides. Treacle Hedge-mustard. Sm. Eng, FI. iii. 200; Eng. Bot. 942; Hook. Fl. Scot. 202 ; With. ili. 775. In Heaton Dene near Rennoldson’s Mill, and on hedge banks at the Minories near Newcastle, N. On Sun- derland ballast-hills, D.—W. Weighell’s Herb. 2. E. Alliaria. Garlick Hedge-mustard, Jack by the hedge, Sauce alone. Sm. Eng, FI. iii. 201; Eng. Bot, 796; Curt. Lond. Fase. ii. t. 48; Woodv. Supp. t. 245; Hook. Fl. Scot. 202; Berwick Flora, 146. Under hedges and in shady places, common. 3. E. orientale. Tare’s-ear 'Treacle-mustard. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 202; Hook. Br. Fl 306; Bras- sica orientalis, Eng. Bot. 1804 ; With, iii. 782. On the ballast-hills of Tyne and Wear, N. and D. On ballast-hills at Bishopwearmouth, D.—Rev. J. Symons, also in W. Weighell’s Herb. 274. CHEIRANTHUS. 1. C. Cheirt. Wall-flower. Hudson, 287; Lindley, Syn. Hook. Br. Fl. 307; Lond. Fl. t. 147 ; C. fruticulosus, Sm. Eng. Fi. iii. 203; Eng. Bot. 1934; Berwick Flora, 146; Hook. Fl. Scot. 202; With. iii. 776. On the ruins of Dawdon Hall, and on the Magnesian Limestone rocks at Southwick, D. On Lindisfern Priory, and on rocks at Tynemouth, N. On the ruins of castles near Berwick, and on Spindlestone rocks. — Dr, G. Johnston. 275. HESPERIS. 1. H. matronalis. Common Dame’s-violet. Sm. Eng. Fl. 207; Gr. Fl. Eds. 146s H. inodora, Eng. Bot. 731s With. iii. 778. 99: 245 Mr. Wrncen’s Floraof Northumberland, &c. In meadows near Chester-le-Street, D.—G. T. Fox, | 4, B. oleracca. Esq. In the Duke of Northumberland’s woods and plantations about Alnwick, N. Probably not truly indigenous in these counties. 276. ARABIS. 1. A. thaliana. Common Wall-cress. Sm. Eng. FI. iti. 209 ; Eng. Bot. 901; Curt. Lond. Fase. ii. t. 49; With. i. 779; Hook. Fl. Scot. 199 ; Berwick Flora, 146. On walls near Ovingham, near Wooler, and on the ruins of Shewing-shields, also at Wark and Nor- ham Castles, N. On Kyloe rocks and near the chain-bridge at Horncliffe, N.—Dr. G. Johnston. On the ruins of the Roman station at Lanchester, of Finchale Abbey, and on walls in Weardale and Teesdale, D. 2. A. hirsuta. Hairy Wall-cress. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 215; Gr. Fl. Eds. 143; Turritis hirsuta, Eng. Bot. 587; With. iii. 781. On Painsher and Fulwell Hills, in Castle Eden Dene, also near Eglestone and Middleton-in- Tees- dale, D. On the south side of Boldon, Tunstall, and Cleadon Hills, D.—Mr. R. Waugh and Mr. J. Thornhill. On the Roman Wall near Shewing- shields, on rocks at Kirkwhelpington and on hedge banks between Anick Grange and Corbridge, also near Rothbury, N. On an old wall at Colwell by the Chollerton roadto Wallington, N.— Wallis, 219. Near Hulne Abbey, Alnwick, N.—Miss Pringle, Sp. 277. TURRITIS. 1. T. glabra. Smooth Tower-mustard. Sm. Eng, FI. iii. 215; Eng. Bot. 777 ; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iv. t. 47; With. iii. 781; Hook. Fl. Scot. 200. On the banks of hedges between Anick Grange and Hexham, and on walls near Ovingham, N. Near Gainford, in hedges not far from the turnpike- gate, D. Wallis, at p. 218, gives Crag Close near Barwesford as a locality of Cardamine pumila; Bellidis folia al- pina.—Dill. Ray Syn, 300; which Smith refers to Arabis stricta of the English Flora, ili. 210, but with a mark of doubt. Gerard's figure, 260, quoted in*Ray’s work, according to Smith, belongs to a foreign species, Arabis pumila of Jaquin; drabis nutans of Willdenow’s Species Plantarum, iii. 537. I suspect Twurritis glabra must have been the plant gathered by the historian of Northumberland in Crag Close. 278. BRASSICA. 1. B. Napus. Rape, Navew, or Cole-seed. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 217; Eng. Bot. 2146; Hook. Fl. Scot. 208 ; Berwick Flora, 147. On ditch banks and waste ground. 2. B. Rapa. Turnip. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii, 217; Eng. Bot. 2176; Hook. Fl. Scot. 203; Berwick fora, 147. Naturalized on the borders of fields. 3. B. campestris. Common Wild Navew. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 218; Eng. Bot. 2234; Hook. Fl. Scot. 203; With. iii. 782. On the ballast-hills of Tyne and Wear, N, and D. This plant, so common by the Thames, does not ap- pear to be truly a native of these counties. VOL. II. N 3. [sit — _ bo 1. . S. arvensis. . 8. tenuifolia. . S. muralis. . E. cicutarium. » E. maritimum. 45 Sea Cabbage. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 219; Eng. Bot. 637; Hook. Fl. Scot. 203; With. iii. 784, Upon the patch of Magnesian Limestone rock on the north side of Tynemouth Castle, N. Near Monkwearmouth, D 279. SINAPIS. Charlock, Wild Mustard. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 221; Eng. Bot. 1748; Curt. Lond. Fasc. v. t. 47; Hook. Fl. Scot. 204; Berwick Flora, 147. In corn fields and on waste ground, common. . S.alba. White Mustard. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 222; Eng. Bot. 1677; Curt. Lond. Fasc. v. t. 46; Hook. Fl. Scot. 204; Berwick Flora, 147. In fields and by road sides. 8. nigra. Common Mustard. Sm. Eng. FI. iii. 222; Eng. Bot. 969; Woodv. t. 151; Hook. Fl. Scot. 204; Berwick Flora, 147. On waste ground and in fields. Narrow-leaved Wall Mustard. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 223; Hook. Fl. Scot. 204: Berwick Flora, 148; Sisymbrium tenuifolium, Eng. Bot. 525 ; With. iii. 771; Brassica mura- lis, Curt. Lond. Fase. iii. t. 38; Hudson, 290. On rocks at Tynemouth, and on the ruins of the Castle, N. On the sea banks near Marsden Rocks, and at Southwick, D. On the walls of Berwick, _ where it was observed by Ray.—Dr. G. Johnston. s Sand Mustard. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 224; Sisymbrium murale, Eng. Bot. 1090 ; With. iii. 772. 4 On St. Anthon’s ballast-hills, N. Introduced from the south of England. 280. RAPHANUS. -R. Raphanistrum. Wild Radish, Jointed Charlock. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 226; Eng. Bot. 856; Curt. Fasc. iv. t. 46; Hook. Fl. Scot, 204; Berwick Flora, 148, In corn fields, common. MONADELPHIA PENTANDRIA. 281. ERODIUM. Hemlock Stork’s-bill. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 229 ; Eng. Bot. 1768; Berwick Flora, 150; Hook. Fl. Scot. 205; Geranium cicutarium, Curt. Fase. i. t. 515 With. iii. 803. # On waste ground. £8 and ¥ on the sea coast abun- dant, N. and D. Between the Glass Houses and Dent’s Hole, near Newcastle.— Wilson’s Syn. 243, Near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. Sea Stork’s-bill. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 231; Eng. Bot. 646; Geraniwn maritimum, Hudson, 301; With. iii. 799. eee Sunderland ballast-hills, D.-—W, Weighell’s erb, MONADELPHIA DECANDRIA. 282. GERANIUM. G. pheum. Dusky Crane’s-bill. 46 Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 232 ; Eng. Bot. 322 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 206; With. iii. 798. In Lumley woods near Chester-le-Street, D.—G. 'T. Fox, Esq. Probably planted there. In woods about Darlington. —Mr. E. Robson; Turner and Dillwyn’s Guide, 253. The late Mr. E. R. assured me that this was an error. Naturalized in Mr. Cook’s woods at Newton-on-the-Moor, N.—Mr. J. Davison. . G. sylvaticum. Wood Crane’s-bill. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii, 234; Eng. Bot. 121; Gr. Fl. Eds, 149; With. iii.-795; Berwick Flora, 151. In woods and denes, also in subalpine meadows, N. and D. 3. G. pratense. Crow-foot-leaved Crane’s-bill. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 235; Eng. Bot. 404 ; Curt. Lond. Fase. iv. t. 49; Gr. Fl. Eds. 149; With. iu. 799; Berwick Flora, 151, In moist meadows and on the banks of rivers, N. and TB. By the river Aln, near Alnwick.—Mr. J Davison. Varieties with white flowers striped with purple and with red. In a hilly pasture on the north side of the rectory-house at Simonburn, N.— Wallis, 1'70. . G. robertianum. bert. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii, 235; Eng. Bot. 1486; Curt. Lond. Fasc. i. t. 52; Hook. Fl. Scot. 207; Berwick Flora, 151. 8 Hudson, 305; Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 236; G. pur- pureum, Eng. Bot. 2648; G. Raii, Lindley, Syn. 57; Dill. Ray, Syn. 358. c In denes, woods, and by hedges, common. the sands of the sea beach, not rare. 5. G. lucidum. Shining Crane’s-bill. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 236; Eng. Bot. 75; Gr. Fl. Eds. 151; With. iii. 800; Berwick Flora, 151. Qn walls and hedge banks from Middleton-in-'Tees- dale to Darlington, also by the road side between Stanhope and Chapel-in-Weardale, D. At Cocken. —Rey. J. Symonds. At Gainsford, D.—.J Hogg, Esq. At Honey-cleugh near Chesterwoood, at Nent Force, and by hedge sides at the 21 mile-stone near Chollerford, N. At the east end of Walwick by the military road. —Wallis, 17]. On a wall near Ratcheugh Crag near Alnwick.—Mr. J. Davison ; and Belford Crag, N.—Miss Forster, delin. 6. G. molle. Dove’s-foot Crane’s-bill. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 237; Eng. Bot. 778; Curt. Lond. Fasc. ii. t. 50; Hook. Fl. Scot. 207; Berwick Flora, 151. On cultivated and waste ground, and by way sides. 7. G. pusillum. Small-flowered Crane’s-bill. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 238; Eng. Bot, 385 ; Berwick Flora, 152; Gr. Fl. Eds. 152; G. parviflorum, Curt. Lond. Fasc. vi. t. 36; G. malvefolium, With. iii. 697, var. 1. In lanes near Darlington, and on Hebburn Quay, D. In the lane near Anick Grange, Hexham, N.— Mr. F. Scott. From this locality I have no specimen. 8. G. pyrenaicum. Mountain Crane’s-bill. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 239 ; Eng. Bot. 405 ; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iii, t. 42; Hook. Fl. Scot. 206; With. iu. 793. For many years naturalized on old ballast-hills at Hebburn Quay, D. 9. G. rotundifolium. Round-leayed Crane’s-bill. bo Stinking Crane’s-bill, Herb Ro- fon Mr. Wrweu’s Flora of Northumberland, Sc. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 240 ; Eng. Bot. 157 ; Lightfoot, 1106; With. iii. 800. On hedge banks at the Salt-meadows near Gateshead, D. On Sunderland ballast-hills, D.—-Mr. E. Robson. In the lane near Anick Grange, Hexham, N.—Mr. F. Scott. From this locality I have no specimen. 10. G. dissectum. Jagged-leaved Crane’s-bill. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 241; Eng. Bot. 753; Curt. Lond. Fasc. vi. t. 45; Hook. Fl. Scot. 208; Berwick Flora, 152. On the banks of hedges and in fallow fields, frequent. 11. G. columbinum. Long-stalked Crane’s-bill. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 241; Eng. Bot. 259; Gr. Fl. Eds. 151; With. iii. 796. On Walltown Crags and on Willington ballast-hills, N. On the crags at Gunnerton.—Mr. Wm. Ro- bertson. In the lane near Anick Grange, Hex- ham, N.—Mr. F. Scott. [No specimen.| On Cece Hills, and at Conniscliffe near Darlington, 12. G. sanguineum. Bloody Crane’s-bill. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 242; Eng. Bot. 272; Hook. Fl. Scot. 206; Lond. t. 155; With. iii. 792; Ber- wick Flora, 152. In the tower part of Castle Eden Dene, and on the coast at Easington, Seaton, and Hartlepool, D. On the links near Hartley and Blyth, at Dunstan- borough, and on Holy Island; also between Cress- well and Druridge, where it was noticed by Wallis. On the sea banks beyond Hudshead, on the links from Scremmerston southward, and in Ashwood near Belford, N.—Thompson’s Berwick Plants. MONADELPHIA POLYANDRIA. 283. MALVA. 1, M, sylvestris. Common Mallow. Sm. Eng. FL iii. 245; Eng. Bot. 671; Curt. Lond. Fase. ii. t. 51; Woodv. t.54; Hook. Fl. Scot. 208; Berwick Flora, 152. About hedges and by road sides, common. . M. rotundifolia. Dwarf Mallow. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 246; Eng. Bot. 1092; Curt. Lond. Fase. ili. t. 48; Hook. Fl. Scot. 208 ; Berwick Flora, 153. On waste grounds, near villages, and by footpaths. . M. moschata, Musk Mallow. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 247; Eng. Bot. 754; Curt. Lond. Fase. iv. t. 50; Hook. Fl. Scot. 209; With. iii. 808; Berwick Flora, 153. On the borders of fields and by road sides, but not very common, N. and D. Near Alnwick and Belford, N. Fisher’s Mains on the Tweed.—Dr. G. Johnson. 284, LAVATERA. . L, arborea. Tree Mallow. Sm. Eng. FI. iii. 248; Eng. Bot. 1841; Gr. Fl. Eds. 153; With. iii. 808. On St. Anthon’s ballast-hills, N. DIADELPHIA HEXANDRIA. 285. FUMARIA. Yellow Fumitory. . F. lutea. 9 3. E. officinalis. 4. EF. capreolata. 1, 1. 1. G. anglica. Mr. Wincu’s Flora of Northumberland, &c. Sm. Eng. FI. iii. 253; Eng. Bot. 588 ; With. iii. 815; Cordyalis lutea, Hook. Br. ¥1. 316. Naturalized on old wallsat Netherwitton and on rocks at Harnham, N. F. claviculata. White Climbing Fumitory. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 254; Eng. Bot. 103 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 211; Berwick Flora, 156 ; With. iii. 817 ; Cordyalis claviculata, Gr. F]. Eds. 153. In hedges near Beamish, Greencroft, and Durham, and on rocks between Eglestone and Staindrop, D. In-Heaton Dene, among bushes on the banks of Ouseburn, and on Newcastle Town Moor; also on the Oakwood banks near Hexham, N. On Road- ley and Great Waney-house Crags.—W. C. Tre- velyan, Esq. On rocks above Tecket Water-fall, and at Little Waney-house Crags.-—Wallis, 166. Among the rocks at Longridge Dene.—Dr. G. Johnston. On Alnwick Moor.—Mr. J. Davison ; and Heckley Crags, N.—Miss Forster, delin. Common Fumitory. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 255; Eng. Bot. 589; Berwick Flora, 156; Curt. Lond. Fase. ii. t.52; Hook. FI. Scot. 210; Woody. t. 88. In corn fields, gardens, and hedges, but by no means frequent. Ramping Fumitory. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 256; Eng. Bot. 943; Curt. Lond. Fasc. vi. t. 47; Hook. FI. Scot. 210; With. iii. 816 t. 30 (bad). In hedges, common, N. and D. DIADELPHIA OCTANDRIA. 286. POLYGALA. P. vulgaris. _Milkwort. Sm. Eng, Fl. iii. 258; Eng, Bot. 76; Hook. Fl. Scot. 211; Berwick Flora, 157. In dry heathy pastures and on moors, common. DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. 287. SPARTIUM. S? scoparium. Common Broom. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 261; Eng. Bot. 1339 ; Berwick Flora, 157; Curt. Lond. Fasc. v. t. 52; Woodv. t. 89; Genista scoparia, Hook. Fl. Scot. 211; Cytisus scoparius, Br. F), 319. In dry fields, denes, and on the borders of woods, frequent, but by no means common near the sea- coast. 288. GENISTA. G. tinctoria. Dyer’s Green-weed, Wood-waxen. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 263; Eng. Bot. 44; Gr. Fl. Eds. 154; With. iii. 820; Berwick Flora. 158, On gravelly banks and in dry pastures, not very com- mon. On the sea coast near the Spanish Battery, Tynemouth, N. Needle Green-weed, Petty Whin. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 264; Eng. Bot. 132; Gr. Fl. Eds. 155; With. iii. 821. On heaths and moors, but not very common. On Gateshead Fell, D.; and Newcastle ‘town Moor, N. Near Harbottle, N.—W. C. Trevelyan, Esq. ule ~ . U. nanus. . O. arvensis. - A. . O. tuberosus. - L, Aphaca. 47 On Doddington Moor and between Wooler and Belford, N.—Dr. G. Johnston. 289. ULEX. U. europeus. Common Furze, Whin, or Gorse. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 265 ; Eng. Bot. 742; Hook. Fl. Scot. 212; Berwick Flora, 158. Qn dry moors and commons, frequent. Dwarf Furze. Sm, Eng. FI. iii. 266; Eng. Bot. 743; With. iii. 822. On Durham Moor.—Rev. J. Symons. The Dwarf Furze is common on the Chalk Downs of the soutn of England, but I never observed it in the north. 290. ONONIS. Common Rest-harrow. Sm. Eng. Fl, iii. 267; Lightfoot, 386 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 212. & O. spinosa, Linn. Sp. Pl. 1006; With. iii. 823 ; O. antiquorum, of Linnzus, according to Borrer. —Sce Eng. Bot. p. 2659; O. arvensis, Eng. Bot. t. 682, vy O. repens, Linn. Sp. Pl. 1006; O. arvensis, Eng. Bot. 2659; Berwick Flora, 159. a By the borders of fields. by the road side near Hebburn, D. yon the sea coast of Northumber- land and Durham, frequent. 291. ANTHYLLIS. vulneraria. Kidney-vetch, Ladies’-finger. Sm. Eng. FI. iii. 269; Eng. Bot. 104; With. iii. 825; Gr. Fl. Eds. 155; Berwick Flora, 159. On the Magnesian Limestone, D., not rare. On the coast near Cullercoats and Hartley, also in the vi- cinity of Belford and Alnwick, N. By the Tweed and on the sea coast near Berwick. — Dr. Thompson. 292. OROBUS. Common Orobus, Heath Pea. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 272; Eng. Bot. 1153; Curt. Lond. Fasc. i. t. 53; Hook. Fl. Scot. 213; Berwick Flora, 159. 8 Sm. Eng. FL. ili. 272; Hook. Fl. Scot. 213; 0. tenuifolius, Roth. Germ. i. 305; Don. Wern. Trans. iii. 301. # In woods and on moors, and mountainous pastures. 6 near Kingswood, N.—Mr.J. Thompson, Sp. On the banks of Beldon Bourn above Blanchland, N.— W. C. Trevelyan, Esq. A remarkably broad-leaved variety, but without flow- ers, was gathered near Featherstone Castle, N., by W. C. Trevelyan, Esq. 293. LATHYRUS. Yellow Lathyrus, or Vetchling. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 274; Eng. Bot. 1167; Curt. Lond. Fase. v. t. 51-5 With. iii. 829. On Willington ballast-hills, N. On Sunderland bal- last-hills, D.—W. Weighell’s Herb. L. Nissolia. Crimson Vetchling, Grass Vetch. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 275; Eng. Bot. 112; Curt. Lond. Fasc, vi. t. 51; With. iii. 829. In the time of Lawson this plant grew between the Glass Housesand Dent’s Hole, Newcastle. — Ray's Syn. 132. 48 3. 4. i; bo mr) - » WV. sativa. . V. sepium. i. V. bithynica. L. hirsutus. Rough-podded Lathyrus. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 275; Eng. Bot. 1255; With. iii. 830. we Sunderland ballast-hills,) D.-—W. Weighell’s erb. L. pratensis. Common Yellow Lathyrus, Meadow Vetchling. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 276; Eng. Bot. 670; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iii. t. 44; Hook. Fl. Scot. 213; Berwick Flora, 160. In hedges, meadows, and pastures, frequent. 294. VICIA. V. sylvatica. Wood Vetch. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 277; Eng. Bot. 805; Curt. Lond. Fase. vi. t. 52; Gr. FL. Eds. 157; With. iii. 833; Berwick Flora, 160. In woods near Barnardcastle and Whorlton, in Stot- ley Gill near Eglestone, in Castle Eden Dene, on rocks by the Tyne above Hebburn, andin the wood opposite St. Peter’s Quay, D. In Cat Dene above Bill Quay, on the Tyne. —Mr. J. Thornhill, jun.— By Bolts Bourn near Stanhope-in- Weardale, D.— W. C. Trevelyan, Esq.—In Pella Wood by the Wear near Durham.-—Wilson’s Syn. 203. In woods near Hexham, in Ramshaw and Tecket Woods on North Tyne, and on the banks of Irthing near Wardrew Spaw, N. In Roddam Dene.— W.C. Trevelyan, Esq. In the Rectory Wood by the brook at Simonburn.—Wallis, 165. On the banks of Tweed beyond Ord Mill.—Dr. Thomp- son. In the hedge of the wood between Hawk’s Hill and the waggon-way near Alnwick.—Mr. F. Manisty; also in Callas Wood.—Miss Pringle. In Cauldedge Park, N.—Miss Forster, delin. V. Cracca, Tufted Vetch. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 280; Eng. Bot. 1168; Curt. Lond. Fasc. v. t. 54; Hook. Fl. Scot. 214; Berwick Flora, 160. In hedges, thickets, and meadows. Common Vetch. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 281; Eng. Bot. 334; Hook. Fl. Scot. 215; Berwick Flora, 160. & Ray Syn. 321; With. iii. 835, var. 2. y V. angustifolia, Sm. Eng. FI. iii. 282 ; Sibthorp, 224; Eng. Bot. 2614; V. sativa, With. ili. 835, var. 3; V. sativa y, Fl. Brit. 770. « On cultivated land. # on barren ground. Y on the sea banks between South Shields and Whitburn D. At Cullercoats, Newbiggin, and on Ratcheugh Crag, near Alnwick, N. V. lathyroides. Spring Vetch. Sm. Eng. FI. iii. 283; Eng. Bot. 30; With. iii. 837; Gr. Fl. Eds. 157; Berwick Flora, 161. At the salt meadows below Gateshead, D. On the Heugh at Holy Island, on Chapel Hill near Bel- ford, and other Basaltic heights between itand Bam- borough, N.—Thompson’s Berwick Plants. Bush Vetch. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 286; Eng. Bot. 1515; Hook. FI. Scot. 215; Berwick Flora, 161. 8 Ray Syn. 321. # In hedges and denes, common. 6 in hedges be- tween Ryhope and Sunderland, D. Rough-podded Purple Vetch. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 287; Eng. Bot. 1842; With. ili. 839, vo _ _ _ 9 a . E. tetraspermum. . E, hirsutum. . O. perpusillus. . H. comosa. . H. Onobdrychis. . A. glycyphyllos. Mr. Wrncu’s Flora of Northumberland, &c. On Sunderland ballast-hills, D.-—W. Weighell’s Herb. 295. ERVUM. Smooth Tare. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 288; Eng. Bot. 1223; Curt. Lond. Fasc. i. t. 55; Hook. Fl. Scot. 216. In hedges and corn fields near Newcastle, N. Near Lambton and Darlington, D. At Norton, Bil- lingham, and Wynyard.—J. Hogg, Esq. Hairy Tare. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 289; Eng. Bot. 970 ; Curt. Lond. Fasc. i. t. 543 Hook. FI. Scot. 216; Ber- wick Flora, 161. In fields and meadows, common. 296. ORNITHOPUS. Common Bird’s-foot. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii, 290; Eng. Bot. 369; Curt. Lond. Fasc. vi. t. 53; Gr. Fl. Eds. 158; With. iii. 840. On Sunderland ballast-hills and on dry banks near Urpeth, D. 297. HIPPOCREPIS. Tufted Horse-shoe Vetch. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 291; Eng. Bot. 31; Hook. Fl. Scot. 216; With. iii. 841. On Cronkley Fell, Teesdale. —Mr. J. Backhouse, Sp. 298. HEDYSARUM. Saint-foin. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 292; Eng. Bot. 96; With. ii. 842. In fields near Ryhope and on Harton-down Hill. On the Magnesian Limestone. In a field at the Salt Meadows near Gateshead, D., probably intro~ duced by ballast. —Mr. John Thornhill, jun. 299. ASTRAGALUS. Sweet Milk Vetch, Wild Li- quorice. } Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 294; Eng. Bot. 203; Hook. Fl. Scot. 217; With. ii. 844; Gr. FI. Eds. 159 ; Berwick Flora, 161. On the banks of Wear near Durham, in Pella Wood, at Baydales near Darlington, and on the banks of Tees alittle below the Abbey Bridge near Barnard- castle, D. Below Low Conniscliffe, D.—S. Rob- son, Flora, 135. On the banks of ‘Tyne above Ovingham, and at the Hermitage near Hexham, N. At Newburn.—Wilson, Syn. 207. Ona hill called Cockle Hill, at Learmouth near Cornhill, upon the ramparts at Wark Castle on the Tweed, by the road to Carham, in hilly pastures at Many- laws under Flodden Hill, and in Warden Banks near Hexham.—Wallis, 166. On the sea banks at Budle, N.—Miss Forster, delin. z i A. hypoglottis. Purple Mountain Milk V etch. Sm. Eng. Fl. 294; Eng. Bot. 274; Sibth. 227; tr. Fl Eds. 159; With. iii, 843; Berwick Flora, 161. ee On the sandy banks of the sea coast near Whitburn, South Shields, Seaton Carew, and Blackwell Hall, six miles from Hartlepool, D. Near the mouth of Tees, D.—J. Hogg, Esq. On the summit of Rat- cheugh Crag near Alnwick, and on the links at Mr. Wrncu’s Flora of Northumberland, &c. Tynemouth, Dunstanborough, Holy Island, Budle, Bamborough, Beadnel, and north of Newbiggin, N. At Spittal Point and banks to the southward, also on the links below Scremmerston.—Thomp- son’s Berwick Plants. 300. MELILOTUS. 1. M. officinalis. Common Melilot. Hook. Br. Fl. 327; Trifolium officinale, Sm. Eng. FI. iii. 297; Eng. Bot. 1340; Hook. Fl. Scot. 217; With. iii. 846; Berwick Flora, 162. In corn fields near Hetton, Houghton-le-Spring, Painsher, and Lumley, D. Near Whitley and Seaton, N. On the ballast hills of Tyne and Wear, abundant, N. and D. On the banks of the Wans- beck near Ashington, and near the bathing well at Cornhill, N.—Wallis, 197. On the sea banks near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. . M. leucantha. White-flowered Melilot. Hook. Br. Fl. 327; Trifolium germanicum, Smith in Rees’s Cyclop.—See With. iii. 847; M. offici- narum germanic, flore albo.—Tournef. Inst. 407. On Willington ballast-hills, N. At the Salt Mea- dows below Gateshead, D. Most probably introduced from the continent with ballast. Linnzeus might be correct in considering it a white-flowered variety of the common Melilot. bo 301. TRIFOLIUM. . T. repens. White Trefoil, Dutch Clover. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 299; Eng. Bot. 1769; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iii. t. 46; Hook. Fl. Scot. 218; Berwick Flora, 162. In meadows, pastures, and on reclaimed ground upon moors, common. Variety, with elongated flower-stalks, segments of the calyx leafy, and flowers pale red. Near Westoe and Marsden, D. On Holy Island, N.—Dr. G Johnston. . T. subterraneum. Subterraneous Trefoil. Sm. Eng. Fi. iii. 300; Eng. Bot. 1045; Curt. Lond. Fase. ii. t. 54; With, iii. 848. Ou Sunderland ballast-hills, D.—-W. Weighell’s Herb. . T. ochroleucum. Sulphur-coloured Trefoil. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 301; Eng. Bot. 1224; Curt. ~Lond. Fase. vi. t. 49; With. iii. 854. On Sunderland ballast-hillss D.—W. Weighell’s Herb. T. pratense. Common Purple Clover, Honey- suckle 'Trefoil. Sm. Eng. FI. iii. 302 ; Eng. Bot. 1770; Hook. Fl. Scot. 218; Berwick Flora, 163. In meadows and pastures, common. T. medium. Zig-zag Trefoil. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 202; Eng. Bot. 190; Hook. Fl. Scot. 218; Berwick Flora, 163. On dry banks and barren places, frequent. T. maritimum. 'Teasel-headed Trefoil. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 303; Eng. Bot, 220; Lond. t. 57; With. iii. 855. On Willington ballast-hills, N. On Sunderland bal- last-hills, D.—W. Weighell’s Herb, 7. T.arvense. Tare’s-foot Trefoil. Sm. Eng. Fl, iii. 305; Eng. Bot. 944; Curt. Lond. Fase. vi. t. 50; Hook. Fl. Scot. 218; With. iii. 851; Berwick Flora, 164. VOL. Il. — bo ot Hook. oO 8. T. scabrum. 9. T. glomeratum. 49 On the banks at Friar’s Goose near Gateshead, on Fulwell and Tunstall hills near Sunderland, and near Seaton, D. On the bank of Till near Wooler, and near Barwesford, N. Near Bamborough and in the bed of Wooler Water, also on the Heugh at Holy Island, and Chapel Hill near Belford.— Thompson’s Berwick Plants. At Ingram, N.— W. C. Trevelyan, Esq. Rough Trefoil. Sm. Eng. FI. iii. 306; Eng. Bot. 903; Curt. Lond. Fase. vi. t. 48; Gr. Fl. Eds. 161; With. iii. 849; Berwick Flora, 164. In Bishopwearmouth Paddock near Sunderland, D. On rocks at Holy Island, N. Round-headed Trefoil. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 307; Eng. Bot. 1063; Curt. Lond. Fase. iv. t. 51; With, iii. 849, On the ballast-hills of Wear, D.—W. Weighell’s Herb. 10. T. striatum. Soft-knotted Trefoil. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 307; Eng. Bot. 1843; With. ili. 850; Gr. Fl. Eds. 161; Berwick Flora, 164. On banks at Friar’s Goose, on hills near Whitburn, Cleadon, and Sunderland, and at Baydales near Darlington, D. On rocks at Holy Island, Dun- stanborough and Bamborough, N. On Basaltic heights from Kyloe to Bamborough, N.—Dr, G. Johnston. ll. T. fragiferum. Strawberry-headed Trefoil. Sin. Eng. Fl. iii. 308; Eng. Bot. 1050; Curt. Lond. Fase. ii. t. 55; Gr. Fl. Eds. 1161 ; With. ili, 856. On the banks of Halypike Loch, and on the shores of Tyne below Elswick, N. In marshes by the lower part of Tees, and near Seaton and Hartlepool, D. 12. T. procumbens. Hop Trefoil. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 309; Eng. Bot. 945; Gr. Fl. Eds. 162; Berwick Flora, 164; T. agrarium, Curt. Lond. Fase. iii, t. 45; Hudson, 328. In dry fields and pastures, common. 13. 'T. minus. Lesser Yellow Trefoil. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 310; Eng. Bot. 1256; Berwick Flora, 164; Hook. Fl. Scot. 220; T. jiliforme, 6 Sm. Fl. Brit. 793. & Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 310; Eng, Bot. 1257; Hook. Fl. Scot. 220. % In dry fields and pastures, frequent. $8 on the Magnesian Limestone at Fulwell, Whitburn, Clea- don, and Castle Eden, D. 302. LOTUS. 1. L. corniculatus. Common Bird’s-foot Trefoil. Sm. Eng. Fl. ili. 312; Eng. Bot. 2090; Hook. Fl. Scot. 220; Curt. Lond. Fasc. ii. 56; Ber- wick Flora, 164. 6 L. major, Sm. Eng. F1. iii. 313 ; Eng. Bot. 2091 ; Gr. Fl. Eds. 163; Berwick Flora, 165; L. cor- niculatus Y, F'). Brit. 794 ; 6 Hook. FI. Scot. 220. « On dry banks, but most abundant on the sea coast. & in woods and hedges not uncommon. 303. MEDICAGO. 1. M. sativa, Lucerne, Purple Medick. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 317; Eng. Bot. 1749 ; Hook. FI. Scot. 220; With. ili. 861; Berwick Flora, 165. Near Silksworth, D. At Croft, D.—Rev. J. Sy- mons. On the ballast hills of Tyne and Wear, N. 50 oo oy . M. falcata. . M. lupulina. . M. maculata. . H. Androsemum. » H. quadrangulum. . H. perforatum. . H. montanum, and D. In the field above the quarry at Sunny- side, about a mile south of Berwick.—Dr. Thomp- son. Near Gun’s Green Hill.—Rev. A. Baird. That the Lucerne has been introduced from the Conti- nent there can be no doubt. Yellow Sickle Medick. Sm. Eng. FI. iii. 317; Eng. Bot. 1016; With. lili. 862. On Willington ballast-hills, N. On the Salt Mea- dows near Gateshead Ropery, and Sunderland ballast-hills, D. Black Medick, or Nonesuch. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 318; Eng. Bot. 971; Curt. Lond. Fase. ii. t. 57; Hook. Fl. Scot. 220; Berwick Flora, 165. In meadows and pastures, frequent. Spotted Medick. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 319; Sibth. 232; Medicago po- lymorpha, Eng. Bot. 1616; Curt. Lond. Fase. ili. t. 47; With. iii. 864. On the quay above South Shields, D. On the ballast- hills of Tyne and Wear, N. and D. Under the Banqueting House at Alnwick, N.—Miss Forster, delin. POLYADELPHIA POLYANDRIA. 304. HYPERICUM. Tutsan, Park Leaves. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 323; Eng. Bot. 1225; Curt. Lond. Fase. iii. t. 48; Hook. Fl. Scot. 221; With. iii. 865. Near Birch Carr, three miles east of Darlington.— Mr. Backhouse. By a plantation at Twinkham Lea near Seaton, D.—J. Hogg, Esq. Square St. John’s-wort, St. Peter’s-wort. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 324; Eng. Bot. 370; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iv. t. 52; Hook. Fl. Scot. 221; With. iii. 867; Berwick Flora, 167. By rivers, and in woods and denes, not very common. In Hulne Woods near Alnwick, N.—Mr. J. Da- vison. Perforated St. John’s-wort. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 325; Eng. Bot. 295; Curt. Lond. Fasc. i. t. 57; Woodv. t. 10; Hook. Fl. Scot. 221; Berwick Flora, 167. In woods and hedges, frequent. H. dubium. Imperforate St. John’s-wort. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 326; Eng. Bot. 296; With. iii. 868; Hook. FI. Scot, 221. Near Oakwood and Ovingham, N. Near Middleton- in-Teesdale and Eglestone, also in Gibside Woods and by the Derwent near Swalwell Bridge, D. Between Newburn and Wylam, and in the Ollers between Ovingham and Ovington, N. At Hollin- side, D.—Mr. R. B. Bowman. H. hwmifusum. Trailing St. John’s-wort. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 326; Eng. Bot. 1226; Curt. Lond. Fase. iii. t. 50; Gr. Fl. Eds. 163 ; With. ii. 868; Berwick Flora, 167. In sandy or gravelly places, but not common. Neville’s Cross, D. In Heaton Dene, N. Mountain St. John’s-wort. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 327; Eng. Bot. 371; Hook. Fl. Scot. 222; With. ii. 869. Near Mr. Wincn’s Flora of Northumberland, &c. On the Magnesian Limestone in Hawthorn, Ryhope, Dalion and Castle Eden Denes, and near Harring- ton, D. 7. H. hirsutum. Hairy St. John’s-wort. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 328; Eng. Bot. 1156; Curt. Lond. Fase. iii. t. 49; Gr. Fl. Eds. 164; With. iii. 870; Berwick Flora, 168. In woods and hedges, frequent. 8. H. pulchrum. Small Upright St. John’s-wort. Sm. Eng. Fi. iii. 329; Eng. Bot. 1227; Curt. Lond. Fase. i. t. 56; With. ini. 871; Gr. Fl. Eds. 164; Berwick Flora, 168. In woods, denes, and bushy places, by no means rare. SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA AQUALIS. 305. TRAGOPOGON. 1. T. pratensis. Yellow Goat’s-beard. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 337 ; Eng. Bot. 434; Hook. Fl. Scot. 226; Berwick Flora, 172. In meadows and pastures, not uncommon. 2. 'T. major, Willd. Sp. Pl. iii. 1493; Jacq. Aust. i. t. 29. Sparingly scattered over the whole of North Durham, N.—Dr. G. Johnston, MSS. One of the most interesting additions made of late years to the English Flora. 306. PICRIS. 1. P. echioides. Bristly Ox-tongue. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii, 339 ; Eng. Bot. 972 ; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iii. t. 51; With. iii. 877; Berwick Flora, 173 ; Helminthia echioides, Hook. Br. Fl. 338. On St. Anthon’s ballast-hills, N. On the sea coast between Whitburn and Sunderland, and between Stockton and Norton, where it was observed by Lawson.—See Wilson’s Syn. 37; also near Seaton, D. By the Sunderland road near East Boldon.— Mr. J. Thornhill, jun. In lanes south of Billing- ham.—J. Hogg, Esq. On Cleadon Hills, near Suter Point, D.—Rev. J. Symons. By the Pier road near the Limekiln, Berwick. —Dr. ‘Thompson. Not found in Scotland. 2. P. hieracioides. Hawkweed Ox-tongue. Sm. Eng. Fl, iii. 339 ; Eng. Bot. 196; Hook. FI. Scot. 226; With. iii. 878. On the ballast-hills of Tyne and Wear, N. and D. At the lower end of Hawthorn Dene, D. At Bay- dales near Darlington.—Mr. Backhouse. Near Norton, D.—J. Hogg, Esq. 307. SONCHUS. 1. S. arvensis. Corn Sow-thistle. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 342; Eng. Bot. 674; Curt. Lond. Fase. iv. t. 53; Hook. Fl. Scot. 226; Berwick Flora, 173. In corn fields and on hedge banks, frequent. 2. S. oleraceus. Common Sow-thistle. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 343; Eng. Bot, 843; Curt. Lond. Fase. ii. t. 58 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 227 ; Ber- wick Flora, 173. a, 8, y, }) Every where, on cultivated and waste ground. 308, LACTUCA. 1. L. virosa. Strong-scented Lettuce. Mr. Winceun’s Flora of Northumberland, &c. Sm. Eng. FI. iii, 345 ; Eng. Bot. 1957; Woodv. Supp. t. 250; With. iii. 883 ; Gr. Fl. Eds. 166 ; Berwick Flora, 173. On the bank between the Castle at Barnardcastle and the River Tees, near Harton, Cocken, and Dar- lington, and by hedge sides near Low Team, D, In a hedge near Cleadon.—Mr. J. Thornhill, jun. Near Norton, Stockton, and Billingham, D.—J. Hogg, Esq. On the banks of Tweed above Cold- stream Bridge, also near Cullercoats, N. From the Union Bridge to Norham Castle, also near Twizell Toll-bar.—-Dr. G. Johnston. 309. PRENANTHES. 1. P. muralis. Ivy-leaved Wall-lettuce. Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. 348; Eng. Bot. 457; Curt. Lond. Fasc. v. t. 58; Hook. Fl. Scot. 227; With. iii. 884. On rocks in damp woods, and on old walls, but not very frequent. 310. LEONTODON. 1, L. Taraxacum. Common Dandelion. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 349 ; Eng. Bot. 510 ; Curt. Lond. Fasc. i. t. 58; Woodv. t. 3; Hook. FI. Scot. 227; Berwick Flora, 174. L. palustre, Sm. Eng. Fl. iii, 350; Eng. Bot. 453; Hook. FI. Scot. 227; With. iii. 886, var. 33; Berwick Flora, 174. « On cultivated ground, and in meadows and pas- tures, everywhere. At Prestwick Carr, N. Near Middleton-in-Tees- dale, D. On Seaton Moor in marshy places, D.— Mr. J. Backhouse. ig 311. APARGIA. . A. hispida. Rough Hawkbit. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 351; Hook. Fl. Scot. 227; Ber- wick Flora, 175 ; Hedypnois hispida, Eng. Bot. 554; Fl. Brit. 823; Leontodon hispidum, Curt. Lond. Fasc. v. t. 56; With. iii. 888. In pastures, common. A. autumnalis. Autumnal Hawkbit. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 353 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 228; Ber- wick Flora, 175; Hedypnois autumnalis, Eng. Bot. 830 ; Leontodon autumnale, With, iti. 887. In meadows and pastures, common. 3. A. hirta. Deficient Hawkbit. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii, 352 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 228; He- dypnois hirta, F\, Brit. 824; Eng. Bot. 554; Leontodon hirtum, Curt. Lond. Fase. vi. t. 59 ; With. iii, 889; Thrincia hirta, Hook. Br. FI. 341. On dry pastures and on heaths, but not very common ; on the Sea banks between Tynemouth and Culler- coats, N _ i] 312. HIERACIUM. 1. H. Pilosella. Mouse-ear Hawkweed. - Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 356; Eng. Bot. 1093 ; Curt. Lond. Fase. iv. t. 54; Hook. Fl. Scot. 229; With. iii. 890; Berwick Flora, 175. On dry banks and in open pastures, not rare. 2, H. murorum. Wall Hawkweed, Golden Lung- wort. JL Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 359; Eng. Bot. 2082; Gr. Fl. Eds. 168 ; With. iii. 896; Berwick Flora, 178. & H. maculatum, Sm, Eng. FI. iii. 360; Eng. Bot. 2121. # On Limestone rocks and in woods at Hilton, Rye- hope, Hawthorn, and Castle Eden Denes, also on the banks of Tyne at Hebburn Quay, D. On the banks of Tweed beyond Yarrow Haugh.—Thomp- son’s Berwick Plants; also from Ord Mill to above the Union Bridge, and on rocks above Kiloe.—Dr. G. Johnston. At Swansfield, N.—Mr. J. Davison. f& Near Cauldron Snout, Teesdale, D.—W. C. Tre- velyan, Esq. 3. H. sylvaticum. Wood Hawkweed. Sm. Eng. FI. iii. 361; Eng. Bot. 2031 ; Berwick Flora, 175; Gr. Fl. Eds. 169; With. iii. 898 ; Fieracium . Northumberland and Durham Guide, vol. i. No. 686, and ii. preface vi. On old coal-pit heaps and barren ground near Gates- head and Newcastle, N. and D. On the Towns’ Walls and Garden Walls near the Fever Hospital, and on St. Anthon’s ballast-hills, N. Near Tweed- mouth, between the Foundry and Spittal, and by the Till at Wooler Bridge, N.—Dr. G. Johnston. 4. Hi. paludosum. Succory-leaved Mountain Hawk- weed. Sm. Eng. Fi. iii. 363; Eng. Bot. 1094; Gr. Fl. Eds. 169; With. iti. 895; Berwick Flora, 175. In moist woods and boggy places, not rare, N. and D. At West Ord near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. 5. H. sabaudum. Shrubby broad-leaved Hawkweed. Sm. Eng. Fl, iii. 367; Eng. Bot. 349; Hook. Fl. Scot. 233 ; Berwick Flora, 176. In denes, woods, and thickets, frequent. H.. wmbellatum. Narrow-leaved Hawkweed. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 369; Eng. Bot. 1771; Curt. Lond. Fase. vi. t. 58; Hook. Fl. Scot. 233 ; With. iii. 899 ; Berwick Flora, 176. Near South Shields Law, and on the banks forming the coast at Rocoe-gill near Monkwearmouth, D. In Schull Wood, D.—Mr. J. Backhouse. Near Henshaw and Bavington, N.—Miss Emma Treve- lyan. 313. CREPIS. 1. C. fetida. Stinking Hawk’s-beard. Sm. Eng. FI. iii. 370; Eng. Bot. 406; With. iii. 900 ; Borkhausia fetida, Hook. Br. Fl. 347. On St. Anthon’s and Willington ballast-hills, N. On the Sunderland ballast-hills, D. . C. tectorum. Smooth Hawk’s-beard, Smooth Suc- cory Hawkweed. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 372; Eng. Bot. 1111; Curt. Lond. Fasc. v. t.55; Hook. Fl. Scot. 233 ; Ber- wick Flora, 176. In dry meadows, pastures, and on walls, frequent. 3. C. bicnnis. Rough Hawk’s-beard. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 373; Eng. Bot. 149; With. iii. 902. In fields near Team, South Shields Law, and Whit- burn, D._ On the coast south of Sunderland, D.— Mr. R. Waugh. Near Elswick, and between New- castle and Jesmond, also at Newbiggin on the coast, NA ae the ballast-hills of Tyne and Wear, N. and D. These appear its most northern localities. 314. HYPOCHERIS. Smooth Cat’s-ear. bo 1. H, glabra. Oe Sm. Eng. Fl. iii.375 ; Eng. Bot. 575 ; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iii. t. 53; Hook. Fl. Scot. 234; With. iii 904, On Sunderland ballast-hills, D. 2. H. radicuta. Long Rooted Cat’s-ear. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 376; Eng. Bot. 831; Curt. Lond. Fase. iii. t. 52; With. iii. 905; Hook. Fl. Scot. 234; Berwick Flora, 176. On cultivated and waste ground, common. 315. LAPSANA. 1. L. communis. Nipple-wort. Sm, Eng. Fl. ili. 377; Eng. Bot. 844; Curt. Lond. Fase. i. t.59; Hook. Fl, Scot. 224; Ber- wick Flora, 176. Under hedges and on waste ground, common. 316. CICHORIUM. 1. C. Intybus. Wild Succory. Sm Eng. Fl. iii. 379; Eng. Bot. 539; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iv. t. 56; Woody. Supp. 248; Gr. FL Eds. 171; With. iii. 906; Berwick Flora, 177. By no means common in the north. On the ballast- hills of Tyne and Wear, in fields near Sunderland, Milkhouse Bourn, and near Murton House, D. Near Wynyard and Norton, D.—J. Hogg, Esq. Near Snipperley, D.—Rev. J. Symons. By the Tweed opposite Spring Gardens.—Thompson’s Ber- wick Plants. In Linden Dene.—C. W. Bigge, Esq., Sp. On Alnwick Moor.—Miss Forster, delin. On the borders of corn fields about Wil- lington and Howdon Pans, N. The Blue flowered Mountain Sonchus or Sow-thistle.— Wallis, 186. 317. ARCTIUM. 1. A. Lappa. Burdock, Clot-bur. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 380; Eng. Bot. 1228; Curt. Lond. Fase. iv. t. 55; Woodv. t. 15; Hook. Fl. Scot. 235; Berwick Flora, 177. 8 A. Bardana, Sm, Eng. FI. iii, 38] ; Willd. Sp. Pl. iii. 1632; Berwick Flora, 177; Eng. Bot. 2478; A. Lappa 8, Hook. FI. Scot. 235. 2 and 8 By way sides and on waste ground, not rare. The variety ( differs from @ by a cobweb-like down on its calyx. 318. SERRATULA. 1. S.. tinctoria. Common Saw-wort. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii, 382; Eng. Bot. 38; With. iii. 909; Hook. Fl. Scot. 235. k On Cleadon Hills, on the sea coast near Whitburn, on hedge banks near Hilton Ferry, at Hamsterley, and near Winch Bridge, Teesdale, D. Near Nor-! ton.—J. Hogg, Esq. In fields near Walker, N. At West Dipton near Hexham, N.— Wallis, 190. 319. CARDUUS. C. nutans. Musk Thistle. Sm. Eng. Fl, iii. 384; Eng. Bot. 1112; Gr. Fl. Eds. 171; With. iii. 913; Wilson, Syn. 54; Berwick Flora, 178; Hook. Eng. Fl. 349. On waste ground and in fallow fields, not rare. 2. C. acanthoides. Curled, or Welted Thistle. Sm. Eng. FI. iii. 385; Eng. Bot. 973; Gr. Fl. 1 Eds. 172; With. iii. 911 ; Berwick Flora, 178.| Mr. Wrycu’s Flora of Northumberland, Sc. By road sides, commonly west of Newcastle, N. and 3. C. tenuiflorus. Slender-flowered Thistle. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 385; Eng. Bot. 412; Curt. Lond. Fase. vi.t. 55; Gr. Fl. Eds. 172; With. iii. 912 ; Berwick Flora, 178. On the borders of fields and by road sides, not rare ; -but most abundant near the sea coast, N. and D. 4, C. marianus. Milk Thistle. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii, 386; Eng. Bot. 976; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iii. t. 54; Gr. Fl. Eds. 172; With. iii. 915; Berwick Flora, 178. On Holy Island opposite the rock called St. Cuth- bert’s Island, by Willington Bourn near Howdon Pans, in Tynemouth Castle Yard, where it was noticed by Wallis, and near Close House, N. At Hartlepool, and on the banks of Wear at Durham. At Haughton.—Mr. Backhouse. Near Norton, D.—J. Hogg, Esq. On Bank Hill and other parts of the Ramparts, and on Castle Banks, Berwick.— Dr. G. Johnston. 320. CNICUS. 1, C. lanceolatus. Spear Plume-thistle. Sm. Eng. FI. iii. 387; Hook. Fl. Scot. 236; Ber- wick Flora, 179; Carduus lanceolatus, Eng. Bot. 107 ; With. iii. 912. On waste ground, common. 2. C. palustris. Marsh Plume-thistle. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 388; Hook. Fl. Scot. 236; Ber- wick Flora, 179; Carduus palustris, Eng. Bot. 974; Curt. Lond. Fasc. vi. t. 56; With. iii. 910. In moist meadows and marshy places, frequent. 3. C. arvensis. Creeping Plume-thistle. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 389; Hook. Fl. Scot. 237 ; Ber- wick Flora, 179; Carduus arvensis, Eng. Bot. 975; Curt. Lond. Fasc. vi. t. 57; With. iii. 914. On cultivated land and by road sides, common; var. lore albo, at Holy Island, N. 4. C. eriophorus. Woolly-headed Plume.thistle. Sm. Eng, Fl. iii. 390; Gr. Fl. Eds. 173; Carduus eriophorus, Eng. Bot. 386 ; With. iii. 915. In the lane near the Quarry at Fulwell, D. Between Pittington Hall-garth and Elemore, D,—Mr. J. Backhouse. Under the hill by the Church at Walls- end, N.—Wallis, 157. 5. C. heterophyllus. Melancholy Plume-thistle. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 392; Gr. Fl. Eds, 173 ; Berwick Flora, 179; Carduus heterophyllus, Eng. Bot. 675; With. iii. 917. By the road side near Haltwhistle, in ditches north of Cambo, on the banks of ‘Tyne at the King’s Mea- dows, also near Allendale Town, at Shewing Shields, on the banks of Reed, and at the foot of Cheviot, N. Near Roadley and Long Witton.— W. C. ‘Trevelyan, Esq. Common in moist alpine woods, N.— Wallis, 156. On Teesdale Forest, in Gibside Woods, Castle Eden Dene, and near Salt- wellside, and on the banks of Tyne opposite Scots- wood, D. 6. C. pratensis. Meadow Plume-thistle. Sm. Eng, Fl. iii. 393 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 237 ; Car- duus pratensis, Eng. Bot. 177; With. iii. 916. In Twizell House Wood.—Rev. J. Dodd, Turner and Dillwyn’s Guide. There is a specimen in Mr. Wrncu’s Flora of Northumberland, Sc. Weighell’s Herbarium, marked the county Dur- ham.—Mrs. S. Brand. ° Wallis, at p. 186, mentions Cnicus acaulis, as “ not un- frequent in mountainous pastures and on dry banks,” but never having met with this plant in the north of England, and our sub-alpine pastures being an unlikely situation for this native of the chalky downs of the south; I conclude the author of the History of Northumberland, must have mistaken the species. 321. ONOPORDUM. 1. O. Acanthium. Cotton-thistle. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 395; Eng. Bot. 977; Curt. Lond. Fasc. v. t. 57; Hook. Fl. Scot. 238; With. iii. 919; Berwick Flora, 179. On waste ground and hedge banks, but not very com- mon, except near the sea coast. Near the Scotch Gate, Berwick.—Dr. Thompson. 322. CARLINA. 1. C. vulgaris. Common Carline. Sm. Eng. FI. iii. 397; Eng. Bot. 1144 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 238; With. iii. 920; Berwick Flora, 180. On dry heathy pastures, not rare; also on the sea coast. 323. BIDENS. 1. B. tripartita. Trifid Bur-marygold. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 398; Eng, Bot. 1113; Curt. Lond. Fase. iv. t. 57; With. iii. 921 ; Hook. FL Scot. 238. In ditches at Lamesley, near Chester-le-street, and Durham, D. At Prestwick Carr, N. In a ditch near Corbridge, N.—Mr. F. Scott. 2. B. cernua. Nodding Bur-marygold. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 399; Eng. Bot. 1114; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iii. t. 55; With, ili. 921; Gr. Fl. Eds. 174. In ditches near Chester-le-Street, D. At Prestwick Carr, Near Crow Hall Mill opposite Ridley Hall, N.—Mr. J. Thompson. 324, EUPATORIUM. . E. cannabinum. Hemp-agrimony. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 400; Eng. Bot. 428; Hook. Fl. Scot. 238; Berwick Flora, 180. On the banks of rivers and in watery places. _ SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA. 325. TANACETUM. . 'T. vulgare. Common Tansey. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 405; Eng. Bot. 1229; Woodv. t. 115; Berwick Flora, 180; Hook. Fl. Scot. 239; 8 Dill. Ray’s Syn. 188 ; With. iii. 925, var. 2. # On the borders of fields and banks of rivers, N. and D. By the Tweed and Till, N.—Thompson’s Ber- wick Plants. in a lane near Wolsington Hall, N. By the Tees near Conniscliffe, D.—Mr, E. Robson. 326. ARTEMISIA., 1. A. maritima. Sea Wormwood. VOL. Il. 58 Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 407 ; Woody. t. 122; Eng. Bot. 1706; Gr. Fl. Eds. 175; With. iii. 926; Ber- wick Flora, 181. & Hook. Br. Fl. 355; A. gailica, Sm. Eng. FI. iii. 408; Eng. Bot. 1001 and 1706, at the bottom ; Gr. Fl. Eds. 174; Berwick Flora, 18]. @ On the shores of Wear near Hilton Castle, also at Hartlepooland Seaton, D. Near the Tees’ mouth, D.—J. Hogg, Esq. On the shoresof Tyne at Co- ble Dene, and at the mouth of Wallsend Bourn, N. On the coast beyond Goswick, and on Emblestones. Thompson’s- Berwick Plants. On a rock near Howick, called Rumble-churn.— Wallis, 169. 5 by Coble Dene and Wallsend Bourn, and ona rock called St. Cuthbert’s: Island, Holy Island, N., where it was observed by Turner.—See Wallis, 169. The variety 8, Upright-flowered Sea Wormwood, may be distinguished from «& by its flowers being erect, those of # droop. Thiscannot bea specific difference I should presume. A, Absinthium, Common Wormwood. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 408; Eng. Bot. 1230; Woody. t. 120; Hook. Fl. Scot. 239 ; Berwick Flora, 181, About villages and on waste ground, particularly abun - dant near the sea coast. 3. A. vulgaris. Mugwort. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 409 ; Eng. Bot. 978 ; Woodv. t. 121; Hook. Fl. Scot. 240; Berwick Flora, 182. On waste ground and about hedges, common. 327. GNAPHALIUM. 1. G. dioicum. Mountain Cudweed, Sm. Eng. Fi. iii. 413; Eng. Bot. 267 ; Lightfoot, 470, t. 20, f. 1; With. ii. 930; Wilson’s Syn. 46; Berwick Flora, 182. x On dry heathy pastures and moors, N. and D. G. rectum. Upright Cudweed. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 415; Eng. Bot. 124; Berwick Flora, 182; With. iii. 931; G. sylvaticum B, Hook. Fl. Scot.340; Hudson, 360. In woods and sandy pastures, but not very common N. and D. Inthe Quarry on Sunnyside Moor, at Ord Hill, and road side above Fenham, N.—Dr. G. Johnston. . G. uliginosum. Marsh Cudweed. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 416; Eng. Bot. 1194; Hook. Fl. Scot. 241; Berwick Flora, 182. In sandy places where water has stagnated, frequent. . G. minimum. Least Cudweed. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 417; Eng. Bot. 1157; Hook. FL. Scot. 241; Berwick Flora, 182, In barren sandy places, not rare. G. germanicum. Common Cudweed. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 418; Eng. Bot. 946; Hook. Lond. t. 43; FI. Scot. 241; Berwick Flora, 182. In barren fields and on waste ground, frequent. to bo w ~ or 328. CONYZA. . C, squarrosa. Plowman’s Spikenard. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 420; Eng. Bot. 1195; Hook. Fl. Scot. 241; With. iii. 935. On Willington ballast-hills, N. 329. ERIGERON. Canada F'lea-bane. _ 1. E. canadense. 54 Sm. Eng. Fi, iii. 421; Eng, Bot. 2019; With. iii. 936. Mr. Wrncu’s Flora of Northumberland, Sc. E. Robson. On the banks of Tweed near Ord Mill, N.x—Dr. Thompson. On Sunderland ballast-hills, D.—W. Weighell’s |5- §. Jacobea. Common Ragwort. Herb. 2. E. acre. Blue Flea-bane. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii, 422; Eng. Bot. 1158; Curt. Lond. Fase. i. t. 60; Hook. Fl. Scot. 242 ; With. iii. 937; Berwick Flora, 183. In Castle Eden Dene, also at Fawdon-slate and Byers’s Quarry near Whitburn, on the sand-hills at *Hartlepool, and on Hebburn and Sunderland bal- last-hills, D. At Hesledon Dene, and pastures at Owton, near Greatham, D.—J. Hogg, Esq. On Holy Island links north of the Castle, and on St. Anthon’s and Willington ballast-hills, N. ~) 330. TUSSILAGO. . T. Farfara. Colt’s-foot. Sm. Eng. FI. iii. 425 ; Eng. Bot. 429; Woodv. t. 43; Curt. Lond. Fasc. ii. t. 60; Hook. Fl. Scot. 242; Berwick Flora, 183. In moist woods and fields, very common. 2. T. Petasites. Common Butter-bur. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 425; Eng. Bot. 431; Berwick Flora, 183; Curt. Lond. Fasc. ii. t. 59; 6 T. hybrida, Eng. Bot. 430 ; With. iii..940; 'T. Pe- tasites feen., Hook. Lond. t. 129; Gr. Fl, Eds. 177. 2 In moist woods and on the sandy banks of rivers; 8 on the banks of Tyne at the foot of Scotswood Dene, in Walbottle Dene, and near Haltwhistle, N. On the banks of the Derwent at Derwent- haugh, D. Near Darlington, D.—Mr. E. Robson. _ 331, SENECIO. . S. vulgaris. Common Groundsel, Simson. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 428; Eng. Bot. 747 ; Curt. Lond. Fasc. 1. t. 61; Hook. FI. Scot. 243. On cultivated ground, everywhere. . S. viscosus, Stinking Groundsel. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii, 429; Eng. Bot. 32; Gr. Fl. Eds. 178; With. iii. 941; Berwick Flora, 184. By road sides and on the ballast-hills. Near Seaton and Hartlepool, D. Near Benwell, Alemouth, and in Heaton Dene, N. About the Riding Stable at Easington near Belford, N.—Dr. G. Johnston. 3. S. sylvaticus. Mountain Groundsel. Sm. Eng. Fl. ili. 430; Eng. Bot. 748; Berwick Flora, 184; Hook. FI. Scot. 244; With. iii. 942. 6 S. lividus, Linn. Sp. Pl. 1216; Sm. Eng. FL. iii. 429; Eng. Bot. 2515; Hook. Fl. Scot. 243; Lindley’s Syn, 146; With. iii. 943. On hedge banks in Jesmond fields, and similar situa- tions about Newcastle, not rare, N. and D. In Teesdale near Middleton, and in Raby Park, D. In the lane between Sadbergh and Norton, D.—J. Hogg, sq. Near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. On Alnwick Moor, N.—Mr. J. Davison. Variety @ is the same plant in a more luxuriant state, from growing on fresh turned-up ground. 4. S. tenuifolius. Hoary Ragwort. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 432 ; Eng. Bot. 574; Berwick Flora, 184; With. iii. 944; S. erucifolius, Hud- son, 366; Curt. Lond. Fasc. v. t. 64. By hedges in the Magnesian Limestone district, fre- quent. At Baydales near Darlington, D.—Mr. —_ bo 1. to —_ . S. saracenicus. Fae . S. Virgaurea. . I. Helenium. . TL. dysenterica. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 433; Eng. Bot. 1130; Hook. Fl. Scot. 244; Berwick Flora, 184, In pastures and on waste ground, common. A peculiar variety, with remarkably long petals, was gathered in 1828, about three quarters of a mile above Swalwell New Bridge, D.,by Mr. John Thornhill, jun., Curator of the Newcastle Museum. S. aquaticus. Marsh Ragwort. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 434; Eng. Bot. 1131; Gr. Fl. Eds. 179; With. iii. 946; Berwick Flora, 185, In marshy places, frequent. Broad-leaved Ragwort. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 435; Eng. Bot. t. 2211; Hook. FI. Scot. 244; With. iii. 947. By the bourn side near Hallington, between five and six miles south-west of Capheaton, N.—Mr. J. Thompson, Sp. Probably the out-cast of some garden. 332. ASTER. A. Tripolium. Sea Starwort. Sm. Eng. FL. iii. 436 ; Eng. Bot. 87; Gr. Fl. Eds, 179; With. iii. 948; Berwick Flora, 185. On the sea coast and in salt marshes on ‘I'weed, Aln, Blyth, Tyne, Wear, and Tees, N. and D, 333. SOLIDAGO. Common Golden-rod. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 438; Eng. Bot. 301; Berwick Flora, 185; Hook. Fl. Scot. 244; y 8S. cambrica, Hudson, 367; With. iii. 950. 2 In woods and on dry banks of denes, N. and D. Near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. ‘y on Basaltic rocks at Winch Bridge, and Cauldron Snout in Teesdale, D. 334, INULA. Elecampane. Sm. Eng. Fl. ili. 440; Eng. Bot. 1546; Woodv. t. 108; Hook. Fl. Scot. 245; With. iii. 953. In Castle Eden Dene, on the north side, about a mile from the sea, D.—Mr. Janson, Sp. In many places by the River Tees, D.—Robson’s Flora, 160. Common Flea.bane. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 440; Eng, Bot. 1115; Berwick Flora, 185; Curt. Lond. Fase. iii. 56; Hook. Fl. Scot. 245; With. iti. 954; Pulicaria dysen- terica, Hook. Br. Fl. 363. In ditches and damp places by road sides, not rare, N. and D. Near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. 335. DORONICUM. D. Pardalianches. Great Leopard’s-bane. Linn. Sp. Pl. 1247; Eng. Bot. 2654; Hook. Fl. Scot. 245; Br. Fl. 364; Fl. Lond. t. 88 ; Light- foot, 485. Naturalized on the banks of Wear at Durham, below Mr. Fox’s garden. Gathered on the cold moun- tains of Northumberland by Dr. Penny.—Gerara. A very unlikely habitat. I have a specimen of the Doronicum, figured in Eng. Bot. at 630, gathered by Mr. Maughan in woods near Culross, Perth- shire. 1. = fot vo we _ _ - C. Leucanthemum. . P. Parthenium. . P. maritimum. . M. Chamomilla. . S. maritime. ‘Mr. Wrncun’s Flora of Northumberland, &c. 336. BELLIS. B. perennis. Common Daisy. Sm. Eng. FL iii. 447; Eng. Bot. 424; Curt. Lond. Fasc. i. t. 62; Hook. FI. Scot. 246. In meadows and pastures, everywhere. 337. CHRYSANTHEMUM. Great White Ox-eye, Moon Daisy. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 449; Eng. Bot. 601; Curt. Lond. Fasc. v. t. 62; Hook. Fl. Scot. 246; Berwick Flora, 187. In fields and pastures, very common. C. segetum. Yellow Ox-eye, Corn Marygold. Sm. Eng. FL iii. 449; Eng. Bot. 540; Curt. Lond. Fase. vi. t. 60; Gr. Fl. Eds. 180; With. iii. 959; Berwick Flora, 187. Rare in the north of England. Near Rennoldson’s Millin Heaton Dene, andin corn-fields near Halt- whistle, N. On the ballast-hillsof Tyne and Wear, N.and D. Incorn fields near Norton, D,—John Hogg, Esq. 338. PYRETHRUM. Common Feverfew. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 451; Eng. Bot. 1231; Hook. FL Scot. 246; Berwick Flora, 188; Matricaria Parthenium, With. iii. 960; Woodv. t. 249. On hedge banks and in waste places, but generally near houses, N. and D. About Berwick.—Dr. G, Johnston. P. inodorum. weed. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 452; Eng. Bot. 676; Berwick Flora, 188; Hook. Fl. Scot. 246; Lond. t.101; Chrysanthemum inodorum, With. iii. 958. In corn fields and by way sides, everywhere ; variety, flore pleno in fields near Castle Eden, D. Sea Feverfew. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 452; Eng. Bot. 979; Gr. Fl. Eds. 181; Berwick Flora, 188; Matricaria ma- ritima, With. iii. 960. On rocks below Hawthorn Dene, at Byers’s Quarry, Whitburn, and on the sea coast near Sunderland, D- Near [Tynemouth Castle, and on Dunstan- borough and Bamborough Castle rocks, also at Holy Island, N. Corn Feverfew, Scentless May- 339. MATRICARIA. Common Wild Chamomile. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 454; Eng. Bot. 1232; Curt. Lond. Fasc. v. t. 63; Hook, FI. Scot. 246; With. iii. 961. On rubbish near Gateshead, Monkton, and Newcastle, and on the ballast-hills of Tyne and Wear, N. and D. By hedges about Ponteland, N. Near Twi- zell House Mill, N.x—Rev. J. Dodd, Turner and Dillwyn’s Guide. 340. ANTHEMIS. Sea Chamomile. Sm. Eng, Fl. iii. 455; Eng, Bot. 2370 ; With. iii. 965. At Sunderland, D.—Mr. E. Robson in Eng. Bot., the only British locality. a _ no SYNGENESIA 1. 2 3. . A. arvensis. 55 Probably gathered on the ballast-hills, but there was no specimen of this rare plantin W. Weighell’s Herb. A. nobilis. Common Chamomile. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 456; Eng. Bot. 980; Woodv. t. 103; Hook. Fl. Scot. 247; With, iii. 963. Between Lintz-green Hall and the Turnpike, D.— Mr. R. Waugh and Mr, J. Thornhill. On Sun- derland ballast-hills. —W. Weighell’s Herb. Corn Chamomile. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii, 457 ; Eng. Bot. 602 ; With. iii. 962; Gr. Fl. Eds. 181; Berwick Flora, 188. Incorn fields and on rubbish near Gateshead, D. In Heaton Dene near Rennoldson’s Mill, N. Near the inn at Doddington Moor Bank and Cheswick buildings.—Dr. G. Johnston. By the old tower near Magdalen-field Farm House.—Thompson’s Berwick Plants. A. Cotula. Stinking May-weed, or Chamomile. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 458; Eng. Bot. 1772; Curt. Lond. Fase. v. t.61; Gr. Fl. Eds, 182; With. iii, 963. By road sides near Harton, and among corn near Stella, D. Rare in the north of England, A. tinctoria, Ox-eye Chamomile. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 459; Eng. Bot. 1472; Hook. Fl. Scot. 247; With. iii. 965. On a bank by the river Tees not far from Sockburn.— Ray, Syn, 183, It has often been sought there of late years without success. —Robson’s Flora, printed in 1777, p. 16S. On Sunderland ballast hills, D.— W. Weighell’s Herb. By the road side near St. Anthon’s, N. 34]. ACHILLEA. A. Ptarmica. Sneeze-wort, Yarrow, tongue. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 460; Eng, Bot. 757; Curt. Lond. Fasc. v. t. 60; Hook. FI. Scot. 248 ; Berwick Flora, 189. In moist meadows, and by rivulets. A. Millefolium. Common Yarrow, Milfoil. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 462; Eng. Bot. 758; Curt. Lond, Fasc. vi. t. 61; Woodv. t. 64; Hook. F1. Scot. 248; Berwick Flora, 189. In meadows and pastures, abundant. Goose- POLYGAMIA FRUSTRA- NEA. 342. CENTAUREA. C. Jacea. Brown Radiant Knapweed. Sin. Eng. Fl. iii. 464 ; Eng. Bot. 1678 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 248. On Willington ballast-hills, N. On Hebburn and Jarrow ballast-hills, D. C. nigra. Black or Lesser Knapweed., Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 465 ; Eng. Bot. 278 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 248; Berwick Flora, 189. @ flowers radiated.—Ray, Syn. 199; With. iii. 970, var, 2. a In pastures and by road sides, common, / in Wal- bottle Dene, and near the Powder Magazine at Walker, N C. Cyanus. Corn Blue-bottle. j Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 466; Eng. Bot, 277; Curt. 56 Lond. Fasc. vi. t. 62; Gr. Fl. Eds. 183; With, iii. 968 ; Berwick Flora, 189. Rare in the north of England. In corn fields on Millfield Plain, N. In Tweedmouth fields.— Thompson’s Berwick Plants. Between Anick Grange and Corbridge, N.—Mr. F. Scott. Near Conniscliffe.—-Mr. Backhouse. Near Norton, Seaton, and Stainton, D.—J. Hogg, Esq. In corn fields near Berwick, but not common.—Dr. G. Johnston. On Alnwick Moor, N.—Miss Forster, delin. 4. C. Scabiosa. Greater Knapweed. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 467; Eng. Bot. 56; Gr. Fl. Eds. 183 ; With. iii. 971. On the borders of fields, particularly on the Magnesian Limestone in the county of Durham. 5, C. Calcitrapa. Common Star-thistle. Sm. Eng. Fl. iii. 468; Eng. Bot. 125; With. ii. 971, On the west end of St. Anthon’s ballast-hills, N., where it has been naturalized for many years. On Hebburn and Jarrow ballast-hills, D. SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA NECESSA- RIA. 343. CALENDULA. 1. C. arvensis. Field Marigold. With. iii. 972; Wild. Sp. Pl. iii. 2339. Naturalized on Sunderland ballast-hills, Weighell’s Herb. Scarcely entitled to a place in an English Flora, though admitted by the late Dr. Withering. D.-—W. GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA. 344. ORCHIS. 1. O. difolia. Butterfly Orchis. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 9; Eng. Bot. 22; Curt. Lond. Fase. vi. t. 65; Berwick Flora, 191; With. ii. 27; Habenaria bifolia, Gr. Fl. Eds. 185. & Ray, Syn. 380. « In meadows at Gibside, Beamish, Medomsley, Eglestone, Witton-le-Wear, Dinsdale, and Castle Eden, D. Near Woolcoats, Rothbury, Shewing- shields, Cambo, and Wallington, N. On moun- tainous meadows, N.—Wallis, 225. On moors in the vicinity of Berwick, but not frequent.—Dr. G Johnston. @ In barren pastures near Fox Hill, between Norton and Sadbergh, six miles from Norton, D.-—J. Hogg, Esq. 2. O. pyramidalis. Pyramidal Orchis. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 10; Eng. Bot. 110; Hook. Fl. Scot. 251; Lond. t. 106; With. ii. 29. In fields on the Magnesian Limestone near Hough- ton-le-Spring, Castle Eden, and Hartlepool; on the coast south of Sunderland, also near Whitburn, Cleadon, Fullwell, and at Rocoe Gill, D. Near Gilsland, Haltwhistle, and Wooler, N. In the meadows on the north and north-west side of Crag Lake, under the Roman Wall, N.— Wallis, 227. 3. O. Morio. Meadow Orchis. Sm. Eng. Fl.iv. 11; Eng. Bot. 2059 ; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iii. t. 59; Hook. Fl. Scot. 250; With. ii. 29. Mr. Wincn’s Flora of Northumberland, &c. On Dunstan Haughs, D., near Prudhoe, N., and in similar situations, but not common. It does not occur in the vicinity of Berwick. 4, O. mascula. Early Purple Orchis. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 11; Eng. Bot. 631; Woodv. t. 90; Berwick Flora, 191; Curt. Lond. Fase. ii. t. 62; Hook. Fl. Scot. 250; With. ii. 30. In woods in Northumberland and Durhan, frequent, also on the coast between South Shields and Sun- derland, D. 5. O. ustulata. Dwarf Orchis. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 12; Eng. Bot.18; With. ii. 31; Hook. Lond. t. 36. On Fulwell and Boldon Hills, on the sea coast near Marsden Cottage and Ryhope, and in pastures near the new bridge at Lambton Gate, D. At Bay- dales, D.—Mr. Backhouse. On the east side of Cleadon Hills, D.—Mr. R. Waugh and Mr. J. Thornhill. 6. O. albida. White Cluster-rooted Orchis. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 18; Satyrium albidum, Eng. Bot. 505; With. ii. 39; Habenaria albida, Hook. Lond. t. 107; Gr. Fl. Eds. 185. In pastures at Shewing Shields near the Roman Wail, also near Roadley Lake, Fallowlees Bourn, and Bay- bridge above Blanchland, N. At the north end of Crag Close near Barwesford.—Wallis, 229. Ina field between Cambo and the Close Houses, N.— Miss Emma Trevelyan. Near Winch Bridge, and between Whey Syke and Widdy Bank, also on the banks of Nucton Bourn, D. 7. O. viridis. Frog Orchis. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 20; Satyriwm viride, Eng. Bot. 94; With. ii. 37; Habenaria viridis, Hook. Lond. t. 130; Fl. Scot. 252. In meadows at Chester-le-Street, Lambton, Beamish, Urpeth, Castle Eden, Murton, Sunderland, Shin- cliffe, and Middleton-in-Teesdale, D. Between Norton and Sadbergh, D,—J. Hogg, Esq. Near Low Park End, Gilsland, and Blanchland, N. Near Wallington.—Miss Emma Trevelyan. At the north end of Crag Close near Barwesford.— Wallis, 229. In Hulne woods near Alnwick, N.— Mr. J. Davison. 8. O. latifolia. Marsh Orchis. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 21; Eng. Bot. 2308; Berwick Flora, 192; Curt. Lond. Fase. v. t. 65; Hook. Fl. Scot. 25] ; With. ii. 33; 4 Dill. Ray’s Syn. 382, a In bogs and marshy meadows, not rare. 6 at Prest- wick Carr, N. Smith remarks that this variety has not been noticed since the time of Dillenius; it differs from « in having flowers ofa full rose-red colour. I have ga- thered it in North Wales as well as in Northumber- land, and am inclined to think it is not very rare, but has been overlooked by modern Botanists. 9. O. maculata. Spotted Palmate Orchis. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 22; Eng. Bot. 632; Hook. FI. Scot. 251; Lond. t. 112; With. iii, 34; Ber- wick Flora, 192. In woods, meadows, and pastures, frequent. 10. O. conopsea. Aromatic Orchis. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 23; Eng. Bot. 10; With. ii. 35; Berwick Flora, 192; Gymmnadenia conopsea, Gr. Fl. Eds. 184. . In Castle Eden and Dalton Dene, and in meadows near Urpeth, Beamish, Tanfield, Witton-le-Wear, il, —_ _ bo . O. apifera. . G, repens. - L, ovata. Mr. Winen’s Flora of Northumberland, &c. and Sunderland, also on moors in Teesdale and Weardale, D. Near Norton and in Close Wood, also on the cliffs near Black-halls, D.—J. Hoge, Esq. In meadows at Shewing Shields, Wardrew, Hexham, and Corbridge, N. ear Wallington.— Miss Emma Trevelyan. On a bank by the road on the east side of Simonburn Castle, also on the north- west side of the Ostium of the brook at Wark in Tynedale, and on Broad-pool Common, between Con-shields and Blakelaw, near Simonburn, N.— Wallis, 227. In moist meadows and pastures near Berwick not uncommon.—Dr. G. Johnston. 345. OPHRYS. O. muscifera. Fly Ophrys, or Orchis. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 29; Eng. Bot, 64; Hook. Lond. t.31; With. ii. 47. On the Magnesian Limestone in Hawthorn, Dalton, and Castle Eden Denes, D. Near Middleton-one- Row.—Mr. E. Robson. At Dinsdale, D.—Mr. S. Robson. Bee Ophrys, or Orchis. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 30; Eng. Bot. 383 ; Curt. Lond. Fasc. i. t. 66; With. i. 48. On the Magnesian Limestone near the coast at Mars- den, Rocoe-gill near Sunderland, and Ryehope, D. At Baydales, D.—Mr. E. Robson. 346. GOODYERA. Creeping Goodyera. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 33; Hook. Fl. Scot. 253 ; Lond. 144; Satyrium repens, Eng. Bot. 289 ; With. ii. 39. “T met with a plant of itin Ramshaw Wood by the the road to the mill on the south side of Wark Burn in Tynedale, N.—Wallis, 232.’’ I have no better authority for inserting this northern plant, but wish some Botanist would carefully search Ramshaw Wood, and ascertain which of the Orchide grow there. Assuredly not this rare inhabitant of the fir woods of Scotland. 347. LISTERA. Common Twayblade. Sm. Eng. FL iv. 37; Hook. Fl. Scot. 253; Ber- wick Flora, 193; Ophrys ovata, Eng. Bot, 22; Curt. Lond. Fase. iii. t. 60; With. ili. 43. In woods, marshy meadows, and hedge banks, not very common, N. and D. Near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. L. cordata. _ Heart-leaved Mountain Twayblade. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 38; Hook. Fl. Scot. 253 ; Lond. t. 143; Berwick Flora, 193; Gr. Fl. Eds. 186; Ophrys cordata, Eng. Bot. 358 ; With. ii. 44. At Gold-hill near Muggleswick, and among the heath at Charnberry near Eglestone, D. On the banks of Beldon Bourn, and on moors in the vicinity, N. By Darden Lough, Roadley Lake, and on Simonside. —W. C. Trevelyan, Esq. On moors to the south of Haltwhistle.—Reyv. T. Baker. On the east side of Hedgehope, rather more than half-way up. —Dr. G. Johnston. At Rock Houses near Unthank, N. —Mr. J. Thompson, Sp. On Alpine bogs, not uncommon, N.—Wallis, 233. L. Nidus-avis. Bird’s-nest Listera. Sm. Eng. FL. iv. 38 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 253 ; Lond. t. 58; Berwick Flora, 193; Gr. Fl. Eds. 186 ; Ophrys Nidus-avis, Eng. Bot, 48; With. ii. 40. VOL. II. Q 2. E. palustris. 3. E. ensifolia. 57 In Castle Eden and Hawthorn Denes, and Whorl- ton-haugh Wood, Cocken, D. In Capheaton and Wallington Woods.—Miss Emma Trevelyan... In Willimoteswick Dene and near Wardrew.—Mr. J. Thompson, Sp. In Twizell woods, N.—Miss For- ster, delin. 348. EPIPACTIS. 1. E. latifolia. _Broad-leaved Helleborine. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 40; Hook. Fl. Scot. 254; Lond. t. 102; Serapias latifolia, Eng. Bot. 269; With. ii. 51. In woods, not uncommon. Newcastle, N. Marsh Helleborine. Sm. Eng. Fl). iv. 42 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 254; Lond. t. 89; Berwick Flora, 193; Serapias palustris, Eng. Bot. t. 270; With. ii. 52. In bogs at Hilton and Castle Eden, Butterby, Dins- dale and Cocken, D. Near Polam.—Mr. Back- house. Near the Dyke House, Hartlepool.—Mr. J. Backhouse. At Norton, D.—J. Hogg, Esq. In bogs near Hexham, N. Near Belsay, Roadley Mill, and Kirkharle. —Miss Emma Trevelyan. In a bog at Slaterfield near Simonburn—- Wallis, In Heaton Wood near 230. Inthe Pond Field above Spindlestone.—Dr. G. Johnston. Near Alnwick, N.—Miss Forster, delin. Narrow-leaved White Helleborine. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 44; Hook. Fl. Scot. 255; Lond. t. 77; Serapias ensifolia, Eng. Bot. 494 ; With. 2 i.' 53. In the main branch of Castle Eden Dene, and in the north branch or Black Dene, growing with the Lady’s Slipper, D.—July 9, 1797. In Hawthorn Dene, D.—Reyv. ‘I. Baker. 349. MALANIS. 1, M. paludosa. Marsh Tender-tway-blade. Sm. Eng. FL iv. 47; Eng. Bot. 72; Hook. Fl. Scot. 255; With. ii, 50. In bogs on Eglestone Moor, Teesdale, D. On moors south of Wolsingham, D.—Mr. Backhouse. GYNANDRIA DIANDRIA. 350. CYPRIPEDIUM. 1. C. Calccolus. "The Lady’s Slipper. Sm. Eng, Fl. iv. 51; Eng. Bot. 1; Hook. Lond. t. 42; With. ii. 54; Robson’s Flora, 150. In the north branch of Castle Eden Dene, called the Black Dene, and in the main branch opposite the Garden of Eden, also on the first great white rock on the north side nearest the sea coast, D.—July 9, 1797. know not who first discovered this fine plant in the county of Durham; it is noticed by S. Robson in his Flora, printed in 1777; but Wilson, who publi- shed his Synopsis in 1744, only mentions its York- shire localities. ‘* The Lady’s Slipper, said by Dr. Turner to grow in a boggy place in a field at New- ton-on-the-Moor, near Alnwick, N., is not now observed to grow there.”-— Wallis. The first edition of Turner’s Herbal was printed in 1551, the second in 1568. lanl 58 1 to — iw) . E. helioscopia. . E. stricta. . C. verna, . C. autumnalis. MONOECIA MONANDRIA. 351. EUPHORBIA. E. Peplus, Petty Spurge. Sm. Eng, Fl. iv. 60; Eng. Bot.959 ; Curt. Lond. Fasc. i. t. 835; Hook. Fl. Scot. 148. On cultivated ground, everywhere. E. evigua. Dwarf Spurge. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 60 ; Eng. Bot. 1336; Curt. Lond. Fase. iv. t.365 Gr. Fl. Eds. 106; With. ii. 588 ; Berwick Flora, 197. In corn fields near Cleadon, Fulwell, and Castle Eden, D. Near Norton, Wynyard, and Seaton, D.—J. Hogg, Esq. Near Prestwick.—Mr. W. Robert son. In Greenfield Moor-fields near Alnwick. —Mr. J. Davison. By the road side at the Inn below Mountholy, N.—Dr. G. Johnston E. Lathyris. Caper Spurge. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 61; Eng. Bot. 2225; With. ii. 588. In*corn stubble near Norton, D.—J. Hogg, Esq. Naturalized on the banks of Wear below Mr. Fox’s garden, Durham. A very doubtful native. E. paralia. Sea Spurge. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 63; Eng. Bot, 195; With. ii. 589. On Sunderland ballast-hills, D. On Willington bal- last-hills, N Plentiful on the Cumberland coast, but it does not ap- pear to cross the Solway Frith. Sun Spurge, Common Wart-wort. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 63; Eng. Bot. 883 ; Curt. Lond. Fasc. i. t. 36; Hook. Fl. Scot. 148. Everywhere, on cultivated ground. Upright Warty Spurge. Sm. Eng, Fl. iv. 64; 6 Eng. Bot. 333; E. platy- phylla, With. ii. 591, var. 2. By the race below Rennoldson’s Mill in Heaton Deue, N. Probably brought there with corn. E, Cyparissias. Cypress Spurge. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 66; Eng. Bot. 840; Gr. F]. Eds. 106; With. ii. 593. On the banks of hedges four miles south of Alnwick. —July 17, 1804; and naturalized on the walls of Hulne Abbey, N 352, CALLITRICHE. Water Starwort. Sm. Eng. FL 1.10; Wahl. Fl Lapp. 2; C. aqua- tica, Eng. Bot. 722; Hook. Lond. 127; Fl. Scot. 259. In ditches, ponds, &c. When growing in deep pools the submersed leaves of this plant are linear, and in this state it has often been mistaken for the succeeding species. Autumnal Water Starwort. Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 2; Sm. Eng. Fl. i. 10; Berwick Flora, 3. In pools of water in the vale below Langley Ford at the foot of Cheviot,—Dr. G, Johnston. C. autumnalis, may be considered a rare species with us, though it is abundant in the deep ditches which communicate with Derwentwater in Cumberland. If the following distinctions be attended to, the two plants can never be confounded with each other, as has heretofore frequently been the case. C. verna. Mr. Wrneun’s Flora of Northumberland, &c. 1 1 bo “ Fruit stalks with two bracteas at their base, fruit regularly tetragonal, each portion bluntly keeled at the back. C. autumnals. Fruit stalks without bracteas, fruit irregularly tetragonal, each portion nea and acutely winged at the back.— Arnott, 253. ZOSTERA. - Z. marina. Grass Wrack. Sm. Eng. Fl.i. 5; Eng. Bot. 467 ; With. iii. 658 ; Hook. Lond. t, 35; Gr. Fl. Eds. 188; Berwick Flora, 2. At Jarrow Slake and Hartlepool, D. On Fenham Flats, N. Between Goswick Links and the Old Law.—Thompson’s Berwick Plants. Among the rejectamenta of the sea on the coast, abundant. 354, ZANNICHELLIA. . Z. palustris. Horned Podweed. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 70; Eng. Bot. 1844; With. ii. 8; Gr. FL Eds. 187; Berwick Flora, 197. In ditches near St. Peter’s Quay, and in ponds at St. Anthon’s, Walker, and Benwell, N. In ditches near Gateshead, in ponds near Hilton Castle, at Hebburn Quay, and Monkwearmouth, D. In the pond at Scremmerston Lime-kilns, and ditches near Windmill Hill, Berwick.x—Dr. G. Johnston. MONOECIA TRIANDRIA. 355, TYPHA. . T. latifolia. Great Cat’s-tail, or Reed-mace. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 71; Eng. Bot. 1455; With. ii. 163 ; Gr. FL Eds, 188; T. major, Curt. Lond. Fase. iii. t. 61 ; Berwick Flora, 197. In slow streams and pools, common, N. and D. In the mill pond at Grange Bourn and North Fluve near Goswick.—Thompson’s Berwick Plants. . T. angustifolia. Lesser Cat’s-tail, or Reed-mace. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 72; Eng. Bot. 1456; With. ii. 163; Hook. Fl. Scot. 259; T. minor, Curt. Lond. Fase. iii. t. 62. In a pond near the Friar’s Goose, below Gateshead, D. Ina pond by the road to Nesham from Dar- lington, D.—Mr. Janson. 356. SPARGANIUM. . S. ramosum. Branched Bur-reed. Sm. Eng. FL iv. 74; Eng. Bot. 744; Curt. Lond. Fase. v. t. 66; With. ii. 164; Gr. Fl. Eds. 189 ; Berwick Flora, 198. In slow streams and pools, . S. simplex. Unbranched Upright Bur-reed. Sm. Eng, FL iv. 75; Eng, Bot. 745 ; Curt. Lond. Fase. v. t. 67; Gr. Fl Eds, 189; With. ii. 164; Berwick Flora, 198. In pools and slow streams, N. and D. By the sides of the Lough on Holy Island, and in the pond above Spindlestone, N.—Dr. G. Johnston. . S. natans, Floating Bur-reed. Sm. Eng. Fl.iv. 75; Eng. Bot. 273; Gr. FI. Eds. 189; With. ii. 1645; S. simplex 8, Hudson, 401. In the rivers Derwent and Team, D. In the Ouse- bourn in Heaton Dene, and in the River Pont, N. In Prestwick Carr, N.—Mr. J. Thornhill. Mr. Wincn’s Flora of Northumberland, &c. 357. CAREX. 1. C. dioica. Common Separate-headed Carex. Sm. Eng. FL iv. 77; Eng. Bot. 543; Gooden. Linn. Tr. ii. 139; With. ii. 129; Gr, FL Eds. 189; Berwick Flora, 198. In bogs near Hilton Castle, on Beamish Moor, Ches- ter Common, and in Teesdale and Weardale, D. Near Darlington, D.—S. Robson, Flora 262. Near Shewing Shields, at Prestwick Carr, and on moors near Blanchland and Cold-cleugh, N. 2. C. pulicaris, Flea Carex. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 78; Eng. Bot. 1051; Hook. Fl. Scot. 261; Lond. t. 177; With. ii, 130; Ber- wick Flora, 198. In marshy meadows and on moors, frequent, N. and D. Near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. 3. C. pauciflora. Few-flowered Carex. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 79; Eng. Bot. 2041 ; Lightfoot, 543, t. 6, f. 2; With. ii. 131. In a peat moss between a public-house called Twice- brewed Ale and the south-west end of Crag Lake near the Roman Wall, and on the Muckle Moss, N.—June 29, 1803. The only English habitats. 4. C. stellulata. Little Prickly Carex. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 80; Eng. Bot. 806; Gooden. Linn. Tr. ii. 144; Berwick Flora, 198 ; With. ii. 131; Hook. Fl. Scot. 263; C. muricata, Lightfoot, 549; Hudson, 406. In marshy meadows and on moors, not rare. 5. C. curta. White Carex. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 81; Eng. Bot. 1386; Gooden. Linn, Tr. ii. 145; With. ii. 132; Hook. Fl. Scot. 263; Berwick Flora, 198. In bogs near Edmond.byers and Crook Oak, D. In Teesdale.—Rey. J. Harriman. By Halypike Lake, near Allenheads, in Beldon Bourn, and near Gils- land, N.—On Wallington moors.—W. C. ‘Treve- lyan, Esq. In bogs near Berwick, not rare.—Dr. G. Johnston. 6. C. ovalis. Oval-spiked Carex. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 82 ; Gooden. Linn. Tr. ii. 148 ; Eng. Bot. 306; Hook. Fl. Scot. 263 ; With. ii. 133 ; Berwick Flora, 199; C. leporina, Hudson, 404; Lightfoot, 547. In marshy meadows and on moors, not rare. 7. C. remota. Remote Carex. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 84; Eng. Bot. 832; Hook. Fl. Scot. 263; With. ii. 133; Berwick Flora, 199. In Ravensworth and Cawsey woods, and in all the woods on the Derwent, D. In Tecket and Ram- shaw woods, and and on the banks of Wooler Wa- ter below Langley Ford, N. 8. C. arenaria. Sand Carex. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 85; Eng. Bot. 928; Gr. Fl. Eds, 195 ; With. ii. 135, t. 20; Berwick Flora, 199. On the sands of the sea coast, frequent. 9. C. intermedia. Soft Brown Carex. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 86; Eng, Bot, 2042 ; Gooden. Linn. Tr. ii. 154; Hook. Fl. Scot. 262; Ber. wick Flora, 199; With. ii. 136; C. disticha, Hudson, 403. In bogs and by slow streams not rare, N. and D. Near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. 10. C. muricata. Greater Prickly Carex. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 88; Eng. Bot. 1097; Hook. Fl. 59 Scot. 262; With. ii. 138; C. spicata, Hudson, 405; Lightfoot, 548. Near Darlington, D. 1]. C. divulsa. Grey Carex. Sm. Eng. FI. iv. 89; Eng. Bot. 629; With. ii. 138; Gooden. Linn. Tr, ii. 160; C. muricata g, Wahl. Fl. Suec. 589. Near Darlington, D.—Mr. Backhouse. 12. C. vulpina. Great Spiked Carex. Sm, Eng. Fl. iv. 90; Eng. Bot. 307; Gr. Fl. Eds. 191; With. ii. 139; Berwick Flora, 199. On the shores of Tyne, Pont, Wear, Tees, Skerne, &c. N. and D. By the North Fluve at Goswick, and on the coast at Budle, N.—Thompson’s Ber. wick Plants. Near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. 13. C. paniculata. Great Panicled Carex. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 92; Eng. Bot. 1064; Hook. FI. Scot. 262; With. ii. 140; Berwick Flora, 200. On moors and in wet pastures, common. 14. C. pendula. Great Pendulous Carex. Sm, Eng. Fl. iv. 95; Eng. Bot. 2315; Hook. Fl. Scot. 264; Berwick Flora, 200; Curt. Lond. Fasc. iii. t. 63; With. ii. 142. In_ Ravensworth, Cocken, Beamish, and Urpeth Woods, also by the Wear near Southwick, D. By the Tees near Croft, D.—Mr. E. Robson. In Gibside Woods, D.—Mr. J. Thornhill. In Oak- wood, Scotswood, Walbottle, and Denton Denes, N On Bothal Banks, N.—Miss Emma Tre- velyan. 15. C. sylvatica. Pendulous Wood Carex. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 96; Eng. Bot. 995; Hook. Fl. Scot. 264; Gooden. Linn. Tr. ii. 138; Ber- wick Flora, 200; With. ii. 150; C. Drymeia, Willd. Sp. Pl. iv. 296. In every wood, N. and D. 16. C. capillaris. Capillary Carex. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 100; Eng. Bot. 2069; Hook. FL. Scot. 265; With. ii. 148. Near Widdy Bank in Teesdale Forest, D., also on Cronkley Fell. Its most southern locality in Britain. 17. C. limosa. Green and Gold Carex. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv, 102; Eng. Bot. 2043; Hook. Fl. Scot. 265; With. ii. 152; Berwick Flora, 200. Near Wardrew, N. On the Wallington Moors, N. —W. C. Trevelyan, Esq. Near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston, 18. C. pallescens. Pale Carex. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 105; Eng. Bot. 2185 ; Hook. Lond. 178; Gr. Fl. Eds. 195; With. ii. 151; Berwick Flora, 201. Near Beamish and the Hounds, at Birch Carr near Darlington, and on the banks of Nuckton Burn, D. In bogs near Scotswood, and at Shewing- shields, and Gilsland, N. Onthe banksof Wooler Water below Langley Ford, N.—Dr. G. Johnston. 19. C. flavd, Yellow Carex. Sin. Eng. Fl. iv. 106; Eng. Bot. 1294; Hook, Fl. Scot. 266; With. ii. 144; Berwick Flora, 201, In boggy meadows and on wet moors, frequent. 20. C. Ocderi. Ocderian Carex. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 107; Eng. Bot. 1773; C. flava 6, Hook. Fl. Scot. 266. On wet moors, not rare. A dwarf variety of the last species I suspect. 60 21. C. fulva. "Tawny Carex. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 107; Eng. Bot. 1295; Gooden. Linn. Tr. ii. 177, t. 20, f 6; Hook. Fl. Scot. 266; C. flava, With. ii. 145, var. 2. In bogs at Ryhope and Hilton, D. On the south side of the Ropery above Shields Law, D.—Mr. R. Waugh. At Birch Carr near Darlington.—Mr. Backhouse. At Prestwick Carr, and on the Muckle Moss near the Roman Wall, N. 22. C. extensa. Long-bracteated Carex. Sm. Eng. FI. iv. 108; Eng. Bot. 833; Gooden. Linn. Tr. ii. 175, t. 21, f..7; With. ii, 146; Gr. Fl. Eds. 195. Near the sea coast in a marsh on the Wear at Hilton Castle, as well asat Hartlepool and Seaton, also in the west of the county of Durham, and on bogs in Waskerley Park, D. In bogs at Spencer’s Quarry near Medomsley, D.—Mr. J. Thornhill. On the sea beach north of the town at Holy Island, N.— Thompson’s Berwick Plants. 23. G. distans. _ Loose Carex. Sm. Eng. FL iv. 109; Eng, Bot. 1234; Hook, Fl. Scot. 267 ; With. ii. 147. In boggy ground near the sea coast at Hilton Castle, and near the Law at South Shields, D. At the mouth of Tees, D.—J. Hogg, Esq. ground near Willington Bourn, N. All these may be considered maritime localities. 24. C. binervis. Green-ribbed Carex. Sm. Eng. FI. iv. 110; Eng. Bot, 1235; With. ii. 147; Berwick Flora, 201; C. distans, Light- foot, 561; Hook. Fl. Scot. 267. On boggy and wet moors, frequent. On Newcastle Town Moor, N. Near Berwick.—Dr. G. John- ston. 25. C. precoe. Vernal, or Spring Carex. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 111; Eng. Bot. 1099 ; Gooden. Linn. Tr. ii. 170; Hook. Fl. Scot. 267 ; Lond. t. 22; With. ii. 143; Berwick Flora, 20); C. saxatilis, Hudson, 408. On moors and in barren pastures. 26. C. pilulifera. Round-headed Carex. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 112; Eng. Bot. 885; Hook. Fl. Scot. 267 ; Berwick Flora, 201 ; With. ii. 154; C. montana, Hudson, 407. In moist meadows and on moors, not rare. 27. C. panicea. Pink-leaved Carex. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 114; Eng. Bot. 1505; Hook. Fl. Scot. 267; With. ii. 148; Berwick Flora, 201. In moist meadows and pastures, common. 28. C. recurva. Glaucous Heath Carex. Sm. Eng. FL iv. 114; Eng. Bot. 1506; Gooden. Linn. Tr. ii. 184; Hook. Fl. Scot. 268; With. ii. 150; Berwick Flora, 202. & C. Micheliana, Eng. Bot. 2236. @ On moors and in moist meadows, everywhere. in bogs near Hilton Castle, D 29. C. rigida. Rigid Carex. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 116; Eng. Bot. 2047; Berwick Flora, 202; Gooden. Linn. Tr. ii. 193, t. 22, f 10; With. ii. 156; C. cespitosa 8, Hook. FI, Scot. 268; C. savatilis, Wahl. F]. Lapp. 247, according to specimens from the late Dr. Swartz. On the summit of Cheviot, N., July 22d, 1804. On Teesdale Forest near the Cauldron Snout, D. On marshy B Mr. Wincn’s Flora of Northumberland, &c. 30. C. cespitosa. Tufted Bog Carex. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 117; Eng. Bot. 1507; With. ii. 156; Gooden. Linn. Tr. ii. 195, t. 21, f 8; ~ Hook. Fl. Scot. 268; Berwick Flora, 202. In marshy meadows and on moors, not rare. 31. C. stricta. Glaucous Straight-leaved Carex. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 118; Eng. Bot. 914; Hook. Fl. Scot. 268; Gooden. Linn. Tr. ii. 196, t. 21, f.9; With. ii. 157; C. coespitosa, Hudson, 412 ; C. cespitosa 8, Lightfoot, 561. In the marsh behind St. Anthon’s ballast-hills, on the banks of the Ousebourn near Haddrick’s Mill, and in Heaton Wood, N. In Westcrow Bourn near Wolsingham, and at Hell Kettles near Dar- lington, also by the Tyne below Gateshead, D. 32. C. acuta. Slender Spiked Carex. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 119 ; Gooden. Linn. Tr. ii. 203; Berwick Flora, 202; Hook. Fl. Scot. 269; With. ii. 160; Eng. Bot. 580; C. gracilis, Curt. Lond. Fase. iv. t. 62. 3 By the river Skerne near Darlington, D.—-Mr. Backhouse. On the banks of Tweed from West Ord to the Chain Bridge.—Dr. G. Johnston. 33. C. paludosa. Lesser Common Carex. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 120; Eng. Bot. 807; Hook. Fl. Scot. 269; Berwick Flora, 203; Gooden. Linn. Tr. ii. 202; With. ii. 159; C. acuta, Curt. Lond. Fase. iv. t. 61. In bogs and on the banks of slow rivers, frequent. 34. C. riparia. Great Common Carex. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 121; Eng. Bot. 579; Curt. Lond, Fasc. iv. t. 60; Gooden. Linn. Tr. ii. 200; Hook. Fl. Scot. 269; With. ii. 158; C. acuta, Hudson, 413; Lightfoot, 565. On the banks of rivers and in marshy places, frequent. 35. C. levigata. Smooth-stalked Beaked Carex. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 122; Eng. Bot. 1387; Hook. Fl. Scot. 269; With. ii. 159; Gr. Fl. Eds. 199; Berwick Flora, 203. On the banks of Wooler Water below Langley Ford, and at the base of the hill at Hepburn near Chilling- ham, N.—Dr. G. Johnston. 36. C. vesicaria. Short-spiked Bladder Carex. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 123; Eng. Bot. 779; Hook. FI. Scot. 269; With. ii 161; Gr. FL Eds. 199; C. inflata, Lightfoot, 567. On the banks of the river Team, in bogs near Castle Eden, and near Darlington, D. In Heaton Wood, by Craglake near Shewing-shields, and on the Muckle Moss, N. On moors near Wallington, N. —W. C. Trevelyan, Esq. At Prestwick Carr, N. —Mr. J. Thornhill. 37. C. ampullacea, Slender-beaked Bladder Carex. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 124; Eng. Bot. 780; Gooden. Linn. Tr. ii. 207; Hook. Fl Scot. 270; With. ii. 161; Berwick Flora, 203 ; C. wesicaria, Hud- son, 413; Lightfoot, 566. On the banks of lakes, rivers, and on bogs, N. and D. On the Wallington Moors, N.—W. C. Tre- velyan, Esq. In the vicinity of Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. 38. C. hirta. Hairy Carex. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 125; Eng. Bot. 685; Hook. Fl. Scot. 270; With. ii. 162; Berwick Flora, 203. In marshy meadows and on bogs, frequent. Mr. Wiweun’s Floraof Northumberland, Sc. 358. ELYNA. 1. E. caricina. _Compound-headed Elyna. Hook. Br. Fl. 401; Kobresia caricina, Willd. Sp. Pl.iv. 206; Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 129 ; Schenus mo- noicus, Eng. Bot. 1410; Northumberland and Durham Guide, v. 5. On the Widdy Bank in Teesdale Forest, D., also on Cronkley Fell. This plant was pointed out to me in these localities, Aug. 25, 1799, by the Rev. J. Harriman. MONOECIA TETRANDRIA. 359. LITTORELLA. . L. lacustris. Plantain Shore-weed. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 130; Eng. Bot. 468 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 271; Lond. t. 168; With. ii. 270; Ber- wick Flora, 204. At Prestwick Carr, and on the shores of Bromley and Greenley Loughs, also by Holy Island Lough, N. By Roadley Lake.—W. C. Trevelyan, Esq. By Hoseley Lough, N.—Dr. Richardson, Dill. Ray Syn. 316. _ 360. ALNUS. . A. glutinosa. Common Alder. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 131; Hook. Lond. t. 59; Fl. Scot. 271; Betula alnus, With. i. 286; Berwick Flora, 204; Eng. Bot. 1508. By rivers, lakes, and pools of water. _ 361. URTICA. . U. pilulifera. Roman Nettle. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 134; Eng. Bot. 148; With. iii. 280. On the ballast-hills of Tyne and Wear, N. and D., rare, . U. urens. Small Nettle. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 134; Eng. Bot. 1236; Curt. Lond. Fasc. vi. t. 70; Hook. Fl. Scot. 271. Everywhere on cultivated ground. . U. dioica, Great Nettle. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 135; Eng. Bot. 1750; Curt. Lond. Fase. vi. t. 69; Hook. Fl. Scot. 271. On waste ground everywhere. — to MONOECIA PENTANDRIA. 362. XANTHIUM. . X. strumarium. Broad-leaved Bur-weed. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 136; Eng. Bot. 2544; With. ii. 384, On Byker and Willington ballast-hills, N. On Jar- row and South Shields ballast-hills, D. On Sun- derland ballast-hills, D.—W. Weighell’s Herb. 363. AMARANTHUS. . A. Blitum. Wild Amaranth. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 137; Eng, Bot, 2212; With. ii. 248. On Willington ballast-hills, N. On Hebburn and Jarrow ballast-hills, D. On Sunderland ballast- hills, D.—W. Weighell’s Herb. VOL. Il. _ R 61 364. BRYONTA. 1. B. dioica. Red-berried Bryony. Sm. Eng. FL iv. 138; Eng. Bot. 439; With. ii. 102; B. alba, Lightfoot, 159; Woodv. t. 189. In hedges near Birtley, Gainford, Darlington, and Bishop Auckland, D. At Barneyside, Miss For- ster, delin.; and Rugley near Alnwick, N.—Mr. J. Davison. Not a common plant in the north. MONOECIA POLYANDRIA. 365. CERATOPHYLLUM. - C. demersum. Common Hornwort. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 141; Eng. Bot. 947 ; Hook. FI. Scot. 272; With. ii. 579. In ditches on Durham Moor.—Rey. J. Symons. _ 366. MYRIOPHYLLUM. - M. spicatum. Spiked Water-Milfoil. Sm. Eng. FI. iv. 143; Eng. Bot. 83; Hook. Fl. Scot. 272; With. ii. 519; Berwick Flora, 205. In _loughs, ponds, and rivulets, frequent, N. and D. In Tweed and ponds near Berwick.— Dr. G. John- ston. - M. verticillatum. Verticillate Water Milfoil. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 143; Eng. Bot. 218; With. ii. 519. At Polam, D.—Mr. Backhouse. The limit of its range to the north. 367. SAGITTARIA. . S. sagittifolia. Common Arrow-head. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 144; Eng. Bot. 84; With. iii; 678. Near Bellingham and Norton.—Mr. Backhouse. In becks near Witton, Thorp, Portrack, and Stockton, D.—J. Hogg, Es The most northern localities. — 368. ARUM. . A. maculatum. Cuckow-pint, Wake Robin. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 146; Eng. Bot. 1298; Woody. t. 25; Curt. Lond. Fase. ii. t. 63; Hook, Fl. Scot. 272; Berwick Flora, 205. In woods and under hedges, frequent. i 369. POTERIUM. P. Sanguisorba. Common Burnet. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 147; Eng. Bot. 860; Hook. Fl. Scot. 273; Curt. Lond. Fasc. ii. t. 643 With. iii. 654; Berwick Flora, 206. On dry Limestone hills, not very rare. On Spindle- stone Hills, N.k—Dr. G. Johnstone. _ 370. QUERCUS. Q. Robur. Common British Oak. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 148; Eng. Bot. 1342; Hook. Fl. Scot. 373; Berwick Flora, 206; Woodv. t. 126; Q. fwmina, With. ii. 516; Q. pedunculata, Willd. Sp. Pl. iv. 450. In woods and hedges, everywhere. 2. Q. sessiliflora. Sessile-fruited Oak. _ i to ~ _ _ _ ei i) . F. Castanea. . F. sylvatica. . B. alba. . C. Avellana - P. sylvestris. . 8. triandra. Q Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 150; Eng. Bot. 1845 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 273; Berwick Flora, 207; Q. Robur, With. ii. 515. In woods and hedges, frequent. 371. FAGUS. Chesnut-tree. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 151; Eng, Bot. 886; With. ii. 583 ; Castanea vulgaris, Hook. Br. Fl. 408. In plantations. Not a native of the north of England. Beech-tree. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 152; Eng. Bot. 1847; Hook. FI. Scot. 274; Berwick Flora, 207. In woods and hedges, common. 372. BETULA. Common Birch. Sme Eng. Fl. iv. 153; Eng. Bot. 2198; Hook. FI. Scot. 274; Berwick Flora, 208. 2 B. pendula, Lindley’s Syn. 229. In mountainous woods and by lakes, frequent. Roth and Lindley consider Betula pendula a distinct species from B. alba, owing to its weeping branches ; and, when young, its bark being smooth and warted. 373. CARPINUS. C. Betulus. Horn-beam. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 155; Eng. Bot. 2032; Hook. F). Scot. 274. In plantations, Not originally a native of the north of England, 374. CORYLUS. Hazel-nut-tree. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 157; Eng. Bot. 723 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. 275; Lond. t. 17; Berwick Flora, 208. In wodds, hedges, and denes, common. MONOECIA MONADELPHIA. 375. PINUS. Scotch Fir. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 158; Eng. Bot. 2460; Light- foot, 587; Woodv. t. 207; With. iii. 811. Only in planted woods at present, though the roots and trunks of the Fir abound in all the bogs on our highest moors. DIOECIA DIANDRIA. 376. SALIX. Long-leaved Triandrous Willow. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 166; Eng. Bot. 1435; With. ii. 65; Hook. FI. Scot. 278. In hedges near Chester-le-Street, D. On the banks of the Pont at Ponteland, N. Rare in the north. S. amygdalina, Broad-leaved Triandrous Willow, Almond-leaved Willow. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 169; Eng. Bot. 1637; With. ii. 66. In hedges near Birtley, and at Chester-le-Street new bridge, also at Beamish and on the banks of Mr. Wiweu’s Flora of Northumberland, &c. the Derwent, D. In Heaton Wood, and in hedges near Gilsland and Cambo, at Allan Heads, and on the banks of Little Cow Lough, also near the Ro- man station at Risingham, N. 3. S. pentandra. Sweet Willow, Bay-leaved Willow. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 171; Eng. Bot. 1805; Hook. Fl. Scot. 279; With. ii. 69 ; Berwick Flora, 212. In the Roman Foss between Shewing-shields and Carrow, in hedges near Gilsland and House-steads, in Heaton Wood, on the banks of North Tyne and of Tweed, N. By the Team near Beamish and Pockerley, on the banks of Wear near Chester-le- Street new bridge, and of Tees near Eglestone, also between Norton and Billingham, D. Near West Boldon and Cleadon, D.—Mr. R, Waugh and Mr. J. Thornhill. Near Berwick, not uncom- mon.—Dr. G. Johnston. 4. S. radicans. Rooting-branched Willow. Sm. Fl. Brit. iii. 1053; Hook. Fl. Scot. 280; Br. Fl. 428; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 21; S. phylicifolia, Sm. Fl. Brit. iii, 1049 ; Eng. Fl. iv. 173; Eng, Bot. 1958; With. ii. 71. By ditches communicating with Prestwick Carr, N. On both banks of Derwent above Blanchland, N. and D. That this is not Salix phylicifolia of the Swedish bo- tanists I am certain, from Lapland specimens com- municated by the late Dr. Swartz. The figure in the English Botany is good, and agrees with the plant received from Sir J. Smith. 5. 8. bicolor. Shining dark-green Willow. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv.178; Eng. Bot. 1806; With. ii. 70; S. laurina, Sm. Linn. Tr. vi. 122. On the banks of Wear near Lumley Castle, and on ‘Tees from Croft to Middleton, D. On the banks of Derwent, and of Beldon and Nuckton bourns above Blanchland, D. and N. In the hedges north of Cambo, N. Bythe Lune at its junction with the Tees.—W. C. Trevelyan, Esq. 6. S. vitellina. Yellow Willow. Sm. Eng, Fl. iv. 182; Eng. Bot. 1389; Hook. Fl. Scot. 281 ; With. ii. 72. : On the banks of Team, Tyne, and Wear, D. and N. At Morton Carrs, D.—Mr. Janson. 7. 8. decipiens. Deceiving Willow. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 183; Eng. Bot. 1937; With. ii. 68; Berwick Flora, 212. On the banks of Tyne, Wear, Team, and Derwent, N. and D. By the sides of Grange Bourn near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. 8. 8. fragilis. Crack Willow. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 184; Eng. Bot. 1807; Hook. Fil. Scot. 279 ; With. ii. 73. In denes and on the banks of rivers, frequent. 9. S. Russelliana. Bedford Willow, Leicestershire or Dishley Willow. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 186; Eng. Bot. 1808; Hook. Fl. Scot. 279; With. ii. 67; Berwick Flora, 212. On the banks of Wear and Tees, D, Near Haugh- ton and Cockerton, D.—Mr. Janson. Near Cambo and Wallington, also by the Pont and in Heaton Dene, N. By the Tweed, common.— Dr. G. John- ston. Near Alnwick, N.—Miss Forster, delin. 10. S. Helix. Rose Willow. Sm. Eng. Fl. iv. 188: Eng. Bot. 1343; With. ii. 63; Berwick Flora, 212; S. monandra, Curt. Lond, Fasc. vi. t. 71, excluding fi 2. Mr. Wiwcu’s Flora of Northumberland, &c. On the banks of the rivers Tweed, Tyne, Derwent, Wear, and Tees, N. and D., but not very abundant, nor dces it occur near Newcastle. ll. S. o 91 & L. cornutus, Eng. Bot. 1836. y L. radiatus, Eng. Bot. 1835. On earth in mountainous situations, N. and D. 8. C. gonorega, 8 anomaa. Ach. Syn. 258; Lichen anomeus, Eng. Bot. 1867. On high moors, N. and D. 9. C. ecmocyna, % gracilis. Ach. Syn. 261; Berwick Flora, ii. 96; Lichen gracilis, Eng. Bot. 1284. & hybrida, Ach. Syn. 262. On sub-alpine moors, N. and D. 10. C. bacillaris. Ach. Syn. 266; Lichen filiformis, Eng. Bot. 2028 ; L. tubiformis, Lightfoot, 871. In sub-alpine denes and on moors, N, and D. ll. C. digitata. Ach. Syn. 267; Berwick Flora, ii. 96; Lichen di- gitatus, Eng. Bot. 2439 ; Lightfoot, 874. On moors, frequent. 12. C. deformis. Ach. Syn. 268; Lichen deformis, Eng. Bot. 1394; Lightfoot, 876. In sub-alpine denes and on moors, N. and D. 13. C. coccifera. Ach. Syn. 269;, Berwick Flora, ii. 96; Lichen cocciferus, Eng. Bot. 2051. & L. cornucopivides, Lightfoot, 868. «and & On moors and heaths, frequent. 14. C. bellidiflora. Ach. Syn. 270; Berwick Flora, ii. 965; Lichen bellidiflorus, Eng. Bot. 1894. At Prestwick Carr, on Hexham and Dilston Fells, and on Cheviot, N. On the Teesdale and Wear- dale Moors, D. Probably a variety of C. coccifera. 15. C. cenotea. Ach. Syn. 271; Baomyces cenoteus, Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 65; Ach. Hist. 345, t. 7, £7. On the moors near Edmondbyers, D. 16, C. sparassa. Ach. Syn. 278; Lichen sparassus, Eng. Bot. 2362 ; L. ventricosus, Lightfoot, 275. In sub-alpine denes, N. and D. 17. C. delicata, Ach. Syn. 274; Lichen delicatus, Eng. Bot. 2052. On moors near Lanchester, D. In Dilston Park and on Cheviot, N. 18. C. racemosa. . Ach. Syn. 275; Lichen spinosus, Lightfoot, 882 ; Hudson, 459 5 Buwomyces spinosus, Northumber- land and Durham Guide, ii. 66, On walls near Lanchester, D. On Hexham and Dilston Fells, N. 19. C. furcata. Ach. Syn. 276; Lichen furcatus, Hudson, 458. 8 subulata. Boaomyces subulata, Northumberland and Durham Guide, il. 66. «and 6 On moors near Eglestone, and in the vici- nity of the Roman aqueduct at Butsfield, D. On Hexham and Dilston Fells, N. 20. C. uncialis. Ach. Syn. 276; Berwick Flora, ii. 95; Lichen uncialis, Eng. Bot. 174. & adunca, Dill. Muse. t. 16, f. 21, A. B. @ On heaths, common. 6 on Cheviot and the Tees- dale Moors, N. and D. 92 21. C. rangeferina. Ach. Syn. 277; Berwick Flora, ii. 93; Lichen rangeferinus, Eng. Bot. 173. } pungens. # On moors and heaths, abundant. and Dilston Fells, N. 75. BEOMYCES. > on Hexham 1. B. roseus. Ach. Syn. 280; Lichen ericetorum, Eng. Bot. 372 ; Lightfoot, 809. On earth, in mountainous situations. 2. B. rufus. Ach. Syn. 280; Berwick Flora, ii. 98; Lichen rufus, Hudson, 527; B. rupestris, Northumber- land and Durham Guide, ii. 64; Lichen Bys- soides, Eng. Bot. 372; Lightfoot, 809. On earth and stones in denes and on moors, N. and D. In Scotswood and Heaton Denes, and on the Roman station at Caervoran, N. In Twizell Dene, N.—Mrs. Selby. 3. B. placophyllus. Ach. Syn. 281; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 64. On the moors about Eglestone, D., rare.—Rev. J. Harriman. 76. ISIDIUM. 1.- I. corallinum. Ach. Syn. 281; Berwick Flora, ii. corallinus, Eng. Bot. 1541. & dealbatum, Variolaria dealbata, Eng. Bot. 2519. # On rocks and stones in mountainous situations, N. and D. On the Roman wall at House-steads, N. On Murton Crags, N.—Dr. G. Johnston. £8 on the Teesdale Moors, D. . 1. Westringii. Ach. Syn. 282; Lichen Westringti, Eng. Bot. 2204 ; Dicks. Cryp. Fase. iv. 20. On stone walls in Teesdale Forest, and in Weardale, 98; Lichen i} D. In Allendale, and on the Roman wall at Housesteads, N. In Holwick.—Rev. J. Harri- man. 3. I. microsticticum. Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 66; Lichen microsticticus, Eng. Bot. 2243; L.. punctatus, Dicks. Crypt. Fasc. iii. 15. On walls in Teesdale Forest, D. 4. I. phymatodes. Ach. Syn. 282; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 47. In Newton-cap Wood, and in the Bishop’s park at Bishop Auckland, D.—Rev. J. Harriman. 77. STEREOCAULON. 1. S. paschale. Ach. Syn. 284; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 66; Lichen paschale, Eng. Bot. 282. On rocks and stones in sub-alpine situations. . S. condyloideum. Ach. Syn. 285. On the Roman wall at House-steads, N. In the north-west of the county of Durham.—Mr. John Thornhill. 3. S. cereolinum. Ach. Syn. 285; S. Cereolus, Eng. Bot. t. 2667 ; Lichen Vulcani, Bory, Voy. ii. 147. On Basaltic rocks and stones near Eglestone, D.— bo Mr. Winceu’s Flora of Northumberland, &c. Rev. John Harriman. On the Roman Wall at Walltown, and east of House-steads, N. 4. S. nanwn. Ach. Syn. 285. On rocks and stones in Teesdale Forest, D.—Rey. John Harriman. 78. SPH ROPHORON. S. coralloides. Ach. Syn. 287; Berwick Flora, ii. 97; Lichen globiferus, Eng. Bot..115 ; Lightfoot, 887. On the Teesdale and Weardale Moors, D. On Che- viot, Simonside, Hedgehope, and on the Roman wall at House-steads, also on Gunnerton Crags, and near Harbottle and Heddon-on-the- Wall, N. 2. S. fragile. Ach. Syn. 287; Berwick Flora, ii. 97; Lichen fragilis, Lightfoot, 888 ; Eng. Bot. 2474. On Cheviot, Hedgehope, Simonside, and the Har- bottle Moors, N. On the Weardale and Teesdale Moors, D. Probably a variety of S. globiferus. 3. 8. compressum. Ach. Syn. 287; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 675; Lichen fragilis, Eng. Bot. 114. On rocks at Eglestone, Knitsley, and Muggleswick, D. On Shaftoe Crags, Harbottle Moor, and Gun- nerton Crags near Barwesford, also on Cheviot, Hedgehope, and Simonside, N. 79. ALECTORA. i —_ A, jubata. Ach. Syn. 291; Berwick Flora, ii. 92; Lichen jubatus, Lightfoot, 891; Eng. Bot. 1880; Par- melia jubata, Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 60. 6 chalybeiformis. ez On Gunnerton Crags and rocks at Harlow Hill, near Rothbury, on Cheviot and Simonside, also at Shewing-shields, where it was observed by Wallis, N. On Murton Crags, at Rawse Castle and Hepburn Hill near Chillingham, N.—-Dr. G. Johnston. Upon the common heath, and on rocks and trees near Eglestone, D. § on treesin Charn- berry near Eglestone, D. «on Gateshead Fell, D. —Mr. J. Thornhill. 80. RAMALINA. - R. polymorpha. Ach. Syn. 295; Parmelia polymorpha, Northum- berland and Durham Guide, ii. 60. On rocks and stones in the neighbourhood of Egle- stone, D.—Rey. J. Harriman. 2. R. fravinea, Ach. Syn. 296; Berwick Flora, ii. 90; Lichen Sraxineus, Eng, Bot. 1781. On trees, common. 3. R. fastigiata. Ach. Syn. 296; Berwick Flora, ii. 91; Lichen fas- tigiatus, Eng. Bot. 890. On trees and pales, frequent. 4. R. scopulorum. Ach. Syn. 297; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 68; Gr. Fl. Eds. 348; Berwick Flora. ii. 90; Lichen scopu- lorum, Eng. Bot. 688; 8 siliquosus, With. iv. 40. On rocks near the sea coast at Newbiggen, Dunstan- borough, and Bamborough Castles, on the Heugh and St. Cuthbert’s Island, Holy Island, also on the _ 5. 6. bo » bo _ Mr. Winceu’s Flora of Northumberland, &c. Staples and Fern Islands, N. At Hudshead.— Dr. G. Johnston... On Hartley Bates, N.—Mr. J. Thornhill. 8 on the top of a wall in Lune.— Rey. J. Harriman. R. farinacea. Ach. Syn. 297; Berwick Flora, ii. 91 ; Lichen fari- naceus, Eng. Bot. 889. On trees, common. R. pollinaria. Ach, Syn. 298 ; Lichen pollinarius, Eng. Bot. 1607 ; Parmelia pollinaria, Northumberland and Dur- ham Guide, ii. 60. On old pales and rocks in Teesdale, D.—Rev. J. Harriman. 8]. CORNICULARIA., . C., tristis. Ach. Syn. 299; Berwick Flora, ii. 92 ; Lichen tris- tis, Eng. Bot. 720; L. corniculatus, Lightfoot, 855. On Cheviot, Hedgehope, and Simonside, N. On rocks near Blackton not far from Eglestone, also in in the neighbourhood of Middleton-in-Teesdale, D. On Cronkley Fell, D.—Rey. J. Hariman. C. aculeata. Ach. Syn. 299; @ spadicea, Berwick Flora, ii. 91 ; Lichen hispidus, Eng. Bot. 452; Lightfoot, 883 ; > muricata, L. muricatus, Swartz. Nov. Act. Ups. v. 248, On Simonside and at Prestwick Carr, N. On Gates- head and Ravensworth Fells, D, In sub-alpine situations, not rare, D. and N. C, ochroleuca. Ach. Syn. 301; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 69; Lichen ochroleucus, Eng. Bot. 2374. On Eglestone Moors, D., rare.—Rey. J. Harriman. C, lanata. Ach, Syn. 302; Lichen lanatus, Eng. Bot. 846 ; Lightfoot, 892. On stones upon the Teesdale Moors, D, On Cheviot, Simonside, and Hedgehope, N. 82. USNEA. . U. florida. Ach. Syn. 304 ; Lichen floridus, Eng. Bot. 872; 2 L. hirtus, Eng. Bot. 1356; Usnea plicata 8, Ach. Syn. 305. In fructification in Gibside Woods, D. woods, not rare, N. and D. U. plicata. Ach, Syn. 305; U. hirta, Berwick Flora, ii. 93 ; Lichen plicatus, Eng. Bot. 257 ; Lightfoot, 889. Upon trees on the banks of Waskerley Bourn near Wolsingham, D On trees in 83. COLLEMA, . C. nigrum. Ach. Syn. 308; Berwick Flora, ii. 78; Lichen ni- ger, Ting. Bot. 1161; Lecidea nigra, Northum- berland and Durham Guide, ii. 41. Upon rocks on Cleadon and Boldon Hills, on Gates- head Fell, and near Eglestone, D. In Scotswood and Heaton Denes, and near Heddon-on-the- Wall, N. Inthe Quarry at Hudshead, N.; and near the Old Castle, Berwick. Dr. G, Johnston. VOL. II. 2. 6. 93 C. crispum. Ach, Syn. 311; Berwick Flora, ii. 77 ; Lichen cris- pus, Eng, Bot. 834; 8 cristatum, Ach. Syn. 312. #and @ On the ground in the neighbourhood of Egle.- stone; Son Cleadon and Boldon Hills, D. Near Berwick, and in Dilston Park, also near Ridley Hall, N. C. melenum. Ach. Syn. 315; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 59; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 71; Berwick Flora, ii. 78. On stones about Eglestone, D. On Sandstone walls near Berwick, N.—Dr. G. Johnston. C. fasciculare. Ach. Syn. 317 ; Lichen fascieularis, Eng. Bot. 1162 ; Lightfoot, 841. On Calcareous stones near Middleton-in- Teesdale, and Wycliffe, D. On stone walls near Hexham, C. saturinum. Ach. Meth. 320 ; Lichen saturinus, Eng. Bot. 1980 ; Dicks. Crypt. Fasc. ii. 21, t. 6, f 8. On trees in Horsley Hope Dene, and on trees and stones near Eglestone, D. On stones near Hex- ham, and above Langley Ford at the foot of Che- viot, N. C. flaccidum. Ach. Syn. 322; Lichen flaccidus, Eng. Bot. 1653 ; L. rupestris, Swartz. Nor. Act. Ups. iv. 249. On stones ina rivulet in Holwick.—Rev. J. Harri- man. On rocksin Wooler Water above Langley Ford, N. . C. tuneeforme. Ach. Syn. 322; Parmelia tuneformis, Northum- berland and Durham Guide, ii. 58. On Limestone rocks about Eglestone and Middleton- Areca et: J. Harriman, Near Wycliffe, C. furcum. Ach. Syn. 323 ; Lichen granulatus, Eng. Bot. 1757. On trees in the neighbourhood of Eglestone, D.— Rey. J. Harriman. In East Common Wood and Dilston Park, N. 9. C. scotinum. Ach. Syn. 3233; 8 sinuatum, Lichen sinuatus, Eng. Bot. 772 ; Parmelia scotina, Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 58. # and ® On the ground and on stones about Egle- None? D.—Rey. J. Harriman. In Dilston Park, 10. ron lacerum. Ach, Syn. 327; Lichen lacer, Eng. Bot. 1982; L. tremelloides, Lightfoot, 842. Among moss in Cocken, Cawsey, the Howns, Gib- side, and Ravensworth Woods, and on Lanchester and Cronkley Fells, D. In Dilston Park and above Langley Ford, also in the Felton Woods, N. 11. C. muscicola. Ach. Syn. 328; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 723 Lichen muscicola, Eng. Bot. 2264. On Cheviot and Simonside, N. Upon the Hag Crag in Teesdale Forest, D. Near Muggleswick, D.— Mr. J. Thornhill. 12. C. spongiosum. Bb Ach, Syn. 829; Lichen spongiosus, Eng. Bot. 1374 ; Parmelia spongiosa, Northumberland and Dur- ham Guide, ii. 53. ’ 94: Mr. Wincn’s Flora of Northumberland, &c. On Lanchester Fell upon earth, D. On Eglestone| 4. R. setiformis. and Teesdale Moors, and near the Smelt Mill in Harewood, D.—Rev. J. Harriman. 84, LEPRARIA. 1. L. ehlorina. Ach. Syn, 329; Eng. Bot. 2038. On rocks and old walls. 2. L. flava. Ach. Syn. 330; Eng. Bot. 1350; Berwick Flora, ii. 103; Byssus candelarius, Lightfoot, 1005. On trees and old pales, common. . L. Jolithus. Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 73; Eng. Bot. 2471; L. ru- bens, Ach. Meth. 6. On rocks and trees in Teesdale, and in woods on the Derwent, also in Cawsey Wood, D. In East Com- mon Wood near Hexham, N. Not rare in sub-alpine situations. violets, but faint. 4. L. wruginosa. Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 73; Eng. Bot. 2182; Conferva pulveria, Dillwyn, p. 78. On old stone walls in damp places. L. latebrarum. Ach. Syn. 331; Eng. Bot. 2147; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 73; Berwick Flora, ii. 103. On rocks in shady situations, and in caverns. 6. L. nigra. Fng. Bot. 2409; Hook. FI. Scot. ii. 73. On old oak posts, pales, &c. 7. L.? alba. Eng. Bot. 1349; Byssus lactea, Hudson, 609 ; Ber- wick Flora, ii. 104. Upon mosses and the bark of trees, frequent. 8. L, lutescens. Eng. Bot. 1529; Ach. Meth. 5. On the bark of old trees, common. 9. L. ochracea. Eng. Bot. 2408. On the bark of trees in woods. 10. L. virescens. Eng. Bot. 2149. On the bark of trees in woods, particularly Elms, not rare, ow It has the scent of or HYPOXYLA. 85. RHIZOMORPHA. 1. R. subcorticalis. Gr. Fl. Eds. 354; Ach. Syn. 288; Berwick Flora, ii. 143; Persoon, Syn. 704; R. patens, Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 111 ; Sowerby, t. 392, f. 1, 2. Between the wood and bark of Fir andother trees not rare; in Bradley Wood, at Cleadon, and near Egle- stone, D. In Scotswood, Walbottle, and Heaton Denes, also near Wallington, N. 2. KR. divergens. Gr. Crypt. t. 154; Berwick Flora, ii. 143; Cla- varia phosphoraa, Sowerby, t. 100. ? Between the wood and bark of Fir trees, not rare. 3. R. farinacea. Gr. FI]. Eds. 354. On decayed stumps of trees in Heaton and Scotswood Denes, N. In Gibside and Ravensworth Woods, D. Persoon, Syn. 705; Berwick Flora, ii. 143; Hy- powylon loculiferum, Bull. 195, f. 1, A. B.; Spheria hypotrichoides, Sowerby, t. 200 ; Dill. 76, t. 13, f A. B. On dead wood and leaves, also in cellars. « R. spinosa. Ach. Syn. 288; Sowerby, t. 299; Northumber- land andDurham Guide, ii. 110. On timber in the Weardale, Allendale, and Nenthead Lead Mines, D. and N. In the Charnberry Lead Mine, Teesdale, D.—Rev. J. Harriman. 6. R. dichotoma. Ach. Syn. 289; Sowerby, t. 298; Northumber- land and Durham Guide, ii. 110. On timber in the Weardale and Derwent Lead Mines, D. In the Charnberry Lead Mine in Teesdale, D.—Rev. J. Harriman. In the Nent- head and Allenheads Lead Mines, N. 7. R. Harrimanni. Sowerby, t. 431, f. 1. In the lead mines of Northumberland and Durham, growing on timber beginning to decay. 86. SPH/ERIA. On 1. S. hypoxylon. Persoon, Syn. 5; Sowerby, t. 55; Berwick Flora, ii. 117; Bolton, t. 129, b, c, i, e, f; Xylaria hypoxylon, Gr. F). Eds, 355. B S. cupressiformis, Persoon, Syn. 5; Clavaria cu- pressiformis, With. iv. 441 ; Bolton, 129, g. cz and ® On the stumps of decayed trees and gate- posts, common. . 8. digitata. Persoon, Syn. 6; Xylaria digitata, Gr. Fl. Eds. 395. On the stumps of trees ina state of decay, N. and D. 3. S. polymorpha. Gr. Crypt. t. 237; Persoon, Syn. 7; S. digitata, Sowerby, t. 69; Bolton, t. 129,h; Xylaria po- lymorpha, Gr. Fl. Eds. 355. On the rotten stumps of trees, frequent. 4. S. concentrica, Bolt. t. 180; Persoon, Syn. 8, t. 1, f. 34; S. fraa- inea, Sowerby, t. 160; With. iv. 467; Hypowylon concentricum, Gr. Crypt. t, 324, fi 1. On the trunks of trees, frequent. S. fragiformis. Gr. Syn. 24; Persoon, Syn.9, t. 1,f1,2; Berwick Flora, ii. 121; S. lycoperdoides, With. iv. 466 ; Lycoperdon variolosum, Sowerby, t. 271; Stroma- tospheria fragiformis, var. levis, Gr. Crypt. t. 136. On dead branches of the Beach, &c. 6. 8S. elliptica. Gr. Syn. 23; Stromatospheria elliptica, Gr. FI. Eds. 357; Crypt. t. 114. On the branches of the Birch in a state of decay. . S. granulosa. Sowerby, t. 355; Persoon, Syn. 11; Northum- berland and Durham Guide, ii. 109 ; Hypoxylos granulosum, Bull. t. 487, f. 2. On the bark of the Birch, common. . S. mammosa. With. iv. 466; Purton, t. 22; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 108; Fl. Dan. 1079. In East Common Wood and Dilston Park on the iw) oh Mr. Wiwncn’s Flora of Northumberland, &c. 95 bark of dead trees, N. Near Darlington, D.— Cryptospheria capillata, Gr. Fl. Eds, 362; Crypt. Mr. E. Robson. t. 69. 9. S. rugosa. With. iv. 467; Purton, iii. 487 ; Bolton, t. 123, f.3. In East Common Woed and Dilston Park, N. 10. S. spermoides. Persoon, Syn. 75; Gr. Syn. 22; Crypt. t. 6; Berwick Flora, ii. 125; S. aggregata, With. iv. 469; S. bombardica, Bolton, t. 122, f. 2; Sower- by, t. 372, f. 4. On stumps of Ash trees in a state of decay, N. and D, Near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. 11. S. gelatinosa. Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 385; Berwick Flora, ii. 121; S. pallida, Persoon, Syn. 12. On dead branches of trees in the plantation at Mur- ton Crags, near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. 12. S. fusca. Persoon, Syn. 12; Berwick Flora, ii. 1215; S. tuberculosa, Bolton, 123, f. 1; Sowerby, 374, f. 8; With. iv. 467; Northumberland and Dur- ham Guide, ii. 108. On dead sticks in Heaton and Walbottle Denes, N. In Ravensworth and Gibside, D. Near Berwick. —Dr. G. Johnston. 13. S. rebesia. Persoon, Syn. 14; Berwick Flora, ii. 123. On the Red Currant, N. and D. Near Berwick.— Dr. G. Johnston. 14, S. punctata. Sowerby, t. 54; S. Poronia, Persoon, 15; S. trun- cata, Bolton, 127, f.2; With. iv. 414; Bull. t. 252; Hypoxylon punctatum, Gr. Crypt. t. 327. On old hot-beds and dung-hills, rare. 15. S. deustum. Persoon, Syn. 16; S. maxima, Bolton, t. 181 ; Sowerby, t. 338; With. iv. 467; Hypoxylon de- ustum, Gr. Crypt. t. 324, f. 2. On the trunks of trees, not rare. 16. S. citrina. Gr. Syn. 23; Crypt. t. 215; Persoon, Syn. 18; S. ochracea, Persoon, Syn. 18. On rotten wood and bark, not rare. 17. S. Purtoni. Gr. Syn. 23; Cucurbitaria Pinastri, Crypt. t. 50. On the branches of Fir trees, not rare. 18. S. prunastri. Persoon, Syn. 37; Berwick Flora, 123; Stroma- tospheria prunastri, Gr, F |. Eds, 358. On the dead branches of the Sloe. 19. S. elongata. Gr. Syn. 22 ; Cucurbitaria elongata, Crypt. t. 195. On the branches of the common Furze, frequent. 20. S. cinnabarina, Gr. Syn. 23; Berwick Flora, ii. 1235; S. decolo- rans, Persoon, Syn. 49; S. fragiformis, With. iv. 465; Cucurbitaria cinnabarina, Gr. Crypt. t. 135. On the dead branches of trees, very common, N. and D. Near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston, 21. S. moriformis. Persoon, Syn. 86; Gr. Fl. Eds. 364; Berwick Flora, 125; S. claviformis, Sowerby, t. 337. On dead Fir wood at Benwell, Gilsland, and East Common Wood, N. In Gibside Woods and at Lanchester, D. Near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. 22. S. phacomes Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 404; Berwick Flora, 130 ; On the dead leaves of grasses. Near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. 23. S,. trichella. eo ptes Flora, 130; Vermicularia trichella, Gr. rypt. t. 345; S. phacomes, var. Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 404. : ee On dead Ivy leaves. —Dr. G. Johnston. 24. S. Empetri. Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 403; Berwick Flora, ii. 130; Hypoderma sphaeroides, Lam. and De Cand. v. 165, On the dead leaves of Empetrum nigrum on the moors of N. and D. 25. S. Stigma. Gy. Syn. 23; Persoon, Syn. 21; Berwick Flora, ii. 117; With. iv. 470; S. decorticata, Sowerby, t. 137; Stromatospheria Stigma, Gr. Crypt. t. 2235 f:12: On the dead branches of trees, common, N. and D. Near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. 26. S. undulata. Gr. Syn. 23; Persoon, Syn. 21; Berwick Flora, li. 118; Stromatospharia undulata, Gr. Fl. Eds. 356; Crypt. 223, f. 1. On the dead branches of trees, not rare, N. and D. Near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. 27. S. disciformis. Gr. Syn. 23; Hook. FI. Scot. ii. 5; Persoon, Syn. 24; Berwick Flora, ii. 121; Stromatos- pheria disciformis, Gr. Crypt. 314; Gr. Fl. Eds. 357. On the dead branches of the Beach and other trees, N. and D. Near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. 28. S. typhina. Gr. Syn. 24; Persoon, Syn. 29; Berwick Flora, ii. 120; S. spiculifera, Sowerby, t. 274; Stroma- tospheria typhina, Gr. Crypt. t. 204, On the culms of living grasses, not rare. About Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. 29. S. flavo-virens. Persoon, Syn. 22; Berwick Flora, ii, 118; Stro- matospheria multiceps, Gr. Fl. Eds. 356 ; S. flavo- virens, Crypt. t. 320; Syn, 23; Spheria multi- ceps, Sowerby, t, 394, f. 8. On the dead branches of trees, common, N. and D. West Ord, N.—Dr. G. Johnston. 30. S. oblonga. Sowerby, t. 374, £7; Berwick Flora, ii. 121. In the neighbourhood of Newcastle, N. and D. Near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. 31. S, quercina. Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 389 ; Berwick Flora, ii. 119. On Oak-branches, N. and D. Near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. 32. S. rosella. Gr. Syn. 22; Crypt. t, 138. On rotten wood and dead leaves, not rare. 33. 8. atro-purpurea. Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 389; Berwick Flora, ii. 118; Bot, Gall. ii. 681. On rotten wood near Berwick, rare.—Dr. G. John- ston. 34. S. lata, Persoon, Syn. 29; Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 388 ; Berwick Flora, ii. 118; Gr. Fl. Eds. 357. 96 On decorticated wood near Berwick.—Dr. G. John- ston. Near Newcastle, not rare, N. and D. 35. S. myriocarpa. Gr. Syn. 22; Crypt. t. 152, f. 1. On posts and wood beginning to decay. 36. S. Coryli. Gr. Syn. 22; 128. On the leaves of the Hazel. 37. S. rubens. Berwick Flora, ii, 128. On the leaves of the Rowan tree, N. and D. Near Berwick.—Dr. G, Johnston. 38. S. stellulata. Berwick Flora, ii. 122; Bot. Gall. ii. 686. On dead branches of the Elm near Berwick. —Dr. G Johnston. 39. S. Hedere. Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 430; Berwick Flora, ii. 130. On the leaves of the Ivy, N. and D. Near Berwick. —Dr. G. Johnston. 40. S. pulchella. Gr. Syn. 23; Cryptospheeria pulchella, Crypt. 67. On the dead branches of the Cherry and Birch. S. Pinastri. Be, Syn. 21; 8S. Tavi, Sowerby, t. 394, f. 6; Cryp- tospheriu Taxi, Gr. Crypt. t. 13. On the dead leaves of the Yew and Silver Fir, 42. 8. millepunctata. Gr. Syn. 21; Berwick Flora, ii. 124; Cryptosphe- ria millepunctata, Gr, Crypt. t. 201. On the dead branches of the Ash, N. and D. Near Berwick. —Dr. G. Johnston. 43. S. multicapsula. Purton, ii. 716, f. 8. On decayed wood at Ravensworth, D. Near Ben- well and Hexham, N. 44. $. Graminis. Persoon, Syn, 30; Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 391; Berwick Flora, ii. 119. On dead Carices and Grasses, frequent, N. and D. Near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. 45. S. nebulosa. Persoon, Syn. 31; Berwick Flora, ii. 127; Cryp- tospharria nebulosa, Gr. Fl. Eds, 362. On the dead stems of the Hemlock, frequent. Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. 46. S. longissima. Persoon, Syn. 31; Berwick Flora, ii. 127. On the dead stems of the Cherophyllum sylvestre, near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. 47. S. Angelice. Berwick Flora, ii. 129; S. punctiformis, var. An- gelicaria, Lam. and De Cand. iv. 145. On the leaves of Angelica sylvestris, N. and D. 48. S. Junci. Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 391; 119. Crypt. t. 330; Berwick Flora, ii. Near Berwick Flora, ii. On Rushes near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. 49. S. aurea. Gr. Syn. 22; Crypt. t. 47. On Fungi in a state of decay, N. and D. At Wal- lington, N.—W. C, Trevelyan, Esq. 50. S. convergens. Persoon, Syn. 46; Sowerby, t. 374, f. 6; Berwick Flora, ii, 122. Mr. Winen’s Flora of Northumberland, &c. Near Berwick, not raree—Dr. G. Johnston. 51. S. culmifraga. Speers, Syst. Veg. iv. 403; Berwick Flora, ii. 127. On dead leaves of Arundo arenaria, N. and D. Near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. 52, S. filicina, Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 391; Berwick Flora, ii. 119; S. Piaaaies Sowerby, t. 394, f. 10. On Pteris aquilina, common in autumn, N, and D. Near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. 53. S. scatina. Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 403; Berwick Flora, ii. 129. On the dead leaves of the Bramble and Hawthorn near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. 54, S. nivea. With. iv. 464; Sowerby, t. 38, On branches of trees, frequent. 55. S. leucostoma. Persoon, Syn. 39; Berwick Flora, ii. 122. On the branches of the Hawthorn, N. and D. Near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. 56. S. coronata. With. iv. 468; Purton, iii, 489; Rehlan, Ed. 2, No. 1387; 8S. convergens, Persoon, Syn. 46; Sowerby, t. 374, f. 6. Ondecayed branches of trees in East Common Wood and Dilston Park, N. In Long Acre and Gibside Woods, D 57. 8. faginea. Persoon, Syn. 44; | sacata Flora, ii. 120; S. per- Sorata, Sowerby, S72 ye 2): Cryptospheria faginea, Gr, Fl. Eds. 359. On Beach trees near Berwick. —Dr. G. Johnston. 58. S. ambiens. Persoon, Syn. 44; Berwick Flora, ii. 122. On the bark of the Hawthorn near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. 59. S. Laburni. Persoon, Syn. 50; Spreng. Syst. Veg. 395; Ber- wick Hlora, ii, 123. Near Berwick, on the branches of the Laburnum.— Dr. G. Johnston. In Falla’s Nursery near Gates- head, D 60. S. epispheria, Gr. Crypt. t. 175; Persoon, Syn. 57; Lam. and De Cand. v. 142; Berwick Flora, ii. 126. Near Berwick, frequent.—Dr. G. Johnston. dead Hyporyla, in woods near Newcastle. 1. S. verrucosa. Gr. FL Eds. 364; Crypt. t. 39; Berwick Flora, 125. Parasitic, on Polyporus abietinus, near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. 62. S. tubeeformis. Gr. Syn. 21; Crypt. t.335, f. 1; Persoon, Syn. 60. On the dead leaves of trees. 63. S. Gnomon. Gr. Syn. 21; Crypt. t. 335, f. 2; Persoon, Syn. 1; Sowerby, t. 373, f 6. On the dead leaves of the Hazel. 64. S. acuta. Gr. Syn. 21; Sowerby, t. 119; With. iv. Persoon, Syn. 62 ; Berwick Flora, ii. 126 ; tospheria acuta, Gr. Crypt. t. 239, f 1. 219; Persoon, Syn. Upon 468 ; Cryp- Mr. Wrncux’s Flora of Northumberland, &c. 97 On dead stems of herbaceous plants, N. and D. Near| 77. S. concava. Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. 65. S. setacea. Persoon, Syn. 62; Berwick Flora, ii. 128. On the dead leaves of the Birch and Sycamore, N. and D. Near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. 66. S. Peziza. Gr. Syn. 22; Crypt. t. 186, f 2; Peziza hydrophora, Bull. t. 410, f 2; Lycoperdon hydrophorum, Sowerby, t. 23. On rotten wood, not rare. 67. S. aquila, Bot. Gall. ii. 697; Berwick Flora, ii. 124; S. Byssiseda, Lam. and De Cand. ii. 295; Persoon, Syn. 67. On the bark of trees in Ravensworth Woods, D. Near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. 68. S. aurantia. Gr. Syn. 22; Persoon, Syn. 68; Crytospheria au- rantia, Gr, Crypt. t. 78. On decaying Fungi. 69. S. tomentosa. Rehlan, 2nd Ed., No. 1382 ; With. iv. 464; Pur- ton, iii. 287; S. ovina, Persoon, Syn, 71; S. ob- ducta, Bolton, 125. On decayed branches of trees in Scotswood Dene, N. Near Darlington, D.—Mr. E. Robson. 70. S. calva. Persoon, Syn. 74; Gr. Fl. Eds, 364; Berwick Flora, ii. 128. On dead stalks of Senecio Jacobea near Berwick.— Dr. G. Johnston. 71. S. Patella. Gr. Fl. Eds. 863 ; Persoon, Syn. 76; Berwick Flora, ii. 126 ; Heterospheria Patella, Gr. Crypt. t, 103: On the dead stems of Umbelliferous plants, frequent. Near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. 72. S. conigera. Bot. Gall. ii. 705; Berwick Flora, ii. strobilina, Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 8. On the dead cones of Pinus Abies, not rare. 73. 8. Doliolum. Gr. Syn. 21; Persoon, Syn. 78; Berwick Flora, ii. 1273 Cryptospharia Doliolum, Gr. Crypt. t. 239, f. 2. On the dead stems of Umbelliferous plants, N. and D. On the stems of Angelica sylvestris. Near Berwick.— Dr. G. Johnston. 74. S. Herbarum. Persoon, Syn. 78; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 7; Berwick Flora, ii. 127 ; Cryptospheria Herbarum, Gr. F 1. Eds. 361. On the dead stalks of Umbelliferous plants, common. N. and D. 75. 8. sanguinea. Gr. Syn. 22; Crypt. t. 175, f: 1; Persoon, Syn, 81 ; Berwick Flora, ii. 125; Bolton, t. 121, f. 1; With. iv. 464; Sowerby, t. 254; Hypoxylon pheniceum, Bull. t. 487, f. 3. On the branches of trees, not rare, N. and D, 76. S. Tilia. Persoon, Syn. 84; Berwick Flora, ii. 124, On dead twigs of the Sycamore in the plantations at New-water Haugh near Berwick.—Dr. G. John- ston. VOL. Il. 126; S. Sowerby, t. 317; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 109. On dead leaves of the Holly, frequent, N. and D. Near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. 78. 8. Pulvis-pyrius Gr. Syn. 22; Crypt. t. 152, f 2; Berwick Flora, ii. 125; Persoon, Syn. 86. On dead wood, common. On Hazel.—Dr. G. John- ston. 79. 8. igopodii, Persoon, Syn. 89; Berwick Flora, ii: 129; Cryp- tospheria, Gr. Fl. Eds. 362. On the leaves of gopodium Podagraria near Ber- wick. —Dr. G. Johnston. 80. S. punctiformis. Persoon, Syn. 90; Berwick Flora, ii. 130. On dead Sycamore leaves near Berwick,—Dr. G. Johnston. 81. S. maculiformis. Persoon, Syn, 90; Berwick Flora, ii. 129. On Oak, Chesnut, Beach, and other leaves in a state of decay, N. and D. Near Berwick.—Dr. Johnston. 82. S. lichenoides. Berwick Flora, ii. 131; Lam. and De Cand. ii. 299, and iv. 147; Xyloma lichenoides, Lam. and De Cand. ii. 304. On leaves of the Ash and Sycamore near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston. 87. DOTHIDEA. 1. D. Ulmi. Gr. Syn. 20; Fries. iv. t. 200, f. 1 ; Berwick Flora, Wealoze On dead leaves of the Elm, N. and D. Near Ber- wick.—Dr. G. Johnston. 2. D. betulina. Gr. Syn. 20; Fries. iv. t. 200, f. 2. On the leaves of the Birch. 3. D. Robertiani. Gr. Syn. 20; Crypt. t. 146, f. 1; Berwick Flora, li. 132, On the leaves of the Geranium Robertianum, Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. 4. D. alnea. Gr. Syn. 20 ; Crypt. t. 146, f. 2; Berwick Flora, ii. 133 ; Xyloma alneum, Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 9. On the leaves of the Alder, N. and D. Near Ber- wick.—Dr. G. Johnston. 5. D. Heraclei. Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 417; Berwick Flora, ii. 133. On the leaves of Heracleum Sphondylium near Berwick. — Dr. G. Johnston. 6. D. Alchemilla. Berwick Flora, ii. 133; Mr. Wrwcen’s Flora of Northumberland, &c. N. and D. In Twizell Dene, N.—Dr. G. John- ston. 23. P. melastoma. Sowerby, t. 149; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 100. On sticks in East Common Wood near Hexham, N. —Mr. F. Scott, Sp. 24. P. calyciformis. With. iv. 413; Batsch. 135. In Dilston Park and East Common Wood, N. 25. P. virginea. Gr. Fl. Eds. 421; Persoon, Syn. 653; Berwick Flora, i ii, 152; P. nived, Sowerby, t. 65; With. iv. 413; P. lactea, Bull. t. 376, f. 3. On rotten sticks in Bradley Wood, D. In Heaton and Walbottle Denes, also in Dilston Park and East Common Wood, N. Near Berwick.— Dr. G. Johnston. 26. P. pulchella. Persoon, Syn. 653; Berwick Flora, ii. 149; P. bicolor, Bull. t. 410; Sowerby, t.17; Northum- berland and Durham Guide, ii. 100. On rotten sticks in woods near Newcastle, N. and D. On the Furze near Berwick upon ‘Tweed.—Dr. G. Johnston. 27. P. clandestina. Persoon, Syn. 655; Lam. and De Cand. ii. 83 ; Berwick Flora, ii. 149; Bull. t. 416, f. 5. On dead branches of the Willow, near Berwick. —Dr. G. Jobnston. 28. P. fusca. Gr. Crypt. t. 192; Persoon, Syn. 657. On the dead branches of trees in woods near New- castle. 29. P. inflexa. With. iv. 418; Gr. Fl. Eds. 422; Sowerby, t. 306; Bolton, t. 106, f£ 2; Nor thumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 100; P. coronilla, Persoon, Mycol. i. 287. In Gibside and Bradley Woods, ton.—Mr. E. Robson. hope Denes, D. 30. P. ochroleuca. With. iv. 418; Gr. Fl. Eds. 422; Sowerby, t 115; Berwick Flora, ii. 151; Bolton, t. 105, f. 1; P. firma, Persoon, Syn. 658. On rotten sticks in Longacre Wood, also near Healey- field Lead Mine, D. In Heaton Dene, N. 31. P. infundibulum. Gr. Fl. Eds. 423; Persoon, Mycol. i. 279; P. calyculus, With. iv 418; Sowerby, t. 116; Per- soon, Syn. 660; Batsch. 57 ; Bull. te 416, 3s In Scotsw ood Dene, East Common Wood, and Dil- ston Park, N. 32. P. fructigena. Gr. Fl. Eds. 422 ; Sowerpy, t. 117; Bull. t. 228 ; Batsch. 150; With. iv. 419 ; Persoon, Syn. 660. In woods on Nats, Acorns, and Beach-mast, N. and D. Near Darling- In Castle Eden and Ry- 33. P. serotina, Persoon, Syn. 661; Helvella cartilagina, With. iv. 407; Bolton, t. 101, f. 1. In Oak Wood and Scotswood Dene, N. 34, P. cartilagina. Sowerby, t. 369, f. 2 23 Berwick Flora, ii. 148; P. scutellata 8, With. iv. 388, var. 2. Mr. Wineu’s Flora of Northumberland, &c. Among moss on clay banks near Berwick.—Dr. G,. Johnston. 35. P. eruginea. Gr. Crypt. t. 241; Persoon, Syn. 663; Berwick Flora, ii. 151; Helvella ceruginea, Sowerby, t. 347; With. iv. 409; Persoon, Syn. 617. On half-rotten wood, not rare. In Long-acre Wood, In Heaton Dene and Wallington Woods, N. Near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. This Peziza, as well as the decayed wood on which it grows, is of a verdigris green colour. To ascertain the nature of this colouring matter, Mr. W. C. Trevelyan is at present engaged in a series of che- mical experiments, the result of which will appear in the Society’s Transactions. 36. P. citrina. Gr. Fl. Eds, 424; Persoon, Syn. 663 ; Berwick Flora, ii. 150; P. aurea, Sowerby, t. 150; Helvella aurea, Bolton, t. 98, f. 2; With. iv. 408. On rotten sticks in woods, N. and D. In Bradley Wood, D. Near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. 87. P. pallescens. Persoon, Syn. 664; Berwick Flora, ii. 151. On dead twigs in woods, N. and D. Near Berwick. —Dr. G. Johnston. 38. P. faginea. Persoon, Syn. 664; Berwick Flora, ii. 150. On the fruit of the Beech near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston, 39. P. atra. Persoon, Syn. 669; Berwick Flora, ii. 148. On the stalks of large Herbaceous plants near New- castle, N.and D. Near Berwick.—Dr. G. John- ston. 40. P. immersa. Sowerby, t. 369, £9; Berwick Flora, ii. 148. On rotten wood, gate posts, &c., N. and D. Near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. 4). P. nigra. Berwick Flora, ii. 148; Bulgaria inquinans, Bot. Gall. ii. 738. On dead Ash trees near Berwick. —Dr. G. Johnston. 42. P. hispida. With. iv. 424; Sowerby, t. 147; Bull. t. 204; Scheeff. t. 151. In Fir plantations near Butsfield, Medomsley, and in Bradley Wood, D, In Dilston Park, East Com- mon, and Horsley Woods, N. 43. P. polymorpha. With. iv. 425; Sowerby, t- 428; Batsch. t. 50; Bull. t. 116 and 460, f. 1; Scheff. 158. Near Wylam and Walbottle, N. Near Darlington and Barnardcastle, D.—Mr. E, Robson. 44. P. albo-violascens. Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 504; Berwick Flora, ii. 149. On dead branches of the Furze, near Berwick.—Dr. Johnston. 45. P. plumbea. Gr. Crypt. t. 11; Berwick Flora, ii, 150. On rotten wood and sticks, not rare. Near Berwick. —Dr. G. Johnston. 46. P. punctiformis. Gr. Crypt. t. 63. On dead Oak and Beach leaves. 47, P. erumpens. Gr. Crypt. t, 99. On the decaying leaf-stalks of the Sycamore. VOL. Il. 113 48. P. reticulata. zr. Crypt. t. 156. On the ground near Fenham, N. 124. ASCOBOLUS. 1. A. furfuraceus. Gr. Crypt. t. 307; Fl. Eds. 426; Persoon, Syn. 676 ; Peziza stercoraria, Bull. t. 376 ; Sowerby, t. 18 and 389; With. iv. 421; P. fusca, Bolton, t. 109, f 2; P. atra, Hudson, 639; With. iv. 426. On cow-dung, frequent. 125. STRICTIS. 1. S. radiata. Gr. Crypt. t. 227; Peziza strictis radiata, Persoon, Syn. 674; P. marginata, With. iv. 419; Sow- erby, t. 16. On sticks in Bradley and Gibside Woods, D. Heaton, Scotswood, and Walbottle Denes, N. Iu 126. CENANGIUM. 1. C. ferruginosum. Gr. Syn. 20; Fries, iv. t. 197; Peziza Abictis, Persoon, Syn. 671; Berwick Flora, ii. 147; P. cervina, Persoon, Syn. 647. On the small branches of the Scotch Fir, frequent. 127. TYMPANIS. 1. T. conspersa. Gr. Syn. 20; Cyypt. t. 338; Peziza Aucuparic, Gr. Fl. Ed. 4265; P. populena, Persoon, Syn. 671; P. Piri, 671. On the dead branches of trees, not rare. 128. TREMELLA. 1, T. mesenterica. Gr. Fl. Eds. 426; Persoon, Syn. 622; Eng. Bot. 709; With. iv. 93; Bull. t. 406; Berwick Flora, 144. On the dead branches of trees, but not very common, N. and D. In the plantations at New-water Haugh, near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. 2. 'T. clavarieformis. Persoon, Syn. 629; Gr. FJ. Eds. 427; Podisoma clavarieformis, Bot. Gall. ii. 881; Berwick Flora, ii. 146. On the bark of Juniper at the Bede Hills, N. On the same shrub near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. 3. T. Auricula-jude. Persoon, Syn. 624; T. auricula, Eng. Bot. 2447 ; Peziza auricula, With. iv. 420, On old Elder trees in hedges near Gateshead, and in Long-acre Wood, D. Near Benwell, Denton, Fenham, and Hexham, N. 4. T. spiculosa. Persoon, Syn. 624; Berwick Flora, ii. 145; Evi- dia glandulosa, Bot. Gall. ii. 732. Near Berwick. Dr. G. Johnston considers this distinct from T. ar- borea. 5. T. albida. Gr. Fl. Eds. 427 ; With. iv. 90; Berwick Flora, 145; Eng. Bot. 2117 ; Bull. t, 221; T. candida, Persoon, Syn. 624. On the dead branches of trees, rare, Ge ? 114 6. T. arborea. Gr. Fl. Eds. 427 ; Eng. Bot, 2448 ; With. iv. 91; Bull. t. 420. On the dead branches and trunks of trees. 7. T. sarcoides. Gr. Fl. Eds. 427; Eng. Bot..2450; Berwick Flora, 145; Bolton, t. 101, f 2; With. iv. 92; Batsch. t. 53; T. amethystea, Bull. t. 499, f. 5. On rotten wood, frequent. 8..T. granulata, With. iv. 95; Eng. Bot. 324; Bull. 10, 17. In Bradley Wood, by a rivulet, D. In Dilston Park and Oak Wood, N. 129. DACRYMYCES. 1, D. Urtice. Bot. Gall. ii. 729; Berwick Flora, ii. 144; Tre- mella Urtice, Persoon, Syn. 628; Fusarum tre- melloides, Gr. Crypt. t. 10. On the dead stems of the Nettle. 2. D. deliquescens. Bot. Gall. ii. 729; Berwick Flora, ii. 143; D. stillaris, Gr. Crypt. t. 159; Tremella deliquescens, Gr. Fl. Eds. 427; 'T. lacrymalis, Persoon, Syn. 628; Bull. t. 445, f 3. On wood in a state of decay, frequent. 130, AGYRUM. . A. rufum. Gr. Syn. 24; Fries, iv. t. 232; Tremella2 Stictis, Persoon, Syn. 628. On old dry Fir wood, not rare. i 131. ACROSPERMUM. . A. compressum. Gr. Crypt. t. 182; Clavaria Herbarum, Persoon, Syn. 605; Purton, t. 19, f 3; Sowerby, t. 353. On the dead stems of herbaceous plants. _ 132. NIDULARIA. . N. campanulata. With. iv. 426; Purton, t. 17, £35; Sowerby, t. 28; N. vernicosa, Bull. t. 448, f. 1; Peziza lenti- Jera, Bolton, t. 102, f. 15 Cyathus olla, Persoon, Syn. 237; Gr. Fl. Eds. 459. Near the Windmill Hills Gateshead, and at Ravens- worth, Team, and Medomsley, D. Near Benwell and Denton, also in East Common Wood, N. Near Darlington.—Mr. I. Robson. 2, N. striata. With. iv. 426; Sowerby, t. 29; Purton, t. 17, f. 1; Peziza striata, Bolton, t. 102, f. 2; P. hirsuta, Scheff. t. 178; Bull. t. 40; Cyathus striatus, Persoon, Syn. 237. On decayed wood at Spring Gardens and Fenham, N ~ 3. N. levis. i With. iv. 427; Purton, t. 17, f.2; Sowerby, t. 30; Bull. 140; Cyathis crucibulum, Gr. Crypt. t. 34; FL Eds. 459; Persoon, Syn. 238; Ber.. wick Flora, ii. 191. On rotten wood at Kenton, Wallington, and in East Common Wood, N. Near the Redheugh above Gateshead, D. Near Darlington, D.—Mr. E. Robson. Mr. Wincn’s Flora of Northumberland, &c. LYCOPERDACE:. 133. SCLERODERMA. 1. S. Cepa. Gr. Crypt. t. 66; Persoon, Syn. 155; Berwick Flora, ii. 186; Tuber solidum, With. iv. 443. Near Wallington, N.—W. C. Trevelyan, Esq. 2. S. Semen. Gr. Crypt. t. 144, f. 2; Persoon, Syn. 123; Spheria Brassica, Bolton, t. 119, f. 2; Sowerby, 393, £3; With. iv. 471; Lam. and De Cand. v. 113. On_ putrid leaves of the Cabbage and stalks of the Potatoe, N. and D. Near Darlington, D.—Mr. Backhouse. 3. S. citrinum. Persoon, Syn. 153; Lycoperdon citrinum, Bolton, t. 116. Near Medomsley, D. Near Wylam and Bywell, N. 4. S. verrucosum. Persoon, Syn. 154; Gr. Crypt. t. 48; Lycoperdon verrucosum, Bull. t. 24; With. iv. 451; L. de- Jossum, Sowerby, t. 311. By the sides of woods near Medomsley, Wolsingham, and Lanchester, and on stone walls near Gateshead, and Ravensworth, D. In Dilston Park, Oak Wood, and East Common Wood, N. 134. DIDYMIUM. 1. D. globosum. Gr. Syn.14 ; Diderma globosum, Gr. Crypt. t. 122 ; Persoon, Syn. 167. On dead Oak and Beach leaves, common. 135, GEASTRUM. 1. G. coliforme. Persoon, Syn. 131; Lycoperdon coliforme, Dick. Crypt. Fasc. i. t. 3, f 4; Sowerby, t. 313; With. iv. 444; Northumberland and Durham Guide, ii. 105. In pastures on Langley Moor near Lanchester, D. Near Wylam and Bywell, N. 2. G. quadrifidum. Persoon, Syn. 133; Lycoperdon fornicatum, With. iv. 446; Sowerby, t. 198; Purton, iii. 480, Near Castle Eden, D. Near Barnardcastle.-—Rev. James Dalton. Near Darlington, D.—Mr. E. Robson. 3. G. hygrometricum, 8 anglicanum. Persoon, Syn. 135; Lycoperdon recolligens, With. iv. 447; Sowerby, t. 401; Bull. t. 238. Near Easington and Harton, D. Near Darlington. —Mr. E. Robson. 4, G. multifidum. Gr. Crypt. t. 306; G. coronatum #, Persoon, Syn. 132; Lycoperdon stellatum, Bolton, t. 179; With. iv. 445, var. 1; Sowerby, t. 312; Pur- ton. t. 20; Linn. Tr. ii. 54. Near Wylam, Stamfordham, and Hexham, N. Near Castle Eden and Easington, D. Near Darlington. —Mr. E. Robson, Near Barnard Castle, D.— Rey. Jas. Dalton. 136, SPHEROBOLUS. 1. S. stellatus. Gr. Crypt. t. 158; Persoon, Syn. 115; Purton, t. Mr. Wincu’s Flora of Northumberland, &c. 22; 30; Lycoperdon Corpobolus,- Sowerby, t- With. iv. 449. - On rotten wood near Warney Bourn and Chester-le- Street, D. Near Gosforth and Denton, N. 137. LYCOPERDON. 1. L. giganteum. Persoon, Syn. 140; Batsch. El. Fung. t: 165; Berwick Flora, ii. 187; L. Proteus, With, iv. 452, var. 1; Sowerby, t. 332 (upper figure) ; L. Bovista, Bull. t. 447; Bovista gigantea, Gr. Crypt. t. 336; Fl. Eds. 458. In fields near Lintz Green and Medomsley, D. in pastures at Spindlestone, N.— Wallis. 2. L. nigrescens. _L. Bovista, Sowerby, t. 331; Bovista nigrescens, Persoon, Syn. 136; Gr. Fl, Eds. 458. In meadows and pastures, not rare, N. and D. 3. L. Bovista. Persoon, Syn. 141; Gr. Fl Eds. 456; Berwick Flora, ii. 187; L. Proteus, Sowerby, t. 332 (middle figure). In pastures, not rare, N. and D. Under the floors of the Vicarage and Infirmary, Newcastle. 4. L. pratense. Gr. Fl. Eds. 457; Persoon, Syn. 142; Berwick Flora, ii. 187; L. Proteus cepaforme, Bull. t. 435, fi 2. In pastures, frequent. 5. L. excipuliforme. Gr. Fl. Eds. 457; Persoon, Syn. 143; Berwick Flora, ii. 187; L. Proteus, var. excipuliforme, Bull. t. 550, f 2; I. Proteus, Sowerby, t. 332 (lower figures); Bolton. t. 117, f. 9. In pastures, rare. 6. L. pyriforme. Persoon, Syn. 148; Gr. Crypt. t. 304; L. Proteus, var. pyriforme, With. iv. 453; var. ovoidewm, Bull. t. 435, f. 3. On the rotten stumps of trees, and on the ground in woods, not rare. 138. TULOSTOMA. 1. T. brumale. Gr. Crypt. t. 340; Persoon, Syn. 139 ; Lycoperdon pedunculatum, With. iv. 451; Bull. t. 294 and 471; Sowerby, t. 406. On old stone walls among moss, N. and D. 139. ONYGENA. 1. O. equina. Gr. Syn. 11; Crypt. t. 343; Persoon, Syn. 203 ; Berwick Flora, ii. 189; Lycoperdon equinum, With. iv. 450. On the horns and hoofs of animals in a state of decay. Near Yetholm.—Rey. A. Baird. 140. LYCOGOLA. 1. L. argentea. Gr. F]. Eds, 453; Crypt. t. 106; Berwick Flora, ii. 188; Reticularia Lycoperdon, With. iv. 459 ; Sowerby, t. 272. On rotten gate posts, &c. 2. L. miniata. Gr. Crypt. t. 38; Berwick Flora, ii, 188; Per- 115 soon, Syn. 158; Lycoperdon epidendrum, With. iv. 457; Sowerby, t. 52; Bolton, t. 119, f. 1. On rotten wood, not rare. Near Darlington, D.— Mr. E. Robson. In Dilston Park, N. Near Berwick.— Dr. G. Johnston. 3. L. fuliginosa. Berwick Flora, ii. 189. On decayed Fir trees near Berwick.—Dr. G. John- ston. 141. LEANGIUM. 1. L. Trevelyani. Gr. Syn. 14; Crypt. t. 132. On Bryum ligulatum in woods at Hartburn, north of Wallington, N.—W. C. Trevelyan, Esq. 142. PHYSARUM. 1. P. luteum. Persoon, Syn. 172; Spherocarpus luteus, Bull. t. 407, f. 25; Trichia flava, With. iv. 474; Bolton, t. 93, f. 4. Crotty timber in Gibside and Ravensworth Woods, 2. P.? gloduliferum. Persoon, Syn. 175 ; Spherocarpus globuliferus, Bull. t. 484, £3; Trichia globulifera, With. iv. 475 ; T. spherocarpa, Sowerby, t. 240; Clathrus spherocarpus, Bolton, t. 94, f. 1. On rotten wood in Cawsey Dene, and near Ryton and Gateshead, D. 3. P. nutans. Persoon, Syn. 171; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 12; Tri- chia alba, Lam. and De Cand. ii. 252; Sowerby, t. 259; Spherocarpus albus, Bull. t. 407, f. 3; Clathrus spherocephalus, Bolton, t. 91, f. 1. On dead leaves and sticks in Cawsey Dene, D. Heaton and Denton Denes, N 4, P. aureum. Gr. Crypt. t. 124; Persoon, Syn. 173. On decayed trunks of trees, not rare. Near Walling- ton, N.—W. C. Trevelyan, Esq. 5. P. furinaceum. Bot. Gall. ii. 860; Berwick Flora, ii. 190. On decayed Beach leaves, not rare. Near Berwick. —Dr. G. Johnston. In 143. LEOCARPUS. 1. L. vernosus. Gr. Crypt. t. 111; Berwick Flora, ii. 189; Fl. Eds. 4535 Diderma vernosum, Persoon, Syn. 165; Lycoperdon fragile, With. iv. 458 ; Sower- by, t. 136; Dick. Crypt. t. 3, f. 6. On moss in Cawsey Wood, D. In Heaton, Scots- wood, and Walbottle Denes, N. Near Berwick. —Dr. G. Johnston. 144. CRATERIUM. 1. C. leucocephalum. Gr. Syn. 18; Crypt. t. 65; Berwick Flora, ii. 190. On dead leaves and straws in woods.—Dr. G. John- ston. 145. PERICH ENA. 1. P. populina. Gr. Crypt. t. 252; Licea circumscissa, Persoon, 116 Syn. 196; Gr. Fl. Eds. 451 5 Spherocarpus sub- sessilis, Bull. t. 417, f. 5. Between the wood and the bark of Aspen trees near Jesmond, N. 146. LICEA. 1. L, fragiformis. Gr. Crypt. t. 308; Tubulina fragiformis, Persoon, Syn. 198; Trichia fragiformis, With. iv. 475; Spherocarpus fragiformis, Bull. t. 384. On rotten wood and dead leaves, not rare. 147. TRICHIA. i . T. nigripes. Persoon, Syn. 178; T. pyriformis, With. iv. 474 ; Sowerby, t. 400, f. 6; Spherocarpus pyriformis, Bull. t. 417, £ 2. in Long-acre and Gibside Woods, D. Common and Horsley Woods, N. T. ovata. Persoon, Syn. 180; Berwick Flora, ii. 190; Gr. Fl. Eds. 454; T. turbinata, Sowerby, t. 85 ; With. iv. 476 ; Clathrus turbinatus, Bolton, t. 94, in Long-acre and Gibside Woods, D. In Horsley Wood and Scotswood Dene, N. Near Berwick.— Dr. G. Johnston. 3. T. coccinea. Lam. and De Cand. ii, 255; T. rufa, With. iv. 473 ; Sperocarpus coccineus, Bull. t. 368, f. 1. In East Common Wood and Dilston Park, N. 4, T. faginea. Berwick Flora, ii. 191. On dead branches of the Beach near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. 5. T. clavata. Lam. and De Cand. vi. 101; Persoon, Syn. 178 ; Berwick Flora, ii. 190. On decayed Fir wood near Berwick.—Dr. G. John- ston. In East bo 148. ARCYRIA. = . A. punicea. Gr. Crypt. t. 130; Fl. Eds. 455; Persoon, Syn. 185; Berwick Flora, ii. 191; Trichia cinnabaris, Bull. t. 502, f. 1; T. denudata, With. iv. 472; Sowerby, t. 49; Clathrus denudatus, Bolton, t. 93, £2: On rotten wood in Long-acre and Gibside Woods, D. In Heaton and Scotswood Denes, N. At Murton Crags, N.—Dr. G. Johnston. 2. A. flava. Gr. Crypt. t. 309; Persoon, Syn. 184; A. nutans, Gr. FI. Eds. 455; Trichia nutans, Bull. t. 502, f.3; With. iv. 474; Sowerby, t. 260. On rotten wood near Benwell and Denton. N. 149. STEMONITES. 1. S. fasciculata. Gr. Crypt. t. 170; Berwick Flora, ii. 191; Per- soon, Syn. 187; Trichia avifera, Bull. t. 177, f 1; T. nuda, With. iv. 472; Sowerby, t. 20; Clathrus nudus, Bolton, t. 93, f. 1. On rotten wood at Wallington, and in Dilston Park and Heaton Dene, N. In Ravensworth and Gib- side Woods, D. Near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. Mr. Wrncn’s Flora of Northumberland, &c. 150. DICTYDIUM. 1. D. cernuum. Gr. Grypt.t. 153 ; Cribraria cernua, Persoon, Syn. 189. On rotten wood, not very rare. 151. TRICHOMERMA, l. T. viride. Gr. Crypt. t. 271; Persoon, Syn. 231. On decayed trees, common. 152. ILLOSPORUM. _ « L. rosewm. Gr. Syn. 10; Berwick Flora, ii. 144; Palmella rosea, Crypt. t. 513 Tubercularia rosea, Persoon, Syn. 114. : On the bark of the Hawthorn and Apple, not rare, N. and D. On Lichensin Twizell Dene, and near Berwick.—Dr. G. Johnston. 153. SCLEROTIUM. 1. S. Semen. Gr. Crypt. t. 144, f. 2; Persoon, Syn. 128; Ber- wick Flora, ii. 137 ; Spheria Brassice, Bolton, t- 119, f. 2; Sowerby, t. 393, f. 3; With. iv. 471. On stalks of putrid vegetables, common. S. clavus. Lam. and De Cand. v. 115; Berwick Flora, ii. 138. On the seeds of Agrostis alba. Near Berwick,—Dr. G. Johnston. 3. S. muscorum. Persoon, Syn. 120; Berwick Flora, ii. 138; S. subterraneum, Gr. F]. Eds. 461 ; Crypt. t. 101. On the roots of Hypna in Longridge Dene near Ber- wick.—Dr. G. Johnston. 4, S. Pteridis. Gr. Fl. Eds. 463; Berwick Flora, ii. 139. On the stems of Pteris aquilina, common. On 46,1 -On.the loth of December; .cc.cccsessces- 45 Onithe WO thxot June; ieccccsececcecceceses ~ AT On the 17th of January,.............. Pap 4 On the 15th of July, ........ Portes «eee 48 | On the 27th of ditto,. .........0. vavenoatee 43 On the 28th OF ditto, < | Onithe 27th’ of Gitt;-..c.cstecssacceaecses ap, 283 On the 28th of ditto, ...... aisenaleeees coos O4 =| On the Sth of March, ...........0ceeceeeee 42 Mean temperature, \......ccccecscocoecessonsecs boone 4s Wrncu on the Geographical Distribution of Plants through the Counties of Northum- berland, Cumberland, and Durham.—Pamphlet, 8vo., 2d Edition, 1825. Mr. Wrncn’s Observations on his Flora. 139 that the extremely scarce plants of the Welch and Scotch Alps, reward the toil of the Botanist. To those long conversant with this science, the natural arrangement, generally adopted by the French school, would seem to have given the preceding pages the air of greater research ; but the Linnean method, though artificial, has been chosen: for, as Dr. Hooker justly remarks, ‘the experience of a hundred years has proved to every unprejudiced mind, that no system can be compared to that of the immortal Swede, for the facility with which it enables any one hitherto unpractised in botany to arrive at a knowledge of the genus and species of a plant.””?, And as the chief value of these memoranda will be in assisting those who are commencing their botanic career, an enumeration of genera and species adapted to their line of study was to be preferred. One of the first difficulties the student will have to enceunter is the un- settled state in which he will find many genera, and far more species, of plants, so common as to be met with in every hedge and wood ; for, un- fortunately, scarcely two botanists of the present day can agree upon what should constitute generic, much less specific, distinctions. This may appear a startling assertion, but in making it I am borne out by one of the best and most accomplished botanist of our time, whose ideas on this subject I shall take the liberty to give in his own words. “In nothing is more consideration now required than to determine what of new genera ought to be adopted and what rejected. Had you and I begun our botanic career when old Dickson was in his prime, we should have had the same aversion to the Hedwigian improvements which he had, but which have nevertheless tended so very much to the advance- ment of muscology. At the same time I must agree with you, that modern Botanists are carrying their ideas of division and subdivision to a most unwarrantable length, and that they are thereby doing an injury rather than a benefit to science, and are deterring many from under- taking the study altogether. I must not be supposed to condemn the subdivision of genera on every occasion. If there is a distinction in the habit of the plant, and a different mode of fructification at the same time, then I will allow the genus may be a good one. ‘Then again there 140 Mr. Wrwcn’s Observations on his Flora. is another class of Botanists more injurious than these, they too are generally men who set their faces against any increase of genera, but who, at the same time, consider that the most trifling difference in a leaf, a serrature, or a hair, should constitute a specific distinction: and to such an extravagant pitch is this system now carried in certain ge- nera—take Rosa, Rubus, Salix, Myosotis, no two persons are or can be agreed on what constitutes a species and what not, in such tribes. The consequence is, that all sober-minded Botanists will have nothing to do with these genera, and the crazy ones have each their own ideas as to species. You and I may set our faces against these species-mon- gers, but it is to no purpose.” But as the native Roses, with which this district abounds in a remark- able degree, contribute greatly to the beauty of our woodland scenery and hedge-rows, it may be worth while to inquire into the cause of the dif- ficulty which attends the defining the species of such conspicuous flowers. That there is difficulty in the task we may be assured of, for Woops, an indefatigable Botanist,in his paper published by the Linnean Society, in the 12th vol. of their Transactions, enumerates no less than twenty British species, while LinpLey, who bestowed no less pains on the same subject, in his Rosarum Monographia reduced their numbers to twelve. The difference of opinion, existing between these acute Botanists, must be accounted for by those marks which generally afford permanent specific distinctions in other plants, such as the roughness or smoothness of their leaves, the form of the prickles, whether the segments of the calyx be simple or divided, or the leaves be singly or doubly serrated being of small avail in this genus. To these must be added, the almost insur- mountable difficulty that the various species or varieties pass by insen- sible degrees into each other, and though at first sight, no two Roses may appear more dissimilar than Rosa canina on the one hand, and Rosa villosa on the other, yet links can easily be furnished to form a complete chain between them. Rosa canina is well known as a robust growing bush, with hooked prickles, smooth oval fruit and shining leaves. In Rosa sarmentacea the plant becomes slender in habit, and with us its leaves generally assume a glaucous hue. Rosa Forster? Mr. Wrncu’s Observations on his Flora. 141 begins to show a tendency to pubescence on the midrib of its leaves, and Rosa dumetorum or cesia has leaves covered with a velvety down. In ali these the prickles are strongly hooked. The next link of the chain claims particular attention, as it appears to connect two sections of the genus. I allude to Rosa tomentosa, the prickles of which are in part hooked, and in part straight, its fruit sometimes smooth, at others hispid, and this frequently occurs on the same bush, but its leaves are always pubescent. Rosa scabriuscula has straight prickles, its flowers are white, except the extremity of the petals which are tipped with red. Rosa villosa, of Smit (not the plant so called by Swarrz and most of the continental Botanists, that being an exotic and the Apple Rose of the gardeners), has invariably straight prickles, pubescent leaves, globose fruit, occasionally hispid, and full rose-red flowers. The Roses most nearly allied to Rosa canina have pale pink blossoms, those to Rosa vil- losa red, with the exception of Rosa scabriuscula as previously mention- ed. With respect to Rosa Eglanteria, it will be found to vary through Rosa micrantha to Rosa Borreri, or inodora of the foreign Botanists, a bad name for a plant which still possesses, in some degree, the odour of the Eglantine, and which the old herbalists would have denominated a savage Sweet Briar. Passing on to another section of the genus, we find the same uncertainty of specific character to continue. Thus in Rosa gracilis of Woops, the prickles on the stem are hooked, but not so on the young branches,—in its variety Rosa Sabini or Doniana (for there is not the slightest difference between them), all the prickles are straight, as well as in its dwarf’ sea-side variety, Rosa involuta. Rosa spinosis- sima, in its wild state, varies only in size, though the parent of the nu- merous beautiful Roses sold by nurserymen under the name of Scotch Roses, and Rosa arvensis continues true to its well-defined specific cha- racter. Of Rosa rubella, which is nearly allied to Rosa alpina of the south of Europe, as Rosa arvensis is to Rosa sempervirens—too little is known to enable one to say whether it passes into any other supposed species—its pendent scarlet fruit keeps it asunder from any British _ Rose. A dark red flowered variety is not rare in the gardens near London, but I could not learn from whence it came. The foregoing VOL. II. 00 142 Mr. Wincn’s Observations on his Flora. remarks are confined to that portion of the genus indigenous in the north of England, and which have been long under my observation in their native habitats. It remains for the experimental gardener, by sowing and resowing the seeds, to clear up the obscurity in which many of the supposed species are involved, for that alone can remove all conjectures respecting them. Of the Rudi, another intricate family, we have but six shrubby species, Rubus ideus, R. suberectus, R. cesius, R. fructicosus, R. corylifolius, and R. glandulosus, and in determining these, there can be no difficulty, unless we attempt to divide them in- to the endless varieties dignified by specific names by some German Botanists. For one well defined Bramble, very common in the vales of the Highlands of Scotland and Cumberland, we have but a single lo- cality at present, though I think it must have been overlooked in our sub-alpine vallies, among the Cheviot mountains; I allude to Rubus suberectus. In Borrowdale, and at the foot of Skiddaw, it is not un- common, both with double and single flowers. It is most nearly allied to Rubus ideus, but has bright green leaves, and its fruit is nearly black. The figure in English Botany is a good representation of the plant, but I suspect the Bramble of the south of England, by several Botanists con- sidered the same as the Highland plant, will prove to be distinct from it, at least I am led to think so, by dried specimens collected in the former part of the kingdom. Notwithstanding that the Willows are much more numerous than the Roses, their different species may, with attention, be settled with greater certainty and upon surer grounds, for they are less liable to run into varieties. But from this general rule, Salix aquatica, and more parti- cularly Salix repens must be excluded. Between Salix argentea, the Silky Willow of Smrru, which shoots into a tall upright shrub, and the small decumbent varieties of the Creeping Willow, the difference is very ob- vious at first sight; but, I mistake, if intermediate varieties cannot be traced to unite the two plants. The series comprises Salix pros- trata, S. fusca, S. parvifolia, S. adscendens, and S. incubacea of the English Botany,—probably S. fetida of the English Flora, might be added to the list, but of this I do not possess authenticated specimens. Mr. Wincx’s Observations on his Flora. 1438 The sub-alpine glens which descend from our moors are the true lo- calities of several of the rare Willows with broad leaves, and it is in such places they should be studied, rather than in Botanic Gardens, where their habits become materially altered by cultivation. With the aid of the excellent works of Drs. Hooker and Taytor, and the assistance of the microscope, the botanic student will be enabled to master the numerous species of Mosses and Jungermanni, these minute vegetables, aptly denominated the watch-work of nature, seldom de- viating into varieties, or appearing to pass into each other ; but it will require glasses of higher magnifying powers, and the exercise of more patient attention, to arrive at a competent knowledge of the A/g@ and minute Fungi described in the elaborate publications of Dr. GREVILLE ; but, that this abstruse department of the science may be acquired even by persons whose time and attention are otherwise greatly occupied in professional pursuits, is evinced in the Flora of Berwick, a publication so highly creditable to one of our associates, Dr. Grorce JoHNsTOoN. Yet, notwithstanding these helps, the cryptogamic Botanist is still obliged to look to the continental writers for assistance, and must possess a part, at least, of the works of AcHarius, Persoon, Acarpu, and De Cannotie. Probably, the Botanicon Gallicum of Dr Canpo.ie, in which a considerable proportion of the plants described by the be- fore-named authors are comprised, will be found most useful, the climate of a large part of France differing not widely from our own. Linx, Lynexpy, and Frirs are the present guides among the most minute of Nature’s vegetable productions, whose very genera are almost as unsettled as the sands on the sea shore. SowerBy’s excellent delineations of the Lichens in the English Botany have materially facilitated the study of these intricate families, and their arrangement by Acuartus is probably as good a one, for mere practice, as could be adopted. Yet many individuals of these obscure tribes are to be found enumerated in his pages, not only as distinct spe- cies, but as belonging to more than one genus. ‘This is owing in a great measure to the altered and degenerate state in which many appear when growing out of their natural localities, but more particularly to the slow mode of increase common to many of the crustaceous species. I have 14:4: Mr. Wincn’s Observations on his Flora. observed that, after the lapse of ten years, specimens of Lecanora atra, portions of which I had chipped from a stone wall, had not again form- ed the circular patches of crust, which is their natural mode of growth. Considerable obscurity still hangs over the manner of the reproduction of these stone-like plants, though it appears evident that the minute par- ticles of the crusts of various species must be viviparous, for who can believe that so common a plant as Leczdea incana, which covers walls and rocks in almost every situation, can alone be propagated by spo- rules or seeds from its shields; for these shields, though sufficiently con- spicuous, have been noticed but twice in England; in Hampshire by Mr. Lyrtt, and in Sussex by Mr. D. Turner, In the preceding pages, a few habitats of rare plants are given on the authority of the works of Turnrer,* Ray,+ Witson,t * The complete edition of TurNER’s Herbal was printed by BirKMAN. It is a folio, in black letter, and containing 512 figures of plants, but which are the same as used in the 8th ed. of Fucustus, printed in 1545. + Synopsis Methodica Stirpium Britannicarum, by Joun Ray, 8vo., 3d ed. London, 1724. Edited by Ditienius. { Synopsis of British Plants, by Joun Witson, 8vo. Newcastle upon Tyne, 1744,— Brown, in his Prodromus of Australian Plants, p. 490, has named a genus belonging to the order Convolvulacee after him, accompanied with the remark, “ Jn memoriam Joannis Wilson auctoris operis haud spernandi,” A compliment not to be despised, coming from such high authority. The first volume of Wizson’s Synopsis was printed in 1744, by Joun Goop1nG, on the Side, Newcastle upon Tyne, but the author does not appear to have re- ceived sufficient encouragement to induce him to publish the second volume. It was to have contained the Fungi, Mosses, Grasses, and Trees, which he says were omitted, “to avoid raising the price of the first volume too high by enlarging the bulk of it too much.” From Dr. PuLTNEY, we learn, “ That in the year 1762, a person here, into whose hands the MS. had passed, meditated the publication of it with a new edition of the first volume, which was out of print, and much called for, but the design never took effect.” W1Lson appears to have paid frequent visits to this place, and delivered lectures to a Botanic class, but with what success I know not. To the English Flora, he added Valeriana rubra, on Ely Minster, and on walls in many other places, on the authority of Mr. Martin, and Allium Schenoprasum, in a place called Chivey-syke, in Cartmell Fell, in Lancashire, about six miles from Kendal. Botanists, since his time, have disputed the right of these plants to be considered truly indigenous, not being mentioned by Ray.” The former is abundant on Limestone rocks and walls in the north of France, and the latter is certainly wild on Ba- saltic rocks at Wall-town Crags, and Copping Crags by the Wansbeck, near Kirkwhelping- ton, Northumberland. In an interleaved copy of the Synopsis, once the property of the late Mr. Ropert Harrison, is the following notice of Witson’s death. “ Newcastle Journal, July the 27th, 1751.—We hear from Kendal, in Westmorland, that last week, Mr. Waincw’s Observations on his Flora. 145 and Rogson,* and many more on the authority of Watuts.t By the perusal of his Natural History of Northumberland, Botanists, even of the present day, may obtain useful information, though, unfortunately for his reputation as a correct man of science, two or three of the most remarkable plants, which he supposed he had discovered growing with us, were not the species he took them for; yet, on most occasions, I have ascertained him to be correct; and, let it be remembered, that in his time, no well executed and coloured engravings, such as those which adorn Curtis and Hooxer’s Flora Londinensis, or SMitH and Sowersy’s English Botany, had been published to assist the diligent, but more commonly to spoil the indolent Botanist. From Mr. Hoee’s valuable Tract,t appended to the second edition of Brewster’s History of Stockton, numerous habitats have been extracted, for the south-eastern corner ef the county of Durham is propitious to the growth of several southern plants which here terminate their range died there, Mr. Joun Witsoy, a noted Botanist of that place, and author of a Synopsis of British Plants, after Mr. Ray’s method. He had uncommon natural parts, which (with- out the advantage of a learned education), by his own industry in study and application, he had so much improved, as to become, perhaps, one of the most knowing herbalists of his time ; and was, besides, a most facetious and agreeable companion, of a just, ready wit, a quick descernment, a firm integrity, and candid intention, which made him vastly be- loved by all his friends and acquaintance, who deeply regret the loss of so valuable a man.” * The British Flora, by Sveruen Rosson, 8vo. York, 1777. + The Natural History and Antiquities of Northumberland, by Jouxn Watts, A. M., 2 vols., 4to. London, 1769. I am not aware that any life of the historian of Northumber- land has been published, but short biographical notices of him may be seen in Hutcurn- son’s History of Cumberland, vol. ii. p. 267, and Brewsrer’s History of Stockton, second edition, p. 391-395. To these I could have added several characteristic anecdotes communi- cated to me by the Rev.G. Witson, Rector of Wolsingham, and Mrs. Hoae, of Norton, who were personally acquainted with Watts in his latter years, but it was not in my power to detail these without attaching censure to persons who neglected and treated with harsh- ness so worthy and single-hearted a man in the decline of life ; and such strictures would be out of place in the Transactions of this Society. On leaving Simonburn, WALLIS re- tired first to Billingham, and then to Norton, in the county of Durham, where he died, and was interred. His tomb-stone bears the following inscription :—“ Under this stone are de- posited the remains of the Rev. Joun Wattts, A. M., who died July 19, 1793, aged 78. Also of Elizabeth, his wife, who died January 13, 1801, aged 90, A marble tablet is erect- ed to their memory in the north aisle of the church.” This tablet never was erected. { The Natural History of the Vicinity of Stockton on Tees, by J. Hoac, A. M. 8vo. Stockton, 1827.—Forming an Appendix to Brewster's History of Stockton. VOL. II. Pp 146 Mr. Wincx’s Observations on his Flora. towards the north. Their appearance on this side of the Tees is partly owing to the shelter afforded by the Cleveland hills, but more especially by the warm and fertile soil originating from the decomposition of the Red Sandstone rocks, prevalent in the lower part of this vale. On referring to the latter pages of this Catalogue, it will readily be seen how greatly its numbers have been increased by the assiduity of Dr. G. Jounston, author of the Berwick Flora,* who has shown how much may be learned respecting the most minute cryptogamic produc- tions, by a diligent use of the microscope, and by a fixed determination to follow up a peculiar line of study and investigation. To my other numerous friends, who have favoured me with speci- mens or delineations of plants, I beg leave to acknowledge the kindness conferred, and whenever the name of a correspondent is attached to a locality, thanks for the communication are to be implied as a matter of course. * A Flora of Berwick upon Tweed, by G. Jounstoyn, M.D. 2 vols. 12mo., Edinburgh, 1829 and 1831. £gopodium pe Ethusa,..... i Agrimonia, Agrostemma,.... 30 A'ZTOSHSyieccccsoxce 11D) Aira,..... 5 Ajuga,..... oy B33) Alchemilla,....... 10 Alisma, . g 24 Allium, 133 PANTINIS Wesstasce seca - 61 Alopecurus, ..... 5 Amaranthus, .... 61 Anagallis, ....... 13 JANCHSA, i csiscccse 1D Andromeda, 27 Anemoue,. 37 Angelica,.. oss, 19 Anthemis,....... 55 Anthoxanthum,. 3 Anthriscus, ....... 18 Anthyliis, ....... - AT Antirrhinum,.... 41 Apargia, .. 51 Apium,. 19 Aquilegia, - 37 Arabis, ....... 45, 184 Arbutus, .. 27 JArctinm\.c7scessce 52 Arenaria, ...29, 134 Artemisia, ..... 563 Arum, ... OL Arundg, .. sony ads ASATUDD; cocscccess DL Asperugo, ....... 74 Asperula,... - 55 SASLOXsifenccsne . 54 Astragalus,....... 48 Atriplex, - 65 Atropa, 5 UG) ah) Avena, . es) Ballota,... 40 Barbarea, 44 Bartsia, ... gel Belligntr;sterscsssettOD. INDEX TO MR. WINCH’S FLORA OF NORTHUMBERLAND, &c. BAT eet Page. Gen. 23 155 17 +101 40 237 62 372 i 53 323 Borago, 12 . 73 196 | Brassica, . 45 278 190 | Briza,..... Tim So 28 | Bromus, . 7 42 31 | Bryonia,... 61 364 229 | Bunium,... 18 115 61| Bupleurum, . 20 134 162 | Butomus, . 26 147 | Cakile, ..... 43 360 | Calendula, 56 25 | Callitriche, 58 363 | Calluna, ... 25 82] Caltha, .. 38 228 70 | Camelina, .. 42 260 177| Campanula, . 14 221} Cardamine, .. ... 43 128 | Carduus, ... ..... 52 340 | Carex,.... 59, 134 AS |iCarlina, caccssocsce 53 111} Carpinus, 62 291 | Carum, .. 20 253 | Caucalis,... 18 311 | Centaurea, .. 55 125| Cerastium, ...... 30 219| Ceratophyllum,.. 61 276 | Cheiranthus,...... 44 178| Cherophyllum,.. 18 113 317| Chelidonium, ... 35 211 187 | Chlora)).cec-sn<0: teajeoe 166, 826|Chenopodium,... 16 100 868| Chrysanthemum, 55 337 8|Chrysosplenium, 27 180 194} Cichorium, ....... 52 816 12| Cicuta, .... 19 118 9| Circzea, .. 1 5 332 | Cistus, ... 86 217 299} Cladium,.. aoe) APL. 889 | Clematis, .... 87 222 133| Clinopodium,.... 40 242 43) \Cnicusy crcsceccns 52 320 239) Cnidium, . seer SOL ISS 272| Cochlearia,....... 43 264 247| Colchicum,....... 24 161 3361 Comarum, ....... 85 210 | Epipactis, .. Coniumsrcccsiesere 19 Convallaria,...22, 133 Convolyulus, ..,. 14 Conyzasteasosssece 53 Coriandrum, ..... 19 COrnusseeseaccessce 10 Corylus, . 62 Crepis, ...... 51 Crithmum, . 19 Cuscutasisccaccssas 17 Cynoglossum, ... 12 Cynosurus, ....... 7 Delphinium,...... Dianthus, ... Epilobium, ...24, 134 Nirica; vests. Erigeron, .. Eriophorum,. Erodium, .. Ervun,..... Eryngium, Erysimum, Erythrza, .. Euonymus, Eupatorium, .... 53 Euphorbia,....... 58 Euphrasia, 41 Fagus, ...... 62 Fedia, ... 3 Festuca,.. oo, Sl Fragaria, ......... 85 Frankenia, ....... 23 156 Fraxinus, ... 1 4 Bumaria; ...>.5-.6) £460) .285 Galanthus, ...21, 183 145 Galeopsis,........ 40 236 Galium,.... cee pO) MOG: Genista,.... Gentiana,.. Geranium, Geum, ...... Glaucium, GJauxXsieesesss Glechoma, Glyceria, . Gnaphalium, .... 53 327 Goodyera,... 57 346 Hedera,...... 16 98 Hedysarum, - 48 298 Helleborus, ...... Heracleum, Hesperis, ...++ oe Hieracium, ... Hippocrepis, .... 297 EID Puyis, cece s cess 1 2 Holcus, ... 6 8 Hordeum, 8 48 FLOCODI Asi cesccssss 13280 Humulus, .. 64 381 Hydrocharis,.... 65 386 Hydrocotyle,.... 20 135 Hyoscyamus,.... 15 89 Hypericum, ...... 50 304 i 51 314 i 43 266 10), ..62 19 127 Inula, 54 334 Tris, 16 133 Isatis, 43 267 Jasione, . 14 85 Juncus, 22, 184 153 Juniperus,......... 65 387 Knautia, .... Oleg b2 Lactuca, . 50 308 Lamium, a it) PES} Lapsana, ... ROLES LO Lathrza, .... 41, 184 251 Lathrus, ... 47 293 Lavatera, 46 284 148 Index to Mr. Wrncu’s Flora, &c. Page. Gen. Page. Gen. Page. Gen GGMINAsirssescsesess 2 9|Nymphea, ....... 36 214] Reseda,....... Spartium,........ 47 237 Leontodon, .- 5) 310} (&nanthe, ...19, 122 133} Rhamnus, Spergula, .......... 30 193 Leonurus,.. 40 241] GEnothera, ....... 24 164) Rhinanthus, Spirza, .... 82 202 Lepidium,......... 42 261] Ononis, ............ ! Rhodiola, Stachys,.. 40 238 Ligusticum, ...... 19 129] Onopordum,...... Rhyncospora, ... 3 18] Statice, .... 20 141 Ligustrum,....... 1 3] Ophrys, Ribes, 16 Stellaria, .. 29 186 Limosella,.. 42 257] Orchis, .. ROSA eecececes Stratiotes, .... Linnza,... 42 256] Origanum, ....... 40 243 Rottbolia, 4 8 Te Doin mjjecsccsiecescuaiel wal 422) p 22 ubus, ‘amus, Listerass..0s: 57, 134 347 Ornithogalum, .. 133 149 Rumex, Tanacetum, .... Lithospermum,.. 12 69] Ornithopus, ...... 48° 296] Ruppia,... PaxuS,*sncecs os Littorella,.......... 61 859] Orobanche, ...... 42 258] Ruscus, . Teesdalia,......... 48 262 Lolium,..... aoe 0 i 45)| OrobUSy co cstecceecas 47 292] Sagina, .. Teucrium, ....... 38 230 Lonicera, 15 94] Oxalis, . 80 189 Sagittaria, . iliac Ssscesses Tee COMEe lO Lotus, 49 802] Panicum, 5 80] Salicornia,... Thalictrum,...... 387 223 Luciola, 23 154] Papaver, . S61213'Salixsecscccsc a Thlaspi,.... 43 263 Lychnis, 80 191] Parietaria,....... 10 60] Salsola, Thymus, . «. 40 244 Lycopsi 12 ee u7oiParisscsiccstes 26, 134 173 Tofieldia, ....... 24 159 Lycopus, +» 2 10] Parnassia, pRorilisstececespeotes 18 110 Lysimachia, ...... 13 81} Pastinaca, Tormentilla, 35, 184 207 Lythospermum, 12 69] Pedicularis, Tragopogon, ..... 50 805 Lythrum, .. -. 31 195} Peplis,.... Trientalis,. 24 163 Malaxis, . . 57 849] Phalaris, . Trifolium,. 49 301 Malvayiir.... . 46 283] Phleum, . : Saxifraga, ... 181] | Triglochin, 24 160 Marrubium, . 40 240] Picris, ....... 2/50)"'306 Scabiosa, »... 53 | Triodia,.... 6 7 Matricaria, ... 55 339) Pimpinella, 20 132] Scandix, 112{ Triticum, . weet (9-749 Medicago,..... ... 49 303] Pinguicula, .. 2 7 | Scheenus, 17] Trollius, .... 38, 134 226 Melampyrum,... 41 i Scilla,...... 150) “Curritis;...-cesccss 4000 277, Melica; .....c.s00s- 6 Scirpus, ... 133 | Tussilago,..... .. Melilotus, ee 134 Scleranthus, aeteee 28 182] Tulipa,.... Mentha,... 89 Scrophularia,.... 42 254]! Typha, .. Menyanthes,... cS ¢ Scutellaria,...41, 134 245] Ulex,.... Mercurialis, ...... 65 385] Polypogon, ...... 5 26]Sedum, ....... «es. 29 1885|]Ulmus, . Mespilus, .. 81 200] Populus, .......... 64 383|Sempervivum,... 31 198] Urtica, .... op Meum, ... 20 130] Potamogeton,... 10 63] Senebiera,......... 43 265} Utricularia, ... Milium,... 5 27] Potentilla, Senecio,.... . 54 831] Vaccinium,... Meenchia, .. 1166] Poterium,... 4 Serratula, .... 52 818] Valerianay,......... Monotropa, a igs 176 | Prenanthes,...... 51 309] Sesleria,. 6 84] Verbascum, . Montias .cictececce. 50] Primula,... .. 12, 77 133] Sherardia, . 9 (54) Verbena, .....2..0. Myosotis,.... 11, ise 68 | Prunella, we. 41 246] Silene, ..... 28 185| Veronica, .... Myosurus, « otaetee 21 144] Prunus,............ 81 199} Sinapis, . 45 279) Viburnum, IMyricaysccessaceces 64 880] Pulmonaria,...... 12715 (Sisonie.cccs 18) e1L7.| Vicia, ‘2.50: Myriophyllum,.. 61 866} Pyrethrum, ...... 55 838 | Sisymbrium, 44 271 | Villarsia, UV yrehis;: scsscesces 18 114] Pyrola, ...... 27, 184 179] Sium,....... 18 116] Vinca, Narcissus, ... 21, 183. 146] Pyrus, .. we. 82 201) Smyrnium,. 19 124) Viola, ......... INAardUSccaresveesee 4, 22] Quercus,. «+ 61 $870) Solanum, . 15 91] Viscum,.... Narthecium,... .. 22 151] Radiola, .......... 11 67] Solidago, .. 54 3833] Xanthium,....... Nasturtium, ..... 44 270) Ranunculus, .... 37 225] Sonchus,.... - 50 307] Zannichellia, .... 5S 354 Nepeta, . 88 231] Raphanus, ...... 45 280] Sparganium,...... 58:)°S56)|)Zostera;..cserederse 58, °353 WNuphar, .......... 86 215 PART II, Page. Gen. Page. Gen. Page. Gen. | 9 Acremonium, ... 122 184)Anomodon,...74, 135 39) Batrachosper- 130 244 Catenella,......... Acrospermum,,.. 114 131|Anthoceros,...... 81 49) mum, ...... > Cenangium, ... . Acrosporium,.... 122 187|Anthonia,. -. 81 52} Blechnum, ....... 67 s | Cenomyce, Actinothyrium, 99 97/Arcyria, .. --. 116 148| Boletus,...... ..:.. 107 108 | Ceramium,. ZEcidium, 1z 165 | Ascobolus,........ 113 124| Bonnemaisonia, 124 204) Cetraria, Egerita, ... 156 |Ascophora, ...... 122 182] Borrera, .......... 90 68 | Ceuthospora, Ethalium, ees 159 | Aspergillus, ..... 123 192) Botrychium, 67, 135 7 | Chara, ......... 101 |Asperocaulon, ... 127 231} Botrytis, 130 |Asperococcus, ... 126 216) Bryopsis, . 79 |Aspidium, ....68, 135 13| Bryum,. ... Agaricus, .. .. Agyrium, . Alectora, .. Cheetophora,. Chondria, .. Amanita, 100|Asplenium, . 67 12} Bulbocheta, . Chorda, ... Amphiconium,... 129 240|Auricularia, ...... 108 112! Byssus, .... Cinclodotus, TAindrzea, clessesses 79 46|Beomyces, ...... Calicium, ......... 84 Cladosporium, ... 123 191 Angioridium,.... 117 161 |Bangia,...... Callithamnion,... 128 234! Cladostephus, ... 129 236 Anictangium, ... 70 21 |Bartramia, Cantharellus, .... 105 103! Clavaria, ......... 10S li¢ Page. Coccochloris, ... 131 Collema,...... 93, 135 Conferva, ......... 129 Cornicularia, .... 93 Craterium,........ 115 67 Cryptogramma, 135 \ Cylindrosporium, 123 Cystea,.........69, 135 Cystoceira, ....... Cytispora,.... Dacrymyces,. Dedalea,... . Daltonia, .... Delesseria, Dematium, Dicranum,... Dictydium, ....... Dictyosiphon, ... 127 Didymiun,....... 114 Didymodon, ...... 73 Didymosporium, 122 Dothidea, ......... 97 Draparnaldia, ... 130 Dumontia, ....... 126 Dyphyscium,.... 70 Ectocarpus, ... .. 129 Encalypta, ...... 71 Endocarpon,..... 86 Enteromorpha, 126 Equisetum,...66, 135 Erineum, ......... Erysiphe,... Eurotium, . Evernia, ... Excipula, .. Exilaria, ... a aky Exosporium,..... 122 Fistulina, .. -- 106 Fontinalis, 75 UCUS, ...... 123 Funaria, ... 74. Furcellaria, 28) Fusarium,.. 122 Fusidium,.. 122 Geastrum,.. 114 Gelideum,.. 125 Geoglossum,...... 110 Gigartina,......... 125 Gloionema,....... 127 VOL. Il. Index to Mr. Wincu’s Flora, &c. Gen. Page. Gen. 247 | Gomphonema,... 132 253 83 | Graphis,.........008 85 58 241 | Griffithsia,......... 128 235 81 | Grimmia, .... 29: 185 71 14 Gymnostomum, eh 20 ue Gyrophora,....... S4 56 193 | Halidrys, .. 123 196 16] Halymenia, ...... 124 205 Helmisporium, 122 175 Helotium,... ..... 110 115 Helvella, ......... 120 5 | Himanthalia, 198 Himantia,.. 173 Hookeria, .. 43 Hydnum,.. 110 Hymenophyllum, 69 Hypnunm,...... 75, 135 225| Hysterium, ...... 98 134] Illosporium,...... 116 152 35 | Isidium,..... 92. 76 180} Isoetes, ............ 66 3 87| Jungermannia,... 79 47 243 | Laminaria, ....... 123 201 214] Lasiobotrys,...... 117 155 22} Leangium, ... 115 141 239] Lecanora, .. 87 66 28 | Lecidea,.... 81 54 60 | Leocarpus, . 115 221] Leotia, ... 110 2| Lepraria, 94 Leucodon,.. 73 Licea,..... 116 Lichina, 123 200 Linckia,... 131 246 Lycogola, ... 1J5 140 Lycoperdon, 115 137 179| Lycopodium,..... 67 5 105 | Lyngbya,.......... 131 248 41} Marchantia,...... 81 48 197] Merisma, ........ 113 36] Merulius, ... 104, 199} Monema, ......... 251 181} Morchella, . 177 | Mucor, ...... 135 | Myrothecium, 208 | Neckera, . 117} Nephroma, . 91 2 210} Nidularia, ... 226’ Nodularia, INOStOC; e.? Two men are generally employed to work a slag hearth, but, at some Mr. H. L. Parrinson on the Smelting of Lead Ore, §c. 165 mills, a man and a boy are deemed sufficient ; the attention of one is wholly given to the fire, while the other supplies coke and grey slag. The length of a shift is 14 or 16 hours, during which, the quantity of lead made varies from 10 to 21 ewt., according to the nature of the slags. ‘Twenty to twenty four bushels of coke are required to produce one fodder of lead. The quantity of slag lead made in smelting, as may be conceived, is considerably greater in poor and refractory than in rich and free-running ores, but, it may be stated generally at one-thirteenth of the lead yielded at the smelting hearth, so that it is usual to reckon, in large transactions, 13 twelve-stone pigs of common lead, and 1 of slag lead, to the fodder. HEARTH ENDS AND SMELTER’S FUME. In the operation of smelting, as already described, it happens that particles of unreduced and semi-reduced ore are continually expelled from the hearth, partly by the force of the blast, but principally by the decriptation of the ore on the application of heat. This ore is mixed with a portion of the fuel and lime made use of in smelting, all of which are deposited upon the top of the smelting hearth, as mentioned in page 157, and are called hearth-ends. It is customary to remove the hearth- ends from time to time, and deposit them in a convenient place until the end of the year, or some shorter period, when they are washed to get rid of the earthy matter they may contain, and the metallic portion is roasted at a strong heat, until it begins to soften and cohere into lumps, and afterwards smelted in the ore hearth, exactly in the same way as ore undergoing that operation, for the first time, already de- scribed. It is difficult to state what quantity of hearth-ends are produced by the smelting of a given quantity of ore, but, in one instance, the hearth- ends produced in smelting 9751 bings, on being roasted and reduced in the ore hearth, yielded, of common lead 315cwt, and the grey slags separated in this process gave, by treatment in the slag hearth, 47cwt. of slag lead; making the total quantity of lead 362cwt., which is at the rate of 3cwt. 2qrs. 23lbs. from the smelting of 100 bings of ore. 166 Mr. H. L. Parrinson'on the Smelting of Lead Ore, &c. The long horizontal chimnies, or flues, mentioned at page 153, into which the smoke and metallic vapours, from the roasting furnace, ore hearth, and slag hearth, are conveyed, contain, at the end of some time, a copious deposit called smelter’s fume. This fume consists of Sulphu- ret, and, probably, also of Sulphate of Lead, which have been volatilized in the different processes, mixed, like hearth-ends, with a quantity of earthy matter, from the lime and coal used in smelting. It is generally suffered to accumulate, either in or out of the chimnies, until the end of the year, when it is washed, to remove the earthy matter, and the heavy residue is roasted until it coheres into lumps, and smelted in the slag hearth exactly in the same way as grey slags, described at page 163. The quantity of slag lead produced from the smelter’s fume, deposited in smelting 9751 bings of ore, was 500cwt. ; being at the rate of 5cwt. Oqrs. 141bs. of lead per 100 bings of ore. The proportions stated above are by no means to be considered in- variable, for the quantity of lead produced at a smelting establishment, from time to time, by the hearth-ends and smelter’s fume, from a given quantity of ore, cannot probably be very uniform, and must depend a good deal upon the care and skill exercised in conducting the various operations. If no more than the due degree of heat is used in each process, the deposits under consideration are likely to be less than if a strong heat is injudiciously applied. CORRESPONDENCE OF PRODUCE WITH ASSAY. As the smelting process is lable to great mismanagement, through inexperience or inattention on the part of the agents or workmen, it is a matter of some consequence to know how far the quantity of lead obtained by smelting in the large way corresponds with the absolute quantity contained in the ore operated upon, and, for this purpose, it is a common practice to have the ore accurately sampled and assayed prior to smelting. The purest Galena is a compound of 1 atom Lead, .:...........+0 US wine tecsayasice cee 86-66 1 atom Sulphur, ...... .... 2 ph aewceeceacsceee 13-33 Mr, H. L. Parrinson on the Smelting of Lead Ore, &c. 167 But this quantity of Lead can never be obtained from it by assaying in the dry way. With great care, as far as 82 or 83 per cent. of Lead may be obtained from a very pure piece of cubical Galena, by treatment with borax and tartar, in the hands of an experienced assayer. In the large way Lead ore is seldom dressed quite pure, and does not often yield more Lead to the assay than 77 or 78 per cent. Ore, assayed to yield '77 per cent of Lead, contains, besides, probably, 4 or 5 per cent., which is oxy- dized, or volatilized, before reduction in the process of assaying. In estimating the value of a sample, reference is only made to its absolute produce by assay, no regard being paid to the probable quantity of lead it may contain, beyond the assay produce. It is never expected, in the large way, to obtain the quantity of metal indicated by the assay, but some ores in smelting approach much nearer to it than others. A customary allowance is to deduct 5 parts from the assay produce of 100 parts of ore, which is equivalent to making an al- lowance of | cwt. of Lead for every ton of ore. Besides this, an allow- ance of 2 or 3 per cent., or more in wet weather, must be made for moisture in the ore, when weighed over at the mine, as the sample as- sayed is, in all cases, perfectly dry. It is found, in practice, in almost every case where a large quantity of well-dressed ore is skilfully and carefully smelted, that the allowance of 5 parts of Lead from the assay, or 1 cwt. of lead for every ton of ore is rather more than sufficient to cover the loss in the smelting process, without taking into account the Lead obtained from the hearth-ends and smelter’s fume. REFINING OF LEAD. The quantity of silver contained in the greater part of the Lead raised in the northern mining district, is sufficient to render its extraction pro- fitable, and it is of the greatest importance that the process of refining should be performed in the most perfect and economical manner, in con- sequence of the enormous quantity of lead continually submitted to this operation. It is well known that the separation of Lead and Silver is _ effected through the difference of oxidability between these two metals, silver remaining unaltered when exposed to the air of the atmosphere at VOL. II. Tt | 168 Mr. H. L. Pattinson on Smelting Lead Ore, &c. a high temperature, and Lead, under the same circumstances, becom- ing rapidly converted into the state of a protoxide; which, when form- ed in the large way, is called Litharge. The refining process is therefore performed, by exposing the Lead containing Silver to a strong blast of air, at a high temperature, in a furnace properly constructed to allow the Litharge to separate as it is formed, and to admit of the con- tinual introduction of Lead as the operation proceeds, and the ready removal of the cake of Silver obtained at the end of the process. The furnace for this purpose is called a Refining-furnace, a plan, lon- gitudinal section, and cross section, of which, Plate I. Figs. 2, 3, and 4, very clearly display its construction. It is a small reverberatory furnace, the fire-place of which A, Plate I. Fig. 4, is very large, com- pared to the size of its body B, rendering it capable of exciting an in- tense heat. Some of the objects to be attained in the construction of this furnace already stated, render it necessary that its bottom should be moveable, in consequence of which, an open space is left quite through under the body of the furnace, from back to front, which is formed by two walls of brick work a b, Figs. 2 and 4. The distance of these walls in front, at a 6, Fig. 4, is 86 inches ; but they approach together at the back of the furnace, and at g h, Fig. 2, the space be- tween them is but 28 inches, which, to prevent a draught of cold air underneath the furnace bottom, is closed with iron doors. At the height of 16 or 17 inches from the floor two strong iron bars are laid across between these walls, and firmly secured in the brick-work at each end ; both these are shewn at cc, Figs. 2 and 8, and the front one at c¢, Fig. 4. Above these bars, and at the height of 27 inches from the floor, a plate of cast iron, having an elliptical opening in the middle, the transverse and conjugate diameters of which are 46 and 28 inches respectively, is laid across, from wall to wall, as shew at d d, Plate I. Fig. 2, and in section at d d, Figs. 3 and 4. Instead of a square plate, as shewn in the figure, a broad elliptical ring, supported by bearers, is sometimes used ; but, in either case, the brick-work forming the body of the furnace, is built upon this plate, and is made to extend to, and surround, the edge of the elliptical opening ; except a small aperture Mr. H. L. Parrinson on Smelting Lead Ore, Sc. 169 in front, 6 inches wide, by 9 inches high, as shewn at e, Fig. 3. The two flues ff Figs. 2 and 3, communicate with the chimney, and in other respects, except those to be afterwards noticed, the furnace is finished in the usual manner. The bed or bottom of the furnace when in operation, is formed by a shallow elliptical vessel, called a test or test-bottom, the construction of which merits particular attention, as it is an important part of the re- fining apparatus. Plate I. Fig. 8, represents an elliptical iron ring, 4 feet long, 2 feet 6 inches broad, and 4 inches deep, outside measure. The thickness of the iron is five-eighths of an inch, and across the bot- tom of the ring, are five bars, each 34 or 4 inches broad, and 3 an inch thick, firmly rivetted into the ring, with the under surface of each level with its lower edge. The ring is filled with a mixture of one part by measure of fern ashes, and ten parts of ground bone ashes, well incor- porated and moistened with a little water, until a small quantity, when compressed in the hand, is found to cohere slightly together. In filling the test ring, it is placed upon a level floor, and this composition strong- ly beat into it, with an iron rammer 5 or 6lbs. weight (similar to those used by founders for compressing sand into moulds), until it is quite full, and the surface of the mixture perfectly level with the upper edge of the ring. A sharp spade is then taken, with which a part of the com- position is removed, so as to form the test into a flat dish of the shape represented in Fig. 6, and in section, Fig. 7, a longitudinal section of which, in its proper situation, is also shewn at Fig. 3, and a cross sec- tion at Fig. 4. The bottom of this dish is about 17 inch thick between the bars, and the part g, Vig. 6 and 7, called the breast of the test, is 5 inches thick, the remainder of the circumference being 2 inches thick, and sloping inwards to increase its strength, as shewn in the figures. Across the breast of the test, a furrow or small channel, called a gate- way h, Fig. 6, is cut diagonally, one inch wide and three-quarters of an inch deep, as a passage for the Litharge; and it is made near one side of the breast, in order that a similar passage may be cut on the other side, after the test has been some time in operation, and the first gate- way has become worn down by the stream of Litharge. A space 14 170 Mr. H. L. Parrrwson on Smelting Lead Ore, &c. inch wide, and 7 or 8 inches long, is cut out between the front of the breast and the test ring, in order that the Litharge may flow down from the test, without coming in contact with the iron. Instead of bone and fern ashes, mixed together in the proportions stated, it is a better practice, and one gradually coming into general use, to make the tests of a mixture of one part of the best American pearl ashes, to forty parts of bone ashes, by weight. The pearl ashes, reduced to fine powder, and perfectly dry, are thoroughly incorporated with the bone ashes, and the compound is then moistened to the proper degree with water, after which the test ring is filled in the usual man- ner. From four to five pounds of pearl ashes are required for each test, the bone ashes for which weighs from 12 to 18 stones avoirdupois. The test, thus constructed, is applied to the opening in the iron plate already described ; the flat part of its circumference, being previously smeared over with a luting of bone ashes and water of the consistence of paste, and it is then firmly secured in its place by four iron wedges ii, Figs. 3 and 4, which rest upon the iron bars c c. When the test is properly fixed in this situation, and thoroughly dried by the application of a gentle heat, it is ready for the reception of Lead, which is poured into it, with an iron ladle, through the channel D, Fig. 2, being previously melted and kept nearly at a red heat in the pot £. About Scwt. of Lead is required to fill a new test to the working level. A mode of feeding the test is sometimes practised, which consists in suspending a pig of Lead, or an iron weight, from a beam above the melting pot, by means of a chain, and allowing it to dip into the melt- ed Lead when made to descend, so as to force the Lead displaced by its introduction, directly into the test through the channel D; which in that case must be a little lower than the lip of the melting pot. Some refining furnaces are not constructed with the channel D ; but, instead of it, have an opening in the brick-work of the furnace, on each side of the test, through one of which a whole pig of Lead is introduced, and gradually melted down into the test by the heat of the fire ; being pushed further in, from time to time, as the lead is consumed. An opening on each side of the test is considered necessary, in order that Mr. H. L. Parrinson on the Smelting of Lead Ore, &c. 171 the Lead may be always introduced, on the side opposite to the gate- way working at the time, to prevent the possibility of its being carried by the stream of Litharge, over the breast of the test in its metallic state; and, in some instances, to be afterwards mentioned, where so large a quantity of Lead is refined in a test, as to render it necessary to have three gateways, the Lead is introduced through an opening be- hind, during the time that the middle gateway is at work. The last part of the refining furnace to be noticed, is the aperture behind, for the admission of a current of air, supplied by a powerful double bellows, worked by machinery. ‘This aperture is formed by a conical iron tube /#, Plate I. Fig. 3, called a muzzle, walled into the brick-work forming the back of the furnace ; its larger end outwards, receives the nozzle of the bellows, and its smaller end projecting into the furnace, over the inner edge of the test, is bent down slightly, and its orifice compressed into an oval form, so as to deliver the blast with sufficient force upon the surface of the Lead, and at the same time to spread it out towards the sides of the test. Much care is usually be- stowed upon the construction of the muzzle, as the proper direction and distribution of the blast, is a point of great consequence to the working of the furnace. Refining furnaces are generally built double, that is one on each side of the upright chimney ; but, excepting in the direction of the draught, and consequent situation of the fire-places, there is no difference what- ever between them. The fume and smoke from both, are conveyed in- to a division of the horizontal flue, mentioned in pages 155 and 156, se- parate from that containing the smoke from the roasting furnace, ore hearth, and slag hearth, with which they are not suffered to mix. Here they deposit a heavy grey powder, called refiner’s fume, which is princi- pally Oxide of Lead. The test being properly placed in its situation, cautiously dried, and filled with Lead as already detailed, is exposed with its contents to the flame passing over it, until the lead attains a bright red heat, at which period the blast of air is made to play upon its surface. The oxygen thus supplied, rapidly produces a stratum of fluid Litharge, which is 172 Mr. H. L. Parrinson on the Smelting of Lead Ore, &c. propelled forwards by the blast, and forced through the gateway, over the breast of the test ; its place being supplied by a fresh quantity, so as to keep up a continual stream. ‘The Litharge concretes into lumps as it falls, which are removed from time to time by the workmen in at- tendance, who take care, by the addition of fresh quantities of Lead, to keep its surface in the test always at the proper working level. In this way the operation proceeds; but as the hot Litharge gradually wears down the gateway, so as to render the test incapable of holding a sufficient quantity of Lead, it becomes necessary to make a fresh gate- way, generally after two fodders of Lead have been refined. When this is done, the blast is suspended, the old gateway is stopped up with a paste of bone ashes, a fresh channel made on the other side of the breast, and the test filled up with Lead to the proper level, as at first. The process then proceeds again, until two fodders more of Lead have . been oxydized, when the second gateway being also worn down, until the test does not contain more than one cwt. of Lead, the wedges sup- porting it behind are slackened, and those in front taken away, and the fluid Lead, called technically rich Lead, is poured into an iron pot 18 inches in diameter, running upon a carriage with four wheels. This rich Lead, containing the Silver of four fodders of original Lead (usu- ally from 30 to 400z.) is cast into a pig and taken away, a fresh test is applied to the furnace, and four fodders of lead worked in it, in the manner described, until 50 or 60 pieces of rich lead are obtained. A test is then made, the bottom of which is somewhat concave, instead of being flat like those already mentioned, and in this the rich Lead is carefully refined, yielding, at the end of the process, a cake of Silver weighing from twelve hundred to eighteen hundred ounces. ‘The rich lead is treated in the same way as ordinary lead, except perhaps more carefully, and after the last piece is introduced, the gateway is made deeper with an iron tool, from time to time, as the surface of the Lead subsides by its gradual conversion into Litharge ; and, from this period until the cake of Silver is rendered pure, all the Litharge then flowing is kept separate, as it is apt to carry along with it a portion of Silver. The part received is called rich Litharge, and may contain Mr. H. L. Parrinson on the Smelting of Lead Ore, &c. 173 on an average 20o0z. of Silver per ton; itis generally worked up at the end of the year, by being reduced into Lead and again refined. As the cake of Silver becomes nearly pure, it is most essential to keep it con- stantly in fusion, for, if once suffered to solidify, it is very difficult to excite a sufficient heat to melt it again. The fire is therefore urged with great violence, until at length the whole of the Lead being oxydized, the formation of Litharge ceases, and the mass of melted Silver ap- pears pure and beautifully resplendent. At this stage, it sometimes happens that drops of melted slag from the furnace roof fall down up- on the fluid Silver, in which case they are carefully brought to the edge of the melted metal, and raked off upon the naked part of the test. The blast from the bellows is now stopped, the fire is slacked, and the Silver suffered to cool; which it does, very gradually, first at the sur- face, forming a solid crust over, a portion remaining fluid below. When the temperature has fallen sufficiently, this also becomes solid, and in the act of doing so, a large quantity of nearly pure oxygen gas is expelled from it, and at the same instant its particles expand consi- derably, so as to break the crust already formed, and force out a por- tion of Silver, to the height of three or four inches above the rest of the cake. Occasionally particles of melted Silver are projected out of this mass, to a distance over the naked part of the test, and the sides of the furnace, by which a loss of the precious metal is sometimes sus- tained. After having cooled sufficiently, the cake of Silver is removed from the furnace along with the test, from which it is then separated without difficulty ; and if any slag or portions of the test are found to adhere to it, they are cleaned off, and it is ready for sale. During the working of each test it gradually absorbs Litharge until saturated, and the portion thus combined, is sufficient to pay the cost of extraction. For this purpose, the old tests are broken to pieces, and smelted in the slag hearth, mixed with a portion of black slag, in order to render the bone ashes more fusible ; the black slag used being run into lumps for the purpose, and not granulated in the ordinary way. The produce of this fusion is a description of lead called test-bottom Lead, which is very hard, and of inferior quality. 174 Mr. H. L. Parrison on the Smelling of Lead Ore, &c. The deposit called refiner’s fume, is removed from the horizontal flues from time to time, and is frequently ground up with oil, forming a very cheap and durable paint ; but the quantity produced is generally too considerable to admit of the whole being disposed of in this way, and the surplus is reduced by being roasted almost to fusion, and then worked in the slag hearth, in the same manner as grey slags. As might be expected, the Lead obtained from the test bottoms and refiner’s fume, contains but a very small portion of Silver. Instead of converting into Litharge but four fodders of Lead in each test, as already mentioned, some refiners are in the habit of working twelve or thirteen; but, in this case, the tests are constructed with peculiar care, and the bottom, sides, and breast are made thicker than usual. The Litharge from four fodders of Lead, flows through the first gateway made on one side of the breast, and when the quantity of Lead in the test is reduced to about a cwt., it is cast into a rich pig: four fodders of Lead are then worked through another gateway, on the op- posite side of the breast, yielding a pig of rich Lead in the same man- ner; and, for the remaining four fodders, a gateway is made across the middle of the breast. By adopting this method of working, the loss from the Lead absorved by the test bottoms is considerably lessened, and a great saving is made in the expense of tests; but the process is rendered slower, as it is necessary to work at a low degree of heat. The saving in tests is not what it appears to be at first sight ; for those made to refine the larger quantity of Lead, being thicker and stronger than the others, require a larger quantity of bone ashes. The rate of refining varies a little, from the cause just stated. When four fodders of Lead are oxydized in a test, it is usual to accomplish this in from 16 to 18 hours; and six tests, or 24 fodders of Lead, can be very easily converted into Litharge, in one furnace, by three men in a week. The quantity of Coal consumed is about four Winchester bushels, or three cwt. avordupois, per fodder of Lead. In cases where 12 or 13 fodders of Lead are refined in a test, it is customary to work but one test in a week, in one furnace, which is only half the quantity stated above ; but here also, three men by managing two furnaces re- fine 24 to 26 fodders of Lead per week. Mr. H. L. Parrinson on Smelting Lead Ore, &c. 175 REDUCING OF LITHARGE. The reduction of Litharge into Lead is an easy process, and, in the great way, is very expeditiously performed, in a reverberatory furnace almost exactly similar to the roasting furnace already described, except that its bed or bottom, instead of being flat, is made to slope towards an opening in the side, through which the reduced Lead is conveyed, by means of a cast-iron channel, into a pot, to be finally made into pigs for sale. The inside of a roasting furnace is generally made somewhat elliptical, about 6 feet long, and 53 broad, and a furnace of this size, worked by three men, at 8-hours shifts each, is capable of reducing, without difficulty, all the Lead oxydized in two refining furnaces, each working six tests, or 24 fodders per week. After the reducing furnace has been properly heated, the process is commenced by covering its bottom with a stratum of coal, which taking fire, very soon forms a mass of ignited fuel some inches in thickness. Upon this the charge of Litharge mixed up with a small quantity of fresh Coal, is thrown, and a furnace of the size mentioned, will hold from two to three tons. ‘The reduction goes on rapidly, and the furnace is supplied, from time to time, with fresh Litharge, until the quantity added is such as will pro- duce from 4 to 5 fodders of Lead ; the charge is then suffered to run down, with the addition of fresh Coal, to promote the reduction, as it seems to be required. At the end of nine or ten hours, the whole of the Litharge is reduced, and, at the bottom of the furnace, there re- mains only a portion of slag, called Litharge Slag, which is raked out while still hot to prepare for the next charge. This Litharge Slag is formed by the vitrification of the earthy matter contained in the Coal used in reduction, and, as a small quantity of Lead is unavoidably united with it, it is afterwards worked over in the slag-hearth with black slag, in the same way as the test bottoms, yield- ing what is called Litharge Slag Lead, which, like Test-bottom Lead, is of inferior quality and contains little Silver. It is of importance that the best Coal should be used to mix with the Litharge, in order that the slag formed may be as little as possible. ‘The Coal required for VOL. II. uu 176 Mr. H. L. Parrinson on Smelting Lead Ore, &c. reducing is about 43 Winchester bushels, or near 3}cwt. per fodder of Lead reduced, including the quantity mixed with the Litharge. The quantity of Test-bottom and Litharge Slag Lead made in refining may be variable; but, in several cases which have come under the writer’s notice, they have, together, amounted to one thirty-second part of the original Lead refined. The produce of Lead from the refiner’s fume, treated as described in page 40, has appeared to be, in the only case submitted to the writer’s consideration, about 1 per cent. on the total quantity of Lead under- going the refining process; but this deposit must be very much modi- fied, like the hearth ends and smelter’s fume, by the degree of heat at which the refining furnaces are worked, it is therefore impossible, per- haps, to make a statement which will exactly correspond with experience at every smelting establishment. CORRESPONDENCE OF THE PRODUCE OF SILVER WITH THE ASSAY, AND LOSS OF LEAD IN THE PROCESS OF REFINING. The practice is very general of assaying the Lead to be refined previous to the process, by taking a chip from each pig, melting the whole together, and submitting a known weight to cupellation. It frequently happens that the quantity of Silver obtained in the large way, is greater than that indicated by the assay, the reason of which is, that the Litharge, as it sinks into the small cupel, carries with it a minute portion of Silver, ren- dering the button obtained rather less than it ought to be ; but, by re- ducing the Litharge absorbed by the small cupel back into Lead, with Black Flux and Borax, and refining this Lead a second time, another minute button of Silver is obtained, which added to the first button, generally indicates a quantity of Silver in the lead under examination, with which its produce in the great way, when carefully refined, very closely coincides, taking into account the small portion of Silver un- avoidably carried over with the Litharge, and found in all samples of refined Lead, to the extent of from half an ounce to an ounce per fod- der. It will easily be conceived that if the small process of cupellation has been carefully performed at first, with a due degree of heat and in Mr. H. L. Parrinson on Smelting Lead Ore, Sc. 177 a good cupel, the second button of Silver will be exceedingly small, and that it will be larger as these particulars have not been attended to.. Where assays of Lead ore, for Lead and Silver, have been extensively made, to determine the quantity of both metals which should be ob- tained from the ore by melting and refining, the produce in the large way has been found in most instances very nearly to correspond with the assay after making an allowance on the Lead of 5 parts from the as- say, or 1 cwt. of Lead for every ton of ore, as stated at Page 28, and multiplying the quantity of lead indicated after this allowance, by the proportion of Silver carefully determined by the assay. The loss of Lead in the refining and reducing processes, is usually estimated, in the first instance, at one-twelfth of the quantity refined ; but, when the deposit of refiner’s fume is melted up, and the Lead extracted from the test-bottoms and Litharge slag, the ultimate loss becomes not more than one-fifteenth, and with some smelters one-six- teenth of the original quantity. The loss sustained is least when the refining furnace is worked at a low temperature, but it is not expe- dient to reduce the test to the lowest degree of heat at which the oxy- dation will go on, for, in this case, the Litharge, at the moment of its formation, is not sufficiently fluid to allow the particles of Silver to seperate from it, and combine with the remaining Lead in the cupel ; they are thus, as it were, entangled in the Litharge, and carried with it over the breast, by which the produce of Silver is materially dimi- nished. Lowbyer, Alston, Sept. 5, 1831. 178 Mr. W. Petite on a Transformation of Coal. No. IV.—WNotes of a singular Transformation of the Seams of Coal into Stone, at Crummock Colliery. By Mr. Witttamson Prize, Colliery Viewer. Reap, NovemBer 21, 1831. Durine a late professional survey of the Crummock Colliery, about three miles westward of Wigton, in Cumberland, I observed a very sin- gular transformation of the Coal into Stone, an account of which I beg to offer to the Society. The district contains three seams of Coal, viz. :— Feet. In. Fathoms. Crow] Band; ..c..cssecescsssences 2) Gaeptlivecccssccccrdecctesces 364 IWaster Bamdlsecssccesectsccscccee 4) -Gosturther, ¢ ccseesccesess +, OE Main IBands ecco costes ces caces 6 OO SDittoy ccs. ee heenee 30 MOtals cosess cl Sccccscestteteccsecese con cese aianeee 70 The three seams have never yet been sunk through in one shaft, but have been wrought near their outcrops, as shewn by the section, No. 3, Plate IIl. The Crow and Master Band together, and the Main Band by itself. The Colliery is bounded on each side by two large Dykes, both up- casts westward, 620 yards apart (see Plan No. 4, Plate III.). The ex- tent of the eastern one has never been exactly proved, but I find the throw of the other to be not less than 100 fathoms. ‘The outcrops of the same seam on each side of the Dyke are half a mile asunder, and the rise of the strata not less than 9 inches per yard. The course of the Stone Bands, or “ Nip,” differs from either of the Dykes, being N. 11° W., and transversely, on the line of No. 2 Pit, runs at 220 yards from the West Dyke, and is there 135 yards broad. It is found both in the Crow and Master Bands, exactly at the same place. The change is immediate, perpendicular through the seams, Crow Band Metal and Stone Scale to Diagrams 12 Feet to an Inch MasterBand DIAGRAM N°. N S STONE BANDS S S i BR S ss Ss < s S =~ S| on William| Main Band SECTION Bp ard Seale 200 Yards to anIuch ard Soulp es oe Be Mr. W. Price on a Transformation of Coal. 179 and without the preface of any small hitch, as shewn in the Diagram, No. 1, Plate III. The change is most singular in the Master Band, because the metals, or bands, intersecting the seam, are in no way altered; the Coal only is turned into Stone. In the specimens,* No. 1 is of the top Stone, No. 2 of the middle, and No. 3 of the bottom Stone. The Crow Band being a pure seam, without metals, exhibits after the change, a solid stratum of Stone. I could not trace any connexion between the two seams at the point of changing; the strata between them seemed unaltered and regular. As the Main Band has never been wrought under this part, it is not proved whether the same occurs in it also, but it was not found in the old Main Band Colliery to the rise, where, according to its line of di- rection, it might have been expected. I had an account of the Coal being somewhat inferior in quality there, but the only irregularities were a small hitch, and a white freestone ‘‘ Rib,”? or Dyke, about 12 inches thick, standing perpendicularly through the seam, but they are probably not connnected with it, as they occur in other parts of the Colliery. The breadth of the Stone Bands continues the same, till the outcrop of the two Seams. These irregularities seem to be coeval with the deposition of the Seam, and thus distinct from Dykes which have evidently been formed long afterwards; but that there is some connexion between the Free- stone ‘‘ Ribs’? or Stone Dykes, and the Slips, must be inferred by the former being found invariably where the strata are much confused by the action of the latter. I have added a section of a Stone Dyke found in the William Pit, at Whitehaven (see Diagram No. 2, Plate III.) as cut through in working the Coal, and which may also be seen at the surface, having passed through all the intermediate strata in a perpen- dicular direction. Like the rzders described in a former paper,t it is in * These numbers refer to specimens which accompanied this paper, and are deposited in the Museum of the Society. + Vol.i., page 160. i 180 Mr. W. Prize ona Transformation of Coal. the immediate vicinity of a large Slip Dyke, and follows the same course, but it differs from them in having passed through the Seam without branching out on either side, and thus being the same in the Coal as the Riders are in the Stone. May we not infer from this, that the formation of this Stone Dyke was posterior to the consolidation of the Coal, and that the Riders were formed while the substance of the Coal was yet soft ? The most natural way of accounting for these Stone Dykes or Riders would be, that a chink or rent of the strata, caused by the convulsion of the large Slip Dyke, had been afterwards filled up by infiltration. The Stone is a hard, fine grained, white Sandstone. In the Whitehaven Colliery, large Slip Dykes are very numerous, and cause great expense and difficulty. They offer, however, an ex- cellent opportunity for an examination of their nature and leading features. It has been well said by Mr. Buppte, that the substance interposed between the cheeks of a Dyke appears to have been formed by their abrasion. It is generally a fine Clay, called by our miners “ the stick- ing,” and its fineness and thickness are our index of the extent of the Dyke. In a Dyke that we have lately passed, the “ sticking’’ was three feet thick, of a very fine Clay, and containing imbedded, some pieces of Metal and Sandstone, rounded by abrasion. This Dyke haded from the perpendicular at an angle of 54°, which is very great, and is another index of the extent of throw, but not a very certain one, although generally large Dykes have a great hade. Mr. G. T. Fox’s Notice of some rare Birds. 181 No. V.—WNotice of some Rare Birps, recently killed in the Counties of Northumberland and Durham. By G. T. Fox, Esq., F.L.S., &c. &c. Reap, NovemsBer 21, 1831. A Norice, from time to time, of the capture of rare animals, will not be deemed irrelevant to the business of Societies such as this, and an apology for intruding such notices may be therefore unnecessary. If they are of no other use, the description serves at least to awaken the observation of members of the Society to further captures, and the repetition of such acquisitions, which usually follow the first announcements, shews that it is only necessary to direct the attention of naturalists to the proper objects, to secure an additional supply. The cause of this is, not that the animals may not have prevailed in particular districts before the first discoveries, but that they have been hitherto unnoticed, or undistin- guished. It may be useful to produce a few instances of this fact in British Zoology only. Amongst the Mammalia our wild kinds are too few to expect to find unnoticed species, but in British Birds what an accession to the list since the days of Ray and WitLoucusy, and even since the time of that keen-eyed naturalist, Pennant ! The ash-coloured Falcon, the Cirl Bunting, and the Castaneous or Nyroca Duck, which was first noticed by Monracu; also the purple Sandpiper, by the same naturalist; the Fork-tailed Petrel of Buttock, first described by Temmincx; the Greater or Solitary Snipe, first de- scribed by Latuam as a British Bird, and, subsequently by Bewtcx ; the Arctic Tern, by Selby—all these, and many more, have been re- peatedly captured and distinguished, in consequence, probably, of the first announcements. We may anticipate similar results in regard to the rarer species; as the Little or Olivaceous Gallinule of Montracu (described by him as two separate species), Baitton’s Gallinule, 182 Mr. G. T. Fox’s Notice of some rare Birds. SaBine’s Snipe, Ricuarp’s Pipit, and Emberiza calcarata of Vicors, the Glossy Ibis of SrLpy,* and the Red-crested Duck of Yarr&uu. Tam induced to make these prefatory remarks, to account for my calling to the notice of the Society the recent capture in this neighbour- hood, of some rare Birds, a specimen of the first of which (the Honey Buzzard) having been described already in our Z'vansactions, vol. i., page 3, by the Hon. H. T. Lippe tt, as captured in Northumberland, in 1829, tends to illustrate the assertion, that no sooner is a notice pro- mulgated by the press, of any rare species being taken, than we shortly hear of other specimens in succession. In the beginning of September of this year (1831), a Bird was killed by the gamekeeper of Joun Grecson, Esq., of Durham, at Burdon, in that county, where he had observed it hovering about for nearly a week. It was sent to me as an unknown species, and on examination I iden- tified it, by means of ‘Trmmincx’s description, as the young of the Honey Buzzard. It has been placed in the excellent collection of Bri- tish Birds, belonging to WaLterR Scruron, Esq., of this city, after being stuffed by Mr. Procror. The latter has furnished me with the measure- ments.and some particulars of the following description. Length, from the tip of the bill to the end of the tail, 22 inches ; breadth of the extended wings, 4 feet 1 inch; weight 19 ounces: in poor condition and stomach almost empty, the contents being prin- cipally the bark of trees. Bill, black, yellow at the base of the lower mandible ; cere, bright yellow ; iris, hazel; crown, flat; plumage of the head, throat, neck, and breast, light brown; the shaft of each feather, darker; fore- head or space behind the bill, white ; eyes surrounded by small feathers like scales, darker than the rest of the head ; auriculars, rather lighter ; the whole of the upper plumage, dark brown, each feather being half pure white at its inner extremity. ‘Tail, light brown above, with four darker bands, and with three narrower ones more faint in the intervals between the three last, and one between the first and second band, the feathers mottled in their inner half with white. Tail coverts above and * An Ibis of this species has been recently killed near Sunderland. Mr. G. T. Fox’s Notice of some rare Birds. 183 below light brown on the lower half of each feather, white on the upper ; the tail square, and white at the end. Legs feathered below the knee: the tarsi and feet with large yellow scales, particularly on the toes above; claws, horn-colour, not much hooked ; tips of the fea- thers of the hind head and neck behind with a light spot, a remarkable indication ; four first quill feathers notched or cut out at their inner ex- tremity, the character of a sub-division of the genus, according to Temmincx, which includes the Common Buzzard, the Rough-legged Falcon, and this species, as possessing the same peculiarity. On reporting this capture to Mr. Seisy, he informed me, in reply, that about the same time another specimen of the Honey Buzzard had been killed at Chiswick, near Berwick, and had passed into his posses- sion. He describes it as a curious and beautiful variety of the kind, the hind head and neck being white, slightly tinged with Sienna-yellow, with the exception of the small feathers between the bill and eyes, and the auriculars, which are dark umber-brown; the breast and belly also white, tinged with yellow, each feather (as in the other specimen) with a narrow dark brown streak down its centre ; the back and scapulars umber-brown, but the lower half of all the feathers, when put aside, found to be pure white; secondaries and tertials with white tips; the tail similar to the other; cere, of a bright yellow, the part of it above the nostrils inclining to orange. Upon dissection found to be a male, and, though in fine plumage, was not in high condition, or loaded with fat, as they usually are at this season. Repeating my reports of these captures, I further found that another specimen of this species had been killed about a fortnight after, on the chimney of the engine belonging to the paper mill at Shotley Bridge, and had come into the possession of Mr. Jos. ANNANDALE.* On examining it, | found it to resemble the first described specimen more than that of Mr. SevBy, though somewhat darker than either, the feathers on the hind head possessing the remarkable distinction, above noticed, of the white tips. Its yellow cere, if M. Temmincx’s character be correct, shews it to be a young bird, as well as the two others. Its condition was fat. * This gentleman has since liberally presented the bird to the Society. VOL. Il. xx 184 Mr. G. T. Fox’s Notice of some rare Birds. I have since seen another bird of this species, which is in the posses- sion of Mr. Sroppart, of South Shields, presented to him by Mr. Joun Srraker, of Jarrow Lodge, and which was killed in June, 1830, at Bedlington. Thus we have an account of five Honey Buzzards, cap- tured in these counties alone, in three seasons, and it is creditable to our improved scientific acquaintance with the attractive study of Or- nithology, that this species, hitherto so little known in England, should, as soon as captured, have been at once detected and illustrated, by different individuals. The circumstance of three of these specimens being killed at no great distance from the sea, and about the same time, and the leanness of the condition of the two first killed, lead to the inference that they had migrated together from the Continent, probably from France, where they are understood to be more abundant than elsewhere. Young birds also are much subject to wander. The next bird I have occasion to mention is the Red or Curlew-Dun- lin (Tringa subarquata, VemM.), two specimens of which were killed lately by Mr. Scruton, at Hartlepool, out of a flock of five. This species, though probably not uncommon on these coasts, has hitherto been almost entirely unnoticed, or, if noticed, has been confound- ed with the Common or Variable Dunlin. It is, probably the bird de- scribed by Pennant, in the British and Arctic Zoology, and, also by Latuam, as the Red Sandpiper, of which the Aberdeen Sandpiper is made a variety, though the latter, from the description in Pennant, compared with a bird killed by Mr. Scruton, in my possession, is most probably the Variable Dunlin (Zringa variabiks, Tem.) in its autumn plumage, as is shewn by its belly and vent being white. The Curlew Dunlin is found arranged in the Collection of Birds in the British Mu- seum, and was noticed by me in the Synopsis of the Newcastle Museum amongst our Desiderata, under this name. Fortunately it will now be excluded from that list by the liberality of Mr. Scruton, in presenting one of his specimens to the Society. I beg to add the following description of the bird so presented. Bill, one inch and an half long, bowed as in the Pigmy Curlew Mr. G. T. Fox’s Notice of some rare Birds. 185 (Numenius pygmeus, and Africanus, Latu.; Tringa platyrhynca,TreMo.), from which, however, it is quite distinct. Top of the head and back of the neck, light cinereous, spotted with darker. Back and upper plumage darker, with black feathers interspersed, edged with bright buff. Tail, cinereous, the two middle feathers longer. This mark, however, it has in common with the Dunlin and Pigmy Curlew, but the tail coverts being white, blotched with black, distinguishes the species. Throat white; breast, light mottled with longitudinal dark streaks; belly all the way to the vent, white, with large blotches of chesnut red, the cha- racteristic of the bird’s summer plumage. ‘Tarsi, black, above an inch and an half long, whilst those of the other two species are not above an inch. The length of the shank may serve to distinguish this species in its winter livery, when the red of the lower parts gives way to a pure white. I may notice that of the Sandpiper tribe, these three birds, viz.—the Curlew Dunlin ( Tringa subarquata. Temn.), the Pygmy Curlew ( Trin- ga platyryncha, Temm.), and the Common Dunlin ( Tringa variabilis, Tremm.), have the bills, at least the two former, always bowed, and the latter sometimes ; they require consequently to be carefully distinguish- ed from each other, though this character serves to distinguish them from all other congenerous species. Durham, Oct. 12, 1831. Since the foregoing was read to the Society, I have the authority of Mr. Sevsy for appropriating the Red Dunlin to Temmincx’s synonyme of Tringa subarquata, and he is of opinion that this is the Pygmy Cur- lew of British authors, and that no other species of small Curlew exists in England; the Tringa platyryncha of 'Temmincx, amongst the syno- nymes of which is placed our Pygmy Curlew, not being a native or vi- sitor of these Isles. 186 Mr. G. T. Fox’s Notice of some rare Birds. The following attempt to discriminate the three species may be found useful. 1, RED ox CURLEW-DUNLIN. PYGMY CURLEW of Authors. Bill, curved, much longer than the head ; length of the tarsi, an inch and an half. Tail coverts, above and below, white, blotched with black. Belly and vent (in summer plumage) blotched with chesnut red. Tringa subarquata, Zemm., ii. 609. Numenius pygmeus, Bechst. Red Dunlin, Stephens, in Shaw’s Zool. Pygmy Curlew, Mont. Ornith. Dict. Pygmy Sandpiper, Bewick’s Br. Birds, Supp., and Pygmy Curlew of last, or 6th Ed., 1826. Red Sandpiper, Pennant and Latham. 2. VARIABLE or COMMON DUNLIN. Bill, almost straight, (occasionally curved) ; length of the tarsi, one inch. Tringa variabilis, Temm. Tringa alpina, T. Cinclus, var 8., Gmel. The Purre, Pennant, and Authors. BROAD-BILLED DUNLIN. Bill, curved, much depressed at the base ; length of the tarsi, three-quarters of an inch. Throat, belly, and vent, pure white. Tringa platyryncha, Temm., ii. 616. Numenius pygmeus, Lath., iii. 127. Numenius Africanus, Zath., iii. 126. (Exclude the Pygmy Curlew of Latham from Temminck's Synonymes of this species). Mr. Huron on the Stratiform Basalt. 187 No. VI.—On the Srratirorm BasaxT associated with the Carboniferous Formation of the North of England. By Wm. Hutton, F.G.S., &c. Reap, DecemBer 19, 1831. A Bed of Basalt is well known to exist in the midst of the Mountain Limestone group of the North of England, which is designated in Alston Moor and the adjoining mining fields *‘ the Whin Sill.”* It would now be a useless waste of time to set about proving the igneous origin of this class of rocks occurring in the district under review, Professor Sepewick having set that question at rest in his account of High Teesdale, published in the Z'ransactions of the Cambridge Philo- sophical Society. The nature and origin of this bed being thus so entirely different from the rest of the formation in which it occurs, has naturally attached to it a good deal of Geological interest, Basalt being generally found breaking through and forcing itself into contact with rocks of every age, producing upon them changes mechanical and chemical which afford the most conclusive evidence of its being a stranger and in- truder. The writer of the following observations having frequently visited the Whin Sill in different parts, and lately made a pretty extensive ex- amination of it, begs to submit to the Natural History Society, the views he has been induced to entertain of its nature and connexion with the surrounding strata. The general rise of the beds of the Carboniferous formation is in Alston Moor, and the adjoining districts, towards the West, where it terminates abruptly in a series of hills, of which Cross Fell is the _ * The word Sill, which is generally used in the Lead mine district of the North of Eng- land, is synonymous with Stratum. 188 Mr. Hurron on the Stratiform Basalt. highest. Along this range the truncated edges of the beds, composing nearly the whole of this formation, present themselves. The principal drainage of this group is to the East, or with the dip of the strata, by the rivers Tyne, Wear, and Tees: there are, however, various streams which carry off the waters of the western escapement to the Eden, and these descending with rapidity over the edges of the beds, afford-great facilities for their examination. Most of the streams which carry off the waters towards the east de- scending more rapidly than the strata, they cut deeply into them in their course, and thus, as well as by the passage of veins and faults, the Basalt can be seen in many places in Alston Moor. In the following observations the Whin will be described wherever it is known within the escapement, commencing in the Alston district with the river South Tyne, and its tributaries, then proceeding southward to the Wear, the Tees, and the Lune; the appearance of its edge will afterwards be noticed in a contrary course, proceeding towards the north. Near the head of the north branch of Burn-stones Burn, a stream which empties itself into the Tyne in Knarsdale, we find the Whin Sill forming the bed of the stream for about 400 yards, it here dips with the other beds rapidly to the north, in consequence of the proximity of a great dyke or vein. In Gilderdale Burn the Whin may be seen about 2 miles above the bridge on the Knarsdale road, where it forms the bed of it for 100 yards or upwards, and appears to be brought up by the throw of a vein. In nearly all the streams which carry off the drainage waters of Hart- side and the north limb of Cross Fell, and which united form Black- burn, the Whin may be seen in one part or other of their course. In a burn which runs past the mouth of a cavern called Hutton Hole (an open fissure in the limestone, of limited extent, called by the miners a shake hole), the Whin occurs. It is also seen in the next stream to the south, called Watson’s Beck; and beyond this, in Agh- onby Burn or Black Cieugh, where it forms the bed of the stream for half a mile. Mr. Hurron on the Stratiform Basalt. 189 On the side of the hill south of Aglionby Burn, the Whin was a short time ago worked into in a mine called Foxfold Level. In the higher part of Smitter Gill, the Whin may be seen forming the west cheek of a vein; it occurs again by the throw of another vein near the foot of this stream, a little above its junction with Shield Water, where it may be seen in the bed of the burn for above 100 yards. In Routen Burn, Swarth Beck, and Kesh Burn, the waters form beautiful cascades over the Whin, which appears in each of these situations, from the crossing of a vein, called by the miners the Great Vein, or the Back- bone of the Earth.* At Kesh Burn it is not less than 30 fathoms thick. The Tyne itself is precipitated over the Whin by the influence of the same vein near Tyne Head Smelt Mill, where the water forms a suc- cession of falls, which, together, are not less than sixty or seventy feet in height.t This is the only spot on the river Tyne, where the Whin Sill is visible, it was however sunk into at Beldy Mill, on the south bank of the river near Garrigill Gate, and found to be 20 fathoms thick. In the river Wear the Whin is visible at Unthank Bridge, near Stan- hope; it may also be seen at Rookhope Burn, where it has been de- scribed by W. C. Trevetyan, Esq.t In Kilhope Burn, which afterwards becomes the Wear by its junction with Burnhope Burn, at Wear Head, the Whin Sill may be seen at Burtreeford, where it appears to be broken by the action of a great Basaltic Dyke, the peculiarity of which will be afterwards referred to. In Teesdale, from below Middleton, the Whin Sill is the predomina- * The Great Vein which well deserves its name, from the extent of its throw and its magnitude, is filled with Quartz, massive and crystalline, having long-bladed crystals of Iron Pyrites embedded in it. It apparently obtains the name of the Back-bone, from a ridge of Quartz, which, standing above the surface, marks the line of its course. + Above the higher fall at Tyne Head, a Basaltic Dyke is seen cutting the strata perpen- dicularly, and forming a ridge on either side of the river; direction N. N. W. In the bed of the stream, when the water is low, it may be seen intersecting a Limestone without alter- ing its level. This Limestone is above the Whin Sill, and appears to be little altered either by its proximity to that bed, or the Dyke; the Shale bed above it, however, which the Dyke also cuts, is considerably hardened. t Vol. i. page 58. 190 Mr. Hurron on the Stratiform Basalt. - ting rock near to the river; the wild scenery there exhibited, owing its peculiar character to the rugged outline, the great extent, and thick- ness of this bed. At High Force and Cauldron Snout, two beautiful waterfalls, the river cuts through it,-and displays the beds upon which it reposes. About half a mile below Cauldron Snout, on the north bank of the river, the violent action of heat upon the beds below the Basalt is very evident ; the various phenomena here displayed, as well as those connected with the Basalt in Teesdale, generally, are described by Professor Sepewrcx, with his well known ability, in the paper before named, and which we shall have occasion to refer to hereafter. He has described several curious instances of the mechanical effects of the Ba- salt upon the beds below it; an example of this kind is to be met with by the side of the new foot-path leading to the Pool, beneath the High Force, which has been exposed since he described the district, and may be easily observed by any one visiting the waterfall. No. 1.—Junction of LIMESTONE and BASALT, near High Force, in Teesdale. LIMESTONE The Limestone under the Whin is much altered, having become white and crystalline. In the Tees, above Cauldron Snout, the Whin Sill may be seen about 300 yards above the Weal (an extensive and deep pool formed by the damming back of the river). The bed above it here is a Limestone of considerable thickness, rendered generally of a coarse granular texture, and of a white colour. In ascending the stream the Basalt is covered by the superior strata, but at a lead mine called Nether Hurth, the Whin was worked into in following a vein, and found to bear a good deal of ore. In the mine at Troutbeck Foot, on Tees side, four miles Mr. Hutton on the Stratiform Basalt. 191 above Cauldron Snout, also, the Whin was sunk through in following the vein for Lead ore, of which it contained a rib 12 to 14 inches wide. It was here found 3 fathoms below the surface, and was 11 fathoms thick. At Birkdale Lead Mine, by the side of Maize Beck (a consider- able stream, which joins the Tees near Cauldron Snout), two shafts were sunk into the Whin in search of a Lead ore vein, which was found 3 feet wide, having in it sometimes a rib of ore 1 foot thick. Maize Beck, for the greater part of its course, runs upon the surface of the Whin Sill, and, in the higher part, as we approach the edge of the fells, that bed is laid bare by denudation for a great extent of surface. The Whin occurs in the lower part of Lunedale: it is also found at Lune Head, but is not known any further to the south ;* we therefore change the direction hitherto followed, and now proceed to trace its outcrop on the fells, and in the water courses descending towards the west. Ina small stream, called Swindle Beck, about 1 mile south of the Helton or Murton mines, in Westmorland, we first observed the edge of the Whin Sill, where it does not appear to be more than 1 fathom thick. In the Murton Fell mines the veins cut the Whin, and sometimes bear Lead ore, in a rib three feet wide, much mixed with Vein-stuff, or Rider as the miners term it. The entrance to the mine, and the machinery for dressing the ore, are in a very picturesque situation, being placed at a considerable elevation against the side of a very steep precipitous valley.t ‘Traverse roads are cut on the side of the gill, to allow the * On Warcop Fell, a Dyke occurs which runs nearly east and west, and which may be traced by the eye upon the surface, cutting Long Fell and Roman Fell. On the top of the hill, at Tarn Gill Head, a small patch of Whin may be seen either in or near this Dyke. + There is a peculiarity worthy of notice in the valleys of this part of the escarpment, viz., those through which the streams run which pass the villages of Helton and Murton, that called Hycup Nick, and Rundle Beck; they are all narrow and deep slits, as it were, into the edge of the escarpment, having, in some cases (as at Hycup Nick), perpendicular cliffs of unbroken rock round their summits, whilst their sides are so steep as to make it generally impossible to cross them, except at their higher or lower ends. Their great singularity is the insignificance of the stream which runs through them, in some places little more than a rill; nor could this ever have been greater since the rising of the range - of Cross Fell, as the drainage waters, following the dip of the strata, run even from their VOL. 11: yy 192 Mr. Horron on the Stratiform Basalt. passage of ponies to carry away the ore upon their backs. The mine machinery is erected upon the Whin Sill, which has been laid bare for the purpose. Its surface is even, and a Limestone, which reposes upon it, may be seen in close contact, unaltered either in colour or texture. SUCCESSION OF STRATA AT THE MURTON MINES, IN A DESCENDING ORDER. Faths. Yds. Fé. Ibimestone,. sovescesesancnceuccacesecs caoeeen: ae cencciccboscueceoente 6 0 0 Sandstone ree eee sas ce etenessewescesee nest ncvesweetoeeuess 1,1 0 Limestone, .....0+0 sooscosesees dasecseceressen Merccsdecasconsences 01 @ Whin,....... SencNeasn ge sdcate vores recee cca sercrstencceaeeeones AeeeonounOr 10: SlatyiSandstones ssscscass.ss:ceeasscccceeoseessecessesesecnerecs 0) Jew, or Great Melmerby Scar Limestone, ..werceeeee 18 O 0 On the south side of the valley, down which Murton Beck takes its course, the Whin may be seen in a “ Hush” upon a Lead vein. North of this, in Hycup Nick, the Whin Sill forms the edge, or uppermost bed, round the eastern end of that singular valley, and from hence its denuded surface may be traced, almost without interruption, by the side of Maize Beck, as before observed, to Birkdale, near Cauldron Snout, the waters never cutting through it until we arrive at that spot. At Dufton Mine, in Rundle Beck, the Whin is worked into, and is 9 fathoms thick. North of Rundle Beck, the Whin is seen in Swindle and Knocker Gill Becks; also in the streams running past the villages of Milburn and Knock, in all which situations it is from 7 to 9 fathoms thick, and holds a perfectly regular course. very edges, all round, in a directly opposite course towards the Tees, by Maize Beck. Could these have been valleys prior to the upheaving of this range of hills? If not, it be- comes exceedingly difficult to account for the removal of such immense masses of matter as have here disappeared. Without entering at all into the general question of valleys, may we not be allowed to suppose many of those which have originated in the action of running water alone, to have been formed whilst the strata were in a half-consolidated, soft, and yielding state? There are some of the phenomena attending the great Dyke of the New- castle Coal field, which, to my mind, prove that the strata remained soft for an immense period after their deposition. Mr. Hurron on the Stratiform Basalt. 193 In Blencairn Burn, the Whin occurs, and here a fine section may be seen of all the beds from the old Red Sandstone to the Great Limestone. North of this its edge does not appear in the escarpment, but it occurs on Melmerby Fell, and has already been extensively indicated in the streams descending eastward from Hartside. The whole face of this part of the escarpment is much confused by the sliding down of large masses, which appear to have detached them- selves from the beds above; thus, in ascending Raven Beck, we appear to meet with the Whin three times, although there is doubtless but one bed. No. 2.—Ideal Sketch of the Appearance of the BASALT, in Raven Beck, the Distance between each mass being about Half a Mile. [ ___.,~ SANDSTONE SS In each case the water forms a cascade over it. The stratum is about 9 fathoms thick, and has in the midst of it a bed of Slaty Sandstone, 18 inches to 2 feet thick, and so close is the contact between the Whin and Sandstone that, with care, specimens may be obtained of the two substances adhering together. On Croglin Water the Whin appears, having again a stratum of Slaty Sandstone in the midst of it, 6 feet thick. The Whin may be seen in Old Water and New Water, which streams united form the Gelt. It also appears in Tarn-Monath Beck, north of ’ 194 Mr. Hvrron on the Stratiform Basalt. Old Water, but is not seen on Croglin or Castle Carrick Fells, as the regular rise of the beds towards the west would carry it above their summits. Near the head of Blackburn, which is afterwards called Hartley Burn, and flows to the Tyne, the Whin is found in the stream for nearly half a mile: this bed, which crops out to the north-west, on the high ground near the top of Cold Fell Pike, must be a different bed and higher in the series than that seen in Croglin Water, and the tributa- ries to the Gelt. After following the descent of Blackburn for near a mile, a mass of Basalt, of inconsiderable extent, appears on the north bank of the stream. About a mile further down the burn, a stream joins it from the west, up which, for nearly a quarter of a mile, the Whin may be seen, the wa- ter forming a succession of cascades over it. Continuing the descent of Blackburn, we arrive at Raven Crag, a little below the last men- tioned spot; here the Whin suddenly increases to an enormous thick- ness, without the beds above it being in the least disturbed ; the chan- nel becomes narrow and deep, and the water, after forming a series of small rapids, is finally precipitated over the Whin in a fall of consider- able beauty : below the force, the Basaltic columns, crowned with the superior strata, rising to a great height on either side of the narrow channel, add much to the romantic wildness of the spot. At the foot of Blackburn, or where it forms Hartley Burn and runs to the east, a remarkable change is observable in the aspect of the country. This is owing to the great Stublick Dyke, which running east and west, here cuts through the hills, throwing the whole formation down so far, that the Coal Measures proper are found on its north or low side, below the level of the Whin Sill, forming the depressed Coal fields of Hartley Burn and Tindle Fell, as described by Mr. Woop.* * Vol. i. page 302. Mr. Hutton on the Siratiform Basalt. 195 No. 3.—Ideal Sketch across the STUBLICK DYKE at the foot of Blackburn. EEE —— > 3 a ~ Mountain Limestcne formation Mountain Limestone formation a To the north of the Dyke the country is low and flat, compared with that to the south, and the beds rise rapidly out towards the north, whilst south of the Dyke their position is not altered by their approach tonit:* At Silversides, near Kirk House, north of the Dyke, a small patch of the Whin Sill may be seen, overlaid by a hardened Shale bed (used by the children for slate pencils), and a Limestone, all dipping rapidly south, or towards the Dyke. The Whin appears again cropping out a little south-east of Car-Netley farm house, and a small patch of it also is seen in the form of a round hillock, near the turnpike road, a * It is by the action of this Dyke in depressing the whole formation, that coal of a very superior quality exists close to the New Red Sandstone, a circumstance of immense import- ance to many of those who dwell upon it, Carlisle itself drawing much of its supply from this spot. The depression of the surface by the Dyke is so great that cultivated land here occurs from side to side of the Island, in the only spot (I believe) from the north of Scot- land to the south of Derbyshire, and, from the same circumstance, the railway, now con- structing, which will unite the east and west seas, here passes its summit level at the height of about 500 feet. i 196 Mr. Hurron on the Stratiform Basalt. little south-east of Birk Crag farm house. At Windy Law Hill, about one mile west of Greenhead, the Whin crosses the turnpike road, and is worked in a quarry on the south side of it. In the valley the Whin stratum is distinctly visible in the east end of the village of Glenwhelt, and the inn there is built upon it. These localities form the links of a chain connecting the Whin south of the Dyke with Wall Town Crags, where the bed is weil defined, as well as those above and below it.* It here presents an uneven outline to the north, the Basalt appearing suddenly to thicken and grow thin again, at intervals. This character continues for a considerable distance, the bed increasing in general thickness, and rising into higher eminences as we proceed with it towards the east. At Crag Lough, a small lake which lies in the hollow formed between the outcrop of the Basalt and the rising of the bed below it, the perpendicular columns shooting from the bed of debris by the side of the lake, have a fine effect, the Basalt being here 30 fathoms thick. Continuing the edge of the bed towards the east, at a spot a little short of the Roman Station, now - called House Steads, a mass of Limestone apparently connected with a bed below, appears in the Whin traversing the cliff at an angle of about 40° No. 4.—Appearance in the CLIFF, near House Steads. SSS SS SS WEES TES W The Limestone is 8 yards thick, and, at its junction with the Whin, is very much altered, becoming perfectly crystalline, and of a greyish colour, the colouring matter being in veins and clouded spots, the organic remains entirely disappearing.’ About a yard from the Whin, * This connection of the beds on the two sides of the Dyke may be most satisfactorily observed from that part of Tindle Fell, which is to the south of it. The eye of an ob- server at this spot looking towards the north-east, and having the Whin Sill at his feet, can easily trace the rapid rise of the beds towards the north from the fault, with the Whin Sill very conspicuous in the midst. Mr. Hurron on the Stratiform Basalt. 197 the Limestone is imperfectly crystalline, of a loose and tender texture, with here and there traces of the Encrinal Fossil. Near the centre of the bed it is close grained, and compact, and is very little altered from the usual characters of the Carboniferous Limestone. From the Roman Wall, which runs on the top of the Basalt at Sew- ing Shields, where the bed is nearly 200 feet thick, a fine view of the strata, both above and below it, may be seen as they successively dis- play their edges croppping out beneath each other towards the north. No. 5.—Succession of STRATA, near Sewing Shields. Beyond Sewing Shields, the course of outcrop becomes more north- erly, and the whole formation flattens and begins to dip a little east- ward, from getting beyond the influence of the Stublick Dyke. Upon Tepper Moor, the Whin forms the uppermost bed for a consider- able distance, being covered only by a thin soil and scanty vegetation. The Romans, in carrying their fortifications across this moor, have been compelled to form their ditches in the Basalt for a great distance, which must have been done with incredible labour, and they have left the masses as they raised them out of the excavation, where they will long remain as monuments of the skill and industry of that wonderful people. These masses retain their angles sharp, and surfaces fresh, in a remark- able degree, considering that they have braved the weather in an ex- posed situation for so many centuries ;_ thus affording a lesson of caution to those philosophers who reason upon the changes which are taking place upon the surface of the earth from mere atmospheric causes. At Settling Stones, a Lead mine has been formerly worked by the side of a stream which runs from near Sewing Shields towards the Tyne, and which, following the dip of the strata, is, for a great part of its course, upon the Whin Sill. The vein cuts the Whin, which has been sunk into by a shaft 20 fathoms deep, now full of water. ? 198 Mr. Hurron on the Stratiform Basalt. From Tepper Moor the edge of the Whin appears to take a N. N. E. direction ; the bed may be seen above a Limestone in a quarry at Cock Play, on the descent to the North Tyne, which river it crosses a little below Haughton Strother to Barresford, the stream having cut itself a narrow channel through the bed. At Gunnerton Crags the Whin again makes a bold appearance, it presents a very irregular outline, being in some parts not 2 fathoms thick. Eastward of Gunnerton Crags the bed crops out in the Park north of Swinburne Castle ; it then runs north- east by the village of Little Swinburne, which is close to its edge, to Thockerington Church, which stands upon it. A mile north of Thock- erington, a Lead mine is worked at Norheugh, where the Basalt is in three beds, one of which crops out above the stratum upon which the mine shaft commences, and in the shaft there are two beds, one four and the other six fathoms, being separated by a bed of Sandstone five fathoms in thickness; the Whin here was cut by a vein, which contained a rib of ore 8 or 9 inches thick, much mixed with Iron Pyrites. The circumstance above noticed, of three beds of Basalt, is not known, as far as I am aware, in any other part of the district ; two beds are not uncommon. At Little Swinburne, before mentioned, there is only one bed, but a very little to the north-east of that place there are two. The edge of the more northerly one, running by Thockerington, Quarry House, Norheugh, and a little east of Hawick, to the ruined village of West Whelpington; from thence it goes by Sledhow Hill, Horn’s Castle, Rowley Hill, White Hill, and Caldwell to Hartington, a little beyond which there appears to be but one bed again. ‘The range of the edge of the other bed from Caverton Moor, near Little Swinburne, where the stratum first divides into two, is by Humbledon Hill, Divot Hill, Great Bavington, West Harle, Three Farms, Whelpington, Elf Hills, and Hartington. The new road from Newcastle to Otterburn has been lately cut through the northern bed of Whin a little north of Whelp- ington. ‘The southern bed may be seen in the banks of the Wansbeck, near the village, but it is so much confused by the passage of large veins as to render its true connexion with the adjacent strata difficult to be understood. At Copping Crag, a little below Whelpington Bridge, Mr. Hurton on the Stratiform Basalt. 199 it contains Galena in strings, and has a thin bed of Shale irregularly interposed in it. No. 6.—Appearance at COPPERY CRAG, near Whelpington. In Burdiss’ Scar, on the south bank of Wansbeck, immediately below the bridge, a curious junction of the Whin with the Shale bed below it, may be seen, as represented in No. 7. No. 7.—Junction of SHALE with BASALT at Burdiss’ Scar, south bank of Wans- beck, Whelpington. LIMES TONE At Cam Hill, on the border of the Wallington estate, the edge of the southern range of Whin is seen with an altered Shale bed upon it, where ‘ Cam” is procured by the children for slate pencils ; from hence it runs through the Elf Hill grounds to Hartington Hall, where it may be seen crossing the Hart. In cutting a drain near the end of the Hall a great vein was accidentally met with, in which was found masses of Lead ore, from the smallest size to a ton in weight, embedded in an earthy Iron Ochre. A company of mining adventurers attempted to work this mine about eight years ago, and sunk to the depth of sixteen VOL, II. Yi Gs 200 Mr. Horron on the Stratiform Basalt. fathoms in it, two of which were in a Shale bed, and fourteen in the Whin, where they stopped, the vein in its lower portion having proved unproductive. The Limestone in a quarry at Gallow Hill, north-east of Hartington, is much contorted ; it is above, and must be very near the Whin, as im- mediately behind the farm house a quarry has formerly been worked in that stratum. ‘To the north-east of this the Whin again appears in the front of the farm house at Green Leighton Dyke Head. At Newbig- gin, near Fallowlees, at the southern extremity of the parish of Roth- bury, columnar Basalt may be seen on the right bank of Fallowlees Burn. On Ward Hill, south of Forest Burn, the Whin forms the capping of the hill above a Limestone. A seam of Coal is here worked below the Limestone at a spot called the Lea, or High Healey Hirst. A large quantity of Iron scoria is found upon this hill, denoting it to be the site of an ancient Iron work: this circumstance probably in- duced a late trial to be made of the Whin itself as an Iron ore. In Maggle Burn, which runs into Forest Burn, the Whin may be seen, but was no where found beyond this, until we reached a farm called Shield Dykes, about four miles north-east, the vale of the Coquet cutting through it. Near Shield Dykes, at a spot called Swinelee Hill, it makes its appearance in large masses above the surface, and is worked in a quarry for the use of the roads. The Whin is also worked for mend- ing the great north road in Hampeth Quarry, a mile and half north- east of Shield Dykes. North of Snipe House, the Whin is seen by the side of the road to Rugley. At Rugley it has been quarried, as also at Green’s Field, near the edge of Alnwick Moor, where it is three to four fathoms thick, and reposes upon a Shale of a light ash grey colour, used as a hone and sharpening stone. At Hope House, on the road side, below the tower at Swans- field, it has been formerly worked, but does not appear again until we reach Harlow Hill, near Denwick, on the opposite side of the valley, the denudation caused by the river Aln having removed it along with the other beds of the series. Mr. Horton on the Stratiform Basalt, 201 At Ratcheugh Crag,* the Basalt forms a bold escarpment facing the west, upon the top of which the Duke of Northumberland has a tower which commands an extensive prospect. Near Ratcheugh House the Whin is overlaid by a thin bed of Limestone, not more than six inches thick, which is rendered perfectly chrystalline and white. From this spot the edge of the Whin forms a ridge indicated by a series of round- topped eminences proceeding towards Long Houghton ; these may be easily traced by the eye running towards the sea-coast. At the north end of Long Houghton, the Whin rises above the sur- face by the road side, and to the east of Howick Hall it forms a bold cliff presenting its face to the west, the bed being here seven to eight fathoms thick ; this line of escarpments continues with the usual de- pressions by Craster Sea Houses to Dunstanbrough Castle. At this spot the Whin forms the uppermost bed, which by the natural course of the strata dips into the sea in an unbroken face of rock, which is constantly black by being wet with the spray ; this forms the horrible rocky coast to the east and south of the castle. A small stream, called Embleton Mill Burn, cuts through the Whin in its passage to the sea. At the south end of the village of Embleton the Whin is worked for the roads, and is found reposing upon a Shale bed of a light blue colour (here called a pencil bed), the natural and perpendicular partings of which contain thin films of brown Sulphuret of Zinc. From Embleton, the edge of the Whin is indicated by a series of low hillocks gradually approaching the sea until it disappears a little north of Newton. By a general depression of the strata the bed under review re-appears about two miles south of Bambrough, and running by Elford, which is upon its edge, it sweeps up to Belford by Spindleston and Easington, its course being marked, as usual, by a series of irregular eminences,. From Belford it runs by Raven Crag to Kyloe ; at Raven Crag it rises majestically into a cliff of eighty or ninety feet high. The Whin here is underlaid by a series of thick Sandstone beds which present their * See Mr. F. Forsrer’s Observation on the Geology of Ratcheugh Crag, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. i., page 75. ’ 202 Mr. Horton on the Stratiform Basalt. faces towards the west as they successively rise beneath each other, forming, along with the Basalt, that marked feature in the outline of the country to the north and west of Belford, which must naturally strike the eye of every Geologist travelling the great north road. The Fern Islands appear connected with the southern extremity of the crescent thus indicated (as the Basalt under Holy Island Castle is with the northern) ; they are portions of the Whin Sill crowning the subordinate strata and rising towards the north and west; within this crescent, and of course above the Basalt, Coal, Limestone, and Sand- stone are worked. We have thus described, in an almost unbroken line, the outcrop of the Whin from Helton, in Westmoreland, to the sea coast, in the northern part of Northumberland, in which extensive course, upwards of an hundred miles, it is stratiform, dipping regularly with the formation in which it lies, and having beds above and below it; generally it is in one bed, sometimes there are two, and, in one situation, at North Heugh (as described), there are three, and it is found in contact at its upper and under surfaces, with every variety of rock composing this formation. By a reference to Smitu’s Geological Map of Northumberland, it will be seen how nearly the line here pointed out as that of the Whin coin- cides with one he defines without reference to that bed, as the outcrop of a series of Limestones. To ascertain the exact position of this bed of Basalt, and the course it holds in the series of strata, was a principal object of this examination. In ForsteEr’s Section of the Strata, from Newcastle upon Tyne to Cross Fell, it is placed 59 fathoms above the Melmerby Scar Limestone, the most conspicuous bed of the series on the western escarpment, and 194 fathoms above the Old Red Sandstone. Forster confounded the Old and New Red Sandstones together, but this will be near its proper position in Rundle Beck, where his section was taken, as the two are there not far from the same level. The Melmerby Scar Limestone is a well-defined bed, and at the mine on Murton Fell the Whin is found separated from it only by a Slaty Sandstone, of 3 yards in thickness, se Mr. Hurron on the Stratiform Basalt. 203 that in the space between that spot and Rundle Beck, scarcely 6 miles, there is a difference in its position relatively with this bed of Limestone, of 58 fathoms. How this change of position takes place is no where to be seen, and there are but two ways of accounting for it; one is by supposing the Whin to cut its way through the beds upwards in its course from Murton Fell towards Rundle Beck, or to fancy the beds to split and divide, and new ones “to put in,” as the miners term it. The latter supposition appears to me the correct one. Forster’s Section, from Newcastle to Cross Fell, was compiled from the experience of different mine workings, and, in the line he took, there are so many, and the intermediate spaces are so well known, that his account may be relied on as generally correct, and it is, undoubtedly, of much practical utility to the Miner and Geologist, but great mistakes are made when we attempt to apply it in other directions. If, for instance, we compare it with a section, formed with great care, on the river Gelt,* which runs from the northern part of the fells to the * SECTION OF THE STRATA Commencing at the Red Sandstone, on the River Gelt, near High Gelt Bridge, up the Gelt, to the Tindle Fell Coal Seam. RedvRocksstciistrewcsrsetocers Cole i cisccccbscce’ ccecacesecsece 1 foot. Freestone,apparently abutting MeIMESCONCsececesces cence Mcescere 10 feet. against the Red Rock,...... 5 fathoms. Blue Plate, ......sssereseseneeee 5 fathoms. Red colouredLimestone, much Freestonesesccscpeccscsteccotacess A. feet. troubleds: G.cccsciesseee ACO 10 MimestOnes .cccocssscavecesoses - 3i fathoms. Dlaterrcccchesscarsacsccedecerecos 2 Grey Beds, mixed with Plate, 4 TuiIMe@StONe€;...ccecccccccecsceceseee 5 Freestone, Open, «.....cseeseeres 8i Freestone; iescscsstscssssccseccesse 4 Blues Blate), tcevecsrcssceevecaseses 14 Saddle-backed _—_ Limestone, WUIMEStONCSescessseenssscstecsees 11 feet. making its appearance, and BIVeyB late; y..sescecseessccccseces 3 the dip reversed, ............ Freestone Narstectccccessssssoovesveceno: Freestonesscccs0cisasesascsecsesss 5 Plates ties cccetecessscssesvessss 5 TiMeStOney <.ccececsssssetos0es ere 10 Limestone, ....scccc0 cossseeees 2 fathoms. lates maceerccsdascsssssesseeoceccers 7 feet. Platesccccscesscescascsssevsesaeeses 34 Limestones, .......sesssccssssces 11 fathoms. Slaty Freestone, .........s.0s00+ 3 Freestone’ss. : og AUWUIITO D : JN 3 S WD AVE AYO S HOWL By = ~S S Jour eyo ‘ 3 > WT al Be : S TO Qua s ; : Heim. eat hee 6 Sanh: = S wide oo Heng 3 Oo 8 e Bw fea] & 8 nO; a nH Bee a2 = SURE age & oot a {23} cy SUypwy [> 2B Fs 2 a 3 We ely i Mr. M. Down on the Sinking of Preston Grange Engine Pit. 227 one or other of their premiums, and have received from the Secretary following ‘Testimonials :— SOCIETY OF ARTS. Edinburgh, Feb. 17, 1831. Sir, The Report of the Committee on your Cast-Iron Tubbing, was given in, and read last night. The Report was approved of, and I was instructed to transmit a copy of it to you, which I annex ; and am Sir, Your most obedient Servant, JAMES TOD, Secretary. Marruias Dunn, Esq., Preston Grange, Tranent. Copy of a Report on Mr. Duny’s Cast fron Tubbing. By Messrs. STEVENSON, GRIEVE and BALD. Read, February 16, 1831. Edinburgh, December 20, 1830. I have examined the Drawing, and read the Description of Cast Iron Tubbing, used at Preston Grange Pit, by Marru1as Dunn, Esq., and having been down the Engine Pit, I found it executed in a very complete and business-like style, and quite effectual in keeping back the water, and preventing it descending the shaft. And so far as I know, this kind of Segment Cast Iron Tubbing has never been applied in any colliery in Scotland, until in this instance, although itis much practised at Newcastle. (Signed) ROBT. BALD. Midfield, Dec. 25, 1831. Ihave turned my attention to the method of keeping back water in the pits at Newcastle- upon-Tyne, and find the Cribbing and Cast Iron Segment Tubs, used by Marruras Dunn, Esq., at his sinking on Preston Grange Estate, to be done in the same substantial manner ; and do not know of any tubbing being put in, in so secure a manner, as yet, in any of the pits in Scotland. (Signed) GEORGE GRIEVE. Chambers, 84, George Street, Jan. 13, 1831. _ Ihave perused the accompanying Description by Mr. Duny, and examined the Drawing of his method of tubbing or lining the shaft of the mine he is sinking at Preston Grange ; having also seen something of the operation on the spot, and read the Reports by Messrs: ’ 228 Mr. M. Duwn on the Sinking of Preston Grange Engine Pit. Bap and Grieve on this subject, I agree in opinion with those gentlemen, who, from their professional department, are so well qualified to judge of this branch of engineering. Recollecting, however, of having seen a somewhat similar operation in progress near Glasgow, by a Mr. Nimmo, I believe, it occurs to me, that as this must be well known to Mr. Baxp, it would therefore be obliging and useful to the Society of Arts, if he would give some brief account of that operation, along with the Report of this Committee. (Signed) ROBERT STEVENSON. The addendum by Mr. Batp regarding the Tubbiug used by Mr. Nimmo, need not be here copied, as it appears to be of a different kind, and for a different purpose. J. T., Sec. The chief object of the present speculation was the Preston Grange Great Seam, varying from 7 to 9 feet in thickness, and dipping in a direction nearly west from the old crop workings towards the Harbour of Morrison’s Haven, within 150 yards of which the present winning has been effected.* The upper part of the colliery was won in ancient times by a day level drift,t which commenced at high water of the Frith of Forth, and cut the great seam 14 fathoms below the surface, at the distance of 500 yards. Not only the Great Seam, but several under seams, commanded by this level, were wrought away, until the failure of the level, and a va- riety of other adverse causes, induced the abandonment of the colliery, in the year 1746; and, although the antient level still discharges about 200 gallons of water per minute, it is well understood that a considerable altitude remains stagnant in the old workings. The old people projected a winning near to the present one, and sup- posed the Coal to lie there at the depth of 50 fathoms, but the uncertainty of that conclusion, the difficulties to be anticipated in sinking, and, above all, the probability of the water from this and other adjoining wastes being communicated by the fissures of the Stone and Coal, which, in the opinion of most professional persons who had examined the pro- perty, was extremely probable, had hitherto deterred any one from at- tempting it. * See Plate iv. + See Plate iv. Mr. M. Dunn on the Sinking of Preston Grange Engine Pit. 229 The metals, in the upper part of the district, and where bending in undulating lines over the ridges of the country, are, indeed, very open ; they seem, as it were, broken and disjointed, and, of course, pass water through for remarkable distances, but towards the bottom of the basin, and wherein is situate Preston Grange Pit, the stratification assumes a different feature, lying apparently regular, and being for the most part close and impervious to water. Depending, therefore, upon the principle of beating the water in de- tail, by the application of tubbing, and trusting, also, to the chance of meeting with suitable strata wherein to place it, we commenced the winning of Preston Grange Pit, in January, 1829, upon the following scale of preparation :— 1. The Main Shaft to be 10 feet diameter ; 43 was to be bratticed off for the engine pumps, leaving 5% for the Coal Shaft. 2. Pumps varying from 12 to 13 inches, according to their position in the shaft. 3. The Pumping Engine Cylinder, double powered, and high pressure, 26 inches diameter (about 60 horse power), with a stroke of 7 feet, and furnished with 3 boilers, each 20 feet long and 6 feet diameter ; equal, in short, to command 400 gallons of water per minute. 4. A Winding Engine, 20 horse power, also high pressure, to work with flat ropes, and provided with a temporary Pumping Beam, until the Main Engine should be gotten ready for work. 5. Crabs, Gin, 5-fold Ropes, and Sheaves, and other apparatus for hanging the Pumps, were provided in the most approved and substantial manner. Before proceeding with the narrative, I may, perhaps, be allowed to glance at the origin and improvements which have terminated in the present system of tubbing, or the stopping back of water. The earliest application, and from which the name of tubbing seems to have been derived, was the spiking of 23 or 3 inch planks (properly dressed to the sweep of the pit) on to cribs of 6 or 8 inches square, placed at intervals “* By brattice is meant an air-tight wooden partition from the top to the bottom of the shaft, 230 Mr. M. Dunn on the Sinking of Preston Grange Engine Pit. of 2 or 3 feet. This species of tubbing answered well enough for the very top of the pit, but, where considerable pressure was expected, it was necessary to support such planking by an internal tier of cribs, ranging, according to circumstances, at from 6 to 20 inches from each other and covered in front by a facing of deal. With this, description of tubbing was effected the winning of Heb- burn, Jarrow, South Shields, and other collieries, in this neighbourhood, about and since the year 1790, in which collieries some of the tubs are sustaining water under a pressure of 40 fathoms, or 100lb. per square inch. The first cast-iron tubbing was introduced by the late Mr. Baryes, at the King Pit, Walker Colliery, about the year 1795, but at that time, and for several years afterwards, it consisted of entire circles the full size of the shaft; and, however useful it might be in passing through sands, &c., near the surface, it could not be applied in the main body of the shaft, after the pumps and other engine furniture became ne- cessary. The first instance of the application of cast-iron tubbing, by forming it into convenient segments, was in the winning of Percy Main Colliery, in 1796-7, under the direction of Mr. Buppus, to whose scientific and professional exertions this mining district is indebted for so many of its greatest improvements. At this period, the flanches were bolted to- gether, and projected towards the centre of the pit, requiring inside cribs and planking in front, as, with the plank tubbing, the expense and inconvenience of this plan, very soon brought into use crib upon crib. Crib tubbing consisted of solid segments of oak or elm wood, 8 or 9 inches square, piled upon each other, the joints containing 2 inch deal, wherein to effect a water-tight wedging. ‘This species of tubbing was much esteemed about the year 1806. Cast-iron tubbing, according to the present improvement, with flanches projecting outward, and put together without screw-bolt, was first intro- duced in the winning of Howdon Pit in the year 1804—5, and has con- tinued ever since to be universally adopted. Mr. M. Dunn on the Sinking of Preston Grange Engine Pit. 231 But to resume.—No sooner had the sinking reached the depth of 7 fathoms, than a feeder of water was met with of 200 gallons per minute, and as it was found to deliver itself at the surface level, preparations were made to dispose of it in the following manner. A ledge of water-tight Stone being made perfectly smooth and level, the laying of the wedging crib (intended as the foundation of the tub) was commenced, consisting of segments of oak timber, 9 inches broad and 8 inches thick, every joint of which was lined with half-inch deal, for the purpose of wedging. When properly adjusted, these cribs were wedged both behind and at the joints as tight as possible, after which the tub segments commenced building, each segment being 4 feet long, 2 feet high, and scarcely % inch thick, having flanches of 3 inches pro- jecting outwards from each end and side of the segment, the space be- tween each joint being also filled with slit deal like the wedging cribs. As the building of the tub proceeded, the joznts being arranged off and on, the space behind was closely packed with wood or stone, and the top was surmounted with 8 feet of walling; every joint was then wedged so long as any leakage remained, when the water which had before forsaken the neighbouring wells, returned, and discharged itself at the surface. The sinking was then resumed without difficulty, till, at the depth of 22 fathoms from the surface, the shaft intersected the fissure of a trouble, which gave out a new feeder of water, consisting of 300 gallons per minute, and it was not until the pit had reached the depth of 28 fathoms, that a suitable solid Stone could be selected whereon to found the wedging cribs, for two were in this case judged prudent, and which were finished after the manner before described.* The length of this tub was required to be 6} fathoms; for, having ascertained that this water also rose to the surface level, it became ne- cessary either to join it to the upper tub, or to terminate it at some intermediate water-tight rock, which latter mode was adopted as a sav- ing of expense. When the necessary quantum of segments had been built, a pair of * See Plate IV. Fig. 2. VOL. II. 3D 232 Mr. M. Duyn on the Sinking of Preston Grange Engine Pit. wedging cribs were affixed at the top of the tub, and made water-tight by wedging the space between the back part of the cribs and the solid rock ; the whole fabric being kept firmly down by a range of strong stays against the overhanging brow. In order to collect the straggling drippings of wa- ter, and keep it from falling upon the sinkers, rings, or spiral excavations, a few inches deep, were cut around the shaft, from whence it is con- veyed, in boxes, downwards. As the pressure upon this tub was considerably greater than the for- mer, the segments were prepared half inch thick, and found to be ade- quately strong, for the tub when completed gave out scarcely any leakage. The sinking was then carried on with little interruption till it reached the depth of 36 fathoms, the pumps being also progressively lowered down, when a third tub, of 4 fathoms long, was required to shut off a similar feeder of water to the last mentioned. Up to this period the column of pumps had been hung on ropes, strengthened by the application of five-fold sheaves, but it now became desirable to establish them as a fixed set, 31 fathoms long, especially as a seam of Coal, 2 feet thick, passing through the shaft at that place, of- fered facilities for getting room made. The Coal and Stone were, therefore, excavated for the reception of beams of timber, strong enough to bear the column (about 40 tons), to which was attached a cistern, for receiving the waste water of the shaft, as also that of the intended lower set; and, in order to equalize the working of the engine,* this, hétherto common, sucking pump was, by the application of a separate working barrel, converted into a forcing set, with iron rods, contrived to bestride the said working barrel, so as to bring the lower column of pumps directly underneath the main spear of the engine. Owing to the fixed arrangements of engine shaft, the clack door of this forcing set was found to project so near to the side of the pit as to obstruct the necessary handling of that part of the pumping apparatus ; it therefore became necessary in the construction of the second tub, to * The beam at one motion raises the water up the forcing set to the surface, and, by the other, the two lower sets deliver into their respective cisterns. Mr. M. Down on the Sinking of Preston Grange Engine Pit. 233 insert a casting, to occupy the space of. four segments, viz. :—8 feet long by 4 feet high, containing an egg-shaped bulb, 5 feet by 3 feet, projecting outwards, wherein a man might station himself to change the clack,* the flanches at each end of this being contrived so as to break the joints all around the pit. Considerable apprehension was entertained of this tub standing good against the extreme pressure which was in this case laid upon the point of junction of the two sweeps. In the first place the common pressure upon every square inch of the bulb was 86lb. per inch, but the aggregate pressure upon the bulb 5 feet by 3, 65 tons devolved upon that part where the two sweeps met. No sooner was all finished and the water had acquired nearly its full pressure, then the mouth of this bulb began to shew symptoms of weak- ness by a crack of 12 inches in length. ‘The pressure was immediately eased, and no time lost in preparing four inside segments of cast iron, 8 inches broad and 2 inches deep, fitted accurately to the sweep of the orifice of the bulb, which, being keyed closely up, completely answered the purpose of strengthening every thing equal to the required pressure. The second column of pumps now became the hanging set, and the sinking proceeded to the depth of 44 fathoms, where 42 fathoms of tub were again required to get rid of water to the extent of 350 gallons per minute. The segments of this tub were increased in thickness to § and 3, with deeper flanches. The top and bottom wedging cribs were proceeded with in the same manner as before described, but the job was rendered difficult of completion owing to a considerable mixture of carbonic acid gas being contained in the water, which affected the eye-sight of the sinkers, and so operated against the tightening of the tub that at one time it was feared air pipes would have been necessary from hence to the surface to complete the safety of the pit. As all these waters have their origin on the surface, and as they rise considerably above the level of the shaft, I calculate the pressure upon this last-mentioned tub at 310 feet perpendicular, or 133lb. upon every square inch of its surface; and as the outside surface of that tub con- tains 768 square feet, it is therefore sustaining a pressure of 6313 tons. * See Plate IV. Fig. 2. ? 234 Mr. M. Duwn on the Sinking of Preston Grange Engine Pit. Little or no more water was met with below here during the sinking, but at the depth of 55 fathoms a second column of pumps was converted into another fixed set, and the third column attached in its turn as the sinking set. On the 1st of December, 1831, nearly two years after the commence- ment of the undertaking, the Coal was passed through at the depth of 70 fathoms, at which period, and ever since, the total water does not ex- ceed 50 gallons per minute, or one-eighth part of the engine’s power. TABLE OF THE DIFFERENT TUBS AND THEIR EFFECTS. | Quantity 0 Bottom of) Weight per Seg-| Weight |Faths. in| Water per} Tub, ment. per Fath.) Length. | Minute |depth from stopped. | Surface. cwt. qr. Ib. cwt. is galls, Saths. a Rubs wuescenetsescssese oD 48 8 200 9 aD IELONs ease screcosescass PRS W) 60 63 300 28 SUD itiOsressssscesesesesae 2:3 0 66 4 300 36 ADD ittOsersesessees sesso Bye den) 80 41 350 44 Total, 23 | 1150 SECTIONS OF GREAT SEAM. Sp. gravity. Ft. In. Ft. In 1-26 Coal, called Splint, ........cssccssceseesseeees 2 AO Preece: 3 0 Slaty Band, :....1..ccsscsesesscesnas seeee osaee OB avyteceses 0 5 1:27 Coal, called Cherry,.....csco0 essososeessere Tero HOV MOS eee By 1-44 Parrott, or Gas Coal, .....ccccssseccsceceeece On gicaiimesser. 0 9 Coal, 200d, ..sccccorcrsssssccasscccsresces ons ORE StMaaeseces OSS 7 8 0 Since the completion of the pit, the driftings have extended north, south, and east, about 80 yards each, the Coal rising about one in eight, but no symptoms appear of any leakage of water, although at this mo- ment the adjoining colliery of Walliford, distant less than a mile, is drowned up, and the water standing 80 fathoms above the level of the Coal. The colliery seems, therefore, secure from the irruption of any of the waters before-mentioned, except one or other of the following causes should, by possibility, occur. Mr. M. Dunn on the Sinking of Preston Grange Engine Pit. 235 1. In case of cutting through Dykes, the troubled Stone is not un- frequently found to convey water. 2. If so large a proportion of Coal should be wrought away as to bring on a Creep, or Thurst, and thereby break the stratification be- tween the part tubbed-off and the Coal. 3 The working away of the mine so near to the old colliery, as to enable the water to filter through the Stone or Coal. Although a principal working will be carried on under the Frith of Forth, I am under no apprehension on that head, for although so near, and where the stratification is laid bare along the sea-shore, we have never had the least leakage of sea-water. As the colliery is intersected by a Whin Dyke, of from 15 to 20 yards wide, running within 200 yards of the shaft, and through which the north levels are intended to be carried, that question will, in due time, be solved, as well as the state in which this Dyke exists so far be- low the surface. In conclusion, I beg to state that I intend, at my earliest convenience, to present the Society with the result of my observations upon this part of the Coal-field of East Lothian, which seems replete with interesting matter. Since this paper was read before the Natural History Society, I have had the honour of receiving (on the 20th June) from Sir Tuos. Dick Lauper, Bart.), the Chairman of the Edinburgh Society of Arts, their first Silver Medals. } 236 Mr. Wiruam on the Lepodidendron Harcourtii. No. [X.—On the Lepidodendron Harcourtii. By Henry Wituam, Esq., F. G.S., &c. Reap, Marcu 19, 1832. Iw the month of J anuary, 1832, Mr. Puriuips, of York, having sent me a fragment of a Lepidodendron, which had been presented to him by the Rev. C. G. V. Vernon Harcourt, rector of Rothbury, whose zeal and activity have induced me to take the liberty of naming this fossil plant after him, I felt anxious, by means of slicing the stem, to ob- tain an insight into its internal structure. I had so repeatedly ex- amined the stems of vascular cryptogamic plants without detecting any traces of organization, that I cannot refrain from mentioning the delight which I experienced when I observed a structure so perfect. I am the more gratified as it affords me an opportunity of corroborat- ing the opinion of so distinguished a fossil botanist as Mr. A. Bronen- rart, although founded solely upon the external markings of the peculiar plants. To ascertain the correctness of his views, it became necessary for me to examine into the internal structure of recent Lycopodiaceous plants, of which, however, I have only obtained specimens of a single species. In so far as I have discovered, the structure of this species is analogous, in most respects, to that of the stem presented to me by Mr. Puruuips. The specimens of this plant which I have seen, consist of subcylin- drical or slightly compressed dichotomous stems. The surface is cover- ed by a thick envelope of carbonaceous matter, presenting indistinct spiral protuberances, and beneath which are observed numerous small papille of an elliptical form, higher than broad, and very regularly ar- ranged in spiral series. Fig. 1. Plate V. represents a portion of one of the stems, with some of the carbonaceous envelope remaining. Viewed in relation to its structure, the stem presents a central axis, which may be seen in the transverse section, Fig. 1. a. Pl. VI., and in : PLATE Y. VOL LL. } Drawn by W.Mac Gillivray Eugruved byWHLizara VOL I. Iingraved by W. H.Ligars VI. NI “4 IPLAT IE awn by W, Mao Gillivray Mr. Wrruam on the Lepidodendron Harcourti. 237 the longitudinal section, Fig. 2. Pl. V., in the latter of which it is en- tirely filled by calcareous spar, and a tube of carbonaceous matter. This axis consists of a central portion, which in the transverse section, pre- sents rather an irregular cellular texture, around which is a layer of cellular tissue, of large irregular polygonal cells, and lastly, a layer with very small meshes. These appearances are seen in Fig. 2, a, 6; Figs. 4 and 5, Pl. VI. In Fig. 2, a, the central part of the axis is destroyed. From the central column or axis, emanate on all sides cylindrical bodies, consisting of cellular tissue, with central fasciculi of vessels. They proceed obliquely upwards and outwards, as is seen in Fig. 2, 8, 8, Pl. V., and terminate in the papillary eminences of the surface of the stem. They are seen cut obliquely, in the transverse section of the stem, Fig. 3, Pl. V. where they constitute the white oblong markings dispersed in the brown parenchymatous substance. Fig. 4, Pl. V. represents a longitudinal section of the stem, in which these bodies are seen, as regularly arranged as the papilla of the sur- face, to which they proceed. These processes, from the central axis or pith, are embedded in cel- lular tissue, constituting the great mass of the stem. In the transverse section of the stem, it presents the appearance of pretty regular meshes, assuming more or less of a polygonal form, as seen in Fig. 5, 8, Pl. V. The cellular tissue is more condensed towards the surface of the stem, as is represented at ¢ of the same figure, which, also shews at a, the appear- ance of one of the processes, in which the cellular substance and vessels ~ have been thrust aside, and the cavity filled by calcareous Spar. The meshes of the general mass of cellular tissue are somewhat elon- gated in the longitudinal direction of the stem, but present the same general appearance as may be seen in Fig. 7, Pl. V., in which there is also one of the processes partially filled by calcareous spar. The cellular and vascular nature of these processes is pretty distinctly seen in a transverse section of one of them, Fig. 6, Pl. VI., which, though considerably altered, shews the appearance of vessels in the centre, and cellular tissue in the other parts (in the surrounding parts the regular texture of the parenchyma is altered). The oblique section, Fig. 7, Pl. VI. shews one of these processes near its insertion into the leaf, an 238 Mr. Wrrnam on the Lepidodendron Harcourtii. bears a considerable resemblance to one of Lycopodium clavatum, Fig. 9, Pl. V. Fig. 6, Pl. V. represents an oblique section in which the meshes are more entire than usual. From certain indications presented by some of the transverse sec- tions of the stem, it would seem that bundles of vessels exist round the axis or pith, as seen in Fig. 4, a, a, and Fig 2, e, Pl. VI. The above is the ordinary structure of the stems as usually observed in specimens ; but in a stem of somewhat greater diameter, of which a transverse section is represented by Fig. 1, Pl. VI. (much altered), the cellular or parenchymatous tissue is, at the surface of the stem, sur- rounded by a very thin layer of tissue which assumes a remarkable de- gree of regularity, b b. It is seen magnified in Fig 2, d d, which is a portion of a transverse section including the pith, 6 d., and the other parts to the surface. Fig. 3 shews it more highly magnified. The tis- sue of this superficial layer has a remarkable resemblance to that of the conifer, the cellules being arranged in parallel series, and of a form approaching to the hexagonal, but without indications of medullary rays. In this more regular portion of the cellular tissue circular vacu- ities are observed, which are probably vasa propria, The Lepidodendra are generally supposed to be Lycopodia, or plants allied to them, and there is nothing in the structure of the present species that might tend to invalidate the opinion A transverse section of Lycopodium clavatum is represented by Fig. 8, Pl. V., but as I have had no opportunity of examining the structure of any large recent spe- cies, and as no figures of such exist, it does not become me to institute any comparison. Whatever light may be thrown on the nature of the Lepidodendron by the anatomy of the present species, I must leave to others better qualified than myself to point out ; but, I trust, the figures which I have given, will be useful for comparison, should other species occur, in which the structure may be found to have remained. This much is certain, that the plant here described, evidently belongs to the vascular cryptogamic class, and that in its structure there is nothing to invalidate the opinion derived from the external configuration of the Lepidodendra, that they are Lycopodiaciz. ————SCS—~“<~;«;C 09) jo) © Dr. Jounston’s Catalogue of Zoophytes. No. X.—A Descriptive CaraLocuer of the recent Zoopuytes found on the Coast of North Durham. By Grorce Jounston, M.D., Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh. Reap, Aprit 16, 1832. “ Mihi firme persuadeo, eum, qui plantas marinas et insecta marina perscrutari velit, magna perfusum iri voluptate: est enim hic novus Microcosmus, cujus incole parum innotuerunt, sed qui propter pro- ptios propagandi modos, ritus, economiam, aliasque qualitates, attentione Nature Venatoris sunt dignissimi; Ea tamen voluptas non caret incommodis, quia per difficile est, piscatores docere, (licet laute remunerentur) quomodo conservare capta inventa possint, quazcumque in foro vendere nequeunt.” Basterus. ‘Tue following Paper embraces an account of such Zoophytes as I have found in Berwick Bay, a portion of our coast about twenty five miles in extent, bounded by Holy Island on the south, and on the north by the bold promontory of St. Abbs’ Head. ‘The town of Berwick is situated almost exactly midway between these points, so that my posi- tion is very favourable for the investigation of the natural productions of the intermediate shores ; and I should not have presumed to lay this Catalogue before the Natural History Society of Northumberland, did I not feel assured that it will be found to contain, not probably a com- plete, yet such a full list of their Zoophytes as will suffice to convey an accurate view of their number and variety; and may be of service to any one who shall in future attempt to illustrate their distribution on the shores of Britain. The descriptions of the species have been invariably made from the specimens before me, and in almost every instance without previous re- ference to the descriptions of others; a circumstance which I have thought it proper to mention, because it may enhance the value of a Jocal catalogue to know to what extent it may be relied on as affording data to determine how far peculiar situations affect the appearances VOL. Il. 3E i 240 Dr. Jounston’s Catalogue of Zoophytes. of species. Several of the descriptions are accompanied with figures, which, in general, illustrate Zoophytes either hitherto imperfectly figured, or not at all. For these figures I would bespeak the indul- gence of the Society. They are the work of a lady very little prac- tised in the art of etching, and whose domestic duties afford little leisure for improvement in it, but who willingly took up the graver when she found she could aid the pursuits of an other, and add value to his labours. ‘They are intended for the eye of the naturalist only, and, to adopt the words of Mr. Montacu on a similar occasion, ‘if the representations are correct outlines of the objects, the design is ac- complished ; and, we trust, science will be considered as having reaped more advantage from such, than from highly-finished engray- ings devoid of correctness and character.” a Wolf\%, ee wT Li selldall 4 ” * gee aa F eae v = = - ” . a 2 =r . » ; ‘ . 7 4 a, Le. LE: = =p) Pay PLATE VU. —— PLATE, X. 7 iN Ss SES ANN AR vi Meat | pe NT”. neal Atk Ae fer i Wig PLATE, XT. Dr. Jounston’s Catalogue of Zoophytes. Q41 CATALOGUE. Class) ZOOPHYTA. (ZOOPHYTES POLYPES, CUVIER.) Zoophytes are defined by Dr. Johnson to be “substances which partake of the nature both of vegetables and animals ;” a definition which, while it avoids all delineation of cha- racter, expresses an opinion that has been indeed entertained by several naturalists in re- lation to some of them, but which is doubtful in what manner soever restricted, and is often manifestly erroneous. And Lamarck, objecting to the name as calculated to foster this false hypothesis, has substituted for it that of Polypes, which had been previously used for the animalcules when considered separately from their corals, corallines, or polypidoms ; but the older name is still retained by many naturalists, and is in such familiar use that it cannot well be displaced by any other. Nor does it seem objectionable in any way, for Zoophyta may, surely, without violence to the derivation of the word, and with strict pro- priety in reference to the subjects it embraces, be applied to such animal productions as assume the form and semblance of plants; and the greater number of our corallines do this so palpably that they were uniformly arranged among vegetables, until the discoveries of PEYSONNEL, JuSsIEU, and more especially of Exxis, assigned them to the province and study of the Zoologist. In the following catalogue, therefore, I apply the term Zoophyta in the same sense, and with the same latitude, that it was used by Extxis and SoLanper, to designate a class of inarticulate animals, or compound animalcules, which possess only one external aperture, placed in the centre of an expansile disk encircled with tentacula, always unarmed with teeth or proboscis, and serving both the purposes of mouth and anus. They have no circulating system; no separate respiratory organ (for the tentacula fulfil this function); no brain or nervous cords ; no distinctions of sex ; their stomach is a simple bag, sometimes furnished with an intestine, but apparently never with biliary nor ccecal ap- pendages; and in only a few of them an ovarium has been detected. The class is not exactly the same as the Polypi of Lamarck, or the Zoophyta of FLEM1NG, for theirs do not embrace the Actiniz, or Sea-anemones; but it is exactly synonymous with the Po- lypes of Cuvier, which constitute the fourth class of his Zoophytes. This most illustrious naturalist has so far extended the signification of the latter term as to make it include the Meduse or Sea-jellies, the Echini or Sea-eggs, and even the intestinal worms,—which, we presume to think, cannot be justified either on the score of verbal accuracy, or of zoological or vulgar usage. Ord. 1. CARNOSA. Char. Animals separate, fleshy, naked, voluntarily fixed by their base, and capable of changing their position: mouth superior, in the centre of a disk encircled with tentacula. ? 242 Dr. JounsTon’s Catalogue of Zoophytes. 1. Acrinta. Body conoidal or cylindrical, adhering by a broad base; mouth terminal, dilatable, and retractile; tentacula numerous, surrounding uninterruptedly the oral disk. . Lucernaria. Body anomalous, adhering by a narrow stalk; mouth in the centre of an ~ umbrellar expansion ; tentacula on the margin disposed in tufts, the apices tipped with a gland. Ord. 2. NATANTIA. Char. Polypes compound ; the common body or polypidom nomade, fleshy, strengthened with an internal inorganick cartilaginous or osseous axis. 3. PENNATULA. Polypidom plume-like, naked beneath, pinnate above; the axis osseous. Pinne two-ranked, spreading, flattened, plaited, and polypiferous on the upper margin. Ord. 3. TUBULIFERA. Char. Polypes compound ; polypidom fixed, coriaceous, internally fibroso-gelatinous ; polype- cells subcutaneous. 4, Loputarta. Polypidom with a coriaceous skin marked with stellated pores; interior perforated with longitudinal tubes terminating in polype-cells. Polypes entirely retrac- tile, with eight tentacula. 5. Atcyontum. Polypidom with a sponge-like or fleshy skin ; interior irregularly cellular. Polypes in prominent cells, entirely retractile, with more than eight tentacula. Ord. 4. THECATA. Char. Polypidom plant-like, fixed, horny or calcareous, tubular, filled with a soft medulla connecting the polypes together. Polypes issuing from the ends of the branches, or placed in distinct cells. * Polypidom horny. 6. TupuLartia. Polypidom simple or branched; the polypes proceeding from the end of the tubes, and crested with non-retractile filiform tentacula, circularly disposed. 7. Coryne. Polypidom simple or branched, slender, the extremities of the branches swol- len, and armed with non-retractile tentacula, irregularly disposed. 8. CampanuLariA. Polypidom simple or branched, slender, jointed. Polypes in bell- shaped cells supported on ringed or twisted footstalks. Ovaries vesicular. 9. SerTuLARIA. Polypidom simple or branched, slender, jointed. Polypes in sessile promi- nent denticles or cells, disposed on the sides both of the stem and branches. Ovaries vesicular. 10. PLumuLartiA. Polypidom branched, jointed; stem smooth; branchlets pinnate, celle- ferous; the cells sessile, disposed on one side. Ovaries vesicular. 11. ANTENNULARIA. Polypidom simple or branched, jointed, clothed with hair-like branch- lets arranged in whorls; polype cells prominent, sessile, disposed in a single series along the branchlets. Ovaries vesicular. Dr. Jounston’s Catalogue of Zoophytes. Q43 12. Tuutarta. Polypidom branched, continuous ; stem naked of cells, which are depressed and disposed in two or more rows on the dichotomous branchlets. Ovaries vesicular. ** Polypidom calcareous. 13. Cerrarta. Polypidom slender, branched, jointed, celleferous throughout ; cells sessile, in rows, united or single. Ovaries vesicular. Ord. 5. CELLULIFERA. Char. Polypidom fixed, membranous or calcareous, without any central medulla ; polypes aggregate (not compound ), in distinct cells imperforate at the base. * Polypidom membranous. 14. FLusrra. Polypidom leaf-like or encrusting; cells contiguous, arranged in regular rows, forming mat-like expansions. ** Polypidom calcareous. 15, Farcimta. Polypidom erect, dichotomously branched, constricted at distant intervals ; joints tubular; cells diverging from the axis, immersed. 16. Cerierora. Polypidom of various forms, encrusting or erect; cells agglomerated, urceolate, the mouths exserted. 17. Brrenicea. Polypidom crust-like, adherent throughout ; cells contiguous, oblique, ar- ranged in regular rows, the mouth at the distal extremity. 18. Tusutipora. Polypidom branched or simple ; cells rising from the base, long, tubu- lar, cylindrical. Ord. 6. APOLYPA. Char. Polypidom destitute of polype cells or polypes. * Soft and fibrous. 19. HaticuonpriA. Porous, spongy, of various forms; the fibrous skeleton strengthened by siliceous spicula. 20. GrantiA. Porous, spongy, of various forms ; the fibrous skeleton strengthened by cal- careous spicula. ** Hard and calcareous. 21. Mirtepora. Irregular, dilated, calcareous throughout, the surface perforated with minute perpendicular pores scattered irregularly. 22. Coratuina. Fixed, plant-like, very much branched, jointed, solid ; the axis continuous, corneous. I. Z. CARNOSA. 1, ACTINIA. * Tentacula retractile. 1. A. eguina, body conoidical liver-brown, or olivaceous, smooth ; tentacula numerous, 9. a is it 44, Dr. Jounston’s Catalogue of Zoophytes. nearly the colour of the body ; inner margin of the oral disk ornamented with a circle of azure-blue tubercles. A. equina, Linn. ; Flem. Brit. Anim. 497; Cuv. Reg. Anim. iii. 292. A. mesembryanthemum, Soland. Zooph. 4; Turt. Lin. iv. 104; Turt. Br. Faun. 131 ; Encyclop. Method. tab. 73, fig. 3, copied from Gertner. A. hemispherica, Pen. Brit. Zool. iv. 104. A. rufa, Stew. Elem. i. 393; Lam. Hist. Nat. iii. 67; Encyclop. Method. tab. 71, fig. 6—10. Hydra disciflora, tentaculis retractilibus, extimo disci margine tuberculato, G@rtner in Phil. Trans. lii. 83, tab. 1, fig. 5. Hab. On rocks between low and high water mark, very common. Body one or one and a half inch in diameter, hemispherical when contracted. The base generally of a uniform greenish colour encircled with an azure blue line, but frequently is streaked with red, and the blue marginal line is wanting. GmrtNeEr says that “ the colour of its body is always red in the summer, but changes into a dusky green, or brown, towards the latter end of autumn,” a remark which certainly does not hold good here ; and the red and dusky green varieties may be found at all seasons. The following varieties are worthy of more particular notice :— (a) Body olive brown, streaked with lines of a fine blueish colour ; tentacula unvarie- gated. (b) Body olive coloured, sub-cylindrical, spotted with numerous white dots; tentacula annulatated with white. (c) Body sub-cylindrical, greyish, with numerous white longitudinal lines ; tentacula uni- serial, annulated with white. This is the Actinia viduata of Muller. Zam. Hist. Nat. iii. 68. Encyclop. Method. tab. 72, figs. 4,5; bone. Turt. Lin. iv. 101. 2. .A senilis, body conoidical, variously coloured, rough, with glandular warts; tentacula y fo) 5 3 Cc numerous, biserial, shorter than the diameter of the oral disk, thick, and generally va- riegated with red and white rings. A. senilis, Zinn.; Lam. Nat. Hist. iii. 68; Flem. Brit. Anim. 498; Cuv. Reg. Anim. iii. 291; Penn. Br. Zool. iv. 105. A. gemmacea, Soland. Zooph. 3; Turt. Lin. iv. 104; Turt. Br. Faun. 130; Wern. Mem. i. 558. A. verrucosa, Penn. Br. Zool. iv. 103; Lam. Hist. Nat. iii. 70; Encyclop. Method. tab. 70, fig. 1, copied from Gertner. A. crassicornis, Zurt. Lin. iv. 100; Zurt. Br. Faun. 131; Stew. Elem. i. 393; Wern. Mem. i. 558; Lam. Hist. Nat. iii. 67; Penn. Br. Zool. iv. 105. A. coccinea, Turt. Lin. iv. 101; Zam. Hist. Nat. ii. 68. A. felina, Barb. Gen. Verm. 53, tab. 5, fig. 6. A. equina, Turt. Br. Faun. 131; Sowerby, Brit. Misc. tab. 4. Hydra disciflora, tentaculis retractilibus subdiaphanis; corpore cylindrico, miliaribus glandulis longitudinaliter striato, Gertner in Phil. Trans. lii. 82, tab. 1, fig. 4. Dr. Jounston’s Catalogue of Zoophytes. 24.5 Hab. In crevices of rocks between tide marks, and on shells, &c., in deep water, common. Body usually rather more than two inches in diameter, hemispherical when contracted, covered with glandular warts, arranged sometimes distinctly in regular lines, sometimes irregularly, and sometimes scarcely obvious. The tentacula are disposed within the circumference of the oral disk in two close rows ; they are thick, short, obtuse, somewhat compressed, almost always annulated or variegated with white and red. The animal pro- trudes from the mouth at pleasure four or five vesicular, pellucid, scored lobes, which vary in size according to their degree of evolution. When kept a few days in a basin of sea- water it becomes much larger in all its parts, paler, and almost diaphanous. In this state the tentacula elongate themselves, swell out, and are distinctly seen to be tubular. They adhere tenaciously to foreign bodies, for their apices act as suckers, and carry prey to the mouth in spite of all its struggles. This species is liable to great variation in colour and size, as may be presumed from the number of synonymes which we have quoted as belonging undoubtedly to it. The more remarkable varieties on this coast, may be distinguished thus :— + Littoral. (a) Body smaXer, orange coloured, clouded ; warts large, arranged in regular vertical rows ; tentacula rather slender. This is the variety described by G#RTNER, but his figure represents it with only a single row of tentacula, The warts are placed in rows from the top to the base, and “each row is composed of three files of glandule, of which the middle one is remarkably bigger than the two others.” It is found in the crevices of rocks, or attached to stones immersed in the sands, between tide marks ; and it is always covered with a coating of broken shells and gravel adhering to the glandular warts, and is thus so completely concealed that it becomes difficult to recognise the creature, and to discern it from the rubbish surrounding it. + + Pelagic. (6) Body of a uniform fine scarlet colour, with pale warts; tentacula variegated ; re- markably beautiful, and not uncommon. (ec) Body clouded with irregular scarlet and cream-coloured blotches; warts small and often obscure. : (d) Body of a pale sulphur-yellow ; glands equal, irregular; tentacula variegated ; oral disk rose-coloured. This is a very beautiful variety, and seems to constitute the A. equina of Sowerby. (e) Body of a uniform flesh or pale cream colour, the tentacula of the same colour and without rings ; warts small, equal, and obscure. This appears to be the A. truncata of British authors. Zurt. Lin. iv. 101; Wern. Mem. i. 558 ; Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 106. (f) Body smooth, irregularly clouded with scarlet and whitish ; tentacula annulated with red and white. When large this is the A. felina of Barbut ; when smaller it becomes the A. coccinea of Muller, of which there isa tolerable figure in the Encyclop. Method. tab. 72. fig. 1—3. A few minute warts are generally perceptible on the rim of the oral disk, but I have seen it perfectly smooth. 246 Dr. Jounston’s Catalogue of Zoophytes. The pelagic varieties are never covered with the extraneous coat of the littoral, but are clean, more vividly coloured, and larger. The base is coloured like the body in all the va- rieties. The exterior margin of the oral disk is often tinted with a dirty green, as well as the vesicular lobes of the mouth; and the tentacula, when in a state of retraction, some- times become grooved in a longitudinal direction. The glands are small, and never very evidently arranged in rows. When magnified, they are seen to be perfectly colourless : they appear to have a pore in the centre, and are seated under the true skin, which is hard, cartilaginous, and colourless, for the colour depends on a thia, mucous coat laid over the whole. 3. A. plumosa, body cylindraceous, cream-coloured, smooth; oral disk marked in the cen- tre with clavate radiating bands; tentacula numerous, irregular, forming round the margin a thick filamentous fringe. A. plumosa, Turt. Lin. iv. 100; Turt. Br. Faun. 130; Zam. Hist. Nat. ii. 68; Cu. Reg. Anim. iii, 291. A. senilis, Barb. Gen. Verm. 53. tab 5. fig. 5. fab. Berwick Bay ; not uncommon in deep water. When contracted this Actinia is somewhat cylindrical, deeply wrinkled in two or three places, about three inches long, and one half of that in diameter, but when fully expanded, about five inches: it is quite smooth, and of a uniform whitish or cream colour. The cen- tre of the oral disk is ornamented with a circle of white bands radiating from the mouth , and beyond them a number of lines, with narrow pellucid interspaces, run across to the circumference. From these interspaces the tentacula arise : they are tapered, the largest about one inch long, watery-white, simple, smooth, irregularly dispersed, and very nume- rous. They are all placed between the mouth and the margin, which is encircled with a dense fringe of inimitable beauty; it is composed of innumerable short tentacula or fila- ments forming an even, thick, furry border. Ihave seen specimens of this species, which is by far the finest marine animal of our bay, from the size of a split pea to fully five inches in diameter, and have found it, in all these intermediate sizes, uniform in colour and in shape. Yet I agree with Cuvier in think- ing it probable that the Actinia dianthus of ELiis may be a variety, having the oral disk lobed from peculiarity of position, or from the the voluntary contractions of the animal. ** Tentacula non-retractile. 4, A. Tuedie@, body thick, somewhat cylindrical, smooth or wrinkled with circular folds ; tentacula thick, numerous, conical, longitudiually striate, chesnut-coloured, shorter than the body. A. tuediz, Johnston in Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist. v. p. 100, fig. 58. Hab. Berwick Bay, in deep water. The body, when relaxed, generally measures three inches in length, and about the same in diameter; it is of a uniform reddish or brownish orange colour, and either smooth or contracted at pleasure into circular folds. The base is smooth and orange-coloured, with a thin areolar skin. The mouth is ever varying in size and form; and there are often Dr. Jounston’s Catalogue of Zoophytes. 247 protruded from it vesicular-like lobes of a reddish colour, scored with fainter lines. When fully expanded, the oral disk is not less than four inches across ; there is a smooth space between the mouth and tentacula, which are very numerous, and placed in several rows around the circumference; those of the inner row are larger than the others, measuring frequently two inches in length, and they become gradually smaller in the exterior series. They are of achesnut or reddish flesh colour, often darker-coloured towards the bases, but never variegated with rings of different hues; thick and clumsy, tapered to an obtuse point, marked longitudinally with distinct lines or impressed striz, tubular, perforated at the end, and constricted at their insertions ; the creature has no power of drawing them within the oral aperture, as the greater number of Actiniz have, nor does it seem capable of shortening them in any considerable degree, but it twists them in a wreathed or spiral form, or gives the whole circle a greater or less degree of expansion. ACTINIA TUEDIA, pi) || ioaioea si a The only British species of this genus to which the one before us has any relation, is the Actinia sulcata, described and figured by Dr. Gartner, in the 52d volume of the Philo- sophical Transactions, p. 78, t. 1, f. 1. Both species correspond, or at least do not differ materially, in colour and size ; and they are both equally incapable of retracting and con- cealing their tentacula within the oral aperture ; but they differ in the relative proportions between these organs and the body, and in the sculpture of the latter, which in A. secata is grooved in a longitudinal direction. The trivial name which I have bestowed on this species is intended to indicate the place of its first discovery, Tuedia being, according to Sir Roperr SisBacp, the ancient name of the maritime parts of Berwickshire. It is not uncommon on this coast, but is found only in deep water, whence it is dragged up by the fishermen. I have often found the ten- tacula, in a separate state, adhering to their lines ; and as these retain their irritability and VOWws 1 OEE 248 Dr. Jounston’s Catalogue of Zoophytes. motion for a long time, they are apt to be mistaken for independent and perfect worms, which they much resemble. All the Actiniew eject the remains of their food from the mouth, enveloped in a large quantity of a transparent jelly. 2. LUCERNARIA. 1. L. awricula, “ peduncle of the body short; tufts of tentacula equi-distant, with one in- tervening oval vesicle.” L. auricula, Trt. Lin. iv. 121; Montagu in Lin. Trans. ix. 113, tab. 7. fig. 5 ; Pen. Brit. Zool. iv. 110; Flem. Br. Anim. 499; Johnston in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. v.97, fig. 29. L. octo-radiata, Zam. Hist. Nat. ii. 474. Hab. Berwick Bay, rare. Peduncle short, sub-angular, dilating into eight equal oblong arms, each terminated by a globose tuft of filaments, tipped with a gland. The arms are mottled with two rows of spots, produced by the opacity and configuration of the internal viscera; and they are connected together by a transparent membrane. Between each of them there is an oval vesicle placed on the edge of this membrane. Within the stalk there is a tube which, pro- longed, seéms to form the mouth, of a square shape, projecting in the centre of the arms. The colour of our specimen was a clear, fine red: it was three-quarters of an inch in height, and, when expanded, the diameter was about one inch. LUCERNARIA AURICULA. Il. Z. NATANTIA. 3. PENNATULA. 1. P. phosphorea, purplish-red ; stalk cylindrical, smooth, the base pale-coloured; rachis roughened with short close-set papilla, and furrowed down the middle; pinne close polype-cells uniserial, tubular, with spinous apertures. British Sea-Pen (tab. nost. 7.) P. phosphorea, Zinn.; Hillis in Phil. Trans. liii, 420, t. 19, f. 1,5; Zurt. Lin. iv. 688; Turt. Br. Faun. 217; Stew. Elem. ii. 450; Lam. Hist. Nat. ii. 426; Bose Vers. iii. 62, t. 28, f. 34, pess.; Flem. Br. Anim. 507; Stark Elem. ii. 420. Dr. Jounsron’s Catalogue of Zoophytes. 249 P. Britannica, Soland. Zooph. 61. Penna marina, Sib. Scoé. ii. lib. tert. 28; Petiv. Plant. Ital. t. 1, f. 5, 8, pessima. Hab. On submarine banks, in about 30 fathoms water, common. Our fishermen call this polypidom the Cock’s-comb, a name which is not unapt, but less expressive of the general form than that of Sea-pen conferred by naturalists. It is from two to three inches in length, and of a uniform purplish-red colour, except at the tip or base of the stalk, where it is pale orange-yellow. The skin is thickish, very tough, and of very anomalous structure, being composed of minute crystaline cylinders, densely arranged in straight lines, and held together by a firm gelatinous matter or membrane. These cy- linders are about six times their diameter in length, straiglit and even, closely compacted yet distinct, and of a red colour, for the colour of the polypidom is derived from them, and they are consequently less numerous where the purple is faint or defective. They are apparently inorganic and calcareous, being dissolved, with effervescence, in the mineral acids.* Their form and arrangement is the same in every part of the skin; and the papillz on the back of the rachis, as well as the polype cells are constructed of them, but none can be detected in the gelatinous uncoloured substance found in the interior of the polypidom. The stalk is hollow in the centre, and contains a long slender bone, which is white, smooth, square, and tapered at each extremity toa fine point. It seems intended to stiffen the polypidom, but it does not extend the whole length of the stalk, for before it reaches either end, the point is bound down and bent backwards like a shepherd’s crook. It consists, ac- cording to Sir E. Homer, of phospate and carbonate of lime, making thus a near approach to the bone of vertebrate animals.—Zect. on Comp. Anat. i, 59. The papillz on the back of the rachis are disposed in close rows, and do not differ from the cells of the polypes except in size. The latter are placed along the upper side of a flat- tened stalk, and are slightly arched: they are tubular, and have the apertures armed with eight spinous points which are moveable, and contract and expand at the will of the ani- mated inmates. These appear to be fleshy and white, and are provided with eight rather long beautifully ciliated tentacula, protruded along the inner side of the spines just men- tioned, so as to receive support and protection from them. The ova lie between the membranes of the pinne or polype stalks at the base of the cells: they are globular, and of a yellowish colour. Pennatula phosphorea floats at freedom in the bosom of the ocean, and can probably rise or sink in it, to some extent, by alternately dilating or contracting the hollow stalk, It is, as its name imports, a phosphorescent animal, but the fine blue light is emitted only under cer- tain circumstances. I have never observed it to be phosphorescent when kept in sea water, * Dr. Cotpsrream, of Leith, on whose observations I place a greater reliance than on my own, writes me thus—*‘ The spicula of the Pennatula appear to me to be solid. I have examined them with high powers, after having exposed them to a high temperature, and have not been able to see any evi- dence of a cavity within ;—whether viewed with reflected or transmitted light they seemed to be opake. . When connected with the body of the animal they certainly seem to be red, but a slight degree of heat is sufficient to bleach them.’ 250 Dr. Jounston’s Catalogue of Zoophytes. unless when irritated by mechanical means, and the light is of momentary duration. It is emitted by the polypes solely, for no irritation will elicit it from any part of the stalk. Ill. Z. TUBULIFERA. 4, LOBULARIA. 1. L. digitata, polymorphous, greyish white or orange coloured, wrinkled, studded with stellated pores; polypes with pinnated tentacula. Dead Man’s Toes (tab. nost. viii.). L. digitata, Lam. Hist. Nat. ii. 413; Flem. Br. Anim. 515; Stark Elem. ii. 421. Alcyonium manus marina, Zillis in Phil. Trans. liii. 431, tab. xx. figs. 10, 13. Alcyonium digitatum, Zinn.; Soland. Zooph. 175; Turt. Lin. iv. 652; Turt. Br. Faun. 207; Stew. Elem. ii. 431; Fleming in Edin. Phil. Journ. ix. 251; Bose Vers. iii. 156, t. 30, f. 4, 5; a copy from Ellis. Lamour. Corall. 243, t. 13 and t. 12, f. 4 and t. 14, f. 1; Hogg’s Stockton 38. Alcyonium ramosa-digitatum molle, asteriscis undiquaque ornatum, Rati Syn. 31, no. 2. Alcyon digité, Brug. Encyclop. Method. vi. 20, no 1. Dead Man’s Hand, Ellis Corall. 83, t. 32, f. a. A. A. 2. Hab. On stones and old shells, in deep water, very common. This is one of the most common marine productions, so that scarce a shell or stone can be dredged from the deep that does not serve as the support of one or more specimens.— It is often a mere crust about the eighth of an inch in thickness, but more commonly it rises in masses of various sizes and forms. Sometimes the polypidom is a simple obtuse process, very much resembling the teat of a cow’s udder, whence our fishermen have happily named it Cow’s-paps ; other polipidoms are more or less divided into finger-like lobes, and assume figures that have suggested the names of Dead Man’s Toes or Dead Man’s Hands. The outer skin is tough and coriaceous, studded all over with stellate figures, which, if at- tentively examined, are seen to be divided into eight rays, indicating the number of the tentacula of the polypes, which issue here. The body of the polypes is fleshy and opake, enclosed in a transparent vesicular membrane, dotted with many minute calcarious grains, and marked with eight white longitudinal lines, which are muscular bands, that not only ex- tend to the base of the tentacula, but run across the oral disk, and terminate in the central mouth. The polype cells are oval, placed just under the skin, and are the terminations of long tubular canals, which run through the whole polypidom. These canals divide in their course, into branches that diverge towards the circumference where they dilate into the cells . they have strong cartilaginous, perhaps muscular, coats ; and are filled with a much less con- sistent and dense matter than the body of the polype itself. It appears, from this dispo- sition of the tubes, that many polypes communicate together and form a compound animal, but that all the polypes of the same polypidom do not communicate directly. The space be- tween the tubes is occupied by a loose fibrous net-work, filled with a transparent gelatine, and in the meshes of which lie numerous crystalline bodies of various shapes, but most in Dr. Jounston’s Catalogue of Zoophytes. Q51 the form of a cross, and toothed on the sides. These curious and beautiful objects have no organic connection, either with the fibres among which they lie, or with the tubes, and are disposed without any regularity ; they are calcarious, for if a portion of the Zoophyte is immersed in a mineral acid, a strong effervescence immediately takes place, and no crys- talline spicula are longer discernible. Their use I am unable to conjecture. The fibres of the net-work just described are, I think, tubular threads, anastomosing freely together; and, being a little more crowded at particular places, they form lozenge- shaped compartments filled up by smaller meshes. Our figures may elucidate, in some degree, this imperfect description of a structure I have often studied and admired, but it would require the hand of a practised engraver to convey an adequate idea of its beauty and intricacy. The ova are placed in the polype-tubes ; they are of a scarlet colour, opake, smooth, and globular, about the size of a grain of sand. Each ovum is filled with a mass of extremely minute pellucid granules. Dr. Femi is of opinion that the Aleyonium lobatum of Lamoureux, whose figure we have quoted without any doubt, is a perfectly distinct species, because its tentacula “ are sub-cylindrical, rounded at the extremity, and covered above and on the margin with blunt tubercles ;” whereas of our Alcyonium “ the tentacula in Exris’s figures (and, having com- pared these with nature, we can pronounce on their accuracy,) are pinnate and pointed.” I will not dispute the accuracy of Exrts, but the figure he has given of the tentacula, in his Essay on Corallines, is very unlike any thing I have seen, and has, probably, been taken from a specimen preserved in spirits.* His figure of the same parts in his Wat. Hist. of Zoophytes (t. 1, f. 7), is much better, and appears to have been drawn when the animal was active and fully expanded. It is very seldom, however, that we have an opportunity of seeing the animal in that state, for if we place a specimen in a glass of sea-water, the polypes will indeed protrude themselves, but it is only to die with their tentacula thick, contracted, and shortened, and like, in every respect, to the figures of Lamoureux, which do not much differ from some of our own. ‘The figure I have given of the detached polype may be considered as almost intermediate between Exris’s and Lamoureux’s. It was taken from the dead polype, slightly compressed between plates of glass. The differences in the different figures, therefore, it appears to me, ought to be attributed to the animal being in different or opposite states when observed, and will not justify the establishment of a distinct species. 5. ALCYONIUM. 1. A. hirsutum, polypidom spunge-like, flattened, variously divided, the surface covered with minute close-set conical papille, or polype-cells; polypes with sixteen equal long filiform tentacula (tab. nost. ix. f. 1). A. hirsutum, Flem. Br. Anim. 517; Johnston, in Zool. Journ. iv. 418. * This conjecture is supported by some passages in his Introduction, p. xii. ’ oe Dr. Jounsron’s Catalogue of Zooyhies. Hab. Parasitical on various sea weeds, from deep water, very common on this coast. Polypidom variously branched, often proliferous, sometimes sub-cylindrical, commonly flattened and palmate, of a dirty straw-yellow colour, often partially stained with red, and marked with numerous yellowish circular spots, irregularly disposed. It is thickish, some- what cartilaginous, and to the naked eye resembles a compact sponge. When viewed through a common magnifier, the surface is seen:to be covered with close-set conical transparent papilla, each of which is a cell containing a polype, with sixteen equal long filiform tentacula, arranged in a circle. The yellowish spots, mentioned in the above description, are produced by clusters of ova, lying embedded in the cellular texture of the polypidom. Each cluster is composed of about ten ova, which are globular, milk white, and opake. Removed from the polypidom and placed in a watch glass filled with sea-water, I found them moving with great rapidity, and in all directions. The progressive motion is very obviously effected by the ceaseless play of a fine thick fringe of ciliz, which surrounds two-thirds of their circumference. They have also a rotatory motion, and a globule may often be cbserved moving forward and whirling on its own axis at the same time. 2. A. echinatum, polypidom incrusting dead univalve shells ; papillz or polype-cells rough- ened ; the polypes with twelve tentacula (tab. nost. ix. f. 2). A. echinatum, Flem. Br. Anim. 517. Hab. Parasitical on Buccinum undatum and other univalves, not common on this coast. «This species incrusts dead univalve shells exclusively ; and is about the ,4 of an inch in thickness. When first taken out of the water it is soft and spongy, but becomes rigid on drying.” —Fleming. The surface, in this state, is muricated with rigid obtuse papilla, somewhat less than a line high, and themselves roughened with minute prickles pointing upwards and arranged inrows. It seems to have been first observed by Mr. Montacu. IV. Z. THECATA. 6. TUBULARIA. 1. T. mdivisa, tubes clustered, simple, cylindrical, narrowed and interwoven at the base : head of the polype crested with two rows of tentacula.— Oaten-pipe Coralline. T. indivisa, Linn. ; Soland. Zooph. 31; Turt. Lin. iv. 666; Turé. Brit. Faun. 210 : Stew. Elem. ii. 437; Lam. Hist. Nat. ii. 110; Bose. Vers. iii. 89, t. 28, f. 5, a reduced copy of Eil%is’s ; Lamour. Corall. 100; &lem. Br. Anim. 552. T. Coralline, like oaten pipes, Zils Corall. 31, t. 16, £ C.; Phil. Trans. xlviii. tab. 17, fig. D. Adianti aurei minimi facie planta marina, Radi. Syn. 31, No. 4. Hab. On shells and stones from deep water, not uncommon. The tubes are simple, or sometimes divided at the base, where they are twisted and fexuose, fistular, even, continuous, horn-coloured, 6 inches or upwards in height, and Dr. Jounston’s Catalogue of Zoophyies. 258 about +1, in diameter. They are filled with a soft reddish-pink matter, and tipt with the Polype, which is of a reddish colour, beautifully variegated, and adorned with two unequal rows of tentacula. 2. T. ramosa, solitary, much branched ; branches irregularly alternate, slender, annulated at their insertions ; tentacula more than 20, unvariegated, in a single row.— Branched Pipe Coralline (tab. nost. x.). T. ramosa, Linn.; Soland. Zooph. 32; Turt. Lin. iv.666; Turt. Br. Faun. 210; Stew. Elem. ii. 437; Lam. Hist. Nat. ii. 110; Bose Vers. iii. 89; Lamour. Corall. 101; Flem. Br. Anim. 552; Stark. Elem, ii. 441, t. 8, f. 15, an imperfect copy of Eillis’s ; Hogg’s Stockton, 34. Small ramified tubular Coralline, #7ds, Corall. 31, t. xvi. f. @ and é. xvii. f. a, A. Hab. On stones in deep water. Our figure represents a fine specimen of this coralline, which was brought up in Berwick Bay, on the lines of our fishermen. It is so perfectly like a tree, in miniature, deprived of its foliage, that persons, unacquainted with the nature of these Zoophytes, may be excused in supposing the artist to have taken some liberty with his subject, to give it more the dendroidal character, but the supposition, I can assure them, however natural, has no foun- dation, as the etching, for which I am indebted to the celebrated painter, Mr. T. S. Goon, is very exact to nature. The coralline is the finest of those that grow on our shores, but specimens of this kind are rarely found, nor, indeed, does any naturalist appear to have ‘seen one like it. Those represented by Extis are so vastly inferior in beauty, that, at first, I was inclined to consider our’s as a distinct species, but the magnified figures are alike, and the polypes are similar to Exxis’s. They have more than twenty filiform whitish tentacula, which, when magnified, appear roughish, but not ciliated, and arranged in one row round a broad oral disk. The mouth is encircled with a red-coloured band. I have observed a small Tubularia which invests old specimens of Murex antiquus with a dense beard-like coat, and may, possibly, be a species, distinct from the above. It is only the quarter of an inch in height, slender, horny, wrinkled, slightly and irregularly branched, the branches without rings at their origins; polypes white, furnished with a single series of obtuse tentacula, that do not seem to exceed ten in number. In this respect, it agrees with the T. ramosa, as characterised by Dr. FLEm1nG, but differs from the specimens which I have seen, and also from Extris’s figure of it, in which the tentacula are much more numerous. 7. CORYNE. 1. C. glandulosa, stem irregularly branched, horny; tentacula with globular heads. €. glandulosa, Zam. Hist. Nat. ii. 62; Flem. Phil. Zool. ii. 616, tab. v. fig. 2; Alem. Br. Anim. 553; Fleming in Edin. Phil. Journ. viii. 295; Encyclop. Method. tab. 69, fig. 15, 16. Tubularia Coryna, Turt. Lin. iv. 668; Turt. Br. Faun. 210. ; Bose Vers. iii, 91. Hab. On stones near low water-mark in Berwick Bay. Q54: Dr. Jounsron’s Catalogue of Zoophytes. Stem scarcely an inch in height, horny, tubular, wrinkled, filiform, irregularly branched ; branches simple, erecto-patent, terminated with a rather large oval head of a reddish co- lour, and studded round with prominent non-retractile tentacula, tipped with globular apices. The stalk is annulated in the same manner as the pedicles of the cells in the genus Campanularia are, and the tube filled with a pulpy substance or medulla which, receiving a more complete developement towards the ends of the branches, forms the enlarged heads. These have no terminal mouth, as LAMARCK and others say, and as delineated in the figure of the Encyclopedie but are completely covered by a continuation of the horny part of the stem. The tentacula have a motion independent of one another; and the whole head is sometimes slightly bent. { ' 8. CAMPANULARIA. 1. C. dumosa, bushy, irregularly branched; branches erecto-patent, slightly tapered, un- equal, hispid with . the cells, which are long, tubular, patent, almost sessile, with wide entire apertures (tab. nost. xi. fig. 1.) C. dumosa, Flem. Brit. Anim. 548. Sertularia dumosa, Fleming in Edin. Phil. Journ. ii. 83. Tubularia tubifera, Johnston in Edin. Phil. Journ. xiii. 222, tab. ili. fig. 2—3 (young). Hab. Parasitical on corallines, crabs, stones, &c.; very common in an immature state, but perfect specimens are rare. Height three inches, generally much smaller. The branches appear to be square. The cells arise on all sides directly from the stem and branches, and are irregularly alternate. They can rarely be observed to be twisted at their insertions. 2. C. gelatinosa, stem compound, dichotomously branched; cells on twisted footstalks, campanulate, with even margins. C. gelatinosa, Flem. Brit. Anim. 549. Sertularia gelatinosa, Fleming in Edin. Phil. Journ. ii. 84. Corallina minor, Ellis, Corall. 23, t. xii. f. e. C. Hab. On stones between low and high-water marks in Berwick Bay. As met with on this coast, this coralline resembles exactly the figure of Exirs, which on the authority of Dr. FLemrine, I refer to his C. gelatinosa, although I have seen no specimen like his own figure of the species in the Philosophy of Zoology, tab. v. fig. 3. It is attached to stones by long branched tubular roots, which send up short and numerous stalks, never exceeding an inch in height, branched, and jointed, with several rings at each joint. From these arise the little ringed stalks that support the transparent bell-shaped cells, in which the polypes are readily discernible. These have numerous filiform tentacula, roughened with minute warts placed in whorls. The ovarian vesicles, produced abundantly in spring, also arise from the joints, are placed on much shorter stalks, are much larger, of a tubular oval shape, and often half-filled with a mass of oviform bodies. Dr. JounstTon’s Catalogue of Zoophytes. 255 3. C. dichotoma, stem slender, filiform, wavy, branched, marked with annular joints . branches alternate, simple, sometimes compound, annular at their origins ; cells cam- panulate, entire.—Sea-thread Coralline. C. dichtoma, Zam. Hist. Nat. ii. 113; Fem. Brit. Anim. 548; Stark, Elem. ii. 441. Sertularia dichotoma, Linn.; Soland. Zooph. 48; Turé. Linn. iv.682; Z’urt. Br. Faun. 215; Stew. Elem. ii. 446 ; Bosc, Vers, iii. 118; Hogg’s Stockton, 33. Laomedea dichotoma, Zamour. Corall. 91. Sea-thread Coralline, Allis, Corall. 21, t. xii. No. 18, a. Hab. On old shells in deep water, frequent. Height 4 to 6 inches, smooth, blackish. The stem is zig-zag, and from each angle there sprouts a branch, above which the stem is marked with four or five rings, and a similar ringed joint is at the base of each branch. The cells are on annular shoots, and are fre- quently wanting. The polypes are reddish. Ovarian vesicles ovate. 4. C. geniculata, stem erect, zig-zag, simple or slightly branched ; cells on annular stalks from the joints, alternate, urceolate, with a contracted entire aperture : height 1 inch. Knotted Sea-thread Coralline. C. geniculata, Flem. Brit. Anim. 548. Sertularia geniculata, Linn.: Soland. Zooph. 49.; Turt. Linn. iv. 682; Turt. Br. Faun. 215; Stew. Elem. ii. 446; Lam. Hist. Nat. ii. 120; Bose, Vers, iii. 117; Hogg’s Stockton, 33. Laomedea geniculata, Lamour. Corall. 91. Knotted-thread Coralline, Elis, Corall. 22, t. xii. No. 19, b. Phil. Trans. xlviii. 629, t. xxii. Now: Hab. On the broad frond of Laminaria digitata, and on some other Fuci, common, the shoots connected by slender, creeping, tubular threads. Ovarian vesicles large, tubular or vase-like, with a contracted tubulous mouth; oviform bodies arranged in a moniliform series, roundish, with a darker centre. I have seen this species stained of a rose-red colour, which it appeared to have derived from a minute parasitical Fucus which infested its stalk and cells. 5. C. volubilis, stem creeping, tortuous, wrinkled, not jointed; cells campanulate with ser- rated margins, on long, slender, filiform annular stalks. Climbing Bell-eoralline. C. volubilis, Zam. Hist. Nat. ii. 113; Flem. Br. Anim. 548. Sertularia volubilis, Linn.; Soland. Zooph. 51, tab. 4, fig. e. f; Turt. Linn. iv. 680; Turt. Br. Faun. 214; Stew. Elem. ii. 444; Bosc, Vers, iti. 112; Hogg’s Stockton, 34. Clytia volubilis, Lamour. Corall. 88. Small-climbing Coralline with bell-shaped cups, Ellis, Corall. 24, tab. xxiv. No. 21, a. A. Phil. Trans. xlviii. 629. tab. xxii. No. 2. Hab. Attached to and creeping on other Corallines, frequent. A minute species, and a beautiful object for the microscope: I have seen it investing the antenne of a living crab (Lithodes spinosa), which then resembled a hairy brush. The VOL. II. 3G i 256 Dr. Jounston’s Catalogue of Zoophytes. stalks of the cells are not, properly speaking, twisted. They are constricted at very short equal distances, and the central part, which is attached to the base of the Polype, is enve- loped in a pellucid sheath or coat, of which the cell is merely an expansion. 6. C. syringa, stem creeping, slender, attached ; cells tubular or vase-like with entire mar- gins, on shorter twisted stalks.—Creeping Coralline. C. syringa, Lam. Hist. Nat. ii. 113; lem. Br. Anim., 548. Sertularia syringa, Zinn. ; Turt. Lin. iv. 680; Turt. Br. Faun. 214; Stew. Elem. ii. 444; Bosc, Vers, iii. 113. Sertularia repens, Soland. Zooph. 52; Hogg’s Stockton, 34; Ellis, Coral. 25, t. xiv. f. b. B. Clytia syringa, Lamour. Corall. 89. Tab. Parasitical on Corallines, less common than the preceding. This is only to be distinguished from C. volubilis by the aid of the microscope. The two species frequently grow together, and their structure is the same. Polypes campanu- late, furnished with eight filiform equal tentacula, which are retractile within the cell, and can be shortened at will. The tentacula of the polypes of Tubularia, on the contrary, are not retractile, neither do they seem capable of being shortened, but they can be rolled up in a spiral form. 9. SERTULARIA. 1S. polyzonias, stem erect, scarcely ziz-zag, irregularly and loosely branched ; branches patent ; cells alternate, sessile, smooth, everted, somewhat flask-shaped, the margin uneven.— Great Tooth Coralline. S. polyzonias, Linn.; Soland. Zooph. 37; Turt. Lin. iv. 683 ; Turt. Br. Faun. 216; Stew. Elem. ii. 447; Zam. Hist. Nat. ii. 117; Bosc, Vers, iii. 119; Lamour. Corall. 83 ; Hogg’s Stockton, 31; Flem. Br. Anim. 542. Great Tooth Coralline, Ells, Corall. 5, t. ii. No. 3, f.a..A. 6. B. Hab. On shells and other Corallines from deep water. Height about one inch: branches very few, often simple. Cells rather distant, tubular, but dilated at the base. 2, S. abietina, stem erect, rather stout, slightly ziz-zag, pinnate ; pinne regularly alter- nate, patent, bifarious ; cells nearly opposite, everted, bellied, the orifice narrowed and entire. Sea Fir Coralline. S. abietina, ZLinn.; Soland, Zooph. 36; Turt. Lin. iv. 676; Turt. Br. Faun. 212; Stew. Elem. ii. 441; Zam. Hist. Nat. ii. 116; Zamour. Corall. 81; Bosc, Vers. iii. 106; Stark, Elem. ii. 440; Hogg’s Stockton, 31; Loud. Journ. i. 278, f. 148, a. Dynamena abietina, Flem. Br. Anim. 543. ; Sea-Fir, Ellis, Corall. 4, t. ii. No. 2, f. &. B. Abies marina, Sib. Scot. Ill. lib. quart. 55; Ger. Herb. 1574, cum fig. non laudata, Corallina marina abietis forma, Rati Syn. 35, No. 12. Dr. Jounston’s Catalogue of Zoophytes. Q57 Hab. Common on all our shores. About four inches high, stout, rigid. The polype-cells, in many specimens, are, at least, sub-alternate. 3. S. filicula, stem compound, slender, zig-zag, pinnate ; pinne regularly alternate, patent, bifarious; cells opposite, bellied, with a very short narrow neck, and entire mouth. Fern Coralline. S. filicula, Soland. Zooph. 57, t. 6, f.c; Turt. Lin. iv. 681; Turt. Brit. Faun. 215; Stew. Elem. ii. 445; Zam. Hist. Nat. ii. 119; Lamour. Corall. 82; Bose, Vers, iii. 114; Hogg’s Stockton, 32. Dynamena filicula, Fem. Brit. Anim. 544. Hab. Parasitical on sea-weeds, particularly on the entangled roots of Laminaria digitata, common. Our largest specimen is nearly four inches in height. It is “one of the most delicate species of our English vesicular Corallines,” and, notwithstanding the similarity of their specific characters, is very distinct from the preceding. 4. S. pumila, stem simple, or bifariously branched ; branches few and irregular ; cells op- posite, the aperture recurved, obtusely two-lipped, truncate. Sea-Oak Coralline. S. pumila, Linn. ; Soland. Zooph. 40; Turt. Lin. iv. 676; Turt. Br. Faun, 212; Stew. Elem, ii. 441, t. 12, f. 10, 11, copied from Ells ; Lam. Hist. Nat. ii. 119; Bose, Vers, ili. 105; Hogg’s Stockton, 32; Stark, Elem. ii. 449, t. viii. f. 14, copied from Hillis. Dynamena pumila, Lamour. Corall. 79 ; Flem. Br. Anim, 544. Corallina pumila repens, Rat, Syn. 37, No. 19. Sea-Oak Coralline, Hillis, Corall. 9, t. v. No. 8, f. a; Phil. Trans. xlviii. 632, tab, xxiii. No. 6. Hab. On the fronds of Fucus vesiculosus et serratus ; also on slaty rocks near low water- mark, common. The shoots are rarely more than half an inch in height, numerous, and connected at the base by a slender tubular thread, which creeps along the surface of the fucus, and adheres to it rather firmly. These fibres never bear any polypes. The ovarian vesicles are large, pear-shaped, swollen. 5. S. rugosa, stem erect or creeping, simple or slightly branched ; branches irregular ; cells alternate, oval, coarsely wrinkled across, the orifice narrow and puckered, Snail-tre- foil Coralline (tab. nost. xi. fig. 3). S. rugosa, Linn. ; Soland, Zooph. 52; Turt. Lin. iv. 678; Turé, Br. Faun. 213; Stew. Elem, ii. 442; Zam. Hist Nat. ii. 121; Bose, Vers, iii. 108; Hogg’s Stockton, 32; Flem. Br. Anim, 542. Clytia rugosa, Lamour. Corall. 89. Snail-trefoil Coralline, Zulis, Corall. 26, No. 23, t. 15, f. a. Hab. Parasitical on Flustra, Sponges, and Fuci. A small species (from a half to an inch high), well distinguished by its strongly-wrinkled cells, which greatly resemble a barrel, in miniature. « 258 Dr. Jounston’s Catalogue of Zoophytes. 6. S. rosacea, stem erect, thinly branched bifariously ; branches alternate ; cells opposite, tubular, everted ; aperture not constricted, entire ; ovarian vesicles crowned with little spines. Lily-flowering Coralline. S. rosacea, Linn.; Soland. Zooph. 39; Turt. Lin. iv. 676; Turt. Br. Faun. 212; Stew. Elem. ii. 440; Zam. Hist. Nat. ii. 119; Bosc, Vers, iii. 105; Hogg’s Stockton 32. Dynamena rosacea, Lamour. Corall. 79; Flem. Br. Anim, 544. Lily or Pomegranate-flowering Coralline, Hillis, Corall. 8, t. 4, No. 7. Hab. Parasitical on corallines, rare on this coast. An inch in height, white, pellucid; the cells are cylindrical with oblique apertures.— « The vessicles, when magnified, are shaped like a Lily or Pomegranate flower, just open- ing; and appear more like a blossom, than any belonging to the whole tribe of corallines.” —Eillis. 7. S. operculata, tufted; shoots slender, irregularly branched; branches erecto-patent, straight ; cells opposite, inversely conical, the aperture obliquely truncate, acutely pointed, with two acute lateral teeth. Sea-Hair Coralline (tab. nost. xi. fig. 2.). S. operculata, Linn.; Soland. Zooph. 39; Turt. Lin. iv. 676; Turt. Br. Faun. 212; Stew, Elem. ii. 441; Lam. Hist. Nat. ii. 118; Bosc, Vers, ili. 106; Hogg’s Stockton 32. Dynamena operculata, Lamour. Corall. 78; Flem. Br. Anim. 544. Sea Hair, Ellis Corall. 8, t. iii. No. 6, f. b. Corallina minus ramosa, Raii Syn. 35, No. 13, t. 2, f. 4. Hab. Parasitical on Fuci, particularly on the stalks of Laminaria digitata. Grows in tufts from two to four inches high. The shoots are slender and neat, bearing cells throughout, which are exactly opposite. The outer angle of the external edge of the aperture is produced into an acute point, and there is a sharp tooth on each side, which is omitted in the otherwise admirable figure of Ellis, although it could not escape his observation. See the Nat. Hist. of Zoophytes, p. 39. I find the ovarium vesicles very abundantly produced in winter; they are irregularly scattered on the branches, egg-shaped, the top being often covered witha sort of rounded operculum. 8. S. argentea, solitary ; stem free, erect, straight, percurrent, compound; branches alter- nate, dichotomously divided, short and spreading; cells opposite or semi-alternate, flask shaped, everted, with an obliquely truncated aperture. Sqwirrel's-tail Coralline (tab. nost. xi. fig. 4). S.argentea, Zinn.; Soland. Zooph. 38 ; Turt. Lin. iv.677; Turt. Brit. Faun. 213; Stew. Elem. ii. 442; Lam. Hist. Nat. ii. 117; Lamour. Corall. 84; Bosc, Vers, iii. 108: Hogg's Stockton 32. Dynamenta argentea, lem. Brit. Anim. 544. Squirrel’s-tail, Allis, Corall. 6, t. ii. No. 4, f. ¢. Corallina muscosa, Faiz Syn. 36, No. 17. Hab. In deep water. Among sea refuse, not uncommon. This elegant coralline, when perfect, is a span in height, and the branches are so dispos- ed as to make its comparison to a Squirrel’s-tail by no means unappropriate. Stem simple, Dr. Jounston’s Catalogue of Zoophytes. 259. jointed, clothed with compound branches, which come off in such a manner that four or five of them form a spiral whorl: they are short, spreading, and somewhat arched, panicled, and dichotomously divided. Cells semi-alternate, each pair generally separated from the others by the intervention of a joint. Vesicles scattered irregularly, urn-shaped, with two teeth at the extreme angles. In small specimens the branches are simple and almost bifarious ; and in these the cells on the stem are very distinct, but the stem of full grown specimens is perfectly smooth. The specimens from which this description is taken resemble exactly the figure of ELiis quoted among our synonymes, but the ovarian vesicles are like those of his Sertularia eu- pressina, t. iii. No. 5. This fact affords a strong argument in favour of the opinion of those naturalists who believe these species to be mere varieties. 9. S. halecina, stem compound, irregularly branched ; branches bifarious, erecto-patent, pinnate ; pinne spreading, alternate ; cells unilateral, biserial, alternate, tubular, with a wide aperture ; ovarian vesicles large, tubular, with a contracted neck and mouth. Herring-bone Coralline (tab. nost. xii. fig. 2). S. halecina, Zinn.—Soland. Zooph. 46; Turt. Lin. iv. 678; Turt. Br. Faun. 213; Stew. Elem. ii. 442; Zam. Hist. Nat. ii. 119; Bosc, Vers, iii. 109 ; Hogg’s Stockton, 32 ; Flem. Br. Anim. 542. Thoa halecina, Lamour. Corall. 93. Herring-bone Coralline, Ellis, Coral]. 17, t.x.—Phil. Trans. xviii. 506, tab. xvii. fig. E. Corallina scruposa pennata, Razi Syn. 36, No. 15. Hab. On old shells, particularly on Buccinum undatum. Stem tapering, composed of several tubes adhering together, generally encrusted with foreign matter. The cells are not confined to the pinne, but are placed also on the branches ; they are small and depressed. Our specimens from the Durham coast are re- gularly pinnated, and branched in a manner different from that represented by Exxis, but the cells and ovarian vesicles are precisely the same. It might, with greater propriety, be placed in the genus Plumularia. 10. PLUMULARIA. 1. P. falcata, stem rising in wide spiral turns, cylindrical, simple or compound, branched ; branches placed one above the other on the outer side, spreading, pinnate ; pinne al- ternate, bifarious ; cells small, unilateral, biserial, alternate, tubular with prominent mouths. Sickle Coralline. P. falcata, Zam. Hist. Nat. ii. 125; Flem. Br. Anim. 546. Sertularia falcata, Linn.— Soland. Zooph. 42: Turt. Lin. iv. 679; Turt. Br. Faun. 213 ; Stew. Elem. ii. 443; Bosc, Vers, iii. 110; Hogg’s Stockton, 32. Aglaophenia falcata, Lamour. Corall. 77. Sickle Coralline, His, Corall. 12, t. vii. No. 11, f. a. t. xxxviil. f. 6. Corallina muscosa pennata, Raz Syn. 36, No. 16. Hab. On shells, &c. in deep water. 260 Dr. Jounsron’s Catalogue of Zoophytes. A very common and very elegant species, generally about six inches in height. There are no polype-cells on the spiral stem, but they occur on the branches as well as on the pinne, and are arranged in two rows pointing alternately to opposite sides. There is a fine figure of it in the centre of the curious frontispiece to ELxts’s immortal Essay on English Corallines. 2, P. pinnata, stem simple, erect, plume-like, pinnate ; pinne bifarious, slightly arched, al- ternate ; cells unilateral, uniserial, rather distant, one on each joint, campanulate, leaning, the mouth wide and entire. Jointed Sea-bristle Coralline. P. pinnata, Zam. Hist. Nat. ii. 127. P. setacea, Zam. Hist. Nat. ii. 129; Flem. Br. Anim. 547; Stark, Elem. ii. 440. Sertularia pinnata, Linn. ; Soland. Zooph. 47; Turt. Lin. iy. 683; Turt. Br. Faun. 215. Sertularia setacea, Turt. Br. Faun. 216; Stew. Elem. ii. 446; Bosc, Vers, iii. 119; Hogg’s Stockton, 33. - Aglaophenia pinnata, Lamour. Corall. 76. Sea-bristles, Ellis, Corall. 19, t. xi. No. 16, f.a, A; t.xxxviii. f. 4. Hab. On shells from deep water, pot common. Height one inch and a half, very delicate, white, and pretty. The cells are quite trans- parent, so that the polype is often detected within them. I have a specimen which is ra- ther bushy, and very irregularly branched, the ultimate branchlets only presenting the pin- nate character. The ovarian vesicles are egg-shaped, placed in the axils of the branchlets, either singly or in small clusters. In Exris’s figure t. xil. f. a, the branches are bent in the wrong direction, a trivial error which is corrected in the figure in tab. 38, f. 4; for I agree with Dr. Fremrne that these two figures represent the same polypidom, though Lamarck and others have made two spe- cies of them. 11, ANTENNULARIA. 1. A. antennina, stem erect, cylindrical, simple or irregularly branched ; branches few, elongate, erecto-patent, like the stem, all thickly beset with hair-like branchlets in whorls ; branchlets jointed, celliferous; cells distant, small, alternate, unilateral, some- what campanulate, with entire apertures. Lobster’s. horn Coralline. A. antennina, Flem. Br. Anim. 546. Sertularia antennina, Linn.; Soland. Zooph. 45; Turé. Lin. iv. 679; Turé. Br. Faun. 214; Stew. Elem. ii. 443 ; Bose, Vers, iii. 111. Nemertesia Antennina, Lamour. Corall. 71. Var. 1, with the stem simple, and the whorled cilia very short; Antennularia indivisa, Lam. Hist. Nat. ii. 123; Sertularia antennina, Hogg’s Stockton, 33; Corallina astaci corniculorum zmula, Raii, Syn. 34, No. 10, Var. 2, with the stem-branched, and the whorled cilia longer; A. ramosa, Zam. Hist. Nat. ii. 123; Stark Elem. ii. 440; Sertularia seticornis, Hogg’s Stockton, 33: Corallina ramosa cirris obsita, Rati, Syn. 35, No. 11. Dr. Jounston’s Catalogue of Zoophytes. 261 Lobster’s-horn Coralline, or Sea-beard, Ellis, Corall. 15, t. ix. No. 14, f.. a, &; Phil. Trans. xviii. 630, t. xxii. No. 3. Hab. On shells, &c. in deep water common. 12. THUIARIA. 1. T. Thuia, stem erect, cylindrical, rigid, ziz-zag, knotted, bearing on the upper part a cylindrical tuft of dichotomous, short, equal branches; cells appressed, biserial, tu- bular, contracted at the orifice. Bottle-brush Coralline. T. Thuia, Flem. Brit. Anim. 545. Sertularia thuja, Zinn. Soland. Zooph. 41; Turé. Linn. iv. 678; Turé. Br. Faun. 213 ; Stew. Elem. ii. 442 ; Lamour. Corall. 84.; Bose, Vers, iii. 109 ; Hogg’s Stockton, 32. Cellaria Thuia, Lam. Hist. Nat. ii. 339 ; Stark, Elem. ii. 439. Planta Marina equiseti facie, Szb. Scot. Ill. ii. lib. quart. 55, t- xii. f. 1; Fucus equiseti facie, Rati, Syn. 50, No. 47. Bottle-brush Coralline, Ziulis, Coral. 10, t. v. No. 9, f. 6. Hab. On shells from deep water, common. This remarkable species is sometimes a foot in height, generally less. The branches are alternate, but so disposed that four complete the whole. The knots on the lower part are the remains of former branches. The stem has no cells, and neither it nor the branches are jointed. The ovarian vesicles are placed in close rows, on the upper side and towards the base of the branches: they are ovate and shortly stalked, produced most abundantly in the winter season. 13. CELLARIA. 1. C. seruposa, creeping, branched ; branches plane, dichotomous ; cells biserial, looking one way, sub-alternate, oval, with an obliquely truncate entire aperture. Stony Angu- lar-celled Coralline (tab. nost. xi. fig. 6). C. scruposa, Soland, Zooph, 23 ; Lam. Hist. Nat. ii. 141; Bose, Vers, iii, 132. Sertularia scruposa, Linn.; Turt. Linn. iv. 685; Turt. Br. Faun. 216; Stew. Elem. ii. 448. Crisia scruposa, Lamour. Corall. 60. Cellularia scruposa, Fem. Brit. Anim. 539. Celliferous Coralline, with angular edges to its cells, Addis in Phil. Trans. xlviii. tab. xiii. N.o 7. i Creeping stony Coralline, Zillis, Corall. 48. t. xx. No. 4, f. ec. Hab. On the roots of Laminaria digitata, and other sea-weeds, common. This frequently covers a space about an inch in diameter, the branches diverging and creeping along the surface, or the entangled roots of sea-weed, to which they adhere by simple, root-like fibres. The branches are rather broad, and of a brownish colour: the ova are orange-coloured, nearly globular, one or two in each cell, for this species seems to produce no ovarian vesicles. 262 Dr. Jounston’s Catalogue of Zoophytes. 2. C. reptans, creeping, dichotomously branched; cells biserial, looking one way, seimi- alternate, oval, the aperture oblique, armed with short obtuse spines at the top. Creeping celliferous Coralline. C. reptans, Soland. Zooph. 23; Lam. Hist. Nat. ii. 141; Bose Vers. iii. 132; Stark Elem. ii. 439. Sertularia reptans, Linn. ; Turt. Linn. iv. 685; Turt. Brit. Faun. 217 ;- Stew. Elem. ii. 448. Crisia reptans, Lamour. Corall. 60. Cellularia reptans, Flem. Br. Anim. 540; Hogg’s Stockton, 39. Creeping Coralline, Ellis Corall. 37, t. xx. No. 3, f. b. Hab. On Flustre and roots of sea-weed, common. Similar to the preceding in size and form. Etvis represents only two spines to each aperture, but they are commonly more numerous. 3. C. eburnea, tufted, branched ; branches short, spreading ; cells tubular, adnate, frosted, the aperture circular, somewhat oblique, even and entire. Ivory Celleferous Carol- line (tab. nost. xi. fig. 5). C. eburnea, Soland. Zooph. 24,; Lam. Hist. Nat. ii. 138; Bosc, Vers, iii. 133. Sertularia eburnea, Zinn.; Turt. Linn. iv. 686; Turt. Br. Faun. 217; Stew. Elem. ii. 449, Crisia eburnea, Lamour. Corall. 60; Flem. Br. Anim. 540. Cellularia eburnea, Hogg’s Stockton 35. Tufted Ivory Coralline, Elis, Corall. 39, t. xx. no. 6, fig. a. Hab. Common on sea-weeds. Grows in little bushy tufts, a quarter or half an inch in height, of ivory whiteness. It is much branched, the principal divisions alternate and spreading ; the secondary, however, come off from one side only, and bend inwards with a slight curve: cells in two rows, nearly opposite or semi-alternate. Ovarian vesicles obpyriform, roughened. 4. C. loriculata, bushy, much branched ; branches erect, irregular, slender, jointed ; cells in pairs, placed back to back, tubular, straight, adnate, with entire very oblique mouths. Coat of mail celliferous Coralline. C. loriculata, Soland. Zooph. 24; Lam, Hist. Nat. ii. 136; Bose, Vers, iii. 133. Sertularia loriculata, Zinn.; Turé. Linn. iv.684; Turé. Br. Faun. 216; Stew. Elem. ii. AAT. Crisia loriculata, Lamour. Corall. 61. Cellularia loriculata, Fem. Br. Anim. 541 ; Hogg’s Stockton, 35. Coat of mail Coralline, Hillis, Corall. 40. t. xxi. No. 7, f. 8. Corallina geniculata mollis, Razz Syn. 34, no. 6. Hab. Common on all this coast. Height from two to four inches, white, flaccid. 5 C. avicularia, erect, bushy, much branched ; branches dichotomous, jointed, each joint with two semi-alternate tubular cells, somewhat dilated at the top, and armed with a Dr. JounstTon’s Catalogue of Zoophytes. 268 long spine on the outer angle; the sides furnished with anomalous appendages.— Bird’s-head Coralline. C. avicularia, Soland. Zooph. 22 ; Lam. Hist. Nat. ii. 141; Bosc, Vers, iii. 131. Sertularia avicularia, Linn.; Turt. Lin. iv. 685; Turé. Br. Faun. 216; Stew. Elem. ii- 448. Crisia avicularia, Lamour. Corall. 61. Cellularia avicularia, Hogg’s Stockton, 35. Bird’s-head Coralline, Ellis, Corall. 36, t. xx. no. 2, fig. a. Hab. Attached to other Corallines in deep water. About one and a half inch high, white, bushy, chiefly remarkable on account of the curi- ous appendages which are articulated to the sides of the cells. Eris has delineated them with his usual accuracy, and has aptly compared them to a “bird’s head, with a crooked beak, opening very wide.” They are very small, about one-fourth the size of the cell, and, when the coralline is in a living state, are in continual motion, moving upwards and downwards with the regularity of a pendulum: their use is unknown. ‘The polypes have twelve simple uniform tentacula, and lie concealed in their cells, which are disposed in two rows, with apertures that face one way. The spine at the outer angle is either frequently wanting or broken off. Within the polype-cells, a spot of a bright scarlet colour is often perceptible: it is probably produced by a cluster of ova. The habit of this Coralline is so very different from that of FVustra avicularis described below, that it is difficult to believe they can be merely different states of the same species, as Dr. Ftemine and some others maintain. V. Z. CELLULIFERA. 14, FLUSTRA. * Polypidom free, branched. 1. F. foliacea, polypidom thickish, spreading, deeply divided into numerous broad segments, rounded at the ends; cells on both sides, small, oblong, the margin armed with short blunt spines. Broad-leaved Sea-mat, F, foliacea, Linn. ; Soland. Zooph. ii. t. ii. f. 8; Turt. Lin. iv. 663; Turt. Br. Faun. 209 ; Stew. Elem. ii. 435; Lam. Hist. Nat. ii. 156; Bosc, Vers, iii. 140; Lamour. Corall. 44; 2lem. Br. Anim. 535; Hogg’s Stockton, 36; Grant in Edin. New. Phil. Journ. for Oct. 1827, p. 337, and for April, 1827, p. 111. Eschara foliacea, Zin. Syst. 104, edit. 10th. Fucus telam lineam sericeamve textura sua amulans, Fai Syn. 42, No. 9. Curious Sea-weed, Hooke, Micrographia, 140, t. 9, f. 2, and t. 14, f. 1. Broad-leaved Hornwrack, Ellis, Corall. '70, t. xxix. No. 2, f. a, A, B, E. Hab. Amongst sea refuse, common. VOL, II. 3H 264 Dr. JounstTon’s' Catalogue of Zoophytes. Height about four inches. The segments vary very much in their breadth, but are never proliferous. Cells small, narrowed at the base, dilated and rounded at the top. Hooke has given a very good description and magnified figure of this production in his celebrated Micrographia, where he says, “for curiosity aud beauty, I have not among all the plants or vegetables I have yet observed, seen any one comparable to this sea weed ;” and indeed, to those who amuse themselves with the microscope it forms a fine object, exceeded, however, in beauty, if not in regularity of design, by many similar productions. Hooke himself seems to have been aware of this in some degree, for he adds, “ and 1 doubt not, but that he that shall observe these several kinds of plants (as they were deemed to be in his day) that grow upon rocks, which the sea sometimes overflows, and those heaps of others which are vomited out of it upon the shore, may find multitudes of little plants, and other bodies, which, like this, will afford very beautiful objects for the microscope ; and this speci- men here is adjoined only to excite their curiosities who have opportunity of observing to ex- amine and collect what they find worthy their notice.” 2. F. truncata, polypidom bushy, divided dichotomously ; segments rather narrow, strap- shaped, abruptly truncate ; lateral segments wedge-shaped, bifid, narrow at the base ; cells linear oblong with smooth margins. Square-top'd Sea-matt (tab. nost. xii. fig. 1). F. truncata, Soland. Zooph. 11; Turt. Lin. iv. 663; Turt. Brit. Faun. 209; Stew. Elem. ii. 436; Zam. Hist. Nat. ii. 157; Lamour. Corall. 44; Bosc, Vers, iii. 140, t. xxx. f. 1, copied from Ellis; Flem. Br. Anim. 535; Hogg’s Stockton, 36. Fucus marinus scruposus albidus angustior compressus, extremitatibus quasi abscissis, Raii Syn. 43, No. 10. Narrow-leaved Hornwrack, Allis, Corall. 69, t. xxviii. f. 1, a, and t. xxxviii. f. 8. Hab. In deep water on all the coast, still more common than the preceding. This attains a height of four or five inches, is very bushy, of a straw colour, and rather thin texture. “The base is furnished with adhering root-like tubes ;” the polypidom itself is divided, ina dichotomous manner, into numerous narrowish segments, and, from the edges of these originate, by a very short pedicle, wedge-shaped segments, at first simple, but afterwards deeply bifid. The apices of all the segments is abruptly truncate. The cells are placed on both sides, and are generally marked with a black dot, scarcely visible except under the magnifier. The polypidom is also commonly marked with some flesh- coloured spots or bands, which proceed from imbedded grains of that colour, and which we may presume to be the ova. 3. F. carbasea, polypidom thin, deeply divided; segments broad, rounded at the ends; cells on one side only, large, oblong, narrowed and truncate at the base, the margins toothless. Lawn Sea-matt (tab. nost. ix. fig. 4.) F. carbasea, Soland. Zooph. 14, t. 3, f. 6, 7 (the figure of the natural size is not char- acteristic, yet copied by every subsequent compiler). TZuré. Lin. iv. 663; Ture. Br. Faun. 209 ; Stew. Elem. ii. 436; Zam. Hist .Nat. ii. 157; Lamour. Corall. 45; Bose, Vers, iii. 141; Flem. Br. Anim. 535; Hogg’s Stockton, 36; Stark Elem. ii. 437. t. viii. f. 13, from Ellis; Grant in Edin. New Phil. Journ. for April, 1827. p. 111. Dr. Jounston’s Catalogue of Zoophytes. 265 Hab. On Shells from deep water, frequent. About two inches high, often less. Root a small disk; polypidom narrow at the base with thickened margins, dilating upwards. 4. F. avicularis, polypidom thin, deeply cut into narrow linear dichotomous segments ; cells on one side only, oblong, the aperture armed with long unequal straight spines, and covered with a vesicular pearly lid. Birds-head Sea matt. F. avicularis, Turt. Br. Faun. 210; Flem. Br. Anim. 536. F. angustiloba, Lam. Hist. Nat. ii. 158. F. capitata, Hogg’s Stockton, 36. Crisia flustroides, Zamour. Corall. 61. Corallina cum appendiculis lateralibus avium capitum forma, Ellis, Corall t. xxxviii. fig. 7. Hab. Deep water, not common on this coast. A neat species about one inch in height. The spines to the aperture are about four in number. On the sides of the polypidom are appendages exactly like those of the Cellaria avicularia. ** Polypidom adnate, undivided. 5. F. pilosa, polypidom encrusting, irregular ; cells rather remote, round, the apertures ciliated with conical bristles, one of which is much longer than the others. Hairy Sea-matt (tab. nost. ix. fig. 5). F. pilosa, Soland. Zooph. 13; Turé. Lin. iv. 663; Turt. Br. Faun. 209; Stew. Elem. ii. 436; Lam. Hist. Nat. ii. 159; Lamour. Corall. 46; Bosc, Vers, iii. 140; Flem. Br. Anim. 537; Hogg’s Stockton, 36. Irregular spongy foliaceous Coralline, Ellis, Corall. 73, t. xxxi. Var. the long bristle abortive or destroyed. F. dentata, Soland. Zooph. 15; Turt. Br. Faun. 209; Stew. Elem. ii. 436; Lam. Hist. Nat. ii. 158 ; Lamour. Corall. 48 ; Bose, Vers, ili. 142 ; Hogg’s Stockton, 36 ; Stark, Elem. ii. 437.; lis, Corall. t. xxix. fig. D. Hab. Parasitical on the smaller sea weeds. This is probably the most abundant Zoophyte on these coasts, and readily known by its hairy appearance. The small spines of the apertures, are omitted in the otherwise excel- lent figure of ELLIs. When it grows on shells the crust is thinner and more calcareous than when on sea weed, and makes a near approach to the genus Berenicea. The surface of the cells is frosted, the margin of the mouth a little thickened ; and the large spine appears to originate from a hollow base like a hair from its bulb, as is tolerably well represented in our figure. 6. F. membranacea, polypidom a thin expansion with the margin undivided ; cells oblong, square, with very short blunt spines at the angles. Chagrin Sea-matt. F. membranacea, Linn.—Soland. Zooph. 18; Turt. Br. Faun. 210; Stew. Elem. ii. 437 ; Bosc, Vers, iii. 144; Hogg’s Stockton, 36. F. telacea, Lam. Hist. Nat. ii. 158; Stark, Elem. ii. 437. Hab, On the broad frond of Laminaria digitata, common. 266 Dr. J onwston’s Catalogue of Zoophytes. The surface is commonly even and smooth, but I have a fine specimen over which there are scattered irregularly, many processes a quarter of an inch in height. They arise from within the cells, are simple, horny, and tubular, but closed at the top. EtLiis conjectured they were the ovaries, but this is not likely. 7. F. unicornis, crust thin, white and calcareous, the margin divided; cells oval, in rows, with a blunt hollow conical process at the summit of each. One-toothed Sea-matt. F. unicornis, Fleming in Edin. Phil. Journ. il. 87. Flem. Br. Anim. 536. Hab. On stones at low water-mark. Forms smaller patches than the preceding, from which it is otherwise readily distinguish- ed by the form of the cells. 8. F. spinifera, crust thin, spreading irregularly, membranous, brown; cells oval, small, the margin encircled with numerous stout spinous processes as long as the breadth of the cell (tab. nost. ix. fig. 6). Hab. On stones at low water mark. The spines are straight, equal and rigid. It is a species hitherto unobserved, but pos- sesses characters which, in my opinion, keep it quite distinct from every other. 9. F. hispida, polypidom fleshy, brown, spreading ; cells remote, aperture circular, con- tracted, “armed at the top with spinous processes.” F. hispida, Flem. Br. Anim. 537: Jameson in Wern. Mem. i. 563. Had. On Fucus serratus et vesiculosus at low water mark. This species is the most favourable for observing the structure of the polypes, which are very pretty and vivacious. They are perfectly white, and are furnished with numerous filiform tentacula arranged in a bell-shaped circle. The spines appear to me to arise from the body of the cells, and not from the aperture ; they are conical and soft (tab. nost. ix. fig. 7). 15. FARCIMIA. 1. F. fistulosa, polypidom erect, regularly dichotomous ; joints constricted, the inter- tervening spaces long, cylindrical, with lozen-shaped immersed cells regularly disposed. Bugle Coralline. F. fistulosa, Flem. Brit. Anim. 534. Tubularia fistulosa, Zinn. Turt. Lin. iv. 666; ZYurt. Br. Faun. 210; Stew. Elem. ii. 438. Cellaria farciminoides, Soland. Zooph. 26. C. salicornia, Zam. Hist. Nat. ii. 135 ; Lamour. Corall. 55; Bose, Vers, iii. 129. t. 28, 6, copied from Ellis ; Stark, Elem. ii. 439. Bugle Coralline, Ellis, Corall. 43, t. xxi. Hab. On Corallines from deep water, rare. Height of our specimen a little more than one inch, white, fibrous at the base ; branches erecto-patent, straight. One of the finest among British Zoophytes. Dr. Jounsron’s Catalogue of Zoophytes. 267 16. CELLEPORA. 1. C. pumicosa, irregular, dirty white, rough, porous ; cells orbicular, the mouth round, with a produced marginal process. Pumice Cellepore. C. pumicosa, Zuré. Lin. iv. 640; Turt. Br. Faun. 206; Stew. Elem. ii. 428, t. xii. fi 16, 17, copied from Ellis; Lam. Hist. Nat. ii. 170; Lamour, Corall. 40; Bose, Vers, iii. 147, t. 30, £. 3, copied from Ellis; Flem. Br. Anim. 532; Hogg’s Stockton, 37; Stark, Elem. ii. 436. Millepora pumicosa, Soland. Zooph. 135 ; Stew. Elem. ii. 428. Porus Eschara, Ellis, Corall. 75, t. xxviii. f. f. also 72, t. xxx. f. d. D. Cellepora spinosa, Turt. Br. Faun. 205. Flustra bullata, Stew. Elem. ii. 436 ; Soland. Zooph. 16. Hab. On sea-weeds and Zoophytes, common. Forms a cellular calcareous brittle mass, variable in size, and of no definite form. I have seen young specimens of a purple colour. The aperture of the cells is often toothless, but when perfect they have a blunt tooth-like process on the superior margin. 2. C. ramulosa, dichotomously branched; branches cylindrical, very slightly tapered, rough ; cells somewhat rowed, the superior margin of the aperture produced into a blunt tooth. Little branched Cellepore (tab. nost. xii. fig. 3 and 4). C. ramulosa, Flem. Brit. Anim. 532; Turé. Lin. iv. 640. Hab. Attached to Corallines from deep water, frequent. The height of the largest specimen I have seen, and which is represented in our tab. xii. f. 4, is about one and a half inch, but generally it is not more than the half of this. ‘The coralline is a pretty one, of a stony hardness, light, porous, and white. Exuis considered it a variety of the preceding.— Nat. Hist. of Zoophytes, p. 136. 3. C. Skenei, much compressed, simple or slightly divided, rough ; cells in rows, oblong with a blunt tooth on the upper side of the round aperture.—Skene’s Cellapore. Millepora Skenei, Soland. Zooph. 135 ; Turt. Linn. iv. 635; Turt. Br. Faun. 204 ; Stew. Elem. ii. 427. Hab. On Shells and Corallines from deep water, occasionally. Height about half an inch, breadth rather less, much compressed, with cells on both sides, white, and when dry appears “as if covered over with a silver varnish.” Exvis suspected this was the “beginning of an elegant kind of Millepore ;” and Dr. ELemine considers it to be Cellepora cervicornis in its earliest state. 17. BERENICEA. 1. B. coccinea, crust flesh,—red or purplish, sub-circular ; cells sub-cylindrical, frosted, the aperture contracted, sinuated on the upper side, and armed above with a strong blunt short tooth. (tab. nost. xii. fig. 5.) Berenicea coccinea, Flem. Br. Anim. 533. Cellepora coccinea, Lamour. Corall. 40. 268 Dr. Jounsron’s Catalogue of Zoophytes. Hab. On rocks near low water mark, and on the roots of Laminaria digitata, common. The spots formed by this species are often an inch or upwards in diameter, every where closely adherent, thin, and rough to the naked eye. The cells are regularly disposed in adjacent rows, and lie on the crust. Their thin walls have a frosted appearance, and, when dry, appear to be perforated with minute holes. Above the aperture, and a little removed from the margin, there rises up a blunt white tooth, but the margin itself is not toothed : it is circular, and on each side of many of them there is a small triangular slit, which seems to be the aperture of an abortive cell. Many of the cells, in some specimens, are covered with a white conical operculum, which is grooved and opake, and has been considered an ovary. 2. B. trispinosa, crust white, dotted with yellow, sub-circular, cells radiating from the centre ; aperture closed by a membrane, and armed on the lower margin with three long spines. Discopora trispinosa, Johnston in Edin. Phil. Journ. xiii. 222. Hab. On the shell of Lithodes spinosa. A thin, calcareous, sub-circular, layer three-quarters of an inch in diameter, affixed by its whole basis, but when dry easily removable ; of awhite silvery colour, with minute yel- low dots. Cells in rows radiating from the centre, small, horizontal, with a raised round aperture, which is closed by a brown membrane, whence the dotted surface it presents to the naked eye: the cells are divided on the upper side, and on the lower armed with three long, stout, conical spines. Dr. Fremine unites this with the preceding, but, as I think, erroneously. I regret that I cannot give a figure of it, for the specimen, from which the de- scription was taken, was presented to Mr. Gray, of the British Museum, nor have I since met with another. 3. B. wtriculata, crust white, irregular ; cells adjacent, almost globular, frosted, the aperture contracted, circular, armed with spines longer than its own diameter (tab. nost. xii. fig. 6). B. utriculata, Flem. Brit. Anim. 533. Cellepora ciliata, Lamour. Corall. 41. Hab, On Shells from deep water. Our specimens are on Mytilus modiolus. The crust is thin and closely adherent, so that it cannot be removed from its foreign base. The spines of the aperture are marginal, and are easily broken off, whence it is rare to find them perfect except near the margin of the crust, or when this lies protected by some inequality of the surface which it grows upon. They are about five in number, and almost equal the cell in length. 5. B. flava, crust yellow, glazed, irregular ; cells immersed in the crust, with contracted slightly projecting circular apertures, armed with three spines on the under side. Hab. On a piece of Limestone from deep water. The crust is thickish and uneven, and, when dry, may be detached in pieces from the foreign base. The spines of the aperture are almost always broken off, but the species is otherwise well characterised. Dr. Jounston’s Catalogue of Zoophytes. 269 18. TUBULIPORA. 1. T. patina, base a circular saucer with an even thin border; tubes in the disk crowded, oblique ; central ones smaller ; those towards the circumference larger, some erect ; aperture circular, entire (tab. nost. ix. fig. 8). T. patina, Zam. Hist. Nat. ii. 163- Millepora verrucaria, Soland. Zooph. 137. Madrepora verrucaria, Zurt. Br. Faun. 204; Stew. Elem. ii. 426; Hogg’s Stockton, 38. Discopora verrucaria, Flem. Br. Anim. 530. Hab. On Shells and Corallines from deep water. A species of much beauty under the magnifier; white, calcareous, half an inch across:; border of the circular base thin, plain, and scored with faint lines. 2. T. transversa, irregularly branched, depressed ; tubes arranged in distinct transverse rows, apertures even ; circular. T. transversa, Lam. Hist. Nat. ii. 162; Stark, Elem. ii. 437. T.serpens, lem. Brit. Anim. 529. Millepora tubulosa, Soland. Zooph. 136; Turt. Brit. Faun. 205; Stew. Elem. ii. 428 ; Bose, Vers, ii. 345 ; Hogg’s Stockton, 37. Tubipora serpens, Twrt. Lin. iv. 614; Stew. Elem. ii. 426; Bosc, Vers, ii. 426. Small purple Eschara, Eilis, Corall. 74, t. xxvii. No. 3, e, B. Hab. On Corallines, &c., common. This is generally of a faint purple colour, and rarely exceeds half an inch in length. The tubes are neatly arranged in rows which run across the base, and kept separate in the centre by a groove which winds along the branches. The walls of the tubes are mi- nutely frosted. VI. Z. APOLYPA. 19. HALICHONDRIA. 1. H. palmata, elastic, fibrous, reticulated, the meshes irregularly quadrangular ; erect, ir- regularly branched; branches compressed ; fecal orifices circular, dispersed all over the sponge, with entire and slightly raised margins; spicula straight or slightly curved, pointed at each end. Palmated Sponge. H. palmata, Flem. Br. Anim. 523. Spongia palmata, S7b. Scot. ii. lib. quart. 55; Soland. Zooph. 189. t. 58, fig. 6; Turt. Brit. Faun. 209; Zam. Hist. Nat. ii. 379; Lamour. Corall. 181; Montagu in Wern. Mem. ii. 80. Hab. Deep water. On the coast at Holy Island. My specimen of this species is eight inches in height. The fibres, as Dr. FLEMING re- marks, have a centro-peripheral and distal direction, and form an irregular net-work at the 270 Dard ounsTon’s Catalogue of Zoophytes. surface, the meshes bounded by threads that are somewhat toothed or spinous. The fecal orifices are numerous, and dispersed all over the sponge. 2. H. papillaris, encrusting, spreading irregularly ; the surface porous, and studded over with large often papillary fecal orifices with smooth margins; spicula fusiform, slightly curved (tab. nost. ix. fig. 3.) H. papillaris, Flem. Brit. Anim. 520. Spongia informis durior, compressa, Fait Syn. 30. Spongia urens, Soland. Zooph. 187. S. tomentosa, Montagu in Wern. Mem. ii. 99. S. papillaris, Montagu in Wern. Mem. ii. 90; Grant in Edin. New Phil. Journ. for Oct. 1826, p. 121, tab. ii. fig. 21, and fig. 2; also in the number for April, 1826, p. 343. Sponge like crumb of bread, Ellis, Corall. 80. t. xvi. f. d. Hab. On rocks and the stalks of the large Fuci, near low-water mark, very abundant. Forms an irregular and often very extensive crust on rocks and sea-weed, from one- eighth to a quarter of an inch in thickness. The colour is in general a dirty orange- yellow, sometimes with a considerable mixture of green: in texture it is finely cellular, rather firm, and perforated with wide canals which open on the surface in the form of pa- pillary tubercles, but sometimes even with it. The edges of the external orifices are sim- ple and entire ; and within them we can readily discover from two to five smaller and sepa- rate holes of unequal sizes. The spicula are very numerous, interlaced in every direction, but forming obscure stellated figures : they are siliceous, crystalline, slightly curved, and ta- pered at the ends. 20. GRANTIA. 1, G. compressa, compressed, tubular, with simple terminal and lateral orifices; spicula of two kinds, triradiate and clavate. G. compressa, Flem. Brit. Anim. 524. Spongia compressa, Grant in Edin. New Phil. Journ. for April 1826, p. 166, and for Oct. 1826, p. 127, tab. ii. f. 11, 12, 13, and 23. S. foliacea, Montagu in Wern. Mem. ii. 92, tab. xii. Hab, On sea-weeds and rocks near low-water-mark, common. Sponge greatly compressed, compact, white, oval, generally about half an inch in height on our coast. Monvacu says, this species “ is always observed to be pendent,” but this is not uniformly the case, and indeed we have found it in situations where to grow pendent was a physical impossibility. 2, G. botryoides, small, white, clustered, irregularly branched tubular, minutely tomentose ; branches oblong, cylindrical, with a terminal simple orifice ; spicula tri-radiate. G. botryoides, Flem. Brit. Anim, 525. Spongia botryoides, Soland. Zooph. 190, tab. 58, fig. 1,4; Zurt. Lin. iv. 660; Lam. Hist. Nat. ii. 382. ae ——————— a Dr. Jounston’s Catalogue of Zoophytes. Q71 Sp. complicata, Montagu in Wern. Menr. ii. 97, tab. 9, fig, 2, 3.* Hab. At the roots of the smaller sea-weeds. This small species grows in a thickly clustered manner, so that it is often difficult to as- certain the exact height and limits of a single specimen. I have a specimen which appears to be nearly an inch in height ; the branches are slender, about a line in diameter, and of- ten inosculate. 3. G. ciliata, small, white, simple, sub-cylindrical, tubular, slightly contracted towards the terminal aperture which is encircled with a row of erect radiating spicula. G. ciliata, Flem. Brit. Anim. 525. ’ Spongia coronata, Soland. Zooph. 190, tab. 58, fig. 8,9; Montagu in Wern. Mem. ii. 88 ; Lam. Hist. Nat. ii. 370. Hab. On the roots of the smaller sea-weeds. Ihave once only met with this species on our coast; the specimen was half an inch in height. “The surface is closely covered with linear pointed spicula, having a terminal di- rection; in the substance of the sponge, besides those linear, there are other tri-radiated spicula. The internal surface is full of irregularly shaped pores.’’—Fleming. 21. MILLEPORA. 1. M. polymorpha, encrusting, irregular, surface very uneven and studded over with mam- millary tubercles perforated on the top; or even and smooth. M. polymorpha, Zinn.; Soland. Zooph. 130; Turt. Brit. Faun. 205; Stew. Elem. ii. 428 ; Hogg’s Stockton, 37; Flem. Br. Anim. 528. Hab. On rocks, very common. Crust of a dull purplish colour, adherent throughout, inclined to spread circularly, at first very thin, even, and smooth, but afterwards often studded over with close-set mammillary tubercles perforated on the top. When old, or when placed in favourable situations, it attains a quarter of an inch in thickness, and becomes very uneven and knobbed. I have quoted the above synonymes without any mark of doubt because the authors agree that the species intended by them is common on all the British coast, and that de- scribed by us is the only one which is so. At the same time I must remark that the figure of Exxis which they refer to (Corall. t. xxvii. f.¢) is very unlike any thing I have seen on this coast, and is surely a different species. Were it not that Dr. FLEMING seems to con- sider the Millepora lichenoides of E.xis and SoLANDER as comparatively rare, and confined to the “ English coast,” I would have referred our Millepore to that species. The figure (Soland. Zooph. tab. 23, f. 10, 11, 12) is not uncharacteristic, and the description is at least as applicable as that of MW. polymorpha. 22. CORALLINA. 1. C. officinalis, much branched, bushy, fastigiate ; branches dichotomous or trichotomous, * This valuable essay of a very excellent naturalist Lamoroux has ascribed, with culpable careless ness, to Mr. Donovan.—Encyclop, Meth., Vers, ii. 327, &c. eg VOL. II. ol i Q72 Dr. Jounston’s Catalogue of Zoophytes. doubly pinnate ; joints somewhat compressed, longer than their diameter, enlarged upwards ; the short lateral shoots cylindrical, with longer joints, the ultimate pointed or capitate. Officinal Coralline. C. officinalis, Zinn.; Soland. Zooph. 118, t. 23, f. 14, 15; Turt. Lin. iv. 671; Turt. Brit. Faun. 211; Stew. Elem. ii. 439; Lam. Hist. Nat. ii. 328; Lamour. Corall. 127; Bose, Vers, iii. 77, t, 28, f. 2, a bad copy of Ellis’s; Flem. Brit. Anim. 514; Hogg’s Stockton, 38; Loud. Journ. 1, 278, f. 148, d; Stark, Elem. ii. 426, t. viii. f. 4, a copy of Elllis’s ; Grant, in Edin. Phil. Journ. xiv. 183. Coralline anglica, Ger. Herb. 1572, cum fig.; Raz Syn. 33, No. 1. Muscus corallinus albus et purpureus, Szb. Scot. ii. lib. quart. 55. Coralline of the shops, Ellis, Corall. 48, t. xxiv. No. 2, a. Hab. On rocks in pools left by the recess of the tide, most abundant. From one to four inches high, of a dull purplish colour when recent, but becoming very white when left to bleach on the shore. Many modern naturalists of eminence are of opinion that the Coralline belong to the vegetable kingdom (as BasTer always maintained in opposition to ELxis), an opinion which has been much strengthened by the observations of Professor SCcHWEIGGER of Konigsberg.— See the Edin. New Phil. Journal, vol. i. p. 220. I have made many experiments on our species both when recent, and after being macerated in weak acids, but I could never detect the slightest vestige of any animal or polype. Mr. Sevey’s Account of Two Rare British Birds. 273 No. XI.—An Account of Two rare British Birds. By Paipeaux Joun Setsy, Esq. Reap, May 21, 1832. "Tur accompanying drawings* are faithful portraits of two rare British birds, both of which I was so fortunate as to receive in the flesh. The first to which I direct your attention, is the beautiful variety of the Honey Buzzard (Pernis apivorus), one of the rarest of the British Fal- conide. This bird was killed early in October, 1831, at Cheswick, in North Durham, which place is situated between the turnpike and the sea, about four miles to the south of Berwick. It had been observed to haunt a grove adjoining the residence of Joun Donaxpson, Esq., for two or three evenings in succession, and was shot in the same, when at roost, by his servant; and I may add, as a curious coincidence, that about the same time G. T. Fox, Esq., of Durham, communicated to me the capture of another specimen near that city. The principal and striking variation in this individual, from the usual plumage, consists in the great mass of white about the head and neck, but other differences, as compared with the descriptions of authors, are also apparent. Upon dissection it proved a male, and though in beautiful plumage, was _ ra- ther poor in condition, and very different from the state of that killed at Thrunton, and described by the Hon. H. T. Lippe 1, in the first volume of the Transactions of the Society.t' ‘The following is a correct description taken from the bird before dissection :—Bill, black ; the cere and basal part of both mandibles, Dutch orange ; space between the bill and eyes, covered with small, close set feathers, of a clove brown * The Drawings were presented to the Society by Mr. Se.ny, and are preserved in their collection. Volt ps 3: Q74 Mr. Sexpy’s Account of Two Rare British Birds. colour; at the posterior angle of the eye, a streak of darker brown. Forehead, white, the shafts of some of the feathers brown; auriculars, light chesnut brown, with darker shafts. The rest of the head, throat, and neck, white tinged with cream yellow, some of the feathers hav- ing a dark streak down their centres. Back and wing coverts, with the basal half of the feathers, pure white ; the exposed or visible part, am- ber brown, with paler margins. Greater quills, black, barred with white towards the base; their extreme tips, also white. ‘Tail, hair brown, with four bars of a deeper colour, the intermediate spaces also irregu- larly barred with dark hair brown; the tips of the feathers white- Breast and under plumage, cream white, with lanceolate streaks of dark brown, largest upon the abdomen and thighs. Legs, short and strong, saffron yellow ; the claws but little hooked, and black. The other is a figure of the Scolopax Sabini, contrasted with that of the common species, and taken from a specimen that was shot at But- terwell, near Morpeth, on the 15th of February, 1832, and kindly sent to me by Mr. Joun Jackson, of that town, in the fresh state. This is the third instance only upon record of the capture of this rare and curiously marked species. The first having been killed in Queen’s County, Ireland, and which, fortunately for science, fell into the hands of Mr. Vicors, who described it as a new species, in the Transactions of the Linnean Society, vol. xiv. ; the other was taken a year or two afterwards upon the Medway, near to Rochester, in Kent. In the co- lours and disposition of the plumage, the present individual accords in every particular with the two just mentioned, possessing the same deep saturated plumage, and agreeing with them in the relative proportions of its various parts. In size it nearly equals the common Snipe, but is thicker and rounder in form, and its legs considerably shorter in pro- portion. The colours are also so disposed, and the form of the feathers of the back and scapulars are such, as to discountenance any idea of its being a variety of the Common Snipe, and equally so of our other ac- knowledged species, the Scolopax major and S. Gallinula. ‘The follow- ing is a description taken previous to dissection :—Length from the tip of the bill to the end of the tail, ten inches and a quarter; length of SS Mr. Sexsy’s Account of Two Rare British Birds. 275 bill, two inches and five-eights; the colour, blackish brown, inclining to flesh red at the base; forehead, cheeks, and chin, blackish brown, having a soft velvety appearance: crown and occiput, deep black, with a few yellowish specks upon the eyebrows ; neck and upper part of breast, dingy yellowish brown, the shafts of the feathers and a transverse bar near their tips, black; mantle, black, each feather with a small yellowish spot on each side the rachis near the tip ; scapulars, black, barred and tipped with buff and yellowish brown ; the tertials with paler bars; wing coverts, blackish brown, those near the ridge of the wing immaculate, the rest with yellowish brown bars ; quills, deep hair brown ; rump and under tail coverts, barred with yellowish brown and black ; tail feathers, black, with two bars of pale chesnut brown near their tips, the extreme end black; tail, extending about five-eights of an inch beyond the closed wings: lower breast, belly, and abdomen, deep brocoli brown, and shewing upon the sides undulations and bars of a paler colour; under wing coverts and wing, axillary feathers very deep brocoli brown, inclining to blackish brown ; legs and toes blackish grey the tarsus nearly 1 inch and a quarter in length. It proved a female, and the ovary contained a vast number of embryo eggs, some of them as large as a No. 5 shot. lho ha ee Ae ee ert ee oo PLATE XII. Calcarcous Strata... ; PLAN of . HO LY Fd ELD MINE, Stleceaus do. Argillaceous da.. MESTONE. Chains , Holyfield Vein Level ts 10 fathoms Ce ee a eet 227/015 eee : t : . - — a 3 . ee ZS higher than the Sun Vein Level. 3 = “=. HOLY FIELg Level Mouth : SeeNTTE precedes Beeeecttee = ESS ee ee eee ieee. , Fig.2.CROUND PLAN of HOLYFIELD MINE Show Fig. 3. O Shaft on a Ground Plan