2 saa Seale: 2 Hibrary of the Museum OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY, AT HARVARD COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. sii A plibelg op coer we rw & ® 7 d - Ss " ’ ae 3 Beg ie: 980 4 Hips 3 * ¥ T Dea is + +, a - A BS Bs VG m2 Ake Pim sss f x 3 x . ‘ : oye “(> rei rk ges ee gar hs ah 7 RS “ eee] Ege Pol Soo a ee we or . > r , . ] -— oe a ¥ = f > Xe = ’ : wi . a ae ‘ ~~ = se, “a ~~ te ‘ TRANSACTIONS OF THE New York Academy of Sciences LATE LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. VOLUME XII. October, 1892, to June, 1893. Edited by the RECORDING SECRETARY. "“@NEW YORK; PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY. OFFICERS OF THE ACADEMY. 1893-1894. President : H. CARRINGTON BOLTON. lst Vice-President: 2d Vice-President: J. A. ALLEN. HENRY F. OSBORN. Corresponding Secretary: Recording Secretary: THOMAS L. CASEY. N. L. BRITTON. Treasurer: Librarian: CHAS. F. COX. JAMES F. KEMP. Councilors: O. P. HUBBARD, TAG SAS OGTR ING J. K. REES, HAROLD JACOBY, D. S. MARTIN, R. P. WHITFIELD, Curators: BASHFORD DEAN, ARTHUR HOLLICK, GEO. F. KUNZ, JOHN TATLOCK, Jr. Hf) VULTE: Finanee Committee: HENRY DUDLEY, J. H. HINTON, SETH LOW. TABLE OF CONTENTS. VoLUME XII. PAPERS READ BEFORE THE ACADEMY, MARCUS BENJAMIN. PAGE The Development of Science in New York City (published by title only),. 242 H. CARRINGTON BOLTON. Progress of Chemistry as Depicted in Apparatus and Laboratories (ADS UAC) Meera eerie ae co ne neice cere Se a=. (aie ors ciere'ete gO 128 N. L. BRITTON. Ranunculus repens and its Eastern North American Allies............ 2 Note on a Species of Hieraciwm (published by title only)............-. 17 The North American Species of the Genus Lespedezd........+..0005-5: 57 Note on the Genus Lechea (published by title only)................++- 188 F. M. CHAPMAN, On the Origin of Bird Life in the West Indies (published by title only). 50 O. F. COOK AND F. S. COLLINS. The Myriopoda Collected by the United States Eclipse Expedition to West Africa in 1889 and 1890 (title only; paper published in the MCRAE ee Cm Stee Deans x winiGtatss ateinass Wie Ob lers bis a wlele wea NS wrejiejaiee w «is 138 The Chordeumide of North America (title only; paper published in ELEM AN SS Peretcrara velterera ee wi SPaLeeie slate aloleisie sleiels Seleucia. ‘sreleisf w'e'e.e.0/s s 242 CHARLES F. COX, On Recently Discovered Deposits of Diatomaceous Earth in the SERA COIUGMCUE ES caret Oe a nig oS dino is wea SSS hse we Sawin die beings nx hw n/a 219 iv CONTENTS. BASHFORD DEAN, Dioneea, its Life Habits under Native Conditions ... ....--.+.++-++-- 9 Trachosteus and Mylostoma: Notes on their Structural Characters (QDSUEACE) Elec cioie cle & Sieh tate ose eter ate tens feet tee Tete reel -tal fete late Beene pil The Marine Laboratories of Europe (published by title only)....... ace nED On the Mode of Origin of the Paired Fins (abstract).... .....--..+-5-> 121 Contributions to the Anatomy of Dinichthys (abstract)........ ..-...- 187 On the Organs of Special Sense in the Coccosteids (published by title only).....:. aa re ren BAe ery ccor is aS Lr ICO SIN Soe 188 D. G. ELLIOT. The Life and Services of John James Audubon (title only; paper to be published in Vol. XIII. of the TRANSACTIONS)... ...-.....-2ceee-eees 218 C. H. EMERSON, Factand Fallacyzmathe Boomerang Problems. <). 1... 0-1 eee V7 HERMAN LE ROY FAIRCHILD. A Memoir of Professor John Strong Newberry... ..........-.. .---- 152 G. K. GILBERT. A Theory of the Formation of Lunar Craters (abstract)........ ....... 93 WILLIAM HALLOCK. Investigations of the Temperature of the Earth’s Crust (abstract) . ... 186 ARTHUR HOLLICK. Additions to the Paleeobotany of the Cretaceous Formation on Staten island (Plates .E.-S1V 3)... eae eer Sisenier sce aera 28 Plant Distribution as a Factor in the Interpretation of Geological Phenomena, with special reference to Long Island and Vicinity... 189 Preliminary Contribution to our knowledge of the Cretaceous Forma- tion on Long Island and Eastward (Plates V.— VII.).............. 222 O. P. HUBBARD. Notes on Indian Corn CONTENTS. Vv G. S. HUNTINGTON. Onagne Teo-colic, Junction of. Procyon lotot.s. 05. = si.<% . 025+ <2 00 00 000s 50 Anomalies of Pectoralis, major and minor (abstract)............-. SE lets On a recent Preparation of the Kidney of the Elephant (published by Bae Mercere ch, a02 Sie) s0 eae eiase so, saree Rreese eae 2 LES ousonp een 219 HAROLD JACOBY. The Parallaxes of pj and 6 Cassiopeiz Deduced from Rutherford Photographic Measures (abstract: paper published in the ANNALS). 06 A, A. JULIEN. Suggestions in Microscopical Technique (abstract)............ Sec OU A Study of the New York Obelisk as a Decayed Boulder (title only: Pesper PUDUSNEd I TNES ANAS)! A556 c ees ees keen te eles, + 188 J. F. KEMP. A Review of Work hitherto done on the Geology cf the Adirondacks.. 19 On an Occurrence of Gabbro (Norite) near Van Artsdalen’s Quarry, Epics Mth y F CUMEVEVANIA, 516 0,4 fouage lee edits ieee Veta ieee acer ere ale 69 On an Apparently new Sulphate from Arizona (abstract).............. 69 H. F. OSBORN, A New Artiodactyl from the Lower Miocene (published by title only).. 56 A New Suborder of the Ancylopoda (abstract)........ +92 8 acai ap aatans teeta 95 The Evolution of Teeth in the Mammalia and its Bearing upon the Problem of Phylogeny (abstract)............ssceesee ees ST Rea 187 ALPHAUS S. PACKARD. Studies on the Life-History of some Bombycine Moths, with Notes on the Setae and Spines of certain Species (title only)..............+55. 138 Cl yAS POST: A New Driving Clock for Equatorials (abstract).......0......+.2+-.05- 138 M. I. PUPIN, On the probable Relation between Solar and Terrestrial Activity...... 26 The Bearing of Electrical Discharges on Solar Physics (abstract)..... 48-49 J. D. QUACKENBOS. The Sunapee Saibling: a Fourth New England Variety of Salvelinus.. 139 J. K. REES. Observations of the Partial Solar Eclipse of October 20th, 1892 (pub- lished by title only).... ...-----eeeeee eee eee e eee cece terse ees 26 Observations of the Periodic Variation of Latitude (published by title ONG). aha'a $ hale Sain dh sist aleiaes crelateieim Rib imreiaye musings sin er) 5 ot Vn 9 ee 26 —_- CONTENTS. vil HEINRICH RIES. Notes on the Clays of New York State and their Economic Value. .... 40 T. A. SAFFORD. The Construction of a Catalogue of Standard Polar Stars (abstract).... 186 FRANCIS P. SMITH. A New Form of Condenser for Water Analysis,and a compact Wrst Ap Para GS 1 sys sixivticis deters aa OX vias ore sin wis oc Asceiebe cance 55 C. H. SMYTH, JR. A Geological Reconnaissance in the Vicinity of Gouverneur, N. Y. RETURN Sace's « totae ned 4 17 On Regeneration and the Mosaic Theory of Development (published OMIM MONEEEW Se cia t ns5 ob pS aoNOe Se ake victims cID nie vw d°cos awe = Sieia Sidi d's h A 0's Kena LoS J. L. WORTMAN. On the Mammalian Fauna of the Lower Miocene (published by title only) 50 The Relationship of the Puerco Beds to the Laramie (abstract)......... 69 vili CONTENS. PUBLIC LECTURES, COURSE OF 1892-1893. October 31, 1892. PROF. CHARLES F. CHANDLER. ANITA Dh cE ALG Ih ON eee suas oes Cader ndecc. cs suo bene mance. 25 Novenber 21, 1892. PROF. HENRY F. OSBORN, ThetRise of ‘the Mammialia.- 7.1.3.) c'ss ose ee ee ee eee 53 December 19, 1892. PROF. W. B. SCOTT. PossilvHuntine inathe Northwestacr oan! same) ee eae ee ee 55 January 16, 1895. PROF. CRARLES R, CROSS. The Determination and Recent History of Musical Pitch, especially in Chis! Coumitnyae sar aek ate ee Stes see tee he thats ois aces tee 69 February 20, 1898. COURTENAY DEKALB, E. M. Three Thousand Miles mp the Amazont..3-2.- ese ne on eee ine eet 96 March 20, 1898. COMMANDER THEO. F. JEWELL. MOD PCUOGR Ral. ee iaininm i mrs te Nee es Uae eite ts ee oh at eee err 151 April 17, 1898. PROF. W. LE CONTE STEVENS. Waples and ats Surroundings ©... ..- 2 0i6ys.di cesses cas sequece-s pees 188 May 15, 1893. DR. EDWARD G. LOVE. Photographing Microscopic Objects ..... 2.6... -..0. eevee eee ee Bee AL, TRANSACTIONS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Recutar Business Meerine. October 8rd, 1892. Vice-President, Dr. Borron, in the chair. Thirty persons present. The minutes of the Stated Meeting of June 6th were read and approved. The report of the Council was read, recommending: 1. The change in issuing the Transactions, by which Fellows and Members may have Signatures or paper bound volumes as they may elect. 9. The election of Dr. Morris Loeb as a Resident Member. 3. The plan of holding a general meeting of the Scientific Alliance, during the Autumn. The recommendations were ap- proved and the Secretary was directed to cast a ballot electing Dr. Loeb. The Secretary reported having cast the ballot and Dr. Morris Loeb was declared duly elected. The following proposals for Resident Membership were read by the Secretary: Alfred J. Moses, Columbia College. . Lea Mel. Luquer, Columbia College. Francis P. Smith, U. S. Navy Yard, N. Y. For Fellows: Henry F. Osborn, Columbia College. James F. Kemp, Columbia College. Arthur Hollick, Columbia College. Trans. N. Y. Acap. Sct. XII, No.1, November 22, 1892, 9 TRANSACTIONS OF THE (oct. 3, The names were referred to the Council for action. Dr. Bolton read a communication from Cairo, Egypt, dated, August 29th, 1892, and containing a sealed envelope enclosing a drawing of an apparatus for producing perpetual motion. The paper has been deposited with other papers of the Academy. Dr. Britton reported that the Audubon Monument was near- ly completed and that the ceremonies of unveiling would take place in the course of a few weeks. Prof. D, 8. Martin called attention to the death of Prof. Wm. P. Trowbridge and on motion the chair appointed Profs, Chand- ler, Martin and Rees, a committee to draw up and present suit- able resolutions to the Academy. A paper was read by Dr. N. L. Britton on Ranunculus re- pens L. and its Eastern North American Allies, illustrated by specimens, RANUNCULUS REPENS AND ITS EASTERN NORTH AMERICAN ALLIES. By N. L. Brirron. Owing to the tendency to keep the number of species as small as possible, which has characterized the work of many American botanists from the time of Nuttall to the latter years of Dr. Gray’s life, many of our plants have been imperfectly under- stood. This is notably true in the case of the Buttercups here discussed. In the Torrey and Gray Flora of 1838, the group was divided among R. repens, L., with two varieties, and &. hirsutus, Michx. In the first edition of Gray’s Manual (1848), hirsutus was dropped and R. fascicularis, Muhl., admitted; and this arrangement was maintained in the subsequent editions including the fifth (1867), and was also followed by Wood in his Class-Book, and Botanist and Florist. In Dr. Gray’s books the difficulty about R. repens was disposed of by the statement that it is ‘‘extremely variable in size and foliage.’’ Meanwhile everybody that looked at the plants at all critically was unable to determine them satisfactorily. In 1886, when Dr. Gray took up the Ranunculacez for the Synoptical Flora (Proc. Am. Acad., xxi. 363 et seq.) he 1892. | NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 3 had quite changed his mind on the limitations of species, having had the experience of unraveling the Gamopetale behind him, and the advantage of much more material for study accumulated in the Cambridge Herbarium. He then recognized three eastern species, #. repens, L., R. septentrionalis, Poir., and f. fasceicularis, Muhl. The name &. hispidus, Michx., used by Torrey and Gray in 1838 for one of the species, was now employed by Dr. Gray for a different one, in this following Hooker, Fl. Bor. Am. i. 19. My observations have led me to conclude that #. repens, L. and &. fascicularis, Muhl., are well defined in this last paper of Dr, Gray. But under his R&. seplentrionalis, Poir., it seems to me that there are at least two species. He notes that he takes this “to include the greater part of the assemblage of forms which have passed for &. repens in this country.”’ 1. Ranuncutus repens L. Sp. P). 554 (1753). This European species is sparingly naturalized in south- eastern New York and New Jersey, being much less abundant than eitherR. bulbosus, L., or R. acris, L., the common field buttercups of the region. It occurs from Nova Scotia and Ontario to Virginia and is reported from various places in the interior. Dr. Gray notes that it is indigenous in some places, but I have no other evidence of this. On the label of a specimen collected by Mr. Coville at Oxford, N. Y., in 1886, Dr. Gray has written ‘‘truly indigenous,” but Mr. Coville tells me that this isa mistake. Dr. Gray indicates that it extends to New Mexico. It is a creeping, stoloniferous plant, with some of the branches ascending, and grows in dense patches along road- sides, etc., preferring moist sol. It is quite glabrous or somewhat pubescent; its leaves are pinnately tri-foliolate, very broadly ovate or orbicular in outline, the segments broad, deeply incised and lobed, and usually, so far as I have observed the fresh plant, blotched at the base of the lobes ; the flowers are as large as those of /?. acris, the petals much longer than the spreading sepals ; the mature achenes are oval, slightly longer than broad, narrowly margined and abruptly tipped with a short, subulate, nearly straight style, not more than one-fourth of their length. 2. Ranuncutus Macovunu. Ranunculus hispidus Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i. 19, (1830), not of Michx. This is a spreading or trailing hirsute species, not stoloni- 4 TRANSACTIONS OF THE [oer 3, ferous, so far as I know, occurring from western Ontario to British Columbia, and south in the Rocky Mountain region to Arizona and New Mexico, It is readily distinguishable from R. repens by its larger leaves, stronger habit, obovate petals scarcely or not at all longer than the reflexed sepals, and almost marginless, slightiy larger and flatter achenes, which are tipped with a shorter, slightly stouter style. R. hispidus of Michaux is, as will be shown, one of the long- styled plants included by Dr. Gray in Lf. septentrionaiis. R. Macounii has its nearest affinity in /. Pennsylvanicus which differs in its erect stem, smaller flowers, more finely divided leaves with still narrower segments and oblong or cylindric head of more numerous and smaller achenes, and is of eastern distribution. 3. Ranuncuus uispipus Michx,. Fl. Bor. Am. 1, 321 (1803). I have seen the type of this plant in Michaux’s Herbarium at the Jardin des Plantes, and it is clearly a common plant of the Eastern and Middle States and not at all the western species called hispidus by Hooker, which Michaux, in all probability, never saw, Dr. Gray’s remarks (Proc. Amer. Acad. xxi. 375) to the contrary notwithstanding. It is an early-blooming woodland species, often flowering about New York as early as April 15th, and much before any of the other buttercups. It is not stoloniferous so far as I have observed; the young stems are usually densely villous-pubescent but become glabrate or appressed-pubescent in age; the roots are numerous, thick and fleshy, the leaves are pinnately three-divided (very rarely pin- nately five-divided), very pubescent, at least when young, the segments ovate, oblong or obovate, nearly cuneate at the base, and sharply cleft and lobed; the flowers are a half inch to one and one half inches broad, with petals considerably longer than the spreading sepals ; (usually twice as long) the head of fruit is usually somewhat longer than thick, though often globose; the achenes are nearly orbicular, lenticular, narrowly margined and, when mature, abruptly tipped by a subulate- curved style of about one-half their length. The species was taken for &. fascicularis Muhl., by Schlecht- endahl, Animad., ii. 30, t. II., (1819), who gives a very good figure of it, and it was also so-called by Austin, Leggett and other New York botanists. In Torrey and Gray’s Flora, N. A., and in Torrey Flora, N. Y., it appeared as R. repens, var, Marylandicus. In my catalogue of tie Plants of New Jersey it appeared as &. fascicularis, and I take this opportunity of stating that so far as I know, &. fascicularis does not occur in that 1892. | NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 5 State. The range of the species appears to be from Ontario to Georgia, west to Michigan, the north-west territory and appar- ently to Texas. In my opinion this species is more nearly re- lated to Ff. fascicularis than to R. seplentrionalis. 4, Ranuncutus rascicutaris Muhl, Cat. 54 (1813); Bigel, Fl. Bost. 137 (1814). A strongly-marked species capitally figured both by Hooker, (Fl. Bor. Am. i. t. 8), and Gray, (Gen. Ill. i. t. 9)., characterized by oblong or linear oblong obtuse lobes to the mostly pinnately divided leaves, the lobes of the earliest leaves much broader than those of the subsequent ones. The achenes are lenticular, closely resembling those of the preceding species, but are scarcely margined, and tipped with a subulate style of nearly or quite their length. The plant begins to bloom in the Middle States (Lancaster, Penn., Small) early in April. It grows on dry hillsides, ete., and has a cluster of thick, fleshy roots, like those of R. hirsutus. I have not seen the type of this species but it was examined by either Dr. Torrey or Dr. Gray, as is indicated in therr Flora Gf NA. 5. Ranuncunus seprenrrionatts Poir, in Lam. Encyel. vi. 125 (1804). I am following Dr. Gray, (Pree. Am. Acad. xxi. 376) in applying this name, guided by his naming of the specimens in his own herbarium and in ours, but I have not seen Poiret’s type, which ought to be in Lamarck’s herbarium at the Jardin des Plantes. Dr. Gray does not say that he has examined it. Poiret’s description is not altogether satisfactory, but until just what he had shall be absolutely determined, it is as well to use this name, although it may be noted that the name P, lucidus, Poir., (loc. cit. 113), a species based on a cultivated plant of the Paris Garden and supposed by the author to have come from the Levant, is associated with the species by Dr. Gray, and has twelve pages priority of place in publication. The plant which I have in mind is an inhabitant of ditches, swamps and river-shores, is abundantly stoloniferous, some- times forming runners two feet long, and about New York blooms nearly a month later than &. hispidus, Michx. It is often entirely glabrous, sometimes pubescent, is much stronger in growth and has larger leaves than &. hispidus, with acute, sharply incised or serrate segments; the flowers are often more than an inch broad; the achenes are ‘strikingly different being oblong, with broad, often thick margins, and the beak is stout, 6 TRANSACTIONS OF THE [ocT. 38, sword-shaped, flat and nearly as long as the body of the achene. The species ranges from the maritime Provinces of Canada to Minnesota, south at least to Pennsylvania and Kentucky. Iam not sure that it occurs further south and it is certainly most abundant northward. 6. Ranuncutus patmatus, Ell, Sk. Bot. S. C. and Ga. ii. 60, (1824). This plant of pine-barren swamps and river-shores of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida, included in R. septentrionalis by Dr. Gray, but maintained as a species in Dr. Chapman’s Southern Flora, appears to me as perfectly distinct. It is a very weak, slender species, forming long runners, is somewhat hirsute or glabrous, and has ternately divided, comparatively small thin leaves with obtuse, cleft and dentate segments. The flowers in specimens from Dr. Chapman are less than a half- inch broad, the achenes are few (3-6), oblong, very broadly margined and provided with a stout, flat, sword-shaped beak. These six species may be briefly diagnosed as follows : Beak of the achene less than half its length, Petals much longer than the spreading repals. 1. R. repens. Petals equalling or shorter than the reflexed Sepals, 2. R. Macounit. Beak of the achene more than half its length. Beak subulate, curved. Leaf-segments broad, oblong or obovate. 3. R. hispidus. Leaf-segments narrow, oblong-linear. 4, R. fascicularis. Beak stout, triangular, sword-shaped. Leaf-segments acute; flowers large. 5. R. septentrionalis. Leaf-segments obtuse ; flowers small. 6. R. palmatus. Prof. Martin exhibited samples of Rock Salt from the mines at Leroy and Livonia near Rochester, N. Y. Remarks on Summer Work were made by Mess. Britton, Bol- ton, Casey, Jacoby, Rees, Osborn, Dean, Martin, Wilson and others. Prof. Osborn announced that the Section of Biology would organize after the adjournment of the Academyand invited members to take part. Meeting adjourned. 1892. | NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. é Srarep MEETING. October 10th, 1892. The President, Dr. Hussarp, in the chair. Twenty-three persons present. There were no minutes to be approved. The Secretary read the following proposals for membership. Edmund B. Wilson, Columbia College. Arthur Willey, Columbia College. J. L. Wortman, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. The proposals were referred to the Council for action. The Secretary announced important changes in the pro- gramme for October, as follows: Ocrozer 17—Biological Section. (Zoology and Botany) Basurorp Dean, “Habits of the Venus Fly Trap of North Carolina.”’ N. L. Brirron, ‘‘Note on a species of Hieracium.’’ E. B. Witsoy, ‘‘Artifical production of Twins and Mul- tiple Embryos in Amphioxus.”’ H. F. Oszorn, ‘“The Cretaceous Mammalia in Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.” Henry F. Osporn, Chairman. Basurorp Dean, Secretary. Ocroper 24—Paper by Pror. James F, Kemp, on “A Review of the Geological Work hitherto done in the Adiron- dacks.”’ Ocroser 31—Public Lecture Course. Lecture by Prof. Cuartes F. Cuanpier, on ‘‘Aluminium,” illustrated, and stated that notice would be sent to all members of the Sci- entific Alliance. Prof. D. S. Martin read a paper on: The Influence upon Science of the Discovery of the New World, 8 TRANSACTIONS OF THE [ocr. 10, At the close of the paper Dr. Britton stated that a species of Maize or Indian Corn had been discovered growing in the wild state in Central America, and that the cultivated plant was undeniably a production of the Americas, where it has been under cultivation from remote antiquity and was found a staple article of food by the early discoverers, Dr. Hubbard contributed the following notes: Inp1an Cory. Lawson, Joun.—A new voyage to Carolina, 1709, Lond. p. 75 ‘The Indian Corn or Maize proves the most useful grain in the world and had it not been for the fruitfulness of this species it would have proved very difficult to have settled some of the plantations in America, It is the most nourishing for a man to subsist on without any other victuals.’’ Dr. Dwight (Pres. Yale Col. 1795) Travels Vol. 2. p.'312 “ The Sweet or Shrivelled Corn so called because when ripe the kennels are remarkably shrivelled (white, one variety grows) and the ‘Long Island Sweet’ (white 2 varieties —8 rows Sweet—12 rows insipid) which is large and comparatively late, is when in the Milk, the most delicious of all culinary Vegetables. The “Sweet” may be planted so early as to furnish seed for a second crop which will come to perfection the same season in New Haven. Travels Vol. 1. p. 49. At New Haven the Sweet Corn may be had in full perfection for the table by successive plantings from the middle of July to the middle of November, I commonly plant at twelve different periods in the season. Dr. Dwight at the same time cultivated Tomatoes for the table. Dec. 1. 1884, at a meeting of the Academy I asked Col. Ely S. Parker about ‘‘Sweet Corn.’’ He replied “Whena boy I asked my Father, a Seneca Indian, ‘Where the Indians got Sweet Corn? and he said with emphasis. ‘‘ The Indians always had Sweet Corn aud the Cree corn of the Rocky Mountains which grows only 2% ft. high and very nice’ He scouted the statment of Mr. John B. McMaster ‘‘ That Sweet Corn was unknown in 1784.”’ 1892. ] NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 9 Sweet Corn is believed to have been brought to Mass. in 1779 by Lieut. Bagnall on his return from Sullivan’s Expedition up the Susquehanna and Western N. Y, and then became widely distributed by Connecticut settlers, as I know, throughout the Western States and beyond the Mississippi to its early homes. Meeting adjourned. Srarep MEETING. October 17th, 1892. The President, Dr. Huppanp, in the chair. Thirty five persons present. The minutes of October 10th were read and approved. The Secretary proposed as a Resident Member ; Frederic S. Lee, of Columbia College. The nomination was referred to the Council. There being no further business the Academy adjourned. The Biological Section then organized with Prof. Henry L. Osborn in the chair and Dr. Bashford Dean as Secretary. The following is an abstract of the proceedings: The papers of the evening were:— ‘‘Dionaea. Its life habits under native conditions. From observations made near Wilmington, N.C.,” by Bashford Dean. DIONAEA. Its life habits under native conditions. From observations made near Wilmington, N.C. (April, 1891.) By Basurorp Dean. Accounts hitherto given throw but little light upon the actual life habits of Dionaea, and give but a general idea of a locality, which perhaps is of a peculiar character to account for an extremely restricted range. The observations of the Rev. Dr. Curtis, * and of Dr. Canby, + both at Wilmington, preceded * Boston Journal of Nat. Hist., V. 1, 123, 1837, and Catalogue of Plants Growing Spontaneously around Wilmington, 1834. +t Gardoner’s Monthly, Phil., Aug. 1868, 10 TRANSACTIONS OF THE [oer. 17, the studies of Darwin and were naturally directed in an exper- imental way towards the plant’s digestive powers, and furnished little more than an outline of its actual predatory habits. Other local accounts appear to have been of a somewhat exaggerated charactor in regard to both the size and the quantity of prey that has been taken. On the other hand ideas of the life habits of the plant can hardly be regarded as accurate based upon hot-house specimens that have become more or less artificialized, and have lacked the kind and quantity of usual food elements. It has seemed accordingly in the case of a plant as local as Dionaea, especially desirable to determine more accurately the degree to which the specialized traps are active in providing food, (2), the kind of material collected, and (8), the ways and means followed in the collecting process. Results thus obtained might, if noteworthy, prove of value in directing lines of study in this peculiar branch of plant physiology. Dionaea is almost exclusively confined to the Savannahs directly eastward of Wilmington, a tract of perhaps a dozen miles inlength. In this tract the plant is plentiful only at special points, as a mile east of Wrightville, a few rods south of the shell road. Here, as an instance, have been counted as many as fifty plants to a square yard. The supply, however, is in general a limited one, and is decreasing year by year, mainly, it is said, on account of the great increase of forest fires and the subsequent clearing up of the land. The plant’s northern range appears to be sharply drawn at the Cape Fear river.* West of Wilmington the plant occurs but is said to be rare. Southward it is still more uncommon; it has been taken by Mr. Walter Hoxie, of Beaufort, S. C., on Fripp’s Island, on Coxspur Island off the Georgia coast, and once at the head of Mosquito Lagoon below St. Augustine. The home of the plant is in the typical Savannah, rough sedgy meadow land sprinkled with scanty yellow pines, clumps of stunted beeches broken here and there by shallow sphagnum pools. The pools are quite characteristic of the region, occupy- ing depressions often not more than a yard across and usually but a few inches in depth. ‘The edges are shelving, denuded, often abrupt, showing in section a layer of surface black mould above yellow-white sand. Grasses and sedges grow down to the brink and bend over, often drooping their blades into the shelving basin below. It is at the edges of the grass clumps that Dionaea frequently occurs, often displaying its trap leaves on the bare margin of the basin. This position, though appar- * Wood and McCarthy, Wilmington Flora, Raleigh, 1887, 1892. | NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. re ently a sheltered one, may not be disadvantageous ; an insect crawling from the pool must first pass the fringe of traps, or, flying unskillfully, is not unapt to find its way to the bases of the marginal grasses. The late Dr. Thomas F. Wood, of Wilmington, to whose suggestions and kindness I have been greatly indebted, pointed out to me that the plant is not, as often supposed, a native of dry and sandy flats, nor, like Drosera, common on moist mud flats, nor yet on the high brinks and plant covered banks of large stagnant pools. It appears to be less general in its actual place of occurrence than the common predatory plants that are well represented in this region. The locality is even in a noteworthy degree rich in insectivorous species. At one point, for example, within a radius of four feet were noted Dionaea, three Droseras (longifolia, brevifolia, rotundifolia), two butterworts (Pinguicula lutea, vulgaris), and the purple Sarracenia, At the time of my visit, (Mar. 30—Apr. 5) the plants had not yet reached their maximum growth, the largest trap measuring 1 1-4 inchin length, the leaf stalks appearing much shorter, 1 to 2 inches, and more delicate than had been expected. The color of the large traps was especially different from that observed in hot-house specimens, the inner side of the large eaves deep brownish purple, developing into scarlet and pink at the edges, the younger leaves darkening from the mid-rib outward. The Disposition of the Traps and the Plant’s Feeding Habits. In his historic study of Dionaea, Darwin refers to “The man- ner in which insects are caught,’’ and notes that among the in- sects entrapped in the fourteen leaves sent him by Dr. Canby, from North Carolina, but one proved to be a typical flying insect. This note is so suggestive of life habits that it is remarkable that the author did not follow it up and discuss the plant’s adaptation in capturing ground insects. Wherp looked at in this light Dionaea appears to be remarkably specialized, and would merit the name ‘ant’ or ‘beetle catcher,’ rather than ‘fly-trap.’ The traps, in the first place, are found expanded not in the air but on the ground * and appear to be specially adapted for this position in as much as (1) a joint occurs between petiole and blade which renders it possible for the trap to adjust itself to the ground, and in as much as (2) the tip of the trap which is usually * Of one hundred full grown traps there were ninety whose tips were adjusted to the ground, six whose sides rested upon the ground, and but four whose traps did not descend, 12 TRANSACTIONS OF THE hooray; fitted to the ground is destitute of marginal spikes. Second, the clustre of radial leaves is admirably disposed in position and succession * to cover accurately the extent of allotted ground, Third,the leafy petioles present a well designed run- way, passing from central bud to trap, which an insect is more than apt to follow as a method of escape, after it has run the gauntlet of trapping leaves. The actual disposition of the trap when, so to say, set, may thus be stated. The leafy petiole sprouts boldly upward, then descends gradually towards the trap. At first its face is narrow and flat, then its leafy margins begin to spread out laterally more and more until the trap is reached ; these leafy margins bend upward, often curling over, and thus form a creased run- way, admirably fitted to keep a visiting insect in the broad de- scending path. The leaf-stalk is decidedly springy it its back- ward curve, so much so that if its base be severed it writhes backward describing normally a curve of about 200°. Irri- tation of the stalk may thereafter cause the total flexure to become about 400°. This remarkable springiness appears to bring with it three important functions, (1) it causes the outer margin of the trap to be closely pressed to the ground—a position that is accommodated by the lamino-peliolar hinge, (2) it steepens the final descent of the runway, tending to prevent the retreat of visitors, and (3) it helps to adjust with nicety the leafy edges of the petiole to the sides of the trap and prevents interstical ese capes. | The ascending portion of the runway has been carefully examined for aids to climbers, but these do not apparently oceur. There are no hairs even along the mar- gins, the ascent is smooth, a bit vascular, a condition perhaps of advantage to the padded feet of visitors. This moistness is somewhat viscid, judging from the dust and minute granules usually adherent. The trap itself in its disposition appears to be singularly adapted to its environment, not merely in the degree in which it opens but in the concavity of its lobes and in the bend of its marginal spikes. In the position commonly assumed the tip of the trap rests upon the ground, the lobes arching slightly upward are inclined to each other at an angle of about 50°, their concavity is well marked, the spikes inclin- ing slightly inward. This position appears to be the one of * C.F. Lubbock, Leaves, Flowers and Fruits, in regard to leaf disposition for other functions, e. g., respiration. + The position of the trap, the degree to which it is open, the amount of bend- ing of the joint, seem to determine the nicety of the adjustment of the springy margins—these, when the angle between petiole and blade, becomes marked, are usually closely opposed to the inner face of the trap, often in this way forming a kind of leafy funnel, 1892. | NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 13 greatest sensitivity, judging from the results of experiments hereafter given. The traps are not usually open wider than an angle of 90°. Should, from its crowded position, the trap be disposed sidewise the supine valve loses its concavity, flattens or becomes convex, and the spikes adjust themselves to the ground and may even be of service as skids to facilitate entrance from the side; the overhanging lobe meanwhile retains its inner concayity, its spikes pointing downward. In the process of closing, the important part played by the marginal spikes has already been discussed by Darwin ; the closing, possibly by altering the convexity of the lobes, causes the spikes to rotate rapidly inward (90°), gently interlocking. The actual process of digestion has already been carefully followed, (Ins. Pl. 295-304). Under native conditions the plant’s power to emit rapidly the digestive juice, is worthy of note. Several of the leaves that had been fed with bits of earthworm and examined at the end of a half-hour had already exhibited the stout incurving of the lobe, the secretion was noticable and evenly distributed, the basal glands assuming the yellow tone, a change apparently more marked in deeply pigmented leaves. During the process of digestion the pressure of the lobes, as notéd by Darwin, is sufficiently strong to outline the enclosed object. It may further be noted that at a later stage one of the lobes laps out irregularly, displayed lke a protruding lip, the spines bending outward, the digestive juice sometimes oozing out, The final stage in the recovery of the leaf follows the out- rolling of the margins and the subsequent constricting of the angle of the lobes at the midrib. In regard to time of closing the traps are irregular even to a noteworthy degree. The sensitivity, in addition, does not depend entirely upon irritation of the filiaments. Varying sensitiveness is exemplified in the following experi- ments : 1. Twenty-five full grown and similarly opened traps were irritated by several strokes of wisp passing across the sensitive filiaments. Three traps failed to close ; fifteen did not close sufficiently to allow the spikes to interlock, time from 2 to 10 seconds ; seven interlocked firmly, time from 2 to 5 seconds, Of these seven five were but feebly pigmented and perhaps had not as yet fed. 2. A-similar experiment irritating the filiaments somewhat more slowly, gave the following results: twenty-four closing, five firmly interlocking. It should be noted, however, that in these experiments the irritation had been far more severe and constant than could under ordinary circumstances be caused by 14 TRANSACTIONS OF THE (ocr. 17, an insect. In the foregoing experiments the slighter the irri- tation the slighter appeared to be the chances of closing. The nature of the irritating object does not appear to effect the rate of closing. 3. ‘Twenty-five examples similarly irritated but with muscle of insect gave results similar to the foregoing ; the time of closing varied between 1 and 20 seconds, two did not close, ten interlocked. Continuous gentle pressure of filiaments by wisp appears to close the trap gently and slowly, a provision perhaps of strategic advantage in capturing prey. In these experiments was noted how variable appeared to be the seat of sensitiveness. In some instances a single touch of one of the filiaments would render closing instant ; in others all filiaments might be touched without causing the traps to close, or at the best would give rise to most tardy action. In one of the latter cases an accidental touch at the anterior notch in the line of the midrib caused rapid closing. This suggested the following experiments, which show that the point of closing is not altogether localized in and at the base of the filiaments (Cf. Ins. P], 294). i 4. Ten examples were brushed by wisp along the margin of the face of a lobe without approaching the filiaments. Eight closed within 20 seconds—two of these as rapidly as if the filiaments had been disturbed. 5. Ten examples were irritated by brushing the wisp sharply across the marginal spikes. None closed. 6. Ten examples were stroked with wisp within the terminal quarter inch of the hinge. All closed within 30 seconds—three very rapidly. 7. A similar experiment irritating the posterior half of the hinge line gave practically the same results—two closing rapidly. In these instances, however, it appears as in the experiments upon the tactile filiaments that especial interest is to be attached to the present condition of each leaf. The foregoing experiments lead to the conclusion that the majority of opened leaves would allow insects to pass over them and would not entrap unless the visitor proved a lingering one. It seems further evident that when a leaf has acquired or regained its maximum degree of sensitiveness its instant closing may result from irritation within the trap even when the filiaments may not have been touched. The insect, however, that passes over the trap has in general an exceedingly good chance of escape, even granting that the trap commences to close. Of a number of insects allowed to pass (slowly) over the 1892. ] NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 15 opened traps, in but one instance, that of a termite 3-8 inch in length, was the visitor entrapped in its first transit. A musk beetle, Brachinus, 3-8 inch long, passed six times between slowly closing lobes before at length captured ; a spider 1-4 inch in length escaped twice, a large curculio twice, a Harpalus four times, a small grasshopper, 1-2 inch, twice. Even when the trap has securely closed, the insect if active and of moderate size can usually effect its escape. In the above instances the musk beetle released itself within twenty minutes from time of capture, the grasshopper within thirty minutes, the Harpalus in thirty seconds. A second Harpalus more or less injured before suc- cessfully entrapped, required nearly two hours. The rate of reopening is, again, a most irregular one, depend- ent probably upon the degree of the plant’s sensitivity. The leaves of Exp. 1 varied in time of reopening between eight and and forty-eight hours: one which had closed most rapidly showed unmistakable signs of opening at the end of ten minutes; four which had required forty-eight hours to reopen could then only with the greatest difficulty be made to again close. In the leaves closed by irritation with insect muscle the reopening process was a far tardier one ; at the end of 24 hours two had reopéned ; of 48 hours ten. In rapidity of digestion the same individual character is main- tained by the leaves. In one instance the entire soft parts of an ant (3-32 inch in length) were well digested out within as short a time as 48 hours, and the process of absorption was well under way; in another, at the end of five days the soft tissues of a similar ant were still noticable, and the glands were active in secretion, The foregoing notes summarize the plant’s natural quali- fications, (1) asa capturer of ground insects, (2) as an exquisitely balanced trap passing curiously through cycles of activity. The following note is an attempt to determine quantitatively the actual feeding habits of the plant. First, as to the proportion of the full grown leaves at one time actively occupied insectivorously Of one hundred of the largest leaves counted at random, as few as six (April 3) were found to be closed ; three, in addition, showed the ashen and dry appearance of having already fed. Three of the traps had, however, evidently closed by accident for they contained particles of soil, bark and a bit of straw ; there were no traces of secretion. After a leaf has fed the slanted trap allows the undigested particles to gradually fall to the ground. Second, what is quantitatively the actual material entrapped. 16 TRANSACTIONS OF THE focr. 17, The contents of one hundred closed leaves were collected and gave the following results:— Lighty-five had secured material of organic origin ; of this number four-fifths had closed upon vegetable objects, bits of twigs, grasses, decayed wood, seed pods, seeds, fragments of leaves—in six of these instances digestive juices were clearly marked although careful examin- ation failed to show traces of insects that might have furnished the usual peptogene. The scarcity of insect prey was especially remarkable, to be attributed in a measure, doubtless, to the early season, The presence of so great a proportion of ingested vegetable material is certainly significant in view of the habits of Drosera, Pinguicula and, as lately shown, Utricularia ; and it would not be altogether unreasonable to look more closely into the vegetable element of the plant’s food. Of the younger leaves that were closed about thirty per cent. were found to have secured insects—perhaps on account of greater sensitivity. Insects that had been naturally taken appear to be curiously small in size; the largest of one hundred taken from closed leaves proving not more than 1-4 inch in length, the majority of forms were scarcely more than 1-12 inch. The lar gest leaves appear to secure the largest insects. The proportion of the kinds of insects included might evidently be a most variable one—at that season the ground insects certainly constituted the bulk of forms. * Of one hundred insects three-quarters were, roughly speaking, ground insects, ants, beetles, small spiders, staphylinids. The “remainder was almost entirely dipterous— Chironomus, a common form ~-occasionally a small ichneumon. As arare article of diet should be mentioned a small moth pupa that had doubtless been contributed by the wind. It seems most probable from the above notes that the plant’s predatory nature is not as forminable as its exceedingly special- ized traps might lead one to expect. Among all the leaves examined the largest captive did not exceed 1- 4 inch. Cases of capture of dragon flies and large moths that have been reported must be, it would appear, of exceptional occurrence. The leaf itself does not appear to be sufficiently strong to retain the larger and more active insects, even granting that they may be securely caught. The secretion of the digestive juices, moreover, does not appear to be sufficiently rapid in its action or effects to be of material service. It is certain that the larger insects are not invariably retained as already shown by experiments. In these cases, moreover, the insects’ exertions could not have been most * The leaves received by Darwin from Dr. Canby were notimprobably selected as showing signs of having taken well sized prey, consisting as above mainly of ground insects. 1892. | NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 17 active owing to injuries received during the operation of secur- ing artificial entrapment. In conclusion, the observations upon Dionaea suggest in summary the following noteworthy characters :— I. Specialization for the capture of ground insects. II. The marked differences in irritability in individual leaves; the usual inability of the plant to capture and retain larger and more active insects ; the usual failure of the plant to capture transient insects ; the repeated closings of the trap upon inor- ganic and vegetable objects. III. The sensitiveness of the trap in parts other than the filiaments. 1VY. The marked vegetable element of the entrapped-organ- isms, suggesting homologies in function with Pinguicula, Drosera and Utricularia, a relation more probable when we take into consideration the presence of quadrifid processes and their occurrence upon the underside of the trap. Cotumpia CoLiecE, Oct. 16, 1892. “Note on a species of Hieracium,’’ by N, L. Britton. «* Artificial production of Twins and Multiple Embryos in Am- phioxus,’’ by E. B. Wilson. The Fourth paper, The Cretacious Mammalia in the Ameri- can Museum of Natural History; to have been presented by Professor Osborn, was deferred until the following, meeting of the Section. Professor Britton exhibited an Indian net-sinker about ten inches in length that he had found on Manhattan Island. The finding of similar relics during the excavations for the new ship canal was noted. These had been found associated with the plates of the Sturgeon. The meeting adjourned. 18 TRANSACTIONS OF THE foor. 24, Sratrep MEETING, October 24th, 1892. The President, Dr. Hussarp, in the chair. Twenty six persons present. The reading of the minutes of October 17th was deferred to the next meeting. The Secretary read the following proposals: For Resident Member:. GrorceE Huntineron, M. D, Columbia College. Joun G. Curtis, M. D,. Columbia College. Aurrep Tuckerman, Pu. D., N, Y. City. For Corresponding Member: J. De Menpizanet Tamporret, Mexico City, Mexico. The nominations were referred to the Council. Dr. Fiske presented to the Academy, on behalf of the author of the work, Mr. J. De Menpizazar Tamezorret of the City of Mexico, a large folio volume, containing an extended set of logarithmic tables. The chief novelty of these tables, which are carried to eight places of decimals, is the decimal subdivision of the entire circumference, which is adopted as the unit of angular measure, Their construction has led to the detection of errors in other similar tables. Dr. Votre exhibited a medal commemorative of the inception and completion of the Erie Canal. The case in which the medal is kept was made from a piece of wood brought from Erie, N, Y. on the “ Seneca Chief,” the first canal boat to pass through the entire distance. Dr. Hupsarp related the history of the canal and described the ceremonies of breaking ground and completion, his remarks have especial value and interest as he was a specta- tor of both ceremonies, The following paper was then read : “1892. ] NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. i9 A REVIEW OF WORK HITHERTO DONE ON THE GEOLOGY OF THE ADIRONDACKS. - od. F. Kemp, Abstract. The paper was illustrated with{ specimens of rocks and min- erals and with a series of lantern slides, After a brief topographical description of the region, of its historical importance and economic resources, the subject proper was taken up. Reference was made to the small amount of geological work that had been done, upon it. Peter Kalm, who visited Crown Point in 1749, has left a few notes, and an occasional traveler in the later years of the last century has done the same. The iron enterprises in the early years of the present century brought the geological structure into promin- ence. Mr. A. E. Jessup contributed to the Journal of the Philadelphia Acad. of Sci., Mar. 19, 1822, a few pages on the “Geology of the Northeast Part of N. Y.’’ which were published in Vol. II. p.185. He speaks of the secondary and primary rocks of Lake Champlain and of the primitive trap at Willsborough, which was visited by Dr. Wm. Meade in 1810. The next paper of importance is that of W. C. Redfield, * who was one of a party interested in the magnetite mines at Lake Henderson. He describes their trip to the sources of the Hudson, and mentions labradorite rock, trap dikes and the great (so-called) dike at Avalanche Lake. In 1836 the bill was passed establishing the New York Survey, and in the spring of 1837 the geological parties took the field. Ebenezer Emmons received the second district, which included the mountains. For the first year James Hall was his assistant. Emmons’ first annual report (1837) describes his reconnoissance of the east and west portions of the Adirondacks, and then the three sections that he made from east to west. One was at the lat- itude of Lake George, one at Cedar Point (Port Henry), and one on the north side. Up to Emmons’ visit Whiteface was thought to be the highest peak. It was called 2,600 ft., being supposed to be 1,200 lower than Round Top in the Cat- skills. Emmons made it 4,885, and was the first to discover that there were higher peaks to the south, affording thus a sig- nificant commentary on the little that was known of the region. His second annual report (1838) is chiefly filled with details of St. Lawrence and Essex counties. The latter is stated to contain * W. C. Redfield. Some account of two visits to the mountains of Essex. Co." N. Y. 1836-37. Amer. Jour, Sci. I., xxxiii, 301. 20 TRANSACTIONS OF THE [ocr, 24, the following formations : 1. The Primary, embracing granite (7. e., labradorite rock) and gneiss. 2. The Transition (7. e., Cambro-silurian). 3, The Tertiary or newer Pliocene. (7. e., the glacial clays, etc.). Emmons makes an extended argument to prove the igneous character of certain limestones, and in the report on the first district, Mather corroborates the idea. ‘Emmons’ second report contains also many details about iron mines, and an account of his ascent of Mt. Marey, which he determined to be 5,467 ft. The third annual report (1839) describes Hamilton, Clinton and Warren Counties, but is mostly devoted to the discussion of various economic minerals, peat, marl, ete. The fourth report, 1840-41, takes up the iron ores at length, especially those at Lake Henderson. The final report appeared in 1842. The classification of for- mations is as follows: A—Primary. I. Unstratified. a. Granite. b. Hypersthene rock. c. Primitive limestone, d. Serpentine. e. Rensselaerite. II. Stratified. a. Gneiss. b, Hornblende (7. e., hornblendic-gneiss. ) ce. Sienite. d. Tale or Steatite. Ill. Subordinate. a. Porphyry. b. Trap. c. Magnetic and d. Specular oxide of iron. s B—New York Transition System. ines si5 Group. a. Potsdam sandstone. b. Calciferous sandrock. c, Chazy limestone. d. Birdseye limestone. e. Trenton limestone. J. Utica slate. g. Lorraine shales. h. Grey sandstone. C—Tertiary. 1892. } NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 21 It is a curious fact that the porphyry and trap classed with the primary are described as penetrating the Utica slate, and that sienite of the Statified division is also said to occur in dikes. After achapter on the ill-starred Taconic system, the counties are taken up in order and described. In discussing the primary system, Emmons says little of the respective ages of the subdivisions, but he saw clearly the contrast of the “‘oranite’’ (7. e., the labradorite-hypersthene rocks) and the gneiss. It must be remembered that he worked in a wilder- ness and, considering his opportunities, he deserves the highest praise. He writes with extraordinary ability and clearness, and though, for instance, we have no confidence to-day in the igneous character of his limestones, we must realize that con- ceptions and knowledge of metamorphism have greatly advanced since his time. The dearth of papers in the next thirty or forty years is remarkable. The Canadians had country of much the same character to deal with, and the problem of the subdivision of the old crystalline rocks was attacked by them. The Adiron- dacks are often referred to, but no detailed field-work was done inthem. The relations of the gneisses, the norites or anor- thosites and the crystalline limestones have been and are the problems meriting attention. As is well known the gneisses were generally called Lower Laurentian, and the norites, Upper. A number of papers remain to be noted, which treat of restricted parts of the subject. The late Dr. T. S. Hunt published in 1871, a valuable contribution on the Mineralogy of the Laurentian limestones (21st Annual Report N. Y. State Cabinet, p. 47, 1871), but has comparatively little to say of their geognostic relations, James Hall presented to the American Association at the Buffalo meeting, 1876, a paper on the Age of the Serpentinous Limestones of Northern N. Y. It was published in the Buffalo Courier, Aug. 25th, and from this was abstracted for the American Journal of Science of October of the same year. Professor Hall regarded the limestones as later than the Laurentian and earlier than the Potsdam, but whether Huronian or not he does not say. The paper is rather general in character and gives no actual sections or data of localized character, at least in the printed abstract. In 1877 Dr. Albert R. Leeds published a paper entitled “Notes on the Lithology of the Adirondacks” (Chemical News, Mar., 1877; 36th Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Cabinet, 1877, p. 79). Dr. Leeds’ material came mostly from the Keene Valley and consisted of varieties of norite and of several diabase dikes. Very careful chemical analyses are given, and some microscopic 22 TRANSACTIONS OF THE foot. 24, determinations by Dr. A. A. Julien. The rocks (except the dia- base) are shown to contain plagioclase (largely anorthite), hyper- sthene, hornblende, diallage, magnetite, menaccanite, and gar- net, They are both massive and gneissoid, Dr. Leeds gives six conclusions. J. The rocks of Essex Co. are parts of the Norian system and are composed of norites like those in Canada, Western Scotland, Norway and elsewhere. II. That they area stratified rock, which has undergone a metamorphism so profound as to cause them to be regarded by Emmons and others as massive. That the dolerites have come from another portion of lower lying, stratified rocks and have tilted the norites in their extrusion. III. The norites are marked by a paucity of silica due to the presence of bisilicates and to anorthite among the plagioclases. IV. The alkalies are deficient. V. Menaccanite is universal in both labradorite and pyroxenes. VI. The men- accanite contains chromium. The additions made by this paper to our knowledge of the chemical composition of these rocks are most praiseworthy, but the conclusions under II. are warranted by no commensurate field-work as evinced by the paper, and, remembering the mineralogy of the rocks, they would be considered in the estimation of petrographers as untenable. (See also A. R. C. Selwyn, Rep. Prog. Can. Sur,, 1877-78.) Tn 1879 C. E. Hall published a paper on the “ Laurentian Magnetic Iron Ore Deposits in Northern N. Y.’’ (82nd Annual Report of the N. Y. State Cabinet, 1879, pp. 133-140.) The geology of the eastern Adirondacks is discussed very briefly by townships. The Archaean rocks are divided into: I. Lower Laurentian Magnetic Iron Ore Series. II. Laurentian Sulphur Ore Series. III. The Crystallino Limestones. IV. Labrador Series or Upper Laurentian with titaniferous ores. The relations of II. and III. are said to be uncertain, but later in a note the limestone of III. is stated to be later than IV. A geological map accompanies the report. G. P. Merrill, of the U. S. National Museum, has given attention to the serpentinous limestones as having some bearing on the Eozoon Canadense. This problematic association of serpentine and calcite had been previously announced from Warren Co. by A. M. Edwards, (Lyceum of Natural History, N. Y., Proc., 1870, p. 96.) Two papers have come from Mr. Merrill, the one on the ‘“ Ophiolite of Thurman, Warren Co.,” etc., Amer. Jour. of Sci., Mar., 1889; and the other, ‘On Serpentinous Rocks from Essex Co., N. Y, ete.,’’ Proc. U.S. National Museum, XII., 595, 1890. The serpentine appears to be both an alteration product from a white pyroxene, cores of 1892. | NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 23 which it surrounds, and also an infiltration product that has replaced calcite. Professor R. Pumpelly has made one or two suggestions in connection with another subject that are worthy of mention. He states in his paper on ‘‘The Relation of secular Rock-dis- integration to certain transitional crystalline Schists,” (Geol. Soe. Amer. IT, 218, 1890,) that he walked from Fort Ann to West- port and noted often in the limestones and near their lower edges, fragments of the crystalline rocks on which they rest. These fragments, Pumpelly suggests, are the results of surface disintegration preceding the deposition of the limestone, in whose substance they thus became involved. In the summer of 1889 and 1890, J. F. Kemp and V. F. Mars- ters were in the field studying the trap dikes of the region, (‘‘ Trap dikes in the Lake Champlain Valley and the neighboring Adirondacks,’’ Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. XI., 18,1891. The full paper has been accepted as Bulletin 10 of the U.S. Geol. Survey). A large number were found, including diabase and related rocks and feldspar porphyries (Bostonite). They also visited a great reported dike at Avalanche Lake, which had been noted by Redfield in 1836, It proved to bea shear-zone ora crushed and dynamically metamorphosed strip alonga fault. (J. F. Kemp, “The great Shear-zone at Avalanche Lake, in the Adirondacks,” Amer. Jour, Sci., Aug., 1892, p. 109.) Remarks on other faults and shear-zones conclude the paper. Reference should also be made to the reports of the Tenth Census, in Vol. XV., on iron ores. Many details of local geology near the ore bodies are given. The report was issued about 1885. Similar mention should be made of J. C. Smock’s Report on the Iron Mines of N. Y., 1889, Bulletin VII. of the State Museum. Valuable work on the fossiliferous rocks, although chiefly on the east; bank of Lake Champlain, has been done by President Brainerd and Professor Seely, of Middlebury, Vt., and Professor Whitfield, of New York. Their discoveries relate especially to the Calciferous and Chazy formations. Mr. C. D. Walcott, of the U. S. Geological Survey, has given much attention to the fringe of Potsdam, In Bulletin 81, of the Geol. Survey on the Corre- lation of the Cambrian Strata, cross-section, plate II, he has colored a strip on the east of the mountains as Algonkian. This presumably refers to the limestones and indicates for them an age later than the Laurentian. The past summer (1892) the writer was in the field and will later present through the N. Y. State Museum the results of detailed observations in Moriah and Westport townships, which, 24 TRANSACTIONS OF THE [oct. 23, however, are only a beginning of future work. On the west side Dr. C. H. Smyth, Jr., of Hamilton College, was working in close association. In summing up on the geology of the Adirondacks, it may be stated that the following views relative to the sti:atigraphy of the crystalline rocks have been held. I. It has been usually believed, that the gneisses are the oldest and are metamorphosed sediments ; that the norites are later, some regarding them as igneous, others as metamorphosed sediments ; that the limestones are latest of all. If this be admitted and the norites be regarded as igneous intrusions, how is it that no dikes or apophyse have ever been mentioned as radiating or offsetting from this enormous mass ? II. That there is a core of central and oldest norite, having later gneiss as a metamorphosed sediment on its flanks, and still later limestone on both norite and gneiss. One or the other of these views has been held by almost every one at all familiar with the region and they have been in many minds, if not so definitely stated in print. It must be recognized that the region is badly faulted and broken, as the mines, the topography and the geology indicate. While any one of the three generally received divisions are easily recognizable in typical cases, they yet have been so subject to metamorphism that there are intermediate members of great obscurity. The region requires careful and systematic field-work, with parallel microscopic determinations. It is remarkable how little detailed work of any stratigraphical value has yet been published on the crystalline rocks. GEOLOGICAL ‘DEPARTMENT, COLUMBIA COLLEGE, Oct., 1892. Prof, Osborn spoke of a singular rounded and polished hole in rock on the place of F. A. Church Esq., on the Hudson River. Itis evidently a gigantic pot-hole. Dr. Bolton asked for information concerning the supposed find of buffalo remains at Plainfield N. J. Dr. Dean and Prof. Osborn replied that they could as yet see no evidences of these remains being other than those of deer, and further that the newspaper reports of interviews were not strictly correct, Prof. Kemp remarked that he had a hippopotamus tooth said to have been discovered near Ramapo, N. J. Meeting adjourned. 1892. | NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 25 Sratep Meerine Octroser 31st, 1892. The President, Dr. Huspsarp in the chair, two hundred and fifty persons present ; in the absence of the Secretary the reading of the minutes was omitted. The President introduced Prof. C. F. Chandler Ph. D. of Columbia College, who delivered the opening lecture of the Course of 1892-93, subject ; “ Aluminium and its Alloys.” The lecture was illustrated with a large collection of articles of use and ornament made from aluminium and its alloys, among the atter were those of silver and copper, the last possessing great tensile strength, 75,000 pounds to the square inch. At the close of the discourse a vote of thanks was accorded the lecturer and the meeting adjourned. Reeurar Bustness MeErrine NovremBer Tru, 1892. The President, Dr. Hupparp in the chair, forty-five persons present. The minutes of October 3rd were read and approved. The report of the Council was read, recommending the election of the following candidates for resident membership : Alfred J. Moses, Lea Me I. Luquer, Edmund B. Wilson, Francis P. Smith, Arthur Willey, J. L. Wortman, George 8. Huntington, Alfred J. Tuckerman, Frederic 8. Lee, John G. Curtis, and the following as Corresponding member, J. de Mendizabel Tamborrel, on motion the Secretary was directed to cast a ballot electing the various members. The Secretary reported having cast an affirmative ballot and the members were declared duly elected. 26 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ocr. 31. The Secretary read the following nomination for Resident member, C. N. Jones, 346 Broadway, New York, the nomination was seconded by John Tatlock, Jr., and referred to the Council. The Astronomical section then organized with Pror. Ress in the chair, the Secretary called attention to the following matters of interest : 1. Observations of the partial solar eclipse of October 20, made at Columbia College Observatory, and communicated to the Astronomical Journal. 2. Observations of the periodic variation of latitude, made at Berlin, Prague, Strassburg, and Honolulu by German observers. ees ke Wee 1, Al Figs. 2—3. Fig. 4 PLATE VII. Sassafras (Araiiopsis) acutilobum, Lesq. Glen Cove, Long Island, N. Y. Liriodendron simplex, Newb. Glen Cove. Long Island, N. Y. E Magnolia speciosa, Heer. Glen Cove, Long Island, N. Y. Diospyros primeva, Heer. Glen Cove, Long Island, N. Y. Pl VEL: ol. XII. V Trans. N. Y. ACAD. Sct. AY eg TRONS ae SS h\ SON . a ae N LONG ISLAND CRETACEOUS FLORA. Bis VEL XII. Vol. ACAD. Scr. 1 eee TRANS. m2! APPENDAGES OF TRIARTHRUS BECKII. LIST OF EXCHANGES. The following Societies and Institutions exchange publications with the Academy. (The number following each title indicates the position of the publication on the shelves of the library. Members of the Academy desiring to consult any of these works are requested to cite the title and number, as this will save loss of time in search- ing or consulting catalogues. ) J. F. Kemp, Librarian. NortH AMERICA. United States. The New York State Library, Albany, N. Y.- 027. The New York State Museum of Natural History, Albany, ees. Out. The New York State Dairy Commission, Albany, N.Y. 657. Amherst College, Amherst, Mass. 378. The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. 378. U.S. Naval Academy Library, Annapolis, Md. 027. The Texas Academy of Sciences, Austin, Texas. 506.1. The Biological Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. 507. The Maryland Academy of Sciences, Baltimore, Md. 506.1. The University of California, Berkeley, Cal. 378. Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory, Blue Hill, Mass. 551.5. The Boston Society of Natural History, Boston, Mass. 506.1. The Ornithologist and Odlogist, Boston, Mass. 598.2. The Boston Public Library, Boston, Mass. 027. The Brooklyn Library, Brooklyn, N.Y. 027. The Long Island Historical Society, Brooklyn, N.Y. 9006. io ia a EM (ye Alvis) eee ene yy a) Fi | Wie} u OP irl ee | oar, ie 45 bay iat . Y 7 inf i hy i aye 1 ary: . r ) t TI eid Tis : ‘ i @ a4 i) Aa MI & aa) in ~~ = 7 = r ' . ¥ } ’ ti The Brookville Society of Natural History, Brookville, Ind. 506.1. Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me. 378. The Buffalo Historical Society, Buffalo, N. Y. 906. The Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Buffalo, N.Y. 506.1. The American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Boston, Mass. 506.1. The Astronomical Observatory at Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass. 522.1. Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. 378. The Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cam- bridge, Mass. 507. The Peabody Museum of American Archeology and Ethnology, Cambridge, Mass. 571. The Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, Champaign, Me 307. The Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, Chapel Hill, N.C. 506.1. Elliott Society of Science and Art, Charleston, S.C. 506.1. The University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill. 378. The American Chemical Review, 242 Burling street, Chicago, Il. 540.5. The Cincinnati Society of Natural History, 108 Broadway, Cin- cinnati, Ohio. 506.1. Cincinnati Observatory, Cincinnati, Ohio. 522.1 The Ohio Mechanics’ Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio. 506.1. Hamilton College, Clinton, N. Y. 378. Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. 378. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Davenport, Iowa. 506.1. The Colorado Scientific Society, Denver, Col. 506.1. The Iowa Academy of Sciences, Des Moines, Iowa. 506.1. The New York Microscopical Society, care of Rev. J. L. Zabris- kie, Waverly ave., Flatbush, N. Y. 578. Denison University, Granville, Ohio. 507. The American Antiquarian and Oriental Journal, Good Hope, Ill. 571. Dartmouth College, Hanover, N. H. 378. Ill Trinity College, Hartford, Conn. 378. The Department of Geology and Natural History, Indianapolis, Ind. 557.72. ’ Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. 378. The Kansas University Quarterly, Lawrence, Kan. 578. The Geological Survey of Arkansas, Little Rock, Ark. 557.67. The Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Madison, Wis. 506.1. | The University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. 378. Meriden Scientific Association, Meriden, Conn. 506.1. Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn. 507. The Natural History Society of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wis. 506.1. The Public Museum, Milwaukee, Wis. 507. The Minnesota Academy of Natural Sciences, Minneapolis, Minn. 506.1. The Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota, Min- neapolis, Minn. 557.76. Geological Survey of New Jersey, New Brunswick, N. J. 557.49. Rutgers College, New Brunswick, N. J. 578. The Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, New Haven, Conn. 506.1. Yale University, New Haven, Conn. 378. The Newport Scientific Society, Newport, R. I. 506.1. The New Orleans Academy of Sciences, New Orleans, La. 506.1. Columbia College, New York. 378. The American Chemical Society, N. Y. University, New York. 540.6. The American Institute of Mining Engineers, 15 Burling slip, New York. 622.6. The American Geographical Society, 11 W. 29th street, New York.) -O10G: The American Museum of Natural History, New York. 507. The Astor Library, New York. 027. The Torrey Botanical Club, New York. 580.6. EY The College of the City of New York, New York. 378. The Mercantile Library Association, New York. 027. The New York Historical Society, 70 Second ave., New York. 906. The University of the City of New York, New York. 378. The Scientific Association, Peoria, Ill. 506.1. The Portland Natural History Society, Portland, Maine. 506.1. The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa. 506.1. The American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, Pa. 506.1. The Engineers’ Club of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa. 620.6. The Polyclinic, Philadelphia, Pa. 910. The Zoological Society of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa. 590.6. The Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, Pa. 506.1. The Wagner Free Institute of Science, Philadelphia, Pa. 506.1. The Vassar Brothers’ Institute, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 506.1. The E. M. Museum of Geology and Archeology, Princeton, Ne J. 507. The University of Rochester, Rochester, N. Y. 378. Geological Society of America, care of Prof. H. L. Fairchild, Rochester University, Rochester, N. Y. 550.6. The Warner Observatory, Rochester, N. Y. 522.1. The California State Mining Bureau, San Francisco, Cal. 622. The American Association for the Advancement of Science, Salem, Mass. 506.1. The Essex Institute, Salem, Mass. 506.1. The Peabody Academy of Science, Salem, Mass. 506.1. The San Francisco Microscopical Society, San Francisco, Cal. o78. The California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, Cal. 506.1. Union College, Schenectady, N. Y. 378. The Academy of Sciences, St. Louis, Mo. 506.1. The Missouri Botanic Garden, St. Louis, Mo. 580.7. The Library of Syracuse, Syracuse, N. Y. 027. The University of Syracuse, Syracuse, N. Y. 378. The Natural Science Association of Staten Island, care of Jos. C. Thompson, Rosebank, N. Y. 506.1. ; a J a) Teh ears ie ai 04 al? Acne ita maAEE j —_ ; } re a a ee oe oe - i: wo vy rh ben oF the iy Veoh . ae jee Yall hie ett) f. yi Ary A , ff cr ~ are ive t : NEE im V The Kansas Academy of Sciences, Topeka, Kan. 506.1. The Washburn College Laboratory of Natural History, Topeka, Kan. 507. The Trenton Natural History Society, Trenton, N. J. 506.1. The Geological Survey of Alabama, University, Ala. 557.61. The American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Mass. 571. The Bureau of Ethnology, Washington, D. C. 572. The Philosophical Society, Washington, D.C. 506.1. The Congressional Library, Washington, D. C. 027. The Chief of Engineers, U. S. A., Washington, D. C. 620. The Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 506.1. The Sedalia Natural History Society, Sedalia, Mo. 506.1. United States Bureau of Education, Department of the Interior, Washington, D. C. 370.7. United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington, D. C. 526.9. United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries, Washington, D.C. 639. United States Entomological Commission, Department of Agri- culture, Washington, D.C. 595.7. United States Geological Survey, Washington, D. C. 557.3. United States National Museum, Washington, D.C. 507. The Anthropological Society, Washington, D.C. 572. The Library, U.S. Weather Bureau, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 551.5. American Monthly Microscopical Journal, Washington, D. C. 578. United States Military Academy, West Point, N. Y. 878. Wilhams College, Williamstown, Mass. 378. Dominion of Canada. The Nova Scotian Institute of Natural Science, Halifax, N. 8. 506.11. Queen’s College and University, Kingston, Ont. 378. The Hamilton Association, Hamilton, Ontario. 506.11. VE The Canadian Entomologist, London, Ont. 595.7. The Natural History Society of Montreal, Montreal. 506.11. McGill College and University, Montreal. 378. The Royal Society of Canada, Ottawa. 506.11. The Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada, Ottawa. 507.1. The Ottawa Field Naturalists’ Club, Normal School, Ottawa. 506.11. Literary and Historical Society, Quebec. 506.11. The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. 378. The Canadian Institute of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. 506.11. The Entomological Society of Ontario, Toronto, Ont. 595.7. Natural History Society, Toronto, Ont. 506.11. Le Naturaliste Canadien, Cap Rouge, Quebec. 505. Natural History Society of New Brunswick, St. John, N. B. 506.11. The Historical and Scientific Association, Winnipeg, Manitoba. 506.11. Central America and the West Indies. El Museo Nacional de Mexico, Mexico. 507. La Sociedad Mexicana de Historia Natural, Museo Nacional, Mexico. 506.12. El Secretario de Fomento Colonizacion Industria y Comercio, Mexico. 600. Sociedad de Geografia y Estadistica, Mexico. 910.6. Sociedad Cientifica “‘ Antonio Alzate’’ Mexico. 506.12. Observatorio Astronomico Nacional, Tacubaya, Mex. 522.1. Museo Nacional de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica. 507. Scientific Association of Trinidad, Trinidad, W. I. 506.12. SoutH AMERICA. National Observatory, Rio Janeiro, Brazil. 522.1. Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina. 507. Ss : p v, eet 2 ia ‘ Lire a iA ; at mala ww ca’ Freel LAS lee . f he Doak hi “ , ’ fal + rm + ii 9 VEE Jardin Botanique, Rio Janeiro, Brazil. 580.7. La Academia Nacional de Ciencias en Cordoba, Buenos Aires, Argentina. 506.13. La Revista Argentina de Ciencias Medicas, Buenos Aires, Ar- gentina. 610. El Museo Nacional de Rio de Janeiro, Rio Janeiro, Brazil. 507. La Socié:é Scientifique du Chile, Santiago, Chile. 506.15. EUROPE. Great Britain and Ireland. The Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club, Belfast, Ireland. 506.22. The Chemico-Agricultural Society of Ulster, Belfast, Ireland. 630.6. The Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society, Belfast. 506.22. The Birmingham Natural History and Microscopical Society, The Mason College, Birmingham, England. 506.2. The Birmingham and Midland Institute, Archeological Section, Birmingham, England. 506.2. The Bristol Museum and Library, Queen’s Road, Bristol, Eng. 507. The Mining Association and Institute of Cornwall, Tuckingmill, Camborn, England. 620.6. The Cambridge Philosophical Society, Cambridge, England. 506.2. The Royal Dublin Society, Dublin, Ireland. 506.22. The Royal Geological Society of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland. 550.6. The Dumfriesshire‘and Galloway Scientific, Natural History and Antiquarian Society, Dumfries, Scotland. 506.21. The Royal Physical Society, Edinburgh, Scotland. 530.6. The Fishery Board for Scotland, Edinburgh, Scotland. 639. The Scottish Meteorological Society, Edinburgh, Scotland. 551.5. The Edinburgh Botanical Society, Edinburgh, Scotland. 580.6. The Royal Observatory, Edinburgh, Scotland. 522.1. The Edinburgh Geological Society, Edinburgh, Scotland. 550.6. £00 inde eh ae iia wlig 1 8 is 2 a3 aie ial 0) de Fee panini eran fi > iL ters”. 4 ali atl? Steal a dan } 0 Wiehe CT) . 7 wie ‘T Ay iypuwenieee, gute) & 98 AF) TAY ; j)° 0) ote Ss ee ts { ’ ' as 45 Rite me . | Wig it tote Ge . .” a ia; F i ho ee uae ‘ a hea Tey) >; iy é te ; ae Ji “a 4? - . a = f in ee ek ; q et ‘y hy ' fi Vill The Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society, Falmouth, England. 606. The Folkestone Natural History Society, Folkestone, England. 506.2. The Geological Society of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland. 550.6. The Natural History Society, Glasgow, Scotland. 506.21. The Philosophical Society of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland. 506.21. The Yorkshire Geological and Polytechnic Society, Clevinedge, Halifax, England. 550.6. The Hertfordshire Natural History Society and Field Club, Hertford, England. 506.2. The Liverpool Geological Society, Liverpool, England. 550.6. The Liverpool Polytechnic Society, Liverpool, England. 606. The Literary and Philosophical Society, Liverpool, England. 506.2. The Geological Survey of Great Britain, 27 Jermyn St., London. 507.942. The Royal Meteorological Society, London, England. 551.5. The British Association for the Advancement of Science, London, England. 506.2. The British Museum, London, England. 4507. The Royal Institute of Great Britain, London, England. 506.2. The Geological Society, London, England. 550.6. The Linnean Society, London, England. 580.6. (Botany.) 590.6. Zoology.) The Royal Microscopical Society, London, England. 578. The Royal Society of London, London, England. 506.2. The Society of Arts, London, England. 506.2. The Zoological Society of London, London, England. 590.6. The Iron and Steel Institute, London, England. 669. The Museum and Public Library, Maidstone, England. 027. The Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, Manchester, England. 506.2. ° The Manchester Microscopical Society, Care Hon. Sec. George Wilks, 27 Wynford St. Weaste, Manchester, England. 578. IX The Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham and Neweastle upon Tyne, Neweastle on Tyne, England. 906.2. The North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical En- gineers, Newcastle on T'yne, England. 620.6. The Radcliffe Observatory, Oxford, England. 6522.1. The Penzance Natural History and Antiquarian Society, Pen- zance, England, 506.2. The Royal Geological Society, Penzance, England. 550.6. The Plymouth Institution and Devon and Cornwall Natural His- tory Society, Plymouth, England. 506.2. Stonyhurst College Observatory, Stonyhurst, England. 522.1. The Royal Institution of Cornwall, Truro, England. 506.2. ~The Museum, York, England. 507. The Yorkshire Philosophical Society, York, England. 506.2. Germany. Die Naturforschende Gesellschaft des Osterlandes zu Altenburg, Altenburg. 506.3 Der Naturhistorische Verein fiir Schwaben und Neuberg. Augs- burg. 506.3. Die Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Bamberg, Bamberg. 506.5. Die Deutsche Geologische Gesellschaft, Berlin. 550.6. Der Entomologische Verein in Berlin, Berlin. 595.7. Der KGnigliche Preussische Academie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Berlin. 506.3. Der Verein zur Beférderung des Gartenbaues in den KGniglichen Preussischen Staaten, Berlin. 580.6. Der Botanische Verein der Provinz Brandenburg, Berlin. 580.6. Das KGniglichen Geodatischen Institut, Berlin. 526. Die Physiologische Gesellschaft zu Berlin. 612. Die Gesellschaft fiir Erdkunde, Berlin. 550.6. Die Deutsche Gesellschaft fiir Gffentliche Gesundheitspflege, Berlin. 910. Die Centralbureau der Internationalen Erdmessung, Berlin. 526. 2 f ap ee ( 4 f PL Yi i Sites : fee! we iy 2 * i) 7» i ‘ y ‘ | . ms i: iy h i fay als pate vie tty ey bac waited a ye ieee sa v pe) f 7s ne) 4 Das KGniglichen Preussichen Metrologischen Institut, Berlin. 389. Die KGnigliche Preussische Geologische Landesanstalt und Berg- Academie, Berlin. 550.6. Die Physikalische Gesellschaft, Berlin. 506.3. Der Naturhistorische Verein der Preussischen Rheinlaénde und Westphalens, Bonn. 506.3. Der Verein fiir Naturwissenschaft zu Braunschweig, Braun- schweig. 506.3. Jahresbericht iiber die Fortschritte der Chemie, herausgegeben von F. Fittica, Braunschweig. 540.5. Der Naturwissenschaftliche Verein zu Bremen, Bremen. 506.3. Der Verein fiir Hessische Geschichte und Landeskunde in Kassel, Kassel. 506.3. Die Technische Staatslehranstalt zu Chemnitz, Chemnitz. 606. Die Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft zu Chemnitz, Chemnitz. 506.3. Die Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Danzig, Danzig. 506.3. Der Verein fiir Erdkunde und verwandte Wissenschaften, Darm- stadt. 506.3. Die Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft Isis in Dresden. 506.3. Das KGnigliche Mineralogische Museum, Dresden. 549.07. Der Verein fiir Erdkunde, Dresden. 550.6. Die Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Emden. 506.3. Die Physikalisch-Medicinische Societat, Erlangen. 506.3. Die Senkenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Frankfurt am Main. 506.3. Der Naturwissenschaftliche Verein des Reg.-Bezirks Frankfurt a. O. 506.3. Societatum Litter, Frankfurt a. O. 506.3. Die Naturforschende Gesellschaft zu Freiburg in Baden, Frei- burg. 506.3. Die Oberhessische Gesellschaft fiir Natur- und Heilkunde, Gies- sen. 9506.3. Die Naturforschende Gesellschaft zu Gorlitz, Gorlitz. 506.3. mass in vei crag) 4 374 . eS an ‘ Dud weideigel 4 au a = Py j } - + 8 ». A - ital iM i a Pplaspre tt sp iii . ? 3.01 ‘ at ‘a cs i) g ’ « A J , ric f ’ hae . t ‘ q 7? { ‘ ' “ XI Der Naturwissenschaftliche Verein von Neu-Vorpommen und Riigen zu Greifswald. 506.3. Die Geographische Gesellschaft, Greifswald. 910.6. Der Verein der Freunde der Naturgeschichte in Mecklenburg, Gustrow. 506.3. Die Kaiserliche Leopoldino-Carolinische Deutsche Academie der Naturforscher, Halle a. S. 506.3. Die Naturforschende Gesellschaft zu Halle a. 8S. 506.3. Der Naturwissenschaftliche Verein fiir Sachsen und Thiiringen, Halle a. S. 506.5. Das Naturhistoriches Museum zu Hamburg, Hamburg. 507. Der Naturwissenschaftliche Verein in Hamburg, Hamburg. 506.5. Die Geographische Gesellschaft in Hamburg, Hamburg. 910.6. Die Wetterauische Gesellschaft fiir gesammter Naturkunde, Hanau. 506.1. Die Naturhistorische Gesellschaft zu Hannover, Hanover. 506.3. Der Naturhistorische Medicinische Verein, Heidelberg. 506.5. Der Naturwissenschaftliche Verein fiir Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel. 506.3. Die KGnigliche physikalisch-ckonomische Gesellschaft zu KGnigs- berg, KGnigsberg. 506.3. Der Verein fiir Erdkunde, Leipzig. 5006.5. Die Fiirstliche Jablonowski’sche Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, Leipsic. 506.3. Die KO6niglich-Sachsische Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, Leipsic. 506.3. Das Naturhistorichen Museum in Liibeck, Liibeck. 507. Der Naturwissenschaftliche Verein fiir Liineberg, Liineberg. 506.3. Practische Physik, Dr. Martin Krieg, Redacteur, Magdeburg. 530.5. La Société d’Histoire Naturelle du Départment de La Moselle, Metz. 506.5. Der Verein ftir Erdkunde zu Metz, Metz. 506.5. Der Naturwissenschaftliche Verein in Magdeburg, Magdeburg. 506.3. ‘ae oy ha va AAA he 1H ‘hia : ; af, xine ar So +), GR wth hl ne | k i ae. sa ry a Hin . ‘ ‘ ; | im ie \ ee z] 2 , tT ‘ Peeps | y P . ° Pt 1@ Cae® i ‘ - \ ; | 4 i | } (i Ll ; * . ‘ ¢ . ? ry j x. XII Die KG6nigliche Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Miinchen, Munich. 506.3. Die KGnigliche Sternwarte, Bogenhausen bei Miinchen, Munich. 520.6. Der Westfalische Provinzial-Verein fiir Wissenschaft und Kunst, Miinster. 506.3. Die Naturhisterische Gesellschaft zu Niirnberg, Nuremberg. 506.3. Die Deutsche Anthropologische Gesellschaft, Nuremburg. 571. Der Offenbacher Verein fiir Naturkunde, Offenbach a. M. 506.3. Der Naturwissenschaftliche Verein zu Osnabriick, Osnabruck. 506.3. Der Naturwissenschaftliche Verein in Regensburg, Regensburg. 506.3. Der Verein fiir Erdkunde, Stettin. 506.3. Der Entomologische Verein, Stettin. 595.7. Der Verein fiir Vaterléndische Naturkunde in Wiirtemberg, Stuttgart. 506.3. Der Nassauische Verein fiir Naturkunde, Wiesbaden. 506.3. Die Physisch-medic. Gesellschaft zu Wiirzburg, Wurzburg. 506.3. Austria and Hungary. Der Naturforschende Verein in Briinn, Briinn. 506.31. Regia Societas Scientiarum Natur. Hungarica, Buda-Pest. 506.31. Die K. Ungarische Geologische Anstalt, Buda-Pest. 550.6. Der Siebenbiirgische Museum Verein, Klausenburg. 507. Der Ungarische Karpathen Verein, Locse. 506.51. Die KGnigliche Béhmische Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften in Prag, Prague. 506.31. The Hungarian Archeological Society. 572. Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna. 506.31. Die Kaiserlich-KGnigliche geographische Gesellschaft in Wien, Vienna. 910.6. Das K. K. Naturhistorische Hof-Museum, Vienna. 507. Be | va Vee el 3) a, itil? bi Ap! olay ’ i t ri) ue i Viren ik ic e. e i i | a be Se vi bun the dodnars yl a reliwil AW ty ths Higa i Ba etna er ge ' a + + ee i nae = | / e| IAwi ts ite gels ie T) ig igyt ; t wn 49 fi, eg (6 PeIWbA es TE i ( i AG . tea y ’ - ufiee i ait alinl nn ie-i ys Thi : - #3 ' | a f ! i ii ; rT : 3 - XIil. Die Kaiserlich-K6nigliche Zoologisch-Botanische Gesellschaft in Wien, Vienna. 570.6. Kaiserlich-K6nigliche Geologische Reichsanstalt, Vienna. 550.6. Der Naturwissenschaftliche Verein an der Universitat zu Wien, Vienna. 506.31. Die K. K. Central-Anstalt ftir Meteorologie und Erdmagnetismus, Vienna. 5091.5. Société Archéologique Croate au Musée National, Zagreb. 572. France. La Société des Sciences Historiques et Naturelles de I’ Yonne, Auxerre. 506.4. La Société Médicale de ’ Yonne, Auxerre. 610.6. Le Commission Météorologique de la Gironde, Bordeaux. 551.5. La Société Linnéenne de Bordeaux, Bordeaux. 506.4. La Société des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles de Bordeaux, Bordeaux. 506.4. Laboratoire de Géologie de la Faculté des Sciences de Caen, Caen. 550.7. L’Académie Nationale des Sciences, Arts, et Belles-Lettres de Caen, Caen. 506.4. La Société Nationale des Sciences Naturelles, Cherbourg. 506.4. La Société Linnéenne de Normandie, Caen. 506.4. La Société de Borda, Dax. 506.4. L’ Académie des Sciences, Arts et Belles-Lettres de Dijon, Dijon. 506.4, L’Union Géographique du Nord de la France, Douai. 910.6. La Société Philotechnique du Maine, Le Mans. 506.4. La Société Géologique du Nord, Lille. 550.6. L’ Académie des Sciences, Belles Lettres, et Arts de Lyon, Lyons. 506.4. La Société Linnéenne de Lyon, Lyons. 506.4. La Société @’ Agriculture, Histoire Naturelle, et Arts Utiles de Lyon, Lyons. 506.4. La Société des Sciences Industrielles de Lyon, Lyons. 606. iat mm jfatie¥ 4 i ia yet ve Spel : ; Gy Om A ANG .# é ites Hine Ay rele} TE ie ry ‘ fall HAT Hal Bite ¥. ont 2 if * Nay f aie er ealth iia , , iBee " F pos ‘ * z + + i f ° ¥ ref s ’ ‘7 XIV La Société Botanique de Lyon, Lyons. 580.6. La Société des Sciences de Nancy, Nancy. 506.4. L’ Académie des Sciences et Lettres de Montpellier, Montpellier. 506.4. L’Académie de Stanislas, Nancy. 506.4. L’Ecole Polytechnique, Paris. 378. L’ Observatoire de Paris, Paris. 522.1. L’ Académie de Médecine, Paris. 610. L’Ecole Nationale des Mines, M. Dunod, Editeur, 47 Quai des Augustins, Paris. 622. L’ Académie des Sciences de l'Institut de France, Paris. 610. La Société National d’Agriculture de France, Paris. 630.6. Le Journal de Micrographie, Paris. 578. Le Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris. 507. Le Naturaliste, Paris, 590.5. La Société Entomologique de France, Paris. 595.7. La Société Géologique de France, Paris. 550.6. La Société Zoologique de France, Paris. 590.6. La Scciété des Amis des Sciences Naturelles de Rouen, Rouen. 506.4. La Société de l’ Industrie Minérale, St. Etienne. 622.6. L’Académie de Sciences, Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres de Tou- louse, Toulouse. 506.4. La Société d’Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse, Toulouse. 506.4. Laboratoire de Zoologie, Villefranche-sur-Mer. 590.7. Belgium. La Societé d’ Etudes Scientifiques d’Anvers, Antwerp. 506.41. L’ Observatoire royal de Bruxelles, Brussels. 522.1. La Société Belge de Geologie, Brussels. 550.6. L’Académie royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-arts de Belgique & Bruxelles, Brussels. 506.41. La Société Belge de Microscopie, Brussels. 578. La Société Entomologique de Belgique, Brussels. 595.7. 1 ae Rog TULL a bh ie Pw pi iT mas i “ i ’ A r é re tiv F int ce « Ag VA * ae ‘ ‘J ‘ { : ral i}} fv 7 - , f 4 é ‘ ‘ j al 6 ae oo «7? 1 ‘ 4 é . : , XV La Société royale Malacologique de Belgique, Brussels. 594. La Société Géologique de Belgique, Liége. 550.6. La Société royale des Sciences de Liége, Liége. 506.41. La Revue Universelle des Mines, Liége. 622. Italy. Societa Italiana dei Microscopisti, Acireale. 578. Reggia Accademia Petrarca di Scienze, Lettere ed Artiin Arezzo, Arezzo. 506.5. Accademia delle Scienze dell’ Istituto di Bologna, Bologna. 506.5. Accademia Gioenia di Scienze naturali in Catania, Catania. 506.5. Reale Istituto di Studi superiori pratici e di Perfezionamento, Firenze. 610. Regio Istituto tecnico superiore, Milan. 606. Societa Meteorologica Italiana, Moncalieri. 551.5. Reale Accademia delle Scienze fisiche e matematiche di Napoli, Naples. 506.5. Reale Osservatorio, Palermo. 522.1. Reale Accademia di Scienze, Lettere, e Belle Arti di Palermo. 506.5. Accademia Medico Chirugica, Perugia. 610. Reale Istituto lombardo di Scienze e Lettere, Pisa. 506.5. La Societa toscana di Scienze naturali, Pisa. 506.5. Societa degli Spettroscopisti Italiani, Rome. 522.67. Reale Accademia dei Lincei, Rome. 506.5. Reale Comitato geologico d’Italia, Rome. 550.6. Specula Vaticana, F. Francis Denza, Rome. 506.5. Rassegna delle Scienze Geologiche, Rome. 550.5. Societa fra i Cultori delle Scienze mediche, Sienna. 610. R. Accademia Fisiocritici, Sienna. 506.5. Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia comparata della regia Universita di Torino, Turin. 507. Bolletino, Dell ’Osservatorio Centrale, Turin. 522.1. Ne in al am ih SR ih % Pte | 40a AMR ale bs ‘ A oie ee hy ds & ” = ’ 1% ep? j 4 f 7 7 MM , 4 8 @ ¢ .j it), Oe ae . | j Te , y 4 r, ’ : ‘ ( ’ i | 3 XVI Osservatorio della Reggia Université di Torino, Turin. 522.1. Reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino, Turin. 506.5. Reale Istituto tecnico Antonio Zanon in Udine, Udina. 506.5. Reale Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere, ed Arti, Venice. 506.5. L’Ataneo Veneto, Venice. 506.5. Curco Museo e Raccolta Corver in Venezia, Venice. 507. Spain. Real Academia de Ciencias, Madrid. 506.6. Portugal. Jornal de Sciencias, Coimbra. 505. Seccao dos Trabalhos geologicos de Portugal, Lisbon. 550.6. Sociedade de Geographia, Lisbon. 910.6. Academia Real das Sciencias, Lisbon. 506.61. Russia. Die Naturforscher Gesellschaft der Universitat, Dorpat. 506.7. Die Gelehrte estnische Gesellschaft zu Dorpat, Dorpat. 506.7. Société ouralienne d’Amateurs des Sciences naturelles, Ekathe- rinberg, Russia. 506.7. La Societe des Naturalistes attachée & L’ Université Impérial St. Wladimir 4 Kiew, Kiev, Russia. 506.7. L’ Académie des Sciences de Cracovie, Krakow. 506.7. La Société impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou, Moscow. 506.7. Der Naturforscher-Verein zu Riga, Riga. 506.7. Académie impériale des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg, St. Peters- burg. 506.7. Jardin impériale de Botanique, St. Petersburg. 580.6. Comité géologique, de la Russie, St. Petersburg. 550.6. Societas entomologica rossica, St. Petersburg. 595.7. La Société physico-chimique russe & l'Université de St. Péters- bourg, St. Petersburg. 530.6. Ae ee ‘i cM s 5 rie HOM 7 hn FS Whiy dy hE a o 7 ante ach(h aall (har dist eal TU. Meee et sowing aka om » iq ' i —: sae ve a A Bis it : ; 4 d ~ ’ ii LS Nak 2 Sh Vi ib Ph Pe t it 5 + } iy rj al F iu al fi i 4 7 XVII Norway. Bergens Museum, Bergen, Norway. 507. Den norske Gradmalings-Komission, Christiania. 510. Den norske Nordhaus-Expedition, Christiania. 590.6. Videnskabs-Selskabet, Christiania. 506.8. L’Institut météorelogique de Norvége, Christiania. 551.5. International Polarforschung, Christiania. 500. Det kongelige norske Videnskabernes, Drontheim. 506.8. Tromso Museum, Tromso. 50T. Sweden. Societas pro Flora et Fauna Fennica, Helsingfors. 506.81. Geologiska Undersékning Finlands, Helsingfors. 550.6. Kongliga Universitet, Lund, Sweden. 378. Entomologisk Tidskrift, Stockholm. 599.7. Institut reyal géclogique de la Suéde, Stockholm. 550.6. Kongliga svenska Vetenskaps-Akademien, Stockholm. 506.81. Geologiska FGreningen i Stockholm, Stockholm. 550.6. Entomolegiska Féreningen, 94 Drottninggatan, Stockholm. 595.7. Kongliga Vetenskaps Societeten, Upsala. 506.81. Denmark. Det Kongelige danske Videnskabernes Selskab 1 Kjébeuhavn, Copenhagen. 506.82. Naturhistoriske Forening i Kjébenhavn, Copenhagen. 006.82. Switzerland. Die naturforschende Gesellschaft, Basel. 506.9. Die naturforschende Gesellschaft in Bern, Berne. 506.9. Thurgauische naturforschende Gesellschaft, Frauenfeld. 506.9. La Société helvétique des Naturalistes, Freiburg. 506.9. La Société fribourgeoise des Sciences naturelles, Freiburg. 506.9. M. H. de Saussure, Geneva. 3 ' . « ra ' er abet pew ry at Viv wa at rh bedi al ri be hag SOD Gale wie a ar ie it ca nadntl i a indie YF uee VE OF) Si ars | . f it , j fit | “it ity OT Aa la fal vieite 7 i. ( pa heiiniitl.# -@¢ga wi ee Dt At rf’ . : j P 1 rare Gl, Are > el it . = ' ‘ e¥tit . 7 s © . { Me ‘ iy i j eo” ‘ ' iy - iid: OP ues a fui 17 XVIII Société de Physique et d’Histoire naturelle de Genéve, Geneva. 506.9. Institut national génévois, Geneva. 506.9. Société vaudoise des Sciences naturelles, Lausanne. 506.9. Schweizerische naturforschende Gesellschaft in Luzern, Luzerne. 506.9. Société des Sciences naturelles de Neuchatel, Neuchatel. 506.9. St. Gallische naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft, St.Gall. 506.9. Die Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Solothurn, Solothurn. 506.9. Schweizerische naturforschende Gesellschaft in Ziirich. 506.9. Holland. De Koninklijke zoologisch Genootschap ‘‘ Natura Artis Magistra,”’ Amsterdam. 590.6. Koninklijke Bibliotheek, The Hague. 027. Musée Teyler, Harlem. 507. La Société Hollandaise des Sciences 4 Haarlem, Harlem. 506.91. The University of Leyden, Leyden. 378. Institut royal grand-Ducal de Luxembourg, Luxemburg. 506.91. L’Institute royale Météorologique des Pays Bas, Utrecht. 551.5. Société provinciale des Arts et Sciences établie a Utrecht, Utrecht. 506.91. Koninklijk Nederlandsch meteorologisch Instituut, Utrecht. 501.5. ASIA. Japan. Imperial University of Japan, Tokio, 506.92. Java. De Koninklijke natuurkundige Vereeniging in Nederlandsch- Indié, Batavia, Java. 506.92. Het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Batavia, Java. 506.92. K. Naturkundige Vereeniging in Ned. Indie, Batavia. 506.92. Ae banat ty eS sical . if 4 ai <. bate dolde ® Nab 4aek Ro aa Tee. Gent (t- ‘alg Cheeta ahd ald tal ae nih ‘nih +] io fl if y * hig ia iT { o ‘aeay) As: qa. ae z Alia apa Gul fi gee ' oh aul tala 4 iF 4 . of¢eis ayy , i aes a ie i ij Wen 7 iy oem 1 oe ~ Ie : Phe < cal sto ’ a ‘9 wd Kh * i — XIX India. Geological Survey of India, Calcutta, India. 555.54. Indian Engineering, 19 Lall Bazar St., Calcutta. 620. AFRICA. Société d’Acclimatation de Ile Maurice, Port Louis, Mauritius. 506.93. Royal Society of Arts and Sciences, Port Louis, Mauritius. 506.938. AUSTRALIA. The Royal Society of South Australia, Adelaide. 506.94. Royal Geographical Society of Australasia, Brisbane, Queensland. 910.6. The Royal Society of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland. 506.94. Gordon Technical College, Geelong, Victoria. 378. Department of Mines and Water Supply, Melbourne, Victoria. 620. Melbourne Observatory, Melbourne, Victoria. 522.1. The Public Museum, Library and National Gallery, Melbourne, Victoria. 507. Department of Mines, Sydney, New South Wales. 622. Australian Museum, Sydney, New South Wales. 507. The Linnzan Society of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales. 506.94. The Royal Society of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales. 506.94. Sydney Technical College, Sydney, New South Wales. 607. New Zealand Institute, Wellington. 506.94. Director of the Colonial Museum, Wellington. 507. Vay iy “a be ae he ‘aah ante mea : Ret? maby bY AS GA aon . ay pe cette th 4 ede. d XY ahead eH i Sy) 4b fppert Hy, ate P. lime ‘iat ot * annul rf i Pil nit jew et, ¢ : f J one a a ty ier! Le ee f haeey. } ys 6 (pad me) bash hinle dA. .aiacGeR At au pe baie i Get ae red ty i @ (aioe 7 Was Pe oes wer pBauth one ae Tree xf Precis > re aie eae f rit (Gees ate uf howd p iz uj eee as J : f . ‘he. » De) Ci ie ele ‘ hae ae tin A Oi eis iy 5 > a vy de pa aaa ! r i in bain Ul gg pay) bo Bes ay. ieee) ki al il iG why vite AS aay «titlihe . Nk og bY 1" PALL) Semler i; tii Sneha (25 ¥ veal WW ti nivel ea aa ae al CeO Re lt Te Bal ae i he 1 = _ Ti 7 7 ” uP | ) 13 f if th : > ie Tag ; phen = 1> TORRE etme *, : 4 my he * ‘ Pad J j al ~ ; pA; ee ' - ie) ag pol 14 os yee taal xS- 5 TGS, RAE ST rhe, Serj get ae GORE Satie ¥ PE Se ae a ain ” eee 2 Se ta aaa ore Grew heya Ea ashlar’ Meigen 4 " Ne i a Liberty pits Pat So ete Faby 2s en kc iy. nm cc ll Len bgt > =") Gee ii ay