+ Sse gg } 2 Shee wy, ¥ wn agg Poe Fes j ae : ‘e oh : Vi & pe - 2 , a "e P . et id bd 4 Bat OPE wes OOF gl coe Soe CA HARVARD UNIVERSITY. LIBRARY OF THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. GYAA. ly Lie) Ree ¥ TRANSACTIONS FEB 27 189% OF THE MMW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. by UL | VOL. XV. £395-1896. EDITED BY THE RECORDING SECRETARY. PUBLISHED FOR THE ACADEMY. TRANSACTIONS OF THE New York Academy of Sciences LATE LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. VOLUME XV. October, 1895, to June, 1896. WITH INDEX TO VOLS. I.=XV., INCLUSIVE. Edited by the RECORDING SECRETARY. NEW YORK: . PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY. 1896. OFFICERS OF THE ACADEMY, 1895-1896. President : J. J. STEVENSON. 1st Vice-President : 2d Vice-President : HENRY F. OSBORN. R. S. WOODWARD. Corresponding Secretary: Recording Secretary: DANIEL S. MARTIN. JAMES F. KEMP. Treasurer : Librarian: CHAS. F. COX. ARTHUR HOLLICK. Councilors: J. A. ALLEN, Rk. E. DODGE, J. K. REES, Nook. BRITTON, WILLIAM HALLOCK, WILLIAM STRATFORD. Curators: EEG: e DYZA TR, GEO. F. KUNZ, IL: VE SAD HEINRICH RIES, W. D. SCHOONMAKER. Finance Committee: HENRY DUDLEY, J. H. HINTON, CORNELIUS VAN BRUNT. TABLE OF CONTENTS. VoLuME XV. Papers read before the Academy and published in this vol- ume. A list of those read and not published, or read only by title appears below. TARLETON H. BEAN. PAGE The Habits of the Young of the Pacific Salmon................sececerereeeeeres 182 H. P. CUSHING. Notes on the Areal Geology of Glacier Bay, Alaska...........sseseceeecseeeeee 24 On the Existence of Pre-Cambrian and Post-Ordovician Trap Dikes in ESP RANHON GC ISH IN Sany etc astedaweessessssdslce tees ciesless'otdéroscas atcavecoaneeam 248 BASHFORD DEAN. Is Paleospondylus a Cyclostome ? ......... ssscssccersscsscsccsccccsreccescecescnecs 100 On the Vertebral Column, Fins and Ventral Armoring of Dinichthys... 157 HARRISON G. DYAR. RECen beN OES ON) DACbeLiaircassiseccatceetecsacsccecna cdiveccissneesslelcsiececas seeeiecs sues 148 WARREN H. EVERETT. Anatomy of the Ear of the Dog-Fish (Galeus Canis) Preliminary Paper 176 ARNOLD GRAF. Adaptation of the Shell of Crepidula fornicata to the Shell ,of Pecten PULOUEUA) de aaeds cian ah audeesdoees seas cies okedoenieay eeerines sce swied ralislonanesbecncswack 67 BRADNEY B. GRIFFIN. The History of the Achromatic Structures in the Maturation and Fertili- ZabION Of Thalassema..............s.ssdeccecsecscsecccesscscscesccsescescesscesenees 163 ARTHUR HOLLICK. Geological Notes, Long Island and Nantucket..............-:ssseseeeeeeeeeeeees 3 JOHN DUER IRVING. The Stratigraphical Relations of the Brown’s Park Beds of Utah, 153 and 252 dv CONTENTS. HAROLD JACOBY. Suggestions as to the Determination of the Relative Masses of the two Components of the Double Star Ea Cassiopeie from Rutherford Photozraphic Measures. ......ccsscc--.we-naasecntearepeee vane sdneeaeceen eee 39 G. F. MATHEW. On the Occurrence of Cirripedes in the Cambrian Rocks of North America 144 Faunas of the Paradoxides Beds in Eastern North America. No. 1...... 192 FREDERICK J. H. MERRILL. Post-Pliocene Deposits of Sankaty Head.............-......s0sseecececesesseneres 10 Notes on the Geology of Block Islands, 22... cc...c00:.cccessaseasssnecdssneee eens 16 H. F. OSBORN. A Memorial Tribute to Prof. Thomas H. Huxley....................scseseeeeoes 40 Cc. H. SMYTH, JR. The Genetic Relations of Certain Minerals of Northern New York........ 260 JOHN J. STEVENSON. Notes on the Geology of Indian Territory.............sccscscsccceseeccececsceees 50 The Cerillos Coal Fields, near Santa Fé, N. M.............ccc0.000 ssssssecceens 105 FRANCIS B. SUMNER. The Varietal Tree of a Philippine Pulmonate..................sssesses cececeees 137 GILBERT VAN INGEN AND THEODORE G. WHITE. An Account of the Summer’s Work in Geology on Lake Champlain...... 19 T. G. WHITE. The Faunas of the Upper Ordovician Strata at Trenton Falls, New York 71 Papers Read Before the Academy and either not published, or published elsewhere. FRANZ BOAS. Results of the Measurement of the School Children of Toronto............ 155 Cc. L. BRISTOL. The Classification of Nephelis in the United States.................c:eseseeee 66 J. MCKEEN CATTELL. A Method for Determining Photometric Differences by the Time of Re- CEP HON 35sec: 50's caves oshseanavndgynaushed atanyonbct diamonds euagassten accee emanate 155 BASHFORD DEAN. Instinct in Some of the Lower Vertebrates.........ccsccccoscseccssessssscrsesccacs 126 Notes ‘oneAncestral’ Sharks: ..oc.. 0: ccascsasacewonueatactsswcsesstuanedteeecemenceateae 40 CONTENTS. 4 R. E. DODGE. Cretaceous and Tertiary Peneplains of Eastern Tennessee..................-.. 143 The Physical Geography of New York City and Neighborhood (Public IH ECUULE)) signa sotsis woeannnenc vie cam eameinne ae aus eceteuminee tea ce fyicevia Sve eerts caad ates 123 P. H. DUDLEY. The Law of Deflection Sets Under Drop Tests in Different Séctions of Steel Rails of Uniform Physical Properties Follows the Compara- tive Moments of Inertia of the Respective Sections....................0655 147 LIVINGSTON FARRAND. I EUMNTG LV EM ECA GION! ses cc sec sanses set te oses te tects ceece a eee een 155 F. H. GIDDINGS. A Plan for the Systematic Study of Tribally Organized Societies.......... 154 ARNOLD GRAF. The Problem of the Transmission of Acquired Characters (Abstract.)... 141 The Structure of the Nephridial in Clepsine (Abstract )................20000 126 N. R. HARRINGTON. Observations on the Lime Gland of the Earthworm (Abstract)............ 126 E. O. HOVEY. The New Discoveries of Rare Minerals on Fort Washington Avenue and the New Speedway (Printed in the Bulletin of the Amer. Mus. Nat. EIS te NCL SAIN ONS LEQ) coco wcataesniasdet clade ctast senmencoaeeaeesadcemsandess 104 GEORGE S. HUNTINGTON. Contributions on the Visceral Anatomy of Myrmecaphaga jubata, Tamandua_ bivitata, Arctopithecus didactylus, Dadypus sexecinctus, Tatusia novemcincta, Manis longicaudata. (Abstract)............0.0e..0+ 98 HAROLD JACOBY. The Reduction of Astro-Photographic Plates. (By title)............... 2 The Determination of Division Errors in Straight Scales. Outline and Historical Description of the Cape of Good Hope Observatory....... 63 On the Reduction of Astronomical Photographs taken near the Pole of PHO WMCAVEMS sac secs sisisicecncn ston cies Omens Sodeadasoeeroccinasacsstacs eclsiesterieegaias 124 On the Permanence of the Rutherfurd Photographs......................0000+ 147 A. A. JULIEN. The condensed Gas Film in the Surface of Solid Bodies with relation to (1) Newton’s series of the first order ; (2) Sand flotation; (3) Sand ATNMALINO WTC) VILA BL OMey cca; sek soc cece caetaaes eum er ocas oa alaeetdne dete disidaavielee eanies 97 vi CONTENTS. J. F. KEMP AND T. G. WHITE. Additional Notes on the Petrography and Distribution of Trap Dikes in the Region of Lake Champlain. The paper will appear in a subse- GENE VOLUME. 5.006.0-..ceeconsescedeviees sence, ealectedecsls sxcetesep meets eats 105 J. F. KEMP. The Cripple Creek Gold Mining District of Colorado. (Public lecture).. 127 The Great Quartz Vein at Lantern Hill, Mystic, Conn., and its Decom- position: (CA bstract) is 2. ssccsmeeenessscencssces soo scnencsaaamaee eae eee eee 189 The Pre-Cambrian Topography of the Adirondacks. (Abstract).......... 189 Zine and Lead Mines in Southwestern Virginia. (Abstract)............... 61 WALLACE GOOLD LEVISON. Notes on Photographs of Geisler and Crooks radiant matter Tubes........ 156 L. McI. LUQUER AND H. RIES. An Area of Augen-gneiss, near Bedford, N. Y. Published in The Ameri- can Geologist, October, 1806.0 .....62 the same differences obtain between the Glacier bay argillites and those at Wrangell, Sitka and Junean, and the order of suc- cession is the same in each of the four sections, Stikine, Taku, Dease and Glacier Bay. The one difficulty encountered in making this correlation is that the strike of the Glacier bay series would bring them over to Lynn canal, and that Dawson reports from the east side of Lynn canal argillites that he likens to those of Wrangell.* In a region so complicated structurally and so little known it is difficult to assign causes for such apparent discrepancies. Beyond this point it is not easy to carry any satisfactory identifi- . cations. In the sections of Dawson and Hayes the Coast range granite intervenes between the Paleozoic rocks of the interior and the argillites of the coast, which are perhaps of Mesozoic age. This rock is always reported as a gray granite, and diorite is only reported as occurring in local intrusions in the granite. Quartz-diorite is not reported at all of the four specimens of this granite from the Stikine which were examined microscopi- cally by Dr. Adams,} though one had predominant plagioclase and is stated to appaoach quartz-diorite in character. But the Glacier bay quartz-diorite contains but little orthoclase, and so far as known shows no tendency to grade into granite. Dawson de- scribes the granite as follows: ‘‘The Coast ranges, where traversed by the valley of the Stikine and again where crossed still further north by the Chilkoot Pass, are found to consist for the most part of granite and graintoid rocks, almost invariably of gray color, and frequently. rich in hornblende. With these are occasionally included stratified or stratiform masses of mica- schists and hornblende-schists, and both these and the granites are frequently traversed by pegmatite veins, diabase dykes and intrusive masses of coarse diorite.”{ Dr. Dawson found here no especial evidence as to the age of this granite, but believes it to be the same as on Vancouver Island, or Middle Mesozoic. On the other hand, Hayes reports basal ‘conglomerates in the Taku valley, resting on what seems to be the same granite, though it may be different, or the conglomerates may not be Paleozoic. No granite has yet been found in the Glacier Bay section nor on the moraines of the glaciers which come into the bay. In- tervening between it and the Fairweather range is a rugged, * Geol. Sury. Can. An. Rep. 1887-8, p. 32 B. + F. D. Adams, Geol. Sury. Can. An. Rep. 1887-8, p. 237 B. t Geol. Sury. Can. An. Rep. 1887-8, p. 31 B. 1895. | NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 31 desolate belt of mountain ranges some thirty to forty miles in width. That this is occupied in large part by the Coast range granite seems quite probable; at least this is likely to be the case if the aparent similarity between the different sections holds good. It is quite likely that the intrusive diorite of Glacier Bay is merely an unusually large sample of the diorite reported by Dawson as intruding into the granite. But nothing like the great quartz-diorite mass of Glacier Bay has been de- seribed elsewhere in Alaska. It may represent a phase of the granite, or an intrusion of later date analogous to the diorite. It is more basic than the former, more acidic than than the latter. Dr. Dawson further reports that the Carboniferous limestone in his Stikine section is followed apparently in ascending order, “by a series of altered volcanic rocks * * * * apparently chiefly diabases, but including also porphyrite like rocks.”* These are stated to be bedded, are regarded provisionally as of Carboniferous age, and are likened to rocks forming part of the Cache Creek group, in the southern interior of British Columbia. Rocks of similar character occur on the mountains enclosing the northeast portion of the Muir glacier amphitheatre, which are at least older than the quartz-diorite, being cut by a dike of that rock, one of the apophysz mentioned on a previous page. They have not been sufficiently studied to bring out their rela- tions to the Palaeozoic clastics, but as far as observed they are in contact with the argillites instead of lying above the limestone. The more recent dike rocks, which are of possible Tertiary age, seem widespread throughout the whole extent of the Coast range and are mentioned by every observer. PETROGRAPHICAL NOTES. The Quartz-diorite.—This rock has been briefly described by Dr. Williams, but in view of its extent and importance in the region a somewhat fuller description seems advisable, though the rock is a quite normal one. Unfortunately the material at hand has not been sufficient to permit of chemical study in con- junction with that under the microscope. In thin section the quartz-diorite is seen to consist of a coarsely hypidiomorphic granular aggregate of plagioclase, hornblende, quartz and orthoclase (?), with accessory biotite, magnetite, ilmenite, titanite and apatite. The order of crystal- lization is the usual one, apatite followed by the iron oxides, then titanite, hornblende and biotite, plagioclase, orthoclase (?) and quartz in the order named. *G. F. Dawson. Geol. Sury. Can, An. Rep., 1887-8, p. 55 B. 32 TRANSACTIONS OF THE [ocr. 28, The plagioclase makes up somewhat more than half the rock and is largely idiomorphic, often also with a well-marked zonal structure. The different individuals occur in very varying stages of decomposition in the same slide, and those with the zonal structure have almost invariably the centre more decom- posed than the periphery. In the zonal crystals the outer rim never shows a greater extinction angle than 4° in individuals whose twinning lamelle give nearly symmetrical extinction, while the centre of the same individuals frequently gives an angle of 20° to 22°, indicating a range from oligoclase to a basic andesine or acid labradorite. Inclusions of all the other constit- uents of the rock except quartz are common. Along with the undoubted plagioclase in the slides are seen numerous individuals, always so far gone into decomposition that little can be learned from their study concerning their original condition, but which inso far as they retain any ‘indica- tions of twinning whatever, show only that after the Carls- bad law. They are regarded, somewhat doubtfully, as repre- senting an original contest of orthoclase in the rock. The un- doubted plagioclase always far exceeds this uncertain feldspar in amount. Next to the plagioclase hornblende is the most abundant con- stituent. It isa dark green hornblende with very strong ab- sorption—c < ) <p). In Eotanlishing equations from whose solution by least squares we are to determine the quantity m, we cannot consider either the parallax or proper motion known, These three quan- tities are entangled together in such a way that it is impossible to work out either one of them by itself. The first step in the proposed investigation will be to free the measured distances, as given by Dr. Davis, from the effects of variation of scale value. It is almost needless to remark that I propose to use only the distances, and not the position angles measured by Rutherfurd in the present research. To get rid of the variation of scale value, it would seem best to apply such a correction to the scale value of each plate as will make the sum of the dis- tances of the three stars numbered 19, 41 and 62 in Dr. Davis’ list, a constant. These stars are on all the plates, and they are favorably situated. The sum of their distances from Eta is 7141’, or 254.9215 divisions of the scale, and their distribution ‘in position angle is such that : sin p = — 0.13, = cos p = — 0.20. They are therefore admirably adapted for correcting the varia- tion of scale value. To do this, let us put: 019) x1) %2, = the distances of stars 19, 41 and 62 from Eta on any given plate, expressed in divisions of the scale. Then we must add to every distance on that plate the quantity : o 254.92 92 (254. 9215 — OF ed OA ie oe) where © is the distance of the star from Eta, as given by Dr. Davis, and expressed in divisions of the scale. The next step is the correction of the distances for proper motion. This is to be done by adding to them the quantity : S, P, + Sy Pe where the symbols have the same signification as in Dr. Davis’ paper on the Parallax of Eta, p. 301. 38 TRANSACTIONS OF THE [Nov. 4, The above steps having been taken, we can proceed to form equations from which to determine by least squares the most probable values of the unknown quantities. These are the two corrections of the assumed proper motion, the parallax, the ratio of the masses, and the true distances of the various stars from the fixed point of the apparent orbit. Let us introduce the following notation: p, x= the assumed proper motion on the arc of a great circle, and the position angle of that great circle. w = the correction required by the assumed p cos x. v= the correction required by the assumed psin x. t= date of the plate minus 1872.0. x= parallax of the system. S;, P;, Sy Py= auxiliary quantities for computing parallax co- efficients, and having the same signification as on p. 302 of Dr. Davis’ Parallax paper. 6,= the mean of the values of ¢ on all the plates for any given star. Then if we put, for convenience : G = 83 Ps +- Sy Py r=6)— 0’, d=o—o, The following equation will hold true: Gr+tteosp. w+7Tsinp. v-+-p’cos(@—p). m+a4+d=0. Such an equation can be formed from each star on each plate, and from their solution the most probable values of the un- knowns, 7, w, v, m and x, can be determined. From these we pass at once to a knowledge of the ratio of masses by means of the equation : M 1+ m } cao 0 and we get the distance from any given star to the fixed point by means of the equation: o/ =0,—&. The total number of equations will be 702, involving 66 un- knowns. But the solution of all these equations by least squares will offer no difficulty, because we can first eliminate the unknown « from all the equations belonging to any given star. The reduced normals from all the stars can then be added together, and the final definitive values of 7, w, v, m and « computed. It will probably be possible to tell in advance, from a preliminary consideration of some of the equations, whether the investigation is going to give a satisfactory result. This 1895. ] NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 39 will be the case, if s comes out positive, and m negative, and less than unity. It might even be desirable not to use the method of least squares for the elimination of the x’s, but to substitute some other method of elimination, which would take less time, without materially diminishing the precision. STATED MEETING. November 11th, 1895. In the absence of Prof. N. L. Britton, Prof. Henry F. Osborn was elected Temporary Chairman. About forty (40) persons were present. The minutes of the preceeding meeting of the Section were read and approved. A report was read by Prof. Osborn regarding the matter of Bibliographical Compilation, which has been brought before the various scientific bodies here and abroad by Dr. Haviland Field, who proposes to establish a regular codperative bulletin record- ing the titles of zodlogical and anatomical works. ‘The report recommending the approval by the Academy of the work of Dr. Field was unanimously adopted. Prof. Rees next brought to the attention of the Section the communication of the Huxley Memorial Committee, it being pro- posed to erect a statue of the late Professor in the South Ken- sington Museum, and asking for the coédperation of the New York Academy of Sciences. Upon motion a Committee was appointed by the Chair to take the necessary steps in further- ance of the wishes of the Huxley Committee. This Committee was to consist of Profs. Stratford, Wilson and Huntington and Dr. Wortman. Owing to the resignation of the Chairman and Secretary of the Section, it was then moved that a nominating committee be appointed by the Chair to consider the question of election of the Sectional officers. To this committee Profs. Lee, Britton and Stratford were appointed. 40 TRANSACTIONS OF THE [nov. 11, The first paper of the evening, that of Prof. Osborn, “A Memorial Tribute to Prof. Thomas H. Huxley,” was then pre- sented, and in it were reviewed the main facts of the life of Dr. Huxley, together with many notes of Prof. Osborn, one of his pupils. (See below.) The second paper was by Dr. Bashford Dean, entitled : ‘* Notes on Ancestral Sharks.” The paper dealt with some of the recent discoveries among the fossil sharks of the Lower Carboniferous in Ohio. An examination of this material during the past Summer in the collection of Dr. William Clark, of Berea, Ohio, had enabled the speaker to describe, in addition to the known characters of these primitive forms of Cladoselachids, the vertebral axis, the suspensorium, the matter of claspers and the integumental characters. The third paper on ‘‘ Newly Mounted Skeletons of Titano- therium and Metamyodon in the American Museum,” with illus- trations by Prof. Osborn, was deferred, as were also papers announced by Dr. J. L. Wortman on the “American Museum Expedition of 1895,” and by Prof. Britton on ‘“‘ New or Note- worthy North American Phanerogams.” In their place Dr. Arnold Graf spoke of a peculiar growth character in Crepidula, recording the adjustment of its shell to that of a scallop, the margin of the shell of the crepidula con- forming exactly to the ridged character of the shell of its host. Discussion by Prof. Martin and Dr. Dean. The meeting adjourned. BaAsHFrorD DEAN, Secretary of Section. MEMORIAL TRIBUTE TO PROFESSOR THOMAS Ho HUXLEY, By Henry F. Osporn. Presented before the Section of Biology, November 11th. All the members of this Academy, all men of science in America, in fact, are in different ways indebted to the late Pro- fessor Huxley. We would be ungrateful, indeed, especially in 1895. ] NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 41 this section of the Academy, if we failed to join in the tributes which are being paid to him in different parts of the world. In his memory I do not offer a formal address this evening, but as one of his students, would present some personal reminis- cences of his characteristics as a teacher, and some of the most striking features of his life and work. Huxley was born in 1825. Like Goethe, he inherited from his mother his brilliantly alert powers of thought, and from his father, his courage and tenacity of purpose, a combination of | qualities which especially fitted him for the period in which he was to live. There is nothing striking recorded about his boy- hood as a naturalist. He preferred engineering, but was led into medicine. At the close of his medical course he secured a navy medical post upon the “ Rattlesnake.” This brought with it, as to Dar- win, the training of a four years voyage to the South Seas off eastern Australia and west Guinea—a more liberal education to a naturalist than any university affords, even at the present day. This voyage began at twenty-one, and he says of it: ‘ But, apart from experience of this kind and the opportunity offered for scientific work to me, personally, the cruise was extremely valuable. It was good for me to live under sharp discipline, to be down on the realities of existence by living on bare necessi- ties, to find out how extremely worth living life seemed to be, when one woke from a night’s rest on a soft plank, with the sky for a canopy and cocoa and weevily biscuit the sole prospect for breakfast, and more especially to learn to work for what I got for myself out of it. My brother officers were as good as sail- ors ought to be and generally are, but naturally, they neither knew nor cared anything about my pursuits, nor understood why I should be so zealous in the pursuit of the objects which my friends, the middies, christened ‘ Buffons.’ after the title con- spicuous on a volume of the ‘ Suites a Buffon,’ which stood in a prominent place on my-shelf in the chart-room.” As the result of this voyage of four years numerous papers were sent home to the Linnzan Society of London, but few were published; upon his return, his first work, Upon the Anatomy and Affinities of the Medusex, was declined for publication by the Admiralty; a fortunate circumstance, for it led to his quitting the navy for good and trusting to his own re- sources. Upon publicaton (1849) this memoir at once established his scientific reputation at the early age of twenty-four, just as Richard Owen had won his spurs by his ‘Memoir on the Pearly Nautilus.’ In 1852 Huxley’s preference as a biologist was to turn back to physiology, which had become his favorite 42 TRANSACTIONS OF THE [nov. 11, study in the medical course. But his fate was to enter and_be- come distinguished in a widely different branch which had as little attraction for him as for most students of marine life, namely, paleontology. He says of this sudden change of base: “At last, in 1854, on the translation of my warm friend, Edward Forbes, to Edinburgh, Sir Henry de la Beche, the Di- rector General of the Geological Survey, offered me the post Forbes had vacated of Palzontologist and Lecturer on Natural History. I refused the former point-blank, and accepted the latter only provisionally, telling Sir Henry that I did not care for fossils and that I should give up natural history as soon as I could get a physiological post. But I held the office for thirty-one years and a large part of my work has been paleonto- logical.” From this time until 1885 his labors extended over the widest field of biology and of philosophy ever covered by any natural- ist, with the single exception of Aristotle. In philosophy Hux- ley showed rare critical and historical power ; he made the most exhaustive study of Hume, but his own philosophical spirit and temper was more directly the offspring of Descartes. Some subjects he mastered, others he merely touched, but every sub- ject which he wrote about he illuminated. Huxley did not dis- cover or first define protoplasm, but he made it known to the English-speaking world as the physical basis of life—recogniz- ing the unity of animal and plant protoplasm. He cleared up certain problems among the Protozoa. In 1849 appeared his great work upon the oceanic Hydrozoa, and familiarity with these forms, doubtless suggested the brilliant comparison of the two-layered gastrula to the adult hydrozoa. He threw light upon the Tunicata, describing the endostyle as a universal fea- ture, but not venturing to raise the Tunicata to a separate order. He set in order the cephalopod mollusea, deriving the spiral from the straight shelled fossil forms. He contributed to the Arthro- poda; his last word upon this group being his charming little volume upon the “ Crayfish,” a model of its kind. But think of the virgin field which opened up before him among the verte- brata, when in 1859 he was the first to perceive the truth of Dar- win’s theory of descent. Here were Cuvier’s and Owen’s vast researches upon living and extinct forms, a disorderly chaos of facts waiting for generalization. Huxley was the man for the time. He had already secured a thoroughly philosophical basis for his comparative osteology by studying the new embryology of Von Baer, which Richard Owen had wholly ignored. In 1858 his famous Croonian lecture on the “ Theory of the Ver- tebrate Skull,” gave the death blow to Owen’s life work upon 1895. | NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 45 the skull and vertebral archetype, and to the whole system of mystical and transcendental anatomy ; and now Huxley set to work vigorously to build out of Owen's scattered tribes the great limbs and branches of the vertebrate tree. He set the fishes and batrachia apart as the Jcthyopsidan branch, the reptiles and birds as the Sauropsidan in contrast with the Mammalian, which he derived from a pro-sauropsidan or amphibian stem, a theory which with some modification has received strong recent verification. Prof. Owen, who had held undisputed sway in England up to 1858, fought nobly for opinions which had been idolized in the first half century, but was routed at every point. Huxley cap- tured his last fortress, when, in his famous essay of 1865, ““Man’s Place in Nature,” he undermined Owen’s teaching of the separate and distinct anatomical position of Man. We can only appreciate Huxley’s fighting qualities when we see how strongly Owen was intrenched at the beginning of this long battle roy ral ; he was director of the British Museum and occupied other high posts ; he had the strong moral support of the government and of the royal family, although these were weak allies in a scientific encounter. Huxley’s powers of rapid generalization of course betrayed him frequently ; his Bathybius was a groundless and short lived hypothesis; he went far astray upon the phylogeny of the horses. But these and other errors were far less attributable to defects in his reasohing powers than to the extraordinarily high pressure under which he worked for the twenty years be- tween 1860 and 1880, when duties upon the Educational Board, upon the Government Fisheries Commission and upon Par- liamentary committees crowded upon him. He had at his com- mand none of the resources of modern technique. He cut his own sections. I remember once seeing some of his microscopic sections. To one of our college junior students working with a Minot microtome Huxley’s sections would have appeared like a translucent beefsteak—another illustration that it is not always the section which reveals the natural law, but the man who looks at the section. Huxley was not only a master in the search for truth, but in the way in which he presented it, both in writing and in speak- ing. And we are assured, largely as he was gifted by nature, his beautifully lucid and interesting style was partly the result of deliberate hard work. He was not born to it; some of his early essays are very labored; he acquired it. He was familiar with the best Greek literature and restudied the language; he pored over Miltonand Carlyle and Mill; he studied the fine old 44° TRANSACTIONS OF THE [Nov. 11, English of the Bible; he took as especial models Hume and Hobbes, until finally he wrote his mother tongue as no other Englishman wrote it. Take up any one of his essays, biologi- eal, literary, philosophical, you at once see his central idea and his main purpose, although he never uses italics or spaced letters as many of our German masters do to relieve the obscurity of their sentences. We are carried along upon the broad current of his reasoning without being confused by his abundant side illustrations. He gleaned from the literature ofall time until his mind was stocked with apt similes. Who but Huxley would have selected the title “‘ Lay Sermons,” for his first volume of addresses; or, in 1880, twenty-one years after Darwin’s work appeared, would have entitled his essay upon the influence of this work: “The Coming of Age of the Origin of species.” Or to whom else would it have occurred to repeat over the grave of Balfour the exquisitely appropriate lines: ‘‘ We mourn for Lycidas—Dead before his prime.” Who else could have in- veighed thus against modern specialization: ‘‘ We are in the case of Tarpeia, who opened the gates of the Roman citadel to the Sabines and was. crushed by the weight of the reward be- stoyed upon her. It has become impossible for any man to keep pace with the progress of the whole of any important branch of science. It looks as if the scientific, like other revolutions, meant to devour its own children; as if the growth of science tended to overwhelm its votaries; as if the man of science of the future were condemned to diminish into a narrower specialist as time goes on. It appears to me that the only defense against this tendency to the degeneration of scientific workers lies in the organization and extension of scientific education in such a manner as to secure breadth of culture without superficiality ; and, on the other hand, depth and precision of knowledge with- out narrowness.” Huxley’s public addresses always gave the impression of be- ing largely impromptu, but he once told me; “TI always think out carefully every word I am going to say. There is no greater danger than the so-called inspiration of the moment, which leads you to say something which is not exactly true, or which you would regret afterward. I sometimes envy your countrymen their readiness and believe that a native American, if summoned out of bed at midnight, could step to his window and speak well upon any subject.” I told him I feared he had been slightly misinformed; I feared that many American im- promptu speeches were more distinguished by a flow of lan- guage than of ideas. But Huxley was sometimes very impressive when he did not speak. In 1879 he was strongly advocating 1895. | NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 45 the removal of the Royal School of Mines from crowded Jermyn Street to South Kensington, a matter which is still being agitated. Ata public dinner given by the alumni of the School, who were naturally attached to the old buildings, the chairman was indiscreet enough to make an attack upon the policy of removal. He was vigorously applauded, when, to every one’s consternation, Huxley, who was sitting at the chairman’s right, slowly rose, paused a moment, and then silently skirted the tables and walked out of the hall. A solemn pall fell over the remainder of the dinner and we were all glad to find an excuse to leave early. In personal conversation Huxley was full of humor and greatly enjoyed stories at his own expense. Such was the fol- lowing: “In my early period as a lecturer I had very little con- fidence in my general powers, but one thing I prided myself upon was clearness. I was once talking of the brain before a large, mixed audience and soon began to feel that no one in the room understood me. Finally I saw the thoroughly interested face of a woman auditor and took consolation in delivering the remainder of the lecture directly to her. At the close, my feel- ing as to her interest was confirmed when she came up and asked if she might put one question upon a single point which she had not quite understood. ‘Certainly,’ I replied. ‘ Now Professor,’ she said, ‘is the cerebellum inside or outside of the skull?’?” A story of his about babies is also characteristic : “When a fond mother calls upon me to admire her baby I never fail to respond, and, while cooing appropriately, I take advan- tage of an opportunity to gently ascertain whether the soles of its feet turn in and tend to support my theory of arboreal descent.” Huxley as a teacher can never be forgotten by any of his students. He entered his lecture room promptly as the clock was striking nine, rather quickly and with his head bent forward “as if oppressive with its mind.” He usually glanced attention to his class of about ninety and began speaking before he reached his chair. He spoke between his lips, but with perfectly clear analysis, with thorough interest and with philosophic insight, which was far above the average of his students. He used very few charts, but handled the chalk with great skill, sketching out the anatomy of an animal as if it werea transparent object. As in Darwin’s face, and as in Erasmus Darwin’s or Butfon’s, and many other anatomists with a strong sense of form, his eyes were heavily overhung by a projecting forehead and eyebrows and seemed at times to look inward. His lips were firm and closely set, with the expression of positiveness, and the other fea- 46 TRANSACTIONS OF THE [nov. 11, ture which most marked him was the very heavy mass of hair falling over his forehead, which he would frequently stroke or toss back. Occasionally he would lighten up the monotony of anatomical description by a bit of humor. I remember one in- stance which was probably reminiscent of his famous tilt with Bishop Wilberforce at the meeting of the British Association in 1860. Huxley was describing the mammalian heart and had just distinguished between the tricuspid valve on the right side of the heart and the bicuspid valve on the left, which you know resembles a bishop’s mitre, and hence is known as the mitral valve. He said, “ It is not easy to recall on which side these respective valves are found, but I recommend this rule ; you can easily remember that the mitral is on the left, because a bishop is never known to be on the right.” Huxley was the father of modern laboratory instruction, but in 1879 he was so intensely engrossed with his own researches that he very seldom came through the laboratory, which was ably directed by T. Jeffrey Parker, assisted by Howes and W. New- ton Parker, all of whom are now professors, Howes having suc- ceeded to Huxley’s chair. Each visit therefore inspired a cer- tain amount of terror, which was really unwarranted, for Huxley always spoke in the kindest tones to his students, although sometimes he could not resist making fun at their expense. There was an Irish student who sat in front of me, whose ana- tomical drawings in water color were certainly most remarkable productions. Huxley, in turning over his drawing-book, paused at a large blur under which was carefully inscribed ‘ sheeps’ liver” and smilingly said, “I am glad to know that is a liver; it reminds me as much of Cologne cathedralin a fog, as of anything I have ever seen before.” Fortunately the nationality of the student enabled him to fully appreciate the humor. The greatest event in the winter of 1879 was Darwin’s first and only visit to the laboratory. They came in together, Hux- ley leading slowly down the long narrow room, pointing out the especial methods of teaching which he had originated and which are now universally adopted in England and in this country. Darwin was instantly recognized by the class as he entered and sent a thrill of curiosity down the room, for no one present had ever seen him before. There was the widest possible contrast in the two faces. Darwin’s grayish-white hair and bushy eye- brows overshadowed the pair of deeply-set blue eyes, which seemed to image his wonderfully calm and deep vision of nature, and at the same time to emit benevolence. Huxley’s piercing black eyes and determined and resolute face were full of admi- ration, and at the same time protection of his older friend. He 1895. | NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCINECES. 47 said afterwards, “ you know I have to take care of him, in fact I have always been Darwin’s bulldog,” and this exactly ex- pressed one of the many relations which existed so long between the two men. Huxley was not always fortunate in the intellectual calibre of the men to whom he lectured in the Royal School of Mines. Many of the younger generation were studying in the univer- sities, under Balfour at Cambridge and under Rolleston at Ox- ford. However, Saville Kent, C. Lloyd Morgan, George B. Howes, T. Jeffrey Parker and W. Newton Parker are repre- sentative biologists who were wholly trained by Huxley. Many others, not his students, have expressed the deepest indebted- ness to him. Among these especially are Prof. E. Ray Lankester, of Oxford, and Prof. Michael Foster, of Cambridge. Huxley once said that he had “discovered Foster.” He not only singled men out, but knew how to direct and inspire them to investigate the most pressing problems of the day. As it was, his thirty-one years of lectures would have produced a far greater effect if they had been delivered from an Oxford, Cam- bridge or Edinburgh chair. In fact, Huxley’s whole life would have been different, in some ways more effective, in others less so, if the universities had welcomed the young genius who was looking for a post and even cast his eyes toward America in 1850, but in those early days of classical prestige both seats of learn- ing were dead to the science, which it was Huxley’s great service in support of Darwin to place beside physics, in the lead of all others in England. Moreover, Oxford, if not Cambridge, could not long have sheltered such a wolf in the fold. What Haeckel did for evolution in Germany, Huxley did in England. As the earliest and most ardent supporter of Darwin and the theory of descent, it is remarkable that he never gave an unreserved support to the theory of natural selection as all- sufficient. Twenty-five years ago, with his usual penetration and prophetic insight, he showed that the problem of variation might, after all, be the greater problem; and only three years ago, in his ‘ Romanes Lecture,” he disappointed many of the disciples of Darwin by declaring that natural selection failed to explain the origin of our moral and ethica] nature. Whether he was right or wrong, we will not stop to discuss, but consider the still more remarkable conditions of Huxley’s relations to the theory of evolution. As expositor, teacher, defender, he was the high priest of evolution. From the first he saw the strong and weak points of the special Darwinian theory; he wrote upon the subject for thirty years, and yet he never con- tributed a single original or novel idea to it; in other words, 48 TRANSACTIONS OF THE [Nov. 11 Huxley added vastly to the demonstration, but never added to the sum of either theory or working hypothesis, and the con- temporary history of the theory proper could be written with- out mentioning his name. This lack of speculation upon the factors of evolution was true throughout his whole life; in the voyage of the ‘ Rattlesnake ” he says he did not even think of the species problem. His last utterance regarding the causes of evolution appeared in one of the Reviews as a passing criticism of Weismann’s finished philosophy, in which he implies that his own philosophy of the causes of evolution was as far off as ever ; in other words, Huxley never fully made up his mind or com- mitted himself to any causal theory of development. Taking the nineteenth century at large, outside of our own circles of biology, Huxley’s greatest and most permanent achievement was his victory for free thought. Personally we may not be agnostic; we may disagree with much that he has said and written, but we must admire Huxley’s valiant services none the less. A reformer must be an extremist, and Huxley was often extreme, but he never said what he did not believe to be true. If it is easy for you and for me to say what we think in print and out of print now, it is because of the battles fought by such men as Huxley and Haeckel. When Huxley began his great crusade the air was full of religious intolerants, and, what is quite as bad, scientific shams. If Huxley had entered the contest carefully and guardedly he would have been lost in the enemies ranks, but he struck right and left with sledge hammer blows, whether it was a high dignity of the Church or of the State. Just before the occasion of one of his greatest contests, that with Gladstone in the pages of the Contemporary Review, Hux- ley was in Switzerland, completely broken down in health and suffering from torpidity of the liver. Gladstone had written one of his characteristically brilliant articles upon the close cor- respondence between the Order of Creation as revealed in the first chapter of Genesis and the Order of Evolution as shown by modern biology. ‘“‘ When this article reached me,” Huxley told me, ‘I read it through and it made me so angry that I believe it must have acted upon my liver. At all events, when I finished my reply to Gladstone I felt better than I had for months past.” Huxley’s last public appearance was at the meeting of the British Association at Oxford. He had been very urgently in- vited to attend, for, exactly a quarter of a century before, the Association had met at Oxford and Huxley had had his famous encounter with Bishop Wilberforce. It was felt that the anni- versary would be an historic one and incomplete without his 1895. | NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 49 presence, and so it proved to be. Huxley's especial duty was to second the vote of thanks for the Marquis of Salisbury’s ad- dress—one of the invariable formalities of the opening meeting of the Association. The meeting proved to be the greatest one in the history of the Association. The Sheldonian theatre was packed with one of the most distinguished scientific audiences ever brought together, and the address of the Marquis was worthy of the occasion. The whole tenor of it was the unknown in Science. Passing from the unsolved problems of Astronomy, Chemistry and Physics, he came to Biology. With delicate irony he spoke of the “ comforting word, evolution,” and passing to the Weismannian controversy implied that the diametrically opposed views so frequently expressed nowadays threw the whole process of evolution into doubt. It was only too evident that the Marquis himself found no comfort in Evolution, and even entertained a suspicion as to its probability. It was well worth the whole journey to Oxford to watch Huxley during this portion of the address. In his red doctor-of-laws gown, placed upon his shoulders by the very body of men who had once referred to him as ‘‘a Mr. Huxley,” he sank deeper into his chair upon the very front of the platform and _ restlessly tapped his foot. His situation was an unenviable one. He had to thank an ex-Prime Minister of England and present Lord Chancellor of Oxford University for an address the sentiments of which were directly against those he himself had been main- taining for twenty-five years. He said afterwards that when the proofs of the Marquis’s address were putin his hands the day before he realized that he had before him a most delicate and difti- cult task. Lord Kelvin (Sir William Thompson), one of the most distinguished living physicists, first moved the vote of thanks, but his reception was nothing to the tremendous applause which greeted Huxley in the heart of that University whose cardinal principles he had so long been opposing. Considerable anxiety had been felt by his friends lest his voice would fail to fill the theatre, for it had signally failed during his Romanes Lecture delivered in Oxford the year before, but when Huxley arose he reminded you of s venerable gladiator returning to the arena after years of absence. He raised his figure and his voice to its full height, and, with one foot turned over the edge of the step, veiled an unmistakable and vigorous protest in the most gracious and dignified speech of thanks. Throughout the subsequent special sessons of this meeting Huxley could not appear. He gave the impression of being aged but not infirm, and no one realized that he had spoken his TRANSACTIONS N. Y. ACAD. Scr., Vol. XV., Sig. 4, January 15, 1896. 50 TRANSACTIONS OF THE [nov. 18 last word as champion of the law of Evolution. He soon re- turned to Eastbourne. Early in the winter he contracted the grippe, which passed into pneumonia. He rallied once or twice and his last effort to complete a reply to Balfour’s “ Foundations of Belief” hastened his death, which came upon June 29th, at the age of seventy. I have endeavored to show in how many ways Huxley was a model for us of the younger generation. In the central hall of the British Museum of Natural History sits in marble the life size figure of Charles Darwin; upon his right will soon be placed a beautiful statue of Richard Owen, and I know that there are many who will enjoy taking some share in the movement to com- plete this group with the noble figure of Thomas Henry Huxley. STATED MEETING. November 15th, 1895. The Academy met with Vice-President STEVENSON in the Chair; about twenty-one persons present. There being no regular business, the Section in Geology and Mineralogy immediately organized. The first paper was read by Prof. J. J. Stevenson. NOTES ON THE GEOLOGY OF INDIAN TERRITORY. By Joun J. STEVENSON. During a visit to Indian Territory in July of 1895 the writer found opportunity to make some observations tending to unite the work done by Dr. H. M. Chance and Prof. R. T. Hill in that Territory, with that done in Arkansas by Mr. Arthur Winslow, Prof. Hill and Mr. Griswold,* as well as to suggest relation- ships between the Carboniferous of the Territory and Texas. * Rk. T. Hill, Ann. Rep. Geol. Sury. of Arkansas for 1888, Vol. II, pp. 11, et. seq. (1888). H. M. Chance, Geology of the Choctaw coalfield, Trans. Amer. Inst. M’ng. Eng’rs,, Vol. VIII. (1890). A. Winslow, The geotectonic and physiographic geology of western Arkansas, Bull. Geol Soc. Amer., Vol. II., pp. 225 et. seq. (1891). R. T. Hill, Notes on a reconnaissance of the Ouachita mountain system in Indian territory, A. J.S., Vol. XLII., pp. 111, et. seq. (1891). L. 8. Griswold, Ann. Rep. Geol. Sury. of Arkansas for 1890, Vol. III., pp. 196 et. seq. (1892). 1895.] NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 51 Mr. Winslow’s final report upon the Coal Measures of Arkansas is still unpublished, but he has given me his table of succession, which is as follows: I. Poteau Stage, 3300’-3900’, consisting mainly of shale, the Poteau shale. This interval contains several coal beds, that mined at Huntingdon and neighboring localities in northwestern Arkansas being the most important and near the base. II. Sebastian Stage, consisting of a. Greenwood sandstone, 100’, seen in Indian Territory, just south from Jensen on St. Louis and San Francisco railroad. b. Tomlinson shale, 500’—600’. c. Hartwell sandstone, 0’-100’, not present in Indian Terri- tory. eer. Belva shale, 0’-500’, not present in Indian Territory. e. Ozark sandstone, 0’-500’, not present in Indian Terri- tory. III. Spadra Stage, 0’-500’, consisting of shales and sand- stones with several coal beds, the semi-anthracites referred to long ago by D. D. Owen and recently described in Winslow’s preliminary report on the Arkansas coals. These beds thin westwardly and are wanting at the Indian Territory line. IV. Norristown Stage, usually consisting of two sandstones, the upper, from 0’—200’ and the lower, 100’-200’. At the line of Indian Territory, it is represented by one sandstone, 100’ thick. V. Booneville Stage, consisting of shales and from 400’—2500’. It contains coal beds, one below the middle and the other near the base. VI. Appleton Stage, consisting of a. Cross Plains sandstone, 50/-150’. b. Russellville shales, 500’-600’, with thin coals near bottom. c. Washburn sandstones, 500’—600/. VII. Danville Stage, not differentiated. The base of the coal measures was not reached in the area studied by M. Winslow, and the beds of the Danville Stage were not measured. The continuity of the series into Indian Territory is clear even to one traveling on a railroad train, but the erosion is so great that details of succession can be obtained only by patient study supplemented by records of boreholes. The sandstone ridges separated by swales marking areas underlain by shales are easily followed, and their curves exhibit well the structure of the region, while they afford the means of determining the place of the several coal beds. Dr. H. M. Chance spent several months of 1890 in studying the region along the line of the 52 TRANSACTIONS OF THE [nov. 18, Choctaw, Oklahoma and Gulf railway, where he succeeded in working out the succession. His section is as follows :* Poteau Stage. Ls Sandstones. and. shales. 2: ecyerve crates 1200’ 2. Kavanaugh cdal bed vn. .enese bien Ee ee 4/ 8. Sandstones and shales........ ait calislt eade «eon 40567 A. Secor Cogl Wed: cisco ca eee eee g/ 6/7 5. DNS hie. ee EEN MEAIAN 2 cece Pe ae 30’ Tomlinson Stage. 6. Sandstone....... : BAER er Seat Mace, - 50’ NSS ie ss Satela cee oe Ca Oe eee 320’ SS angstOnes* —) oc .ohe Se cc Cee eee 100’ 9. Shales with coal, ’3’ near bottom... 2... ee 220/ Norristown Stage. 10i.Sandstone ies side ena eee 5o401004 Booneville Stage. ADD, AR EMUET Seay sic? 5, clin cleus have, ccs eto wae cx id BP oGee ee 200’ LO s aS MO SLONG yikes: 8, asc ag dec geps cit ee eee aiatertaans 50/ Ase Siva sate boo ver ec, tee eee rr A te 130’ DIN OPINTOM \CODUUCE sis nibe-c. 28d & Lees cccbete Se ee a 16. Shales and sandstones, thin coals ......... 600’ WT CAV ester COWl DEE ocvaccte 60 So oa ee ke oe 4! LS. SNA les Th sans ohetectels wis «icles e Seale 500/ VO. SamaehOWe. 1s forse Gus oes cd has ae eae eee 100’ 20. Shalesawith thin GOsIs: ...% <2 Giessn ecco 700’ Di. Grady Coal Ged ok. saw miele ama ate 4! Appleton Stage. 29. Sandstone.’Cross Plains’ s.. fs.) “oe 200’ 23. Shales, not measured. Below the shales Dr. Chance found a limestone which he was inclined to regard as possibly Lower Carboniferous. The highest beds of the column are reached on Kavanaugh and Sugar Loaf mountains, in the Sugar Loaf synclinal of Wins- low, which holds the Huntingdon coal of Arkansas. Dr. Chance’s section evidently reaches higher beds than are found in Arkan- sas, but it is possible that the thickness may be exaggerated somewhat, as there was no opportunity to check the observations by means of borings. The coal bed, termed by him the Kava- 1895. | NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. D5 alternations of shale and coal, in all from 3’ 6’’ to 5’ 1”’ thick. It is evidently one of the higher coal beds found within the Poteau shales in Arkansas. Possibly the bed worked formerly at Poteau station in that synclinal, may be the same with the Huntingdon coal bed. But this is only a conjecture, as the beds were not traced. The Greenwood sandstone of the Sebastian stage could not be recognized on the southerly side of the Sugar Loaf synclinal, there being more than one sandstone which would meet the re- quirements, and the equivalent of that bed can be determined only by direct tracing from the typical locality in Arkansas, there being no limestones or other definite horizons to save one that labor. The line between the Poteau and Sebastian is drawn arbitrarily. The Booneville Stage is that of most interest in the Indian Territory and is exposed in a series of narrow, rudely éast and west synclines from the Arkansas line and along the Choctaw, Colorado and Gulf railroad to beyond McAlester, on the Mis- souri, Kansas and Texas railway. Dr. Chance’s study of this division was especially detailed and satisfactory. Since his in- vestigations, in 1890, the beds nave been traced eastward from the Choctaw road to the Arkansas line and extensive mining operations have been carried on in the Territory, but all recent investigations tend only to confirm the accuracy of his work.* The Booneville consists of a great mass of shale with beds of sandstone from 50 to 150 feet thick, which form bold ridges, by means of which the coal beds can be traced. Eleven coal beds occur in this series, only two of which have been found economically important. The Grady coal bed is at the base of the division, separated by only a few feet, rarely more that forty, from what the writer takes to be the Cross Plains sandstone. It appears to be comparatively unimportant near the Missouri, Kansas and Texas road, but in- creases in importance eastward and is mined at Hartshorne, in what is known as the Grady basin, and on the St. Louis and San Francisco railroad, at the Bryan mine. It has been traced and proved by prospect holes into Arkansas, where it is shown on the southerly side of Poteau mountain. Its thickness near Hartshorne is from 3/ 6/’ to somewhat more than 4’, and the coal is of excellent quality, being clean and bearing ‘handling well. It cokes readily, but no effort has been made to utilize it in that manufacture. *Tam under very decided obligations to Mr. Francis I. Gowen, President of th Choctaw, Oklahoma and Gulf railroad, and to Mr. Edwin Ludlow, General Superin- tendent of Mines, as well as to Dr. E. N. Wright, of Atoka, for material assistance and for many courtesies while in the Indian Territory. Also to Dr. Chance, who has given me the use of his notes. d4 TRANSACTIONS OF THE [Nov. 18, The McAlester bed, about midway in this division, attains its chief importance near the Missouri, Kansas and Texas railroad, being mined at McAlester, Krebs and Alderson, It is from 3’ 6’ to 4’ thick at McAlester, but before reaching Arkansas, ac- cording to Mr. Mitchell, the Choctaw Coal Company’s prospec- tor, it becomes too thin to be of any importance. The coal is good, but is is somewhat tender, and does not bear handling so well as does that from the Grady bed; it gives off abundant soot in burning. This bed was worked at one time near Savanna, south from McAlester, but the mine was abandoned owing to in- creasing steepness of dip. Probably the same bed is mined at Lehigh and Coalgate,about ten miles northwest from Atoka, on a branch of the M. K. and T. railroad, about 35 miles from Mc- Alester; the coal is said to be equally g ‘good. The coals show a notable decrease eastward in the amount of volatile, as one might expect from the Arkansas conditions de- scribed by Mr. Winslow. The variations are best shown in the Grady coal, as the analyses of that bed have been made from samples collected at mines in several basins between Hartshorne and the Arkansas line. They were made by Mr. A. S. McCreath for Dr. Chance. The fuel ratios are as follows: 1. Average of 8 analyses in Grady basin ............ whee stleene 2. Average of 2 analyses in McKinney basin 10 miles east. 1.35 3. Coal from Bryan mine, 20 miles further east ........... 2.10 4. Coal from pit in Mitchell basin near Arkansas line......3.77 The especial interest lies in the fact that the decrease in vola- tile bears no relation to the disturbance in the strata, there being no increase of disturbance eastward in Indian Territory or in Arkansas; on the contrary, the disturbance of the rocks shows little change in the Territory, while in Arkansas it practically dis- appears as one approaches the area of semi-anthracite. The rocks of the Appleton and Danville stages below the Cross Plains sandstone are not exposed except in a fragmentary way in the shallow ditches through which petty streams flow. That sandstone makes a well defined ridge, which is the southern boundary of the coal region proper. The lower beds are almost wholly shale, only one bed of sandstone, very thin, being rigid enough to form a ridge. The coal area is cut off abruptly at the south, between the Arkansas line and the Missouri, Arkansas and Texas railroad, by a limestone ridge or rather a succession of ridges, there being at least six of them south from Hartshorne. An exposure of shale at a few rods from the most northerly ridge shows a north- ward dip, while the limestone in all of the ridges crossed near 1895. | NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. a, Hartshorne dips southwardly. The first suggestion is that a fault brings up the limestone, but the more probable condition is that of overturned anticlinals, as the anticlinal structure is very distinct in the ridges. One bed was discovered just before our return to Hartshorne, which will yield an abundant harvest to a skillful and patient collector. The specimens obtained at the outcrop are in poor condition and suffice only for determi- nation of the genera. Prof. R. P. Whitfield recognized in them Zeacrinus, Fenestella, Humetria, Athyris, Nucula, Yoldia and Cladodus, with characters referring them to the Upper Carboni- ferous. This series of ridges is continuous into Arkansas and is the guide to the coal prospector working eastwardly in Indian Territory. The coal measures are reached again south from them, but no mining operations have been undertaken there. The only limestone seen by the writer above this mass is a thin bed observed along the Missouri, Kansas and Texas rail- road south from Savannah, and again on the same road south from the limestone ridge near Atoka. Dr. Chance found a fos- siliferous limestone on the Choctaw railroad east from Hart- shorne. From the Arkansas line to McAlester, this coal field has an east and west strike and the structure, as pointed out by Dr. Chance, is Appalachian. One finds here a series of short, overlapping anticlines enclosing typical canoe-shaped synclines, termed by Dr. Chance the Mitchell, McKinney, Grady and McAlester basins. The dips are comparatively gentle, 5 or 6 degrees, where the axes overlap, but become 50 or even 60 degrees along the sides of the basins. And this condition continues for pos- sibly 25 miles westward beyond McAlester. As one approaches McAlester from the east, the overlapping anticlines become stronger and the basins more numerous, so that the outcrop of the coals reaches further south. To what extent the Limestone ridge is affected by these local folds cannot be determined dur- ing a hasty ride, for the petty ridges composing it are not per- sistent, having suffered so much from erosion, so that one might easily be misled as to the direction. It is certain, however, that the ridge, as a whole, is bent southwestwardly from Wilburton on the Choctaw railroad to Limestone Gap, on the Missouri, Kansas and Texas road, in accordance with the widening of the coal area. At Limestone Gap, 27 miles south from McAlester, the rail- road passes through the Limestone ridge and thence runs but little off the strike almost to Atoka, 46 miles south from Mc- Alester. On the southerly side of the ridge the rocks are dip- ping almost southeastward at not more than 30 degrees. But here 56 TRANSACTIONS OF THE [Nov. 18, the trend is changed abruptly and the limestone ridge, which from Wilburton has been holding a widely southwest direction, is bent sharply southward and the dip changes so as to be al- most eastward and very steep, 40 to 70 degrees, sometimes little less than vertical. ‘he strike is not true but, as pointed out by Prof. Hill, the limestone appears to be bent westward at several places. This is evidence of overlapping anticlines here as on the Choctaw railroad. The ridge is distinct as far as String- town, 38 miles from McAlester, but thence decreasing, it dis- appears before Atoka has been reached, for it is wanting where its place is crossed by the branch road from Atoka to Lehigh and Coalgate, the only limestone seen along that branch being the thin bed already mentioned as seen just north from Atoka, on the main line. Prof. Hill found it further southward, but the writer failed to discover it at two miles south from the Lehigh branch. The axis must pass very near where the thin limestone was seen, for coal occurs at about two miles west from Atoka, where the rocks are dipping westward. The mines at Lehigh and Coalgate are on the opposite side of the basin. The abrupt elevation of the Limestone anticline northward affects the distribution of the coal and clearly causes a very rapid narrowing of the basin, for Mr. McConnelly, the Atoka Coal Company’s prospector, says that the coal is cut off by the Limestone Hills at several miles north from Coalgate. It was the writer’s intention to go across the country from Lehigh to Dougherty, a station 80 miles away, on the Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fé railroad, but the long-continued heavy rains, unusual in summer, rendered it probable that the rivers could not be forded and the project was abandoned. Limestone in great quantity and with almost vertical dip is reported as occurring at several localities in this interval. Manganese oxide and magnetite have been obtained in limestone, more or less oblitic, at not more than 20 miles from Lehigh, near the line of the proposed Denison and Northern railroad. Limestone is said to occur at Stonewall, also on the Canadian river near the Choctaw railroad crossing, and on the Dougherty road about 25 miles from the latter place. The last may be the work referred to by Prof. Hill as of Silurian age.* The conditions along the Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fé rail- road are wholly unlike those observed in the eastern part of the Territory. At Purcell, on the Canadian river, on the border of Oklahoma, one is in the *‘ Red beds,” beds of soft sandstone and *The region north and south from Lehigh was studied with great care by Prof. Orestes St. John several years ago, but the writer was not aware of this fact until he reached Lehigh, so that he was unable to take advantage of the investigations. at 1895. ] NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 57 shale, whose age has not been determined satisfactorily. They bear little resemblance to the Permian beds of Texas, but they are not far from where the Permian beds ought to be. South- ward from Purcell to Davis, about 39 miles, the region is broadly rolling prairie without any exposures within a considerable dis- tance from the railroad ; but midway between Davis and Dough- erty a bold limestone ridge is crossed, whose anticlinal structure is well shown in the deep cuts. This ridge is formed of bare hills passing within a short distance back of Dougherty. As it has a southeasterly trend, it is evidently the anticline passing southeast from that place at the junction of Rock and Buckhorn creeks. It is crossed by the Denisonand Northern line at about 6 miles southeast of Dougherty. On Buckhorn creek, at about 5 miles from Dougherty, a bed of asphaltic limestone was mined as coal some years ago. The fragments seen at the pit were so decomposed that the nature of the rock could hardly be determined. The bed is about 12 feet thick and lies between conglomerates, each about 15 inches. Some bright asphaltum, probably gilsonite, occurs in small quan- tity. This was used as fuel at Dougherty, but was not satisfac- tory. It gave off intense heat, but did not break up, and the re- siduum was removed with difficulty. The asphalt was seen again near the same stream at about 8 miles from Dougherty, where prospecting was going on for the St. Louis Gilson-Asphaltum Company. The opening is a strip- ping along the crop, which no longer exhibits the full thickness, which is said to be 14 feet The overlying bed is a conglome- rate as at the other exposure, about 18 or 20 inches thick, con- sisting mostly of caleareous pebbles, but containing some which are silicious and have an onyx-like structure as though they had resulted from replacement. A similar conglomerate is said to underlie the bed, but it is not exposed at the excavation. The asphalt is a tough limestone, very dark brown on the fresh sur- face, but becoming gray after long exposure. The distribution of the bitumen causes some variation in tint, the lighter color prevailing where the bitumen is concentrated along lines and not evenly distributed. The percentage of bitumen is reported to average not far from 17 and to be as much as 25 in some of the samples. It is said to be rather harder than that in most of the other asphalts brought to the American market. The bitumen fuses when the rock is exposed for several hours to the summer sun of Indian Territory, so that the surface of fragments be- comes covered with a brilliant coating. Small bunches of bright asphaltum, said to be gilsonite, are found frequently. The dip at this pit is westward, but the outcrop on the opposite 58 TRANSACTIONS OF THE [Nov. 18, side of the trough was pointed out by the foreman of the work.* A curious and interesting feature is the mode of preservation of the fossils occurring in this rock. They are mostly cephalo- pods and the shells are as well preserved as are those of mol- lusks in the Fort Pierre shales. The brilliancy of the nacre is retained, the several laminz of the larger shells are distinct and in some of the smaller orthoceratites the shell is almost trans- lucent. The condition of preservation suggests that the bitu- men was introduced at a very early stage of the rock’s history. The weathered portions of the rock exhibit broad bands of vegetable origin, the possible source of the bitumen so thoroughly disseminated.+ Prof. Alpheus Hyatt examined the nautiloid forms found here and recognized Solenocheilus collectus M. & W., and Meto- ceras cavatiformis Hyatt; the former species being represented by a huge fragment. Other forms occur, but the specimens are too imperfect for identification. Orthoceras is abundantly rep- resented, but the forms are not those of the ordinary species and may be new; Naticopsis altonensis McCh., Huomphalus sub- rugosus, Bellerophon sp. near B. hiuleus, Solenomya sp. and Orthis pecosit were obtained. The rock is abundantly fossi- liferous, though the number of forms does not appear to be great. No fossils were observed in the limestone cut by the railroad north from Dougherty, but the succession is so regular that there seems to be little room for doubt that those beds belong to the Carboniferous, and that they should be put into the Coal Measures. This portion of the section, as is shown by the fos- sils, is equivalent to the Bend division of the Texas Coal Meas- ures described by Prof. Cummins.} Southward from Dougherty, the railroad soon enters the Ar- buckle mountains and reaches limestone cliffs within two miles and a half from the station. For somewhat more than two miles further it follows the canon of Wichita river, whose walls are limestone bluffs in which the beds dip northwest to almost *Mr. C. O. Baxter, President of the Gilson-Asphaltum Company, informs me that since my visit a new mine has been opened on the opposite side of the trough, about a mile and a half west from this excavation. There the limestone is about 20 feet thick, with barely one-fifth of 1 per cent. of silicious matter. The bitumen is from 8 to 10 per eent. and of what may be termed the normal consistency. The chemical analyses show that this rock is very closely similar to that from Valde Travers and Seyssel. The fossil remains in this pit are reported to be different from those in the other. +In this connection reference may be made to the fact that petroleum has been obtained in moderate quantity at about 40 miles northeast from Dougherty on a con- cession belonging to Dr. E.N. Wright. The exploration, however, is not extensive and nothing is known respecting the value of the deposit. tSecond annual report of the Geological Survey of Texas, 1891, pp. 360-367. Mr. E: T. Dumble, State Geologist of Texas, writes me, that prior to my visit, he had been at Dougherty and had recognized the equivalence of these rocks with the Bend of Texas: 1895. ] NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 59 north, and southeast to almost south, at from 20 to 80 degrees. Prof. R. T. Hill devoted much labor to the investigation of this gorge, but was unable to determine the structure, which is cer- tainly more than ordinarily perplexing. A sharply defined fault is shown in the long side cutting just beyond where the road first reaches the river, and another at the gravel pits, say half a mile further south. The ridge has a southeastward trend and can be traced for a considerable distance even by one riding on a railroad train; but it is cut off abruptly toward the southern border of Indian Territory, where one comes to the lower beds of the Cretaceous. Prof. Hill’s collections in the Wichita gorge proved the occur- rence there of palaeozoic rocks from Trenton to Oriskany. Car- boniferous beds are found again on the southerly side of the mountains, and near Ardmore is an asphalt deposit, which promises to be of some economic importance. Direct tracing of the Coal measures from Arkansas into Texas seems hardly possible, for the Cretaceous overlap at the foot of the Ouachita mountains extends for two-thirds of the southern line between Texas and Indian Territory. Prof. Hill’s ‘“ Red Beds” are shown by him to be continuous from Texas into the Territory around the westerly end of the Arbuckle mountains. But those beds can hardly prove very useful. The writer in company with Prof. Cummins, of the Texas Survey, visited the region whence Permian fossils have been obtained, about 150 miles northwest from Fort Worth. If the beds in that region are the same with the ‘‘ Red Beds” at Purcell and southward in Indian Territory, one will need fossils to prove the identity, for the lithological characters are wholly dissimilar ; still the inter- val between the localities is considerable and change in charac- ters may be gradual. The limestones of Indian Territory afford the best means of correlation at present. The Bend stage in Texas, as described by Cummins, is near the base of the Upper Carboniferous ; its special fauna is found in the limestones near Dougherty ; the limestones of the Choctaw nation occupy a similar place in the section. The writer feels justified in regarding the Choctaw, Dougherty and Bend limestones at practically the same horizon ; and in concluding that, during the early portion of the Upper Carboniferous, like conditions prevailed from Arkansas to cen- tral Texas. To work out the upper portion of the section in central Indian Territory will prove tedious, as the region has been base-leveled and the rolling prairie shows few exposures. Messrs. Hill, Winslow, Griswold and Chance have studied the Ouachita mountain system of western Arkansas and the Indian 60 TRANSACTIONS OF THE [nov. 18, Territory, and have recognized the similarity of its structure to that of the Appalachian chain; but while the similarity has been recognized, a notable contrast has been observed, the trend of the Ouachita being approximately east and west, while that of the Appalachian is approximately north and south. The similarity is indeed very striking, but the contrast is far from being so important as might be imagined at the first glance. The Appalachian type of structure is especially distinct to some distance west from the Missouri, Kansas and Texas railroad. Overlapping anticlines and synclines are numerous, so that the coals in the Choctaw nation are found in basins and the sand- stone outcrops follow zigzag lines. The conditions are not so prominently distinct beyond that railroad and southward from the latitude of McAlester, as the region has been base-leveled, and the folds, being less prominent, have less influence on the topography ; but the conditions can be traced out without diffi- culty for many miles southward. The resemblance to the Appalachian structure, however, is not confined to the overlapping anticlines and synclines; it is equally marked in variation of the trend. At Wilburton, on the Choctaw, Oklahoma and Gulf railroad, about 60 miles west from the Arkansas line, the main trend as shown by the Limestone Hills, is bent south of west, then southwest, and this latter course is held for about 45 miles to Limestone Gap, where it is changed to west of south. This direction continues for 20 miles as fol- lowed by the writer, and Prof, Hill appears to have traced it for probably 10 miles more, thus giving about 75 miles for the southerly trend. How much further this course is held cannot be determined, for at a little distance further one comes to the Cretaceous overlap, marked out by Prof. Hill, which conceals the older structure. The Ouachita system, as a topographical feature at least, seems to have its eastern limit not far from Little Rock, Arkansas. The westward trend extends thence to near Wilburton, on the Choctaw railroad in Indian territory, about 140 miles in a direct line; thence the southerly trend con- tinues for not less than 75 miles or somewhat more than one- half of the other. This is precisely the type of variation shown by the Appa- lachian trend in Pennsylvania and Virginia. From the Schuyl- kill river to southern Perry County in the former State, about 90 miles in direct line, the course is south of west ; abruptly changing, it becomes west of south and so continues for about 250 miles to near New River, Virginia, where it again becomes south of west, which direction is maintained for about 100 miles, to a short distance beyond the Tennessee line. The sweep of 1895. ] NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 61 trend in each case is quite as sharp as that of the Limestone Hills* in the Choctaw nation. This similarity is so striking that one is tempted to imagine that the Ouachita folds within Arkansas, when followed out in detail, may be found to show a northward bend in their trend and may prove to be connected with some system of folds in Missouri, so that the Ouachita may resemble the Appalachian in a general northeastward and southwestward trend, but with the east and west portions pos- sibly longer than the north and south. Thus far no reference has been made to the granitic area and the Arbuckle mountains west from the Missouri, Kansas and Texas railroad in the Chickasaw nation. The writer had no opportunity to examine any except the western portion of that region. He is inclined, however, to regard it as belonging to an older system of folds and as wholly independent of the Ouachita, its peculiar structure and singular complexity being in striking contrast to the beautiful simplicity of the Ouachita. Undoubtedly it was affected by the post-Carboniferous elevation of the latter system, to which much of the distortion of dips may be due. To the same cause, indeed, may be attributed the contradictory dips and trends exhibited by the Carboniferous rocks near Dougherty, on the Santa Fé railroad. The Chickasaw region between the Missouri, Kansas and Texas, and the Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fé railroads deserves careful investigation. The only examination, thus far made, is the reconnaissance by Prof. Hill, which, considering the difficul- ties under which it was made, was singularly fruitful in results The second paper of the evening was read by Prof. J. F. Kemp, “ Zine and Lead Mines in Southwestern Virginia.’’ The paper was based upon a visit of the speaker to the mines the past summer. It showed their geographical distribution and the general geology of the country. By means of lantern views from photographs taken on the spot, the excessive sub- aerial decay of the blende bearing limestones was made clear, and the occurrence of the zinc in the shape of calamine as crusts upon the decomposed limestone and beneath the overlying ‘mantle of clay. It was stated that the chemical reaction which had lead to the formation of the ore must have taken place at the ordinary poere; and one to the influence of the * These have been selected as they are the Seen fonostapbic te rae, of the region The structure is shown equally well by other members of the section, of course. 62 TRANSACTIONS OF THE [DEc. 2, common agents, such as carbonated atmospheric waters, sul- phuric acid and sulphate of zinc, produced by the decay of the blende and from the action of the silica in the original limestone. The speaker did not attempt to illustrate the matter further, but cited it as an interesting subject for experiment and investiga- tion. The paper was illustrated with numerous specimens and with the lantern. Discussion by the Chairman and others followed. The Academy then adjourned. J. F. Kemp, Secretary. Pustic LECTURE. November 25th, 1895. The first public lecture of the course of 1895-6 was delivered at the Law School of Columbia College by Mr. Cornelius Van Brunt, on * The Natural Flora of Bronx Park.” The lecturer only treated of the flowering plants. His re- marks were illustrated by a large series of beautifully colored lantern slides, and was of especial interest on account of the close association of the Academy with the newly organized New York Botanical Garden, which will occupy Bronx Park. About 150 people were present. J. F. Kemp, Secretary. STATED MEETING. December 2d, 1895. The meeting was called to order, President Rees, in the chair. There were about twenty-five members and guests present. In the absence of the Secretary, W. Hallock was appointed Secretary pro tem. Minutes of preceding meeting were read and approved. S055) |. NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 63 E. R. Van Nardroff was elected resident member; and H. P. Cushing, of Adelbert College, Cleveland, Ohio, and C. Lloyd Morgan, of University College, Bristol, England, were elected corresponding members. Prof. N. L. Britton presented the report of the Committee on the Audubon monument, and asked that the Committee be dis- charged. He reported the satisfactory completion of the monu- ment and the placing of the new die, which was guaranteed for at least two years. He announced that after all the expenses of the monument had been paid a balance of $1,797.25 remained in hand, which the Committee therewith turned over to the Treasurer of the Academy, together with the following resolu- tion: Resolved, That after all bills incurred by the Committee shall have been paid, the Secretary and Treasurer shall pay over the balance to the Treasurer of the Academy, under the title, “Audubon Publication Fund,” the interest of which shall be an- nually devoted to the publication of a memoir on some zodlogi- cal or botanical topic, if a paper suitable for such memoir shall be presented. If no such paper shall be presented during any one year, the interest shall be allowed to accumulate until one is presented. Memoirs published by this fund shall be so designated. A committee was appointed to audit the accounts of the report. There being no further business before the Academy, the Section in Astronomy and Physics then organized, with Prof. Woodward in the chair. The first paper was by Prof. Harold Jacoby, on “ The Deter- mination of Division Errors in Straight Scales.” Prof. Jacoby simply read the introduction to the paper and outlined the method. Thereupon, with the permission of the Chairman, he read a his_ torical description of the observatory at the Cape of Good Hope The second paper was by C. A. Post, on “ Photographs of the Lunar Eclipse of September 2, 1895.” The photographs ex. hibited were very beautiful and brought out some interesting points with reference to the time of exposure. % 64 TRANSACTIONS OF THE (pec. 2, The third paper of the evening was by Prof. J. K. Rees, on “Drawings made by Percival Lowell of the Markings on the Planet Mars.” These drawings corroborate to a very remarka- ble degree the observations of Schiaparelli. The drawings pro- voked an animated discussion in which Profs. Mayer, Rees, Post, Jacoby and Hallock took part. The prevailing opinion seemed to be that, although Mr. Lowell deserved much credit for great application and labor, we must await further corrobora- tion before accepting his rather extreme theories. The Academy then adjourned. Wm. Hattock, Secretary. DECEMBER 2, 1895. To the New York Academy of Sciences: Your committee appointed October 3, 1887, with power to solicit funds for the erection of a monument to John James Au- dubon and to construct the same, would respectfully refer to the reports submitted by them on November 5, 1898, and Feb- ruary 26,1894, and would further report as follows, and request that they now be discharged. We have caused the die of the monument, which was found defective after it had been put in place, to be replaced by a new one. This newstone was inserted in May of the present year, and gives every evidence of satisfaction ; it is further guaranteed by the following letter from the stonecutters, herewith submitted : Ropsert C. Fisoer & Co., East Houston St., ) New York, November 13, 1895. ) Dr. Egleston, 85 Washington Square, New York City: Dear Sir: We guarantee the Audubon monument from split- ting or cracking for a period of two years. Yours truly, R. C. Fisoer & Co. The committee has paid the balance of the bill due Messrs. Fisher & Co., and would submit the following financial state- ment: 1895. ] NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 65 STATEMENT. Total receipts from subscriptions, as reported on Noy. 5, 1893..... $10,525.21 Interest on sums deposited in the New York Life Insurance and rust) Company ras per VOUCMELSasecn-cese nce ence cesses ace eres 674.91 Potal LECEUPUS) F.0- sc eow eters seaman Ssevarcesmsoe cee dsisice alse: os $11,200.12 Disbursements by the committee to Nov. 3, 1893, as reported IN GVO SOD sacs. Oieararecacuceeataeaeeectesierce peg aceencmee ee enren creeds $6,645.07 Jan. 25, 1894, ars of G. R. W. Notman for photographs ( voucher D4) aaenae < eatends sieninidiiis as ansasiconeasaceceaetaemmeccenatces 82.25 Jan. 31, 1894, Wrapping, addressing and postage, reprints, re- MOLrtOlcommMiitbee.-...:...osce-ressersese cae ce seen atone 33.00 Feb. 5, 1894, Bill of the New Era, reprints, report of commit- BEC MUI) easier sasld neon ctea ieltahuarcapiee debe ete See meme mene 22.05 April 5, 1894, Bill of L. S. Foster, extra prints of invitation CARAS (OO) Seite ak ati secon. Sant tee cea Meteo eee 10.00 Noy. 16, 1895, Balance due R. C. Fisher & Co., on construction Of pan eb (7): 22255 022505 Locaclese tos votes ase eeesen 2,600.00 Noy. 29, 1895, Postage and clerical assistance to date............... 10.50 MRGtalkGIS PURSeMLEMES cea jstas sesamin ses sesine doteas Sewers $9, 402. 87 SRO Calls emietasce dee sscd-macinsttsessssasscssssntocsasccessece SUMMARY. Kotalirecerpts of) the COMMIGLEC Aes). sees ceed-Gacaccotcassscseccessecscene $11,200.12 ERG tele LISD UTS CMUCIES or ca cmeisae ee nate slo eiuinsiiesaetle classi spr decsiieule’sse ss nerines 9,402.87 1B) D016 ya cBono Ca CeCO Os SC TRUCE CBD O DCL OnEERapc te copEerbed $1,797.25 Checks for this balance, payable to the order of the Treasurer of the Academy are herewith presented. In paying over this sum, the following resolution of the com- mittee, adopted May 1, 1893, and accepted by the Academy as a part of the report of the committee on November 5, 1893, is submitted : Resolved, That after all bills incurred by the committee shall have been paid, the Secretary and Treasurer shall pay over the balance to the Treasurer of the Academy under the title “ The Audubon Publication Fund,” the interest on which shall be annnally devoted to the publication of a memoir on some zo- ological or botanical topic, if a paper suitable for such a memoir shall be presented. If no such paper shall be presented during any one year the interest shall be allowed to accumulate until one is presented. Memoirs published by this fund shall be so designated. For the committee, N. L. Brirrton, Secretary and Treasurer. TRANSACTIONS N. Y. ACAD. Scr. Vol. XV., Sig. 5, April 3, 1896. 66 TRANSACTIONS OF THE [DEc. 9, STATED MEETING. December 9th, 1895. The Academy met, with Prof. Brirron in the chair. There was an attendance of about thirty (30). In the absence of regular business, the Biological Section at once organized, Prof. William Stratford becoming Temporary Chairman. On motion of Prof. Stratford, a report of the Huxley Me- morial Committee was deferred until the following meeting. The nominating committee then reported the names of Profs. J.G. Curtis and C. L. Bristol as candidates for the Sectional Chairmanship and Secretaryship, and a motion empowering the Secretary to cast the vote electing them was carried. Prof. C. L. Brisron presented a paper on “ The Classification of Nephelis in the United States.” He first referred to the various systematic reviews of the genus, and then showed from an examination of a great range of specimens from New England to Dakota that coloration could in no way be depended upon for the determination of species, and that a careful examination of his material, based upon a study of metameral characters, rendered it exceedingly probable that no more than a single species is represented in this country. Prof. Henry F. Osporn, deferring his paper on the “ New and Little Known Perissodactyla of the Lower Miocene Lake Basin, South Dakota,” referred briefly to the work of the American Museum in preparing for the exhibition of skeletons of the Titanotheres, and exhibited a number of drawings and a lantern slide showing the entire skeleton of Zitanotherium robustum. This is remarkable in possessing but twenty dorso-lumbar verte- bree, a number identical with that typical of the Artiodactyla, but entirely unique among Perissodactyla. It now appears probable that the development of horns in the Titanotheres was a purely sexual character, and that the genera Titanops, Marsh, 1895. | NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 67 and Brontops, Marsh, are founded respectively upon male and female individuals of the Titanotherium robustum. Dr. J. L. Worrman then reported on the “ Expedition of 1895 of the American Museum of Natural History,” illustrating his paper by many lantern slides. The expedition passed into the Uinta Beds of northeastern Utah, then between the eastern escarpment of the Uinta range and the Green River, into the Washakie Beds of southwest Wyoming. The most important result geologically was the discovery that the Brown’s Park deposit is of a much later age than the Uinta. BASHFORD DEAN, Secretary of Section. ADAPTATION OF THE SHELL OF CREPIDULA FOR- NICATA TO THE SHELL OF PECTEN JACOBAUS. By ARNOLD GRAF, Pu. D. (Read before the Academy of Sciences of New York, Nov. 11, 1895.) During August, 1895, Mr. Frank Walmsley, preparator, showed me a shell which he had collected, and he was friendly enough to permit me to take a careful sketch of it, in order to write a paper about it. The shell was found at Wood’s Holl, Mass., where I happened to be at the time. I express my best thanks to Mr. F. Walmsley, for his kindness in granting me the privilege. The shell in question is a scallop-shell, on which a specimen of Crepidula fornicata is attached. Crepidula is often found clinging to Limulus, lobsters, scallops and many different shell- fish. As arule Crepidula presents an entirely smooth surface, on which only the concentric growth-lines are conspicuous. In the present case, however, the Crepidula shell shows marked grooves and ridges on its surface, which run in right angles to the growth-lines. This is clearly an adaptation to the well-known ridges in the surface of the scallop. The case must be a rare one, as in order to get such long ridges we must assume that the animal clung to the scallop when it was quite young, and did not move away during its whole life. The mechanical cause of the ridges in the shell is very appar- ent. The edge of the soft ‘‘mantel ” was pressed unto the surface 68 TRANSACTIONS OF THE [pees 9, of the pecten-shell and followed closely every groove and ridge of the latter. As the lime-salts, which constitute the shell-sub- stance, were secreted along the edge of the “ mantel” they must have been consolidated in the form of the mantel plications. In the figure I have drawn the pecten-shell with the Crepv- dula in its natural position and in natural size. The ridges of one-half of the scallop-shell are numbered from 1 to 9. The grooves of the pecten-shell are drawn black, and the grooves of the Crepidula are cross-striped. We see that the four entire grooves, respectively, ridges of Crepidula coincide in their proximal and distal points. The first ridge to the right (a) starts at ridge 7 of the scallop- shell and ends at the same ridge. Ridge b starts at ridge 6 and ends at same, and so forth. Ridge d is not quite complete, and from this point towards the left side we find no more ridges in the Crepidula-shell. I cannot give any explanation for this fact. It strikes us that the vertical projection of the ridges in Crepidula consists not in straight lines, but in curved ones. It seems as if the furrows of Crepidula would cross over the ridges of pecten. Yet this is not the case. . As the first explanatory point I have to mention, that the shell of Crepidula is intensely curved, whereas the pecten-shell is nearly flat in comparison. 1895. ] NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 69 This curvature of the shell of Crepidula is an unsymmetric one. The radius of the curve is very much shorter on the right side than on the left. Secondly, the direction of the growth is a different one in the two shells. In Pecten the shell grows along a straight line from A to B, whereas in Crepidula the shell grows in a curved line (the beginning of a spiral) from a to 8. Those two facts (the asymmetry and the spiral growth) explain why the ridges on the surface must be curved very slightly. I report this case at some length because it seems to me that this may give us some light as to how a new species may be created. In Crepidula we see a form that begins to adapt itself to an ectoparasitic mode of life. It is no parasite yet, but clings to the surface of other animals, and thus profits by the small par- ticles of food that are wasted by the latter. Crepidula still has a certain power of motion, which it will entirely lose with time. It is evident that it will be favorable to the species if the individuals cling to those animals that have a rapid motion, as they will in consequence be carried through the water and be in contact with a continually changing medium, fresh oxygen, ete. We know that Pecten is a lamellibranchiate mollusc endowed with a strong power of motion. Whoever has watched scores of scallops dancing in the water will remember it as an exceedingly pretty sight. The mollusc moves by rapidly opening and closing its valves, pushing out water with great vehemence, and thus progressing in backward jumps. As the water is pushed out with more strength on one side of the animal than on the other, a motion results which is only comparable to a sort of waltz. This motion is very quick and kept on for a very long time. It is clear that it will be of more use to Crepidula to be attaehed to a quickly moving Pecten than to a slowly creeping lobster, or an immobile oyster. Thus we might expect that by natural selection those individuals that are attached to Pecten would have more chances to survive. As bye and bye the power of motion will be lost for Crepidula, the surface of the animal, which is attached to Pecten will present ridges, and thus we may in time obtain a ridged Crepidula instead of a smooth one. Everybody will agree that regular ridges on the surface of a shell constitute an important species character, and out of these facts we may conclude that we shall get a new species in the ridged Crepidula. DEPARTMENT OF BroLoey, Co.tuMBiIa COLLEGE, NEw YORK. 70 TRANSACTIONS OF THE [ DEO. "16, STATED MEETING. December 16th, 1895. The Academy met with Vice-President STEVENSON in the chair; about twenty-five (25) persons present. The minutes of the last meeting were read and approved. The Secretary read a petition signed by Nicholas Murray But- ler, E. D. Perry, A. V. Williams Jackson, J. R. Wheeler, Thomas R. Price, William H. Carpenter, Henry Alfred Todd and H. T. Peck, expressing their willingness and desire to be elected to membership in the Academy, with a view to forming a Section to deal primarily with scientific investigations in the fields of philosophy and philology. The petition was referred to the Council, with the understanding that it involved the nomination of the signers to resident membership in the Academy, under the conditions stated. The petition was accompanied by a letter from the President of the Academy, endorsing it. The Section of Geology and Mineralogy then organized. od od to) The first paper was by H. P. Cushing, ‘‘ Notes on the Areal Geology of Glacier Bay, Alaska.” In the absence of the author it was read by the Secretary. The paper is printed on an earlier page of this volume, having been read while in press. It was discussed by J. J. Stevenson, who alluded to his own observa- tions in the same region. The second paper was by Heinrich Ries, ‘‘The Geology of Orange county, New York.” Mr. Ries described the results of his field work, performed under the direction of the State Geolo- gist, Prof. James Hall, the preceding summer. His remarks were illustrated by numerous lantern slides. The paper was discussed by the Secretary. The third paper of the evening was by T.G. White, on “ The Faunas of the Upper Ordovician Strata at Trenton Falls, New York.” The paper is printed below. The last paper that had been announced for the evening, by 1895. ] NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 71 J.F. Kemp and T.G. White, entitled ‘“‘ Additional Notes on the Trap Dikes in the Lake Champlain Region,” on account of the lateness of the hour was postponed till the next meeting. The Academy then adjourned. J. F. Kemp, Secretary. THE FAUNAS OF THE UPPER ORDOVICIAN STRATA AT TRENTON FALLS, ONEIDA COP NN. ¥- By TuHeEopore G. Waits, Pu. B., A. M. Read December 16th, 1895. PLATES II-V. CONTENTS. ‘ PAGE Tistopy ofthe tern >\Crenton. Limestone?’ ...2..s.ccc.0 so sas cagaedacnatee cavsemes 71 Oneinalidescriptions! 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Bieler 6 FF IT wee soe Se SLoot tt lees eee x favaillere il stata 7 aD. | XK ST SAISAISC ‘st en 1808 Oli ar 6/1F/9 02/ 8/ TL |S ee eee . oe eee wee ales eee . |. | . . PSB E AS Ae clecsscscacue 108 pe MaTAIT OS ocr eck cosets Se cces ence caacelse so scbiscies = teueaeeecdeseceoesenedlsc ons eaitae 110 MV eaWVIGE PASM) COAaINDCUETE vases dese scccneewsciseeetssececdee. oe ocene sans deldes ancenivcie ce 111 Ole Semel ss aacecceteand snc tse tee Pees tactenen ace dolelactsmeatomal ae siaceadanssestester iia WET CAS MINING ae fap eessthsicls =i wc oactacte maul ois sole oo esne osaeepte ese auaieev onceeees clos neice 113 AO EDMAN OAM SINT TE seroce site Soper sieaiecis ness Sonstvigos suena MotiosiseoGin cites hacieeeseecsset 113 WAC WA SHINING: .ccrneneseesasasecnccesauace deen Wsulereaaeecretneseostenenescsentaces 114 AN SCONE OS ERTE - nosh oA aetar cs . a A sudden illness brought the writer’s studies to an end before the work was fin™ ished and the imperfect results are presented only because, as far as they go, they ap- pear to possess some interest. 1896. | NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. ital ji oandstone amd: shales 225 Shae das e's se 40’ eee OUOl- Wie COM UE Gia sttrs tas Memes 2 Ss a 9. Sandstone, shale and thin coal beds, about 150’ MOT ado coal bed | s2 OSs) nae aoe kee ak 4’ 11. Sandstone, shale and thin coal beds .......250/ Le Miller's: Gulch coal bed’.23 «aoe eee: a 13. Sandstone, shale and thin coal beds ....... 200/ lARLontelierreushales... 4c:sti. nae ae The Fox Hills stage of the Rocky Hovis: region is not represented in this area. The sandstone at the top of the section is shown on a tri- angular hill in Coal cafion half a mile below the White Ash mine, It is comparatively fine-grained, soft, yellow; evidently the same sandstone is shown near Ortiz cafion, where it contains silicified trunks of trees. Some of the fragments which have weathered out are of large size, one having been seen which is about 2’ thick and 3 feet long. This silicified wood is by no means so beautiful as that seen in some portions of California and Nevada, or even as that from the Chalcedony Park, of Arizona, but the replacement is complete and the structure of the wood is dis- tinct in many of the specimens. This sandstone passes below higher beds at the east, just beyond Ortiz cafion. The White Ash coal bed, known as the Boyle, Lucas or White Ash vein, is the important bed of the Cerrillos district and the only one now worked to any extent. It outcrops on the easterly side of Coal cafion, where it was examined from about two miles above Madrid to its disappearance below the surface at about a mile below that village. It was opened long ago at several places and the coal was carted several miles to the nearest rail- way station. The Boyle mine, about a mile and a half above Madrid, the most extensive of the old openings, is, like the other old pits, almost shut and the coal cannot be reached, but fragments on the dump show that the coal is anthracite. Another opening was seen in a small side cafion, less than a quarter of a mile fur- ther down, which shows (CROC NBE EOS ei Se eee Ae EB Oe Waar racers bias telveistte ey Se «Se. Meese, iPeRsiag CORY CEL Ga OR Se cee eons MaMa aalals ot St’ Mone shiale pants arraeroivencriaih, secmianee Sell creas stb os Ore”, The distance to the bottom of the upper trachyte sheet is about 50 feet, but the upper 35 feet of the interval is con- cealed; at the Boyle mine it is barely 10 feet and on the op- 112 TRANSACTIONS OF THE [san. 20, posite side of the little cafion it is less than 20 feet with the con- tact concealed. The coal is roofed by 1 foot 7 inches of lami- nated shale, black at the bottom, with 7 feet 6 inches of clay and 6 feet of sandstone above. The upper division of the coal is evidently the “ rider” coal of openings further down. The lower division shows no distinct partings but has a streak of ‘“‘ bone,” sometimes 6 inches thick but very irregular and often absent. The coal varies much but is anthracite in both divisions. For the most part, it compares well with any from Pennsylvania, though the lustre is less bril- liant, but some portions are rudely prismatic and have a gray- ish black tint not unlike that of the Rhode Island graphitic anthracite. The coal is jointed and slipped throughout and in many portions the surfaces of fracture resemble those of Ken- tucky birdseye cannel. The coaly shale below rests on shaly clay which passes g orad- ually into impure fireclay. Numerous pits have been opened further down the cafion, but no systematic mining has been done above Madrid, where one comes to the Lucas mine. A fine breaker with a daily capacity of 800 tons has been erected there at the terminus of a branch railway from Waldo station, about two miles distant on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé railway. The section exposed along the tramway leading from the mine to the breaker is MP Slowis«. x.cts't)\. Lrasicee nes. oars tio eee: 10’ Yio White: Ash coat beds. 25 < nck ae eens BG oe Cilayvshalesc,..2\nicek omits Ch oan eee 8/ MGORL ash, Nouri nate, xe wis ele ST BA emda ate re oO: wandstone and). Shale .iis.05 are masse ae 6’ 62 SShialec ily Alu eloee hid ee coker s/t Ui OOGK. 1 wilds G3) 1v Ase, oh oa eee ee Oe gh Si Glayviand ‘shalesccn ot. miaaeodoee eae 3/ Di xGaGhics J. o Gs ahedice. eta wages se 8/1 10. Blaok:shale orelay aie: .aaeecelle er eS hs It, Sandstone, Seen... 0:;: 0-0 «sian eee af The “rider” coal bed seen near the Boyle mine at only 1’ 3’ above the main seam is represented here by an irregular seam, several, sometimes 6 feet above, the interval being filled with clay, which forms the roof in this mine—a roof which would be regarded as very insecure in a moist climate, but which proves a source of very little anxiety in this arid spot, to which all the water consumed must be brought by rail. The White Ash coal is from 2/ 4’’ to 2’ 7’ thick near the mouth of the slope, but 1896. | NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 113 within the mine it sometimes becomes 4 feet, though seldom ex- ceeding 3 feet. The Sandstone, No. 11, is an insignificant fea- ture here and for some distance beyond, but below the White Ash mine it becomes a well-marked horizon. The slope in the Lucas mine is somewhat more than 1,000 feet long toward the south of east and levels have been set off both right and left at distances of approximately 100 feet, so that a large amount of coal has been removed. The bed dips regu- larly almost toward the east and the fall along the slope is about 26 feet per hundred. The coal as seen in the breaker gives evidence of having been subjected to great pressure ; some portions have been so crushed and rolled that the coal is laminated as much as that from some Vespertine localities in Virginia, and the polished surfaces, often curved, are frequently not more than one-fourth of an inch apart. Yet the fragments have been so consolidated as to bear hand- ling fairly well and to yield in the breaker a large proportion of marketable coal. Other portions, yielding less waste, show equally well the effect of movement and consequent crushing, for they are jointed in two systems and often break into rhom- boidal prisms. In still other portions the influence of disturb- ance is not shown, for large specimens with conchoidal fracture like that of the Pennsylvania anthracite exhibit the type. The bed contains some “ bone” at this mine, but the thickness is un- important and its distribution very irregular. The most profitable coal is found in the Ist and 2d levels south ; that in the 4d and 4th is of excellent quality, but some- what inferior to the other; in the other southerly levels the coal becomes less and less good, so that at the end of the slope, about 1,000 feet from the crop, the quality is quite inferior. The northerly levels all reach coal so tender as to be unprofit- able; the southerly boundary of the tender coal approaches the slope, so that it is reached in the 4th level north at only 400 feet. The Cunningham mine, at the lower end of the village of Madrid is about 1,100 feet long. It entered tender coal almost at once and its first level southerly was carried to within about 500 feet of the first northerly level of the Lucas. The White Ash mine, below Madrid, and the most extensive in this region, was opened and much coal taken from it before the present company secured control of the territory. At the time of examination the slope had been driven 3,100 feet and its face was almost under Ortiz cafion, being practically at the angle between that cafion and the irregular ravine followed by the road from Madrid. Two “rider coals” within twelve feet TRANSACTIONS N, Y. ACAD. ScI., Vol. XV., Sig. 8, April 10, 1896. 114 TRANSACTIONS OF THE [sANn. 20, above the main coal were exposed in this mine by a fall of the roof. The dip is from 10 to 12 degrees, the slope being off the line of greatest dip, but in the 5th level, northerly, an abrupt change to 45 degrees was found, which continued for but a short dis- tance. Only two faults have been encountered, the larger one having a throw of 17’. The most serious trouble is on the northerly side, where a great sandstone “ horseback ” several hundred feet long and at one place 75 feet wide replaces the coal. The bed is from 4 to 7 feet thick. The coal varies as in the Lucas mine. The best is hard, makes but little dirt, burns freely and has about 39 per cent. of vola- tile combustible, yielding by actual test about 10,000 cubic feet of gas per ton. It shows abundant evidence of crushing and disturbance, but bears handling well and for the most part the “run of mine” is shipped. But another grade occurs, in quan- tity sufficient to cause serious annoyance and loss. It is the “ soft’ coal to which reference has been made already. It is dull, sometimes slightly granular in appearance, is so tender that it can be crushed between the fingers. Most fragments exhibit on the smoother surfaces a typical cone-in-cone struc- ture, with occasionally a suggestion of wrinkling, such as is shown by Siberian graphite. The friability is such that no use has been found for this coal and it is thrown on the dump as waste. The marketable coal is obtained for the most part from the northerly levels; the tender coal is reached in the first level south at 800 feet from the slope and it has been followed thence for 1,300 feet into the old Cunningham mine, where, as already stated, it prevails to the end of southerly levels or to within about 500 feet of the first level, north of the Lucas mine. This level has been in the tender coal for 150 feet, so that the north and south face of the unmarketable coal is more than 3,000 feet along Coal cafon. The slopes of the White Ash and Lucas mines are approximately parallel, the amount of divergence be- ing unimportant in this connection. The southern boundary of tender coal in the Lucas mine approaches the slope; the northerly boundary of the tender coal approaches in like manner the slope of the White Ash, so that the end of the slope in each mine had reached inferior coal at the time of my visit. But it is very cer- tain that not all of the area within these limits is occupied by inferior coal, for in the White Ash, sixth level north, the poor coal, reached at 125 feet from the slope, was but 325 feet wide and passed into excellent anthracite, which was followed for 125 feet. 1896. | NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 115 The passage from bituminous coal to anthracite is through this crushed coal and is gradual. According to the statement of Mr. Porterfield, the coal company’s engineer, the change from crushed to anthracite is completed within 50 feet as shown in the sixth level. The anthracite comes in at the bottom and thickens gradually, the crushed coal being replaced by the lami- nated and that by harder, almost homogeneous coal showing lit- tle trace of disturbance. Several abandoned openings were seen below the White Ash mine. The Greene slope was stopped at 1,100 feet because the coal pinched out, and another, just beyond, was stopped at 250 feet for the same reason. This disappearance of the coal may be connected with the great ‘‘ trouble ” already mentioned as oc- curring in the White Ash. At this last opening begins the very rapid northward and northeastward dip already mentioned as due to the disappearance of the lower trachyte sheet. Several trial pits expose the coal as it descends quickly toward the floor of the cafion, where it is last shown at the bottom of a hill, opposite the point of a spur from the west side, at perhaps half a mile below the White Ash mine. There remain to be noticed in connection with this bed only the old openings in a narrow irregular caion immediately west from Ortiz (William’s Springs) cafion. The section is mele ime Clay si: cise cee cies oc 8’—10/ a OR) Sine ea AA Bere! pallies 3! ODE IE. Sista as ee 3/ 10’ SMS Mieesta ne ep setnaeng te eee TRNL. 8 SAN Beh 4. Coaly shale or shaly Coal...... 10// 4’ 10” The coal is distinctly anthracitic and it was mined years ago to be carried in wagons to Cerrillos station. The place of this bed was not determined satisfactorily, as the little canon is almost cut off by the trachyte overflow. It seems to be higher than the White Ash, but its dip should carry it far below the surface at the junction with Ortiz cafion and so bring very near to that bed. The Coal bed, No. 4, the Coking seam, is from 1’ 6’’ to 2’ thick and is roofed by 6 feet of drab clay, on which rests a 6-inch streak of coal. It was mined years ago at 2 miles or more above Madrid, where it yielded a good coal, which was coked in ricks upon the ground. The ricks were numerous and several hundreds of tons of coke must have been made. Fragments lying on the ground show that the quality was far from being inferior. -The interest attaching to this bed is in the fact that 116 TRANSACTIONS OF THE [JAN. 20, at not more than 70 feet higher is the hard anthracite of the White Ash, and at more than 80 feet lower is the Cook- White bed, whose coal, if not anthracite, is certainly much changed. A trial pit was seen in this bed near the Boyle mine, but it had fallen shut. This may be the bed opened on the west side of the cafion at somewhat less than half a mile below the White Ash mine. The Cook-White or Red Ash coal bed, No. 8 of the section, is not worked at present. Its outcrop is shown on the east side of Coal cafion from a short distance below the White Ash mine to somewhat more thana mile above Madrid; but below the Boyle mine the floor of the cafion begins to rise so rapidly that there is no reason to suppose that the bed will be reached again in that direction, and its outcrop must be sought further west. An imperfect exposure at about a mile and a quarter from Madrid shows: COM ios. eisbescis apiece oon ots wae bie ame wire Ae eee 6” Cay SHANG. io. v0 ic:8 watts tous sar Steere ier ea eee ie COED kd os nine eee served cae it, oyhgea ene 8/’ with the bottom not reached. Another old pit somewhat fur- ther down shows a slight difference : Coals. See elk COPS RA See eee 10” Gay ois SRS WL: ie eel ee a Ale COG 52 Bie Mad Ok eee a ee 1 G2 and the bottom is not shown. An opening near the ball-ground has fallen shut, but fragments on the dump as well as on the dump of another old pit near the railroad tank-house show that the coal has undergone material change and that much of it is anthracitic. A pit, now closed, behind the company’s store at Madrid is said to have yielded some natural coke, which is by no means improbable as the dyke, so conspicuous farther down the cafion, passes very near the mouth. An old pit, directly un- der the mouth of the Cunningham mine, shows: 1d. SUBIGS x.) Apts Bis pt Fire's Aiea e thas ane Rie 9f Pi Coml £ dos « laps choxus Caden Revi eae toicate ieee On6" So IAG Shales 2.05. laid > bystander: saan Liat ee Ch eer er Treen ter eens re 4’ Bi HOOD Ne SOON, bya cds wactas ae apa) heehee mete atari of 6" 1896. ] NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 117 the dip being 15 degrees almost due east. No work has been done here for a long time, but in the early summer of 1895 a shipment was made from another opening at the lower end of Madrid. This coal is very tender, such as hardly to bear hand- ling, and in many ways resembles the more tender portions of the Pocahontas coal; but it is much less friable than the poorer varieties of the White Ash. The latter have apparently little value as steam producers, the flame being drawn away from the coal as soon as the draught is put on; but the Cook-White coal, as tested by a late shipment, proves to be excellent as a steam producer. The purchaser imagined from its appearance that it would be a good gas coal, but when tested it is said to have yielded but 2,000 feet per ton, equivalent to about 8 per cent. of volatile; this, however, does not accord with the results of analysis as given later on. The last exposure seen is in the long side cut on the railroad below the White Ash mine, where the bed is 2’ 8’’ thick and single. Its coal appears to be bituminous, but the crop is so decomposed that any positive statement respecting its character cannot be given. The bed passes below the surface at a short distance beyond this exposure. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COALS. The most interesting feature of this region is the distinct transition of bituminous coal into anthracite as exhibited in a single bed. At one time wagons carrying bituminous coal, others carrying semi-bituminous and still others loaded with anthracite, could be seen in the same train as it was hauled out of the White Ash mine. The composition of the best bituminous coal, that obtained in the northerly levels of the White Ash mine, is shown by the following analysis (W. D. Church.) IAW EEC CATS 3 5 REDE SOU a AEC SER Aer sy Seb eR a 2.00 RCD TEE IM ALGER sore tyy Siee eos ui nt aos ste asa, lo teracac tet oe 39.00 CECE ATO Mier ore cre vera ca ol ceevens & siatushs faces 5a 06 IO Gays AE ey ahaa Cais Ramet MA eral oils Aira aed ee BA dial 5.24 BING trail lieens Sea St aes ie re eae Pai Pete rae Tatas Se 100.00 OGIO SEN DOR foe PRT I 26 aw hee. vat. 59.00 SHED NOELIA ernie ercrcreis iolietts Rites Paesdnce a cela Mi olelic S) Spake tte 0.032 The coke is strong and tough. The same chemist gives the following as the composition of the ash: 118 TRANSACTIONS OF THE [JAN. 20, Seearr il. G.. avis, HED, Joa ee ee 26.93 Aina etd wee. oP Me Se ee 32.41 One Of dfn i: Ob6 6 Bi) RE Sek Oe Be 3.96 CaAleiam: OXIME. 4 £444 eR PE. CP ee i 24.68 Mapnenium Oxid)?.!, f.c44 242824. eee 10.32 Caleium: sulphate: v6.2 890 02 O2 se Pe 0.21 Alkaliés and logs¢ (o2¢4 2264... i0 ee TE ee 1.49 GEG! 5. 2! Scan Apedee tome pags cee a eae bss _ 100.00 The calcium oxide is derived from calcium carbonate. which appears as stains and occasionally as crystalline plates along the cleavage. The color of the ash is light yellowish gray; phosphorus is only 0.006; and the specific gravity of the coal is 1.410. The composition of an average sample of the anthracite em- bracing nut, stove and egg sizes, taken from the bins at Topeka, is (W. D. Church). Watets), sal aowsytar Ae Ble OE ae 0.16 Volatile nratteri.i. ois eee Od ee ee 1.04 Fixed (Carbon). 2.1.5. 0c. «2% aie Ae Oe 93.02 BNE els Sova ter Cite Mie ieee Re, ite ee 5.78 ADOtal.. oc 22.¢ 60 eis eS eee oR konteerte eae ee eee 100.00 SUUUPRIUUE thn les ovina es 0: saa, yo ae Se dacde hu ee 0.117 The ash consists of Bitten Cs sto. PPE Pa SE Ee ee ee 32.14 A Taming 8S 2 OPES oS Te, CELE SS ee 36.58 Oxide-of lr6aHs. 2 e049 ee 12.85 Cate “Oxideu 4 Vis. ees Sk UP ML 8.19 Magnesium oxide .«:.0.25.. 02.0625 2oue ee eee 5.11 Caleiaim Sstlphates, si VAsy ces see ea 0.18 Bodiamvextde fyb. '34-6..- 245 25. Si ee ae ee 1.38 Potassium oxide... b.u00 o see ers hee beer 3.59 MER cerca cts Shakur eae pe aeu ie Coe 100.00 PHGOSPHOTUS.« ai./n-.00s es sas ae AG Ce een ee 0.00383 The color of the ash is given as reddish ochre. The specific gravity varies from 1.537 to 1.540. These analyses show some curious variations in composition of the ash, there being a very notable increase in the proportions of silica, alumina, oxide ofiron as well as of alkalies, while there is a very striking decrease in calcium and magnesium com- pounds. The volatile matter has been removed, yet the ash re- mains practically the same. These variations are not easily 1896. ] NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 119° explained, unless we regard the coal as originally different in composition at the White Ash and Lucas localities, since the anthracite owes its origin not to longer continuance of the pro- cess of conversion from vegetable to coal, but to the prompt action of heat causing metamorphism. The distance between good bituminous coal and good anthra- cite is little more than 2,000 feet along the strike; but it must be remembered that the anthracitic character is not lost ab- ruptly in the northerly levels of the Lucas mine; the change takes place gradually, so that even where the mining ceased at 500 feet north from the slope much of the coal is very good. Mining was stopped because the coal is so much broken as to be wasted in the breaker. It should be rernembered also that the space between the White Ash and Lucas contains some anthra- cite of the best quality, as was proved in the sixth level, south of the former mine. At the same time there is every reason to believe that a very great portion of the space between the two mines is occupied by the “ tender’’ coal, showing gradual transi- tion from anthracite to bituminous. The Cook-White bed, about 150 feet below the White Ash, shows a similar change in character, though analyses have not been made of the different grades. Fragments on the dumps of old openings south from Madrid shows that the coal is anthra- cite. At the lower end of Madrid, about midway between the Lucas and White Ash mines and almost directly under the en- trance to the Cunningham mine, the coal of the lower bed is tender, but less so than that from the upper bed, even in the Cunningham. An analysis of coal from this mine by W. D. Church gives its composition as \WVDIR OD acs oleh anonsicbiaee aes veners Asean endgame 1.10 Wroltillem\VaGtelter at totais tse acts Qeenne 5 ee 30.20 1A orc h a GIS OY i welilge haba a nhl rh alee Aa nar Re 60.94 INET ede Sx LG EE Be SARS A hee er dg te Meus NO Gas ed ee A Le iy sa 100.00 which shows that it contains much less volatile than the White Ash at a little way farther north. The results of this analysis do not agree with those of a test of two carloads. The coal was supposed from its appearance to be rich in gas, but the trial is reported to have shown a yield of only 2,000 cubic feet per ton. As White Ash coal yields about 10,000 cubic feet of gas per ton, it would appear that the Cook-White coal from this pit should average not more than eight per cent. of volatile. No analyses of this coal have been made from any locality 120 TRANSACTIONS OF THE [san. 20, lower down the cafion and none of the pits seen is in condition to give samples fit for analysis. But this bed should yield bituminous coal near the White Ash mine if the change toward the normal condition continue northward. An opening in Mad- rid is reported to have yielded some natural coke near its mouth. The thin coal beds above the middle of the interval between the principal beds are bituminous and show no evidence of change, even at two miles or more above the Lucas mine, where they yielded excellent coal for coke. These beds are badly cut by clay seams, the coal being replaced at times for several feet. Such complete replacement of the coal occurs very rarely in the White Ash and is unknown in the more southerly mines. CAUSE OF THE METAMORPHISM OF THE COAL. As already stated, both Dr. Newberry and the writer found the cause of metamorphosis in heat of eruptive rock in contact with the coal. The observations recorded in this paper seem to confirm that opinion, which, when first presented, was rather a suggestion than a conclusion, the facts being known imperfectly. The centre of eruption being in the Ortiz mountains, only two or three miles south from the area examined, the metamorphism ought to be more marked as that centre is approached. That is distinctly the condition, for at the most southerly pit showing the coal well, the anthracite is very hard and in part resembles the Rhode Island coal; but the change is less and less toward the north until normal coal is reached in the White Ash mine below Madrid. The gradation is equally clear in the coal of the Cook-White, but the small beds between the main seams appear to contradict the hypothesis, as they are decidedly bituminous at half a mile beyond the locality where the White Ash yields the hardest an- thracite. This condition, however, may be explained by the fact that the beds are not continuous; the clay seams would prevent the passage of heat from one portion to another. The conditions at several localities show that mere proximity to a mass of eruptive rock is insufficient to produce any mate- rial change in the coal. The lower plate is only 8 to 10 feet be- low the Waldo coal bed in the bore hole west from Coal canon, but, though 200 feet thick, it has had no appreciable effect upon the coal. The interval between the White Ash bed and the upper plate shows insignificant variations along the mesa front in Coal cafion, and the interval must be approximately the same in the newer portions of the White Ash mine; yet in the Lucas 1896. ] NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 121 mine and all points examined south from it the coal is anthra- cite; whereas at all points north from it to the border of the eruptive rock one finds only transition coal. Direct contact appears essential to change. The occurrence of anthracite in the 6th level south of the White Ash mine sug- gests that the upper plate comes down to the coal for a short dis- tance before changing its course into higher beds of the section, or possibly that a dike exists there like that in the upper part of Coal cafion. If direct contact be necessary there is no diffi- culty in explaining the decreasing extent of change observed in the coal as one follows it from the centre of eruption. The cause of the crushed or friable coal is not far to seek, the limits of that material being fairly well defined. It is found near the border of the upper plate, in the space where the influ- ence of the metamorphosing agent is becoming markedly less. Undoubtedly the intrusion of the trachyte plates, each not far from 200 feet thick, caused crushing of the coal at all points as far north as the edge of the upper plate, but the effect appears to be more and more marked as one passes northward from the Lueas mine; for the anthracite soon shows a foliated structure in spite of the change in composition. Further down where the thickness of the upper plate becomes less and the compressing power above consequently less, the slipping and crushing due to the intrusion of the lower plate would become more effective. But beyond the limits of that plate there was only the uplifting influence of the lower, and the coal is not crushed sufficiently to injure it for commerical purposes, though the effect of the cer- tainly somewhat abrupt displacement is distinct in the many slickensides shown in all parts of the White Ash mine. Prof. J. F. Kemp describes the eruptive rock as a trachyte closely allied to andesite ; so that its outflow was early, possi- bly at the time of the Laramide elevation, when great outpour- ings of andesite occurred in Colorado, Utah, Wyoming and Montana. It may be true also that these intrusions were prior to the folding of the beds, though the fact that the sheets follow closely planes between the strata is not necessarily decisive upon this point. The feature of especial interest is that the coal was completely formed when the disturbance took place, there being not only no evidence of pulpiness but every evidence that the coal was hard. It was crushed into minute fragments, slickensided like the Utica shales of Franklin county, Pa., or laminated like the Vespertine coals of southwestern Virginia. It seems, therefore, reasonably certain that the process of con- version was complete before this disturbance began; complete not only in the lower beds, but also in the White Ash, at nearly 900 feet above the bottom of the Laramie. 122 TRANSACTIONS OF THE [JAN. 20, Heat from crushing and folding did not produce the meta- morphosis. The slickensided coal of the White Ash mine has almost 40 percent. of volatile; the ‘‘ Coking seam” in the upper part of Coal cafion is decidedly bituminous, though the White Ash, higher up the hill is an almost graphitoid anthracite. The facts appear to point to but one conclusion—that the coal was changed into anthracite solely by contact of the beds with the enormous mass of eruptives. Nore.—The specimens of eruptive rock obtained near Madrid were submitted to Prof. J. F. Kemp, who has furnished the fol- lowing results of his examination. 1. Mesa, Coal Cation. Markedly porphyritic rock. Pheno- crysts, orthoclase in excess, plagioclase much rarer ; hornblende abundant, augite much rarer. The groundmass is both finely crystalline and glassy. The orthoclase phenocrysts are zonal, and generally of six-sided cross-section with extinction parallel to one of the sides. The rock is a trachyte and has the texture of a surface flow. 2. Dike near Boyle’s Mine, Coal canon.—Markedly por- phyritic. Phenocrysts of orthoclase and plagioclase, former in excess; hornblende abundant, augite much rarer; occasional quartz. Some small shreds of augite and hornblende; magnetite and titanite. The rock is a trachyte and has a texture not dif- fering essentially from a surface flow. 3. Mesa above White Ash Mine.—Markedly porphyritie. Phenocrysts of both orthoclase and plagioclase, but both show strains and undulatory extinctions. Much green hornblende, comparatively little augite, titanite, magnetite; finely crystalline groundmass containing some glass. The rock is a trachyte and has the texture of a surface flow. 4. Dike below the White Ash Mine.—Porphyritic structure poorly, if at all developed. The rock is holocrystalline. The feldspars are much the most abundant minerals and orthoclase is more common than plagioclase. Augite is abundant in well bounded crystals and surpasses hornblende in amount, Par- allel growths of the two occur. Magnetite and titanite are present. The rock is a dike or deeper seated phase of the others and to this owes its tendency to a granitoid structure. T should think that all four specimens were derived from the same igneous magma and eruption, and that the mineralogical variations and the difference between the texture of the last and those of the others were not suflicient to make them worthy of different names. They are all trachytes with close affinities for andesites. No. 3 in particular is strongly andesitiec. 1896. ] NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 123 Pusriic LEcTURE. January 27th, 1896. The second public lecture in the course of 1895-96 was de- livered by Prof. R. E. Dodge, of the Teacher’s College, on “The Physical Geography of New York City and Neighbor- hood.” The lecturer illustrated his remarks with an extensive series of lantern views and was attentively listened to by about fifty persons. At the conclusion of the lecture a vote of thanks was extended the lecturer. bg J. F. Kemp, Secretary. ExtrA MEETING OF THE BIOLOGICAL SECTION. January 31st, 1896. An extra meeting of the Biological Section of the Academy was held on the evening of January 31st, in Hamilton Hall, Columbia College. The object of the meeting was to hold a symposium and dis- cussion on the “ The Origin of Instinct.” The discussion was opened by Prof. C. Lloyd Morgan, of Bristol, England. It was participated in by Prof. J. Mark Baldwin, of Princeton University, Prof. J. McK. Cattell and Prof. H. F. Osborn, both of Columbia University, and others. Nearly 100 persons were present. J. F. Kemp. Secretary. REGULAR Business MEETING. February 3d, 13896. The Regular Business Meeting of the Academy was held on February 3, 1896, at Hamilton Hall, Columbia College. Presi- dent J. K. Rees in the chair. Fifteen persons present. 124 TRANSACTIONS OF THE [FEB. 3, The minutes of the last meeting were read and approved. The Secretary reported from the Council that the following persons were recommended as resident members : Dr. Franz Boas, Anthropologist of the American Museum of Natural History. Prof. Nicholas Murray Butler, Columbia College. Prof. Wm. H. Carpenter, Columbia College. Dr. J. Caumeigt, 228 West 43d Street, New York City. Prof. Richard Gottheil, Columbia College. Prof. A. V. Williams Jackson, Columbia College. Prof. H. T. Peck, Columbia College. Prof. E. D. Perry, Columbia College. Prof. Thomas R. Price, Columbia College. Prof. Henry A. Todd, Columbia College. Mr. Gilbert van Ingen, Columbia College. Prof. J. R. Wheeler, Columbia College. Prof. Jacoby proposed the following new members : Dr. W. S. Dennett, 8 East 49th St., New York City. Dr. T. A. Humasson, 42 West 76th St., New York City. The Section of Astronomy and Physics then organized. After reading the minutes, the Secretary announced that Prof. Mayer was absent on account of sickness and that consequently the paper by him would be postponed until the next meeting of the section. Prof. Rees then called the attention of the section to the bill of Representative Hurley for the introduction and adop- tion of the metric system in the departments of the govern- ment and the country at large, and urged that some action be taken by the society looking to the endorsement of such a bill. It was decided to leave the discussion of this bill to a meeting of the Academy later in the evening. Prof. Harold Jacoby then read a paper “ On the Reduction of Astronomical Photographs taken near the Pole of the Heay- ens,” and explained that the method consisted in taking a photo- graph of the pole of the heavens with a telescope stationary with reference to the earth. Under these circumstances each 1896. | NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 125 circum-polar star traces the arc of a circle on the plate exactly, and from a micrometric study of these curves it is possible to locate the pole exactly and also to determine the right ascen- sion and declination of these stars. The method, if carried out through a number of years, would result in valuable additions to our knowledge of the variation of latitude, precession of the equinoxes, nutation and aberration constants. The meeting of the Section then adjourned. On the adjournment or the Section of Astromony and Physics the business meeting was resumed, President J. K. Rees in the chair. After considerable discussion regarding the adoption of the metric system, which resulted from the paper previously pre- sented by Prof. J. K. Rees, the following resolution was adopted, with the understanding that it should be brought by the Secretary before the Sections of Biology and Geology and then go to the Council, so that it might be acted upon at the annual meeting to be held on February 24th : ‘““ Resolved, That the New York Academy of Sciences ap- proves of the adoption of the metric system of weights and meas- ures at the earliest practicable moment and that the Council of the Academy be requested to consider the matter with a view to bringing it before the Chairman of the Committee on Weights and Measures in Congress.” The Academy then adjourned. J. F. Kemp, Secretary. STaTeD MEETING, February 7th, 1896. Pror. J. G. CurtIs in the Chair. A communication from the Council was received, asking that the section take action on Representative Hurley’s bill ‘‘ To fix the standard of weights and measures by the adoption of the metric system of weights and measures.” 126 TRANSACTIONS OF THE [FEB. 7, On motion of Dr. Dean the section approved the bill and the Secretary was directed to express the entire commendation of it to the Council. Dr. Arnold Graf read a paper on “The Structure of the Nephridial in Clepsine.” He finds in the cells of the intra-cel- lular duct fine cytoplasmic anastamosing threads which form a contractile mechanism. These are stimulated by granules which are most numerous near the lumen of the cell, and thus a peri- stalsis is set up which moves the urine out of the duct. In the upper part of the intra-cellular duct, the two or three cells next to the vesicle or funnel have no distinct lumen, but are vacuo- lated; the vacuoles of the first cell being small, those of the second larger, and so on till the vacuoles become permanent as alumen. He explains the action of the first cell as being simi- lar to the ingestion of particles by the infusorians. The matter taken up thus from the funnel by the first cell is carried by the rest, and so on till the cells having 1 lumen are reached. The presence of the excretum causes the granules to stimulate the muscular fibres of the cells; peristalsis results and the substance is carried outward. The character of this contractile reticulum offers an explanation of the structure of a cilium as being the continuation of a contractile reticular thread. N. R. Harrington, in ‘‘ Observations on the lime gland of the Eaithworm,” described the minute structure of these glands in Lumbricus terrestris, and showed that the lime is taken up from the blood by wandering connective tissue cells which form club- shaped projections on the lamellz of the gland, and which pass off when filled with lime. The new cell comes up from the base of the older cell and repeats the process. This explanation is in harmony with the fact that in all other invertebrates lime is laid down by connective tissue cells. Histological structure and the developmental history confirm it. Dr. Bashford Dean offered some observations on “ Instinct in some of the lower Vertebrates.” The young of Amia calva, the dogfish of the Western States, attach themselves, when newly hatched to the water plants at the bottom of the nest 1896. ] NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 127 which the male Amia has built. They remain thus attached until the yolk sac is absorbed. As soon as they are fitted to get food they flock together in a dense cluster following the male. When hatched in an aquarium they go through the same processes. The young fry take food particles only when the particles are in motion, never when they are still. The larve of Necturus also take food particles that are in motion. C. L. Bristou. Secretary. STATED MEETING. February 17th, 1896. The Academy met with Vice-President STEvENsoNn in the chair. About fifty persons were present. The minutes of the last meeting were read and approved. The section of Geology and Minerology then organized. The Secretary presented the resolutions regarding the bill for the introduction of the Metric System of weights and measures as adopted by the section of Astronomy and Physics on Febru- ary 3rd. It was approved by the section of Geology and refer- red to the Council. The regular program was then taken up. The first paper was presented by Mr. L. MclI. Luquer, entitled ‘““ Notes on recent Accessions of Interesting Minerals,” with exhibitions of specimens. Mr. Luquer described in detail the minerals that he had recently discovered at the feldspar quar- ries in the northeastern part of Westchester County. They in- cluded uraninite, autunite, uranophane, washing tonite and the common minerals of pegmatite veins. He showed that the veins occurred in close association with an area of augen-gneiss, re- garded as intrusive and now being studied by himself and Mr. Heinrich Ries. The second paper of the evening was by J. F. Kemp, entitled the “Cripple Creek Gold Mining District of Colorado.” The 128 TRANSACTIONS OF THE [FEB. 24, paper was illustrated by about thirty lantern views, most of which were taken by the speaker during the last summer, and by an extensive series of specimens of rocks and ores. After abrief historical review, the region was described in detail, without, however, introducing anything essential that is not already contained in the Cripple Creek Atlas Folio of the United States Geological Survey, which was prepared by Messrs. Cross and Penrose. The Academy then adjourned. J. F. Kemp, Secretary. ANNUAL Business MEETING. February 24th, 1896, The Academy met with President Rees in the Chair. Fifteen persons were present. The Minutes of the last meeting were read and approved. The following names were presented for resident membership: Mr. E. L. Godkin, No. 36 W. 10th St, Dr. E. G. Love, No. 80 East 35th St, Mr. Reginald Gordon, Columbia College, and were referred to the Council. Israel C. Pierson, Ph. D., was nominated as Fellow. The Academy then listened to the annual reports of ‘the officers. The first one was that of the Secretary as follows: “The year past has been in many respects the most successful in the history of the Academy and we may feel encouraged that the Academy seems to be advancing more and more toward the place that it ought to occupy in the intellectual life of the city.” “During the year there have been held nine !Meetings of the Council; nine Business Meetings; twenty stated Meetings of 1896. | NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 129 the Academy, of which one in the early fall failed of a quorum; six Public Lectures ; one Public Reception. The section of Astronomy and Physics has held eight meet- ings having generously surrendered one toa public lecture. The Sections of Biology and Geology have each held nine. The average attendance at the meetings of the first has been eighteen, a gain of four over last year. At the second the at- tendance has averaged forty, one meeting, February 10th, not having been reported, a gain of fifteen, which are especially due to two extra meetings in the nature of symposia. The Geologi- cal section has averaged twenty-five a gain of five. “A total of seventy-eight papers, not counting public lectures, has been presented, divided as follows : Anatomy. 05...) 3, MNGEQSCODY o.2 0 s:05.0. I. Astronomy ..... 10, Mineralogy). 05... 4, Bacteriology.... 1, Paleontology ...... 10, Botany +05. .0%.. 2, DY SIC jes eek oe lt Chemistry ...... f. PHYSIOLOGY 6: 2.5% i Geolooy .a9.0..4. 20, PSyichOlosy ssjsyere so 3 Mechanics, ..... 3, ised. Ase cs pisces 2 L, Memorial..< 2... ile LOGlODN prmiciae hielo: 12, PROGBL, Feihtitteias «eee sas e shar 78. “Forty resident members have been elected, eight have re- signed, and, so far as known, three have died, making a net total on the Secretary’s list of 246, a gain of 30 over last year. Two corresponding members have been elected. “ A most important step has been the practical establishment of a new section in Philosophy and Philology, which will select an appropriate name and begin activities during the new year. Other departments, such as Psychology and Anthropology, are as yet not specially grouped in the sections. “The public reception has become a regular feature of the year and has attracted very gratifying comment. The one held last March required a catalogue of 54 pages, which was dis- tributed, bound up with Volume XIV. of the Transactions. TRANSACTIONS N. Y. ACAD. ScI., Vol. XV., Sig. 9, May 4, 1896. 130 TRANSACTIONS OF THE [FEB. 24, “ Sixteen signatures and forty-nine plates of Volume XIV. of the Transactions have been issued during the year, and the vol- ume was distributed in September. It proved to be the largest volume of the Transactions yet issued. Parts 6-12 of Volume XIII. of the Annals have also been issued, bringing this volume to a close. Four signatures of Volume XV. of the Transac- tions have been printed and four or five more are now in press. Volume IX. of the Annals has has also been begun. An im- portant departure has been made in the beginning of a quarto series of Memoirs, of which Part I. of Volume I. is now neatly for distribution. The second one was the Treasurer’s report, and was referred to the Finance Committee for auditing. The report was as follows: REPORT OF THE TREASURER OF THE NEw YorK ACADEMY OF ScIENCES FOR THE YEAR Enpinc Marcu 24th, 1896. RECEIPTS. Balance on hand at last annual report. Current ACCOunt, siccc 250% 5 Bais alesse tot eters $843.93 Savines Bank A ccounty i 0 ter. ste c': orl a hoor 639.64 $1,483.57 Annual dues, Vso o teins wus tae a 10.00 f A SOB itelin Janie tebe pamelnetahets 50.00 « CL AGA PD Wega et wets eae 125.00 «“ Cul COGN), tras BL ae ees 1,755.00 oF 6 LS WG, Sarlnatioct haere latanote Beetoaseienans 70.00 2,010.00 Initiation’ Hees, 02 ss 2a foe es oc 2 BE chee a re 110.00 Patrons’ Pees. 20s. eee ket cae oe am 750.00 Ioife Members’ Bees 67. !25 si2e 0 aac ecto 1,000.00 Interest on Investments and Deposits,...... 215.89 Contributions towards Expenses of Second Annual ,Recepiion,.:).)2 ss ey ear aed 120.00 Contributions to Huxley Memorial Fund (held for payment to General Committee), 105.00 2,300.89 $5, 794.46 1896. | NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 131 DISBURSEMENTS. Expenses of Publishing Transactions,...... $1,081.14 aS a Annales. Sees he 50.80 % Recording Secretary,......... 80.24 ‘f reasmrer ch) 0S EE a crete 28.39 oh MOREA 5 2.6 a. 5 a! oly SSB] tee Soles Oe 50.00 s Lecture Committee, .......... 85.00 Fs Special Membership Committee, 51.50 e Second Annual Reception,.... 808.27 PUIG OMI SEEVICES occ cela soc. efeicjss a e's ee ats 94.50 ibsmrance, PrEMIUMS. 2 5c isan os ee see ws 20.00 ues to scientific Alhance,... 1)... 6... as $138.00 $2,487.84 Balance on hand, Current Account, $312.59 Balance of General Fund in Sav- METRE RTD, o Seo daha e'cgere’ =, Sse aiase a $2,994.03 $3,306.62 “During the year the Committee on the Audubon Monument have turned over to the Treasurer a balance of $1,797.25, re- maining in their hands after payment for the monument, and this has been deposited in the Savings Bank under the title “Audubon Publication Fund.” The present assets of the Academy are as follows: ASSETS. Balance of Current Account, mentioned above,...... $312.59 Balance of General Fund in Savings Bank, mentioned JW ATSRY Ge PAG Co a ENOIASs AAEM ORE Sae ig dhe es i ee aire 2,994.03 Annual dues in arrears, for 1894, $80.00 : - e “1895, $170.00 250.00 General Publication Fund, amount at last re- PROGR cine rie Batis Saat. acste as auch cern abay atts «'e $1,752.91 Ititerest since, Credited. so. 6:2)6se oes alesse oboe 70.78 1,823.69 MiduieansE wblication MUNG. 6. jecactecs seen saan lewis 1, (97,25 $4,100 U.S. Four Per Cent. Bonds, due 1907 at 110, 4,510.00 sieve eee eerste oad atc Aa eile or wre, Gaver ah avtelobaysrahor's She elisha) a a¥e a 2% . $11,687.56 1382 TRANSACTIONS OF THE [FEB. 24, “No unpaid bills remain in the hands of the Treasurer, and he has no official information of any outstanding liabilities, ex- cept the $105.00 collected and held for the Huxley Memorial Fund, included in the balance of Current Account mentioned above. Respectfully submitted, (Signed) GC. BF. sGox Treasurer. The Librarian’s report was next submitted, as follows : “ All publications received have been stamped with the Acad- emy stamp and turned over to the Librarian of Columbia Col- lege for shelving. Everything is properly distributed at date. “The following new exchanges have been added to the mail ing list: 1. Université Royale d’Upsala, Sweden. Kon. Biologische Anstalt, Helgoland. Universitit Jurivensis, Dorpat, Russia. Astronomical and Physical Society of Toronto. Rochester Academy of Sciences. . Missouri Geological Survey. . Chicago Academy of Sciences. Oberlin College Library. . University of Indiana. 10. Free Library of the Public Schools, Huntington, Ind. bo OO TAM w “ Forty-six requests for back numbers of the Academy’s publications have been received and attended to. Of these twenty-five were foreign and twenty-one domestic. The foreign packages were sent through the bureau of International Ex- changes, Smithsonian Institution. The domestic were sent either by mail or express, according to size. Express packages were sent C.O.D. Sixty-six letters were written in answer to inquiries regarding back numbers, new exchanges, subscrip- tions, ete. “Sixty-nine return acknowledgments were sent for packages of publications received. 1896. ] NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 183 “Nine dollars and seventy-five cents ($9.75) were received in subscriptions for back numbers from non-members. Requests for back numbers from members or from institutions on the ex- change list were honored without charge. ““The Librarian’s expenses have been : | EGS ACE 2 SAC aR a EA De eS eC $8.98 SECC erie cash cisine «d= aw inusie ofr Mee oe 3.80 US aeTNM CIE ote soe S's 5 < ie esol er ees .10 0 SL SS OF ae ee Pn Oe | 2A $12.88 (Signed) ARTHUR HoLuick, Librarian.” These were followed by the report of the Corresponding Sec- retary, which was verbally made. Members of the Academy then asked about the progress of the new quarto series of Memoirs and about the recent issue of the Annals. It was moved and carried that as a token of appreciation on the part of the Academy that a vote of thanks be passed to Mr. Rutherfurd Stuyvesant for his generous contributions to the publication funds of the Academy, and to Captain T. L. Casey, U. 8. A., for his contributions toward the issue of the Annals. Reports from the Secretaries of the several sections were then called for and were given by Prof. Wm. Hallock for the section of Astronomy and Physics; Prof. N. L. Britton for the section of Biology, and Prof. J. F. Kemp for the section of Geology and Mineralogy. The Academy then proceeded to the election of officers for the ensuing year. The following received the unanimous vote of the Academy. Messrs. Britton and Wade were appointed tellers. For President; J. J. Stevenson. For First Vice-President, H. F. Osborn. For Second Vice-President, R. 8S. Woodward. For Corresponding Secretary, D. 8. Martin. 134 TRANSACTIONS OF THE [MAR. 2, For Recording Secretary, J. F. Kemp. For Treasurer, C. F. Cox. For Librarian, Arthur Hollick. For Councilors, J. A. Allen, N. L. Britton, R. E. Dodge, William Hallock, J. K. Rees, Wm. Stratford. For Curators, H. G. Dyar,G. F. Kunz, L. H. Laudy, Heinrich Ries, W. D. Schoonmaker. For Finance Committee, Henry Dudley, J. H. Hinton, Cor- nelius Van Brunt. Newly elected President Stevenson then took the Chair. It was moved and carried that the evening of Monday, March 30th, be assigned to retiring President Rees for a Presidential address. The Academy then adjourned. J. F. Kemp, Secretary. REGULAR Business MEETING. March 2d, 1896. The Academy met with President STEVENSON in the Chair. Twenty-six persons were present. The minutes of the last meeting were read and approved. The Secretary presented the following names from the Coun- cil for resident membership, and on motion they were all elected: W. S. Dennett, M. D., E. L. Godkin, Reginald Gordon, T. A. Humasson and E. G. Love. And for Fellow, Israel C. Pierson. The following new nominations were referred to the Council in due course : Professor Daniel W. Hering, University Heights, New York City, Professor of Physics in the University of the City of New York; nominated by J. J. Stevensen. Henry Piffard, M. D., No. 10 West 35th street ; nominated by C. F.Cox. Th. Weston, No. 14 West 48th street ; nominated by Harold Jacoby. The Section of Astronomy and Physics then organized. The minutes of the last meeting were ready and approved. 1896.] NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 135 The first business of the evening was the election of officers for the ensuing year. Professor Rees nominated R. 8. Wood- ward for Chairman and W. Hallock for Secretary. On motion the nominations were then closed, and the motion was put by Professor Rees to authorize Mr. Wade, as teller, to cast the ballot in favor of the gentlemen for the office named. The mo- tion was carried and the teller reported the vote cast.. The first paper of the evening was upon the apparatus designed by Professor W. L. Robb for showing the way in which a cord vibrates. It consisted essentially of an electro-magnet running a vibrating arm to the end of which the string is attached. The second paper was upon a new form of Polariscope, de- signed by Professor A. M. Mayer, consisting of a special ar- rangement of cross lenses resulting in unusually good illumina- tions and large field. The next paper was upon the Heliostat designed by Professor Mayer. In this connection Professor Mayer called attention to the shortcomings of the various forms of heliostat, and especi- ally those using only one mirror, pointing out, among other things, the useless width of mirrors on such heliostats and illustrating what ought to be the dimensions of such a mirror. He also called attention to the great advantage of using sun- light for all optical experiments over any form of electric light ; for example, with a heliostat and condensing system he was able to project the interference bands of the Fresnel bi-prism upon a screen so that they are visible across a large room. Prof. Mayer’s heliostat consists in a clockwork driving a shaft parallel to the earth’s axis; upon the southern end of the shaft is attached the mirror that can either be adjusted to the shaft or set at any angle to the shaft. The second mirror is mounted upon the base with its central point in the prolongation of the shaft. To orient the heliostat it is only necessary to bring the side pieces in the north and south line and then set the mirror on the clock axis. This last is done by covering the elliptical mirror with a piece of paper having }$-inch hole in the center and adjusting the tilting mirror until the small beam of 136 TRANSACTIONS OF THE [MAR. 2, ‘light reflected from the mirror through the hole falls upon the center of the mirror attached to the base of the instrument; then starting the clock the instrument will keep the beam ina constant position. Prof. Hallock in discussing the paper called attention to the accuracy with which the heliostat operated and related his experience with a very large one-mirror heliostat in the Smithsonian Institution at Washington, which, however, was thoroughly unsatisfactory. Prof. Woodward and Prof. Jacoby also entered into the discussion of the relative merits of the various heliostats, especially the typical one-mirror and two- mirror types. Prof. M. I. Pupin then brought before the Academy some re- cent observations he had made while experimenting with X-rays. In the first place he pointed out that many Crook’s tubes after a certain amount of use had their vacuum improved, so that the induction spark passed outside the tube rather than through it. Prof. Pupin was at a loss to altogether sat- isfactorily explain the cause, but believed that it might possibly be due to the condensation of some of the gas remaining in the tube, and explained several experiments which he had made already confirming the observation that the vacuum was im- proved with use, and that in proportion as the vacuum im- proved the tubes were better for X-ray photography. Another of the phenomena observed by him was that in developing the photographic plates the development began at the glass side of the film and not at the outside of the film, leading to the inference that the rays penetrated the film and rendered the glass fluores- cent, this fluorescent light then acting upon the film. Following ' the suggestion of this observation he painted the inside of a box with platinum-barium-cyanide and laid a photographic plate against it, making a photograph then through the sides of the box. The X-rays develop the fluorescence in the cyanide and then penetrate the plate. He obtained very good results with much shorter exposures than by the original method. On motion the meeting then adjourned. J. F. Kemp, Secretary. 1896.] NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 137 STaTeD MEETING. March 9th, 1896. In the absence of regular business, the Section of Biology at once organized, Pror. Curtis in the chair, Dr. Dyar, Secretary pro tem. Inthe absence of the Secretary, the reading of the minutes was omitted. Mr. F. B. Sumner read the following paper: THE VARIETAL TREE OF A PHILIPPINE PUL- MONATE. By Francis B. SuMNER. An expedition recently sent to the Philippine Islands, under the direction of the Minnesota Academy of Sciences, procured among other things of great value some most interesting sets of land shells. These, in addition to their value to the syste- matic conchologist, present some striking examples of the phe- nomena of variation. The accompanying figure (see Plate VI., at end of volume) represents a varietal tree, constructed by the writer from shells of the pulmonate Cochlostyla ovoidea, obtained on Masbate Island. The genus Cochlostyla is a very large one, comprising, as stated by Cooke (Cambridge Natural History, Vol. I., “‘“Mollusca’’) no less than 247 species. Many of the species are of extreme vari- ability, serving as an excellent illustration of the law laid down by Darwin that the larger genera present as a rule the most variable species. This species varies in shape, size and color. In length, adult specimens were found varying from 1.05 inches to 1.80 inches. Differences in shape I determined by comparing the ratio of length to breadth. In the stoutest specimens, length = 1.76 x breadth. In the slenderest, length = 2.29 x breadth. But by far the most striking differences are those of color and ornamentation. These are fairly well, although by no means perfectly represented by the figure.* On comparing any one of the color varieties of this species with any other, I found it possible to bridge over the gap by *T wish to here express my indebtedness to Prof. Henry F. Nachtrieb, for the loan of uae set, and to Dr. Edward Leaming, for his care in securing a satisfactory photo- graph. 138 TRANSACTIONS OF THE [MAR. 9, insensible gradations, and, placing the most extreme forms at the termini of the branches, such a tree as I have represented was the result. But, having once constructed such a tree, no other arrangement is possibie. We cannot, for example, pass from 6 to 6’’ except in the manner indicated, 7. e., by passing down one stem and up the other. Indeed, we can give to almost every shell which was obtained a place corresponding to one of the numbers of the figure. A very few slightly aberrant forms were found, to be sure, but I thought it best not to complicate the tree by introducing them. Three such are represented in the right-hand lower corner of the figure. It will, doubtless, be asked why I have assumed 0 to be the typical form and placed it at the apex. This I did for two reasons: Firstly, this variety preponderates greatly in number. Out of 538 specimens which were obtained, 318 belonged to the three central numbers of the series (0, 1 and 1’) while the re- maining 220 (with a very few exceptions) belonged to the other fourteen numbers. Secondly, the genus seems typically to pos- sess three bands. Of the 22 species, or thereabouts, obtained by the expedition, thirteen exhibit bands either constantly or occasionally, and of these, nine either constantly or occasionally exhibit three bands. Moreover, we have reason to believe that the others have been modified through the fusion or loss of some or all of them. Examining our tree, we find that the central member (0) pre- sents upon each whorl three bands of approximately equal width and equal depth of color, all being of a dark black-walnut shade. Passing up the right hand branch of the series, we find that the upper band begins to narrow and to pale until it is completely lost. This happens also with the lowest band, only this one disappears a little later than the upper one. The central band persists to the last undiminished. On the left-hand branch, we observe a quite different transformation. The upper and lower bands begin to lose their sharp outlines, becoming blurred along their edges. This process of spreading continues until the color has diffused itself toward the central band, filling in the white interspaces. The effect is the same as if the pigment had: been fresh paint and had been first laid on in streaks and then spread out witha brush. From about the position of 3/ two branches now lead off, presenting opposite tendencies. Both agree in continuing this diffusion of color and obliteration of the bands, but whereas on the left hand side, the color deepens and the entire mass is now nearly as dark as were the original markings ; on.the right hand the color pales and the result is a mustard tint. Inthe dark form,again, the central band persists 1896. ] NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 139 although no longer distinct in outline; in the light form there is the merest trace of this. These varieties are named by Sr. Quadras, a conchologist at Manila, as follows: 0, he agrees with me in regarding as the type. ‘“ Those with broad bands ” (presumably the lower mem- bers of the left-hand stem), var. euryzona. ‘Those entirely white ” (he perhaps refers to the right-hand stem, although none are entirely white), var. nana. ‘“ Those with yellow epidermis, with or without small bands” (probably 5’ and 6’) var. opaca. It is of especial interest to observe the order in which these bands disappear. Calling the bands in order from top to bot- tom, A, B and C, we have seen that A is the first to disappear, while C soon follows, and that B persists to the last unaltered. I did not find a single specimen which contradicted this rule. If two bands were present, they were invariably B and C, if only one, B. Now, it is interesting in this connection to com- pare Cochlostyla ovoidea with other members of the same genus. I have only examined about twenty-two species. The following are the results : In several species there was a single band occurring con- stantly or occasionally. This was invariably B. In one species there was either an entire absence of bands or B alone or B and C. Ina number of other species, the number of bands varied from one to three. In these cases the rule was adhered to with occa- sional exceptions. Finally, there were a few with all three in- variably and a number (about nine) entirely destitute of mark- ings. in the related genus Helix, which possesses typically five bands, the central one is the last to disappear. Another phenomenon of interest, illustrated by this set is that of correlative variation. In this species there seems to be some sort of a correlation between size and color. I measured the length of every shell obtained (538 in all), and found as a result that the average length of all those belonging to the cen- tral place (0) and to the whole left hand branch was 1.3 inches. The average length of the specimens belonging to the three ter- minal places of the right hand stem was J.47. Those interme- diate between 0 and the latter were intermediate in length. The greater size of the white shells 3, 4, 5 and 6, is quite noticeable in the figure. Such are the observable facts in regard to these shells. Their chief interest evidently lies in their relation to the general prob- lems of variation. With the few data which we possess, de- finite conclusions are premature, but it may not be unprofitable 140 TRANSACTIONS OF THE [MAR. 9, to seek some sort of explanation of the facts we are dealing with. If we found these successive modifications of the type form in successive geological strata, we should of course conclude that these varieties were on the way to becoming species, in- other words that we had to do with a case of evolution. But here we are dealing with contemporaneous forms inhabitating apparently the same habitat. Mr. D. C. Worcester, who col- lected these shells, informs me that he was unable to discover any evidence of local distribution. He states further that, with regard to another Cochlostyla nearly as variable as this, he can state positively that the various extremes are often found feed- ing upon the sameclump of bamboo. Quadras writes that those found in the valleys are generally smaller than those found near the seashore, but mentions no local distribution in reference to color. Moreover we have no evidence to show that these vari- ous extremes do not freely interbreed or that the most unlike of them may not hatch from the eggs of the same parents. In- deed, if there is no local distribution, it is inconceivable that the different varieties should breed true. Consider also that no theory of evolution yet offered is com- petent to explain how these varieties can become fixed species. Any theory which appeals to the direct action of environment has no application, for here the environment is the same for all. Against the operation of Natural Selection we can offer objec- tions equally valid. We should be forced under this hypothesis to assign some utility to these markings, the most plausible view being that they are of protective value. But Mr. Worcester writes, in reply to a question of mine on this point: “After thinking the matter over a good deal, I incline to the opinion that we have to do here with variations neither especially useful nor especially harmful.” And, indeed, it is in the highest de- gree improbable that animals with like habits could be protected equally well by such a number of colors. Again, if Natural Selection were here in operation, we should expect to find the terminal forms of the tree, z. e., the most improved, to prepon- derate greatly in number, for Natural Selection can only operate by the extinction of the unimproved. But a count of the speci- mens finds the reverse to be the case: es Kae ep a a alae heal Cd 5A ee a aa Me fs 318 BIOS Lys cueote sags cL en ee eae, ee 41 VATA SAL Ea ants Waren MeV tte Marin 2 SOR s re 18 aR Blacon veka ayatasand herons vigWus de tok Medica a aioe Pe ahek an 66 Gil sea Narn cs Osa ashw od ch et sale toe mae Reh ok an 16 MO TREE cos ccna cg eatagh sdeaeh eae oheaeae: 67 1896. ] NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 141 So I think we can find no reason for believing that we have to do with a case of progressive modification, however much our varietal tree may suggest a genetic tree. It seems more probable to suppose that even the most extreme of these forms may hatch from the same batch of eggs. And here we have a beautiful example of the definite tendency of variation. Vari- ation must take place along certain lines predetermined by the nature of the organism. It is to be regretted that we have so few biological data in regard to this and allied species. Future explorations will per- haps yield these. ZOOLOGICAL LABORATORY, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, March, 1896. Prof. Osborn, in discussion, coincided with the view that the variation could not be explained by natural selection. Dr. Dyar, however, thought the explanation by natural selection not neces- sarily excluded, since the variations seemed analogous to the dimorphism in sphinx larve, which has been shown by Poulton to be probably due to this factor. The other paper was by Dr. Arnold Graf, on “ The Problem of the Transmission of Acquired Characters.” Dr. Graf discussed the views of the modern schools of evolu- tionists and adopted the view that the transmission of acquired characters must be admitted to occur. He cited several ex- amples which seemed to support this view, and especially dis- cussed the sucker in leeches as an adaptation to parasitism and the evolution of the chambered shell in a series of fossil Cepha- lopods. Professor Osborn remarked in criticism of Dr. Graf’s paper that this statement does not appear to recognize the distinction between ontogenic and phylogenic variation, or that the adult form of any organism is an exponent of the stirp, or consti- tution + the environment. If the environment is normal the adult will be normal, but if the environment (which includes all the atmospheric, chemical, nutritive, motor and psychical circumstances under which the animal is reared) were to change, the adult would change correspondingly ; and these changes would be so profound that in many cases it would appear as if 142 TRANSACTIONS OF THE [MAR. 9, the constitution, or stirp, had also changed. Illustrations might be given of changes of the most profound character induced by changes in either of the above factors of environment, and in the case of the motor factor or animal motion the habits of the animal would, in the course of a life time, profoundly modify its structure. For example, if the human infant were brought up in the branches of a tree as an arboreal type instead of as a ter- restrial, bi-pedal type, there is little doubt that some of the well known early adaptations to arboreal habit (such as the turning in of the soles of the feet, and the grasping of the hands) might — be retained and cultivated; thus a profoundly different type of man would be produced. Similar changes in the action of en- vironment are constantly in progress in nature, since there is no doubt that the changes of environment and the habits which it so brings about far outstrip all changes in constitution. This fact, which has not been sufficiently emphasized before, offers an explanation of the evidence advanced by Cope and other writers that change in the forms of the skeletons of the vertebrates first appears in ontogeny and subsequentlyin phylogeny. During the enormously long period of time in which habits induce onto- genic variations it is possible for natural selection to work very slowly and gradually upon predispositions to useful correlated variations, and thus what are primarily ontogenic variations be- come slowly apparent as phylogenic variations or congenital characters of the race. Man, for instance, has been upon the earth perhaps seventy thousand years; natural selection has been slowly operating upon certain of these predispositions, but has not yet eliminated those traces of the human arboreal habits, nor completely adapted the human frame to the upright posi- tion. This is as much an expression of habit and ontogenic variation as it is a constitutional character. Very similar views were expressed to the speaker in a conversation recently held with Professor Lloyd Morgan, and it appears as if a similar con- clusion had been arrived at independently. Professor Morgan believed that this explanation could be applied to all cases of adaptive modification, but it is evident that this cannot be so, because the teeth also undergo the same progressively adaptive 1896. ] NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 143 evolution along determinate lines as the skeleton, and yet it is well known that they do not improve by use, but rather deterio- rate. Thus the explanation is not one which satisfies all cases, but it does seem to meet, and to a certain extent undermine, the special cases of evidence of the inheritance of acquired charac- ters, collected by Professor Cope in his well-known papers upon this subject. Harrison G. Dyar, Secretary pro. tem., (per C. .L..B:) STATED MEETING. March 14th, 1896. The Academy met with President STEVENson in the chair; twelve persons present. The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved. The following nominations for resident membership were re- ceived and referred to the Council: Mr. Louis C. Whiton. 114 West 76th St.; Mr. Wm. F. Havemeyer, 29 West 19th St.; Prof. J. Dyneley Prince, 19 West 34th St.; Prof. Charles B. Bliss, University Heights, New York; Prof. Lawrence A. McLouth, University Heights, New York; Dr. Emil Leytter, 305 West 127th St.; Prof. F. H. Giddings, Columbia University. The Section of Geology and Mineralogy then organized. The first paper of the evening was by Mr. Heinrich Ries, on “A Visit to the Bauxite Mines of Georgia and Alabama.” Mr. Ries described the geological relations of the bauxite deposits of the region, basing his remarks on notes taken last October. The paper was illustrated by numerous lantern views and speci- mens and was discussed by Messrs. Dodge and Kemp. The second paper of the evening was by Prof. R. E. Dodge, on the “ Cretaceous and Tertiary Peneplains of Eastern Ten- nessee,” on the basis of observations accumulated during two summers’ field work in the region under Mr. C. W. Hayes, of the U. S. Geological Survey. The speaker described the geo- 144 TRANSACTIONS OF THE [MAR. 14, graphic development since the Cretaceous period of the country lying west from Chattanooga across the Sequatchie valley to the Mississippi river. The Cretaceous and Tertiary peneplains were illustrated by means of maps and sections, and the present de- velopment of the drainage system was traced out. President Stevenson, in discussing the subject, described his own observa- tions in West Virginia and western Pennsylvania. The Section then proceeded to the election of officers for the ensuing year: Professor J. J. Stevenson was chosen Chairman and Professor J. F. Kemp, Secretary. The Academy then adjourned. J. F. Kemp, Secretary. ON THE OCCURRENCE OF CIRRIPEDES IN THE CAMBRIAN ROCKS OF NORTH AMERICA. By G. F. MatrHew. In a revision of material collected from the Cambrian rocks of Canada and Newfoundland, the author has investigated some peculiar calcareous plates which occur at several horizons; as a result he has come to the conclusion that these are the scattered tegumentary plates of animals related to the barnacles. These plates are of various forms, but the majority agree in having a carina, usually nearer one side than the other. From the fact that the plates are depressed on one side of the carina and elevated on the other, it may be inferred that they are parts of imbricated series. Occasionally plates are found which are convex on both sides of the carina; such plates are more sym- metrical than the others. The above plates differ from Plumulites of Barrande in being comparatively smooth, the only sculpturing of the surface being delicate growth lines near the lower margin. Beside the above plates there are other plates marked by sharply raised, closely set ridges, parallel to the lower margin. Some of these agree perfectly with Barrande’s Plumulites, others are more arcuate, others still have more distant growth ridges, etc. Such is the variety of form in the smooth plates that it is highly probable that more than one species (perhaps more than one genus) is represented. But as the plates found were de- 1896. | NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 145 tached from each other, and scattered over layers of the shale, it is quite impossible to determine this point. For the smooth plates I wouid suggest the name Cirripodites. One of these plates and a Plumulites are figured below. 1. Plumulites Manuelensis, Mag =. From the subzone of Paradoxides Davidis, Manuel Brook, Newfoundland. 2. Cirripodites Acadicus, triangular form, Mag. 2. From the subzone of P. ‘Eteminicus, St. John, N. Bs Canada. All the plates so far found belong to the Paradoxide Zone. In America this zone contains four subzones, viz. : 1. Subzone of P. lamellatus (cf. Gilandicus). 2. ” ‘“ P. Eteminicus (cf. rugulosus). 3. 5 ‘“‘ Pp. Abenacus (cf. Tessini). 4, _ “ P. Davidis (the highest subzone). In Sweden there are two higher subzones in the Paradoxides beds. Plates of Cirripedes have been found in the second and fourth subzones ; and certain fossils which probably are of this type of crustacean, from the third subzone. The fossils from the several subzones differ so faras to show that they are probably of differ- ent genera. A fuller account of these interesting fossils will be given in an article which the author has in preparation, on the Fauna of the Paradoxides Zone in America. In reference to the use of the generic names given above, a few words may be said. Apparently there has been a diversity of practice in the use of terms to designate these fossils. Dr. Henry Woodward* argues for the use of Turrilepas as against Plumulites, on the ground of priority of publication. Barrande first found Plumulites in the Ordovician rocks (Etage D.) of Bohemia, whereas Dr. Woodward’s Turrilepas came from the Silurian, and it seems altogether probable that they are dif- ferent genera. Dr. H. M. Ami has found plates in the Utica beds near Ot- tawa, which very closely resemble some of Barrande’s figures ; * Geolog. Mag. London, New Ser. Dec. iii., vol. vi., p. 272. TRANSACTIONS N. Y. ACAD. Scr., Vol. XIV., Sig. 10, June 2, 1896. 146 TRANSACTIONS OF THE [MaAR. 30, and in the collections of Columbia College, New York, there are plates from the same horizon at Plattsburg, N. Y., having the form and markings of Plumulites. In view of the very diverse types of Cirripedes figured by Dr. J. M. Clarke,* in which the individual plates show no greater diversity of form than those called Plumulites by Barrande, it seems to me quite within the range of convenient use to utilize this term of Barrande for detached, corrugated plates of Cirripedes of the Ordovician and earlier time. Perhaps a fortunate happening of discovery shall before long enable us to relegate certain of them to a more defi- nite genus. : St. Joun, N. B., Canapa, March, 1896. REGULAR PusLic LECTURE. March 23d, 1896. The Academy met in the Law School of Columbia University to listen to the regular public lecture for the month. Professor STEVENSON presided, and about 350 people were present. Before the lecture began the following two names were pre- sented for resident membership and referred to the Council in the regular course: Mr. A. S. Frissell, Mr. Thaddeus R. White. President STEVENSON then introduced Professor M. I. Pupin, who delivered the lecture on “‘ Roentgen’s Discovery” and illus- trated his remarks by experiments and the lantern. At the close of the lecture a vote of thanks was given the lecturer. ‘The Academy then adjourned. J. F. Kemp, Secretary. STATED MEETING. March 30th, 1896. The Academy met and listened to an address by the retiring President, Professor J. K. Rees, upon the subject “ Some Prob- lems About to Confront Astronomers of the Twentieth Cen- * Am. Geologist, vol. xvii., No. 3, p. 143. 1896. ] NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 147 tury.” The address appeared in full in Screncre of May 15,1896. About twenty-five persons were present. At the conclusion of the lecture the Academy adjourned, after passing a vote of thanks to the lecturer. REGULAR BUSINESS MEETING. April 6th, 1896. The Academy met with President SrEVENsoNn in the chair. There were about forty persons present. The Secretary presented the following nominations from the Council, all of whom were elected : Henry M. Alexander, Frederick C. Beach, Charles B. Bliss, James M. Donald, James Douglass, Scott Foster, A. 8. Frissell, F. H. Giddings, Frank J. Gould, Miss Helen Gould, Thomas E. Greacen, Wm. F. Havemeyer, Marcellus Hartley, Daniel W. Hering, Edmund J. Levine, Emil Leytter, Lawrence A. McLouth, Alfred Pell, Henry G. Piffard, J. Dyneley Prince, Wm. T. Sabine, Louis Mann Silver, Francis H. Stoddard, James Stokes, Th. Weston, Thaddeus R. White, Louis C. Whiton. The Section of Astronomy and Physics then organized and listened to the following program : P. H. Dudley, “The Law of Deflection Sets under Drop Tests in different Sections of Steel Rails of uniform physical Properties follows the comparative Moments of Inertia of the respective Sections.” Harold Jacoby, ‘“On the Permanence of the Rutherfurd Photographs.” Remarks by J. K. Rees, on: (1) ‘The Harvard College Ob- servatory photographs of star clusters, planets, variable stars and stellar spectra.” (2) ‘‘ Prof. J. E. Keeler’s photographs of planetary spectra.” Illustrated by photographs and lantern slides. M. I. Pupin, “ Communication of some new Results of Experi- 148 TRANSACTIONS OF THE [aPR. 13, ments with the Roéntgen Rays.” Experimental demonstration followed in the Electrical Laboratory of Columbia University. J. F. Kemp, Secretary. STATED MEETING. April 138th, 1896. The Academy met with President STEVENSON in the chair. Twenty-five persons present. The minutes of the last meeting were read and approved. The Section of Biology then organized and listened to the following program : Tarleton H. Bean, “The Habits of the Young of the Pacific Salmon.” Oliver 8. Strong, ‘‘ A Case of Degeneration of the Optic Nerve in the Brain of the Skate, Raja erinacea.” H. F. Osborn, “* A Mode of Evolution requiring neither Natural Selection nor the Inheritance of Acquired Characters. An abstract appears on a subsequent page. J. F. Kemp, Secretary. RECENT NOTES ON BACTERIA. By Harrison G. Dyar, Pu. D., AssiIsTANT IN BACTERIOLOGY. DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY, CoLumMBIA UNIversity, N. Y. “T would reeommend * * *_ that all who describe new species should be urged to afford a second description twelve months later * * * stating accurately how far the forms have become modified by continued growth on ordinary standard media,” This suggestion of Dr. J. G. Adami (Jour. American Public Health Association, X X., 418, Oct., 1895), has appeared to me a valuable one and I have accordingly put it into practice by re- planting the ‘new species” of Bacteria described by me (Ann. N. Y. Academy of Science, VIII., 322-380). The following is the result of this planting during February and March, 1896. 1896.] NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 149 The period which has elapsed since the first planting, which is the one recorded in my former paper, varies from one to two years. 1. MERISMOPEDIA FLAVA VARIANS. The morphology represents now a well packeted Sarcina in- stead of a Merismopedia and the gelatin is slowly liquefied, in one culture in 33 days, and in another made at the same time only in 50 days. The characters on the other media have not changed, except that nitrate is rather less quickly reduced, the full reduction not being obtained till 28 days. 6. Micrococcus SIMILIS. The cultures are dead. 3. MicrococcUs CEREUS AUREUS. The characters have not changed. 12. MicrRococcUS CREMOIDES AUREUS. The cultures faded to the color of I. cremoides, but retained their growth characters. Fresh cultures with the normal orange color were readily obtained from the air. 14. Micrococcts CREMOIDES ALBUS. The cultures were lost, but those of JZ. cremoides had faded to pure white, retaining their other characters. 21. MERISMOPEDIA FRAGILIS. The cultures are dead. 93. MERISMOPEDIA MOLLIS. Characters scarcely changed. The growth is less abundant than a year ago, the orange color most distinct in the condensa- tion water in the bottom of the tube. Lactose litmus agar is made blue. 25. Micrococcus DISSIMILIS. Characters unchanged except that the cells were seen to be associated in pairs and fours as well as singly, thus representing a Merismopedia. 33. MERISMOPEDIA MESENTERICUS CORRUGATUS. The growth characters are exactly the same, and in addition a slight pink tint was seen in the liquefied gelatin. Milk is af- fected exactly as by B. lactis erythrogenes, being apparently co- agulated, but on boiling the coagulum disappears. 30 Hudson River slate, v., 216 River Valley, clays of, xi., 33 Valley, boulders in, iii., 24-26 Valley, glaciation in, i., 25, 26 Human bones in caves, x., 10 milk, new fat in, ii., 140 remains at Inwood, N. Y., ix., 199 remains at Spy, viii., 182-135 Humasson, T. A., elected member, xv., 134 Humboldtilite in slags, iii., 104 Humidity of Panama, viii., 85, 86, 110 INDEX. Hungary, minerals from, iii., 104 opal mines of, xi., 32 Hunt, Dr. T. Sterry, death of, xi., 72 Huntington, George S., elected resi- dent member, xii., 25 Huxley’s bill to fix standard weights and measures, xv., 125 Huronian, xiv., 194 ion Ores, 155, 6,7, 17 Huron, shale of Ohio containing Din- ichthys, iii., 20 Huxley memorial committee, xv., 39 fund, xv., 132 tribute, xv., 40 Hyaline quartz, viii., 161, 162 Hybrids and Hybridism, iv., 79 Hydatina, ix., 33 Hydnum septentrionale, v., 111 Hydraulics of the Mississippi, ii1., 82-83 Hydrazoic acid, x., 43 Hydriodie acid, v., 187 Hydrochloric acid, v., 192 solidification of, v., 191 Hydrogen, v.. 185, 186, 187 as primary matter, v,, 184-185, in comets, v., 255 in stars, v., 184 in sun, v., 245 liquefaction of, v., 190, 191 weight of atom of, v., 183 peroxide of, v., 188 Hydrodolomite, viii., 60 Hydromica schist, viii., 48, 50, 53 Hydrophane, vi., 111, 112; viii., 16, ily Hydroxyl, v., 186 Hymenea, v., 137 Hymenatherum, viii., 77 Hymenatherum tenuilobum, vii., 11 pentachetum, 1x., 182 lenuilobum, ix., 182 Hymenopappus Mexicanus, viil., 77 flavescens, ix., 184 Hyolithellus micans ? xiv., 129 Hypolithes, ef. princeps, Americanus, obtusa, decipiens, gracilior, xiv., 129 Hyopotamus, xiii., 176 Hypericum virgatum ovalifolium (new), im, 10 Hypotricha, ix., 34 327 Ice age in North America, ix., 83 caves in the Shawangunk Range, it., 23 erosive power of, ili., 51-52 movement, direction of, iii., 24 crystals, x., 120 eroding, power of, viii., 164 period, theory of, ii., 157-159 Iced-Bar and Long-Tape Base Appa- ratus, xili., 6 Iceland, geysers of, viii., 184 history of, viiil., 184 people of, viii., 184 scenery in, viii., 184 spar, vili., 58 Ichthyosaurus, v., 26 Icterus Northropi (new), x., 52 Idaho forests, i., 5 mining, i., 4-5 voleanic tufts, i., 49-50 minerals from, iii., 2, 7 Idocrase, ii., 25 Idunium, v., 200 Teneous rocks, v., 121-130, 222, 230 Tleo-colic junction of Procyon lotor Xil., 50 Iles, Mr. George, elected resident member, xiv., 93 Illumination for Photo-Micrography, sources of, xiv., 71 Ilmenite, vi., 130; viii., 54 Tlysanthes gratioloides, ix., 185 Imperfections in rock crystals, v., 275-276 Implement shed, i., 121, 147 stone, i., 49, 85, 105 Implements of argillite, iii., 9 of flint of Amiens, iii., 80 Incandesence, Temperature, iv., 43 Inception and progress of railways, v., 137-152 Inclusions in amber, viii., 156, 157 in oligoclase, viii., 2 in quartz, vili., 21, 161 Index to Copernicus, x., 87 Indian arrow heads near Trenton, iii., 8 arrow heads in Oregon, iii., 63 mythology of Sacramento Valley, lii., 55 gold ornaments, vi., 40, 60 mounds, vi., 40, 71, 72 character, v., 203 garnets, v., 225, 226 9 . ~ 528 Indian mounds, v., 73 remedies, v., 203 scraper, v., 72 wars, cause of, v., 202 corn, xil., 8 Indian Territory, copper region, 1., 19=20 geology of, xv., 50 relations between the Carbonifer- ous of Territory and Texas, xyv., 50 Winslow’s table of Succession, xv., 51 Dr. Chance’s table of Succession, Kendo fuel ratios of coal, xv., 54 limestone of, xv., 52 Greenwood sandstone, xv., 53 Booneville stage, interest of, xv., 53 the Grady coal bed, xv., 53 the McAlister coal bed, xv., 54 Appleton and Danville stages, xv., 54 Appalachian structure of coal field, XV., 00 Limestone Gap, xv., 55 Condition along the Gulf, Colorado and Santa fé Railroad, xv., 56 Buckhorn Creek limestone, xv., 57 Fossils in asphaltum, xv., 58 Collections by Prof. Hill, xv., 59 Ouachita Mountain system, xv., 59 Resemblance to Appalachian struc- ture, xv., 60 Granitic area and Arbuckle Moun- tains, xv., 61 Indians, art among, viii., 116 tattooing among, viii., 116 Troquois, i1., 57-61 skeletons at Far Rockaway, ii., 140-144 North American, plants of, iv., 35 of Georgia and Florida, vi., 60-63 of South America, v., 227 Indigofera leptosepala, vii., 9; ix., 181 Indigo, v., 197 Indurated shales at Bergen Hill, N. Mer aula. tf Infant foods, ii., 95 Inferior planets, v., 247 Influence of vegetation in cities, ete., v., 264 food and fibre INDEX. Influence upon Science of the dis- covery of the New World, xii., 7 Infra-red Spectrum of the Sun, Re- searches in, xiv., 93 Infusoria, v., 49 ‘* Infusiorial Earth’? in New Jersey, vili., 16 Infusorian, phosphorescent, v., 15-16 Inoceramus, ii., 94; y., 183; ix., 31 Insecta, v., 42 Insects, fossil, at Floriszant iii., 13 specialization of sex in, iii., 103 Inscriptions in Yucatan, v., 175-177 Instantaneous photo., vi., 42 Instinct in lower Vetebrates, xv., 126 origin of, xv., 123 Instrument for Quantitative Experi- ments, xiv., 163 Accuracy of, xiv., 167 Adjustment of, xiv., 166 Instruments, astronomic, v., 261 Ancient Astronomical, xi., 106 Interior of Earth, vi., 20-22, 29, 32, 33,04 discussion, xiv., 86 Internal Ear, functions of, xii., 95 International Congress of Geologists, Vahey Pal Invitation from, xili., 241 International time-system, i., 86-95 Intra-mercurian planets, vili., 154 Intrusive Rocks near St. John, N. B., xiit., 185 Inula submaxillaris, vii., 10 Inundations of the Mississippi basin, lii., 82-83 Invalid-foods, ii., 95 Invertebrate paleontology, x., 4 contributions to, x., 4 Invested Funds, management, Xiv. 92 Tonidium lineare, vii., 7 polygalefolium, vii., 12 Ipomeea hederacea, vii., 7 mil, vil., 12 trifida, vii., 12 Lindheimeri, ix., 185 Tris Missouriensis, viii., 80 Iron and steel, testing, i., 149 ores, i., 7, 162-163 Tron-apophyllite, viii., 57 disulphide, vi., 135 in meteorite, vi., 92 INDEX. Tron ornaments from Indian mounds, V.5 (1-72 in Comets, v., 254, 255 meteoric, v., 74, 224, 227 ore, Cranberry Mine, v., 221 Staten Island, v., 229 magnetic, x., 59 meteoric, from Butte, Montana, ix., 205 meteoric from Pulaski Co., Va., ix., 205 meteoric from Turner Mound, ix., 193 meteoric from Kiowa Co., Iowa, re LEO) Mine, Cornwall, Pa., xiii., 205 ores, 1i., 64 crystalline, ii., 6-8 genesis of, ii., 13-17 of Iron Mountain, i1., 15 oxide from Pyrites, v., 192 in Staten Island, v., 229 Sands, concentration of, ii., 14-17 Wire, curious corrosion of, iii., 65, 66 Iroquois Customs and Language, iv., 34 Indians, language, ii., 57-61 significance of flora to, v., 202 Irrigation, effect of,on climate, ix.,210 effects of, on rainfall, ix., 211 Ischypterus Agassizii, vi., 127 alatus, vi., 128 Braunii, vi., 128 elegans, Vi., 128 fultus, vi., 128 gigas, Vi., 128 latus, vi., 128 lenticularis, vi., 128 lineatus, vi., 128 macropterus, vi., 127 Marshii, vi., 127 micropterus, Vi., 128 minutus, vi., 128 modestus, vi., 128 ovatus, vi., 127 parvus, vi., 127 robustus, vi., 128 tenwiceps, Vi., 128 Islands, Hawaiian, x., 3 Isomerism, v., 197 Isotropy of egg, experiments on, xiii., 206 7-8, 29 oe Is Palceospondylus a Cyclostome ? xv., 100 Isthmian transit, viii., 165-173 Isthmus of Panama, vili., 85, 86, 168-172 termites of the, ix., 157 of Tehuantepec, vili., 165-173 Italy, ozokerite deposit, ii., 46, 47 Tulidze, vi., 111 Ivesia depauperata, viii., 80 Jack, Robert L., elected correspond- ing member, xii., 40 Jacoby, Harold, elected Councillor, xili., 128 Jackson, A. V. Williams, elected sec- retary of sub-section of philology, Xv., 5, 154 Jade, ix., 140-148 ; vi., 139-141 objects, vi., 141 ornaments from Oberstein, iii., 62 Jadeite, vi., 139-141 adze, vi., 139, 140 Japanese amber, viii., 157 crystal spheres, v., 235, 267-275 cost of, v., 273-275 cutting of, v., 270-274 size of, v., 274, 275 use of, v., 267-269 weight of, v., 276 Jasper, i., 117 Jasperoid rock, viii., 180, 181 Jasperized woods, vi., 165, 166 Jatropha spatulata sessilifolia, ix., 181 Jay, Dr. John C., death of, xi., 32 resolutions on death, xi., 40 Jebel Nagous, viii., 182, 183; ix., 140 sonorous sand hill, ili., 98, 99 Jeff. Davis Mine, x., 63 Jefferisite, v., 77 Jersey City buildings, ii., 67, 71 Jesup, Morris K., elected member, Xi, 20 Jugatez, xiv., 50 Joints in the Shawangunk conglom- erate, ili., 23 Jones, C. N., elected resident mem- ber, xii., 40 Jouite, ix., 35 Journey in S. A., vi., 129, 138, 147 Judith River beds, ix., 29 Juglans, v., 136 nigra, ili., 107 rupesiris, ii., 92; vili., 76; ix., 185 TRANSACTIONS N. Y. ACAD. ScI., Vol. XV., Sig. 22, Jan., 1897. 330 Julien, A. A., elected Councillor, XdDgy 12S} ‘Jumbo,’’ v., 223 Juniperus, v., 136; vi., 124 hypnoidis, xii., 29 occidentalis, var monosperma, Viii., 76 pachyphlea, 76 Jupiter, v., 251 satellite of, xii., 27 surface marking of, xii., 218 Jurassic fossils, v., 19 Kaaterskill Creek and Clove, N. Y., i., 24-27 Kalinite, vi., 130 Kalmia Brittoniana, xii., 34 Kames in Catskill Mts., i., 27 Kamsin, ix., 114 Kane, S., Nicholson, elected resi- dent member, xiv., 154 Kanai, sonorous dune, ili., 98 Kaolin of Long Island, viii., 179 of New Jersey, viil., 178 of Staten Island, viii., 178 Kapa, x., 27 Kauai, x., 28 Keir, Mr. James, viii., 23, 24 Kemp, James F., elected Librarian, xi., 128 elected fellow, xii., 39 elected resident member, Xi., 25 Kerolite, v., 229 Kerosene oil, methods of ascertain- ing safety of, i., 137-143 Kerr, W. C., elected resident mem- ber, xiii., 151 Kew herbarium, viii., 3 Kidney of Elephas Indicus, xiii., 110 Kilauea, viii., 82 Kimberly Farm, Kan., view of the, ix 86 Kingston Group, xiv., 209 sub-group, xiv., 193 Kiowa Co. meteorites, ix., 138, 186 analysis, ix., 190 map, ix., 188 weight, ix., 189 Kjeldahl method, v., 24 Kjockken moeddens, ii., 141-143 Knight, George H., elected resident member, xi., 25; xii., 218 Koch’s method for development of bacteria, ii., 113, 114 INDEX. Kootenai Lake, x., 57-61 Krakatoa, distribution of volcanic dust of, iii., 60, 61, 64, 65 microscopic examination of ash, lii., 14, 63, 64 eruption of, vili., 82, 83 Krameria lanceolata, vii., 8 ; ix., 183 spe G. F., elected Curator, xii., 28 Kyanite in Mica schist, iii., 22; v., 75, 222 Labiatee, vii., 13 Laboratories, marine, xii., 95 Laccolite elevation in San Juan Mts., v., 129 Lactuca pulchella, viti., 80 Lake Champlain, colored marbles, iii., 100 at High Point, N. Y., iii., 29 Meeris, Egypt, Survey at, ili., 78, 79 Mohawk and Minnewaska, N. Y., iii., 27-30 Nicaragua, species of skate in, iii., 38 at Sands Point, N. Y., ili., 26 Superior, ancient mining excayva- tions at, iii., 14 Copper series at, iii., 13, 14 first steamboat on, iii., 13 ores, lil., 1, 2 Lakes, artificial, vili., 117-125 Lake Kootenai, x., 57-61 Champlain valley, trap dikes in, Nala yailtey Champlain geology of, xv., 19 Champlain, petrography and dis- tribution of trap dikes in the region of, xv., 105 Lamborn, Robert H., memorial, xiv., 12 Lamna, ii., 85 cornubica, vi., 70 Lamp, are, x., 104 Land and people of Paraguay, xi., 24 Land shells of Curacao, Buenos Ayres and Aruba, ii, 151-154 Porto Rico, 150 “Tandskibet,’’ vi., 93 Language of Iroquois Indians, ii., a7-61 and customs of the Iroquois, iv., 34 INDEX. Language of ancient Egyptians, iv.,60 Lantana camara, vii., 13 Lantern Hill, Mystic, Conn., great quartz vein of, xv., 183 microscope, lil., 105 projections, x., 103 Lapidary work at Oberstein, iii., 62 Lapis lazuli, ix., 148 Laguna Beach, x., 32 Laramie City, Wyo., calcite crystals, TUN ye 45 LO 20. flora, x., 3 group, 1x., 27 relation of, to the Puerco, xii., 69 Larrea Mexicana, ii., 92; ix., 181 Larvee, classification of Lepidopter- ous, Xiii., 161 of Limulus, ii., 106-107 Lathyrus Arizonicus, viii., 65 Latitude, determination of, v., 235 variations of, xii., 26 Laumontite, ii., 89; vi., 129 Luray Cavern, ii., 38-41; v., 217 Laurencite, in meteorite, vi., 161 Laurentian formation, ii., 7 iron ores, li., 7, 8, 14-17 rocks, v., 216 rocks of 8. E. Penna., vili., 48-51 of Westchester Co., N. Y., viii., 52 rocks, notes on, xiv., 21 series, xiv., 192, 194 Laurus Holle, xii., 34 plutonia, 236 primigenia, 33 Lava caves, ii., 36 plain in Idaho, i., 4-5 Laveesium, v., 200 Law of deflection in steel rails, xv., 147 Laws of fatigue, ete., vi., 114-121 Lawrence, Mr. George N., xiy., 71- 72 Lawton, James Marsland, Jr., elected member, xv., 34 Lead disulphate, xiv., 5 native, i., 3 oxide, 1.,; 3 native, ili., 2 red oxide, ili., 2 sulphide, iii., 2, 23 Lea, Dr. Isaac, memorial of, vi., 65 Leaf-bearing sandstones at Glen Cove, L. I., iii., 30-31 Leaf forms, origin of, iii., 38-49 351 Leaf impressions in ‘‘Amboy ”’ clays, v., 136 Lechea, xii., 188 Lecture course, programme, 1., 95 Lecture experiment, v., 214, 215 Lectures, public course, viii., 59, 82, 1141305 1515 163 ; 1x. 55; ‘71, 83, 104, 127, 133, 139, 156, 200 Lederle, Ernest, elected resident member, xi., 25 Leeches Excreting, System of, xiv., 79 Lee, Frederick §., elected resident member, xii., 25 Leersia oryzoides, 1x., 14 Virginica, ix., 14 Leguminose, vii., 9 Leguminosites frigida, xii., 34 IGSIES ee V7 : Lembke, Charles F., elected resident ~ member, xiv., 154 Leucophyllum Texanum, vii., 12 Lenum Berlandieri, vii., 8 multicaule, vii., 8 Lenses, glass, vi., 96-103 Lentinus Lepideus, v., 111-113 Lensites vilas, v., 111 Lepachys Columnaris pulcherima, ix., 184 Lepidium intermedium, vii., 7 Lepidoptera, v., 44 Lepidosteus, vii., 257 LePlengoon, Dr., discoveriesin Yu- eatan, v., 173, 175, 178 Leopardite, v., 222 Leptzna, vii., 2 Sericea, vii., 4 Leperditia (?) ventricosa, Steadi, minor, primeva, xiv., 137 Lepiditta sigillata, xiv., 138 Lepidodendrum, iv., 75, 76 Lepidolite, v., 80 Lepidoptera, a list of, ix., 2 Lepidopterous larvee, Classification of, xiv., 47 Lepidosteus, vil., 257 breeding habits of, xiv., 45 Leptzena, vii., 2 sericea, vil., 4 Lespedeza, North American species Oi, saul. He Leucite in New Jersey, xiii., 144 Leucophyllum Texanum, vii., 12 Level of N. J. Coast, vi., 39 332 Levine, Edmund J., elected resident member, xv., 147 Lexell’s Comet, history of, x., 110 Leytter, Emile, elected resident member, xv., 147 Liatris punctata, vii., 10 Libbey, Jr., Prof. Wm., elected cor- responding member, xili., 171 Libocedrus decurrens, iii., 85 Librarian, vi., 1, 109-167 report, iii., 70 ; vili., 126, 127 ; ix., 3, 56, 107 ; xiv., 90 Librarian’s report, xv., 132 Exchanges added, xv., 132 Requests for publications, xv., 132 Librarian’s expenses, xv., 133 Library, accessions to, viii., 4, 29, 175, 184 Library of Academy, condition and increase, ili., 70 removal, iii., 106 Library of Academy, v., 1, 20, 164,282 Library, Academy by law, vi., 1 transfer of, vi., 12, 109, 110 accessions, vi., 109 . exchanges, vi , 167-182 Library, disposition of, iv., 46 Lichens, attack on Stone, ii., 123 Life of Arnold Guyot, iii., 66-88 Benjamin N. Martin, iii., 56-60 building stones, in New York, ii., 136 Mr. Thomas Bland, v., 29, 278 Dr. A. C. Post, v., 280 Triassic, vi., 124-128 Light, are, x., 103 oxhydrogen, x., 104 electric, v., 97-102 Lightning, protection from, xiii., 111 Lignite, ii., 86 ; v., 230; ix., 35 in ‘‘ Amboy”’ clays, v., 136 Ligusticum montanum, viii., 80 scopolorum, viii., 78 Likeness of Dr. Priestley, viii., 17-20 Liliacea, vii., 14 Limaz agrestis, xiii., 136 Limestone, i., 15-19, 22, 58 erosion of, i1., 60 65 li., 11, 16, 25, 69-72, 85, 95 caves in, ii., 36-41 durability, ii., 128, 186, 137 eocene, near Green River, iii., 13 pebbles, curiously grooved, iv., 2 V., 222 INDEX. at Natural Bridge, v., 218 beneath Trias of New Jersey, v., 19 in San Juan Mts., v., 125, 126 overlying ‘‘ Dakota,’’ v., 133 stains and decay in, v., 62 of Staten Island, vi., 13-15 of Ne Jiavis, 09 of Illinois, vi., 137, 138 Limit to economical expansion in steam engines, ii., 1 Limnanthemum lacunosum, iii., 43 aquaticum (new), ix., 121 Limonite, ii., 7, 14-17; ii1., 18; v., 229,230; vir, 16, Di ORE vili., 54, 60 of Staten Island, viii., 180, 181 from St. John’s River, xiii., 22 Limulus, ii., 8; xii., 241 larvee of, ii., 106-107 polyphemus, ii., 106-107 eggs of, iv., 5 Linaria Canadensis, vii., 12 Linez, vii., 8 Lingual dentition of pulmonate mol- luses, ili., 71 Lingula Quebecensis, vii., 2 Lingulella (?) eelata, inflata, ovealis, Xiv., 126 martinensis ef. granvillensis, Xiv., 113 : Linum Berlandieri, vii., 8 multicaule, vii., 8 Linnarssonia transversa, xiv., 125 Lip ornaments, ix., 153 Lippia lanceolata, ix., 185 ligustrina (new ),.ix., 181, 185 lycioides, ix., 181 Liquefaction of gases, v., 190-191 Liquidambar, iii., 47 Styraciflua, iv., 31 Liriodendron, iii., 41, 94; v., 136 Liriodendron, xiii., 133 simplex, xii., 33, 232; xiii., 130, 180 primvum, X1i., 35 List of Contributors to Publication Fund, iii., 112 Corresponding Members, ili., 126- 137 Honorary Members, iii., 123-125 Patrons of the Academy, iii., 113 Resident Fellows and Members, ’ jii., 114-122 Subscribers to old Building Fund, iii., 109-111 INDEX. List of Exchanges, vi., 167-182 species of Band b (Protolenus Fauna), xiv., 148 State and local floras, ix., 108 Literature, Astronomical, v., 261-262 of Electrolysis, i., 163 of Ozone, iii., 34 “Lithia Fmerald,’’ viii., 161 Lithium Bichromate, in Golgi stain- ing, xili., 206 Lithology of N. Y. Island, viii., 53-55 of S. E. Penn’a, viii., 47-51 Lithomarge, vi., 3 Lithospermum canescens, vii., 12 Lithostrotion microstylum, vii., 247 Little Bahama Bank, x., 4 ‘* Little builders of the Earth,”’ viii., 151 Living matter, structure of, ii., 79-84 Livonia salt well, ix., 41 Lobelia Clifforteana brachypoda, ix., 185 Ieocal) Com., A. A. A. S:,-vis,, 129; 130 Lochs and crannogs of Scotland, xi., 48 Locomotive, capacity of, v., 144, 145, 152 combustion in, v., 144-146 development of, v., 188-143 fuel necessary in, v., 144-146, 150 speed of, v., 143, 144 weight of, v., 145, 152 Locomotion of animals, i., 164-167 Loeb, Morris, elected resident mem- ber; suit.) Loelaps, 1ii., 53 Loess formation, fossils of, iii., 14 Long Island and Nautucket, xv., Cretaceous material in the Moraine, Xv., 5 Marine Cretaceous, xv., 3 yellow Gravel, xv., 5 Cretaceous of, viii., 177, 181 Geology of, iv., 25 Geology of North Shore of, xiii., 122 Longitude, v., 235 Lonicera involucrata, viii., 80 Loperia simplex, vi., 126 Louisiana cane juices, ete., ix., 108 Love, E. G., elected member, xv., 134 333 Lower Niagara limestone, certain crinoidea of, ix., 139 Lower Silurian Strata, v., 216 Lowest temperature, v., 191 Loxoclase feldspar, ii., 147 Lumbricus, xiii., 135 Lumeniferous ether, v., 77 Luminous limestone from Utah, iii., 100 Lunar craters, xii., 93 photographs, xii., 26 eclipse, photographs of, xv., 63 ‘Society,’ viii., 23, 24 surface, changes on, xi., 42 Lupinus subcarnosus, vii., 9; rivularis var. latifolius, vili., 80 Luquer, L. Mcl., elected resident member, Xii., 25 Luzula spadicea var. parviflora, viii., 78 Lycopodium dendroideum, iii., 47 Lygodesmia aphylla, vii., 11; ix., 184 Lyrodesma pulchella, vii., 4 Lythrum alatum, ix., 181-184 alatum linearifolium, ix., 181 Macadam pavements, viii., 43 Machairodus, iii., 53 Mackintosh, J. B., viii., 9, 185 Macroceramus, ii., 152, 153 Gossei, ii., 152 inermis, li., 152 Macrotus waterhousei, x., 52 Mactra alta, ix., 31 Macy, Chas. A. 2d. elected resident member, xiv., 154 Madonna mine, Colorado, v., 130 Madrepora cervicornis, x., 7, 20 palmarum, x., 20 Meandrina, x., 7 ‘Magic Stone,’ vi., 111, 112 Magnesian limestones, v., 216 Magnet Cove, Ark., perofskite, iii., 17 Magnetic Circuit, xv., 97 Magnetic iron, x., 59 storms, v., 240 Magnetism of earth, v., 240 Magnetite, ii., 7, 8, 13-17, 94; iii., 17, 18; vi., 130-162; viii., 54-59 of Gunnison, Colorado, i., 7 in New York Island, v., 232 Magnitudes, star, x., 117 Magnolia, iii., 47, 84, 85, 94, 96; v., 136 334 Magnolia alternans, xiii., 181 Capellini, xii., 254 ongifolia, Xii., 36 speciosa, xii., 234 glauca, iv., 31 Maine, minerals from, ii1., 2 Majanthemophyllum pusillum, xii., 36 Major Planets, v., 250-253 Malachite from Arizona, v., 19 from N. Y. City, vi., 41; viii., 12, 45, 59; ix., 148 Malpigiacea, vii., 8 Malvacee, vii., 8 Matlvastrium, viii., 77 Americanum, ix., 181 tricuspidatum, ix., 181 Mammalia, genealogy of, v., 89 the rise of, xii., 53 Mammalian fauna of Lower Miocene, xii., 50 Mammals, Cretaceous, recently dis- covered, xii., 27 from White River Deposits, Dak., xiii., 176 Mammoth cave of Kentucky, i., 59- 66; ii., 38-41 extinction of, iv., 19, 23, 25 Siberian Skin of, iv., 24 Menaccanite, ii., 7 Man, antiquity of, iii., 7-12 Manchester, Mass., ‘‘ singing beach’’ at, iii., 73-75 Manganese, x., 59 Manganese ore in southwest Vir- ginia, 1., 163 oxide, ii., 14, 17, 100; vi., 91 Mangroves, x., 6 Mann, Charles Riborg, elected resi- dent member, xi., 40 Man of Spy, viii., 182-135 Manufacture of stone tools, x., 110 Maple juice, sap-sand, i., 168 sugar, artificial, v., 194 Map of U.8., construction of, viii., 21 Marbles, colored, ix., 95 from Manchester, Vt., ix., 96 from Numidia, ix., 95 of the ancients, iii., 101, 102 of Virginia, i., 163 Marble, decay of, ii., 38, 71, 72; v., 62-69 durability of, i1., 128-133, 136 flexibility of, ii., 180-133 INDEX. quarries of Western N. E. and Eastern N. Y., xv., 182 Marcasite, v., 231; viii., 54 in Mica, v., 121 Margaritana, viii., 163 Margarops albiventris, vi., 111 Marginal modifications of the leaf, lii., 39-41 Marié, Peter, elected resident mem- ber, xiv., 154 Marine Laboratories of Europe, xii., oO Marl] belt of New Jersey, ii., 9-13, 85 Marmolite, i., 58; v., 229 Marrubiun vulgare, ix., 185 Mars, v., 249-250 Marsh gas, v., 190 Marsileaceze, vii., 14 Marsilea macropoda, vii., 14 Martha’s Vineyard, Geology and Botany of, xiii., 8 Martin, Benj. N., life of, iii., 56-60 Martin, D. S., elected Councillor, xii., 128 Massachusetts, minerals, iii., 17, 18 Mastodon, iv., 20, 22; vi., 59; vil., 52, 128, 246 remains, v., 15, 117, 223 tooth, viii., 2 Mauna Loa, viii., 82 Maximowiczia Lindheimeri, vii., 9 Maya inscriptions and carvings, v., 170-178 Mayer, Prof. A. M., elected resi- dent member, xiil., 234 McLouth, Lawrence A., elected resi- dent member, xv., 147 Meandrina convexa, vii., 253 Mearns, Dr. E. A., viii., 60 Measurements of air effects, xiv., 169 Measures of Stars about Beta Cygni, xi., 120 ; Mechanical power from electricity, v., 102-110 from heat, v., 95-97 into electricity, v., 94-97 science, researches in, ii., 18 Medicago Virginica, xii., 58-64 Medical knowledge of Indians, v., 203 Medina sandstone, v., 216 Mediterranean, amber of, vili., 157 Meduse, v., 37 INDEX. Meeting, annual, ii., 95-100 of National Academy of Sciences, xi., 41 Meetings of Academy, v., 162 annual business, xv., 128 extra, xv., 123 business, xv., 1, 34, 97, 123, 128, 134, 147, 155 stated, xv., 1, 3, 39, 50, 62, 66, 70, 98, 104, 125, 127, 137, 143, 146, 148, 153, 154, 157, 182 Megaceros, xiii., 180 Megalosaurus, iii., 53 Melamine, v., 195 Melampodium cinereum, vii., 11; ix., 184 Melanterite, stalactitic, vili., 22 Melastomacee, iii., 41 Melica diffusa nitens, ix., 185 Melochia pyramidata, ix., 181 Melosira, ix., 35; xii., 220; xiil., 181 Members, election of new, i., 77, 10557 1295 150, dos 55 1635, 176, 180 deceased, i., 77, 108, 158, 159, 164 election, ii., 24, 42, 62, 79, 100 resignation, li., 9, 42, 57, 62, 154, decease, ii., 2, 36, 67 corresponding, election of, iii., 1, 18, 32, 37, 48, 72 decease, ili., 2, 33, 37, 56, 66, 80 election of new, iii., 1, 18, 31, 32, 37, 48, 55, 71, 72, 80, 100, 106 resident, election of, iii., 31, 55, 71, 80, 100, 106 resignations, 111., 34, 37, 48, 55, 62, 72, 103 of Academy, decease of, v., 29, 278-281 election of, v., 9, 25, 80, 110, 137, 169, 2138, 232, 277 number of, v., 162 honorary, supplement, x. corresponding supplement, x. resident supplement, x. Membership lists, viii., 209-230 Memorial Notices, v., 17, 29, 278- 281 Memorial of Mr. B. B. Chamberlain, vili., 46-47 of Prof. G. H. Cook, ix., 75 Dr. John I. Northrop, xi., 9 Memoirs and Annals, xv., 133 380 Memoirs of Columbian Chemical So- ciety, xi., 57 Meneghini, Guiseppe, death of viii., 4 Menganthis trachysperma, ix., 12 Menodora hetherophylla, vii., 11 Mentzelia levicaulis, vili., 79 Mercury, native, viii., 22 ores, ix., 149 (planet), v., 248 Merismopedia rosea, xiv., 94 Merulius lachrymans, y., 110, 111 Mertensia paniculata, viii., 78 Mesabi Iron Range of Minnesota, xiv., 47 Mesohippus, vii., 158, 190 Mesoplacentatia, xili., 175, 254 Mesozoic coal-plants from China, ii., 151 Metallic tin, crystals of, xi., 96 Metals, use by Indians, vi., 60-65 Metallurgic astronomy, ii., 53-54 Metamorphic rocks in Colorado, v., 125-129 rocks of Staten Island, vi., 12-16 Metamorphism, xiv., 203 Metastelma Carbigerwm, vii., 11 Meters, electric, x., 118 Meteoric iron, v., 74 aboriginal use, v., 227 from Augusta County, Va., v., 224 Meteoric iron, ix., 97 analysis of, ix., 195, 197, 198 analysis of mass, ix., 202 analysis of nickel iron, ix., 202 analysis of siliceous part, ix., 202 Bridgewater, N. C., ix., 194 Butte, Montana, ix., 205 Colfax Ne iGy ix, 197 diagrams, ix., 195, 196 Ferguson, N. C., ix., 198 Pulaski Co., Va., ix., 205 Summit, Ala., ix., 196 Winnebago, Iowa, ix.. 201 stone, Kansas, xv., 185 Meteorite, from Cabin Creek, vi., 141-146, 166 Catorze, Mex., vi., 76 Germany, Vi., 35 Kentucky, vi.,71-76 Mazapil, Mex., vi., 71, 92, 144, 146 Powder Mill Creek, vi., 161, 162 Tennessee, vi., 160, 161 336 Toluca, Mex., vi., 70 from Kansas, xii., 96 of Alfianello, ii., 117 containing Olivine, iv., 5 from New Mexico, iv., 77 from Laurens Co., N. C., iv., 80 from Catorce, Mex., v., 227 from Cohahuila, v., 231 from Texas, v., 231 in southwest Pennsylvania, v., 14 Meteorites, decomposition of, v., 231; vi., 143-146, 160-162 from Kiowa Co., Kan., ix., 138, 186 from Texas, vili., 186 from Tennessee, viii., 187 fusion-structures in, i., 153-155 stone, vi., 71 Meteorological Notes in Curacoa, iv., 47 Meteors, iv., 256-257 Method, Kjeldahl, x., 24 von Asboth, x., 25 of defining standard colors, xiii., 170 Methods of analysis, ii., 26-35 of animal locomotion, i., 164, 167 of animal self-defence, iii., 53-55 of deducing motions of fifty-six stars, etc., xiv., 68 of research in bacteriology, ix., 139 Methylene, v., 196 Metric system, introduction and adoption of by Government and the country, xv., 124 Mexican amber, viii., 158, 162 aragonite, viil., 44 tin ore, vill., 150 idols, ix., 97 natives, v., 130 Mexico, minerals, ili., 38, 63 Meyer, Thomas C., elected resident member, xiy., 154 Mica, ii., 3, 147; v., 232; vi., 3, 39 slate, ii., 73 containing marcasite, v., 121 in Ohio mounds, v., 73 in Roan Mountain, v., 222 mines of, v., 73, 222 mines of in North Carolina, v., 222 mirrors, v., 73 schist, holding Kyanite, iii., 22 schists, v., 222 INDEX. Micaceous mineral from Franklin, Niels, xs, 9 Michigan minerals, iii., 1, 2 Michilinia expansa, vii., 247 placenta, vii., 247 Miemacea Matthewi, van Ingeni, re- curva (?) plana, xiv., 141, 142 Microcline in Granite Diorite, xiv., 84 Microdiscus, not in Fauna, xiv , 150 Microscopical technique, xii., 56 Microscopic examination of ores, ii., 34 observations, errors in, ii., 81-83 examination of sand, iii., 64, 75 examination of volcanic ash, iii., 63, 64 structure of a conifer, tii., 87 organisms in the clays of New York, xiii., 165 ; Milk, human, new fat in, ii., 140 Mimocichla plumbia, x., 52 Mimosa fragrans, ix., 184 Linotheimeri, ix., 184 malacophylla glabrata, ix., 181 Mimulus floribundus, viii., 79 Mimus polyglottis, x., 52 gundlachi, x., 52 Mineral Cabinet, On a portable, xiii., 140 resources of southwest Virginia, i., 159-163 wax or ozokerite, ii., 43-50 Mineralogical Journal, Bruce’s Amer- ican, Xi., 57 names, origin and history of, xi., 49 notes, v., 223; xili., 144, 184 Mineralogy, local field-work on New York Island, iii., 48-50 Minerals from Arizona, viii., 11, 12, 13 from Bergen Hill, N. J., viii., 16, ale, from California, viii., 22 from Colorado, viii., 12, 160 of French Creek, Penn., iv., 41; viii., 56-59 of New York Island, v., 120-121; vi., 130; vili., 2, 3, 21 of North Carolina, viii., 2, 7, 8, 160, 161 of Stoneham, Maine, vili., 12, 15 Protolenus 9 INDEX. Minerals from the West, v., 213, 214 interesting, ete., v., 131-133 of Harlem, v., 74-77 of Staten Island, v., 228—230 gems and Ethnology of the Ural Mts.,, xi., 119 new species of, viii., 8, 9, 185 of the Desert of Sinai, ix., 124 exhibited at Paris, 1889, ix., 145 of Weehawken tunnel, i., 129-131 ; ii., 88-90 Mines in San Juan Mts., v., 122 Mining, Chihuahua, ii., 94, 95 ozokerite, ii., 43-50 excavations, ancient, iii., 14 Idaho, i., 4-6 Montana, i., 4-6 Nevada, i., 7, 172-175 Southwestern Colorado, i., 7, 8 Utah, i., 168-172 Miocene, a new artiodactyl from, Res) OO Mammalian fauna of lower, xii., Deposits of White River Group, xiv., 187 Mammals, 110 Miohippus, vil., 158, 159, 190 Mississippi, basin of, viii., 170 entrance to, vili., 171 River commission plan of, iv., 43 River, hydraulics of, ili., 82, 83 Mitchell’s Geology of North Carolina, xi., 45 Mitigated virus, theories of, v., 204- 213 Mme. Gorgnet, will of, xi., 2 Modern Medicine, contributions of organic chemistry to, xi., 107 Mogollon Mts., flora of, viii., 60-81 Moisture, as erosive agent, ii., 4 Molecular formulz, v., 195-197, 199 theory, v., 199 Mollusca, v., 32, 34, 42, 47, 49, 52 Molybdite, vi., 130 Molybdenite, vi., 130; viii., 50 Molybdenum, v., 128 Monadites, xiv., 112 Monarda clinopodiodes, vii., 13 citriodora, ix., 185 Monazite from Maine, i., 42 Monobromphenole, ili., 32 Monodon monoceros, xii , 50 Restoration of, xiii., 337 Monograph of Scyonotus, xili., 169 Montana forests, and mining, i., 5 Geology of Northern, iv., 2 Montclair, N. J., cavities in Quartz from, xili., 184 Monticellite, x., 70 and Perofskite from Magnet Cove, xili., 139 Montivaltia Atlantica, ii., 12 Monument to Audubon, vi., 163, 164; Vili., 128 Moon, v., 237, 238, 553 heat from, v., 238 motion of, v., 237 surface of, v., 237 horizontal enlargement, i1., 116-118 photographs of, i., 143-145 Moonstone, iii., 107; viii, 162 Moraine materials in Sullivan County, N. Y., iii., 25, 26 Moraines in British America, viii., 164 in Colorado, viii., 164 on Staten Island, v., 230 Moral bearing of recent physical theories, i., 96-99 Morgan, J. Pierpont, elected resident member, Xi., 25 Morgan, Prof. C. Lloyd, elected cor- responding member, xv., 65 Moriconia, v., 136 Morphology and Physiology of Pan- creas cell, xiii., 176 Morus microphylla, viii., 76 ““ Mosaic agate,’’ viil., 44 chronology, iii., 11 Mosandrum, v., 200 Mosasaurus, li., 11 Moses, Alfred J., elected resident member, Xii., 25 Mosques of Constantinople, iv., 44 Motion for arrangements for second Annual Reception, xiv., 48 Motion of 61 Cygni, xiii., 120 Motions of amcebe, ii., 82 Mound at Circleville, Ohio (cloth from), iv., 5 builders) 17, 120, 122; ii, 415 av, 48, 49; x., 42 Mounds and mound builders of Ohio, xiv., 67 animal, x., 40 Indian, v., 73 of Ohio, discoveries in, lii., 97 338 Mountain leather, iii., 49 of the Bell, viii., 182, 183 Mountains, formation of, vi., 23, 24, 28 their origin and history, xi., 45 Mount Antero, Col., minerals of, viii., 12, 160 Mount Morris, x., 59 Moyes, Dr. Henry, viii., 23 Muhlenbergia, viii., 79 Wrightii, viii., 79 Mummied fishes, xiv., 63 Mural carvings in Yucatan, v., 170- 178 Muscide, calyptrate, xi., 131 Muscle brachio-ulnaris medialis, XIV lateralis, xiv., 248 combinations, xiv., 249 complete type form of, xiv., 235 coraco-epitrochlearis, xiv., 251 coracoid heads, xiv., 258 coraco-radial, xiv., 236 coraco-radial and coraco-ulnar, xiv., 238 coraco-radial and gleno-ulnar, Xiv., 238 coraco-ulnar, Xiv., 236 coraco-ulnar head, xiv., 250 glenoid heads, xiv., 257 gleno-radial, xiv., 236 gleno-radial and _ coraco-radial, Xiv., 237 gleno-radial and gleno-ulnar, xiv., 237 gleno-ulnar, xiv., 236, 243 gleno-curaco-ulnar, Xiv., 238 gleno-ulnar, head, xiv., 241 relation of biceps, xiv., 254 exhaustion of, vi., 114-121 refreshment of, vi., 118 Muscovite, ii., 147; iii., 49; vi., 3, 39; v., 232 from Colorado, v., 183; vili., 55, 145 Museums of Europe, viii., 11 Museum of Natural History, v., 266 Musical sand, viii., 9, 10, 182, 183; Kes in California, x., 31 at Coronado Beach, x., 31 at Laguna Beach, x., 32 in Mexico, x a 32 at Monterey, x., 32 INDEX. at Pescadero, x., 31 at Redondo, x., 31 at San Francisco, x., 32 at Santa Barbara, x., 31 theories of, x., 33 pitch, xii., 69 Mus rattus, x., 53 Mussels and mussel culture, iv., 3 Mustela, xii., 51 Mycelium of fungi, PAW Mycoderma cerevisix, vi., 68 Mylostoma, ii., 145; pane 70 variabilis, n. sp., l., 146 Terrelli, nN. sp., i, 147 Myrica Davisii, xii., 32 grandifolia, xii., 32 Myriophyllum ceratophyllum, iii., 46 Myriopoda, xii., 138 Myrtophyllum Geinitzii, xiil., 130 Myths, Chaldean, ii., 106-110 Mythology, Indian, of Sacramento Valley, iii., 55 Mytiloconcha incurva, ix., 88 Mytilus edulis, iv., 5; 1x., 33 v., 72, 111-119, xii., 236; Nais, ix., 33 ‘‘ Nameless’? (new aie v., 200 Nantucket, xv., 3 amber, ii., 85 character of moraine > ier | general remarks, xv., 6 paleontology, xv., 7 mollusca, xv., 8 crustacea, xv., 9 Naples and its surroundings, xii., 188 Nash, Stephen P., elected resident member, xi., 40 Nasua, xii., 51 Nasutitermes (new), ix., 158 destructive power of, ix., 161 ‘*Nasuti’’ termites, vili., 90, 9 104-111 Natchez Indians, vi., Natica, 1i., 26 National Academy of Sciences, viii., 21, 175, 176 meeting of, xi., 41 report on meeting, xiil., 120 National Board of Health, v., 263 Museum, vi., 166 material, 42, 60-65 INDEX. Native gold, viii., 7, 139, 140, 160 mercury, Vili., 22 silver, viii., 11, 160 iron in basalt, iii., 104 Natrolite, ii., 89; ix., 143 from Weehawken, N. J., i., 130 Natural Bridge, Virginia, v., 218 dyes as applied to wool, xi., 48, 157 Flora of Bronx Park, xv., 62 history, bibliography of, x., 71 science, teaching in schools, ix., 37 Natural Science Association of Staten Island, viii., 177, 178 Field day, iv., 5 Nautilus, i., 94; viii., 115 De Kayi, ii., 12 Navieula, ix., 35; xii., 220; xiii., 101 viridis, vi., 50 Neanderthal skull, viii., 21 Nebule, v., 260 and the nebular hypothesis, ix., 133 Necronite, viii., 21 Needle Mountains in Colorado, v., 122 Need of normal time, ete., v., 158- 162 Negundo, iii., 41 Neith (supposed planet), v., 249 Neithea Mortoni, ii., 10 Neodimium, v., 185-200 Nephelis, classification of, in the U. Shy ein Lae funnels and vesicles of, xiii., 206 Nephridial structure of, in Clepsine, Velie Neptune, v., 253 Neptunium, v., 200 Netsinker Indian, from Manhattan Island, xii., 17 Nevada, black marble, iii., 101 minerals, iii., 72 sonorous sand-hill, iii., 99 mining in, i., 7 pumice tuff, i., 51 sulphur deposits, i., 172-175 New beetle, viii., 117 Newberry, John Strong, memoir of, Sahl 5p bibliography of, xii., 173 New Brunswick, volcanic rocks, xiv., 216 New chemical products, v.; 192 339 organic, v., 194-197 cladodont from Ohio, xili., 115 New Durham, sandstone of, ii., 117— 120 ‘* New earths,’’ v., 200 New elements, v., 181-200 form of Bunsen battery, x., 114 forms of Coccosteids, xiii.,’ 176 forms of Wollastonite from N. Y., xili., 146 fungus on silicitied wood, xiii., 201 method of making fine bolometer, Waverly, xiii., 171 protecting houses from lightning. sation FAL minerals, described, vili., 8, 46, 56, 185 plants from Arizona, viii., 65, 71, 72, 73 from South America, viii., 3 red sandstones, y., 12 sphermophile, viii., 41 species of bird, v., 17 from Yucatan, v., 55 species fossil fishes, v., 333 substances, v., 194-199 Newfoundland, Cambrian 176 New Jersey, amber, ii., 13, 85-87 franklinite ores, ii., 26-35 marl-belt, ii., 9-13, 85 shell mounds, ii., 143 copper ores in, ili., 18, 19 gravels at Trenton, iii., 7-12 minerals of, iii., 2, 18-19, 50, 78 sorghum industry in, iii., 5, 6 Cretaceous of, vili., 47, 178, 179 preglacial and glacial drift, iv., 26 New Mexico, honey ants of, iii., 103 floral characters of, viii., 76-81 table land of, viii., 77 Newport, R. I., Carboniferous area at, iv., 76 New Providence, x., 5 New York and Brooklyn bridge li-, 72 building stone, ii., 67-70, 120-138 City and neighborhood physical geography, xv., 123 city water supply of, viii., 117-125 New York County, minerals of, viii., of, vill, New York, drift hilis, i., 77-80 340 New York glaciation, i., 24-31, 57 gold deposits, i., 1 Tsland, glaciation, i., 30 Laurentian age, i., 57 Island, mineralogy, iii., 22, 48-50 Island, rock exposures on, x. , 113 Mineral Club, vi., 160 Mineralogical Club, Viii. aie Has 1K, 140, 208 State Forestry Association, ix., 97; vili., 37, 38-40 Minerals, iii., 22-23, 34, 48-50 Obelisk, xii., 188 State Medical Association, viil., 16 New Zealand, minerals of, xv., 185 Niagara, Preservation of Falls, iv., 54 Nicaragua canal-route, viil., 165, 168, 169 Nicholson pay ement, v., 116, 120 Nickel, in meteorite, vi. 5 92 Metallurgy of, v., 1 92 Mines at “Lancaster, Pa., Xiil., 205 Nicotiana attenuata, i., 8 repanda, vii., 12 ; viii.; 12 Nicotine, v., 195 Nierenbergia anomala, vii., 12 Nile, scientific jottings on the, ix., 110 physical geography of, ix., 116 temperature on the, ix., lil rain-fall on the, ix., 113 Nitric acid, v.,.188, 193 oxide, v., 190 Nitrogen, v., 185-195 liquefaction of, 190, 191 Nitrous oxide, early experiments with, viii , 15, 16 Noeeggerathia, iii., 47 Noctiluca, v., 15, 16 Nocturna, xiv.,; 56 Nohili, x., 29 Nomenclature, 180, 193 Nominations of officers, x., 57 Norites, xii., 71 Normal time system, v., 158-162 North America, ancient glaciation in, li., 155-159 Caribs in, ii., 142 alternations of temperature, exhaustion of soil, iii., 16, 17 glacial epoch in, iii., 102 Chemical, v., 179, iii., INDEX. glacial erosion in, iii., 51, 52 singing braches of, ili., 72-76 skill of prehistoric races of, iii., 15 Cretaceous flora of, v., 133-137 North American amber, viii., 157, 158 North Atlantic Ocean, Age of, v., i North Carolina, emeralds, i., 101- 105 fluid bearing quartz crystals, i., 131-136 stone implement, i., 85 amber, ii., 86 gold, ii., 79 ores, ii., 149, 150 minerals, iii., 12, 13, 37, 38, 50, 53 gold of, viii., 139, 140 minerals of, viii., 160, 161 tin deposits of, viii., 136-151 Northrop, Dr. John I., obituary no- tice, x., 120 death of, xi., 1 memorial of, xi., 9 North Pole, discovery of, i., 46-48 Norwegian glaciers, amount of ero- sion by, iii., 52 Norwegium, v., 200 Notation, chemical, v., 102, 106 Notes, chemical, v., 200-202 geological, etc., v., 215-223 mineralogical, v., 223 on local mineralogy, v., 121 on ala from the West, v., 213, 21 on the sold cure, xi., 151 on a nickel mine at Lancaster, Pa., xiil., 205 Trip i in Oaxaca, Mex., xiii., 204 Trip to Cornwall Tron Mines, xiii., 205 petrographical, xi., 156 Nothoscordum striatum, vii., 14 Notice of fossil fishes (title), v v., 281, memorial, ix., 75 Notices, coleopterological, No. III, xi., 2; No. TV, =1.jd25 Nova Scotia stone, durability of, ii., 124-125, 136 Novus orbis, vi., 60 Nuceleolites erucifer, i., Nuggets of gold, ii., 79 Nugget of silver in Arizona, xv., 191 12, 13 INDEX. Numismatics, contributions of al- chemy to, ix., 71 Nuphar parvulum, iii., 43 Nutation of earth, vi., 92, 133, 134 secular changes, vi., 131-134 Nyctaginez, vii., 13 capitata, vii., 13 Nycticorax nevius, x., 52 Nympheeacee, ili., 43, 45 Nymphza pgymea ix., 7 tetragona, ix., 7 Oakesia puberula, ix., 13 sessilifolia nitida (new), ix., 13 Oak-leaves of Alaska, large, iii., 95 Oaxaca, Mex., notes on a trip in, xiii., 204 Obelisk, New York, xii., 188 preservation by paraffine, v., 56, 63-71 Oberstein, Germany, lapidary work at, lii., 62 Obituary notice of Prof. Felipe Poey, x., 56 of Dr. J. I. Northrop, x., 120 Obolella nitida, xiv., 125 Obolus pristinus, xiv., 121 puleher, xiv., 115 Observatories (astronomical ),v., 260, 261 time service for, v., 158-162 Observations for variations of lati- tude made at Columbia College and the Royal Observatory at Naples, xiv., 7 on comet of 1892, xi., 120 on Gould’s comet, ii., 18-23 of transit of Venus, ii., 51, 52 of Greenwich and Kew, xii., 27 time-signals from, i., 86, 87 of Columbia College, transit fac- tors for, xi., 41 Obsidian, ii., 36; vi., 122: viii., 30, 162 arrow heads in Oregon, iii., 82 in volcanic ash, iii., 64 implements from Guatemala, i., 105 in rhyolite, v., 214 Occurrence of a large marine verte- brate, etc., v., 165-168 Ocean holes, x., 11 river and desert sands, iv., 3. Ochre, v., 217 541 Octocoris alpestris, ix., 129, 131 adusta (new), ix., 131 avenicola, ix., 131 chrysolema, ix., 131 Giraudi, ix., 131 leucoleema, ix., 131 Merrilli (new), ix., 131 pallida, ix., 131 praticola, ix., 131 rubea, 1x., 131 strigata, 1x., 131 Oculus beli, vili., 159 mundi, viii., 159 (Enantholaniline, ii., 62 (Enantholnaphthylamine, ii., 62 (Enantholxylidine, 1i1., 62 (Enothera, viii., 77 cespitosa, 1,, 8 Hartwegii, vii., 9 rosea, Vii., 9 speciosa, Vii., 9; ix., 184 Office of parenchyma of leaf, iii., 39, 40, 44-46 Officers, election of, iii., 70, 71; vi., INOS vane 129 xe, LOO Sexier ie of Corresponding Secretary, v., 162 Recording Secretary, v., 29, 162 Librarian, v., 1, 20, 164 Treasurer, v., 163 reports of (see contents) vi. ; viii., for 1894-95, xiii., 155 of Geological Section, re-elected, xiii., 203 nomination of, x., 57 Ohio, coal beds, ii., 87 sandstone, durability of, ii., 125, 126, 136 : Oil fields of Colorado, viii., 25-28 Oils, see Petroleum, viii., of California, viii., 25 of Canada, vili., 25 of Colorado, viii., 25-28 of India, viii., 28 of Italy, viil., 25 of Ohio, vili., 25, 28 of Pennsylvania, viii., 25 of the Caspian, viii., 28 Oil testing, commercial, xi., 126 Ojrat Ramadan, ix., 23 Oleacez, vii., 11 Olenellus, not in Protolenus Fauna, xiv., 150 Oligoclase, vi., 77; viii., 2 from New York Island, v., 75, 223 342 Oliva litterati, ix., 88 Olivine, ix., 190, 191, 193 meteoric, Kiowa Co., ix., 191 meteoric, Turner mound, ix., 193 meteorite containing, iv., 5 in metorite, vi., 73, 74, 76, 162 in metorites, viii., 161, 186 Olenellus Zone, place of, viii., 176 Ommastrophes, 1., 175 Onagrariex, vii., 9 Oncorhynchus nerka, i., 6 Oneida conglomerate, v., 216 Onoclea sensibilis, 1x., 31 Onosmodium Carolinianum, ix., 185 On photographs of Geisler and Crookes radiant matter tubes, xv., 156 Ontonagon, Mich., glacial phenom- ena at, iil., 14 Onyx, iii., 62 Odlites, v., 62 Opal, vili., 17, 30, 159, 161 mines, Hungary, xi., 32 Opals, ix., 150 Opercula, ix., 34 Ophileta complanata, xv., 21 Ophiolite, vili., 3, 53 Optic Nerve, in Brain of Skate, xv., 148 Opuntia, ii., 92 Oracanthus abbreviatus., ix., 132 fragilis, ix., 132 grandis, ix., 131 granulatus, ix., 132 Milleri, ix., 131 multiseriatus, ix., 132 vetustus, ix., 132 Orange, N. J., columnar trap, iv., 4 Orange County, N. J., geology of, xv., 70 Orbicular granite from Rhode Island, xiii., 140 Orbits of comets, ii., 22, 23 Orbulina, cf., universa, ovalis, ingens, intermedius, xiv., 109 Order of Court, x., supplement 3 Ordovician faunas at Larrabee Point, Vt., xv., 20 at Shoreham, xv., 20 rocks, xv., 19 Oregon, fire opal from, viii., 159, 161 Indian arrow heads of obsidian, iii., 63, 82 snow peaks of, iii., 77 INDEX. voleanic ash, i., 55 Ore deposits at Franklin Furnace, IN PJ), Sal eG, Ores and minerals of Sussex Co., N. Wag Vile, PS of North Carolina, ii., 149, 150 Ores, Lake Superior, iii., 1, 2 silver, processes for amalgamation, THe dS) New Jersey Triassic, iii., 18, 19 in San Juan Mts., v., 122, 128 Organ-pipe sonometer, i., 163 Organic aromatic bases, compounds of, i., 100 compounds, new, li., 62, 63 matter in water, determination of, ii., 111-114 structure in graphite, ii., 148 chemistry, discoveries in, v., 193- 198 progress in, v., 193-198 matter in water, viii., 117 Origin of alphabet, v., 81-88 and distribution of Amphibian Cranial Nerves, xiii., 176 and history of mineralogical names, xi., 49 of mountains, xi., 45 of garnets, xi., 32 of carbon minerals, i., 109-111 of carbon in shales, ii., 110, 111 of graphite, ii., 148, 149 of iron ores, li., 6-8, 13-17 of leaf forms, ili., 38-44 of Puget Sound, ili., 104 of sounds in nature, ili., 75 of petroleum, viii., 26, 27 of rock strata, v., 78, 79 of the heavenly bodies, xiii., 170 Ornamental stones of N. A., viil., 160 from Rome, ix., 95 Ornaments, paleolithic, viii., 133 Orobanchacex, vii., 12 Orohippus, vii., 158, 159, 160 Orsat apparatus, ii., 101 Orthid, xiv., 128 Orthis testudinaria, vil., 4 Orthoceras pelops, 1., 57 Oscillariz, vi., 49 Orthoclase, ii., 25, 147; iii., 49; iv., 42; viii., 12, 58 in sandstone, ii., 119, 120 from Weehawken, N. J., iv., 76 in Granite Diorite, xiv., 83 INDEX. Orthotheca cf Emonsii, xiv., 129 Osborn, Prof. Henry F., elected resi- dent member, xi., 40 elected fellow, xii., 39 elected Vice-President, xii., 128 Ostrea, ii., 26, 94. borealis, ii., 141; iv., 59 larva, ii., 10 Ostracoda of Protolenus fauna, xiv., 132 Otozamites, vii., 115 brevifolius, v., 18; vi., 126 latior, v., 18; vi., 126 Ottrelite, iv., 76 Outliers, x., 10 Oxalie acid produced by fungi, v., 114, 118 Oxalis corniculata, vii., 8 dichondrefolia, vii., 8 Drummondii, vii., 8 decaphylla, viil., 79 Oxidation of galena, v., 130 of pyrite, ii., 139 Oxygen, v., 185-188, 214 boiling point of, v., 191 in the sun, v., 243 liquefaction of, v., 190, 191 manufacture of, v., 192 in water, vi., 48-52 Oxyhydrogen light, x., 104 Oxytenia acerosa, vili., 77 Oxytropus Lamberti, viii., 79 Ozokerite, viii., 26 deposits, ii., 43-50 Ozone, v., 185 by oxidation, v., 119 literature of, iii., 34 Pacific coast of America, fishes of the, xi., 125 salmon, habits of young, xv., 148 Page Valley, Va., v., 216 217 Painting, mural, in Yucatan, v., 175 Paint, use on building stone, ii., 78 Paired fins, origin of, xii., 121 Palace builders, iv., 51 Palzobotany, Cretaceous, of Staten Island, xii., 28 Paleolithic arrow-heads, iii., 81, 82 stone implements, ili., 1, 7, 12, 81, 82 ornaments, vili., 133 skeletons, viii., 132-135 343 Palzoniseus, v., 18 Paleontology of Cretaceous forma- tion of Staten Island, xi., 96 Palzeospondylus, Marsipobranchian characters of, positive and nega- tive, xv., 103 Paleozamia auctifolium, vii., 115 Cutchensis, vii., 115 Paleozoic Crustacea, viii., 152 rocks, in America, v., 78, 79 strata, 216 Paledaphus, ii., 146 Palisades, v., 230 Palissya diffusa, vi., 126 Paliurus affinis, xii., 35 Pallasite, Kiowa Co. diagrams, ix., 192 Turner Mound diagrams, ix., 192 Palmettos, x., 6 Palm fossil, at Florissant, iii., 77 near Green River, iii., 13 Palms, from Vancouver’s Island, v., 133 Panama Canal, viii., 165, 168, 169, 170 humidity of, viii., 85, 86 termites at, vili., 85-114 Pancreas Cell, Morphology of, xiii., 176 Pandanus, iii., 47 Panicum autunnale, ix., 182 capillare acuminatum, ix., 182 dichotomum pauciflorum, ix., 14 viride,, ix., 14 lacnanthum, ix., 182 nitidum pauciflorum (new), ix., 14 viride (new), ix., 14 subspicatum, ix., 182 Texanum, ix., 182 leucophenum, vii., 14 Panus stypticus, v., 111 Papaveracee, vii., 7 Paper wheels, railway, v., 152 Pappophorum apertum, ix., 182 Paradoxides Beds, Faunas of, in Kastern N. A., xv., 192 Description of Genera and Species, xv., 194 Lepiditta xv., 194 alate, xv., 194 Curta, xv., 195 auriculata, xv., 196 Ostracoda, xv., 196 primitia, xv., 196 544 Paradoxides Beds, Faunas of, Eastern North America. Primitia Acadica, xv., 196 Aluta, xv., 198 flewilis, xv., 198 cirrepedia, xv., 198 Plumulites Barrandi, xv., 199 Manuelensis, xv., 200 Stenotheca salter, xv., 200 concentrica, xv., 201 triangularis, xv., 203 nasuta, Xv., 204 Hicksiana, xv., 205 radiata, xv., 202 Cirripodites, n. gen., xv., 205 Cambrensis, xv., 206 Explanation of plates, xv., 206 Sculpture, xv., 207 Trilobita, xv., 207 Agnostus, xv., 207 regulus, xV., 213 fallax, xv., 214 parvifrons, xv., 212; 220 obtusilobus, xv., 212 Davidis, xv., 218 rex, XV., 214 similis, xv., 215 vir, xv., 215 concinnus, XV., 216 longifrontes, xv., 210 limbati, xv., 211 parvifrontes, Xv., 212 levigati, xv., 212, 233 trilobatus, xv., 216 Acadicus, xv., 217 declivis, xv., 219 Tessella, xv., 221 truncatus, Xv., 222 umbo, XV., 222 obtusilobus, xv, 223 Davidis, xv., 225 gibbus, xv., 226 marlitus, Xv., 227 acutilobus, XV., 227 Nathorsti, xv., 229 confluens, xv., 230 fissus, xv., 230 trifissus, xv., 231 punctuosus, Xv., 232 terranovicus, XV., 233 Ciceroides, xv., 234 Mamilla, xv., 234 nudus, XV., 235 Microdiscus, xv., 235 INDEX. in Scheme of relation, xv., 237 Microdiscus Schucherti, xv., 238 Precursor, xv., 239 Dawsoni, xv., 240 pulchellus, xv., 242 punctatus, xv., 244 Explanation of plates, xv., 245 Trap dikes in the Adirondacks, Pre-Cambrian and Post-Ordovi- cian, Introduction, xv., 248 Present rock classification, xv., 248 proposed change in classification, XV, 249 the dykes, xv., 249 distribution, xv., 250 scarcity north of Adirondacks, XV.» ool summary, xv., 252 Paradoxides Zone, place of, viii, 176 Paraffine, v., 194 application in building materials, v., 56, 71 group, v., 196 from ozokerite, ii., 48, 49 Paraguayan plants, xi., 131 Paraguay, the land and the people, Rly ot Parallaxes, note on determination of xili., 75 of stars, v., 259 of stars in Cassiopeiz, xii., 56 Parenchyma of leaf, office of, ili., 39, 40, 44, 46 Parexus, xii., 125 Pargasite, ii., 149 Parietaria debilis, vii., 4; viii., 81 Paris, Exhibition of 1889, Minerals of, ix., 145 lecture on, ix., 200 Exposition, viii., 152, 160 Park, Adirondack, x., 111 Parker, Herschell C., elected resi- dent member, xiv., 220 Parkinsonia aculeata, ix., 184 Paronychia Jamesii, ix., 185 Parthenium hysterophorus, vii., 11 Paspalum pubiflorum, ix., 182 Passiflorez. vii., 9 Passiflora tenuiloba, vii., 9 Patagonia, expedition to, xili., 207 Patents for driven wells, vi., 91 Patriofelis, xiii., 131 INDEX. Patrons, of the Academy, list, iii., 113; vili., 207; x., supplement; xv., end of Paulownia imperialis, 1x., 12 tomentosa, (new), ix., 12 Pavements of cities, vili., 41, 44 Pearl from Shrewsbury River oyster, iv., 59 Pearls, American, viii., 162, 163 green, viii., 162 pink, viii., 162 Peary, Lieut., Relief Expedition for, xiv., 100 Peat, Transformation of, i., 71, 76 artificial conversion into coal, i., 75 Pecopteris bullatus, vii., 115 Pecten, ii., 11 Madisonius, ix., 88 Pectis, viii., 77 Pectolite, ii., 88; viii., 162; ix., 141; hammer, vi., 111 Pectoralis, anomalies of, xii., 138 Pedicularis Parryi, viii., 78 Pegmatite, v., 222; viii., 54, 55 Pelagiella atlantoides, xiv., 131 Pell, Alfred, elected resident mem- ber xvi 147 Pelypteris Texana, vii., 11 Peneplains, Cretaceous and Terti- ary of Eastern Tennessee, xv., 143 Penicillium glaweum, vi., 69 Pentremites Sampsoni, vii., 247. Penstemon, viii., 77 Bridgesti, viii., 79 glaucus var. stenophyllus, viii., 78 unarioides, vili., 79 Palmeri, viii., 80 Peperino in Texas, i., 52 Perezia nana, ix , 184 runcinata, vil., 11 Peridium, ix., 33 Peridote, vili., 53-161 Peridotite, intrusion, xiv., 86 Periodic, errors of graduated circles, xili., 205 ‘Periodic law,’’ in Chemistry, v., 183, 184 Peristerite, viii., 162 Perissonychia, xii., 96 Peritricha planicola, ix., 34 Perofskite, iii., 17 Peronosporites, xiii., 131 345 Peroxide of Copper, v., 215, of Po- tassium and Sodium, y., 214, 215 of hydrogen, literature of, iii., 34 Perpetuation of names of men of science, by municipal govern- ment of Paris, in nomenclature of streets, xiyv., 46 Perpetual motion, apparatus for, Mabe Perspective, binocular, i., 9-15 Peru, silver castings from, iii., 15, 62, 63 Pescadero, x., 31 Petalostemon gracilis, vii., 9 Peterophyllum Blasti, vii., 115 Braunsii, vii., 115 princeps, vii., 115 Petrified, forest in Colorado, iii, 6, 7 wood from California, vili., 29, 30 from New Mexico, vili., 77 Petrographical notes, xi., 126 notes on Rocks, from Alaska (by title), xiv., 185 notes on Rocks from Alaska, xv., 23 Petrography of gneisses, xii., 203 Petroleum, ii., 43; v., 193-196 of Colorado, viii., 25-28 age of, vili., 25, 26 character of, viil., 26 origin of, vili., 26, 27 in quartz, x., 57 testers, 1., 1389-143 Petromyzontide, v., 89. Pettigrew, Dr. David Lyman, elected resident member, xy., 272 Peziza aeruginosa, X., 37 jungermannizx, X., 37 Pfister, J. C., elected resident mem- ber, xiv., 48 Phacelia circinata, i., 8 congesta, ix., 181 Phacolite, viii., 54 Phacus, ix., 33 Phalangide of the United States, xi., 125 Phanerogams, new and noteworthy, Toe 8 Phaseolus diversifolius, ix., 10 helvolus, ix., 10 umbellatus (new), ix., 10 Phenacite, viii., 12 Phenomena of chemistry, v., 199 TRANSACTIONS N. Y. ACAD. ScI., Vol. XVI., Sig. 23, January 22, 1897. 346 Philadelphia, geologists in, xi., 45 rocks of, viil., 47-53 Philadelphite, vili., 50 Philibertia wndulata, ix., 184 viridiflora, vii., 11 eyanchoides, vii., 11 Philippium, v., 200 Phillipsia insignis, vii., 249 Sampsoni, vii., 247, 249 trinucleata, vii., 249 tuberculata, vii., 247, 249 Philippian Pulmonate, Varietal tree Ol, XV Lod Cochlostyla ovoidea, xv., 137 types of bands, xv., 139 Correlation between size and color, xv., 139 Species from Varieties, xv., 140 Transmission of acquired charac- ters, problem of, xv., 141 Evolution in fossil Cephalopods, xv., 141 Phlogophite, iii., 49 Phlox Drummondii, ix., 185 Roemeriana, ix., 185 speciosa, var. Woodhousei, viii., 80 Phococyan, vi., 49 Pheenicopterus ruber, x., 52 Pheenix, Lloyd, elected resident member, xiv., 154 Pholas, vi., 31 Phosphate beds of Florida, ix., 85 Nodules from the Cambrian, xii., 108 Phosphorescent diamonds, xiv., 260 wood, x., 37 infusorian, v., 15, 16 Phosphorescence of fluorite, iii., 77, 100 of marine animals, v., 14, 16 Phosphoric acid, exhaustion in soil, lii., 16 Phosphorus, v., 186, 187 ~ in meteorite, vi., 92 Photographic measures, Rutherfurd, xi., 41 Photography, v., 248 applied to astronomy, i., 143, 146 recent advances in, i., 176 of Manometric flames, xiii., 205 Photographs of caves, ii., 41 of scientific men, iv., 5 of stars, v., 257 of sun, v., 241, 246 INDEX. Photo-micrographs, xiv., 71 processes and results, lii., 105 of wood sections, iii., 107 Photosphere of sun, v., 242 Photometric differences, method for determining, v., 155 Photometry, solar, viii., 156 stellar, x., 117 Photo-micrography, suggestions in, Bch 7S Phyllanthus polygonoides, vii., 13 Phyllite, iv., 75 Phyllites poinsettiodes, xii., 37 Phyllocladus, iii., 47 Physa, v., 218 t Physalis Fendleri, vii., 12 Physeter macrocephalus, xii., 50 Physical conditions in formation of coal, ii., 50 theories, moral bearing, i., 96-99 Physics, relation with chemistry, v., 189, 190 Physiology, application of chemistry to, v., 198 scope of modern, xili., 98 Physiological chemistry, v., 198 Physonemus Altonensis, ix., 133 Phytolacca, iii., 88 Phytolaccacez, vii., 13 Pickling of ancient silver castings, iii., 15 Piercing of granite by use of corun- dum, iii., 105 Pierson. Israel C., elected Fellow, xv., 134 Piffard, Henry G., elected resident member, xv., 147 Piffard, salt well, ix., 41 Pinaropappus roseus, vii., 11 Pinus vig oO exilegok aristata, Vili., 77 edulis, ii., 91; viii., 76 ponderosa,i., 8; viil., 76, 78 succinifer, vili., 157 bahamensis, x., 6 flexilis, i., 5 inops, V., 222 mitis, v., 111 palustris, v., 111, 112 Piperidine, v., 195, 197 Pitch lake of Trinidad, viii., 26 Pittsburgh, Penn., acidity of atmos- phere, ili., 65, 66 Pittsford, Vt., marble, viii., 101, 102 INDEX. Pituiary body, the, xii., 27 Placer mining, viii.,149 , Placoderm fishes in Devonian of Ohio, V., 20 Placoderms of the Devonian, iii., 54 Plagioclase in granite diorite, xiv., 82 Planariz, v., 48 Planaria, ix., 33 Planet Mars, drawings made of the markings on, xv., 64 Planets, v., 247-253 inferior, v., 247 intra-Mercurial, y., 247 major, v., 251 Mercury, v., 248 Venus, v., 248 Mars, v., 249-250 Asteroids, v., 250 Jupiter, v., 251 Uranus, v., 252, 253 Neptune, v., 253 Saturn, v., 251 ultra-Neptunian, v., 253 Planorbis levis, viii., 114 Plantaginex, vii., 13 Plantago Patagonica, vii., 13 Virginica, vii., 13 Plants, annual growth-rings in, iii., 88 fossil in Colorado, iii., 13, 77 of Northern ‘Tertiary, present range, ili., 96 Cretaceous, v., 133-137 ; vi., 16 Triassic, vi., 125, 126 distribution, xii., 189 evolution, xiv., 49 fossil, from Providence, R. I., iv., 76 from Worcester, Mass., iv., 75 from Staten Island, v., 28, 29 in siliceous soil, v., 217 of Arizona, viii., 61-81 Planting of Trees, iii., 35 Plastic clays, new fossils from, vili., 177, 178 Platanus, iii., 47 ; xii., 33 Aquehongensis, Xii., 32 Newberriana, xiii., 181 Platinum, v., 185, 187 Experiments upon, xiv., 174 Plattsburg, N. Y., singing beach at, lii., 73 Pleistocene Lake bed at Elizabeth- town, N. Y., xiil., 107 347 Pleurosima, ix., 35 Pliohippus, vii., 159, 160 Plover, eggs of, xi., 24 Pnigeacanthus deltoides, ix., 132 Poa, viii., 79 Podozamites, v., 136 Pointing of building-stone, ii., 123 Polariscope xv., 135 Polarization of Light, Arago’s ex- planation, xiv., 158 Historical Review, xiv., 156 Qualitative experiments, xiv., 160 Polar stars, catalogue of, xii., 186 Polemoniacex, vii., 12 Polemonium confertum, viii., 78 Poliopstila albiventris, v., 55 cerulea cesiogaster, x., 52 Polorthus, ii., 85 tibialis, 1i., 12 Polygala alba, 1x., 183 ambigua, ix., 9 puberula, ix., 188 verticillata, ix., 183 verticillata ambigua, new, ix., 9 ovalifolia, vii., 8 Polygalex, vii., 8 Polygonacex, vii., 13 Polygonum Bistorta, vili., 79 emersum, ix., 185 Polynemidex, ix., 15 Polyodon, xii., 122 Polyporus abietinus, v., 111 applanatus, v., 111, 113 destructor, v., 110 gilvus, v., 111 hybridus, v., 110, 111 lucidus, v., 110 nidulans, v., 111 pergamenus, v., 111 pinicola, v., 111, 114 salicinus, v., 111 sulfureus, v., 111 versicolor, v., 111, 113 Ponds, artificial, viii., 117-125 Populites, xii., 33 Pop iluss Ne, Soe 1X pole XAT. Los angustifolia, Vi., 92 monilifera, i1., 92 apiculata, xii., 31 Porcupine Mountains, Mich., geo- logical structure, ili., 14 Porifera, v., 55 Porliera angustifolia, ix., 181 Porphyrite, ix., 143 348 Porphyrites, xiv., 203 Porphyritic gneiss, viii., 49 Porphyry, i., 19, 49; ii., 94; viii., 162 in Colorado, v., 122, 124, 126, 127 of St. John, xiv., 196 syenites, v., 220 Port Kent and Ausable Chasm, xyv., 21 Portraits of Priestley, viii., 17-20 Portulaca parvula, vii., 8 Postage on natural history speci- mens, xlil., 122 Post, Dr. A. C., death of, v., 280 Post, George B., elected resident member, xiy., 154 Potassium, v,, 187 chlorate of, v., 215 hydroxide of, yv., 193 peroxide of, v., 214-215 Potash brine, analysis of, ix., 41 Potentilla rivalis, var. millograna, MAU subviscosa, vili., 80 Thurberi, viii., 78 Pothocites Grantoni, iii., 40 Pot-hole, ix., 3 Pot-holes, x., 8 near Williamsbridge, N. Y., i., 181-183 “* Potomac’? clays, v., 136 group, geological age, etc., x., 36 Potsdam rocks of S. E. Penn., viii., 48, 50, 51 sandstone, figures on, iv., 42 strata, v., 216, 217 Poulton, Prof. Edward, elected cor- responding member, xiil., 171 Powder-mill Creek meteorite, vi., 161, 162 Praseodymium, v., 184, 200 Pre-Cambrian and Post-Ordovician trap dikes in the Adirondacks, xv., 248 Introduction, xv., 248 Present Rock Classification, xv. ,248 Proposed Change in the Classifica- tion, xv., 249 The Dikes, xv., 249 Description, xv., 249 Distribution, xv., 250 Scarcity north of the Adiron- dacks, xv., 251 Summary, xv., 252 INDEX. poe ee classification of, xiv., 95. topography of the Adirondacks, xv., 189 upper limit of, xiv, 194 volcanic rocks, xiv, 189 Precious stones of North America, viii., 160 Precipitation, to purify water, vi., 52, 53 Preglacial drift, vi., 16-18; viii., 179 of New Jersey and Staten Island, iv., 26; glacial drift, iv., 30 Prehistoric man in America, v., 120 races of America, skill of, iii., 15 Prehnite, 11., 88; viil., 2; ix., 141 new locality, v., 80 Preliminary notes in meteorite, v., 231 Preservation of building materials, etc., v., 56-71 ; of building stone, v., 13 of organic tissue, v., 117 of wood, v., 116-120 of stone, artificial, ii., 77, 78 Prevention of tubercular disease, i., 181 Price of the Transactions, x., 1 Priestley, Dr. Jos., decease, ii., 111 likenesses of, viii., 17-20 “Lunar Society,’’ associates of, Vili., 23, 24 Primary Matter, v., 184 Prime, Mr. Rufus, vi., 41 Primitia aurora, oculata, fusiformis, Xiv., 186; 157 Primitive education, xv., 155 Primula parryi, i., 8; viii., 78 Prince, J. Dyneley, xv., 147 Principal lines of disturbance in cer- tain portions of Atlantic Coastal Plain, xiv., 9 Problems about to confront astrono- mers of the Twentieth Century, xv., 146 Proboscidia, iv., 19, 20 Proccedings, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Tbs, Process for amalgamation of silver ores, ili., 1, 2 Process of cutting intaglios and cameos, iii., 105 Prochlorite, vi., 130 INDEX. Procyon lotor ileo-colic, junction of, xii., 50 Products of ozokerite, ii., 48, 49 Productus, v., 122 Preetus, vii., 247 Progress in astronomy, v., 234 of standard time, xi., 45 Projections, lantern, x., 103 Prominences, solar, v., 244, 245 Proserpinaca palustris, iii., 43 pectinacea, iii., 44 Prosopis glandulosa, ii, 92 juliflora, vii., 9; ix., 184 Protxoides daphnogenoides, xii., 36; xili., 130 Protagraulos priscus, xiv, 139 Protection of building stone, ii., 76, TAG Protective influence of mitigated virus, v, 204-213 mimicry, viil., 117 Protobatis quadratus, xii., 39 Protochlorite, viil., 53, 54 Protococeus, vili., 68-115 pluvialis, vili., 68 viridis, vili., 68 Protohippus, vii., 159 Protolenus Fauna (by title), xiv., 100 more primitive and more pelagic than that of Olenellus, xiv., 102 possibly cotemporaneous with the Fauna of Olenellus, xiv., 102. Protolenus paradoxoides bituberculatus, xiv., 145 Protopterus, xii., 244 Protospongia, xiv., 112 Protozoa, v., 54 Protozootites, new species, ix. 32 Prunus demissa, viii., 80 Psammite, vili., 43, 44 Pseudomophs, viii., 45, 54, 60 after garnet, iii., 1 copper, ix, 140 Pseudotsuga Douglasii, viii., 78 Psilophyton princeps, vi, 5-9 Pterichthys, ii., 144 corrugatus, lil., 32 Pterophyllum Blasii, vii., 115 Braunsti, vii., 115 princeps, vii., 115 Ptychoceras, i1., 94 Pthalic acid, v., 195 Ptycholepis, v., 18 Marshii, vi., 127 549 Ptychoparide, not in the Protolenus Fauna, xiv., 150 Publication Committee, report, iii., 12, 70 c fund, list of contributors, iii., 121 Committee, ix., 1, 107, 108 fund, money for, xiv., 92 Publications of Academy, list of re- cipients, lii., 138-149 of the Academy, viii., 1, 2, 41, 117, 127, 128, 152, 177 Public lectures, xv., 62, 123, 146 Puerco, relation to the Laramie, xii., 69 Puget Sound, origin of, iii., 104 Pulmonate molluses, lingual denti- tion, ili, 71 Pumice, i., 49-52, 56 Pupa longurio, ii., 152 Purification of water, vi., 42-58 Pyreesolite, vili., 59 Pyramids of Egypt, ii., 114-116 Pyridines, v., 195 Pyrite, 1i., 25, 90; 94; 138, 189, 149; iii., 21, 23; iv., 41; vi., 71-130; viii., 54, 56, 57, 60, 140; xii., 69 Pyrites, v., 121, 192, 230 Pyrogranil, ix., 149 Pyrope, viii., 161 Pyroteehnical photography, ix., 76- og Pyroxene, viii., 58 Pyroxene, ii., 9-25; iii., 18; iv., 42 in iron ore, v., 221 Pyroxenes from New York State, xiii., 208 of New York State (by title) xiv., 100 Pyroxenite, vi., 130; viil., 53-55 hollow crystals, vi., 112, 122-124 hydrophane, vi., 111, 112 Pyrrhopappus Carolinianus, ix., 184 multicaulis, vii., 11; ix., 181 Pyrrhotite, ii., 25-147; vii., 254 Pyrrol, v., 195 Quaker Bridge dam, viil., 117-125 Quartz, ii., 100-118; iii., 12, 18, 23, 49, 72 after calcite, v., 133 coated with chlorite, v., 214 cutting of, ete., v., 266, 267-277 from Arizona, v., 133 from Arkansas, v., 265 350 Quartz, green, v., 229, 230 in cavities of rhyolite, v., 214 in Luray caverns, v., 217 milky laminated, v., 97 pseudomorphs of, v., 266 erystals, fluid-bearing, i., 131-136 crystals from Ellenville, N. Y, xlii., 181 gems, vili., 161 inclusions, vili., 21-161 “‘phantom,’’ viii., 12 smoky, vi., 113-130; vili., 161 in lithomarge, vi., 3 in meteorite, vi., 35 in granite diorite, xiv., 81 petroleum in, x., 57 Quartzite, v., 222 ; vili., 53, 54;x., 59 at Balcony Falls, v., 219, 220 in E. Tenn., v., 290) in Page Valley, v., toe in San Juan Mts., v., 122-125 in Essex Co., N. yn. é xiii. -, 219 Quarternary fauna of Belgium, viii., 132-134 in Essex Co., N. Y., xili., 226 of Staten Island, viii., 177, 180, 181 Queen termites, viii., 87, 89, 106- 110 Quercus, xili., 17 coccinea, var. tinctoria, iil., 42 nigra, lil., 42; v., 217 Emoryi, ii., 91 grisea, viii., 76 hypoleuca, vili., 76 oblongifolia, viil., 76 undulata, var. Gambelii, viii., 76 imbricaria, iv., 31 obtusiloba, v., 217 Quinine, v., 195 Quonochontogue Beach, R. I., orbic- ular granite, xili., 140 ‘* Rackarock,’’ v., 14 Radiant matter, v., 178 Radiata, v, 32, 33 Radiolaria, ix., 33 Rails of railroads, v., 145-148, 152 Railway problem in China, xi., 44, 156 Railways, appliances of, v., 149 extent of, v., 149, 150 inception and progress of, v., 137- 152 INDEX. income of, v., 151 rates of, v., 150 signals of, v., 149 Rainfall, vi., 79, 80 annual, ix., 209 in Denver, Colorado, ix., 209 on the Nile, ix., 113 of Panama, viii., 85, 86 Raiyan Meeris, ix., 55 Rallus coryi, x., 52 Rana clamata, xii., Randite, vili., 50 Ranunculacez, vii., 7 Ranunculus cardiophyllus, viii., 79 Hookeri, viii., 79 aquatilis, iii., 43, 46 multifidus, iii., 43 repens and its ‘allies, xii., 2 from Virginia, xiv., 79 copa City, Dak., aragonite, ili., 17 : 243 Rare gems, etc., v., 131- ge “ Raritan ” ae ‘ot N. J. Va aoe Ravages of termites, viii., 26, ‘90, 93, 99, 100, 110 Ravenia Blandi, ii., 154 Rays, fossil, from Wyoming, iii., 38 Recent progress in chemistry, v., 179-202 Reception by the Council, viii., 20 and exhibition by the Academy, xili., 159 Recording Secretary, report of, roi 68; ix., 104; xiv., 87 resignation of, viii., 1, Ate Redfield, Mr. J. H., memorial com- mittee, xiv. , 100 Red sunsets, brilliant colors of in., 32, 61 theories in regard to causes, ili., 60, 61, 64, 65 ; Redondo Beach, musical sand at, x., 3L Reduction of astronomical photo- graphs, xili., 121 of astro-photographic plates (by title), best formule for, xv., 2 of transit observations by least squares, xi., 25 Rees, J. K., elected Councillor, xii., 125 Refreshment of muscles, vi., 118, 121 Regeneration, xii., 139 Relacam, vi., 61 INDEX. Relation of certain thermodynamical phenomena of liquid solutions to the economy of nature, ix., 138 Relations of Arthrodiran fishes, xiii., 176 of dinichthys, iii., 20 Remains of fossil fishes, 1i., 144-147 Remarkable nugget of silver, xv., 191 Remoplenoides Schlotheimi, vii., 9 Report, of Committees, iii., 56-60, 70 Committee on Forestry, x., 115 Conference Committee on union of local scientific societies, x., 112 Corresponding Secretary, ii., 95 ; Lit OSI Ve GS Tabrarian, ii., 98; iii., 70; v., 1, 20, 164, 282 Library Committee, i., 125 Publication Committee, i., 125; 11., 98,99) 154°- iii. 70s v., 15 1164 Recording Secretary, i., 125; ii., 97, 9S eit, OSs kd. 9a. xat 124s v., 29; 162, 278 Treasurer, i., 124; ii., 96, 97; iii., GOeSdi lb Ge Reports of Committees, xiii., 23, 151 Memorial Committee, v., 278 officers, v.; vi. (see Contents) ; vill. (see Contents ) ; xiii., 152; xv.,128 Reproductions of rock sections, in polarized light, photographed, xiv., 64 Reptilian foot-prints in New Jersey Trias, v., 72 Researches in the solar spectrum, xi., 125 Reservoirs, vili., 117 124 Resident Fellows and Members, list, iii, 114-122 ; x., supplement members, election of, iii., 31, 55, 71, 80, 100, 106 members, list of, viii., 209; xv., end of vol. Resignations, vi., 112 of members, iii., 34, 37, 48, 55, 62, 72, 103 Resins, fossils, ii., 85-87 Resolution regarding metric system of weights and measures, xv., 125, 127. Resolutions on death of Dr. John C. Jay, xi., 40 passed, ii., 24, 62, 79, 100, 111, 116, 154; ili., 56-60, 71, 106 351 Results of experiments on metallic spheres falling in water, pre- liminary series, xv., 2 Reticulate structure of living matter, ii., 79-84 Reversion spectra, v., 182 Review of Diodontide, etc., v., 89 of dynamic electricity, v., 89-110 of fossil fishes, etc., 233 of Petromyzonitide, v., 89 Revised by-laws, x., 49 Revision of by-laws, committee on, X., of = of Caleeocrinide, viii., 152 of Cambrian rocks, viii., 176 Ehacicallis rupestris, x., 15 Rhamnacex, vil., 9 Rhamnus Rossmassleri, xii., 35 Rhigolene, v., 194 Rhinoceros Merckii, viii., 135 tichorhinus, viil., 133 Fhisobia, Occurrence and Functions of, xiv., '79 Rhizodus, vi., 138; vii., 165 anceps, vii., 165 Hardingi, vii., 165 Hibberti, vii., 165 lancifer, vii., 165 occidentalis, vil., 165 quadratus, vil., 165 Rhizomorphs, x. 16 Rhizopoda, ix., 36 Rhodochrosite, ii., 64; vi., 112 from Ulay mines, Colorado, i., 3 Rhododendron nudiflorum, ix., 184 Rhodonite, ii., 28-35; vili., 162 from Franklin, N. J.,; v., 25 Rhopolocera, xiv., 60 Rhus aromatica, ix., 183 Canadensis, ix., 183 radicans, ix., 183 toxicodendron, ix., 183 Rhynchophora, vii., 162 Rhynchosia Texana, vii., 9 Rhyolite, i., 53, 173 at Yellowstone Park, iii., 7 holding topaz, v., 213 Ribes aureum, viii., 76 cereum, viil., 80 lacustre, (?) viii., 78 Richmend, Mass., deweylite from iron mine, iii., 17 Ries, Heinrich, elected resident mem- berixdseco 302 Ring structure of carbon compounds, v., 165 Rio Grande, botany near, li., 66, 90-95 Puce from Jerome avenue, N. Yo venaeo in New York City, iii., 48 Rise and progress of invertebrate zo- ology, v., 29-55 River mussels, viii., 163 Rivina levis, vii., 13 Robb, Prof. W. L., vibration of a cord, xv., 135 . Rock, erystal, boulder of, iii., 81 exposures on New York Island, x., 113 crystals, etc., v., 267, 277 salt deposits, ix., 39 salt from Leroy and Livonia mine, INE SY¥e, sxilt 6 sources of, xli., 269, 276, 277 thin sections, i., 49-53, 154 salt in Western New York, some discoveries, iv., 55 Rocks, “olian, x., 7 effusive and Dyke near St. John, N. B., (by title) xiv., 100 of S. E. Pennsylvania, viii., 47-53 Rocking stone at West Farms, xi., 13 Rocky Mountain Parks, scenery of, lii., 108 Rogenium, v., 200 Rome, variety of marbles in, iii., 102 F Réntgen Rays, new results of ex- periments, xv., 47 Réntgen’s discovery, xv., 146 Rose-quartz, viii., 161 Rotation of earth, v., 236 Rotifer, ix., 33 Rottbeellia corrugata, ix., 182 Royal Bohemian Soe. Sci., vili., 114 Society, Committee to aid in work of, xiv., 99 of London, viii., 82 Rubiacer, vii., 10 Ruby, vi., 4— 11, 12 artificial, vi AS 11, 12 enclosing spinel, iii., 21 from North Carolina, v., 72 from Franklin, N. C., v., 132 Rudeville, N. J., Tourmaline Crys- tals from, xili., 185 and geology INDEX. Reullia humilis, ix., 185 ciliosa humilis, (new), ix., 185 tuberosa, vii., 12 Rumex, viii., 77 Arizonicus, viii., 73 Berlandieri, vii., 13 Rusophycus, iv., 78 Russell, Mass., garnet pseudomorphs, iii., 18 Russel, Prof. I. C., viii., 180, 181 Rutacee, vii., 8 Rutgers Female College, viii.,. Fee 21 Rutherfurd, L. M., life of, sac; death of, xi, 155 Star plates, reduction, x., 102 photographic measures, xi., 41 photographs, permanence of, xv. , 147 Rutilated quartz, viii., 21, aie: Rutile, iii., 38, 49, 107; v., 75, 6, 264 ; vi., 3, 6, 130 enclosed in emerald, its in garnet, v., 225-226, 227 penetrating a Ceylonese Zircon, iv., 59 es ay | elected member, Saba, W. I., geology, Sabine, Wm. T., xv., 147 Saccharomycetus, vi., 68, 69, 70 Mycoderma, vi., 68, 69 Sacramento Valley, Cal., thology, 1ii., 55 Safety of kerosene oil, i., 137-143 Saguenay Valley, ii,, 1-2 Sahara, microscopic examination of sand, ii1., 64 Saibling, Sunapee, xii., 139 Salem witchcraft excitement, i., 153 Salicine, i., 197 Salina group, rock salt deposits of, Indian my- 150- EX.) 09 Salisburia, iii., 44-47 Salix, v., 136; xii., 36 nigra, 1x., 185 rostrata, vili., 79 Salizaria, ii., 92 Salmo fontinalis, xii., 140 Salmon fishery in Salmon river, i.,"6 Salpa, v., 15, 16 Salt Cay, x., 5 Salt mines, ix., 45 production, ix., 44 of copper, v., 215 INDEX. 353 Saltpetre, v., 214, 215 Saltville, W. Va., gypsum and salt, Tverd Salvelinus, xii., 139 Salvia balloteflora, vii., 13 Texana, viii., 13; ix., 185 Samarium, v., 181-200 Sambucus glaucus, viii., 80 Sam’s Point, N. Y., elevated ter- races at, lil., 27 glaciation at, iii., 26 Samuel, Mark, elected member, xili., 23 San Carlos mine, ii., 94, 95 Sand, microscopic examination of, iii., 64-75 of Sahara, iii., 64 sonorous, iii., 72-76 musical, x., 28 storms, 1x., 115 Sands, iron, concentration of, ii., 7, 8, 14-17 Sahara, ii., 148 sonorous, ii., 148 ocean, river and desert, iv., 3 Sandstone, ii., 68, 72, 117-120, 122- 127 in northern Texas, i., 15-19 Sandstones at Balcony Falls, v., 219, 220 decay in, v., 13, 59, 61, 62 in San Juan Mts., v., 122-126 Chemung, with screw-like casts, lii., 33, 34 head from Staten Island, iii., 81 leaf bearing, iii, 30, 31 used for building in New York City, iv., 57 San Francisco, forest, vili., 78, 79, 80 Mts., viii., 76, '77, 78, '79, 80 flora of, viii., 61-81 musical sand at, x., 32 San Juan, exploring expedition, v., 0 resident Mts. of Col., v., 121-130 Sanitary chemistry, v., 198 influence of vegetation in cities, v., 264 Sankaty Head, Post Pliocene, xv., 10 Deposits, Mollusca, xv., 12 Santa Barbara, musical sand at, x., 31 Saturnina (bombycina), xiv., 54 Saurians, gigantic, ix., 25 Saurothera bahamensis, x., 52 Sapindus marginatus, ix., 183 Morrisoni, xii., 235 Sapium (2?) annuwm, vii., 14 Sapphire, iii., 53, 107 artificial, vi., 8 from Ceylon, i., 129 yellow, xi., 58 Sap-sand in maple juice, i., 168 Sarcostemma cynanchoides vii., 11 Sargasso Sea of Atlantic Ocean, iv., 58 Sargassum bacciferum, iv., 58 Sassafras, iii., 41, 47, 94, 96 ; v., 136 acutilobum, xil., 236 Satellite, of Jupitur, xii., 27 Satellites of Mercury, v., 247 of Venus, v., 249 of Mars, v., 240, 253 of Jupiter, v., 252, 253 of Uranus, v., 252, 253 of Saturn, v., 252, 253 of Neptune, v., 253 Satin-spar, viii., 2 Saturn, v., 252 crape ring of, xii., 218 Saturnia (sarnia) Ceeropia, ii., 117 Scandium, y., 181, 183, 200 Scapolite, v., 75; viii., 162 Scenery of Iceland, viii., 184 of the Rocky Mountain Parks, iii., 108 Staten Island, v., 228 Schaefferia cuneifolia, vii., 8 Schorlomite from Maine, iv., 25 Schermerhorn, Wm. C., elected resi- dent member, xi., 25 Schistose rocks in Adirondacks, v., 72 Schists of S. E. Penna, vili., 49, 50. Schizoneura laticostata, v., 17 planicostata, vi., 126 Schkuhria Hopkirkii, viii., 78 Schmidtella cambrica, xiv., 137 Schoenus nigricans (new), ix., 14 Schorlomite, viii., 162 School children, results of measure- ment, xv., 155 Schrankia angustata, vii., 9 Schreibersite, vi., 76, 145 Science of mechanics, historical sketch of development, xiv., 64 Scientific Alliance, xiv., 78 of New York, xii., 1, 137, 151 foresting, vili., 32 354 Scientific influence of grange asso- ciations, iii., 16 jottings on the Nile, ix., 110 libraries of Europe, viii., 3 Scirpus and Rhynchospora, species of, Gy Ee atrovirens pallidus, (new), ix., 14 Sciurus aurocapillus, x., 52 Scleria, A Revision of the North American species of, iv., 80 Scolithus, iv., 30 ; viii., 51 linearis, v., 219 Scotland, lochs and crannogs of, xi., 48 singing beaches, lii., 73 Scranton, Penn., Peat, i., 71-76 Screw-like casts in Chemung sand- stones, iii., 33-34 Scrophularinez, vii., 12 Scutellaria Drummondii, vii., 13 Scyonotus, monograph of, xiii., 169 Sea-coast defence, vi., 122 Sea garden, x., 5 level, vi., 39 Salt, influence in decay of stone, ii., 123 : sickness, treatment by trance, i1., 64-66 serpent, v., 165-168 Seal of Academy, v., 232 Seals, Babylonian, Assyrian, Sas- sanian, minerals used in, xiv., 87 Seasoning of building-stone, ii., 76-77 Sea urchin fertilization, xiv., 71 Seaweed from ‘Trenton rocks, of Wisconsin, xix., 63 Secretary’s report, xv., 128 average attendance, xv., 129 papers classified, xv., 129 elections, etc., xv., 129 new section formed, xv., 129 public reception, xv., 129 publications, xv., 130 Section of Astronomy, x., 67; xii., 26, 47, 93 Ethnology, x., 100 of Astronomy and Physics, xii., 55, 138, 186 : Biology, xii., 6, 27, 50, 56, 95, 138, 187 formation of, xi., 123 of Cambrian rocks Brook, xiv., 106 officers elected, xy., 144 at Hanford INDEX. of Geology and Mineralogy, xii., 40, 49, 69, 96, 188, 229 Secretaries’ reports, xv., 133 Sectional Committee appointed, xiv., 46 officers, xiv., 100 officers, election of, xiv., 45 Sedgwick, W. T. elected correspond- ing member, xili., 171 Sedimentary strata, origin of, in America, v., 78, 79 Sedum rhodantheum, viii., 78 Seismic waves, vili., 83 Self-defense, methods of animal, iii., 53-55 Self-fluxing iron ore, v., 221 Self-luminous subjects, photography of, ix., 99 Selkirk Mountains, x., 61 Seminotus, vi., 127 Senecio actinella, vili., 80 Arizonicus, vili., 80 canus, ix., 11 Douglasii, viii., 80 Fendleri, viii., 79 Hallii (new), ix., 11 Senff, Charles H., elected resident member, xiv., 220 Sensitive flames, viii., 131, 132 Separation of red oxide of zine, ii., 26-35 Sequoia, ii., 87; iii., 6; v., 136; viii., 157 Coutteix, xii., 30 heterophylla, xii., 30 Reichenbachii, xii., 30 Serpentine, i., 57, 58; ii., 17; vili., 3, 48, 49, 52-54, 162; ix., 200 as building-stone, 1i., 71 associated with the red hematite, at Antwerp, N. Y., xiv., 64 Staten Island, v, 2283 vi., 13-16 in N. Y. Island, vi., 130-135 rocks of S. E. Penn’a., viii., 48, 49, 50 of New York Island, viii., 54 Serpentines of New York and vicin- ity, ix., 200 of vicinity of New York, iv., 79 Serpula, ix., 33 Setaria caudata, viii, 77; ix., 182 setosa, vii., 14 Shadow-bands in eclipse, vili., 153, 154 INDEX. Shale in northern Texas, i., 15-19 Shales indurated, at Bergen -Hill, A ETIPe Shark, photograph of, vi., 70 Sharks, Carboniferous, armor of, iii., 54 notes on ancestral, xv., 40 Shawangunk grit, v., 216 Range, N. Y., glaciation of, iii., 22-30 Shell heaps, ii., 141-143 implements, i., 121, 147 Shell-mounds of Florida, viii., 164, 165 Shells, evolution in, vii., 114, 115 land, ii., 150 land, distribution in West Indies, ii., 151-154 Ship-canal at Nicaragua, viii., 165, 168, 169, 170 at Panama, vili., 165, 168, 169, 170 Ship-railroad at Tehuantepec, viii., 164-174 Ship-worms, ravages of, viii., 169 Shumardia granulosa, vii., 2 Sicydium Lindheimeri, vii., 9 Sida, vili., 77 diffusa, vii., 8 physocalyx, vii., 8 Siderite, viii., 2 Sierra Nevada, glaciation in, ii., 155 Sigillaria, i1., 50 ;1v., 75, 76 Signals, railway, v., 149 Significance of flora to Iroquois, v., 202 Siliceous sponge from L. I., v., 120 sinter from Yellowstone, iii., 6, 7 Silicified forest in Arizona, v., 9-11 wood from California, viii., 29, 30 from New Mexico, viii., 77 wood in Colorado, iii., 6, 7 woods, vi., 165, 166 Silurian, lower strata, v., 216, 220 Silver, i1., 94, 95 ; vi., 60, 64 action on ozone, v., 185 in pyrites, v., 192 ores and mines, in Col., v., 122- 130 castings from Peru, ili., 15, 62, 63 chloride, iii., 1 native, ili., 2, 38 ores, processes for amalgamation, zt a be sulphide, iii., 19 Ba) experiments upon, xiy., 180 in Lake Copper, i., 4 ** King ’’ mine, vi., 85 native, vili., 11, 160 native from Sweden, ix., 150 minerals from Potosi, S. A.,ix., 154 remarkable nugget, xv., 185 Silver, Louis Mann, elected resident member, xv., 147 Sinai, desert of, ix., 110 Singing beach at Eigg, ix., 23 beach of Manchester, ii., 147, 148 beaches of the Baltic, iii., 97, 98 in Scotland and America, ili., 72- 76 Siphonoglossa pilosella, vii., 12 Sirius, v., 184 Sisymbrium pinnatum, vii., 7 canescens, Vil., 7 Skeletons found at Far Rockaway, ii., 140-144 paleolithic, viii., 132-135 Sketch Map of Cambrian at Hanford Brook, xiv., 108 Skulls deformed by pressure, viii., 4, 5, 6, 116 paleeolithie, viii., 134, 135 Skunnemunk mountain, geology of, My, oe Sky Line Mine, x., 63 Skytop, N. Y., glacial striation upon, lii., 28 Slate, i., 21, 22; ii., 72, 149, 150 black, in San Juan Mts., v., 123, 129 ! near Nat. Bridge, v., 218 Smilacina sessilifolia, vili., 79 Smith, E. E., elected resident mem- ber, xiii., 151 Francis P., elected resident mem- ber, xii., 25 irs sibs PACs vas lol Nelson, elected resident member, XI oo Smoke, darkening the atmosphere, iii., 60, 61 Smoky quartz, viii., 161 Snake river, Idaho, i., 4, 5 Snow peaks of Oregon, iii., 77 Soapstone at Norwich, Ct., ii., 18 Societies, vi., 167-182 etc., receiving publications of Academy, iii, 138-149; xii. at end of vol. 356 Soda granite, xiv., 204 Microscopic characters of, xiv., 205 analyses of, xiv., 207 production of, v., 192, 193 Sodalite, viii., 162 from three new localities, xili., 139 Sodium, v., 179, 186, 187, 193, 214, 215 in comet, v., 254 nitrate of, v., 214 peroxide of, v., 214, 215 sulphato-chloride, viii., 9 Soil, exhaustion by sugar-cane, lii., 15, 16 exhaustion in America, 11i., 16-17 Solanacex, vii., 12 Solanum eleagrifolium, vii., 12; ix., 185 rostratum, ix., 185 Torrey?, ix., 185 triquetrum, ix., 185 Solar and terrestrial activity, xii. , 26 eclipse of October 20, 1892, xii., 26; of 1889, viii., 153-156 Facule in Rutherford’s photo- graphs, xiii., 205 parallax, v., 238, 239 prominences, v., 244, 245 spectrum, v., 242-244, 245 system, evolution of, v., 249 physics, viii., 14; the bearing of electrical discharges on, xii., 48, 49 spectrum, researches on, xi., 125 “Soldier termites,’’ viii., 90-95; 104— 111 Solidago sarothre, vii., 10 lateriflora, ix., 11 nana, Vili., 80 Solidification of fluids, v., 191 Sombrero Island, dust columns at, TV ep Some of the sources of Burger’s Lenore, xv., 271 Sonchus asper, ix., 181 Sonometer, organ-pipe, i., 163 Sonorous sands, ii., 147, 148; viii., 9, 10, 182, 183 in America and Scotland, iii., 72- 76 microscopic examination of, 1ii., 75 of Egypt, ix., 123 cause of, ix., 24 researches on, ix., 21, 123 INDEX. Sophora affinis, ix., 184 secundiflora, vii., 9 Sorghum, v., 194 industry, 1il., 5, 6 Sotol whiskey of Chihuahua, ii., 93, 94 Sound, diffraction of, viii., 130, 131 Sounds in nature, origin of, iii., 75 on beach of Costa Rica, iii., 76 Sound shadows, viii., 131 waves, viii., 130, 131; theory of, iv., 34 Seuth Africa, crocidolite, iii., 104 America, journey in, vi., 129, 138, 147 American fishes, xiii, 110; Indian, head of, xi., 26 .Carolina, phosphate beds, yield of, 1K 80 Southern Egypt, 1i., 116 Spangled mica-schist, viii., 49 Spanish chestnuts, exhibition of, xi., 13 explorers, vi., 60-65 Special committees, reports of, ix., 4, 37, 70, 109 Specializations of sex in insects, iii., 103 Species of band b ( Protolenus Fauna), list of, xiv., 148 of Scirpus and Rhynchospora, Xi., 74 Specific gravity of amber, ii., 85 Specimens, collecting, x., 83 Spectra of comets, v., 254 of stars, v., 259 of sun, v., 242-244 of sun-spots, v., 242 Spectroscopy, vili., 14, 155 Spectrum of Gould’s comet, ii., 20 Spermatogenesis of Lumbricus Archo- plasm mass in, xiii., 135 Spermophilus Beldingi, viii., 41 Spermophila parva, uv. sp., ii., 151 Sperrylite, viii., 56 Spessartite, vili., 153, 161 from Col., v., 213 Spheralcea, vili., 77 Emoryi, viii., 79 hastulata, vii., 8 pedatifida, vii., 8 Spazria, v., 115 Spheriacei, v., 114 Sphalerite, iii., 23, 49; vili., 17 INDEX. Sphene, v., 77-264; viii., 21-50 Sphenophyllum, iii., 46 dimorphous foliage, iii., 46 Spherostilbite, iii., 18 Sphingina, iv., 59 Spiders of Colorado (by title), xiv., 100 Spinel, iii., 21 from Ceylon, v., 225 Spiraxis, ii., 154 major, D. Sp., lli., 33 Randatli, n. sp., ili., 34 Spireza cespitosa, viii., 81 discolor, vili., 80 millefolia, viii., 80 Spirifer avenosus, iv., 30 arrectus, iv., 30 macropleurus, iv., 30 Spirifera macropleura, xiii., 125 Spirophyton, iii., 33 Spirulea rotula, ti., 12 Spitzbergen, climate of, iii., 85-87 Spodumene, i., 2, 102; il., 25; viii., 161 from Maine, vi., 40 from N. C., vil., 2, 3 Spokane mine, x., 63 Spongida of Protolenus Fauna, xiv., 2 Sporadinus ricordi, x., 52 Sporobolus, vili., 79 Spots on the sun, v., 239-242 Springs, hot, at Pagosa, Col., i., 7 soda, near Fort Worth, Texas, i., 15 salt, in Texas, i., 16 warm, x., 64 Spy, human remains at, viii., 132- 135 Squid, i., 175 St. Acheul, palzeolithic arrow heads, ili., 81, (82 Staffa, caves of, ii., 3-6, 37 Stalactites, ii., 39, 40 in Mammoth Cave., i., 60 Stalactitic aragonite, viii., 45 melanterite, vili., 22 Standards of time, i., 88 Standard time, v., 236 time, progress of, xi., 45 sizes for drawers and trays, Xxiii., 140; xiv., 65, 66, 67 Standing Committees, x., 103 Staphylinide, viii., 117; ix., 162 357 Starch, estimation by Von Asboth’s method, x., 24 Star, garnets, v., 225, 226 magnitudes, x., 117 places, calculation of, x., 86 plates, Rutherfurd, x., 102 photographs, i., 146 Starr, Prof. M. Allen, elected resi- dent member, xiv., 65 Stars, v., 257-260 about Beta Cygni, measures of, xi., 120 catalogues of, v., 257, 258 double, v., 260 parallax of, v., 259, 260 photographs of, v., 258 photometry of, v., 258, 259 ‘spectra of, v., 259 variable, v., 259 mean declination of 56, observed for variation of latitude at Naples and New York, xiv., 87 State forests of Germany, viii., 32 Staten Island, N. Y., v., 228-230; Vie, 80; O0 asbestos, v., 229 azoic rock, v., 228 Cretaceous plants, v., 28, 29 minerals, lii., 49, 50; v., 228-230 serpentine, v., 228 steatite, v., 228 buildings of, ii., 67-71 earved head found in, iii., 81 leaf-bearing sanastones, ili., 30, 31 geology of, i., 56-58; vi., 12-18; vili., 177-181 Natural Science Association, i., 67 Cretaceous on, viii., 31, 177-180 limonites of, viii., 180, 181 Quaternary of, viii., 180, 181 glacial and preglacial drift, iv., 26 stone adze from, vill., 17 Staurolite, viii., 3, 49 Stauroneis, xii., 220; xiii., 161 Steam, behavior in steam engine cylinder, i., 111-114 pipes, heating surface, i., 67—70 engines, absolute limit to econom- ical expansion in, ii., 1 engine, development of, v., 137- 143 Newcomen’s, v., 137, 138 Savery’s, v., 137 Watts, v., 138 308 Steamboat, first, on Lake Superior, iii., 13 Steatite, viii., 49, 50 Staten Island, v., 228 Stegosaurus, iii., 53 Steinmetz, Charles Proteus, elected resident member, Xi., 25 Stenogyra octonoides, ii., 152 Stephanomeria Wrightii, Vili, ae OM, Stethacanthus Altonensis, ix., 133 Stellar photometry, x., 17 Stengel, Prof. Frederick, death of, vili., 152 Stentor, "phenomenon in life-history of, xiv., 49 Stereoscope, i., 9, 15, 118-120 Brewster’s theory of, i., 9 Helmholtz’s views on, i., 13, 14 Notes, i., 114-118 Sterility of ants and neuters, ili., 103 Stetson, Francis Lynde, elected resi- dent member, xiv., 220 St. Eustatius, W. I., i Stilbite, ii., 89; viii., 143 Stillingia angustifolia, ix., 185> dentata, vii., 14 Torreyana, vii., 14 Stipa pinnata var. Neo-Mexicana, viii., 80 17, 50, 57; ix., setigera, vii., 14; ix., 182 ‘St. John’s’? formation, vi., 113 St. John, N. B., intrusive rocks near, xiii., 185 St. Lawrence, Devonian fossil fishes from, li., 1 Stoddard, Francis H., elected resi- dent member, xv., 147 Stokes, James, elected resident mem- ber, xv., 147 Stone adze on Staten Island, vili., 175 age, x., 109 age tools, x., 110 durability of, vili., 175 implements from Waynesville, N. Ci ABS perforated, from Europe, i., 49 implements at Trenton, iji., 1, 7- 12 pavements, viii., 42, 43 tools, manufacture of, x., 110 Stoneham, Me., minerals from, ii., 25 herderite, iii., 37 INDEX. minerals, viil., 12 bertrandite, vili., 12 beryl, viii., 12, 13, 153, 161 damourite, viii., 12 herderite, viii., 12 phenacite, viii:, 13 ¥ topaz, vili., 13 Storm areas, ix., 209 Strata map, eeological, 130 Strategic features of the Gulf of Mexico, ix., 71 Stratford, Prof. Wm., elected resi- dent member, xiy., 68 Stratigraphical relations of Brown’s Park beds, Utah, xv., 252 Stratiotes aloides, iii., 399 Street seenes in Cairo, xi., 73 Striae, ees on Shawangunk range, lil., 27, 28 Stromboli, viii., 82 Strombus gigas, viii., 162 Strophia, ii., 152, 153 Milleri, hiss, 1S wea, ii., 152, 153 Str ophodonta, Beckii, iy., 30 hemispherica, i., 57 Strophomena, vii, 2 radiata, Xiii., 125 rhomboidalis, 1., 57 3 iv., 30 Study of folk-lore, ix., 134 Sturgeon hatching in the Delaware, xili., 69 Stylocola, ix., 34 Stylonurus excelsior, Pe 8 Stylosanthes hee. v O17 Suberites compacta, v 420 Subfaunas of band B of St. group, xiv., 105 Submarine tunnel between England and France, 155-158 Subscribers to the building fund, x., (supplement ) Subsidence and elevation, i., 22, 24 26, 28, 29, 66, 100 evidences of, x., 18 Subterranean scenery, ii., 36 Sub-surface waters, vi., 77, 91 chemistry of, vi., 90 Succession of animal life, iii., 20 of forest growths, iii., 56 Succinea gyrata, li., 151, 152 Sucrose, dextrose ‘and ley ulose, Xi., 126 viii., 129, John INDEX. 359 Sugar beet cultivation, iii., 5, 6 Cane crop, soil exhaustion by, iii., 15, 16 from sorghum, iii., 5, 6 Sugar, maple, sap-sand, i., 167 Suggestions as to the determination of the relative mass of the two components of the double star Eta Cassiopeiz from Ruther- 35 method to be pursued and formule to be used, xv., 35 Sium cicutefolium, iii., 42 Sullivan County, N. Y., moraine de- posits, lii., 25, 26 Sulphides of silver, etc., v., 128 Sulphohalite, viii., 8, 9, 22 Sulphur, v., 195 dioxide of, v., 185 springs in the desert of Sinai, ix., 121 deposits in Utah and Nevada, i., 168-175 Sulphuretted hydrogen, v., 187 Sulphuric acid, v., 186, 187, 192 Summer experiences of Prof. Mayer, > fara Summit meteorite, cuts of, ix., 196 meteorite, analysis of, ix., 197 Sun, v., 238-247 and meteorology, v., 239 atmosphere of, v., 240 corona of, v., 245-247 chromosphere, v., 245 distance of, v., 238, 239 eclipse of, v., 245, 246 heat of, v., 240, 241 parallax of, v., 238, 239 prominences of, v., 244, 245 spectra of, v., 242-244 surface of, v., 239-242 Sunapee Saibling, xii., 139 Sun-photographs, i., 145 Sun-spots, ii., 35 ; 239-242 spectra of, v., 242 penumbras of, xiv., 77 pictures of, xiv., 78 Sun, total eclipse of, ix., 5, 47, 52 Surface deposits, x., 8 of fossil resins, viii., 157, 158 of sun, v., 239-242 Surgery, use of trance in, ii., 66 Surivella, xiii., 101 furd photographic measures, i., Survey at Lake Meeris, iii., 78, 79 Geodetics, United States, iv., 1 of United States, Trigonometric and Topographic, iv., 58 Survey, Van Renssaeler canal, xi., 45 Sussex County, N. J., ores and min- erals, ii., 25 Swash, x., 6 Sweet Grass Hills, x., 57 Syenite, elaeolite, xi., 60 Sylviide, vi., 139 Symbols, alchemical, ii., 102-104 chemical notation, ii., 53-59 Synclinal fold in Page Valley, v., 216 : Synthesis, chemical, v., 197 Synthyris Plantaginea, viii., 80 Systems of mechanical units, xv., 34 Introduction by Fourier, xv., 34 System of recording field notes, xv., 191 Tabasheer, viii., 158, 159 Table of chemical characters, ii., 56 Table-land of New Mexico, viii., 77 Tachypetes aquila, vii., 83 ‘* Taconic system,’’ vi., 138 Tadpoles, cloacal aperature of, xii., 242 Tails of comets, v., 251-255 Talesven ooo Ville a oo deposits near Gouverneur, N. Y. (origin of), xv., 154 schist, i., 56-58 serpentine and tremolitic min- erals, association of, iv., 77 white, from Gouverneur, N. Y., TN for TA Talinum aurantiacum, vii., 8 lineare, vii., 8 patens, ix., 181. Tamborrel, J. de M., elected corre- sponding member, xii., 25 Tamarisk, vii., 170 Taraxacum, viil., 79 Tasmania, tin of, viii., 148 Tatlock, John, Jr., elected Curator, Xai, WAS) Tattooing among Indians, viii., 115, 116 Taxodium, iii., 85 distichum, ix., 31 Tehuantepec ship-railway, viii., 164— 174 360 Telescopes of the world, vi., 93-107 construction of, vi., 95-105 lenses of, vi., 96-103, 107 Lick, vi., 100, 105, 107 origin of, vi., 93-95 reflectors of, vi., 103-105 size of, vi., 105-107 Teleosts of the Cretaceous period, 1ii., 54 Tellurium in copper products from Col., i., 4 Temperature, annual, ix., 206 annual, in Egypt, ix., 111 daily in Egypt, ix., 111 ’ effect on chemical changes, v., 186, 187 lowest measured, v., 191 Mammoth Cave, i1., 59 of the Earth’s crust, xii., 186 of incandescence, iv., 43 Temples and palaces of Yucatan, v., 169-178 Tendencies of recent electrical re- search, xiv., 153 Tendon, capsular-intermediate, xiv., 250 capsular-pectoral, xiv., 241 gleno-epitrochlear, xiv., 247 Tenerium laciniatum, ix., 185 Tennessee meteorite, vi., 160; viii., 187 Tenorite, viii., 45 Ten years progress inastronomy, v., 234 Tephroite, 11., 34 Terebratula plicata, ii., 10 Harlani, ii., 85 fragilis, 1i., 11 Teredo navalis, vili., 169, 170 Termes, viii., 87 testaceus, viii., 86, 97-99, 108; ix., 159 albidus, ix., 161 bellicosus, ix., 177 columnaris, 1x., 158 lucifugus, 1X., 158 minimus, 1x., 158 prelongus, ix.,160 saltans, ix., 172 Termitogaster insolens, viii., 117; ix., 163 Termitariums, vii., 100-113 Termites, viii., 85-114 of the Isthmus of Panama, ix., 157 INDEX. Termitophilous beetle, vili., 117 Terraces on Shawangunk Mountain, lii., 27 Terrestrial molluscs, ii., 150-154 in the West Indies, i., 181 Tertiary age., v., 133 climate in Arctic regions, lii., 94 plants, found in Colorado, iii., 13, 77 present range of, iii., 96 strata,-i., 21, 22 fossil plants, xi., 123 Testing iron and steel, commission for, i., 49 safety of kerosene oil, i., 138-143 Texan botany, contributions to, ix., 181 Texas, botany and geology, ii., 66, 90-95 coal, i., 15, 16 copper region, i., 15-20 gypsum, i., 17 pumice tuff, i., 52 meteorite from, viii., 186 yttrium, minerals in, viii., 159, 185 Thalamorphora, ix., 33 Thalassema, history of the Achro- matic structures, xv., 163 the egg centrosome, xv., 164 the sperm centrosome, xv., 168 the cleavage-figure, xv., 170 effect of fixing agents, xv., 172 literature referred to, xv., 175 description of plates, xv., 175 Thalictrum Wrightii, viii., 78 Thames River, England, water of, lii., 42 Thamnosma 182, 183 Thecocilio flagellata, ix., 33 Theco flagellata, ix., 33 The determination of division errors in straight scales, xv., 63 Etymology of Italian andare and related words, xv., 271 Thelephora domestica, v,, 110 Thelysperma filifolium, ix., 182 longipes, ix., 184 trifida (new), ix., 182 ‘““The Tradition of the Case-Forms in Chaucer’s Noun,’’ xv., 271 Thermo-cheniistry, v., 189 Thermodynamical phenomena, ix., 8 Texanum, vii., 8; 1x., INDEX. Theories concerning Great Pyramid, li., 114-116 etc., of virus, v., 204-213 of musical sand, x., 33 Theory of the origin of leaf forms, iii., 38-44 Thetis’ hairstone, vili., 161 Thinnfeldia, xii., 33 Thin sections of rocks, i., 49-53, 154 Thiophene, v., 195 Thompson, Prof. W. Gilman, elected resident member, xiv., 93 J. P., elected corresponding mem- ber, xiil., 23 Thorium phosphate, viii., 8 Thousand Islands, diabase dikes of, xili., 213 Thread-fins, ix., 15 Thrush, new species, vi., 111 Thuja, v. 136; vi., 126 occidentalis, v., 218 Thulium, y., 181-200 Thurberia Arkansana, vii., 14 Thymolesulpho acid, i., 3 Tides, cause of, viii., 187 high, erosion by, i., 80-85 ‘“ Tide-water ’’ gneiss, v., 19, 20. 222 Tideways of Puget Sound, origin of, iii., 104 Ties, iron, railway, v., 152 Timber, decay in, v., 110-120 Time, standard of, v., 236 signals, v., 158 system for observatories, v., 158- 162 international, i., 86-95 rate in chemical] affinity, v., 188, 189 Timmins, Mr. Samuel, viii., 23 Tin deposits of Black Hills, Dakota, iv,, 44 indications of, ii., 100 in San Juan Mts., v., 128 mining in Cornwall, viii., 149 of Australia, vili., 147 of California, viil., 150 : of Dakota, vili., 146, 148, 150 of East Indies, viii., 149 of Mexico, viii., 150 of North Carolina, viii., 136-151 Titanichthys, v., 27 Agassizti, v., 27 ; vi., 164, 165 Clarkii, vi., 164, 165 Titanium in iron-ores, ii., 7, 14, 17 TRANSACTIONS N. Y. ACAD. ScI., Vol. XY., Sig. 24, Jannary 22, 1897. 361 Titanotheresin Am. Museum, xv., 66 skull structure, xiv., 62 Titanotherium and Metamyodon skeletons in Am. Mus., xv., 40 Titanite, i1., 24 yellow (gem), vili., 21 Toltec images, ix., 97 Toluca, meteorite, vi., 70 Tombstones, durability of, ii., 75 Tonquieria splendens, ii., 92 Top, autograph of, vi., 135 Topaz, ii., 25, 42, 100; iii., 2, 13, 37; ix., 149 from Colorado, v., 213 from Texas, xii., 96 ; xiv., 144 North American, vili., 160 Topographical map of State, prepa- ration of, xiv., 91 Topography of Egypt, iii., 78, 79 of North America, ili., 51-52 Tornadoes, iii., 3-5 Torpedoes, xii., 151 Torrey Botanical Club, Field Day, iv., 5 Tourmaline, i., 2, 101; ii., 25; iii1., 34, 49 ; v., 74, 80, 121, 222, 264, 266)5) Vity) (des ey-t nO black, from St. Lawrence Co., N. Ye, ivan! crystals from Rudeville, xili., 185 Toxopneuestes, xiv., 185 fertilization, phenomena of, xiv..99 Trachelomonas, 1x., 33 Trachosteus, xii., 70 Trachyte, i., 19,.23, 169; 1i-, 94 in San Juan Mts., v., 122-130 Track inspection car, iv., 5 Tracks, in Triassic, vi., 125 Tradescantia Virginica, ix., 182 Tragia ramosa, vii., 14 stylaris, vii., 14 Trogophleus, vili., 41 Trance, treatment of sea sickness, li., 64-66 state, artistic uses of, iii., 107 Transactions, vi., 66 price of, x., 1 Transformation of peat, i., 71-76 of skin, vi., 113 Transit factors for Observatory of Columbia College, xi., 41 observations by least squares, re- duction of, x1., 25 NES 362 Transit of Venus, ii., 51-52;v., 238 Transmutation of metals, ix., 72 Trapa micropnylla, ix., 30 Tey is Ale 724 Columnar, Orange, N. J., iv., 4 dikes in the Adirondacks, xv., 248 in the Lake Champlain valley, xi., 13 of Champlain, xv., 20 in East Tennessee, v., 220—222 in Staten Island, v., 230 of Palisades, 1i., 117-120 pavements, Vili., 42 Trays for cabinets, moulded, xiii., 140 Treasurer, report of, iii., 69; viii., 125, 126; ix., 106, 107; xiv., 88; xv., 130 receipts, xv., 130 disbursements, xv., 131 Tree culture, viii., 36, 37, 40 Trees in cities, v., 264 planting and destruction of, iii. 35-37 Trematobolus insignis, Xiv., 122 Tremolite, ii., 149; iii., 49 Tremolite, i., 58 Trenton limestones in Champlain valley, xili., 115, 225 Trenton, N. J., stone implements at, iii., 1, 7-12 rocks, vili., 48 Trial of building-stone, methods, ii., 75, 76 Triarthrus Beckii, antennz of, xii., 237 with appendages, vili., 109 Trias of America, v., 17, 18, 19 of South Africa, v., 20 reptilian foot-prints in, v., 72 Triassic coals, metamorphism by dia- base dikes at Egypt, N. C., xv., 105 copper ores, ili., 18, 19 fossilsat Weehawken, N. J., v., 17 four-toed tracks, xii., 188 of New Jersey and Connecticut, vi., 124-128 of Staten Island, vi., 16 of Penn., viii., 47, 56 sandstone, ii., 117-120 strata, i., 20 Tribally organized societies, study of, F. H, Giddings, xv., 155 INDEX. Tribes of British Columbia, viii., 3, Tribolos, iv., 40 Tribulus maximus, 1x., 181, 183 Triceratops, ix., 31 Trichloris pluriflora, vii., 14; ix., 182 Trifolium, iii., 39; viii., 79 Trilobita of Protolenus Fauna, xiv., 138 Trilobite, i., 7; 1i:, 38, LO7- mya lle: Trilobitic fauna of Cumberland head, Xv., 21 Trinucleus concentricus, vii., 4 Trinidad, pitch lake of, viii., 26 Trinomalism, x., 81 Triodia acuminata, iv., 182 albescens, iv., 182 eragostoides, iv., 182 Toiphylite, ii., 25, 42 Triplite, ii., 25 Tripoli interstratified with volcanic ashes, i., 55 Trips through marble quarries of western, northeastern and east- ern New York, xy., 188 Trochilia, ix., 34 Trochosmilia conoides, i1., 12 Troglodytidx, vi., 139 Troilite in meteorite, vi., 76, 92, 144, 145 Tropical calms, viii., 168, 169 Tropical birds, habits of, xiv., 66 Trowbridge, Wm. P., death of, xii., 2 Troximon glaucum, viii., 80 Tubes of earth by cicada, v., 121 Tubercular disease, prevention of, i., 181 Tuckerman, Alfred J., elected resi- dent member, xii., 25 Tudora, ii., 151-153 megacheila, 151 versicolor, 152 Tuning Forks, method of comparing pitch of, xiv., 76 Tunnel between England and France, i., 155-158 Turba of Brazil, i., 76 Turquoise, ix., 148; viii., 3, 7, 162 Indian ornaments of, 162 Tuscarora Indians, ii., 58-60 Tyrannidx, vi., 139; ix., 34 Tyringham, Mass., spherostilbite and chabazite, ili., 18 INDEX. Tyrosin, v., 197 Twins and multiple embryos of Aim- phioxus, xii,, 17 Ulmus, iv., 31 Ulster Co., notes on geology of, xiii, 165 Umbellifere, ii., 47; vii., 10 Umbelliferone, v., 197 Ungnadia speciosa, ii., 92 Uniformity of geological climate, iii., 84-97 Unio, ii., 142; v., 17; viii., 163 United States, geodetic survey, iv., 1 Phalangidae of, xi., 125 Unrecognized families of larvee, xiy., 61 Ural Mountains, minerals, gem sand ethnology of, xi., 119 Uralium, v., 200 Uraninite, viiil., 185 Uranium glass, experiments upon, xiv., 169 Uric acid, v., 197 Urodela, vii., 256 Uronychia, ix., 34 Urticacez, vii., 14 Urtica chamedryoides, vii., 14 Urticariz, v., 37 U. S. eclipses, expedition to South Africa, x., 2 Use of trance in surgery, ii., 66 proposed for alchemical symbols, li., 54-56 Utah, iron ores, ii., 15 ozokerite, ii., 46 luminous limestone, iii., 100 sulphur-deposits, 1., 168-172 Utica shales in Essex Co., N. Y., Xiil., 226 Utricularia cleistogama (new), IDG Je subulata cleistogama, ix., 12 Vaccinium Canadense, ix., 11 corymbosum atrococcum, ix., 11 disocarpum, ix., 11 disomorphum (new), Exe lel! fuscatum, ix., 11 Pennsylvanicum, ibe UL Vacuum discharges, xi., 72, 124 pump, automatic mercury, xiv., 78 Vaginicole, ix., 34 Vanadinite, iii., 100 Vanadium, v., 192 Vancouver’s Island, v., 133 ; ix., 2 Vanilline, v., 197; Van Ingen, Gilbert, elected resident member, xv., 124 Van Nardroff, E. R., elected resident member, xv., 63 Van Rensselaer canal survey, xi., 45 Variable stars, v., 258 Variation of decomposition in pyrites V., 201 Varieties of new red sandstone, v., 12 Vaseline, v., 194, Vaughan, Miss Virginia, elected resi- * dent member, xi., 25 Vegetable cells on obelisk, v., 63, 68 remedies of Indians, v., 202-203 Vegetation, effects of, on the surface, x., 14 in cities, ete., v., 264 Veins in N. Y., gneiss, viil., 54 metal bearing, in Colorado, v., 122-130 Velocity of light, v., 239 Velutinas, v., 53 Venation of leaf, relation to margi- nal forms, iii., 41 Venericardia perantiqua, ii., 12. Ventilating chimneys, i., 67-70 Ventro-appendicular muscular sheet, intermediate layer, xiv., 233 deep layer of, xiv., 233 superficial layer of, xiv., 233 Venus alveata, ix., 88 mercenaria, ii1., 141 Venus, v., 248 transit of, ii., 51, 52; v., 238 satellite of, v., 249 Verbena bipinnatifida, ix., 181 canescens, Vii., 13 ; ix., 185 ligustrina, ix., 181 ciliata, vii., 13 officinalis, vii., 13 polystachya, vili., 80 Verbenacex, vii., 13 Verbesina, viii., 77 encelioides, vil., 11 Virginica, vii., 11 Vermes, v., 32-55 Vermont marbles, iii., Vertebrata, v., 32 evolution of, ii., 64 Vesbium, v., 200 Vescaria Fendleri, vii., 7 lasiocarpa, vil., 7 ;ix., 184 100, 101 364 Vibration of a chord, xv., 135 Viburnum, ix., 31 Bridgetonense, iv., 31 Vicia exigua, vil., 97 Vigniera, viii., 77 Vinegar plant, vi., 60-70 Violacez, vii., 7 Violane, ix., 145 Virginia, geology of S. W. (title), vi., 113 minerals from, iil., 77, 100 southwest, mineral resources of, i., * | 159-163 Virgin Is.,W. I., breccia, i., 21 Virus, mitigated, v., 204-213 ‘¢ Visible Wind,’’ viii., 154 Visceral Anatomy, xv., 98 Myrmecaphaga jubata, xv., 98 Tamandua bivittata, xv., 98 Arctopithecus didactylus, xv., 98 Dadypus seacinctus, xv., 98 Tatusia novemeincta, xv. 98 Manis longicaudata, xv., 98 Vitis ineisa, vii., 9 heptaphylla (new), ix., 10, 183 rupestris, ix., 183 quinquefolia, ix., 10 Vivianite from New Jersey, ii., 13 Vivier, Ernest du, elected resident member, Xi., 25 Vivisection in the District of Colum- bia, resolutions on, xv., 272 Vocal chords in voice production, action of, xv., 2 photographs of, in action, xv., 2 Volborthella tenuis, xiv., 132 Voleanic action, vi., 28, 29 air wave, vili., 83 ash, i., 23, 49-56, 169, 171, 172 ashes in Yellowstone Park, ili., 6 ashes, microscopic examination of, iii., 14, 63-64 dust of Krakatoa, diffusion of, iii., 60-61, 54-65 comparisons, xiv., 209 phenomena, iv., 54 Volcano on moon, y., 237 Volcanoes, vi., 28, 29, 37 origin and distribution, viii., 82 Volts and ampéres, and what they mean, ix., 137 Von Asboth’s method for estimating starch, x., 24 Vorticellidx, ix., 34 INDEX. Votes of thanks, xv., 133 Votive adze, vi., 139 ‘*Vulcan’’ (planet), v., 247, 248 Vulté H. T., elected Curator, xii., 128 Librarian, xi., 25 Wad, ii., 18 Wade, Herbert T., elected resident member, xiy., 220 Wadi Werdén, ix., 23 Wadis, ix., 120 Wagon Wheel Gap., Col., i., 7 Walcott, C. D., on Cambrian, Viii., 176 Wall at Chatata, Tenn., ancient in- scription on, xi., 26 Ward, Delancey W., elected resident member, xii., 99 Warm Arctic climate, ancient, iii., 84-86 springs, x., 64 Wasatch Mts., Utah, copper ores, 1i1., 19 Wasatch range, glaciation in, ii., 155 Water, analysis of, vi., 42, 49, 53 analysis, condenser for, xii., 54 bath of copper, xiv., 79 carbonic acid in, iii., 42 of River Thames, England, ili., 42 (chemical), v., 196 contamination of, vii., 117-125 of the Nile, ix., 120 of the desert, ix., 121 organic matter in, ii., 111-114 spouts in Caribbean Sea, iii., 3 supply of N. Y.. vili., 117-125 supply, purification of, vi., 42-58 sub-surface, vi., 77-91 Waves, destructive action of, ii., 4 Wavellite, iii., 18 Weehawken tunnel, minerals, i., 129-131; ii, 88-90 Weight of atoms, v., 182, 183 Weir, Robert, elected resident mem- ber, xi., 123 West Farms, rocking stone at, xi., 13 West India Islands, distribution of terrestrial molluses, i., 181 geology, i., 21-24 Westchester Co., N. Y., rocks of, viii., 50, 51 West End Nat. Hist. Assoe., viii., 46 INDEX. Western minerals, notes on, v., 213, 9 _ Weston, Th., elected resident mem- ber, xv., 147 ‘“ Wet rot’’ in wood, v., 114 Whale captured off Montauk, i., 147 Wheels, paper railway, v., 152 White ants, vill., 895-114 River deposits, mammals from, xiil., 176 White, T. G., elected resident mem- ber, xiii., 151 White, Thaddeus R., elected resident member, xv. , 147 Whitfield, R. P., ’ elected Councillor, Xe 128 Whiton, Louis C., elected resident member, xv., 147 Wichita Mountains, Texas, i., Whiddingtonitis Reichii, xii., 30 Widmanstiattan figures, v., 224 Wild plantain from Panama, vi., 112 Willemite, 1i., 26-30 ; viii., 162 Willey, Arthur, elected resident member, xii., 25 Williamsbridge, N. Y., pot holes, i., 181-183 Williamsite, vili., 162 Williamsonia Riesii, xii. ", aie Will of Mme. Goguet, doe Willsboro’ township, Gigs of, xiii., 214 Wilson, Edmund B., elected resi- dent member, xii., 25 ‘Winding apparatus, ete , v., 153-157 Winds, v., 230 in the desert, ix., 114 Winnebago arts, x., 39 meteorite, ix., 201 meteorite, analysis of, ix., 202 Witcheraft excitement, explanation of, 1., 150-153 Withering, Dr. William, citation from, vili., 24, 25 Wire, corrosion of, ili., 65, 66 Wm. Maclure’s Geology, xi., 45 WoOhler, Prof. F., memorial of, ii., 2 Woman’s part in the earlier civiliza- tions, xi., 29 Wood, decay of, viii., 85, 86, 89 chemical composition of, v., 116 decay of, v., 110-120 preservation of, v., 118-120 19-20 opal, vili., 30 phosphorescent, x., 37 sections, photo-micrographs, 107 Wooden pavements, viil., 43 Woods, silicified, vi., 165, 166 silicified, in Colorado, WU Ie AS icy Ly 77 Woodward, R. S., elected resident member, Xili., 23 Wollastonite, vili., 162; ix., 145 iii,, from New York State, xiii., 146, 207 Wool, natural dyes as applied to, xi., 157 World’s Fair of 1892, ix., 4 Wortman, J. L., elected resident member, xil., 25 Wulfenite, vili., 177 Wurtz, Prof. Henry, viii., 180, 181 Wyoming, fossil fishes from, iii., 34, 38 minerals from, ili., 7, 19, 20, 104 Xenacanthus, xii., 123 Xenotime, vili., 159 ‘X’ (new element), v., 200 X-rays experiments, by Prof. Pupin, xv., 136 Ya (new element), v., 200 Y/ (new element), v., 200 Yellow Day (Sept. 6, 1881), i., 1 atmospheric phenomena, i., 1 drift, iv., 26 sapphire, xi., 58 Yellowstone Park, Wyo., geology, botany, ete., lii., 34 geysers and rhyolite, roles of Yolk nucleus, PES on, SIVies 229-230 Ytterbium, v., 181, 200 Yttrium minerals in Texas, 159, 185 Yucatan birds, v., 17, 55 temples and palaces, v., 169, 178 Yucca, iii., 39, 47 angustifolia, Vi., 93; vili., 76 baccata, li., 93; vill., 76 viii., Za (new element), v., 200 ZP (new element), v., 200 Zamia, iii., 85 Zamites Fenconis, vii., 115 366 Leggetti, vii., 114, 115 occidentalis, viil., 114 Rolkeri vii., 114 Zaphrentis calceola, vii. 247 prolifera, 1., 57 Zempoaltepetl, voleano of, viii., 44 Zeolites, ii., 154-155; iii., 1, 78 Zephyranthes Andersonii, vii., 14 Zero-meridian for standard time, i., 93, 94 Zeuglodon, xiii., 15 Zexmenia hispida, ix., 181-184 Zigadeneus elegans, viii., 78 Zine, v., 123, 186 and lead mines in southwestern Virginia, xv., 61 oxide, artificial, xili., 208 red oxide, ii., 26-35 INDEX. Zines, new form for Bunsen batteries, x., 114 Zincite, ii., 26-35; v., 128 from Franklin Furnace, xiii., 184 Zinnia pumila, ix., 184 Zircon, ii., 325 ; iii., 17, 107 ; viii., 8 INET Ceylonese, penetrated by rutile, iv., 59 Zizania, iv., 31 Zizyphus obtusifolia, ix., 183 Zonites, 1., 181 new species of, i., 181 petrophilus, n. sp., i1., 150 Wheatleyi, n. sp., ii., 150 Zoology, invertebrate, v., 29-55 Zy (new element), v., 200 an ‘ i nut F é; Day -* ‘ a oh ie oe ist aie i 7 > tay — = . . - r. of ee ay See He en = (3a ae a ae ‘ite lee aes tip ete ae in Se nde y a. _ wis Bi ares a ra i vad ae Pa cy 8) i sa | Ls " Bad ND , vA yeh . RO af os tate Ta A sad AEA ye NS ’ - « \ ( - i iy Pig : Ps | Ue ‘ ae oe Boor ion a: aD cone ri isa Fi oa PLATE III. Fig. A. Undulations in layer (D 15) between lower and upper portion of the Great Fall, Kauya Hoora Gorge, Trenton Falls, N. Y. Undis- turbed horizontal layers are seen both above and beneath. Pho- tographed by Theodore G. White, November, 1895. Fig. B. Overlap structure of bedding of Trenton limestone, on east bank of West Canada Creek, in ‘‘ Rocky Heart,’’ Trenton Falls, N. Y. The lower portion in the view is covered by water. Photo- graphed by T. G. W., November, 1895. TRANS. N. Y. ACAD. Sct. WOE OV. PG. UT. Fie. B. Vere) a aneeenerict = i : 5 ‘Les 5 ~ , 4 +. * = % * i { $ . 7 a \ j { , , . , Pee t’y ) ‘ . 4 F " ‘ % ¢. is ‘ es " ee ‘ wo > uw hal é pay ” 3 - 7 . PLATE IV. Fig. A. Constant heavy blue black, layer (D 11) with adjacent thin layers, lying just above Sherman Fall, Kauya Hoora Gorge, Trenton Falls, N. Y. Photographed by Theodore G. White, November, 1895. Fig. B. Example of channel filling, in D 22, north of railroad bridge, Kauya Hoora Gorge, Trenton Falls, N. Y., on west bank. Cor- responding example shown in the following plate. Photographed by T. G. W., November, 1895. TRANS. N. Y. ACAD. Sct. Win MOYoo eats ION ee eee ion PLATE V. Fig. A. Upper end of Kauya Hoora Gorge, Trenton Falls, N. Y., embracing the upper third of the Trenton limestone, from D 18 to D 23. Exhibits black thin bedded limestones below, and above them the heavy gray crystalline capping. Photograped by Theodore G. White, November, 1895. Fig. B. Palaeospondylus gunni, Traquair < ;'5. From drawing with Abbé camera. BW, line indicating the marginal body wall. PO, postoccipital plates of Traquair. RS, radial-like supports (of paired fins). To illustrate paper by Bashford Dean, p. 101. TRANS. N. Y. ACAD. SCI. Vol XeVe,) Pie. ae Tae GME Mee EC ils Hare il lees - PLATE VI. Varietal Tree of a Philippine Pulmonate, Cochlostyla ovoidea. To illustrate paper by F. B. Sumner, p. 137. D : | U it = oc PLATE VII. Dinichthys gouldi, Newberry ; < }. A specimen showing vertebral axis, ventral armoring and bases of dorsal and of ventral fin. From the collection of Dr. William Clark, Berea, Ohio. AV, Anterior ventral. C, Coprolite. DF, Basalia of dorsal fin. HA, Haemal arch. HS, Haemal spine. LP Y, Left posterior ventral. NA, Neural arch. NC, Notochord. RPV, Right posterior ventral. U, Plates of unknown position ( perhaps posterior laterals (Traquair) of Coccosteus). V F, Basalia of ventral fin(?). VG, Pelvic girdle. VM, Ventro-median. (The plates L P V, RPV, and portions of ©, U and V F were attached to the right half of the concretion. They are here shown as if attached to the opposite half of the concretion : they thus appear in their actual position, but in reversed aspects. ) TRANS. N. Y. ACAD. SCI. \KOIE, DOW en ea WA a an mreey, PATE Vali Restorations of ventral armoring of Coccosteids. Fic. 1. Coecosteus decipiens, Ag. After Traquair; > about 3. Fic. 2. Dinichthys gouldi, Newb. about %. Fic. 3 Dinichthys terrelli, Newb. After A. A. Wright; > about 75. AVM, Anterior ventro-median. IL, Inter-lateral (? clavicle). LAV, Lateral anterior ventral. IP V, Lateral posterior ventral. PVM, Posterior ventro-median. RAV, Right anterior ventral. RPV, Right posterior ventral. VM, (Posterior) ventro-median. TRANS. N. Y. ACAD. Scr. Wel, MOV, In, AOL L9l3 PLATE IX. ILLUSTRATING THE PAPER OF BRADNEY B. GRIFFIN, p. 163. Fic. 1. The egg ten minutes after fertilization, showing the minute asters and their focal centrosomes, also the large black nucleolus. Fic. 2. Somewhat later stage several tetrad groups have been already formed. F Fic. 3. The same stage, showing variation in relation of asters to nucleus. Fic. 4. Much later stage. The tetrad groups have now been established, leaving a mass of discarded chromatin. The sperm head is shown at . Fic. 5. First polar spindle during halving of tetrads. Sperm head at ¢. Fic. 6. First polar telophase. Sperm head and aster ( ¢ ). VOI. eX8Vi., Pir. DX TRANS. N. Y. ACAD. SCI. Sv SMS > PLATE 2X. ILLUSTRATING THE PAPER OF BRADNEY B. GRIFFIN, p. 163. Fic. 7. Second polar spindle, still tangential in position. Slightly later than Fig. 6. Fic. 8. Second polar spindle. Spermhead with amphiaster ( ¢ ). Fic. 9. Second polar telophase, showing centrosomes divided. Sperm- head and amphiaster ( ¢ ). Fic. 10. Shortly before copulation of pronuclei, showing male pronucleus ( g) with powerful asters, and the female vesicles ( 2 ) devoid of asters. Fie. 11. Copulation of pronunclei. Fic. 12. Somewhat later stage, segmentation nucleus elongating. TRANS. N. Y. ACAD. Sct. VOT eee PE. OX: , . * PAPACY SXc0- ILLUSTRATING THE PAPER OF BRADNEY B. GRIFFIN, p. 163. Fic. 13. Fully formed first cleavage figure, showing centrosomes already divided and surrounded by the darker area, nearing the periphery of the centrosphere. Fic. 14. Commencement of anaphase. Centrosomes or periphery of cen- trosphere. Fie. 15. Stage just previous to mid anaphase, minute amphiaster forming about the centrosomes. Fic. 16. Mid anaphase, amphiaster elongated. Fic. 17. Vesicles previous to fusion. Fia@. 18. Vesicles fusing. TRANS. N. Y. ACAD. Sct. WOT PXOV i sn Tie axel | ry we — 1 i ; a F it # sa 1 i i ee | a pre efit n i PY est ~ - - . : tT =" i ss : r ui a ui : DS a ont 0 - eh pe _ qi oo) i ae ee he oon ‘aes 3 Pay ye ae : Dian, A ay ay " a i i, eu )' sae ian ge iy PLATE XII. ILLUSTRATING THE PAPER OF WARREN H. EVERETT, p. 176. Fic. 1. The membranous ear as seen from the outside at nearly right angles to the side of the head and a little above. It shows the shape and po- sition of the sacculus (s.), utriculus (u.}, lagena (1.) and their relation to each other: also the position of the ampullze with respect to the canals and the recessus utriculus (r. u.). d. ¢. p. represents the small connecting tube between the connecting tube of the posterior canal (p. ¢. t.) and the saccu- lus (s. ). Fia. 2. The membranous ear as seen from the inside at right angles to and on a level with the head. It shows the position of the ductus endolym- phaticus (d. end. ) and its relation to the sacculus (s.), utriculus (u.) and the recessus utriculus (r. u.). It also shows the position of the utriculus (u. ) with respect to the recessus utriculus (r. u.) and the ampulla of the anterior canal (a. a.). The two dotted lines that extend from the ramulus of the posterior ampulla to the ductus canalis posterioris (d. ¢. p.) show the course of the ramuli of the macula neglecta. (m. n.) marks the macula. TRANS. N. Y. ACAD. Sct. WOl. OV... (Pi. oN Del. W.H.Everett PLATE XIII. ILLUSTRATING THE PAPER OF WARREN H. EVERETT, p. 176. Fic. 3. The membranous ear as seen from in front. It shows the over- lapping of the connecting tube of the posterior canal (p. c. t.) over the sinus utriculus (sin. u.). It also shows the position of the nerve (n.) which sup- plies the recessus utriculus (r. u.) and the ampull of the horizontal and anterior canals (h. a.) (a. a. ). Fic. 4. The membranous ear as seen from behind. It shows the pos- terior canal (p.c¢.) and the tube (d. ¢. p.) that connects it with the sacculus (s.), lagena (1.) and sinus utriculus (sin. u.) as seen from a posterior direc- tion. It shows the angle of the horizontal canal (h. c.) with respect to the body of the ear. Also a general end view of the sacculus (s.). It also shows the ampullar tube (a. t.) of the horizontal canal (h. ¢. ). Fic. 5. The membranous ear as seen from above. It shows the large curve made by the horizontal canal (h. ¢. ) and the shape of the ampulla (h. a. ) of the horizontal canal (h. ¢.) together with the angle at which it enters the utriculus (u.) at the base of the anterior ampulla (a. a.). The darkened line from the horizontal and anterior ampullz represents the diagonal line of depression (**) which marks the separation of the utriculus (u.) and sac- culus (s.). This view also shows the angle between the posterior and an- terior canals (p. c¢.), (a. ¢.). Fic. 6. This is a drawing traced from a photograph of ear, eye and brain. It shows the angles made by the anterior and posterior canals with the axis of the head and with each other. Also the position of the ear as referred to the eye and brain. TRANS. N. Y. ACAD. Sct. VOL OV Pi. eb ni Del. WH. Everett. SHERab eit oct : ae | 4 ; Bs 2 MSHI FS = i i. re f Py pars Ud PLATE XIYV., CIRRIPEDIA, ETC. Notation of the horizons, used below : Diy. 1e!. Horizon of Paradoxides lamellatus. Div. 1c?. Horizon of Paradoxides Eteminicus. Div. 1d'. Horison of Paradoxides Abenacus. Div. 1d?. Horizon of Paradoxides Davidis. Fic. 1. Stenotheca concentrica. Flattened and cracked along the back. Mag. 3. From Div. 1d', St. Martins, N. B. See p. 201. Fic. 2. S. concentrica var. radiata. Mag. 1°. From Div. 1e, St. John, N. B. See p. 202. Fic. 3. Stenotheca Hicksiana. Mag. +. From Diy. 1d', St. Martin’s, N. B. See p. 205. Fic. 4. Stenotheca triangularis. a, a cast of, showing the outline of the cone and the thickened apex. 6, a cast without the outline. Both mag. ¢. From Div. 1c’, St. John, N. B. See p. 203. Fic. 5. Strobilepis spinigera, J. M. Clarke. Terminal plate (and penulti- mate plate in outline). Figured for comparison from Dr. Clarke’s restora- tion. Mag. 3. The terminal plate is partly covered by the penultimate. Devonian species. See p. 203. Fic. 6. Stenotheca nasuta. a, small example, mag. $. 6, original type mag. ?. Both from Div. 1c, St. John, N. B. Seep. 204. Fic. 7. Plumulites Manuelensis, n. sp, mag. +. From Diy. 1d?, Manuel Brook, Newfoundland. See p. 200. (Misprinted Plate XY. on p. 200. ) Fia, 8. Cirripedian and other plates. Type A, a and b, two forms of oval plates. Type B, a, ribbed plate ; 6, smooth plate. Type C, a, plate with deep furrow ; b, plate with high umbo; c¢, plate with eared flange ; d, plate simi- larly flanged but more regular ; these are perhaps Cystidian. Type D, sym- metrical plate, perhaps one of the axial row of plates. Type E, triangular plate with radiating ridges (possibly cystidian). Type F, triangular plate with arched keel ( Cirropodites Cambrensis). Type G, triangular plate with facetted edges. All the figures except 8 G, a, mag. 7 8 G, a, is mag. $#. The narrow figures beside the larger ones are sections. See p. 206. NAOLIE 22 Ying Let 20) TRANS. N. Y. ACAD. Sct. PLATE XV., OSTRACODA AND AGNOSTUS (part). Fie. 1. Lepiditta alata. a, outer surface of left valve. 0, cast of interior of right valve. Mag. #°. From Div. 1 c?, St. John, N. B. See p. 194. Fia. 2. Lepiditta curta. Interior of left valve. Mag. 12. From Div. 1 d'. St. Martin’s, N. B. See p. 195. Fic. 3. Lepiditta auriculata. a, left valve showing faint concentric lines and the ligamental (?) groove at the hinge. 6, same, hinge line in profile. Mag. ¢. From shales of Div. 1 ¢, St. Martin’s. See p. 196. Fie. 4. Aluta flexilis n. g. et sp. left valve (with lower margin restored ) showing ocular (?) tubercle, Mag. ¢. From conglomerate limestone band in Div. 1 c!, St. Martin’s, N. B. See p. 198. ; Fic. 5. Primitia Acadica. a, left valve. 6, longitudinal section. ¢, trans- verse section. Mag. $¢. From Div. 1 c!, St. Martin’s,"N. B. See p. 196. Fic. 6. Agnostus fallax var. vir. Complete, somewhat flattened. Mag. ?. From Div. 1 c?, St. John, N. B. See p. 215. Fic. 7. A. fallax var. concinnus. a, head shield. 6, a joint of the thorax. c, Pygidium. Mag. ?. From Div. 1 d!, St. Martin’s, N. B. Seep. 216. Fia. 8. Same variety. «a, head shield of young larva retaining embyonic (Protaspis-like) features. Mag. 4°. 6, young pygidium showing somites and posterior tubercle on rachis, effaced in later stages. Mag. 4°. Both from Div. 1d', St. Martin’s, N. B. See p. 216. Fig. 9. A. fallax var. trilobatus, n. var. Pygidium. Mag. #. From Div. 1 c!, St. John, N. B. Seep. 216. Fig. 10. Agnostus Acadicus, Hartt. a, head shield. 06, pygidium. Mag. 3. From Div. 1 c!, St. John, N. B. Seep. 217. 1 Fic. 11.