FROM

B. P. JOHNSON,

SECRETARY

Pto |0rli S>Mt ^g» Sodetg,

ALBANY, N.Y.

I
I

i!llliiii|l|l®li'.i'l>!i>'lli'H||i!i

•-*■■ ^3 • i* "^ r-i

<M C O o ^ O
C — 00 >^ -^ I— I

'^ '^ r^ ^ ^

« c .= ^ fe ^
5 = .^ -^ 5 d

1.— .

go

^ ' >« '^ -J p— ^

P=^ S o .5 5 1

r^ CM 2 '^ .'- <5

C OC CO r/ o

T-1

h-^ --_ — _ >

■^ - o > '>

f^ ». ^-l ^ /».

^ iT

2 > c c o « 1—1

P>^ ;^ ^ ^ > o c-i

!= (. - O ,»^ C/2 ns

i- f— (^ j_i — ■>.

o

.a

O ^^ <- -^ K^ O

IZ K ^ O

«: O o

o -^ >— "^ '—

c3 cS

-^ ^ CI j2

^ ^ N t- O

-^ -■' M ^

"" •"N t-H -+-S t-
~ • '" Ul (^ O

b> ct ^ =: rC

p- i-H t: ca o ♦-

re? ^ o ■♦- ^

pq ^c/i :^ ,ii ^

":§ .Its

— < ""^ i-i I— I W2 C

CO 'S 'r; o6 "^ -^
<M i^ ^ <M - §

T-l •- O T-- CO ^

- ::i< r-" -co ^

^ 'tfi e •= -^

-1-3

o

fcC

-H "-"^ CI "5 "^ "^

TRANSACTIONS

OP THE

H, %, State %ricultural Soeietg,

"WITH AN

ABSTRACT OF THE PROCEEDIXGS

OP THE

COUNTY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES.

VOL. XVI.— 1856.

ALBANY:

C. VAX BENTIIUYSEN, PRINTER TO THE LEGISLATURE,

No. 407 Broadway.

1856.

. ^ ^h(l

/, ((o

/^54

LIBRARY
NEW YORK
BOTANICAL

GARDEN

NOTICE.

The Sixteenth Volume of the Transactions of the New-Yorls
State Agricultural Society is presented to the farmers of New
York. This volume, it is hoped, will be found of equal interest
with those which have preceded it. It has been the endeavor of
the undersigned to make it useful to the farmers. This is the
great object that has been kept in view in the preparation of the
volumes of Transactions which have been submitted to the far-
mers of the State.

There is a considerable portion of each volume occupied with
the proceedings of the Societies, as required by statute, and
although to the general reader these may not be as interesting or
useful as the more extended articles, yet, they have a local value
in connexion with the Societies, which render them useful, and
many of the proceedings are of a character that will interest and
profit every careful reader.

The third series of Dr. Fitch's articles on the Entomology of
our State will be found of equal interest to those which have pre-
ceded it; and the attention which those have received, not
only in this country but in foreign countries, shows the great
value of this work. We are satisfied that no examination hith-
erto made by our State, will prove of as much practical value as
this. The farmer, the horticulturist, are directly interested in
this investigation. And, we may ask, what class of our citizens
are not interested? Every tree, and shrub, and blade of
grass ; every fruit, every variety of grain and vegetable, are alike
subject to the depredations of insects; and when their habits
shall be fully investigated and understood, what incalculal^le
benefits will result to the whole community. If no other inves-
tigation had been undertaken by the Society, this of itself will
secure more advantages and benefits to our State than all the
expense hitherto paid to the agricultural interest by the Legisla-
ture.

IV NOTICE.

In this report will be fouud a description and figure of the locust
from the Isthmus of Darien, which is committing such destructive
ravages in the Southern section of our country. The Minne-
sota grasshopper from Lord Selkirk's settlement is also figured and
described. These show the farmers what enemies are to be
contended with.

The articles by Professor Johnson of Yale College, on soils,
their physical properties, &c.; by Professor J. A. Nash, on Ameri-
can agriculture, and by C. E. Goodrich, on the diseases of the
grape and sugar cane, will be found interesting and useful.

The census returns have been given in full so far as the agri-
culture of the State is concerned, and as they are far more
extensive than previous ones, will be found valuable not only
for the present, but for future reference.

The exercises at the dedication of the Agricultural Rooms, will
be read with interest by every farmer in the State. The day long
hoped for has arrived, when at the capital of the State, most
commodious rooms have been secured, which for all time to come
will be preserved as the head quarters of the great agricultural
interest of the State, where will be exhibited the various imple-
ments, machinery and products, showing the state and progress'
of agriculture from year to year.

The address by Hon. Wm. Jessup will be found a most excel-
lent one, on the Moral Grandeur and Dignity of Jigricultural
Labor. ' The farmer as he reads it will be better satisfied with the
position which he occupies in our land, and every succeeding
year it is hoped will render him better prepared to sustain and
support the profession which he has chosen.

In connection with the report on butter, we have given a very
valuable paper on dairy cows and their management, by T. Hors-
fall, England, and one on the nutritive and fattening qualities of
grasses, by Professor Way, of England. Although a portion of
these articles have been published in this country, yet we deem
them of such practical value to the great interest of our State, as
to justify their publication in our Transactions. They embody
the most valuable experiments which will prove of inestimable
advantage to the careful dairyman, as he will find Mr. Horsfall's
paper a clever and able examination of the most profitable

NOTICE. V

method of feeding dairy cows, and Professor Way's analysis of
grasses exhibits more fully than any previous work their relative
advantages.

A reference to the more important articles which have ai^peared
in the former volumes of the Transactions has long been called
fur. To answer this demand the index of the sixteen volumes
published are given in this volume ; and although not as perfect
as could have been desired, it will be found to record the most
valuable articles with the names of their authors, and we pre-
sume that our readers will be surprised as we have been, at the
number of articles of great value to the farmer, embodying
almost every practice needed by him in prosecuting his work.
Several of those who have furnished some of the best papers in
the Transactions have ceased from their labors, but their works
here, remain a record of their iaitlifulness, and of the inestima-
ble value of their labors to the cause to which while living they
so intelligently devoted themselves.

To the gentlemen who have contributed to this volume we are
under great obligations. They will have their reward in the
assurance that their works will reach the minds of the most
intelligent agriculturists in our country and abroad, and the
intluence upon them will, it is hoped, conduce to more systematic
eftbrts to advance the cause to which their efforts have been

'^'''''''"''^- B. P. JOHNSON.

State Agricultural Rooms, Marchj 1857.

CONSTITUTION OF THE NEW-YORR STATE AGRICULTURAL

SOCIETY.

The style of this Society shall be " The New- York State Agri-
cultural Society." Its objects shall be to improve the condition
of Agriculture, Horticultui-e, and the Household arts.

Sec. 1. The Society shall consist of such citizens of the State
as shall signify in writing, their wish to become members, and
shall pay on subscribing not less than one dollar, and annually
thereafter one dollar, and also of Honorary and Corresponding
members.

The Presidents of County Agricultural Societies, or a delegate
from each, shall ex-officio be members of this Society.

The payment of ten dollars or more shall constitute a member
for life, and shall exempt the donor from annual contributions.

Sec. 2. The officers of the Society shall consist of a President,
eight Vice Presidents, one to be located in each Judicial District;
a Recording Secretary, a Corresponding Secretary, a Treasurer, an
Executive Committee, to consist of the officers above named, and
five additional members, and five of the Ex-Presidents shall be
ex-officio members of the Executive Committee, and these five
shall consist of the five Ex-Presidents whose term of office has
last expired, of whom three shall constitute a quorum ; and that
the Ex-Presidents of the Society, not members of the Executive
Committee, shall constitute a Board of Counsellors, to which may be
referred, for consultation and advice, all questions that may from
time to time arise, and in the decision of which the Society may
in any manner be interested ; and a General Committee, the
members of which shall be located in tlie several counties, and
be equal to the representations in tlie House of Assembly.

Sec. 3. The Recording Secretary shall keep the minutes of the
Society. The Corresponding Secretary shall carry on the corres-
pondence with other Societies, with individuals and with the
General Committee, in the furtherance of the objects of the
Society.

Vlll ■ CONSTITUTION.

The Treasurer shall keep the funds of the Society, and dis
burse them on the order of the President or a Vice President
countersigned by the Recording Secretary, and shall make a
report of the receipts and expenditures at the annual meeting in
February.

The Executive Committee shall take charge of and distribute
or preserve all seeds, plants, books, models, &c., which may be
transmitted to the Society ; and shall have also the charge of all
communications designed or calculated for publication, and so far
as they may deem expedient, shall collect, arrange and publish
the same in such manner and form .as they shall deem best calcu-
lated to promote the objects of the Society.

The General Committee are charged with the interests of the
Society in the counties in which they shall respectively reside,
and will constitute a medium of communication between the
Executive Committee and the remote members of tlie Society.

Sec. 4. There shall be an annual meeting of the Society on the
second Wednesday of February, in the city of Albany, at which
time all the officers shall be elected by a plurality of votes and
by ballot, with the exception of the General Committee for the
counties, which may be appointed by the Executive Committee,
who shall have power to fill any vacancies which may occur in
the officers of the Society during the year. Extra meetings may
be convoked by the Executive Committee, Fifteen members
shall be a quorum for the transaction of business.

Sec. 5. The Society shall hold an Annual Cattle Show and Fair
at such time and j)lace as shall be designated by the Executive
Committee.

Sec. 6. This Constitution may be amended by a vote of two-
thirds of the members attending any annual meeting, upon one
year's previous notice in writing.

State Agricultural Rooms, )
February, 1857. ^

I certify the above to be a true copy of the Constitution of the

New- York State Agricultural Society.

B. P. JOHNSON,

Cor. Secretary.

OFFICERS FOR 1857.

PRESIDENT,

ALONZO S. UPIIAM, Genesee.

VICE PRESIDENTS.

1st district, JONATHAN TIIORNE, New-York.

2d district, Wm. T. McCOUN, Queens.

3d district, HERMAN WENDELL, Albany.

4th district, JOHN M. STEVENSON, Washington.

5th district, B. E. BOWEN, Oswego.

Gth district, FRANCIS M. ROTCH, Otsego.

7th district, WILLARD HODGES, Monroe.

8th district, LEAVIS F. ALLEN, Erie.

CORRESPONDING SECRETARY,

B. P. JOHNSON, Albany.

RECORDING SECRETARY

E. CORNING, Jr., Albany.

TREASURER,

B. B KIRTLAND, Albany.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE,

' C. S. WAIN WRIGHT, Dutchess.
SOLON D. HUNGERFORD, Jefferson.
E. C. DIBBLE, Genesee.
G. W. TIFFT, Erie.
CHARLES MORRELL, Tompkins.

EX-PRESIDENTS, EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS,

HENRY WAGER, LEWIS G. MORRIS,
WILLIAM KELLY, SAMUEL CHEEVER.
THEODORE S. FAXTON.

ENTOMOLOGIST,

ASA FITCH, M. D.

LIFE MEMBERS.

A.

ALLEN, WM. M., Harlem. AGNEW, ALEXANDER, New-York.

ALLEN, LEWIS F., Black Rock. ALLEN, JOHN, New- York.

B.

BEEKMAN, JOHN P., Kinderhook. BROWN. WM. SMITH, New-York.
BELL, THOMAS, Eatontown, N. J. BOORMAN, JAMES, Hyde Park.
BUELL, WILLIAM, Rochester. BROWN, LEWIS M., New-York.

♦BECAR, NOEL J., New-York. BRADLEY, GEO. C, Watertown.

BROWN, LEWIS G., Westchester. BOYCE, WILLIAM, New-York.
BOUGHTON, CHAUNCEY,Halfmoon.BROWN, AVM. J., Fairhaven, Cay. Co
BOWEN, HENRY C, Brooklyn. BYRAM, A. G., New-York.

BUCKHALTER, CHARLES, N. York. BALDWIN, HARVEY, Syracuse,
BALCOM, URI, Corning. BUCK, A. IL, Lowville.

C.

CAMPBELL, WM.BAYARD,N.York.CORNING, ERASTUS, Albany.
CLARKE, GEORGE, Springfield. CORNING, ERASTUS, Ju., Albany.

*CLARKSON, AUGUSTUS, Potsdam. COREY, JOHN A., Saratoga Spring!.
COLEMAN, ROBERT B., New-York. CURTISS, E. L. B., Dauby.
CROCKER, DAVID, Jr., New-York. CROMWELL, WM., New- York.
CLAFFLIN, HORACE B., Brooklyn. COOK, E. G., Belleville.
CHESEBRO, E., Grand Rapids, Mich.CA'lLIN, D. W., New-York.
CASE, THOMAS R., Simsbury, Ct. CAMPBELL. JOHN, Ncw-V^ork.

D.
♦DELAVAN, HENRY W., Ballston. DINSMORE, WM. B., New-York.
♦DELAFIELD, JOHN, Oaklands. DATER, PHILIP, Morri.'^aiiia.

DICKEY, GEORGE, New-York. DEFREEST, JOHN I., Dofrecstvillc.

DRAPER, SIMEON, New-York.

E,

EARLE, MORRIS, New-York.

F.

FELLOWS, JOSEPH, Bath. FAIRBANKS, T., St. Johnsbury, Vt.

FOSTER, H. TEN EYCK, Lakeland. FAlliliANKS, E., St. John.^^bury, Vt.
FL\LAY, J. BEEKMAN, Sar. Springs. FA I RHANKS.H., St. Johnsbury, Vt.
FAILE, EDWARD G., New-York. FURM \N, JOHN M., Ncw-Vork.
FAILE, THOMAS H., New-York. FOX, WM. H., New-York.

FAILE, ED WAJ{ D, West Farms. FAXTOX, T. S., Utica.

FAILE, CHARLES B., New-York.

• Deceased.

Xll LIFE MEMBERS.

G.

GEDDES, GEORGE, Eairmount. GAULY, WM. M., Xe\r-York.

GREIG, JOHN, Canandaigua. GOLDSMITH, R. T., West Farms.

GLENN, W. W., Baltimore, Md.

H.
HUNTINGTON, BEN J. N., Rome. HERRICK, ELI AS H., New-York.
HARTSHORNE, GEO., Rahway, N.J. HERRICK, JOHN S., New-York.
HAVILAND, I.E., Hempstead Branch.HAROLD, JOHN, Hempstead.
HAMILTON, DAVID, AYatervliet, HOLMES, A. B , New-York.
HAIGHT, EDAVARD, Westchester. HASTINGS, GEORGE F., Shushan.
HUNT, WILSON G., New- York HOADLEY, LUTHER, Harwinton, Ct.

HOPKINS, LUCIUS, New-York. HAYWARD, E. S., Rochester.

J.
JOHNSON, BENJ. P., Albany. JACKSON, JOHN C, New-York.

JONES, EDWARD, Rhinebeck.

K.

KELLY, WILLIAM, Rhinebeck. KIRTLAND, B. B., Renss'n.

KING, JOHN A., Queens.

L.

*LERAY,D'CHAUMONT J.,Leraysv'e. LAWRENCE, EDWARD A., Bayside.
LENOX, JAMES, New-York. LANDON, WILLIAM, Albany.

LIYERMORE, CHARLES F.,N. York LEGGETT, EDWARD W., Harlem.
*LIVINGSTON, E. P., Clermont. LOCKWOOD, E., New-York.

LEE, JOHN R., Buffalo. LEE, WM. H., New-York.

LUDLOW WM. II., Sayville. LEAVITT, HENRY S., New-York.

LINKLEAN, LEDYARD, Cazenovia. LOCKWOOD, GEORGE, New- York,

M.

McINTYRE, ARCHIBALD, Albany. MUNN, SAMUEL, Mott-IIaven.
McINTYRE, J. McDonald, Albany. MILLER, JAMES M., New-York.
MARVIN, JAS. M., Sar. Springs. MILLER, DANIEL S., New-York.

MORRIS, LEWIS G., Mt. Fordham. McGRAW, JOHN, West Farms.
MORRIS, FORDHAM, Mt. Fordham. MORTIMER, JOHN II., New-York.
MORRIS, FRANCIS, Mt. Fordham, MARKS, ENOCH, Camillus.

MATHER, F. E., New-York.

N.
NORTON, ROBERT, New-York.

0.

ODELL, WM. T., Ballston. OTIS, H. G.,

P.

PATRICK, M. R., Sacketts Harbor. PEET, HARVEY P., New-York.
PRENTICE, EZRA P., Albany. PEASE, R. H., Albany.

PLUMB, JOSIAH B., Albany. POST, WILLIAM, New-York.

PHELPS, THOMAS W., New- York. PAYTON, THOMAS, New-York,

PHELPS, PETER, Derby, Ct.
• Deceased.

LIFE MEMBERS. xiij

R.
ROTCH, FRANCIS, Morris. REED, ALMET, New-York.

*RITST, PIIILO N., Syracuse. ROGERS, HENRY W., Buffalo.

ROBINSON, HENRY, Newburgh. RATHBUN, L. W., Springaeld.
RICHARDSON, THOS., AYestchester. ROTCH, FRANCIS M., Morris.

RANDALL. NATHAN, Syracuse.

S.
SAXTON, C. M., New-York. SHERMAN, BEN.J. B., New-York.

SEWARD, AYM. H., Auburn. SANDS, A. B., New-York.

SEYMOUR, HORATIO, Utica. SHERMAN, C. A., New-York.

SHERWOOD, JOHN M., Auburn. SHERMAN, B. L., New-York.
STETSON, CHARLES A., New-York. SPAULDING, HENRY F., New-York
SPENCER, L., Throgs Neck. SWAN, ROBERT J., Rose Hill.

SPINNER, JOHN D., Herkimer. SOUTH WORTH, .JOHN E., New-York

STEVENS, E. R., Sar. Springs. STUART, ROBERT, New-York.

SHEAFE, J. F., Dutchess. STUART, ALEXANDER, New-York.

SUYDAM, HENRY, Jr., New-YorK. SLOANE, SAMUEL, Brooklyn.
SMITH, N. EVERETT, New-York. SHELDON, JAMES 0., Geneva.
SMITH, D. DRAKE, New-York. SMITH, SILAS G., Mechanicville.

SMITH, M. M., Lowville.

T.

THOMPSON, SAMUEL L., Setauket. TITUS, JAMES H., Malone.
*TOWNSEND, JOHN, Albany. TABER, S .\MUEL T., Chestnut Ridge.

TUCKER, LUTHER, Albany. THORNE, EDWIN, New-York.

THORNE, JONATHAN, Thornedale. THORNE, SAMUEL, Thornedale.

TJ.
UPHAM, A. S., LeRoy,

V.
VAIL, GEORGE, Troy. VAN RENSSELAER, WM. P.. Alb'j.

*VAN RENSSELAER, S., Albany, VAN PELT, HENRY, New-York.
VAN RENSSELAER S., Albany. VAN RENSSELAER, R. II., Morris.

VAN ANTWERP, JOHN, West Farms.

W.

♦WADSWORTH, JAMES, Geneseo. WHITLOCK, BENJ. N., West Farms.
WADSWORTH, JAMES S., Geneseo. AVILLETS, ROBKRT, Bayside, L. I.,
♦WADSWORTH, WM. W., Geneseo, WETMORE, I^ROSI^KR M., N. York.
WELLS, EDWARD, Johnstown. WEED, WM. W., Butiulo^

WHITE, HOLLIS, Niagara Falls. AVILKIN, J. U'., Orange County.

AVARD, JOHN, New-York. AVEED, WM. IL, New-York.

AVEI.LS, HENRY, Aurora. AVILSON, CATLIX, Eutaw, Ala.

AVATSON, WILLIAM, West Farms. WESTON, FREDERIC, Sandy Hill.
AVAINWRIGHT, C. S., Rhinebeck. WENDELL, HERMAN, M. D., Alb'y.
AVOLFE, GEO. DAVID, New-York. AVHITH, WM. M., Whitney's A'alley.
AVYKOFF, S. S., New-York. AVOODW0RTH,AUG'STUS P., X. Y.

Y.

YELVERTON, ROBERT. New-York.
• Deccaacd.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Short horn bull, Oxford, frontispiece.

State Agricultural Hall, 41

Cut of the calving cow, 289

Butter worker, ^ 267

Insects, 315 to 491

CONTENTS TO VOLUME XVI.

page

Introduction, iii

Constitution, _ vii

Officers,. ix

Life Members, xi

Illustrations, xiv

A.

Annual Report, _ 3

Address of Hon. Wm. Jessup, J3

Annual Meeting, ._ 22

Address, T. S. Faxton, President, 33

Address, A. S. Upham, 39

Agricultural College, _ 58

Agriculture Am., its position and prospects, __ 183

Agricultural Statistics, census 1855, _ 201,291

Analysis of cream,. 232

do Pasture grasses and hay, 262, 263

do Nutritive and fattening qualities, 244

do Natural and artificial grasses, 252, 253

do Weeds,. 255,256

do Milk,. - - '719

do Excrement from cows, _ 720

do do of fattening cattle, 728,730

do Butter, 746

do Beans, 755, 756

Agricultural Cuunty Associations, _. 491

Albany and Allt-gany Agricultural Societies, — 492

KV] CONTENTS.

\ Page

• B.

Bogart, W. H., remarks, dedication Agricultural Rooms, 67

Baldwin, Harvey, remarks, do 81

Butter, quarts of milk per lb., 222, 230, 231

do Report, Water town, _ 257

do B. S. Carpenter, statement, 258

do H.N.Kimball, do _ 259

do M. G. and G. H. Norton, 260

do D. Minthorne, new method, making, 261

do Dairies, Cortland County, 262

do Making, S. E. Todd,. 262

Brodie, John, large crop carrots, 274

C.

Cheever, Samuel, address, dedication Agricultural Hall, 49

Compost heap, how made, _ 90

Corn, how cultivated, __ 92

Canada Thistles, how subdued, 96

Census 1855, Agricultural, _.. 201, 291

Carpenter, B. S., butter statement, _ 258

Cheese report, 269

do J. W. Carpenter, statement, 276

do Nelson Fry, do _.. 271

do Dairies, Cortland County, _. 273

Carrots, large yield, J. Brodie, 274

Corn, H. Greeley's premium, 278

Calving cow, ._ 289

Cattaraugus county report, _ 483

Cayuga do _ __ 486

Chautauque do 486

Chemung do _ 497

Chenango, report, season and products, 498

Clinton do 500

Columbia do 502

Cortland do _ _ 504

D.

Dedication Agricultural Hall, 41

History of Society by B. P. Johnson, 43

Cheever, Samuel, address,. 49

CONTENTS. XVU

Page.

Bogart. W. H., remarkSj _ 67

Peters, T. C, address, 69

Kelly, Hon. Wm ., remarks, 74

Gov. King, do _ 79

Baldwin, Henry, remarks, 81

Dairy statistics, T. C. Peters, 70

Disease, grape and sugar cane, 125

with the remedy, 134

Dairy report, B. P. J., 221

Dairy quarts of milk per lb. of butter, 222, 230, 234

Dairy cattle management, by T. Horsfall, 223

Treatment of cow^s to secure rich cream, 231

Analysis of cream, _ _ 232

Dairy in winter, 237

Stewing food profitable, , _. 238

Weighing cattle, 238

Cows must be kejDt in good condition. 239

Pasture grasses and hay, analysis of, 242, 243

Nutritive and fattening qualities of grasses, 244

Natural grasses, _ 248

Ai'tificial grasses, _ _ 249

Artificial grasses most nutritive, _ 251

Analysis, natural and artificial grasses, 252, 253

Analysis of weeds, 255

Dairy management, _ 709

Different methods feeding dairy cows, Mr. Horsfall, _. 711

Quantity and description of food, .^ 718

Analysis of milk, 719

Analysis of excrement from cows, 723

Value of food for cattle as compared with it for

manure, 721

Quantity of food for cow per day, _ 723

Analysis, excrement fattening cattle, 728, 730

Sugar and starcli in food, _ 732

Value of various articles of food for feeding purposes, 736

Cost of food, - 738

Weight and yield of milk, 740

Butter from Ahlcrney cows,_ 742

[Ag. Trans. I B.

XVlll CONTENTS.

Page.

Trial of food for cows, _ 743

Quantity of butter, 745

Analysis of butter, __ 746

Eape cake, its use, and analysis of, 747

Mode of hay making,. _„__' 750

Rape plant for cows, _ _ J 753

Rotation of crops, 754

Analysis, beans, ._. 755, 756

Pleuro pneumonia, its treatment, 758

Lelimann's Philosophical Chemistry, 766

Dairy cows, 262

Dike, A. J. and A., maple sugar, 274

Dalaware county report — crops, __ _ 505

Dutchess, report, _ 507

Dynamometer, Hurlbut's, _ _ 600

E.

Executive Committee annual report, 3

Essay on physical properties of soils, S. W. Johnson, 101

Elk, American, domesticated,. __ 285

Erie and Essex, reports, _ 510

F.

Fairs, permanent location, rejected, _ 29

Faxton, T. S., address, 33

Farm report, _ _ _ 85

Farm statement, Walrath'S, ^ ^ _ 87

Fry Nelson, cheese statement, 271

Fitch, Dr. A., 3rd Report on Insects, 315

Insects affecting — The apple

The trunk and the root, 321, 330

The limbs and twigs, 330,

The leaves, __ 333, 337

The fruit,.... .,. 347

Affecting — The pear, _ 349

The trunk, bark and limbs, 349

The leaves and fruit, 354

Affecting — Tlie quince, _ 355

CONTEXTS. XIX

Page.

Allecting — The peach, _ 356

The root J trunk and limbs, 356

The leaves, 357

The fruit, 359

Affecting — The nectarine, apricot, 360

Affecting — The plum, trunk and leaves, ... 360

The fruit, 365

• Affecting — The cherry, 366

The trunk and limbs, 366

The leaves, 368, 385

The fruit, 385

Affecting — The grape — the stalk, 388

The leaves, 389-415

Affecting — Tlie currant — the stalks, . _ 416

The leaves, ._ 427

Affecting — The gooseberry — the fruit, 436

The hickory — the trunk and limbs, 438

The bark and leaves, 442, 444

The fruit, _ 459

The black walnut, butternut, 462

Trunk, liDibs, leaves, 462, 467

The chesnut — trunk, limbs, leav

and fruit, _ 468-472

The hazelnut — trunk, leaves and
fruit, 473-477

Supplement.

Emasculating bot-fly — affecting
squirrels, 478-485

Lintner's Initterfly — Irene but-
terfly, 485

Three colored IJtliosia — golden
Initterlly, 486

Johnson's Cicindela, gigantic lo-
custs of tropical Anierica,. _ 487

Long horned caty-did, 489

Crested leader, Latrelle's and

Ilalf-red locusts, 490

Franklin C(Auit3', rx?port, 510

XX CONTENTS.

Page.

Fulton and Hamilton, report, w 511

Fruit tree labels, J. C. Hastings, 626

G.

Grape and sugar cane disease, Goodiicli, 125

Grasses, nutritive and fattening qualities, Professor Way, 249

Greeley, Horace, premium to boys, 278

Genesee, report, 511

H.

Hops, their cultui*e, 93

do Gathering and drying, 94

Heat, how conveyed to soils, _ _ 113

Heat, relation of water to, _ 115

Horsfall, T., on dairy cows, 223, 709

Hay ward, E. S., culture, Timothy seed, 277

Howell, Robert, crops of Tioga, 561

I.

Index to Transactions from 1841 to 1855 inclusive, 648-704

Insects, Dr. Fitch's report, _ 321, 490

J
Jessup, Hon. Wm., address, 13

Johnson, B. P., History Society, _ 43

Johnson, S. W., essay on Soils, &:c., __ 101

Jeiferson county viewing committee, 513

Farms and dairies, 517, 518

K.

Kelly, Hon. Wm., remarks dedication Agricultural Hall, 75

King, Governor John A., remarks, do 79

Kimball, H. N., ."Butter statistics, 259

L.

Lewis, report, _ _ 523

Livingston, report, _ 524

M.

Milk, analysis of, _ 223

Milch cows, food for, _ 224

Rape cake for, 223

CONTENTS. XXI

Page.

Weighing milcli cows, _ 226

Effects of milch cows on fertility of land, 228

Richness, milk and cream, 229

Minthorn, D., new method making butter, _ 261

Maple sugar, A. J. and A. Dike, _ 273, 274

Mattoon, J. P., corn, (Greeley's premium,) 283

Madison, report, 525

Monroe, report, _ 527

Address, Gov. Hunt, 532

Montgomery, crops, 534

N.

Nash, Prof. J. A., essay on Agriculture America, 183

Norton, M. G. and G. H., butter statistics, hard water to make, 260
Niagara, report, .._ 536

0.

•

Oeacers, 1857, 29

Ottley Milton, corn statement, (Greeley's premium,) 280

Oneida, report, 536

Ontario, report, .__ 536

Report on farms, 539

Orange, report, _ 542

Minor & Horton's plow, 544

Orleans, report, 541

Oswego, new society, report, 545

Oswego, old society, do 546

Otsego, report, 547

P.

Profession of agriculture, Jessup, 29

Peters, T. C, address dedication Agricultural Hall, 69

Potatoes, how to prepare the ground, 91

Putnam, report, ^-i^

Premiums at lair, Watertown, 583

Plow, Barton's Reversii)le, 664

Pears at State Fair, 627

Premiums at winter meeting, 630

XXll CONTENTS.

Page.

Q-

Queens, report, 550

B. P. Jolmsoii's address, -_ _ 551

Trial of mowers, 552

K.

Rensselaer, report, _ — 554

Rockland, report, 556

S.

Science practically applied, 5

Salt, destructive wire worm, 95

Salt, injurious to hay, 96

Soils, physical properties, &c., Johnson, 101

Soils, - 103

Soils, power to absorb and condense, 104

Soil, permeable to water,. _ _ 106

Soils, retentive powers for water, 110

Soils, shrinkage on drying,. _ _ _ Ill

Soils, heat in relation to, _ _ 112

Soils, color of, &c., _ __ 118

Soils, cool and warm, _ _ 119, 121

Soils, cohesiveness, _ 122

Soils, absolute weight, 123

Spaulding, F. G., corn statistics, (Greeley's premium,) 278

St. Lawrence, report, _ _ 557

St. Lawrence International Society, report, 557

Saratoga, report, __ 557

Schuyler, report, 558

Sullivan, report, _ __.. 559

T.

Treasurer's Report, 22^ 635

Temperature of earth, how,, _ 119

Todd, S. E., butter making, 262

Timothy seed, E. S. Hay ward, 277

Tioga, report of fair, _ ,._ 559

Crops of corn, Robert Howell, _ 561

Tompkins, 564

Town union associations, , 575, 579

• • •

CONTENTS. XXUl

Page.

u.

Upliam, E. S., remarks, 39

Ulster, rei^ort and statement, crops, 564

W.

Walratli, Sol., State farm, (premium,) 87

Wheat, spring, how cultivated, 92

Wheat midge noticed, 95'

Wire worm, (killed by salt,) 95

Way, Prof., analysis grasses and weeds, 249

Weeds, analysis of, _ _ -__ 256

Warren, report of organization, __„ *__ 566

Washington, report, _ 667

Henry Holmes, death of — resolutions, 668

Wayne, report, 669

D. W. Van Slyck — resolution thanks, 670

Westchester, report, _ - 670

Wyoming, report as to conducting fairs, 670

Wool-growers' Association, 581

Y.

Yates, report — advantages of associated effort, 572

i^tt Bf "Mrlii^M^rli^

(,d$^

No. 213,

IN ASSEMBLY, MAK. 26, 1857.

'♦'

COMMUNICATION

From the CorrcspondiDg Secretary of the New-York State

Agricultural Society.

Agricultural Rooms,
Albany, March 26, 1S57.

To the Hon. Dewitt C. Littlejohn,

Speaker of the Assembly:
In pursuance of the acts of the Legislature, for the promotion
of Agriculture, I present herewith the annual report of the
New-York State Agricultural Society, with the proceedings of
the Executive Committee, and abstracts of the reports of County
societies, for 1856.

Very respectfully yours,

B. P. JOHNSON,

Cor^g Secretary.

[Ag. Trans.]

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

'^^^'S*^'^'^ ^t*^^^ ^^ijtkttrturAi ^0rtrfg»

/^vyvy*\/V'

Report of the Executive Committee for 1856.

TO THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF NEW- YORK.

The past year has been one of progress among the farmers of
our State. The exhibitions of our State, County and Town orga-
nizations, all indicate that an advance of a most cheering character
has been made, and the spirit of improvement which has been
manifested in many of our counties is much greater than at any
former period.

It is among the most encouraging features of the present day,
that farmers ^re inquiring frequently and earnestly, as to the best
means of advancing their interests. The communications which
have been received at the rooms of the Society, in relation to the
farming interest, have been much more numerous than at any
fjrmer period; and it is due to the farmers to say that they are
now as ready to act, as they are to inquire as to what is best to
be done.

In. every portion of the State, from wliich returns have heen re-
ceived ,we are assured that attention is being given to drainage where
needed; deep culture also, in soils requiring it, is being practiced;
and in every branch of the niaiiagcnu'nt of \hv farm, there are many
to be found who are devoting tlieniselves witli int<'llii;ent zeal to ad-
vance their interests. The progress of tlu' farmer is naturally comj)a-

4 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

ratively slow; but as one improvement after another is brought to
his notice, is tested, and proves successful, the work goes on; and
although in a single year, much may not be visible, yet in a series
of three or five years, it is most evident that real advances have
been made, and very gratifying results attained. Many more
experiments have been made during the past year, than for several
preceding years; and the reports which have been presented to
the Society, embody several of these, which it is believed must
prove useful.

The Executive Committee desire in all their communications
with the farmer to encourage these investigations, not upon an
extensive scale at first, but sufficiently to secure results that may
be reliable; and it is believed that this has been in a great
measure secured, and that a rich reward will eventually be given
to the farmer.

The second of Dr. Fitch's reports, which appears in the Tran-
sactions for 1855, has been most favorably received in every part
of our country. The value of his work can only be estimated by
the destructive ravages of myriads of insects infesting our gardens,
our orchards, our fields and our forests, which it is designed, as
far as possible, to protect us against. As he shall further pro-
gress, still more important advantages will be derived from his
work. The report to be submitted will be found of very great
interest, and shows the great extent of the work yet to be accom-
plished.

The progress of agriculture in this State since 1841, when this
Society held its first public fair, after remodelling its constitution,
has been in the highest degree encouraging. The improvement
is evident in the superior method of cultivating the farm, which
is observed in every county in the State. A still equally noticed
advance has been made in the superior kinds of live stock, which
are being rapidly disseminated. To the implement maker the
farmer is greatly indebted for the increased facilities which have
been afforded him by the improvements which have been made in
the implements for the use of the farmer. Who that remembers
the rude implements of 1800, but must be astonished at the great
change which has been wrought; and we are still progressing
every year, lightening the toil of the farmer, increasing the pro-
ducts of the farm, and adding largely to the prosperity and wealth

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 5

of our State. The progress which has been made in the Fruit
department, is also most gratifying. In every section of our State
fruits recommended by our Horticultural and Agricultural asso-
ciations, are superseding the worthless fruits formerly cultivated,
and the portion of the farm devoted to fruit culture is now be-
coming as remunerating as any, in favorable seasons. Men of
science and of study have aided the farmer in his work, and
although all has not been accomplished which the too ardent
friends of science at one period expected would have been realized;
still the farmer has been beneiited. The great work is to be
wrought out upon the farm, is to be done by the practical man,
but science must and will aid him, lighten his toil, brighten his
prospects, and prepare him for a more prosperous future.

We have at last secured the establishment of an institution for
the education and improvement of the farmers' sons. It is hoj^ed
that bef jre another year closes, its first class will be received and
commence their course of study. It cannot be expected that
immediate results are to follow; education and improvement are
the work of time, and we must wait for the full development of
tlie ?>enefits of the institution, until it shall have sent forth
thoroughly educated young men, prepared upon the farm to apply
what they have learned during their period of study and inves-
tia:ation. To make tliis institution what it should l>e, it must
receive the cordial support of the farmers of the State. It is
more immediately established for their benefit. Sustain it then!
Contribute to its funds until it shall be fully endowed, and edu-
cation is ])rought within the reach of the son of the farmer or
mechanic of the most limited means. See to it, that this institu-
t'um so long desired, does not languish from the want of tliat
encouragement so all important to its permanent establishment
and success.

It is important that the man of science and the practical work-
insinian sliould be brouc^lit together. Tliat this maybe done, can
scarcely admit of a doubt. In our country, where education is
so widely ditlused among all classes, the same objections do not
exist as in European governments. The American mind, ever
active, can be ])ronght into useful channels, if we can secure the
co-operation of scientific men. Let the scientilic associations have
in their sections one for the i)ur]>ose specially of extending the re-

b ANNUAL BEPORT OF NEW- YORK

searches of science to the practical pursuits of our country. We
shall be greatly disappointed if this should not prove the most
valuable portion of their labors.

Knowledge, to be useful in an extended sense, must be set to
work — and the scientific man can extend his usefulness by bring-
ing himself in contact with the practical men of our country —
and thus contribute to the elevation of a large majority of our
people who are now excluded from the benefits which science
might give them. Science has nothing to lose but everything to
gain by adopting this cause. We feel assured that this will be
done. America will yet work out successfully the problem, and
educated labor will stand pre-eminent among the advances secured
by our tree institutions. Instead of Elihu Burritt and Hugh
Miller being the representatives of this great class, men will be
found in every State, in every county, who will do honor to
science and to mankind; and then will our country demonstrate
to the world the great advantages which our institutions secure
over those of most other countries. Every friend to progress,
every well-wisher to the elevation of our countrymen in the walks
of education and science, will surely unite in this great work and
secure its complete triumph.

In all the ordinary pursuits of our farmers, they have been
successful during the past year, and while some of their products
have diminished in value, others have risen; and the people at
large have occasion to rejoice at the prosperit}^ which reigns
throughout our State.

The great competing fields of the Western States now open-
ing up the rich prairie to the farmer, will render it necessary
for our farmers to vary their system of operations; but they are
in time forewarned of this new^ competition, and will, it is be-
lieved, be prepared to meet it, without diminishing their returns
from the bountiful soil they cultivate.

A somewhat extended examination of the Agricultural districts
of the State, has satisfied us that the improvements which are now
making in the farmer's dwellings, in the management of his
grounds, in the careful disposition of the farm itself in all its de-
tails, is much more extensive than at any former period. We
could point to instances, and those not a few, in every county
which we have visited, where neatness and order prevail, that can

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 7

scarcely be excelled in any country, and we are satisfied that
every year will add to the number of those who are thus devoting
themselves intelligently in developing the resources of our State.
The farmer himself is improving; his library, stored with Agri-
cultural works and with papers adapted to his calling, shows that
the mind is improving, and soon we shall find, as our schools shall
be improved, the great body of farmers of our State as well edu-
cated and as capable of conducting all the affairs that may fall
in their way, as any other body of our citizens. This is a result
most desired, and we cannot doubt that as the means to accom-
plish it are furnished, that the great body of the Agricultuiists
of our State will not fail to avail themselves of the facilities which
are presented.

Agricultural Hall and Museum. — Since 1844 the securing of
rooms, adapted to the wants of the Society, where the Library
and collections could be suitably arranged, and where the farmers
could assemble and feel that they were properly provided for, has
been constantly kept in view. In 1853 a bill was introduced for
this purpose, and in 1854 and 1855 acts were passed to erect
suitable buildings for the purpose. It is an honor to the State,
and no citizen who now- visits the seat of Government, but feels
a pride in entering the rooms dedicated to the great Agricultural
interests of the State. The rooms assigned for the Society were
constructed under direction of the Executive Committee — and it
is gratifying to be informed, by distinguished gentlemen who have
visited most- of the European Governments, that they have not
seen any establishment for like purposes superior to tliat we are
now occupying. May the farmers and mechanics of New- York,
fill these rooms witli their products and inventions, so that we can
with just pride point to our collection as equal to any to be found
in any country.

Tlie system of International Exchanges of books, seeds and
imijlements, introdured ])y Alexander \'attoniare, some years
since, has become a very important agency. Our Museum now
has a very large collection of grain and seeds, received from
England, Scotland, France, Hungary, Bavaria, Austria, Russia,
Ja])an, &c., and we liave sent in exchange seeds to these countries,
where many of tlieni have been tried and j)roved useful. We
have distributed to farmers and others many of the seeds we have

b ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

received, and we shall doubtless derive great advantage from some
of the varieties thus distributed.

We need a large collection of grain and seed to distribute
abroad — and we rely upon those interested in Agriculture to
furnish us with the means to continue this exchange, for which
we shall ever be ready to make returns. We have received within
a few days a letter from Hungary, giving an account of the
successful trial of seeds forwarded them two years since, and from
France we have letters urging us to send larger collections for
distribution, as the inquiries from Agricultm-al Associations are
frequent, desiring American grain and seeds for trial. A wide
field is here opened to us, which at comparatively little expense
may eventuate in great good to our country.

We ask of the farmers of the State, whenever they visit the
Capital of the State, to call at the rooms and see what has been
already done — and if you have the means of increasing the
interest or usefulness of the collection, let it be done — and thus
your name will go down to posterity with those who have bene-
fited their countrv and the world.

In relation to the comj^letion of the rooms of the Society, it
is i^roper to observe that the last Legislature adjourned without
passing the supply l^ill, which contained appropriations for com-
pleting the Agricultiu'al rooms, and continuing Dr. Fitch's
Entomological investigations and other matters. As the mechanics
employed by the Commissioners of the Land Office were at work
when the Legislature adjoui'ned, and as the work must be sus-
pended unless means were provided, the Executive Committee, at
the request of the Commissioners, agreed to pay the mechanics
for the work to be done, and the rooms have been completed, at
an expense to the Society of $3,495.77 — and Dr. Fitch's salary
of $1,000 has been provided for and some other charges paid,
amounting in the whole to $4,595.77. The present Legislature
has passed a bill providing for these expenses among others. The
necessary amount will soon, it is expected, be ready to reimburse
the treasurer for the amount expended.

It is important in the future operations of the Society, that
advances should be made in various departments, where as yet
but litte reliable information can be given to the farmer. This
is peculiarly important in relation to the value of the different

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. '^

breeds of animals wliicli v/e have in om- State. We have rej .e-
sentatives of the various breeds of domestic animals from abroad,
equal to any that can be found in other countries — and we see
no reason why they cannot be reared here in every respect equal
to any that can be found abroad. But these various breeds of
cattle, sheep, swine, &c., have each their advocates, and yet we
have no reliable experiments, showing the comparative value of
these various breeds, as regards flesh, milk, wool, &c.,for a given
quantity of food consumed. This can be ascertained, and the
importance of ascertaining these facts must be apparent; and
careful and long continued experiments may be necessary to
establish satisfactorily, the value of the different breeds in this
respect. It will require time and money to go through these
experiments — but is it not an object worthy of the Society to
endeavor to accomplish ? It is hoped that at the Agricultural
College, which is now established, and which will ere long be in
successful operation, that experiments may be made in relation
to these and various other matters, which now rest upon opinions
merely, and may be definitely settled by careful and reliable
experiments, which will commend them to the practical farmer.
We desire to present this subject for the consideration of those
who are most interested, and should gentlemen who are engaged
in breeding be willing to put their animals in the charge of some
competent and disinterested man, to make the experiments, the
Executive Committee would take great pleasure in carrying them
out, should the means be furnished them for so doing.

The Executive Committee desire to specially notice the liberal
premiums offered by Hon. Horace Greeley of New-York, to young
men under eighteen years of age, fur the most approved culture of
an acre of Indian corn and an acre of carrots. This offer has
brought several competitors, and the result of their labors will be
examined by a committee ai>pointed for that })urpose.

Another gentleman, Duct. W. D. Cook, of Sodus, Wayne county,
has oflered a premium of §50 for a reversible plow, to be tried
under the direction of the Executive Committee. Already this
offer has brought before the Executive Committee one plow which
has secured tlie apj>roval of those wlio have tried it, and which
will be presented fur trial when the time arrives.

10 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

We consider these examples worthy of being followed up by
those who have the means. In what way can money be more
worthily bestowed, and from which more useful and practical re-
sults be more likely to follow ? The Executive Committee will
take great pleasure in carrying out to the best of their ability any
experiments that may be calculated to advance the interests of
Agriculture in any of its departments.

Sixteenth Annual Fair. — This anniversary was held at the vil-
lage of Water town, in the county of Jeffierson, on the 30th of
September, and on the 1st, 2d and 3d of October, and although
the weather was most unpropitious, the exhibition was credit-
able to the State in every department. The people of the
north came in with an enthusiasm that surmounted all obstacles,
and it cannot be doubted but that the exhibition has left its valu-
able examples, the results of which will for many years be felt
for great good in that section of the State — a section whose inesti-
mable worth, as part of what may be in truth designated as an
empire, cannot be overestimated. The display of stock was
among the best shown at our fairs, and was of an extent seldom
if ever reached at former exhibitions. Gentlemen who appre-
ciate that there belongs of right to this State the excellence of
every breed of animals; that New- York has need of all the best
blood, and that its farmers have the sagacity to choose and the
skill to keep — these gentlemen sent choice specimens of the ani-
mals their good judgment selected, and thus there were gathered
at Watertown such superb varieties of stock as indicate the coming
superiority of this country.

The Society record with great pleasure the visit to the fair of
the Governor of the State. It is to the wise action of the author-
ities that the Society owes much of its power to be useful; and
it is gratifying when the chief magistrate is present, personally to
witness the efficient and enlightened manner in which the aid of
the State is distributed to the prosperity of the farmer and the
advancement of the farm.

The contiguity of the provinces brought to the fair a large and
warmly welcomed delegation of Canadian gentlemen in all the
arts of life ; in the pursuit of the things that tend to the happi-
ness of the laborer in whatever department he does his work, all
geographical lines throughout the Earth are obliterating; the com

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. II

muuity of men is becoming a brotherhood of active, zealous, in-
genious workers to give to the hand of industry an easier labor
and a surer reward. The rapid development of the Canadas
causes its citizens to be intensely awake to whatever is to advance
their agricultural interests.

The press made active record of the incidents of the exhibition
during its progress, and the delineation thus furnished found its
way through all parts of the Union; the telegraph picturing before
the planter of Louisiana every movement of the farmer of New-
York at his great annual festival.

In machinery the record of each year is one of astonishing
progress. Already our people, overleaping the barriers of pre-
cedent and doubt, so formidable in other lands, are testing every
form and combination of the wheel, the lever, the cog, to furnish
a power by which the land can be prepared, tilled, reaped, har-
vested, forests felled; and step by step, in rapid movement, the
inventor is achieving his desire, performing his work, receiving
his reward. Many new machines were shown at this fair, and
the Society saw in them the certain indication of other conquests
over forest and field. The history of Agricultural machinery is
a history bearing faithful record to the good wrought out by the
State Agricultural Society.

Tlie labors of the fair were cheerfully performed, its general over-
sight committed to a greatly valued and long cherished friend of
the society, was in that order which it was precisely in his habit to
administer, and the citizens of Watertown generally deserve, as they
have received, the high commendation of their fellow citizens every-
where, fi)Y their enterprising arrangements of the Annual Fair
wliich belonged to them. Floral Hall would have been radiant
with all the countless treasures of the rich gardens of the vicinity
but for the ravages of the storm, still that which remained was
in itself sufficient to indicate that a gentle and a pleasant taste
had won place for itself at the north, in a degree rivaling the
exliibition of other sections of the State, more genial in tempera-
ture. Wlien the weather meliorated, the scenes in the vast arena
were animated, and the people in movement from hall to hall,
dispersed in admiring observation of the stock, was the type of
wliat all the days would have presented if the rain cloud had
sooner passed away.

12 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

The Annual Fair of the Society is always an occurrence of the
greatest interest; it developes progress — it is a landmark from
which successive onward movements are made. The Fair just
passed has developed, to the judgment of the close observing, the
firmness of the tenure by which the Society holds the confidence
of tlie people, whose representative it is, and the laborious but
grateful duty of bringing to the aid of the cultivator of the
earth, wliatever of encouragement or improvement the State can
furnish. Amidst all the untoAvard circimistances, the enthusiasm,
the right-hearty good will was present, and the people of the
north discharged their duties well, and showed that to all parts
of the State the Society was welcome. To progress, the society
devotes itself so encouraged, to place the Agriculture of New-
York in the first rank — to place in its pastures and in its service
the best stock — to raise from its fields the richest harvests — to
make its farmers' home the happiest, and its farmers the most
intelligent. Such are the duties w^hich it proceeds to fulfil.

The address before the Society was delivered by the Hon. Wm.
Jessuj), of Montrose, Penn., on "The moral grandeur and dignity
of Agricultural labor," and w^as every way w^orthy of its distin-
guished author. It was listened to by a large and attentive
audience, and was published by the Society in pamphlet form,
and w^idely distributed throughout the State. Its seasonable
truths will exert a most salutary influence thoughout the farming
interest of the State.

The report of the treasurer show^s that the receipts from all
sources have been $17,977.99; and the expenditures $18,933.06.
Of tlie above amount, the sum paid for the completion of the
rooms, for the salary of the Entomologist, and for rent of rooms to
store articles during the rebuilding of the hall, w^hicli are pro-
vided for in the bill before the Legislature, amounting to $4,595.77,
when received, will leave a balance in the treasury, after paying
all claims, of $1,140.70. B. P. JOHNSON,

Cor''g Secretary.

ADDRESS

BY THE HON. WILLIAM JESSUP, OF MONTROSE, PENN., BEFORE THE
NEW-YORK STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY, AT WATERTOWN,

OCTOBER 3d, 1856.

Mr. President, and Ladies and Gentlemen,

Of the JYeto-York State Agricultural Society:

In compliance with the invitation of your committee, I appear
before you to pronounce your annual address.

Looking at the distinguished character and preeminent abilities
of those who in several successive years have preceded me in the
discharge of this duty, and the high character of their addresses,
the broad scope and full discussion they have given to most topics
seemingly proper for such occasions, it might well become so
humble an individual to decline this honor. But my apology
must be found in my love and veneration for the great cause of
agriculture, and a desire to add my poor mite to its onw^ard pro-
gress and steady advancement.

In this desire I bring a few suggestions w^hich may serve to fill
that space in your interesting exercises usually allotted to this
object.

For a little more than a century our national progress has been
so rapid, as to leave us and those who preceded us, no stopping
place, no apparent quiet and calm, in which there could be a
gathering up of the rich profusions which have surrounded us;
and a consolidation, so to speak, of the elements whicli cunsti-
tute our greatness. They all lie strewn along our pathway — •
scattered everywhere — and in the disarranged and disordered
state in which we i»ass by them in our rapid ]>r(»iTress, most truly
and fully bear their testinionv to our natit»nal erreatness.

We are yet in a giant infancy; our institutions are shaped and
molded by influences which have never seen a parallel in the
history of Earth. Far removed by tlie wide intervention of the
Atlantic from the corrupt and corrupting inlluences of the Old

14 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

World, we have been enabled to discard many of their maxims,
and to adopt a course of policy, civil and political, tending essen-
tially to equality. We have discarded the laws of primogeni-
ture, so that few estates can largely accumulate, and as matter of
fact, most large estates are divided and partitioned in the second
or third generation.

We have abolished all aristocratic titles and orders, and opened
all the honors that can be conferred by the government, to a fair
competition of all the people. We boast that one American citi-
zen stands upon the same platform with every other. We invite
all of every land and of every clime, to come and participate
with us in the blessings of liberty and equality. We welcome
them to our shores, and offer them protection and a home.

In this our nation's youth, we afford an asylum for the oppres-
sed, a refuge from tyranny, and more than all, a sure reward for
industry and frugality. Oui' arms are open to receive honest
labor, come from whatever place it may.

A retrospect of the brief years since our fathers landed on this

" Rock bound coast,"

fills the mind with wonder. That which has been accomplished,
seems, as we look back upon it, " as a dream when one awaketh."

Where are the mighty forests which so recently covered the
largest and fairest portions of your great State ?

Where are those trees which in all their primitive grandeur
spread their branches in an unbroken shade from the Hudson to
Lake Erie ?

They are gone — the ceaseless hands of industry have shorn
them of their evergreen mantle, their timbers, wrought into the
ground work of a world-wide commerce, bear proudly to the
breeze the flags of every nation. The desolate moan of the forest
pine has given way to the lowing of cattle and the busy hum of
mechanical and agricultural labor. Cities and villages and fertile
fields occupy their places, and industry in its varied forms of
interest and enjoyment diffuses happiness through millions of
hearts.

Were these forests in their majestic silence grand ? Is this civi-
lization which sheds its hallowed influence over this, so late a
wilderness, grand ? Is this magic touch, which has in such brief
space, called into existence your cities and towns, and canals, and

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 15

railroads, and filled all with plenty for their thronging millions —
is this grand 1

How much grander then, is the contemplation of that Free
Labor which has produced them all ! that well requited and paid
industry, without which none of these things had heen^ or heing^
had been a blot and a stain upon them all.

The moral grandeur and dignity of agricultural labor is in part
my theme.

I refer not here to those labor-saving machines which so well
subserve the cause of agriculture, and give character and honor
to our age. They claim a meed of praise on every suitable occa-
sion. Their influence is everywhere felt and acknowledged.
They are rapidly hastening us along in the road to national wealth,
and promise to make us the granary of the world.

But they did not fell the forests — they did not roll the logs; the
wilderness could only be assailed single handed, and nothing but
the axe and fire-brand of the pioneer was adequate to its destruc-
tion.

Who has not seen him, as solitary in his own self-reliance, he
walks into the heart of the forest, builds his bark cabin, far re-
moved from roads, from neighbors, from all the comforts and
refinements of life, from social privileges and enjoyments, and
there, axe in hand, commencing his attacks upon that forest in
expectation of making it " to bud and blossom as the rose."

Who that has considered the labor and toil, the self-denial
and perseverance necessary to subdue that forest, has not given
" the honor to valor due" — to that pioneer of civilization?

And who, when after a few years have passed, has seen in place
of that forest, the broad fields of luxuriant harvests, the cities,
the churches, the luxuries of life, the dense and teeming popula-
tion, the canals, tlie railroads, and all the appliances of the civ-
ilization of the nineteenth century, has not bowed in homage to
the dignity of human labor.

The individual man who wields the axe and fire-brand, clearing
the way for all of health and liaj)}>iness wliich follow in liis train,
is the pioneer hero of agricultural labor, and wlienever seen is
worthy of high regard for his work's sake.

So too, all that ^reat class of men, who, leaving the comforts of
home, go fortli as explorers and settlers in new fields, whetlier of

l6 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

forest or of prairie, are worthy of regard and respect. They are
men who enlarge and extend the boundaries of human effort, and
make homes for themselves and others, "where but for their labor
all would be unbroken wilderness.

Thus we view agricultural labor in its individual character and
influence, as honorable and dignified; and without regard to the
personal condition of the laborer, claim for it the respect always
due to meritorious and successful enterprise. But there are other
considerations which still more tend to enhance our estimate of the
importance of agricultural labor.

And first — The numbers engaged therein, their character,
standing and influence.

By the census of 1850, of 880,000 males nearly one half are
farmers by their profession, or engaged in pursuits directly con-
nected with Agriculture. This State is a fair representative of
all the Free States, some having a larger and some a smaller
proportion of farmers.

This great disproportion of the engagements of the male popu-
lation in favor of Agriculture, gives at once the true estimate
which is, and of right ought to be placed upon this species of
labor. Its interest is greatly enhanced by the consideration, also,
of its great value, surpassing all others in incalculable ratios,
lying at the foundation of all other enterprises, and being the
basis of all the w^ealth of the world.

To serve its interests we have drawn from the millions of
Europe, and filled our land with canals and railroads — these
monuments of the real greatness of the first half of the nine-
teenth century. We have covered our rivers, seas and oceans
with ships, and in a word, every enterprise of man rests upon
Agriculture as its sure basis.

I only repeat wliat is universally conceded, and in the con-
cession of which no invidious comparison is intended — that the
farmers of the country, as a body, greatly excel any other class,
in the exercise of all those virtues which adorn and elevate man.
No more pleasant picture can be presented to the mind, than is
every day to be seen in our rural districts.

I have in mind such a view upon one of the slopes which
bounds a beautiful lake in your State — farms of about one hun-

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 17

dred acres — an area of about five miles square — near the center,
the church, the mechanic shops, the house kept for the public
hospitality, the neat school house, and a few stores constitute the
village. The roads are well constructed. The farms are in a
high state of cultivation, and all the scene at once gives evidence
of honest and wxll rewarded industry, of high moral worth, and
of the dignity of Agricultural labor.

These scenes are everywhere to be found. The beautiful
valleys of Pennsylvania present the same delightful vision; and
both only compete with the fertile plains of Ohio and the west,
and the more rough, but more highly cultivated fields of the
north and east.

Mr. President — We cannot fix too high a value upon personal
laborj nor study too much to elevate it. It is not aspersed
except by inference, but some inferences in our day have such
a tendency to degrade personal labor that they need to be,
resisted.

I never can consent that the non-producing class shall claim in
any respect a superiority over those who rise in the morning of
every day to daily toil, " who work, laboring with their own
hands " — and these give to every other class support and suste-
nance. " The laborer is worthy of his hire," and in this country
whose civil, political and social institutions are based upon prin-
ciples of equality, of regard to the just rights of all, it becomes
public duty that he be not only rewarded for that labor, but that
he receive all that consideration, to which his most meritorious
avocation shall entitle him. By what process shall labor be saved
in the estimation of the world from a degree of obloquy which is
sometimes attempted to be fastened upon it?

There is a supposed elevation of the man who lives without
labor, over him who toils; as a consequence many of our young
men flee from the farm to the counter, and to the professions, and
too frequently fail of success.

Had they been contented in their fathers' most honorable voca-
tion, certain success would have attended their efforts, and they
have lived an honored and useful life. False notions upon the
subject of the true elevation of farm labor destroyed them. Such
cases are to be found everywhere, and the evil in some sort needs

[Ag. Trans.] B

28 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK.

a remedy. Such remedy in part is to be found here^ in this circle^
at this fair. The tendency of every thing here is to bring out in
prominence this grand feature of all our arguments in favor of
personal labor — to give it a distinct prominence.

This great gathering of the farmers of this great State in itself
dignifies and elevates the labor of which it is but the exponent.
The county societies, in their fairs, their discussions, and their ad-
dresses tend to the same point. It is most gratifying to know that
the influence of these associations has uniformly had this tenden-
cy, and that a great change in this particular is clearly discerni-
ble, where these means have been successfully applied. The notion
that agricultural pursuits were not suited to mental acquirements
— that an educated farmer was likely to be an unsuccessful one,
and that if a man knew how to hold his plow and reap his grain,
he had all that knowledge which a farmer need to have, is already
exploded. The associations of farmers, multiplied as they are in
all parts of the land, have done much, very much, to correct this
false view, and to give in its place the conviction that farmers of
right ought to he and must he educated. When this principle shall
be fully carried out, we shall have the dignity of farm labor truly
vindicated.

This question thus necessarily runs into the subject not only of
education in our common and higher schools, but of introducing
into these schools many of the simple elements of agricultural
science, making them, for the sons and daughters of our farmers,
the preparatory schools for those higher institutions now being es-
tablished in many of the States, and which must find, at no
remote period, a support in every free State. Having already ad-
verted to the great preponderance of the agricultural class in
numbers, it necessarily follows that in all rural districts, the
schools are filled with those who are to be engaged in the same
business for their lives. There is a large field for agricultural
science which may be cultivated to advantage in the common
schools. Many text books are at hand, and the farmers of the
country have but to make the demand in earnest, and teachers
qualified to impart instruction in the science of agriculture will
be found to fill up that demand. Ey this means interest will be
given to every department of education, and while the mind is
impressible and open to right convictions, it will be filled with

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 19

useful knowledge and with correct views of the farmer's life and
avocation, or, as it may very properly be styled, " The Prcfessicn
of Jigr {culture?'^

Nor can the education of the farmer be limited by any such
bounds as these. As a class they are reaching far beyond this,
and are already demanding a more perfect and enlarged system
of education. They press upon the public attention their claims
to an elevated and expanded system. They demand the erection
and endowment of the farmers' high school — and will continue
to demand it until the object is attained, — and until all which
art and skill, inventive genius and science can impart, shall be
concentrated in such schools, and thus made accessible to the
young men of all parts of the land. Nor are these schools to be
the resort of those alone who expect to be directors of the labor
of others, and managers of large estates. The prevalence of such
a sentiment would work their ruin. They are to educate the
men who are to hold the plow in their own fields, and to give to
working farmers all the intelligence, knowledge and science which
are requisite, not only to the proper direction of all farming
operations, but if need be, to direct and guide the affairs of state,
when, by the call of their country, that duty shall be laid
upon them.

Mr. President — Political discussions cannot be introduced here,
but I shall not trench upon forbidden ground when I affirm, that
farmers have not been sufficiently numerous in the councils of
the State or nation.

We need more of their sound minds and matured judgments
and calm conservatism in our public councils. They are the
hope and reliance of the nation in all times of trial, and in all
great exigencies.

And are they to receive all the needed qualifications in tlieir
own spliere, for the discliarge of their high duties? I am sure,
Mr. President, that this society has but an affirmative response to
give to this inquir)'.

"Tlie higher grades of instruction must necessarily be provided,
not in stinted and measured, and in few and i)oorly endowed schools
— they must bear some proportion to the numl^er, cliaractcr and
wealth of those for whom they are designed. They must
sustain and elevate the cliaracter of the class for whose benefit
they are provided. If we take any pattern from the training in

20 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

Other seminaries, we shall have an enlarged system of education
for the mind and for the body. We shall cultivate both together,
and having all the appliances for that cultivation, w^e shall expect
them to produce their desired results. It will be in vain to look
for the accomplishment of this object from ordinary operations in
similar cases.

The aid of the State is to be invoked, and all that is necessary
to give permanence and efficiency to the institution should be
provided from the public treasury.

The laboring classes sustain all others. The fruit of their toil
is the wealth of the nation. Our commerce — our manufactories
are equally dependent upon them.

They may truly be termed the life blood of the nation. Is the
vital fluid in a healthy condition — the whole body is full of life.
Is it corrupted — the whole body is covered with ulcers and ready
for decay. Can that which is thus vital be degraded, and yet the
interest dependent thereon not be affected ? It is impossible.

The future of our nation, it is difficult to predict. There are
from time to time complications in the body politic, which for the
moment seem threatening, but they disappear with the occasion
which gave them birth. And so must it be while the masses of
our farmers are well instructed, not only in their pure, elevating and
noble profession, but in all their duties as American citizens.

May I be permitted to congratulate this society upon their pro-
gress and success in the establishment of their Agricultural
College — upon its location in one of those fairy spots of which
there are so many in this State, and upon the prospects opening
before them for its usefulness, and may I be permitted to suggest
that it will for a long time require fostering support, and a gene-
rous and liberal patronage. These, I doubt not, it will receive,
and that its blessings will be largely felt and fully appreciated by
the citizens of this great State.

It is gratifying to me, also to state, that Pennsylvania intends
to compete with New- York for the honor of the best endowed
and most beneficial farmer's school.

She too is advancing rapidly in her preparation for giving dignity

'and honor to farm labor. With these two great States going side

by side, in this noble work, what may not be hoped for ? In vain

STATE AGKICULTURAL SOCIETY. 21

will the influences which tend to degrade labor attempt to pass
these boundaries.

' This " Cordon Sanitaire " can not be passed by any feeling,
which, degrading labor, necessarily degrades man. I have con-
fined this view of the subject to farm labor, but it is not necessa-
rily thus confined.

The system of education adapted to farmers, will, with little
exception, be adapted to the wants of mechanics and artizans.

The practical in education will form the basis. That which
instructs in arts and in science in its most extended sense, will
necessarily be furnished, and the artizan equally with the farmer
needs that education.

I am no advocate for making the work-shop a college, and of ap-
prenticing in that college those who are to be practical handi-
crafts-men of our country, but it would be rank injustice to
exclude them from that education, which a liberal government
should provide equally for all.

The avenue should be opened broad and wide, and then all who
choose may enter.

I have already suggested, that farmers ought to be more fre-
quently in our national and State councils, and yet their habitual
diffidence, their love of home, and their aversion to political life,
are very likely to keep them in retirement. But at home they
hold the control of the government, and they have only to draw
their check on the public treasury and it would not be protested.

If your college needs a hundred thousand dollars to begin
with, your farmers have but to order the money appropriated and
it will be found. Let your Society and the County Societies but
once earnestly cake the matter in hand, and it will easily be
accomplished.

To whom do your State funds belong 1 Who pay your taxes ?
Who are the most numerous class in your State? And I may
enquire, who have been the last to be served in their great inter-
ests from the public treasury?

The response is at once at hand. And will this state of tilings
continue. Farmers must answer NO !

Mr. President, the problem in self-government which this nation
is now working out, is not yet entirely solved. We have, in
comparison with other nations of the earth, barely entered upon

22 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

our existence; and although we were strong at our birth, and our
early youth gives evidence of great power and vigor; yet looking
with a proper sense of the instruction to be derived from the
history of other nations, we can write no future for ourselves; our
course is, to a great extent, untried; we came into existence upon
great principles, and we must stand and be built up upon such prin-
ciples, or we must fall; we rely upon the patriotic intelligence of
the masses. The laboring classes do, and ever must form these
masses. To give them a clear and intelligent view of their
rights, of their privileges and immunities is to give permanence and
stability to our institutions, and to prepare us for a perpetuity
of those rights, which shall be a blessing to all " the dwellers
on earth."

I shall in this connection be pardoned for saying, that any
system of government which disparages the producing classes,
must in the end be bad government. It will necessarily contain
elements of corruption and dissolution. I need not go farther on
this point than thus to state the question, for I am sure of a
hearty response to the position that for this nation the true policy
of patriotism is to create and multiply intelligent, well educated
laborers.

I have adverted to the influence exerted by the fairs of this
and kindred societies, but I have not referred to the greatest and
most effectual instrument for elevating labor which is now, or
hereafter can be called into operation.

Our agricultural newspapers and magazines reach numbers and
produce effects which are unequaled. Their literary character
is alike creditable to their conductors and to the farmers by
whom they are read. The great benefits flowing from their
extended circulation, is not confined to the improvements in agri-
culture, which are a sure concomitant of their perusal. They
create and inspire a taste for reading, enlarge the sphere of obser-
vation, and educate in literature and science a large <ilass who
are inaccessible to other influences. They have already taken a
high place among the scientific and literary periodicals of the day,
and may very favorably challenge a comparison with them. They
are worthy of most extended patronage. Their evident effect is
to elevate the character of labor.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 23

Whoever passes through the agricultural portion of the Eastern
and Middle States will be struck with the equal distribution of
property.

Few large estates can be found — comparatively few farms
rented. Most farms are worked by their ow^ners, and the mass of
those owners are the educated farmers of the country. Some
agricultural paper is to be found in almost every house. Its
appearance is welcomed as weekly, or monthly, it is delivered.

A sense of degradation in labor finds none of its humiliating
accompaniments where the well conducted farm joui-nal is regu-
larly perused. The demand for a Quarterly Agricultural Review
of the high order of the best scientific and literary reviews of this
country and Europe, may not be a pressing necessity at this
moment; but may we not expect such a periodical as soon as our
colleges are founded, our professorships filled and endowed ?

There is certainly a field to be occupied by such a periodical^
not in place of any we now have, not excluding one of our farm
journals, nor in any way interfering with their circulation; but
occupying a higher sphere, and increasing the influence and bene-
ficial effects of all.

Mr. President — I doubt not that our agricultural journals have
added millions to our national wealth; and at the same time they
have been productive of happiness and enjoyment in the farmer's
family, giving contentment to his sons and daughters, and a relish
for labor which is beyond all price.

Concluding this somewha<t desultory address, I may be permit-
ted briefly to allude to the agricultural interests of our nation, as
connected with the administrative portion of the government.
Our National Society is a noble institution, doing a vast work,
bringing into happy juxta position, the varied interests of the
nation.

And without in detail pointing out its prospects for good to the
whole nation, as your society is blessing the Stiite, I wish to com-
mend its approaching exhibition of next week, at Pliiladelphia,
as worthy the patronage of all. J3ut what place has the great
agricultural interests of the nation in the government ? Tran-
scending all other interests, furnishing a vast majority of all our
exports, giving character and influence to our commerce, we have

24 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

a trifling yearly appropriation for tlie purchase of seeds, &c., and
an insignificant place in a subordinate division of one of our de-
partments.

A department of agriculture, with a vigilant head, whose whole
duties are devoted to a consideration of this subject, is demanded
alike by the magnitude of the pecuniary interests involved, and
the number of those employed in the prosecution of those interests.

There are a variety of legislative enactments which need con-
stantly this supervision, and in the details of which there should
be constant reference to facts which ought to be collated and
prepared for use in such department.

Scarce a treaty of commerce is made in which agricultural
interests are not involved, and for the want of such accurate and
careful knowledge as can only be acquired by continual research
and study, those interests it is believed in some cases have been
sacrificed, ind in others have not been so advanced as they might
have been. I would not be understood as disparaging in the
least, the work which has been done through the Patent Office
for the introduction of choice seeds and plants, and the col-
lecting and diffusing of varied and important experience and
knowledge. I appreciate it most fully, and in common with my
brother farmers, am grateful for it.

But w^hat is the influence of American Agriculture upon the
commerce of the world ] Where can a better provision be made
for its extension ? What reciprocity treaties can be made with
other nations opening a market for our surplus? What present
restrictions can be removed or compensated for by removing
similar restrictions from the products of the country imposing
them 1

These are questions only to be answered by a mind devoted to
this one subject at home and abroad, and which will have the
responsibility of these great interests laid upon it. A voice in
the treaty making power is demanded by larger considerations
than I have suggested. It may be alleged that all departments
of the government are interested in this great subject, and that
being regarded as the most important of all the subjects of legis-
'lation and protection, it is always cared for. I only answer that
the old maxim is applicable in its full force, " that what is every
body's business is nobody's business."

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 25

It will be vain to object that it will increase the expense of the
government, or that it will complicate the administration and
add to the numbers of the cabinet. The farmers furnish the
money, and instead of complicating and confusing, it will relieve
the department of the Interior, still leaving in that department
enough to occupy the mind and employ the energies of any ordi-
nary man. No valid objection can be urged against the estab-
lishment of such a department, and it is only necessary that the
united voices of our farmers shall be heard in Washington to
produce this very important end. Some time since, when this
subject was discussed at a meeting of the National Society, it was
objected that the department of Agriculture would necessarily be
filled by a 'politician^ as were the other branches of government,
and that the interests of agriculture would thereby greatly sufifer.
This objection was urged by an influential senator, but although
the source of the objection was high, the objection itself has no
validity. In all the parties into which the country has ever been
divided, there have been found well-qualified, patriotic men, who
would command the confidence of the community, and who
would devote to the objects of their office, all the requisite talent,
industry and skill, and it is not true, that because they might
belong to one or another party they would fail in fidelity to the
duties required of them.

With agricultural contributions to the wealth of nations of
more than fifteen hundred millions of dollars per year, the inte-
rests of which blend with every other interest of the world, it is
not asking too much to demand a department of agriculture, as
an obligation of government, as a right the granting of which is
not longer to be deferred.

Mr. President and Gentlemen — The cause of agricultural
labor is the cause of our common humanity. The onward pro-
gress of civilization, of arts, of science, and of all that elevates
and adorns society, essentially depend upon its character and the
estimate in which it is held. In all the Free States, it sends its
contri])utions of members and influence to every avocation and
profession. It claims support. It demands honor. It is to be
protected and defended against all assaults, eitlier from an aristo-
cratic pride and feeling at home, or from degrading servile in-
fluences from abroad. Its fruits of industry recjuire the protecting,

26 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

fostering and expanding care of the government. Its hardy youth
demand all those appliances of education which shall amply
qualify them for fulfilling their duties as farmers and carrying out
their obligations as American citizens ; and our mission — the
mission of this and alfiliated societies, will not be ended until
these objects are accomplished.

The thanks of the Society were tendered to the speaker, on
motion of Hon. John A. King, and a copy of the address solicited
for publication in the Transactions of the Society.

NEW-YOEK STATE AGHICULTUHAL SOCIETY.

ANNUAL MEETING^

Wednesday, February 31, 1857.

At 12 o'clock, the Society being met in annual meeting, in the
Assembly Chamber, were called to order by Theodore S. Faxton,
President..

The Secretary read an abstract of the report of the Treasurer :

Feb. 1856. beceipts.

Balance in treasury, _ $2,743 69

From members at annual meeting, 323 00

Premium returned, _^_ 4 00

From State, __ 700 00

Receipts at fair, Watertown,.. 8,010 00

Rent of grounds, 200 00

Horace Greeley for premiums offered, 100 00

Watertown, part payment of expenses, 500 00

Notes discounted, 5,397 30

$17,977 99

Feb. 1856. expendituees.

Expenses, Winter meeting, $80 5 1

Premiums at fair at Elmira 216 38

do Winter meeting, _ 677 50

Library, books and binding, 163 94

Postage, 194 75

Dr. Fitch, Entomologist, 1,050 00

Incidental expenses, 990 33

Printing and advertising, _ 194 07

Salaries assistants, &c., 2,202 70

Amount carried forward

?

28 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

Amount brought forward, §

Superintendents and gate-keepers at fair, 582 25

Miscellaneous expenses of fair, 1,213 27

Clerks and assistants at fair, 505 50

Premiums paid at Watertown, 4,366 09

For completing Agricultural rooms, 3,495 77

Notes paid,. _ _ . . 3,000 00

$18,933 06

Treasury in advance, $955 07

Appropriations in Supply bill for moneys advanced

to complete rooms, salary of Entomologist, &c,_ 4,595 77
Which when received, will leave a balance in

treasury, of '§1,140 70

The report of the Executive Committee was then read by the
Secretary; and on motion of Hon. T. I. Chatfield was adopted.

On motion' of George Clarke, Esq., the rules of the House of
Assembly were adopted, for the government of the deliberations of
the meeting.

On motion of Hon. T. C. Peters,

Resolved. That no person be permitted to speak more than
once, and longer than five minutes, upon the same subject, with-
out permission of the Society

Mr. Clarke called for the consideration of the following proposed
amendment to the Constitution, of which notice was given at the
last annual meeting :

" Section 5th. The Society shall, at its annual meeting in 1857,
permanently designate one, two or three places, as a majority of
said meeting may elect, for holding, in future, the annual fairs or
exhibitions of said Society,"

And sustained his motion in some appropriate remarks.

Mr, Burroughs opposed the proposition: It would be unwise,
impolitic and unjust. He trusted the motion would, to-day, re-
ceive its death-blow.

Mr. Clarke was willing to have the matter now definitely settled.
'He wished to have the points selected, Albany, Syracuse and
Buffalo.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 29

Mr. Richardson raoved the amendment he proposed last year,
viz : the selection of three places, in separate judicial districts —
each place to be permanent after selection, &c.

Mr. Cheever wished the vote taken directly on the first propo-
sition. He was opposed to changing the settled and successful
policy of the Society.

Mr. Randall had once been in favor of permanent location; but
he was not now. It would be hazardous to make the experiment.
If there were occasional deficiencies, they could be easily made up.

Mr. J. B. Nott opposed the proposition to amend for various
reasons.

Mr. A. B. Dickinson also opposed the proposition; as did also
Messrs. L. F. Allen, Peters and Hall.

When the vote being taken, on a call of the roll of members,
there were, for the amendment, 20; against the amendment, 132.

On motion of the Hon. Wm. Kelly, the usual resolution for the
appointment of a committee to recommend the place for the next
fair; and also to nominate officers of the Society, was adopted, and
the following committee was selected :

First District — Simeon Draper, P. L. Benedict, James Hogg.

Second — W. T. McCoun, A. P. Cummings, W. Kelly.

Third — Wm. Newcomb, Herman Wendell, John T. Hogeboom.

Fourth — Samuel Cheever, H. W. Beckwith, B. C. Butler.

Fifth — Leonard Ames, Nathan Randall, Ela Newman.

Sixth — Chas. Morrell, F. M. Rotch, George Clarke.

Seventh — D. H. Bissell, J. W. Bacon, Martin Holmes.

Eighth — Lewis F. Allen, P. Dorsheimer, S. M. Burroughs.

The committee under the above resolution was then appointed,
and a recess was taken to four o'clock, P. M.

Four O'clock, P. M.

The Society reassembled, and the Hon. W. T. McCoun, as
chairman of the committee of twenty-four, made the following
report : recommending to the Executive Committee, Buflalo for
the place of holding the next Fair — and the following list of
officers :

President — Alonzo S. Upham, Genesee.

Vice-Presidents — 1st district, Jonathan Thorne, New-York; 2d
district, Hun. W. T. McCoun, Queens; 3d district, Herman
Wendell, Albany; 4th district, John M. Stevenson, Washington;

30 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

5th district, B. E. Bowen, Oswego; 6tli district, Francis M.
Rotch, Otsego; 7th district, Willard Hodges, Monroe; 8th dis-
trict, Lewis F. Allen, Erie.

Corresponding Secretary — B. P. Johnson, Albany.

Recording Secretary — E. Corning, jr., Albany.

Treasurer — B. B. Kirtland, Albany.

Executive Committee — C. S. Wainwright, Dutchess; Solon D.
Hungerford, Jefferson; E. C. Dibble, Genesee; G. W. Tifft, Erie;
Charles Morrell, Tompkins.

Mr. Grove Lawrence moved to amend the report, so as to
substitute Syracuse for Buffalo, as the place for holding the
Annual Fair.

Hon. Mr. Wadsworth opposed the amendment, as did Mr.
Randall of Syracuse.

The motion to amend was withdrawn, but renewed by Mr. Hovey.

Messrs. Hall, of Syracuse; Gen. Vielie, of Troy; Lewis F.
Allen, of Erie; and Mr. Monroe, opposed the resolution, and the
same was lost.

The report was then agreed to, and the officers named elected.

Lewis F. Allen of Erie, offered the following resolution :
Resolved^ That it is against the original intent of the founders
of both the State and County Societies, and the best interests of
the Agricultural community, to tolerate or countenance any exhi-
bition of horses for speed — giving them, thereby, undue advantage
of other descriptions of stock; or to erect rings for the exhibition
of horses, on the Annual Show Grounds of the Society, larger
than one hundred and fifty feet in diameter.

A discussion arose upon the resolution, in which Judge Osborn,
Mr. Williams, of Albany; Hon. Joel Turrell; Nathan Randall,
Esq.; L. F. Allen; Mr. Hilton, of Albany; Mr. Davis, of Onondaga;
Hon. Samuel Cheever; Hon. T. C. Peters; E. P. Prentice, Esq.;
Hon. S. M. Burroughs, and Hon. A. B. Dickinson engaged, and
the resolution was referred to the Executive Committee.

Recess to seven o'clock.

Wednesday Evening — 7 O'clock.
The Society convened at seven o'clock, to hear an address from
Dr. Fitch, on the Insects of this country. The lecture was of
absorbing interest, embodying a vast amount of practical infor-
mation. It will be embodied in the Transactions.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 31

At the close of the address, on motion of Hon. T. C. Peters,

Resolved, That the Legislature be requested to continue the
appropriation of $1,000, for the continuance of the Entomologi-
cal Survey of the State, by Dr. Fitch, under the direction of
the Society.

Hon. A. B. Dickinson, seconded the resolution, and showed
the importance of the labors of Dr. Fitch by many examples,
where his instructions had been carried out successfully. Mr.
Dickinson also remarked, in this connexion, in regard to the
Agricultural College — although originally opposed to it, now
that it is established, it was the duty of every farmer to sustain
it, and do all he can to make it successful. It was admirably
located; in no part of the State could a farm have been selected
with an equal variety of soils adapted to the purposes of the farm
— excellent land for corn, wheat, &c.

The resolution w^as adopted.

An interesting discussion was had upon dwarf pears — in which
Lewis F. Allen, Hon. A. B. Dickinson, George Clarke, Hon. T. C.
Peters, and others engaged. Most of the gentlemen- who spoke
were opposed to the culture of dwarfs on the quince stock, fur
the ordinary farmer.

The Society took a recess until Thursday at 12 o'clock.

Thursday, 12 o'clock.

The Society met at the Agricultural Rooms, the President in the
chair; and the reports of the Judges were read and premiums
awarded.

Recess until 7 o'clock, p. m.

Seven o'clock.

Society met in the Lecture Room of the Society, the President
in the chair. His Excellency the Governor, the Lieut. Governor,
State officers, members of the Senate and Assembly, Eliliu Bur-
ritt, and other distinguished gentlemen were present, and a large
number of the members of the Society.

The order of exercises was as follows :

DEDICATION OF THE AGRICULTURAL ROOMS THURSDAY EVENING,

FEBRUARY 12, 1857.

Prayer by Rev. Dr. Rogers, of Albany; Brief Statement
of the Society's operations, by the Secretary; Address, by
Hon. Samuel Cheever, President of the New- York State Ag-

32 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

ricultural College; Address by Hon. Joel T. Headley, Secre-
tary of State; Address by Hon. T. C. Peters, of Genesee; Re-
marks, by Hon. William Kelly, of the Senate, and His Excel-
lency, John A. King; Address of the president, T. S. Faxton,
Esq., and of Hon. A. S. Upham, President elect.

The several gentlemen named took part in the exercises, except
Hon. Joel T. Headley, who was prevented, by sickness, from being
present. Wm. H. Eogart, Esq., of Aurora, Cayuga county, sup-
plied Mr. Headley's place, in some very well timed and appro-
priate remarks, made on the spur of the occasion.

The exercises were of a most interesting character, and will
be found in full, post p. 41, &c

ADDRESS

OF T. S. FAXTON, PRESIDENT OF THE SOCIETY, FEB'y 11, 1857.

Gentlemen, of the JYew-York State Agricultural Society :

We are once more permitted to assemble together through the
goodness and mercy of Him, " who doeth all things well" — and
let us not forget our obligations and dependence on Him for the
numerous blessings we receive as a people, highly favored in the
enjoyment of peace, health and prosperity, both as a State and
Nation.

The past season has been one of great prosperity, and our Na-
tion has been highly blessed. While others have been engaged in
wars and visited with pestilence, our country has escaped their
ravages ; our farming, manufacturing and commercial prosperity
has been most gratifying. When I look around me and consider
the high position we occupy as a Society, aud the success which
has attended it from its conception, and remember the eloquent
words that have dropped from the lips of those who have preceded
me, I am almost constrained to withhold any remarks further
than to thank you for the partiality and kindness with which you
have sustained me in my duties the past year.

Our Sixteenth Annual Fair. — This anniversary, now one of the
most distinguished and most welcome of the occurrences of the
year, was held at the village of Watertown in the county of Jef-
ferson, on the thirtieth of September, and first, second and tliird
of October, and came amidst all the discouragements of a succes-
sion of stormy hours, unexampled in the annals of the Society;
still it indicated to the attentive observer, the strongest assurances
of the earnest and vigorous position occupied by the agricultural
interests of the State. No one could have seen the occurrences
of these days, but must have been convinced that the attention of
the people is concentrated on the movements of the State Society

with unequivocal marks of favor; and that all its undertakings
[Ag. Trans.J C

34 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

in the promotion of the cause with which it is now everywhere
identified, are recognized as connected directly with the greatest
happiness to the greatest number. The Fair at Watertown was
behind former fairs, only so far as a continued, remarkable storm
could operate in embarrassing the movements of the people.

As the Fair of 1855 was at the call of the people, held at
Elmira, one of those creations of the internal improvement system
in the southern frontier of the State — so was the Fair of 1856, at
a call not to be disregarded, placed at Watertown, a village in
its industry, its wealth, its active manufactories, and its general
prosperity, evincing what an extent of business and population it
was the good fortune of this State to possess as well upon its
northern frontier as upon its southern border. The citizens of
Watertown, at whose invitation the farmers of New- York assem-
bled, had fully and liberally made all the preparations enjoined
by those wise regulations, wliich the Society, from its experience
of many years has instituted.

The area was capacious and thoroughly guarded; itself an
object of interest in that fertile and richly watered valley. The
buildings were of strength of structure, the usefulness of which
was every hour proved, and former fairs have failed to exhibit
ground better chosen or arranged. The accommodations for the
stock were such as to give that valuable property the best oppor-
tunity to display their highest qualities; and the space set apart
for their exhibition was ample and wisely arranged.

The fixtures for the display of machinery which is acting a
part so important, as science advances in the farmers' labor, were
of unusual importance; the steam pipes so prominent on the
ground were the significant indications of the near approaching
and complete adoption by the Farmer of all the powers of the
Machinist to aid in the culture — the thorough and well rewarded
tillage of the earth.

The Fair grounds were complete; the arrangements had been
made with the well judged expectation that the farmers of the
State would visit any and every locality of their fellow farmers
— inasmuch as the sphere of duty of the State Society was over
all the State, and every incident proved that only the peculiar
inclemency of the weather prevented the gathering of thousands;
notwithstanding the storm, whose severity was marked throughout

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 35

the State, the farmers of the other parts of the State did not
forget their brethren of the North.

There assembled at Watertown a large number from all quarters,
of those old, long- tried and cherished friends of the Society, whose
attachments for the good cause, and sympathy with it, have grown
with its growth and strengthened with its strength. The people
of the north came in crowds, and the exhibition, wiiich as a
whole, has not been excelled, has left an impress upon the farmers
of the north which will not be lost.

The show of Stock was remarkably good, and in some depart-
ments never equalled. The display of horses, as w^as expected,
was of a very high order. Sheep and swine w^ere exhibited in
large numbers, and of remarkable excellence. The machinery
and implement department excelled any previous exhibition, and
new machinery of very great promise for the farmer w^as shown.
The dairy department, was of superior excellence, surpassing
in extent any previous fair, and showed a creditable advance
in quality. The ladies' department, notwithstanding the unfa-
vorable weather, was well filled with useful and attractive articles.

The last two days of the fair, when the w^eather became favor-
able, exhibited a most gratifying spectacle; at least twenty-five
thousand persons were present each day, and showed what would
have been our success if the whole four days had been pleasant.

Oar receipts were lessened by the severe rains, and unpleasant-
ness, and consequent interruption of public and private convey-
ances, as judged, by the receipts of the two last days, by more than
four thousand dollars. This loss, however, ought not to be at-
tributed to the location, nor to any lack in the facilities provided
by our friends of Jetferson county.

Tliis, gentlemen, in connection with the reports which have
been read to you, will, I hope, show clearly the results of our
labor for the year; and that the succeeding one may be one of
still greater success and prosperity, is my most earnest wish.

The .flgri cultural Interests — I do not propose to give you a dis-
sertation on practical farming. So much has already been said
on tlie subject, tliat anything which I might offer, would be of
but littk' value to the practical farmer. What I want is to see
the farmers of this great State place themselves where they pro-

36 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

perly belong, and knowing their rights, maintain them. The
agricultural interests of this State are very great and constantly
increasing, and when we take into consideration the vastness of
our territory, and the varied productions of our soil, we cannot
fail to realize that the efforts of this Society have been produc-
tive of great good; and when we further consider the great amount
of wealth and income of our farmers, we cannot but feel
that they are entitled to more consideration from our Legislature,
than they have hitherto been able to acquire. True, our Legis-
lature has been prevailed upon, after long and persevering impor-
tunity, to open the purse strings of the State Treasury so far as
to appropriate $40,000 towards the purchase of a farm and
erecting an Agricultural College, for the purpose of experimenting
and educating our young men for practical farmers, provided an
equal amount was raised by 2)rivate subscription for the same pur-
pose. True, there has been paid out of the State Treasury the sum of
about $8,000 per year for the promotion of agriculture, which has
been distributed among the counties in which the .societies had
raised a like sum to be paid out for premiums. Of this amount
the State Society has received $700 yearly.

One whose wisdom and sagacity has never been doubted,
George Washington, has said, " That with reference either to in-
dividual or national welfare, Agriculture was of primary impor-
tance. Institutions for promoting it grow up supported by the pub-
lic purse, and to what object can it be dedicated with greater pro-
priety ? Among the means which have been employed to this
end, none have been attended with greater success than the
establishment of Boards, composed of proper persons, charged
with collecting and distributing information, and enabled by pre-
miums to encourage and assist a spirit of discovery and improve-
ment, by stimulating to enterprise and experiment, and by
drawing to a common center the results everywhere of individual
skill and operation, and by spreading through them over the
whole nation. Experience has accordingly shown that they are
very cheap instruments of immense national benefit."

Our State Society is allowed to be put up at auction, to be
located for the year at such place or point as the parties present
at our annual winter meetings shall direct. Now this may
have been very well for the time when it was considered as

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 37

an experiment whether the Society could be sustained, or be of
any practical benefit to the Agricultural interests of the State.
But, gentlemen, it seems to me that that day has gone by, and it
is time that this Society took its position as an institution of the
Empire State, and received, as it deserves, the fostering care of our
State government more liberally than it has heretofore. Not to
be sent about the State and located where the highest bidders were
found, regardless of the interests of the Society, or the State at
large.

Why should not the farmers, who are actually the great pro-
ducers of our wealth, and who pay a large share of the taxes,
into the treasury of our State, be recognized as a portion of our
citizens, and entitled to some consideration, and be permitted to
share to a small extent its liberality with other public institu-
tions 1 As has been well said by my predecessor :

"It is a fact so often stated that I need not repeat it again, that
our Agricultural interest is the most important in the country.
Next in the order of importance is our manufacturing interests.
Without these, and the consumption of merchandize by those
engaged in them, commerce would have but little to do.

" Statistics show an amount annually created by our Agricul-
ture, greatly beyond that created by any other agency, if not
more than by all others in the land. It creates, because it draws
from the earth and from the atmosphere that which, but for it,
would not be produced."

It is but little aid that our farmers desire, and it appears to
me that the time has now arrived when the New- York State
Agricultural Society should no longer be compelled yearly to
seek for bidders for its location. Compelling different commur.ities
to be onerously taxed, for the privilege of having a State Fair
located among them, when, of right, they should have it, and
any expense which might be incurred over and above the receipts
of the Society, should be paid by the State — holding the officers
to a strict accountal)ility for the faithful performance of their
duties, and an honest expenditure of the funds entrusted to
their care.

Let us look for a moment at some few statistics of our State.

The statistics of the commerce of the United States vshow that the
State of New- York exported in 1853, over $66,000,000, while Mas-

38 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

sachusetts, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, South Carolina,
Georgia and Alabama were but about $70,000,000, thus showing
most conclusively the superior advantages we possess over any
other State in the Union as an agricultural, manufacturing and
commercial State j and it should be borne in mind that not the
least part of the above item is agriculture, and hence the justice
of the claims which the farmers of our State have upon the
treasury, to which they so largely contribute by their productions
as well as taxes.

The citizens of New- York pay more taxes by over a million
dollars, than those of any other State in the Union, and from
what source are they derived ? Most evidently a large propor-
tion from the soil and by the sweat of the brow. The real estate
of New- York, in 1854, amounted to $946,457,907, and the per-
sonal property to $221,802,950; and this amount is arrived at
from its assessed taxable valuation, and it is hardly necessary for
me to remark that these assessments do not show the full value of
the property, falling short not much, if any, less than one-third of
the actual value, which, if added would swell the amount to
about $1,600,000,000, which is more than the assessed valuation
of thirteen other States in 1852.

In 1853 the revenue collected for the port of New- York, was
$38,289,341.58, while at all the other ports on the sea-board,
they were less than $20,000,000.

In 1850, there were in the State of New-York 12,408,964 acres
of improved lands, and 6,710,120 acres of unimproved land;
average number of acres to each farm, 113. Cash value of farms
was $554,000,000; while the value of farming implements was
over $22,009,000. Both of these items have largely increased since
that time. Average value of farms, $3,250. Valuation of live
stock in our State was over $73,000,000. In 1850 over 13,000,000
bushels of wheat were raised; over 4,000,000 bushels of rye;
over 26,000,000 bushels of oats; over 17,000,000 bushels of In-
dian corn; over 15,000,000 bushels of potatoes; over 3,000,000
bushels of barley; over 10,000,000 pounds of wool; and but one
other state exceeds us in the production of the last article, and
that is Ohio, which exceeds but by a fraction.

New- York is not behind some of her neighbors in manufactu-
ring, mining, and mechanical arts. Her productions in 1850

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 39

were $237,597,249, which is greater than the production of any
other State in the Union, by over $80,000,000.

Our State, although not considered a large manufacturer of wool,
IS only behind one state in the manufacturing of woolen fabrics.
Her productions in 1850 were over $7,000,000, which have been
largely increased since that time. She also produces and manu-
factures more castings from iron than any other State; and her
production of salt is the greatest in the Union.

I have thus, gentlemen, hastily glanced at some of the leading
productions of the Empire State, more with a view to show how
large a proportion of our wealth is intimately and immediately
connected with agriculture; and at the same time allow me to
ask in all sincerity, if you as farmers and producers of the great
State of New- York, do not think you have some claims, with re-
gard to this your Society, which ought to be more directly
recognised by our Legislature.

In taking my leave of the Society, and retiring from the highly
honorable and responsible position in which, by your favor, I was
placed one year since, allow me to express my thanks most fully to
the officers and members of this Society for their ready and efficient
cooperation, in all the duties devolving upon us — and the readi-
ness with which I have uniformly been sustained by their counsel
and efibrts, will long be a source of grateful remembrance to me.
With confidence that the same kindness will be extended to my
successor, I now, gentlemen, take pleasure in introducing to you
our President elect, the Hon. Alonzo S. Upham, of the county
of Genesee.

Hon. A. S. Upham, the President elect, was then introduced,
and spoke as follows :

Gentlemen of the State Agricultural Society:

To have been selected by your choice to preside over the Rep-
resentatives of the Farmers of the State, is an honor; my gratitude
for which I can best show by careful and untiring attention to the
welfare of the Society.

This Society is one of those dignified and important agents that
is rendering labor honorable, and scattering blessings broadcast over
the land — able and distinguished men have, Avhile in this office,
guided this Society with wisdom and vigor, and it is not Avitliout
misgivings tliat I undertake to follow tlieir example. Neverthe-

40 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

less, gentlemeiij I can safely promise vou that the duties of this
position can make no demands upon me that I will not cheerfully
meet — and I enter upon the discharge of those duties cheered by
the assurance that your valuable aid will be promptly tendered
when necessary, and that the old and tried friends of the Society will
continue to rally around the cause they have so long cherished.

Heretofore the duties of this office have been discharged by
men who, although farmers, have also been connected with the
learned profession or mercantile pursuits. This, I believe, is the
first time that one, although a farmer, is chiefly engaged in me-
chanical pursuits, has been selected. Your Society has been an
earnest patron of the mechanical arts, and the mechanics in re-
turn have contributed essentially to your prosperity as a Society.

With an ardent desire for your success, I assure you, gentle-
men, that as a farmer or mechanic, I will do all in my power to
secure, what we all so earnestly desire, the success of the Society.

The thanks of the Society were then, on motion of L. T. Allen,
Esq., voted to the retiring President, and the gentlemen who had
addressed the meetings ; and their addresses were ordered printed
in the Transactions of the Society.

w

I— •

d

i-H

i-H

a

bo
O

1—4

o

CO

(41)

DEDICATION OF THE STATE AGRICULTURAL

HALL.

It was a subject of much congratulation to the Ex. Com. that they
were able to fix the period for the dedication of the rooms fur-
nished for the use of the State Agricultural Society, during the
winter meeting. Of the event, due notice had been given. There
assembled in the spacious lecture room of the Society, (prior to a
social reunion in the upper rooms, where, by the kindness and
liberality of valued friends, a rich entertainment had been pro-
vided,) His Excellency the Governor, the Lieutenant Governor,
the State OflQ.cers, the Senate and the House of Assembly, the
former officers of the Society, the members of the Society and
guests, filling the platform and spacious area of the Hall.

This was an era to which the farmers of New- York had but
faintly hoped their cause would ever come. The State, this night
was giving, by the presence of its authorities, its commendation
of what had been done by the State Society to promote* the wealth
and happiness of the farmer, and its guarranty of equal and in-
creasing support from the resources of the State in the future.

After the Rev. Dr. Rogers, of the Reformed Dutch Churcli, had
commended the undertaking to the blessing of Heaven, the
proceedings of the dedication were introduced by the Secretary
of the Society.

BRIEF HISTORY OF THE SOCIETY.

BY B. P. JOHNSON.

Gentlemen of the, Kew-York State Agricultural Society:

We are assembled this evening on an occasion of no ordinary
interest to the farmers of our State — the dedication of commo-
dious rooms, prepared for the Society for the purposes of agricul-
ture for all time to come. A brief history of the Society, from
its organization to the present time, will furnish to the members
the information as to the various proceedings which have been
had in relation to securing a place where the farmers can be
recognized, as the importance of their profession demands.

The State Agricultural Society was organized in 1832, by a few
spirited individuals, assembled in this city from different parts of
the State. Most of the gentlemen who were present at the or-
ganization of the Society are deceased; but those wiio are still
living have continued firm friends of the Society, up to the pre-
sent time.*

A constitution was adopted and the following officers elected,
all of whom are deceased : Le Ray De Chaumont, Jefferson Co.,
President; Hon. Ambrose Spencer, Albany, Jacob Morris, Otsego,
Hon. Edward P. Livingston, Columbia, Robert R. Rose, Seneca,
Vice Presidents; Philip S. Van Rensselaer, Albany, Recording
Secretary; Jesse Buel, Albany, Corresponding Secretary; Charles
Webster, Albany, Treasurer; Henry W. Delavan, Saratoga, Hora-
tio Hickcox, Rensselaer, John Townsend, Albany, Executive
Committee.

The Society held a cattle show and fair in 1833, and had a
very creditable exhi])iti()n; but the want of funds prevented a
continuance of the fairs.

• There were present at the dedication the following gentlemen, who were delegates in
1832; Governor John A. King, Hon. Amos Briggs, of the Senate, Edward C. Delavan,
UoQ. Samuel Cbcever, llou. Juel Turrcll, lion. A. B. Dickiuson.

44 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

In 1834, The Cultivator was started by the Society, with Jesse
Buel as its conductor. Its success was such as to induce Judge
Buel to take charge of the paper, subsequently, on his own ac-
count, and the paper has been continued to the present time with
great success.

In 1836, a convention was held at Albany, and a very large
attendance of delegates from all parts of the State assembled,
and very interesting discussions were had. Similar meetings
were held for a few years, aiding and directing public attention
to the subject of agriculture.

In 1838, a law was introduced into the Legislature, by Hon.
Lewis F. Allen, then a member of the Assembly from the county
of Erie, "for the encouragement of Agriculture-" but for want
of time it failed to become a law.

In 1841, the act for the encouragement of Agriculture was
passed, appropriating $8,000 for five years, to be divided among
the Agricultural Societies, which has been continued to the pre-
sent time. The State Agricultural Society was reorganized the
same year, and a Cattle Show and Fair held at Syracuse,
which was a most creditable one, exceeding the expectations even
of the most ardent friends of the cause. These Fairs have been
continued to the present time, increasing in interest, utility and
importance every year. From 1841 to 1844 the Society had no
rooms, and was indebted to the kindness of Luther Tucker, Esq.,
then Secretary of the Society, for a room in which the Executive
Committee held their meetings for business. In 1843, a resolu-
tion passed the Legislature, directing the Commissioners of the
Land Office to appropriate to the use of the Agricultural Society
suitable rooms on the first floor of the old State Hall. In 1844,
the Commissioners of the Land Office designated, for the future
use of the Society, the rooms formerly occupied by the Comp-
troller. Mr. Henry O'Reilly, then the Secretary of the Society,
occupied the rooms until December, 1844, when the Commissioners
of the Land Office passed a resolution, assigning the Treasurer's
room for the Society, in the rear of the wing of the main build-
ing on Lodge street, and directing the sign of the Society, which
had been on the front of the building, to be placed on Lodge
street. (The Secretary is not advised as to what influence caused
this singular proceeding on the part of the Commissioners.) In

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 45

1845 J the Legislature passed an act giving to the Executive
Committee of the Society free use of the Cabinet of Natural His-
tory, and the specimens there deposited. The Society was con-
fined to this small room until 1848, when an application was
made to the Commissioners of the Land Office for the use of the
rooms originally assigned them by order of the Legislature; and
the Commissioners (although the application was opposed,)
restored to the Society the rooms originally assigned to them, and
the liberty to place and maintain a suitable sign in front of the
rooms on State street. Until this time the Executive Committee
had no place to exhibit implements, of which they had a small
assortment presented to them; but as soon as these rooms were
opened, the collection rapidly increased, and the rooms were
soon filled.

The Library of the Society, which had been commenced by
Judge Buel, was increasing by exchanges and donations, and
numbered in 1850, 600 volumes, and which has since been in-
creased to 2,017 volumes, and 900 pamphlets, 19 maps, 67
paintings, 10 engravings, and 12 medals. Agricultural imple-
ments and articles for farm use in Museum 167, 20 cases of seeds and
grains, five cases of insects, and three cases filled with miscellaneous
articles. Publications received : 12 foreign, 56 from this country,
in exchange mostly for the Transactions and Journal of the
Society.

The rooms being entirely too limited for the objects of the So-
ciety, in 1852 a resolution was adopted at the annual meeting,
that a memorial be presented to the Legislature, asking for an
appropriation to enlarge the building, so as to accommodate the
Society and the collection of Natural History.

In 1853, the Hon. T. C. Peters of Genesee, a warm and fast
friend of the agricultural interest, introduced a bill in the
Assembly fur the imiu'oving the old State Hall; but owing to tlie
state of the finances the bill was not passed. In 1854, the same
gentleman introduced a like bill, appropriating twenty-five thou-
sand dollars Ibr raising and rq)airiiig the old State Hall, and
building an addition thereto; and to the Hon. Robert H. Pruyn,
then Speaker of tlie Assembly, and the Hon. Mathias Hutchin-
son, of Cayuga, Chairman of the Committee on Agriculture, in
common with Mr. Peters, the Society is greatly indebted fur the

46 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

passage of this bill, and for its being carried into effect. In the
spring of 1854, contracts were made and the work commenced;
but the old building proving defective, the w^ork was suspended
until the meeting of the Legislature in 1855, when the sum of
$15,000 w^as appropriated, to be used by the Commissioners of
the Land OflBlce, should they be satisfied that it w^ould be unsafe
to complete the improvements of the Hall, according to the con-
tracts made under the law of 1854. The Commissioners met
after the adjournment of the Legislature, and decided that the old
building would not answer; and contracts were entered into for
the erection of the building as now completed. Previous to com-
mencing the work, the State Agricultural Society was assigned
the two east rooms on the first floor of the main building and the
entire wing of four floors in the rear, and the same were erected
and arranged under the directions of the Executive Committee
of the Society — comprising an office and library in the main
building; a basement designed for a laboratory and store rooms;
a lecture room, and an exhibition room of three stories — all of
which are now completed.

The building committee, on the part of the Commissioners of
the Land Office, were :

Hon. E. W. Leavenworth, Secretary of State.

Hon. James M. Cook, Comptroller.

Hon. Jolin T. Clark, State Engineer.

W. S. Woolett, Jr., Architect.

Contractors — John Bridgford, John N. Parker and Joseph
Davis.

The building was commenced in April, 1855, and completed
in December of the same year — and within the amount appropriated
by the Legislature ; most creditable to the gentlemen above named,
who had charge of the building, and an example, it is hoped,
that will be followed hereafter by those superintending public
edifices in our State and country. The last Legislature adjourned
without passing the bill which contained appropriations for com-
pleting the building. The work upon the agricultural depart-
ment had been commenced, and the Commissioners of the Land
Office, after the Legislature adjourned, informed the Executive
Committee that if they would provide the necessary means to
. complete their portion of the building, the workmen could con-

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 47

tinue and complete it. The Executive Committee deemed it a
matter of great importance that the rooms should be completed
and arranged as speedily as practicable, as many of their imple-
ments and seeds were receiving damage in the places where
stored; and they accordingly raised the necessary funds, amount-
ing to $3,495.77, and the rooms which we are here assembled this
evening to dedicate for all time to come to the use and benefit of
the great agricultural interest of the State of New-York are pre-
sented complete.

In a report like this, designed merely to present before the
Society the progress which has been made, and the manner in
which we have moved forward, with many embarrassments in
our way, it would scarcely be proper to enlarge. It may not be
out of place, however, to state that in addition to the ordinary
business of the Society, since 1847, it has been continually kept
in view, as all important and desirable to be accomplished, that
the farmers of the great State of New- York should be recognized
at the capital of the State as they ought to be, and that for that
purpose a suitable building for their use should be secured. This
has been accomplished, and from the many testimonials we have
had from our own citizens, as well as gentlemen who have trav-
eled in all the countries of Europe, we are assured that no more
commodious or well arranged rooms for the Agriculturists can
be found; and we trust that now the rooms being prepared, we
may soon, by the liberality of the farmers in furnishing us with
the materials, have a Museum that will equal any to be found in
any country.

Another object which has occupied the attention of the Execu-
tive Committee of the Society, has been a work on Insects, adapted
to the necessities of the agriculturist. This has been begun under
the directions of .the able Entomologist of the Society, Dr. Asa
Fitch, and tlie approbation whicli lias been bestowed U]K)n the
work already ])erH)riued, both in this country and in Europe,
shows that a better selection tor this })urpose could not have been
made. \Vc have no fears that the Legislature will withhold any
needed appropriation to complete the investigation. The collec-
tion now in the rooms indicate the manner in which the work is
to be done, adapted to the wants of the practical farmer and the
horticulturist.

48 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

Another subject, an Agricultural School for the working classes
of our State, we are happy to say, has been secured; and we trust
that under the charge of the distinguished gentleman who has
been called to preside over and direct it, and who is to address
you this evening, it will eventually secure to our State all that
science can do to aid the practical farmer in his work, and will
give us educated farmers, who in the field, in the legislative hall,
or in the councils of the nation, will be prepared to meet any
other classes of our citizens, and act well their part for the honor
and interest of their country.

REMARKS OF

HON. SAMUEL CHEEVER, PRESIDENT N. Y. STATE AGRICULTURAL

COLLEGE.

It is matter ef special gratification to the friends of agricul-
ture in this State, that they have been able, through individual
effort, as well as by united action through our State and County
Societies, so far to win public confidence and public favor as to
be able now to come together to dedicate, to our great agricultu-
ral interests, a hall erected for its use from the treasury of the
State.

The people who settled this country came from the monarchies
of Europe. In most of those countries the Feudal system pre-
vailed, and still prevails to a greater or less extent. That system
divided the rural population into two classes, that of landlord and
tenant. The former class, although numerically much the
smallest, through the machinery of government, possessed the
wealth and power of the country. Such were the laws and such
the social organization under them, that whatever might be the
intellect or wealth of the farmer, he must till the soil of another.
He must therefore belong to a subordinate class. Their people,
from most classes came here and settled the country. It was the
prevailing opinion at home that these people could not take care
of or govern themselves; and in their kindness some of the needy
members of the nobility came over to take care of them, and
govern them as loyal subjects should be governed; asking nothing
for such service, except a support in such manner as they them-
selves should prescribe, and such salary as the goverimieiit at
home should fix for the colonists to pay. These classes broncjht
with them their hiws and their relii^ion, and they brou<?ht also
their social caste and their social jtrejudices. The farmer who had
been a tenant at home, and therefore of a subordinate class, al-
thouf];h he here tilled his own fields, was ranged in the same class.

[Ag. Trans.J D

50 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

Not only the official from the nobility, but the professional men,
the lawyer, the clergy, the physicians and the commercial men,
regarded the farmer as not of their set. True, the yeomanry
came forward with great alacrity to shed their blood and to pro-
vision the soldiery from their storehouses, to carry the country
through the struggles of the Revolution; yet as soon as indepen-
dence was achieved and a nationality established, the farmer, by
common consent, was permitted again to fall back into his former
position. He there continued for more than half a century, cul-
tivating his virgin fields in a downward way, knowing little of
science in any of its relations, and nothing of it in its connection
with the cultivation and treatment of the soil. The result was
that a state of entire exhaustion followed in many instances, and
great depreciation everywhere.

Luther Tucker, in 1831, established the Genesee Farmer^ at
Rochester, which, from the labors of his own pen, and those of
many valuable correspondents, furnished a fund of valuable
agricultural instruction, and at the same time urged upon the
farmers the importance, indeed, the absolute necessity of an
improved state of husbandry to save their farms from entire
waste. The Ploughhoy had, before that, been published at
Albany, by Solomon South wick — a paper marked with the char-
acteristic genius and power of its editor. Judge Jesse Buel, of
Albany, in 1834, commenced the publication of The Cultivator^
which, in his hands, as well as in the hands of his successors
down to this time, has shed so much light upon the Agriculture
of this State and of all the States in the Union.

That he might teach by practice as well as by precept, Judge
Buel purchased a small tract of land for a farm on the confines
of what were then called the " Sand Barrens," west of Albany,
and there very successfully showed by experiment, that by
improved modes of cultivation, lands which had been thought
almost valueless, could be made highly productive, and the culti-
vation at the same time be made remunerative. He gave the
public the benefit of his experiments through the columns of
his paper.

The Legislature, in 1832, incorporated "The New- York State
Agricultural Society,*' to continue for the term of twenty 3'ears,
with power to take and hold real and personal property; but lest

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 51

the farmers should combine and turn speculators, they, with com-
mendable caution, provided that their real estate should not
exceed twenty-five thousand dollars. This charter was renewed
in 1852, restricting their personal property to ten thousand
dollars.

Notwithstanding the spirited exertions of many gentlemen in
different parts of the State, not much was effected by the Society
for the first eight or nine years after its first incorporation. But
after the importation of our bread, to the amount of several mil-
lions of dollars, in 1837-8, made necessary, to a considerable
extent from a neglected cultivation, and after many other
evidences of a decaying agriculture, an energetic effort was made
by many of the most active men of the State, as well agricul-
turists as others, to reanimate the Society, and through its agency,
if possible, to awaken a spirit of imi^rovement with our farming
classes.

The Fair and Cattle Show were established and vigorously
maintained, where the farmer could examine the improved farm
implements in all their details. Specimens of farm produce were
exhibited, giving evidence of the success of an improved culture;
imported cattle, sheep and swine of various breeds were brought
to his view, as well as home bred animals of the same stock, all
contrasting strongly with his own at home. A spirit of emula-
tion was excited at seeing the successful competitor drive oft' his
prize animal or carry oft' his prize crop, bearing with it the So-
ciety's premium in testimony of its commendation. Those prizes
were reported, and the course of breeding the animals and the
culture of the crops by which tliey were won were also reported.
This added greatly to the desire to read the agricultural journals;
men wished to read of the success of their neighbors, and espe-
cially of the means by which that success had been obtained.
The successful competitor needed no promptings to read of his
own success, and lay by the report as a fiimily record. Amongst
the most valuable achievements of the Society, has been to set
the farmer to rendint^ and thinking. Twenty years ago an agri-
cultural journal could rarely be found in our farmers' houses;
now the house of a farmer, who is a farmer, can hardly be found
without one. The Press has been a most powerful and valuable
auxiliary to the Society; hundreds honestly admit that in the

62 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

early efforts of the Society, their prejudices were strongly against
it. They held " hook farming^'' as a laughing stock; but the more
they saw at our exhibition, and " the more they read, the less
they found they knew." Their implements, their fields, their
fences, their cattle, their sheep and swine, all show that they have
read, and that " they have been to the fair." It is not to the im-
proved cultivation of the soil alone, that we are to look for grati-
fying results from this reading habit with the agricultural classes;
a moral and intellectual culture is show^ing itself most obviously.
The agriculturist is raising his social standard; he is showing
that labor need not degrade intellect, but that intellect may dig-
nify labor. This Society has had constantly in view, not only by
an improved system of husbandry to enrich the individual farmer
and thereby enrich the State, but to raise him in his social and
intellectual relations to a level to which his wealth and his intel-
ligence so justly entitle him.

The Society, seeking beneficially to represent the great agri-
cultural class of the State, has enjoyed the confidence and had
the cheerful aid of many of the prominent men and some of the
best minds in the State. They have had the countenance of all,
and the aid of many of the Executives of the State, from Mr.
Clinton down to the present incumbent, who has so usefully iden-
tified himself with its interests and so freely shared in its labors.
But the Society has not been so successful in winning the confidence
or securing the favor of all the officials in some other departments
of our government. Up to 1843 the Society had not a place as-
signed them, by the State, even for an office. At that time the
State offices and Supreme Court Clerk's office had been removed
to their present quarters, which left the old State Hall vacant,
and the Executive Committee of the Society applied for permis-
sion to occupy the first floor at the east end of the old building
for their office and library, which was assigned them; but after a
short time they were restricted to one back room, with the fur-
ther restriction that they should put up their sign on a cross street
and enter there, without permission to have a sign at the front
door. Whether some of the old feudal sentiment still remained,
or from what cause this restriction was imposed, was not disclosed;
but for the privilege of having an office at all, even upon a cross
street, the Society was suitably thankful.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 53

It may not be amiss to state that the Society at that time repre-
sented the great agricultural class of our population; a class, nume-
rically, more than half the State; and a class, too, which that very
year was paying into the treasury, by direct taxation, more than
half of a mill tax, amounting to near three quarters of a million of
dollars, levied the year before, at the instance of the same officials,
under an " act to pay the debt and preserve the credit of the
State." The Society continued to enjoy the privilege of occupying
this rear room until I8i8, when their library and museum had so
increased that they were in want of more room, and they applied
again to the Commissioners of the Land Office, then composed of
different individuals, for permission to occupy the front room at
the east end, which had been first assigned them. The privilege
was granted by the vote of all the members of the board, except
the then Comptroller dissenting, and with further privilege to the
Society, in behalf of the great agricultural population of the
State, to enter at the front door. From that time to this the cur-
rents have run more smoothly with them.

You will therefore readily comprehend the gratification I ex-
pressed in behalf of the Society, at being able now to meet to
dedicate to their own use, although not a whole building, yet
apartments commodiously arranged and ample in extent to meet at
least tlieir present wants. And it is not the less gratifying to
know that, in testimony of the high estimation in which the use-
fulness of this Society is held by the people of the State and their
representatives, these apartments have been provided from the
State Treasury.

It is also matter of great gratification that at the same time Wie
State has made such acceptable provisions for this Society, it lias
also, in the same edifice, provided accommodations for the State's
Natural History — a department of science which has long and
deservedly attracted the attention of the people of the State, and
bouiitifiilly shared their munificence. There is great fitness iu
this arrangement; there is great intimacy between the Geology,
Mineralogy, Botany, Zoology and Entomology of the State, and
its {igi:icalture. Geology teaches us the order, arrangement and
position of the rocks; Mineralogy teaches us where the elements
are found wliich, when the rock is crumbled down, give fertility
to the soil which it forms. We wanted a science to teach us the

64 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

constituent parts of the agricultural plant, that we might know
its wants, and what elements to select from the great mineral
storehouse, to supply those w^ants and give it growth. This in-
struction the agricultural chemist and analyst have given us. Zo-
ology gives us the form, classification, history and habits of our
animals. Here the chemical analyst comes again to our aid and
shows us the component parts of the animal, and points to the
vegetables to supply them. Chemistry is here the connecting
link between these sciences and that humble yet gigantic agricul-
ture, wiiich shares so largely in the public burthens, and at the
same time gives sustenance to the whole family of man, including
the men of all the sciences. Botany, too, teaches us the history
of our plants, from the forest tree to the blade of w^heat — their
classes and orders, their habits and their wants, as well as their
adaptation to soil, climate, temperature and moisture.

The foregoing sciences make the farmer acquainted with his
friends. Entomology introduces to him the insect tribe, and
makes him acquainted with his enemies : it teaches him their
history, their habits, the time and manner of their annoyance,
and, as far as known, the best means of defence against their
ravages, and the means for their destruction.

Valuable, indeed, to science and to the world, are the labors
of the Geologist, the Mineralogist, the Botanist, the Zoologist and
Entomologist; but not less valuable are the labors of the Chemist,
the Analyst and intelligent Agriculturist, who take their work
where they leave it, and elaborate and appropriate it to the wants
and practical purposes of life. It is humbly but confidently
claimed that the intelligent Agriculturist, who successfully
applies the principles of these sciences, to enlarge and to improve
the means of human life, is entitled to a share in the general
commendation as a benefactor of his race.

Franklin, through his genius and acute investigating powers,
succeeded in leading the electric fluid from the cloud to the
earth at will, using a wire for his highway, and a large kite to
give it elevation and direction. The monster power of this invis-
ible agent had long been testified to by the shattered edifice and
riven oak; we had also long known that the electric spark, in
passing from a positive to a negative medium, would perforate a'
paper card. Still this giant force has been permitted to slumber

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 55

about US for more than half a century after all this was known of
it, until the practical genius of Morse led him to the effort to
appropriate it to utilitarian purposes. He doubtless reasoned,
that if the positive medium would exercise a force to perforate a
card, by means of a properly contrived machine, it could be made
to throw out a metalic point, and that point would make a dot;
and if thrown upon a moving surface, and held there, the dot
would become a dash, and with the dot and the dash, longer or
shorter, an alphabet could be formed. That machine and that
alphabet he contriv^ed, and the telegraph was completed. Frank-
lin took the step in the great work : he showed the world that
this monster power could be controlled — could he led at will. The
world admired his genius, but profited little by it, except that
he taught to lead the lightning from the cloud to the earth on
the outside of the edifice instead of the inside. But when the
practical genius of Morse put a pen upon the end of Franklin's
wire, and made it the instantaneous messenger of thought, irre-
spective of distance, he brought all Christendom upon its feet, and
a new era in the world's history was commenced.

Franklin gained immortality by taking the first step; Morse
gained a better immortality when he took the work where Frank-
lin left it, and applied it to the benefit of hfs race.

Watt placed his name upon record as a public benefactor when
he improved the steam engine and made it an effective power;
but Fulton made himself immortal, and gave also celebrity to
Watt, when he applied the steam engine to purposes of naviga-
tion and produced a revolution in the carrying trade and travel
of the civilized world.

The geologist who traces a new development in a protozoic
layer, makes a contribution to science; but the chemist and agri-
culturist wlio follow him and discover a fertilizing element in
the crumbling fossil of the trilobite found in the rock, and apply
that fertility to the growth of the cereal plant, make a contribu-
tion to the means of human life.

When, from the fossil of tlie saurian, the geologist defined the
age of the rock where dry land first appeared, he made a valua-
ble achievment for science; and the chemist also made an achicv-
ment when he traced the fertilizing? car])onate in that fossil; but
the agriculturist made tlie final and not the least achievment for

66 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK.

human benefit, when, from the application of that fertility, he
rept his wheat and fed his herds where the saurian first grazed
the lichen and the fern.

Science alone will not teach the agriculturist all he is to know
to attain a high and a successful cultivation. Practical experi-
ments intelligently conceived and carefully executed, are first to
elicit facts — to shew results, before reliable systems can be esta-
blished. To procure such experiments and bring out results, has
formed an important part of the labor of this Society. To
accomplish it, their premiums have been liberally offered and paid.
The results have been highly satisfactory. Amongst these results
are better plowing, better breaking down and pulverizing of stub-
born soils, better attention to time and manner of seeding, better
manuring, better rotations of crops, better cultivating and secu-
ring of crops, and withal, by a proper rotation and a proper
manuring, a compensating system has been taught by which,
whenever a crop is taken off', its equivalent in fertility is returned
to the soil. For draining too, the Society has been liberal in its
premiums; the result is that thousands of acres of our lands,
and some too which were thought not to need it, have been greatly
improved, and some brought from a worthless state to that of the
first class in their neighborhood. From reported results, immense
numbers of farms have been improved, as well by draining as by
those other means, to an increase in their yield from twenty-five
to more than one hundred per cent., and have been increased in
their marketable value in an equal ratio.

The improvement in our farm stock has been as successful as
that in our agriculture proper. There is hardly a distinguished
herd of Shorthorns, Devons, Herefords or Alderneys in England,
or Ayrshires in Scotland, that has not its representative here. So
too of the Leicester, Cotsw^old and Southdown flocks of England,
and also of her hog pens. The best fine wool flocks of Spain, of
France, of Saxony and Silesia, have been largely drawn upon to
fill our sheep walks and improve our staple. This improvement,
it is to be borne in mind, " is greatly due to the munificence and
public spirit of many gentlemen not engaged in agriculture as a
pursuit." But to all who have taken part in it, the Society has
cheerfully offered its. premiums, and wiiathas been to them much
more acceptable its mark of approbation.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 57

Tims, to teacli the agriculturist tlie connection wliicli the
foregoing and other sciences have with practical agriculture, and
their importance to an improved state of husbandry, the Society,
by means of premiums offered and otherwise, have been able to
place in the volumes of their Transactions a fund of scientific and
practical instruction of great value; prominent amongst wliich
are the Lectures, Addresses and Essays of Prof Jolmston of Eng-
land, and Prof Norton of this State — the death of both of whom,
in the full tide of their usefulness, the Society as well as the
cause of agriculture, both in England and America, have great
cause to lament. The agricultural surveys of the counties of
Washington by Fitch, of Seneca by Delafield, of Essex by Wat-
son, and Madison by Evans, are papers of great value, not only
to the agriculturists for their instruction, but to the general reader
for their historic reminiscences and romantic details. The Ento-
mology of the State by Fitch, so far as completed, and his Lec-
tures uj^on the same subject; the Analysis of our cereals and
plants by Emmons and Salisbury; the Meteorological Papers by
Hough and others, and a Complete System of Farming by Wat-
son, give to the farmer and general reader instruction of great
interest. Added co these are essays and papers upon almost every
subject connected with agriculture or horticulture, together wath
addresses from many of the distinguished men of tlie country,
fraught with instruction, and in many instances with glowing elo-
quence. For the selection of the material for these volumes, and
their compilation, are we largely indebted to our Secretary, Mr.
Johnson and his predecessor. These volumes form a library of
themselves upon these subjects, and it is gratifying to the members
of the Society to know tliat the public, botli in tliis State and
beyond it, have given evidence of tlieir high appreciation of their
value.

Our Annual Fair has come to be one of the institutions of the
State, and the scores of thousands wlio anniuilly Hock to its
grounds from all classes and all ranks of society, give very grati-
fying testimony of the high estimation in wiiich it is held. With
these evidences of jniblic ap})robation before tliem, tlie members
of the Society have the satisfaction to believe that the Legislature,
in making appro])riation for these accommodations for the Society,
have not been in advance of a!i intelligent public sentiment. It

58 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

is hoped and confidently believed that from the public spirit and
well directed efforts of its present and its succeeding members,
the future of the Society will fully sustain its past, and that
public expectation, high as it may be entertained, will be
fully met.

To do what has been done, and to accomplish what has been
accomplished, has not satisfied all the wishes of the members of
the Society and its friends. They were early impressed with the
conviction that to cultivate the soil as it should be cultivated, to
improve the soil and to improve the farm stock as they should
be improved, and to raise the farmer in his social relations and
in his intellectual capacity to a standard to which he is entitled,
and to that public position where the best interests of the State would
place him, he should be better taught, and better means of
giving him instruction should be provided than are now within
his reach.

As some successful steps have been taken towards the accom-
plishment of so desirable an object, I will take the liberty, at
the risk of being thought a little tedious in detail, to state w^hat
has been done, and some of the difficulties that have been encoun-
tered by those attempting it. It may not be amiss to state that
whatever has been done, and by whomsoever done, has been a
gratuity. Judge Buel, in his lifetime, in the columns of The Cul-
tivator^ repeatedly urged the necessity for providing a school con-
nected with an experimental farm for the education of our farmers'
sons. The former Surveyor General, Simeon De Witt, wrote a
very able paper upon the subject, which was published in pam-
phlet form in 1819, in which he presented the advantages to be
derived from such an institution, with great force.

This Society, for several years in succession, passed resolutions
recommending, in general terms, to the Legislature to provide
for such a school. In 1849, the present Executive of the State,
then President of the Society, in obedience to a resolution passed
by it, appointed a committee to present a memorial to the Legis-
lature, asking an act to establish an Agricultural School, and for
an appropriation for the purpose. The committee presented the
memorial, setting forth its necessity, and the advantages to be
expected from it; and they also gave the outlines of a plan and
a course of studies to be pursued. The Legislature printed the

STATE AGBICULTURAL SOCIETY. 59

memorial (Assembly document No. 65, of that year); it went to
the Committee on Agriculture, who reported favorably upon it
and reported a bill, but it did not pass; but a joint resolution
was passed, directing the Governor to appoint a commission of
eight, one from each judicial district, to prepare and report a
plan for an Agricultural College and Experimental Farm. The
commissioners were appointed, and prepared and reported a plan
to the next Legislature (Assembly Doc. No. 30, 1850). That
report went to the Committee on Agriculture, who reported favor-
ably upon it with a bill, but the bill shared the fate of its pre-
decessor.

The friends of the project, who had spent so much time and
labor and thought upon a matter in which they had no individual
interest, seeing little prospect of success at present, concluded to
suspend their efforts, " and wait what change the wheel of time
might bring."

The next movement, as you learn from the present executive of
the State, was by the lamented John Delafield, of Seneca county,
who, in 1853, came to the Legislature, and with great exertions,
aided by many personal friends and friends of agriculture, pro-
cured the passage of "an act to incorporate the New- York State
Agricultural College," naming a board of ten trustees in the act.
No pecuniary aid from the State was provided in the bill, and Mr.
Delafield and the trustees were left to begin the work from pri-
vate contribution.

The trustees designated the farm of Mr. Delafield, about two
or three miles east of Geneva, for the college, when means should
be procured to purchase it and go forward with the work. Con-
siderable progress had been made in obtaining subscriptions to
the fund, when Mr. Delafield suddenly died.

In the year 1855, the people of Ovid, in the county of Seneca,
and its vicinity, with a most commendable public spirit, made an
active effort to revive the project. A subscription was got up
and a large sum of money subcribed for the college. Tlie Rev.
Mr. Brown of that place, who had been very active in procuring
the subscription, was commissioned to come to the Legislature
and, if possible, procure pecuniary aid from the State to prose-
cute the work. His efforts were promptly seconded by the friends
of the project from different parts of the State, and the last Le-

60 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

gislature, after repeated denials from their predecessors, passed
the first act making pecuniary appropriation for the establishment
of an Agricultural College — a legislative act which, I have the
fullest confidence, each individual member will hereafter look
back upon with as much satisfaction as upon any public act of
his life.

The act provides for loaning, from the surplus of the United
States Deposit Fund, forty thousand dollars for twenty-one years,
without interest, to be expended in the purchase of a farm in
Seneca county of not less than 300 acres, and for the erection of
college buildings thereon, provided the like sum of forty thou-
sand dollars should bo obtained by private subscription for the
same purpose, and its payment secured to the satisfaction of the
Comptroller, and the land so purchased to be mortgaged to the
State, to secure the payment of the forty thousand dollars loaned.
This appropriation is much less than it should have been, but it
enables the trustees to make a beginning.

The trustees met at Ovid in June last, and filled some vacan-
cies in their Board, and made some examinations with a view to
the selection of a farm, and adjourned to the first week in Sep-
tember. They met in September in full board : three groups of
farms were offered for their use, one at the east end of the town
of Ovid, on Cayuga Lake, and two adjoining the village of Ovid.
After a careful examination of them, and after hearing the sug-
gestions of the advocates for each, they selected one embracing
about 680 acres of land (to be purchased when their means will
permit,) bounded at its east end by the village of Ovid, west by
Seneca Lake, and north by the road leading from the village to
the lake — from w^hich road the whole farm can be seen. It is
about half a mile wide upon the lake, and over tw^o miles in
length between the lake and village. The land is of good quality,
well adapted to the growth of wheat or any other crops grown
in the State, as well as to fruit. It is well watered; several hun-
dred acres of it may be conveniently irrigated if desired, and the
college supplied with water from an elevated fountain. There is
a very suitable spot for college buildings about one mile from
the lake, on a crown of land draining outward in every direction,
and commanding a view of Seneca Lake for more than twenty
miles, and large portions of the eastern slopes of the counties of

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 61

Yates and Ontario. The Ovid Landing is at the west end of the
farm, on the lake, about midway between Geneva and the Central
railroad at the north, and Jefferson on the Elmira and Canandai-
gua railroad at the south end, from each of which points a steam-
boat reaches the farm in two hours and a half, in connection with
the runs upon the roads. There are more than one hundred acres
of heavily timbered wood upon the farm. The private subscrip-
tions which are to be received in payment, it is expected will
cover the pui'chase within about five thousand dollars. Posses-
sion is to be taken of the farm on the first of April next, plans
and specifications are in preparation for college buildings, and
arrangements making to procure materials for their construction.
The means as yet within the reach of the trustees will not be
sufficient to meet the purchase of the land, th'? erection of proper
college edifices, farm buildings and fences, the purchase of farm
stock, teams and farm implements, college furniture, including
kitchen and laundry, philosophical apparatus, laboratory equip-
ments, &;c. But they intend to proceed as far as in their power,
using the means in their hands with the strictest economy and to
the best possible advantage, trusting that the same individual
liberality which has so conspicuously shown itself at Ovid will
at least to some extent, be found elsewhere, and that our Legis-
lature, bearing in mind that they are annually taking, by direct
taxation from the agricultural class alone, more than three-quar-
ters of a million of dollars to sustain the finances of the State,
that they may carry forward our public works to completion as
well as to uphold our public charities and higher institutions of
learning, will feel the justice of letting in the farmer-class to a
small participation in that fund to which it has so long and so
liberally contributed.

Our legislators cannot but be aware that when, by direct taxa-
tion, they take the money from the farmers of their own State to
improve our canals, a large i)ortion is taken to cheapen the trans-
portation of the produce of the Western States in this direction,
and of course to increase the quantity brought upon our markets.
It is a law of trade, tluit an over su]»ply depresses the market.
Tliis increased su])j)ly enriclies the forwarder, tlic warehouse man,
the commission merchant, tlie buyer and seller, and tlie shipper,
and all connected with them, whilst with the farmer the direct

62 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

taxation increases liis burthens, and a depressed market diminishes
his means to meet them. His only means of defence against this
is an improved husbandry : for that improved husbandry he wants
better instruction than is now within his reach. The intelligent
agriculturists of the State are, with great unanimity and with
great confidence, looking to this institution for the means of that
instruction, an instruction by which the fertility of mind is to be
set against the fertility of the prairie. The legislator should not
withhold the aid of the government from an institution so to edu-
cate the farmer of his own State, unless he is prepared to treat
them as the brickmaking Israelites upon the Nile were treated,
when the taskmasters increased their tale of bricks, and at the
same time took away their straw with which they were to make
them.

It is contemplated to commence instruction in this institution
under a course of three years' study; the year to be divided into
two terms, the summer and winter terms; the summer term to
commence about the first of April, and ending in October or first
of November; the winter term to commence in December and
extend to March. It is expected to bring the expense of the
course down to about $150 per year, including board, washing
and instruction.

It is contemplated to teach some literature, such as Belle Let-
tres. History, French, German, Latin and Greek languages, some
or all of them, if desired; Natural Philosophy, Mathematics, so
far as to embrace amongst others Land Surveying and something of
Civil Engineering and Mechanics; Geology, Mineralogy, Inorganic
Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, particularly in its connection with
vegetation and agricultural fertilizers; Botany, in its connection
with agricultural plants; Zoology, in its connection with domestic
animals and their physiology; Entomolgy, in its connection with
such insects as are injurious to agriculture or horticulture;
Meteorology, in its relation to oceanic and atmospheric currents,
and their effect upon temperature and moisture, and consequently
upon vegetation; the Laws of Storms, so far as known, and the
evidences of their approach.

. Then it is proposed to teach Scientific and Practical Agricul-
ture, showing where fertilizing elements are found in inorganic
bodies, and the best means of their procurement and application;

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 63

SO also of siicli elements in organic bodies, how tliey are to be
created and liow best applied; teaching also their agency as they
pass from the soil to the plant, and from the decayed plant back
to the earth, or when taken by the animal from the plant, then
from the animal, either in his secretions or from his own decayed
body, back to the earth again; and to teach also the best means
of increasing and preserving these fertilizers as manures upon
the farm. Then to teach the adaptation of different crops to dif-
ferent soils, the best mode of preparing the ground, seeding,
cultivating, housing and preserving the crop : to teach also tlie
simplest and most accurate mode of making experiments in the
different modes of cultivating the same crop, such as different
depths of plowing, different time of seeding, different preparation
of the soil, application of different manures, and different manner
of applying the same manure; the present and future advantages
of putting the same quantity of manure on a greater or less
quantity of land; the advantages of draining and irrigation, and the
best mode of doing the work; the best mode of breeding, rearing
and fattening domestic animals, testing the merits of different
breeds, side by side, under the same treatment, Avhere the animal
shall be statedly weighed and the food he consumes also weighed,
and a record kept of the results; so of the cow and her milk,
and its products in the dairy; the diseases of animals and their
treatment, and especially the diseases of the horse and the inju-
ries to wliich he is subject; the joreservation and growth of the
forest; laying out of farm lots and fencing, road making, both
upon the highway and upon the farm, such as overcoming eleva-
tions, passing ravines and bridges, with draining and facing; tlie
grafting, l)udding, setting, cultivating and pruning of fruit trees;
the construction of farm buildings and their adajttation to the
puri)Oses re(juired; a simj)le and accurate mode of keej)iiig farm
accounts, witli a general system of farm management, l>y wliich
tlie most may be done in tlie best manner and at the least expense
and at the same time the farm improved; to teach the use of all
farm ini]i]cments, as well those by hand as those by animal
power, and also the use of mechanical tools so far as to repair, if
not make, the common farm implements, and make the lesser
repairs upon farm buihiings.

64 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

For the acquisition of this practical instruction, some labor
from the student upon the farm will be required at stated times
in the pleasant part of the year. It is believed that this instruc-
tion can be given and this labor performed in the field without
prejudicial interference with the studies in the college. It will
be, to some extent, a substitute for the gymnastic and other
exercises found necessary in other institutions for the promotion
of health and of a proper physical development.

It is believed, that to use the field as a laboratory to illustrate
the principles of these sciences, in connection with their study in
the college, will give them increased interest and attraction, and
will have a strong tendency to educate the farmer's son back to
the farm instead of educating him away from it.

The estimation in wdiich Agricultural Schools are held in
Europe should be an instructive lesson to ns. The rapid improve-
ments now making there, in their agriculture, is attributable
largely to the scientific and practical instruction obtained at their
Agricultural Schools. The advantages arising from them have
been so palpable, that they have been increased with most aston-
ishing rapidity.

Mr. Coleman finished his report upon the State of Agriculture
in Europe, in 1844, and he describes nine agricultural schools.
But a few others existed on the continent, in countries which he
did not visit. From a recent investigation, it is found there are
now 352 there, most of which have been established since 1844
some by government patronage alone, some from individual enter-
prise, and some from the two united.

Their governments establish them to increase the productions
from their lands, that a larger population can be sustained, and
that population be in a better condition to sustain their public
burthens. The landholders do it as the most effectual means of
increasing their yield, that they may increase their rents. It is
found, as a matter of finance, that no investment pays better. To
them it is like the improved farm implement, the work is better
done and at less expense. How much stronger the inducement to
establish them here, wdiere the people are the government, and
-where they own the soil. Where the individual is to be enriched,
the State is to be enriched, and the citizen elevated in his moral,
his social and intellectual standard.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 65

The trustees flatter themselves that this institution is not to be
in competition with any otlier part of our educational system, but
to meet the wants of a class not hitherto provided for. The
common schools are not to be touched, either in their finances or
their educational arrangements. The academies, as preparatory
institutions, are to be benefited; as the field, for preparatory
studies, is to be enlarged to meet the wants of this. Our colleges,
so well suited for professional training, are secure from encroach-
ment. This is to fill a space not occupied; like the Asteroids in
the solar system, it is brought to fill the place of a missing planet.

[ig. Trans. J

REMARKS OF W. H. BOGART, ESQ.

[The Hon. Joel T. Headley, Secretary of State, was expected

to have addressed the Society. The following letter from Mr.

Headley explains the reason of his absence :

Albany, February 12, 1857.

B. P. Johnson, Esq., Secretary State JigH Society :

My Dear Sir — I am sorry I cannot be present to-night at
the Agricultural rooms. I should have written you before, but
I continued to hope, until a short time ago, that I might be
present. My doctor, how^ever, forbids me to go out, and my
lungs are wholly wiusahle.

Yours sincerely,

J. T. HEADLEY.

W. H. Bogart, Esq., was requested to supply the vacancy, and
the following remarks from him shows how well the duties were
discharged.]

Mr. Bogart alluded to the old State Hall, on the site of which
this new and beautiful building was erected. The young man
who, in 1764, received the honors of King's College, (that emi
nent university which now, under the better name of Columbia,
is winning to itself such renown,) passed through a long series of
civic, judicial, diplomatic dignities. It was while he was Gover-
nor of this State, that the Legislature directed the construction
of the building which occupied where this new hall now rises.
In the record of the acts of 1797 is the simple announcement —
An Act to provide for the erection of a public building in the
city of Albany. The name of John Jay cannot be dissevered
from the archives of this structure.

And well has the State done in thus giving to tlie farmers a
Hall for the records and the affairs whicli belong to that occupa-
tion, by the side of which all others are the heart-wearing and tl>e
care-worn. The farmer begins where all other occupations and

68 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

professions end — by raising his bread. This is the nobility of
pursuit, kindred with the history of the earth.
It w^as of this that it w^as so admirably said :

** From yon blue Heaven above us bent,
The grand old gard'ner and his wife
Smile at the claims of long descent."

ChaHge and vicissitude come to all that man w^orks out in his
years of struggle with the world, but less to that man w^ho devotes
himself to the culture of the earth, than to others.

The day must come when remembering that they possess their
share in the beautiful and pleasant, beyond other men, since all
that nature can carve or paint is theirs, the farmer of New^-York
shall bring around him every thing that shall make his home the
happiest of the earth.

Mr. B. continued in this comparison of the farmer's life, with
that of those whose pursuits led them aw^ay from the country.

KEMArtKS OF HON. T. C. PETERS.

Mr. President — As I can only occupy but a brief space in the
time left for those gentlemen who are to follow me, I shall confine
myself to a few remarks upon that system of agriculture, the most
profitable to be adopted by the farmers, and encouraged by this
Society.

Agricultural progress consists in the permanent improve-
ment of the soil, whereby it is made to yield an increased
product. This can only be done through the stock kept upon the
farm, for it is only by means of his domestic animals that the
farmer can procure the manure necessary to ameliorate his soil or
maintain its fertility.

The State of New- York possesses as great capacity of produc-
tion, and her facilities, as an agricultural State, are as numerous
as those of any other State in the Union. It is our duty to see
that they are properly understood and improved.

The real dairy region of the United States, as compared with
its whole area, is very small — compared with the land now in use,
it is about one-fourth, compared with its whole area it is less than
one-tenth. The western and southern line of Pennsylvania is the
extreme limit west and south of the true or primary dairy region.
The basin of the lakes may be considered as within the dairy
zone, but it is secondary to this.

Our own glorious State, from its conformation and situation, is
the lu'art of this favored region, and is peculiarly fitted, both by
soil and climate, for the fullest development of dairy products. It
becomes important then to know whether it constitutes the most
profitable branch of farming.

To o1)tain a satisfactory solution of this problem, permit me to
submit a few statistics. The acres of land in use in

1821 .._ 5,717,494

1825 7,160,967

70 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

1835 9,655,426

1845 _ 11,757,276

1850 ._ 19,119,084

1855 26,758,182

The land in use includes all that belongs to the farm, whether
in wood or under cultivation. If the figures of the last census
be true, it would appear that there are less than three millions of
acres of land in the State yet to be brought into use.

The land brought into use during the last thirty years has
nearly quadrupled, yet it does not appear that any crop or kind
of stock has increased in an equal ratio. Thus in 1821 we had
1,215,049 head of neat cattle, and in 1855 there w^ere but
2,105,464. Of horses, in 1821 there were 262,623, and in 1855,
568, 700. A most remarkable change in our stock is in regard
to sheep: in 1825 there were 3,496,539, and in 1855, 3,207,024
— nearly 300,000 less than thirty years ago. But in 1845 w^e
had 6,443,855, there having been a steady gain from 1821 to
that date. From that year they have steadily decreased, so that
the loss in the last ten years has been 3,236,858, and the decrease
in the quantity of wool produced is not far from five millions of
pounds. As this great decrease has been in the fine wooled
breeds, it is evident that wool growing in this State has ceased
to be a profitable branch of general farming. This decrease
in sheep is the more remarkable from the fact that the crop
of wheat has also very largely decreased — so much so, that
our State can no longer be classed among the wheat exporting
States.

In 1840 we produced 12,286,418 bushels of wheat, and in
1845 the product was 13,391,770 bushels. From that year it
declined till 1855; the product of spring and winter wheat was
only 9,092,402 bushels, and the product of the past year proba-
bly did not exceed six millions of bushels. In our spring crops
there has been no material change, except in corn. This crop,
perhaps the most important growth upon the earth, has been
rapidly increased during the past fifteen years. In 1840, there
were 10,972,286 bushels, and in 1855 there were 19,290,691
bushels.

We find when we turn to the dairy statistics, that the tendency
of our farming has been in the right direction. In 1845 we had

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 71

999,490 cows, and in 1855, 1,058,427, though the number had
decreased to 931,324, making the increase during the last five
years equal to about 25,000 annually. In tlie products of the
dairy some facts are disclosed worthj^ of notice. In 1845 we
produced 79,510,733 pounds of butter and 36,744,976 pounds of
cheese, making, an aggregate of 116,246,709 pounds. In 1850
the butter had increased only about 100,000 pounds, while the
product of cheese had gone up to 49,741,413 pounds — nearly
thirteen millions of pounds during the five years. But in 1855
we produced 90,293,073 pounds of butter and 38,944,249
pounds of cheese — the aggregate dairy product of that year being
129,237,322 pounds, against 129,507,000 in 1850. This large
increase in butter and decrease in cheese would seem to indicate
that butter making was more profitable tlian the manufacture of
cheese. It is not improbable that the census of 1860 will show
a still greater difference, for there can be little or no competition
with our best butter in any market. Its continued advance in
price, notwithstanding the large increase of land brought into
use in the United States, is a sufficient guarantee to the farmers
of this State, that in one branch of agriculture they have nothing
to fear from the fertile lands of the West.

Herein then is our strength, and through this branch of agri-
culture we can distance all competition, and create upon our own
farms a perpetual mine of increasing wealth, unlike all other
mines, possessing within itself the power of perpetual replenish-
ment. If we rightly direct our energies, our agricultural supre-
macy is as certain as our commercial.

Sir, I believe our future progress and prosperity depends upon
the proper encouragement and increase of the dairy. We need
some liealthful employment fur our sons and daugliters at liume,
upon the farm — something tliat will teach them care, regularity,
and the importance of systematic and useful labur. No branch
of farming furnishes all these requisites so fiillvas does the dairy.
Why, sir, ifs our fault that our girls are decked out in tlie absurd
costumes of a French milliner ; we do not furnish them witli
employment, and we must not be surprised that tlirir better
natures tlms run to waste. If we neglect tu learn them how to
hoop cheese, ought we to wonder that they turn to hooping them-
selves? Nor ought we to wonder that our sons are growing up the

72 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

walking advertisement of some fashionable tailor — as empty and
less useful than the decorated block that adorns his show window.
If we would reform the vices of the country or the city, we must
begin at our own firesides with that system of education which
will send forth our children, men and women, with educated
hearts and hands, as well as educated heads. And it is our duty
to so educate our children that the milkmaid and her companion
will be fitted to adorn the mansion of a Governor or the Presi-
dential White House.

My own humble agency in regard to this Hall has been alluded
to by my long time friend, the Secretary, (Mr. Johnson.) If
there be any credit due to me, it is in a still higher degree due to
those who assisted me so wtII in procuring the necessary appro-
priation. Twenty-five years ago, such a Hall as we are now
dedicating was among my waking dreams; and I am most happy,
Sir, in being able to stand up here to-night among the speakers
whose voices are first heard within its walls. We shall pass
away, and our places be filled with another, and other genera-
tions; but the active men of the present generation, who have
been steadily engaged in helping forward the great cause of agri-
culture, will leave here a proud and enduring monument that
shall witness to their memory for all coming time; and may our
good Secretary live a thousand years to enjoy it, if he can be as
useful as he has hitherto been.

Sir, the services of this night mark an era in the history of our
Society, and we may well pause and look back upon what thus
far has been the benefits of its existence. In our own State this
spacious Hall and the beautiful rooms above, bear ample testi-
mony that the farmers are no longer satisfied with the little tin
sign on the back street, but have ordered it to the front. Aside
from the benefits which have been poured out over the whole
State, reaching into every dwelling, spread out on every farm,
and blooming and ripening its fruits in every garden, the New-
York State Agricultural Society has been the parent and pioneer
of every State Society in the Union. By her example others have
been stimulated, until each year there are at least fifteen millions
of people set in motion to participate in the pleasures of the far-
mers' holidays. Nor is this all; our Society has done more to
make our people and nation known and appreciated in Europe,

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 73

than all the diplomacy of the general government since the
Declaration of Independence. Through its exertions a new
impulse has been given to education; and I was exceedingly
rejoiced last winter when I saw that an appropriation had been
obtained for the Agricultural College, and only regretted that it
was not larger.

Perhaps it may not be improper for me here to allude to the
location of a kindred institution in its neighborhood. I allude
to the People's College, which has been recently located at
Havana, because it was thought by some that there was to be a
rivalry between them. Such is not the design; there is room
enough for all, and the only rivalry, if any, will be which shall
do the most good. It is true, the People's College has a farm, and
will teach Agriculture and Horticulture; but it will also be pre-
pared to give a practical education in the whole range of mecha-
nics, compelling the education of the hands as well as the head
and heart, and sending forth its students for usefulness in what-
ever walk of life their lot may fall. And we hope to place in
the hands of the Society, during the present year, the results of
experiments that will be worthy of consideration.

Mr. President, I have already exceeded my allotted time, and
in closing, permit me to return you and the Executive Committee
my most hearty thanks for the honor which they confer upon me
in placing me in the position which I have occupied here this
evening.

REMARKS OF HON. WILLIAM KELLY.

Mr. Chairman : — After the interesting and eloquent addresses
to which we have listened this evenino;, I shall not venture to
make any extended remarks, but briefly mingle my congratula-
tions with those of every farmer present, on the event which we
are here to celebrate. I regard the gift of this commodious and
beautiful Hall to the State Agricultural Society, as one of the
most cheering events in its history. This outspoken acknow-
ledgment of the importance of agriculture to the prosperity of
the State, and this manifest disposition to encourage all well
directed efforts for its advancement, are calculated to cheer the
farmer, and stimulate him to renewed and increased effort.

The most important pursuit in every civilized country is agri-
culture; it is the corner stone of prosperity to the body politic
and to every branch of industry, whether of commerce, manufac-
tures, or the arts. Where agriculture languishes, or fails to make
a fair return, every other department of labor must suffer with
it. Where, on the other hand, the cultivator of the soil prospers,
all other pursuits and callings prosper likewise.

In this view of the subject how necessary it is that every
encouragement should be given to those associations which seek
to render agricultural labor more productive, by bringing to its
aid the wonders of mechanism and the mysteries of science.
How gratifying to know that the art is advancing year by year,
that the relations of science to it are now the subject of study to
many of the ablest minds, and that interestincr and valuable truths
are constantly developed; truths which at times astonish, and
always interest the man who has at heart the welfare and pros-
perity of his country.

Such an act of encouragement was the liberal and graceful gift
of this noble building, which we this night dedicate to agricul-
ture. Here, at the seat of government, is a resting place — a

76 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

home for the farmer. For long years, I trust for ages to come, as
he crosses this threshold, he will take a prouder step, feeling that
the true dignity of his calling has been recognized, and his heart
will throb with still stronger love to the great State under whose
benign protection it is his privilege to live.

Citizens of the State of New- York, God lias given to you a
proud and responsible position in this mighty nation, nay, in the
world. Brightest of all the gems that deck our nation's banner,
is the star which marks the Empire State. Foremost in com-
merce, with a navy of merchantmen that exceeds the commercial
marine of nearly every other nation; equal to any, so far as
regards enterprise and success, in all the industrial pursuits of
life; second to none in her provision for the education of her
people; a model for imitation in her successful efforts to advance
the art of agriculture; the most prosperous community which the
world presents.

Have I spoken too highly of her position as first among her
sister states in agriculture? I think not. Those fertile States of
the West, which seem blest beyond all other lands in the richness
of their soil, are, I well know, making rapid strides; but we are
still, as we have ever been, foremost. Yet, if in this fraternal
race we are to be overtaken and passed, we shall have this cause
of consolation — that we, by the example and through the agency
of this Society, have trained them and qualified them for their
triumph. But we are not to fall behind; such is not the destiny
of New-York. Her glorious motto, " Excelsior," never forgotten
by her sons, gives certain promise that she will never fail for lack
of effort.

Do you ask what is here doing? I answer, this Society, with the
scores of county societies which she has awakened into life, is
calling into action an amount of intelligent enterprise that must
result in continued and rapid progress. The arts are encouraged
to lend their aid by the invention and manufacture of implements,
which lessen the amount of labor and necessarily the cost of
production; while science points out the laws which regulate
growth, and thus teaches the husbandman how, at the least pos-
•sible cost, to increase production.

But our State, in fostering these societies, has done still more;'
she has through this agency, taught the farmer the importance of

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 77

training his sons, by special instruction, for the business of far-
ming. And this sentiment thus called into action, has received
from the State her further countenance and support by a liberal
appropriation to establish the New- York State Agricultural
College.

It is not necessary that I should speak to this audience of the
necessity that such education should be provided; and it is per-
haps unnecessary that I should say aught of the origin of this
enterprise; but veneration for the memory of one whom we all
honored and loved, prompts me to remind you that John Dela-
FiELD was the head and front of the movement. It was he who
obtained a charter from the State, and warmed up with some of
his own zeal and enthusiasm those whom he associated with liim.
He, alas ! is dead, and the establishment of the College has in
consequence been long delayed; but the subject has once more
been revived with vigor, and there is good reason to hope that
before another year passes we can report the institution as being
in operation. Who are the men most deeply interested in the
enterprise ? Let me tell you that of the trustees who manage its
affairs, five are ex-Presidents, and nearly all are graduates of
your Society.

Sir, when this College shall be in full and successful operation,
the benefits which will flow from her to the farmers of the State
can scarcely be overrated. The lessons there taught will not ])e
confined to the students who enter her walls; each of them will
in turn become an instructor, an example to all who live near
him, and will thus scatter again some of that good seecl,
which, having ripened in his own mind, has brought forth
good fruit.

I venture to say that there is no pursuit in which education, as
bearing on the art, is more essential to great success. It is a
mortifying fact that this is not realized in our country, but that
our occupation is held here in less respect than anywhere else.
Has a farmer a family of sons? How often is it that youths uf
brightest promise are sent from home, one to study a profession,
and thus obtain perhaps a scanty and uncertain support; another
seeks enii>loyment in commercial life, finds his way to the city,
takes there vn humble position, leading a treadniijl sort of exis-
tence, which, however tiresome as it is, he still prefers to the

78 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

laborious and truly independent life of the farmer brother left
at home. Why is this ? It is because the farmer ranks infinitely
too low in popular estimation, as compared with those of other
callings. His is regarded as a life of unthinking toil, where
muscles alone, and not mind, are needed for success. When we
shall demand and obtain for it that rank among the pursuits of
life to which it is entitled, we shall enlist in its service more of
mind and learning, and as a necessary consequence shall make
more rapid advances.

Again let me say, that our thanks are heartily due for the
countenance and aid of our State government, and in saying this
I am sure I give utterance to the sentiments of every farmer
present.

To a grateful heart what can render more pleasure than the
opportunity to return a favor or kindness shown. We have this
gratification. We have returned an hundredfold to the State by
increasing her agricultural w^ealth — all that she has ever bestowed
upon us. But we have placed her under obligations to us in
another manner. Do you inquire how ? Have we not given her
one of our number for Governor? — lent, I should have said; for
we cannot give up our claims on him, the statesman, the gentle-
man, the farmer, John A. King.

REMARKS OF GOVERNOR KING.

Governor King said: He was not here to-night to make a
speech or studied discourse; that had already been well and ably
done by others. He had come, however, because he felt it his
duty, as he esteemed it a high privilege to mingle with those who
like himself, were cultivators of the soil. He loved the land and
all its associations; they were ever true, and full of those healthy
and sound influences which shape and form the character of a
freeman. He had lived many, many happy years on the same
land whose soil he had assisted in cultivating, and where he had
planted the trees, whose cool and quiet shade he had long enjoyed.
He had lived contentedly, temperately and independently, as a
man should live who owns the land he tills and holds it free from
all demands. He who thus lives, feels, thinks and acts as if he
had a stake in the common weal — and he has, indeed, whose lot is
cast in this favored State. Much is due to the public authorities
for the aid which they have given, from time to time, to the cause
of Agriculture, and its kindred science. Geology; and now, more
recently, in the endowment of an Agricultm-al College, connected
with an experimental farm, and by allotting to us these spacious
rooms which we this evening dedicate to the cause of Agricul-
ture. Let us then, as farmers, take care that the work already
so well begun receive no check. To us is the appeal now made
to sustain and carry forward to a successful result, an institution
which is, and is to be, all our own; a College, whose influence, if
prudently and wisely exercised, must be of a sound and elevating
character to the youth of the country. Who thinks more calmly,
for he has time for reflection; who decides more safely, more
int('llif:^ently and firmly, when the pu]>lic interest demands the
exercise of the best powers of the mind, than the farmer? For
them, and by their steady and united aid, should the College be
sustained. It^ halls are to receive their sons for instruction; its

80 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

fields and meadows are to be tilled and made productive by their
labor; and having finished their course of study and employment,
they will go forth in each returning year, to spread broadcast the
principles of a sound, practical agricultural education.

Farmers of New- York, it is for you, and you alone, to add to
the fund by which so much good is to be accomplished. Be as
true to your calling as others are to theirs; work and give, for it
is the cause of agriculture — the basis of your own and the coun-
try's independence, wiiich is to receive your aid; to be returned
tenfold by the clear heads and sturdy arms, which will be ever
ready to vindicate the cause and the instruction, of which they
themselves are the acknowledged recipients.

Farmers of New- York, you constitute the great body of its
intelligent and useful citizens; on you emphatically devolves the
duty of advancing and protecting your own great interest and
occupation. As you shall perform that duty, so will you prove
yourselves worthy of the name you bear, of the occupation you
pursue, and the true guardians of the great and vital Interests of
the Republic.

REMARKS OF HON. HARYEY BALDWIN.

Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Society:

After the very able and eloquent addresses to which we have
all listened with so much profit and delight, it would seem to be
the work, not only of supererogation, but of downright presump-
tion, to attempt too add a single word or syllable; and yet so
impressed am I with the importance of the occasion, that I can
not forbear to lay upon the approving altar my humble tribute.
From the earliest history of man to the present time, whether in
his savage or civilized state, has it been customary to erect and
dedicate buildings to public use; and these, in their number and
character, have ever marked, and will ever continue to mark,
his progress in civilization. The simple habits of the savage
require only the council house, constructed of the rudest mate-
rial and in the rudest manner, for the assembling of their chiefs
and the transaction of their public business; and the solitude,
the dark shades of the deep forest canopied by high Heaven,
serve him as a temple for the worship of the Great Spirit.
While man, civilized and christianized man, requires the scliool
house, the academy, the college, the State house, with all its
concomitant structures, and spacious churches witli their tall
spires pointing heavenward, for the adoration and worship of the
Ever Living God.

The spot on which we stand, the scenes by which we are
surrounded, this time-honored city, illustrate the truth of
these remarks. On yonder proud eminciirc stands our ancient
Cai>it<»l, over whose lofty spire and dome lloat, wIutc may they
ever float, our glorious stripes and stars; wliile in front that
magnificent marble structure, of just and beautiful proportions,
serves for tlie accommodation of all the oilier branches of govern-
ment, save only that which has been so long neglected, and which
is the }>arent of them all. Strange indeed is this neglect, the

[Ag. Trans.J F

82 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

neglect of a department upon wliicli, in the broadest acceptation
of tlie term, rest all tlie arts and sciences, and in short every-
thing that gives life, character, dignity and employment to man.
But thanks to the Legislature that made the grant; thanks to our
public servants, and especially to those into whose hands the
work was committed; thanks to our noble State that she has
been at length aroused from her lethargy to a sense of duty, and
has erected for the Department of Agriculture this noble edifice,
for the dedication of which we are this evening assembled.
Standing in foreground of States, it was well for us, though late,
to set tliis high example — an example which, as has been well
remarked, will be emulated by others, and will shed its benign
influence over our entire Union.

Here, Sir, within these walls, will be opened the great book of
Nature; here will be elucidated and explained the mysterious
machinery and eternal laws by which it is governed; here will,
from time to time, be collected the richest products of nature
and of art; here will be deposited the choicest specimens of the
mineral, the vegetable and the animal kingdoms; and hither will
be brought the most api:)roved agricultural implements and
machinery — while upon the shelves of your extensive and well
assorted Library, and especially in the Transactions of your
Society, will be found the best advice as to their adaptation and
use, and the most ample instructions in every department of
this noble science. Here Experience and Science and Philosophy
will deposit their rich results; here Poetry Avill bring her choicest
flowers, and Eloquence pay its highest tribute; and here Religion,
pure and undefiled, will exhibit the emblems of her faith, and
the lights of her patii; and here, too, led by Nature, up to
Nature's God, man will be improved — will be made a wiser and a
better man.

And here, Sir, will assemble the intelligent farmers, not only
of our own State, but from every other State in this great confed-
eracy, to gather instruction from this grand fountain of know-
ledge; to it, the votaries of other climes will make a pilgrimage
to pay their homage and carry back its rich instruction to improve,
-fructify and gladden other lands. To these high and holy pur-
poses then, let us now and forever consecrate this noble edifice.
Sir, if permitted to indulge in metaphor, I would that within

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 83

these spacious halls, there should be erected high and sacred
altars, on whose entablatures there should ever burn, with
increased and increasing elfulgence, the vestal fires of pure reli-
gion, virtue, temperance, knowledge, patriotism, liberty and inde-
pendence. And that these altars and their sacred fires, together
with this noble structure, should all be dedicated to union, to
concord, to progress, to peace and to happiness. Yes, Sir, to the
union of the States — to the concord of the States — to the progress
of the States, and to the peace and happiness of the world. I
congratulate you. Sir, and I congratulate the members of the
New- York State Agricultural Society, upon the auspices of this
day. It is a proud epoch in its history, and stamps it with pro-
gress and perpetuity; an epoch that will keep alive, in all time
to come, a growing attachment to the great and glorious cause in
which we have so long, so patiently and so successfully labored;
and which, with its kindred institution, the Agricultural College,
now just and well organized, will serve as sheet anchors — as sure
pledges of all our hopes and future prospects.

REPORT ON FARMS.

The President and Secretary who visited Mr. Solomon Walrath's
farm, the only farm, they regret to say, offered for the premiums
of the Society, respectfully report :

That they visited Mr. Walrath's farm, situate in Canton, St.
Lawrence county, on the 22d and 23d of July last. Mr. Wal-
rath's farm contains 60 acres. He came into possession of this
farm fifteen years since, when the country was an unbroken wil-
derness, and no road but that cut as he progressed to the farm.
The land, like that section of the State generally, was very
heavily timbered.

We found the farm in a very good state of cultivation; the
stumps of the trees removed from the cultivated fields, and the
farm divided into convenient lots with stone fences, to a consid-
erable extent, and with an excellent farm house, painted and
finished in a manner that would not suffer with the best cottage
dwellings in the larger villages of the county.

In laying his stone walls, Mr. Walrath places his drains under
them, so that the work is much cheaper done and the walls are
benefited by having the moisture removed. The stones from the
farm (and there were many,) were all removed, and mostly
placed in the fences.

The soil generally is gravelly; about ten acres of muck swamp
on the banks of the stream through the farm. This is the manure
reservoir, which is used in com}K)St with the barn yard manure
as needed, and the crops show that this part of the farmer's appro-
priate work had not been overlooked.

Mr. Walrath cultivates hops to a considerable extent, and we
have seldom seen finer fields and in a more cleanly condition than
those upon Mr. Walrath's farm. We saw many fields of ho})s in
our passage to Canton, but none that compared with Mr. Walrath's.

86 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

Mr. Johnson visited Mr. Walrath's farm again, when he was
gathering in hops, and the crop for the season was a good one —
the hops fine and brought the highest price in New- York, as
advised by the factor who sold the crop.

In addition to hops, Mr. Walrath raises spring wheat, oats,
corn, potatoes, &c., all of which are cultivated with care and
success.

■ Mr. Walrath uses guano on his hops, which he mixes with
lime, ashes and salt, in composition, and finds it very useful.

We were shown in the wheat and oats the ravages of the mice,
which had eaten off, as estimated, nearly one sixth of the crop.
They had never been discovered before this year and means
were being taken to dispose of them.

Mr. Walrath's farm is almost entirely free of weeds, while
farms around him, and the public roads are filled with Canada
thistles. He showed us a thistle-puller, which he uses to pull up
the thistle as it appears, and in this w^ay he has subdued them
so that with very little trouble he keeps his farm free from
them. This also answers for all other weeds. The instrument
is very simple; one was piade for the Society and is to be seen
in the Museum. ''

Mr. Walrath's hop-house and heating and bagging operators
are very convenient, and enable him to prepare his hops in good
condition for market.

Mr. Walrath raises the long pink eye potatoes in purity, and
of admirable quality. He has never had the disease with them.
Potatoes are dug when ripe and dry, put into a dark cellar on
the bottom, in Octobor — potatoes planted on dry land — uses a
composition of ashes, plaster, salt, and muck for his potatoes —
never has had rot in the hill or in the cellar. The potatoes keep
fresh and fine as we tested when at his house. Mr. Walrath
keeps a regular book of expense for all his operations, very
complete.

Mr. Walrath calculates the expense per ton to fit hops for
market at $40. This is the result of several years' experience.

We found the dairy arrangements for the family excellent, as
Tve were enabled to testify by the articles presented.

Mr. Walrath had in his sitting room the Agricultural Journals,
showing that he was on the alert to avail himself of all the

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 87

improvements of the day as far as in his power. His motto is to
do all things well, to adopt such measures as will reduce expenses
and increase his crops; and he brings to his aid the best imple-
ments he can find — and endeavors by saving labor machines to
reduce his expenses.

His farm is in fine order, and is managed with much good
judgment — everything indicating the thrifty, improving farmer.
Considering the state in which Mr. Walrath took tliis iarm in the
wilderness 15 years since, and the condition in which it now is,
he is entitled to much credit fur what has been done, and w^e
recommend that a premium be awarded him of thirty dollars.

T. S. FAXTON, President.

B. P. Johnson, Cor'^g Secretary.

Rensselaer Falls, Dec. 1S56.
Hon. B. p. Johnson, Secretary of J\^. Y. State AgH Society.

Sir — I forward to you a report on my farming operations, which
are some of my reflections, the results of years of agricultural
reading, observation and experience.

Very respectfully, yours,

SOLOMON WALRATH.

STATEMENT OF SOLOMON WALRATH.
To the Committee on Farms:

Gentlemen — The farm wiiich I occupy is situated in the town
of Canton, County of St. Lawrence. The land rises gently from
the river St. l^awrence to the great table land which is the source
of the Oswegatchie, La Grasse, Raquette, Hudson, East and West
Canada creeks, and numerous other streams which water the val-
leys of the St. Lawrence, the Mohawk and the Hudson. Locally
coiisidered,ray land lies between theOswe^r'^^'bie and the La Grasse,
and has a southerly slope towards Mud Creek, and tlie waters
drain<*<l fVom it inin^jjlc with the Oswegatchie, and empty into the
St. Lawrrncn at Ogdensburgh.

The land is what is cal kd level; having no slopes that can-
not ]»e cultivated by the plow, or reached with a team ii)r the pur-
pose of spreading manure or gathering the crops.

88 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

The primitive forest consisted of maple, basswood, hemlock
and scattering pines on the most elevated parts, and of ash, oak
and elm on the intervales. The timber on the highest lands was
large and tall, and took deep root in the earth, so that windfalls
made a deep excavation. On the intervales the timber was less
in size and the roots spread out, so that whenever the trees were
blown down the excavation was broad but not deep.

These marked characteristics afforded a good suggestion for
Investigation with a view to the improvement of the soil. The
highest lands, on examination, were found to be silicious, loamy and
gravelly, mixed with small cobble stones, and covered with vegeta-
ble mold to the depth of three or four inches. The soil and subsoil
were loose and porous, and presented no obstruction to the pene-
tration of the roots of vegetables.

The intervales had a deeper coating of vegetable mold, from six
to ten inches in depth, caused by the decomposition of the earth and
the admixture of decaying vegetables. Under this soil there lay a
stratum of hard, close, compact earth, nearly if not quite impervious
to water, which operated unfavorably upon crops in both wet and
dry seasons. In wet seasons the water accumulated and soured
in the soil. In dry periods it checked the ascent of moisture
from below, in accordance with the universal law of equilibrium
of watery as w^ell as aerial fluids. This compact stratum, which
may be called hard j^an, seems to have been formed by the partial
decomposition and infiltration of the more soluble parts of the
earth among the more insoluble, by the action of water, and con-
stitutes a body nearly impervious to the roots of vegetables; and
was of a thickness of four to eight inches. In the lowest places,
where the water accumulated most and continued longest, there
the hard crust was deepest and gradually diminished in thickness
till it wholly disappeared on elevated grounds, w^here the water
passed off more rapidly. After passing through this crust, the
earth is loose marl, sand and gravel, to the depth of fifteen feet,
when there is a mixture of blue clay and rubble stones.

The farm consists of sixty acres : five acres in the highways
and occupied by buildings and yards, twenty acres of wood and
micultivated, ten of pasture, six in hops, ten in meadow, and
eight in grain lands.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 89

My farming operations, on this place, commenced in the spring
of 1839, when the earth was to be reclaimed from the primitive
forest. The process was naturally slow and toilsome. The forest,
when removed, left the earth obstructed by stumps and roots that
required time and labor to reduce the land to a condition capable
of good husbandry. In addition to these hindrances, the soil
was mixed with sandstones that required great labor in digging
and removing from cultivated fields. The process could not be
performed in any one year, even to a limited extent, without a
sacrifice of time and money, and this labor must be performed
before any efficient attempt at subsoiling and thorough cultivation
could be made with present profit and a fair prospect of future
improvement. I adopted a plan of gradual improvement, both
in clearing and breaking the subsoil, which has been successful
and brought its annual rewards. The hard crust which under-
laid the native soil was attacked by gradual and persistent
assaults, year by year, carrying the plow a little deeper each suc-
cessive season, and allowing the new matter brought up time to
slack by the influence of air and water, and to form a homogeneous
mass with the soil. In this manner, and by successful assaults,
the crust of hard pan has been broken and made part of the soil
on all my cultivated lands, and the soil greatly improved. For-
merly my crop of wheat averaged ten or twelve bushels, and my
corn did not exceed twenty or twenty-five bushels per acre. Now,
on same land, where the hard crust has been thoroughly broken
and mingled with the soil, my wheat averages twenty bushels or
over, and my corn averages full sixty, and sometimes amounts to
eighty bushels per acre. My meadows, which were formerly lia-
ble to fail in dry seasons, and be hardly worth mowing, now yield
large and uniform crops of two or three tons to the acre.

Every man must adopt his mode of improvement, to his means
as well as to his soil, in order to reach a satisfiictory result. The
soil on wluch I have operated being stony, gravelly and loose on
the highest parts, needed no sub-soiling. Here the labor and
expense was that of clearing from stone, pulverizing and enrich-
ing. On the slopes and in the intervales, the natural soil was
underlaid by a hard compact formation of little depth that requi-
red breaking and pulverizing to improve the crop and insure its
certainty. The best method, under the circumstances, is supposed

90 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

to have been adopted. For had the land been thoroughly
cleaned and sub-soiled in one season, it would have required an
amount of labor and manure that could not he aJBforded; while,
by the gradual process, fair crops have been obtained at moderate
expense. The cost of clearing the land of stumps, roots and
stones, and the manure necessary for each acre, thoroughly pre-
pared and sub-soiled, could not be estimated at less than thirty
dollars per acre; w^hich is an amount of expense that can only
be incurred by those who make farming a pastime without regard
to profits.

In the intervales and natural water-ways, on my farm, the
hard crust was thickest. There the water in the spring and the
drouth of summer were alike unfavorable to vegetation of any
valuable kind. In order to remedy these evils I commenced a
system of blind drains, of a width and depth proportioned to the
water that might be expected to pass through them. They are
from three to six feet deep, and the width is from two to three
feet. Stone are laid on the sides of the drain at the bottom^ from
six to ten inches high, and covered by flat stone. The ditch is
then filled up with small loose stone, within a foot and a half of
the top. Straw is laid over the stone to prevent the earth from
obstructing the drain, and the soil dug from the drain filled in.
The result has been most satisfactory. Lands that were formerly
useless are made the most productive spots on the farm, and the
adjacent soil quickened. I have about two hundred rods of these
drains constructed at an expense of about fifty cents per rod.

I make a compost heap annually of one hundred to one hun-
dred and fifty loads. The hop vines and other vegetable sub-
stances that are not useful for feeding stock are gathered in the
fall and placed in the centre of the barn yard. Straw and other
coarse fodder is scattered over it and the animals feed and tramp
it down during the winter. In the spring when the frost is out,
the heap is gathered and covered with muck from a neighboring
creek, and additions made to the heap during the summer, of such
materials as will increase its value. Salt is added to the heap
before and after the muck, for the purpose of retaining moisture
as well as for its fertilizing properties in small quantities. When
the heap is formed the soap suds and other waste waters are
thrown upon it, to keep it moist and prevent the escape of gases,

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 91

which constitute an important element of manures. In the fall
this compost is used on the hop field for a top dressing, to enrich
the soil and shield the roots froni the action of frost.

I also make a composition of six bushels of house ashes, one
bushel of plaster, one bushel of slacked lime, and one fourth
bushel of salt, a small quantity of sulphur, pounded bones, &c.
This is used for a top dressing. It is sown broad cast, on grain
and meadows. On grain it should be sowed soon after the grain
is up. On meadows as early as practicable after the grass shoots
up in the spring, and before a rain if practicable. On corn it is
applied before and after hoeing. On potatoes it is applied to the
hill at the time of hoeing, and slightly covered, and in the same
manner on gardens. This composition was made at an expense
of about twenty cents per bushel, and used at the rate of two to
three bushels per acre, on grain and meadows.

This composition, with a small addition of guano, was used
upon about an acre, constantly cultivated for ten years, without
other manures, and the result was a constantly increasing annual
product. The last crop was wheat, and the yield thirty bushels
per acre. It was then seeded with clover and timothy, and dur-
ing tlie past season it has produced two crops of hay; the first of

two the second of one ton.

The potatoes tliat I cultivate are pink eyes and peachblows;
the ground is prepared by plowing and harrowing without manure.
The field is then marked out for the rows, three feet and a half
apart, and the potatoes, having been quartered and rolled in
plaster, are immediately dropped on the surface about a foot
apart, and covered with the plow or hoe. As soon as they are
fairly above ground, the cultivator should be run through the
rows, the hills weeded, the composition of manure applied to the
hills with a spoon, and this process should be repeated as often as
is necessary to keep down the weeds, till the potatoes gain such
development as to shade the soil and bid defiance to their ambi-
ti(jus enemies. When the crop is formed, which averages about
two hundred bushels per acre, they should be dug in fair weather
before the autumnal rains or heavy frosts occur, if practicable,
and dried in a field before gathering; then gather and keep in a
dry, dark cellar. Under this management I have had no trouble
with rot — not having lost five bushels during all the seasons that

92 ANNUAL HEPORT OF NEW-YORK.

have caused so much trouble and loss. The custom of many is
to gather their potatoes in heaps in the field, and cover with
potato tops, the worst of all covering. The potatoes continue
damp, and are exposed to air that is calculated to promote the
process of decomposition, and when the rot is once begun all
eiforts to check it are of little avail.

In the cultivation of corn, I plow the land as early as practica-
ble in the spring, and again near the time for planting, and mel-
low the soil with the cultivator. When the ground becomes
sufficiently w^arm, I mark the field for hills about three feet and a
half apart, and plant. As soon as the plants are fairly above
ground I apply the composition before spoken of to the hills, and
run the cultivator through the rows both ways, weed the hills
and loosen the earth with the hoe if necessary. The composition
is applied once or twice afterwards, and the cultivator and weed-
ing repeated as often as may be necessary to destroy the weeds
and keep the earth light and mellow. In this way, at an expense
for manure not exceeding sixty or sixty-five cents per acre, I have
had full crops of corn averaging about fifty bushels per acre.

The stalks are cut at the root soon after the corn is glazed and
stooked to cure in the field. They are carried to the barn to be
husked at the proper time, and the stalks or husks may be saved
in a condition sweet and free from mold, and affording a most
tempting food for stock by spreading them in alternate layers with
straw or hay, that will absorb the moisture and complete the pro-
cess of cuiing.

In the cultivation of wheat, I sow what is known here as
Scotch wheat, after corn, potatoes or peas, two bushels per acre.
The ground is prepared by plowing in the fall and again in the
spring, as early as practicable. After the sowing the ground is
mellowed, and the grain covered by the harrow or cultivator, and
sometimes by both, if necessary, and then rolled. If the earth
is dry roll immediately; if not, it is better to postpone the rolling
till the wheat comes up.

After the wheat appears, I sow two to three bushels to the
acre, of the top dressing already described. If any weeds or
thistles appear in the field, they should be eradicated before they
attain a size to overshadow and check the growth of the wheat.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 93

With this care, nature develops and matures the crop, and it
seeds but little attention till fit to harvest.

I harvest my wheat soon after the color changes and while the
joints are green, bind immediately after the cradle, stook and
cap, and let the grain and straw cure in the field till they are fit
for the mow. There are several advantages in this method :
Firstly, it does not shell, and little or none of the grain is
w^asted; secondly, the straw is more palatable and nutritious to
stock; thirdly, the wheat is better in appearance, and affords
more and better flour. During the past season I left a portion of
a field, sowed with the same seed upon the same day, for ten
days, and the early and the latter harvesting were kept separate.
The difference in the two samples were so marked that an expe-
rienced miller, who regarded them as two kinds of grain, con-
sidered the early gathered grain worth a shilling a bushel more
than the other. The same management of other grains, as I
apply to wheat, will be equally successful. My average crop of
oats has been about fifty-five bushels, and of peas twenty-five
bushels per acre.

I have labored under some disadvantages in the cultivation of
hops, from want of experience and defects of soil. Hops require
a deep loose soil, as the roots are large and if not enabled to
strike deep, they spread out laterally and are cut and broken by
the plow in cultivation, and the growth retarded or suspended.
To avoid these difficulties, where the soil is not naturally adapted
to their growth, the ground should be sub-soiled and enriched to
the depth of twenty inches. This preparation will take three
years. The ground may be cultivated in corn or potatoes during
the time, but no weeds should be allowed to form seeds. When
the ground is fitted, the roots should be prepared by an eyperi-
enccd planter, two joints to a root and two roots to a hill. The
hills should be seven feet apart. I make a hole with a round
stick sharpened, and set the roots six inches apart, cover four
inches with earth, and place a stake at each hill. The ground
should be kept carefully weeded about the hills, and the vines
appear in alxtut a month. The land during the season of plant-
ing should be cultivated in potatoes, as corn would shade the
plants too much, and there will be no hops worth poling. The
next season after i>lan(i]ig they ai'e to be }x>led, two poles to a

ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

hillj sixteen to eighteen feet long. The first care in the spring,
is to remove the compost from the hills, and as soon as the frost is
out of the ground the poles are set near the vines and eighteen
inches apart, and the land plowed both ways, turning the fur-
rows from the hills, and the hills dressed by cutting ojff the
runners near the main root. Two vines are to be trained on each
pole, and the surplus clipped off. When the vines are about
three feet high, the spaces between the rows are to be plowed from
the hills; after that the cultivator is used as often as necessary
to keep the soil mellow and destroy the weeds. When the
plants attain a vigorous growth, they Avill throw out a surplus
of roots and shoots. These should be carefully trimmed during
the month of June, by an experienced hand, who will be careful
to avoid interference with the main roots and branches. About
the first of July the furrow is tui-ned towards the hills by the
plow, and the hills earthed up by the hoe.

The hop plants are male and female. The male is striped with
red, and should be marked and located in different parts of tlie
field, Irom twelve to sixteen hills per acre, so that the pollen may
reach the female plant in every part of the field. While the
hops are forming from the first of July to the first of August, no
cultivation is admissible. After the hops are formed the earth is
loosened between the rows with the cultivator, and the ground
kept mellow while the hops are growing.

The hops are matured about the first of September, and are
ready for gathering. When the harvesting is commenced,
large boxes are placed in the field; a man takes down the poles,
brings them near the boxes, places them on stools, separates the
clusters and brings them to the girls, who pick them off the vines
and drop them into the box. Care must be taken that no
dead hops, leaves, vines or pieces of bark, from the poles, be
allowed to enter the box. The contents of the boxes are
shoveled into sacks every night, taken to the kiln, spread evenly
on the cloth over the room where the fire is kept. They are then
heated by a moderate fire till the sweating process is passed and
the hops begin to open; then the fire may be increased and main-
tained till the hops are dry. They should not be stirred during
the process. When the stem of the hop breaks in your fingers
the cure is complete, and they are left to cool on the kiln, and

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. M

then shoveled into the store-house. After lying in the store-
house for two weeks, they may be pressed into bales and prepared
for market.

My average crop of hops has been about eight hundred pounds
per acre. I measured half an acre the past season that produced
five hundred and ten pounds, and my crop sold for ten cents and
a half in New- York. The expense of raising hops is about eight
cents per pound.

The insect that is most troublesome and destructive to wheat,
in this country, is the Midge, a small fly one-fourth, to one-sixth
of an inch in length; its body is slim, of a pale yellow color and
surrounded by dark brown rings. Its wings are thin as gossamer,
and its motions so graceful that it is almost invisible on the wing.
The ova, which are deposited in the blossoms of wheat and other
flowers, when examined under a magnifying glass, have a striking
resemblance, in color and form, to the parent. These insects like
all others, make ample provisions for perpetuating the species,
but like other animated beings, they have their periods of pros
perity and adversity, and the rains of Autumn, and the snows and
frosts of winter destroy many of them; so that in the spring they
come out in feeble colonies, instead of the swarming hordes of
autumn. The ova soon hatch into delicate worms, that spin a
web, like the silk worm, and let themselves down from their birth
place to the earth, when the time and manner of their metamor
phosis is unknown. But it is not supposed to be long, as those
who watch the insects will find that they rapidly accumulate and
work upon red clover and some other flowers when the wheat
season lias passed. Hence it is to be inferred that early sowing
afl'urds the most probable mode of avoiding their destructive
assaults upon the wheat crop.

The wire worm hus been injurious to many crops for several
years. It attacks potatoes and the roots of most kinds of grain.
About eight years ago I sowed a barrel of salt, in which I mixed
three pounds of arsenic, upon about three-quarters of an acre of
land, badly infested with wire worms. I plowed the salt in and
draggerl the gn^und; and in three or f »ur days 1 i>lowed tho
ground again and j)lant(d it with corn, and the croj) was unin-
jured by the worm, and producrd about eighty bushels per acre.
In my later exi)erience, I find that the wire worm is not partial

8fi ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

to clover or peas, and when they have become troublesome I seed
down with clover and the worms uniformly disappear. There are
several other kinds of flies, grubs and worms that affect the crops,
but these are the most troublesome and destructive in this section.

The grasses that I cultivate are clover and herds grass. I sow
sixteen pound of clover seed when used alone, and when mixed
I sow four pounds of clover with eight quarts of timothy seed
per acre. It may be sowed either in the fall or spring, according
to the crop, but should be sowed early in order to attain a strong
root before the summer droutlis come on. For dairy purposes
white clover is the best, and is natural to our soil and flourishes
without care or culture.

For two years past I have mowed only six acres, producing an
average yield of about two and a half tons per acre. My time
for cutting clover is when the heads begin to change color. It is
wilted and put into small cocks, where it is allowed to stand and
make in the air. When it is thoroughly cured it is opened and
aired previous to being mowed in the barn.

I do not salt my hay, as observation has convinced me that it
retains moisture which blackens and molds the hay, and makes it
lesss nutritious and acceptable to the animals. I keep salt whero
my cattle can have free access to it, and observe that in the spring
and summer when the grasses are juicy and the weather warm,
they resort to it frequently, while in cold weather it is rarely
touched. This dictate of instinct is in conformity to human
observation. In high latitudes salted provisions have been found
subversive of the laws of human health and life, while in tropical
regions, and during the hot seasons in temperate latitudes, salt is
a valuable addition to the food of men and animals.

The w^eeds most troublesome are Canada thistles, kale, white
daisy, yellow dock, burdock, and a variety of other weeds, that
require the constant attention of the farmer. The most trouble-
some of all is the Canada thistle, which grows with wings that
are ready to raise the seeds in the air and waft them on every
breeze. The only mode of eradicating thistles and other weeds is
by thorough cultivation. No plant grows vigorously without a
root in the soil, and leaves and branches in the air, to carry on
the great process of decomposition and absorption of the elements
essential to nutrition and growth. If the roots of plants are

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 97

»

destroyed, the top dies inevitably in the open air. If the top is
destroyed the root may sprout again and again, but whenever the
top can be cut below the earth's surface, it generally destroys
both root and branch. It is necessary to know the tenacity of
life in the different vegetables, in order to attack them success-
fully. My method of killing thistles has been by frequently
cutting off the tops, and depriving them of atmospheric support.
They resist my assaults with great tenacity, but in two or three
years they yield the contest and disappear from the field. The
few stragglers that remain, after the general warfare, are followed
up by "The Thistle Puller," and eradicated, root and branch.

My stock consists of a span of horses, three cows, and ten
sHeep. The neat cattle are common breeds. The sheep are a
cross of the Merino and South Down. My sheep average from
four to five pounds of wool per head, which brings about tlurty-
eiglit cents per pound. The annual increase generally doubles
the flock. The old sheep bring about five dollars a head, and
the lambs two and a half.

I usually buy two pigs in the spring. They are fed on milk
at first, but after a few weeks I boil roots, add meal and milk
and allow fermentation to take place before feeding. The ani-
mals are confined in a pen, and kept clean as possible and supplied
with all the food they will eat. Experience has convinced me
that the pig is the only animal whose idle life is more profitable
to the farmer than one of industry. If he is allowed to shift for
himself he learns habits of mischief, and becomes a loafer of the
first class, lean, lank and careless of appearances, and ready to
prey upon the unwary and unsuspecting by night and day.
Tlitse swine are kept till they are eight or nine months old, and
when slaughtered generally exceed three hundred pounds each.

Carrots are the most sure of the root crops, and the best for
animals in tliis countrv.

My orchard was commenced with trees from Rochester, which
failed. I have since set trees, grafted on seedlings, which thrive
well and begin to bear. I wash the trees with soap suds every
spring, and the bark is smooth and the growth vig(»rous.

I have one hundred and sixty rods of stone wall, three feet
wide at bottom, twenty inches at top, and four feet and a half

[Ag. Trans. J G

98 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

high, built at a cost of about one dollar and a quarter per rod.
I have seventy -five rods of board fence that cost about the same
per rod as the wall, and two ]iundred rods of rail fence that cost
about sixty-two and a half cents per rod.

The house is of wood, twenty-eight by thirty eight feet on the
ground, one and a half stories in height, clap-boarded and painted
white on the outside, the roof covered with pine shingles, and
the windows shaded with green blinds. The inside is sheathed,
lathed, plastered, painted and papered. The low^er floor is divi-
ded into three rooms, a clothes press and stair way, and the cham-
ber is divided into two rooms with similar finish. Attached to
the house is a wing, eighteen by twenty-eight, a story and a half
high, and finished like the main building on the outside. It is
divided into a kitchen, pantry and w^ood-house on tlie lower
floor, and a large lodging room overhead. I have a cellar under
the main body of the house with a double wall laid in mortar,
that is proof against frost and rats. Under the kitchen is
a cistern, built of brick and water lime, of the capacity of
one hundred barrels, which affords an unfailing supply of soft
water. The cost of the buildings w^as about eight hundred
dollars.

The stock barn is sixty by twenty-six feet on the ground, with
sixteen feet posts. It is boarded up and down with inch boards,
lined with lialf inch stuff, the roof covered with pine shingles.
Two-thirds of the low^r part is devoted to stables wdth a hall in
the center. The other part is formed into a carriage house. The
loft over the stables is used for storing hay, and that over the
carriage house for grain. There is a creek near the barn that is
used to water the stock. Tlie cost of building was about three
hundred dollars. There is an old barn on the place, built before
the form was purchased, and worth about seventy-five dollars.

Tlie hop-house is twenty-six by thirty-six feet, with fourteen
feet posts, clapboarded with pine on the outside, and the roof
shingled. One half of the upper part is used for a store-house,
and the other half for a kiln to dry hops.

The kihi is lathed and plastered on the sides. Over head
joists run across the building every three feet; these are covered
with slats two inches wide, one and a quarter thick, placed two
inches apart and running towards the store room, and covered

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 99

with cloth. The heat is generated by two stoves, below the
cloth, and sufficient pipe to allow the radiation of most of the
heat, but no pipe should be allowed nearer than six feet to the
cloth, lest the heat should scorch and damage the hops.

Ventilation in the sides or roof is necessary to secure a free
cujLTent of air over the hops while drying, to carry off the mois-
ture as fast as it rises into the air of the room.

The basement, when not needed for curing hops, is used for
storing the implements used in gathering and curing them, and
for other tools. The cost of the building, with the apparatus
for curing and packing hops, was about two hundred and fifty
dollars.

Estimate of property for January 1st, 1856 :

Value of Horses, $275

" Neat cattle, 50

" Sheep, 30

« Hay, 96

" Grain and other products, 564

" Farm implements, 140

" Wagons and harness, 175

Cost of repairs to fences, _ 3

" Labor, 200

" Board for laborers, 50

Value of our own time and board, 150

" for members of family, 25

Backsmith's bill,. 16

Cost of implements purchased, ._ 15

$1,789

Estimate of property for January 1st, 1857 :

Value of Horses on hand, . __ _ $250

" Neat cattle, 50

" Sheep, 30

« Hay, 160

" Grain and other })roducts, 250

" Farm iiiiplenients,. _ 150

" Waguns and liarmss, 175

Amount carried forward, $1 ,065

100 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

Amount bro't forward, $1,065

Value of Cow sold, 40

« Hay sold, _.. 35

" Grain and other products sold, 1 ,125

" Butter,.... 10

$2,275
1,789

$468

ESSAY,

ON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS AS AFFECTING FERTILITY.

BY SAMUEL W. JOHNSON,

Professor of j^nalytical and Agricultural Chemistry in Yale College, and Che-
mist to the State xlgricultural Society of Connecticut.

The fertility of a soil depends upon no one cause or class of
causes. The farmer who is acquainted with the results of gene-
rations of agricultural experience but who has not mastered the
principles of science; the chemist who regards only the revela-
tions of his reagents ; the geologist who merely traces the soil to
its original rock; the physicist who sees in it only a theater for
the play of mechanical forces — can each suggest some of the
conditions of fertility, and can account for the productiveness of
this and the barrenness of that soil; but none of them can give
accurate rules universally applicable to the valuation or improve-
ment of soils in general. There is hardly another subject of such
wide connection and extent. It involves the whole range of the
physical sciences; Geology, Chemistry, Botany, Physiology, Meteo-
rology, Mechanics, Hydrodynamics, the sciences of heat, light and
electricity, all are intimately related to it. That labors to illus-
trate such a topic should have only recently met with any degree of
success is not strange; neither are we to wonder that our present
knowledge of it is very limited, or that the opinions of those best
(jualifu'd to judge upon it, are divided.

Tlie function of the soil is two-fold, first to serve as the station
or home of the plant, and second, to supply it with food.

]n nature these two offices are not by any means separable.
The same materials that form the bed in which the })lant prefera-
bly fixes itself, in which it extends its roots most naturally, and
developes itself most healtht'ully, also contribute food to its
growth.

The study of the physical characters of soils involves the
investigation of the first of these functions, that of their chemical

102 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

characters the investigation of the second. There are soils
whose texture, situation, degree of moisture, kc.^ are appa-
rently faultless, which are nevertheless unproductive; they lack
some necessary form of food for the growing plant. There are
other soils which reveal by chemical analysis the presence of
every substance needed by the plant as food, and prove to contain
them all in sufficient quantity, and yet are not productive, or not
regularly so; they may give a fair crop one season and entirely
fail the next. These soils have some physical defect which nul-
lifies their excellencies of composition.

An advanced, and rational or scientific system of farming, keeps
in view both the chemical and the physical qualities and wants of
the soil, and reclaims and improves the lands under its control, by
a judicious combination and succession of appropriate chemical and
physical agencies. Thus in England and Scotland, countries
which are the world's example in agriculture, the first thing that is
done with a soil by a thorough farmer, is to inquire into its
physical condition, and to correct the same when necessary and
practicable. The British farmer will have his soil just so dry,
just* so deeply tilled, just so finely pulverized, before he feels
warranted in putting seed into it, or manure upon it. In this
country, however, where nature has favored us with a climate
in some respects better, comparatively little attention is bestowed
on the mechanical preparation of the ground, the usual routine
of ploughing six inches, more or less, harrowing and rolling a
traditional number of times, being all that generally succeeds the
removal of forests and of stones. Beyond this simple preparation
of the ground, which is uniform for nearly all soils and all crops,
the farmer if he go farther, expends his strength in efforts to
raise the fertility of his fields by chemical means — by the appli-
cation of much and many manures.

It is quite plain, on a moment's thought, that physical improve-
ments of the soil deserve to come first in order of time, because
where they are needed, and not supplied, chemical improvements
(manures) must fail to give the full effect proper to them. It is
of the utmost importance for the farmer to Idc able to judge
accurately how favorable to his purposes are the physical charac-
ters of any soil he proposes to occupy, and to know how to
maintain these qualities of a new soil in their original excellence.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 103

The knowledge of the physical conditions which determine the
fertility or barrenness of soils is an indispensable preparation to
the study of the value and action of manures, and it is utterly
impossible in practice, to derive adequate return from fertilizers,
unless the soil either originally possesses, or has been brought
into, a proper physical state.

These reasons have induced the writer to attempt presenting
this subject anew, in the light of the latest and fullest investiga-
tions, and he is confident that it is possible thus to write one of
the most practically useful chapters of agricultural science.

I. The fin fn\ ess cf the particles of a soil greatly influences its
fertility. On the surface of a block of granite only a few lichens
and mosses can exist; crush the block to a coarse powder and a
more abundant vegetation can be supported on it; if it is reduced
to a very fine dust and duly watered, even the cereal grains will
grow and perfect fruit on it. Thus two soils may have the same
chemical composition, and yet one be almost inexhaustibly fertile,
and the other almost hopelessly barren. There are sandy soils in
the Eastern states, which without manure yield only the most
meagre crops of rye or buckwheat; and there are sandy soils in
Ohio which without manure, yield on an average 80 bushels of
Indian corn per acre, and have yielded this for twenty to fifty
years in unbroken succession. According to David A. Wells,
(Am. Jour, of Science, July, 1852,) these two kinds of soil yield
very similar, practically identical results on chemical analysis, so
far as their inorganic ingredients are concerned. What is the
cause of the difference of fertility ? Our present knowledge can
point to no other explanation tlian is furnished by tlie different
fineness of the particles. The barren sandy soils consist in great
part of coa'rse grains, while the Ohio soil is an exceedingly fine
powder.

It is true as a general rule, that all fertile soils contain a large
proportion of very fine or impalpable matter. How the extreme
division of the particles of the soil is connected with its fertility
it is not dilTicult to understand. Tlie food of the i)lant must
enter it in a state of solution, or if undissolved, the jiarticlcs
nnist b<' smaller than we can discover w ith the best optical aids,
because the jxjies of the roots of plants are not discernible by
any microscope. The mineral matters of the soil must be dis-

104 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

solved or diffused in water. The rapidity of their solution is in
direct proportion to the extent of their surface. The finer the
particles, the more abundantly will the plant be supplied with
its necessary nourishment. In the Scioto Valley soils, the water
which is transpired by the crops, comes in contact with such an
extent of surface that it is able to dissolve the soil-ingredients
in as large quantity and as rapidly as the crop requires. In the
coarse grained soils, this is not the case. Soluble matters,
(manures) must be applied to them by the farmer, or his crops
refuse to yield handsomely.

Again, it is obvious that the finer the particles of the soil, the
more space the growing roots have in which to expand themselves,
and the more numerously are they able to present their absorbent
surfaces to the supplies which the soil contains.

Other advantages of fine soils will appear in the progress of
this essay.

II. We will discuss the power of the soil to absorb or condense
gases or vapors. With regard to this subject we have no actual
observations on soils, of any great value. Those we do possess
were made forty years ago by Schubler, then a teacher in Fellen-
berg's school at Hofwyl in Switzerland, and Avill be presently
adduced.

In the first place may be considered those facts of science which
bear upon the question before us. It is found that many solid bodies
are able to condense gases upon their surface, or within their pores.
Freshly burned box-wood charcoal thus absorbs ninety times its
volume of ammonia gas, thirty-five of carbonic acid and nine of
oxygen. Copper, iron, lead, platinum, and probably the other
metals, also condense gases upon their surfaces. This condensa-
tion is scarcely perceptible in plates of solid metal ; but when by
chemical means these metals are produced in a very finely divi-
ded state, as fine powder or sponge, their surface attraction
becomes manifested to an extraordinary degree. There is then, a
physical attractive (adhesive) force which is exhibited with greater
intensity, the greater the surface of the body possessing it. It is
manifested by diff'erent bodies in very unlike degree, and is exer-
ted with various energy towards different gases.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 105

Bodies which absorb the gas or vapor* of water are calle<l
hygroscopic. This property of a soil is of the utmost agricultu-
ral importance, because : 1st — it is connected with the perma-
nent moisture which is necessary to vegetable existence, and,
2d — since the absorption of water-vapor determines the absorp-
tion of other vapors and gases.

In the following table from Schiibler we have the results of a
series of experiments carried out by that philosopher, for the
purpose of determining the absorptive power of different kinds
of earths and soils. He found that dry earths did not absorb
oxygen; this is because being in constant contact with air they
were saturated with this gas before the experiments begun; when
however, the soil was wet with water, an absorption was found to
occur. The first column of figures gives in thousandths the
quantity of oxygen absorbed by the moist soil during thirty days;
the second column the quantity, also in thousandths, of moisture
absorbed by the previously dried soil, in twenty-four houi-s.

Quartz sand, 1 0

Gypsum,.. _ 1.7 1

Lime-sand, _ 4 3

Plough land, _ 10.5 23

Clay soil, (60 per cent, clay,) 6 28

Slaty marl, _ 7 33

Loam, 7 35

Fine carbonate of lime, 7 35

Heavy clay soil, (80 per cent, clay,) 9 41

Garden mould, (7. per cent, humus,) 11.5 52

Pureclay, 10 49

Carbonate of Magnesia, (fine powder,) 11 82

ITumus, 13 120

It is seen, that witli two exceptions, the rate of absor})tion for
oxygen and for watery vapor increases in the same order. It is
probable then that the oxygen was to some degree absorbed and
held in solution by the water with which the earth was moistened.
The two excej)tions are soils rich in vegetable matter, (humus.)
They absorbed j)ro}H)rtioiially more oxygen for a cliemical reason;
it united witli tlieir rarlxm and liydmgcn, firming carbonic acid
and water. Probably the larger share of the absorption of oxygen,

• The term Can is jipplied to permanently leriforin bo<liea — J'aportosuch as readilj aiaunie
% liquid state. Tbo differcDcc is only relative.

106 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

in most cases, was due to this combination of it with the elements
of humus, or with the protoxyd of iron, the latter passing thereby
into the peroxyd; but in case of magnesia and carbonate of lime
the absorption must have been a surface condensation.

An obvious practical result follows from the facts expressed in
the above table, viz : that sandy soils which have little attractive
force for watery vapor, and are therefore dry and arid, may be
meliorated in this respect, by admixture with clay, or better with
humus, as is done by green manuring. The table gives us proof
that gypsum does not exert any beneficial action in consequence
of attracting moisture. Humus, or decaying vegetable matter, it
will be seen, surpasses every other ingredient of the soil in absor-
bing moisture. This is doubtless in some degree connected with
its extraordinary porosity or amount of surface. How the extent
of surface alone may act, is made evident by comparing the
absorbent power of carbonate of lime, in the two states of sand,
and of an impalpable powder. The latter it is seen, absorbed
twelve times as much vapor of water as the former. Carbonate
of magnesia stands next to humus, and it is worthy of note that
it is a very light and fine powder.

Finally, it is a matter of observation that " silica and lime in
the form of coarse sand, make the soil in which they predomi-
nate so dry and hot that vegetation perishes from want of mois-
ture; when, however, they occur as fine dust, they form too wet
a soil, in which plants perish from the opposite cause." {^Hamrn's
Lan dwirths c haft .

in. Permeability of the soil to water^ including percolation and
capillarity. — A soil is permeable to water when it allows that
liquid to soak into or run through it. To be permeable is of
course to be porous. On the size of the pores depends its degree
of permeability. Coarse sands and soils which have few but
large pores or interspaces, allow water to run through them
readily — water percolates them. When instead of running
through, the water is largely absorbed and held by the soil, the
latter is said to possess great capillary power; such a soil has
many and minute pores. The cause of capillarity is the same
surface j^ttraction which has been already mentioned.

When a narrow vial is partly filled with water, it will be seen
that the liquid adheres to its sides, and if it be not more than

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 107

one-half inch in diameter, the surface of the liquid will be curved
or concave. In a very narrow tube the liquid will rise to a con-
siderable height. In these cases the surface attraction of the
glass for the water, neutralizes or overcomes the weight of (earth's
attraction for) the latter. The pores of a sponge raise and hold
water in them, in the same way that these narrow (capillary*)
tubes support it. When a body has pores so fine (surfaces so
near each other,)that their suiface attraction is greater than the
gravitating tendency of water, then the body will suck up and
hold water, will exhibit capillarity; a lump of salt or sugar, a
lamp wick, are familiar examples. When the pores of a body
are so large, (the surfaces so distant) that they cannot fill them-
selves, or keep themselves full, the body allows the water to run
through or to percolate.

Sand is most easily permeable to water, and to a higher degree,
the coarser its particles. Clay on the other hand is the least
penetrable, and the less so, the purer and more plastic it is. In
an agricultural sense, sand implies those coarse particles or grains
whose form can be defined by the eye, while all the finer impal-
pable portions of a soil, though consisting in part of very fine
grains of sand, may be called clay. The chemist, however,
understands by clay a definite chemical compound. This dis-
tinction should ])e borne in mind. Sand, i. e. grains of quartz,
or undecomposed rock, may be made so fine, that with the admix-
ture of a little true clay, it opposes the passage of water to a
considerable extent.

When a soil is too coarsely porous, it is said to be leachy or
hungry. The rains that fall upon it, quickly soak through, and
it shortly becomes dry. On such a soil, the manures that may
be applied in tlie spring, are to a great degree washed down below
the reach of vegetation, and in the droughts of summer, plants
suffer and perish from want of moisture.

When the texture of a soil is too fine, its pores too small, as
hapjK'ns in a heavy clay, the rains penetrate it too slowly; they
flow off' tlie surface, if the latter be inclined, or remain as ])ools
for days and even weeks, in the hollows.

In a soil of proper texture, the rains neither soak off' into the
under earth, nor stagnate on the surface; but the soil always

• From capillua the Latin word for hair, because m fine m a hair, (but a hair is no tube, ag
U often suiiposcd.)

108 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

(except in excessive wet or drought) maintains the moistness
which is salutary to most of our cultivated plants.

What part the capillarity of the soil plays in the nutrition of
the plant may now be noticed in detail.

If a wick be put into a lamp containing oil, the oil by capillary
action gradually permeates its whole length, that which is above
as well as that below the surface of the liquid. When the lamp
is set burning, the oil at the flame is consumed, and as each parti-
cle disappears, its place is supplied by a new one, until the lamp
is empty or the flame extinguished.

Something quite analogous occurs in the soil by which the plant
(corresponding to the flame in our illustration) is fed. The soil
is at once lamp and wick, and the water of the soil represents the
oil. Let evaporation of water from the surface of the soil or of
the plant, take place of the combustion of the oil from a wick,
and the matter stands thus : Let us suppose dew or rain to have
saturated the ground with moisture, for some depth. On recur-
rence of a dry atmosphere with sunshine and wind, the surface of
the soil rapidly dries; but as each particle of water escapes, (by
evaporation) into the atmosphere, its place is supplied (by capil-
larity) from the stores below. The ascending water brings along
with it, the soluble matters of the soil, and thus the roots of
plants are situated in a stream of their appropriate food. The
movement proceeds in this way so long as the surface is dryer
than the deeper soil. When by rain or otherwise, the surface is
saturated, it is like letting a thin stream of oil run upon the apex
of the lamp wick, no more evaporation into the air can occur,
and consequently there is no longer any ascent of water; on the
contrary, the water by its own weight penetrates the soil, and if
the underlying ground be not saturated with moisture, as can
happen where the subterranean fountains yield a meagre supply,
then capillarity will aid gravity in its downward distribution.
The water of the soil holds in solution the food of the plant —
those portions at least which are absorbed by the roots. From
the leaves of growing plants there is perpetually going on an
enormous evaporation. Calculations founded on experiments of
Hales and Saussure demonstrate that from an acre of sunfloAvers,
each plant occupying four square feet of ground, there occurs
during four months growth, the evaporation of four and a half

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 109

millions pounds of water. This water comes from the soil and
passes through the plant. All the mineral matters and a portion
of the organic bodies, which feed the plant, are carried into it by
this water. So long as evaporation goes on from the surface of
the soil, so long there is a constant upward flow of saline matters.
Those portions which do not enter vegetation accumulate on or
near the surface of the ground; when a rain falls they are washed
down again to a certain depth, and thus are kept constantly
changing their place with the water which is the vehicle of their
distribution. In regions where rain falls periodically or not at
all, this upward flow of the soil water, often causes an accumu-
lation of salts on the surface of the ground. Thus in Bengal,
many soils which in the wet season produce the most luxuriant
crops, during the rainless portion of the year become covered
with white crusts of saltpeter. Doubtless the beds of nitrate of
soda that are found in Peru have accumulated in the same man-
ner. So in our western caves, the earth sheltered from rains, is
saturated with salts — epsom salts, glauber salts and saltpeter or
mixtures of these. Often the rich soil of gardens is slightly
incrusted in this manner in our summer weather; but the saline
matters are carried into the soil with the next rain.

It is easy to see how, in a good soil, capillarity thus acts in
keeping the roots of plants constantly immersed in a stream of
water or moisture that is now ascending, now descending, but
never at rest, and how the food of the plant is thus made to cir-
culate around the organs fitted for absorbing it.

The same causes that maintain this perpetual supply of water
and food to the jtlant, are also tflicacious in constantly preparing
new supplies of food. The materials of the soil are always
undergoing decomposition, whereby the silica, lime, phosphoric
acid, potash, &c., of the insoluble fragments of rock, become
soluble in water and accessible to the plant. Water charp:ed with
carlxmic acid and oxygen, is the chief agent in these chemical
changes. The nK)re extensive and rapid the circulation of water
in the soil, the more matters will be rendered soluble in a given
time, and other thinc^s being equal, the less will the soil be
dependent on manures, to keep uj) its fertility.

No matter how favorable tlie structure of the soil may be to
the circulation of water in it, no continuous U])ward movement

110 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

caD take place without evaporation. The rapidity of evaporation
depends upon several causes, which will be individually noticed.
One of the most important is :

IV. The retentive powers of the soil for water. — The following
tables by Schiibler illustrate the peculiarities of diiierent soils in
this respect. The first column gives the per cents of water
absorbed by the completely dry soil. In these experiments the
soils were thoroughly wet with water, the excess allowed to drip
off, and the increase of weight determined. In the second column
are given the per cents of water that evaporated during the space
of one hour, from the saturated soil spread over a given surface.

Quartz sand, _ 25 88.4

Gypsum,-. 27 71.7

Lime sand, _ 29 75.9

Slaty marl, 34 68.0

Clay soil (sixty per cent clay,) 40 52.0

Loam, _ 51 45.7

Plough land, 52 32.0

Heavy clay, (80 per cent clay,) 61 34.9

Pure gray clay, 70 31.9

Fine carbonate of lime, 85 28.0

Garden mould, _ 89 24.3

Humus, - 181 25.5

Fine carbonate of magnesia, 256 10.8

It is obvious that these two columns express nearly the same
thing in different ways. The amount of water retained increases
from quartz sand to magnesia. The rapidity of drying in the air
diminishes in the same direction.

The want of retentive power for water in the case of coarse sand,
is undeniably one of the chief reasons of its unfruitfulness. The
best soils possess a medium retentive power. In them, therefore,
are best united the conditions for the regular distribution of the
soil-water, under all circumstances. In them this process is not
hindered too much either by w^et or dry weather. The retaining
power of humus is seen to be more than double that of clay.
This result might appear at first sight to be in contradiction to
ordinaiy observations ; for we are accustomed to see water standing
on the surface of clay, but not on humus. It must be borne in
mind that clay, from its imperviousness, holds water like a vessel,

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. Ill

the water remaining apparent; but humus retains it invisibly, its
action being nearly like that of a sponge.

One chief cause of the value of a layer of humus on the sur-
lace of the soil doubtless consists in this great retaining power for
water, and the success that has attended the practice of green
manuring as a means of renovating almost worthless shifting
sands, is in great degree to be attributed to this cause. The
advantages of mulching are explained in the same way.

Carbonate of magnesia, it is seen, far surpasses every other
material used in Schiibler's trials. It retains two and a half
times its weight of water, and loses the same very slowly on
evaporation. The opinion has been advanced that this excessive
attraction for water is one of the causes of the barrenness of cer-
tain soils that abound in this ingredient, and may explain why
some soils have been permanently injured by heavy applications
of a highly magnesian lime.

This is the proper place to notice : —

V. The shrinking of soils on drying. — This shrinking is of course
offset by an increase of bulk when the soil becomes wet. In
variable weather we have therefore constant changes of volume
occurring. Soils, rich in humus, experience these changes to the
greatest degree. The surface of moors often rise and fall with
the wet or dry season, through a space of several inches. In
ordinary light soils, containing but little humus, no change of
bulk is evident. Otherwise, it is in clay soils that shrinking is
most perceptible; since these soils only dry superficially, they do
not appear to settle much, but become full of cracks and rifts.
Heavy clays may lose one-tenth or more of their volume on drying,
and since at the same time they harden about the rootlets wliicli
are imbedded in them, it is plain that these indispensable organs
of the plant must thereby be ruptured, during the protracted dry
weather. Sand, on the other hand, does not change its bulk by
wetting or drying, and when present to a considerable extent in
the soil its particles being interposed l>etween those of the clay,
prevent the adhesion of the latter, so that, although a sandy loam
shrinks not inconsiderably on drying, yet the lines of separation
are vastly more numerous and less wide than in purer clays.
vSuch a soil does not "cake," but remains friable and powdery.

112 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

Marly soils (containing carbonate of lime) are especially prone
to fall to a fine powder during drying, since the carbonate of lime,
which like sand, shrinks very little, is itself in a state of extreme
division, and therefore more effectually se^^arates the clayey par-
ticles. The unequal shrinking of these two intimately mixed
ingredients, accomplishes a perfect pulverization of such soils.
Prof. Wolff, of the Academy of Agriculture, at Hohenheim, Wir-
temberg, states that on the cold heavy soils of Upper Lusatia, in
Germany, the application of lime has been attended with excel-
lent results, and he thinks that the larger share of the benefit is
to be accounted for, by the improvement in the texture of those
soils, which follows liming. The carbonate of lime is considerably
soluble in water charged with carbonic acid, as is the water of a
soil containing vegetable matter, and this agency of distribution
in connection with the mechanical operations of tillage, must in
a short time effect an intimate mixture of the lime with the
whole soil. A tenacious clay is thus by a heavy liming, made
to approach the condition of a friable marl.

VI. The relations of the soil to heat are of the utmost impor-
tance in affecting its fertility. The distribution of plants in gene-
ral is determined by differences of mean temperature. In the
same climate and locality, however, we find the farmer distin-
guishing between cold and warm soils.

The temperature of the soil varies to a certain depth with that
of the air; yet its changes occur more slowly, are confined to a
narrower range of temperature, and diminish downward in rapidity
and amount, until at a certain depth a point is reached wiiere the
temperature is invariable.

In summer the temperature of the soil is higher in day time
than that of the air; at night the temperature of the surface
rapidly falls, especially when the sky is clear.

In temperate climates, at a depth of three feet, the temperatm-e
remains unchanged from day to night; at a depth of 20 feet the
annual temperature varies but a degree or two; at 75 feet below
* the surface, the thermometer remains perfectly stationary. In the
vaults of the Paris Observatory, 80 feet deep, the temperature is
60^ Fahr. In tropical regions the point of nearly unvarying
temperature is reached at a depth of one foot.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 113

The mean annual temperature of the soil is the same as, or in
higher latitudes, a degree above that of the air. The nature and
position of the soil must considerably influence its temperature.

The sources of that heat which is found in the soil are two, viz :
first, an internal one, the chemical process of oxydation or decay;
second, an external one, the rays of the sun.

The heat evolved by the decay of organic matters is not incon-
siderable in porous soils containing much vegetable remains; but
this decay cannot proceed rapidly until the external temperature
has reached a point favorable to vegetation, and therefore this
source of heat probably has no appreciable effect one way or tlie
otlier on the welfare of the plant. The warmth of the soil, so
far as it favors vegetable growth, appears then to depend exclu-
sively on the heat of the sun. The circumstances which favor or
hinder the transmission or accumulation of the sun's heat, are
accordingly worthy of minute consideration.

METHODS BY WHICH HEAT IS COMMUNICATED.

1. Radiation of heat. — When we approach a liot body we per-
ceive its high temperature without touching it; heat streams from
it in all directions. This heat passes into the air and other
surrounding bodies; their temperature rises and that of the heat-
ed body falls; there is thus manifested a tendency to equaliza-
tion of temperature, and such a state is finally reached, after
which no more change of temperature is observed except some
hotter or colder body be introduced. In the day the sun radiates
heat towards the earth, and the latter becomes warmer; at night
the earth radiates heat into the planetary spaces, and itself grows
colder. All bodies are capable of radiating heat, but they possess
this property in very different degrees.

The experimental results on this subject lead to no very defi-
nite general conchisions. It seems however, that the porosity, or
state of division of the surface of a body, has tlie princi])al
influence on its radiating power. The less dense the surface, the
greater its radiating power. Radiation seems to take place not
merely fruni the surface, but also from a little distance beneath it.

2. Jihsorption of heat. — In our treatises on natural })hilosoj)hy,
there is much apparent confusion on this subject. Absorptive
power is often stated to be connected with the color of a body.

[Ag. Trans.] H

114 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

It is liowever the fact that the radiating and absorptive power of
a body for heat are absolutely equal. That body which absorbs
heat most readily, radiates it also most readily, and vice versa.
It must be understood however, that bodies may differ in their
power of absorbing or radiating heat of different degrees of inten-
sity. Lampblack absorbs and radiates heat of all intensities in
the same degree. White-lead absorbs heat of low intensity (such
as radiates from a vessel filled with boiling water) as fully as
lampblack, but of the intense heat of a lamp it absorbs only
about one-half as much. Snow seems to resemble white-lead in
this respect. If a black cloth or black paper be spread on the
surface of snow, upon which the sun is shining, it will melt much
faster under the cloth than elsewhere, and this too if the cloth
be not in contact with, but suspended above the snow. In our
latitude every one has had opportunity to observe that snow
thaws most rapidly when covered by or lying on black earth.
The reason is that snow absorbs heat of low intensity with
greatest facility. The heat of the sun is converted from a high
to a low intensity, by being absorbed and then radiated by the
black material. But it is not color that determines this difference
of absorptive power, for indigo and prussian blue though of
nearly the same color, have very different absorptive powers. So
far, however, as our observations extend, it appears that dark-
colored soils usually absorb heat more rapidly, and that the sun's
rays have least effect on light colored soils. This topic will be
recurred to.

3. Reflection. — Bodies exposed to radiant heat may reflect it to
a great extent. This is the case with polished metals, while glass
is a poor reflector. Reflection is oj>posed to absorption.

4. Transmission. — Radiant heat may also be transmitted through
bodies precisely in the way that light is. Rock salt transmits 92
per cent, of the heat that falls upon it; alum allows only 12 per
cent, to pass, while blue-vitriol intercepts radiant heat totally;
it is so to speak, opake to heat. On the other hand black
glass, which is opake to light, allows considerable heat to
pass through it. This kind of transmission is instantaneous and
/nust be distinguished from

6. Conduction. — This is a slower process, and consists in the
passage of heat from particle to particle of a solid substance.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 115

Conduction is destroyed by interruption of contact. Metals con-
duct heat most rapidly, while earthy matters have but a small
conducting power. Liquids and gases conduct heat least of all.
Porous bodies, like feathers, wool, cotton, &c., which enclose
much air in their interstices, are therefore among the poorest
conductors. Soils generally, must therefore rank among poor
conductors, although it is probable that there are considerable
differences among them. Humus, and soils rich in decaying
organic matters, are doubtless slower conductors of heat than
dense clays, but to my knowledge we have no precise experiments
on this subject. Mr. Hutchinson in an investigation of building
materials, found that if we assume the conducting power of slate
to be 100, that of soft chalk is 56, of gypsum 20, of sand 19.

6. Convection. — Though liquids and gases are almost perfect
non-conductors of heat, yet it can diffuse through them rapidly,
if advantage be taken of the fact that by heating they expand and
therefore become specifically lighter. If heat be applied to the
upper surface of liquids or gases they remain for a long time
nearly unaffected, if it be applied beneath them, the lower layers
of particles become heated and rise, their place is supplied by
others, and so currents upward and downward are established,
whereby the heat is rapidly and uniformly distributed. This
process of convection can rarely have any influence in the soil.
What we have stated concerning it, shows, however, in what way
the atmosphere may constantly act in removing heat from the
surface of the soil.

VII. The relations of water to heat. — The soil consists not
merely of mineral and vegetable matter — not merely of clay, sand
and liuuius — but it is always more or less penetrated with water.
The relations of this universally diffused liquid to heat, ai-e there-
fore of the utmost importance in understanding the conditions of
fertility.

Three states of water. — Water may exist in three states — solid,
liipiid and gaseous. In each of these forms it has a separate sig-
nificance in connection with our subject, and in its passage from
one of these states to another, phenomena are occasioned which
have great influence on vegetable production.

It is a matter of connnon observation that water exposed to the
air in a shallow vessel, ra]>idly decreases in bulk, and finally dis-

116 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

appears; it evaporates, it becomes invisible vapor or steam, and
passes into the air. The higher the temperature to which the
water is exposed, the more rapidly is this conversion accomplished.
On the other hand, when a glass of cold water is brought into a
warm, moist atmosphere, or held over the spout of a boiling tea-
kettle, a deposition of water takes place on the cold surface; the
vapor condenses, liquefies. Thus, by exposing water to great cold
it freezes, solidifies, becomes ice; by elevating the temperature of
a piece of ice, it becomes first liquid and then gaseous: by cooling
vapor, it passes into the liquid and finally into the solid form.
Temperature and pressure are the influences that affect the con-
dition of water. The first of these alone needs lengthened consi-
deration here

LIQUEFACTION VAPORIZATION LATENT HEAT. ^

When a piece of ice is placed in a vessel, whose temperature is
increasing, by means of a lamp, at the rate of one degree of the
thermometer every minute, it will be found that the temperature
of the ice rises until it attains 32*^. When this point is reached,
it begins to melt, but does not suddenly become fluid; the melting
goes on very gradually. A thermometer placed in the water,
remains constantly at 32^, so long as a fragment of ice is present.
The moment the ice disappears, the temperature begins to rise again
as before, at the rate of one degree per minute. The time during
which the temperature of the ice and water remains at 32*^, is
140 minutes. During each of these minutes one degree of heat
enters the mixture, but is not indicated by the thermometer — the
mercury remains stationary; 140^ of heat have thus passed into
the ice and become hidden, latent^ at the same time the solid ice has
become liquid water. The difference then between ice and water
consists in the heat that is latent in the latter. If we now pro-
ceed with the above experiment, allowing the heat to increase with
the same rapidity, we find that the temperature of the water rises
constantly for 180 minutes. The thermometer then indicates a
temperature of 212^ (32-^180,) and the water boils. Proceeding
with the experiment, the water evaporates away, but the ther-
mometer continues stationary so long as any liquid remains. After
the lapse of 972 minutes, it is completely evaporated. Water in
becoming steam, renders therefore still another portion, 972*^, of
heat latent. The heat latent in steam is indispensable to the exis-

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 117

tence of the latter. If this heat be removed by bringing the
steam into a cold space, water is reproduced. If, by means of
pressure or cold, steam be condensed, the heat originally latent in
it becomes sensible, /ree, and capable of afifecting the thermome-
ter. If, also, water be converted into ice, as much heat is evolved
and made sensible as was absorbed and made latent. It is seen
thus that the processes of liquefaction and vaporization are cooling
processes; for the heat rendered latent by tliem must be derived
from surrounding objects, and thus these become cooled. On the
contrary, solidification, freezing, and vapor-condensation are
warming processes, since in them large quantities of heat cease to
be latent and are made sensible, thus warming surrounding bodies.

From these facts we are able to understand certain natural
phenomena, whose influence on vegetation has been recognized
from the earliest times.

How does the earth maintain its temperature — What are its rela
lions to the sun's heat — What is dewl — These are questions we
now come to consider.

The earth has within itself a source of heat, which maintains
its interior at a high temperature; but which escapes so rapidly
from the surface, that the soil would be constantly frozen but for
the external supply of heat from the sun.

The direct rays of the sun are the immediate cause of the
warmth of the earth's surface. When the sun shines most directly
upon the earth, it is warmest, as at summer mid-day. In a win-
ter midnight we have the greatest cold. The temperature of the
soil near the surface changes progressively with the season; but
at a certain de2:)th the loss from the interior and the gain
from the sun compensate each other, and as has been previ-
ously mentioned, the temperature remains unchanged throughout
the year.

During a summer day the heat of the sun reaches the earth
directly, and it is absorbed by the soil and the solid objects on its
surlace, and also by the air and water. I3ut these different bodies,
and also the different kinds of soil, have very different ability to
absorb, or become warmed by the sun's heat. It has before been
mentioned that air and water are almost incapable of being
warmed by heat applied above them. Through the air especially,
heat radiates without being scarcely absorbed. The soil and

118 ANNUAL REPORT OF NE\7-Y0RK

solid bodies become warmed according to their individual capac-
ity, and from tliem the air receives the heat which warms it.
From the moist surface of the soil goes on a rajoid evaporation,
which renders latent a large amount of heat, so that the temper-
ature of the soil is not rapidly but gradually elevated. The
ascent of water from the sub-soil to supply the place of that
evaporated, goes on as before described. The liquid water of the
soil has combined with (rendered latent) a vast amount of heat
therefrom, and passed as gaseous water (vapor) into the air.
When the sun declines the process diminishes in intensity, and
when it sets, the reverse takes place. The heat that had accu-
mulated on the surface of the earth radiates into the cooler
atmosphere and planetary spaces, the temperature of the surface
rapidly diminishes, and the air itself becomes cooler by convec-
tion. As the cooling goes on, the vapor suspended in tlie atmos-
phere begins to condense upon cool objects, while its latent heat
becoming free hinders the too sudden reduction of temperature.
The condensed water collects in drops — it is dew; or in the colder
seasons it crystalizes as hoar-frost.

The special nature of the surface of the soil is closely connec-
ted with the maintenance of a uniform temperature, with the
prevention of too great heat by day and cold by night, and with
the watering of vegetation by means of dew. It is, however, in
many cases only for a little space after seed time, that the soil is
greatly concerned in these processes. So soon as it becomes cov-
ered with vegetation, the character of the latter determines to a
certain degree the nature of the atmospheric changes. In case
of many crops, the soil is but partially covered, and its pecu-
liarities are then of direct inliuence on the vegetation it bears.
Among these qualities the following remain to be noticed.

1. The color of the soil. — It is usually stated that black or
dark colored soils are sooner warmed by the sun's rays than those
of lighter color, and remain constantly of a higher tempera-
ture so long as the sun acts on them. An elevation of several
degrees in the temperature of a light colored soil, may be caused
by strewing its surface with peat, charcoal powder or vegetable
mold. 'To this influence may be partly ascribed the following
facts. Lampadius was able to ripen melons even in the coolest
summers, in Friberg, Saxony, by strewing a coating of coal dust

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 119

an inch deep over the surface of the soil. In Belgium and on the
Rhine, it is found that the grape matures best when the soil is
covered with fragments of black clay slate. Girardin found in a
series of experiments on the cultivation of potatoes, that the
time of their ripening varied eight to fourteen days according to
the color of the soil. He found on August 25th, in a very dark
humus soil, twenty-six varieties ripe; in sandy soil twenty; in
clay nineteen; and in white lime soil, only sixteen. It is not
difficult to assign other causes that will account in part for the
results here mentioned ; there seem to be no accurate and exten-
sive observations on this point. That dark soils may actually
attain an increased temperature of three to eight degrees over
light colored soils, is a matter of direct observation.

2. Rapidity with which the soil cools and warms. — Schiibler found
that different soils heated to the same point required different
times to cool down through a given number of degrees. In the
following table are given his results, lime sand being assumed as
100.

Lime sand, _ 100

Slate marl, ._ _ 98.1

Quartz sand, 95.6

Potters' clay,.. 76.9

Gypsum, 73.8

Clay loam, 71.8

Plough clay land, 70.1

Heavy clay, 68.4

Pure gray clay, 66.7

Garden earth, 64.8

Fine carb. lime, 61.3

Humus, _ 49.0

Magnesia, _ 38.0

It is seen that the sandy soils cool most slowly, tlien follow
clays and heavy soils, and lastly comes humus. It must be
remembered that the exi)erimeiits were instituted on dry soils,
i. e. artificially deprived of water, and hence do not api)ly to the
soil in its natural state, in wliicli water is rarely absent.

As to the rapidity with which various soils become warmed by
the heat of the sun or of the day, no observations of any agri-
cultural value have been instituted to my knowledge. It is easy

V20 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

to speculate upon this topic. The rapidity of cooling appears to
stand in direct connection with the lightness and porosity of the
soil; such qualities favor radiation, and the loss of heat by the
circulation of the inclosed air. Such soils also, in nature, enclose
a considerable amount of water, and in them capillary action is
strongest in raising supplies from the sub-soil * On account of
their porosity, this water is constantly evaporating, and therefore
by extracting from them the heat necessary to vaporization, their
temperature is speedily reduced. For the same reason moist soils
rich in humus, can warm but slowly in the sun's rays. Sandy
soils retaining little water, evaporation is less active in re-
ducing their temperature. The surfaces of the grains of sand
are glassy and smooth, they therefore radiate poorly, though this
depends of course on the degree of fineness and smoothness. Clays
stand in the middle of the scale.

3. The degree of moisture present is of great influence on the
temperature of the soil. All soils when thoroughly wet seem to
be nearly alike in their power of absorbing and retaining w^armth.
The vast quantity of heat needful to gratify the demand of the
vapor that is constantly forming, explains this. From this cause
the difference in temperature between dry and wet soil may often
amount to 10^ to 18^. According to the observation of Dickin-
son made at Abbot's Hill, Herts, and continued through eight
years 90 per cent, of the water falling between April 1st and
October 1st. evaporates from the surface of the soil; only 10 per
cent, finding its way into drains laid three and four feet deep.
The total quantity of w^ater that fell during this time, amounted to
about 2,900,000 lbs. per acre; of this more than 2,600,000 eva-
porated from the surface. It has been calculated that to evapo-
rate artificially, this enormous mass of water, more than seventy-
five tons of coal must be consumed.

Thorough draining, by loosening the soil and causing a rapid
removal from below, of the surplus water, has a most decided
influence, especially in spring time, in warming the soil, and
bringing it into a suitable condition for the support of vegetation.

It is plain then that even if we knew with accuracy what are
the physical characters of a surface soil, and if we were able to
estimate correctly the influence of these characters on its fertil-
ity, still we must investigate those circumstances which affect its

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 121

wetness or dryness, whether they be an impervious sub-soil, or
springs coming to the surface, or the amount and frequency of
rain-falls, taken with other meteorological causes. We cannot
decide that a clay is too wet or a sand too dry, until we know its
situation and the climate it is subjected to.

The great deserts of the globe do not owe their barrenness to
necessary poverty of soil, but to meteorological influences — to
the continued prevalence of parching winds, and the absence of
mountains to condense the atmospheric water, and establish a
system of rivers and streams. This is not the place to enter into
a discussion of the causes that may determine or modify climate,
but to illustrate the effect that may be produced by means within
human control, it may be stated that previous to the year 1821,
the French district Provence was a fertile and well watered
region. In 1822, the olive trees which were largely cultivated
there were injured by frost, and the inhabitants began to cut
them up root and branch. This amounted to clearing ofP a forest,
and in consequence the streams dried up, and the productiveness
of the country was seriously diminished.

4. The angle at which the sun's rays strike a soil is of great influ-
ence on its temperature. The more this approaches a right angle
the greater the heating effect. In the latitude of England the
sun's heat acts most powerfully on surfaces having a soulliern
exposure, and which are inclined at an angle of 25^ and 30^.
The best vineyards of the Rhine and Neckar, are also on hill-
sides, so situated. In Lapland and Spitzbergen the southern side
of hills are often seen covered with vegetation, while lasting or
even pt-rpetual snow lies on their northern inclinations.*

• Malaglti and DcnocnER have made some observations on the temperature of soils
which have come to my knowledge since the ulove was written. They found that the temp,
of a garden Foil, just below the surface, was on the avernge 6° Fahr. higher thim that of iho
air, but that thin higher temperature diminished at a greater depth. A thermometer buried
four inches indicated a mean temperature only 3° above that of (he atmos| here. Besides the
garden earth ju: t Uientioned, whicli had a dark gray color and wns a mixture of sand and
gravel containing but little ciny, with about five jk r cent, humus, the thern;ometric churac-
ien of the following soils were observed, viz: a gray i.>-h -white quartr. snnd, a grayi.-h-l n wn
granite (and, a fine light-gray clay, (pipe clay) a yellow fandy clay, and finally four lime
soils of different physical qualities

The influence of a wall or other reflecting surface upf)n the warmth of a soil lying to the
south of it, was observed in the case of the garden soil. The highest teuipora'ure indicated
by a therniometer placed in this mil ot a dif^tunce of 6 inches from tl.e wall, during a series of
observatins lasting seven days, (Ajril lSi2) wos 32*^ Fahr. higher at the surface, and 16°
hiphrr at a de| th of f»ur iichcs than in the f^ame soil on the north side of the wall. The
ave rage ti m^arature of the former during this time was 8^' higher than that of the latter.

122 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

VIII. Cohesiveness of the soil. — A soil is said to be heavy or
light, not as it weighs more or less, but as it is easy or difficult to
work. The state of dryness lias great influence on this quality.
Sand, lime and humus have very little cohesion when dry, but
considerable when wet. Soils in which they predominate are
usually easy to work. But clay has entirely different characters,
and upon them almost exclusively depends the tenacity of a soil.
Dry clay, when powdered, has hardly more consistence than
sand, but when thoroughly moistened, its particles adhere together
to a soft and plastic, but tenacious mass; and in drying away, at
a certain point, it becomes very hard, and requires a good deal
of force to penetrate it. In this condition it offers great resistance
to the intruments used in tillage, and when thrown up by the
plough, it forms lumps which require repeated harrowings to

In another trial in March, the difference in average temperature between the southern and
northern exposures was nearly double this amount in favor of the former. Among the soils
experimented on it was found that when the exposure was alike, the dark -gray granite sand
became the warmest, and next to this the grayiih-white quartz sand. The latter notwith-
standing its lighter color, often acquired a higher temperature when at a depth of four inches
than the former, a fact to be ascribed to its better conducting power. The black soils never
became so warm as the two just mentioned, demonstrating that color does not influence the
absorption of heat so much as other qualities. After the black soils, the others came m the
following order: Garden soil, yellow sandy clay, pipe clay, lime soils having crystalline
grains, and lastly a pulverulent chalk soil.

To show what diilerent degrees of warmth, soils may acquire under the same circumstances,
the following maximum temperatures may be adduced. At noon of a July day, when the
temperature of the air was 90*^, a thermometer placed at a depth of little more than one
inch, gave these results:

In quartz sand, 126'*

In crystaline lime soil, 115°

In garden soil, • 114**

In yellow sandy clay, 1 00*

In pipe clay, 94®

In chalk soil, 87°

Here we observe a difference of nearly 40° in the temperature of the coarse quartz and the
chalk soil. The experimenters do not mention the influence of water in affecting these
results — they do not state the degree of dryness of these soils. It will be seen, however,
that the warmest soils are those that retain least water, and doubtless something of the
slowness with which the fine soils increase in warmth is connected with the fact that they
retain much water, which in evaporating appropriates and renders latent a large quantity
of heat.

Malnguti and Durocher also studied the eff'ect of a sod on the temperature of the soil.
They observed that it hindered the warming of the soil, and indeed to about the fame extent
as a layer of earth, of three inches depth. Thus a thermometer four inches deep in green-
sward, acquires the same temperature as one seven inches deep in the same soil not grassed.

It is to be remembered that the soils that warm most quickly, al<o cool correspondingly
fast, and thus are subjected to the most extensive ai d rapid changes of temperature. The
greensward which warms slowly, retains it^ warmth most tenaciously, and the sands that
become hottest at noon-day, are c.ldsst at midnight.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 123

break them down. Since the cohesiveness of the soil depends so
greatly upon the quantity of water contained in it, it follows that
thorough draining, combined with deep tillage, whereby sooner or
later the stiffest clays become readily permeable to water, must
have the best effects in making such soils easy to work.

The English practice of burning clays speedily accomplishes
the same purpose. When clay is burned and then crushed, the
particles no longer adhere tenaciously together on moistening,
and the mass does not acquire again the unctuous plasticity
peculiar to unburned clay.

Mixing sand with clay, or incorporating vegetable matter with
it, serves to separate the particles from each other, and thus rem-
edies too great cohesiveness.

When water freezes, its volume increases, as is well known.
The alternate freezing and thawing of the water which impreg-
nates the soil during the colder part of the year plays thus an
important part in overcoming its cohesion. The effect is mostly
apparent in the spring, immediately after " the frost leaves the
ground," but is usually not durable, the soil recovering its former
consistence by the operations of tillage. Fall-ploughing of stiff
soils has been recommended, in order to expose them to the
disintegrating effects of frost.

IX. Absolute weight of soils. — According to Johnston, a cubic

foot of dry silicious or calcareous sand weighs about 110 lbs.

Half sand and half clay, 96 "

Common arable land, 80 to 90 "

Heavy clay, _. 75 "

Garden mold, rich in vegetable matter, 70 "

Peat soil, _ _ _ 30 to 50 "

This concludes our study of the physical characters of the soil,
as they affect its fertility. It is seen that our knowledge is very
incomplete, and the whole subject is in the highest degree worthy
of an extended investigation. Such a reseach is an enter])rise
not at all difficult to carry out, by a proper condonation of know-
ledge, skill and pecuniary means. I am more and more convin-
ced that no one thing .would so greatly contribute to increase and
maintain the productiveness of our fields, as a thorough knowledge
and application of the principles that are stated or suggested in
the previous pages. We shcnild thereby secure the proper basis

124 ANNUAL BEPORT OF N. Y. STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

for the chemical melioration of the soil by means of manures,
and as thus one most fruitful source of the failure of fertilizers
would be removed, we should have reason to hope that the vexed
questions concerning them would be brought to a solution, and
out of the present confusion of agricultural opinions and prac-
tices, would be evolved a system having in it some signs of har-
mony and completeness.

That between these different characters of the soil and circum-
stances in which it may be found an intimate connection exists, is
perfectly obvious. In these pages the writer has endeavored to
show this connection to a sufficient extent; much more, however,
might be written regarding it — much space might also be occupied
with the discussion of the characteristics of special soils, but it
would be necessary in so doing, in the deficiency of experimental
data, to trust more to speculation than is desirable in cases com-
plicated with so many conditions. The subject is therefore com-
mended to the careful study of the farmer, in full confidence
that he will here and there be able to derive practical benefit
from it. In conclusion it must not be neglected to repeat, that
in addition to these physical characters, the chemical properties
and relations of the soil (including the theory of manures),
are concerned in determining the fertility of soils, and a compre-
hensive view of the whole subject is indispensable to the highest
success in making a practical application of science.

For the full elucidation of the chemistry of the soil, and for
the theory of those mechanical operations, as drainage and
tillage, which, serving greatly to improve the physical condition
of soils, also materially influence its chemical character, the
reader is referred to Johnston's " Lectures on Agricultural Chem-
istry and Geology," or to Stoeckhardt's "Chemical Field Lectures."

AN ESSAY

ON THE DISEASES OF THE GRAPE AND THE SUGAR CANE :

BY C. E. GOODRICH.

" Physiology and experience are, I think, fast verging to the
conjJusion, that atmospheric changes, that is weather or climate,
especially as connected with a course of culture too stimulating,
are the causes of almost all vegetable maladies; and not less the
cause similarly of almost all animal diseases. No plant or ani-
mal has a natural immortality. Climate and the stimulation of
culture are the falling weight by which both are kept, for a time,
in motion, and by which both are, in the end, run down." — Trans-
actions of the Patent Office, 1853, pg. 172.

INTRODUCTION.

The cultivation of the grape and the sugar cane is becoming a
matter of national interest. The liability of both to occasional
disease, is the greatest discouragement to their culture. The
views, taken in this paper, of those diseases will be announced
witli confidence and boldness, particularly in reference to the
grape, as being based on some little observation, both direct and
analogical. Let me here say, however, once for all, that I shall
hold opinions on this subject open to correction by those wliose
experience in vegetable pathology is wider than my own. Many
of the fullcjwing views are not in accordance with sentiments
widely received on the same topic, so far as I am acquainted with
the sentiments of others. They are not however, recent with
myself The si)irit of them will be found in my three essays on
the diseases of the potato, found respectively in the Transactions
of the N. Y. State Agricultiu-al Society for 1847, 1848, and 1851.
This last is found also in the Transactions of the Patent office for

126 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

1852, p. 354 — 372. It is not my design in this paper to write a
treatise on the culture of the grape, a thing which has already
been well done once and again. Still less is it my design to write
a treatise on the culture of the sugar cane, a labor to which my
experience is altogether inadequate. My simple object is to shew
by direct and analogical facts and reasonings the nature^ cause and
remedy of these diseases. My habit has been for many years, to
journalize the weather with reference to the diseases of vegeta-
tion. The older cultivators of the grape and the sugar cane may
perhaps detect minor errors of fact and theory in this paper; if
so, let them not lose sight of my main design. Let them remem-
ber also that I tread new ground, no clear and lengthy exhibition
of the cause of these diseases having ever to my knowledge, h||en
written. If these views are found to be true, with reference to
the grape and the sugar cane, their wide application to theoreti-
cal and practical terra-culture generally will be most obvious^

3*

I.— PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS.

1. Indispensible conditions of vegetable growth. — a. Soil.
— The soil becomes at once the mechanical support and local
home of the plant, as well as the soui-ce of its twelve, (more or
less) inorganic elements essential to the growth of all vegetation.
These elements must exist in the soil, not only in fact, but also in
an available condition. Practically considered, there must also
exist, in every good soil, an amount of vegetable or animal mat-
ter suflB.cient to benefit the soil mechanically, as well as to afford,
in part at least, the four organic elements of vegetable growth.

b. Water must co-exist with the foregoing, and in the atmos-
phere, to become in part, the source of nutrition, to act as the
solvent of elementary matters and to become their carrier in the
circulation of the plant.

c. Mr must co-exist with both of the foregoing, partly as a
source of food, and partly, like water, as a solvent and carrier
of other things.

d. Light, heat, and possibly other imponderable elements
or influences of nature, must be present as stimulants indispen-
sible to all vegetable life and progress.

e. Culture, though not indispensible to all vegetable growth,

• I have treated these two diseases associately because I consider tbem similar in their
causes, manifestations and remedy.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 127

becomes so practically, in most soils and climates, as a means of
enlarging, directing and economizing the use of the preceding
elementary bodies and influences. In the most favorable localities
of soil and climate, it greatly enhances the results of vegetable
growth, wliile, in unfavorable spots, it is essential to the security
of any useful result. In conclusion, the active coexistence of
these conditions are essential to all vegetable life, action and
result. They make the plant whatever it becomes. With the
exception of occasional impediments to health, (which need not
be mentioned in this hasty sketch,) they are the only considerations
to he had in mijid in the investigation of vegetable disease. Disease^
from the very necessity of the case^ must be found in some dfficiency^
intensity^ or irregularity^ in some one^ more or all, of these con-
ditions.

2. Specific climatic requirements. — Light., Heat and Moisture.^
in their relation to soil and air^ exert a combined iniluence which
is denominated, in its temporary aspect, season^ but in its usually
fixed condition, climate. Climate and season may be viewed in
three aspects.

a. Intensity. — 1. Tropical plants, as a whole, require variously,
high heat and moderate degrees of moisture. Hence, they are
cultivated in what are usually denominated temperate climates,
only where those climates exhibit, during the summer, a degree
of heat and light closely approximating to that of tropical regions.

The United States of America exhibit, through nearly all their
extent, such a character. Hence, in most of the central and north-
ern States, Indian corn, melons, cucumbers, tomatoes, &:c., grow
with a good degree of freedom, while, in the southern States,
sugar-cane, cotton, rice, &;c., are cultivated with facility and
profit. The United States of America, viewed in comparison
witli otiier temperate climates, resemble a gore extended into
them from the tropics, during one-third of the year.

2. Hardy ]»lants, on the other hand, indispensibly re<|uire, at
least for a ]jart of the year, a degree of coolness and moi>ture
inconsistent with the healtli of tro])ical vegetation. These ele-
ments are afforded to them in the early spring and late autumn,
at periods when tropical })laiits are not in progress. This result
is farther reached by uniforiuly locating tropical jdants in the
warmest aspects, and liardy ones in those which are cooler. In

128 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

the ap2:>lication of this subject of intensity, it is a matter of
familiar experience that a season uniformly dry and hot, like
1854 and 1856, severely affects hardy vegetation, while one uni-
formly cool, like 1S16 and 1848, severely tries the health and
quality of all tropicals.

b. Uniformity. — 1. Tropical climates present much uniformity,
in the continuance of decidedly dry, hot weather as well as
in the transition to the wet and cool season.

2. Temperate and cooler climates, especially in the United
States of America, on the contrary, are marked by sudden tran-
sitions, both in the progress of the season and in the change from
summer to autumn. Hence it results :

a. That, in the attempt to cultivate tropicals in a climate
usually presenting a hot summer, as in the United States of
America, the health of such plants is often severely jeopardized
by the occurrence of a single period of cold, wet, dark and windy
weather, especially if it be extended over three or four days, as
was the casein a remarkable change from the 11th to the 17th oi
July, 1846. In such cases the evil to a tropical plant results
from bringing the whole system of it into an unusual state of
moisture, chill, and deficient light, and holding it there in
a nearly suspended state of elaboration, until chemical law
overpowers vital action in a greater or lesser degree. In such
changes, water melons, egg plants, cucumbers, musk melons,
tomatoes, summer squash, peppers, beans, pumpkins and Indian
corn suifer, and they do so nearly in the order in which they
are here arranged, the first suffering most. Potatoes are also
injured simultaneously.

b. A similar result is also seen when hot, damp weather (which
is an attribute of tropical climates,) invades a climate naturally
cool. In this case, hardy plants seem to suffer an engorgement of
their vessels and an impeded action of their air tubes, by means
of the close state of the atmosphere and the presence of too much
moisture. The result in this case, as in the preceding, is the
deprivation of the elaborating process, and a partial and some-
times perfect ascendency of chemical over vital forces. The occur-
rence ©f such w^eather early in the summer, frequently injures
wheat and other grains, and grass, while later in the summer, it
injures apples, plums, cabbage, turnips, walnuts, &c. A single

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 129

invasion of an otherwise equable and happy tempered summer —
an invasion not remembered by the careless cultivator — often
seems to give character to the whole season, and greatly jeopar-
dizes the hopes of the farmer. A discerning cultivator may
always predict, with considerable accuracy, the character and
degree of suffering which will result from these two classes of
irregular weather.

c. Term of continuance. — Here my present purpose makes it
necessary to speak principally of tropical plants, since they espe-
cial Iv suffer from short seasons.

In conducting a large market garden for ten years, I noticed
that, when tender plants were forwarded in hot beds from as
early a period as was consistent with the pecuniary proiit of the
cultivator, say from the 10th of April, cucumbers could be cut
lor market by about June 20th; tomatoes and musk-melons about
August 10th. To secure this result the summer needed to be
somewhat dry and even temperate. If the summer were other-
wise these, and other tropical crops were proportionably later;
and then, in case of an early frost, say by the 10th of September,
all tropical productions, with the exceptions perhaps, of corn,
beans and potatoes, exhibited a loss of from one-third to one-
half of the ordinary profits. The occurrence of a late spring
would almost equally injure the same crops, by preventing the
timely or safe transfer of such crops from the seed beds, and thus
virtually giving a shortness to the season, even with an autumn
of ordinary length.

3. Period of maturity. — Closely related to the subject of
climatic requirements, and co-ordinate with it, is the considera-
tion of tlie maturities of plants. The maturity of a plant, in any
one year, depends mainly on the elevation of the temperature.
A warm summer, other tilings being equal, matures fruits, grains
and roots earlier than a cooler one. Hence, thouj<h the sowing
and planting season, in the northern States, is considerably later
than ill England, Holland, and the north of Finance, their harvest
is earlier than in those countries. This result is produced by the
higher teni}>erature, and therefore the more impulsive character
of the weather. Aside from this general law, niaturity d('i>ends

1. On a law of reproduction. Plants raised annually from
the seed may be made in many, and probably in most cases,

[Ag. Trans.J I

130 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

gradually to increase or diminish the period of their growth as
they are carried south or north. This is finely illustrated in the
case of Indian corn, which, at the extreme north of its limits of
cultivation, ripens in about sixty or seventy days, while, in tropi-
cal regions, it requires from two to three times that period. A
musk-melon, brought from St. Thomas in 1848, was ripened
in 1849 with the utmost difficulty, even with the aid of a hot-
bed in the spring.

In 1850 this melon ripened a little earlier. A winter squash,
as we should here call it, brought from the same place and at the
same time, did not ripen at all, and was irrecoverably lost. There
is a limit however, to the improvement of maturities which can-
not well be passed. In the very nature of vegetable progress,
there must be time for the plant to attain a considerable expan-
sion, to flower and set fruit. This fruit needs to attain to a certain
size, and then mature its secretions. To shorten any of these
processes must result in a small plant or small fruit, or poorly
elaborated fruit, or all these things. These things being so, and
our climate what it is, cucumbers cannot be cut for the table short
of about nine weeks, nor musk melons or tomatoes of about six-
teen or seventeen weeks.

2. With perennial plants, however, the case is different. Their
period of growth is fixed at the time of their origin. Thus :

a. An early York peach or red astrachan apple is always early,
compared with a Morris white peach or a Newtown pippin apple.
Nor does this period of maturity vary relatively or intrinsically
beyond the temporary influence of a particular season or soil. In
short, a perennial, found to be late or early in a particular climate,
remains unchangeably so.

h. In 1848 I imported a potato from Bogota, in New Grenada.
It possessed great constitutional powers, and bore seed balls abun-
dantly; but its tubers were late, and no larger than small butter-
nuts. In five or six years I lost it by a gradual decline. In 1851
I imported eight other varieties of potatoes from South America
by way of Panama. They were supposed to have come from the
coast of Chili. Four of these sorts, bearing considerable resem-
blance to each other, were, from the beginning, entirely too
late, though bearing seed balls early and profusely. They ran out
the third vear. Of two other sorts, imported at the same time.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 13 1

one failed the fourtli and the other the fifth year. The last, how-
ever, was sent to Virginia early, where, with a longer season of
growth, it flourished. A seventh sort ripened from the first in
good season, but was dwarf and not valuable. The eighth sort
w^as the Rough Purple Chili, and was found to come within the
range of our seasons. It continues to flourish. In December,
1852, 1 received three more sorts from South America. They were
almost undistinguishable in color. One of them, purchased in
the market at Calao, in 12^ south lat.., (but supposed to have
been brought from the mountains.) never half ripened, and was
rejected after two years trial. Another was a wild variety, dug
by my friend in a wild ravine, within half a mile of Valparaiso,
in 32° south lat. This flowered very early, and was covered
with flowers all summer, but set neither balls nor tubers, and
was irrecoverably lost. A third, bought in the market of Val-
paraiso, but supposed to have been grown upon the mountains,
ripens tolerably Avell, and shows no decline yet in health or yield.
Its tubers, however, are very late, and are often diseased. This
sort also was early sent to Virginia, where it flourishes. Thus it
is seen that, in twelve cases of imported varieties of the potato,
the maturities of each remained unchanged; thus illustrating the
law that character^ in regard to season of maturity^ is congenital.

c. As a farther illustration of this law, I may state that,
between 1848 and 1857, I originated more than eight thousand
varieties of seedling potatoes. They included about fifty-one
families and sub-families. There were twelve hundred of them,
including fifteen families, originated in 1856, of which I cannot
yet speak confidently; but of the others I can truly say that, I
have never found a variety vary subsequently from its earliest
ascertained period of maturity, although my culture, the second
year, often covered one-half of the original number, and one-
fourth or fifth the third year. It was from such experience as
this, that I was led to lay down the position, in my publislicd
rules for tlie culture of seedling potatoes, (See Patent office
report, of 1855, p. 206,) " that a seed/in g well cultivated^ and
yet making small potatoes the first year, will never afterwards mature
in season y

d. The assertion is sometimes made that, the Isabella and
Catawba grapes, though brought from North Lat. 33^ to 36^, with

132 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEAV-YORK

other varieties brought from southern and eastern climes, have
shortened the period of their maturity by long continued and
wise culture here. I risk nothing in saying that this assertion is
most certainly untrue, and is founded in some mistaken interpre-
tation of facts. I doubt whether, within the widest range of
vegetable culture, one well-attested proof can be brought of a
perennial shortening the season of its maturity, habitually. An
actually new- development of the species, from the soil and air of
a given place, is needful hopefully to produce such a change.
Indeed, this reproduction must often extend to a second and third
time, to receive the needed shortness of season.

e. In order to the perfection of a plant, whether herbaceous or
woody, and whether annual or perennial, its annual expansion of
limb and fruit should be reached, especially in the case of tropi-
cals, before the occurrence of severe autumnal chills. In that
case the branches and leaves will be found filled with matter in
such a state of elaboration as is sufficient to mature the fruit.
Hence the practice, now nearly universal in the northern states,
of cutting up Indian corn soon after the ear is Avell glazed, and
setting it up in shocks. Experience proves that the accumulated
secretions of the stalk and leaf are sufficient for the ripening of
the ears; while the fodder also is richer than if left in the snn
and wind to a later period of time. So similarly, our gardeners
often pull up tomatoes by the roots, on the eve of an expected
frost, and hang them up in out-houses, or make them into small
heaps, where it is found much of the green fruit will mature.
On the contrary, if such crops are left out under a light frost the
leaves are not only killed, and thus all further active elaboration
prevented, but the health of the fruit is more or less jeopardized
from the corruption of the half frozen herbage. So further, when
a tropical, or even hardy plant, is struck with frost, in a highly
immature state, that plant exhibits many young immature cells,
of course filled with immature fluids. These vessels can never
subsequently ripen, nor will their crude juices ever become
available either to the maturity of the plant or its fruit. Nothing
but connection with the earth and air, through the medium of
the leaf, can ever condense and enrich such juices. Not only
will they be unavailing, but they will subsequently become a
means of disease to the plant. Such young vessels and juices are

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 133

virtually dead from the moment vegetation ceases. It is just
here that the injury of a long and warm autumn, suddenly fol-
lowed by winter, is felt. The hardiest fruit trees, but especially
the half-hardy, as the peach and the grape, are often thus fatally
injured. Even corn stalks cut up for fodder, late in autumn, are
saved with difficulty, chemical changes in their juices often
inducing sourness and decay before they can be cured.

4. Tropical plants not susceptible of acclimation. — Few
topics, relating to agriculture, exhibit so much liability to erro-
neous opinion as this.

1. It might have been observed that the cucumber, melon,
tomato, potato, Indian corn, &c., bear frost now no better than
they did when first introduced from the tropics, two or three

centuries ago.

2. So it might have been observed that now, just as formerl}^,
the occurrence of a cold and wet, unsteady season, injures or
ruins tropical foliage, fruits, seeds and roots.

3. The climatic range of tropicals has not been materially
increased. Improvements in protections, aspects, sub-soiling,
&c., may now admit of the culture of tropicals in advanced posi-
tions nortliward. But the circumstances remaining unchanged,
the limits of the culture of corn, melons, cotton, grasses, cucum-
bers, &c., remain just at the limits designated centuries ago.

4. The most that can be claimed is, that many tropicals, by
reproduction from the seed, may be shortened in season of growth,
as already explained above. Other varieties are capable of being
budded or grafted on some of the more hardy kindred varieties,
as the peach, apricot or tlie plum, thus shortening the period of
their growth. It is also perhaps true, conversely, that some hardy
trees, removed south and protected from the hot sun for a year
or two, are better able to bear the heat of that climate. It is
found here that trees are more safely brought from nurseries, at
the east and west, than from New-York city, or New Jersey, in
the autumn, the climatic intensity here being greater than in the
latter places.

5. Many varieties of plants derive from the soil or atmosphere,
where they originate, some peculiar qualities, which cannot
be sustained in perfection when transmitted to other soils and
atmospheres, though in the same general climatic range. Thus

134 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

the prune plum has never succeeded so well in the United States
of America, as in France and Germany.

These preliminary considerations have been treated briefly,
and some of them with few illustrations, because they are
addressed to those to whom these subjects are familiar.

II.— DISEASES OF THE GRAPE AND THE SUGAR CANE,

WITH THE REMEDY.

1. Diseases, &c., of the Grape. — The wine grape of Europe
has recently shown liabilities to disease. The same grape, when
transported to the United States of America, especially to the
northern and north-eastern parts, is even more diseased than in
its native climes. Nor are our own native varieties wholly
exempt, especially when subjected to the same course of culture.
I do not deem it needful to describe the outward manifestations
of disease, nor decide what portion of them may be referable to
the action of insects. They are usually familiar to the cultivator.

An inquiry into the probable causes of the disease of the grape
will lead me to contemplate

1. Soil. — a. Soil chemically considered. — Of the inorganic ele-
ments essential to the constitution of vegetable tissue, especially
of the grape, one of the most common and indispensible is potash.
The extreme destitution of this, or of any other element in a soil,
would undoubtedly result in the diminished health of the grape.
I think, however, that the diminished proportion of important
elements in a soil results oftener in the dwarfed growth of vege-
tation than in its diseased condition. However this may be, the
fact that often grapes are diseased in soils well constituted by
nature or art, leads us to look for the more prominent causes of
grape disease in some other connection.

Indeed, without denying that some diseases of vegetation are
traceable to the total or partial absence of some important element
in the soil, it seems more consonant with a gracious Providence,
that the poverty of soils, in the more important elements, should
result in a dwarfed rather than in a diseased growth. Truth, in
this line, is taught by exj^erience and not by revelation. In an
ignorant' state of society men very readily learn the general
theory, or, at least, the practice of manuring; but the application
of such specific manures as shall bring out the richest results of

STATE AGEICULTURAL SOCIETY. 135

agriculture, can only take place in a liiglily cultivated state of
agricultural science. It was needful for the world, in the infancy
of society, that the great staples of human food should be culti-
vated in the simplest manner. Society then must have well nigh
perished had human food depended on the application of special
manures. The cultivation of the grape has long been, in orien-
tal climeS; a large contribution to human food. Such culture,
we must believe, was early practiced without the aid of specific
manures. We may now, amid our scientific and practical
advancement, discover the value of manures where eo applied, espe-
cially in incongenial climes and in the culture of deteriorated varie-
ties, whether of grapes or of other plants. But from the beginning I
think it could not have been so. Nor will it be said that all
oriental grape culture was in highly appropriate soils, such as the
volcanic regions are admitted to present. All oriental grape cul-
ture was not, and is not, in volcanic regions.

b. Soil mechanically considered. — Experience seems to suggest
that the grape needs a soil dry and loose, a heavy clay soil pro-
ducing a gross and unhealthy growth. That necessity, however,
is probably confined to the immediate central position of the
grape root, since the analogy of the most healthful native grapes,
in natural positions where water is within the distant reach of
their roots, seem.s to indicate that such remote presence of water
is not prejudicial to their health. Here however, as in the con-
templation of the chemical character of the soil, it should not be
forgotten ftiat, in years of prevalent grape disease, such disease
pays little regard to the mechanical constitution of the soil. We
are led then, as before, to look for the causes of grape disease in
some other connection. To all this it may be replied, that the
Spitzenburgh apple, which is so delicious when produced in its
native valley, fails entirely to produce fine fruit in the neighbor-
hood of Boston; that the Virgalieu pear has long been declining
i)n all the Atlantic sea-board; and that the Port grape produces
Port wine only in the neighborhood of Oporto. In these particu-
lar cases of failure, and others like them, we may safely atlmit
that the cause may exist partly in the soil and not exclusively in
the climate. It should not be forgotten here, however, that the
failure in these cases is both permanent and apparently irreme-
diable, while the ordinary disease of the grape seems marked more

136 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

by lines of latitude and climate, than ciiaracteristics of soil. Such
facts go far to exonerate the soil from at least a leading agency
in the production of grape disease.

2. Climate as affecting the health of the grape. — The
grape, whether w^e contemplate the varieties imported from
Europe, or our own native sorts, has one general constitution, the
difference being very much in favor of the hardiness of American
varieties. If we compare the climates of Persia, Greece, Judea,
Italy, France, Spain, Morocco, (the seats of its ancient and suc-
cessful culture,) or that of California, whither it was carried from
Spain, we shall find climates in strong contrast with our own;
climates highly characterized by uniformity of summer tempera-
ture, and gradual changes in the succession of the seasons. In
investigating the effect of climate on the grape I notice :

a. Coldj wetj fitful weather. — Such weather is ever prejudicial
to the vine. In warm, dry tempered seasons, like 1852, but
especially in 1854, the grape always exhibits comparatively
healthful foliage, and rich fruit. The grape is a half tropical
plant, whose climatic sympathies are very much with the melon,
tomato, Indian corn, &c., such at least seems to be the character
of the wine grape of Europe. (See specific climatic require-
ments.) The occurrence of cold, wet, windy weather, at any
time between the middle of June and the middle of August, is apt
to injure its health, since then the tissues of the plant present
the largest amount of half-formed cells and immature juices.
Such weather seems to produce a torpor of the elaborating pro-
cess; a state of paralysis which speedily results in a deprivation
of the nutrimental juices. Hence originate mildews, rusts, &:c.,
on the leaves, limbs and fruit, which are but the external proofs
of the morbid secretions of the plant. These indications are
usually preceded by a yellow starved look of the extremities of
the vines, and often of the leaves generally. These sudden and
extreme alternations of cool and dark weather, with that which
was hot, dry and bright, are the marked characteristics of the
climate of the United States of America, especially in the
northern and northeastern parts. It is worthy of very par-
ticular notice that the occurrence of such unsteady weather, in
the early spring, before the expansion of the leaves of fruit trees,
is always the precursor of the'' curled leaf" in the peach tree, a

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY, 137

disease which, in extreme cases, can always be confidently fore-
told by the experienced cultivator. See an article on this subject
in the Horticulturist of February 1852, p. 63, kc. This disease
of the peach tree, both in the character of the weather producing
it, and the manifestation of its influence on the leaf and ymmg
branches is an important collateral proof of the true nature of
the disease of the grape.

b. Hot and damp weather. — This is equally, and perhaps more
injurious to the vine than the preceding, when occurring at seasons
of rapid growth. In this case the plant seems engorged beyond
its power of elaboration, not perhaps absolutely, but because such
elaboration is hindered by the amount of dampness involving the
leaf and thus interfering with its due aeration, and producing a
retention, perhaps, both of moisture and carbonic acid, in an
undigested state. Thus the same morbid results, — mildew and
rust, follow as in the preceding case. The illustrations of
the morbid influence of such weather are unfortunately very
numerous.

(a.) During the last summer, from June 26th to August 3d, the
season was very dry and hot. The rains of August 3d, and
following, were attended with heat. Incipient mildew was seen
on the grape, August 9th, and on the potato, August 14t]i. But
as cooler and dryer weather soon followed, the tendency to
disease was checked before serious consequences followed, in
either case.

(h.) In 1850, the weather from July 14th to August 21st, exhib-
ited an unusual degree of warmth and dampness. I had about
two hundred grape vines under culture, on a light dry sandy soil,
feltilized with swamp muck, composted witli soap boiler's ashes
and lime. About one-half of them were trained to the south-
east side of a seven feet liigh fence. Tlie others were set a little
in hunt of it. Tlie sorts consisted of the "Early Black July,"
" Miller's Burgundy," "Violet Chasselas," and the " Golden Chas-
selas," ("Royal Muscadine," of Downing,) the " Isa])t'lla'' and
".Catawba," and also two or three varieties of the "Fox Grape."
Numbers of the foreign sorts liad been grafted on hardy native
roots, two or three years before. By the first of August, in the
weather just described, the grapes were much mildewed. By the
first of Se])teml»er tliey were nearly ruined in leaf and Iruit, and

138 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

much hurt in wood. The native were injured decidedly, but much
less than the foreign sorts. I had set five grafts, on the third of
April, of a new seedling from a foreign sort. These grafts had
made four or five vines, each of from four to six feet in length,
some of these being as large at the bottom as one's thumb. One
of them had, moreover, "shown two clusters of flowers. So severe
was the mildew on these, that when trimmed in the fall, they
gave doubtful promise of life, and in the next spring were dead,
root and branch.

During the same summer my plums, grown in similar soil,
.were extensively mildewed, dropping many of their leaves in
August. The consequence was the loss of nearly all their fruit
by rot, or shriveling in an immature state. At the close of the
season, winter apples, walnuts, cabbage and turnips were found
less sound than usual.

(c.) The season of 1851 was very similar in character and results
to that of 1850, except that the morbid weather began one month
earlier, and produced its effect correspondingly earlier.

(d.) Such of these vines as escaped the bad effects of these two
years, with no great loss of wood, yielded enormous crops of fruit
in 1852, and were very healthy in leaf and fruit. The reason of
this marked difference was obvious at the time. The latter year
was marked among many for its steady genial weather.

(e.) It should be particularly remarked that native varieties,
such as the Isabella and Cataw^ba, nay, even the Fox grape, did
not wholly escape disease in 1850 and 1851. The amount of
mildew on the leaf was trivial, but the berry was often turned
brown and unnaturally hardened. Such berries often gained their
full size, and did not rot; yet they never softened, nor became
eatable.

(/.) The wood, in most of these cases of grape disease, appeared
more or less discolored in the autumn trimming, showing that its
advancement was suddenly checked, in an immature state, at the
time the mildew invaded it.

(g.) The potato also, during these two years, suffered in a man-
ner exactly parallel with the grape, by mildew on its foliage and
seed balls, the latter also becoming brown and hard, as it occurred
in the case of the grape. In the autumn the tubers were found
diseased.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 139

If now we review the relation of the grape to these abnormal states
of the weather — abnormal at least in comparison with the climate
of India and Greece, and Peru, we shall find it suffering almost from
year to year in a greater or less degree. These climatic injuries
accumulate in the experience of the" same individual vine. We
shall also find that the early expanding grape is cut off* by spring
frosts, while frequently the autumnal growth is suddenly checked
by the same means. Then follows a long winter, whose cold it
seldom meets with the same state of maturity that characterizes
the wood of the apple and the plum. Is it strange, then, that
the grape declines under such a severity of experience ? The
peach, though having many points of similarity to the grape, dif-
fers from it advantageously to itself in the fact, that its foliage
does not fear a moderate frost either in the spring or fall, although
the general influence of irregular weather upon it and the grape
is similar.

The general healthiness of our native grapes, growing under
the same conditions of climate as the foreign varieties, should not
be cited in opposition to the preceding argument; for

First — The native grape has a hardier constitution, derived
from our own climate.

Secondly. — Nature usually locates it in valleys and beside
streams, in positions measurably sheltered.

Thirdly — The native grape is not cultivated, and so is not forced
into an early spring development, nor does its growth continue
late in the fall. Hence, in both cases it is less exposed to frost
while in an actively growing state.

Fourthly — Nature shelters the wild grape from the intense heat
of the sun. Its principal vines are usually shaded. Its roots are
deeply mulched by grass, weeds and shrubs, and especially by the
falling leaves and branches cast off* by itself and the forest around
it. Thus it is not so intensely stimulated as the cultivated grape
standing in cultivated grounds deeply stirred, and kept clean and
naked about its roots. The wild grape always suff*ers when trans-
fered into our gardens, and cultivated as the foreign sorts usually
are. Those who have eaten the wild grape on the banks of the
Hudson, cannot but have noticed its small wiry branches in con-
trast with the large, brittle, spongy growth of our cultivated sorts;

140 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

nor will they need any explanation of the superior health of the
former.

The injury which the grape suffers from climatic causes, is well
illustrated by the action of grape houses. In them we seek to
produce both length and uniformity of season, and thus to secure
the climate of Greece or California. The first phase of infelici-
tous weather noticed above, (cold wet changes), is rendered
harmless by enclosure under glass. The second phase, (hot
damps), is guarded against by wise watering and ventilation,
during the continuance of such weather. The consequence is
that, in well managed vineries, we secure the health and luxu-
riance of growth, and delicioasness of fruit, of eastern climes.
Then again, by the aid of such protections, not only is the
autumnal growth of the wood rendered more perfect, and thus
better prepared to meet the severity of winter, but that severity,
whether of severe freezing or changefulness, is itself mitigated
by shelter. It deserves here to be emj^thatically noticed that, in
a fine equable season, like 1852 or 1854, grapes grown in open
culture are equally healthful and delicious with those grown in
vineries. In the past history of grape culture, little attention
has been given to the influence of climatic causes on its health.
In the verv few cases recorded in the annual volumes of the
Patent Office Reports, I find a growing conviction that the
diseases of the grape are somehow connected with the irregular-
ities of the weather. See Report for 1848, pg. 167, Longworth's
report; 1849, pg. 287, NeaPs report; 1852, pg. 299, Jesse Mor-
gan's report, which has the ring of true philosophy; 1853, pg.
302, Frederick Munch's report. " The Horticulturist," edited by
the late A. J. Downing, may be consulted on this point, see vol.1849,
Sept.,p 114, Prof. Turner's Memoranda; 1851, March, p. 122, Prof.
Turner's article. In the number for June, 1852, in the last
leader but one written by Mr. Downing before his death, I find a
clear hint of the true philosophy on the subject, — the only one
I have noticed in his writings. Had he lived and devoted his
attention to the subject, we might have hoped for an able eluci-
dation of it.

3. CuixURE, AS AFFECTING THE HEALTH OF THE GrAPE. lu tllC

loose use of this word, I shall include under it means of propa-
gation, trimming, and culture, properly so called.

STATE AGRICULTUEAL SOCIETY. 141

a. Means of Propagation. — This is usually by cuttings, layers
and suckers. I do not intend here to open the old controversy
relative to the natural duration of perennials, when so propa-
gated. That the rose, grape, raspberry, &c., are readily, nay,
naturally thus propagated, I readily admit. Nor do I dispute
the wisdom, nay, the necessity of resorting to this method usu-
ally, and for the time. That the grape, potato, &c., in a perfect
climate, and in a course of culture eminently wise, might practi-
cally last forever, may also be admitted; at least tlie subject,
under these qualifications, is not worth disputing about. But
practically this admission is of little benefit to the advocates of
such perpetuity. All grape growing lands are not situated in a
Grecian or Californian climate, nor are all cultivators Downings
or Lindleys. As soils are, and as most cultivation is performed,
W'C must ever act on the implication that there is a limit to the
healthful duration of all varieties of plants, cultivated as per-
ennials, and that sooner or later we must look to seedlings, spon-
taneously or artificially originated as a necessary means of the
healthful continuance of our useful species of plants.

1. The use of cuttings especially involves a trial of the con-
stitutional powers of the plant, during its period of rooting by
exposure to severe climatic influence.

2. The use of grafts, buds, cuttings, sprouts, &;c., does not
transcend the accumulated depression of previous years, arising
from bad culture, uncongenial soil or climate, as a seedling would
do. Buds, cuttings, &c., taken from certain trees whose depre-
ciation is in the advance of others in the same neighborhood , and
of the same sort, are found to produce weak and sickly trees.
If such be the case with them, how soon may the action of the
same causes bring other trees of the same sort into the same con-
dition of weakness 1

3. Tlie uncongeniality of soils and climates diflering from those
in which a certain variety w^as originated, is also thus more
severely felt, altliougli in the case of sucli as exhibit wide adap-
tation this argument has less force. In contradistinction to all
such j)ermanent modes of pro]>agating the grape an occasional
resort to seedlings would result in a hardier constitution and a
higher adaptation to soil and climate. Tliis hope is based most
confidently on general analogy, and on some recent expcrienot

142 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

among cultivators in various parts of our country. What is especial-
ly needful is that such experiments be on a proper scale, and in the
hands of intelligent men who shall make a wise selection of
bases from which to propagate, and of the modes of procedure.

b. Trimming the grape. — 1. The wild grape is never trimmed,
and does not bear fully until transcending its natural supports,
its limbs are permitted to hang down. Thus also most ordinary fruit
trees do not bear fully until their branches become slightly pro-
cumbent. I do not here argue that we should never trim the
grape vine. Few ordinary cultivators have adequate supports
for large vines. Indeed, in this climate, nearly all the varieties
of grapes yet cultivated, must be treated as exotics, if cultivated
in the usual manner. They need to be laid down every winter,
at least the risk of injury to the vines, during many winters, is
such as to render it wise to do so. Such a course is inconsistent
with training them upon trees and hedges or broad artificial
supports.

By trimming the grape, in the usual extreme manner, we inter-
fere constantly with its integrity as a perfect plant, destroying the
natural balance between the top and roots. Such interference
makes its growth, in the early and latter part of the season, un-
equal, and exposes a comparatively larger portion of tender
tissues, in the early part of the summer, to climatic changes than
would be the case in a more natural mode of treatment. Hence,
too, a comparatively larger amount of its entire tissues is exposed
in a tender state, to the severity of the succeeding winter. Expe-
rience largely shows that the plant, whether herbaceous or woody,
which has comparatively the largest amount of mature, or nearly
mature tissues, will survive severe climatic changes with most
safety; the older tissues seeming to operate as a basis of health to
those which are younger. Hence it is that a grafted grape the
first season after it (the graft) is set, suffers more than it does the
second summer of its growth. The admitted fact that the most
of our grapes, when trimmed on the renewing system, are less
liable to mildew than when spur trimmed, is not opposed to these
views, since such a mode of training is made necessary from the
incongeniality of our climate, acting probably on the deteriorated
constitution of the variety so treated. In the more perfect climate
of a green house such renewing system of pruning is not needful.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 143

The practice also of heading back old fruit trees, and thus renew-
ing for a time their energy, is resorted to only because the energy
of the tree is diminished. Both these practices are based on the
undoubted fact that the vital energy of the roots often outlives
that of the top. Hence we often see, in this incongenial climate,
declining plum, pear, quince, gooseberry and currant trees and
bushes, throwing up thrifty shoots from the root, which gradually,
even at times without the cultivator's interference, become the
principal tree. Such superior vitality of the root of a tree, in an
infelicitous climate, is doubtless referable to the superior security
of its position in the soil, free usually from the attack of insects,
from accidents, but especially from climatic changes and inten-
sities.

The native grape is often diceceous and barren. When truly her-
maphrodite, aud permitted to embower trees and hedges at will,
it often bears fully and annually without being trimmed. Many
of these grapes, judging from the diameter of the main vine and
the extent of its expansion, acquire a very great age; a proof
that, in positions spontaneously chosen, nature provides all need-
ful nutriment. I had a native vine on my hired premises in 184 1 ;
it grew on tlie margin of the garden in a light, deep, sandy soil,
which was there never cultivated. The general locality was at
the foot of a hill. This vine was expanded over a hedge of hardy
cherry and wild plum trees. I know not that it was ever
trimmed. It bore a heavy crop, that ripened well, though few of
its clusters ever saw the direct rays of the sun. It was encum-
bered with more or less decaying wood which fell to the ground
during the summer, thus shewing the mode in which nature
operates. This obviously is thus illustrated. All those portions
of the vine, which become too thick for tlie proper enjoyment of
light and air, exhibit a portion of the wood, lying outermost,
taking the lead in the early season. Thus tlie inner and shaded
vegetation dies and falls, just as it does in the centre of a large
apj)le or forest tree. In this way, in all tliese cases alike, the
proi)er })alance between the top and the root is preserved. Tliis
very grape, wlien transfered twelve miles, by cuttings, and cul-
tivated in this city, from 1843 to nearly tlie present time, lias
been a shy bearer, though planted in a dry light soil much as
that in which the parent stood, though not like it a natural soil.

144 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

In this case of garden culture it was trained on a fence seven feet
high, and trimmed on the renewing system in hills six feet apart.
This unfavorable result was doubtless due to the altered position
of soil, and the unnatural mode, (as I now view it) of trimming it.
Numerous notices of the Scuppernong grape at the south shew
that, except a little trimming in its- early growth, to give it a
clean upright stem, it receives no pruning at all, but is permitted
to run at w^ill over large trees and frames ujjheld by pitch pine
posts. See Transactions of the Patent office for 1853, page 306,
the report of Sidney Weller.

2. But in the case of close planted grapes, in cultivated
grounds, an annual pruning is necessary. Here I have found the
benefit, after the necessary trimming of autumn, or early spring,
of never trimming during the whole summer's growth, nor in the
early autumn, except to nip the points of the long branches
which otherwise would be killed by the first frost. In this way
the whole summer's energy is expended on a much larger amount
of w^ood than is needed for the succeeding year. This w^ood will
also be found of less diameter than in the case of midsummer
pruning. But it will be better ripened, being less spongy and so
equally, nay, as I suppose much better suited to the purposes of
the succeeding year than the larger wood. I think it will appear
in the experience of most persons accustomed to the trimming of
grapes, that quite frequently, the vines of medium size, or even
small diameter, are found best ripened, and stand the Avinter the
best; nor are they less vigorous in the next year's growth. I am
aware that, it will be answered to all this, that in this way, a
part of the energy of the plant is diverted from the fruit to the
branches. But I think not. The entire amount of this wide
expanse of foliage goes to sustain the whole plant — root, vine and
fruit. Proportionally the fruit will receive more support than
upon the system of short trimming at midsummer. It is
undoubtedly true that, in refraining from midsummer trimming
you will need to plant your grapes wider apart, else a portion,
both of the leaves and fruit, will be smothered for the w^ant of air.
In the summer of 1852, 1 had on my grape fence, three fine vines,
of the Royal Muscadine grape. In my absence my German
laborers had trimmed two of them in the German mode — shorten-
ing the wood very much, and removing some of the leaves about

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 145

the fruit. These grapes grew no more, and never ripened natu-
rally, or became of much value. The other vine which was no
how superior, I saved from their touch, not trimming it at all.
The autumn presented upon it a very large amount of delicious
fruit in large clusters. I am happy to find that the ripe expe-
rience of Mr. Downing coincided substantially with the preceding
views. See the Horticulturist of July 1852, page 271. He there
says : " We advise that every leaf be left, and only stop the fruit
bearing branches when they become so long as to become
unmanageable, or fill the stake or trellis too much. The severe
system of pruning out of door vines is both unnatural, and
unsuited to our climate."

Since writing the above, I find, on recurring to the Horticul-
turist, vol. 1, p. 64, the fullest confirmation of these views by
Prof. Lindley, and endorsed also by Mr. Downing. They are too
long to be quoted here, nor need they be after expressing my
own views above; but they are well worthy of careful perusal.
The preceding suggestions on trimming the grape are of course
applicable only to its open culture. In the grape house every
thing is artificial, and there extreme trimming becomes indispen-
sible.

c. Culture J properly so called. — (1.) Soil and manures. — In a per-
fect climate, where plants, in the most rapid state of develop-
ment, never meet with sudden and extreme climatic changes,
there is but little danger of over feeding it. But in a climate
such as ours, where changes of the weather are constantly occur-
ring, and at very uncertain periods, vegetation, especially that
which is tropical, is easily thus injured. The rules of the books
then, relative to the formation of grape borders, should be exclu-
sively applied to graperies. For all open culture we need —

(a.) A soil possessed of all the elements of fertility, in a mode-
rate state of development.

(b.) It should be open and friable that it may not bake and heat,
and thus shut off* the rain and the atmosphere.

(c.) It should be deep that the vine, drawing its nourishment
from deep sources, may thus both start later in the spring, and
feel the sudden changes of summer, and the drought less.

[Ag. Trans.] J

146 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

{d.) It should be well drained that the roots may not be chilled
and surcharged with water.

(e.) Manures, in such a climate as ours, and when applied to
such a plant as the grape, should be unstimulating, that is com-
paratively. Hence, if bone dust be applied it should be coarse,
and guano should be in small quantities. The composts of swamp
muck with manure, ashes, lime, &c., are safer than fresh stable
or barn-yard manures. This advice is given to those who seek
only so large crops as are consistent with a high regard to the
health of the vines. I am well aware how discordant it is with
the advice and usage of many who would apply large quantities
of fresh stable manure and the offal of slaughter houses to their
grapes. They certainly succeed, in evenly tempered seasons, in
thus reaping large crops of delicious grapes. Those who are
willing to run the risk, and it may be well for those who have
ample grounds and wealth to do so, may go beyond this, and
stimulate their vines freely, hoping for a season of uniform
weather, or trusting to the application of fresh ashes and plaster
of paris to check incipient mildew. But even such would do
well to cultivate a portion of their vines more moderately, that
they may become a dependence in case of severe visitation of
disease upon those more highly cultivated, and constitute a more
healthful source whence to draw cuttings for future use. I have
long been of the opinion that the fertile character of the soils,
in the valley of the Mississippi, interacting with the instability
of the climate, was the cause of the frequent rot of the grape
there, as well as of the difficulties in the culture of cherries,
pears and plums. The ravages of insects there, which frequently
seem connected with the diseases of these fruits, also become
more marked in the same connection. The fertility of the soil
probably aids in their production, especially in hot, damp weather.
Fruit trees making very rapid growth present a succulence and
tenderness of fibre which invite their attacks, especially when
their juices are in a morbid condition. The fact that many soils,
of not the highest quality, will yet, in good seasons, produce very
good grapes, while in seasons of severe changes, the application
of ashe? and plaster of paris, or a solution of sulphur and lime,
is needful to save them from the ravages of mildew, is a proof,
not of the essential deficiency of the soil, but of the enfeebled

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 147

and ill-adapted constitution of the grape, which is unable to
accomplish due elaborations under such climatic pressure. It is
found, in the great western valley that, in seasons of extensive
grape disease, crops cultivated on comparatively light and dry
soils, escape disease; could a stronger proof of my general posi-
tion be adduced] Judge Conkling, (see the " Country Gentleman"
of Sept. 4, 1856,) finds that on Long Island, a deep, coarse, stony
soil is available for the culture of the grape. Such also, it is said,
is the character of the soil in North Carolina, in the native posi-
tions of the Catawba grape.

(2.) Mechanical culture. — Our climate possessing the charac-
ter of great uncertainty, makes all grape culture difficult, espe-
cially that of foreign sorts that are constitutionally adapted to
one more uniform and less intense. These two facts, the charac-
ter of our climate and the constitution of the grape, interact with
a soil often too rich, and a course of mechanical culture frequently
too stimulating. Hence I would, under ordinary circiunstances,
of soil, apply to them only moderate culture.

(a.) Suppose your grapes in open culture, are well established;'
I would defer spring culture until the danger of spring frost is
nearly past. Experience shews that much development of the
buds before the 25th of May is unsafe at Utica, on the line of
43^ north. Grapes here have frequently lost their first germinations
from frost as late as the 18th, 22d, and 29th of May in the years
from 1842 to 1850.

(h.) When once culture is begun I wish the early growth to be
rapid, while the weather is comparatively cool, as changes in the
weather, before the setting of the fruit, are much less harmful
than at a later date when the relative proportion of cellular tissue
and fluid is much greater.

(c.) When mid-summer comes I cease culture entirely. The
subsequent growth of grass and weeds, though interfering with
that of the grape, is yet preferable to the exposure of the soil to
the intense heat of a nearly vertical sun, since they shield the
soil from its power, and become a cheap and almost perfect sub-
stitute for mulching — an application it is often almost impossible
to make on an extensive scale by any means cheaply in the power
of the cultivator. Nor less is this mode of culture a means of
shielding the soil from cold wind in sudden changes of the

148 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

weather. In this way I may get lighter crops of fruit, but I have
an additional security of the health, both of it and of the vine.

{d.) For the same reason, also, I permit the small shoots that
spring up at mid-summer about the root of the plant to remain,
as they, like the weeds and grass, serve to shield the root of the
plant from the sun and cold wind. In case the weeds and grass
become large I cut off a portion of them, but by no means lay
the ground bare, or stir it with any tool. This plan of letting the
young shoots remain, I took from a hint given by the late James
G. Tracy, of Syracuse, who told me some twelve years since, that
he had observed in years of disease, that those vines, wliose roots
were broadly sheltered by their own foliage, were most likely to
escape disease. Many years since I conceived tlie plan, which
others have since carried out and patented, of training my grapes
on a trellis, made fast at the foot, and adjustible at the top, so as
to be set at any angle of inclination to the horizon. In this way
one vine may be made to shade the roots of another, and the
angle of its inclination so changed as to increase or lessen the
action of the sun on the plant itself.

(e.) The health of our vine is often injured in the spring, and
both it and the fruit in the fall, by untimely frosts. We often
find that the occurrence of irost in the fall, a single week before
the grape is perfectly ripe, results in an almost entire loss of the
grape for the table; since they do not possess the power of matu-
ring when prematurely picked as many apples, pears, &c., do.
The interposition of a screen of movable boards, forming a cop-
ing over the trellis or fence on which the grapes are trained,
would in almost all cases of such untimely frost, protect the crop.
This method is said by Kenrick, (p. 267, edition of 1841,) to be
practiced by the French near Fontainbleau, except that this
coping is permanent. In the case of an ordinary trellis it would
only be necessary to attach permanent horizontal cross pieces to
the top of the trellis, at short intervals, these would serve as
supports of the coping, made of light wide boards, which could
easily be elevated to its place by two persons, just before an
anticipated frost. <

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 149

RECAPITULATION AND CONCLUSION.

1. The causes of disease. — a. The simple fact that, in years
marked by great uniformity of weather, we are able to raise
good grapes, in any ordinary good soil, and by ordinary culture
is a perfect proof that the climate is mainly in fault in the pro-
duction of the grape disease.

b. The intrinsic evils of the climate act reciprocally with the
use of varieties not originally adapted to the climate, and proba-
bly now in an exhausted condition, a condition which will ever
make them unworthy of reliance for cheap ordinary culture.

c. Even such native sorts as the Isabella and Catawba, origi-
nating, as they probably did, as far south as Lat. 33° to 36° can
never be perfectly reliable on the line of 42° to 43°, north, i. e.,
between Boston and Chicago.

d. The natural evils of the climate, and the adventitious one
of ill-adapted varieties, have been further enhanced by unwise
modes of culture, such as the long continued use of cuttings,
close trimming, too rich soil, culture continued too late in the
season, and the exposure of the vine in positions of too great
solar influence.

2. The immediate remedy. — a. The use of the strongest varie-
ties, provided they are otherwise valuable.

b. The choice of dry, deep soils of moderate fertility, situated,
if possible, in sheltered positions, as in deep valleys, and at the
foot of hills, avoiding however hot southern slopes.

c. Moderate culture discontinued after mid-summer.

d. More room than has usually been given, to allow perfect
exposure to sun and air.

€. No mid-summer pruning, and allowing such sorts as will
stand winter exposure, to run at will over spreading trees,
hedges and wide artificial frames.

/. The use of a coping, in the case of close planted and close
trimmed sorts, to protect from spring and autumn frosts.

g. The use of fresh wood ashes and plaster of paris in case of
actual approaching disease.

3. The remote remedy. — a. In such a climate as ours, espe-
cially in the northern states, we may not hope ever regularly to

150 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

produce the grape in as high health, and much less, in as great
excellence, as in Spain and California.

b. Yet from some results already reached in the culture of
seedling grapes, and judging analogically from the improve-
ment of other species of plants, we have a right, confidently to
hope, that varieties of grapes may yet be attained whose consti-
tutional hardiness, early maturity, and other qualities, whether

for the table or for wine, will make them valuable for profitable
cultivation in the central and southern states of the Union, as
well as capable of moderate culture over most of its northern
portions.

c. Such a variety being actually attained, let it be cultivated
as far as possible, in accordance with the suggestions under the
head of the immediate remedy suggested above.

Note 1. — grape disease in Europe.

Nothing has been said above of the pervasion of central and
southern Europe by this disease. Unfortunately, while we have
had descriptions of the visible appearances of the disease on the
leaf and fruit, there has been no clear statement of its climatic
relations. From the visible marks of the disease, however,
joined with the unchangeable laws of vegetable pathology, which
are alike in all lands, I have no doubt of the identity of the
disease there and here. The climatic obstacles there are less
than here, while they act under the disadvantage of cultivating
varieties of less vigor than our native sorts.

Note 2. — Above I have made no broad discrimination between
the liabilities of foreign and native sorts to disease; and for this
reason, it seems to me that, though our native sorts are very
decidedly stronger than the foreign, the intrinsic difiiculties of
the subject are with grape culture as suchj in an incongenial cli-
mate, rather than with any variety or class of grapes. The
origination of a sort as hardy as the '^ Isabella," as early as the
" Early Black July," will not insure us uniformly successful
grape culture on the line of 43® north.

' 2 — diseases of the sugar cane.

The J^atural History of the Sugar Cane. — The sugar cane
belongs to the family of grasses, one which includes nearly one-

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 151

sixth of all the species in the vegetable world. Its botanical
denomination is Saccharum Officinarum.

Classification. — a. In the artificial system of Linnaeus it is
found in the third class (Triandria,) and second order (Dyginia.)
In this class and order it ranks with such useful plants as red-
top, reed, timothy grass, broom corn, orchard grass, wheat, rye,
barley and oats.

b. In the natural system of modern writers it is included under
the order Gramineae, or grasses. This, in the system of Lind-
ley, is the twenty-ninth order. It includes, besides the useful
plants just named in the artificial system, also the sedges, palms,
bamboos and Indian corn of tropical regions.

Remarks. — 1. This family is diffused as widely as vegetation
itself. Its plants constitute, at the north, our pastures and hay
mostly, and include nearly all our grain. At the south they
include the tall reed, the strong bamboo and the rich sugar
cane.

2. At the north they are hardy, while at the south they are
tender.

3. Sugar is a general product of this family. The grasses of
our pastures and hay are sweet. Sugar cane, Chinese sugar cane
and Indian corn especially abound in sweetness. Reeds of
tropical climates are often a rich source of grateful cooling
drinks, drawn from them by tapping them below the joints.

Jl comparative view of the Sugar Cane and Indian Corn. — 1. Both
grow up jointed, with a leaf at each joint, but dropping the
lower leaves in the progress of the summer.

2. Both head out with a flower stalk, when cultivated in natu-
ral circumstances. The arrow or head of the Indian corn is
jointed through its whole length, — that of the sugar cane is with-
out joints, from the points where it emerges from the main plant.

3. In the same soil and climate both make, it is probable?
about the same height, when headed out. This sometimes
amounts to twenty feet in the tropics, while further north it is
much less; with Indian corn at least, which, on the line of 43©,
rarely exceeds eight feet.

152 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

4. The lower joints of Indian corn exhibit what may be called
buds, in the shape of a small husk or sheath. These, at about
the third and fourth joints, give rise to ears of grain, which
number from one to two in ordinary soil and culture, while in
more favorable conditions they sometimes amount to three or
four. The sugar cane has a true bud, in shape and position much
like that of fruit trees. These remain latent the first year, they
beins; nature's mode of preparation for the growth of the cane
when planted as a prostrate cutting, in the soil, the second year.

5. The sugar cane being perennial, the roots survive the winter
in the soil, and vegetate the second year, yielding what, at the
south, is called Ratoon Cane. In the tropics we may suppose
they do this spontaneously, but in the southern States it is
needful to cover the roots to guard them from frost. This ratoon
cane is much less vigorous, in the imperfect climate of southern
States, than that grown annually from cuttings, which is called
jilant cane.

6. The sugar cane has perfect flowers, that is, with the stamens
and pistils in the same flower, like broom corn and the most of
common flowers. This flower surmounts the plant in a spiked
panicle. The Indian corn has a monoecious flower, that is, one
with its staminate organs on the tassel of the plant, while its
pistilate organs or silk are in the husk or embryo ear.

7. The bark or cortex of the sugar cane, and its pith, are
much harder than the corresponding portions of the Indian
corn, its elaborations being retained in the stalk while those of
the Indian corn flow out and form the ear.

8. Both vary in color of bark, from a light green to a dark
purple. The color in both is mainly determined by kind, but is
modified by culture also, a rich impulsive culture darkening the
color of both, irrespective of sort.

The foregoing comparative view is imperfect, but sufficient
for my purpose, where disease and climatic relations are the
main objects of investigation.

Tke diseases of the Sugar Cane. — I have not myself witnessed
the cultivation of this plant, and my knowledge of the facts in
the case are mainly drawn from the Transactions of the Patent

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 153

Office for 1848, pp. 274-338; 1849, pp 423-424; 1855, pp. 268-
277. But the universally conceded analogy of the plant, and
its culture, to Indian corn, and the uniformity of the general
laws of vegetable pathology, combined with the clear statements
of the circumstances of disease, make it quite safe to draw con-
clusions in regard to the causes of the disease.

I find no very minute statement of diseased manifestations,
and of the soil, culture or weather in connection wdth which
these manifestations have been observed. The few statements
which I do find, are all so analogous to numerous very common
facts in vegetable diseases, that I was led at once, when first they
came to my knowledge, some five or six years since, to feel that
the causes of the disease were obvious.

In the investigation of this subject I shall follow nearly the
same course of inquiry as the one just passed through with
respect to the grape.

CAUSES OF DISEASE.

1. Soil. — a. As chemically considered. — Concurrent testimony
shows that the analogies of this plant are very close with Indian
corn, in structure, both internal and external, deposition of saccha-
rine matter, and climatic requirements. The main difference is,
that it requires a higher temperature and a longer season for ma-
turity than the latter. From the Transactions of the New- York
State Agricultural Society, of 1848, I take the following tables
relative to the mineral elements of Indian corn, page 819. The
fodder and the grain, after the former is dry enough to stack and
the latter to crib, contain not far from 15 per cent, of v/ater and
85 per cent, of dry matter. After subtracting the water, every
100 lbs. of the dry matter contain about from 4 J to 5.\ lbs. of
ash, and each ton contains from 90 to 110 lbs. of inorganic
matter. The following table represents approximately the pro-
portion of the several bodies in 100 lbs. of ash which is about
the ordinary amount removed by a ton.

Silicic acid, 41.209

Phosphoric acid, 7.903

Phosphate of iron, lime and magnesia, 9.256

Putash, 12.709

154 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

Soda, 12.379

1-ime, 3.075

Magnesia, 3.597

Chlorine, 3.855

Sulphuric acid, 5.959

100.000

The same experimenter found, in the analysis of numeious
varieties of corn, p. 820, that in a plat giving 105.68 lbs. of ash,
the result was distributed among the several parts of the plant
as follows :

Grain,. 8.15

Cob, 2.54

Husks, 9.86

Leaves and sheaths, 45.60

Stalks and tassels, 39.53

105.68

Calling an acre of corn about six tons, there will be removed
by every such crop about 600 lbs. of inorganic matter. In a
comparison of the exhausting influence of a crop of sugar cane
and Indian corn respectively, a deduction should be made in
favor of the sugar cane of all that proportion of the ash which
enters into the grain and cob of the Indian corn, since the sugar
cane in Louisiana bears no seed. If the remaining • stalk and
leaves of the corn give an ash corresponding very nearly with
that oi the sugar cane, the result would be that the latter would
be considerably less exhausting to the soil than the former; and
such, I understand, is considered to be the fact by the cultivators
of the cane. When it is considered, moreover, that phosphoric
acid, magnesia, potash and soda enter very largely into the ash
of the grain of Indian corn, the difference is still more in favor
of the sugar cane. Silicic and phosphoric acid are probably
about equally found in each, and in both more largely than in
common, vegetables and hardwood trees. The soil of Louisiana
being principally the result of deposit from the Mississippi, may
be supposed to abound largely in all the inorganic elements

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 155

needful for the growth of the sugar cane. Silex, being more
readily deposited from water than other matters, would be found
most abundant nearest the banks of the river. Those planta-
tions that are farthest from the river might probably fail soonest
from a deficiency of silex in the soil, as some writers have sug-
gested. (See Patent Office reports, 1848, p. 286, &c., and 1855,
p. 275, &c.) But a more important consideration remains
to be stated. Sugar is constituted entirely of inorganic matter,
and is represented by carbon and water. Hence, in every well
conducted system of cane culture, the return of the refuse mat-
ter of the cane to the field will preclude any waste of the most
important elements of the soil j I mean those which are mineral.
Whatever may be the fact in regard to the exhaustion of the
silex of the soils in Louisiana, whether by culture or otherwise,
I should not look to that cause primarily for the origin of disease
in the cane. A diminished supply of silex, or any other element,
organic or inorganic, in a soil where Indian corn is cultivated,
results not so much in the diseased as in the dwarfed condition
of the crop; and the same is true of other gramineous crops, as
the grains and grasses. In the Northern States we find, if I
mistake not, that Indian corn and the cereals generally, when
raised on soils that have been impoverished by long culture, but
that are not otherwise inappropriate, are diminished in quantity
rather than in health. Indeed, if sugar cane were liable to
disease from this source, we should look to see Indian corn
diseased also in the same circumstances, since its demand on the
soil for mineral elements is even greater probably than the sugar
cane, by all that portion that goes to form the cob and the ker-
nel of the corn. The superior ripeness of the corn would also
be a reason of its greater exhaustion of the soil, it being well
known that the removal of an immature crop from tlie soil results
in less exhaustion than a mature one. I would not deny that
deficient elements in the soil may sometimes be the occasion of
disease in vegetation, yet, for the reasons already stated, and
others yet to be mentioned, I think it not the principal cause of
disease in the sugar cane.

b. Soil as mechanically constituted. — We are told, (Transactions
of the Patent office, 1848, p. 286, &c.,) that in Louisiana the

156 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

sand diminishes in the soil as you recede from the river, the
change being gradually made to a clay mixed with vegetable
deposit; and that this soil when properly drained, is very rich
and well adapted to the growth of cane and most other crops.
We may hence infer, tliat almost any interval land, holding a
due medium between dry, coarse sand and gravel on the one hand
and wet clay on the other will, in an appropriate climate, pro-
duce good sugar cane. These limitations are much like those
of Indian corn, except that the latter will grow well in the
coarsest and dryest land provided it find there the needed mineral
elements, it being in this respect, one of the coarsest feeders we
cultivate. In this it has much the advantage of the sugar cane,
the canes of which when planted in the furrow need fine earth,
well elaborated over their whole length, to encourage germina-
tion, while a very small portion of fine soil, immediately around
the kernel of the Indian corn is sufficient. The great evil I ap-
prehend, in the condition of the soil in the culture of cane is
dampness; the extreme of moisture, in a cool season, chilling the
whole plant, and in a hot one provoking too rapid a growth,
and thus making the plant too vascular, and leaving it at the
close of the season, immature. The general fact however that,
in some seasons the disease of the sugar cane is found on most
soils, however <5hemically and mechanically constituted, and
that, in other seasons, nearly all soils are exempt, seems to me,
to exonerate the soil from at least a leading agency in its pro-
duction, and to lead us forward to the investigation of some of
the other conditions of vegetable growth in which mainly to
find it.

2. Climate, as affecting the health of the Sugar Cane. —
By a recurrence to the general principles, (heretofore stated in
specific requirements of plants) the specific climatic require-
ments of tropical plants will be seen. The climate of Louisiana,
though doubtless exhibiting a degree of heat adequate to the
moderate prosperity of the sugar cane, fails in some important
qualities,. The sugar cane is a thoroughly tropical plant, produced
on islands and maritime coasts, where it finds a climate very dif-
ferent from that of Louisiana.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 157

a. The climate of Louisiana, and the adjoining sugar growing
States, is too cool for the highest perfection of its culture.
Hence,

(1.) The cane, at least those varieties now cultivated does not
fully develop itself; and as a consequence its elaboration of
saccharine matter is not perfect, the sugar often crystalizing
with difficulty. The cane now cultivated in Louisiana was
imported, (see Transactions of the Patent Office, 1848, p. 281,
and 1855, p. 273, &c.,) from the island of Java, Bourbon,
Mauritius and Tahiti, and the districts of Malabar and Bengal
in India. It is obvious how different are all these climates from
that of Louisiana. Java lies between 6^ and 9^ south lat.;
Bourbon and Mauritius between 20^ and 21° south lat., and
Tahiti 18° south lat. The coast of Malabar and Bengal, in
India, lies between 10° and 27° north lat., but from Avhat points
within these limits the sugar cane was brought does not appear.
The fixed character of plants (p.l8,planls not susceptible of accli-
mation) forbids the idea that one cultivated as a perennial, as
is the cane, and brought from climates such as are presented by
these islands and maritime coasts, should ever conform itself to
such a climate as that of Louisiana, situated for the most part
between 29° and 33° north lat. Cane, in its native region, is
said to be filled with crystalizable matter to the very extremity
of the plant. That of Louisiana is confessedly much less rich,
the upper part of the plant being unfit to grind for sugar.

(2.) The sugar cane, in its native region, bears seed. I am
aware that this point is practically disputed. (See Patent Office
Ke}Jort of 1848, p. 284.) What may be the effect of culture
on the seed-producing powers of the cane, I will not now stop
to ask, further tluin to hint that, as in the case of the Peony,
pink, some varieties ot the balsamine, snow-ball, flowering
almond, &c., where the power of culture so distorts the flower,
and the habits of the plant, that it never or rarely produces
seed, so it may be with the sugar cane in its circumstances of
culture. It were an anomaly, however, in the constitution of
material things, to assert that the sugar cane, at least in its
truly native condition of growth, does not bear seed— such seed

158 A.NNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

as is capable of germination. There are many tropical plants,
which are perennial or not, according to the climate where they
are cultivated, and which may be propagated with facility by
seed, cuttings, tubers, &c. Thus, the Lima bean is a seedling
annually here, but is perennial in Liberia. The scarlet running
bean is usually cultivated as a seedling, yet, even here, its roots
are capable of surviving the winter and growing the second
year. Dahlias are raised readily from seed, cuttings, or tubers.
Peppers are biennial, and perhaps more at Bogota. Nasturtions
are perennial in Peru. So are squashes in the Sandwich Islands.
The potato is readily grown from seed to its full size the first
year, or it may be readily propagated by cuttings, though usu-
ally reproduced by tubers. In the cane-growing States the
cane not only does not bear seed, but does not even head or
" tassel out," as we say of corn. It is cut for grinding for sugar
at that stage of its growth at which Indian cor-a is often cut
for summer fodder, when pastures are short, i.e., just before it
throws out its top, which is when it is about half grown. Who
would call corn ripe at that stage, however vigorously it had
grown ?

According to statements, (see Patent Office report, 1848, p.
283,) cane that is six or eight feet high throws out a top or arrow
of from five to seven feet more in height. This corresponds
very nearly to the habits of Indian corn. At the north the
yellow corn, in good soils and seasons, seldom exceeds eight
feet in height, and is often below it. Of this the part above
the ear is considerably more than half. On the contrary, the
southern gourd seed corn I found, in central Ohio, in 1842,
standing thirteen feet high, but was told that it attained, in
good years, sixteen feet in the same soil. In this case the ear
is above the middle of the stalk, thus making the top less than
one-half its whole length.

I am aware that it is asserted that the cane arrows or tops
sparingly even in the West Indies. (See Patent Office report,
1848, p. 283.) But this may be owing to some want of wise
culture, rather than to a natural habit of the plant. Sugar
cane, in Liberia, attains a height of fifteen feet, with a diameter

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 159

of two or three inches. Its growth there is larger than in Bar-
badoes. (See Dr. J. W. Lugenbeel's "Sketch of Liberia," p.
24.) The Doctor does not state whether it tops out or not, but
at the lieight of fifteen feet we hardly need ask the question.
Neither does he state whether it bears seed.

Indian corn, when planted at midsummer, often matures its
ears sufficiently for boiling before frost; but in the event of a
cold autumn, as in the case of 1856, it does not even head out.
Suckers about the base of the plant, even in good seasons, do not
head out, though often bearing an imperfect ear at the top of the
plant where the tassel might have been expected. In very
prosperous years of corn culture we often find a small irregular
ear of well ripened grain on the very apex of the tassel, although
the Indian corn is a dioecious plant, having its staminate organs
at the top.

These, and such like facts, in the culture of corn, go strongly
to suggest, analogically at least, that in its appropriate climate?
and by proper culture, the sugar cane ought to bear seed freely.
The failure of tropical plants to mature so as to exhibit seed,
or other appropriate secretions, in a northern climate, is a mat-
ter of common experience. In 1851,1 planted a convolvulus
imported from Madeira. It was forwarded in a hot bed, and
grew with great vigor and health, but never developed a single
flower. Humboldt hints somewhere, I think, that wheat, on
the Mexican Andes, refuses to head. So the potato, imported
from Valparaiso, never formed a tuber. Indeed, it is a frequent
fact in agriculture, that many plants, even in their appropriate
climates, fail to ripen seed or fruit, when excessively or other-
wise unwisely cultivated. I cannot therefore consider the con-
stant failure of the sugar cane to top out and bear seed, in the
southern States, in any other light than that of a j)roof of its
permanent immaturity in the region where it is thus cultivated.
That it now begins to fail, after so long a period of tolerably
successful culture, is a proof then, not of its essential feeble-
ness as a species of plant, but rather of naturally great vigor
of constitution.

(3.) The disease of the sugar cane is attended with just those
marks that indicate that the climate is especially at fault.

160 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

First — the cane, in such cases, is enlarged and discolored, and its
juices corrupted. No one, who has cultivated melons, cucum-
bers, tomatoes, summer squashes, and even occasionally sweet
corn, on a large scale for market, during years of severe climatic
mid-summer changes, as in 1846, or in permanently cold sum-
mers, as in 1848, will be a stranger to closely corresponding
indications of morbid condition. Cold wet autumns also pro-
duce similar results on sweet corn that had been intended for
late market.

In these cases, melons of all sorts were decayed on the lower
side, or exhibited dark hearts. Cucumbers and summer squashes
had carious spots on the outside. Tomatoes were covered with
brown and black indurations. Sweet corn, in the latter part of
the summer, grew and rotted in the husk, even when planted
widely apart, with access of air and light.

Secondly — The sugar cane exhibited mildew about the joints.
This is often seen on Indian corn when having been cut up, the
autumn is unfavorable for curing it.

Thirdly — A gummy or waxy exudation is seen about the joints
of the sugar cane. When this is considerable in quantity, the
produce of sugar is small. So similarly, in morbid years,
cucumbers and summer squashes, at mid-summer, and winter
squashes when gathered in the autumn, often exhibit gummy
concretions over their surfaces. Water melon and musk melon
vines, when injured in early or mid-summer by a severe chill,
show a black gummy matter standing in drops a few inches from
the extremities of such vines as had grown most thriftily. In
all these cases such excretions were very offensive to the smell.
They all, as also those of the cane, are instances of juices divert-
ed from the proper circulation while the plant is in a morbid
state, like a vegetable erysipelas. In the case of the sugar cane
the rationale of its appearance perhaps is this. Both the sugar
cane and Indian corn are constituted with a determination of
juices to the bud, in the one case to expand the bud the second
year, aiKl in the other to form the ear of the present year. The
sugar cane perhaps needs a portion of this gum to protect the'
joint and the bud from the severities of the coming winter, but

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 161

in the case of a morbid season the deposition on the surface is
unduly large, thus robbing the plant of a portion of that matter
which should have been deposited in the form of sugar in the
vessels of the plant. Its appearance on the surface is a proof
of morbid action showing a want of vitality in the plant.

Fourthly — The season of grinding the sugar cane often comes
at a period when the secretions of the plant are too immature or
diseased to granulate, and are fit only for molasses. This fact is
parallel with the occasional condition of some fruits, when, in
consequence of cold, wet summers, the fruit in autumn exhibits
not secretions of sugar, but of starch and acids. (See Silliman's
Chemistry, edition of 1850, section No. 783.)

Fifthly — What strengthens these impressions of the inappro-
priateness of the climate of Louisiana for the most successful
culture of the sugar cane, is the fact that its sugars are found
much less fitted for the purpose of the refiner than the sugars
made in the tropical regions. The sugar in the former case
appears as though made of juices imperfectly matured at the very
point of fermentation.

The explanation of this is most obvious. Sugar cane, besides
the elements of sugar, which are themselves fermentable when
in an imperfect state of elaboration, contains a considerable
quantity of gluten. (See Johnstone's chemistry of common life,
vol. 1st, p. 206, edition of New-York, 1855.) In the imperfect
health of the plant these glutinous substances run quickly into
a state of putrefactive fermentation. Even when the cane is
healthful they jeopardize the safety of the expressed juice, un-
less speedily boiled. So similarly, in the spring of the year the
last drawn sap of the sugar maple is incapable of granulation
into sugar, and is fit only for molasses.

Sixthly — I have often noticed that imported tropical plants
grow with marked vigor the first year, and then gradually
decline, if the period of their maturity is inconsistent with the
length of our seasons. In such cases the plant runs through the
period of its declension in from two to five years. See the illus-
tration in the case of the potato previously recorded.

[Ag. Trans.] K

162 ANNUAL REPORT OT NEW- YORK

The success with which Indian corn, a plant closely related
to the sugar cane, is cultivated, should not be cited against the
position that the sugar growing region of the United States of
America is too cold for its most profitable culture : for, firstj
Indian corn is adapted to a less degree of heat than the sugar
cane. Secondly^ even it is injured temporarily by a cold season.
Thirdly^ it is always cultivated as a seedling, and so gradually
accommodates itself to the length of the season where it is per-
manently cultivated. Thus grown, moreover, it retrieves the
injuries of one year by the healthier growth of the next, while
in the cases of such perennials as the sugar cane, grape and
potato, the injury accumulates from year to year.

There is no more reason why a perennial plant, suffering cli-
matic injuries from year to year, should recover from them
perfectly, than that animals should perfectly surmount the
effects of repeated attacks of disease, or the effects of constant
climatic pressure. The assertion of the contrary doctrine would
be that of a virtual immortality, (accidents apart) of both plants
and animals. Indeed, how often do we see a plant sink, in one
season, under repeated attacks of hard chills, heavy rains, and
light frosts 1

a. The climate of the sugar growing States is too irregular for
the best health of the sugar cane.

1. Such fitfulness is the striking characteristic of the climate
of a large portion of the United States of America. The ration-
ale of its influence on tender plants, was previously described,
in treating of the grape. There is this difference, however,
between the grape and the sugar cane. The former suffers
almost equally from hot damps and cold chills, while the latter,
in common with most tropicals, suffers almost exclusively from
the latter. See the illustration of inconstant weather on the
cucumber, melon, squash, egg plant, potato, pumpkin, pepper,
beans, corn, tomatoes, &c., in the Transactions of the New- York
State Agricultural Society, for 1847, p. 442-444; and 1848, p.
412-414,

2. The theory of acclimation, often introduced at this point of
the discussion, is one of the imagination only, and is never veri-

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 163

fied by facts. Perennial tropical plants, cultivated in an
incongenial climate, (one rendered so by shortness of season,
and irregularity of impulse,) never gain a substantial adaptation
to that climate. See above preliminary consideration 4th.

c. Tke ivfluence of damp hot weather on the sugar cajie. — From
the analogy of Indian corn, and other tropicals, I do not suppose
that the sugar cane suffers greatly from this phase of weather,
it being truly tropical in its character, and so consistent with
the health of tropical plants, unless attended with a suffusion
of water about the roots. Indian corn, when once started in
the spring, grows with less moisture than any other tropical
cultivated at the north. At the same time it bears, withuut
marked injury, a large amount of moisture at mid-summer and
early autumn, provided the sub-soil be dry and the w^eather warm.
It is cold damp weather that injures corn. Such analogically
would be the case with sugar cane, and such I infer is the fact.
See Transactions of the Patent Office, 1S53, p. 356; article.
Climatology. The principal injury to the sugar cane, from warm
damp weather, would be in autumn, when it would lead to
excessive development, and interfere with those elaborations
which bring the juices of the plant into a crystalizable state,
that is, ripen it. And such is its injury to corn.

In both, the ordinary decline of heat, experienced at the com-
mencement of autumn, is needful to terminate the expansion of
the plant, and dispose it to mature, especially in the case of the
cane, which is already too late for the climate.

d. The influejice of dry hot weather. — This phase of weather not
being peculiar to the region of the sugar cane, in the United
States of America, should not be dwelt upon em])hatically here,
although its effect may be properly noticed. Such weather, by
witliholding the amount of moisture needful to distend the j)lant,
and aid its elaborations and depositions, while it is highly stimu-
lated by heat, will prevent its growth, since the appropriate
absorptions from the earth and air are thus impeded. In extreme
cases the whole j)lant is dwarfed, and its elaborations are small
in quantity ami poor in quality. Such was the result of tlie
extreme drouglit in 18j4, in the culture of tomatoes and melons,
and probably other tropical plants not particularly noticed.
Those tomatoes and melons were scarcely eatable in quality.

164 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

With Indian corn, however, the case was different. Here the
ears, though but half their usual size, in cob and kernel, were
sound. They matured very early. Analogically, I infer, that dry
hot weather would affect sugar cane similarly, that is, reduce the
size of the plant and the quantity of sugar, without deteriorating
its quality. In the early spring, such weather might prevent the
free germination of the cane. Such weather, carried to a mode-
rate extent, is useful in bringing the elaborations of most tropicals
to a high state of perfection.

e. The season of the sugar-growing States is too short for its
perfoct maturity.

What the ascertained period of the growth of the sugar cane
is, I do not know, or rather I believe it is not fixed, but
varies with general temperature, quantity of rain, and sudden
transition from summer to autumn. Vegetable growth being in
the combined proportion of length of summer and climatic
impulse, will obviously be greatest when the season is at once
long and hot. Definite periods in the growth of cane, as in that
of Indian corn, will depend on the abruptness of the transition
from summer to autumn, since without such transition, cane, as
well as many other plants, would grow almost indefinitely.
Facts prove, however, in our own cane-growing districts, and
with the varieties there cultivated, that the season is not long
enough to give due development to the plant and at the same
time to mature its juices, since autumn frequently finds the whole
plant imperfect. The result of such imperfection, in regard to its
availability in the production of sugar, will be seen by referring to
pp.

Recollecting now the successive steps of this argument — cool-
ness, instability, hot intensity, and shortness of season — it is pain-
fully apparent that climate,^ season or weather ^ has much to do with
the disease of the sugar cane.

The Rev. J. B. Pinney, formerly the governor of the colony of
Liberia, in Africa, lately told me that in Liberia, the Ratoon cane
is cut in high perfection year after year, without the necessity of
replanting. He also informed me, on the authority of an intelli-
gent merchant of New-York city, that there are plantations in
Cuba on which Ratoon cane has been cut profitably for eighteen
successive years, without replanting. Need we any stronger evi-

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 165

dence of the essential imperfection of the climate of the Southern
United States, at least in reference to all the varieties of cane
hitherto cultivated there 1

3. Culture as affecting the health of the Sugar Cane. —
a. Mode of propagation. — My remarks on the question of propa-
gation by cuttings, in the case of the grape, may here be referred
to, to save repetition. (See p. — .) This mode of propagating the
sugar cane is not only the most ready, but also indispeiisible in
all common cases where an immediate crop is sought ; but,

1. To say nothing of the mode, when long pursued, as intrin-
sically tending to produce deterioration, is it not obvious that this
result would probably be produced when we consider that all the
varieties of cane actually in use in the cane growing States, are a
little too late for the climate, and that they are often rendered
still more immature by the infelicity of the season? These
causes may well be supposed to accumulate from year to year.

2. This evil is enhanced by the unwise practice, which has
extensively prevailed, of using the tops of the canes for planting.
These, as being last formed, are the least matured, and so have
the least vitality to carry them through the winter, and the least
amount of organizable matter to impel the germ in the succeed-
ing spring. This practice is not universal, but may have been
resorted to often enough to injure the whole stock now in use.
When such top canes are not used for seed, those from the old
root, called Ratoon cane, are employed. (See Patent Office report
of 1848, p. 285.) Such canes, just like the grafts of an old tree,
have less vitality than those taken from the plant cane of the
last year's culture; for, although the whole race is in a state of
decline, the last and most vigorously grown plants will make the
best cuttings. The failure of this ratoon cane, grown from roots
but a year old, is a sad proof of the state of exhaustion of the
whole race, and may be contrasted with the condition of many
foreign grapes which, are kept in tolerable health by being fre-
quently reproduced by layers or cuttings from the old root.

3. So also the influence of a Louisiana winter should be taken
into the account. In the northern States, the cuttings of the
grape, gooseberry and quince, and the grafts of other fruit trees,
are most carefully chosen from well ripened wood. They are
often not cut until the very close of winter. Previously to being

166 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

cut, they are all, with the exception of the grape, capable of
bearing the most intense cold of our winters without injury.
"When cut, whether earlier or later, they are either buried out of
doors, where they are kept in a frozen state, often almost up to
the week in which they are set, or they are stored in damp earth
or saw dust in our cellars, where the temperature is steadily but
a little elevated above freezing.

The sugar cane cutting, whether planted in the autumn,
or otherwise preserved from frost, for spring planting, can not
be kept in the same state of quiescence. It has also the disadvan-
tage of having a more vascular structure, and more fermenta-
ble juices than the cuttings of hard w^oods. For both these
reasons it is liable to injury from the changeful temperature of a
southern winter. Any unnatural heat, in the middle of the
winter, would predispose it to germinate, as here in the case of
potatoes stored a little too warmly. Such predisposition being
checked would tend to a state of fermentation and decay in the
juices. That danger is actually incurred in this way, is evident,
from the fact that the cane frequently rots in the ground in wet
winters, and in soils not well drained. (Patent Office report,
1848, p. 284.)

In climes congenial to the culture of sugar cane, the season of
winter rest is so short that the cane cuttings being planted in good
order, their juices immediately commence those changes needful
for the germination of them. Thus the germs of the cuttings are
pushed into the atmosphere just as soon as it is warm enough to
receive and foster them. In Louisiana there are long weeks of
weather so cold and damp as to exercise no favorable influence
preparatory to its germination in the spring. In short, the influ-
ence of using imperfectly ripe cane for seed, and its exposure to
irregular winters, must accumulate from year to year. In the
end, these evils must work the same injury, in the culture of
cane, that the habitual use, in other places, .of the seeds of imma-
ture tomatoes, cucumbers, or melons, would do. Eventual depre-
ciation of constitutional vigor must necessarily result to every
organized being, wliether animal or vegetable, Irom such frequent
and severe trials of health.

Can it be for a moment doubted that injury has actually thus
resulted in the culture of cane 1 Many careless cultivators of

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 16T

such tropicals as cucumbers, melons, tomatoes, &c., often find
these plants depreciating in their hands, and they need to renew
their seed from the gardens of more careful cultivators.

In a careful selection of dry warm soils for tropicals, with the
use of hot beds in forwarding the more tender of them, and the
careful selection of well ripened and perfect fruits for seed, I
have found their vigor not only sustained, but often improved.
The occasional infelicitous influence of an unfavorable cold season,
like 1848, or a very dry one like 1854, is usually retrieved in
the succeeding year. On the other hand in the cultivation of a
plant like the sugar cane, in a climate a little too cool and irreg-
ular, and a season too short, and by unwise choice of seed
cuttings, it seems impossible to save the plant from eventual and
rapid depreciation.

Amid the imperfections of soil, season and culture, even our
hardiest perennial fruits and vegetables eventually depreciate, and
need renewal from the seed, whatever may be said of the dura-
bility of such perennials under supposed modes of culture.

b. Manuring. — Whatever gives rapid development to vegetation,
results in the disproportionate production of cellular tissue over
woody fiber, and thus exhibits a watery and tender state of the
plant. This difference is made strikingly apparent wherever the
gardener, in the spring, forwards some cabbage plants in a hot bed
and others in open culture. On transplanting both, on the same day
and into the same soil, it will be found that the plants raised in
open culture, though smaller in size, will have a decided advan-
tage should the subsequent weather happen to be cold and change-
ful. Even hardy plants, as wheat, barley and oats, in cold and
irregular, but much more in hot, damp weather, are more
liable to rusts and mildews, when overgrown in highly manured
soils, than when grown in a soil of medium fertility.

Again, the influence of a highly manured soil drives the expan-
sion of the plant too far, and does not always permit the formation
of flowers and the setting of fruit sufficiently early. In iSS-i I
set a row of tomatoes in my garden, beginning at the rich, moist
termination of a sink-drain, and retiring from it in a direction up
hill into drier and poorer soil. My fruit began to ripen on the
top of the hill, and gradually descended towards the sink-drain,
the last three or four hills not maturing a single fruit. Every

168 ANNUAL REPOBT OF NEW-YORK

observant cultivator will call to mind similar facts. In the appli-
cation of these principles to the cultivation of sugar cane, it may
be observed that, had it always been cultivated in a soil of but
moderate fertility, the crop would have attained its utmost expan-
sion at an earlier part of the season, thus allowing the whole
force of the termination of summer and the beginning of autumn to
be expended on the maturing of the secretions of the plant. It
is also in accordance with all experience that vegetation meets
the advance of the cool damp weather of autumn safely, almost
exactly in the proportion of its maturity. The full realization of
this idea, however, involves the use of such varieties of any plant
under cultivation as admit of sufficiently early maturity in ordi-
nary seasons. I am well aware how this subject presents itself
to the cultivator of the sugar cane. His first object is a heavy
crop of cane, in the hope of a correspondingly large return of
sugar. But, in a climate presenting all the imperfections of oui's
every cultivator must make his choice between a larger crop of
possibly diseased cane, or a smaller one of probably healthier.
Sugar canes grown in very rich soils are found to be inferior in
quality of juice of which a double quantity is needed to make a
given amount of sugar. (See Patent Office report, 1855, p. 275.)
This is an indication that much manuring will prove injurious in
such a climate as ours, especially with the late maturing and
exhausted sorts now in use. Indeed, such stimulation only inter-
acts with the other unfavorable conditions, and thus more rapidly
and effectually precipitates it into disease. With a better stock
of seed cane, a longer season and a more congenial clime, there
would be little danger in the most generous application of manures.
Such a climate would secure health under almost any circum-
stances of impulsive culture. It is plain then, that the safety
with which manures are applied to the culture of the cane in
tropical regions is but an imperfect guide to us.

c. Rotation of crops. — Whatever may be the cause, whether
the gradual exhausting of appropriate nutriment in the soil, or the
deposition of excrementitious poison, few plants bear culture on
the same soil through many successive years. Cruciform plants,
such as cabbage, radishes and turnips, I have found especially
injured by Such consecutive planting. The injury in this case I
think, is occasioned by excrementitious poison rather than by

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 169

exhaustion. Corn on the other hand never seems to suffer from
this cause. In August, of 1842, I saw a large field of corn, in
Licking county, Ohio, on the farm of a friend, which was said to
be the thirty-seventh successive crop grown on the same ground;
yet it stood, in wliat was considered a bad corn year, thirteen feet
high. From the analogy of Indian corn to the sugar cane, I
should infer that the latter would bear continued cultivation
through many successive years, provided the soil were naturally
highly fertile; and such I believe is found to be the fact. I have
previously suggested that, in the wise culture of cane tliere need
be very little if any exhaustion of mineral elements in the soil;
yet as every soil is not constituted with a high degree of fertility,
and as all culture is not wise, it is certainly advisable, from gene-
ral agricultural analogy, to rotate the culture of sugar cane witli
other crops whose drauglit upon the soil shall be most dissimilar
to that of the sugar cane.

d. Mechanical culture. — The more frequently and deeply a
soil is stirred about the plant, provided due care be had of the
roots, the greater will be its progress. In a perfect climate and a
long season this might be done fearlessly; but in a short season
and with an imperfect climate, and in the use, moreover of fieeble
and late growing varieties of any particular plant, such a <fourse
of culture becomes harmful in the same way that high manuring
does in the section above. In both cases, and especially where
they act jointly, the plant is provoked into a late and immature
growth, which greatly jeopardizes its health. I do not know
what the facts are in the actual mechanical culture of the sugar
cane furtlier than that "the cultivator's aim is to get fine large canes
in as short a period as possible. (See Patent Office report 1818, p.
286.

c. Wide 'planting. — Few facts are better esta])lished in agricul-
ture than the superior health of plants when j)lanted at sucli
distances as admit of the full enjoyment of air and ligh.t. Tlieso
iiilluences being indispensible conditions of vegetable growth, any
diminution of them, especially in a tropical plant, must be greatly
injurious to its prosperity, and result in lessened health, size and
value of secretions. Wide planting is found very important in
the culture of In<lian corn, not only to its health, but also to its
development and productiveness. Close planting is very noticea-

170 ANNUAL REPOBT OF NEW- YORK

bly Opposed to the health both of the grape and the potato, and
very prejudical to the fruitfulness of all other tropical plants.

RECAPITULATION AND CONCLUSION.

1. Causes of Disease. — If the foregoing reasoning, both direct
and analogical, be correct, and the report of facts quoted in the
culture of sugar cane be correct also, the disease of that plant
(even after making large admissions for the possible influence of
exhaustion of the soil, in many cases, fi-om long cropping,) is
referable

a. To climate considered as too cool and fitful, and presenting
a season too short for the maturity of the crop. This, I suppose,
is the great cause.

6. To the too long use of cuttings, often very unwisely chosen
from the most unripe cane, frequently injured during the winter
season, and derived from varieties of the cane not adapted in
season of maturity to the climate of the sugar growing States.

c. To a soil often naturally or artificially too rich or impulsive,
which, joined with a course of culture often too stimulating, pro-
vokes the late growth, and consequent imperfect maturity of the
crop, especially when planted too thickly.*

2. The immediate remedy. — If the preceding view of the
causes of disease be correct, an immediate remedy would involve :

a. The selection of soils of but moderate fertility, and those
well drained, and naturally, from mechanical structure, warm,
especially for the culture of seed cane.

* I do not know what may have heen the influence of the last summer on the sugar cane
at the south. At the north the season was very dry. If it were but moderately so at the
south there may have been a sound crop of cane. AUhough genial years, like 1852, may
occaBionally give such crops, I have no hope in the ultimate success of its culture in the
use of the present varieties. After the first impressi('n of potato disease was a little miti-
gated, the hope was confidently expressed that it would decline and disappear. To my
surprise such a hope has been recently expressed in a high place; but every habitual and
observing cultivator knows that such a hope is utterly fallacious. As long ago as 1847, I
expressed my despair of any such desirable result being ever attained. (See Transactions
of N. Y. State Ag'\ Societj-, 1847, p. 455.) An even tempered season wi'l give good crops
even with the old s'rts. So also very dry seasons, as 1854 and 1856, will give sound though
scant crops. But changeful years as 1846, or hot damp ones as 1850, 1851 or 1855, are sure
to disease it. The Yam of NcAv-Jcrsey, the imported Rough Purple Chili, and a few seed-
lings, are the only uniformly reliable sorts known to me. Others occasionally do well in
medium soils and on northern slopes, especially if dug early. So I apprehend it will result
with the sugar cane. Exemption from disease in particular soils and seasons, is in harmony
with well-dcfineQ physiological laws; but it by no means disproves the existence of inhe-
rent and sure tendency to speedy ruin, of all the old varieties, alike of the potato and the
sugar cane.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 171

b. The use of cuttings from the strongest varieties, carefully
selected, and carefully wintered.

c. A coarse of culture not too protracted in the season, and at
such distances as shall secure the highest influence of sun
and air.

d. Such a rotation of crops, especially on soils not best adap-
ted to the culture of the sugar cane, as shall give the soil

adequate rest.

3. The eemote remedy. — a. The procurement, from some cli-
mate, appropriate to the culture of sugar cane, of cuttings of
varieties adapted, in hardiness and earliness of maturity, to the
Icimate of the sugar growing States.

h. The procurement of the true seed of the cane, either from
tropical regions, or from the cuttings just mentioned, the prefer-
ence being given to seed produced in our own country.

c. The procurement of new varieties from such seed, — varieties
hopefully invested with high climatic adaptations.

d. The cultivation, annually, of a small plat of cane, in the
manner indicated under the immediate remedy, hoping thus to
secure cuttings for seed cane of the highest quality, for the per-
petuation of the species.

e. .Appendix to the remote remedy. — Ji substitute for the sugar
cane. — Should the preceding suggestions of an ultimate remedy not
be fully realized in experiment, we may be led to seek a substitute
for the sugar cane. Indian corn has long been known to be
rich in sugar. On the same soil and with tlie same climate and
culture, its weight of herbage would probably be equal to
the cane.

From the higher adaptation of the species to our climate, it
could usually be relied on for a healthful crop. The use of seed,
grown farther north, for a part of the crop, would enable the
planter to have ripe corn at as early a period as he would be
found ready to begin the process of grinding and boiling. The
labor of destroying the embryo ears, (were that found needful to
give richness to the sap), would not be found expensive. Its use
as a source of sugar at the north, was long since suggested. At
the south the longer season and hotter sun would give the plant
larger development and greater concentration of sap, provided it

172 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

were cultivated on a sufficiently dry soil. Its softer cortex and
pith would facilitate the grinding. We should not forget, also,
the superior facility with which its waste matter could be con-
verted into manure, and returned to the soil.

The use of Indian corn as an annual seedling would avoid all
the troublesome facts connected with the present deterioration
of cane. The process of planting and culture would also be
cheaper.

What the drawbacks on this plan might be, I can not say. I
suppose, however, that the percentage of sugar might be much
less. So, also, the chemical state of its sap, as related to fermen-
tability and granulation, may make it inferior; though of this I
know nothing.

On the subject of the relative amount of sugar in diiferent
parts of the plant, and at different periods in its progressive growth,
the reader may consult the "Prize Essay" of Prof Salisbury, in
the Transactions of the New- York State Agricultural Society, for
1848, p. 677 to 845.

In this search for a substitute for sugar cane, we should not
forget the newly imported Chinese Sugar Cane^ — a plant well
reported of in regard to hardiness, timely maturity, and rich
juices.

It is very important to notice that the substitution of this
plant, or of Indian corn, would greatly extend the latitudinal area
of sugar growing, carrying it as far north, doubtless, as the line
of 40^, instead of its present limits of 32 J°.

When the foregoing was first written, I was not aware of the
wise action of the United States government, in sending abroad
for such seed cane as I have described. I do most fervently hope
that the suggestion which I have made, relative to the true seed
of the sugar cane, will be carried out also. Nor should such
renewal of seed cane be sought for from highly tropical regions,
however healthfully the cane may grow there. That were but to
perpetuate existing difficulties, by introducing varieties which
must decline, in a few years, under the infelicities of our climate,
unless renewed from the true seed.

JOHN LUNAN ON THE SUGAR CANE IN JAMAICA.

Since the preceding article was written a friend has put into my
hands — Hortus Jamaicensis : or a Botanical description of the

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 173

indigenous plants hitherto known, and also of the most useful
exotics in the island of Jamaica. By John Lunan, in two vols,
quarto — the second vol. (the only one which I have seen) con-
taining 400 pages was printed in 1814. This work devotes ten
pages to the natural history, culture, &c., of the sugar cane.
From its pages I make, extracts corroborative of some of my
positions in the preceding article.

" The root of the sugar cane is jointed, like that of other sorts
of cane or reed. From this arises four, five or more shoots, pro-
portionable to the age or strength of the root, eight or ten feet
high, according to the goodness of the ground. In some moist ,
rich soils canes have heen measured nearly txoenty feet long, hut
these were not as good as those of middling growth^ abounding in
juice, hut having little of the essential salt. * * * *
The flowers are produced in panicles on the top of the stalks.
They are from two to three feet long, and are composed of many
spikes nine or ten inches in length, which are again subdivided
into smaller spikes. * * * Yl^e seed is oblong, pointed
and ripens in the valves of tl>e flowers. It has been asserted that
the sugar cane is not indigenous in America, but that it migrated
through Europe, which may be doubted, as Father Hennepin, in
1680, found it growing near the mouth of the Mississippi, for
thirty leagues; and Francis Ximens, Hernandez, and Piso, all
affirm that the sugar cane grows spontaneously near the Rio-de-
la-Plata. Jean deLeary, who went to Rio Janeiro, in 1556, also
asserts that he found every where a great quantity of sugar canes.
It is thought by some that Columbus introduced the plant into
Hispaniola in his first voyage; but the opinion that it may be a
native of America and the West Indies is much strengthened by
the sugar cane having been found in such plenty in the South Sea
islands.

There are several varieties of this valuable plant; but the cul-
tivation of all has been for some years past greatly neglected to
make room for the Otaheite or Bourbon cane, which was brought
here in 1796, and has since been generally cultivated. This cano
is of a much larger size than any otlier, the joints frequently
measuring eight ur nine inches, and of a proportional thickness;
the common cane seldom exceeds two or three inches. They have
consequently been found very productive, and their sugar of a

174 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

superior quality. * * * * The juice of the Bourbon
cane is of a paler color, and they are ripe enough to grind in ten
months. From their size they resist dry weather much better
than any other cane, and are not nearly so subject to suffer from
that destructive insect, the borer. With all these seeming advan-
tages, it is no wonder if they entirely supersede the use of all
other varieties of the sugar cane in Jamaica. They^ however, more
speedily exhaust the soil, and it may he questioned, whether in the
course of time, they will not themselves dwindle from repeated
transplantations in a foreign soil, which all exotics do; and which,
indeed, has already been found the case, in a considerable degree, on
many plantations. The old cane, it is acknowledged, possessed
richer juices than the new, and its tops afforded a much greater
quantity of food for cattle, which considerations added to that of
their not impoverishing the soil so much as the other, render it
very doubtful whether the ultimate benefit will be so great as
was anticipated."

The portions of this extract to which I wish especially to draw
attention are those in italics. This work was written more than
forty years ago, but already, even then, the Bourbon or Otaheite
cane, which the Louisiana writers consider as two different sorts,
and which, under the name of Bourbon, is the one there princi-
pally cultivated, was beginning to shew signs of failure in the
climate of Jamaica. It is not wonderful therefore, that it is now
rapidly deteriorating in that of Louisiana. In both localities
large size of cane — the result of too impulsive culture — is attained
at the expense of deterioration in quality of juice. In many
specimens of West India cane seen in the sugar hogsheads of this
city, during the past winter, I have noticed that they were all
shorter jointed than the reported length of the Louisiana cane,
the result obviously of a less impulsive and so more healthful
course of culture.

III. APPENDIX.

Suggestions on the modes and difficulties of reproduction

applicable to the renewal of the grape and the sugar cane.

The Grape. — 1. So frequently do we find the value and availi-
bility of many vegetables, and especially fruits, limited by no very
distant lines, both of latitude and longitude, that we are constantly
to keep in view the necessity of securing the highest adaptation

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 175

by originating them from the seed near to the spot of their
permanent culture.

2. The Isabella and Catawba grape have a very high character
for the table, and the latter also for wine. When perfectly
matured they bear a favorable comparison with the best grapes of
Europe; but they are varieties most appropriate to their native
region in about lat 33^ to 36^. In a very fine, long season like
1852, or a dry one like 1854, they ripen well at Utica, and in
less favorable seasons they are still cultivated successfully in the
valley of the Hudson below the highlands, and on the southern
shores of lakes Ontario and Erie. But as varieties, they are not
permanently reliable, on a wide extent of latitude, further north
than 40^. Indeed, they have mildewed badly on that line in
Ohio, and south of it in Kentucky.

3. The Diana is favorably known to the public as a most valu-
able seedling. Tlie Rebecca, Delaware, To-Kalon, Union Village,
Concord, Carter, and perhaps others, have been very recently
commended to public notice.

4. Other varieties as the Charter Oak, of the most worthless
character, have been imposed on the public by persons interested
in their sale, or too ignorant to be constituted adequate judges
of the quality of a grape.

5. A few foreign sorts, such as the Early Black July, Miller's
Burgundy, Violet Chasselas and Golden Chasselas (Royal Musca-
dine of Downing,) with some others, ripen early always at Utica,
in latitude 43*^. When cultivated as directed in the preceding
pages, they may generally be secured from mildew. The last of
the above list is a most magnificent grape, both in cluster and
berry, and, in warm, dry seasons, of the highest quality.

6. We need a grape as hardy as the Fox grape, and as valua-
ble fur the table as the Isabella, Catawba or Golden Chasselas,
and ri])ening as early as the latter, or even, for some localities, as
early as the Black July. Such a grape must be a native, since it
is conceded that no valuable varieties of foreign e;rapes will uni-
formly succeed here, especially in cheap out-door culture.

7. Some hasty theorizers do not relinquish the idea of improv-
ing the native wild grape. But it is sutficiently proved that,
however hardy and productive some ^^f them are, and however
large the berry and early the maturity, they can never be made

76 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

to change the crude juice, hard pulp and peculiar fragrance that
marks the most of them. (See the Horticulturist of Sept., 1847,
p. 122.

8. I cannot but desire a thorough exploration of some of the
valleys of our northern rivers, as the Hudson and the Connecti-
cut, in the hope of finding native varieties, if not of the highest
excellence, of sufficient value to be worthy of extensive culture.

9. We seem then, con'sidering the question of the high value
and wide availability of the seedlings already originated, as unset-
tled, driven to make additional efforts to procure a seedling grape
combining hardiness, early maturity, free bearing and high qual-
ity for the table. There are two modes of accomplishing this.

a. We may plant the seeds of wild sorts in the hope that,
under the power of culture, they may sport into new and valuable
varieties. The same may be done with the seeds of the old
valuable sorts. Experience, however, proves that the seedlings
from such sources are seldom much improvement on the parent;
those from the wild one being wild still, and those from the luscious,
foreign sorts often proving wild also. Such results, indeed, were
to be expected from the analogy of the apple, peach, pear, &c.

b. The method by hybridization is superior to the former, since
by it we are able, with certainty, to combine the very different
and yet valuable quality of very different sorts. See remarks on
this subject in the Horticulturist, volume, 2d, p. 113; vol. 3d.
pp. 21 and 291. A cross made in this way between such varieties
as the Hesperione, Black Hamburgh or Golden Chasselas, with
such native sorts as the Isabella or Catawba, would be likely to
result in new and valuable sorts, combining the lusciousness and
freedom from pulp of the foreign with the hardy constitution of
the native sorts. Those familiar with the process of hybridizing
advise the assumption of the hardy variety as that on which to
operate, while the pollen from impregnation should be taken
from the foreign sort. Mr. Lindley sums up the results of such
experiments thus : (See Horticulturist, vol. 3d, p. 25.)

" 1st. The character of the male parent becomes more fully
developed in the flower and parts of fructification in the progeny,
than those of the female. 2d. The character and constitution
and foliage of the female are, to a great extent, transferred to
the progeny."

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 177

10. A valuable sort obtained by such means, and having the
early maturity of the Golden Chasselas; or a sort ripening as
early as the Black July, for the more northern grape growing
region, would constitute a most valuable acquisition to our
country. With such varieties we might cultivate the grape, if
not cheaply, yet at least with a certain degree of success, from
42^ to 44^ north lat., while farther south it might be produced
in cheap abundance.

11. I will risk a conjecture on the probable future success of
grape culture in the northern States, north of 42°, excepting that
portion which lies immediately south of lakes Ontario and Erie.

It is admitted that the wild grape grows freely over most of
tliis section of the Union, but we are not thence to infer that val-
uable cultivated sorts, brought under the ordinary regimen of
garden cultui-e, would flourish permanently.

a. The wild grape, in its native vales, and at the foot of hills,
finds usually a choice soil, where it grows without culture, while
its roots are usually mulched with grass, the falling leaves and
branches produced by itself and the neighboring trees. From its
position, in a deep and usually loamy soil, or near some stream,
it is protected against extreme drought. Not being cultivated, it
does not usually germinate until all danger of spring frosts is
past; while, for the same reason, it does not protract its growth
into the extreme autumn. The integrity of its structure is not
interfered with by the pruning knife. Thus situated, it bears
moderate and often large crops of fruit annually. As fearing
frost it seems allied to tropical vegetation, yet it is, in eftect, a
hardy vine. Our forests present many such vines, densely cover-
ing the tops of tall forest trees, or covering many rods square of
lower shrubs. Many of these vines are apparently hundreds of
years old, — a proof that adequate provision is made in the char-
acter of the soil about them for long life.

h. Now let us transfer a cutting or layer of such a grape into
our gardens. Make the soil about it artificial and rich. Culti-
vate it deeply and early, and continually through the season,
forcing it into an early development, and ]>rotracting its autumnal
growth. Let the sun blaze about its roots unprotected by any
sheathing of the soil. Destroy the natural balance between the

[Ag. Trans. J L

178 ANNi/AL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

expansion of its vine and roots by the modern system of pruning.
I say — do all this, and what will be the consequence ? Its w^ood
and leaf will be enlarged and sappy, and the result of its annual
growth of branches will be spongy and vascular, in short, imma-
ture, and no longer able to bear the sudden changes and hot
intensity of summer, or the severe cold of winter. Should it be
retorted that my argument will be equally applicable to all high
culture of other fruits also, I answer, — true, it has a slight bear-
ing in that direction, and certainly indicates the importance of
moderation in the culture of fruits in such a climate as this. Eut
the grape is unlike our other and hardy fruits. They do not fear
ordinary vernal and autumnal frosts, the least touch of which
destroys the foliage of the grape. They none of them present
the spongy wood of the grape.

c. The character of all vegetable secretions depends on the struc-
ture of the vascular system, especially that of the leaf, since it is in
that system that its elaborations are performed. Now there is some
ground for the opinion that very delicate fruits, of any one
species, have, at least very often, a more delicate structure of
elaborating machinery than other varieties of fruit of the same
species, but of less delicate qualities. This is not of course
illustrated by the Seckel pear, nor by the Swaar apple. But it is
seen in the general comparison of tropical with hardy fruits, and
of our more delicate plums, cherries, and pears, with those that
are less so. So far as there is truth in this position, we are not
to expect usually to obtain fruits of rare delicacy but at the
expense of such a course of culture as shall make the plant
itself delicate in constitution, and require a continued course of
culture conformed to such constitutional delicacy, — a thing not
fully and cheaply admissible in such a climate as this, as it
already appears in the cultivation of the foreign grape and the
peach.

d. Once more : Delicacy of vegetable secretions depends not
only on some inscrutable mechanical structure of elaborating
machinery in the leaf, limb and perhaps fruit itself, but it depends
still more on climate. This is evident in the comparison of tro-
pical with hardy fruits, and that of melons, plums, peaches, &c.,
in a hot, dry season, and one cool and w^et. We may suppose
then that fruits of exquisite delicacy require a rare combination

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 179

of elaborating machinery, appropriate soil, and especially appro-
priate climatic influence. Now, this last circumstance is what
we are least able to control. Fruit trees of rare quality may be
imported, and the soil can usually be artificially made appropriate,
but we cannot control the climate. The inference from all this
may be that, with such a climate as this, we may never be
able to realize habitually the culture of a grape at once hardy,
early, and yet equal to the Golden Chasselas, Black Hamburg or
Hesperione. On the other hand, our possession of such fruits as
the Spitzenburgh and Swaar apples, Seckel and Virgalieu pears,
Washington Bolmar and Green Gage plums, ought to encourage
our wise and patient efforts in the direction of acquiring such a
grape as has been suggested.

I may be allowed, in conclusion, to allude to what has been so
often and variously hinted in the preceding essay, that the pro-
curement and permanent enjoyment, in open culture of such a
grape, as has been supposed, must depend on the exercise of uni-
versal moderation in every office of culture that relates to it.
Highly stimulating culture, in such a climate as ours, makes war
upon nature, or rather nature's God, when applied to the grape.

The renewal of the Sugar Cane. — a. Here the labor of repro-
duction, whenever good seed has once been obtained, would pro-
bably be much less than in the case of the grape. As the Indian
corn, broom corn and china sugar cane exactly reproduce them-
selves from seed, so doubtless would the sugar cane.

h. Indian corn has a wonderful power of speedy adaptation to
length of season, when transfered from place to place. The law
of its production seems to be that, where it can find even nine or
ten weeks of dry, hot weather, as in the valley of the Red river
in lat51°, and in that of the St. Lawrence in 47*^, there it can
be produced. (See report of Patent Office 1853, p. 34G, &c.)

c. The sugar cane, on the other hand, requires constitutionally
a liigher d<'gree of heat, and aside from that, does not probably
possess the same i)liancy of adaptation to shorter seasons, and
thus f)r b(»tli reasons can never perhaps be carried as far north
as the Indian corn.

d. Could it, however, by reprotluction from the seed, be brouiicht
within the limits of six nK>nths of "^rowtli, instead of requiring,
as now, nine months in Louisiana, (Patent Office report of 1848,

180 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

l). 284,) might it not find summer's heat enough as far north as
perhaps lat. 37^, (which is the northern limit of North Carolina,
Tennessee, and Arkansas,) instead of, as now, being confined by a
northern limit of 32 J*^. The last line is at present its utmost
northern limit, with the exception of the immediate valley of the
Mississippi, where its culture extends to 35*^. (See Patent Office
report, 1853, p. 361.) At the point suggested, 37^ north, it
might probably find, in central summer, nearly as high a heat as
in Louisiana, and with a shorter summer's growth, it might,
though making less weight of cane, produce that which would be
equally available for the purpose of sugar.

e It would be a singular fact in vegetable physiology, if no
ready and certain mode of the reproduction of sugar cane from
the seed could be discovered. This idea should not be seriously
entertained. The solution of this question might well, if need-
ful, invite the attention of the general government, or of some
of the State governments.

/. The labor not only of obtaining real seed, but of drawing
from it varieties at once hardy and otherwise available, may
involve both time and patience; but I think there could be no
doubt of a favorable result. My experience in the culture of
seedling potatoes affords an analogical argument demonstrative in
its bearing. In those experiments success resulted from one
reproduction where the variety producing the seed-balls was
suited, in season of maturity, to our climate. In the case of
varieties imported from South America, and requiring a much
longer season for maturity than was afforded here, a second and
even a third successive reproduction was needful. In every case
of patient continuance, eventually, valuable new varieties were
obtained; that is, such as were suited, in time of maturity, color
of flesh, shape, &c., to the w^ants of our country. From the dis-
position of the potato, like the apple, to sport into varieties, such
valuable new sorts were comparatively few.

g. My experience in the importation of foreign varieties of
potatoes, is also pertinent to this subject. Here, a variety import-
ed from Bogota, failed entirely in five or six years. Bogota is
situated just north of the equator, where vegetation never ceases,
and yet at so great an elevation as to present a climate too cool
for the best culture of the melon and the tomato. The other

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 181

extreme of this experience was in tlie case of a variety grown in
the immediate vicinity of Valparaiso, in 32° south lat. This
failed the first year to form any tubers, and so w^as entirely lost.
In only one case out of twelve varieties, imported from South
America, was the variety found adapted to our climate.

h. If cuttings of the sugar cane, of sufficient early maturity,
and vigor to bear seed, could be introduced into our sugar grow-
ing States, they would not only themselves become immediately
available; but would probably at once afford new seedling varie-
ties, or rather, judging from the analogy of Indian corn, and
broom corn, would afford a single variety like the parent, except
that it might exhibit a shortened season of maturity. This new
seedling variety, it may be supposed, like Indian corn and its
other associate congeners, would become immediately available
for plantation purposes, unlike tulips and peonies which attain
maturity only in from five to seven years, and unlike potatoes
which, though capable of forming nearly full size tubers the first
year, do not acquire a fitness for the table short of three or
four years.

i. In judging of the valuable qualities of tropical plants of
the same species, though of different varieties, a distinction should
be made between the quality of early maturity and hardiness, the
two things by no means always implying each other. The pres-
sent experience of the sugar growing States, shows that, of the
existing varieties of cane, the Bourbon and Red Ribbon varieties
are much more hardy than the Green Ribbon^ Creole and Otahcite
varieties; but whether there is a difference in their maturity does
not appear from published notices.

The analogy of other tropical plants may be useful to those
who lalwr for the reproduction of the sugarcane from the seed.
Thus,

1. Beans. — The Lima bean requires more heat than any other
we cultivate. It needs a higher temperature for its healthful
germination, and a longer season for its maturity. The JSIo/unck
bean, on tlie contrary, grows with less heat, and at an earlier
period in the spring, than any other variety. Indeed, it will
recover from a light injury by frost. Again, the Lima bean,
thoujrh an annual here, is a perennial in the hapj^y climate of
Liberia. So, also, the Scarlet Rummer is perennial, even here,

182 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

where its roots, standing in the garden all winter, will some-
times germinate the succeeding spring.

2. The Musk melon. — Of these the Persian is very tender to
climatic influences, and requires occasional protection all summer
long. The variety here known as the citron^ but corresponding
very nearly with the iiutmeg of Downing, is superior to all others
in the resistance of the chills and damps of autumn. In those
years when frosts hold off, the fruit of the citron retains its high
green color and luscious fiesh long after other green and yellow
varieties have declined, both in color of flesh and flavor. Such
has been my experience in cultivating this melon for many years,
in large quantities, by the side of many other varieties. The
improver of the sugar cane needs therefore to aim at the double
result — hardiness and early maturity.

j. The question, from what land of the nativity or of the suc-
cessful culture of the sugar cane we should attempt its renewal
here, is not readily answered. The localities whence it has here-
tofore been derived are all too near the equator, unless we can
find in some of them elevated localities where it grows. We need,
if possible, to find it growing where the degree of heat and length
of season are like those of Louisiana. The most of the northern
limit of China extends to 38*^. A variety cultivated with success
at that point might be hopefully cultivated here at the corres-
ponding points, i. e. in Central Virginia, and Southern Indiana and
Illinois. Whether the recently imported Chinese sugar cane will
prove a tolerable substitute for the true sugar cane, and admit of
a profitable culture in as cool a position as that last indicated, I
know not, but from report, I think both probable.

POSITION AND PHOSPECTS OF AMERICAN

AGRICULTURE.

BY PROFESSOR J. A. NASH.

B. p. Johnson, Esq. :

Dear Sir — You some time since requested me to prepare an arti-
cle, on the above subject, for the forthcoming Transactions of the
New- York State Agricultural Society. Why I consented, is more
than I can now account for, unless it was under the impression that
you are so hard a worker for the cause of Agriculture, and yet so
reasonable in your expectations of others, that it would be wrong
for any one in the Empire State not to do, or at least attempt to do
your bidding. Certainly it was not for the lack of a belief that there
are thousands in this great State who would do what you have as-
signed to me more acceptably. Eut it has always been a rule with
me to fulfil a promise, though it might better not have been made.
In pursuance of this rule, the following thoughts are presented.
Permit me, however, before going fairly into the subject, to suggest
a few simple principles, which will be found applicable before I get
through.

1. It is often said by persons who seem to themselves to have
discovered something important, that it takes a great many sorts
of people to make such a world as we live in. This is just as
true as any other truism. There are a great many sorts of people
— enough, in view of the wants of mankind, to do everything that
ought to be done, to say nothing of things that ought not to be
done. Of the former, it is desirable that each thing should be
dune by persons who possess a fitness for the very thing they
undertake.

2. Nevertheless any thing like a perfect fitness between men
and their employments is not yet seen, and probably will not
be soon. Some men will j>reach the g()S])el, who are not willing
to live by it, and some, who have precious little power to per-

184

ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

suade others to live by it; some will practice law, who would be
the last to obey law, and some who have small ability to secure
our legal rights to us, if we apply to them for that purpose; some
will doctor us to death in cold blood, and some will kill us with
medicine, when most anxious to save us. It will be so in all the
employments. There will be farmers, who are not fit to be
farmers; mechanics who are not fit to be mechanics; and mer-
chants who are not fit to be merchants. Natural inaptitude, or
unfitness for a chosen employment will sometimes be the cause;
but ten times oftener the person himself will be in fault — will
not qualif)" himself for the employment he has deliberately chosen
and so will dishonor it, or at best, will do little or nothing to
cause it to be respected.

3. Just in proportion as any calling is occupied by men unfit
for it, it will sink in the estimation of mankind. It will not
avail to say that the calling would be eminently honorable and
useful, if filled with the right men. Mankind estimate their
fellow men as they are, not as they should be; and as they judge
the men, so they honor or despise the calling. As wicked or
ignorant men in the learned professions, destroy the respect
naturally conceded to the ministers of religion, the expounders
of law and the practitioners of the healing art; and as unskilful
mechanics and trickish merchants destroy that due to their calling,
so ignorant, unskilful farmers fritter away that due to theirs.
Their employment is the heaven appointed employment for about
half of the human race. If God is kind, it cannot be an employ-
ment which necessarily degrades those engaged in it. It is not
such an employment. It may be degraded by lack of moral
worth, or want of intelligence in those who pursue it; but it can
degrade no one. It is eminently compatible with those high
moral, intellectual and social qualities, which ever have com-
manded, and ever will command the respect of mankind.

4. If the farmers of any country do not maintain an elevated
position; if they do not wield a strong, social and political influ-
ence; if they fail to enjoy a fair proportion of the government
patronage, the fault is somewhere else than in their employment.
I am not hejL*e to inquire where the fault is; but that it does not
inhere to the employment itself, is sufficiently evident from the
fact that in all farming communities there are some who stand

-STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 185

deservedly liigh, not merely as farmers, but as men of abilitj^,
position, influence — such that if all farmers were like them, the
profession would be looked up to. It could no more be seen by
looking down than the sun at mid-day can be seen by looking upon
the ground. Not all of these are favorites of fortune, nor of genius
nor are all subjects of the best possible early training. Many of
them have executed a fortune out of the sod, instead of executing
the last will of a friend. They were not born of genius, nor were
they well educated in spite of themselves. With no inlierited
wealth, with no innate skill for managing the farm, they have
made their fortune and made themselves — are self-endowed, but
well endowed; self-made, but well made — and there are enough
of them to prove the assertion that agriculture, as an employment,
does not 7iecessarily keep the farmer down in the world, and that
if he fail to rise the cause must be looked for otherwhere.

5. A great number of causes may operate to keep the farmers of
a given country below the position of self respect and general
esteem and public influence, which all right-thinking men would
wish them to occupy.

Tke government may he in the faulty partly by not extending a
wise forethought to the great interest of agriculture, but ten times
more, by not encouraging tliose other industrial arts, which, if
prosperous, are sure to create an active demand for farm produce.
Exportation of farm produce is a good thing. It is well that we
have always had some demand from al^road; it is well prospec-
tively, that the demand is likely to increase; but you may talk
about exportation till the end of time; it never alone will make
a nation prosperous. That a people, with vast resources like
ourselves, may be comparatively })rosperous for awhile, in si)ite
of the folly of importing one-half of all their manufactured
goods, is admitted. I3ut the tendency of exchanging agricultural
produce fur nianufactui'ed go(jds always has been and always will
be, to impoverish the nation that does it. It is not what tlie
farmer wants. If he can half-feed the starving foreigner, wlio is
forgini; Ids log chain in Scotland, after the between-incn have
taken fifty per cent, of what the consumer tluTe pays, it is some-
thing; l)ut it is not encnigli; tlie farmer wants the privilege of
feeding tin; forger of his cliain to tlie full, not of half- feeding him;
of feeding him at liand, where he can take all that the forger

186 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

pays, not a diminished half, leaving the larger half to fatten a
long row of speculators and carriers, anybody and everybody but
himself, out of his labors. Dependence on foreign manufactures
has no tendency to enrich a people. If a nation thus dependent
becomes rich, it is from other causes — is not in consequence of
this dependence, but in spite of it; and agriculture can never
flourish steadily and for long periods, nor agricultui'ists rise to
their deserved position till nearly all the wants of a country are
supplied by home and not by foreign labor. Let the sound of the
anvil, the hum of the spindle and the buzz of the shuttle, mingle
with the lowing of herds, the bleating of flocks and the haw buck
gee away bright of the plow-boy; let the farmer and the mechanic
exchange products freely, without a dozen sticky hands between,
each receiving all that the other pays, and both will flourish,
because each will receive the whole value of the article furnished
by him, be it a bushel of wheat, a quarter of veal, a hand-saw, a
cradle or a churn, instead of dividing it with a dozen carriers and
schemers between the two.

The farmers themselves may he in the fault by failing to inform
themselves as well as men in other callings, by not being read up
in the great improvements in their own business, by going on
uninquiringly in the production of small crops, at a dear rate,
w^hen it would be quite possible to produce larger crops, at a rate
cheaper in proportion to the quantity produced; by not observing
the state of the markets and so allowing speculators to get the
advantage of them, and generally by failing to cultivate in them-
selves those qualities of the farmer, the man, the gentleman, which
necessarily, as society is constituted, command esteem, respect,
influence. Industry, integrity, intelligence, go far to make the
man and to give him position. But these are not all. The appear-
ance of his home, his personal appearance when abroad, his style
of conversation, intelligent or otherwise; ability to use his mother
tongue correctly, and to converse sensibly on all subjects of gen-
eral interest, have something, much, to do with standing, position
and influence. We do not wish the farmer to bankrupt himself
by a vain efibrt to outdo the follies of all the hards and softs in
uppertendom; but with the innocent usages of society, as far as
compatible with his means, he should conform; should allow his '^
family to conform with them; encourage them even, if necessary;

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 187

and cheerfully promote the requisite means. It would not be
well for him to ape the dandy. He would be apt to make poor
work of it if he did; and the object would not be worth the wool
if he should gain it to perfection. But he should be farther from
the clown than from the dandy even. There should be nothing
out of good taste and sound propriety; nothing shabby about him
or his household. One farmer with shabby premises, a shabby
person and a shabby family, does more to make the profession
despised than two of his best neighbors can to make it honored.

Again, circumstances not attributable to the government, nor
to individual farmers, may for a time operate unfavorably. Our
own colonial history is an illustration. No governmental influ-
ences, emanating with ourselves, crushed the farmer. The farmers
of those times were a high-minded set of men, as true to them-
selves, at least, as those of the present day. But there was the
difficulty of manufacturing in a new country; there was a neces-
sary dependence on foreign manufacturers; there was much
perversity and m(jre ignorance on the part of the English gov-
ernment; our fathers were not allowed to manufacture such
articles even as they could have produced advantageously; the
best they could do was to import them and send abroad agricul-
tural produce in pay; one consequence was that nearly all the
people turned their attention to agriculture; another was that in
spite of all exportation of produce, there was an over supply at
home. As late as the beginning of this century, the fore quarters
of veal, in the inland parts of New England, were thrown to the
pigs; the hind quarters were sold for two and a half cents a
pound, and pay taken in miserable India cotton at fifty cents a
yard; if the lawyer wrote a dunning letter of three lines at the
farmer, it took about twenty pounds of beef or veal or pork, or
nearly half as many pounds of fine fresh butter, to pay for the
job. Everybody in those days were well paid, except the farmer.
He was paid almost nothing. All that time it was as difficult as
now for the poor to get food, for though the farmer asked but
little for it, the poor man could not get that little in money, or
anything else that would be taken in pay. This was a pretty
good ilhistration of the policy of exporting agricultural produce
in exchange for foreign manufactures. It was amazingly depress-
ing to the cultivator of the soil. No wonder the best lands were

188 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

worn out, and that the inferior were not brought into cultivation.
Here was little motive for preserving the one, or reclaiming
the other.

Now it is different. Our dependence on foreign manufacturers
is partially shaken off. American ingenuity and energy is fur-
nishing a portion of our manfactured goods. A home market is
furnished. The farmer is receiving something for his labor, as
well as the lawyer who writes a dun for his special benefit. We
are approaching that state of things, slowly but sui-ely, when the
working men of the country, those who create all its wealth, will be
so justly distributed between the field and shop, the one furnishing
the food and raw material, the other turning out the manufactured
article, that the different classes, the farmer on the one hand and
the manufacturer on the other, will mutually sustain each other.
For the last three years, agricultural produce has perhaps been
as high as it is desirable that it should be. May it never be
lower. The poor even — those who are willing to be industrious,
would not be benefited by reducing it. But our only hope, that
agricultural produce will remain sufficiently high to fairly reward
the labors of the husbandman, lies in the expectation that
at no distant day, we shall have a full supply of iron, steel
and hardware, of cutlery and mechanics' tools, of clothing,
of whatever we need, out of our own soil and mines, in our own
shops, by our own laborers, fed to the full on the produce of our
own farmers. This and nothing else will secui'e stable, permanent
prosperity to the great Agricultural interest of the country.
When the wheels turn by the weight of every tumbling stream,
and the shops sing all over the land there will be somebody to
•consume the farmers' produce, and to pay him for it.

The subject in hand naturally divides itself into two parts : —
1st. — The position or present state of American Agriculture.
2d. — Its prospects.

Of the present state of American agriculture, it is safe to say,
that it is a vast improvement on anything past in this country.
Half a century ago it had sunk to a pitiably low condition.
Some of the causes have been already alluded to. Owing to an
abject colonial dependence, the farmer had scarcely a home cus-
tomer. His only resource was to let go of a prodigious amount
of his own productions for a precious little of any thing else that

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 189

his family must have; fifteen or twenty pounclSj for instance, of
ahnost any kind of meat, for a yard of cotton cloth, that we
would not now pay three cents for. What wonder is it that the
farmers of that day failed to improve their lands, that they suf-
fered their houses to become brown and decayed over their heads,
that they themselves became dull, discouraged, vegetative, rather
than active beings'? The only wonder is that they did not lie
down in the furrow and refuse to rise. The last thing we should
do is to blame them.

As soon as other employments were opened, the more enter-
prising of the farmers' sons rushed into them. This was well,
because it gave those who remained a few customers. Eut there
was this evil about it : the less stirring and enterprising were left
on the farm; and this made it a slower process for agriculture to
emerge from its then low condition. It has emerged, nevertheless.
Much is due, at least ten times more than the world will ever
give credit for, to the efforts of the pioneers in agricultural
imj^rovements, such men as Col. Pickering of Massachusetts, and
Col. Skinner of Maryland. By most farmers their writings were
ridiculed. They persevered notwithstanding, and the good effects
of their labors have been seen since their death, if they were not
before. There is a tendency in farmers to look with suspicion at
the application of science to their employment; and this tendency
is stronger in proportion as they are ignorant. It gives Avay as
intelligence increases. There are now a hundred farmers who
realize that there is yet something to be learned about agricul-
ture, to where there was one fifty years ago. Then, the odium of
reading an agricultural book was greater than men of no more
than ordinary btickbone could bear. Now, the earnest writer has
earnest, sympatliizing readers, ready to admit that there may be
improvements in farm management, and desirous of adopting
tliem as soon as they approve themselves to a sound judgment;
and most farmers are now willing that their neighbors should
study agriculture as well i\s practice it — will not expend all their
wit against tlieni, if fuund witli agricultural books and ]>a])ers in
their houses, nor insist that (juite all the money expended for such
things is thrown away; and, wluit is very significant, will look
over the fence and imitate the imj^nA'ed processes of their
reading neighbors, — the book farmers, as many still facetiously

190 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

call them. In this way agricultural improvement, over
the fence, or under, or through, is spreading even among
those who oppose it. The very men who hold hack^ are
going forward in spite of themselves. With some farmers — it
would not be true at this day to say of many — it is very much as
it was with a certain horse, that once lived, more famous for
using the after than forward part of the harness — when put into a
team with trhee other horses, all true and good, he went forward,
notwithstanding his propensity to push with the wrong end instead
of pulling with the right.

That American agriculture was wretchedly low fifty years since,
that it is now advancing, that the great majority of the farmers
are desirous of increasing their skill and of bettering their con-
dition, that the very holders back, though a little behind as the
play of the gearing permits, are nevertheless going forward with
the team, is all too evident to require argument. We are mani-
festly rising from a condition, in which belles and beaux sneered
at the farmer, as if he must be a shabby, low-lived being of course,
to that in which to be the owner of a well-cultivated farm will
be honor enough to satisfy ordinary ambition. But whereabouts
in the upward march are we ? If we compare our progress to a
journey through the Empire State from Albany to Buffalo, what
is the point we have already reached ? The Queen city of the
lake does not heave into view. We see no Rochester yet, no
Geneva, no Syracuse. Perhaps it would approximate the truth t
say that we are approaching Utica. If so, we have come what
was a pretty long journey in the old stage times, but there is a
longer before us; and it depends very much upon what facilities
we avail ourselves of, whether we shall soon accomplish it.
Should progress on the farm be as rapid the next half century as
that on the road has been the last, and should science be applied
as intensely to agriculture as to other employments, results most
honorable to New- York as a state, and to the American people as
a nation may be anticipated.

In estimating the present position of American agriculture, let

us look, not singly at the employment, as a sort of abstraction,

but at the men who live by it, and who give all the rest of us a

' living. If the art could give plenty of cheap food, that might

satisfy some, but we should not be satisfied unless it could elevate

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 191

the men who practice it, to a higher platform than the world has
yet dreamed of for this class. Agriculture might furnish food if
serfs worked the soil. It is men, not things, that w^e are to look
at. The plow is somethings but the man who \io\di?,s somehody; he
is, or should be, a pillar in this republic; he must be, or our
boasted self-government will be as great a curse to our children,
as it has been a blessing to us. If we could measure our past
progress and mark our present position, let us see how much
better the farmer of 1857 is educated than was the farmer of
1807. It is an implacable law of humanity that educated mind
will tower above uneducated. A business that is done by educa-
ted men will always be honored; one that is done by uneducated,
despised. You might as well personate ^olus and blow against
the north wind, as oppose this law. First of all then, let us ask,
how the farmers of the present day are educated, as compared
with those of fifty years ago ? Knowledge is power, whoever
possesses it. There are other questions which throw light on
this subject; what sort of houses do the present race of farmers
inhabit, compared with those of their father's '? Do shade trees,
beautiful shrubs and fragrant flowers surround their dwellings %
Is the grounds along their front so guarded that you can approach
them on a moonless evening, without being pitched heels over
head? Do they cultivate a large garden so as to make it at once
productive and beautiful, and that without a waste of time on
such trivial details as the farmer cannot afford 1 A tasteful garden
prettily enclosed, and giving some luxury for every day in tlie
year, is one of the surest marks of good judgment, of higli refine-
ment, and we will add, of common sense and of thrift. How is
it with their barns 1 Are they better in appearance, more labor-
saving, more preservative of the fertilizers, more comfort-giving
to animals and to the men who care for them, than were to be
found w lien the present century dawned upon us ? Are they
approachable without wading, or perchance swimming through
something else than pure water 1 In short are they so constructed
and so managed, that every ton of food expended in them will
give just a])()Ut twice the return in animal growth and ])roduct,
and manure, that the same amount gave our forefathers 1 Some
of them are, beyond a doubt; and this is a great stride in farm-
ing improvement.

192 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

We might ask how many farms are wisely divided into lots,
giving such sized lots as, with a just regard to expense of fencing,
the labor of cultivation and the probable returns, will give the
best profits ? And we should find that many are now faultless in
this respect — so laid out that the team, in cultivating them, can
go ahead part of the day, instead of being always wheeled on its
center. More men now than fifty years ago, comprehend that
they can cultivate ten acres in the form of a square or an oblong
with less labor and less manure even than would be required to
cultivate as much in half a dozen crooked, unseemly patches,
and that the ten acres in one field will i:>roduce considerably more
than when dribbled out into half a dozen. It would not be far
from the truth to say that it takes as much land to make nine one
acre lots as to make one ten acre lot. The reasons why it requires
less labor, less manure and less land to grow a given amount of
produce in good sized fields, from five to fifty acres, than on
patches, are too obvious to dwell upon.

How many more farmers now than formerly, understand the
full benefits of deep plowing and fine tilth. Lands so prepared
draw half their manure from the atmosphere; those skimmed
over give half of that which you laboriously put upon them to
the passing breezes. The deeply cultivated, finely pulverized
field resists alike flood and drouth; the scratched surflice suffers
from both. Fifty years age, who knew tlfat in most soils, if not
all, deep cultivation with subsoiling, where experience shows it
to be beneficial, and underdraining, where nature has not per-
formed that ofi&ce, was a complete guaranty against injury from
drouth? The very teachers of agriculture had not suspected it.
Now, half the farmers in the country know it, and the rest are
learning it. Then few had any just conception of the profits and
pleasures of fruit growing. It had not entered the heads of the
best, that the farmer, by a little attention to the smaller and
larger, earlier and later fruits, may revel in the purest, innocent-
est and sweetest luxuries the world affords, 365 days in the year,
and have enough left for sale to meet all the cost. Now it begins
to be understood; it begins to be understood also, that mankind
will leave off their degrading vices when you will furnish them
in abundance tlie pure and harmless luxuries of nature.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 193

In the best Agricultural districts, we find in the implements all
over the farm, in the farm buildings, in the garden, in the orchard,
in the laying out of the land, in its cultivation, in the front yard, in
the street before the house, clean and grassy, except on the drive,
in the highway through the farm, as if the owner recognized an
obligation to keep things decent about him, or at least as if he
thought it for his interest, that the wayside should not be a hot bed
for mice and Canada thistles and other pests. One rejoices in
such signs of thrift. There must be competency there, perhaps
wealth. But this is only one of the indications — the least
important. There are men there and women, and children
growing up to be like them; and the premises show pretty well
what sort of men and women the parents are, and of what sort
the children are to be. If you rejoice in the signs of wealth, it
is not simply in the fact that it is there, but that it is in the right
hands. Suppose you are riding through a farming district — you
come to a house that was old fifty years ago, but is older now;
there was a front fence once, but there is none now; the ground
in front is in pretty much such shape as the pigs choose to have;
what a dirty apology for a garden ! it is jaggedly fenced, and the
weeds look as if the owner had too much important business on
hand, to attend to so insignificant an affair as a garden; the cracks
in the barn are wide; the sheds are falling; how cruel to winter
a cow or two and a horse in such a place ! You begin to think
of hard names by which to call that man. But softly ! farmers
in this country have had a prodigiously hard row to hoe. Per-
haps if you and I had been educated as he was, and put in his
place, we should have been no better. Possibly he may have
other virtues than his premises show. Tliink the best you can of
him, and when you get by, don't look back, fur there are other
premises just ahead, on whicli your eye will rest witli more
pleasure. The street is clean as you appruacli — no thistles, no
unsightly stone heaps, no flea-breeding piles of chips and sawings
and old timber, no neglected chuke cherry, covered with worms'
nests, and producing fruit encjugh of a catterj)illar kind to stock
a whole farm and spread through the neighbi>rh(>od. How beau-
tiful and cool those shade trees are! Whether there is a moral
in trees, by which men become better in their presence or not,
there is certainly coiiilort and beauty. That garden has some
[Ag. Trans.] ^^

X94 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

size, some proportions, some decent laying out; is neatly fenced,
fruitful, clean as paradise, when Eve hurried her husband out of
bed early to grapple with the weeds. According to Milton, wlio
knew all about that first name, she arose and went out to help
him, partly, it may be presumed, as a standing example for her
daughters. And then the house; in how high a state of preser-
vation is it ! Nothing there is going to decay. The barn, why,
you would almost wish to be one of that man's cattle. You will
not steal his fruit of course, but he would gladly give you some,
if he knew how your mouth waters. The whole farm would
excite your envy, if you are a bad man; your pride and your
patriotism, if you are a good one. What a combination of the
beatiful and useful ! You may gaze as long as you please, and
your perception of beauty, of fitness, of propriety and of utility
will not be offended. Now if you think that man is rich, you
may be wrong; if you think he has a competency^ with qualities
more precious than riches, you are probably right. If you think
he has a wife as true to her position as he to his, you are proba-
bly right again. If you predict that the sons and daughters,
after being educated in mind and hand, and after exercising a
joint care and helpfulness with these parents, will be qualified
to take care of themselves, or to go into another joint concern, it
is probable that your predictions will come to pass. How beautiful
is such a farm and its appurtenances ! But after all it is beauti-
ful chiefly, as an indication of the taste, refinement and high
civilization with which enlightened Agriculture is compatible.
There need be nothing low, ill-bred, or vulgar about it. There
were hundreds of such farmers' homes fifty years ago; there are
thousands now; let us thank God that there is room in our
country for millions fifty years hence.

In view of the difficulties to be overcome in a new country, of
the comparative poverty of new settlements, of the deficiency of
working capital on our farms, and above all of the fact, that in
our colonial, non-manufacturing condition, and for long years
after we had escaped our pupilage, there was no adequate home
market for farm produce, it must be confessed that the farmers
of this country have done well. The country has owed them
more than they have owed it. If, as an art, American agriculture
does not yet equal European, it certainly comes as near to it as

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 195

cr

could reasonably be expected. Of its present position, comparin
it with that of the most enlightened nations, we have more reason
to be proud than to be ashamed. But are we to be satisfied '?
Shall we say it is enough ? Shall we rest on our laurels ? The
answer should be no, never, till the art of our husbandry equals
the magnificence of the domain to which we apply.it; never, till
the last vestige of the notion that the farmer is necessarily but a
very common, plain sort of a man, is dismissed to pandemonium,
where we suppose all sorts of errors prevail; never, till the whole
body of American farmers shall rise to an elevation unknown in
other lands, as evidentlv the conservators of the nation's laws and
liberties as they are the feeders of its hungry mouths.

With regard to the prospects of JJmerican Agriculture^ it may
be remarked that great bodies move slowly; and the body of
American farmers is certainly a great body. It took England
from Alfred to Victoria to learn how to plow. Possibly we may
learn it between the days of Washington and the seventh succes-
sor of James Buchanan. It requires long for even the leading
minds to comprehend the few principles and practices of agricul-
ture. It would be absurd therefore to expect a whole nation to
comprehend them at once, or that any great reform in this line
would be commenced and finished in a short time. The perfec-
tion of agriculture depends in a great measure upon the farmers
themselves. No man living yet knows how to conduct a farm in
the best possible manner. As the application of steam to tlie
propelling of ships was a thing yet to be discovered in the early
days €>f Fulton, so a thousand truths and appliances, destined to
change and modify farm practice, are yet undiscovered. All we
can say is, that as science is torturing nature with more intensity
tlian ever before, and bringing out new truths more rapidly, tlu-re
is some reason fur believing tliat their application to tlie indus-
trial arts will be more rapid. Some have supposed tliat becauso
numerous discoveries have lately been made, few remain to be
made, as if forsooth mankind had all the knowledge they ever
will have.

Wlien the Pennsylvania coal-heaver takes out one stratum, it
brings him nearer to another, but not nnu'h nearer the end of
those immense (h-posites. So if the miner after knowledge reaches
an undiscovered truth, it brings him nearer to another undiscov-

196 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

ered truth, and there is little danger of coming to the end. It is
hardly possible that the ratio of discovery should be diminished ^
unless by sheer laziness on the part of scientific men; and this
seems hardly probable at present. That there are plenty of dis-
coveries to be made, that they will be made, that important appli-
cations will be made to all the industrial arts, and to none more
than agriculture, may be set down as certain. Science will bless
the farmer who cherishes her aid. She will go further : she will
fulfil the christian injunction — will bless those who curse her.
The farmer that rails at her teachings, will be reaping better har-
vests for them ten years hence. He is reaping better now even,
though he may not know it; and he is reaping them more expe-
ditious and with less exhausting labor. The farmer, of all others,
should not undervalue science. Let him look at the discoveries
she has achieved for agriculture, at the ouAvard progress which
her past achievments guaranty for the future, at the implements
which, in conjunction with mechanic art, she has put into his
hand, and see if he does not sow and mow, and reap and thrash,
and perform almost every labor of the farm more easily for what
she has done.

When the discoverer and the inventor, the mechanic and the
farmer, with an enlightened faith in each other, each exercising
a due respect for the parts which the others are to enact, shall
work together for the advancement of the greatest art, more than
has yet been dreamed of will be achieved. Since the days of
scratching wheat into the ground with a crooked stick, of reaping
it little by little, with a harsh edged knife, of thrashing it on
hardened soil by ox hoofs, of grinding it by hand between two
stones, and of baking it in hot embers, or in an oven excavated
in the ground, great improvements have been made, but greater
are to he made, if faith in science, in art, in human progress, is
not altogether vain. There was a time when the sickle took the
place of some inferior implement, perhaps of a straight knife.
It would have been silly then to suppose that a better reaper
would never be invented. It would be equally silly now to
despair of a better machine than any yet in use for the same
purpose. 'Some patriarch, it may have been Abraham, or a cotem-
porary, invented a rude sledge to be drawn over the wheat by
oxen, as a thrashing machine. He and his neighbors had little

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 197

reason to presume that no further improvement would be made;
we, with the lights which science has since shed on the world,
have less for supposing that our best thrashing machines are the
ne plus ultra of improvement in that line. It would have been
no more foolish for the man who first placed his spade across a
wash tub and shelled an ear of corn on it, to have shut down the
gate against further improvement in that direction, than for us to
believe we have yet found the best possible corn-sheller. So of
other implements. We have twice as many reasons for believing
that ours can be improved upon, as the patriarchs had for
believing that theirs could. So also is it with the powers and
capabilities, which the Almighty has hidden among the recesses
of nature, and bids us hunt them out and make them do our work
for us. Our grandfathers might have believed that wind and
water were the best possible motive powers. We may believe
that steam is the best. But as they certainly would have been
mistaken in their opinion, so we way be in ours. A cheaper,
safer, and every way better motive power than steam may be
among the things yet to be discoverd. It is hardly possible that
better modes of applying power in aid of human labor should
not be hereafter invented. That improved modes of culture will
find their way into our fields is about as certain, as that the
present are superior to those of the dark ages. As regards science,
physics, mechanics and the application of these to useful pur-
poses, it is about as certain that the course will be onward, as that
the sun will rise and set.

The soil will produce more and more. It will produce, not
without the farmer's care, watchfulness and labor, but with less
of that extremely severe labor, which tends to degrade, siiiij»Iy
because it works the body harder than is consistent with the
highest mental activity. Let it not be said that labor degrades
any one. Lalxjr is honorable in spite of all the fools, who have
tried to prove it otherwise. And yet, it must be confessed, that
too intense la)x)r, admitting of little or no mental exercise, keep-
ing the man too constantly jaded duwn even to think cleai'ly, to
say nothing of rending, does degrade, not in the sense of making
Due unworthy, but of makinc: him inferior to what he would
have been with less severe lalxtr, and inferior to others who
commenced life his e<iual8. There has always been a difficulty

198 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

here. Many farmers have labored with unreasoliable severity
during the summer months. The mind, meanwhile, has been
comparatively inactive. A distaste for study, consecutive thought,
investigation, reading, was a natural, almost a necessary conse-
quence; and too often the ensuing winter has passed in a sort of
listless indifference to everything but the stalls and the wood pile.

At this point comes in the special value of improved imple-
ments and labor-saving machinery. They are to ease the hus-
bandman of that too severe summer's labor. They are to prevent
the mind's being borne down by an over-tasked body. They are
to leave the farmer more elastic at the end of his summer's
work. Verily, they are to give him some odds and ends of time
for reading during the summer and that in a state not too wearied
to enjoy it and to profit by it. And they are to leave him at the
close of the working season, not with a dislike, but with a keen
relish for books, prepared to alternate the less severe labors of
winter with reading and study, something adopted not for making
him a wiser farmer for next year than he may have been this,
but for elevating his standing in the community, as a man and a
citizen. It is for this, more than anything else, that improved
implements and labor-saving machinery are to be valued. Their
influence in favor of the farmer will be immense, if he rightly
improves the advantages they give. The reaper and the mower,
the horse hoe and the horse rake are not alone to save the
wheat and the hay, and to conquer the weeds, but to give the
man better opportunities and a higher position. If true to him-
self, he will not omit the opportunities, nor fail of a higher
position, than the world has ever yet accorded to his profession.

Farmers sometimes think, and not unfrequently think aloud,
that the farmer cannot learn much, that his employment is unfa-
vorable to intellectual activity, that his perceptions are necessarily
slow and his memory poor. If anything of this sort has been
true of the past, it need not be of the future. Improvements
already inaugurated, and those yet to be introduced, will give the
farmers of the coming age an immense advantage over those of
the past. That crops will hereafter be more abundant than
hitherto, ih proportion to the hand labor required for their produc-
tion; or in other words, that a given amount of hand labor, in
connection with the improved implements and methods, will give

STATE AGRICULTURL SOCIETY. 199

larger results, the present position of our Agriculture leaves
scarcely room to doubt. And does not the prosperous condi-
tion of the country, still the cynosure of many an emigrant, still
rapidly growing, afford a reasonable expectation, that prices will
hereafter rule sufficiently high?

"The fools are not all dead yet," and therefore it is not to be ex-
pected that everybody will accord to the farmer the respect fairly due
to his calling,even if he improves his opportunities to the best advan-
tage. Dandies may prefer a nimbler step, and belles a softer
hand than he can show; and brainless men and women may call
him ignorant. He may hear from some doubtful quarter (let
him never say it of himself, as too many farmers do,) that "he is
nothing but a plain farmer." If he is a sensible, plain, indus-
trious farmer, understanding his business and informed in matters
of general interest, then all sensible, well informed, industrious
l)eople (and these are about all that any one need care for,) will
know it; and his standing will be high in the estimation of all
whose opinion is worth regarding. His profession is not as favor-
able for the amassing of sudden wealth as the merchant's. Per-
haps the gambler oftener gets rich in a night than the farmer in
a day. But it should be remembered that while one prosperous
merchant is rejoicing in sudden wealth, ten that are unsuccessful
are dying of a broken heart; and that whoever wins by chance
or by fraud, has but a poor prospect of enjoying a peaceful life
and an approving conscience. For obtaining a competency by
fair means, for pursuing it without loss, for enjoying it through
life, few, if any, have a better prospect than the farmer.

If progress in agriculture and in the position of the agricul-
turist is to be permanent, our young men, who are looking to the
farm as the field of their future enterprise, must not be educated
inferiorhj to those destined to other callings. Cultivated mind is
the first want; riclily cultivated fields will follow as a conse-
quence of intelligent labor; and resjiect and esteem, position and
inlliience will come in their place. Tliere is now hardly a doubt
that our Legislatures, general and local will grant endowments
for educating the future farmer. Whether we shall use them
wisely, is less cetain; but let us try and ho})e for the best. That
some portion of the aj)pr()j)riati«)ns for such a pur}>ose should
redound to the improvement of the ])resent generation of farmers

200 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

is desirable. Some therefore have thought, and perhaps not
without reason, that lectures, with portable apparatus should be
made a prominent means of communicating and diffusing know-
ledge on this subject; that an agricultural college should consist
rather of living, acting men, than in huge piles of brick and
mortar; that while the best possible facilities should be afforded
at the seat of the college for all who can resort to it, a portion of
the professors, or perhaps all of them for a portion of the year,
should travel the State, and deliver their lectures within reach of
such young men as cannot well leave their homes, and where
their fathers and brothers, their mothers and sisters, might par-
ticipate with them, giving the whole family, and not merely a
favored son or two, " a finger in the pie." Whether anything of
this kind is likely to be undertaken, and whether it will succeed
others must judge.

One thing is certain — from science in its applications to the field
and the farm yard, to the kitchen, the pantry and the dairy, to
the shop, to the life w^ork of the people, to the developing,
strengthening, elevating of the popular mind, a bright future
awaits all the industrial classes; and American agriculture will
look up more and more.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

201

»^

i

+-

<

0

o

s

CI .

OQ

0

vO

0

»c •

0

0

CG
1— (

<- .

c CO

0 •
0 ■

CI

0

CO
UO

'^

« r^

rr •

C^

^

g

0

i. ^

1—1

rfi

Ol

. 0

. lO .

to .

lO

a

(M

« CI

-# .

CO

00

0

m

• t-

CI .

rH <

X '

T— 1

0 •«

00
— r

• 2"

S? :

co" <
1^ •

0

■^

2i "^

0

! 00

, -r
ci

0 -

0

"^

*o

c

c-i

M

Q© .

•^

^»»

o

s

+—

'TS

b- "

1^ 0

00

. -^

CI

/™N

0

C>

0 '

0 '-r

)

0

> 1-H

X

0 '

CO

•

lO <

t- 0

^

I °*^

I— ^

0

cn

?i.

0

r-

oc -p

1—7 <

> C-1

4

00

. »rt

C^

•

CO

to

C-1 Xi

01

ir.

) *

-p

X

oc

<4}

to

r-4

t^ •

t- r-J

»— (

' W5 <

1—1

»o

l-H

-<*

5J

,

^ 1

^

^

^

•««»

05

r-T .

CO

CO'

' 0 <

""t

CO

CO

JS

r-^ <

r"^

ca <

<?

<ij

0

- S

05 ^

>>>

TION

•pared

8 's :

oc 0 -M u 0 .
0 C^l tP eS 0 .

0

• 1— <

. CI
. CI

. to

• 0

• 1-

0 — -0 G, 0 <

t-

'. '^

. CO

• C5

' «c

-^

•
CO

QC 0 0 W fO <

i-H

', CO

. 0

. (X

■ rr

^

-T t~ lO 0 *^ '

0

• CI .

0

. ^

■ -2

P .

I—

CO

• CO

• 0

1— 1

► to

oa

- - ^ »

.V

>.

» ^

•«

..

O Id

S

(M 0 Tji "p CO
1—1 iO ^

CO

1— 1

• 0

• CI

', ^

CO

• cc

a. 00

'X3

m- 0

'^ 1-t

?3

;^

^ ^

f— ^ ^

^^

-\

'URA
Stat

0

•*t oiao -.a -rA irf -Kf -r.-

3 10 ~l« -le< -^

t-a -^«»

^..

55

0 OJ r- ro iM —1 - -r c X -^

'^

C't' -" Cl T "^

: -r X X r

- ,*v^ JMi^

S3

CicriwOC:»-ro r-T'-C

. -T uO -f -T X Ci -' to ~ -T re 1 - 1

^

tT-^CCOuO-J'O'— i-^CiQC

< cc

- CO 1-1 0 CO 01 I- TT t= 1.0 CI 0 1

t— 1 w

\

urt

•> r.*.-^*.*^*^!^.'

•* ^ ». ».

- - .

5 -^

V ,

0

t- 0 r- ~ r- r- 0 -r Tf 0 c

• -t* r: — c: C5 »^ — C-- 01 cc CO — 1

•^

CO

<o o 0 r- 01 1^ 0 a: x lO c-

1 0 CO c; 0 -r —

< X CC — -^ 0 X

B-.

■S*

I— (

0 -— ( CO t ^ C- rO' 0 0 to C 1 1—

< t—

< 0 --C 0 CO C

5 c; 0 ci ic CI -r

>5

-<5

cotoocooco ■^eoco

d t-r-^l^ CO CO C4

(— 1 o

rH ,-1 0 0 <M

C^

AGR

ISUS

t "^ r*^

'^ 1
■♦0

^

> •

-0

O

• 4

H

^

%»

<e

"V»

So

>^

pO

r**

' ^

^

• V.

•

S

^

^.

y<

f^

* ^

^

, r-

1

0

1^

• is

•

S

l-H

H

, <^

' c

' F :

0

P
Q
0

£1

c/

c
' t.

1 f

c X '-

J

6

■ '^

7 '% :

i'5

"v

c/

c
. b
• c

i "V

- u :/

^ i*

' c

c

5

• 0 •

. w •

CJ

0-3-cco— X^i.

', •/

' e!

c* -' i" "*

; V >^ i;

•/:

ij -;

•>. ..

•Vi

wc^oti^k-^S — e:

: - — - X -

: *^ 4^

S5

if

t

c ^.c t t " -^

■ m «-

%a

i:=_=:r2i'Ow;;-^y

E - ti X :/

- •■ ' "^ ^

.-:^^

•<

— -X — — i-i-uuCct

^

«- •— .s *^ —

1 i* i' ;- i.

;j 0

•tia

= = 5; S rt 0 «-■ 'w '^ C i-

—

- ~> L*. ^ ^

>. — . r: r:

^* ^^

^

►r:Lj;^>;^-i:<<;-t:Hw

c^

-^ .v-» — --

««

r-icico'r«oo»-cx)oio--

c<

CO -r uo 0 1 -

X Cv c —

' ci CO

•—

^

1 r-

• f"

1 1—

•—

1 r^

^

1 c

1 C)

IC^/

to

a
«>

u

a
ba

202

ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

rt CO

O
O

o

00

*
-r

o

o
o

a

CO

o
o

a

CI

I— (

o

O CO

CO (M

t- 1— 1

o
o

Q

H

O

O

CO

o

P

o

1^
H

o

I— I

P5
O
<1

o

00

O
O

GO

00

o

CO

CO

o

CO
UO

*

o

CO

o

1:^

t^ CO

t— o

o t-^

o

Ci

o

CO

cf

-* CO
o ^

o

CO

CI

CO
CO

o

"co"

*

o
o
o

cf

CI

o

CI

CO

o

Ci
GO

cJ

CO CO
CO t-

t- CO

kO

kO

o

CO

-w »>f -Hirt c»f .oieo wss -^ -le* -^ics -w -oico •*? «*? -ie» -15» r>f ^.^m n^

— 'icci-fr^t^oocci-fcococo — -f-ociooi^b-oococi'— ikOrt^

O t - »0 kC O — t- t-- CI -O lO Ci OC '-O CO O CO CO Ci CI CO t^ -:f O I— I vo

— — — '^ lO kO t^ kO O -T O I 1^ uO GO O kO rt* CO O CI GO t^ c^

O O kO CO I— 1 Ci Ci

t— O O "— I GO >-0 O -f b- k.O I— I 1^ t^

1— (CiC1CiTOr-H-f OOi— lOOO
Ci CI O ^ t^ CI

Ci

Ci

O CI

Ci

CO CO CO -rt^ GO kO CO'

"^ O I- f O CI Ci

O CO CI 1—1 O C) CI

~t- lO Ci CI
-f CO 1^
Ci Ci kO

CTi kO

CO

C' QO O
Ci CO CI

o

t— I

H

p
o

a

rt

e»>,o

a

_ri c; -O

o o

o o

-U -4_>

O O

o
o

o

Pi

■^3
a

C
c3

M

o

w

r*

o

v.

o

3

ei

'— '

r\

^

K

:n

c:

^

rt

ci

o

V

r.->

pq

o
a:

c

C1^^^

x

c

X C*-
X ^

3 3

si a

c/:

o

c/:

p

ci

3

c;

CI

.'^

r^

rt

O-

^

rv

CJ

M3

t/:

si

o
><
o

bD

ir. ^ o

-— ' ci

C -rO

c;i cc

o o

• ci

o
o

a

O w K

Ci
fcJO

O

^ , c I r r ^ ^^ ""^ ^^ ^^ ^

I-!h HH I— I H- 1 h—

C^X^Oc'3'"'~'C-^

■^kTSCOI^OOCiO— -CICO-fkOCOt^GOCiO— 'ClCO-fknOI^OOCiO'-iCl

c^cic<ddcicocococococococococo'^'<!f'cr"^"^"^'^-^'^'*kO»ovo

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

203

(M

1—1

^ o

oo oo

CO (M"
CI CO

I— I o

CI
C^l

T
ci

CO

to"

o

cc~

-r

o

,-:

cc

,^*^

''I* o
CO cc

-f CO

CO

Cl

cc

o"

o

GC

o o

0^-^'<^CCiOCCO'^OC^^'+
h c I c: uo cr. t- ir CI cc --C

^- O O CI C »0 cc Cl C". O -T

C Ci r- O — ' '-C
CO rt — CO cc I-
lO i-O CJ o CI o

O X 'C- »-o >»o

CO rl CO I— 1 CJ

CC C-J Ci 1— I "— t

C/3

c =

c c

o e

o

c

c

C0

— ?r C " = ®
L, *■!. " " C ■**

o
c/: .o

c/-. ei c

U O O

CO 'T ».0 cc »- cc O O — CI CO

o «o »n »o lO »o »o o cc o o

■3

CO

o

Oh

204

ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

00

o

»— I
H

I— I
H

H

H
O

o

1 w

^ U U5

= -J. 2

^2

-i« -w »ie< ■eioe »*t -w r*t -hr -m -i« -Kf< r><< >»♦ ma -k( -\ti na

i-h" O i-i' cT uo C<f co" t-^ '-0 c4" r-T -f" O '^ of 1^ C^f CO r-^ O of O

I— Ir— (i-Hi— li— If— li— li— 1 !-ir-l r-(

Acres in
lalldw the
year pre-

-ie< -n(t c;..^ K<^ „ic« c:h(. o«j. -lei -iM t~is» -.|« -let "ic< -ff -xr -kt -(M

'Tj<ci:c^Trocx;t-~iOt^<wt^»o(N<rocscs'0'OOcx;t~rCf^TO'^
r^co(Mt^QCO^rococot^t— -ocofC-^c^^TrlOTrcoc<t(^^TrcCf— ic>
^^TOc^r-icc-ooccit-^-^fOcscooooicor^i— lOicci— iwCio^r

o C5 Tf c>T cT cf -^ cf r-T c<f o »o co" r-T 1-H r-T o tfs T^ r-i~c^foqo

I— 1 1— ( t— 1 -^ O rji

to— >

i i ^

.-IC^ — 1C< — 1C< OiSO — .» OiCD -Kf -hf ""J' "^ -..!« i'i» -*^ .-:c* -N.co r>^

-^'-looo-o^^coocx'tcaccicoot— ^rooci^rJt^C5CiC5G^lc>4co

O -^ O C» tT Tt^ O O G<f r-^ O ac g4^ O" "^' co" O lO f-^ (^f C^ CO
00"0-T'iOOOCOO^COCO»000'XiirOCOCOCO-5f vOi— i co^ooo
1—1 r— 1

■f. —

X

00 O UO C^l t^ O '-H t^ O Ci CO CO O Ci C5 lO O C<1 CC C5 O O rO CO o t^ ro

cricoc^jooo— ia:i74-^C5cooioc75co^o-^c:'-T''— I'^fOcooo
ociO>— icoicciot— -7'cccocoowicoco^-^o^^-^■*coci-TO^-
OLo'c~i"cr^t-^c^rrc^rt^o^-^uOT}^lOCico(^fc4"ori^-oco^^
Lt) I- t - CO CO '— I ^^ o 1^ oi lO x; o -^ i^ ^j< c^j -r Ci (>< i^ -^ r- 1 a: CO o 1— I

iOiOCO"TfOOC^OC^OCO-^t— I— I— l(M(MTrr— 1 TI^i— iCMuOttOO

u
o

■n

O OO O X) rf
-O CO 1-- Ci C-t)
CS !>• 'X) lO CI

o
1-
1^

1—1

lOC^CO— If— li— it^Xi— (OCOX'OCMr-HUtiC^O^CldOll^CO-t"

O 1^ CI r^ -r CO -:*< o t- oc CO r-^ i~ rf Oi r^ Ci ao CO o o O r^ »o c^
ocioococ-focciocioci^ajooooo i—iOt^'Hi— ic^oo

r-lC<Ji— (r-(M(M Oil— 11— 11— "C<J<M(M I—I r-irH (M<M r-lC<J<M(N

CX>COt ^COrfOfMfMCi'HOOOOCOOOi— i00a>-^-*<MO<MC0iOTf

'O O Ci -^ O t^ -r lO ^ i-O 1^ lO -* O lO t^ CO O CTi O QC Ci O O CO t— I— I
(M CO CO CO o -f oc -r 1— I t^ O (M O -^ CI 1^ O O O O 1— 1 -Tfi O O CJ t- o

o cf c-T

'S'Z^

CI

y5-f

o

-r

C5 O CO O ^ OO CO

I— 1

r-^t-^cfococoococo

,—1

lO t-

lO o

c»

CS

oc

^

,*/-.

o -r o 1-

o o

!^.

O >0 lO

1— 1 1—1

O ^ O lO CO

CO

CO 30

Ci t^

o oc

1—1

CO

1—1

o CI -rr ^

o o

r— 1

w'

■-r 1-

ac t-

TT »0 -^ CO O

rt^ciooor^ocoooaci— ir — rrti-^ioooo

1— I r— ( I— ( r-l C< r-^ 1—1 1—1 I— I CI CI

Tti CO GO t— CI -^ O
ca I— I Ci

w

K

>
o

-KC -It ™* -='0 -":< -a -Ki -\ei >-!=> -K* nr>« jiioo -xr "M" "«*• -ks -i« -a n>it> nrf —tf oico

r-csooot^oiooo»odci"^^»o^oci-tioci^'— i-*oococi
r— --i'OC4co-rGOcoooiooioo-roor^coc.r^i^oci-^r^oao

l>-C4CJ'.OCl— >C0CsOCl?0-*i— iCOi— lOOt^OCiOCiuO— ^C0»0i— I

t— mocoaocs-^ccooi— icociior^co-rrt^ioooio CiCi^^i>-

COd'^r-lCJi—li— ITf r— 1-^ Clt-COi— 1 T— (t^Od "^ i—l

T3
O
>
O

-IC* -ie» rj,C9 ->*

.ai» »»^ .-11» f>if .IICO .-31C0 OICO t''» *-^ O'SO —ht OIOO "N? #*^ -1^ t^ICO r»^ —"CI r-t^ -r,. — ~. ..-w r^-

lOcOCSi-OiOOCscOCIr^OOCsr-COt^iOCICOiC-i^Cli— lOClcOO

COOCOCOC5— •'-HCicot^coooo-fCir-^-^cii^^Hcir^-^'oasTfi
t-ooco-^r-i— iciaccscit--^cocO'ftiOTtiocio^cJGOiO'^coGO

^oooorHoci'^'OOcs'OO^GC-rco — '-^i—ioor-iooor^'-H

<M CI I— I Ci CO CO 1—1 CO r-l CO T— ( CO CO CO r-( 1— ( I— I CI d Ci "stl r-1 Ci Ci Ci

>— i

F

1

o

1.-

I

o

2

3

1

3

£.

•5

iJ

b

^

vt

OSC<l»Oi— (OSt^COCOf— <ClQ000t^l^U0l^00C0U0-!ti|^Ci00iOiOO0s

cocscirfcs-if-^Oio^ooocsiOi— l-*ooo-*l0^csCi-f"^^oG^—
ococs'!rlCikOOCiiOC^co'^^^Cit^ciCiO'--lT^lTfoscooco<:OQO

CO oco u^ rf CO r-To CO eo CO »o CO i>^Ci CO Ci CO CO coo COCO-^T^

00

H

o
u

x5§

v: u 9

4)
O

0)

C

CI ^ C

^ =

«3 O

o

52 X X
« tc-r:

C IS

C 'V

M O

e

o

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

205

.4e« >-*9"-»f-«< -H" I** -H" -KS «)« ^le^-W r4^ n<ff*3) n^ r*ift-^<o -.VM -i* -.ie» -vf «it3 rst -W»

o o r-^ -^ ~- cc r-1 c
»0 coaoc^i^c^^rc

^^" ;^ or "^ 1-^ CO "^ ^ ^ "^ OG O O c4" «0 C^ (X* C^ C-l CO C^' "^ o^ O O
Cr- CI -^ (M O I— f I— ( C<J O-l i^ CO C>-5 O lO CO lO O 1^ TT "^ «c cc cv -^
I— i r— I CI >— ' "-^ I— I

r>* o;a -!« -i*f -m —le* -^i '^r --r ~:» -c( -►r orj- -kj> .-hf «,s e*ij" -Kf o* — ici -ic< — ci

-^O— il^OwCJCCCO^-^CliOC^lCOr-icOl-O'— iC03CC-tC0O(Mi— lO-^iTJCli— lOJ
C-a-^'^trOkOI^ctCX'TlX'— "•O'^^^COCwOX.OCCaCOtQCCCt-l^OCCii— iTJ:-

>0 (NCOTrX.Tr'CCTvOwl'— 'OOOr— iwSwCOCCCOl— Ci«S. OCO|-^iOX.04Ct.»J^f— c.

<M TfC^ll^COCOCCCO-^

CO (^^ CM

-^ rj<

c4^coor-ri-r::£ori^TfcoTf»ocii-iorTr-«^t~^o

1— I Cl r— I I— I

-l« <-|Ca -la nrS -|« -.:59 --tl" clios -►* -XJi ranf MOO — ,cl -.« t»t -i*< ">^ ■"")" -ie< -l«* "^ —Kt —<T nR? -"r -iC "•*»■ f^o

O CO ^ C^» O l^ <N CC O^i 1^ O X' O O TP CO O -^ ^T »C CC 'Ol O t-- O O O Tt" k-O ^- 1^ ^ '^
in -5< -T Ol CO X v:: wV >0 1—1 r-^ ^^ —^ ::^ ^T G^4 -—I CO O r- CO 1- CV O f— -T 1- uO lO O "5*" 1^ o

o r-i uo o "—I c^ c^ c. ::::• 1— X 1- X cs X o TT c'': c; c^J X --£ CO --i X CO ci X C4 ci ?c t— o

O C^I'r^ooxco:OC^'--^l-^XCOaO<:C'—Jr-^0'fkOco"co"40 OIGO'T'— Tu-tvOTtOrl^
OO »OCiC^Cr.'-T'TwO>i--'C0 1-~ 0&CiC0X-T»0OC0(M-<f«C»0C^XXC0»0Tr

CO
CO

CO o cr- 1^ lo o o o Ci o x

O Ci X O w uO C-4 O G^J l~ C-J
uO CO CO "O w t^ C^ X O X X

Xr- (01-*0i— lOcoOOO-MO-TX-— tOi-'Si— i<MCiO-^ClCiai'^-^Xr-i|^C0»O

»o '-H o "-5 1^ Ci CO 01 C5 o -r r- T t- C-) lO c- c- w ko CO X -T en X 1^ w o kC X CO Ci o
CO ot— r^oo'^'^oi— iioo I— ii^Ti— i-^o^conscoi— ic^cooi—irro^ccoco

en

o
9&

-r C-l OS O CTi O f-H 1^ r-^ Ol I^ <— ; OS vO CT> X to O O X !■- CQ 00 .— I »0 O Ol O -# O O O CO

CO— ixoo-— Id — xoco»coo4oc;cMcoxi.o--ric-^r-'coc':co>— f'-coicor — f

O <M 1^ O O i-i CI O O O O CO 1^ O O Oi ^ 1^ *-C CO vo 1—1 O Ol X I— 1 Ci CO CO rr Jt^ I— I rr

GC O O" Ci Co" of Ci ^ X Oi O CO O CO C» --t cl '•^ GO Tl^ oT O r-5 ^^

r^ C^ O O O !■- Ci CO O O C-4 i-O CO l^ 1— -Tp -T O ^ t- CO O 1- O O X r-1 O -^ CO iX; r— C5

T -r Ci T Ci CI --O O O X t— CI Ci T— 1 c^ I— 1 X O O CI O ^ CM O CI »C Ci wo f— I Ol Ci 1^ O

I— I 1—1 1—1 CO 04 CI 04 r—l Ol C^ I— ( I— I

CO T— I

T— I C<1 r— I I— I T— 1 I— 1

C^ C4 C4 r-1 1-1

CO

o
<o

2!l

CI C. C5 1— I O O O 01 O t- C^ O O O O O C; X X vO d O t-- >— i '^ '^ '^ CO X CO O 1^ o
Ci C- -T X C; C: O O Ol C; -^ T C- O ^^ Ol l- CI -r Ol l- cO CJ Cl O O Ci "s** <:r ^- l- — o

O 1^ CO X Ol X CO lO 1- Ci X X O CO Ol rf CO t— CI X CO O X CO »C O CJ CJ CV -f I— X CO

Ci -r — -r CO of r-^ of x~ x' X — :o — o? i-T

c: 0 1 Ol C5 lo X -^ I - CO — -r 1 ~ o o o

CO CO CO OJ CO X O O T CO — O w CJ X

1- to o CO X X -^ CI ^o CO c; X 1" — t~ CO CO —

^H Ol — O Ol C Cr. O uO Ci O 1—1 O t^ CO X o cv
^H lO C^ O T -r C- >— 1 ;0 iC to I— I to CI O CI c o

•»» •

-id -i» -ie« f»" >nias -oioo ->» <*t -i« -las -ie» -T -»r -T -«r oo -nei >-=s -•«■ -e< a* "V «»♦ ->»• -«« -^M

_ ^0 O ^ — ' X i^ to I- Ci t- '^^ CI Ol Ol -^ Ci CO O C-- O O C O CO CO Ol — ' T Ol t- -T -^

c I 01 1— Oi c. c; — 01 -r »-o -f o c: o o CO -T X -r o CO vr: 1- Ol Ol t^ o -t vc — rr to CO

1 ~ Ci ^- O I ~ r-i to CO C- O TT Ol O to X O X to O O Ci CI O X T Ci CI CO ct O C"- 1~ I— I

— to -r r- CI Ol X c

O X — Ci X O Ol I-

»— I CI 1— < r— t CO I— t

t- — r-OOCii— lOlC^kOXOrpX-^X — COCl — Ol

kC O CO X CO CO CO O rj< CO to Ci CO X I- CO -* O X CI

I— I Xi— I I— ( -^ClTfr-H COCOi— II— I I— I

Ol — Ol — 1

o

to

CO
CO

-fto-roo — oicoxtoi-oo'trxco'^ojt^oi-^coiot-'— lOOji-or-C". — C5 • o

I— I Old 01 oil— II— ir-H I— II— » I— lr-( I— t r-ii—lrH r-(-^ i— ir— iCIr-i |Ci

CI

CO

•c a f»* itM n^ n« o g r*f long iMco t-BB mes •*<• -"r ->« wx -»f r** "-IS -T — M ■*aj ■axa -«r moo •»f -^r -Ki

t-c;coC'XocsxtooiiociOici<— '-^xx-rtoc-. oxc-fo— 'CiOr-tOTCi
».o i.o -rod CO c< -t"0«coc--T — t-xiooi -rcrco-fic-^xci'—'^o CO ct-TkC-r

-TC-cx'0->o»?;c--'— lOOjuooio'^'Oi-TrococvTXTj'XcotooiOTri— itOk-o

-f .-^ r-^ »o -1" o x' -H -f x' -T cT of «r? to" Ci «o" CO* r-^ -r ^ — CO o ■»T i-o* cT — co' -f cT — < o

C"- O CO -r CI O X -T Ol CJ •— • C5 I— ( rr O — Ci 01 CO ut to to Ol lO O -^ >— ' CO uO O "* o
r-i 01 -f CO 01 CO >— I CI -»< 1— t 04 "^ CO 01 I— ' 1— I CO 1—1 I— ' 1—1 CI Ol ■— I CO CI CI CI 1—1

o

o

CO

CI X X «.0 to CO Ol -f O Ci X CO Ci O — O X X ^^ to X O I X CO X CO 1— ' wo Ol 1^ Ol — 07

wOTttfi— ico-rxooioto^^or-ci'n'ooi^^-rco-t'coxxoiko-^citocico'r

X C> CO CO Ci C T f~- '-» CO »-f X X Ol Oi Ol CO O "f CI O CO O O O X »— ' ^^ »- t^ — CI
of e^ X t^ ci c<3 Ci to to ^ CO Co" rH QO-«i«i--J'!fof Oil- -^co coco"" 'T cT-^ rpco* -^ of

o

f506

ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

Q
W

l-H

H
O

o

€0

o

►—I
H

00

I— I

H

H

1-:;

P^
t)
H

O

»— I

<1

«Oco-*t^COOKO<MI^C01r^C<I01^iOC500TT'CC1^0000Ci— it^cO
lOCXliOrOCOQOiOCOOO — OOOsrOi— icOrHCNCliOCOOOCO'— i-^i— (

--1 Tji (M

-K}< _ic) -ic< -ht ^ico -ie( <** Bht t-ico -le* -hf njf _ie» -rj. „ic< mco -kf -Kc -hy -1*

coroc5<^^oocoGo-*!0^oo<^^(^■^'rO(^ooci^cocot^o^ocioo»o

lO CO t— t r— ii-HCi lO 0 l-H rH CI r-T O rHl>^ rH

H
<!
O

St

i0i0O|-^OCi?0-rfiOr0'MO«0rtirf-*>OCiOO-tiOi— (to— 1 — (M
OOOCiut. c0l^Ot--fiQ0'-iC<ICl-0rt<t0C5Or-(C<l»OT--O«Ct^0s

1

o

CO

V

w

-Hkf -<K» oico -KC -1^ -hi> okt -Kj< o»t .oi» n*^ _ie« -ie» ohf -km -le* 0100 ra* -iiii

co" tjh" CO >-H r-^ lo r-1 0 "^ 00 h-T TijT rC 10 rjH" 0 1-J 0 CO ,^ "-^— - lo o

'^COr— . COCOC<Ji-H(MrHCOrHCOfOfOi— 1 (— (r— 11— 1 COCO r— r-i(>:j(M

WINTER WHEAT.

-ie< -ie< -i« -i« -let -ie» -H- -cUM -'« oi<j< nKt -.ic< -iw -ic» -itj< -re«
■rfCir^^HCiO-*OOCC<lO»00<M-^cOrfi<— iOO'*CiOuOCiOCC

01 oi CI oi oi Tf uo 0 CO t— c:. ic r^ ^ CO lo -r 0 -^ o o oo -f t-- oi o
T^aic»t^l:— cat— ot— icsocs-^oO'^coo'Trco osioocxjt— coco

t-^cfrH.-HcOOCOrji'cft-^'^ ^odc^frHCOO'i-T kOOQOCO-rJ^OO

OO-— lO-lCsOO iOCO 0 t— I— (CiC<l'— I

1—1 <N t— 0 GO

1— (

-H< -Kf -i« Jiico -le< -kf -*f -let -(^ i~ico n-f c*j" -.i^ -km r»^ -i^j. -ie» 01^ -ie< -ico 0109

o-ficicooo.-Ht— r-dcrs-fiTt^t— uotoO'Tfit^^H,— icoi^i— 01000
ooouoc-i-Tfoooaicrot-^r-Hr-io— -t— ^-CiO ooocci— toioco

lOCiODCiGiCOt— 00<M040COOC5COi— i-^f— iCl uOcOOOcOO^i— •
T-H«DC<frHr-H~iO00 "^ r^O i-^C-l <0 CO-^CS

H

<!

W
«

Or

W3 "O

«2

-k»> -k:< -ie» -ie» -h^ -ie< w^ -i« nhji -h# -iM -ie< -ic< mco

r— (Ml— loor-o-ticooii^— <ooococ:>oo-fioiooci

(M CM (M t^ Ol CO (M QC t— 00 0 CO 10 ,— 1 0 »-0 0 0 1— --t -TI r—
C5tJ<.— (MCOOOC-^i— liOCOlOCMOOOOi— ir-i(Mr-(0

. 0 lOt-O
-f' c) t- 01

Ci 0 t- <o

0 0 00 t^r-^oD 00 0 b^ rfoo 0 -^i^cTjiCr-H CO cdod

10 lOC-lt-r-lfMO C<1 tT^CO t-l CO CI

000 CI cq

0 l-H »0

-kji r*t ''ICO cjh^ r»4i -m nico -lc< raioo f*t -oieo r*t -hj- -lo "Kf -►<• -l« -kj"

GO-fcoioio-— lOrfOiocicocoiooooo-^or-o-^r-
coci'oasQC'— ir^t— ikocs'^cocaocoiocoioot— r—oo

0»>0r— ICtTt<Oi-H00>O 1— iCl lOOOOt— 000 1— O <

01

1 -ie» -ht nn»« t-ies

CO CI -r c-1

0 CI Tfi 00

0 0 CO rH

rJ?-H''-rf"

o

To Xi
3 £

-kji -hr Dice "i* -kt -kf .oix c*j< -le) -kc -*t -ict -ie) -kj- -i^r -ie< fwf -10 -"J" -O'CS m^
cot— OC-10 0 00000000-— ir-OC5 01010iO-TtiCO-HO«Ot— lOO
CO-HI-,— irtiOOOCOt— CliO-fCiOlt—tOOOO'-i-fO rticOiOOO
CO 1— 1 0 00 t- C^ 00 0 0 0 0> t- 0 t- 0 0 T-H t— CO 1— 1 0 0 t- 0 I— I GO

1— 1 oi 1— 1 r-( 01 oC oTi—?" I— i" coi—T lOi—T i-Hco .— ( l-H i—T i—T

■-H

o

|5

-Kt nhji ra,f. BHJ< -»^ -Kt -1« «IC< »♦ -!« >»* -H" ™* OM< -KN r**

Ot— lOtOC-lOl^HO'— IC0C5O00'-0iTr'C000-*'^-t<iOC0Clt— CO'GO
l—COOO-rficOt— rtit--fOOC5r— i—lcOCsOCiCtt— lOt-OOOOOCDcO
uOOOiOt-OOCOCli— It— aOOOOi-HOOc-OiOOlOliOi-HOOi-HClt-

'^rt'COClt-iOrtit-GOiOOCOCOOOCftr-cO-— OC'^OOGCO'—'CiQCOO
uOiOuOOiOOCli— lTti<X!>OOOOCiCOCOCO"<fiO t— Ci UOCOCOO
i-H l-H T— 1

•

«

"ht -hf -«< -KH n'^ -ie< ni* -«ji -kf I'loo -ic< osf nh^ rahj< ra^ nht ohf -ie« t-ieo
''^COOOOO-:t<OOOC'liOC1C10coa>OOiO«Ot-t— -HcOoOOOrH
UOI— t-OOCO'rJ^rt<t-Ot-OOiOC10t-cOC5CiCiC50cOOO-*'00
COClOClOi-HOOCOi— (COi-HiOr-HOOOCiO'-HCOC10TrOOC-10iO«0

-tiOOO'OCiCO-ticOi-HrtCsClcOCOcD'O^i-Hi-HO-^C-ICOh-'^Okrt

t
t

1

i
1
1

<

1

H

D

...CO.q;)....,., •.

Lewis,

Livingston, .
Madison, . . .
Monroe, . . .

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

207

»<«« -«< «!« -M- -ie« -ie« -iM

I— •C<J'— iCI-^OOh^O — Cs-— ''^'^'^"
»— I O --^ CO O Ot t~ lO CI X o

C4 (M

rf — O O -r CI CI GO (M <M <M CC -rl" — CC Ol r- O -1" t^ t^

OCCOClt^iOOOO— ' — »r5GC<MCl«0;CiCOt^>— 1

cc — o t~ 1^ t- ic -^ cc OT CI ^-< oc o o ~ c^ cj rr t— lO

oc

CO

o

CO

O CI lO iC r^ lO O — t- — C4 -rf

I— I lO 1^ CI I— 1 CO —I CI iC c<
CI -—1

Ci

-«J"

-/H r.^

- C3

-c(

r^

— ■■ri j,55

-►r

-iC

-KM nnf

f^^

-1^

-►*

-►T

rr^

->c*

">*

-iC<

-►J-

-►*■

-►T

-►T

-►?

-,c<

r.T-

'--»

-^'

ryf

"T

i-a

O CI

1— 1

.— o

Ci

•^

^,

CO —

CI

r^

o -^

*^^

^—

t^

o

CO

-f o

;3

i-O

o oc

o

-r

r—'.

GC

f

cc

_

' ^

rr

t-

o

CI -r

-T

r-\

lC

CO ^^

f— 1

CO

CI -t

.—

Ci

-t

Ci

t-

c*

oc

T '^

r~

i~

_

-r

l>-

o ^

•— '

OC

>—

t-O

"-"

f— ^

O C4

'V*

t^

'~^,

ex.

cc

o

N—-

*-^

ct

uO

^

I-

o

T

'w*

i-~

C-.

C)

^^

t-

C<l

Cl

^

r-

CO CO CI O CI

uo

CI

CO

CO r^

^

1.0

J[-

CI

„_

r— '

^_

cr.

-1^

ci

' ,1 '

(— t

CI

I— 1

CI

CII

o
o

Ci

-►}■ -iC< -^< -ie« "toi -let -ic< -let nxji

i-o OC c t~ 1- >— I — Ci t~ CI QC r^ — CC — o CC c^ r^ CC r— t~ CO CO CC uo r^ 1 c; t- r-

cccr.ocir: — cocc-fci' — t-O'-O-fciocc-fccoocci-cco-T'Cicii-cci-':

-r ct X ci c; — t~ -T o Ci uo cc cr- — c; CI I— o ci CI cc — x c ci — c-c cc --r i- x ^

CO lo lO »/: ^- c» ic CO cc Ci X o X r— -^ CO o r^ o — ci o ci ci X o X uo -r w o
uci t— — ci Ci CI CO C3. cc o i-o 1— 1 CI cc -r Ci Ci ic ut — I c: o i-o 1— ' f-- cj Ci i~ c: Ci ^c

COCiOOC4Cl«OCi t— iiO •^t^C^-^OCiOt^C^i— i^XC<li— it^XClTTr-

C-.

CI I

o!

Si

--- 1

-KJ.

-^

X

X

«-;» - C3 f:^ ""T - a -et -"r -m -►* r*t -let ->-i —a* •■ic< nrf rt^t -^t ->-■ -►♦ -«^ -►,). — -j _^ r^^ -tt

o CO Ci c: Ci CI ->c -f w -r 'C '.o — CO tc o o -t CI c- c; t- -f CC CI CO -r — o CC I ~ Ci
i-HX-co-r-ruoj^— ^-cic -TfO'-cciC^xcicio — oc -rr— w— c:-fi~i-

^ r- o o CI o o o i~ -r CI t- Ci X i-o X t- — -t" --- cc o -f r-- ^ »^ ^ r- Ci c; rr

ClCi — CluCs-fCIOCOCiCi I— iXuOiCh-t^ — — Ol^O-fXt^— CiC;-^ —
I— iCO^C^i— II— iCl-T" CI C4COr-iCOi— CliOi— 1 I— iCOf— 1 CO CI I— CI I—

.-let r»f rxt nnji -►)• r.»^ r»ij> -fit -<-»• -«t -ct -let -let -let r*j> t*j" -let — ci — »M

"rf O -^ Ci cc X CO Ci O X O Ci X 1.0 O O O lO lO — — ' O O CI »-0 lO O CI b- -^ — X O

O CO — CO i-O X -w -r C2 r^ CO w in CO -t* X CI o -f CO CI Ci CI r— «-o Ci i~ — X I— "-O c 'C

Ci Ci-rO'^COClOOLC<— 'OCOCi l~X— 0-* I- uOiC'^CCC'C CO CI COTt'-TCi

co" Ci cT r-^ X CO --C cf o CO cf CI >— CI -+ -1^ uo x' o^ -— cT -- — Ci -t cT r-i cc cf cc^ ci x'

C^ XCICiClTfl^i— I O ft C4r-i I— iXO— lO i—iXf— I CC :C ^. '-^

uo lO CO I— I I—I C^ I— I C4 CO I— 1

-I*
C:

o

lO

o
l~^

-M- f:>*

.3:3

-let

-ict

o-f

-ie»

-fcr

-!« -let

~hf

-•*

-iCt rat

rt* •»*

a(«

-K>»

-Kr

-let

-t*

->^

— lei

-;*< CI X t-

•—

O

w

o

-t

—

I— t^

CI

CI

o

— ' t^

cc l~

CO

CI

X

^*».

CO

—

' — ■

o

— X

-f

C7 X

r--

^

1— t

X t-

O'

X

I-

CO

-*

CO

O r-

w^

Ci

r^

Ci c

l~ Ci

•

—

'^^

1-

r~

>-0

-r Ci

CI --C

CI

ct

X

"^

1— I

t- —1

o

r^j

o

X lO CI O X

r^ l^

cc

Ci CO o o

X

Ci

I-

w^

CO

CO

o

CO'

CJ Ci

CI CI

^^

lo

CO

UC CO

Ci

X

CO

t-

CO

»— (

1— 1

o

CO CO

-*

-

•*

'"V"

cc

Ci

Tf

I— t

-t

*"

ci

Tf

-

t-^

^

-let
CO

r-

Ci <

x" '

t— (

O CO. X Ci CI ^C o o
X X -T 1.0 CO o o -t<
CO X ^ O CI CO -:fi

lo" — ^ ic r~-I" ci -f CO

■^ X C^ -^ iO

I — tet —let f>f f^t" -et — ••}" r»«f .4-4 |

■ X CO. lo 0 -f -t t — r Ci Ci -t* c: X X CI t-o >-o -+ r~ r- r- cc
rr X 1 - '-C t - 1 - 1 ~ re 1 c 1 Ci cc -^ — X i-o X c c- CC

coo -TOCCOr-CCO-— 1 CiCCXCIXCC'TTTC

CO 10 X 0 CO CO~ ^ cf 1-- CI rf CC cf 1-^ t-^ x'

1—4 Ci CACOr-lOO I— (CO CI COi—
CI

oo

Ci -

cc •

l-H

n*? ••> 30 r-j- f*f -let -tir ■mm
C 1 -^ 1 - t - X CI -f CO
»0 Ci Ci 1 ~ o — o

CO cc <— — H 1— 1 Ci X <

CO i-^ CO CO -^

• fxt -let -let -1^ -'ot rff -<^ -let o-ea -t^r -lit -let ries -»:* -OS •»♦

-r 0 0 CI CO cr 0 X CI Ci — 0 Ci c-.. CI Ci 0 -r CC CC Ci -f

lO C4 CI Ci — -0 '— CI CI I— 1 CO X -— -T CC --C X — C 1

CI 0 X X 0 cc CI X CO r- lOOCI — ci->c

f-H cf cfor-To if'co" cf co'ci

CO 1—1

o •
I- ■

r*f — ie» r>^ f>t -V

xcrccco — -ff — c
1- o Ci CO -- Ci >.o -r uc

oi--r — -^lo-rco

:» -t^- -let -let -let -ct -Nt -"^ -let -.et -i-t -►t •** •»* -<* f*t -t «»* -*■* -<*

-r uo Ci c: c: -r X 1- CI X i.o — CI CI — — X Ci -c — -c Ci

Cl cc I- UC CI — — 1.0 Ci Ci CI -f- I~ 'C C C C". Cl CI -c re -r

O'^ ciioxiocoocit-Ci-rociccTf — i-ic-r
c6^ -rf f^irf — -^ -^ ci c?— — 'ci — -^

"^ ;

Cl X cc CI — f <— 1 CO

'^T -«♦ -«• n-oe •t'T —•* -T ""J^ "* «♦ ""t -let oxf -fct ">♦ ->♦ "^ -T •»♦ "t f** — *W '■<e •••» -*t

Cl t— r~ CO CC X — o X c. '-3 m t- CI X o CO 1.0 -r o Ci Ci »c o — CO uo X — — CC — c
CO »o — CO -r -f — CI cc -c «o Ci o cc Cl c -t" X r- Ci r~ -f o — o -r o X X r^ Ci CI «-o

».0 — — C CI-TCI-C— 'Ol-COt-OOXTt r-CiXI-'Ot~-TXI~C:XCI-f-rX

r '-. Cl re

I -c -r -

-*> X X r- — X r- -*" Ci CI o X r- o X — o X — ' -»• Cl Ci ".c cr X wc

cc O O CI O to ^- CO O I— I -^ r-i Cl O -^ -T CO re cc C I cC -^ Ci O •—

#>^ n*99 1*00 *•♦

1^ "-^ O ^ CO
O O CI -r C
»0 »— I lO I- —

-« -ie« -ct r«B f»t -^ -•♦ -«• ->T -«t -ei -•» T -w -w -wt -*t ""T «-«o -« - a

-f--c — Ci — -r — x-fcocioo — o— ococccoci-fxwcci-fci
c I- lo r: r- Ci CO cr Cl X Cl o cc X -f o c: >.c ~ cc Ci t-- CO -f cc c x t~

ci-'^'-''. Ci'-^cccoucciccccicco— 'CC-TiiCxc-rc^^^'— >— co^-co

^^ Cl c cc i.c cc »o cc «o cc i~ X -^ Cl CO o X cc uc -f -o ».c — X c >c — X c -r c CO

■^ CO — 'C -r X Cl cc >— I CI CO CC) ^^ cc cc I— I o Cl Cl I- cc -T c: CO cc CO r- cc ^ o Cl

CO

CO I

01

cf!

— lOD,

o

O I
CII

^^ I

X

-1"
o

to

CO

01

-r

"^ i

X

CC

CO

208

ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

W

o

O

= E

ko o c-i -t" — ' o cn> -f o ' — Qc o o o CI c^i o r^ 1^ lO t— CO -r -f kc 1^ lO »o

O OJ "^ CJ t^ -r CJ O -tT -t CO O -T C>'5 O -*• C> Cl QC CM CO O (M CC iM Cl lO >— t

o o o o '— cf — cT o o co o irf lo cc -t oi r-^ o ic r-T ci oc cc ci -t -f lo
I- o o o '-C .oo c; r- cc '" o c: o -r <— QC' Gc o -— I c<j »o Gc o -^ CO (M i-o -Tt«

CO CI —1 CO '^1 C^l i-^ CI CO Ol "—1 01 C-1 ^ CO -5f rH 1—1 1—1 CI C^ CO CI 1— ' CI O r-H

1) =

"O'B ->* f»rr -ICS MtI" -li* -lO -I-" O.S t"l» n^* ra* »** r-iC3 "H" "13 ->* -le» "109 ^-KS -let r^t t-IO»

-t" t^ 3C r^ — cc O' cv -r C-. r^ o r-- CI -~ o -r cc -o '-0 GO -f Ci ic. cc CO oc lO
GO lO c^ C5 ~ CI Ci t - r- Ci >c o o "-o cc o cz: X r^ o o o c/: Ci "O '^' c-i -Tt<
cxjoco'OCii^'-ir-iccr-ooGcorj'Cit^cicoO"*'- 1-— •oc^ooor— o

OcOClClCOCOr-^o-JoOt-^COCO^^rfOC^cfcO CC^OcOCOi-Tc^t-^f-r

Q

>-t

H

;^
o

o

00

o

H
H

CO

H

o

<1

o
u

:; CI c-c h- ».o o r^ o c^c CO GC cc o o
^ O -* O GC X w CO O GC' O CI o ^-

-'-: CI -f" — < 3C C5 Ci Gc T CO

o

o:^c^o-^o5cxl2?coGCOc1o^coiooo-rwt^
o>oot-~ir:;i.oci-*'iccor^cococicoor^oci^-i^t— — ico-^icooio

O OC — O <^ «uO CC '-0 Ci X' -t" — lO GC O GO »0 c-J Ci. OO CI O O CO -Tf o -^

r-^ r-( CI C- X O C^ CO CO CI 1—1 »• 5 -^ -—I — ( -Tfl C<J CO ^ ^ OO C<l

« 1)

-i^ _v« -1^ o'cj c*i}' -K5« .^lao >9ias -ic» -lO nnf -k^ -)•# -h# f>:f -h# ra* -\« oiss i-ics •»<* -«« r**

CI o — — ^ C5 — o lo CI o — CO X r^ o o « o ci «-o CI o X o c^ o o -f

^-OOI '^Ci-fcCCOO-fOClOiO— *X— «cOXX-*"^^l^ClOCi

OX^-Cli-Ot-1— it^i— 1-^vOiOOOXXOCJX'^t^'^CiOr-CiTfrP

ClOXOOOt— 0001>-iOCOXiOTft^OCi

I— ( r— iCOl— It— IC^ COi— ( r-(

OOOi— i^iOTtOO

I— t — H i—i CO t— »

rs<t -Kl -I*" -i« ">* — ■^ -i^ '-'';55 -'^ - =^ "'^ -•** ^>>*' •"'* -1^ -1^ "* "* "^ "•* -•* -'«• ™* -W*

ClX-fCOO-f'-O-f-^-i'iOO^X' — lOCiCOcOCOOOutiCOOCO'COt^

— Ci — X r- o -f o o CO — CO CI lo o CI o — « — — t^ o cc -# c:i t.o CI r-

XClCli-^OOOCOOCO>— fCO"— luOt— Ot^OCiOXCiCT'^OCXOO

-^ocoOTfoooo-*GOoco-fcococ:>-rr':ciciio

XSOt^C-lO OlrtCOOCIOOrfClr— ir-iOr- ICO -^

O CO CO CI —I
I— I rH I—I CQ ■'f

»

5
o

f->J> nnf .3 C9 rarts r.l^ -d^ -fuSB t- 53 >0!C3 nl* rjrS -hf" r-l» -ie« i-ica t- x -H> -\e< -let

ClOClOO'-OClXOCsc^OkOiO— IOC1C5— 'OOO^-l^-^OCih^
CI lO CC CI CI lO O CO O O CI l~- O lO ct O CI CI CI O O O Ci O — C5 O Ci
t— OOCCCiOOC10XOOC<J'*-*l--«OXO-^vCCi OGOcOOt^

-^'Tfoci'^i— iu:)rrTt"i:^c<ii— 'w:)c<jc-i>— i»rtr-HO

CO

I— ( i-M I— I CO C^

f^ -

— '/I

— iJ

= >

-let -ie< _ie» -i^i -ie» -let -ie» «♦ -i« -ie»-ie«

o -f r- m ct o CI Ci b- -^ lO Ci X <o X X -f Ci »— CT C5 -f
CI lc CO o o ».o '-:: CI r— o 'O — ' — lo <— X o — X rf CO X

1— irticOOcOOXClXXOClGOCI — — t-OCt- TfiO

cs od ci 'i''^ x' C5 co" ci o CO o CI CI f - I— o -^ ci rH >--" ci

C<li— lOi— iClCl ^ »0 I— lO lOO

CO CO

<

-ie( _ie» oiM -'et -let -let -sj -let .oia -loj -let -los -let -ht -i* -ie< -Kf

r-ci^ciiO'f^xo— 'Ci:^--f — oco — o— i-*oci
cso fr-cior-rctioojh-xoxoco-fi-i— lOo

O ^ CI C5 CI CI ^ -^ -* CI "^ I—I 1— * O O O O CI t- CI

CQ

<M

CO

CO

C<IX

W3

s

r-i

o
o

-let -><»■ — ie»

CO lO .— I Ut) CI
>— i-O CO uO lO
>0 CI CI t- CI

t-T CO h^aTcT
CO CI o i^ CO

-IM -let J!X -I*

CI t^ o o o
C5 r- tc i~- CO

C5 o '^ lO CO

(-To o t-Toi

<5<i«

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

209

p"W^

-w

00CC00--O— 'I^OlCC-t'OOCiCOrJCICIOlO-fCCCCGCOOOOQCuOCCOC^lOl
Of^-^OiOtr.— iOOcOiOCC(MiMr^cOcOOrfc<OOOC'-HOcO(MOOO-fTC— <

1-^ tc -f" O GC cc" —^ — ^ C-i" -f — r 0~ -- r-T T}"'" |do o —-" c^f to -f n O '-<" ^^ ^o' t-^ "-^ to rt t-^
f^ CI QC ex: C^l t^ O -^ O O O C^ -^ O OC O Ci CC l^ O O O O ^^ C^O t - O O CO o o
<MOCOr-li— !n-lCOT^ C4 0 Orrr— II— t (MC^r-lr-li— ii— li— il^ClC^lCI

"KB

CI

to

00

o
to

»-«S -hf -vs oca -Kl '6 3 -« -»?» rrrf r-rS — tpf -V5< — !« "W nR9 "I* -♦* owo •'laj -te« -ie« MSO r- a « a mr •>•»

oc -o cc o ro Ci -— I -f o Gc c» I - >o CO CI to "I* -*< ci — (^ CO Ci aj -!f o o o c I Ci -,:; oo
c-J-^i-cvooc— iQcciocc — — 'Cit^-Tccotoc^ooto-rio-rcccctniOGC^^

ClOCCtOt^i— iiOO — OCOCOCJi— it^QCi— iC^OO^l^GOtO-^Ot^-TI--00
COt^-TfcicO cftOtOi-H^-^OO f-TcTlr-^r-rcOr-rr-r'^COi-ir-ri— TcO^cfi-^CO^rfcOr-^

r-^ Ci CI r^ r^ r^ o c: c: o t^ cc CO .— t o Ci CI — c. t- CI Tf CI o CI CI CO o o CI -f tt

ocoo — tocoo-T— icoo'^tocit^csooGcoooot— -rcic/:ioocot^

tOt^OOCO-^tOCOr— ICOCO CJ-^ rli— 'COClOi— iC^COC^^^tOt^-'^Clc- 1

»o
o

CI

c^

i

— « -IT -»-« -^ -lei -f^ -ie« -i« -i« -i« -ie« -i« -ie» -h? -\e«

-ie<

o >-- -f CO «o ~ lO CI o Ci lO CO t^ CO CO ci C5 CO o CO o 1^ -f -f CI ci r^ oo t— cic o — <

1— M

cc c: ci uo :c cr. t- ^ I- r-i oc r-^ CO 1- C5 -^ r- lO oc o cc -^ o t - o ci — < t^ i ~ co o oo

o

r-i lO C< -T -r rf Ci aC r- Ci O rr O OC to rr Cl i—i t- O -O Jt^ to O CJ Cl 00 O O Cl O .— 1

o

o

CI :
Ci

I-IO -W» M55 -ie» -H- •»-3 r>T rxr n^ .00 -m rtT «-i3 -le< r>+ n^ -«l -le) ->T w^-ia -■«* t-X r„a >3;3

1— I o CO '.c CO — '-^ c^ o -r CI c I lO X to o o t~ o ~- 'w lO o o i~ ~ X —- CO oc '—I CO

COCVt^ f-fOtO — CTiCOtOCOiOtOtO-TCiCCt^cOCi— OC0C0C^OCC^-C03CO

CI to CJ ^^ O CO O TO 'J* 00 to to -^ t- CC O I— I t- CI t- O -T CC t^ '^ CJ I- ^ CC o ^

.-1 CI

CI -r Ci cc o c I Tt

CO CI ^^ — CI I— (

o.— icocicckot^oocit— -ft — rcct-toocioo^

CI r-lCl I— ii— if-H T— II— iC^Cli— If— I

o

'— ■ I

cc

CI

-«< X13 f*t '>*" "^ "* f'* -"J" -«< -'f - c -ic< -m — rt« -id -c« -ici o^ -/:< -ht re-* o^ -►}.

^- t~ CO to CO CO i.o c) cc -r — to CI c) CI oc cc ct o o o — ci to ■:^ -r x tc o t~ t-

lO O to C I CI O O cc — C 1 CI CI CI — X uO I - CI CO Ci lO r^ O O I ~- — < tc -^ C- I - :^

r— r^TctoOwt^t^cioocot— oxocoto-rroooto-^co^:rcicci~xcii
o -^ cf cc co' cT — r cf cT --^ ci" r-^' cc cf cc --^ o t-T --T cT x" lo" -^ -f o" c^ c£ ci" cT cT -r

C4 to CO I— I C* I— 1 CO -— r-! CI to I— 1 O -^ O O C) OO 1-1 O O t- t^ 1— I "^ CO C^ CI CI

1-.X ->«• -.lis -►»

_.„ - — „ - .„ , ' .CI -"1- -'3 -l«* -«« ->» -NT r>^ -IZ) -KM -39 •-« »>^ O* -C< -C« -Kf -Hf -T

CI lO cc CO t- '-2 CO CO — C5 CI Ci h- X X CO Ci 01 C- T to CO to o to c: cc ^ --C c; -r
CI to C-. Ci -r X X o C5 Ci CO' I ~ — to X X ~. -r «o t.o X o o c t - 1— I -r CI -T lO cc

O CO — O 'O CO I- O X CI X Ci t- to Ci t^ CI lO O O f O CJ CO Ci to CI X ^^ -r
CI -^ co" CO -1^ CI CO Ci r-T O to r-T r-^ .--' to' tC t-T CO CO CO tC I- ci" O CI -T -^ cf cT rr

CO
CI

CO

o

CI

COOtOkOCi— '-fCi
Ci CO X t- I- t- to X

t-o-rt^co.— lOOX

o r - '— o o" oc CO
I- CO r- CI CO CI ^r

I— 1 CO CO'

Oit^J^ -fi^-fCior^',cco-rcototooci-rtoior— -f

«OOCI>— 'XCIOCOOtOl-t^tOCICiCOCO-^Ci-^-OCO
l- X O I— I to to -— I to X X Ci O Ci CI — t O -T to CI >— <

CI CI

cccito-fO-rxoi— itoto

C^ f O O t- r- 1 O

CJ Ci

f-^ CI

C4

X CI

to

CO

o
to

CO

nte -w -I* ->* —r meo -«

^lOtOOtOCi-fO

QCXio-r^^tooci
t- -^ t- o o »o X

fo' I -^ O X" rH I-; CI

CI r-H

-*» -«• -,3) n* -let -« -f« -»♦ -ie« -ie« ->»• -■« -•♦ -** -ie« -»r -•» -•♦ -m

O Ci O CO CO X to CI CO C Ci CI r- t- CO O rf O X C: Ci tO

X CI CI •— I to o I- o X CI — T r^ lo r-i o Ci cc x x

^^ O t- O cc to O CI rr tO CO 1^ 1^ T ^> d -^

CO tO O X

CO

"^ CI

X

o
o

CI
CI

[Ag. Trans.]

o

210

ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

H
O

id

CO

o

H

GO

H

H

H

O

I— (

<1

z

O V

I/: (O

3

^h^ «k(" -« oicB "•* -*f -le< -W f** n'* ">* "^

r-iOCOOcOOcOOcOOt— C4r— it-~
(M C^ r-i CO <M C<l 1—1 C-^

r-l CM

«le< -<le« -le< -w M|e<

O CO tO lO ^

»— I C- I— 1

r-l O

-^ o

y

,z^

<

Vw

•-)

O

h

to

3

O

l^ I^ 1^ CO X; GO CO CO O C^l O t^ lO CJ Ci O O O iM O »0 O
OOOrJil— cOiOrH01>>i— t(M"^OOi— 'X^OOCOOOO

<N

Oi CO^ O 1:^ rH

COr— I O COGOOOOO(M

o cq I— t — ' o f— (

(Mi-I CO

le —

4) r"

-hj- '-!» «i03 oica -w nico -kt >oieo mto-ica 'Otca jJiM -w -t<r-<ico-<iao ■oioo-n.a
<Mrt00C0G0(M'--0OOOt-O'-H-*C<JC^C0f^k0r-l(M-Tri
lOCO CO-^ COCOr— iCOr— ll— ICO Tt<0 r-HO

1—1 C<l T-l CO

~ta -le* -ie» t*^
to CO lO o o
O I— I CO lO "^
lO t^ t^

(M O -— I O C>

oc Ci cc o oi

t^ to O Oi

o

d — 1 o

O r-l

r-t O

-.a -.,39 .-xr
Ci C<< CI CC iM
I— I Oi CO

2 £

n

— IC1

-sr<

-i») -ret

-1« -IC«

cOO'O^TjHO^Cl-^O'^fMl--

r-

00 C-l CO O C^^ C5 Ci Ol

>— ' o o GC r^ r-(

o r^ r^

O O O O CO

1— (

-* CI

1—1 1—

a.

CJ Ci r-H rJH CO GO t— r-H

O CO -— 1 rr o -^

O O CO

1—1 ^ CO O 1—

CO

kO 1-

OOCii— (OC^Or^iOiOi— lOOOOOOrtt

rJH Cl CI O t-- O CO Ci lO O
I— < <M I— 1 C<» I— I <M

OCCOCSco-^OOi— <(M'f'— itOC0C<lC^l
r—l O C<» r— I CO CO

10

< i

nKf ->ieo -h« -\ci ••«» r>ic9 ora -nr ois3 t~ix nico oo OI53 ->iC3 ""t n«*" n><f ^eiOO f-ias ok^ r-'OO I^l» -K^

^OC-IC^IOCOO— 'Ot^COCiO'f'^r^GOi— ^i— I'^r-OC^liOcOGOOOO

oc^ioj'^t^OiC^i^oiocococi^uocooco'^oor— ic^'^r-Hoc^c^as

I— Ir—li— 1 1— ICSi— ( C^ I— (

5i «

r^.^ t~iC3 -^e< -KM -hf -hj. -H" •-►# -K}< -Nj" -h*" -hj. -let -KH -let -I* -let -M< -lot «**

O-^OsOGOCOCiCOCOOiOCXiOO'^GOCi'— lOCOTpO — ClOcOOCIi— I
Or^'^CSCOCOOOOCOClCMOOC^l — COOOCiiOi— lOOTfiCOOCO-rf"^
COi— IO^TticOOC»l>-C?5t-J>-i— it^i— iGOGOt-iOOt— lOC^OOOQOCOO

C^ CO -^ to rfi r-H Cq «0

C<1

o c^

CO

i—trrt- »— tr-lTf'^CO

n^ 10IC8 -k# -ICO -leo «* .bio oisj -li^ .oieo t-ico — hf <*)• n^t -ito —let "ico -let — let -let -ico •o\a owa -♦f «io»
O CI C-1 Ol Cs OO O CI t^ Ci O O r^ O Tfi Tfi O lO lO O CO O O CI r^ CO I— GO
C'OOOOi-rt^iOOOOOOCiiOcO'^GOI^cOcOCO O0GOcOl:^G0r^C<IC^
COr— lC^C0C<|rH»O COC<Jr-lCOrH C-O (M-^C^

x!

-let -let -let -kf -let -let bH" "•'e' -W »*»• -let

O -Tt< CI <>! O CO O CC lO '^ t^ Ci O --^ O -!t C-1

-».t -le* -lot -let -let -let -let

r— C^lO'^GOOGOOOCOOOiO

CTJ -^ ^1^1 '^^1 uT) C7 c_^ oo >x3 'j^ r-- CTi ■;^ --^ ira -^ u^« r-- G^i Q_j ""^ ou t-j uu au c^ uu ir^
GO rf CO era CO Ci O r-H -f CO CI CJ 1^ <M CI t^ O O CO "^ CO CO CO 1^ O h- C-1 O
OGOCi^OOcOOuOCOOClcOCOOOClt— lOi— iGOcOCiCscOOOCX)

uo CI

1—1 CI

"TfiCOt^f— i-^-^i—iClCl UOi— iClTtiGOi— <

t^ CO CO C^l O O O C-1
C4 CO r— I rH C<l i-H C<1

<

— let -.e» -ie< tr^ — M* -^ -'5» -.55 '"~ •** " «c -a r^-j. "-ts ->-> *eo -103 »-ra -let -let -hf -hf oies r»^

ic t^ r- cc "O- --D ri o CO 30 uc -t to o CO -f -r r-( ci T^i CO o "sf o oo t^ c^i 1^
-t< GO o CO CO ro X CO — rt o CO CI CI GO o t- CI CO 1— 1 CO CO r- o CI Tj< C5 o

GOO Cr. rfuO ClcOf-HUOC^ CiOOt^cOC<) UOuOi— ICO>Or-(C5CO

r-l r-( I— I I— 5^rH rH Tj5~ i— ( pH"

u

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

211

■ ^(d w^f ^ic^

• (M re. -^ O

• Oi CO -T* O

• CO C^ O I— (

1 '>*'
. lO o -^
. oo -:f« c-i

. C^ Jt— TT"

. r-! CO .
CO .

• Tf uO O CO O O O
— ' -rr C^l OJ CO o
lO CO »0 -^f O CO

• C^ O CO 00

Tf O t-

r-l 1—

. CO t-

. o o

. -*»

■ oo o

. .—1 o

. »ooo

CO

o

1 i-KN

. r-t

Ci .
• I— ( .

• c^ t-

■ 1— t

. CO

> I— 1

CO

■wo
. O O t- O O O Ci Tt<
CXJCOOOI^COCOOO
CO O <M O 0*^0 <

! o o •

. O 00 .
. CO t- .

. O vO O CO CX) —< t^

. o c>4 c; .— 1 lo — J—

. (N f-i (N Ci O QC t^ .

I «M OJ <M r-

. O ^ CO o
Jt- Ci--t

' o o

. C^l CO

' o o

CO O

Of- of

Ci r-- cc .

-^ CO Ci

. .— 1 i-o O CO 00 c; "^ .

r-t CO r-l (M
C4 »0

. o co" i

• CO CI

> oo

' CO o

t- = s,3 -i» -B* '•tW -et -*T nIflS

O O C-. — ' O CO O

oc -r — rfi ■'T o oc <
I— > CO 1—1 CO "

o •

o •

-let -•« -!« 0:00 -lel -.00
CO C^J CO CO CO OC QO •

CO o t- r^ OO o •

>O|0O -►»• -VSi -Kf

CO CS t—

00 1- •

O to •
QO

t- oo

CO

*
*

(?< • •

CI .

^

O 00 o CO CO Ci r— o^ — I oo
CO i-o o r— -r -o -o o Ci X
C Ci O >— I t- lO T*i (M O Tf

C^ X i-O Ci lO --H
(M O^ 1-1 r-1

-^ r— Ci 00 -t

1— I C-l — 1 oo

i'^oi>^c4"'*oo'o-^oiTi^ot~^irrTfoi>r-^rc^

iT-(r-i (MO(N C<li— iCJco

CI

00

-*»• -let =3 -c< -.» -i 00

t— X o c: cr. o CJ

C^ CO o oi CO c; 1—

-co .o;50 -«» rwji -.41 -nf -k^ — 1» r.»iji -ie< .-.x o ;5

r-i3 -*!■ -o^oo -ie« -ISO n^ r»t i-ioo nfcji n>» -•* rta i -tifi

CI Ci CI CT I— Ci -f —< O CO — I — ^ t— O^ CO C5 UO r— Tf C5 O <M O CO O
-r -O O -O 00 CO CO 1- CI C^ O CO C^ O O (N -^ C^ ^ CO lO CI CI -— 1 CJ
F— lr-iO I— t ClOr— I O I— (Or- 1

00

I—

o

in; O O -f

f** -►»•

f>t -ft» -1-t -VM

>o O — c: CI Ci -

t-BO

CI

-m -ie<

-hf -i« -*<r -H" -•* -Bt f** -►^ "* -«* -':« •*1"

-^ ^ ^ .- ~ _ . . ^. _ . . - ■ - , ^ ^ — . CO O CI 00 O O "^ to lO O 00 CI uO

-jfioi-'xcr-faoci-^ — oor-ooco I— r-iiocot— ooocciCTiOcO'—'i— oi-^ co-f
ocii-ci-rco^HcoxcJcici-— I i— iCii-oooocooTi—ttociOxcicir-

O t— X CI

O rr CI

CI to

c<

»0 1-1

c»

CI CI

O to

00

CI

-K* --H- -i-r oix '-155 -t^ f^t f*** ■'>*30 - CO -lei t^'S -i« -vrt MS -ie< '"woo «»f '^o -<♦ n** oics oico -leo -» •»« -i«o f**

c -r cu- — r - X c^ C-. c; CO <o r-H tc to CI I- c» o o o to — r— '^ CO 'jf -^ CO CI Ci -^

t~ r ~ >— O CI — X r— r^ O CI I— — ^ X r- 1- O -^ lO CO CI X to O -^ C: I— I CI o

t— -^lOCI OCIi— I Cl"*^ ^ r-t r-if—l CI I— ir— ( Tt^Tf Tj«

CO

-K» -Ki -let -let t-io -*f -wt -H" -•^ -wt -let -let -let -i* -«« -let -let -let

O -- CI tO t - O — ^ O to X -f -f O C: -O O — CI O C: -O CI X CI C5 O O O t-O O O Tf

to X — — ~- ro r - — CO '^ -r t - -^ T — -o i.o X — -r c: -f CO ~ to c. I- — ' to CO CI -r

c I Ci en. cr. CI CI -r •— I Ci -t to -^ c rf ct -r t— o o i— i r-i cr. o ci ci ci -^ ci co ^

to CI Tf to

to •— ' Ci

CO 1— t

Ci O to CO i-H

to

f— 1 r-l CO f-H

r-l CI

CO

<0 CO

C4

CO -^

CI

00

CO -H

o

Ci

to

— tet —let »-t00 n^ *00 — •?* r»^ — ii^ r»^ — M* '^^ — •^ o-co f^*^ ^50 nHi — NO o»C0 ri» Ot03 — »* ••-a "^ »*♦ -** •

CO CO CI -^ C". c- ^^ Ci f CO CO X t- CI -t — c. X r-- — o CI t — f ci o c r- ci co co .

— — Cl -r ^ "-^ CI X O CO CO X X CI »o t" ^-— -CICICII- c-- ;

C'l-CO-r ■^1— X CO-H CICOCOXr-l O coco CICI-^ Or

CI

04

CI

to

1—4

oc

c

212

ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

g

K
<i
O

■<

s

o »

1— lOOCOuOOOOt^OCOOl^Ot^OOCOi-O— i-fOCOOCI'O'Tf'OOO

O O '^

»— I CO

I— 1 (M CO

1—1 1^

r— 1 1— I O (M

BHi "•* t"'* —^ "H* f** '":0' -"l^ '~'^ ">» "■'* ""IS^ •'''08 -hf -k:<

C<l -^ CO t^ CC t— O T— I <N DC' CM ut CC ^^ O CO O

1— i(>lCO rfOC^ CJ TtiiO'X) I— 1«0

i-T CO

-le* -ie< -..:3 rrrj" r«f ma r>^
O CO Tf I— I t— O iC CO

o I— I <M OJ -r <M

Q

HI

H

o

C30

l-H

GO
t— I

H
H

H

t— i

K

«

o

PS

o

u

C3

-IM -H- -le< -e» -e( -hj. fSTji nirji -tc« -KC -(« '■KM -lit

CO cc -f i-o o CI o i-o o cc C-: 1— I -T oc o r- 1^ o lO i—i Tfi o
o o r^ fM CO ^ o o ac -^ i^ o c-i o c- CO o t— o -^ -^

O O^ -^ -^ O -* Cq t^ O CO vO oc o

CI »0 CO

o CO

^- cc 1^ CI CO

lO CI — — o
-r o -^ CO <o

1— 1 O r— O kO

o

" "5.

-IC< -iO( -1C« -l«

^^ O CO CO 1— I O -fi -^ O CI uC O CO uO O CO CI — ' '^f O — ' —

vo CO o r^ i-o ^^ o o CO -rr t^ o Ci ~. o r^ -^ ci — ■ lO o co
c-ii—i'^r-it-i—iooiocrscoo'— iio-^cici-H^-GC^o-^

-r cc o r— -- — t

O C^ O t- CTi O
I— 1 CI O "^ 00

'rJH -:t^ -fi t^ C^l CO t^ CO -O O '-< O -w O -rf O O O CI CO CO >0
CO -^ C^l t- CI O O uO t^ — »0 O — ' O O C^ O O O OO ^^
C^JC^JC^r-lOOOi— IWO) dCOClC^lCl r-iC^— ( CO CI

Ol C^l — — UO

t- -Tf CO O lO
Ol lO Tfi I— t

o
u
u

<

o

3
O

OCOOOOb-OOOOO
C-ltOt^OCiGsOGvl.— 11*
I— lOt^COCOOO -rf

CO 1—1 CO

cq

CO

CO

"icD mo rtit -Kif J103 -let t^Ki
r^ 1— 1 C^ f— I OO
r-l C<1

o o

CO

CO

o
t^

-*

1—1 o
CO

o o o o

1— 1 oo CI -*

o o cq

CO o
I— ( 00

-;5 -Its 0,00

1^

O

Ts :i

o

OOOOOOOOOC^IClTt^

rfiOOCC'^^OcO^^
■^Jt— 0C-<*O"^i— iCOO

t-C<J '-<

CI cq

CO 1—1
CO

->lc< -hji «■* -l« -ie»
<M t- lO C^ O xO
r— t CO

O CI
C^l

CI

t^ CC -rp 0\ 0> t^

CO CI ■— <o ^
O O ^^ OO CI

Cf Ci" CO cf — ^

O CO

CI

o c^

o

cT

CO lO

CO o

o o

o od
— ' c^

O O OC O CO
t^ L.O o — o

CO CI CO o o

o6 r^r cf rf ^
I—I 1—1 ^ -f

CO CI

-1« -hf

^ t^ Ttl Tf

I— I oo

O GC CO <— I Ci
r-l CI CI

O CO

uo O O ^- CO
CI I— 1 O iC lO

o

h-

■«

CI

in

H

o
u

ce

c
ti
to
o

fcO

o

^ to

« Ft S

e3 ^ J=

CO »- vr ^ t- ce

c c -2 = <3 o

ci O P «3 fe _c

:n o c i> 3

o

i^ •"■

3 o

^ o
S ::

OK

O 3

s g

3 ^

•- o

fcC

MJ

I— ( r=H

V o

C fcc

;- -t^

3 3

c o

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

213

o cc lo -r o CI — CO re o o 'w -r '-C re oc o C4 o CI TT o r- c-4 1— 1 1— I Gc >— ' Ci i-o ro -o

C T CI C-J O Ci 00 CI -^ "^ lO O t^ O t^ 1— I r-i ,— 1 Tfi -rr O C-1 Ol CO CI — i r-i i— . "st" CI t^

to Ci O Ci O t-— I— I
O •n' I— I r— I

I- -r o

Ct CC rl
CO

C< "^ CC CO

»— I CC CO

Clr? CO

CI
GO

QO
CO

m

mo I-.X -.3 i-.M rj,3 -IM -Hr -►? "»♦ '"-'* -!« -*»■ -»< •-'*

t- — o -r t- I - c; CO O --^ -^C -T Ct CJ — CC CI
iC lO -r t^ 'w O C5 I— I CJ C/^ l^ 'O C4 CO ^r CI
f— 1 CI CI I— 1 CO i-H C4 r-i

CO

-^(M -m -<i» -ie< r.«r -oia •oras ■-»^ n^ j>o

»C -.C ri L.-:; CO C^ O »0 CI C; Ci ^^ CO o
COOC^ 1— iC5 C^TT— '

1—1 O

o

o

cf

— iCLO-fCO-ruOOTO'*

O c-: 0 1 -T ac re o :/o — C-J o

rj< t- l^ O >— »0 —• I CC 00 CO
•^c-f CO CO CO^-^od o6" -^

^Ki -Ki -K\ ^«< >♦# F^e< »<tM -B* -»♦ -1« -.«<

■ OOCOOClOOl:— CiOClOdCiCOiOt^O

^ oo ^ 00 — CI oo c) cr. lo r^ o o o Ci C4 — 'o

t- CO 00 O CI w lO -f O CO t— > O O 00 00 CO «^ I—
T-i" cJ CO CO T^ -^ y-^ -rf <0 U^ r-^ ^ CC CI -^ CO

CO

CO

&5

r^ CI o cc o — lo -w oo o — ' Gc CO t- cc ■— I (M o oc o o CO CO ^ — *i ci co :c i- o co

~. — -r cri X, OC ^- Ci uo -:fi Tt" 04 liO C-. t~ uOi CC CI 1^ CO C5 O GO Wt) »0 t^ O C I CO c~. t^
O CI »rs O >— 1 t^ Ci >— I— 1 CO CI CI "^ "^ «-0 1— 1 C\ CI CJ l^ CI I— t^ t^ l^ I— I O r— I CI t^

lO CO CI as CO oC' CI o CI CO

CIOOCO CI-^O r-l

eoocikccicoici^r^cocir^t^ocooococo

CiOOOClTI-Odt^Oi— 'CsuOOOOOCI'*
Cli— iCIr— II— iCl T— iTt<CO I— iO COi— I

CO

oo
oc

OOt^OO-— 'UtCO

t— (Oio^ooor-r-^-fi

O CI O -—I GO ex- lO

CO C: -f Ci
1-1 CO O

CI
CI

fid tirj -\m-:n
Oco — O

p— 1 CO l~ >— 1

r—l •

OOiOOOOOCIOO-^OOClClKCcO

OiO-— iCOO»OOiOOC5CICIOCOO— o
Cli— 1 OCiO I— lOuO COTfCli— lO

O O I— 1

C4

CI oo CI

CO

o

CI

o
o

>iCO -3 X r^r -M -♦*• .^c« ->t«

00 o

— 1 CI
C4

• <5i3 -IT •

• GO CO

• CI

oc

-f t- — ' Ci -O O CO O »^ "t)

CO oi >o CO I— 1 c: »o C4 CI '-^

O -^ I- CI CI to

CO

to -* o

I- -w o
oo CO o

-f o
m CO

oco CI

O CI

— r—l CO

CI CI

o

I— <

r- 00 CI o
1—1 ^

CO

Ci -* O O oc lO t^
-^ O l^ O CO CO
O CO <— I CI 1— ' t-

CO

r-l I— I O^

CI r- ic o uo

O CO CIO

t- >o o

CI

ci

n>t —* '■■^

tr. I- 01

o

->|CS -K* <~I3

»o CI

•^ CO

CO

C- X -f LO I— 1
iC — ' 1—1 CI
CI o

CO 1—1 1—1 d t— I CI
r— I O

00

CO

o

214

ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YOBK

> bo

ti 3

= >■!

OOOOt— (MO00C0r0O00OOOOCi»OOG5OOO-tiO'^Oh-'-<O

Tf t^ O O tC; CO O

I— I r— 1 C^l 1— 1 04

t^GOOCCTfiGOTfCXJJt^vCOOO

t- o

»0 I— CO <M t--

o

-fcoot— O'-HO'M— ir^Trcco^rx-Tf — Qooccco — ococoocco

CC -^ — ^H ,— » to O O ^- -— I O i^ "^ Ol C^ l~ 20 O UO CC -T f— O OC- O O O C5

•— lOOiTfcciooTri— iTt^oicocricooai-^ocMcc^ooii— looo-— it^

CO t-^ O O t-^ of Co" O TjT cO~ O O rf ^-^ CO r^O CO T^ji" Co" OO C4 Tp kO t-^T^i"

H5

'^ CO -rf oc 1-- Ci C5 Ci to ( ^ t^ ac 'M C'-: -w r^ CI oc CO lo CM tt o Tf Gc CM rr o

(Mc0>0^r-<c000»:i«00 0f— i^-TOOCir-OjTTCXJCJC-JI:— COCiiOO

C0 1-— l:^aOOOOOO»njt^l^kOrriiOC'-3c;0-^»0(MOOCO
C<jr^c0i0TM:^(MO(M<MC0O'^»0<MC'li— i<N04 rfjc^

O C5 "^ o o
CM CM '^ CO CO

Q
H

o

o

1-1

3 §

CI

cc

(M

uti O

ITS
00

J/3

o

H

I— I

H

H

JZ5

o

I— I

o —

* X ^

o

o

COCOCMCO-^Ttlr-ICOCli— ICOO

1-1 CM

^Ic^ csKJ* c:^j*

— ' O O CM Tf

CO lO 'O -^ -^
cc O CO 00 »o

I— t CO <— I co"

o

"3

^-.i;

':i o

- w

^

— o

p^

u

OCCOOCOm-^'MOOOCC'— 'COCTiCMCI— 'CiOOl^'*
iOCiOOOCOC::OOiO — Tfr— OO-fCMOO-rf — Tt<-r:t<
OOCO-^O-t — t-^-rrO'-^«0»0Oc0Ot--c0OOc0Tti

<M CO O OO -H

^ o — CO r--

Ci O O O O

eOOOl-^CMcOCOOGO — --^O— ^
vOOrfOOOOCOTfOcOOO

QCOl^OCO(M<MOOOOC
COOCMi— ICMCOCO COr- 1

— O O O CO
r-l CM O Tf O

Ǥ

op

-le« wie» -45* -M<

COfOTfCOCI-f'MCMt^iO— 'COiOcOOOOOiOO

cooocMO<>)coco-^<Mcx;cocor^ (Moc^^

(M i-H I— I 0\ --O t— I— I 1— ( CM CM

OOOkOrOCOCiCO
TfOcOTTOOCXO
r-l -^ lO CM O -^

3 ;i-3

Gcor— Ci-'+'tocoioocoo— <ooooor^O(X)cocM

tffCicOOCO' — OCOCO-f'-jOiOOOOCMrtioO'^vO

co-rfcri'^■^Ci•oaca5C^t^^-^cccooool:^oc^^oo

CO

<M I— I CO

CM

(J^ o

I— > t— I CO -^

cc O h- »0 t^

Ci CO CO —♦" CO

O O O t— o

-*

CM

O in .

» 3 W

•a -A -3

c ^ =
^1

-1«« -KM

o- o o o CO <M cc n r^ r- r^ o C5 oi -Tt« c; CO o c^ ~ oi "Tfi

00!McOCOOt^"^»OCMt— OCOOOCOOCCOOOiCCO-^

rf O! iM O O O O iM O
CO to — '^ <M *— lO

CO T^ Tjl Ol

MOOcOr-iCiOtOQOOOCCiCOO
O — > CM C) C-l '— I 00 '^ 1:^ O
CM CO I— ( 1— ( CO

CC 00 -^ '^ CO
— oc -- -* t-
Ci -^ CO CO >— I

O CO O lO T^
CO r— I O I— I r— (
CM

o
o

(- cS ^
? CO c

fcD

0)

I— «

C5 -J -»

3 3=:
e3 jn -a

:C

OJ

C 3 -;z 5 ^ S
cS O 3 cJ u -

j= ::= o c p 2

-<^<iMOOOOOOQOPi2ifiiWfH^OO

«- o <u :*^
S 5?5 =^

S o Ui «

•~. rK rK I—I

c o

— X

>— 1 "^

o -

fcc^

h:iS

o

S
o o

O fco

c o

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

215

O -^ Ol O CC 1^ ITS ro 01 OC ?0 O Cs O OO rf (M
O CO O C4 OC O T :C CC O 'M i-t '•'^ — O O O ^
tC-^OcCt^OO-^rrt-I— »Oc<3CO<MC»GO>— ITT

r^(McO-t<OOCiTfC5"^0<MOOO
rr — H t— CO »0 Ci Ci tC t^ CI 1^ O l^ 00 O

OCiO»00-<TirO-^03C^04"^

cc
to

<MC5r->O'-CC0C — t-G^^r-nO rl

Ol r— < I—I I— I 1—1 I— (

""T CC o -f Ci cr- oi rc ^- QO t^ -^ oi -^ ro oi r- -— ro ^-1 »o CI r^ 1^ o CO CI t— CO m— o
CO 'w -T uo (M cc CO --> ^T CO t- c; o o o cc t^ cc — <— 1 c) o Ci -^ -o w -r c-- r- lO t^

O^O'OOOCi t— Ot^t^-^-^COO-^i-OCOCSt-CCCiCOl-Cl^^t— CJcOr— TCOCO

lO-^t-iriTfrfiCXii— II— ICO

CluOi— lOCOCOCi-^'^kOvCM'O^t^t^cOOCO

CO

CO QO (M QC CI CI CI CI cc l^ O — O cc cc O -f --^ rfi O CO O O Tf t-- O CI O -* (M OC -f
C4COCOCJOO — l-OOC100C500r— t-OCsCC^-^O-^-TfCC — OCO-TCO

cocioocioo'*^-i>-»oc'';ocii— ■=*'r^oi:^oo'5rcic'5 0Gc — ci-^T^-ot—

o

cocct^ocoi^cocicoiOTfcsc^i^OTtccooooci-^'r-oo^'^occcooo

C4t^ir5CO»OC<TrOr— II— iCl CI CO COt— ir-lOC^ClC^COCOr-iTrcOCOCOi— 1

lO

o

1— t

d

CI -

• Cl <

o -^

o

CO

QO

r- o

CO C4

o »o

-Ki rft »»* -B* -!« -ie< r»i< -VN -W -ir« -le« -IM -W -W -B* -ht rv^ -tM -.b* -•.f ^ri

OOt-OOGC^CJOOOOCI-f-rCSClOOCiO'^OCCJi.Ot-O— OOOOO
OiCOiOCliOrrOOI^-^C^I^^-OOCOI^OCl.— iCi^-l-C4cC-rCII-0-H
•^rJ-QC-^r-if— 11— lO-^ClOO I— iCO'^t^TTOO'^t'TficOOOi— 'OCiCCcOOO

--^COCOC^C^r-iC^-i^

Cl c;

""^Cli— lO Clr- i-<^CO»— ir-iC^OCli— (

CO
CO

o

QO
CO

icutiicioi-Hcooor^o-^ior— ■^ciooot^ocot^OQor^cccio-fCiGco

O t^ t^ CO — — O CI C-: QC OC l~ O "—' O CO I- O rj" O OC -T t^ Cl C5 O -C; O Ci T o
C I -^ i-O 1— — * ^- t^ O Cl O O Tfi O O Cl O -w I— O -O O C5 CO O GC O O Cl lO Cl Cl

t^ OC — CO O CO t^ CO CO »0 CO
Cl CO cc »0 Cl Cl -^ O 1— I CO

>— lociocir^cooocccoooooct^oo

0"«fr-iOO»OCO— ' rrCOOO'^ClCOUOr— COCI

o
t -

cc

»o

OCOCOCiCOOOCOiO

o o cc k-o r^ CO t- ■«*'

I— I CO to O I— ' 1-^

-T cr

-K< -W -KH -l« -)« -ie<

Cl-fI^OcooOl^Oh-3CmuO — — 'OC-wC: OI^O

oociocoo— "io»ocor— lOt— r~cioc — cc-rcio

00 tT t- Cl »Oi— I f-i C5i— I I— lOCli— ICO

CO

f-H

00

—le* -rH -Kt
O O O Cl O Cl '-J Ci Cl

■rr-^io-r-^cioco-fi

ClOOiOi— i-TOO«— <

o
o

CO Cl Cl

1—1 TJ<

— «r: x -f "-C Ci Cl '^ o — >o
oo o Cl t- -r c: -r o ci i~ o
I-- 1 - X -r CO o o Cl Cl I - ~

coc;"-r-i*cfi-ocoi-^r-«'r-

o "i" lO I— I tr: c- f— i

^iC* «l«

o o o o cc — -^

t- Cl CO c-^ to •— ' O
O I— I CO CO CO O

CO

Cl

CO

o CO Ci r- o t- — r^

^ c". o — -t" -r QO
Ci CO Cl QC -r Cl Cl

CO
UO

t^ Ci Cl Cl

lO Ci O Cl ^ 00 o
I— ' Cl 1^ O Tf Tf QO
b- t^ O U2 O O Cl

00 o
QO t^

Cl

o

CO

c: »o CO -r 1.0 X CO

lO Cl »C »0 •— ' lO o
»r; I- X X cc Cl X

Cl lO Ci r-^ 00 o CO

•— ' Cl CO CO •— t 1—1

'-C o

-T kO

o »n
o r-

Cl

CO

o

c:
tc

rt C

r. c

!rv. .^ = :i = 5 i 6 = :-' 'i; ^ -^

c

rt w •- U

X V "^ ->

. c

-r ci o^

tc

to

c

Z: ^ -^ I-" rt ^ ~ ^ ^ s ti — tc = -^ «- ^- ■''•': .

rt o V V ^ -^ ^ =^ ;- ,^ r~ t^ > i^ > L.-

5z;>!;oOCOOOOP-iO'rtP^P=;wt}:c^c^c2(>cc/:c^c^r-r-^

w

^M4 I* ,

c
c

£; ■- c '-' c *

C t»

o

216

ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

Q
P

H
O

Id

00

o

H
H

I:::)
o

o
<1

o =

O lO O CO -^< Oi O 30 CO 'ti C-1 O C^l O O O r- c^ CO — I iM -^ O 00 CO o o -^
'MCCC0OCr5-*OCriC5r-O'^-H-TT<'M-^-OC-l'— TfOOrfCC^^OOiM

oir-^coTrcoc-Ji^c^ococooO'^t^t^Ot— lOcoi— (cot'-TrooofM
oodoodrff-Ticod-^oooocor-^corj^'^'-H'o oo-Tc^frtoodoad"

1-H I— ( ^— I— 1 r— ( T— 1 r— ( i-M I— ( I— n

O O Ol t-- CC lO Ci C^ t- C5 O "M l^ -^ t^ <M -f iC O O <M C^l >— 1 CO eo t^ rf — t

aOCSXiC-Or-i^HOOX-r— lOOlOcOt— OOOO'— iiOi— li— lOG^lOOOr-iOO

C0-+OiO-t^C:i-fCsC<lC-lOt-Ol>-C^(MO0000 Oi— l.— icOGOOOiOO
1—1 1—1 C<1 C<J r-t 1— 1 1— (

s

<— ( O t^ — * -t" O O O O -^ t^ »0 Ci O CO CO rH CO CO
coco r— t !—< r— ICO^HCl O^i— ITP !— ((M

•oooiot^cioco

• rH C4 CI Tf CO rH

• rH

4)

TtiCOCOt^Ol^-O-H-^cOOOOcCCiCiCsiOCOCCOOOJ-^t^OlCOCOO
lOCIOCiOrt^iOr^^O-— i-fC-IOC^OIClOOcOCfiOi— lOOvOf-HCO
C5C^<0^-T'OCOCi^r- . ^^OCO'— 'OOCCO(^^COOOcOOlOt^OiOO

1— 1 r— ( r— 1 r— ( rH i— 1 i— ( i— 1 r-H i— 1 r—^ rH

C

""^^ CO Ol O -* QO O C^l CI CO CC^ O 3C 1.0 lO O CO rt O
Ci O <M O -fi O Ol CI O O CO -^ O X -^ O O ^ O

■ 0 CI —1 lO lO 0 r^ rH

0 c; 0 0 CI CI CI r—

CirHCII^OCOlOrH

CI O C- O -t O CI Gs| CO CI CO lO O CO 1— 1 O 00 l~- -^
Or— (CO OQtOO Or-I f— t-- OI>-

1— Ti-h" •

'^CICOOCXJrHt^QO

ko cv CO CO OD 0
—1 0 CI

CO

V

*)
i)
o

u

oooo-^cor-i-^Tti-or-omo'Ci-^ocicot^ooo ..— iO'*co'<^
cit^cscocoooTrooi^x;— c-Ci'^t^/^'^r^i— iLO --^^CiiOio

'OCiOOTt^cOCOX'iOCi^^Or— (1— ICOOClOOCCOOOTti tt^rouOCIO

0'*ot^Ci30t^ciiiot^x)'-HrtioccocooiO'— (Ciooci •ocjr^-HQo
co'-f-Tf'-iOCs r^ooooocoo-^rt^oci Or-i .01— gccoco

0 t^i— (1— ( Clr-^ 1— 0 r— liOi— 1 OOO'OO Or- (O

r4 r-i 1— ( r-J" ci O cC • rH C^ rH

•
•

t-H

l^uor— COCIt^iO-*— <Q01^iOiiOC1C10t— OOClr^OOuOUOrHOCvOO

cit^— iQocico-Tt^ococitCf-oco^-tiCicocO'OCt^oci^oas-— 100

lOt--^!— lOCC^iO-^^C^iOiOr-uOOCOi— iCsClcOOrfiiOUOC^tOcO

coocor— cio^OTHr— C5 0— Hccuooocii— 'coioot-^ioooco.— 1

t— OuOi-OCCX/ClCsO-Tft^ClQCOCIuO-^f-HCsooOrti— (l^-TfTfi-TirH

r-it^t^oocociCiaccocooocx;ooocor-i coo uoocoocq

T-Ti— T— Hi-HCfcd CO iHCf'^rHrH i— H~ tH rHcd rHr-Ti— i~rH r-^

2|

.5

OOOOCOOiXOOtOO'^OOOiOOOCOt^l-^iOOI^OOOOcO

0 to -^ r^ Ci CO CO 1^ oc CI 0 -f 0 CI CO 0 0 cc oc CI 0 CO 0 rfi CI rf 0 r—

-^iOOrHOXJCi ^-iCOCOOCOClCOt^CO'Ot^Or— liOCllOCICll^OCO
--" CI 1-5" Cf CO" Co" T-H Cf Cf C^ rH Ci '^^ 0 r-T r-T rH rH C^ C^ "^ O rH Co" Cf Tf" cT

M

►J
H

■<
U

H

<

o
U

CI 0 0 CO CI 0 0 Ci -* 0 oc -* -t -^ 0 0 oc rH CI C7 CO ci-f r-^ 0 r- -f <-t
coO'Hcoci'i^ococcooocooc-o-Tfr-iorfoiOior^coioaoooo
coorHOooO'y:>CiCiioorr»oocir^CiCiio»OGoo-^oo^cr-ooco

cOCil^COOOC50rH-fr-i'-frtiOCCOOOCl toociG; o-fi-^o

^^ r-i 1—i '^'i r-< CO COrHrHdCOdCI i—tr-ir-^r-i CO"^ rHr-lCJrHrH

COClr-II^OlOOl^'^r-'CiOCO-rfrHOCOr^OO

r-<C5COCOOr-l,— (OCOCOOCCOCSODlOt^rH-rfO

OOCOOrHLOiOiOOGrtit-t-t-Cllr-.OCCi— iTj^cOCO

lO CI -H CO r-H -!;tl Tfi 0

QC CI Tti CI io r — r -i*
t^ »o -^ t^ 00 0 0

Cf ai r-^ r-^ r-i r^

rHCOCOTfCl-^rHCOi— ICOi— lTtlOCOC<lrHi— iTHd

o

! I ' ^" I cT I I I I I I * I I I I ! I I ---**** >^

- • • • c • • 0

•= ?^ t^: :r: fcc ? 0 tr

•-< ~ Vr-— CT-— •--*-»
^^ ^ K/> t"^«--ii«-h«— t

STATE ACraCULTURAL SOCIETY.

2-17

o

CJ

<— 1 CI OC Ci I~^ O OC b- O CO CC

^ — O GC CI O to O O O w
X cc C4 iC C-l cc -^ cc lO lO :^

O O t^ Ci cc C^l O -— ' -— (
— O Ci f— ' Ci 1- 1- oc O
O CI 1- >0 oc C CI CI 1^

OCOOCiOOiCrfO-^O

c^ CO lo CO CO CI CI cc e: CI

I— 1 CO 1- Ci t^ CO C^ oc -T Ci

I— <

r— I

1- -,:; cc

r— 1 r— p— 1

O Ci

r— 1

CC
1-^

r—{

CI 1-

Ci

'~'

1 z*.— --"*

CO oc lO r^

1—1

lit

1—1

-

Tf ^ t—

CI C4

I— I

^ t- t- t^ o

1-^ 1— 1

o

?:

t^

CO ;

uol

OCCil^l^'— lOiOOOOCOrrcOO"— lOOC— CiCICOtCi— ii00COtC3i-0OC:;O

t^ t— r^ CI tc Ci w I - — Ci CI c; -— 'w oc o o — I ' --^ 1^ CI — --^ c; oc «c cc I - t~ i^ --C

r- T TT 1- r-1 Ci ^T cr. CI tc i~ o v;:; w X ci ci o co c< a: ci — Ci cc c: Ci Ci <— Ci oi cc

cc CO -r CO CO o t^

r—i r-i T—i C<

.— I'^rOO ^OiO-^Ci'^rOOOCi-f'^O^^CIClClCI-n-w

I— I T-^ <— I I— ( C< I— I I— I I— 1

Ci -f X C; O — — X CI X -r -*■ "-O i-O — ' CO Ci C I O J - Ci — C 1 X cc CO ^^ 1^ X CI X CO

Oi CO Ci CO 'O X -r c ic C-: lO X -T r^ -c c — x ;:; c: c — c i^ t Ci -f c; c i co »-o i~

O CO CO CO cc Ci "-C CO 'w Ci C- 1—1 X I^ CI CI CI -^ I- T X — O :C -T X CO t— Ci ^^ CO t^

-!# -r r-^ i-T CO cT Ci ci -f — ^ t-^ o co" o i-^ rf o t-o i-^ co' i-T co uo cT o co <-^ rf i-T cT o

t— t I— I p-^ f—l r— ( r— 1 1— f— ( CI r— I 1—1 1—1 r-i i— i

o Ci X CO o -^ -T o c; o 1— 1 lo ic c: CI ^ 3 to uo — -c; c -T r^ w t^ ^- Ci CO ^^ -t »o
c 1^ o i~ -r "-^ --C CI -?r — CI cr — -c uo ci i^ ci ci x »-o ci ci '-c Ci x o c:^ ci — tc o

T •— ' — CI C~ tO 1- -ti -T Ci CO CO C w O ^T O CI 1— I CI 1^ Ci lO to CC C4 CC CO "^ UO lO

cf cT Tf" c^" i-T co" ic CC CO cc~ CC CC -T CC cT OC CO o "i- cc -T -f ci cc cc r-^ o c: cc cT c?

»0 X -O >— tO 1— ( 1— I X cc CI CO I ~ 1—1 X t" 1—1 CO I— I T T CO X CI CO C4 Ci T i— i
I— iCOCIOi— 1000 0 04 O

O O r^ X Ci -f CI
lO CO to 1—
CI t-i

•— 1

i-H

CO O O O O CI -^ CI lO CC
1- — C4 1- CI
t— 1 r-1

CO
f— 1

t^ CO CO QO

X r— 1 UO

o

t— 1

to

f ^

X

to

CI

C4

to

1—1
Ci

I-

to

o

X

to

cc

Ci

c5

CI

co-f-r"--oxi— icotoioci

-T -— -r CI -C: Ci cc Ci I- cc cc

Tfi— ICC CiccciTT-r-ri-rt-

o Ci f-^ Ci cc Gc CI Ci c; OC r^ X o -r -— cc c: tic CI

O Cr. O ^- ^- cc — CI X Ci iC C 1 C 1 CO Ci cc X O I ~

i-O Ci Ci O O t— I X CO to tO CO r— to cc -T J ~ '- r— Ci

Ci
CI

,— 1— — lOOOtOXcO CC

t^ f— cc c: X 1— »^ CO CO

CO 00 CJ 1— 1 Ci CC to

CO T-i"

CI CI CI CI —1 CI CO CO 1—1 -^ c o
I - lO l^ 1~ CO ^^ o to o

CC r-1 d

"^ -t CO CI CO Ci
«C CO <C CI lO

Cil

CC
CO

r^ CC t-

O f- X,

CO 1— CI

r-. I - CO -r CC CC CO X to

S 'O O r^ CI CC Ci i- CO

CC Ci CC CI t-

cr c; CO cr to

O X — CC Ci

CO -t
t-O 1-
Ci cO

Ci to t- CO r- — ' CC X C: Ci X Ci

CI c; CI X -r CO oc CO X X -T uo
1 — r Ci I- Ci CC i- r- c:: lo c ci

X CI 3'

i-^ ci ci

1.223
3, 285
912.

2, 030

3, 075,

441

1,201,
24,

CC CC X to CI

ci ci -TT o X

TT i-T r-i

X to

•c -r — to to Ci CI «o CC vr co r-
I- CO re CC ->■ -c^ X CI -T — P-: — <

C CC Ci CO CC CC -^ CC -T 1— CO t-

r— 1 i-Hi— if—l r— 1— If— 1 —

s

col
a'
CI I

o
a

"oc'

CO

CO

CI

CI

lO O i-i Ci X >o -p I - ; - c: -f" ~ C 1 'O CI CC -** CI CC cr t - X lit Ci C: HI ^ cc lO r^ r^

O O CC CC -T I - Ci ct ct o CC — c; X -r to c: -T c I CC CC CC lO CC -r I ~ c C". t-o X ~ 1^

«T i-O O CI X — CI CC to CO p— I- ^^ Ci to CO CI C- f— r— X CI >— 1 TT rr -r T Ci -T I - O i-O

•^ CO LO -^ CJ

1— 1 -^ CO 1— I F-H t--

■^ ■'f CI CI I— 1 CI CO CI r-< r-lt— I Tt ,— 1 CI CI "^ CI 1— I

Ci X -f rH 01 1- -H TO CO 1— ' c: -f Ci X p— X X CO CC CC -r CO to -r c) CI — Ci Ci X r^ o

1— I O Ci O O X CJ X — 'O -f CC X CC CC t'- CC — t'- CO X CO I - to I- CO CC X CC r~ CO lO
t-l^l- X CI 1— 1 Ci Ci t- X CI X — I- r- 1- t- CI CC «— 1 CI X I- Ci tC c: ^ CC I- O I- CI

»— r--I -r n-' c^' 00 r^ -f t^ Ci CC i-i "T ci cc irT cc t- t- cT ■— c cf -f t-^ cc x cc c: cc i-T

1— I -^ CI f— I Tf

CI CO

^l ^ r- — -H

CI

cc

cccc-rcoci-t"cociocc-rc:cocctoi~oxi- — otococci— icoccir — r t^
«o r- lO — X cc Ci -r cr CI o c I- i~ CI Ci> -t CI r~ ic o cc CI cc I- CI c: cc ci i- -*«
o -r -f — -r — o Ci CI Ci I - -r o i-o cc ic -^ r— to CO o CI CO cc cc -T ^- t'- -f cc t^

CI CO CI CI CO 1—1 CO CI CO r-1 ci

»o CI

CI ^ -f CI -t CI ^ -r -—I C1 1—1 to CI

Ci

I

Jz.2 o

rt r= ;:; t. CI

■r. c
C M

PI ._ — " — . , ., '•.

a • —

rt
c •/.

"C u

c - ? 1 1 S^ i ^

rt - c r

•/. w _ —

k;;<ccccccc;i

c -u: — ;

^ c ^

2^ ?4 ^ W (/i C/'j C^ Oi (/j Oi X E- r- —

C

c
tc

tc

:^ c t: •/. c: rt - - >. ti

,_ __ __ -• ^ » «»*^ ^^ *^ i*^ i^ K

c

218

ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

Q
z

O

o

^■3

QO CO Tt O -T' ro O OO t^ O O O Ci O C5 O rf C^l CO CO O <M
OOcOCiOQOCiOCOT— (CO(MOCOOOCOOOOOCOTtiOO

ClCifOi— lO-lr— ip-ii:^C<lC<100

O r-l Ci r— I

CO I— I

O - a
5 — -

Ol lO 1^ --^ r- -)< -O — -t Ci O t-- CJ X) O OC C: 'DO O CO u-T: X'
CiOOfMcOO-sfXr-ICOXOt^OOcOCiOCC'OCC CI CO

CI Tf CI rf CI O

o

CO C^l

1-1 rr

-w< -ie< -hj- -!» -c* -i« >-ie( -!« -k:< -)« -ir»

oo-fo— 'covcccoocoxxco-ti^i— r^GC— <ciio
-- r^ Ci lO o -r --' X Ci Ci o X o '-t o o cc 1^ CI — o X

CI -^ O O t^ CI CO -rf O O X CI CO CI O uO uO -T t— O I— I O

t— -:fO>01:^ClCOrfitOClX — 1— <OC^CiCqC1CO
1-H I— ( i—l I— I r— ( C5 t— I

10 o

si i

CiiOXCrsX — COCOO-*CT-ti--C'-iOOirOCl'-^CO— ^CO

cici-rcocicor^'^t^ocoxo — ' -r — oiooxoo

000-— lO^-iOiOuOClCiOOO-^JOCICOr-ir-Hi— lO

Tt^coo^co-^r-H-^cq — coo

o

CO CI

c:j

'^f CO

O CI CO 00 Oi
O O CI oc ^
CO Tti c CO CO

CO I— I 10 1—1 rH

-let -w*

CI X 1^ -f o

CO — I CO O -*
O 00 0 CO o

r-l Cq

CI

— - CO I^ QO CI
CI O CI -—1 uO
00 -^Jt^-^iO

Ci <— I o t— o
O CI X ^ CI

O ^H o ^ o

CI C<1 1— I f— I CO

10

CO

o

H

CO

»— I

H
H

H

Pi

H

o

to
to

V—;

u »:

s

— ' CO CI uo o
O — ' O O "-^
<0 C^ O CI X

O — ' -ti — ' CI O CO O re O CI CI CI — - O X .— I — ' CI X CI »o

xx^coxcj — couo — ciCirr-fCiCir— t^Cih-oo

Ot^-:fa)'*OCi^tOtO^. OC<lr-(f-iC^OwOCCC1t^

I^ —H kO CO O

-f T— ( -^ r-l ^

cq

CO O CI OC O O CO -* CO CI CI O CI CT ^ CO o o
-Tft— it— lOCO I— Ir-lCq r-l,— I rlC^C^Cq

-6 Ti^OO-HOt^ClCi— '— 'ClOl^cOOvCOClO'rJ-OXCO— J— JrfGOCO

■ -3 I _i — ( cc CO ^-1 CI o "-T -r c; o CI X o o CO X — Ci -f X -f X o CI o o -H

;x COCOCOO'^OXOuOt rOOCl-t'^C1Cl-^Tti'?tiCOr-Hl-r-.r*OiO

> =

Ot^COOOOcOOiOCiX'-^O'-CCOCO O— '"^
CI CI t— I CI r-1 CI CI rH O CI ^ Jt- 1—.

C<1COrH'^QOrf'-HO

1—1 I—l ,_! 5q ,_(

w
•/I

c

-.^e» -!-}■ -w* -hj< -W -vf -1^ -«« t*? ->-)< ->5» f*f -«• -i« -VH f*j< J33 neo -t* n>-« -►* »*#

o CI -r o o -f i-o CI ■^': X r': CI CO -f >.o t— co co o — ' — ci t^ ts o -f x o
iocic"Jc~-coci"-Ocr5coocr3>-o-fcricocooor^toor— -footc-^

OOc-'JCiXCl^O'— 'COt^O^HOt^t^CiOOCltCcO OOO"^*^

•^ CI o o X i^ o c; f^ t^ o o o -r -+I o r— CI o CO CO x>

ot^xco-f— '-rcioocicooocot^coouo ^i-h
ni CI 1— t C-: CI CI CI nH CI I—l rH CO I— t

J^ 1^ r— I 0 1^

CI r— o uo i--

CO CI «o

C -r

i: w

I— lOCOOO— "C:;C5h--fOC^— ^xxo— ^xocx. -fcOCl-^OOOvO
oc — ^ -^ X o -^ o -f -^ --c i~^ o Ci CO >-o t^ o t— o -r o — I ci co -- i— 1 ci

cO-ft^OOXCiO-fO^-Tf^iCi'-*'— lOi— iCOOClO OXCiOCi

J^Ot^f-^XcOCiox— "-tCICOX'OCOO'-H-f'— li— iCO
dXCl^OOi— iOClXcO-^OTtiCOC<li— ICSi— I 1—1*0

t— O «C <— 1 o
O t^ O CI

— "v?

-tCi-tiO-J-^-ticO.-HO-^v01^uO-^X)0-^Cl— -O^-^dOCIt^l^-H

^ O O CI CO lO O CI V.O -f CI — 1 X X uO uo 'O 0 X X O O X: O -f -^ O
01— Xt^Or— icOCiCOOCOCOOO-OOOCOCO'-til--"^ OOOXtO

1^ Tf O o CO c: — I I--:; X f^ — ^ — 1 CO uo

CO O -Ti O O O CI X CO X -^ t- t^ O

(^ CO O O O -I— I

■^ CI 1—1 O 1—1

CO

o

O CI o o o
p_, ^ O — I c«

en

a

o
o

1/3

3

C' tc

a ^ a

o O S-

^ 5 s

o

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

219

C-^ GC GC — I r-l OC i^ 1- CI

o
o
o

CC O CO (—1 I— I CO O

«o

CO

toco <0 I— I Tj< C<» O C<J 1— 1 CO

-H CI CO r^ ^^ C5 o

-r i.'^ — I r^ cc r-( cq
CC' rr Tf CO '— rf

-^ co't-^

o
o
1^

CO Ol 1^ O CI CI 'O O OO O' O CI C- O J^ O Ci 'Tt

-r -^ CO t- o '.o ^ o CI oc -T CI CO o CI CO -r o
o 00 >— I CO CO rf CO CO CI CO CO c.-: t-- CI CI o r-

i^ I— I CO

CI i-i'Cl

CO

o

o

»-0

o

-Kt -K* --T -Kt -C* -C<

"-^ CI C-: r- :c Ci CO cc o
-r C: t- ~. C; I- I- tc CO

C- -r CO Tf CO O O CI oo

to
o

cc ^^ ci -w ci -- CO ci — < J^ ci I- — r t- — -- r^ o

r- c. cc --C CO — c: ic ci -— 1- — t" o. t^ -t -r /- tc

1— ' ci 1- o »c o ci ca GC o Tf TT c:. ci ci >— oc o

■^ '- t^ 0-1 ^ cj -^ c^

Cl

O CO I— ' CO CO r— I O
Cl I— ( <— I

ir: io 1^ o ""^ CI o

CO I— I

Cl
Cl

Cl

co

— ' — O Ci Cl -f --0 >-0 Cl
Cl O cc cc O w '-3 C; Ci
r^— Ol-O-f^Cl

o

o

Cl

— »H -r< r.-^ -ct — «« -i«« -iCt -Kl -C* r»#

Cl CO >-~ Ci r^ o o r^ -r CO 1^ oc CO CO uo 1^ r- —

O r- CO -T CO CO — < Ci 1^ »— ' CO CJ rr CO CO o Cl CO

nH o O CO CO -^ CX; oc 1^ t- Tf t^ 1— 1 Ci Cl -^ CO

Cl

oc

Cl iC CO .— I I— I t^ o

Ci 1— I r- t^ Cl

i—ICOCOCOCOr— Ir-i Cl

^ CO r- GC Cl c: cc -^ Ci >o -f Cl -f o Ci — ' 1^ r^ CO oc Cl Ci i-o o »^ o CO »/? 1^ uo o
o 01 Ti — — c- >.o o — c o 'O r- >— ' I ~ — c- CO Cl t- -r »-o CO •c: o r~ c »-o -r — co

OCCCiOcOk-Ot-COr^OCC-^cOCOcOO-^OCOcOClOClClCOiC.— iCiCCOO

Ci '-^ CO CO cT CO CO -^ Cl c~ CO CO ^-^ CO CO CO Ci cc t-^ -1^ »iO -^ i-H --^ cT u:^ u~

— rO-^Clrtf— CJ-f"— I'f-^ I— i-Tr-Cl I— i^^tO f— icOCO -^co-^f— I

CO

1^

m=

r^ Cl r- GC -+

»-0 r~ p Cl C- c. -o

h- -t* Ci Ci — -t CC uO CO Ci "^ O "^ 1^ CO Cl ^ -f CC -f

Cl v: "* -f c- Cl CO oc CO Ci vs c- CO CO r^ o c^ c: Gc 1.0

-r CO CJ Ci 'T GC Cl Cl CO CO CO T r- C- '-- rf Cl C- CO o

Cl -f t.O O Ci CO CO
Cl Cl Cl CO .— ! Cl

iCi'-^cioc^Gct-^coi^ciocoTrco'cTocco'-^c:

CO CO Cl 1—1 I— I I— I -^ Cl Cl CO r-1

I^ cr: Cl

Tt ,-1 ,-(

oc

Ci

>.o

I *

CO r ~ CO to >-o Cl CO 'O .

Ci CO '^i o ^ -x -f 1~

c r- oc c c >-o Ci :c -r o r-

r»-f -<» r>f at^i

*»• — Tt — F7t t J f -•»:^ r»ii^ "V • 111.1 ■ '"-I —iG^ p"p.i ••icT •-i^i

O Cl -O O O CO Ci oc CO -T CO -t — Cl -t -t lO -- CC O Cl CC —
O ^"i »^ CO oc ^.^ CO O ^"^ tO "^ C^ tC Cl T" CO Ci O cO "^ *-^ f^ '^

TOi^T— iocoi^Tj<'fiocicocJc;f-HOCCicrGcococi'^

— CC — O >C »-0 I- f-

Cl — ' CO O Cl Cl

; r- »— I CO — - CO oc Cl o CO oc CO o c: r— Ci c: uo c: 1^ Ci
1 00 -r »— Cl o uc uc CO CO Cl OC o ic CO CO c CO ->• «.o

— Cli— (1— (1— ((— (CO I— t COClCOCl

Ci
WC

Ci

CO

Cl

ci

CO
Cl

c;

CO

ci

/- uo Cl Cl — ' c- v: CO <r -f Gc oc

O ^- CO ~^ >.0 ~ '— ^^ oc oc lO CO

CO Cl o oc cj Cv -r lo c: o o

LO Ci -f cc r~^ -t* cf ci Tt ^-^ Ci

•OCOOCCOi— tCOClOO o

CO GC GC CO Ci 1^ -* X r^ Ci r^ C: CO to CO CO C-C o

^ c O CO X r- oc r- ci c c x -r '/: co r- — ci
-r -r o X r- X -r — c -r -H Cl >-o Cl c Cl -r CO

o co' h-T c' o' •— —' co" x" co' r-^ i^ -— r-^ t~ o co' ci

t- CO Cl Tj< 'sj" c Cl Cl rf f-1 ^ c- r- o 1-

Ci ^- Cl ic r- «o X h^ •^ -r Cl r- CO -r X Ci CO X -f CO CO ^ Cl CO ^- Cl CO ».o — ' CO r^

^ -r o Cl r^ X X CO o — < o uc Cl «.o — ' »c Ci ^- CO >.o — Ci «c CO -r i~ CO -r CI CO Cl

coxcir^cociocixr^-co c--t*ot^»oci»ccoo«o>— lox-foxcocox

x' c: 1" ci -- —- -o~ Ci »c o -i«

»- to O CC Cl Ci CO o o

CO CO o >c X r- -- X Cl CO — - Ci CO X -f — ' re -t

x-^i— i-r-^-r — ci^rococi — — - -co

Cl

o
I-

Cl

CO

c

E-l

THE DAIRY.

The reports of the Judges on butter and cheese exhibited at
the fair at Watertown,. show that the exhibition was the largest
and best ever presented at our fairs — and the fact, that with so
large a number of corapetitors so great excellence had been
attained, affords the most gratifying evidence that the efforts of the
Society in this direction, which have been continued from 1846,
have been completely successful. The dairy districts in New- York
are the most extensive of any State in our country, and the quality
of butter and cheese manufactured in very many of our dairies has
never been excelled. The Society will omit no efforts to improve
all of our dairies, and it cannot be doubted but the same success
which has attended their efforts will continue, adding yearly to
the number of dairies, whose products will command the highest
prices in our own country and abroad. The returns of the last
census, wliich accompany this report will show the increase
whicli has been secured, notwithstanding the unfavorable season
in wliich the census was taken. While in many departments ol
agricultui-e competition from abroad may diminish the profits of
agriculture here, in this department we are confident that New-
York must stand pre-eminent — and increasing profits will continue
as our dairymen avail themselves of the improvements wliich
liave given to our dairies the high position which many of them
now sustain.

NUMBER QUARTS OF MILK REQUIRED TO MAKE A POUND OF BUTTER.

Much difference of oj»iiiion is entertained in relation to the
quantity of milk required to make a })ound of butter. It is true
that there is a very great difference in the quality of milk from
different rows. The feed, also, has much inlluence upon the
richness of the milk. The milk of the Alderney cow will give
much more butter from a given (quantity of milk, than any other
breed with which we are familiar — but it is very desirable to

222 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

ascertain, as far as practicable, what is the fair average of dairies,
composed of the dairy cows of this country, and treated as our
best dairy cows are by good dairymen.

We requested a dairyman in this State, Joshua S. Holbert, of
Chemung, to make the experiment, and furnish us witli the
result. He has done so and his statement will be found annexed.
From this it will be seen that the fair average of the dairy, taking
the season through, is fourteen quarts of milk for a pound of butter.
We have made extensive inquiries since this statement was fur-
nished, and the general expression of dairymen, in our own and
adjoining States, corresponds with that of Mr. Holbert.

It will be seen in the report which we give of Mr. T. Horsfall,
of England, on the management of dairy cattle, that the same
average is found in Mecklenbui'g, Prussia, Holland, and Great
Britain.

It is very important that our dairymen should make careful
trial of different varieties of feed, testing the qualities of each,
and thus ascertain what is most beneficial, in addition to the
ordinary pastures of the farm. Indian corn for soiling has been
very successfully used in this State, for dairy cattle — and in the
severe drought of 1854, those of our dairymen who had this
resource, were enabled to make their full complement of butter,
while others suffered a very great reduction in their annual
produce. The Chinese Sugar Cane is recommended as favorable
for this purpose, and its extensive culture during the approaching
season, will doubtless test its value. The Stowell Evergreen corn
has proved the most valuable variety for soiling that we have
known in this State. We hope our dairymen will give attention
to the subject, and communicate to the Society the results of the
trials which may be made, with any variety of corn for soiling.

We would invite particular attention to the article of Mr.
HoRsFALL, on the management of dairy cattle. It gives the
result of most careful experiments in feeding, and cannot but
prove instructive and useful to every intelligent dairyman.

We have in connection with this, selected a valuable article
from the Transactions of the Royal Agricultural Society, of Eng-
land, by its distinguished chemist Prof. J. Thomas Way, on the
nutritive and fattening qualities of grasses. This is the most

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 223

full and reliable paper whicli we have seen, and will be the means
of directing the attention of farmers and dairymen to the varie-
ties of grasses best suited to their localities and their purposes.

JOSHUA S. HOLBERT'S STATEMENT.

Chemung J May 5, 1856.
B. P. Johnson, Esq.:

. Dear sir — In order to ascertain the quantity of milk necessary
to make a pound of butter, I have measured several churnings of
milk, and then weighed the butter, and it takes now 15 quarts of
milk to make one pound of butter. I think, to take the wliole
time of milking for the year, it will take 14 quarts. My fatlier,
John Holbert, thinks it will take between 13 and 14. Last fall,
while feeding pumpkins, about 9 quarts made a pound.

Very respectfully, yours,

JOSHUA S. HOLBERT.

MANAGEMENT OF DAIRY CATTLE.
T. Horsfall has given an article on the management of dairy
cattle from 1854 to 1856, in the Royal Ag. Society's Journal,
England, vol. 17th, p. 260, part 1st. No. 37, which is wor-
thy of the attention of every dairyman. It will be seen that
there is a peculiar adaptation of the herbage of a country where
the best butter is produced. His attention has been particularly
directed to the production of butter, and his object has been to
devise food for his milch cows adapted to their maintenance and
improvement, and with this view he has paid attention to the
composition of milk.

ANALYSIS OF 40 POUNDS OF MILK.

Dry material, 5.20

Pure cassein, 2.00

Butter, 1 .25

Sugar, 1 .75

Phosphate of lime, ._ 09

Chloride of potassiun and other mineral ingred'ts,. .11

5.20
His attention was directed to affording an amj)le supjdy of the
elements (»f food suited to the maintenance and likewise to the
produce of the animal. By the use of ordinary farm ]>roduce

224 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

only, lie could not hope to accomplish his purpose. He used
cabbages, kohl rabi and mangold wurzel in moderate quantities.
Of meadow hay it would require, beyond the amount necessary
for the maintenance of the cow, an addition of full 20 lbs. for
the supply of cassein in a full yield of milk (16 quarts;) 40 lbs.
for the supply of oil for the butter; while 9 lbs. seem adequate
it>r that of phosphoric acid.

Mr. H. says : " You cannot, then, induce a cow to consume
the quantity of hay requisite for her maintenance and for a full
yield of milk of the quality instanced. Though it is a subject of
controversy wdiether butter is wholly derived from vegetable oil,
yet the particular adaptation of this oil to the purpose will, I think,
be admitted. I had, therefore to seek assistance from what are
usually termed artificial feeding substances, and to select such as
are rich in albumen, oil, and phosphoric acid; and I was bound
also to pay regard to their comparative cost, with a view to profit,
which, when farming is followed as a business, is a necessary, and
in any circumstance, an agreeable accompaniment.

'' / think it will he found that substances peculiarly rich in nitro-
genous or other elements have a higher value for special than for
general purposes ; and that the employment of materials^ character-
ized by peculiar properties for the attainment of special objects^ has
not yet gained the attention to which it is entitled?^

"I have omitted all reference to the heat-supplying elements —
starch, suo;ar, &c. As the materials commonly used as food for
cattle contain sufficient of these to effect this object, under expo-
sure to some degree of cold, I have a right to calculate on a less
consumption of them as fuel, and consequently a greater surplus
for deposit as sugar, and probably also as fat, in consequence of
my stalls being kept during winter at a temperature of nearly 60
degrees.

" I now proceed to describe the means I am using to carry
out the purposes which I have sought to explain. My food for
milch cows, after having undergone various modifications, has
for two seasons consisted of rape-cake 5 lbs., and bran 2 lbs., for
each cow, mixed with a sufficient quantity of bean-straw, oat-
straw, and shells of oats, in equal proportions, to supply them
three times a day with as much as they will eat. The whole of
the materials are moistened, and blended together, and after being

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 225

well steamed, are given to the animals in a warm state. The
attendant is allowed 1 lb. to 1 J lbs. per cow, according to circum-
stances, of bean-meal, which he is charged to give to each cow,
in proportion to the yield of milk, those in full milk getting two
lbs., each per day; others but little: it is dry and mixed with
the steamed food on its being dealt out separately; when this is
eaten up, green food is given, consisting of cabbages, from Octo-
ber to December, khol rabi till February, and mangold till grass
time. With a view to nicety of flavor, I limit the supply of
green food to 30 to 35 lbs. per day for each, after each feed four
pounds of meadow hay, or 12 lbs. per day is given to each
cow; they are allowed water twice per day to the extent they
will drink.

" As several of these materials are not commonly used as food
I may be allowed some observations on their properties. Bean-
straw uncooked is dry and unpalatable; by the process of steam-
ing, it becomes soft and pulpy, emits an agreeable odor, and
imparts flavor and relish to the mess. For my information and
guidance I obtained an analysis of bean-straw, of my own growth,
on strong and high-conditioned land; it was cut on the short side
of ripeness, but yielding a plump bean. The analysis by Profes-
sor Way shows a percentage of

Moisture, _ 14.47

Albuminous matter, _ 16.38

Oil or fatty matter, 2.23

Woody fiber, ._ 25.84

Starch, gum, 3:c., 31.63

Mineral matters, 9.45

Total , 1 UO. 00

" In albuminous matter, which is especially valuable for milch
cows, it has nearly double the proportion contained in meadow
hay. liran also undergoes a great imj)rovenient in its flavor by
steaming, and it is probably imj)roved in its convertibility as
food; it contains about 14 per cent, of albumen, and is peculiarly
rich in phosphoric acid, nearly 3 per cent, of its whole substance
being of this material. The ]M-o})erties of rape-cake are well known.
The jiublished analysis gives it a large proportion (nearly 30 per

[Ag. Trans.] 0

226 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

cent.) of albumen. It is rich in phosphates and also in oil.
This is of the unctuous class of vegetable oils, and it is to this
property that I call particular attention. Chemistry will assign
to this material, which has hitherto been comparatively neglected
for feeding, a first place for the purpose of which I am treating.
If objection should occur on account of its flavor, I have no diffi-
culty in stating that by the preparation I have described, I
have quite overcome this. I can easily persuade my cattle, (of
which 60 to 80 pass through my stalls in a year), without excep-
tion, to eat the requisite quantity. Nor is the flavor of the cake
in the least perceptible in the milk or butter.

" During May my cows are turned out on a rich pasture near the
homestead ; tow^ards evening they are again housed for the night,
when they are supplied with a mess of the steamed mixture and
a little hay each morning and evening. During June, w'hen the
grasses are better grown, mown grass is given to them instead of
hay, and they are also allowed two feeds of steamed mixture.
This treatment is continued till October, w^hen they are again
wholly housed.

'' The results which I now proceed to relate are derived from
observation made with the view of enabling me to understand
and regulate my own proceedings.

GAIN OR LOSS OF CONDITION ASCERTAINED BY WEIGHING CATTLE

PERIODICALLY.

" For some years back I have regularly weighed my feeding stock
— a practice from w^hich I am enabled to ascertain their doings
with greater accuracy than I could previously. In January, 1854,
I commenced weighing my milch cows. It has been shown by
what I have premised that no accurate estimate can be formed of
the effect of the food on the production of milk, without ascer-
taining its effect on the condition of the cow^s. I have continued
this practice once a month almost without omission up to this
date. The weighings take place early in the morning, and before
the cows are supplied with food; the weights are registered, and
the length of time (15 months) during w^hich I have observed this
practice, enables me to speak with confidence of the results.

"The cows in full milk yielding from 12 to 15 quarts each per
day, vary but little — ^some losing, others gaining, slightly; the
balance in the month's weighing of this class being rather to gain.

1855.

Gain.

cwt.

qrs. lbs.

cwt.

qrs. lbs. lbs.

10

1 20

April.

11

3 0 148

8

2 10

( (

10

2 0 214

8

2 0

((

10

0 0 184

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 227

It is common for a cow to continue a yield from six to eight
months before she gives below 12 quarts per day, at which time
she has usually, if not invariably gained weight. The cows giving
less than 12 quarts, and down to 5 quarts per day, are found,
when free from ailment, to gain without exception. This gain,
with an average yield of nearly 8 quarts per day, is at the rate
of 7 lbs. to 8 lbs per week each.

" My cows in calf I weigh only in the incipient stages, but they
gain perceptibly in condition and consequently in value. They
are milked till within four to five weeks previous to calving. I
give the weights of three of these, and also of one heifer which
calved in March, 1855 :

1854.
No.
1. Bouj^ht and weighed, July,

o n a II

Q (C (t t(

4. Heifer which calved also

in March, 1855, weighed " 7 0 0 " 9 3 0 300

" These observations extend over lengthened periods on the same
animals, of from thirty to upwards of fifty weeks. A cow, free
from calf and intended for fattening, continues to give milk from
ten months to a year after calving, and is then in a forward state
of fatness, requiring but a few weeks to finish her for sale to the
butchers. It will thus appear that my endeavors to provide fuod
adapted to the maintenance and improvement of my milch cows
have been attended with success.

" On examining the composition of the ordinary food which I
have described, straw, roots and hay, it a|)pears to contain the
nutritive ])roperties whicli are fuund ade(|uate to the maintenance
of the animal, whereas the yield of milk lias to be provided for
by a suj)p]y of extra food. The rape-cake, bran and bean meal
which I give will supply the albumen for the casein; it is somewhat
deficient iu oil for the butter, whilst it will supi)ly in excess the
phosphate of lime for a full yield of milk. If I take the class of
cows giving less than 12 (piarts j)er day, and taking also into
account a gain of flesh 7 to 9 pounds i)er week, though I reduce
the quantity of extra food by giving less of the bean meal, yet
the supply will be more in proportion than witli a full yield; the
surplus of nitrogen and phosj)horic acid, or phosphate of lime, will
go to enrich the manure.

22S ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

" I cannot here omit to remark on the satisfaction I derive from
the effects of this treatment on the fertility of the land in my
occupation. My rich pastures are not tending to impoverishment
]>ut to increased fertility; their improvement in condition is appa-
rent. A cow in full milk, giving 16 quarts per day of the qual-
ity analysed by Haidlen, requires, beyond the food necessary for
her maintenance, 6 to 8 pounds per day of the substances con-
taining 30 or 25 per cent, of protein. A cow giving on the ave-
rage 8 quarts per day, with which she gains 7 to 9 pounds per
week, requires 4 to 5 pounds per day of substances rich in protein,
beyond the food necessary for her maintenance. Experience of
fattening gives 2 pounds per day, or 14 pounds per week, as what
can be attained on an average and for a length of time. If we
consider half a pound per day as fat, which is not more than
probable, there will be Ih pounds for flesh, which, reckoned as
dry material, will be about one-third of a pound; which is assim-
ilated in increase of fibrine, and represents only IJ to 2 pounds
of substances rich in protein beyond what is required for her
maintenance.

" If we examine the effects on the fertility of the land, my milch
cows, when on rich pasture, and averaging a yield of nine quarts
per day, and reckoning one cow to each acre, will carry off in
20 weeks 25 lbs. of nitrogen, equal to 30 of ammonia. The
same quantity of milk will carry off 7 lbs. of phosphate of lime
in twenty weeks, from each acre. A fattening animal gaining
flesh at the rate I have described, will carry off about one-third
of the nitrogen (equal to about 10 lbs. of ammonia) abstracted
by the milch cow, whilst if full grown, it will restore the whole
of the phosphate.

" It is worthy of remark that experience states that rich pastures
used for fattening, fully maintain their fertility through a long
series of years; whilst those used for dairy cows require periodi-
cal dressings to preserve their fertility.

" If these computations be at all correct, they tend to show that
too little attention has been given to the supply of substances rich
in nitrogenous compounds in the food for our milch cows, whilst
we have laid too much stress on this property in the food for
fattening cattle. They tend also to the inference that, in the
effects on the fertility of our pastures used for dairy purposes, we

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 229

derive advantage not only from the phosphate of lime, but also
from the gelatine of bones used as manure.

" On comparing the results from my milch cows fed in summer
on rich pasture, and treated at the same time with the extra food
I have described, with the results when on winter food, and
Avhilst wholly housed, taking into account both the yield of milk
and the gain of weight, I find those from stall-feeding fully equal
to those from the pasture. The cows which I buy as strippers,
for fattening, giving little milk, from neighboring farmers who
use ordinary food, such as turnips with straw or hay, when they
come under my treatment, increase their yield of milk, until after
a week or two they give two quarts per day more than when they
came, and that too of a much richer quality.

RICHNESS OF MILK AND CREAM.

" I sometimes observe in the weekly publications which come
under my notice, accounts of cows giving large quantities of but-
ter; these are usually, however, extraordinary instances, and not
accompanied with other statistical information requisite to their
being taken as a guide; and it seldom happens that any allusion
is made to the effects of the food on the condition of the animals,
without which no acccurate estimate can be arrived at. On
looking over several treatises to which I have access, I find the
following statistics on dairy produce : —

" Mr. Morton, in his " Cyclopedia of Agriculture," p. 621, gives
the results of the practice of a Mr. Young, an extensive dairy
keeper in Scotland. The yield of milk per cow is stated at 680
gallons per year; he obtained from 16 quarts of milk, 20 oz. of
butter, or fur the year 227 lbs. per cow; from one gallon of cream
3 lbs. of butter, or 12 oz. per quart. Mr. Young is described as
a high feeder; linseed is his chief auxiliary food for milch cows.
Professor Johnston, (Elements of Agricultural Chemistry,) gives
the proportion of butter from milk at 1 J oz. per quart, or from
16 (juarts 24 oz.; being the }»r(»duce of four cows of different
breeds — Al<hTney, Devon and Ayrshire — on pasture and in the
height of the sutiiuier season. On other four cows of the Ayrshire
breed, he gives the proportion of butter from 16 quarts as 16 oz.
beinc; 1 oz. per quart. Tliese c<»ws were likewise on pasture.
The same author states the yield of butter as one-fourth of the
weight of cream, or about 10 (»z. i»er quart. Mr. Rawlinson,

230 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

(Journal of Royal Agricultural Society, vol. 13, p. 38) gives the
produce of 20,110 quarts of milk churned by hand, as 1,109 lbs. of
butter, being at the rate of fully 14 oz. per 16 quarts of milk;
and from 23,156 quarts of milk 1,525 lbs. of butter, being from
16 quarts nearly 16| oz. of butter. The same author states that
the yield of butter derived from five churnings of 15 quarts of
cream each, is somewhat less than 8 oz. per quart of cream.
Dr. Muspratt, in his work on the Chemistry of Arts and Manu-
factures, which is in the course of publication, gives the yield of
butter from a cow, per year, in Holstein and Lunenburg at 100
lbs., in England at 160 lbs. to 180 lbs. The average of butter
from a cow in England is stated to be 8 or 9 oz. per day, which
on a yield of 8 to 9 quarts, is 1 oz. per quart, or for 16 quarts
16 oz. The quantity of butter derived from cream is stated as
one-fourth, which is equal to about 9 oz. per quart. The richest
cream of which I find any record is that brought to the Royal
Society's meeting during the month of July, for the churns which
compete for the prize. On referring to the proceedings of several
meetings, I find that 14 oz. per quart of cream is accounted a
good yield-

'' I have frequently tested the yield of butter from a given quan-
tity of my milk. My dairy produce is partly disposed of in new
milk, partly in butter and old milk, so that it became a matter of
business to ascertain by which mode it gave the best return. I
may here remark that my dairy practice has been throughout on
high-feeding, though it has undergone several modifications.
The mode of ascertaining the average yield of butter from milk,
has been to measure the milk on the churning day after the
cream has been skimmed off, then to measure the cream, and
having, by adding together the two measurements, ascertained the
whole quantity of milk, (including the cream) to compare it with
tliat of the butter obtained. This I consider a more accurate
method than measuring the new milk, as there is a considerable
escape of gas, and consequent subsidence, whilst . it is cooling.
The results have varied from 24 to 27 J oz. from 16 quarts of
milk. I therefore assume in my calculation 16 quarts of milk
as yielding a roll (25 ounces) of butter.

"As I have at times a considerble number of cows bought as strip-
pers, and fattened as they are milked, which remain sometimes in

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 231

my stalls eight or nine months, and yield toward the close but
five quarts per day, I am not enabled to state with accuracy
and from ascertained data the average yield per year of my cows
kept for dairy purposes solely. However, from what occurs at
grass-time, when the yield is not increased, and also from the
effects of my treatment on cows which I buy, giving a small
quantity, I am fully persuaded that my treatment induces a good
yield of milk. My cows are bought in the neighboring markets
with a view to their usefulness and profitableness. The breeds of
this district have a considerable admixture of the Short horn,
which is not noted for the richness of its milk. During the time
these observations have been continued, on the proportion of
butter from cream, more than one-half of my cows have been
changed.

" Having satisfied myself that the 'peculiar richness of my cream
was due mainly to the treatment of my cows^ which I have sought
to describe, it occurred to me that I ought not to keep it to
myself; inasmuch as these results of my dairy practice not only
afforded matter of interest to the farmer, but were fit subjects for
the investigation of the physiologist and the chemist. Though
my pretensions to acquirements in their instructions are but slen-
der, they are such as enable me to acknowledge benefit in seeking
to regulate my proceedings by their rules.

" In taking off the cream, I use an ordinary shallow skimmer of
tin, perforated with holes, through which any milk, gathered in
skimming, escapes. It requires care to clear the cream; and even
with this some streakiness is observable on the surface of the
skimmed milk. The milk bowls are of glazed brown earthen-
ware, common in this district; they stand on a base of 6 to 8
inches, and expand at the surface to nearly twice that width.
Four to five quarts are contained in each bowl, the depth being
4 to 5 inches at the center. The churn I use is a small wixxlen
one, worked ])y hand, on what I believe to be the American
})riru*i{)le. I luive forwarded to Professor Way a small sam})le of
butter for analysis; 15 quarts of cream were taken out of tlie
cream jar, and churned at three times in e(|ual portions.

232 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

The first five quarts of cream gave, 127 oz. of butter.

The second " " '^ 125 " "

The third " " " 120i « "

372 i oz.
Equal to 24 1 oz. per quart.
At a subsequent churning of 14 quarts of cream

The first seven gave seven rolls or, 175 oz. of butter.

The second seven gave seven rolls, 2 oz. or 177 " "

352
Equal to 251 oz. per quart.
" On testing the comparative yield of butter and of butter-milk,
I find 70 per cent, of butter, to 30 per cent, of butter-milk, thus
reversing the proportions given in the publication to which I have
referred. An analysis of my butter by Professor Way gives,

Pure fat or oil, 82.70

Casein or curd, _ 2.45

Water with a little salt, _ 14.85

100.00
" The only analysis of this material which I find in the publica-
tions in my hand, are by Professor Way, (Journal, vol. 11, p. 735)
" on butter by the common and by the Devonshire method;" the
result in 100 parts being

Eaw. Scalded.

Purebutter, 79.72 79.12

Casein, &c., _ 3.38 3.37

Water, _ _._ 16.90 17.51

Total, 100.00 100.00

" The foregoing observation of dairy results was continued up to
grass time in 1855. In April and May the use of artificial means
was discontinued without diminution in the yield of butter or
richness of cream, the natural temperature being sufficient to
maintain that of my dairy at 54*^ to 56^.

" I now" proceed to describe the appearances since that time. In
the summer season whilst my cows were grazing on the open
pastures during the day, and housed during the night, being sup-
plied with a limited quantity of steamed food each morning and
evening, a marked change occurred in the quality of the milk

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 233

and cream; the quantity of the latter somewhat increased; but
instead of 25 oz. of butter per quart of cream, my summer cream
3*ielded only 16 oz. per quart.

" I would not be understood to attribute this variation in quality
to the change of food only. It is commonly observed by dairy
keepers that milk during the warm months of summer is less rich
in butter, owing probably to the greater restlessness of the cow from
being teased by the flies, &c. I am by no means sure that, if
turning out during the w^arm months be at all advisable, it would
not be preferable that this should take place during the night in-
stead of during the day time. Towards the close of Septeml^er,
when the temperature had become much cooler and the cows
were supplied with a mucli larger quantity of the steamed food,
results appeared very similar to those wliich I had observed and
described from December to May, 1855. During the month of
November the quality was tested with the following results :

" From 252 quarts of old milk were taken 21 quarts of cream,
of which 20 were churned, and produced 468 oz. of butter,
which shows: 27.50 oz. of butter for 16 quarts of new milk;
23.40 oz. of butter for each quart of cream.

^'During May, 1856, my cows being on the open pasture during
the day, were supplied with two full feeds of the steamed mixture,
togetlier witli a supply of green rape jdant each morning and
evening. The result was, that from 324 quarts of old milk 23
quarts of cream were skimmed, of which 22 were churned, and
produced 515 oz. of butter, which shows: 24 oz. of butter from
16 quarts of new milk; 22.41 oz. of butter from each quart of
cream.

" There is doul)tless some standard of food ada})ted to the con-
stitution and i)urposes of animals, combining with bullc a due
juoportion of elements of respiration, such as sugar, starch, &o.,
together with those of nutrition, viz. : Nitrogenous conipoumls,
pliosjthates and other minerals; nor can we omit oil or fat-1'orniing
substances; for however we may be dis])osed to leave to pliiloso-
])hy, the discussion as to whrlher sugar, starch, &:c., are convertible
into fat, yet 1 think 1 shall not ortend the teacher of Agricultural
Chemistry by statintr that the more closely the elements of iood
resemble those in the animal and its product, the more elhca-

234 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

cious will such food be for the particular purpose for which it
is used.

" Sugar, starch, &;c., vary considerably, in form and proportion,
from vegetable oils, which closely resemble animal fats.

" When we consider that plants have a two-fold function to per-
form, viz. : to serve as food for animals, and also for the repro-
duction of the like plants, and that after having undergone the
process of digestion they retain only one-half or one-third of their
value as manure, the importance of affording a due but not exces-
sive supply of each element of food essential to the wants and
purposes of the animal will be evident. If we fall short, the
result will be imperfect; if we supply in excess, it will entail
waste and loss.

" Linseed and rape cake resemble each other very closely in
chemical composition. The latter is chiefly used for manure,
and its price ranges usually about half that of linseed cake. In
substances poorer in nitrogen and with more of starch, gum, oil,
&c., the disparity in value as food and as manure will be propor-
tionately greater.

" During the present season, Mr. Mendelssohn, of Berlin, and
Mr. Gausange, who is tenant of a large royal domain, near
Frankfort, on the Oder, on whi-ch he keeps about 150 dairy cows,
have been my visitors. These gentlemen have collected statistics
in dairy countries through which they have traveled. I learned
from them that in Mecklenburg, Prussia, Holland, &;c., 14 quarts
of milk yield on the average 1 lb. of butter; in rare instances 12
quarts are found to yield 1 lb. Both attach great importance to
the regulation of the temperature. Mr. Mendelssohn tells me
that the milk from cows fed on draff, (distillers' refuse) requires
a higher temperature to induce its yield of butter than that from
cows supplied with other food.

" On inquiry in my own neighborhood, I find it is computed that
each quart at a milking represents 1 lb. of butter per week.
Thus a cow which gives 4 quarts at each milking, will yield in
butter 4 lbs. per week, or from 56 quarts, 64 oz. of butter, or
from 14 quarts of milk, 1 lb. of butter. Taking the winter pro-
duce alone, it is lower than this. The cream from my neighbors'
cows, who use common food, — hay straw, and oats, — somewhat
resembles milk in consistency, and requires three to four hours,

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 235

some times more, in churning. On one occasion a neighboring
dairywoman sent to borrow my churn, being unable to make butter
with her own. I did not inquire the result. If she had sent hei
cow, I could in the course of a week have insured her cream which
would make butter in half an hour. These dairy people usually
churn, during winter, in their kitchens, or other room with a fire.
Each of them states that from bean or oat meal, used during win-
ter as an auxiliary food, they derive a greater quantity of but-
ter; whilst those who have tried linseed oil have perceived no
benefit from it.

" My own cream during the winter season, is of the consistency
of paste or thick treacle. When the jar is full, a rod of two
feet long will, when dipped into the cream to half its length,
stand erect. If I take out a tea-cup full in the evening and let
it stand till morning, a penny piece laid on its surface will not
sink; on taking it oft' I find the underside partially spotted with
cream. The churnings are performed in a room without fire, at
a temperature in winter of 43^ to 45*^ and occupy one-half to
three-quarters of an hour. My dairy is but six feet wide by fif-
teen long, and twelve high, at one end (to the north) is a trellis
window, at the other an inner door Avhich opens into the kitchen.
There is another door near to this -which opens into the churning
room, having also a northern aspect; both doors are near the
south end of the dairy. Along each side, and the north end, two
shelves of wood are fixed to the wall, the one fifteen inches above
the other; two feet higher is another shelf, somewhat narrower
but of like length, which is covered with charcoal, whose proper-
ties as a deodoriser are sufficiently established. The lower shelves
being two feet three inches wide, the interval or passage between
is only one foot six inches. On each tier of shelves is a shallow
wooden cistern lined with thin sheet lead, having a rim at the
edges three inclies high. These cisterns incline downwards slightly
t(jwardsthe window, and contain water to the depth of three inches.
At the end nearest the kitchen each tier of cisterns is siij»])liod
with two taps, one for cold water in summer, the other with
hot for winter use. At the end next the north window is a plug
or hollow tube, witli holes perforated at such an elevation as to
take the water before it llows over the cistern.

236 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

" During the summer the door towards the kitchen is closed, and
an additional door is fixed against it, with an interval between,
well packed with straw; a curtain of stout calico hangs before
the trellis window, which is dipped in salt water, and kept wet
during the whole day by cold water spurted over it from a gutta
percha tube. On the milk being brought in it is emptied into
bowls Sometime after these bowls (of which a description is
given in a former part of this) have been placed on the cistern,
the cold water taps are turned till the water rises througii the
perforated tube, and flows through a waste pipe into the sewer.
The taps are then closed so as to allow a slight trickling of water
which continues through the day. By these means I reduce the
temperature as compared with that outside the window, by 20^
I am thus enabled to allow the milk to stand till the cream has
risen and keep the skimmed milk sweet, for which I obtain Id
per quart.

" Having heard complaints during very hot weather, of skimmed
milk, which had left my dairy perfectly sweet, being affected so
as to curdle in cooking, on being carried into the village, I
caused covers of thick calico (the best of our fabrics for retaining
moisture) to be made. These are dipped in salt water and then
drawn over the whole of the tin milk cans. The contrivance is
quite successful, and is in great favor with the consumers. I l\ave
not heard a single complaint since I adopted it.

" Finding my butter rather soft in hot weather, I uncovered a
draw-well, which I had not used since I introduced water-works
for the supply of the village and my own premises. On lowering
a thermometer down the well, to a depth of 28 feet, I found it
indicated a temperature of 43^, that on the surface being 70*^. I
first let down the butter, which was somewhat improved, but
afterwards the cream. For this purpose I procured a moveable
windlass, with a rope of the required length. The cream jar is
placed in a basket, 2 feet 4 inches deep, suspended on the rope,
and let down the evening previous to churning. It is drawn up
early next morning and immediately churned. By this means
the churning occupies about the same time as in winter, and the
butter is of like consistency. The advantage I derive from this
is such that, rather than be without it, I should pl-efer sinking
a well for the purpose of reaching a like temperature.

STATE AGBICULTURAL SOCIETY. 237

" When winter approaches, the open trellis window is closed, an
additional shutter being fixed outside, and the interval between
this and an inner shutter closely packed with straw, to prevent
the access of air and cold; the door to the kitchen is at the same
time unclosed, to admit warmth. Before the milk is brought
from the cow-house, the dairymaid washes the bowls well with
hot water, the effect of which is to take off the chill, but not to
warm them; the milk is brought in as milked, and is passed
through a sile into the bowls, which are then placed on the
cistern. A thermometer, with its bulb immersed in the milk,
denotes a temperature of about 90*^. The hot water is applied
immediately, at a temperature of 100^, or upwards, and con-
tinues to flow for about five minutes, when the supply is exhausted.
The bowls being of thick earthenware — a slow conductor — this
does not heighten the temperature of the milk. The cooling,
however, is thereby retarded, as I find the milk, after standing
four hours, maintains a temperature of 60^. This application of
hot water is renewed at each milking to the new milk, but not
repeated to the same after it has cooled. The temperature of the
dairy is momentarily increased to above CO^, but speedily sub-
sides, the average temperature being 52^ to 56°.

" It will be observed that the churnings in summer and winter
occupy half an l\our or upwards. By increasing the temperature
of the cream, I could easily churn in half the time, but I should
thereby injure the quality of the butter. When the butter has
come, and gathered into a mass, it is taken, together with the but-
ter milk, out of the churn, which is rinsed with water. The
butter is then [)laced again in the churn, with a quantity of cold
spring water in which salt has been dissolved, at the rate of 1 oz.
per quart of cream. After a few minutes churning, the butter is
again taken out; the water in which it has been washed assumes
a wliitish appearance. By this process tlie salt is equally difluirX'd
thriHigh the Initter, which requires little manipulation, and is
freed fronwi portion of caseous matter. A recent analysis of my
butter shows only 1.07 instead of 2.45 per cent, of casein, as
before; that it ranks us choice may be inferred, when I state that
my purchaser >villiiigly gives me 1 d. per roll more than the
hit^hest price in Otley market, and com]»lains that I do not su}>ply
him with a greater quantity.

238 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

" In this dairy, of the small dimension I have described, my pro-
duce of butter reaches, at times, 60 to 70 lbs per week. Though
the size may appear inconveniently small, yet I beg to remark on
the greater facility of regulating the temperature of a small in
comparison with a large dairy. This diflQ.culty will be found
greater in summer than in winter, as it is far easier to heighten
than depress the temperature.

" I have cooked or steamed my food for several years. It will
be observed that I blend bean straw, bran and malt combs, as fla-
voring materials, with oat and other straw and rape cake. The
effect of steaming is to volatilise the essential oils, in which the •
flavor resides, and diff'use them through the mess. The odor
arising from it resembles that observed from the process of malt-
ing. This imparts relish to the mess, and induces the cattle
to eat it greedily; in addition to which I am disposed to
think that it renders the food more easy of digestion and assimi-
lation. I use this process with advantage for fattening when I
am deficient in roots. With the same mixed straw and oat shells,
3 to 4 lbs. each of rape cake, aud half a pound of linseed oil,
but without roots, I have fattened more than 30 heifers and cows
free from milk, from March up to the early part of May; their
gain has averaged fully 14 lbs. each per week — a result I could not
have looked for from the same materials if uncooked. This process
seems to have the effect of rendering linseed oil less of a laxative,
but cannot drive off any portion of the fattening oils, to volatilise
which requires a very high temperature. My experience of the
benefits of steaming is such, that if I were deprived of it I could
not continue to feed with satisfaction. I have weighed my fat-
tening cattle for a number of years, and my milch cows for more
than two years; this practice enables me at once to detect any
deficiency in the performance of the animals; it gives also a stim-
ulus to the feeders, who attend at the weighings, and who are
desirous that the cattle entrusted to their care should bear a com-
parison with their rivals. Another obvious advantage is in avoid-
ing all cavils respecting the weight by my purchasers, who, having
satisfied themselves as to the quality of the animal, now ask and
obtain the most recent weighing. The usual computation for a
well fed but not over fat beast, is live to dead weight as 21 to 12,

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 239

or 100 to 594, with such modifications as suggest themselves by
appearances.

" Though many discussions have taken place on the fattening
of cattle, the not less important branch of dairy treatment has hith-
erto been comparatively neglected. I therefore venture to call atten-
tion to considerations which have risen from observations in mv own
practice, affecting the chemistry and physiology, or, in other words,
the science of feeding. That 1 am seeking aid from its guidance, will
be apparent, and I have no hesitation in admitting, that beyond the
satislaction from the better understanding of my business, I have
latterly derived more benefit or profit from examination of the
chemical composition of materials of food than from the treatment
or feeding experiments of others which have come under my
notice. So persuaded am I of the advantage of this, that I do

• not feel satisfied to continue the use of any material with the com-
position of which I am not acquainted, without resorting to the
Society's Laboratory for an analysis.

" To one leading feature of my practice I attach the greatest
imjportance — the maintenance of the condition of my cows, giving a
large yield of milk. 1 am enabled, by the addition of bean meal in
proportion to the greater yield of milk, to avert the loss of con-
dition in those giving from 16 to 18 quarts per day; whilst on
those giving a less yield and in health, I invariably efiect an
improvement.

" When we take into consideration the disposition of a cow to
apply her food rather to her milk than to her maintenance and
improvement, it seems fair to infer that the milk of a cuw gain-
ing fiesh will not be deficient either in casein or ])utter. I have
already alluded to the efficiency of bean meal in increasing the
quantity of butter; I learn also, from observant dairymen whu
milk their own cows and carry their butter to market, that their
baskets are never so well filled as when their cc»ws feed on green
clover, which, as dry material, is nearly as rich in albumen as
beans. I am also told by those who have used green rape
plant, that it produces milk rich in butter. Frojii this we may
infer that albuminous matter is the most essential element in the
food of the milch cow, and that any deficiency in the sup]»ly (»f
this will be attended with loss of condition, and a consequent

, diminution in the quality of her milk.

240 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

" I am clearly of opinion that you can increase the proportion
of butter in milk more than that of casein, or other solid parts.
From several, who have adopted my treatment, I learn that on
substituting rape cake for beans they perceive an increased rich-
ness in their milk. Mr, T. Garnett, of Clitheroe, who has used *
bean meal largely as an auxiliary food for milch cows during
the winter season, tells me that when rape cake is substituted, his
dairy-maid, without being informed, perceives the change from
the increased richness of the milk. Mr. Garnett has also used
linseed cake in like quantity, still his dairy people prefer rape cake.
Mr. Whelon of Lancaster, who keeps two milch cows for his own
use, to which he gave bean meal and bran as auxiliaries, has recent-
ly substituted rape cake for bean meal ; he informs me that in a week
he perceived a change in the richness of the milk, with an increase
of butter.

" The vegetable oils are of two distinct classes : the drying or
5e^/z??g represented by linseed, the wnc^wow5 represented by rape
oil. They consist of two proximate elements, margerine and
olein; in all probability they will vary in their proportion of
these, but in what degree I have not been able to ascertain.
Though the Agricultural Chemists make no distinction as far as I
am aware, between these two classes of oils, the practitioners in
medicine use them for distinct purposes. Cod liver oil has long
been used for pulmonary complaints; latterly, olive, almond and
rape oils are being employed as substitutes. These are all of
the unctuous class of oils. Mr. Rhind, the intelligent medical
practitioner of this village, called my attention to some experi-
ments by Dr. Leared, published in the " Medical Times," July
21st, 1855, with olein alone, freed from margerine, which showed
marked sujDcriority in the effect; and I now learn from Mr. Rhind
that he is at present using with success the pure olein, prepared
by Messrs. Price & Co. from cocoanut oil, one of the unctuous
class; that linseed and others of the drying oils are used in medi-
cines for a very different purpose, it seems unnecessary to state.

" Tlie olein of oil is known to be more easy of consumption and
more available for respiration than margerine — a property to
which its use in medicine may be attributable. (See Lehman's
Physiological Chemistry.) If we examine the animal fats, tal-
low suet, and other fats, they are almost wholly of the solid class,

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 241

stearine or margerine, closely resembling or identical with the
margerine in plants ; whilst butter is composed of olein and mar-
gerine, combining both the proximate elements found in vege-
table oils.

"It seems worthy of remark that a cow can yield a far greater
weight of butter than she can store up in solid fat. Numerous
instances occur where a cow gives ofif 2 lbs. of butter per day, or
14 lbs. per week, whilst half that quantity will probably rarely
be laid on in fat. If you allow a cow to gain 16 lbs. per week
and reckon 7 for fat, there will only remain 9 lbs. for flesh, or,
deducting the moisture, scarcely 3 lbs. (2.97) per week, equal to
42, or less than half a pound per day, of dry fibrine. The
analyses of butter show a varying proportion of olein and mar-
gerine fats : Summer butter usually contains of olein 60 and
margerine 40 per cent., whilst in winter butter these proportions
are reversed, being 40 of olein and 60 of margerine. By ordi-
nary treatment the quantity of butter during winter is markedly
inferior. The common materials for dairy cows in winter are
straw, with turnips or mangel, hay alone, or hay with mangel.
If we examine these materials, we find them deficient in oil, or
in starch, sugar, &c. If a cow consumes 2 stones or 28 lbs. of
hay a day, which is probably more than she can be induced to
eat on an average, it will be equal in dry material to more than
100 lbs. of young grass, which will also satisfy a cow. That 100
lbs. young grass will yield more butter will scarcely admit of a
doubt. The 28 lbs. of hay will be equal in albuminous matter
and in oil to tlie 100 lbs. of grass, but in the elements of starch,
sugar, &c., there is a marked difference. During the growth of
the plant, the starch and sugar are converted into woody fibre, in
which form they are scarcely digestible or available for res])ira-
tion. It seems, then, n(jt improbable that, when a cow is supplied
with hay only, she will consume some portion of the olein oil fcxr
respiration, and yield a less quantity of butter, poorer in olein.

If you assume butter to contain of olein, 60 per cent.

" " " " " margerine, 40 "

100 "
If the cow consume of the olein, . _ _ . 36 "

The quantity of butter will be reduced from 100 to,. 64 "
[Ag. Trans.J P

242 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

And the proportions will then be of olein,_ 40 per cent.

Of margerinej ._ 60 "

100 "

" If you supply turnips or mangel with hay, the cow will con-
sume less of hay. You thereby substitute a material richer in
sugar, &c., and poorer in oil. Each of these materials in the
quantity a cow can consume, is deficient in the supply of albu-
men necessary to keep up the condition of an animal, giving a
full yield of milk. To effect this, recourse must be had to arti-
ficial or concentrated substances of food, rich in albuminous
matter.

" It can scarcely be expected, nor is it desirable, that practical
farmers should apply themselves to the attainment of proficiency
in the art of chemical investigations. This is more properly the
occupation of the professor of science. The following simple
experiment, however, seems worthy mentioning : On several
occasions, during winter, I procured samples of butter from my
next neighbor. On placing these, with a like quantity of my
own, in juxtaposition before the fire, my butter melted with far
greater rapidity — by no means an unsafe test of a greater pro-
portion of olein.

" The chemical investigation of our natural and other grasses,
has hitherto scarcely had the attention which it deserves. The
most valuable information on this subject is in the paper by
Professor Way, on the nutritive and fattening properties of the
grasses (annexed). These grasses were nearly all analyzed at
the flowering time, — a stage at which no occupier of grass-land
would expect so favorable a result in fattening. We much prefer
pastures with young grass not more than a few inches high, suffi-
cient to afford a good bite. With a view to satisfy myself as to
the difference of composition of the like grasses at different stages
of growth, I sent to Professor Way a specimen of the first crop
of hay, cut in the end of June, when the grass was in the early
stage of flowering, and one of aftermath, cut towards the close
of September, from the same meadow, the analyses of which
I give:

STATE AGRICtTLTURAL SOCIETY. 243
HAY FIRST CROP. AFTERMATH HAY.

Moisture, 12.02 Moisture, 11.87

Albuminous matter, 9.24 Albuminous matter, — 9.84

Oil and fatty matter,. . 2.68 Oil and fatty matter,.. . 6.84

Starch, gum, sugar, . . _ 39.75 Starch, gum, sugar,.. . . 42.25

Woody fiber, 27.41 Woody fiber, 19.77

Mineral matter, 8.90 Mineral matter, 9.43

100.00 100.00

" A comparison between these will show a much greater per-
centage of woody fiber, 27.41 in the first crop to 19.77 in the
aftermath. The most remarkable difference, however, is in the
proportion of oil, being 2.68 in the first crop to 6.84 in the after-
math. On inquiry from an observant tenant of a small dairy
farm of mine, who has frequently used aftermath hay, I learn
that, as compared with the first crop, he finds it induce a greater
yield of milk, but attended with some impoverishment in the
condition of the cow, and that he uses it without addition of tur-
nips or other roots, which he gives when using hay of the first
crop — an answer quite in accordance with what might be expec-
ted from its chemical composition.

" It is likewise to be presumed that the quickness of growth
will materially affect the composition of grasses, as well as of
other vegetables. Your gardener will tell you that if radishes
are slow in growth they will be tough and woody, that asparagus
melts in eating like butter, and salad is crisp when grown quickly.
The same effect will, I apprehend, be found in grasses of slow
growth : they will contain more of woody fiber, willi less of
starch or sugar. The quality of butter grown on poor pastures
is characterized by greater solidity than on rich feeding pastures,
the cows having to travel over lUfjre space require a greater sup-
ply of the elements of res})irati(;n; wliilst tlie grasses grown on
these poor pastures contain, in all probability, less of these in a
digestible forvi available for respiration. The like result seems
probable as from common winter treatment — a produce of butter
less in quantity and containing a greater portion of margerinc
and a less of olein.

" It is well known tliat pastures vary greatly in tlieir butter-
producing properties; there is, however, as far as I am aware, no

244 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

satisfactory explanation of this. If you watch cows on depas-
ture, you observe them select their own food; if you supply cows
in stall alike with food, they will also select for themselves. I
give rape cake as a mixture to all, and induce them to eat the
requisite quantity; yet some will select the rape cake first, and
eat it up clean, whilst others rather neglect it till towards the
close of their meal, and then leave pieces in the trough. Two
Alderneys — the only cows of the kind I have as yet had — whose
butter-producing qualities are well known, are particularly fond
of rape cake, and never leave a morsel. May not these animals
l)e prompted by their instinct to select such food as is best suited
to their wants and propensities ? If so, it seems of the greatest
importance that the dairyman should be informed of the proper-
ties of food most suitable for his purpose, especially whilst in a
stall where they have little opportunity of selecting.

" It appears worth the attention of our Society to make inqui-
ries as to the localities which are known as producing milk pecu-
liarly rich in butter. When traveling in Germany I well recollect
being treated with peculiarly rich milk, cream and butter, on my
tour between Dresden and Toplitz, at the station or resting place,
on the Chaussee or turnpike road, before you descend a very steep
incline to the valley in which Toplitz is situated. I travelled
this way after an interval of several years, when the same treat
was again offered. It was given as a rarity, and can only be
accounted for by the peculiar adaptation of the herbage of the
country for the production of butter.

NUTRITIVE AND FATTENING QUALITIES OF GRASSES.

In connection with the subject discussed in Mr. Horsfall's paper,
w^e give extracts from an article in the Transactions of the Royal
Agricultural Society of England, vol. 14, p. 171, " On the rela-
tive JYutritive and Fattening properties of different natural and
artificial grasses^"^ by J. Thomas Way, Consulting Chemist to the
Society. This is much more full and reliable than that of Sir
George Sinclair, Bart., Hortus Gramineus Wohumensis — published
in 1824, which heretofore has been the only work on grasses, to
which reference is made.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 24^

We consider Prof. Way, with whom w^e had the pleasure of
forming an acquaintance in 1851, to be one of the most careful
and reliable chemists of the day. In all his investigations, his
object is to arrive at trutk^ not to sustain or support any particular
theory. It is this that gives confidence to tlie farmer, and will
induce him to examine with care every investigation which is
made under such auspices, to aid him in his work.

Prof. Way, says : " It is very generally known to those who
have interested themselve in the history and progress of agricul-
ture in Great Britain, that at an early period of the present
century the Duke of Bedford, impressed with the importance of
ascertaining, so far as possible, the relative productiveness of dif-
ferent kinds of grasses, and also their relative nutritive value for
the feeding of animals, set on foot a series of experiments at
Woburn, to determine these points. To Mr. George Sinclair the
conduct of this investigation was deputed; and to this day Mr.
Sinclair's excellent work, embodying the results that were obtained
remains the text book on the grasses.

" Mr. Sinclair's method was simple enough. He had two ques-
tions to determine; the ^r^^ of these being the relative produc-
tiveness of different grasses, or in other words, what quantity of
each might be grown on a given area of soil, of different quali-
ties and capabilities. To determine this point Mr. S. had recourse
to the obvious method of growing the different grasses in plots of
a definite size, and carefully weighing the produce of each.

"The second question — that of the nutritive quality of the grasses
so grown — required for its solution an expenditure of greater
skill; and Sir Humprey Davy was asked to suggest the proper
method.

" The i)lan suggested and adopted, was also very simple. A
given weight of the grass, either in its natural state or after being
dried, was su])initted to the action of hot water, till all the solu-
ble parts were taken up. The lifjuid was then se{>arated from
the undissolved W(X)(iy matter by filtration, and carefully evapo-
rated to dryness. The dry pfxluct thus obtained was taken as
tlie measure of the nutritive matter of the specimen examined.
In this wa}' the greater number of the true grasses and other
plants found in ur suitable to pastures was carefully examined,
and the results were given in Mr. Sinclair's work. There can be

246 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

no doubt that this method of finding the nutritive matter of the
plants afforded data which could not fail to be of value to the
intelligent agriculturist, and that it was the best which the state
of science at that time could offer, or which with a moderate
outlay of labor, was possible, is sufficiently guaranteed by the
name of the great chemist who suggested it.

" But chemistry and physiology have made gigantic strides since
that time. We have learnt to separate and identify the chemical
principles, of which plants are made up, and their composition
and properties have been intimately studied. Physiology, on the
other hand, has taught us to a considerable extent the part which
these principles play in the nutrition of animals. It has shown
us that from one is formed flesh, from another fat, whilst to
others, again, is allotted the office of supporting respiration and
producing animal heat. It is not meant that science was
entirely at fault on these points at the period in question, but
there can be no doubt that the greater part of our present know-
ledge of the subject is of much later date.

* * * It has long been evident to all who have paid any
attention to these subjects, that Mr. Sinclair's determinations of
nutritive equivalents for different grasses, however valuable they
were at the time they were executed, are quite unsuitable to our
present more advanced stage of knowledge.

" It may be shortly stated that modern chemistry has divided
the principles of plants into two great classes — the one including
all those vegetable principles which contain nitrogen^ the other
comprising those which are destitute of this element. * # *

# * cc rpj^g pj^jj adopted by Mr. Sinclair for the determina-
tion of the nutritive properties of the grasses, was defective in
more ways than one. In the first place, it afforded no kind of
information as to the relative quantity of flesh-forming, fatten-
ing, and heat-producing compounds existing in the plants; and in
the second, it did not even give a correct idea of the proportion
of all these substances taken collectively — since, with our present
knowledge of the properties of the nitrogenous principles, we
cannot doubt that treatment with hot water would fail to extract
the most nutritive portions of the grass.

"As a supplement to Mr. Sinclair's excellent work, and a subject
not unworthy of considerable labor, it seemed desirable to exam-

STATE AGRICULTURL SOCIETY. 247

ine some of these grasses anew, bringing to the inquiry the aid
of more recent physiological principles, and the methods of
modern chemical research.

* * * * ujq have undertaken the proximate analysis of
so large a series of specimens as the grasses present, — to have
separately ascertained the quantity of each nitrogenous and non-
nitrogenous principle they contained, would have been, if not
impossible, (within any moderate space of time), at least useless,
for our other knowledge of nutrition of animals is not sufl&ciently
advanced to enable us to make use of such data. But on the
other hand, it was possible to direct our efforts to the acquisition
of that class of facts which could immediately be made available
in relation to existing physiological knowledge; and with that
view, I decided upon ascertaining, so far as might be, not the
quantity of each vegetable principle present, in the different
grasses, but that of each class of such principles. The analyses
that follow will be found to embrace the following particulars :

1st. The proportion of water in each grass as taken from the
field. The necessity for this determination is obvious.

2d. The proportion of albuminous or Jlesh-forming principles^
including, without distinction, all the nitrogenous principles.

3d. The proportion of oily or fatty matters which may be
called fat-producing principles.

4th. The proportion of elements of respiration or heat-produc-
ing principles^ under which head are comprised starch, gum,
sugar, pectic acid, &c., in fact, all the non-nitrogenous principles,
with the exception of fatty matter and woody fiber.

5th. Woody fiber.

Gth. Mineral matter or ash.

" It will be observed that some of these particulars are rather
of negative tlian of direct interest. Water, for instance, in a
plant, is of no value in feeding animals, but its proportion is a
necessary element of our calculations, because, with the varia-
tions in quantity of moisture, will be corresponding variations,
though in tlie opposite sense, of the real nutritive matter of
the j>lant.

"The woody fiber of }»lants is considered to have no v.ilue in a
nutritive point of view, except that (which, by the way, is suf-
ficiently important) of giving bulk to the food. Still its deter-

248

ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

mination in this respect was necessary, and was, indeed, an indis-
pensable step in the process of analyses. The same may be said
with regard to the mineral matter or ash.

" Under the foregoing heads we have acquired it is hoped a very
important amount of information — such, too, that it can be imme-
diately brought to bear upon the practical nutritive values of the
different grasses.

^' The grasses, sixty or seventy specimens, each individual plant
composing the sample of 2 or 3 lbs. w^eight were taken from mead-
ows in which they were growing naturally and healthy. The
grasses were collected, plant by plant, at the time of flowering
(except when otherwise stated.)

" To economize space and aiford facilities for comparison, the
analyses are collected in tables. I shall divide them into two
classes, which for convenience sake, may be called the natural and
artificial grasses, respectively.

" The tables I. and II. contain the botanical and common names
of each grass, the nature of the soil, and the date of the collec-
tion of the different specimens :

TABLE I. — Natural Grasses,

Botanicil Names.

Common Name.

Antliox:nithum otloratum, Sweet aeentcd vernal grass,.
Alopcjurus pratensis, jMciiduw fox tail grass,

Arrhenatherum avenaceum

A vena fluvesceni,

Avena pu'iescens,

Briza media,

Broiims ertC! us, ...

Broinus mollis,

Cyno^urus cristatu?,

*I).ictylis glotiieiata,

I»o. 21 spec, seeds ripe,. .

pestuca duriu^cula,

llolcus huiatus,

Ilordium prateiise,

Lolium pereniie,

Lolium italicuin,

fPhleuiu prateuse,

Poa annua, ■

JPoa praiensis,

ToA trivialis,

Grass from a water meadt.w
do do

Common cat-like grass,.
Yellow oat-liI<e grass, • .

Downy oat grass,

Coiiimtin quaking grass,
Upright brume grass, . . . .

Soft broiue gras:?,

0 e6te<l dng.--tail grass,.
Cocksfoot gras.-,

H ird fescue grass,

Soft mead w gia^s,

Meadow barley,

Perennial rye grsiSs or darnel,

ftalian rye gia.ss,

Meadow cats- tail,

Annual meadow grass, . • • •
■Smoolh-stalked m dt)W grass
Rough-stalked m dow g ass,

Fiist crop,

Second erup,

Annual rye gra-s,

Date collec-
tion, 18-iy.

May
June

July

June

July

June

June

Miiy

June

June

July

June

June

July

June

June

June

Mny

.lune

June

Apr.

June

June

/lO y • • • •

!.■••••
i. / J • • • •

2i,

II.....

29, ....

*3, . • • .

8,....

21

13,....

i Wy • • • •

13,....
2y,.,,.
11,....

Oy • • • •

i;>......

i:i, ...
2S,....
II,....
18,....
HU
2rt,.
8,

> •

Nature of Soil.

L'm orcalcar's rubble
Calcareous lo;im with

gravelly sub soil.
Forest marble loam.

Dry calcareous loam.
Forest marble.
CalCiireous loam.
Stiff luain.
Calcareous loam.

" on gravel.

Calcareous loam.
Dry calcareous loam.
Calcureous l"nm.

' ' on gravel .

Cfllcare's rubbly I'm.
Forest marble loam.

L'm wiihgrav'y subs'l
Dry calcareous loam.
Calcareous loam.

Cal core's rubblv I'm.

• ()rcli!ird gia^ss, U. S. f Timothy, Herds grass, of U. S. J Spire grahs. June grass.
Keiiiucky Blue gr.ias, of U. 8.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

249

TABLE IT. — Artificial Grosses.

Bot;inical Names.

Common Name.

Date collec-
tion, 1849.

Nature of Hoil.

Trifi'lium praicuse, iCoinmon red clovtr, .

June 7,.

Trifoliuni praten«e perenne

Tifoiiuiu iiiCiirnatum,

Trifolium nieuiuui,

" 2d .«peciriien,. . .
Trifolium procuiut.ens, . . .

Trifulium lepens,

Vi'iii saliva

V i« a ««-pium,

Oiiul-r_\chis s^ativa,

MeUicago sativa,

Mcdi -aL'o lupulina,

Hiiiita^o lanceol;ii:», . . ..
Poicriuin .-atigui-ortiia. . .
Pdteriiun millefuluiii;, . . . .

Com'n purple trefoil or clover
Scarltt or Italian clover,. ...
ZigZiig clover or cow grass,. .1

(C

((
((
<(
((
((
<(

Ilnp trefoil, I

AVbitc trefoil or Dutch clover!

Comiiion vetch, !

Mush vetch, ,

Sainf<-iii, • j *'

Purple iDCoick (ir lucerr.e,.,j '<
Black li.edick cr lion.-uch, . .' *'
iiibwort plantain, rib grass, May
Cdinn'on salad burnet, ...-l
Viirri w, I

(•

((

4, ...
4,...

I 5 • • •

1 b, • • •

J O y • • •

y,...

o, . • •

16, . . .
6, . . .

Zo, . • .
/o, . • .

28, . . .

Forest n arble icnnci-
ous kaiii.
. Ca'icar .- 1 ui or gravel.
. Oil lean ou> rubby 1 m-
. 1« r I m ble ten si ii;.
. Cttkarous loan .
. Dry calcarei us! b-nra.
. loie.-t u.aibic loaiL.
.i

Stiff for't nfrbie ch.y.
• Dry rubbly lo.iui.

•1

. Calf'areons nibl ly Im
. Calcare< us cbiy .

''Table III. contains the analyses of the principal natnral giassv s.
Column No. 1 gives the proportion of water; No. 2 thellei^li-
forming principles; No. 3 the fat-producing principles; No. 4, tlie
heat-giving principles; No. 5, the woody matter; No. 6, the ash.
To them is added a 7th column, of the date of collection, to facili-
tate a comparison of the latter, with the percentage of water.

TABLE III. — Analyses of Xatural Grasses^ {in 100 parts cf grass

as removed J) C771 the fitld.)

NAME OF PLANT.

9J

AiithxXaiilhuiu uilorDtutn,
Ab pic.iris pra!eri.-is, ....
Air<ienulli(ruui avtnaceuu)

A voua tlavi'-c. n.<,

Avoiia piibesoenp,

ISriza itiedia,

iSiniiniH erec'iis,

hroiiiufl niiil.i-,

C\ n(>.«iiru.« crieintus, . .

Dacivlis gluiucrarn, ...

«l(> Kcfd-* rip<',. . . .

Feslucii daritihcu a, . . .

JInlftl.l latiiltll)',

llorileuiii prali n;i«,. • • .

].<iliuiii pi rciMir

L<.|iiiin iiullcuiii,

PliU'iuii pratenw,

I'lia nnntin,

I'm pialtti-i.,

Piiii triviaiit),

(Jr.i-''-' from uiiff-r tin adinv,

do Recoiid crop, •
Annual rye ^;ta«i!',

80. a5
vS0.2(»
72. H5
Ho. 40

CI.
61.
5»,
7rt,
62.
7i»

61)

n

n

t.2
7S
00

62.57

6V.7()
58.85
7I.4H
75.ft|
.')7.2I

7».

14

f.7.

14

7.'^

f.O

87

58

74

..'3

ft".»

.III)

u -

p.

s =

5 _ U

< <S "3

2.05
2.44
3.54

2 i)6
3.07
2.'. 3

3 78
4.06
4.13
4.1.6

I0.«t3

3 H)
3.4')

4 5l»
3.H7

2 46
4 86
?.47

3 41
2.58
3.22
2.78
2.'. f>

u

s

e3

c C o

•5 C "^

2 i 5..

* = E

.0

o
c

o

t>
b

•J

u
C _J

1

1

1

.67

.52

.8"

1.04

.92

1.4')

1.36

.47

.32

.1*4

.74

.o-.'i
1.021

M

.9i{

..Ml'

.71

.86

.97

.81

8.64

8.59

11.21

I8.t)6

lii.lrt

22. nil

.:^3

9.114

liJ.64
13.. 30
12 G I
12.46
11.12
21'. 116
12.08
14.11
22. h6
10.79
14.16
IU.64
3.98
11.17
I'J.^'J

7.16
G.70

9
14
i:<
17

,:'I7
22
.34

19

8.46
9 80
10.11
20.64
11.83
ll.i'4
13.03

c
u

<.>
o

d

1 21

1. 6.'- 1

2.;T>i

2 72
2.01
4.17
2.M

10

4
II

6
12
10

(irt

82

32

30

4J*

II

3.13

8 76

12.17

;i-

6V

01
l.m

1.9?
2.. '.4
2.15
2..' I
2 2»"
.6«'
\.\\t\
2.2«
1 .Jh
2.24
1 . '. •

M.v
June

Jills

Jiiiii-

.Inly

Jui>e
« •

July

Jl:||i-

July

4.

Jnlv
June

2.-..

I.

17.

Oil

*• • •

n.

29.
23.

19.
2i'.
13

19.

\:\.
iv.

l!.

8.

1 .1.

» *

4 .

lM..y

2S.

1 JlllK-

1 1 .

1 . .

1>.

1 A|.iil

;;o.

Jni.e

26.

• fc

h.

250 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

" The first column of this table exhibits numbers which differ
very much from each other. Whilst in some cases the percentage
of water is as high as 80, in others it only amounts to 60; in one
instance (Briza media) being as low as 51 — (the second sample
of Dactylis glomerata, which was fully ripe is excepted.)

" The proportion of water is evidently connected with the
period at which the grass comes into flower, the earliest grasses
being generally the most succulent, although a careful examina-
tion of the table will show that this is not always the case. Thus
the specimens Briza media, and Holcus lanatus, both gathered on
the 29th of June, contain respectively in round numbers 52 and
70 per cent, of water.

" The proportion of water in a plant becomes interesting chiefly
when it is considered as influencing the proportion of dry matter or
actual feeding material of the plant. Thus, for instance, the quan-
tity of dry or solid matter in 100 parts of Anthoxanthum odoratum
or Alopecurus pratensis is 20 parts; whilst in Avena flavescens or
pubescens it reaches as much as 39 or 40 parts. The immediate
interest of this circumstance to the farmer is, that in judging of
the quantity of hay which will be produced from a meadow, he
must take into account the nature of the grasses composing it,
since it is plain that in the instances mentioned a given weight
of one kind of grass will produce twice as much hay as another.

" In looking down the columns of this table, especially Nos. 1,
2, 3 and 4, which are most important, very great differences will
be seen; the albuminous matters, for instance, being in some cases
double what they are in others. In some instances these are
differences really in the proportion of the various principles in
relation to each other; but an apparent variation is very often
produced by the greater or less amount of water contained in the
plant. Such differences are real so far as the comparison of the
fresh- cut grass is concerned, but they in many cases cease to exist
when the grasses being made into hay, are carried to the same
point of dryness.

" I believe this latter to be the most important point of view,
both practically and scientifically, and I shall therefore reserve
any further remarks on tliis head, until the composition of the
dry grasses is before us.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

251

" The table which follows gives the analyses of the artificial
grasses and clovers, as taken from the field.

TABLE IV. — Analyses of Artificial Grasses , {in 100 parts as

taken from the field.)

NAME OF PLANTS.

Trifi»liuin pratenise,. . . .
Trifniium pralense pereiine
Trit'olium incarnatum,. . . .

Trifniium nieJium,

** 2d specimen, . . .
Trifolium procuiiibens, . . . .

Trit'olium repens,

^'icia saliva,

Vieia scpiuin,

Onobrvchis «ativ,i,

Medicago lupulina,

Plantago lanceolata,

Poterium sanguisorbia, . . .
Medic.igo sativa,

1

2

or
prin-

Water.

Albumiroiis
flesh forming
ciple.

81.01

4.27

81.06

3.64

82.14

2.96

74.10

6.30

77.57

4.22

83.48

3.39

79.71

3.80

82.1*0

4.04 i

79.90

4.64 1

7r..64

4.32

! 76 80

5.70

84.75

2.18

85.56

2.42

69.95

3.83

m

(J

a

a

"3

.69

.78

.67

.92

1.07

.77

.89

.52;

.581

.70

.941

.56

.581

.82!

4

5

.5 ii «

=* -s; .

u

TS =" -

9

©,/""*

^

J- Kl 3

(fl

&i _

(^

O
O

>

>— »— (O

r^

8.45

3.76 i

8.04

4.91 1

6.70

5.78 1

9.42

6.25 ;

11.14

4.23 1

7.25

3.74

8.14

5.38

6.75

4. 68

6.66

6.24

10.73

5.77

7.73

6.32 1

6.06

5 10 1

6.85

3.44 1

13.62

8.74 1

o

hi

a

"3

«

u

o
o

eJ

1.82
1.58
1.75
3.01
1.77
1.S7
2.08
l.ll
1.98
1.84
2.51
1.35
1.15
3.04;

June 7.

« 4.

" 4.

" 7.

« 21.

'< 13.

«' 18.

'< 13.

«' 9.

'' 8.

'« 6.
28.
28.
June 16.

May

" The percentage of water in these grasses is, on the average,
higher than in the natural grasses; but, in spite of this circum-
stance, the column appropriated to albuminous matters exhibits
numbers which exceed very considerably those in the previous
table. In other words, weight for weight, even when fresh cut,
the " artificial'' grasses contain a much larger proportion of flesh-
forming principles. How much this difference is increased wlien
the samples are compared in the state of hay will be seen when
we give the numbers which represent the composition of the
various grasses when dry.

" The tables V. and VI. which follow give the composition of
tlie whole series after drying at SIS'^' Fahrenheit, until all the
inoi>ture of the grass is expelled.

" Tliere are many points of great interest ])ruught out by these
tables, and I might perhaps be pardoned for employing the num-
bers they contain as tending to confirm or refute some of the
most inipurtant do<"triiirs extant on the subject, both of vegetable
and animal nutrition. This, liowever, is not my object; I look
upon these analyses as an addition to our previous knowleilge — ■
a contribution in fact, to the data U])on which all philosophical

252

ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

reasoning should be built; but whilst I should of course be the
last to under-rate their value, I do not consider that sucli data
are sufficient in themselves to settle the controverted points; and
indeed, however much may be the labor and time bestowed upon
them, one such set of results is inadequate to convince us that
very considerable variations in composition might not be found
in the same plants, under different circumstances of soil and cli-
mate. But at the same time, whilst the trifling differences in
composition between specimens of one and another kind of grass,
as shown in these tables, will not be insisted upon, we have fairly
a liijrht to call attention to those broad lines of distinction which
are to be fonnd there. I shall, however, do this very shortly,
leaving to the reader, who cares to do so, to study for himself the
results which I have obtained, and to see how far they agree with
his practical experience of tlie feeding and fattening value of the
different grasses examined.

TABLE V. — Analyses of Jfatural Grasses, {in 100 parts of the

grassj dried at 212^, Fahrenheit.)

NAME OF PLANTS.

Aiithoxairhnin odoratum,

Aloptcurus pr.it ns 8

Airciiiithrrum avcnaeeura,

A vi;U;i flavihce' s,

A veii.a pubt'sccns,

Briz I uiedi.i,

Broiiiiis I'lectn.s,

iJromus lU'dlis

C3'no-urus c istatus,

Dact3"lis ^rlomenita,

•' sc ds ripe,

F''S'nca diiriu ;c'ala,

II >l'.'iis hmatus,

llot'ltuia I r.itcnse,

T.oliufn pereniie,

Loliutn italicuin,

I'hlfum l.ri\tt•n^'e,

1* a nnniia,

)'' :i pr ilen-=is,

Will fi\ ialis,

Grass from wafer meadow,

^ ^ second crop,

-

■ "

2

3

4

5

6

Albuminous or

flesli-l'ormiiig

principle.

•

u

*-<

a

a

>^

■*^

"S

O X

O 1' tc
K C.5d

•
u

>-.

o
o

Mineral matter
or ash.

](t.48

.3 41

43.48

36.36

6 32

12. H2

2.92

43 . 1 2

33.83

7.81

12.95

3.;9

38.03

34.24

11.59

7.48

2.61

47.08

35.95

6.88

7-97

2.H9

49.78

34.64

5.22

6.08

3.01

46.95

35.30

8.66

9.44

s.u

82

02

5.21

17.29

2.11

38.66

36.12

5.82

11.08

3.54

52.64

26.36

6.38

13.5:^

3.14

44.32

33.70

5.31

28.08

1.56

26.53

43.32

5.51

12.10

3.U

40.43

.38.71

5.42

11.52

3.56

39.25

39.30

6.37

11.17

2.30

46.68

31.67

6.18

11.85

3.17

42.24

35.20

7.54

10.10

3.27

57.82

19 76

9. 05

11. .-{6

3.55

53.35

26.4-5

5 28

ll..S:i

3.42

51.70

30.22

2.83

10.35

2.63

43.06

38.02

5.94

9.80

3 67

4(1.17

38 03

8.33

25.91

6.5.3

32 05

25.14

10.37

10.92

2.06

I 43.90

34.30

8.82

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

253

TABLE VI.— Analyses of Artificial grasses, (in 100 parts of the grass dried at 212'' Fabr.)

NAME OF PLANTS.

Trifi'liuin piatense,

Trifuliuin priitonse perenne,

Trifoliutn inciirnalutn,

Trifuliuin medium,

di) 2d ?;peciraen, . . . . ,

Tri folium procuinbens, •

Trifolium repens,

Vicia saliva,

Vicia sepium,

Onobrychis saliva,

Medicago lupulina,

Piantago laiiceolata,

Puteriuiu sanguiiorbia,

Achillea millefolium,

Medicugo galiva,

u

C fcA

c

S s

c t! »:
c c; «

n

&

£

22.55
iy.18
16.60
24.33
18.77
20.43
18.76
23.61
23.08
18.45
24.60
li.29
16.75
10.34
12.76

3.67

4. oy

3.73
3.57

4.77
4.67
4.. 38
3.06
2.88
3.01
4.06
3.67

r * «>

•JT" ">
eS = q

44.47

u
<9

.a

O
O

42,
37

42
60

4.

2,
2.

01
51
76

36.36
49.fi5
43.86
40.(14
3^.45
33.15
46.96
33.31
40.29
47.40
45.46
40.16

19.75
25.96
32.39
24.14
18.84
22.66
2i).53

1^

"3

a

<5 eJ

9.66
8.35

04

27,

81,

24.71

27.19

33.07

23.87

32.69

34-21

9.

11,
7,
8,

10
6,
9,
7'

10,
8,
7.
9,

10,

78
60
97
H3
29
60
85
b7
84
63
97
(iO
U

" The two last tables give the cumpositi'jn of the grasses in a dry
state. The numbers must therefore be somewhat modified for
them w^hen in the state of hay; for however dry it may appear,
no grass can be made absolutely dry without artificial lieat. The
usual proportion of moisture in well-made hay, I believe to be
about 16 per cent.; and a grass that has been dried artificially,
will in the open air acquire about this degree of moisture. It
would have occupied space unnecessarily to have given the num-
bers which would apply to the grasses in the state of hay, and
the calculation can be easily made by those who care for it; from
the percentage of albuminous or fatty matter in the dry speci-
men, about one-sixth is to be deducted to ascertain the quantity
present in the hay. The numbers however, are strictly compara-
ble with each other.

" We will first advert to table V — that of the natural grasses in
the dry state — leaving out of the questii>n for the present the
water-meadow grass and the Dactylis glomerata, of which the
seeds are ripened. We find the following numbers to represent
the lowest, highest, and average quantities per cent, of the differ-
ent principles in the s])ecimens (^f natural grasses examined :

Lowest. Ilighcst. Average.

Flesh-forming principles, 6.08 17.29 10.98

Fat-producing " 2.11 3.67 3.08

Heat-giving " 38.03 57.82 45.57

254 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

" Tliese differences are very great, and if composition influences
feeding properties, as it must as certainly as effect of any kind
follows cause, tlie value of the different grasses must be very
variable. I would, however, guard the farmer, who has a prac-
tical acquaintance with this matter, from judging hastily that the
theoretical equivalents of nutritive value here shown, are not in
accordance with experience. It is well to remember that many
of those grasses, which are highly valued, are so valued not
because of their intrinsic worth as feeding agents, but because
they present themselves at a time when they are very much
wanted — that is to say, in early spring. The most remarkable
specimens in this table are the w^ater-meadow grass, (first crop),
and the Dactylis glomerata, (with seeds ripe). Both in the quan-
tity of nitrogen and fatty matters the water-meadow grass nearly
doubles the other grasses in the Table. This meadow was com-
posed principally of the grasses Poa trivialis, Holcus lanatus,
Hordeum pratense, Avena pratensis, Lolium perenne, &c., in none
of which do we see the peculiarity which unitedly they show in
this meadow. Are we to attribute the high proportions of fat
and flesh-forming principles to the action of the water in irriga-
tion ? If so, we have indeed in it a most important and powerful
agent. The other instance named (the Dactylis glomerata), shows
us how large a proportion of nitrogen is accumulated in the plant
as it progresses to maturity; and whatever view we may take of
this circumstance in relation to the nutritive properties of this
plant, we cannot doubt that it is then that the soil most suffers
from the drain which is made upon it.

" The Italian rye-grass (Lolium italicum) is remarkable for the
small quantity of useless matter, (woody fiber), the large propor-
tion of soluble carbonaceous matter, (starch, gum, &c.), and the
moderate proportion of albuminous constituents. From the w^ell
known value of Italian- rye-grass the composition is a matter

of interest.

" Table VI. — In these, the Artificial grasses, we find the propor-
tion of the different principles varying to the following extent :

Lowest. Highest. Average.

Flesh-forming principles, 10.34 24.60 19.03

Fat-producing " 2.51 4.77 3.65

Heat-giving « 33.15 49.65 41.29

" The chief peculiarties of this series, in comparison with those

of the natural grasses, consist in the much higher proportion (in

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

255

many cases more than double) of albuminous matters, and of a
certain, though less evident, advantage in the quantity of fatty
matters; whilst the heat-giving principles remaining nearly the
same, the quantity of woody matter is necessarily much reduced.
As a proof of the high value which theoretically we should place
upon the artificial grasses, I may remark that in the dry state
they equal peas or beans in nitrogenous matter, and considerably
excel them in the proportion of fatty matter.

" I will take leave of these tables by remarking that, if the view
which gives a prominent value, for feeding purposes, to albumi-
nous matters in large proportion over the non-nitrogenous por-
tions of plants be correct, the " artificial " are far more nutritive
than the natural grasses. But, as I before said, these results
were not intended as a peg to hang an argument upon, either on
one side or the other, and for the present I am content to ofter
them as a contribution to the Chemistry of Vegetation, without
further argument or deduction.

" The following are analyses of a few weeds .

TABLE VII. — On the gpecimens as collected.

NAME OF PLANTS.

u

Of

a

0
O

a
•pm •

S ^

an

< a

60

.

c

.4^

uci

•

mat

prod
pies

►»

-.J o

d a

§

•O 1

a; .»<

CO '

i= P.

^

<

1

o •

C-2

Centaurea nigra, ( black ,

knapweed), j 69.05

Crysinthemum Jeucanthc-!

mum, (<>x-eye daisy),! 71.85
Juncus glaucus, (rusbcs),! 64.05
I'apaver rhceas, (comraonj

rud iM,i.| y), 81.00

Kaminculua acris, (butter

cups), 88.15

Ruiuex acetofiJi, (field flor-

rel), 75.37

Sinapis Hrvensis, ( field

imiH'Mrd) ' 85.?.l

3.03

2.12

2.38

1.71
1.18
1.90
1.93

.641

14.28

.999
1.121

12.64
16.48

.883

7.20

.507

6.26

.545

7.62

.393

fi.95

10.84 I 2.16 ; July 24.

10.51 I 1.86
13.82 I 2.15

6.08 ! 3.13

3.00

.91

13.04 I 1.51
4.40 1.02

June 2;?.
July II.

June 13.
July 4.
June 29.

'lAHLK VIII.— Oil tlie dry Spteinuns.

NAME OF PLANTS.

Ccntaurva nigra,

CryHitntlit^Hiiiii. leucanthemuin,. . ,

JuricMiM jf'.aucu.*,

Papav«T rl«(ra.'<, •

Kiiiiiinciilti!> iicris,

Uiinicx a<;ptoga,

Biiiiipis !irv nihis,

bfi 1

•

o

k

O

c

5

B

roduc

lea.

1 «

3 •.->

c a.

►»

•s*5

c c

< E

9.79

2.1I7

4fi.()9

7.53

3.49

45.02

6 61

3.12

45.81

9.02

4.66

41.4.1 i

9.98

4.28

52.69

7.71

2.19

4rt.82

1 ■^ . 03

2.»')7

47.XO

c

1

35.(14
37.33
3H.46
28.71
2 5.. 34
37.16
30.00

111
,63
.00

16 49
7.71
6.12
7. 00

256

ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

" On the whole, these weeds contain less nitrogen than the use-
ful grasses — a circumstance which may in part account for the
rapidity with which they spring up, even in poor soils, and the
difficulty of eradicating them.

" The numbers in Table IX, were obtained in the estimation of
the nitrogen and fatty matters of the grasses in each instance
where a second analysis was made.

TABLE IX. — 0)1 the dried specimens.

NAME OF PLANTS.

Nitrogen.

1st.
Deter-

2d.
Deter-

Mean.

m i nation mi Dution

Tri'i'liuiu pr.itense perenne,

Trifolium incarnaLuui

Triioliu'.n medium,

Trifolium procumbens, ■

Trif.liuin pratense, ...

Trifolium repeiis, ,

Trifo!in!u medium, 2d specimen,.

Vicia taiivii,

Medicago iupulina,

Vicia scpium,

Aiith iXiiutlium odoratum,

Poterium s;inguisorbia,

Plant igo lanoeolata,

Alopjcarus pratensis,

Poa annua,

•Poa pratensis.

Annual ryegrass,

Poa irivialis

On bryehi"! sativa,

Avena pubesconSj

Bromtis mollis,

■j-Dactylis glouierata,

do seeds ripe, • . .

Lolium perenne,

Fe:<:uca d.iriu-cula,

ArrherathiTiim a\'enaceum,

Loliam italicum,

Cynos'iru* cristatus, •

Chrys uithemam leucanthemum, . . ,

Briza media,

Avena flavcscens,

IIolcus lanatus, . . . • ■

Kumex acetosn,

Sinapis arvensis, ■

Bromus erectus,

.3.022
2. 628
3.857
3.188
.3.602
9:^,7
002
752

891

1

2.

2.

1.

1

1,

1,

1'

3.64-t
.630
.84-0
300
,943
.839
.633
.505
•508
2.872
1.265
2.710
2.100
3 . 538
1.880
1.924
2.005
1.613
1.842
I.ISO
1.014
1.186
1.818
1.235
2.080
1.488

3

3.

3.

2.

2.

3.

3.

3.019
2.582
813
.268
,5.0
.U67
9i6
.690
.860
3.634
1.610
2.454
2.200
1 . 940
1.890
1.634
1.5(10
1.580
2.942

1

2.

2.

,250
,740
168
3.734
1.850
1.895
2.075
1.57!

3.020
2.615
835
22S
551
9.52
959
721
3.876
3.639
1.645
2.647
2.250
1.941
1864
1.633
1.502
1.544
907
2.S7
725
134
636
8.05

1.91)9

1.617
1 . 1 92
.900
1.170
1.813
1.192
2.113
1.465

2,
1
1,
1.

.040
.592
.744
.186
.957
1.178
1.815
1.213
2.051
1.476

Oil.

Ist. 2d.

Deter- 1 Deter-
mination mination

4. 088
3.736
3.577
4.716
3.632
3.811
4.491
3.102
4.011
2.8O0
3.430
3.870
3.700
2.675
3.412
2.6.59
2.460
3.664
3.087
2,294
2.144
3.289
1 545
3.233
3.166
3.165
3.064
3.5^5
3.283
3.046
2.546
3.367
2.035
2.627
3.425

4.096
3.724
3.555
4.617
3.710

4.
5.
3.
4.
2.
3

3.
2.
2.
3.
2.
2.

013
044
029
110
990
400
4.114
3.670
2.620
425
,596
000
668
930
467
2.090
3.000
1.573
3.108
3.511
3.219
472
500
714
970
680
710
357
728
129

3.

^ •

3.
2,
2.
3.
2.
2.
3.

Mean*

4.092
3.730
3 . 566
4.666
3.67J
3.912
4 768
3.065
4.060
2.895
3.415
3.992
3.635
2.647
3.418
2.627
2.230
3.666
3.008
2.3s0
2 112
3.144
1.564
3.170
338
192
273
542

3
3
3
3

3.498

3.
2.

.008
.613
3.359
2.196
2.677
3 327

Timothy, or Herds Grass, f OrcLard Grass.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 257

BUTTER.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE AT WATERTOWN.

The Committee would respectfully report that they have per-
formed their difficult and laborious task, and that they have care-
fully examined all the butter offered, which was some 70 packages,
being many more than has been presented for many years, and
perhaps the most ever presented at any fair since the formation
of the Society. The Committee found great difficulty in deciding
on the merits of the different packages, but have done so accor-
ding to the best of their judgment. They regret that they were
limited in so few premiums, as many of the samples were first
rate; and only by a very close examination, after bringing all the
packages to a certain standard and reducing the number to about
12 or 15 as extra No. 1, and then re-examining and finally award-
ing the premiums.

We would especially notice a jar of 10 lbs. of butter, made by

a Miss A. 0. Bent, 10 years of age, of Sterling, Cayuga county,

from the milk of a yearling heifer, commencing on the 2d day of

August and ending on the 5th day of September. The Committee,

after examining the butter and finding it of fair quality, think

that she is deserving of great praise, and further to encourage

others hereafter to habits of industry, feel at liberty to award her

a silver cup, and by so doing hope to encourage her and others to

try again, and take the Society's first premiums.

M. M. SMITH, Lewis Co.

R. P. BENTON, Boston, Mass.

Committee.

STATEMFJ^TS REQUIRED OF COMPETITORS FOR BUTTER PREMIUMS.

1. At what time was butter made, and from w^hat number of
cows ?

2. Wliat is the treatment of cream and milk before cliurning, in
winter and sumuKT — and wliy 1

3. Wliat is the method of freeing the butter from milk?

4. Do you use water in freeing tlic Initter, or not — and why ?

5. What ({uantity of salt j)er pouuil, and the kind of salt used?

6. Do you use salt]»eter or any other substance in making the
butter — and why ?

[Ag. Trans.J Q

258 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

7. Has any kind of salt been found injurious in making but-
ter?— if so, state the kind and reasons.

8. What is the manner of packing and preserving the butter ?

B. S. CARPENTER,— Elmira.

MANNER OF MAKING BUTTER.

Yield of five cows in thirty consecutive days — {Ist Premium.)

In complying with the rules of the Society, I submit the fol-
lowing method of our butter making : The milk when drawn is
strained into tin pails holding 12 quarts each, and set on the
bottom of our cellar, which is a water-lime cement, where it
remains until it becomes loppered. It is then, both milk and
cream, poui-ed into churns which hold a barrel each, a pailful of
water to six of milk added, and the whole brought to a tempera-
ture of 68^. The churning is done by horse power, and requires
about two hours. Just before the butter has fully come, another
pailful or two of water to six of milk is put into each churn to
thin the buttermilk, so that tlie butter may rise freely. The
butter is taken from the churn into large wooden bowls, tho-
roughly washed with cold water, and salted with about one ounce
of Ashton salt to a pound of butter, and lightly w^orked through
with a common ladle. It is afterward worked at intervals of
about three hours, for four or five times, with a common ladle,
and packed into firkins, the next morning.

The firkins are filled within an inch or so of the top, a thin
cloth spread over the butter and that covered with salt and brine
through the whole season. When the weather becomes cool, to
hasten the thickening of the milk, we leave a quart or two of
buttermilk in each pail when the milk is strained.

The butter from five cows, of which I offer a sample of 27 lbs.,
was made in strict conformity to the foregoing statement, during
the month of Junej the sample was made during the last week
of June. The cows were fed on pasture alone, no roots, grain or
slops of any description used. The cows were all owned by me
previous to the first of February, 1856. The milk from them
on the second of June weighed 231 lbs., measured 115 J quarts.
The cows are natives, with a light mixture of Durham blood.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 259

The whole amount of butter made in 30 consecutive days
was 252 pounds.

ANSWERS TO THE QUESTIONS ASKED.

1st and 2d. Answered above.

3d and 4th. We use water to thin the buttermilk, so that the
particles of butter will rise to the surface.

5th. Answered above.

6th. We do not use saltpeter or any other substances in making
butter. We have always used the Ashton factory filled salt.

8. Answered before.

HENRY N. KIMEALL,— Rutland, Jefferson Co.

MANNER OF MAKING BUTTER.

ist Premium for 50 lbs. made at any time during the season.

answers to the questions proposed.

1st. Butter was made in September, from 15 cows.

2d. Milk is placed in a well ventilated room, with as much
siirface exposed to the north as possible; the rest shaded so as to
keep cool — is warmed in fall and winter by means of stove. The
cream is taken off as soon as the milk becomes thick, and some-
times before; it should be taken off before any specks show them-
selves on the cream. The cream is kept at about 56^ or 58^ by
means of coolers suspended in the well. Milk should be closely
watched and not let the cream stand too long, as it injures the
quality of the butter.

3d. The butter is rinsed with cold water.

4t]i. Water is used as being the best and most expeditious way
of freeing it of milk; and good butter, I think, cannot surely be
pniduced iu hot weatlier without the use of water.

5tli. We use the Ashton salt, three-quarters of an ounce to the
pound, or rock salt.

Gill. Use no saltpeter, as I think it does no good.

7th. I think the Syracuse salt injurious, as there seems to be
an earthy substance that does not dissolve readily, and it shows
itself in small scales on the butter.

8th. We pack th<' butter in shaved ash tubs, made from heart
stuff; as all sap timb<'r in the tub will soak the brine and become

260 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

moldj. Pack as solid as possible and cover with a cloth and a
thick coat of salt, and exclude from the air as much as possible.
The cows are native stock, with no extra feeding.

M. G. & G. H. NORTOX,— GouvERNEUR, St. Lawrence Co.

MANNER OF MAKING BUTTER. — [Hard Water used.)

Agreeable to the rules of the Society we answer the questions
proposed.

1st. From the 20th to the 30th of September inst., and from
13 cows and heifers of improved breed, and fed on grass only.

2d. In the summer, if the heat of the weather requires it, ice
is kept in the strainer pail while straining. The milk is allowed
to stand in tin pans in the milk-house till thick; the cream is
then skimmed into stone jars and allowed to stand in a cool cellar,
being occasionally stirred till a sufficient quantity accumulates,
it is then churned with a dash churn, by dog power, ice being
added if necessary. In the winter the treatment is the same,
except the milk-house is warmed by a stove, and the cream is
warmed in the jars by the stove before churning.

3d and 4th. The butter, on being taken from the churn with a
ladle, is washed with hard water as long as it is tinged with the
milk; because we think it the best way to free it from the milk
and " white caps," or particles of dried cream caused by too much
air.

5th, 6th and 7th. The butter after being washed, is salted
with ground rock salt, five and a half pounds in winter, spring
and fall, and seven and a half pounds of salt to one hundred
pounds of butter that is to stand in the cellar through the sum-
mer; but we use no other substance except ground rock salt, and
that we have never found injurious in making our butter.

8th. The next morning, after being salted, the butter is worked
on an oak worker, and packed in oak firkins or ash tubs with
ash or oak covers. We always reject bass wood covers as they
injure the butter to the depth of four to six inches. The firkins
preserve the butter best in going to market, as they entirely
exclude the air and dust; the tubs are most convenient for cus-
tomers. Our cows came in from the 18th of March to the 20th
of June, and we have made and packed from them thirteen hun-

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 261

dred and fifty pounds of butter, exclusive of the milk and butter
used in a family of seven persons. We send our winter and
spring made butter to market up to about the first of May;' the
remainder in the fall. We have for the last four years consigned
our butter to A. H. Hovey, formerly a commission merchant of
Boston, who has supplied his own table and those of individual
families with it; and being now located at Grand Rapids, Mich.,
has ordered some three 50 lbs. packages via. Chicago, for his
own use.

B. MINTHORxNE'S

IMPROVED METHOD OF MAKING BUTTER.

Wafer and Buttermilk removed by Solar Evaporation.

This butter is made by my improved method, whereby every
drop of water or buttermilk is taken out of it by solar evapora-
tion. In this process, I claim to have so perfected butter making
that butter may be kept sweet several years, without the rancid
odor caused by the decomposition of water and buttermilk that
pervades most of the butter at the present time. The following
is an outline of my improved process : Firstly — in churning
the cream, enough ice should be put into it, occasionally, to make
the butter come in crumbs — pour off the buttermilk and wash
the butter several times in soft ice water, till there ceases to be
any milky appearance. During the process of washing, should
there be a solid lump of butter large enough to contain a cell of
fluid, that lump should be crushed while in the water, and broken
into a corresponding size of the other crumbs.

Lastly — Wash it in brine made of rock salt, saltpeter, soft
water and ice — kim the crumbs out of the brine with a ski-nnier
— drain each skiinmer-full well and spread the crumbs of butter
on zinc plates. (In cool weather wooden tables will do instead
of the zinc.) In very hot weather these zinc j>lates should set on ico
water while the crumbs are spread out thinly. Place the butter
in the middle of a milk room — open all the windows, and a cur-
rent of air passing over it will evajxjrate all the moisture in less
than an hour in warm weather, if the room is suitably ventilated.
Care should be taken not to have any other moisture in the
room, like water on the floor, or wet dairy furniture. When

262 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

the butter is perfectly dry, pack it down immediately, and let
there be no more w^orking of it than is necessary to pack it solid
in ajar or tub. This will secure unbroken the crystals of butter
and its original flavor. As near as I can ascertain, there will not
exceed one ounce of salt to ten pounds of butter by the process
of brine salting; but, as a general thing, butter made for hospi-
tals, rich, gouty invalids and sick persons, the salting process should
be omitted altogether. Butter made in this way, (without salt,)
if sealed in cans or jars, and placed in an atmosphere or chamber
of binoxide of nitrogen, I believe will keep any practical number
of years.

I have also an improved butter tub wiiich I hoped to be able to
present you, but sickness has prevented me this year. It is a but-
ter tub (turned) in halves, opening in the middle like a match
box (circular tenon,) made of ordinary porous wood, kiln dried;
then placed in an air chamber, and after exhausting the air,
inject a solution of stone, which, by atmospheric pressure, will
penetrate the pores of the wood, and becomes petrified and coated
with stone, without increasing the w^eight of the package over six
or eight per cent. The tub will be air tight and possess all the
qualities of a stone jar.

BUTTER— DAIRY COWS.— CORTLAND COUNTY.

AVERAGE PER COW.

Enoch Willet, of Virgil made from 11 cows, from 1st of April
to 1st of December, 2021 lbs. butter for sale, and 200 lbs. used in
family — an average of 201 |f lbs per cow\

George Miller, of Cortlandville, made from 17 cows 3323 lbs.
— an average of 195y°g lbs. per cow.

ON THE PHILOSOPHY OF MAKING BUTTER.

BY S. EDWARDS TODD, TOMPKINS CO.

Butter, of a first rate quality, is an article which cannot be
made without a vast deal of care and order and cleanliness,
brought to a regular system. The food of the cows which give
the milk, of which the butter is made — the regularity and irreg- "
ularity of milking — the management of the milk, while the cream is

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 263

rising — the temperature and treatment of the cream before it is
churned — the temperature of cream when it is chm-ned — the
churning and tlie working and salting of the butter — all have a
very important influence in making excellent butter. Where
pro2:)er regard is not paid to the circumstances and causes which
have a very important influence in making butter, the product
will often be an unctuous comuound, but little better than good
soap grease. Making butter, for the most part, is a chemical
process; some parts are purely mechanical.

Milk. — The milk of cows is composed of three distinct ingre-
dients : the curd^ the whey and the butter. The union of these
ingredients is not chemical, but a inechanical union. The curd is
the heaviest part of the milk, and the butter the lightest; conse-
quently, when the milk is allowed to stand undisturbed, for a
short time, the butter begins to rise to the surface, in the form
of cream. As soon as the milk is drawn from the cow, the
atmosphere begins to affect it, more or less, according to its tem-
perature. The milk is strained into shallow vessels, which are
better tlian deep vessels, and allowed to stand undistui-bed, until
the cream has all risen to the surface. On account of the changes,
produced by the different states of the atmosphere, it is impossi-
ble to lay down a rule, to regulate the length of time that milk
should stand, before the cream is taken off' from the milk. In
order to have the cream rise well, the milk should be set in a
cool and airy place, where the temperature is not too high, nor
too low, and where it is not exposed to an atmosphere too highly
charged with aqueous vapor. The judicious butter-maker will
be able to discern, by the appearance of the cream, when it has
stood long enough; and, as soon as it has reached that point, the
cream should be taken off*, without any delay. There is a point
when the cream ceases to rise; and sometimes the chemical
changes take place so rapidly, at such j)oints, that every moment
whicli the milk is allowed to staiul witli tlie cream on, greatly
affects the quality and quantity of butter, wliich is contained in a
giv»'n quantity of milk.

After the cream is skimmed from tlic milk, it sliould be kept
in a cool {>lace, in a vessel which has a cover fitting tiglit, in
order to exclude tlie air as much as possible. If left in an open
vessel, with a broad surface, mucli of the cream will be iryured

264 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

by exposure to the atmosphere, even if it should stand but a few
hours. In very hot weather, ice should be put into the cream,
to keep the temperature below 65 "^ Fahrenheit; it being far bet-
ter for the butter to keep the temperature below this point, than
it is to allow it to rise to 70^ or 80°, until the cream is to be
churned, and then to bring the temperature down to the degree
desired. The care which the cream receives is the most impor-
tant consideration in the whole process of making butter. If
milk is not kept in a good place, where the cream will rise well
— if the milk is not skimmed at the proper time — and, if the
cream is not well taken care of after it is skimmed, we may have
the best cows, the best churn, and the best worker in America,
but will not be able to make good butter. There are many con-
siderations, of no small importance in making butter, of which
we cannot now speak; and for the sake of brevity we pass to

Churning. — The butter contained in cream is enveloped in little
sacks of curd; and the grand object of churning cream is, to
liberate these little globules of butter by opening the sacks. This
we cannot do by simple mechanical means. The cream must be
of a temperature which, when exposed to the air, will so affect
these little sacks as to make them crack open and allow the
globules of butter to escape. If the cream be too warm, or too
cold, the butter will not come. '^ At 40° Fahrenheit, you
might churn from January to March, or, at 100°, you might churn
from June to September, and no butter would come. Or, if you
were to exclude the air entirely from the inside of the churn, you
might roll that churn, with the cream in it, from Cape Horn to
Labrador, and the butter would not come. There is a certain
degree of temperature, at which, if the cream is churned, it will
yield the best and the most butter. Repeated and well conduc-
ted experiments of the best dairymen, have shown that degree of
temperature to be about 65"^ Fahrenheit. It would seem that if
the cream were churned at a temperature when the butter would
come in the very shortest period of time, that would be the tem-
perature to have the cream when it is being churned. But expe-
riment has decided this not to be the fact. By churning when
the temperature of the cream is as high as it can be, and allow
the butter to come, the butter will be very soft and much inferior
to butter that is churned at about 65°. By churning when the

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 265

temperature of the cream is as low as it can be, and the butter
come, it will require a long time to churn; and the cream will
not yield so much butter, nor will it be as good. Many people
churn for three hours in succession, and then wonder win" their
butter is so poor. Many leave their milk unskimmed until the cream
has undergone such a chemical change as to render it almost unlit
for making butter; and then denounce their cows, or something
else, because their butter Is so entirely destitute of that excellent
flavor which they discover in the butter of a friend or neighbor.
Some, when churning, are incessantly pouring into the cream hot
water or cold water, as the case may seem to require, and, before
they are aware of it, they many times raise the temperature of
the whole mass so high that they never could get any butter,
unless the temperature were reduced. How^ can any one expect
to have good butter when they set at nought all the rules by which
an excellent butter maker is guided; and skim their milk when it
is most convenient; and churn when it will not interfere with
their other duties; and have the cream of that temperature which
will aid the butter in coming in the very shortest time ?

Our best butter makers, during the warmest weather, consider
good ice an indispensable article, in regulating the temperature
of the cream; and those whose dairy houses or cellars, where the
cream is kept, will not keep the temperature of the cream below
65°, will find it very much to their advantage and interest to use
ice in their cream. A good thermometer is a very useful instru-
ment in making butter, and they who have once become accus-
tomed to the advantages of one, do not know how to dis])ense with
its use. Great care must be exercised in raising the temjieraturc
of the cream, lest it gets many degrees above the desired jiuiiit,
before we are aware of it. Fresh air is another very ini]H)rtant
consideration in churning. The churn lid should be removed
often, in order to allow fresh air to come in contact with tlie
cream. If the churn could be open while cliurning, the butter
would come much more evenly. Butter making is a nice Inisi-
ness; and if the butter maker has no habits (•!' neatness, and is
deficient in oider and in being particulnr^ in what many call
'•'■littU' things^^'' she or he may forever des]>air of making butter of
a first rate quality.

266 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

Working Butter is a part of butter making, whicli is generally
very imperfectly understood. After the butter has come, the
whole mass holds more or less buttermilk mechanically, in large
globules, which must be got out, in order to preserve the butter.
Were it not for this buttermilk, butter would need no working;
therefore, working butter is a purely mechanical operation, and
any process or machine, Avliich will liberate the buttermilk, by
w^orking over the butter the least is the best. Submitting a clump
of butter to a powerful pressure, will by no means force out the
buttermilk, even if it is hard or soft, or only very pliable. It is
always very difficult to get the buttermilk all out, when butter is
very soft or very hard. Working butter by passing a roller over
it, is by no means a good and economical way of getting out the
buttermilk. Passing it between corrugated or fluted rollers, by
which it is crushed, mashed, or flattened out, is a very slow pro-
cess of getting out the buttermilk, and before it can all be thoroughly
worked out by such a process, the flavor of the butter will cer-
tainly be injured, more or less. Working butter with the bare
hands, as thousands do, is the most laborious and injurious mode,
and those who practice it always complain most bitterly, of the
very great expenditure of strength, in working only a little mass.
The hands and fingers are very inefficient and impotent instru-^
ments to press or squeeze anything with, because, in them we
cannot avail ourselves of any mechanical advantage. A far more
economical mode would be, w^here the bare hands are used, to
mount on it with the bare feet. This would be no more sordid,
nor ridiculous, than working it with the hands. By melting
butter, only a little, we destroy its excellent flavor, and render it
adhesive and salvy; and as the hands are warm enough to melt
butter, it cannot be worked with them without injuring it, more
or less; and if good butter can be made by working with the hands
or feet, or a rolling press, we may rest assured that by using a
good WT)rker for getting out the milk, butter of a very superior
quality may be made. Working butter with a ladle is the true
and philosophical mode of getting out the milk, but it is a very
laborious and slow process, and requires the expenditure of a vast
amount of unnecessary strength; because we are not able, with a
ladle, to avail ourseves of any mechanical advantage, neither in ■
gashing the butter nor in pressing it. Since the grand object of

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

267

working butter is to get out the buttermilk, which is held mechan-
ically in the mass, common-sense philosophy teaches us to make
long, deep gashes in the mass, into which the buttermilk may
readily flow, and, as it is very difficult to force the buttermilk
into the butter again, when it has once been liberated, we have
only to gash the mass, and then close these gashes by a gentle
pressure, by which all the buttermilk in those gashes will be
forced out. With these remarks we will introduce a cut and
descri2:>tion of

THE AMERICAN BUTTER WORKER.

Tills worker consists of a square box, about two feet long, and one
foot nine inches wide, and one foot one inch deep, standing on legs.
On the inside of the box, on one side, is a system of wooden
knives for gashing the butter. Directly below these knives is a
groove across the bottom of the worker, and little holes in this
groove throui:!^h which the buttermilk escapes into an apartment
between the lirst and second bottom, and is received in a vessel
under the worker. A corrugated or sharj) ridged ju-esser, stand-
ing at an angle of about 40^, is sus{)ended near one side of the
box, on the inside, which is made to move freely towards and from
the knives by means of a compound lever. The construction is
such that the leverage and mechanical advantage increase as
tlie handle or working lever is brought down, thus thrusting the
presser towards the knives with an increased force.

268 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

The butter is put into the machine as soon as it is churned, and
pressed against the knives. When the presser is withdrawn, as
the butter stands on a very narrow base, it falls down towards
the presser, and a different surface is presented to both the presser
and the knives. The mass of butter revolves in the worker like
rolling over a four-square stick of timber; and the salt can be
worked in at the same time of working oui the buttermilk, most
thoroughly and evenly; and, if it is desirable to wash the butter,
(which practice we do not approve,) a stream of water may be
kept pouring on the butter during the process of working, which
will all flow readily into the vessel which receives the buttermilk.

Tke excellence and advantages of this worker, over all others
in our knowledge are, that it works all that is put into the worker
at once, very evenly. One part cannot remain unworked, while
another portion is worked over, several times. It works very
rapidly. The machine is warranted to work, with ease to the
operator, one hundred pounds of butter, in the most thorough
and neat manner, in fifteen minutes. It works butter on princi-
ples strictly philosophical. The mass is gashed, and then the
buttermilk flows into these gashes, and when they are closed by
pressing the buttermilk escapes. A female of ordinary strength;
who is accustomed to spend from two to three hours in working a
given amount of butter with a ladle, taxing all her energies, can
work and salt that butter with one of these workers, with nine-
tenths less fatigue, and in less than ten minutes. We know it to
be a great labor-saving machine; and a complete remedy for a
female's lame hands, lame arms and shoulders, which have been
made so by working butter.

This machine was patented by E. J. Dickey, Hopewell Cotton
works, Chester county, Penn., where they have come into general
use. There are three sizes of workers. No. 1 is worth |6.00;
No. 2 $8.00; and No. 3 §10.00. No. 1 worker is calculated for
working from three to ten pounds at once. ; No. 2 from eight to
twenty pounds, and No. 3 from twelve to twenty-five pounds.
Among the thousand and one machines which are worthless, this
one is a great labor-saving machine.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 269

CHEESE.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE.

The exhibition of cheese was the largest and best we have
ever seen, and does great credit to the exhibitors and the Society.
The quality is most excellent, showing the high standard our
dairymen have reached. The ten cheeses exhibited by Nelson
Fry, of Gouverneur, St. Lawrence county, were the most even
quality, fur such a quantity, (the cheese weighing from 120 to
180 pounds each,) that has ever come under our notice. Mr.
Fry's statement is recommended for publication.

QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED.

1st. Do you warm all the milk at all seasons of the year, or not

— and why ?
2d. At what degree of heat do you set, or add rennet — and

why 1
3d. Do you vary the heat at setting at different seasons of the

year — and why 1
4th. What kind of rennet do you use; how prepared; by what

rule do you judge of the proper time to commence breaking

the curd — and why ?
5th. How do you break or make the curd fine — and why?
6th. Do you observe a rule as to the time occupied in breaking

the curd — and what is it 1
7 til. Do you observe a rule as to the age of the curd when you

begin to heat up to scald, and the time occupied in raising the

heat — and why 1
8th. How do you apply heat in scalding; what degree is used,

and how long kept applied to the curd to cook it enough ?
9tli. Do you vary your rule in scalding at ditierent seasons of

the year — and w liy 1
10th. H(jw do you deteruiiiic wlien curd is scalded enougli I
11 til. llow do you se])aiatc the whey and curd; and what rule

have you for tempering the curil for receiving the salt ?
12th. \Vliat kind of salt used; how much, and how do you ap])ly

it, and at what particular state of the curd ?
13th.. How soon jifter applying the salt do you put the cuj-d to

press — warm or cold — and w hy ?

270 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

14th. What power do you press with; and how longl

15th. What is the cause of the pressing cloth adhering to the

cheese, and what is your remedy 1
16th. How do you give coloring to the cheese — inside or outside?
17th. How do you produce a rind impervious to flies 1
18th. What kind of oil or dressing is used upon your cheese; and

how is it applied ?
19th. What is the cause of cheese swelling; and what is a remedy ?
20th. Do you use the thermometer to test the degree of heat 1

J. W. CANFIELDj — Champion, Jefferson Co.

MANNER OF MAKING CHEESE.

First Premium for old Cheese.

Cheese made as follows : Milk set at 90^ heat, curdled with
rennet sufficient for cutting; in about fifty minutes after cutting
let it settle; then take off the whey and work fine with a cutter;
then heat gradually to a temperature of about 95^, and let it
stand twenty or thirty minutes; then bring the heat up to 100^,
and let it stand one hour; whey is then partly drawn off" and a
handful of salt added, stirring occasionally till sufficiently mixed;
the remainder of the whey is then drawn off, and salt 3 lbs. to
100 lbs. of curd, with Turk's island salt; press with a screw press
about one hour, and then take it out and put on a bandage, and
put it in press and apply sufficient power to press it in one day.

The following are answers to questions required of those who
presented cheese for premiums :

1st. I warm a part of the milk.

2d. I add the rennet at 90°. I think I can obtain more curd
from setting milk at that temperature than any other.

3d. I always set the milk the same all seasons.

4th. I use calves' rennet prepared with the curd, it is salted, hung
up and dried; the rule to judge of the proper time for breaking
the curd is when it is sufficiently coagulated to not adhere to the
cutter.

5 th. The curd is made fine with the cutter.

6th. No rule observed as to the time occupied in breaking
the curd.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 271

7th. Xo particular rule observed as to the age of the curd
when to begin to heat up to scald; that must be left to one's own
judgment.

8th. Heat is applied by heating whey till it is raised to 100^,
and kept at 100^ for one hour.

9th. Cheese should uniformly be made the same, unless skim-
med, and then less scalding is required.

10th. I determine when curd is scalded enough by the degree
of heat used, the length of time in scalding, and by the feeling of
the curd.

11th. I separate the whey from the curd by having one end of
the vat raised sufficiently to let the whey drain off. No particu-
lar rule for receiving the salt.

12th. I salt with Turk's island salt, 3 lbs. to 100 lbs. curd;
salt is applied when nearly cold enough to go into press.

13th. The curd is put in the press in about fifteen minutes
after the salt is api^lied, put in cold for two reasons : first, I think
it makes milder cheese; second, you will not be as likely to have
white whey.

14th. I press with a patent screw press one day.

15th. The cause of the pressing cloth adhering to the cheese
is sourness, and the remedy is in keeping everything sweet.

16tli. I give coloring inside by dissolving annatto in milk.

17th. No difficulty in procuring a good rind on cheese if suf-
ficiently cooked.

I8th. The oil is obtained from the whey cream, for the dressing
of the cheese.

19th. The cause of cheese swelling is for the want of cooking.

20th. I always use a thermometer to test the degree of heat.

NKLSOX FRY. — Gouverneur, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y.

Wlio received the 1st rremium on cheese less than one year old,
at the State Fair at Watertown, Oct. 1856, makes tlie following
statement as to liis metliod uf making ciieese : .

1. I do not warm nil tlu' milk at any season, but I heat up
about 4)ne-eighth ])art (•!' the milk, as tliat mixed with tlie remain-
ing seven-('i«^hths, tlir whole will be warmed to 90^', Fahrenheit;
86^ will do in very warm weather.

272 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

2. In this state, i. e. the whole mass of milk being warmed to
90^ I add the rennett.

3. Early in the spring, and after cold weather sets in, I wish
the mass of milk to be warmed fully to 90*^ to do which requires
the portion heated up to be made warmer than in hot weather.

4. I use calves' rennet I full salt and dry the rennets for
use. I soak in cold water in a stone jar three rennets with a
little salt, sage, cloves and cinnamon; to three rennets put, say
three quarts of water. To make a 100 pound cheese I use nearly
a pint of this liquid.

5. I break the curd with a tin cheese cutter into fine squares,
and then mix intimately by hand; then let it stand until the whey
rises and the curd settles, stirring occasionally and dipping off
the whey as fast as it rises.

6. No rule, only discretion.

7. As soon and fast as possible after dipping off the whey we
heat it up and as soon as it is hot enough we dip it back into the
curd for scalding; this we do gradually, stirring constantly, and
when the whole mass is at 105^ and thoroughly mixed, we let it
stand forty or fifty minutes until the curd becomes crumbly and
will be springy when squeezed in the hand, and will squeak when
pulled between the teeth.

8. Answered above.

9. Don't vary the rule of scalding on account of the weather,
exc-ept that in cold weather it will require more hot whey or hot-
ter whey to bring the mass to 90^.

10. Answered under No. 7.

11. We spread a strainer on a large sink, (prepared for the
purpose) and the whey drains off of itself without any squeezing,
and while lying in the sink, on the strainer, I salt it, without
minding the temperature — salting as soon as the whey is drained
off.

12. To each 17 lbs. of cheese I use one teacupful of Onondaga
salt, and apply as stated under No. 11 — mixing very fine.

13. I let the curd get cold before putting to press; if put to
press warm the cheese will stick to the strainer and will never
have a smooth rind.

14. I use a patent cheese press, called the self presser; I don't
know the amount of power; no danger of pressing too hard; I

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 273

keep the cheese in press about seven hours; then take it out of
the hoop, turn it upside down, bandage it and put it again in
press for twelve or fourteen hours longer.

15. Answered under No. 14.

16. I put no coloring matter in the cheese, but I put in all the
cream^ which gives a rich, right color; outside we mix a very
small quantity of annatto with whey butter, with this we rub the
outside of the cheese, but I use only a very little coloring matter;
I commence rubbing the outside of the cheese perhaps an hour
after it is taken from the press; but not until the rind begins to
dry off.

17. I have never been troubled with flies when I pursue the
old method and rub every part of every cheese, every day with my
hand.

18. Answered under No. 16.

19. I never had cheese swell much. I think it is caused by — •
1. Too little salt; 2d. Too much rMinet; 3. If milk or curd was
any part of it sour before put in press, it might produce puffing;
4. Want of cleanliness may induce a sour state in some parts of
the elements of the cheese.

CHEESE DAIRIES.— Cortland Co.

Frederick and George Conable made from 30 cows 17,596 lbs.
of cheese and 200 lbs. of butter during the season, averaging
over 502 lbs. per cow.

Moses Kinney made from 50 cows and 7 heifers (equal to 55
cows,) 23,792 lbs. of cheese and 1,100 lbs. of butter, being an
average of 432 lbs. of cheese and 20 lbs. of butter per cow.

MAPLE SUGAR.

Tlic importance of tliis brancli of farm industry in our State,
should stimulate our farmers to its increase. The crop has some-
times reached ten million pounds per annum, and when the sugar
is carefully j)rc))ar('d, is worth to the farmer from eight to twelve
cents per j)oun(l. The syru]) also sells at the highest })rice of the
best foreign. Its manufacture is very simple, and when care is

[Ag. Trans.] R

274 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

taken in tapping the trees so as not to injure tliem, an orchard
will last for a great length of time, yielding a very large product.
The high price of sugar at the present time, with a prospect of its
continuance, will arouse our farmers to the importance of manu-
facturing as extensively as* possible, and also to produce a first
rate article.

The samples at the fair were excellent; and Ave give the state-
ment of A. J. & A. Dike, Gouverneur, St. Lawrence Co., which is
very brief, and which will secure a very fine quality of sugar.

METHOD OF MANUFACTURE.

First, all vessels used are kept sweet and clean. The sap is
gathered and boiled as soon as possible after it comes from the
trees, which prevents any unpleasant flavor which might be impar-
ted to it by its being permitted to stand in the buckets. When it
is boiled down to the consistency of thin syrup, it is strained
through flannel and set aside to settle for at least twelve hours,
when the pure portion is turised off and one-half pint of milk is
added to syrup sufficient to make 50 lbs. of sugar, and put over
a slow fire. When nearly boiling hot, the scum which rises is
speedily removed with a skimmer, (as this if allowed to boil in
again and mix with the sugar, will give it a darker color.) When
boiled to the consistency of tub sugar, it is turned into a vessel
shaped like an inverted cone, with an apertui*e in the bottom
secured with a cork. When thoroughly cooled the cork is removed,
and four thicknesses of flannel are moistened with cold water and
spread on the top of the sugar, which are kept moist for about ten
days, when the sugar will be sufficiently bleached.

CARROTS.

First Premium — 1610 bushels per acre.

Adams, December 31, 1856.

I hereby certify that on the second day of June last, at the
request of John Brodie, I surveyed for him the piece of land
containing one acre, as herein described, to wit. : Beginning
at a stake in or near the margin of a field, running thence
south, 17 1^ west, 9 rods and 8 links to a stake; thence south,
77 i^ east, 8 rods and 11 links to a stake; thence south, 17-^-^

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 275

west, 2 rods and 2 links to a stake; thence south, 77 J^ east, 7

rods and 5 links to a stake; thence north 17 J^ east, 11 rods and

10 links to a stake; thence north, 77 J^ west, 15 rods and 16

links to the place of beginning, containing as aforesaid one acre,

lying in a southwesterly direction from the dwelling house on the

farm owned and occupied by James Brodie, in Ellisburgh.

DAVID WALKER, Surveyor.
Sworn to this 2d day of ?
Jan., 1857, before me, )

Nelson Green, Justice of the Peace.

Maple Grove, Ellisburgh^ Jefferson Co.^ Jan.^ 1857.
B. P. Johnson, Esq., Sec. JV. Y. State Agricultural Society:

Sir : — On the 25th inst. I forwarded to your address a sample
of a crop of carrots raised by me last season, and respectfully
request you to enter my name on the list of competitors for a
premium on the same. In compliance with the directions on
your premium list, I submit the following statement, as the his-
tory of the crop :

The soil is a sandy loam, and when the farm was purchased
by my father, in 1852, the ground from which these carrots were
taken was a worthless swale of about 3 acres, through \\\\\c\\
cattle could not pass for miring, it being overflowed spring and
fall. In the summer of 1852, it was drained with stone, at a
cost of §97, or $32.33 per acre. In the sj^ring of 1853 it was
plowed and planted to corn, which yielded 80 bushels per acre.
In the spring of 1854 we put on 20 horse cart loads of manure
per acre, and sowed it to carrots. In the spring of 1855 we
sowed it again to carrots, without any manure, and on one meas-
ured acre the yield was 1,700 bushels. In the spring of 1856,
we had one acre surveyed, put on 30 horse cart loads of mixed
horse and cow dung and 5 barrels of bone dust, spread and
plowed in. We drilled in the seed with a Scotch machine that
rolls and sows at the same time, using half a pound of large
orange, and one and a half pounds of white, ]tlacing tlie rows
19 inches aj»art. On the 3d of July we i>assed through with a
cultivat()r, and <»n the 12th of July gave it the first weiiliug;
July 16th, put in the cuitivatur again, and on the iStli and 19tli
of August gave it the second weeding. Tlie yield from the meas-
ured acre was 1,610 bushels of carrots, weighing 60 pounds to

2*76 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

the busliel. (See certificate of David Walker, accompanying this
statement.) The yield of white carrots was much greater than
of the orange. No difference was perceived in the yield of those
parts where bone dust was or was not applied.

COST OF CROP.

30 horse cart loads of stable manure at 25 cts §7 50

4 bushels bone dust at $1.75, 7 00

Hauling manure, 3 men and 2 horses one day, 4 50

Drilling with Scotch plow, two-thirds of a day, 1 38

Plowing and harrowing one half day, __ 1 00

Sowing seed 6s., sowing bone dust 4s., 1 25

First cultivating, 1 hand and horse one-fourth day,. 50

First weeding, 1 hand 6 1^ days, 6 33

Second cultivating, 1 hand and horse one-fourth day, 50

Second weeding, one hand two days, 2 00

Pulling and loading, 1 man 5^ days,. _ 5 50

Man and horse, hauling to cellar 1^ days, 2 25

$39 71
Cost of seed, 2 lbs. at 6s 1 50

Total cost, _ $41 21

A-dd rent of land at, per acre, 8 00

$49 21
Value of 1610 bushels at 20 ots. per bushel, 322 00

Leaving as the nett profit of the crop, $272 79

JOHN BRODIE.

Jefferson County^ ss:

Jolm Brodie, being duly sworn, says that he raised a crop of
carrots the past season, upon the land surveyed by David Walker,
and that the quantity of carrots was 1,610 bushels, measured in
a sealed half bushel, and that he was assisted in harvesting and
measuring said crop by William Bendlow and Hugh Brodie, and
that the statement annexed, subscribed by this deponent, as to
the manner of cultivation, expense, &c., is in all respects true, to
the best of his knowledge and belief, and that the sam])le of car-
rots exliibited is a fair average sample of the whole crop.

JOHN BRODIE.
Sworn before me this 28th )

day of January, 1857, J

D WIGHT CooLEy, Justice of the Peace.

<?TATE AGRICULrURAL SOCIETY. 277

Jefferson County^ ss:

Hugh Brodie and William Bendlow, being duly sworn, sa>

that they assisted John Brodie in harvesting and measuring his

crop of carrots, referred to in the above affidavit, and that the

quantity of carrots was 1,610 bushels, as stated in the affidavit

of John Brodie. WILLIAM BENDLOW,

JOHN BRODIE.

Sworn to before me this 28th
day of January, 1857,

DwiGHT CooLEY, JusHce of the Peace.

TIMOTHY SEED.

First Premium — nine and one-sixth bush, per acre.

STATEMENT OF A CROP OF ONE ACRE OF TIMOTHY SEED RAISED BY

E. S. HAY WARD, THE PAST SEASON.

The soil is black muck; subsoil clay; previous crop spring
wheat; previous to wheat, oats; previous to the oats, ruta bagas
for two years; land manured a little for the ruta bagas on part of
it, and none on the other; no manure used after; timothy was
sown at the time of sowing the wheat, (18th of May,) 8 quarts
per acre. The wheat grew very rank during the fore part of the
season, and then the insects took the whole lot, and the wlieat
was a total failure. The season was very wet, and smart weed
and heart's ease grew most luxuriantly, and a better crop I never
saw. I mowed the piece and cured it like hay, and stacked and
fed it to horses and cattle in the winter, and used it for bedding.
After the land was cleared, I twice made up my mind to plow it
up again, and twice changed it; the timotliy could only be seen
in spots. I finally concluded to let it be, and harrowed it and
sowed again with timothy, about 8 quarts per acre; and in the
spring it looked bad, but it grew and spread so at haying time it
was the best timothy I ever saw. I concluded to save one acre
for seed, and did so. Tlie croj) was reaped and bound in bundles
the 29th, 3()th and 31st days of July, by women, and stood out
four days from the last cutting, and hauled in tlie barn, thrashed
with a flail, and after that with a thrashing machine; and
straw put in the bottom of my straw stack for future use. I

278 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

cleaned the seed with a common fanning mill, and sifted it with

a grass seed seive. Yield 9} bushels per acre.

Expense of cultivating, harvesting and cleaning, _ . $8 00

Seed at $4.50 per bu., __. $41 63

Stalks and tops sold, 14 29

55 92

Balance to crop 22 06

HON. HORACE GREELEY'S PREMIUMS TO BOYS UNDER

18 YEARS OF AGE.

The Committee examined three statements on corn, and one on
carrots. The premium offered ($50) on corn, is recommended
to Franklin B. Spaulding, East Otto, Cattaraugus Co., he having
complied with the requirements, and having produced the
best crop of corn. A small silver medal is recommended to Mil-
ton Ottley of Phelps, Ontario Co., one of the competitors, only 12
years of age. His statement of the crop shows great industry
and intelligence for a lad of his age, and is deserving of encour-
agement. The crop of carrots is small, and the Committee do
not deem it such as entitles the competitor to a premium.

The Committee highly approve of this manner of stimulating
young men to the careful and particular cultivation of crops.
They have no doubt, had the offer for those premiums been more
extensively known, that a larger number of competitors would
have competed for the premiums.

W. M. WHITE, of Allegany,

Chairman.

HON. HORACE GREELEY'S PREMIUM FOR ONE ACRE OF

CORN.

Statement of one acre of corn raised by Franklin B. Spauldino-j
{under 18 years of age^) of East Otto^ Cattaraugus Co.^ — pre-
mium awarded q/" $50.

To the Hon. Benj. P. .Iohnson, Corresp^d'^g Secretary of the JV. F.
State Ag. Society :

The undersigned, son of Henry Spaulding, under the age of
IS years, respectfully submits the following statement of one'
acre of corn raised in the town of East Otto, county of Cat-

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 279

taraugus, N. Y., in the year 1856, and asks to be considered a
competitor for Hon. Horace Greeley's premium of $50.

1st. Tlie crop on this acre of land in 1855 was corn, without
any manure, planted on green-sward, plowed under in the fall of
1854; soil, gravelly loam.

2d. The land was plowed (with horses) the last of April, 1856,
10 inches deep; dragged twice; marked off for hills with a hand
marker 3 feet apart each way; planted on the 17th day of May;
corn appeared above ground on the 22d day of May; 4 kernels
were planted to the hill, and 4 stalks were left to each hill; the
corn was planted dry, without any previous preparation.

3d. The variety of corn planted was the Button (yellow) corn,
8 quarts of seed being used; 11 J cords (128 cubic feet,) of green
barn yard manure (droppings of cattle and horses) and including
one-half cord of hog and hen manure, were used, spread broad-
cast and in the hill; the former plowed under and the latter put
into the hill, covered over two inches deep with earth, upon which
the corn was dropped and covered about two inches deep; it was
cultivated lengthways and crossways twice, and hoed twice imme-
diately after cultivating.

4th. The corn was cut up the middle (15th to 20th) of Sep-
tember, put up into '' shocks," and left in the field about four weeks,
when it was carted to the barn and husked, and the corn put into
common, out-door slat cribs to dry; there were ten loads of stalks
of half a ton each, valued at $4 per ton, or a total of §20.

5th. There were 152 bushels of ears of corn; 76 bushels of
shelled corn, by a sealed one-half bushel measure; weighed 63 lbs.
to the bushel, which, at 56 lbs. (vide Revised Statutes N. Y. )
would make 85 A bushels per acre by weight,

6th. The amount of land was just one acre, as per survey of
W. D. Armstrong, Surveyor, annexed to this statement.

7th. The fullowing is a statement of the expenses, including
the nuni])er of days work of the team and my own labor.

One acre of com in account with Fraiiklin B. Spaulding.
1856. Db.

April 2b -^ 26. 3 days witli tcun drawing manure, 2

horses and wai^on, $3 75

" 28. 3 days' labor of self, at 75c., 2 25

*' 30. 1 day })lowiiig, 2 liorses and plow, 1 25

280 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

April 30. 1 day plowing, self, 75

May 14, 15. 2 days di-agging, 2 horses and drag, 2 50

" " " self, 1 50

^^ '16,17. 1^ days marking and planting, self, 1 00

June 11. 1 day cultivating, 1 horse and cultivator,

75c., and self 75c., 1 50

" 12,13. 2 days hoeing, self, _ 150

July 8. 1 " cultivating, 1 horse 75c, self 75c,. 1 50

" 9,10. 2 " hoeing, self, 150

Sept. 12, 15, 16. 3 " cutting-up and shocking, self, 2 25

Oct. 13,20. 6 " husking, self,.... 4 50

" 21. 1 " cribbing, self, 75

Dec. 21. 2 " shelling, self and machine, 2 00

$28 50

Cr.

By 76 bu. shelled corn, *8s., $76 00

5 tons stalks, at $4, 20 00

$96 00
Less expenses,. 28 50

Nett profits, $67 50

(From this should be deducted the wheat upon the land and
half the value of the manure.)

Respectfully submitted,

FRANKLIN B. SPAULDING.
East OttOj JV. F., January 29, 1857.

[Affidavits of Surveyor and persons who were cognizant of all
the facts regarding the culture and measurement of the crop,
accompanied the papers. — J.]

STATEMENT OF MILTON OTTLEY, OF PHELPS, ONTA-
RIO COUNTY.

12 years old^ a competitor for the Premium oj Hon. Horace Greeley ^

for one acre of Corn.

Although the premium was not obtained by' Master Ottlej^, the
Executive Committee awarded him a silver medal, for his enter-

* Market value here this winter.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 281

prise in undertaking and carrying out the culture, as it proved,
of a very hard piece of land.

It was not until the evening of the 30th of May last that I
first saw your generous offer of a premium to boys under 18
years of age, for the cultivation of one acre of corn or carrots.
I resolved at once to try one acre of corn, providing my father
would consent to furnish me with land, team, tools, &:c. On
making application he agreed that I might make the trial, but
thouglit me rather too young to persevere in the undertaking, my
age being at the commencement of the job only 11 years and 10
months. However, I took the ox team, a yoke of 6 years old
and a yoke of 3 years old, and one of Anson Titus' No. 9 pointer
plows, and a boy to drive, and commenced my job on the morning
of Saturday, the 31st of May. The condition of the soil at the
commencement of the cultivation, was a three year clover lay,
very hard and stony. It is what my father calls gravelly loam,
but I thought it was very coarse gravel when I was plowing it,
as I found a great many small cobble stone, which was very
annoying to my undertaking. There was no manure applied pre-
vious to plowing of it. The manner of plowing, as I have said
before, was with two yoke of cattle or steers, boy to drive, and
with one of Anson Titus' No. 9 double or pointer plows, from six
to seven inches deep. I then rolled it on the furrow before har-
rowing it, then harrowed three times in a place. I then took my
father's drill, one of Tracy's grain drills, arranged for drilling
corn, and drilled it on the 3d day of June. It appeared above
ground on the 11th, making eight days from the time of drilling.
The number of kernels in each hill or discharge was from four to
six. The number of stalks designed to be left in each hill or dis-
charge was from three to ibur, but as it was a prevailing coni]>laint
the past season of the failure of seed corn, not coming good, I
was unable to regulate the number of stalks in each hill. Ihe
variety of corn is the whit<' Hint, a sample of which I will exhi-
jjit at the winter meeting of the New-York State Agricultural
Society. The anuumt of seed drilled was 12 (juarts. 'J1u' (quan-
tity and (juality of manure put upon the crop was 9 bushels of a
compound of lien manure, ashei, plaster and salt, at the rate of
one-third each of ashes, j)laster, hen manure, and a half bushel
of salt; aj)])lied a handful on each hill, as soon as U]). My corn

282 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

was hand-hoed but once, and that a mere dressing out of the
large weeds j but I gave it three cultivatings twice in each row
with our horse hoe. I cut up my corn in the last week of Sep-
tember, husked during October. I had two loads of stalks or
330 bundles worth two cents each, which amounts to |6.60. My
corn was shelled on the 3d day of January last, and measured in
a sealed half bushel. There was 51f^ bushels, and as I have
mentioned before of the failure of seed corn the past year, I was
induced to plant in white beans, as I did, and raised 3^ bushels
of good beans. I will also exhibit a sample of them at the win-
ter meeting. My father thinks if the seed corn had come good I
would have had 15 bushels more of corn, and 75 or more bundles
of stalks. I have endeavored to carry out your rules. The
work has all been done by myself except the boy to drive wiiile
plowing, and assistance in drawing the stalks and shelling and
measuring the corn. My account is as follows, together with the
affidavit of the surveyor, myself, and person knowing to the
above, &c.

The following is a statement of the expenses and value of
the same :

Dr.

June 2, 1856, to 2 days by self, at 4s., $1 00

" " " " boy to drive, at 4s., 100

" " " " teamtoplow, _ 2 00

June 3, " 1 hour rolling with team, 2b

" " 2 " harrowing, _ 38

« " 1 " drilling, 25

" " 12 quarts seed corn, 25

June 14, " 9 bush, comp'd hen manure, &c., at lOc, 90

" " 1 day api^lying manure, _ 50

June 17, " half day cultivating first time, self and

horse, twice in a row, 50

" " I day cultivating 2d time, once in row,. . 25

" a 1 u u 3j u u a 25

July " 1 day hoeing or dressing,.. ._ 50

Sept " 2i days cutting up, at 4s., _ 1 25

Oct. " husking 110 bush, ears, at 4 cts., 4 40

" " cribbing corn and drawing stalks, 1 00

Jan. 3, 1857, to shelling and cleaning, at 2 cts., 1 00

STATE AGHICULTURAL SOCIETY. 283

Jan. 5, 1857, to 1 load to market, 3 miles, 1 00

Interest on land at $100 per acre, 7 00

$23 68

Cr.

Januarys, 1857, by 6 If I bushels, at 5s., $32 06

" " " 330 bundles stalks, at 2 cts 6 60

§38 66

JOHN P. MATTOON, OF VIENNA, ONEIDA CO.

16 years of age^ also a competitor for the Premium.

He raised 70 bushels and 3 quarts to an acre, at an expense
of $28.50.

Corn sold for 6s. per bushel, $52 57

Three loads of stalks, 20s., 7 50

$60 07

THE AMERICAN ELK DOMESTICATED.

[From Cattaraugus Co. Report.]

Mr. George Stratton, of Little Valley, has been experimenting
for a few years past with a view to test the practicability of
domesticating elk; and for this purpose enclosed a tract of very
hilly land, well wooded for ranging and browsing. His animals are
so well trained that he has driven several of them to the three last
fairs of Cattaraugus Co. without any difficulty, where they attrac-
ted great attention. In answer to a note of inquiry, Mr. Stratton
has furnished the following interesting paper, and it is hoped that
the suggestions it contains may attract attention. The success
attending Mr. Stratton's experiments thus far certainly argues
well for more extended efforts.

Dear Sir : — I came in possession of my first pair of elk in the
spring of 1853, in the course of trade with the agents of a Wes-
tern Fur Company, who had purchased the fawns of a tribe of
Indians on some of the head branches of the Missouri river. At
the time of my purchase I had no other object in view than the
hope of reprotlucing a few and having the pleasure of seeing a herd of
these magnificent foresters quietly feeding on the identical grounds
where nature had once planted and provided for their ancestors
in untold numbers. In view of their rapid decrease on the ap-
proach of civilization, and the threatening j)rospect of extermina-
ting tlie entire race, I have deemed it somctliing more than idle
curiosity to preserve from destruction some of the characteristics
of our American forests. It is not yet lilty years since the elk
were so numerous in this county that the Indian or pioneer trap-
per, after fiirnisliiiig his store of j)rovisions for his breakfast,
miglit witli coiitidcnce expect to suj) on a clioice cut from tlie sur-
loin of an elk; and tlie Indian is now liviii<; who can boast of kil-
ling three elk in one day within an hundred rods of where

286 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

you have held your three last agricultural fairs ; and another Indian
informs me that he once killed an antlered buck within rifle shot
of the Cattaraugus depot, and as near as can now be ascertained,
the famous forester fell on the precise ground where since has
been reared the elegant and substantial residence of Judge Leaven-
worth. But what a change has been wrought since ! It has now
been some years since the last track of the elk has been seen in
the fastnesses of the Pennsylvania woods. It is said there may
yet a few be found on the western shore of lake Horicon, in
the vicinity of the Ausable river. Where next may we find
them ? Within six or seven years herds of hundreds, and per-
haps thousands, were to be found in the vicinity of St. Paul, Min-
nesota; but now we might as well look for them in Orange county.
Their western range being large prairies, skirted with narrow
strips and small patches of woodland, they were easily slaughtered
and driven off by the first settlers, and at the present time they
are only to be found by at least a week's journey beyond the lines
of civilization. The first thing that called my attention to this
matter as likely to afitbrd any pecuniary profit, was- a document
laid before the Senate by Hon. Wm. R. King, Vice-President of the
United States, and also president of the Senate, by Professor S. F.
Baird of the Smithsonian Institution, at the instance of Thomas
Ewbanks, Commissioner of Patents — the substance of which doc-
ument was a call on the government for means to procure, domes-
ticate and restock certain portions of land in New- York, Pensyl-
vania and other States, which were nearly or quite worthless for
agricultural purposes, but would still be a most inviting place for
this purpose; citing as sufficient proof of its practicability, that
formerly this country produced elk as naturally as it does now
■Brush and White Rabbits.

Now, as I had a pair of elk, and a quantity of this description
of land, at the time my attention was called to this view of the
subject, it readily occurred to me that I might indulge my fancy
in this business, with a fair prospect of a handsome remuneration.
I therefore set about it in a business way, by purchasing at differ-
ent times, three more elk, and preparing them a pasture of one
hundred and twenty-five acres of well-fenced woodland, in which
they have now been for three years, without any additional
expense, worth naming, beyond a visit to the park some three or

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 287

four times a week, at which times I always cany a pocket of
corrij oats, or in the summer time, a handfull of clover-lieads, of
all which they are very fond; and, in this way, I keep on excel-
lent terms with them. My success in domesticating them, by
this sort of treatment, has been quite satisfactory; instead of
scampering away, like wild animals, when I approach them, they
crowd around me like so many pets. My original number of
five purchased elk, have increased to ten, with a prospect of an
additional increase of four next spring. During the winter, and
in time of deep snows, they gather into a thicket of brush,
(which embraces about one-half these grounds,) which they trim
with great apparent relish; and notwithstanding the deep snows,
and severe winter of 1855-6, they remained in. high order, with
no other resources than the staddle timber or brush, whicli they
trimmed and laid waste bv the acre. The enclosure I have for
them, would be quite sufficient to sustain from fifty to sixty elk,
until tliey have destroyed the brush, at which time their pasture
would have to be extended over new territory, or trees be cut in win-
ter for them to browse. Now, in view of the character and price
of large quantities of land in this country, also of the fact that
these mountain ranges were formerly the natural home of tlie
elk, and their perfect suscejDtibility of domestication, I deem it
an enterprise of the first importance that portions of these lands
should be re-stocked with their original denizens. And not only
to the naturalist, the man of science, but to those wishing a pro-
fitable investment, it holds out every inducement. When we
consider the amount of lands in this country only fitted fur such
j)urposes, I do not hesitate to say that it might be made a business
of vast imi»ortance. While the world is being ransacked to obtain
rare and foreign animals, which may never be acclimated to
this country, and whose utility is rather questionabh^ if they
should be, the elk with nil its claims to our attention, with
scarcely an effort to domesticate, is rapidly dis;i])j»cariui:; from the
land. Wlit'U we consider the short space of time (say 50 years,)
since the tlk ranged the entire country between this and the
Mississijipi river, it is a fair estimate, with the increased facilities
of travel and emigration, and what is being done in the territories
of Utah, Nebraska, and Dacotah, that witliin twenty-five years
the race will be entirely extinct, unless ]»roper means is resorted

288 ANNUAL BEPORT OF N. Y. STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

to for their domestication, — not a very pleasant prospect when
our forests might produce, at comparatively small expense, an
abundance of venison, the quality of which is the very crowning
dish of the epicure, — adding materially to the wealth and the
importance of the country.

The elk, although having many characteristics of the deer, in
his manner of living, has yet a strong individuality of his own;
is not particular, timid, or liable to stampede or sudden fright,
like the deer, but depends more upon prowess, than flight, in case
of danger. The elk is not so restless in disposition, and there-
fore more disposed to fatten. I have been much surprised to see
my whole number (ten) in higher condition than any ten animals
that could be selected among all the domestic cattle on the farm
which had the advantage of good pasture.

The weight of a full-grown buck is, from five to six hundred
pounds; that of a doe, from four to five hundred. They mature
at about four years of age. The bucks only have antlers, which
they shed yearly like the deer.

LORENZO STRATTON.

Little Valley, JV. F., Feb., 1857.

THE CALVING COW.

We give annexed an illustration as to the manner of determin-
ing the time of calving of the cow. Although many may be

familiar witli tliis, we presume it will hv intercstini:; and useful as
a matter of reference to many farmers whose attention may not
[Ag. Trans.] S

290

ANNUAL REPORT OF N. Y. STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

have been called to it. We are furnished by J. R. Page of Sen-
nett, with the description accompanying the cut.

For many years I have been able to determine with certainty
whether my cow^ would calve loithin six or twelve hours by touch-
ing; and, presuming that many may not be aware of the facts,
have prepared the above illustration to accompany my remarks.
(Engraved by Mr. Baker for this article gratis.)

The parts just forward of the point of the rump about two
weeks before calving begin to relax; from this time until partu-
rition I make it my practice to touch the cow several times a day.

Twelve hours before calving, the cartilages that form the con-
nection from the point of the rump with the roots of the tail soften
slightly; at six hours before labor, if everything is right and
natural, the parts are soft, no feel of the cartilage, which at other
times is firm as bone.

In touching, (see cut) one should apply the finger to both sides,
as occasionally one side softens entirely while the other side is yet
firm. In this case I expect an increase within twelve hom-s.

J. R. PAGE.

AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS.

In connection with the census of agricultural productions, as
at ante p. 201, we give the Agricultural Statistics from the intro-
duction to the Census Report, which were not received in time to
be given at the proper place. These statistics furnish matters of
special interest to the farmers of the State, and will be found
peculiarly appropriate in the Transactions of the Society, for
reference hereafter.

The earliest attempt to collect the agricultural statistics of
New- York, was made in 1821. The number of acres of improved
land, and the num]>er of neat cattle, horses and sheep were then
returned, together with a few branches of manufactures that will
be hereafter noticed. In 1825 and 1835 the same inquiries, with
the addition of swine to the list of domestic animals, were
required.

In 1840, the number of horses, mules, cattle, sheep, and swine,
and the value of poultry were ascertained. The number of bushels
of wheat, barley, oats, rye, buckwheat and corn, the pounds of
wool, hops, and wax, the bushels of potatoes, the tons of hay and
of hemp and flax, the pounds of sugar made, and cords of wood
sold, the value of the products of the dairy, orchard, and market
garden, the gallons of wine made, and the number of men em-
ployed, and capital invested in nurseries, were also ascertained.

In 1845, to the above inquiries in reference to live stock and
amount of the product of the cereal grains and root crops, was
added the amount of land devoted to each separate crop. Tlie
censuses of 1850 and 1855 adopted similar inquiries, in addition
to which the latter provided fur the return of unenumerated arti-
cles of farm produce, and the amount, kind, and value of special
manures employed. The lolli»\ving comparative gummaries ex-
hibit the results of these several cminieiations.

292

ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

CO

GO
P

xn
o

I—!

GO
GO

o
o

pq
o

GO

<

o

^2;

CO

H

P^

<
p^

H
o

P^
O

c

P5
<1

GO

CO

S
V

O

CQ

I -W rt* .0109 Mn -le» Mij' -\e« .sies .niea '■le» ->* -oies ->* ->* i-ico -•los »«* —rJi

|cCOC10t^CO<M>— tO^OCX-OOCOi— iCsr^iMrt<OrfOCOOOCOCi

CCOCi'TfOiOOt^fOi—irf'Tt^'wrfOTt-^OOOQOO— ic^O'^CCt^

1— iTticOlr^COOOTtiO^HTfOOOCOOi— lOTtrfcOCMt^TfOiCC^lO

00

vO iC O CO i^ t^ <M t^ O OO QO ul (M

COf— CiiO(M05iO<-HOC^C0C0»— 1

o«oOt^Ofooi^ioc<j»ooiTr'

O CO ^0

C^l r-H I— (

O CO o

cr- o c<>
r- — ■ ^

CO Tt CO CO

<M

Oi n^ t--

CO

CO

(M

s

Vi

a

s

S3

CO

rf -fi O — <M O O
OC O CI CI -»" Ci <M

O O -— O CC "^ o

o ac o o o o ^
f— o — r^ "^ t-- 00

•— I -^ 1^ 1— I lO to o

ci ci"o

'^ ^i7~ r^l

|-^ CO

O Ci

CO

00

CO

-H . CI

CI • o

1—1 . o

CO

o

CI

CI . O

OC • iC

OC

'^

OC

»o

CO

lO

o

CO

oo

CO

00

o
00

cc

to

CI

uc O u-T; — O CI CO -fi LO Ci

o t-~ ^- lO o CI o o o r—
CO i^ O o o ct irt r — ^ O

cc" -- o c-f b-T o ci cc lO rj^

— O CI CI .— O O O O CO
O'OOcOcOCii— II— <dO

I— ( CO I— ( o
I— I ca

CI CO

CO

so

s

c
.2

CO

o

CI

■CO

00

o

oo

C5

cT

"^
cc

o

o

CI

CO
CI

CO

cf

GO

o

o

o

CI

to

cf

oo
oo

oo

CI

cf

a

CO

oo

o

CI

to
o

Ci

a

V

a

0)

CO

1—

o
o

o

CO

.Ad

CO tn .

,— s ^

cj 5S CI

w c CO

C W rl

p^

o
-*

to

T3
V

o P

^: 1= S a:

e s s £

cc 3 3
o o

£ 3 o

s ^-

•loo

"6^

o o

n3

o o

■T3 -73

CO

o

<1

o a

e3

Ol

n3

C -i '-' ^'

>%o OJ

o i-i- aj

•is ■♦^ fe u

'O o r2

_ o ^ &. ^

o

t. b ^ ^,

o o o 3;

e3

'T3

CO

CO

tc

. ei

o
cc

c» y^

o CO

o

Ut

^ o o

^ o S-c

i*H cc »fi CO
"^ 'o ^ "a

cc ^ uf,^

C 3 .S 3
02

o

CO

CO

o

o

•^ o o

3(5|

13

■T3

CO

r'

o

>

?

;-

f"!

*--

OO

CO

cc

o

^•^

t<

o

o

rC

CJ

CO

3

rr

«

c3

o

^ cc

3 ^

O rt

«:^
a: ^ GO

cc es CO

3-3

c

^

CO

c

>

CO

^

ro

rt

O

,^

o to

rt «

c

^ -

C '73
CO o

CO M

^ Si

rt CO
O •— '

- o

'^'^

> CO
3 "^

pa

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY

293

»•«« ««j< -i\t} rhf jyfo ■«» >"»* -*< -la -le« •«tc8 t»* r»^ --le* -w* »»♦

'-f — 'O C-l -t« t- t-. O -f 'M -t* O ro CO --< '^ O CI O Ci
O C5 t^ lO »0 '-0 --^ r^ OC 'M "-C >0 O QC iC Xi O ^ CO

Oicf ooTco
.— I o -o ci

^- o o — I oc

»— Cr- 'M Ci T
Ci CI CI ■— I t^

lO O -f

c; -^ -f

t-- o — r-- r-

QO ^H O 00

Cs

lO

CO

Ci oc — Ci cc t- CO o -o t~ yi c ci

kOCOCCOi— l30OCl-T-3'CX)kOTt<

(M 00 lO lO cc r^ CO

p-1 CO CO 00 I— 1 uO CO

1-H rr

<M

VO — t— -t" oo

o — I- -r o

<— I CO lO >— O
of H— ^

• o

. o •

• -r •

• oc ■

• o -

• cc •

• t~

• r-H <

• 1

00
CO

oo

CO

lO
r-l

k i

' •*—

> -f—

O CO
O iO

o
o

CI

o

CO

00

CO

oo

o

Ci

1>.

1^ "* Ci
-*i oo CO

o -^ »o
CI t~-r<o

.-^ to «0

OS CO

CI O ^ O O Cs -t*

t^ CO r^ CO o o ci

'-' 00 t^ O rf Ci CO

lo r- o t^ CO

-f -f CI CO O CO -H t^ Ol CI Ci o

CO ^ o — t- o CO 00 CI CO oo o

I— I— It— rfCOuOCli— (COCOOO

».o of ur CO r~ ^ o' cf ic o o o

O CJ i-O O — O ^^ O 1— I lO rf O
UO I- CJ O 1— 1 t— 1—1 CO QO

CO
C<l

CI

O O Ci
CO lO r-
CO -^r •*•

t=cf-f Ci"
1-^ -r- -^

O CO I-

cf i-T

o

Ci

o
cc

CI

cf

o

CO
Cl

o

CO

o

lO
Cl

CO

o

«0 C5

Cl o

O GO

Tf o

Ci
Ci

o

m to
O CO

cf i-T

»/5

Cl

to"

oo
cc

Cl

to

o

BO

Cl

c

a.

o

c;

t-
o

c

rt

> ,f. > -^
Cl fe :t C

»« T! -r C -^

si" ■

o si

2 t- S

tfl r, i^

« s ^ '^

O 1>

2 r.

3 =

■A s

u c

■r. o

9. es

-*-»

c

Cl.

_rt

>

r*^

t«

o

•y.

rt

rt

*—

v;

en

^

t-

X

r.

"&,

eT

o

K

'J. '^

12

o

u

c
o

t3

5 s . = s '-^ «

— -^ c/. na c ? -

n3

c

-rt-^^iii-Vr. "^S=:;:

- o

^ "T

\r.

^^7.

fc-i . ^ -r »-H f- '-H wi

M-i -^ c-<

T3
o

"c

o - X

C

c/;

-n i^-=

'a

C

^ C C -3

<y c r — -r

i) c- - 2 —

? . li " - «=

O «— ^ 1/ 3 «
., ® C >> S X

:^ 2 r 5-r ^ = = •
c r ^ 1. c '."^ •>

- ■= c -rr

J^C-r ^

r:

C '• —

^ = 1

294

ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

tn

3

CO

a
o
o

m

C

a>

O

ci

o

^

S

CO

□
O

Mi

3

c

a

.1-3

m

CO

© I— 1

OQ

oo oo oi .— I
CO r- Tfi CO
CO o c<J oo

»o rc~ -^ t-^
<M Oi -* »0
<M CI C5 C»

OGOO
Oi CO CM

CO

S

on

fl

(V

O

•

o

F-H

^Ci

cS

CO

s

r-i

o

*

'srt^CO

cTos

3
en

a

00

CO

00

00

00

«

W. <n .

3 —

-So

o

H

CO O

CO r--

O Tfi
t^ CO

lOTfoiocOTfiasco .ooco

OiCQCiOOib-i—HO -T— lo

t— COCOCOr-HTOCO .l^CO

>0 O >0 iO Ol C-1 CO • O CO

I— t CO oTci" . ,— I r-t

'!* CO (M

I— ( CO lO
O 05 (N

b^ OO

•^ o

ITS

o

CO

V-'W-'

I— < CO o

<M 'rfi CO

o o o

O "TjJ" o

OS t^ o

■vf rf 05

O r-H

OO

X)
CO
Oi

CO

CO

CO

o

a

QJ

<^- o

f- " es

5 S >

P.2 3

o o^

a>

o

W3

o

O)

a
Q

o

O

P.
>->

OO
CO

CO

CO

'f O
(N CO

CO rH

to t^

CO O

• CO

• CO

• CO

• ^

• o

• 00

m

to OO <M

to O-l — H
OO OO O

CO rf b^

'^ CO O
rfi GO CO

CO CO "^
4-l-r— I

»^ to
t^ C<1

OO to

.-H ^

.— I OO
to ci"

to

CO

CO

Oi

CO

to

CO
0:>
-^

CO

to

CO

<M

<v

m

cj o

2 1

3 t>P

CO

u

CO
1— t

CO

to

i-H

a

o i>

03 ^

O
O Q^

O
to

^

to OO
(M to
to »o

OO

to

03

o

?^

O -^

> Ph

S S

C3 O

CO
Oi

od
to
o

CO
CI

C5

00

to

o

I— I

0)

o-sS

CO

> oj o >--
O q; olz;

ct-T
o

0)

t=^

3

t3

O

{>»

0)

i.

-4^

c3

o

!>

pin

O M

SgS

^ en o

K- S-, 3

^ O) f—

BC M CS

a
o

«

Ph

ii

f" C|_(

c
ed

O
o

C
O

O

o

00 2
CO O

»o •>

^T5

O
00

a>

«

o

>
o

s
o

u
o

CO
CO

urs

<o

o
u

3
o

k<

a

3

m

^ B .-«

^S ^
.- "' §

«> s s

fc s g

^33
Sd 3

^-f » -I — to
= • H-&

o

00
o a

I— c3
«-^

so

= T3

OQ 3

"- ej

-M- Sh

+4- ^
O)

B

o «

>* >

OS 00

^ a>
CO

DO

DO 9J
« ti)

■^ "

^ c3

t- ©

3^

©

m

3

eo

o
u

o

00

.S »2 »

Q4

a

o
,3

a

t3

W) CO

C -#
o •«

-ki T-H

ifllOO »\

■=> 2

s °

^ o

"^ O

-^ a

••'IS3 ^- O

» © rrt
^'^ *" 0

r, C 3

? :3

OS <a I'w

O 2 OO f

♦ lO Sh-
oo CO

rl ©

00

^< 2
>^32

^ C C^
C =* =

o a o

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 295-

In obtaining the present census, the agricultural inquiries were
directed to be made of the person in charge of each farm, or if
removed, of those having the best means of information.*

* The instructions that were given for obtaining information under the several heads of
asricnltuial statistics were in substance as follows:

^c/cs i/n;)/"Oi'cfl, to include all land reclaimed from a state of nature, deducting high-
ways, lakes, and ponds of water, when latter exceeded ten acres in area.

Acres unimproved, to include all woodlands, uncultivated swamps and marshes, and
lakes, and ponds of water over ten acres in area, if considered private property. Unim-
proved village and city lots, unless cultivated, were not to be returned.

Cash viilue of farms, to include the value of the whole farm, including buildings and im-
provements, as well as wild or unimproved lands. In making this estimate, reference was
to be had to the price the farm would ordinarily bring, if sold, and without reference to it«
assessed value.

Cash value of stock, to be ascertained with reference to the current price of property of
this kind in the vicinity on the first day of June, 1855. It would, of course, depend upon
nearness to market, and other circumstances.

Cash value of tools and implements. — All machinery used for agricultural purposes only,
a^ cider mills and presses, steam or other power, and machinery for thrashing, sawing,
churning, <fec., fixtures for making maple sugar, vehicles, and the tools, machines, and im-
plements of farm labor generally, were directed to be included under this head. Pleasure
carri'iges were not included.

Acres ploiced the previous year. — In this column were entered the number of acres plow-
ed in the spring of 1854, for spring sowing and planting, but not the number plowed for the
sowing of winter grain in the fall, after producing a spring crop.

Acres in follow the previous year. — This column was to include no part of the land enter
ed in the last preceding column.

Acres in pasture the year previous. — This included only inclosed pastures. Highways,
fallow, and land entered as unimproved were not embraced.

Acres in meadow, to include the amount of land reserved for mowinggrass or clover. As
the season to which the census referred was one of unusual drouth, in some sections, cases
might occur in which land so kept was not mowed; still, if so reserved, it was to be entered
as meadow. Some misunderstanding occurred with a few marshals at an early stage of the
census, by applying to the term "meadow," the English definition, of a flat intervale not
necessarily mown, but perhaps planted or sown. The term as used in this country is, it is
believed, applied as directed in the instructions, to all land mown for hay.

Tons of hay. — As farmers seldom weigh the hay they collect for their own use, this inquiry
in most cases wag expected to be merely an approximation, estimated with reference to bulk,
extent c-f meadow, and amount of stock supported through the winter.

Bushels of %rass seed. — This included the aggregate amount of grass seed specially har-
vested, or screened, from grain the year preceding. The seed of timothy, or herds grass,
(Phlcum, prntense), is believed to have been almost exclusively referred to under this head.
Clover, lucerne, and other secd.s of plants not gramineir, raised for feeding .•ti>ck, were not
entered in this column, but in the columns for uncnumenited articles of farm produce.

Acres of sprint^ wheat sown, and bushels harvested. — These referred to the season of
1S54, in wiiich this crrp was anusuHlly short.

Acres nf winter xrheat sown, and bvshels harvested. — These rffcncd to Ibo crop sown
in \Hb'.\, and harvested In the sommor of 1854. The acres sown, were directed to be entered
whether harvofltedor not. In some instances the crop wac no injured by drouth and insects
as not to Be worth the labor of gathering.

Acres and bushels of oats, rye, (both winter and spring), barley, buckxrhcut, corn,
potatoes, peas, beans, turnips and Jlax. — Those all referred to the crop of 1864, and wore
mostly considerably b<low the average of common years.

2% ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

It will be remembered that the return of crops, as given in the
present census, are those of 1854, which year was characterized
by an unusual drought.* Witli the expectation that these results
would fall short of the average of common years, and present an
incorrect view of the agricultural capabilities of our soil, unless
associated with data, showing the cause and extent of the defi-
ciency, a blank was furnished to each marshal for entering the
relative yield of the several field crops, as compared with favora-

*The following table shows the total depth of rain in inches and hundredths, reported aa
falling at several stations within the State, during part of the year, by which it appears that
the amount was unusually great in April, and considerably less than the common average in
July and August. The greater amounts for June at Clinton, Mexico, and Rochester, and for
July at Oxford, appear to have been from local showers. The general mean for the \vh.>!e

Pounds of lint. — Large crops, for the manufacture of cordage, were occasionally reported
ia tons. Care was taken in summing these returns to reduce them uniformly to pounds.

Acres and quantity of hemp, hops and tobacco^ bushels of apples, and barrels of cider.
— These also referred to the yield of 1854.

Acres of market gardens cultivated, and value of product. — No account wns taken in
this census of the products of small gardens for domestic use, but only those devoted to tho
raising of culinary vegetables for market. The aggregate value raised in 1851, without
specification of items, was required.

Pounds of maple sugar, and gallons of molasses . — These quantities reft rred to the spring
of 1855.

Gallons oficine made. — This related to wine made from grapes in 1854. Currant and
other wines were reported under the head of unenumerated articles of farm produce.

Pounds of honey and xcax collected in 1854, both from wild and domeetic bees. The rela-
tive quantities of these products could not, in many instances, be ascertained, on account of
the honey being sold in the comb.

Silk, pounds of cocoons. — The quantity referred to 1854, and wo s much less than that
indicated by previous censuses.

Unenumerated articles of farm produce. — Columns were provided for entering under
this head the kind, quantity and value of every crop made a special subject of cultivation,
and for which no other place was assigned.

Domestic animals, as specified in the agricultural returns of this census, referred to June
1, 1855. An attempt was made to obtain the number of cows milked, the number milked for
butter, for cheese, and for the milk market, but it was found impracticable to derive u*efiil
results from this arrangement, on account of the uncertainty often arising as to which class
they were to be assigned. In the same dairy, butter and cheese are often made frojn the
milk of the same cows. The percentage of cows not milked is probably small. There is
reason to believe that the number of horses and cows kept by villagers, who own no land, is
reported too small. The number of sheip is reported, in mmy cases, differefit from the
number of fleeces and quantity of wool shorn. This apparent inconsistency arises from the
former referring to 1855, and the latter to 1854.

Value of poultry and eggs sold. --These inquiries referred to the year preceding June 1 . 18,"'5,

Special manures. — The kind, quantity and value of special manures, purchasid and us d
on farms, was directed to be entered in the agricultural schedule. The term ".-pedal ma-
nure,'' was defined to include guano, gypsum, poudrette, saline con pound*, and other sub-
stances prepared and sold as ferlilizing agents, aside from th' se ordinarily produced upon
farms. Of the latter no return was made. In many instances, two or more of these were eo
reported together that they could not be separated, and sometimes the value only was given.
These were classed under the general term ''miscellaneous,'- without further specification.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

297

ble seasons, and the cause of failure, if existing. This was to be
determined from his own observation, and by inquiry of those
best informed upon the subject. The results given are those
actually observed, without reference to relative quantity. The
aggregate opinions thus obtained are scarcely capable of reduc-
tion into definite form from the very unequal field of observa-
tion of the different marshals, and the failure of many to make
reports on this subject where there was a manifest occasion. Of
the 1,744 marshals appointed to collect the materials of this
census, about 1,450 made returns of agricultural statistics, the
remainder being in cities and large villages. The principal cause
of failure was drought, and its extent was estimated as follows :

State during twenty-five years, taken from the official reports of academies to the Regents of
the University, is added for convenience of comparison :

PLACES OF OBSERVATION AND YEARS

DEPTH OF RAIN.

April. I May. , June j July

AU£

Albany, Albany county, 1854,

Clint n, Oneida county, 1854,

Elmira, Chemung county, 1854,

Flilt^lush, Kings county, 1854, ,

Geneva, Ontario county, 1854,

Homer, Cortland county, 1854,

Jainiica Queens county, 1854, ■

Liherty, Sullivan county, 1854,

Mexico, Oj^wcgo county, 1854,

New- York city, 1864,."

Oxf.rl, Ch' nang- courity, 1854, ,

Plntt-b'irL'h, Clinton county, 1854,

Roch-sfer, .\: on roe county, 1854, ,

White Plain.-, Westchester county, 1854,.

Moan of the above. 185t,
Mean quantity in 1826,

6.82
8.19
6.09

5.20
5. 84

11.19
6.70
4.51

10.11
7.11
2.29
2.4{
8.20

79
70
80
:u

do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
d?
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do

1827,

1828,

1829,

18^.0,

18:^1,

18:^2,

18:^3,

1834,

18;<5,

18:<6

1837,

18H8,..

1839,

IS40,

1841.

1842,

184.%

1844,

1HI5

IHift,

1847,

1848,

1849

1850,

Me>n qgantity of 26 yeart, 1825-50,.

6.85
1.99
3.72
2.41
3.62
1.95
4.10
2.39
1.31
2.72
4.03
2.24
1.85
1.49
2.42
3.40
3.55
90
84
37
29
14
79
02

1..H4
2.15

2.53

2.21
2.. 33
6.25
5 55

3 . 06
4.28
3.22
1.45
2.15
5.19

3.45

0 81
2.81
3.28
2. 48
H.74
2.71
3.15
5.56
3 26

1 .i'O
3.42
4.21
4.34
3.79
3. 15
1.98
2,33
1.90
4.8.S
2..'.2
3.92
2 09

4 . 95
4.11
2.51

2.31"

2.96
' 4.81
i 5.09
I 2.17
! 2.48
I 3.31

1.3'.

! 2.37

! 4.56
I 2.29
I 2.10
2.1'5
I 0.47
' 1.80

I

i 3.11
I 7.02
! 3.48

3.74
3.. •■10
6.15
3.91
1.72
3.24

' 3.35

, 2.76

i 3.12

I 1.69

0.89

i 2. 19

; 2.51

2.42

2.92

I 2.81

I 4.04

0.99

0.25

I 3 02

2 35

: 3.12

i 3.70

I .'•.69

3.16

4.15

4.42

0.62
2.611
1.16
0.85
0.77
2.19
1.26
0.92
1.72
1.06
2.08
0.39
1.8>
0.40

1.27

2,

4

3.

3.

I.

21
08
2(t
12
55

29
76
-.9

28

no

41

::s

61
.'>S
69

4.11
.X.20
2.79
3 . 6H
4.37
.85
.89
.63

2.
2.
2.

2.44
3 . 92
3 . 1 .3
2.65
4.H
2.99
4,63
3 74
4. 25

3.81
5.;'.7
3.29
1.7t
3.90
I.S7
5.12
3.51
2.43

Sept.

3.87
3 . 92
3.25
3.22
3.27
3.71
3.22
3.21
4. 84
4 15
4 77
3.81
5.18
5.40

3.99
2.^8
4 . 00
5.29
3. el
2.63
3 . .'.4
75
98
97
81
50
05

49
6.

:<.43

35
99
92

78

3.83
3.:7
2.39
2.98
"3.75'

3.15

2.99

4.91

2.45

1.13

3.75

6 80

3.63

3.59 .

2.99

3 41

2.r.4
I ;;.12

3.26

5.:n

3. ♦iff
I l.f-4
I 3.r.4
2.10
5.13
2.57
1 87
4.69

3.11"

298

ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

Spring wheat, . .
Winter wheat, .

%e,

Oats,

Barley,

Peas,

Beans,

Corn,

Buckwheat, . . . .

Potatoes,

Turnips,

Flax,

Hemp,

Hops,

Tobacco,

Apples,

Market gardens,

Meadows,

Butter dairies, .
Cheese dairies, .

S £

o c

s © «

H

800

519

800

1,279

872

688

622

1,181

1,159

1,176

529

14G

19

149

40

905

153

L 190

1,091

513

AMOUNT REPORTED.

2

o

86
50

147
45
74
61
57
99
25
74
88
39
5
61
12

230
18
80

119
54

^2

I-

I S

142
74

180

201

193

85

67

218

60

153

67

20

1

45

8

93

24

216

564

260

00 o

s

112

59

154

216

155

76

57

211

42

114

33

14

5

15

6

69

25

248

285

122

o

I 3

o

288
129
204
479
283
239
214
401
276
446
169

43
6

15

8

212

45
451

88

50

I ^

2==

. ©2

69

55

58

160

68

80

54

117

108

148

21

5

2

3

55

17

111

10

8

103

159

57

178

99

147

173

135

648

311

151

25

2

11

3

247

24

84

25

19

In addition to the above, there were reported failures from
other causes, as insects, worms, blight, winter and spring kill,
rust, hail, frost, storms, and running fires, either singly or com-
bined with each other, and with drought. These causes operate
more or less every year in some part of the State, and their influ-
ence upon the crops of 1854 cannot therefore be considered as
affecting the average yield, except so far as they were aggravated
by the drought. The relative influence of these causes were as
follows :

Spring wheat, three-fourths of the usual yield, 16; two-thirds,
18; one-half, 56; one-third, 23; one-fourth and less, 38.

Winter wheat, three-fourths, 39; two-thirds, 39; one-half, 105;
one-third, 93; one-fourth and less, 252.

Rye, three-fourths, 35; two-thirds, 15; one-half, 35; one-third,
5; one-fourth and less, 5.

Oafs, three-fourths, 9; two- thirds, 13; one-half, 27; one-third,
14; one-fourth and less, 10.

Barley, three-fourths, 9; two-thirds, 6; one-half, 12; one-third,'^
2; one-fourth and less, 7.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 299

Peas^ three-fourths, 2; two-thirds, 5; one-half, 15; one-third, 2;
one-fourth and less, 7.

jBcflTi^, three-fourths, 4; two-thirds, I3 one-half, 5; one-fourth
and less, 2.

Corn^ three-fourths, 27; two-thirdsj 24; one-half, 39 , one-third,
13; one fourth and less, 16.

Buckwheat J three-fourths,!; two-thirds, 5; one-half, 21; one-
tliird, 7; one-fourth and less, 08.

Potatoes^ three-fourths, 3; two-thirds, 2; one-half, 25; one-
third 6; one-fourth and less, 18.

Turnips J two-thirds 1; one-half, 5; one-third, 1; one-foui*th
and less, 4.

Hops J three-fourths, 1; two-thirds, 2; one-half, 1; one-fourth, 2.

Tobacco J three-fourths, 1.

apples, three-fourths, 9; two-thirds, 15; one-half, 57; one-third,
15; one-fourth or less, 62.

Market gardens^ three-fourths, 1 ; one-half, 1 ; one-third, 1 ; one-
fourth, 1.

Meadowsy three-fourths, 5; two-thirds, 11; one-half, 24; one-
third, 2; one-fourth and less, 4.

Cheese dairies^ three-fourths 1; one-fourth, 1.

We give the tables showing the value of articles of farm pro-
duce, manures and domestic manufactures, which are not em-
braced in the regular statistical tables of agriculture, and without
which the retui-ns would be incomplete

300

ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

O

o

Ph

P5

o
o

H

O

<

W
O

t— I

( Is

S

• -*

• 1— (

. o

. OS
. X

• CO

CRANBERRIES

• •

• •

•

■ 1— (

• •

CLOVER SEED.

-I- 1—

■ o r^ C5 CS
• lo a; oo "O

OJ

. O >A 1— C5

• Oi Tji CS 00

• O 1-^ 1—1

■ •\

■ r-(

• CS

• <»
' l-H

. CS s

. o

• 1-H

• *-

. CS

O X CC a
- tc 'T -r C-
. CS t— i^

I CS oT.-

4
4

•
•

2

-|e< -let

. o "O = «o

. O cs r-i
. « TO

^ O »« CO O
•«S» ^ CO

«D —

. CO

CO CJ

CO

'• o

. ITS

. es

• :C ■^ O t-
. — tc ^

• CO =; C-

CHERRIES.

s

-r •:»■ o

C^ r— O

rt -^ -* oo
cs cx) rt

f^ r-(

•* ■'t 3C c; ■*
• 00 o es GO

C^l CO ■«!' 1— 1

. -<T ?0

CO

• CS

• CS CO

• es lo o c
. CS ufs -jr c

• CS c^ t-

3

>

4

•

•^t -* o

1— 1— 1 -^

r-i CS IS O

«o o -^

rH

00 — o
OS CS

CO

to

1-^

. o

-1^
C: O CS CO
I- CS i-i

I— ^

i i^ «0 «C 3

• i>- CO es i'

• CS CS —

b

•

S05i>0'!f":o:^-£=csis-<rc<< — w. cr. . -XCS

.OCOSSTTCiT'^CJCiCO t«3Jr-lG0«C^^«O
» ^ CS lO CS r-( i-i i-i <-( CS ^ r-c CO •*

. t- I- — o

. t- o t^ to

. CO 1- CO o

• "^ .^ #\ r\
. O TJ' t- r-l

00

'A

S

pq

?035 too— i C<lr-^7^0^Cr-O0GCCt-^51— 1 «C1>.

. r— TT C-. o: CO

. CS — CS ^ —

CO re o X CO

^ »\ r\ .> rx

r-1 O "O •^ X
CO f-(

.=•. — •<* .o
. lO s= t- o

• CO X CS "O

• »\ »^ -v ex

. CS X CV -^Ji

. CS ^ CS

1
< o

FT

>

CS -f .
— ss •

<o •

. o

«o

00

1-^ <

CO <

. X

• =; o «c
. CO CO 00

•

is.

o
o

5

o

•

>

00 •

c •

"t O — -X c^
t^ rj I-- TO O

r-c « ec —
sc cs

C-I o
00 CS .

o

CO

00

o o

• CO —1

Ci o

X ir-
es

«o

. O Oi «0 I— '
■ t>- CS — CS
• TT — CO CS

CS — <

c
o

Eh

1— 1 •

^ . CO

I— (

-KS

o>

CS

-It*
CS

ri-Ki-f
• f— 1

•
E-

i)

3

e^) CO i~ :o
— cs

O Oi ro ?c O

ift . r— r- cs t--
• . ,_ ^ r1

■ •

c- X CS

CO OS
• I— 1 •

=; o; Tj- = --C

CO X ox

CO O CS

•J^ ■* t- •»+
X t^ -^ o

CS t>-^

• •

ec t- t;- o

i^ QC S 1-1

I>- . '^ u^ iC O

u^ . lO 00 CC CO
^1 • p— cc »o ^

» 4

•
•

lO tc t~ •

^ « X •
r^OO ;

o o o o es
CS t~ ^ — CS

— O X <—
r-l CO r^ <

o *-. «o o

1— r- t^ CO
CS — CO o

»v ^ »\

T- CS I-I

APRICOTS.

s

•
•
•
•
•

5

CS •

•
•
•
a

CS ■

CS .

1—1
H

o

c
<

if

d
u

•

•
•

•
•

•
•

•

cr

3

c

a
rt

5 •

S
>

s

a

•■ 3

3

3

£

c

.£3

o

5

3

C

0!

;5

o
m

5

o

c

o
■(^

1—1

1— 1
»— 1

d

o

n

V

•-5

rn
bi

C

00

c

.s

i
i

*

«
<

c

> c

o

o

c
c

»

5
^(

c

WH

>

O

1

»

is

be

•is

o

c
o

c

o

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

301

•

•
•

. CO

. o

» OS
» p\

. CO

OS

oT

00 o
o

r-l

. CM CO

t— 1

1*

CM

CO

. cc >«

00

94
6,682

. 1—1

. o — e^ i-H -^ ■«ii r-< .
• M CO S OS Ir-t- — •

•rr tc -i t- cs JO •

1 »^ ev »y ^ *

I— 1 O M rl •
I— 1 •

■ •

■ •

. t-CM

5C CO

p f-1

• 00

• PN

• CM

. *- CM

. CM CO
• CO —

1—1

00
00

a

o

- ro

T

■ CO

I— I

. M — ' e^ X OS lO irt .

-<* X C-1 — -"t — •

e<» :C -* i-i •

• rv •

• --H •

. 00 ■*
. cc CM

. OS -#

• «c ■ -*

. CO •

« •

CM

o

PV
eo

1—1

} o OS •

S SCM •

. OS »« eo
■ OS c^ t-

• 1-^

. CO

. ->* t- O 1— N t-

i>i^t-eOM

O I-H

.1M>00«CCO — CMO
. -^ 1-1 OCM CO CM 00

CM

CO

c ■* » .
oies o •

•
•

OS

CO

CO

•«1< -^ CO -H -.* m

«0 OS OS CM CM

CO

i to O O O .«

• — •— 1 CO l-H

. o o

CM O

00

CO

o c>» o — < >o o t^

*- «0 CO — 0» 00 OS

a> <s. yz IS n cs
cc o M cs

.coiico-oooe^ursco'rti'
.1— icocso-* — co^i— lO

•*-COCCCCi— iCOt-O c-

i »\ •s ^ #* »x *\

5C CO r-l 1-1 i-l CO

: uo io tc t^ 00 o

i "O n CO — T t-
JO ?0 CM f

M CM CO V

; 00 o
• — =>
- ?: CM

J CM

CM

i^
CO

*\
CM
CO

CO S o :^ 5 o c?

^ rf — CM t- 1— 1 >*

•^ *> ^ PS rs

M -J- o o i^

r-1 CS F-<

25,726

10,289

6, 289

6,001

3,758

745

1,973

10,066

18

901

8,462

30

431

9,904

12,960

8,353

10,064

774

CA

cc

— C^ -*

8,135

12

6,837

• 1— (

• c5

'. "*

• 00 =5 — O

• «o o «c o

• 1— 1 »0 rH

• o

• CO

• cs

•

CO

to

p>

oc

6^

. o o o o

, CO to CO

o
• *-

OS

10

1,874

133,970

20,462

280

30

. 00 o o
• -^ -^ o

CM

«o

■ CM

. «o O
. '£ «o
. CM l^

CM

*^

CO
cc
CM

-US .

CO

CM CO

i-- 1— 1

-T* .

fH

-H:«-|ct
• C^ t-

p\

C'' •<*• SI s

OS t~ CO M

«c ^ eo

>

■

CO

o — . — t-OO = =>

M OS 'M — CS O M

1-1 CS C^ 1-1

OS CO

«0 «* >OQ0

r- -*• l-H OS

CM CM

00

oc

CC ~ — ' 'O

t- -/, 1- s

«C «£ M -,

o '•

OS irt 1/^ o t~ = c

t- O 00 -t< iO CO ^
«C ^ CO to ft

' CM lO -=>

• CO "^Tji

• 1-1 r^

895

1,010

150

341

CO

OS
CM

CM

CM

CO

t^

d

c
u

' 2
i: 5

J.

0

til

i,
i

a

c

3

o

u

00
■#

C
1— <

O

CI

a

- V

t-

•

it,

o
«

>

-3

't-

«
o

JS
■Ju

<

>
a
jz
o

■i

c
Xi

3

3

>

X

c-i

■

c

C i

5

•

I.

c
9

••

•

0 \
c

>

B

's

o

>—

•*

3

o

73
S
ci

o
O

-d
a
si
CO

3
W)
3
c3

c3

«

a

3
O

o

pQ

CJ

5«5

o

po

3
O

pO
00

302

ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

R
Ah

ei

t^ 00 o «D «o e^ CO
re lo es Ml "^ — o
o cs es « « t- -=1

cs
^

CO 00 r^

pa

■^ t- t^ t- »- W ■«*

ec ■<* cc ->* -«ti •* c~«

00 I— 1 r-i «C O- t- 0»

•<# •* OS CO ^

es t- f re o

Oi »0 00 C>« eO

o> i« fj X>- •— 1

oi c CO

1— ( rH C^

OS N

to o

ec

o

»«

o

OS

CO

1— I

«o

00

CO

l«

00

QO

U3

CO

o

00

D
M

I— c

H
O

O

CO

o

t— *
H
Pi

WD
P

O

w

<1
1^

w

o

o

o

o

S

•— iS;scO*»«COC5-^--cOcCC<»OOt-'ftCHO
^lecSOsOS-^r-iCSCOOOOi O00Oi»i— iiOCO
■<*i M CC ■* e<5 I— < r-1

00 00

05f-'«*-«*e«}0(Mt^'^

COOSOC^COCCiCOQO

eo 1— I ec >o c^

P5

■>#c-»35C<)^i— iCH«oooeci— I'O'ft'Ai— li^-«o

M Mt-iO ifjt— It— I 00

N i-l

00 fr-
ee i^
CI cs

C<)CC^i-It1<OOCOOO

oiOscOTtir-Mioe^o

•<» ^^ 00 «o ■<*

s

m

£~ CO OS
Oi CO >o

-X cs e^

OS ec -* 00
o •^ OS
.-1 ec

>-- -^ OS
00 CO OS
ec r-i ■»

i^ es ■* ec

lO p- O OS

fr- -H ec OS
rl ec

»« C>1 o «#

(.•: oo cc —

CO

eo r-(

CO l-H

o
M

CO O

00 CO Lft

e^ i-( es

lO

CO ec
ec tO

■^ 00 ec

■<* I—I

i~ o o

oo lO t^

C^ O CD

OS >o C5

15°

00

<

w

A

H

>

o

I— I

a

00

eo

in

»«
o

3

OS

00

OS . JC~

-- . eo

•o — c^

I— I =:■

CC

00

w

00

G CO

O C4

^ I— I

o o

00 •"*
C^ OS

C OS
QC ec

■^ ec

C^

cc -^

(.c ec

00

OS o

OS

C^ o

ec 1:^

o

OS t' —
CS CC CO

cc c; QO
CC »o '^

ec CO

CO •^ 0>
00 "^

es

•A

CS lo

CS

CS

E-i 'o

CI

00 o

lO ec eo —

to cc G -^

CS o

o

in

S

m

-let

00 ^ es o
■»»< I— 1 i>- oo

I- 00

5S

E-
S5
-<)

D
O

^
>-

OQ

H

o
o

OS

lO

CO

CO es

es

o; 00 >-<
cc eo Tti
O 00

CS

(O

o

I— <

CO

ec 40

lO

CO

OS CO

kO ec
00

cc OS

O CS

-let

ec

*n

.- 00

es fr-

CS f-i

ec 00 OS

CO ec

CS OS

ec 1-H

cc o ec

00 CS

eo

r* tZ ^

m

5b

eS e3
^ bJO

r. >->

*^

5
o

2 eS o S S3

is =n

^> XV 1^

£ ss ^ -^

^^-^

CS

o

CS

s »

»s O fl

es

>-lei
00

-^ O OS

lO 00 ec

CO

V

c

O r

> «8 c
3SS

s ^

-let
O CO

ct o O
;- c C

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

303

»oc^-j<c^o^ .00 . , . .

. CSCSCq«C3»t-0i-"0

. . ■«# lA es 0 1 CO 1

X "A 00 CJO . CC CO . . • .

. ■«tit-'O0C«33irCt^O

. Ir- '

=> 0 cs 00

t- !>■ cs .3J . lO 0 . . . .

• r- CS CO -* t- CX) 00 o>

• . i-H T*( ■.# CO 1 e^ 1

»V*N#N^ • ••••

• »\rN»v.\ •^.^...N

»\ •%

.— M cs — . . ....

ec iO i-ics e^ »-i

. . eo

i" «o

. . a-^

OS

— IC . ...

, ,

1 -IC

CC"^— '-+00 • — cs .00 • •

.CCO^-CCOCCi:£0>-J

. . ■<# >A 1^ OS 0

t-c;r:-T .^ci. ..

• csos*-.>»-cooac — CS

. • CS CS CS CO <-•

Ot-OCS -r-iJO* ••

r- t^ ,-1 CO "O 0 cs t-

• • CO CO CO «c -^

#^^.^#^ . « «.

. ^rv«\»v ^»\..«^

rv .\

eo c<i Ti< cs . . . .

CO 0 -- 1—1 I-^ I— >

. . lo

ri 0

• • cs

^—

^^

.

.••■«*•...

. . . .-.

... • . .

... .....

. . 0

.....a....

. . . cs

..... ....

• • •

......

• .........

..#••*... .

• • •

• «*■..

..• .......

• • •

. . ........

• • •

ec~^ -»■ rf .^j( . ;

-♦• . 0 CO !>. CX5 1- irt 0 •o es *- CO -^ 0 CS es t- '

^ 1>- . 1 to

t^ ■rf tO ^. to • .

ec • 0 ~ ^ ri i-i i^ e; CS 0 CO cs 1-1 -t^ J>- 1— 1 cs • 1 CO 1

i^ CO . .

-^ - r-i 1— 1 cs rl cs I— 1

'^ • 0

vx . .

• »\

1—t . .

cs

. 1—1

— f^* •

-'c* . -!«< -let

a 1 H<S

«c = Ci -n CO • .

CS .«ococoo'0'oesoit^-#cscoes«oo«i:^es « lol

<S 00 T C-l 0 . •

C -OSQO cs i-i.t'COCSOw-CS^'<*r5

CO • es

1-- -^ . .

CO • « >— 1 cs cs CO .-H

Tji . 0

r-« * •

* iO

. r-^

iC

. . 00 cs •

. . . 0 .

. Oi ^ .0 .cocscsco . -o

. OS 0 CO

I— 1

. . CjO -o • .

• • . f-H .

. 1— • Ci .CO . "^ CO r^ 50

. . CO

• f-» f^ o*

• . r-f •

cs .CO . o cs

• . T— 1

. es i-i 0

. a a

<o

.

-|CI . . -^C<

-Id

I ! u^ cs • •

I I ; 0 •

. CS ;o . es . 'J" cocs 0

'. '. 0

• ic lO eo

. . «; 0 • •

. . . C5 •

. r— CO • 0 • — 0 r- 0

. • !>•

. 00 CO "A

• , . r-( •

CS 'CO • OM

• cs ^

• • •

• ^o"

00~

. «c 0 .

. c .00

■ .0 .0 .0 • 0

. . . c

» . cs

• — C5 . • •

• 0 «c 0

. • .00 • lA • CJ • 0

• • a T

t( . . CO

• — CS • • •

• -^ . rH

. . . . ^ a . «0

. . 0

• • • • • •

« • • • • •

: : "^^

0 -r

(1 .-»•:•» . C5 «o cs • .0

a . . 0 0 ... 0

. es cs "^

:; r> i^ CO

es ^

5 . .t~ . lO -.tr •>»(•« cs

. es 0 . • .^-.si

. eo "O *■

-00 «c

^" ^

H . . •>!< . . rH

00 • . .

c

^ es eo

I— 1

. ^

.x at 1

. ^"^ . ...

• •••••

Kf-

. .«■ cs ■ 0 CO • . • 0

. . . . 0

• «o to

. l-< 0

• cs • 0 cs • . . ec

. . . rH

cs

. CO —

. • . <c ...

. . . .

«c

• . . .

. w\

a— <

■ . • 0 • 0 — « - . -^ • u:

•i . .

. 0 . . .

. t^ 0

. • . cs^

■ . • 1— 1 • lO ,— 1 . . r^ . t-

. ^H ...

. CO CO

" • • CO

. . . ^ 10 • • • C

3 • •

. I— ( • . •

. «c 1:^

• • • cc

. r, .\

» . . rs

. >tt r-l

• . 0

. . -.^

• • > ^^ . > • • .

. 0 . .

. . cs

0

. 0 . a

. CO

• . . .re

. eo • •

. . ^

. rs . a

• • *\

. rH • a

• • CO

• • . •

. . .

• .

• • cs

OCCCO •>« • .OSOiO<0

. -♦ .<JI

• Oi 0 CO • ^ ^^

a r-f* "^

Tji cs >0

oi^to •— i • .o^es cs

. 0 0

• *-• lO ^1 • ^' 01

. CO OS ^-

■ CO 0 t-

CO cs . . • „ ri-«i<

• CO t-

. 0 c^ • cs 0

r- a

/ C-1 o -^

.^ .^ . • ■ .

» "X • #x

■ *\

fN ^

^ t^ . . .

» f-l • io

• i-^ 1—

0

• •

ec

K •

> •

"to .

. . -ie« ....

■ • • •

TO •

f- -< CS ..— ... •

! -^ '.

0 • >o 0

*!.»*<•

cc «o ■*

>0 — . . Ci . • . .

CO •

es • t- e-»

. . -^j* .

cs t- *-

0 '

ro . . r- • • • •

0 •

• I— ( -^

• . IC .

1— 1 J^ 0

.^ •

*t - . ....

. ^

. • as .

rs

M •

- : : : : : : ;

es

•

. . I— •

CO

•0

. 00 . .

. . M

«

• r-H • •

. . rf>

..«. .....

• *....•• ..

ho

• 0

. . es

«

. #0 • .

• . 00

. . . -*» ... .

• C4

• « ' • • o» • • • »» •

I -^t- I

<e • *«

I '• OS

• ^H

. 09 ' •'■^ ••» '^ •

•MX) •

"

eo •

a . <0

. . to

. . -tC

r es

'. to '.'.'•—'. I . CC '

I -*• t^ i

• ^ '. n

. . tc

. 1-^

es . . • n . ■ . CO .

. es «o •

. cs •

a . 0

. . . . .

. . .

• .... a

. ft) . ,

■> • ■ •

3 c 0 .c

is = if
5 S ^-S

be .

i ^ 5 i^ ?r S i 5; = S ►J 5 r -^ r- r .2 -r .> ^ CL S: t

66

t. T, •- — - -

: i5 ^ w CO a:

0 V »<

Cft

cchh;^?:

:-:^^

304

ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

Q
W

H
O

O

w

O
»— (

H

O

W
o

GO

. 4

o>oocioot-e^ =

irt ro >A OD — ' i^ t

--oo • •cc^O'ftoecco

^

CO t^l>i

t- -rr t-. dt O CC fr- r^ >« i^ C^ -^^ O O Cvj ',

C CS — ' • • i-O 31 — ■-- ^O rr CO X X -T

eC -^ 1-1 —1 ;C CC — «s oi 00 r^ CC !>» C

N -n" • • t^ (X •— 5£ J>- — CO c~i CO ^

•snoauBiposij^

lO" COCOC^r— C^COr^

€«• --"-I

• • t-

. . c^

■in

.o . -oo .ooc;o .csio .

•*co..->+io-o>.t

'S33J)

. — . . c

;C5 .C50«''0 .tCi— 1 •

CO

. . . • . jf: o

[H^UlBUiO

^

• CC • • f

«o • CO CO •

• • • • »»

. . . . u^

^injj JO sni^^

: ^ I :

• • •

• • •

• • • 'CO

• • • •

• • • •

09

Q> • • -

. OS . . ■

lO . 00 «C OS .

• o . . . .oc — xco • •-<*

b)

©

00

. lO . . .

t- • US r- CO .

• ' C^ • • . ."rtOCOOS *-• -I-H

c^ •

. .CS . . . ..^r-l,— ,— ^ . .

. I . ! ! I CO ' •

n

00

CO • • -^ • •

'■ '. m '. . '• '•

-IC-!C< .

. CO u^ CO . .

cc

. • o . ■ • .

• • cs TT es • •

• • • •

CO

c

J

• ^

C5

. . . . . . lO

• • . > . c^ •

»

•

-il . . .

CO

. . . wrj

o

! 1 I ^

^ . . . .

cs • • •

«o

• . • CO .

(SI

.

. . . t-

» • » • .

OS . .

*>•

. oc .

b

QQ

• • • r-

H . • • .

•^ . .

OS

. . . CO .

-<

c^ • •

t^

. . . ^ .

QQ

^

. -t X .

. . . o .

. ^

■<

F-^

. €^ .

• . . o . .

• CO

O

<A

• « • T-^ • r

-O

>

■ • » at

PP

-<

« * • • •

•

. iC o .

. . . o . .

. CJ

o

OQ

. — C<1 .

. . . o . .

• ^

. . . . o

H

b

iJ3

. . . ^ . .

• • • • •

• I— i •••■•«

P5

1 «

• ■ • • •

• .•••«

4

c^ ac oi cc 00 t~ . «o =»

. . lo ,— 1 e^ to c^

)— .COiO • .ioco->*o -eo • —

"""N

3

(M = r- e<> =r; o • ■<*

• • <0 — Oi o "^

5 — t-— . • .COOfN-* •— ' -00

• 02

^C^ CS CO O . rl

• . Tjl O I-

H -^ CO . • CO i- • CO •

— o

•
•

si

k>

5 3

— CO = lO • (M . O o

. . o o C'j o a

;ooroco • •— • -o^ .o -o

Sl

•

OS "O lO CO • — • • CO «o

• • CO OS I» •»* t>

- c: CO c^ • • uri .

. ^ C^ .re ' f>\

1—"

I— 1 so «£> • -30 • CO

• • 1-1 OOi^—i C

; O (M . . XT- .

• CO - CO • i-i

O M

• •> •

• • *\

»\ #v »\ • • r\ •

• *v • »\ «

^i

>— '

I— 1 •

• •

• •
- •

• • I— 1

5 ri CO . . O .

• CO . r- •

•

to • ■ . CO CO •>* • .

. . . o . .

. -«f . . . . .

. . Ir-uO = -co

o

r>

• •

(M • .

. . . CA • •

• 1=

»o "^ CO • »o

—

¥^

• •

c^ . .

. . . CO • •

• rH

r-t •

to

^

* *

H

J>

'■

u

• . 'H-

* • a

-lr<

^

.

CO . • • CO

'cO CO • •

I ! I o • *

'. -^ \ '.'.'. .

t- CO -H -co

s

Vy

o ■

'O • •

. . . c^ . .

. <3 . . . . .

lo QC CO • o

fS

I— I • •

♦ • • t— • •

• r-^ • • • • •

r^ •

O"

3

M

""

■^'OoO'^'^SO .CC

= CO t- s<i e<) <M -

• • • • M* — •

CO CO to -«*■ OS • -^

•

— . C-. — — Ct CO — • CI <

M ^H ff-1 CO CO •

• • • • I— 1 fr-l •

CO CO *- • OT

©

3

<:C >0 r- I— 1 C^ •

^j, ir-c^

• • . • rn •

I-( •

«

»^- :

a

>

-tc -lo

-let

04

m

C5 c-i ■* -^ i--^ 'O o . m

■O -- iC o »» CO •

I I I t e -H ;

r- ^ r- -^ lO . *-

t^

i»- cr: ^- ■»:»• rH ■■•^ O . CS •

— r^ 00 = 0^.

• • • • r- C<1 .

CO CO CO • CO

3

CO lO rH -- ,— 1 . <

to t- (N

. ... I— 1 •

rH •

«

•\ •

>—

*

^05— « — lOfM-^tO .c^i^coc^«o . -

coco— ' .«C .0-1^^0-. =:cO -O

o

S CO t-i ■>* 1:^ CI C^ w-5 . CC C^ CO uO . .

tCCO .lO -M CO — <30 .O

s

CO CO • >« CO r-l • •

C<1 CS • • T-^ •>* CO -^ •

•

d

€^ '. '. '.

■ • •

>

a

~'C> . .

'A

T«

-fe^r-c:v.i.oc;t^>o .ocoi— 1CC05 . •

«Cir^e<l .00 I»«i— iCOvOOb- '*—

^

^

coio^-coci-rc^-o .'

r: ■<*i ^- t- CO • •

CCCO .-<# • y-^ eOCC'^t' -^

CC

CO' CO — < ' t

— c-^ ^ • •

C^ CO • • I— •«* CO

tt

-

• •

• > . •

• •
•

•

• •

OJ

• •

»

• .

M

•

H

' •

5z;

. ,

8

t

, rr. ,
. 3 •

o . . .

3 . ^ •

♦V *v

• ' ■ ' c ■ * * ^

Q

Jji ci^ >;S 5 « c =-£^«.

• • •%

• * .^

® aj c

S: ey; eS

c ^ ^

<<

>- ci *

QoSoc

5 o w -->

fc. 03 t.

a o I. ^ ^ © •—

-< 1— 1 f

5S

^

12; J2;

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

305

■o «o e«» M CO ^ 00 . lO o «c ■»l< »- CO o oo
c^icsto^J 00'— •iO«o^^wic<^co«0

^ •N • rx

■* 31

lO

1-1 M

CO O r-l

«0 O Ir-
es -^ CO

W3 ifl 00
C-» •« »o

1-1 CO CO

c; -^ CI ?c —
es w Si 00 o

t- CO Si 31 C«

= es

o
eo

00 i-i

o o

oco

CO

«o e>» M

■^ >o o

t^ es -»

d ro 35

1— I o> ■^

CO CO

oc-

o

o

es

o

^

o

-t 00
i>. 1-1

CO

CO
>— <

o

00 cc

COM 1-1 -^

C^ CO

cs <c «rt es
e-< cs 'J' cs

e c* "* t- o» CO CO

»0 O ?? « 31 O CO

cs CO ■* w i-i

t— — ' >n «o c 31 e
e-» o -^ ^r o es 5

CS C^ — -" 1— 1

O M CO (^ W M •«

tC S •* CO CO CO »*

00 « 3» 34 '^ O C^
ic I- w. <C r^ "O to

•^ JO "O I— 1 ■"It

58

r:

4, «! O

c n o

M

o

CO

«0 es

o o
to o

«o

»«

CO

a*

CO

o o

o ■

CO

CO

C« 00

1-1*-

c o

to —

>o M

>o o

t- o
cs o

CO

o

00

o c o CO

OO J= O 31
•^ CO 00 tH

#1 ^ .\
1— I 1—1 31

CO

<o

o

O 31

I— I
CO

cs

•"!• es
to o

•JTl

to

o
«o

o

O ;
es

31

«o

(O

31

t-*- >« — -^

O es 31 <C 31
•<1< r- «0 i« ^

CO CO

<o

31

CO

1— o
«o —

UO

o I 00

1** I CO

«o

C4

31 t- «0 •"»<

■"*< t- CO e^j
^ cs ^

•x

— • oo o
CO «c M

•O CO «o

o

I-I o

«»

CO

31

«^

00
31

*-

o

to

CI

^

«c

CO
CO

<^

31

<o

M

CO

cs

00

o
CO
to

CO »

O ri

t-00
31

CO

•^ «0 CO CO o «
M 1-1 rj> CO

o •* -^

1-tCS

cs

CO

cs •* CO "^ o lo

iS

•« — —

cooc oo ^ —

e w) t

CO

31

00

1— I CA.

i

2,
c

c

31 ^ 31 CO ^— t** -t
00 ■"*< O CO 31 00
es r-

i^ 3- CO CO es 1

CO 1— 1 I— 1 1

-^ i- O jC ~ *"

O 3 4> 3 O - -

-C J= C J, <c —

■j <j 'J 4< .^ 3 3 1- = .—

•J. ^2 'Ju J^ m Ifi 'f. T^ir' ^

a

o
cs
CO

»o

1-1 00

cs cs

<o
oo

81 O

eo

o >o

31

«o

b£

c c -

^S tTs >,; = « o

3 1 o —

CS I ^o

». ?; © "^

o o r^ •*
z. -~, >>^

"^^ X . ■=*
^ "^ *> s

_ JO — «s

o - =.2
*" «^ '^

c •- '-^ ^

j: ^ •— -«-»

2 2 Q

« — ^> tfi

- o 2 3

— €fe~ >»

>- »> 3 _^

■♦J 7" 3 *A

1^-2 §

c ftj O ^

„ ~«. t, 30

g - -Ci 3»

. " •• ?• -3 a

be -g C :i G o

'S -= 3 ^ '^

■73

■73 S. y lO .-^

^ -= , ~. a

cJ -^ -3«^0

•- - I
sj s — ♦^1

13 f- 7 - — 3

'a c ~ " c U.

■5 ^.=

3

ft -^ •— .0 J-

«u a w fc' ^ ^^ :=

o

H

3

a

o «

•) CO
"-r 3 W'

^ n c: d

.-=■5 9

« —

X .-

£ -T " -o

5 5 -=-

- O -3 ^
- «J 3 »

FAg. Trans.J

306

ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

I

■<

o

K

•

•

•

o

l»

p

o

a

K

>

Z.

c
o

z.

<

N OS

01

>

s
C5

00 « e»5

O VD -^ »0
O C^ r- CI
I-H '<>'

^- I— I cs o
C3C •« tc ec

O lA -J

es o; o>

CS

tC —' 05 M
C<I S e^ t£:

I— -^ fO

Ci

CO «C 00

es ^- -^K

N to
1—1 n*

o

P

o

C

>

p

<

H
H

lO 00

CO

sc

00

»3

CO

o
z

o o o

tO I-^ !— I

I— ( -^t e^
— cq -^

OS

o

s

O 1— I CO
O 1/5 •"9'

o

ec "-I O
■»* «c ec
^ ri

O lO t-

cs n CO

<= -"l*
■^

r- 00 o

M . eo e^

■«* c 00
c<i cs cs

Cs

00

•o . © o

>0 ••'TO

t-( • CO »o

<= 00

1> M

s

COOOS<Ct~C^'^05Csl:^CCC~5 — 0»«OsXeOC=*»00«5

i>.r-c;c^e^act^c<«ooco»«'«s<iA«c«C'^jc;co cs —
ooo-'sti'OOosao^-r-QD'fl'r — rootC'Oooco ooo

CO «0«D CO <-(

<= IC — tC 00

c CO 00 5C o

■^ t- c to

lO «c =; —
C<> =; 00 CO

co^^

"SricstCM — Ncscscscq cocoes oct*<

f- O »0 00 t-

CO •<* t~ o

Q

c
H

roc<<eo>ooi-«*cs — «c?oc^>rcO'^Oiot^c;--
rH-^oo i«e^o. -*cscoi«c^«cioc<> •«* — c^

i^ I— 1 I— c rH M I— I

in —

t^ 00

o o

« i-l

t- Oi 00 t- —

i« ITS r- CO a:;
I— I ""f «c tc lO

o urj -*c cs

cc <=. cr. 00
?c o a; CO

r- C-J M

e<i -^ o o t~
t- — cs eo •^

r- O I-H

TO

c
c
H

CO OS N

•
CO

CO .

p

ei

A

t>

H

•

-le^

ss

C

o

o

n

H

CS

lO i

CO

o

M "O

Til

00

-lao

CO
CO

«ht

«rt O CO 00 t~ «C
— O «C «C O CO

i^t «ies '^'T'-'ia
»« CO r- ri rj<

<£ «C CO
•* CS o

-<— -.|r<

cn

H

<1

o 50 CO — o cs
es ec ri —

es o o OS o CO

cs cs T-' 00 CO cs

cs coo

5C O
lO OS

CO o

«0 'O

s

O O O O O 00
c lO O Tj( lO n
cs lO r-(

o
o
cs

cs

cs o

O 00
O r-1

O C C>
ri t- -^

O

CO

Os
OS

0-. o

i:~ CS

o o

r- CS

CD

M
H

P

o

>-. = «

C ?£ =

— i^ X

S

t-

-: S 5 = C — C

r Ji C

E^fe-g -X-^Oe3

c
c

"»-
S '£

« C

W3 -r,

B
O »>

a; ?

« c -
c tc>-i

sis

CSm^r<l-;r^<^»e!5.e:,»Z;

ire's

CO

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

30'"

c<<o

k« iO

. «e o t» c «o o

a

o «o

. «o

o o c*

«C lO o

i«

«o

,

0»

to

1

O eo

• r- C5

. iTi ec y^ r- <Si a> .

-<*<oo .'OSiTi'ioo-^pecc^'Oec .

«o

1 £3

M

• ^—

• tC r^ -^ C^ CS .

r— ec -t^i— 1 ec^- r— to^^ec •

•^

es

*\

• •*

• .X •\ .

• r* •x ws m

«s

*

- jg.

»-H

• I-^

•<* M

• O C^ ^ •

04

r*!-*

• M

OO

to

• r^

f— I

tc

<s>

• •

e«

ja

•

•*»

• -"ll

• -••••••

. . C^ . . . . 00 . - .

• ^.

■*a

05

ec •

•

«
•
«

• • •

• • •

• • •

•
•
•
•
«

CO

s

o

o .

^q

...

00

o •

•

• « •

•

M .

ec

cs

T-t •

•

• • •

■

''i'

•

• • •

a

• • • • •

• •

. 00*^ . •

a» .

, i« 00 >« ec

r** -

00 .

■^

«

M . .

. o • ec •

• »\ • •

oo •

ec

.a
s

CQ

-*o-.|ei . .

•'Tt •

-<,t . -ie«

nw .

«Ht

a

. — 1 . lO .

ec •

00 '•

^^

•i-(

C4 • C4 •

1—

tT

•

a>

• •

• • •

• • • •

•

A

o «0 -^r Oi -fl

■ ec ■ c «c !C .

oies=;e~j«Cr-X'-ocs — Oi o .

*- 1 S5

^- t- t- -:r »-

» — ^

ec i-i «0 .

■o z>. 00 ec ■<* « t^ o o — .

O

0

ec CO

. M •

i-i ec •

cs t- cs Tj* .

•^

'^ <

#\

♦*

c^

00

"S

»« t- — =; c:

. ec

O >A «0 .

c:'*'ccO'0>««e«c;C'ce>iT}'o .

~^

csf

s

00 = cc c s

. ss .

= e^ t- .

;=co«ccicrt Tt- — -"T^ ■

V,

C4

»4

TT «c :^ ec re

• OS .

ec ^ Si .

cs c^ CM es t- lO «o C4 t- >

o

0

»^ rv *\

• •^ •

•\ r\ «

^ r\ .^ ^ 1

P4

»— < -^ ^^

. O .

o cs .

es "O 00 !>•

o

1-H t:i

^-*

0

•

hi

-y o .<-: (M =:

• » •

• ^s-TQO — otctcoct^'OTj'e^ — t^-«i<o —

• CC

0

^

c c^ cv to c

• t^ •

• cec — tcursi— c»t— cccce-ie^'T^.c^t-.iz;^

' t*

lo cc ^ ^ —

• « •

• — ?C'«ur:»r;ecC'i ecs. oc-os. -rt^-ec-^'^

t~

43

#\ *\ '^ #■

r, • ^^ *

• #\*s^r<*>. tf>r\ *Nr. r^'^'N'^*''

r» rt

J

w o r» « "^

> . M .

• w c>» e^ •o to ec c^ ec >* 04 i-< o •« w ec a

) -.*■

^

r-i 1-1 r^

ec

-**
0

' t'^

■ -i^ ■'^-s-".!— ■— -lc< -T-ie— -r rtfflj -1

e< — »S9

CO

0

«C O i^ s «c

■ eo

• x:»: ec:=.cc«s?ct^'^rC'«i>-s:c^tos;e^

^ ^-

^

Ci •« ;r. i^ —

• c^ .

•I— X — -TSii>>-«< ec^-^tC"^ — ecc^-rr'

^*

4->

O Si Tt Ci ?C

• oo •

• cM--ioi>-'rj<^>f5 ooec^;eces5C-*«c~

00

t3

•N rx

• »\ •

•^ *v*v#* #^ ^r\

r. r*

I-^ ^^

• r-« •

. c^ ^ ^ es I-I ec i-i r-

a

■ • ■

»\

• c

» — <M

■^<CX'O0C^~ — JC 'GOrcO .«CiOQO .cco«#ooa

' *r

00 .

i« C^

1- C'l O O — 31 t-1

t^«* — .

•« .

o tc to

W

lO •

C^ t- t- i^- CS

o <

04 •

ec o

«

9

r* •

r, ^ •*

> ♦N «

^

1 -

0

1-1 •

to

t-

0

-e -

r -ic-icci^iej-tK-'T '*-t

-rt«Ch*-<;-+

•^a>-»=CM!0

-:t •fSr'l

C9

"s

»~ •

r- r-

• f£ -t C^ i-i c^ «o

ri Ol

lO

>0 >-i 04

0

0

cs •

c-

1 =• .— — 1 rr

»o

t-

C

9}

e^

o

>-(

00

"a

w

*«

•-"

»-<

e-4

^«

l-~

. . ir

> • --^ o

. v-l

.

. u^ M .

OS

**

a .

a

) . ^ to .

. 04 ,

^4

ec

3

F-H .

• t- .

r-rt

ij<

• »\ *

^

13

• «— 1 •

">*

re

. -lei

-*o

0

mm*

• •

a

» • 4

(O

' : '

^^

<y

> CO r- -t >/■

> ■ >o

c o

t- 0> -^Jl CS t- 04 •*

C4

•o c

; OS

>.-

ec •^ — T^ e

» • ec

• • O T-I

C4 - r- O rl

t— (

ec c-

\ -n

. ■? »

M ^^

. • r- "^

• rH • CO l-<

ec

0

c

e lO x» . c

> ,

. . . «

. .— . M C4 S «C OS

(O

.'O C*

5 00

eo 00 (O

CO ec CO

■ »

» . •

4 . •

• «D

• ec

• «o • CC PJ cs «o «p

• o • to f- •

> — ^

. ec -

f OS

1 •^

e
£

1 ^«

»•

• •%

• ^ • »v

M

• N

.1-1 • o

t-

7

■ tn

'£.

S =

1 ej .—

*•

<

^ =5

fi

' 5 S

•

u.

< « 0

c

' B S

•

«

5 •€»

•

a

1 3^

»

m 0

•

: ^ a

; eJ tS

c

) k. >M

t-

C <W

. ■ «
■ * ^

'.

►.

• (

■ t

^

<

C

5t

o

CD

D •

DC

• • d

• • C
*■ ► •

I r S

SO''

- v c

are

: I

■4 »■

ii

u .
E 1

A '

■" <
. I
■> <

O'J

* *

- J
^0

i ,

. J

V

00

■J _
Z J

uu

u

Z £i -

3 "
0 0

1

; -

-

U

j5

• *
— i

- «

■ (

• <

z <
i

' 1

'j

- :i

3 <
' <

u 0

0 ^

308

ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

b
a

H

o

S3

C<« OS CO

Ci oc •*

•w >: c^

00 Si e^

o; O C<l
f— «C CS

00

CO

*-
o

*-

CO

ec '

CO b-
»0 -H

O 94

i^ t- ^

O CO

-^ t-

U3

o

c3

O

C^

«D

o
e«5

<1

O
P

O

w

CO

03

Q

o

52;

o a.
o

o

s

S N-^j*

»o o>

o

ea .-I
00 »*

-*
o

o
00

0

«D

CS

<>i -Ci n
CS r^ M

CO CD

W

n

C4

3) O

00
00

CO

-•J- c^ ?^ — o
— ^ to es -^

00

«o

3: O I— I S 1—
r- «C ?7 CO

CC

QO

to

<

>

— SIT— 5^t>-cs?D«o«C!ca>t-

c^ — *»

M r- i-H

es

o» ec cc c<i »- o

lO O O r- t^ ri

«C 0» 00 C^ OS

#^ ^

CO e^ ■<<• c^ -T
o -^ «o ac o

C O S 00 — <

r-i >— ^f ec i-i

o 00 s eo
cjc »- -^ 00

c^ cs ec M

eo eo
ec 05

eco>t^'*eC'Oe^o--'0»^^-
tc^-^sS'S-cocj — «cecooeo
eoxooececc»~t-t-S»eo

00 o c e>» o c^

o» e^ 3i ec "^ t-

t- c o »o o

t- « c^ 00 'O

e^ CO -"T = —

c; o> cs ec to

-le* e-.!-»
<:r 05 c «0
C<» OC OS CO
lO o ec eo

rt -It 50

CC O 1— ( r— !0

•-H ■»*< — 1 rj" t^

es r-i*-ao c^

■^1< <C 00 •«

□0

o
o

OS

o

o

«o

s o o
c» t- e^

ec rt

000
O lO o
t- ec i>-

o

s

€/»

o
5?;

es

•^ C^ M

ec

00

t- (M -Tf"
ff^ •<*< M

C4

CS

ec

u3

CD

O X-

F- eo

05 — t»
c<» C<l ec

ec

o
!25

C< rl

o "^ ec
00

00 ec

I-H 0»

M

QC

ec

<o c^

i-l o

e>«

ec

»o

ec

00

00

E-

H
Ui
ce

-O
PQ

3

2

. 1

o o

^ o
o o

ec

00

o

o
o

w

l-t
H

O

f>. c ©

c si =

03 ■ O

s ■ s

2 =^ 5 § = =-2 C g o

9 ws

4, « S 5 * »

S « cS — C a?

'J;d e

4 cS'-a J5J3— Oc^^uwusoit.

® s

-I

o «

c S

&:

c fe ='

- - -^ ^ .^ 5 o o » .5

- "J ^

."Bed
« o -**

c s a
000

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY,

309

i-» o N eo
o •« -Jt o>

c^ cc CO O
cc cs ec C»

OS CO

«o

>0 .— QO 3S
00 'O w- OO

c<^ T -r c>»

^ #N *« #\

r- c^ "* ec

jO CC t^ O

<^ lO ^7 O

t-^ — . t» o

C^ -^t Oi <C

a» •

•O I<t o
•O CS M

•rt ec M

o

•: 1' ?

be

c

o

CO

CO

«o

00

o

00

00

cc e

ec <

^ eo t^ M

■^ «0 «C rji
■^ ^ cs C^

>* e^ o

»— M -3»

00

cc

CO o
1-1 M

CO <o >« «c «o »*

T— I ri «a 1— I 11

CO p- CO ■* w *<

o

O CO
CO

O 00

04

•« CO

■»* «

M

CO

M

lO

o

«o OS
CS CO

CO "O

i-< CO

t- 00

i« OS

Si

col

--t
e^ '

OS !
■^ .

CO

•^"■r.Csj;0:COOs — Osco^CS'^^OC-*0«CCO
00eO0DCO'OiC?OC^TCOiftt^O»«Ct»»— c>.cs

^QOcocst^ec*£e<»t>.coo50stot~««Ttt^os

I— 1 I— ( I— CSl— ( M I— 1 I— iCO I— I— I

to

OS
OS
C4

00

OS

o

•rj

<C'««o--QOi— i«oe^co"«t050>«'»tc^oi>.co
«Cir5«ceooveqo:Osc<i — oioO'-coc^Ost^o

0 3-. OO'OOOO'-i'rtOO'— •O^IOOO'— t-OSwO

CO fi

es — cs>ftes'-'«oc^'Tj<^Ti<os

CO ^

00

o

o

OS

o
o
o

•A

eo

00

CO

o
o

CO

CO

CO fl

M —

00

CO

CO
<o

es 00

o >o

o <o

CO

00

>o

•ft

OS

o
•o

CO

OS

00

a
o

c o iT

^. -1 fc- r" *-

CC

OS

oc

CM

CO
OS

oc

OS

(yj Oi (/; cci o(j Oj OQ (/J cfi H H »-^

d 9i d

CI „
en be
4> C
j3 .— •

a>

»«■
o
u

bfl

a

0/

o

>^

■a
bO

R

»

8

V

^

•a
a

o ,

C-.5

is.
= g

to

C ti

-5 >>

3 .J

(9 I
C i

H

310

ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

P

H

O
O

GO
W

H

W

o

O

w

t— (

Ifsno

<

tc cc es 00 i-i wi cs
i-i ec

.

00 Mt-

— rt O

I— CO CO

o •

c<» •

•\ •

CO •

•

•

v-4

eo

«oco

eq e i^

COC r-.

CO

•

<

•

«

9

>

•<*' C<3 vO O M — .

c^ = CO w 1-1 fo .

rj< rH :^ O »-(

I-H r-i o e-» *-

rH CO -* -1

CO eo 00 Ci CO

r-( CS CJ rH .

rH

to •

I-H •

• •

• •

• •

• 4

!■- OS oo
»0 Tt t-
r-i M

h5

o so

1—1 ri

00 '£ 00 — O .-1

cc C5 ri J>- n ec

<— CS C^ i-i

tl< ^ >« C^ o

i-l CS 3> -rt t^

1-1 CS »0 I— 1

O i
*- •

o cj CO .

CO <7> rH .

*~ 1

«o .

• o .

» ■

O O u^
tC C3 O

I-( CO rH

en

o
o

•

s

$1,314
936

00 = — c< ?c c<»

jr.- t^ TO 00 'O .

•A CS 03 lO tJ< .

lO — = e^ C5

i~ OJ CS 35 CO
4^ Tjl — l-H •.*

r-1 I-H «C

i>. s>« iM «o a» t- •
o e^ o o *- <

ri ■># >0 'S' t^ '

M O O 00 >« •
>o C<l -3- tc o •

CS «C Tji rH •

05 rH -^

C\ — ca

cs >o >o

•

5,239
2,746

4, 689

761

2,595

2,382
11,483

Xr-Ca TO O 00
C<> CO CO C<I »

t^ cs CO ■* o

«0 «« ^- I-H

. 00 «0 00 CO CO 00
. to J:--. <£ ,— O "O
. CS O 00 ir^lM

rH rH n IM

, O — «5 O *-

• -"T CO 5C ■<*' -3<
> ri »0 C5 O CO
» *\ rv

I-H I— 1

557
1,384
1,477

•

a

*^

•<

•

o

s

>

o
^

'I*
M

1

• rt

oo
CO

Oil of Pep-
permint.

!>

. OS
• *\

rs

G

•

•

o

X

.

(M TC 05 .
^ t- CO .
eS r-f .

00 .
00 ■

»-oo •

o

I-H

o c^ •

CO

•
•
•

CO <© •

■* CO

cs

. r-i CO -^
«0 rH

CO

>-
Ah

TC CO — '

o «o o .

«« r^ « •

00 .

r- 00 •
I-H

CO cs

00

. 05 00 .
. »0 CO .

I-H .

CO o

00

to

00 cs .

CO

• rH 00 rH

O 00
Oi CO

•

CO

H

43

>

•
•
•

• o
'. ^

•

o

•
•
•
•

«
«
«

■ o .

. o .

■ . CO •

• •

• <

• ■

•

1-H

i

. 00

• o

. CO

. so «o

. »o

. ■<*< I-H
> O
I •%
■ I-H

■ ri n

«c

•
o

cs

• 1-i

. oo

. —1 00
■ M 0>
. t- r-1

. 00

• I-H

00 Tj"

• ""f CO

. o on

. 00 rj<

. 00

o

00

•

o

O

s

>

- o
• CO

1—1

cq

tn

• rH
C3

Oh

. c^

. o

o
CO

. eo

COUNTIES.

c
c

.i

<

11
5^

: c

• 0

5C

0

3
0

3

' ?

i -

3 -

a
. 5

1 *
►-. c

5c

3
5 0

)C

: ^

)C

.^ C

;^

5 r

! T

>c

I -

! to

> 0

i ^

3

1
>

) 4

• a

c
•-

; 1

1 c
; (

- c

a
> "

3 a

: a

i a

5 c
: c

• a

il

t

C

3 '/

. c

■ :5
35

• c

c

>

(■
a
c

; c

5

14 W

; c

: S
> a

' i-
. t

1^

• c;

C

b

s

c

c

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

311

occ

•
•

eo •

<© o ■
»o ■

CO t^ •

o
*\ ■

CO «o o CO . la *« >o 00 N o cc

30 K i» • 1— OS O CJ t-O TT

i-l c^ • cs — o> "*

1—1 •

•
•
•

■

2,740
30

CO
CO

CO O CS re «

CO >« t^ t^ cs ■

•

Ct-TfOSCOfOCO -rtOC-irtOO

«o M CO CO e<» ■* cs • c^ N lO cs

T-H 1— 1 1— 1 1— 1 • -^ r^ •

• •

• •

• •

r-l •

CO CO

OS

—Kl

CS O (M .« u^ .

■»Ji CO t- ir- M •

CS ■^ rH <

1-^ r^ r-4 1— ( • -^ f— i ■
• •

t- . CC CO

^ • cc -^

•

o

CO

os

CO

o eo o C5 o
i- Oi J= It- — - <

»* ri CO CS O <

00

00

— r— eo>ocoo«oo»o'0'^c^«C'«#?o-^'OC
eocoacccoost^cscO'-s eo>oc><'»#^-t-
COC^«C'^'^ CO 'il'r-CO ^ -^ o

CO eo I— 1 r-l r^ CS r-t

t~ Oi e^ ca nc «

tN -* 3-. «C t- "
CS 1— 1 J>" J>- =5

T- eo o ■

e^-<i<C0t^OC0X'Q0C<»t-t:-t-05C-»«0C>»C5-<*

Tl<C5001iO-^05505Ct^O CO-ffil-Hl-l-^OO

s-^i'ioasccc^'^ cocs» I— ir^c^»— coi— 1

xtOiC^Ti* CO rl-^OO CO »-< CI

CO

00 M .

CO ri •

CO .

1— 1 ■
r-t ■

OS

o

00

rH

o

o
CO

to

o
1— (

cc •

o
o

CO

r-

o

o

o>

CO

1—1
r-l
r-

eo

o

CO .

o o e^

cs — o

*\

CO

«D C^ "<1(
O ri

1— (

C^ «0 rH .
»0 !>• O .

O

o c<

OS

I— (

c^ CO

f— 1

CO ^H .

«c «o -"t ■

o

cc .

o» •

CO
CO
CO

CO
00

OS

o

rieo- .

r-t <

1— <

cooo .

»0 CO •

o .

o

00

00

CO

o

00

CO .

o
o

r-l

o
o

o
eo

00

OS

CO

o

OS

■<«t

rH

rl

c

• •

a
C

- t

5c

- 1

; c

- '.

c

■ f

i a

s c
: i

3 ;

.c

■ 1.

* «

: i

'j £

: e

3*2:

3 C

° E

- -*

4 w^

3 ^
3 ;

: i

: e

>

'. 8>

. T

. C
! «

J

') t

i(J.

. a

3 4

: c

. t
i 'J

» c
5 i

i ^
) ~
J -

id

c

{ u
- tr

k

' k

is

" ft

r c

p

I >

: e

■ r-

■ c

•4-

a

, c

-c
c.

4-
'• a

) >

2

: a

; c

1
<

•3

o

CO
00

"3

o
H

01

a

9

•«>
■•>

•a

3

«
•I

Pi

o
«

to

o

a

n

1— •

El

O

<»

t>t

9

A

■f

■*»

a

^

■«-»

•

3

^•s

C3

c-a

§-s

M

U

"K 60

<A

.5 5

S

p^-o

>-■

*- V

o

« •»-•

,4

-»J

o

r p«

u

►» »

•— ' M

o

>-

c: o

r\

4j 00

• FN

0 O

eg

^

■« -

C3

o ^

3

'0.2

.a

fi.^

♦a ^

QQ

C h.

a

— O

>»

Ss

"3

5>

fl

o

« bO

i

:5--
-^ o

s

^ »

o ^

•^3

■S <u

^3 ^

EQ

a

•— -«j

<s>

« 9

• -4^

^ c

00 .^

• 3

dH

3 r

'^ «

r3 -^ fee « .iJ ^
*> t C =2 if 73

^ « O CO O-^

5 f

C -^ "o C - ■

e3 cj o « :c *?;

~ 5 -3 oc <4 «

c <^ — c ^

. 2 « O O. 3

k- on *'•*»_

" = r: " 5 =

C3 ., k. _

c ? e -i -

^--S

d

31j2 annual report of new-york

The whole population of the State is 35466,212; number of
farmers, 321,930; owners of land, 361,013-

We give the position in which the several counties stand in
relation to the leading crops and agricultural productions of the
State. The season of 1854 was one of the most unfavorable
known, for most of the crops. The severe drought of that year
affected the crops so as to cause a diminution of from 30 to 50
per cent in most of them, while the crop of wheat was very seri-
ously diminished by the ravages of the wheat midge, (Cecidamyia
tritici;) in many sections not a half a crop was gathered, and in
not a few instances the crops were not harvested. The average of
the crops, as appears from the census, does not give a fair esti-
mate of the crops of the State had the season been an ordinary
one; and it is safe to say that the crops of the State per acre
would have shown a considerably larger yield than at any for-
mer period since the censuses have been taken, had not these
casualties existed. The evidence of the diminution of the crops
by drought and insects, as furnished by the returns, shows this, and
the assurances we have from the most intelligent farmers in the
State, fully confirm it.

In giving the counties which show the largest yield, we begin
with winter wheat, of v/hich Livingston county gives 1,094,779
bushels; (Monroe, 810,363; Genesee, 760,461; Niagara, 589,911;
Ontario, 528,488.) Spring wheat, Jefferson, 428,672^; (St.
Lawrence, 295,464.) Oats, Onondaga, 1,015,227^; (and several
others over half a million.) Rye, Columbia, 445,136. Barley,
Jefferson, 392,684. Buckwheat, Schoharie, 169,078. Corn, On-
ondaga, 907,453; (Monroe, 805,811; Wayne, 756,677 J; Oneida,
732,294|.) Potatoes, Washington, 767,285. Peas, St.Lawrence,
69,016. Beans, Orleans, 40,185|. Hay, St. Lawrence, 139,400
tons. Grass seed, Jefferson, 13,601J. Turnips, Suffolk, 104,183^.
Flax, Montgomery, 1,016,929 lbs. Flax seed, Washington, 23,003.
Hops, Otsego, 3,122,258J lbs. Tobacco, Onondaga, 554,987 lbs.
Apples, Oneida, 634,262 bushels. Market gardens. Queens,
$337,503. Maple sugar, St. Lawrence, 513,913 lbs. Molasses,
Lewis, 4,698i gals. Wine, Orange, 2,173 gals. Honey, Oneida,
138,475 lbs. Neat cattle, St. Lawrence, 96,408. Cows, St. Law-^
rence, 52,161. Butter, same, 4,268,809 lbs. Cheese, Herkimer,
9,068,519 lbs. Milk, Orange, 4,553,514 gals. Horses, St. Law-

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 313

rence, 20,261. Mules, N. Y., 256. Swine, Orange, 40,584.
Sheep, Ontario, 132,725; wool, same, 609,075 lbs. Poultry,
Queens, §69,114; eggs, Dutchess, §68,913. Fulled cloth, St.
Lawrence, 19,102 yards; flannel, same, 29,178 yards. Linen,
Schoharie, 7,376 yds. Cotton and mixed cloth, St. Lawrence,
36,640 yards.

The miscellaneous crops named in the tables annexed, and
"which are not named in the list of agricultural products, amounted
to §1,421,700, of which, broom corn, Schenectady had §133,970.

The total value of special manures reported, was §663,464, of
which guano, §137,607. The counties using the largest amount,
were Queens, 1.206i tons, §60,274; Suffolk, l,059Uons, §52,015;
Gypsum, §304,773, generally used throughout the State, Dutchess
county having the largest quantity, 2,630 tons, §19,051. Bone-
dust, §16,439, Suffolk using §11,721 in value. Ashes, §10,359,
Suffolk using 50,632 bushels, value, §7,879. Lime, §8,409, Ul-
ster using 48,676 bushels, §2,266. Miscellaneous mixed manures,
§182,163, Suffolk using §120,756; Kings, §21,491.

Miscellaneous Domestic Manufactures. — The total value of these
manufactures, as returned, is §258,354. The article of most
value is carpeting, §96,115, of which Chautauque county has the
largest quantity, 16,547 yards, value, §7,149. Most of the coun-
ties in the State have returns in tliis column. The next larfi;est
article, socks, mostly woolen, 152,645 pair, §46,297, of which
Erie county has the largest number, 21, 420, §6,192. Dried frtiits
amount to 34,492^ bushels, §46,846, of which Wayne county has
19,550 bushels, value, §22,474.

The residue of this table has small amounts, the miscellaneous
class of unclassified productions being §36,224.

We had hojied the census would have given the statistics
in sucli a form tliat tlie products per cow for butter and clieese
could have been ascertained; but it will be seen tluit it is
impracticable to ascertain from the census anything reliabh*. The
nunib<.'r of cows are given, thequantity of butter and cliecsemado,
and tlic gallonsof milk sold; but it was found inipracticjible to separ-
ate the ccjwSjSo as to ascertain tlie number devoted to dilTereiit j^ur-
poses. We arc assured, however, from the returns we are re-
ceiving from dairies in different portions of the State, that there
is a steady progress going on, and that the quantity of cheese and

314 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK STATE SOCIETY.

butter per cow is considerably larger than at the census of 1850,
which gave as the estimate, 128 lbs. of butter, and 110 lbs. of
cheese per cow.

The census was the most comprehensive one that has ever
been taken in our State, and is more extensive than any previous
census in this country. To the Secretary of State, Mr. Leaven-
worth, under whose directions the tables were prepared, great
credit is due. He endeavored to include everything that would
develop the resources of the State, and although he w^as unable
fully to carry out his plans, still, the work as printed and published,
is far more perfect than any previous one. To Dr. F. B. Hough,
who has superintended the entire work from its commencement,
the public are greatly indebted for the manner in which it has
been carried out; and we are satisfied that no other man in our State
could have been selected who would have discharged the duties
connected with the work more acceptably than he has. A found-
ation has been laid, wiiich, if pursued hereafter, will secure to
our State at the next census all that can reasonably be expected
from a work of this kind.

THIRD REPORT

ON THE

?yOIIOLS AND OTHER INSECTS

OF THE

STATE OF NEW-YOKK.

By ASA FITCH, M. D ,

ENTOMOLOGIST OF THE NEW-YORK STATE AGRICVLTVRAL SOCIETY.

Copy-right secured to the Author.

Executive Committee J\^eiv-York State Agricultural Society:

In presenting this, my third Report, I -would observe that the
researches in which, pursuant to your instructions, I am occupied,
embrace a field of vast extent. These researches, for the present,
have a particular reference to those insects which are injurious —
the branch of science which is termed Economical Entomology.
They thus include a consideration of all those insects which are
detrimental,

1. To fruit trees.

2. To forest trees.

3. To the grass crop of meadows and pastures.

4. To grain and other field crops.
6. To the kitchen garden.

6. To the flower garden and greenhouse.

7. To domestic animals.

8. To man, molesting (1.) his person, (2) his household pro-
perty, such as furniture, clothing, stored provisions, &c.

These several heads will, I believe, embrace every object which
legitimately pertains to this branch of science; and this, in my
apprehension; is the most simple and appropriate division, the

316 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

best classification of its subjects which can be made. And w^hen
we call to mind how many insect depredators are to be found upon
a particular kind of tree, or a single one of our grain crops, it
will at once be perceived that the number of objects to be examined
under all of the several heads above specified, will be truly
immense. Many years will of course be required to investigate
eacli one of these sufficiently to render such a full and exact
account of it as the advanced state of knowledge at the present
day demands — an account which will give to the reader a com-
plete view of the history and economy of each species — such an
acquahitance with them, in short, as is requisite to enable those
who are suffering from these pests to devise the most suitable and
effectual modes for combatting them.

In tlie meantime, as the habits of a multitude of these depre-
dators have already been investigated more or less fully by different
observers, it is important that the information relating to them,
wliich is now scattered through a number of different ^Yorks,
nui ny of which are inaccessible to those who are most deeply inter-
ested in the premises, should be brought together in a condensed
form, so as to present a full view of this subject. More than a
century iigo, the celebrated naturalist Reaumur, expressed the
wish that those observers who are laboring to elucidate the history
of insects, would prepare and give to the world lists of all the
kinds which feed upon each particular tree and plant. But in
this country, where so little accurate knowledge of our insects is
diffused among the population, in addition to its name, an indica-
tion of the external appearance and habits of each species is a
great desideratum. Our agricultural periodicals are making fre-
quent allusion to this as a most important want at the present time.
And I liave hence thought that, in addition to the original matter
wliicli I liave to report as the fruit of my own investigations, I
could not render a more valuable service than that of posting up
this subject in such a manner as to present a map as it were of the
entire field. I therefore propose, in this and the succeeding
reports, to pass over this whole ground, giving every American
insect which is at present known as being an injui-ious species,
arnniging tliem in their regular order under the several heads
abt)ve specified. 1 design to give the common and the scientific
juiuie of each species, with the name of the order and family to

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 317

which it pertains, followed by a brief statement of (1st) the par-
ticular injury which each species does and the time of the year
when it commits its depredations, (2d,) the appearance of the
depredator, and if it be a worm or larva, add to this (3d) where
it secretes itself to repose during its pupa state, and (4th) the
appearance which it finally assumes when it comes out in its per-
fect form; and if it be a species the history of which has already
been published, give (lastly,) a reference to the work where
the most particular account of it and the remedies for opposing it
will be found. I endeavor in each instance to render this account
as succinct as possible, and at the same time sufficiently plain and
definite to enable any one, when he meets with an injurious insect,
to ascertain its name. As it is the leading design of these Reports
to impart information to common readers, I aim to use such terms
and give such comparisons as will make the subject most clear to
their comprehension, even at the risk in some instances of appear-
ing inelegant and uncouth.

Many insects, it is well known, feed upon several different
kinds of vegetation. The account of these is introduced under the
particular tree or plant to which each appears to be most attached
and on which it occurs in the greatest abundance, and under eacli
of the other trees or plants on which it is known to feed, its name
only is given, with a reference to the place where tlie descrip-
tion of it will be found, the species being numbered in a continuous
series to facilitate such references. A large portion of the insects
whicli now infest our fruit trees, originally subsisted upon the
native forest trees of this country, and many of these still occur
in their original haunts in greater numbers than in the new situ-
ations to which circumstances have obliged them to resort. Eut
as such insects will be much more frequently noticed upon fruit
trees, and are more important to us in consequence of the depre-
dations they are liable to commit upon the trees of this class, I
place the description of them under this head. The present Report
thus ci)mi)lett'S the account of all the insects at j)resent known to
infest our fruit trees, both cultivated and wild, the latter embracing
the chestnut, hickory, butternut and hazelnut, which 1 class as
fruit rather than forest trees, for the reason that they are more
valued through our country generally, in consequence of the fruit

318 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

which they yield, than for the timber and fuel w^hich we obtain
from them.

Many things which are most interesting and remarkable are
brought to my view, in the researches in which I am occupied,
and I sometimes think there is no kind of mischief going on in
the world of nature around us but that some insect is at the bot-
tom of it. Certain it is that these little creatures, seemingly so
insignificant and powerless as to be unworthy of a moment's
notice from any body but the curious, occupy a most important
rank in the scale of creation, and on every side of us their per-
formances are producing most important results, tending probably
in an equal degree to our benefit in one direction as to our detri-
ment in another. We are accustomed to read with wonder the
accounts which authors give of the singular habits and amazing
achievements of these creatures in foreign lands, little suspecting
that in the fields and woods around our own dwellings, operations
are constantly going on w^hich are every whit as interesting and
marvellous. Since my last Report was presented, I have suc-
ceeded in completing the history of an insect w^hose deeds are as
astonishing as anything on record in the annals of science. It is
well known that certain insects have been created apparently for
the sole purpose of preying upon other insects, and thus restrain-
ing them from becoming excessively multiplied. But I am not
aware of any discovery hitherto made indicating it to be the oflice
of any creature of this class to check the undue increase of any
of the higher orders of animals. The fact has long been known
of the squirrels of this country that the males are very frequently
emasculated, but how this deformity is produced has all along
been involved in doubt, it being the current popular supposition
that some of these animals seize and overpower their unfortunate
fellows and with their sharp teeth reduce them to the condition
of eunuchs. But I am now prepared to report a fact which will
probably set this mooted point to rest. I find we have a species
of fly, analogous to the bot fly of the horse and the gad fly which
produces the warbles in the backs of cattle, the grub of which
resides in the scrotum of the squirrel and consumes its testicles.
How surprising that an insect should have been called into exis-
tence for the express purpose of executing such a singular work
as this !

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 319

And in connexion with the investigations which I am pursuing
other facts similarly valuable as shedding additional light upon
this branch of the natural history of our country are frequently
elicited, which, however, have no relation to the subject of noxious
insects. I have therefore appended a few supplementary pages to
the present report, in which the more important items of this extra-
neous matter is presented. Respectfully submitted,

ASA FITCH.

PXATE .1

Apple tiee"boxex

\ Ap-ple -&pL±s ,2na.l& .

Prickly L ep to s tjhis .

itople BiJfr e s trs

^^%-^

JBelted. lo-c\^ luoxn.

Lj±li.of C T^ajLLB eiUrh3j.yseix,-Albaii5-.

INSECTS INFESTING FRUIT TREES.

THE APPLE.— Pyrw^ Malus.

AFFECTING THE ROOT.

1. Appleroot blight, Pemphigus Pyri, Fitcli. (Homoptera. Aphidae.)

Wart-like excrescences growing upon the roots, sometimes of an
enormous size; containing in their crevices exceedingly minute
pale yellow lice, often accompanied with larger winged ones,
having their bodies covered with a white cotton-like matter.

The mature, winged insect, a black fly with a dull greenish
abdomen and the wings transparent but not clear and glass-like,
with a faint smokiness at their tips, in the cell or space inclosed
by the last of the four oblique veins. Length to the end of the
wings nearly or quite a quarter of an inch, (0.25.) See Tran-
sactions of the New- York State Agricultural Society, 1854, page
709.

AFFECTING THE TRUNK.

r

Worms beneath the barky mining cavities in the outer sap wood and boring holes
in the heart wood.

These are the most pernicious enemies which the apple tree
has, whole orchards of young trees, if neglected, being almost sure,
of late years, to become suddenly infested and destroyed by one
or more of these insects.

2. Apple tree borer, Superda bivittata, Say. (Coleoptera. CerambyciJa}.)

[Plate I, fig. 2.]

A hirge cylindrical wliite footless grub, rather oroadest ante-
riorly, its head cliestnut brown, its mouth black. Excavating

[Ag. Trans. J U

322 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

APPLE. TRUNK.

irregular roundish or long and narrowish flat shallov/ burro v\'S,
immediately under the bark, at the crown of the root, where tlio
worm lies through the first winter; then boring upwards in tlie
solid wood about three inches, and reposing here through tlie
second winter, the perfect insect coming out of the tree the f^;!-
lowing June.

A cylindrical butternut-brown beetle, hoary white beneath, aiul
with two broad milk white stripes above, running the whole leiigtli
of its body. Length 0.60 to 0.75.

A full account of this species will be found in my first repor!,
Transactions N. Y. State Agricultural Society for 1854, p. 715.
Having recently enjoyed ample opportunities for inspecting tlie
work of this borer, I find it is more variable in its habits than
previous information had led me to suppose. The account given
by Dr. Harris, the best authority we have hitherto possessed on
subjects of this kind, has caused a very imperfect and in some
respects erroneous idea of its oj^erations to become widely preva-
lent in our country. He says, " The grub, with its strong jaws,
cuts a cylindrical passage through the bark, and pushes its cast-
ings backwards out of the hole from time to time, while it bores
upwards in the wood, penetrating eight or ten inches in the tree."
But, as I have heretofore stated, it is when the worm first hatches
from the egg that it mines its way through the bark, and is tlien
so minute that the hole it makes is no larger than the perforation
of a pin, and often becomes wholly closed and obliterated. And
the worm does not now penetrate into the wood, but feeds upon
the inner layers of the bark and the outer layers of the sap-wood,
for about a twelvemonth, and till it is half grown to maturity,
excavating hereby a shallow flat cavity between the bark and tlie
wood, which cavity extends some two or three inches up and down
and is half as broad, but is commonly very irregular in its form, in
consequence of several worms working in the same tree and avoiding
any encroachment upon each other. This cavity is almost inva-
riably found stuffed full and densely packed with the sawdust-
like castings or chips of the worm, a small quantity of which is
commonly protruded to the outside of the bark, sometimes throng ■!
a natural crack formed by the bark becoming dead, dry and con-

STATE AGKICULTURAL SOCIETY. 323

APPLE. TRUNK.

tractedj sometimes through one or more small orifices which
appear to be gnawed by the worm. But I have met with many
instances where none of this powder w^as protruded, the blackened
and slightly depressed surface of the bark being the only indica-
tion of the mischief that was going on beneath. And not unfre-
quently the worm eats downwards, under the bark of the root, to
a distance of two to four inches below the surface of the ground,
instead of being always at or slightly above the surface, as pre-
vious accounts have implied. And it is of course impossible for
any castings to be protruded from this part of its burrow, as the
soil is firmly pressed against and moulded to the root. And
W'here this j^owder appears externally, it commonly has the aspect
not of having been thrust out by the worm, but of having
crowded itself out, from the mass under the bark swelling by
being dampened by rain soaking through the dead bark and satu-
rating it.

The worm is almost always found at some part of the outer
edge of its burrow, where it is lying apparently dormant, crowded
and tightly wedged between the bark and the wood. Like most
other larvae, this moults, and its cast skin will sometimes be found
among the dust in the burrow. At length, in the course of the
second summer, when it has grown to half or three-quarters of an
inch in length and its jaws have become suificiently strong for the
work, it begins to bore a cylindrical passage upward in the solid
wood, making hereby a secure retreat, in the interior of the tree,
in which to lie and sleep during its pupa state. It is not till just
the close of the larva period of its life that it completes this cylin-
drical burrow by extending it onwards and obliquely outwards to
the bark. It then stuff's the upper end of this passage with
sawdust-like powder, and its lower end with short fibres of
wood arranged like curly locks of hair, thus forming an elastic
bed on which to repose during its pupa state. After it has
changed from its pupa to its perfect form, it still remains dormant
and motionless in its cell, sometimes for several wrecks. Awaking
at length to life and activity, it crawls upward, loosening and
pulling down the dust and chips from the u}>per end of its burrow,
till it reaches the bark. Through this it cuts a remarkably

324 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

APPLE. TRUNK.

smooth round hole, of the exact size requisite to enable it to crawl
out from the tree. This hole is commonly only four or six inches
above the surface of the ground. And sometimes a worm will be
met with boring its cylindrical burrow in the wood of the root, in
a situation where it is evident it intends to pass its pupa state
under the ground and emerge below or at the surface.

Although this borer is a native insect which has always existed
upon this continent, it appears to be recently that it has taken up
its residence in the apple tree. Aged persons inform me that no
insect except the caterpillar was formerly known to infest this
tree; and it is quite certain that our predecessors, fifty and a
hundred years ago, with the little attention they were accustomed
to bestow upon their orchards, could not have had such thrifty,
large, long lived trees as we know were common at that time, if
this and other insects attacked them then as they do now. We
have met with no record, pointing this out as a- depredator, until
the year 1824, when Mr. Say, describing this species, notes that
" In the larva state it is very injurious to the apple tree, boring
into the wood." And the following spring its character appears
to have become known in the vicinity of Albany for the first time.
The reminiscence is one of too much interest in the history of this
insect to be permitted to pass into oblivion. April 27th, 1825, •
the late Philip Heartt of Troy, in a letter to Jesse Buel, states
that an orchard of young trees which he would not have parted
with for two thousand dollars, he had just discovered were all
girdled and destroyed, or very nearly so, by worms under the bark,
of all sizes, from that of a large yellow grub, downward. Some
of these insects at that early season were found in their perfect
state, from which Dr. James Eights, Jr. ascertained them to be the
species which Mr. Say had recently named and described. Judge
Buel hereupon wrote to Mr. Say, soliciting further information
and a remedy, who replied, recommending a measure which had
then lately been found successful against the peach root borer,
namely, placing common mortar around the root of the tree. This
correspondence is published in full in the Memoirs of the New-
York Board of Agriculture, vol. iii, commencing on page 478;
and from it some facts may be gathered respecting the habits of

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 326

APPLE. TRUNK.

this insect, which have not been stated in any of the accounts
since published.

Remedies. — To repel the beetle from depositing its eggs upon
the bark, the tree should be rubbed with soft soap or some other
alkaline preparation, the latter part of May. Although the insect
has been found changed from its pupa to its perfect form in April,
I suppose such individuals would remain dormant in their cells
until the season became more advanced and warm; and we have
no knowledge of its appearing abroad until the beginning of
June. We are yet in want of exact observations as to the date of
its depositing its eggs. If preventive measures have been neg-
lected and these worms have established themselves at the root of
the tree, they should immediately be ferreted out and destroyed.
This can be done much more easily when they are young and
small, as they are then lying directly under the bark. Young
trees should therefore be inspected every autumn or early in the
spring; and if any particles of powder, like new sawdust, are found
upon the ground around the root, the dead blackish bark at that
point, and at other places where such bark occurs, sliould be cut
away, until the worm beneath is discovered. A little experience
wall render one expert in detecting the lurking places of these
pests. And they should never be allowed to remain until the
second summer, to finish their injury by boring in the solid wood
of the tree.

3. Apple Buprestis, C/iri/so6o;/ins/gmora/a, Fabricius. (Coleoptera Rupres-
tidae.) [Plate I, fig 3.]

A pale yellow footless grub, its anterior end enormously large,
round and llattened. Excavating a cavity under the bark and
in the solid wood analogous to that of the preceding species, but
much smaller.

The insect a flattish oblong, shining Mack beetle, its under side
appearing like burnished copper, its wing covers with three
raised lines, the outer two interrupted by two impressed spots.
Length 0.50. JJasking in the sunshine, upon apple trees, in June
and July. See Trans. N. Y. State Agricultui'al Society, 1854, p.
729.

326 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

APPLE. TRUNK.

4. Prickly Leptosttlus, Leptostylus aculiferus, Say. (Coleoptera. Ceram-
bycidae.) [Plate I, fig. 4.]

Small worms, similar in appearance to young apple tree borers,
occurring sometimes in multitudes under the bark, forming long,
narrow winding tracks upon the outer surface of the wood, these
tracks becoming broader as the worm has increased in size.

A rather short and thick brownish gray beetle, with small
prickle-like points upon its wing covers, and back of their middle
a white curved or V-shaped band, with a black streak on its hind
edge. Length, 0.35. Appearing the last of August. See Country
Gentleman, vol. ix, p. 78.

The wood of the apple tree was formerly highly valued for cabinet work in
this country. In 1786, a son of Gen. Israel Putnam, residing in Williams-
town, Mass., had a table made from one of his apple trees. Many years after-
wards the gnawing of an insect was heard in one of the leaves of this table,
v.-hich noise continued for a year or two. when a large long-horned beetle made
its exit therefrom. Subsequently the same noise was heard again, and
another insect, and afterwards a third, all of the same kind, issued from this
table leaf—the first one coming out twenty and the last one twent)''-eight years
after the tree was cut down. These facts are more fully stated in the history
of the county of Berkshire, published at Pittsfield, 1829, page 39. This, I
believe, is the longest period of an insect remaining alive in timber, of which
we have any record, and it is important to ascertain, if possible, what insect
this was. John J. Putnam, Esq., of Whitecreek, N. Y., was a young man, resid-
ing at his father's in Williamstown, when these remarkable incidents occurred.
On showing to him specimens of all the larger long-horned beetles of this
vicinity, he points to the Cerasphorus balteatus (plate 1, fig. 8; see insects infes-
ting the trunk of the hickory,) as being the same insect, according to the best
of his recollection, though he is not certain but it might have been the Calli-
dium agreste. This testimony, in connection with what President Fitch of Wil-
liams college says of the insect in the notice above referred to, *' its color dark
glistening brown with tints of yellow," releases us from all doubts upon this
subject, as the agreste is of a uniform brown color, whilst the balteatus com-
monly presents traces more or less distinct of an oblique yellowish spot or band
near the middle of its wing covers. We may therefore regard the balteatus as
another insect which occasionally bores in the trunks of the apple tree.

5. Apple bark beetle, Tomicus Mali, new sp. (Coleoptera. Scolytidae.)

Young thrifty trees, soon after putting forth their leaves in
spring, suddenly withering, as though scorched by fire, the bark
becoming loosened from the wood, and soon after numerous per-

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 327

APPLE. TRUNK.

forations like pin holes appearing, penetrating through the bark
and into the wood, from each of which comes out a very small,
cylindrical beetle, which is smooth, slender, black, sometimes dark
chestnut red, its legs and antennse testaceous or dull pale yellow-
ish, its thorax anteriorly minutely punctured, the declivity at the
tip of the wing-covers less abrupt than usual, with an excavation
or groove along the suture, which gives the apex a notched
appearance, and near the middle of the declivity upon each side
of this groove a slightly elevated tubercle of the shape of a cres-
cent, with its concave side towards the suture. Length 0.09.

I only know this insect from specimens recently sent me from
Middleiield, Mass., by Lawrence Smith, Esq., who writes me that
he took them July 6th, from the trunk of an apple tree ten inches
in diameter, which was numerously punctured from the surface
of the ground to where the limbs commenced branching off, above
which no traces of them were to be found. In another letter he
states that this insect was first noticed in his neighborhood two
years ago, w^hen several nursery trees were riddled by them.
Nothing was seen of them last year; but they have reappeared
the spring of the present year (1857) in greater abundance, and
a number of trees have been ruined by them. I find a specimen
of this same insect also in a collection sent me several years since
from Ohio, by Dr. Robert H. Mack, of Parma.

The joints of the feet and the contour of the antennae is the
same in tliis insect as in the genus Tomicus; but between the
second joint of the antennae and the knob or club is a mere cylin-
drical pedicel to the knob, scarcely as long as the second joint
and less than half its diameter, destitute of articulations cutting
it up into small joints. The antennae are thus but five jointed,
the knob being composed of only three nearly equal joints. And
I find no genus defined, the antennae of which strictly coincide
with those of tliis species.

Pkar blight beetle, Scolytus Pyri. See Pear insects, No. 50.

Several individuals of this species were also found by Mr. Smith,
associated with the foregoing, and coming out from the bark a
few days before them, making a perforation twice as large, the
holes of that species being })ut tliree-huudredths of an inch in

328 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORE

APPLE. TRUNK.

diameter, whilst those of this insect measure 0.06. A specimen
of the wood sent me, shows a perforation made by this larger
insect, running in a straight line through the bark and into the
wood three-fourths of an inch, with three lateral galleries of the
same size branching oif from this at right angles upon one side,
and one upon the opposite side, these galleries being excavated
up and down parallel with the grain of the wood.

It thus appears that the pear blight beetle, instead of being
limited to the twigs in its operations, as has heretofore been sup-
posed, attacks the trunk of the tree also. And it is therefore
evident that there are tw^o generations of this insect each year.
The new shoots at the ends of the limbs are not sufficiently grown
to accommodate the earliest brood, and they are therefore nurtur-
ed in the trunk of the tree. When these reach maturity, the
newly grown twigs offer them a more dainty repast, and they
accordingly resort to them, blighting and destroying them in the
manner hereafter stated in the account of this insect. No. 56.

It was formerly supposed that the bark beetles only infested
trees which were already dying or dead. But more recent obser-
vations have shown that sound healthy trees are attacked and
killed by them. And these observations are fully confirmed by
Mr. Smith, w^ho states that it is young thrifty apple trees, that
made a most vigorous growth last summer, which have been
killed this past spring by these insects.

Worms CQnsu7ning the wood of old and hollow trees, hastening their decay.

The larvse of quite a number of beetles feed upon the old and
decaying wood of almost all our trees, showing little preference
for one tree over another. Those only which from their very
large size will be liable to attract notice when found as they fre-
quently are in the interior of aged apple trees, may here be speci-
fied, although they are equally common in oaks, willows, &c.

6. Horn-bug, Lucanus Capreolus, Linnaeus. (Coleoptera. Lucanidas.)

Large thick nearly cylindrical white worms, with the hind part
of their bodies curved downwards and forwards, their heads and
six legs tawny reddish, the mouth darker. In the loose dirt
which accumulates in the hollow of the tree, forming large hard

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 329

APPLE. TRUNK.

brown pods, resembling eggs, in Avliich to lie during their pupa
state.

The insect, a large oblong beetle, smooth and shining, of a
chestnut or mahogany color, the males with stout sickle-shaped
jaws as long as the head, and having a small tooth on their inner
edge near the middle. Length 1.00 to 1.20. Often flies in at
open windows, in warm evenings in July. See Harris's Treatise,
p. 40.

7. Rough OsmodermAj Osmoderma scahra, Beauvois. (Coleoptera Melolon-
thidse.)

A w^orm similar in size and shape to the preceding, but much
more rough and wrinkled transversely, changing to a broad oval
black beetle, coarsely punctured, flattened upon its wing covers,
W'hich are rough from irregular elevations and have impressed
lines along the middle; the males smaller, purplish black and
slightly coppery, with the head flat and its edges turned upward.
Length 0.80 to 1.10. Appears in July. See Harris, p. 37.

8. Smooth Osmoderma, Osmoderma eremicola. Knoch.

This doubtless has the same form and habits with the preceding
though it has not yet been observed in its larva state. The beetle
is also similar in size and form, but is perfectly smooth, shining
and of a deep mahogany brown color, the males having a broad
transverse excavation on the fore part of the thorax. Seo
Harris, p. 38.

9. Big-eyed snapping beetle, Alaus oculatus, Linnaeus. (Coleoptera Elate-
ridae.)

A smooth flattened tawny yellow worm, dark brown or black
at each end, growing to two and a lialf inches in lengtli by 0.40
in widtli, rather broadest in tlie middle, the last segment witli two
thorn-like points curving upward, and on its under side a large,
soft retractile pro-leg, with six small slender legs anteriorly;
changing to a long, rather flat black snapping beetle, with i(g
wing covers speckled with wliite, andon its thorax two large eye-
like spots of coal black, surrounded by a white ring. Lengtli
1.00 to 1.80. Occurs in June and July. See Harris, p. 48.

330 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW" YORK ^

APPLE. LIMBS.

Two other New-York species, very similar to this and doubtless
having the same habits, may here be noticed. They are much
less common, and are met with in the month of April.

10. Purblind snapping beetle, Alaus myops, Fab.

Brown, clouded with ash-gray, the eye-like spots much smaller,
dim, and oval instead of round.

11. Blinking snapping beetle, j^laus luscus, Fab.

Differs from the foregoing only in being wholly destitute of any
gray or white coloring.

The Divaricated Buprestis (see No. 71,) is sometimes met
with upon decaying apple trees.

AFFECTING THE LIMBS AND TWIGS.

Mining the tivigs internally causing them to perish.

12. Apple twig BOR'E.R,Bostrichushicaudatus,Sa.j- (ColeopteraBostrichidae.)

Particular twigs withering and their leaves turning brown in
midsummer, with a hole the size of a knitting needle perforated
at one of the buds some six or twelve inches below the tip end
of the twig, this hole running into the heart of the twig, which is
consumed some inches in length.

The insect, a small cylindrical beetle, dark chesnut brown,
black beneath, the fore part of its thorax rough from minute ele-
vated points, and in the males furnished with two little horns,
and the tips of their wing covers above, with two prickle-like
points which curve inwards. Length 0.25 to 0.35.

This insect occurs from Pennsylvania to Mississippi, and has
been common of late years in the orchards of Michigan and Illi-
nois, but has never been met with as yet in New- York or New-
England.

The BLIGHT BEETLE dcstroys the twigs similarly, perforating a
minute hole at several of the buds instead of one only, but it is
more common on the pear tree. See No. 56.

The OAK pruner, represented on plate ii., fig 2, in its larva
state severs the small limbs, in summer, cutting them off as
smoothly as though the work were done by a saw. It is rare on

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 331

APPLE. LIMBS.

the apple and so common on the oak that the description of it
will be given under the latter.

Wounding the twigs externally, causing them to break and fall.

13. New-York weevil, Ithycerus Novcehoracensis, Forster. (Coleoptera
Attelabidae.)

A beetle in May and June, eating the buds and gnawing into
the twig at their base, cutting it often to the pith.

A gray weevil, the largest one in this country, each of its wing
covers with four white lines, w^hich are interrupted by black dots,
the thorax with three whitish lines. Length 0.35 to 0.60. See
Horticulturist, vol. viii, p. 386.

14. Seventeen-tear locust, Cicada septemdecim, Linn. (Homeoptera.
Cicadidae.)

Appearing in June, in immense numbers, at intervals of seven-
teen years; making slits in the small limbs of the trees, in which
to deposit its eggs, causing a profuse flow of sap from the wounds,
the limb commonly perishing. A very large black fly with red
eyes and four large glassy wings, the ribs of which are bright
orange yellow. Width across the wings when spread, 2.50 to
3.25. See Trans. N. Y. State Agric. Soc. 1854, p. 742.

This locust will next appear in this State in 1860 along the
Hudson river and on Long Island; in 1866 in the west end of
the State; and again on Long Island in 1868 and 1872. S. Cal-
verly, Esq., of Brooklyn, assures me that some of these locusts
r^n be met with on Long Island every year.

DOG-DAY CICADA, SCC No. 72.

Puncturing the smooth bark of the limbs and extracting their juices.

15. Apple bark-louse, u^spidiotus conchiformisy Gmelin. (Ilomoptera.
Coccidafi.)

An oblong flattish brown scale, one-eighth of an inch long,
shaped, like an oyster shell, fixed to tlie smooth ])ark and resem-
bling a little blister; sometimes crowded together in such num-
bers as to wholly cover the bark. T3en<'ath each of these scales
from a dozen to a liundred minute wliitc eggs, which hatch the
latter part of May, giving out tiny lice, resembling niinute white

332 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

APPLE. LIMBS.

dots or atoms, which disperse themselves over the smooth bark
and then become stationary, with their beaks inserted in the bark
sucking its juices. Some of these ere many days acquire two
wings and resemble small flies or midges. These are the males.
The others remain fixed to the bark, die, and become overspread
with a substance resembling fine blue mould, forming little
patches upon the bark through most of the month of June. As
this mouldiness wears off, the little blister-like scale first noticed
again becomes visible, these scales being the dried relics of the
females, forming a covering to protect their eggs through the
autumn and winter. See Trans. N. Y. State Agricultural Soc.
1854, p. 732.

Of late years every orchard in the district adjacent to Lake
Michigan has been ruined by this insect. Numerous remedies for
abating the evil have been tried, without success. Now at last,
it is pretty w^ell ascertained that anointing the trees with grease
or oil is an effectual remedy. I am assured of this by Dr. Hoy,
of Racine, and other correspondents, and by several communica-
tions in the Prairie Farmer and other agricultural periodicals.

16. CoTTOX SCALE INSECT, j^spidiotus GossypH, new species.

It may not be wholly out of pLace in this connection to observe that almost
every tree and shrub, as well as many herbaceous plants, are infested, each
with a species of bark-louse or scale insect peculiar to it. As yet, however,
no insect of this kind has been recorded as pertaining to the cotton plant. But
on some dried specimens of the Gossippium religiosum, sent me from Ningpo,
China, by Pv,ev. M. S. Culbertson, of the Presbyterian Board of Missions, I find
a scale insect placed along the sides of the mid-vein, upon the under surface of
the leaves. It is smaller than the scales of the apple bark-louse, pale yellow,
flattened, of a broad oval form, pointed at one end, the opposite or rounded
end being whitish, thin, and semi-transparent. It also shows a slender raise-d
line running lengthwise upon each side of the middle, and slight transverse
wrinkles. There is reason to apprehend that this insect may find its v. ay to
our shores at some future daj', and become detrimental to one of the most
important staple products of our country.

IT. Apple tree blight, Eriosoma lanigera, Hausmann. (Homoptera.
Aphidae.)

Small patches of white down or cotton-like wool covering a
cluster of minute pale lice; situated near the root, particularly
around the base of twigs and suckers growing from the trunk,

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 333

APPLE. LIMBS.

and where any wound in the bark is healing, and in autumn com-
mon also in the axils of the leaf stalks towards the ends of the
twigs; sometimes so multiplied, in European countries, as to cover
the whole under sides of the limbs, and also the trunk, the tree
appearing as though it were whitewashed; preferring trees whose
fruit is sweetest.

Under each small patch of down is commonly one large female
and her young. The female is about 0.06 long, egg-shaped, dull
reddish brown, with a black head and feet and dusky legs and
antennas. She is dusted over with a white mealy powder, and has
a tuft of white down growing upon the hind part of her back,
which is easily detached. See Harris's Treatise, p. 193.

AFFECTING THE LEAVES.
Puncturing them and extracting their juices »

18. Apple aphis or plaxt louse, j^phis Mali, Fab. (Homoptera Apliidse. j

[Plate I, fig. 1, the male, fig. 5, the female.]

Small green lice without wings, accompanied by a few black
and green ones having wings, crowded together in vast numbers
upon the under sides of the leaves and the green succulent tips of
the twigs, the leaves becoming distorted hereby and turned back-
wards, often with their tips pressing against the twig from whence
they grow.

The winged individuals with a black thorax and a green abdo-
men, having a roAV of black dots along each side, and pale legs
with black knees and feet. Length 0.05 to the tip of the abdo-
men. The wingless individuals slightly larger, with the thorax and
abdomen green, the legs pale, with black feet. See Trans. N. Y.
State Ag. Society, 1854, p. 753.

19. Apple-leaf Avnis, j1 phis MalifoUcB^Yiich..

Found with tlie ])receding on apple trees in Illinois; distin-
guished from it by being slightly larger and having the abdomen
as well as the thorax black, the second fork of the wing veins
at its tip nearer to the end of the fourth vein tlian it is to the end
of the first fork, and other dilferences in the wing veins. See
Trans. N. Y. State Ag. Society, 1854, p. 760.

334 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

APPLE. LIMBS.

20. Mouldy APHIS, CalUpterus mucidus, new s-pecies. (IIomopteraAphidae.)

A solitary plant-louse, walking on the leaves or hovering on the
wing in their shade, having its body, legs and antennae coated
over, more or less, with pruinose matter resembling fine bluish
white mould. Pale green, whitish anteriorly, legs and antennae
black, their bases pale; wings clear and glassy with a small dusky
or black cloud on the tips of the veins; the rib-vein whitish to
the stigma, and from thence thicker and coal black. Length 0.075.

21, Thorn-bush tree-hopper, JTielia CratcBgi, Fitch. (Ilomoptera Mem-
bracidse.) [Plate ii, fig. 5.]

On apple trees and more common on thorn-bushes, in July and
August, standing upon the small limbs, and when approached by
the finger, leaping away with a sudden strong spring and becoming
lost to the view. A tree-hopper, shaped like a beech nut, 0.34
long, black varied with chestnut brown, with a large w^hite spot
on each side, wliich is prolonged forwards into a band across the
front, and with a white band also across the hind part of its back,
the anterior end of its back with a protuberance extending
upwards perpendicularly.

In the present treatise I retain the genus Thelia in its original integrity, as
proposed by AKi3'0t and Serville, including in it those species only which have
a horn-like protuberance, more long than wide, arising from the fore part of
the thorax, and compressed and rounded at its summit. The genus as thus
limited, embraces the himaculata and acuminata Fab., the belligera Say, the
univittata Harris, and the above species. In my Catalogue of the Ilomopterous
insects in the State Cabinet of Natural History, published in 1851, I proposed
the generic name Telamona for certain other species which could not be referred
to any of the genera in Amyot and Serville's work, diifering from Thelia in
having a protuberance jutting up from the middle instead of the anterior part of
the back, this protuberance being more wide than high when the insect is viewed
in profile, and more or less square in its form. M. Fairmaire in his valuable
memoir on the 3IembracidcB, in the fourth volume of the second series of the
Annals of the Entom. Soc. of France, published a few years previous to my
Catalogue, and giving much the most full and clear exposition of this group
that has yet appeared, unites these insects to the genus TTielia, and also
includes the genus Smilia of Amyot and Serville in the same genus, employing
the name Smilia for an allied group of insects in which the apical cell of the
fore wings is quadrangular instead of triangular. The T%elia of M. Fairmaire
thus becomes an extensive genus, .embracing insects which present notable dif-
ferences in their external form. I know not why M. Fairmaire founds a portion

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 335

APPLE. LIMBS.

of the genera in this family upon dilFerences in the shape of the thorax, and
disregards analogous dilFerences here, especially since these differences are not
in the least sexual here as they are in some of the other genera. I am there-
fore induced to retain the genus Smilia for those insects to which it was applied
by Amyot and Serville, being a portion of the lirst section of this genus as it
was originally proposed by Germar, and the equivalent of the first and second
sections of M. Fairmaire's genus Thelia; his third section being the same with
my genus Telamona, and his fourth section being the Thelia of Amyot and Ser-
ville, and of the present Report.

22. Buffalo TREE-HOPPER, Ceresabubalus,Ya.h. (Ilomoptera. Mem br acid ie.)

[Plate ii, fig. 4.]

A tree-hopper of similar form and the same habits with tlie
preceding, appearing on this and most other trees from July till the
end of the season. Color light grass-green when alive, freckled
with whitish dots; anteriorly with a short sharp point on each
side, jutting horizontally outwards, having some resemblance to
the horns of a bull or buffalo. Length 0.30 to 0.40.

23. Calf tree-hopper, Ceresa taurina, new species.

This is like the preceding in every respect, except that the
space between the horns is concave instead of rectilinear. It is
the insect named Membracis taurina in Dr. Harris's Catalogue, and
perhaps is not a distinct species from the foregoing.

Several other kinds of tree-hoppers and leaf-hoppers occur
upon apple trees, but being more common on oaks, willows, and
other trees, will be noticed hereafter, each in connection with the
tree to which it appears to be most attached. Several of these
insects puncture the tender bark of the small limbs as well as the
leaves.

21, Large tree-bug, Arma grandis, Dallas. (Ilemiptera. Pentatomidai.)

[Plate ii, fig. 7.]

A large flat bug, tlie size and somewhat the shape of a pumpkin
seed, but witli a coiLSpicuous sharp spine projecting outwards on
each side anteriorly. Color dull pale yellowisli, witli numerous
minute brown })Uiicturcs above and red ones on the under side, and
with two Iturnislied brassy green dots near eacli aiitrrior angle of the
thorax. Length of the male O.GO, female 0.75. Appearing on
apple, oak and other trees from July till the end of the season.

336 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

APPLE. LIMBS.

25. Spangled tree-bug, Arma hradeata, new species.

Like the preceding and of tlie same size, but darker colored,
and having in addition to the brassy green dots of that species
one on each anterior angle of the thorax, two on the middle of its
anterior edge, and two others back of these last, with several
small irregular greenish black spots on the scutel and wing covers.
Kare. Met with in July.

26. Spined tree-bug, Arma spinosa, Dallas.

Like the foregoing, but smaller and destitute of the brassy green
dots; a dusky brown spot on the membranous tips of the wing
covers: beneath with a row of black dots along each side of the
middle, and a large round spot on the middle of the last segment;
thighs with one or two black dots near their tips. Length 0.42
to 0.52. During summer and autumn common on apple trees
throughout the United States. Very similar to the Modest tree-
bug, No. 101.

Beetles eating the leaves.
Rose bug, see No. 50.

27. Cloaked Chrtsomela, Cr/i/pfosceZiscrj/pficwS; Say. (Coleoptera. Chrys-
ortfelidse.)

A thick cylindrical beetle, with its head sunk into the thorax
and the thorax narrower than the body; pale ash gray from being
entirely covered or cloaked with short incumbent whitish hairs;
the closed wing covers showing a small right angled notch at the
tip of their suture; scutel dusky. Length 0.32. Mr. Say met
with this insect in Missouri, and my specimens are from the same
vicinity, gathered by Wm. S. Robertson, who informs me that it
eats oak leaves, but seems to prefer those of the apple tree, on
which it is found in abundance.

Worms eating the leaves.

Probably a greater variety of worms are able to sustain them-
selves upon the leaves of the apple than upon those of any other
tree. Some of these will be numerous during one or two seasons
and will then scarcely be seen again for several years, whilst of
others a few will be met with almost every year. Some of them

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 337

APPLE. LEATES.

take on difterent colors and marks with every change of their
skins, so that a description of the full grown worm will not apply
to it when it is small. Quite a number of these worms are yet
unknown to us in their perfect state. Of those mentioned below,
the eight first are caterpillars, clothed more or less densely with
hairs; the four next are large thick bodied worms, and the re-
mainder are small and more slender.

28. Apple-tree caterpillar, Clisiocampa^mericana, Harris. (Lepidoptera.
Bombycidae.)

In May, forming large cobweb-like nests in the forks of the
limbs; black, hairy caterpillars with w^hite lines, and along each
side a row of blue spots; living together in societies; finally dis-
persing and spinning oval white cocoons, placed in sheltered cor-
ners. The moth appearing the first of July, dull brownish red,
its fore wings crossed by two straight white bands running parallel
with the hind margin. Width of the wings when spread, 1.20
to 2.00. See Transactions of 1855, p. 413.

Forest caterpillar, Clisiocampa sylvatica. See Oak insects.
Fall web worm, Ilyphantria textor. See Cherry insects, No. 88.
Hickory tussock moth, Lophocampa Carycz. See Walnut insects.

29. Yellow-necked apple-tree worm, Eametopona Ministra, Drury.
(Lepidoptera. Notodontidse.)

Clustered closely together and wholly stripping the leaves from
a particular limb, in August; when alarmed holding both ends
of their bodies stillly upward; dull yellow, cylindrical worms
thinly clothed with long soft hairs, with light yellow stripes and
black heads, when older becoming black with a yellow neck and
liglit yellow stripes. The moth varying from buff* yellow to
auburn brown, its fore wings crossed by three to five narrow
brown or blackish bands, the forward one curved and transverse,
the other straight and parallel with the hind margin. Width
2.00 to 2.40. See Transactions, 1855, p. 467.

30. AMKUirAV LAPPKT MOTH, Gastropacha j^mericana, Harris. (Lepidop-
tera. Uouibycidiu.)

In July, August and September, appressed to and resembling a
natural tumor or swelling of the bark; a flattened ash-gray worm
[Ag. Trans.] V

338 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

Apple, leaves.
2 50 long, fringed low down on each side with tufts of blackish
and gray hairs, and readily known by its having above on the
fore part two bright scarlet velvety bands. The moth tawny red-
dish brown, the inner angle of its fore wings notched as though
eaten oft* by a worm, and commonly a pale cloud extending from
this notch towards the tip, edged often on each of its sides by a
zig zag dark brown line. Width 1.50 or more. Appearing the
latter part of May. See Harris's Treatise, p. 293.

31. Velleda lappet moth, Planosa Velleda, Stoll. (Lepidoptera. Bom-
bycidae.)

A worm similar to the foregoing in its habits ana appearance,
but of a faint pale green color with numerous irregular whitish
lines resembling the streaks upon bark, and with a narrow black
band above in the suture between the second and the third rings.
The moth milk white with a large auburn brown spot on the mid-
dle of its back, its fore wings entire, dusky gray, crossed by a
wavy white line near the hind edge and two others forward of
this near the middle; the males scarcely half as large as the
females. Width 1.25 to 2.75. See Harris's Treatise, p. 293.

32. American vaporer moth, Orgyia leucostigma, Smith and Abbot. (Le-
pidoptera. Arctiidas.)

In winter, clusters of white eggs and a dead leaf adhering to a
whitish cocoon, attached to the twigs or limbs. In midsummer a
slender caterpillar with pale yellow hairs and tufts and black
pencils, its head and two small protuberances on the hind part
of the back bright coral red. The moth dull smoky or sooty brown,
its fore wings with a white dot near the inner angle, a rhombic
black spot on the outer edge near the tip, with an oblique black
streak forward of it, which is often prolonged to the inner margin
and forms the hind edge of a broad ash gray band crossing the
middle of the wing. Variable. Width 1.20 to 1.40. Females
without wings, ash gray. See Transactions, 1855, p. 441.

33. Cecropia emperor moth, Attacus Cecropia, Linn. (Lepidoptera. Bom-
bycidas.)

In August, consuming the whole leaf and its veins, a large
cylindrical pale green worm three or four inclies long and as thick
as one's thumb, and having two rows of pale blue urojecting

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 339

APPLE. LEAVES.

points along each side, and two rows of pale yellow ones upon the
back, with four larger bright orange or red ones anteriorly, all
ending in little black prickles; attaching its large pod-like rusty
gray cocoon to the side of a limb. The moth large, its wings dark
gray, each with a large white crescent-like spot in the centre,
margined with red, and beyond this a red band crossing both
wings and margined on its fore side with white upon the hind pair.
Appears in June. Width five to seven inches. See Harris'
Treatise, p. 299.

A few words in explanation of the name of this moth may not
be amiss in this connection. Sir James Edwin Smith says " we
cannot in this instance commend the nomenclature of Linnaeus,
nor is it easy to conjecture what connection he imagined between
this moth, magnificent as it is, and the city of Athens, to which
its name implies it to belong." And Dr. Harris, echoing the same
sentiment, remarks, " Cecropia was the ancient name of the city
of Athens; its application, by Linnaeus, to this moth, is inexpli-
cable." The great legislator of this department of human know-
ledge, as he is expressively Styled by Latreille, it has frequently
been remarked, was endowed with a genius which few of his dis-
ciples have inherited, for selecting names for natural objects, whieli
are most appropriate and happy. The idea which was present in
the mind of Linnaeus, when he named this splendid moth, we
think is sufficiently evident. The Athenians were the most polished
and refined people of antiquity. The moths are the most delicate
and elegant of insects; they are the Athenians of their race.
Cecrops was the founder, the head of the Athenian people. Whe-u
tlie names of men were bestowed upon cities, ships or otlior
objects regarded as being of the feminine gender, classical usa,ij;e
changed these names to the feminine form. The moths (Plialsenfi)
being feminine, and the name of Cecrops being more euphonious
in this ibrm,probably induced Linnaeus to change it in the manner
he did. The name thus implies this to be the leader, the head of
the most elegant tribe of insects, or in other words, tlie first of all
the insect kind. What name more appropriate can be invented
for this most sumptuous moth? It was in the cabinet of Queen
Ulrica that Linnjeus met with this sj^cies, and it appears that
after having bestowed upon it this name, another s]>ecies became

340 ANNUAL BEPORT OF NEW-YORK

APPLE. LEAVES.

known to him, vieing with this in its adornment and much surpas-
sing it in size. One insect being already named, indicating it as
the first of the whole race, what name could now be found which
would suitably express the rank and importance of this new dis-
covery ? The great master was at no loss in this dilemma. The
larger species was accordingly termed Atlas^ indicating it to be
the foundation upon which the whole insect world rests. How
many have since been familiar with these most magnificent and
princely moths, wholly unconscious of the tact and skill which
Linnaeus manifested in selecting the names which they bear !

Some explanation of the generic names which are adopted in
this report, for this insect and those related to it, is also neces-
sary. The name Attacus^ meaning elegant, or connected to the
Athenians, was originally given by Linnaeus to a section or sub-
genus of his group BoMBYciDiE, having the wings expanded when
at rest. Schrank afterwards gave the name Saturnia to these same
insects. Germar subsequently revived the original Linnaean name,
but most authors still continue the name proposed by Schrank.
Duncan (Jardine's Naturalists' Library, vol. vii,) has recently pro-
posed dividing these insects into quite a number of genera. Plain,
and in the main judicious as his arrangement of them is, he in
our view, improperly ignores the name Attacus^ and unfortunately
gives an erroneous location to some of the species. Thus our
American Cecropia and Promethea are the two species which
he figures and fully describes as illustrating his genus Hy-
alophora. Yet, as its name implies, this genus is character-
ised as having large hyaline glass-like spots on the middle of
the wings. But no vestige of such spots exists in either of these
species. The author has evidently been misled by figures,
presuming the white spots represented in the centre of the wings to
be hyaline, whereas they are opake. A new situation must there-
fore be assigned to these two insects. And as the Cecropia is the
first species of Attacus named by Linnseus, after those with glassy
spots are removed, it may most appropriately be taken as the type of
a genus to retain the original Linnsean name, which genus is par-
ticularly distinguished by having near the tips of the fore wings an
imperfect eye-like spot, formed by a round black spot mar-
gined on its inner side by a bluish white line. In the centre of

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 341

APPLE. LEAVES.

the wings also, at least in one sex, is a white crescent, beyond
which a white or pale red band crosses both wings. In addition to
our two American species, this genus includes the East Indian
Cynthia of Drury, the parent of the Arrindy silk-worm, noted for
yielding a fabric of such durability that garments made from it
outlast a person's life time, and are handed down from parents to
children, like other heir-looms in a family. These three insects
also present as striking a resemblance to each other in their pre-
paratory as in their perfect states. And these species being thus dis-
posed of, the genus Saturnia will remain for those moths like
Pavonia^ which have large opake eye-like spots in the centre of
the wings.

34. Apple Sphinx, Sphinx Gordius, Cramer. (Lepidoptera. Sphingidee.)

The fore part of August, adhering when at rest to the under
side of a twig, with the forward half of its body held obliquely
outward. A thick, cylindrical apple-green worm, 2.50 long, with
a reddish brown horn projecting upward from the hind part of
its back, and along each side seven oblique violet stripes margined
on their hind side with wiiite. Burying itself deep in the earth
and producing a large strong narrow-winged moth the following
May or June, its fore wings sooty brown varied with ash gray,
wath black streaks between the veins and a white dot near the
middle, placed upon a long slender black line. Width 2.80 to
3.50. See Silliman's Journal, vol. xxxvi. p. 295.

35. Blin'd-eykd Sphinx, Smerinthus exccBcatus, Smith and Abbot. (Lepi-
doptera. Sphingidas.)

Similar in size, habits and appearance to the preceding, but tlie
worm with a rough granular skin of an apple green color, with
the liorn bluisli, the seven streaks along each side narrow, yel-
lowish white, and two short pale lines before. The moth with
rose red hind wings, having near their inner angle a black spot
with a pale blue centre. Rare. See Silliman's Journal, vol.
xxxvi, p, 290.

36. r^ARGE tello*v buttkhfly, Papilio Tumus, Linn. (Lepidoptera. Pa-
])ilionidrt3.)

In August, commonly seen resting day after aay upon a small
mass of cobweb-like threads upon the upper surface of a particu-

342 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

APPLE. LEAVES.

?ar leaf, a pretty, bright leaf-green, thick, smooth worm, tapering,
iliickest anteriorly, where on each side is an eye-like spot formed
of a black spot having a pale blue centre and surrounded by a
pale yellow ring which is widened on its upper side and has a
short black line in this widened part. Growing to 1.25 in length
and 0.40 thick. The pupa naked, attached to the side of a limb
and held in its place by a silken thread passed around its body
in the form of a loop. The butterfly appearing in June, of a rich
pale yellow color, its wings with a broad black border in which
is a row of yellow spots, and with four black streaks, the inner
one extending across both pairs. Width 3.00 to 4.75. Somewhat
common.

37, Red-humped prominent, Notodonia concinna, Smith and Abbot. (Lepi-
doptera. Notodontidae.)

In August, in a cluster, eating all the leaves from the end of a
particular limb, cylindrical prickly worms striped with black and
tawny yellow, and on each side with white also, with bright red
heads and a slight hump on the fourth ring, and with two rows
of black prickles along the back and shorter ones upon the sides.
Length 1.25. Forming a cocoon under leaves upon or slightly
under the earth. The moth appearing the last of June; light
brown, its fore wings dark brown on the inner and grayish on the
outer margin, with a dot near the middle, a spot near each angle
and several longitudinal streaks along the hind margin dark
brown. Width 1.00 to 1.20. See Harris's Treatise, p. 329.

Unicorn prominent, Notodonta unicornis, see Plum insects, No. 66.
Hag moth, Limacodes pithecium, see Cherry insects. No.. 85.

3§. Canker worm, j^nisopteryx vernata, 'Peck. (Lepidoptera. Geometridae.)

The last of May and in June, piercing small holes in the leaves
and when larger consuming all the leaf except the large veins.
A very variable measure- worm, nearly an inch long, ten-footed,
black, clay-yellow or greenish, commonly with an ash-gray back
and a pale yellowish stripe along each side. The pupa state
passed under ground, the moth hatching late in autumn and on
warm days in winter, but mostly early in the spring; the female
gray, without wings, crawling up the trunk of the tree to deposit
her eggs; the male with large very thin silky ash-gray fore wings,

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 343

APPLE. LEAVES.

With a whitish spot on their outer edge near the tip and crossed
b)" two jagged whitish bands having blackish dots along their
edges, and a row of black dots at the base of the fringe. Width
1.25. Very variable, the white bands often wanting. A smaller
kind {Anisopteryx pometaria^ Harris,) without the white spot and
bands and with the fore wings crossed by three interrupted dusky
lines, is thought by Dr. Harris to be perhaDS a distinct species.
See Harris's Treatise, p. 359.

39. Y-3{ARKED MEASURE wORif, Eranuis Tiliaria, Harris. (Lepidoptera.
Geometridae.)

In June, eating large notches in the sides of the leaves; a very
variable ten-footed measure worm 1.25 long, brownish black or
pale yellow, often with black, white and pale yellow stripes along
its back, its head pale with rusty freckles, and commonly a black
V-shaped mark upon the front. The pupa under ground, the
moth appearing late in autumn; the females wingless; the males
nankin yellow, their fore wings large, thin, sprinkled with brown
atoms and crossed by two wavy brown lines, the forward one often
faint or wanting; a brown dot near the middle of both wings.
Width 1.50 to 1.75. See Harris's Treatise, p. 370.

40. Apple ToRTRix, Brachytcznia Malana, Fitch. (Lepidoptera. Torticidse.)

In June and September, eating irregular notches in the margin
and holes in the middle of the leaves ; a rather thick, cylindrical
light green worm an inch long, with five white lines and numerous
white dots. The pupa in a cocoon in a curved leaf. The moth
appearing in July and again in the cold months, its fore wings
ash-gray, whitish toward the outer margin, and crossed by three
distant zigzag black lines which are faint or indistinct towards the
inner edge. Width 0.80 to 1.15. See Transactions, 1855, p. 473.

41. Unstable DUAB MOTH, Or//iOsia xnsfa6f/is, Schifferrniyller. (Lcpidotera.
Noctuidae.)

A worm which I have supposed was the same with tliat of the
preceding species, but which apj)ears to be rather thicker bodied, as
though it had been fuller fed, and grows to a size a fourth larger,
and enters tlie givMind to pass its i)upa state, was alluded to in
my last Report. Moths whicli I knew had come from these larger

344 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

APPLK. LEAVES.

worms, r obtained last winter. They appeared to be identical
with a very comm©n European species, named Orthosia instabilisj
but as authors speak of that insect as feeding only upon oak
leaves, I was in doubt whether I would be justified in pronouncing
this which feeds upon the apple to be the same. In April, how-
ever, on going by night into a forest chiefly of oak trees, this same
moth was discovered quite common there. It was clinging around
the wounds made in the sugar maples, drinking the sap which
flowed therefrom, and instead of flying away when the light of the
lantern approached, it merely dropped itself among the dead
leaves for concealment, frequently falling into the vessels of sap
and drowning therein. It was evident that these moths had come
from worms which had fed on the foliage of the surrounding oaks.
All doubts of the insect in question being identical with that of
Europe were thus resolved. The larva is described in books as
being green, with a white line upon the back and a pale yellow
one upon each side. It is when it is young and small that it
answers to this description. When larger it commonly presents
five white lines and the surface becomes freckled with white dots.
I once was not a little vexed with myself on finding my memo-
randa of one of these worms which I was feeding, to be very
incorrect; but subsequent observations showed that it was the
worm that had changed. The species may well be called unstable,
as not only the larva but the moth also is extremely variable;
insomuch that authors have heretofore named and described a half
dozen species from what are now regarded as mere varieties of this
insect. It is commonly of an ash-gray color, varied more or less
with rusty. Near the middle of the fore wings is a faint round
spot and behind it a kidney-shaped one, of a blackish-gray color
margined by a whitish line, the space between these spots rusty
and often extended into a band crossing the wing. Towards their
hind edge is a rusty transverse streak on the middle, and in a line
with it a spot of the same color upon the outer and another upon
the inner margin. Width of the spread wings, 1.50.

42. Palmer WORM, Ch<Btochilus Pometellus,lIa.Tris. (Lepidoptera. Tineidae.)

Appearing the latter part of June, at times excessively nume-
rous, residing in worm-eaten leaves drawn together by silken

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 345

APPLE. LEAVES.

threads, and when jarred dropping and hanging in the air sus-
pended by a thread; a pale yellowish green worm, having a dusky
or blackish stripe along each side of the back edged on its upper
side by a narrower whitish stripe, and with a dusky line on the
middle of the back. The pupa remaining in the same mass of
leaves occupied by the worm, and giving out the moth in about
ten days. The moth ash-gray, with its fore wings sprinkled with
black atoms, and having four black dots near their middle and
six or seven smaller ones around their hind ede;e. Width 0.65.
See Transactions, 1855, p. 453.

43. Tawxy-striped Palmer worm, ChcRtochilus Malifoliellus , Fitch,

The fore part of July, residing in a folded worm eaten leaf; a
slender pale yellowish worm with a tawny yellow stripe along each
side of its back, this stripe having a white stripe upon its lower
as well as its upper side, and a pale yellow head. The moth like
the preceding, but the fore wings not sprinkled with black atoms,
and having, in addition to the dots of the common palmer worm
moth, a tawny yellow band toward the tips of the wings, edged
with whitish on its fore side. See Transactions, 1855, p. 463.

44. Comrade Palmer worm, Chatochilus contubernalellus, Fitch.

Appearing in company with the Palmer worm, and closely
resembling it, but having the head and neck shining black instead
of light yellow. The moth also sprinkled and dotted like that
of the Palmer worm, but the ground color of the fore wings dark
brown on their inner and white on their outer half. See Trans.
1855, 464.

45. Eyk-spotted bud moth, Spilonota oculona, Harris. (LcpiJoptcra. Tor-
tnci<lac.)

In May and June, with silken threads fastening the young leaves
together as they are starting from the buds, and living within and
feeding upon them; a small pale dull brownisli worm with shining
elevated dots eacli giving out a fine hair, its head, neck and a spot
on the' top of the eiglilli ring dark brown. Changing to a juipa
in the same nest, from which the fore part of July comes a small
moth of a dark ash-gray color, its fore wings whitish in the middle,
mottled with dark gray, the tips light brown witli four little black

346 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

APPLE. LEAYES.

marks forming an eye-like spot, and another near the inner angle
formed by three minute black spots arranged in a triangle, having
often a black dot in Its centre. Width 0.50 to 0.60. This is
probably identical with the European ocellana of Schifferrmyller,
afterwards named luscana by Fabricius and comitana by Hubner,
Stephens, and others. See Harris's Treatise, p. 377.

46, RosACEAN ToRTRix, LozotcBTiia Rosactana, Harris. (Lepidoptera.
Tortricidae.)

In May and the fore part of June, with silken threads drawing
together the young leaves at the ends of the limbs, secreting itself
within them and feeding thereon ; a slender pale green or yellowish
green worm, sometimes flesh red or brownish, 0.75 long, its head
and neck above brownish, often a darker green stripe along its back,
and with a few smooth dots, each yielding a short fine hair; changing
to a pupa within its nest, from which about the first of July comes
a short broad flat moth, resembling a bell in its outline, its color
dull nankin or drab yellowish, of a dusky shade from numerous
small wavy dark brown lines crossing its fore wings, on which are
three slightly darker broad oblique bands, situated upon the base,
the middle and the hind part. Width of the spread wings 1.10. '
See Harris's Treatise, p. 376. Both the worms and the moths vary
greatly as they are reared upon rose, apple, peach or cherry and
other leaves, and it is very doubtful whether this is diiferent from
a common European insect possessing the same habits — the Rose
Tortrix (L. Rosana, Linn.) the several varieties of which have
heretofore been regarded as distinct species.

47. Rosy IIispa, Uroplata rosea, "Weber. (Coleoptera. Hispidae.)

In July, large brownish blister-like spots appearing upon the
leaves, from a leaf-mining worm in their interior, eating the green
parenchyma and leaving the skin entire; the worm 0.20 long, taper-
ing, flattened, soft, yellowish white, its head and neck blackish;
changing to a pupa in the leaf, from which in six or seven days
comes a small flat coarsely punctured beetle, its wing covers form-
ing an oblong square, tawny yellow, posteriorly red or purple,
which color extends forward to the shoulders and onwards upon
the sides of the thorax in a stripe which is often black. Length

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 347

APPLE. FBUIT.

0.20 to 0.25. Variable in its colors. This is the Hispa quadrata
of Fabricius; whether it is the anteriorly described rosea of Weber
is somewhat doubtful. See Harris's Treatise, p. 106.

AFFECTING THE FRUIT.

4§. CoBLisG Id. OTR, Carpocaps a Pomonella, Linn. (Lepidoptera. Tortricidae.)

Feeding upon the core and its seeds, causing much of the young
fruit to wither and fall, and occurring also in ripened stored
apples; a small white worm with a shining black head and neck
and with little smooth dots arranged in pairs, each giving out a
fine hair; when larger becoming flesh colored with a tawny brown
head and neck; in summer completing its growth in three or four
weeks, and coming out through a hole gnawed in the side of the
apple; surrounding ^tself with a white web in a crevice of the
bark or similar situation and there passing its pupa state; the
moth appearing the latter part of June, but straggling individuals
occurring the whole year round, dropping their eggs singly upon
the flower end of the apple, from which the young worm pene-
trates inward to its centre. The fore wings of the moth occupied
by alternate irregular transverse wavy streaks of ash-gray and
brown, and on the inner hind angle a large tawny brown spot,
which is bordered by a brilliant golden mark nearly in the form
of a horse shoe. Width 0.75. See Kollar's Treatise, p. 229.

49. Apple midge, Molobrus Mali, Fitch. (Diptera. Tipulidac.)

In the interior of ripened and stored apples, accelerating their
decay, wliilst the outer surface remains fair; numerous slender taper-
ing gh\ssy-white maggots; changing to pup in the interior of the
apple, from whence come a small slender black midge, 0.15 long,
its abdomen blackish with a pale yellow band at each of the
sutures, and its wings hyaline tinged with smoky. See Transac-
tions, 1855, p. 484.

Plum weevil. This makes the same crescent-shaped wound
upon young apples as on plums, causing them to drop to the
ground prematurely. See Plum insects, No. 70

348 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

APPLE. FRUIT.

50. Rose BXJG, Macrodadylus su6sptnosus, Fabr. (Coleoptera. Melolonthidae.)

Clustering, sometimes in multitudes, upon the young apples
and devouring them, the latter part of June, and when these do
not suffice it, eating the leaves also; infesting likewise roses,
grape vines, plums and cherries : — a smallish oblong buff-yellow
beetle, with shining yellow legs and very long black feet. Length
0.35 to 0.40. See Transactions, 1855, p. 477.

51. Apple Thrips, PhkBothrips Mali, Fitch. (Thysaiioptera. Thripididse.)

Appearing in a roundish cavity ate near the tip end of the
young fruit J a minute, very slender blackish-purple insect with
narrow silvery-white wings lying upon its back resembling a long
Y-shaped mark. Length 0.06. See Transactions, 1854, p. 806.

r
•

Wasps and Hornets are frequently in the habit of feeding upon
growing apples and other sweet fruits, gnaVing small roundish
cavities in them, and also in autumn when prepared apples are
placed in the sun to dry numbers of the same insects are again
attracted to them. The common hornet, Vespa maculata^ Linn.,
the yellow jacket, as it is usually designated, Vespa vulgaris^
Linn., and our common v>'a.sip,Polistes fuscata^Tah..) are the chief
species which depredate in this manner. But as these insects are
most important on account of the injuries they are liable to inflict
upon our persons, the description of them more appropriately
belongs to another branch of this subject.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 349

PEAR. TRUNK.

2. THE PEAR. — Pyrus cvmmunis.

Most of the insects which infest the apple will be found to
attack the pear also, in the same manner, these two trees being so
closely related to each other. It will not therefore be necessary
to repeat their names. A few insects, however, appear to pertain
to the pear exclusively, and some belonging to other trees are
found upon the pear that have not yet been noticed upon the
apple. These are named below.

AFFECTING THE TRUNK, BARK AND LIMBS.
52. Pear-tree borer, TVochilium Pyri, Harris. (Lepidoptera.Trochiliidae.)

Particles of poAvder, like sawdust, appearing upon the bark,
thrown out by a worm underneath, resembling the Peach-tree
borer, but much smaller; feeding mostly upon the inner layers of
the bark and there changing to a pupa; the moth coming out in
autumn, resembling a wasp, of a purple black color with a broad
yellow band on the middle of its abdomen and two narrow ones
forward of it, its under side golden yellow and its wings clear and
glass-like, their veins, margin and fringe purplish black, and the
ends of the forward pair blackish with a coppery yellow gloss.
Width 0.55. See Harris's Treatise, p. 256.

Pigeon Tremex, Tremex Columba^ a large soft white worm boring
deep in the interior of the wood. See Maple insects.

Plum weevil, Conotrachelus Xenuphar. (See No. 70.) In the
winter season, small crescent-shaped incisions appearing in the
smooth bark of the limbs, with the bark upon the convex side of
this wound elevated in a slight blister, in the cavity of wliich lies
several minute maggots, supposed to be the larvae of the plum
weevil in tlieir winter quarters.

I am reluctant to publish any observations which are not fully
completed and known to be fully authentic. An affection of the
])ai-k of tlic pear tree, however, has been presented to my notice,
wliich is of too much interest to be omitted in this place, although

350 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

PEAR. TRUNK.

I am not perfectly certain that it is caused by the insect to which
I attribute it. The importance of the facts which I have to report,
will appear from a few preliminary remarks.

The history of the plum weevil or curculio, so far as at present
known, is briefly as follows. The beetle makes its appearance in
May and June, cuts a crescent-shaped incision in young plums
and other fruits, dropping an egg in the wound, the worm from
which, boring in the fruit, causes it to fall from the tree, and the
worm becoming fall grown, buries itself in the ground, where it
remains from three to six weeks, and having completed its trans-
formations the beetle again comes abroad in July and August.
But what becomes of it from this time until the following spring
is not yet ascertained. Although this insect and its destructive
habits have been so long known in this country, and every owner
of a plum tree has year after year endured the most vexatious
disappointments from it, we to this day remain in ignorance of
its abode and condition during half the year. Most persons who
have written upon it, have supposed that some of the worms were
so late in leaving the fruit that they remained in the ground
through the winter and from these come the beetles which appear
in the spring; and several of the remedies which have been
recommended for abating this evil have been based upon this
theory. But that a whole generation of these insects should be
brought forth abortively each summer, to perish without making
any provision for a continuance of their species, and that their
perpetuity should every year be left to such a mere accident as a
few individuals casually belated in coming to maturity, would be
an anomaly Wholly unlike anything which we meet with else-
where in this department of nature's works. And Dr. E. Sanborn
of Andover, Mass., in several communications published in the
Boston Cultivator and Cambridge Chronicle in 1849 and 1850,
gives it as the result of a series of observations which he had made
upon the larvae, that at no season of the year do they remain
longer than six weeks in the ground, and that neither they nor
the perfect insects lie under the ground during the winter. Dr.
Harris hence infers, in the last edition of his Treatise, that those
beetles which come out the latter part of summer lurk in some
place not yet discovered, during the winter, to come abroad again
in the S23ring and deposit their eggs in the fruit.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 35]

PEAR. TRUNK,

But I now come to present a fact which I think will be more
satisfactory to the reader as to the place and circumstances in
which this insect passes the winter, than anything which has yet
been given to the public. In April, 1856, I received from L. B.
Laiigworthy of Rochester, a portion of the limb of a pear tree,
four and a half inches long and less than half an inch thick, upon
which were about thirty short curved or crescent-shaped incisions
in the bark, similar to those made by the curculio upon fruit.
They were all cut lengthwise of the bark, about 0.15 in length,
and upon their convex side the outer layer of the bark was ele-
vated in a little blister-like spot extending the whole length of the
crescent and about half as broad as long. On raising this, so as
to expose the cavity beneath, several little worms, commonly six
in number, were found therein, torpid and lying in a row side by
side with their tails toward the crescent and their moutlis in con-
tact with the soft green pulp or parenchyma forming the middle
layer of the bark, ready to eat their way onwards as soon as the
warmth of spring awakened them again to activity. These worms
were rather long and narrow, 0.05 in length, broadest across their
middle, tapering to a point at one end, the opposite or head end
being rounded. They were without feet, transparent and pale
yellowish, resembling little specks of gum or turpentine. The}'
had evidently come from eggs which had been dropped in the
curved incision. A few of these incisions had no elevation of tlie
bark, ahjng their side, in which instances the weevil had doubtless
been disturbed and abandoned her work before it was completed,
or the eggs which she deposited in the incision had been dis-
covered and devoured by some predaceous insect.

Altliough until these worms have been reared we cannot be
certain what they are, there is the strongest presumptive evidence
tliat they are the progeny of the plum weevil. Fifty years ago*,
one (jf the best authorities in our country upon a topic of this
kind. Rev. F. V. Melsheimer of Pennsylvania, stated that the
larva of this insect lived under the bark of the i)each tree. But
from that day to this, no one of the many who have undertaken
to investigate this insect, have given any conlirmatlon of this state-
ment. Yet in the light of wliat is reported above, we cannot but
**egard it as true. We are informed by Kollar, that the plum

352 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

PEAR. TRUNK.

weevil of Europe (Rhyjichites cupreus) when there is no fruit for
it, resorts to the new shoots in which to place its eggs. All the
circumstances, therefore, lead us strongly to the opinion that the
conjecture advanced by Dr. Harris in the first edition of his
Treatise, but since abandoned by him, is correct, namely, that
those beetles which are hatched the latter part of the season,
finding no young fruit in which they can deposit their eggs, are
obliged to resort to the smooth tender bark of the branches of our
different fruit trees, and the worms from these eggs repose in, not
under the bark, through the winter, and produce the beetles
which appear the following June and oviposite in the young fruit.
If this opinion as to the winter quarters of the curculio proves
to be correct, it may lead us to most important results. After
allowing for all casualties, it is probable that a hundred beetles
might have been matured from the short piece of limb which came
under my observation. The worms, however, are only covered
by the epidermis and the thin outermost layer of the bark. Soft-
soap or some other alkaline substance applied externally, there is
little doubt would penetrate through this covering sufficiently to
destroy these worms when they are so small and tender. And it
appears probable that by a careful inspection of the limbs of those
trees whose fruit has been destroyed and other trees standing
adjacent to these, the winter retreat of this enemy may be dis-
covered by the marks he places upon the bark, and a remedy may
then be applied with greater ease and which will be more effec-
tual for his destruction than anything hitherto suggested.

53. Pear bark-louse, Lecanium Pyri, Schrank. (Homoptera. Coccidae.)

A hemispherical shell, the size of a half pea, of a chestnut
brown color, adhering to the under side of the limbs. See Trans-
actions, 1854, p. 809.

54. Scurfy bark-louse, j^spidiotus farfurus, new species. (Homoptera.
Coccidae.)

Little round or oval white wax-like blisters on the smooth bark
of the pear tree.

I know this only from specimens found upon the same limb of
the pear tree from the garden of L. B. Langworthy of Rochester,
on which the incisions of the plum weevil above spoken of occurred.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 353

PEAR. TRUNK.

The bark of this limh was covered with an exceedingly thin
gray film, appearing as though it had been coated over with var-
nish, which had dried and cracked and was peeling off in small
irregular flakes, forming a kind of scurf or dandruff upon the
bark. In places this pellicle was more thick and firm and ele-
vated into little blister-like spots of a white color and waxy
appearance, of a circular or broad oval form, less than the tenth
of an inch in diameter, abruptly drawn out into a little point at
one end, which point was stained of a pale yellowish color and
commonly turned more or less to one side. On breaking open
any of these spots with the point of a needle, quite a number of
exceedingly minute oval eggs of a glossy bright purple color were
found beneath. These eggs probably produce mites of such
minute size as to be wholly imperceptible to the naked eye,
myriads of which, there is little doubt, at times overrun the bark
of particular trees of this kind, exhausting their juices and
causing them to pine and droop, when the proprietor is wliully
unable to discover the occasion of their unthriftiness. Tlie liabits
and changes of this insect will be similar to those of tlie Apple
bark-louse, (No. 15) and other kindred species. It is probably
this species as it appears in autumn, of which, as this page is pass-
ing through the press, I notice some valuable observations ])y A.
0. Moore, in the American Agricultuiist, vol. xvi., p. 287.

55. Pear-tree Psylla, Psylla Pyri, Linn. (Ilomoptera. Psyllidse.)

The smaller limbs and twigs drooping, their bark rusty black-
ish, and a multitude of ants and flies gathering around tliem to
feed on the honey dew whicli is dropped copiously by a small
yellow jumping insect resembling a louse, which punctures the
bark and sucks its juices, frequently killing tlie tree. After the
middle of summer appearing with transparent wings, and its head
deeply notched in front, its color now being orange yellow with
the abdomen greenish. Length 0.10. See Harris's Treatise, p.
202.

50. Pkar ULioiiT BKKTLE, Scolytus Pyri, Peck. (Coleoptera. Scolytidae.)

Particular twij^s of the pear, apj)le, plum and apricot suddenly
witlu'ring anil dying in the middle of the summer; small perfo-

[Ag. Trans.] W

354 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

PEAR. LEAVES.

rations like pin holes appearing at several of the buus, from which
perforations issue a small cylindrical beetle of a deep brown or
black color, its antennae and legs rust-yellow. Length O.JO.
This works also in the trunk of the tree, earlier in the season, as
already stated, page 327. See Harris's Treatise, p. 78.

AFFECTING THE LEAVES.

Cherry slug- worm, Celandria Cerasi. A shining slimy blackish
slug worm, shaped like a tadpole, in June and July consuming
the parenchyma of the leaves and leaving their veins entire;
some years destroying almost the whole of the foliage. See Cherry
insects, No. 92.

57. Goldsmith BEETLE, -^reo£?a /amgera, Linn. (Coleoptera. Scarabaeida).)

In May and June, eating the leaves of this and of various forest
trees, a large thick oval beetle of a shining lemon-yellow color,
its thorax of a greenish golden tinge, and its under side coppery
or dark green with white hairs. Length 0.80 to 1.00. See Har-
ris's Treatise, p. 2L

affecting the fruit.

5§. Pear blistering fly, Cantharis Pyrivora, new species. (Coleoptera.
Meloidae.)

Early in June devouring the young fruit, a long cylindrical
blistering beetle, of a green-blue color and not shining, its legs
orange yellow with the hips, knees, feet and tips of the shanks
blue-black and the antennae black. Length 0.90.

For specimens of this insect I am indebted to my friend Wm.
S. Robertson, who informs me they were taken upon a pear tree
at Canajoharie about the first of June, 1838. Soon after its flowers
had fallen these beetles made their appearance, in numbers, eating
the young fruit voraciously and in a short time destroying all or
nearly all upon the tree. I have also received this same insect
from the southern section of the State. It equals in size our
largest American Cantharis hitherto known, the JVuttallii of Say
{fulgifer Le Conte) but is destitute of the brilliancy belonging to

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 355

PEAR. QUINCE.

that species. As tlie insects of this genus vary in their size it is
with considerable hesitation that I enter this as a distinct species,
it corresponds so closely in its colors and other characters with
the cmea Say {nigricornis Le Conte) . My examples of that species,
however, have the exact dimensions assigned to it by Say and Le
Conte (0.55), Avhilst all my examples of this species are more
than a third larger. They moreover have the anterior as well as
the middle shanks curved.

To test the blistering qualities of this species three of the legs
of a specimen nineteen years old were pulverized and mixed with
a little cerate and bound upon my arm. In six houi'S the spot
was as nicely vesicated as though the best Cantharides of the shops
had been employed.

The worm of the Codling moth (No. 48) and of the Plum
WEEVIL (No. 70) are as prone to infest the interior of pears as of
apples.

3. THE QUINCE.— Ct/(f(mza vulgaris.

The only insects known to us as occurring upon the quince are
the same that are found upon the apple, and also the Cherry slug
worm, No. 92. Its worst enemy is the Apple tree borer (No. 2)
which appears to prefer the quince to any other tree; and in dis-
tricts where this insect abounds it is found to be almost impossible
to grow this fruit.

356 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

PEACH. TRUNK.

4. THE PEACH.— Pemca vulgaris.

AFFECTING THE ROOT.

59. Peach-tree Borer, Trochilium exitiosum, Say. (Lepidoptera. Trochi-
liidae.) [Plate I, fig. 6 the male, fig. 7 the female.]

Boring in and eroding the bark and solid wood, causing the gum
to exude so copiously as to form a thick mass around the root
intermingled with the castings of the worm, which is cylindrical,
soft, white, with a tawny yellowish red head and sixteen feet, and
grows to more than half an inch in length. It forms a tough
^od-like cocoon on the side of the root, jutting slightly above the
surface. The moth comes abroad the last half of July and in
August, and resembles a wasp in its appearance. It is of a dark
steel blue color, and in the male the wings are clear and glassy
with a dark blue band extending nearly across the forward pair
beyond the middle, whilst in the female only the middle of the
hind wings are clear and glassy and her abdomen has a broad
bright orange yellow band upon its middle. Width 0.80 to 1.30.
See Transactions, 1854, p. 813.

This important insect is so well known throughout our country
under the technical name Mgeria exitiosa that it is unfortunate
this term cannot remain undisturbed. But so long ago as 1777
Scopoli gave the name Trochilium to the same insects for which
the Fabrician name Mgeria was published thirty years afterwards.
The latter name, therefore, is merely a synonym of the former,
and is wholly rejected by the latest and best authorities.

AFFECTING THE TRUNK AND LIMBS.

Apple Buprestis, a flattened pale yellow grub under the bark
mining in the sap wood. See No. 3.

Divaricated Buprestis, a worm similar to the preceding and
found in the same situation. See No. 71.

60. Elm bark-beetle, Tomicus liminaris, Harris. (Coleoptera. ScolytidsD.)

Small perforations like pin holes appearing in the bark particu-
larly of diseased trees, from which in August and September

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 351

PEACH. LEAVES.

issues a minute cylindrical bark-beetle of a dark brown color, its
wing covers with deeply impressed punctured furrows and short
hairs and its thorax also punctured. Length 0.10 or less. I
have obtained this from elm bark, the same situation in which Dr.
Harris found it, and this is doubtless its original residence. But
Miss Margaretta H. Morris has met with it under the bark of
peach trees which were affected with " the yellows " See Down-
ing's Horticulturist, vol. ii, p. 502.

The Peach-tree borer above described (No. 57) is not confined
to the root, but frequently occurs also under the bark of the
trunk, particularly in the forks of the limbs, causing the gum to
exude from the spot where it nestles.

The Oak pruner, or a species possessing the same habits, bores
in the heart of the small limbs, the latter part of summer, a few
inches or a foot or more in length, and then girdles the limb,
severing the wood as smoothly as though it were cut off bv a saw.
See insects of Oak limbs.

61. Peach BARK-LOUSE, Lecanium Persica., Modeer. (Homoptera. Coccidse. )

Fixed to the smooth bark, commonly beside a bud on the origin
of a twig, a blackish hemispherical shell the size and shape of a
half pea, its siu-face uneven, shining, commonly showing a pale
margin and stripe upon the middle; covering a multitude oi
minute eggs which hatch small lice like mites, which scatter
themselves over the bark, puncturing it and sucking its juices,
similar to the pear bark-louse No. 51.

AFFECTING THE LEAVES.

62. Peach ToRTRiXjCrtEsiaPerst'cana, new species. (Lepidop. Tortricidio.)

Eai'ly in May when the young leaves are i)utting forth from
their buds, a worm tieing them together with line silken threads,
secreting itself within and feeding upon them; the worm rather
slender, pale green witli a wliitish streak along each side of its
back and a pale dull yellowisli liead; cliaiiging in its nest to a
pupa about the niifUHe of June and giving out the winged moth
the beginning of July. Tlir moth witli the fore wings rusty yel-

358 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

PEACH. LEAVES.

low varied with black, their basal third much paler tawny yellow;
a large triangular white spot on the middle of the outer margin;
a transverse white streak forward of the middle of the hind edge,
v/hich is divided by the veins crossing it into about four spots,
and is bordered on its anterior side by a curved black band.
Width 0.65.

Having bred this moth from worms gathered upon the peach, I
name it accordingly, though it is quite probable that, like other
insects of this family, it feeds upon the foliage of several differ-
ent trees. I have never observed it till the present season, and
presume that like many of its kindred, it will be common at
limes, and will scarcely be seen again for several years. Of the
species mentioned in the books it most resembles the Schreberiana
as figured by Wood and described by Stephens (Haustellata, iv, p.
81.) We learn, however, from Stephen's List of the British
Museum, that the specimen from which this figure and description
were taken is suspected to be North American, and is not the true
Schreberiana, but according to Mr. Doubleday (Zoologist, v. p.
1729) is the trileucana of Gmelin. There must be some error in
this citation, however, as ijo species bearing this name occurs in
Gmelin. Even though the specimen alluded to should be Ameri-
can and already named, the insect before us appears to be a dif-
ferent species, that having, among other discrepancies, a pale streak
upon the hind edge of the fore wings, whilst here the correspon-
ding streak is distinctly forward of the hind edge.

RosACEAN ToRTRix. Auothcr w^orm tieing peach leaves together
in the same manner and at the same time with the preceding,
differs from it in being destitute of the whitish stripe or line along
each side of the back. It is light green with a line along the
middle of the back of a deeper green color, which is often faint
or wholly wanting. I have frequently found these worms upon
the peach, and some of them which I have reared have produced
moths which I can only regard as being a dark colored variety of
the exceedingly variable Rosacean Tortrix already described. See
No. 46.

The Apple shoulder-striped Tortrix also feeds upon the
leaves of the peach, but makes no nest in which to secrete itself.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 359

* PEACH. LEAVES.

It closely resembles the foregoing, but has three white or pale
yellow stripes when young, and five when mature, and is also
then freckled with pale dots. See No. 40.

The Unstable drab moth, occurs also upon the peach, at the
same time with the preceding, and most closely resembles it as
already stated. See No. 41.

63. Peach Aphis, j^phis Persical Sulzer. (Homoptera. Aphidse.)

This begins to appear upon the first small leaves which protrude
from the buds and continues through the season unless swept away,
as it frequently is, with surprising suddenness, by its several insect
enemies. (See Transactions, 1854, pp. 767-806, where a full
account of our American destroyers of the Aphides will be
found.) It punctures the leaves to suck their juices and is a
common though probably not the only cause of " the curl." It
lives together in crowds, hid in the crevices of the curled, cor-
rugated leaves, most of the individuals being larvae and wingless
females. The winged individuals are 0.12 long, black with the
under side of the abdomen dull green, the shanks and bases of
the thighs pale brownish, and the horns or horny tubes as long as
to tlie tip of the abdomen. This would appear to be different from
the Eur<jpean peach aphis as figured in Koch's invalual)le mono-
graph and described by Fonscolombe and others, though the wing
veins coincide with Walker's description. I however have not
yet given this insect a careful examination, and have noticed indi-
viduals so unlike those above described that they seemed to be
another species.

The Buffalo tree-hopper, a light green jumping insect shaped
like a beech nut, puncturing and sucking tlie juices. See No. 22.

The Saddled leaf-hopper, a smallish oblong black jumping
insect witli a hirge briglit yellow spot like a saddle U2)on the mid-
dle of its back. See No. 69.

affecting the fruit.

Tlie Plum weevil (No. 70) bores in the young fruit, causing it
to drop from tlie tree. The Rose bug (No. 50") sometimes invades
this fruit also, nibbling and killing it.

360 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

NECTARINE. APRICOT. PLUM. *

5. THE KECTARINE.— Pemcfl Uvis.

The Plum weevil (No. 70) and other insects which depredate
upon the peach are liable to attack this tree in the same manner.

6. THE AVmCOT. —Armeniaca vulgaris.

The Pear blight beetle (No. 56) sometimes kills particular
twigs of the apricot in summer. The Plum weevil (No. 70) bores
in the fruit, and several of the other insects which attack the
plum may at times be met with upon this tree.

7. THE PLUM. — Prunus domestical et al.

affecting the root.

The Peach tree borer (No. 59) occurs in the root of the plum
also, boring under the hmk and destroying young trees, but with-
out causing any gum to exude as it does in the peach. See Tran-
sactions, 1854, p. 816.

affecting the trunk and limbs.

The Pear blight beetle (No. 56) occasionally causes the death
of a single twig upon one part and another of this tree in summer.

64. Unarmed TREE-HOPPER, SmiliainermiSfYa}). (Homoptera. Membracidae.)

In August and September, making straight short incisions, aboRt
0.10 long, in the bark of the small limbs, particularly where the
new growth of the year commences, and dropping a little cluster
of minute eggs therein, which remain till the sap begins to cir-
culate the following spring, when they hatch insects resembling
small mites, w^hich immediately wander away from the spot and
subsist upon the juices of the leaves and green succulent twigs,
which they puncture with their minute sharp beaks. These insects
will be found fully grown in July and are then about 0.28 long

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 361

PLUM. LIMBS.

and of a triangular shape, resembling that of a beech nut, and of
a uniform pale green color without any spots or stripes. Like
other tree hoppers (which name I apply to insects of the family
Membracidai) and leaf hoppers {Tettigoniidce) these insects when
approached by the finger give a sudden strong leap and become
lost to the view.

I am indebted to George Clark, Esq., of East Springfield, Otsego
county, for the above information respecting the work of an insect,
which, from his description of it, will be the species which I have
named; but specimens which were sent to Dr. Harris a few years
since, were said to be the Ceresa hubalus (See No. 22) in a letter
from him, published at that time in the Journal N. Y. State Ag.
Society. Mr. C. informs me the insect he alludes to has no pro-
jecting points resembling horns, anteriorly, and is of a uniform pale
or pea green color, destitute of any spots or marks, whereas the
hubalus when alive is deeper green, freckled with whitish dots,
and has a pale yellow streak from the horn backwards along each
side. The bubalus, however, is closely related to this insect and
is common upon the fruit and other trees in our yards, and both
these species it is probable cut the bark of the plum and other
trees in the manner stated above, and w^e presume the plum
weevil also makes a curved incision in the limbs of the plum
similar to those we have noticed in the pear.

Mr. Clark has for several years given particular attention to the
slits which this tree hopper makes in the bark of the plum and is
confident these wounds are the foundation of that most fatal maladv
the " Black knot." The examinations of this disease wliich I ha\'e
made have convinced me that the different insects whicli writers
in our agricultural periodicals have pointed out as producing these
excrescences are species which are wholly innocent of the crime
laid to their cliarge. I have w^atched the growth of the excres-
cences from tlieir first commencement to their full develo])ment,
without being able to detect the least indication of an insect in
some of them, and in otlier instances where insects have been
present it was plain they were there as a consequence and not as
a cause of the disease. The fact, however, that tree hoppers and
the phim weevil make incisions in the bark at tlie same place
where this disease shows itself, calls fur future investigations, to

3G2 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

PLUM. LEAYES.

ascertain whether it is not these incisions which lay the foundation
for this disease, as Mr. Clark states. Where the incisions are
made by tree hoppers the insects will all escape before the swelling
in the limb commences, but the slits in the bark will remain, to
prove that these insects have been there. Where the plum weevil
makes the incisions its larv£e will be present in the excrescence;
and this will account for the fact long ago published by Prof.
Peck, that he had bred the plum weevil from these excrescences,
and hence inferred it was this insect which caused this disease.

AFFECTING THE LEAVES.

The May beetle a large thick-bodied chestnut or black beetle
about the middle of May eats the leaves of this and the cherry
tree. See No. 75.

The Rose-bug, a smaller buff yellow beetle also feeds upon
them the last of June. See No. 50.

The Grape-vine flea-beetle, No. 128, sometimes eats numerous
small holes in plum leaves also. A young plum tree in my yard
had its leaves nearly all destroyed by this insect, every summer,
for many years in succession, and other trees near this were more
or less injured. Dusting the leaves with caustic and bitter pow-
ders proved to be of little if any benefit. At last I resolved to
give this unfortunate tree a respite from its enemies, for one season
at least, and accordingly picked off and crushed in my fingers
every insect that could be found upon it. They were less active
after sunset, and with a sudden dart one or two could be caught
between the thumb and finger upon almost every leaf. From
fifty to two hundred were thus killed daily, for a week or longer,
and the hunt was persevered in as long as any insects could be
found. This treatment was even more successful than I antici-
pated, for I have never seen a flea beetle upon my plum trees since
that season.

65. Plum Sphinx, Sphinx drupiferarum, Smith and Abbott. (Lepidoptera.
Sphingidse.)

A large cylindrical apple-green worm with a curved violet-blue
horn on the hind end of its back, and along each side seven

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 363

PLUM. LEAVES.

oblique wliite streaks margined with violet upon their upper sides,
the head with a wiiite stripe on each side. The pupa under
ground, giving out the moth the following June, which hovers
about flowers at dusk, resembling a humming bird in its motions;
its fore wings measuring from 3.20 to 4.50 when spread; half
their surface occupied by a broad dark brown band extending
from their inner margin to the tip, in which are about five slender
oblique coal-black streaks; the space forward of this band pale
reddish gray or ashy clouded with hoary white, and having near
tlie "middle a blackish crescent crossed by a long very slender
black line; its abdomen gray with a black stripe along the middle,
and the sides black with a row of white spots.

The Cecropia emperor moth, No. 33, a large pea green worm
with two rows of small yellow prickles on the back and blue
ones on the sides, is occasionally met with on the plum.

66, Unicorn Prominent, Notodonta unicornis, Smith and Abbot. (Lepi-
doptera. Notodontid.

In August and September, a w^orm eating a notch in the side of
the leaf, often of the exact length of its body, and placing itself
in this notch, with the humps of its back resembling the teeth
along the edge of the leaf, eventually consuming all the leaf but
a small portion of its base; the worm brown like a faded leaf,
with its second and third rings leaf green, its head large, and on
top of the fourth ring a long horn-like protuberance; growing to
1.25 in length; forming a cocoon on the ground under fallen
leaves; the moth appearing in July; its fore wings light brown
with patches of greenish white and many dark brown lines,
the hind margin white and near the inner angle a small white
and two black dashes. Width 1.25 to 1.50. See Harris's
Treatise, p. 327.

67. \Vavkd tussock moth, Trichetra opercularis, Smith and Abbot. Lcpi-
doptcra. Arctiidie.)

A caterpillar with brownish evenly shorn hairs rising to a ridge
along the middle of the back and sloped off on each side like tlie
r<X)f of a house; niakin;? a touujh oval cocoi.n in September,
which is fastened to the side of a twig, its top opening by a flat

364 ANNUAL EEPORT OF NEW-YORK

PLUM. LEAVES.

circular lid, the moth coming from it the following Jul}'. Tills
moth is most readily distinguished by the fine prostrate curled
hairs covering its fo-re wings and arranged in regular waves run-
ning as it were from the base to the tip. Its body and legs are
also very hairy and at the tip of the abdomen is a tuft of long
soft hairs forming a bushy tail. It is of a straw yellow color
with the fore wings more or less dusky on the outer margin, and
the feet and orbits of the eyes black. The fore legs are often
black on their anterior side and sometimes the face is also black.
Width 1.20 to 1.80. I have never met with this in New- York
and it is omitted in the second edition of Dr. Harris's Treatise,
but it appears to be common at the south and west. The Spa?--
shalli of Mr. Curtis can scarcely be distinct from this somewhat
variable species, and I suspect Mr. Stephens (List Brit. Mus.) is
in error in giving that as an Australian insect and that Boisduval
was correct in regarding it as North American. Mr. Westwood's
generic name Trichetra was published the year before Dr. Harris's
name Lagoa.

American Vaporer moth. A slender pale yellow caterpillar,
its head and two little knobs on its back bright coral red. See
No. 32.

The Apple tree caterpillar No. 28, and the Fall web worm
No. 88, frequently place their cobweb-like nests on plum trees.

The Canker worm. A measure worm eating holes in the
leaves in June. A gray soft hairy wingless insect crawling up
the body of the tree early in spring. See No. 38.

Slug worms. Slimy blackish worms in June and July, eating
the green parenchyma and leaving the veins entire. See No. 92.

6§. Plum-leaf Aphis, -(fp^is Pruni/bZi<E, Fitch. (Homoptera. Aphidse.)

Puncturing the leaves and sucking their juices, causing them
to become wrinkled and distorted 3 a black shining plant-louse with
a pale green abdomen. Length 0.14. See Transactions, 1854, p.
826.

STATE AGRICULTUKAL SOCIETY. 365

PLUM. FRUIT.

69. Saddled leaf-hopper, JBythoscopus clitellarius, Say. (Homoptera. Tet-
tigoniidas.)

A small cylindrical slightly tapering leaf-hopper, 0.20 long,
black or dark brown, with a bright sulphur-yellow spot like a
saddle upon the middle of its back, a band forward of this and
also the head and under side pale yellow, the forehead with two
black dots. This probably punctures and sucks the juices of the
green succulent twigs as well as the leaves, but I have particu-
larly noticed it standing upon the fruit stems with its beak inserted
therein, extracting the fluids which should go to swell and perfect
the fruit. And it would thus seem that these leaf-hoppers, like
many other insects, are actuated by a spirit of pure malevolence
in making their attack upon that part of the plant where they
will do us the most injury, when they might nourish themselves
equally as well in places where their harm would be slight.

AFFECTING THE FRUIT.

70. Plum weevil, or Curculio, Conotrachelas Nenuphar, Herbst. (Cole-
optera. Curculionidae.)

Making a small crescent-shaped incision upon the side of the
young fruit and dropping an egg therein, from which comes a
small white footless worm or grub which bores in the fruit, causing
it to become diseased and gummy and to drop from the tree, the
worm when full grown entering the ground and in three or four
weeks coming out in its perfect state, when it is a short thick rough
beetle, shaped somewhat like a pear, and with a long snout like
an elepliant's trunk hanging down in front, its color dark brown
with a broad white or yellow band on the hind part of the wing
covers, and small spots of black, white and yellow. Length 0.15
to 0.28. For tlie winter residence of this weevil, see insects of
] ear limbs, p. 3-49. See HaiTis's Treatise, p. 66.

366 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

CHERRT. TRUNK.

S. THE CHERRY. — Cerasus vxdgaris^ et al.

Though some of the insects noticed below have only been
observed upon our wild cherries, Cerasus serotina and Virginiana^
there is little doubt but tlie same will at times invade the garden
cherry; and all the trees of this genus are so closely related to
each other that, for a purpose like the present, it appears unne-
cessary to divide them into different heads.

AFFECTING THE TRUNK AND LIMBS.

T 1. DiYAEiCATED BupRESTis, Dicerca divaricata, Say. (Coleoptera. Bupres-
tidse.)

A flattened worm resembling a tadpole and otherwise similar to the
Apple BuprestiSj No. 3; mining in the sap wood under the bark; the
perfect insect appearing the last of June and through July, run-
ning up and down the trunk of the tree in the sunshine ; a thickly
punctured snapping beetle, having a coppery lustre, its wing covers
striated and freckled with small blackish spots, their ends narrowed,
drawn out and spreading slightly apart, the tips blunt and as
though broken off. Length 0.70 to 0.90. The beech is undoubt-
edly the original residence of this insect, and wherever a dead
tree of this kind occurs some of these beetles will almost always
be found upon it on sunny days in midsummer. I know not why,
in the lately published Catalogue of F. E. Melsheimer, Kirby's
generic name Stenwis is preferred to that of Eschscholtz, whilst
on a following page precedence is given to one of the generic
names of the latter author over one proposed by Mr. Kirby. As
Eschscholtz's names for these genera were published several years
anterior to those of Kirby I have retained them. For some fur-
ther items respecting this insect see Harris's Treatise, p. 42.

The Rough Osmoderma No. 7, and the Horn-bug No. 6, occur
in their larva state in old decaying cherry trees, and in their dead
stumps one or both of these grubs will be found in profusion and
of all sizes.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 367

CHEKRT. TRUNK.

72. Spotted horn-bug, Dynastes Tityus, Linn. (Colcoptera. Scarabajidix}.)

In old decaying trees, a very large grub, like those of the last
named species, producing a l>eetle two inches in length, of a shin-
ing pale olive color, its wing covers with round black spots or
dots, the males having the middle of the thorax prolonged fbr-
w^ards in a long black horn which is hairy along its under side
and commonly notched at its tip, as if to receive the sharp point
of another similar horn which curves upwards from the crown of
the head; two other horns between these, short and sharp pointed,
one upon each side. This large beetle is frequently met with at
the south and I have specimens of it from Pennsylvania, but
know not of its ever being found in New- York. Mr. Say men-
tions possessing a specimen having the wing covers chestnut brown
and without spots, and I have a female in which the wiiole of tlie
thorax is black. Eut probably the most remarkable specimen
which has ever been discovered was captured west of Arkansas
by Rev. R. M. Loughridge and presented to the entomological
cabinet of the N. Y. State Agric. Society. This is a male having
the left wing cover black and without spots, whilst the right wing
cover and thorax is pale olive yellow.

7*3. Dog-day Cicada, Cicada tibicen, Linn. (Ilomoptera. CicadiJae.)

In August and September, wounding the small limbs to deposit
its eggs therein, a large l)lack fly with four clear glassy wings
having a green rib, its head and thorax with olive green spots and
marks, and its under side coated with a wliite meal-like j^owder.
Length 1.60 to 2.00. The pruinosa^ Say, is this same species,
with the white mealy powder not rubbed off as it frequently is in
old specimens. Tlie canicularisj Harris, are merely small sized
individuals of the pruinosa The valves at the base of the abdo-
men in the males vary in their length both in large and S'nall
individuals, and tlierefore furnish no valid mark, as Dr. Harris
supposed, whereby his species can be distinguished. The speci-
mens found in the State of New-York are of the smaller size, this
being the northern limit of the geoi:^rapliical range of this species.
It extends from hence south to Ijrazil. In Surinam, according to
Madam Merian, it is most common in tlie cotfee i)lantati»)ns, the
trees of which arc sometimes killed by the wounds which the

368 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

CHERRY. LIMBS.

female makes in the limbs to deposit her eggs. With us it appears
to resort to the maple more than any other tree, and in forests and
frequently in the trees around our dwellings the loud shrill note
of the male is heard every clear sunshiny day throughout dog-
days. See Harris's Treatise, p. 190.

T-l. Cherry bark-louse, Lecanium Cerasifex, new species. (Homoptera.
CoGcidae.)

In June, adhering to the bark upon the under side of the limbs
of the wild black cherry, a hemispherical shell nearly the size
and shape of a half pea, of a black color more or less mottled
with pale dull yellow dots, covering a mass of minute eggs the
lice from which spread over the bark and subsist upon its juices.
I find no bark-louse indicated by authors as occurring upon the
cherry in Europe. We in this country have two insects of this
family infesting trees of this kind, the one now mentioned and the
following.

75. Cherry scale insect, j^spidiotus Cerasi, new species. (Homoptera.

Coccidae.)

In winter, on the bark of the choke cherry, little roundish
white wax-like blisters, scarcely perceptible to the naked eye,
containing beneath them in an open cavity a cluster of minute
dull red or resin-like eggs. The history and habits of this species
will be analogous to that of the Apple bark-louse, No. 15.

AFFECTING THE LEAVES.
70. May beetle, Zac/mosferna/usca, Frohlich. (Coleoptera.Melolonthidae.)

About the middle of May gathering by night upon the trees and
eating the leaves, sometimes in such numbers as to wholly strip
the foliage from the choicer varieties; a thick-bodied chestnut-
brown or black beetle nearly an inch long, its legs of a lighter
tawny yellow color and its breast coated with pale yellowish hairs.

The larva of this insect lives under ground and is most inju-
rious to meadows and pastures. It has been very destructive the
present year in some parts of our State, and enquiries have been
addressed to me for information respecting it and the best remedies

/
STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 369

CHERRY. LEAVES

for it. An article in reply to these enquiries is published in the
Genesee Farmer for August of the present year (vol. xviii, p. 249),
the substance of which may here be repeated with some additions,
as this is one of our most pernicious insects, and the measures for
subduing it which I have to suggest are regarded as important.

Tliis insect is commonly called the May bug, though the name
May beetle will be a more definite and correct designation for it.
The custom of calling almost all insects " bugs," is often de-
nounced as being an Americanism; but this, like many others of
these reputed Americanisms we obtained from our father-land.
Thus the cockchaflfer, the European analogue of this insect, we
see is termed the May bug in the English translation of Kollar's
Treatise — a clear evidence that we have obtained the name which
we give to our insect from England. And in several other
instances, the name bug will be met with in British publication-j,
applied to beetles. Still, every person intelligent upon this sub-
ject is aware it will be an improvement in our language to give
the name beetle to all hard, crustaceous-coated insects, which
belong to the order Coleoptera, and restrict the name bug to the
order Hemiptera, or those flat-backed insects which emit the same
disgusting scent as the well-known bed-bug.

This insect is also frequently termed "horn-bug," being confound-
ed with a larger, perfectly smooth and more flattened beetle, (No. 6,
Lucanus Capreolus, Linn.,) which comes out later in the season.
It is thus called more particularly, when, like the true liorn-bug,
it flies in at the open windows of our dwellings upon warm even-
ings, which both of them frequently do, to the great annoyance
and even terror of the female portion of the household. Neither
of these insects, however, can harm our persons; and when they
intrude into my room in this manner, I find the quickest way to
dispose of the pests, is with my fingers to hold their heads in the
candle a moment or two, and then toss them out the window.

The name " field grub" has also been given to the larva of this
insect in some neighborhoods where its destructiveness has brought
it into notice and it was not known that it subsequently turned
into a beetle.

As this is one of our most important noxious insects and will
be fre(juen(Iy mentioned in the agricultural publications of this
[Ag. Trans.] X

370 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

CHERBT. LEAVES.

country, it is a matter of no small moment that its scientific name
be correctly ascertained and well settled. Some confusion at pre-
sent exists upon this point, among different writers. This discre-
pancy has chiefly arisen from a most disingenuous statement made
by Dr. Harris, in both editions of his Treatise, page 28 and 26,
where he says the genus Phyllophaga was " proposed by me in
1826. Dejean subsequently called this genus Ancylonycha.'^''
Now the number of the Massachusetts Agricultural Repository in
which Dr. Harris's essay appears (vol x, pages 1 — 12) bears the
date of July 1827 ! and the name Phyllophaga is there merely
suggested for this insect and its kindred, without any statement of
the marks by which the group thus designated can be recognized.
In this same year (1827) also, a distinguished British entomologist,
Rev. r. W. Hope, published the first part of his Coleopterist's
Manual, in which this same group is distinctly set apart and
clearly characterized, and the name Lachno-stema (i. e. hairy-
breasted) is given it. This name, therefore, is evidently the one
which the established rules of scientific nomenclature will give to
the genus to which our insect belongs. Dejean's name Ancylonycha
mentioned above by Dr. Harris, not having been proposed until
several years later.

This insect has hitherto been generally entered under the spe-
cific name quercina, but Dr. LeConte has recently ascertained that
nearly ten years before Weber bestowed this name upon it, Froh-
lich, a German naturalist, had in the year 1792 described it under
the nsime fusca.

We thus reach the conclusion that Lac hnosterna fusca ^ a term
meaning blackish hairy breast, is the correct technical name oi
our common May beetle, which has so often hitherto been called
Phyllophaga quercina in our agricultural periodicals.

The May beetle is a glossy thick-bodied insect, 0.80 to 0.90 long and about
half as broad. It varies in color from chestnut-brown to black, and this differ-
ence of color does not appear to be owing to age, for it is found in newly hatched
beetles before they have come forth from the ground. The head is commonly
darker colored than the thorax, is closely punctured, and its anterior edge is
thin and turned upward, with a concavity but not an angular notch in its
middle. The feelers and antennae are somewhat paler yellow than the legs,
which are polished tawny yellow. The punctures upon the thorax are coarse
and farther apart than on the head. The wing covers though glossy and

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 371

CnEKKr. LEAVES.

shining are rough from being covered with shallow indented points the edges of
which are wrinkled, and running lengthwise upon each wing cover is three or
four raised straight lines. The ;:reast is covered with glossy fine yellowish
gray hairs.

This species presents several varieties. Commonly the thorax is a little nar-
rower than the wing covers, whereby the general shape approaches to that of
an egg with its small end forward. But sometimes the thorax is broader
equaling the width of the wing covers and giving the individual a form nearly
cylindrical. The sides of the thorax are regularly rounded, but sometimes a
specimen may be found having the lateral margin slightly angular in the middle.
Sometimes the punctures upon the thorax or those upon the wing covers are
larger and more distinct than usual. By different authors several distinct
species have heretofore been made out of these varieties of this insect.

In its larva state it is a thick soft white grub with a brownish
head and with the hind part of its body curved downwards and
more or less forward under its breast. It is several years in attain-
ing its growth, so that grubs of different sizes will be found in the
ground at the same time. When full grown it is almost as thick
as the little finger. These grubs feed upon the roots of grass and
other plants, which they cut off a short distance beneath the sur-
face; and when tliey are numerous they advance under ground
like an army, severing the turf as smoothly as though it were cut
with a spade, so that it can be raised up in large sheets and folded
over or rolled together like a carpet. Often from a dozen to
twenty grubs will be exposed in every square foot when the turf
is thus raised. Large patches of this kind will occur in the
middle of a meadow or pasture, every blade of the grass being
br6wn and dead.

Early in spring, in spading or plowing the ground, these beetles
are frequently exhumed, or sometimes in turning over a large
stone one of them will be found beneath, lying in a smooth cavity
or little round hollow in the dirt, like a chicken in its shell.
This cavity or cell is formed by the grub in the preceding autumn.
Turning itself around and around, it presses upon and compacts
the dirt and moulds it into this cell for its winter residence; and
in this cell it chancres first to a pupa, in which the lei^s and wing-
cases of the insect are seen in their rudimentary state, and after-
wards to a beetle, such as we have above described. This beetle
lies dormant in its cell until the warmth of the incoming summer

372 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

CHERRY. LEAVES.

penetrates the ground sufficiently to awaken it into activity. It
then breaks from its prison and works its way out of the ground.
These beetles begin to make their appearance each year about the
first of May, and become most numerous in the middle of that month.
They are sluggish, inactive, and seemingly stupid in their move-
ments. They repose during the day time, hid in the grass, or any
other covert which they find. At dusk they awake and fly about
slowly, and with a humming noise, hitting among the leaves of
the trees and clinging thereto, and feeding upon them. They are
most fond of the leaves of the cherry and plum, which trees they
every year injui-e more or less, and occasionally they congregate
in such numbers as to wholly strip them of their foliage, destroy-
ing all hopes of any fruit from them that season. An instance
of this kind was communicated to me four years since by Milo
Ingalsbe, Esq., of South Hartford, at that time President of the
Agricultural Society of this (Washington) county. He had
seventy plum trees and a number of cherry trees of the choicest
varieties, which never gave faii-er promise of an abundant yield
of fruit than at that time. But a swarm of these May beetles
suddenly gathered upon the trees, many of them being then splen-
didly in bloom, and in two nights, the 15th and 16th of May,
wholly stripped them of their foliage, so that many of them were
as naked as in winter. With their humming notes, these beetles
were flying about the trees every evening until about ten o'clock,
when they would settle in clusters of eight, ten, twenty or more,
and would thus remain until daylight, when they would tumble
down from the trees, flying but little, however, and hiding them-
selves wherever convenient to stay through the day. These obser-
vations are important, showing that between midnight and day-
light is the best time for spreading sheets beneath the trees to shake
and beat these insects into them. In a subsequent letter, dated
June 29th, Mr. I. stated that these beetles had then disappeared
from all his trees except an Ox-heart cherry, on which about a
dozen were found, this being the choicest variety among his cherry
trees — indicating that though seemingly such st»pid creatures,
they are good connoiseurs in selecting their food. And among
his plums, it was the Washington, Jeiferson, Lawrence and others
of his best kinds which had been attacked with the greatest avidity.

,STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 373

* ■

CHERRT. LEAVES.

;^pple trees, which were standing alternately with his plum trees,
were not in the least molested. Mr. I. has recently informed me
that his trees have never been reinvaded by these beetles since that
time.

These insects are numerous all over our country. In my ov^-n
neighborhood they have been common every year, I think, since
I first became acquainted with them, more than twenty-five years
ago; yet I have here never known the trees to be stripped of their
foliage by them, or the turf to be severed by their larvae, although
two or three instances of the latter have been related to me as
having occurred in this town, and I have several times heard of
the same phenomenon in other places. It appears to be a most
singular and remarkable circumstance in the economy of these
insects, that, while it is their ordinary habit to live dispersed and
apart from each other, they at times become gregarious, botli in
their larva and their perfect state, multitudes of them assembling
together in a flock, and by their conjoined labors utterly devasta
,ting what they attack. Some other insects, however, show this
same habit. It is only occasionally that the migratory locust of
the east, so renowned in story, congregates together in swarms
and flies off to a distance. And instances have occurred in which
the common red-legged grasshopper, wliich is scattered al^out the
fields of our own country, has done tlie same in yeai'S when it has
been unusually abundant.

The history of oui* May beetle and its transformations have
never been fully observed, but everything known respecting it
concurs to show that it is exactly analogous to the cockchatfer or
/May bug of Europe, {Polyphylla Melolontha^ Linn.,) and occupies
^the place of that species upon this continent. The grubs of that
insect are about five years in obtaining their growth. The beetles
pair soon after they come from the ground, and tlie male lives but
a few days. The female crawls back into the ground and tliere
drops her eggs, which are nearly a liundred in number, after
which she again emerges, and being now decrepit with age, slie
feeds but little and dit'S in a sliort time.

Among the natural destroyers of our May beetle is the skunk,
whose food appears to consist of these insects almost entirely,
during the short ])eriod of tlieir existence. Some cats will also

374 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

CHERRY. LEAVES.

eat them, thougli I suppose it to be more for sport than food that
grimalkin is frequently seen at twilight, stealthily creeping
through the grass of the door-yard, and springing upon these
beetles as they crawl therefrom to take wing. Our domestic
fowls are also very fond of the grubs. But of all the destroyers
of these insects, no other animal can vie with the crow, which
frequently follows the track of the plow to feed upon the grubs
of the May beetle which are turned up thereby.

With regard to remedies we may observe, that in Europe the
experience of centuries has failed to discover any efficient measure
for desti'oying a similar insect during the larva period of its exis-
tence. And concealed in the ground as these grubs are, it is not
probable that any substance can be applied to the soil of sufficient
power to kill them without destroying also whatever vegetation is
there growing. But where these grubs are so numerous as to sever
the roots of the grass and pare the turf, I think there is a measure
which may readily be resorted to whereby they may be extermi-
nated. I would recommend the placing of a temporary fence
around that part of the meadow or pasture which is so thronged
with these grubs, and enclosing a number of swine therein, thus
for a while converting the patch into a hog pasture. The pro-
pensity of these animals for rooting and tearing up the turf, we
are all aware, is for the very purpose of coming at and feeding
upon the grubs and worms which are lurking therein; and who
knows but this rooting propensity, which has all along been com-
plained of as being the most troublesome and vicious habit which
belongs to swine, may after all turn out to be the most valuable
and necessary to us of any of the habits with which they are
endowed ? At all events, it is one of man's greatest achievements
to so observe and study the habits and instincts of the lower ani-
mals, as to devise ways whereby those habits and instincts, instead
of being exerted to his injury, are brought into his service and
made to work for his benefit. Therefore do not let us " lords of
creation " allow these vile field grubs to rob us of two or three
acres of grass without obliging them to give back to us an equiv-
alent for it. Let us have the value of that grass returned to us
in the increased size and thriftiness of our swine. I cannot but
think these animals, confined upon a spot so overstocked with

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 375

CHERRY. LEAVES.

griibSj would in a short time ferret out and devour every one of
them, leaving the soil cleansed, mellowed, manured, and well
pre2;ared for being immediately laid down to grass again, or for
receiving any rotation of crops for Avhich the proprietor may deem
the spot best adapted. It should be observed that when cold
weather approaches, these worms sink themselves deep into the
ground so as to be beyond the reach of frost during the winter,
and return back to near the surface again when spring returns;
so that wlien they are severing the roots of grass there will proba •
bly be none deeper than hogs are accustomed to root. It will be
interesting to know how long a given number of swine will be
occupied in cleansing an acre of ground containing from twelve
to twenty of these grubs in every square foot. And I earnestly
hope those who have lands which are devastated in the manner
spoken of, will try the experiment which I have now proposed,
and will make the result known to the public, whether it be suc-
cessful or otherwise.

When these grubs have completed their growth, and come abroad
in their perfect state, another opportunity is presented for destroy-
ing them and preventing their future increase. Every year when
tlie middle of May is approaching, cherry and plum trees should
be inspected each evening, particularly our choicest varieties of
tliese trees, to ascertain if the May-beetles are collecting in num-
bers upon them; and if they are, they should immediately be
shaken off upon sheets spread beneath the trees, and emptied into
bags or covered pails, and should be killed by immersing them in
boiling water, or pouring this upon them; after which they may
be fed to the swine and poultry. Many years ago a writer in the
New-York Evening Post stated that trees could in this manner be
entirely freed from these beetles in a very few evenings. Trees
from which two j)ailsful were collected the first evening furnished
a much less number upon each succeeding night, until the fifth,
when only two beetles could be found upon them.

The RosK-BUG, No. 50, a buif yellow beetle smaller than the
preceding, eats the leaves, the last of June.

376 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

CHERRY. LEAVES.

■77. YiOLACEOUS FLEA-BEETLE, Crepidodera violacea, Melsheimer. (Coleop
tera. Chrysomelidae.)

From the middle of May till August or later, eating numerous
small holes in the tender new leaves at the ends of the limbs, a
brilliant coppery, violet or greenish black flea-beetle, 0.10 long,
its under side black, its attennse and legs dull pale yellow with
the hind thighs black. It sometimes merely gnaws a little round
hollow in the under side of the leaf, leaving the thin transparent
skin on the upper side of the leaf entire.

Large yellow butterfly. The larva occurs on the cherry
the same as on the apple. See No. 36.

7§. Glaucous butterflt, Papilio glaucuSj Linn. (Lepidoptera. Papilion-
ida3.)

I have not met with this butterfly in the State of New-York,
but a larva identical with that of this species as figui-ed by Abbot,
I have repeatedly noticed upon the garden cherry and also on the
oak and ash, in August, resting day after day upon a thin cobweb
spun over the upper side of a particular leaf. The larva is like
that of the large yellow butterfly. No. 36, wath several blue or
violet dots superadded, namely, one above each of the eye-like
spots, four in a transverse row forward of the yellow band, a
, similar row on each of the three rings forward of the last, and a
row lengthwise low down upon each side. The butterfly is black,
4.75 to 5.50 across its wings, and may be recognized by a row of
small oval spots of a pale yellow or white color extending across
the fore wings near their hind edge.

79. Purblind Sphixx, Smerinthus myops, Smith and Abbot. (Lepidoptera.
Sphingidse.)

In August, a large cylindrical apple-green worm with a curved
horn at the end of its back, two rows of rust red spots, and along
each side six oblique yellowish streaks j passing the winter under
ground, and in July changing to a moth which may be distin-
guished by its hind wings, which are dark snufi" brown, their
inner half light ochre yellow inclosing a large round black spot
having a pale blue centre. Width 2.50. Rare. See Silliman's
Journal, vol. xxxvi, p. 291.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 377

CHERRY. LEAVES.

The Cecropia emperor moth, No. 33. Two young worms
which I placed on a garden cherry fed freely thereon, remaining
till they were full grown, and I doubt not this species sometimes
occurs naturally upon this tree.

§0, Promethea emperor moth, Attacus Promethea^ Drury. (Lepidoptera.
Bombycidae.)

In August, a large cylindrical, or when at rest a tapering pale
greenish-yellow worm coated with a white bloom except at each
end, with six rows of black dots or small prickles, the two upper
ones on the second or third rings larger, resembling little horns
of a bright red color like sealing wax, and on top of the ring for-
ward of the last a single bright sulphur yellow protuberance;
forming its cocoon inside of a rolled leaf the stem of which is tied
to the limb with silken threads; the moth coming from it the last
of June, its wings measuring from 3.60 to 4.40, sooty black, in
the female brownish red, bordered behind with drab gray in which
is a wavy black line having forward of it on the hind wings a
row of round black spots, in the female deep red, the inner ones
more or less united.

As Dr. Harris (Treatise, page 300) mentions the cocoons of this
insect as sometimes occurring on the cherry it will be inferred
that it feeds upon the leaves of this tree. And I introduce this
species here, to observe that I have reason to think the statements
which liave hitherto been made respecting the vegetation on which
this insect subsists, are perhaps erroneous, writers having proba-
bly taken it for granted that it fed upon the trees on which they
have found its cocoons. This is a subject of more than ordinary
importance, since it has been shown upon a preceding page tliat
this moth and the Cecropia are most intimately related to the
Arrindy silk worm; and further experiments should be insti-
tuted to ascertain whether the silk of these moths of our own
country does not possess similar durability and strengtli with that
of the East India worm, and whctlier these insects are not suscej)-
tible of being turned to a vahia])le account.

All the statements Iiltliertu ])ublis}HHl point to the sassafras as
the tree on which tlie larviE of the Promethea moth chiefly sub-
sist. Now for fifteen years past a sassafras has been growing in

378 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

CHERRY. LEAVES.

my yard without one of these worms ever appearing upon it;
whilst upon an ash tree standing beside this sassafras and not
three feet distant from it there has repeatedly been a family of
these worms. Certainly if the sassafras were the favorite food of
this species some of these worms would have been placed upon it.
They have also occurred upon ash trees in other parts of my
grounds, and upon no other tree have I ever met with them. Last
year on the 1 8th of July a dozen young worms were found in a
cluster upon the under side of a leaf of the ash tree above alluded
to, and upon an adjacent leaf of the same stalk w^re the shells
of the eggs from which these worms had come, resembling little
cups or hemispheres of clear glass. The eggs were in contact
with each other on the under surface of the leaf, and this leaf
had been partly consumed by the worms when they first came
from their shells. I continued to notice them daily for about a
week, when they all disappeared, probably mounting high into
the tree, and I could discover no traces of them afterwards. Upon
the fall of the leaves in autumn I was disappointed to find no
cocoons upon this tree; but upon a lilac growing against the side
of the house four rods distant two dozen cocoons occurred. The
worms which formed these cocoons could not have fed upon the
lilac without being discovered, and I could not avoid the conclu-
sion that they had been reared upon the ash tree, and when fully
grown had migrated to this bush, though in doing so they passed
several other lilac bushes, and selected this, perhaps, because
growing against the side of the house it would be less apt to be
visited by birds than those standing in the open yard. But this
precaution did not save them. The last winter being unusually
long and severe, our winter birds were obliged to forage more
assiduously than usual, and before spring every one of these
cocoons w^ere perforated and its inmate destroyed. In other
instances I have noticed these worms remaining till they were
mature, upon small sprouts of the ash where they could be
observed daily. From all these facts I am confident the ash is
their favorite food. But when ready to spin their cocoons it is too
lai)orious a task for them with their silken threads to tie the long
leiif stalks of this tree to the limbs from which they grow, and I
have very seldom known a cocoon to be placed upon this tree.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 379

CHERRY. LEAVES.

Having finished feeding, the worms invariably repair to other
trees having tough leathery leaves which will form a thick sub-
stantial mantle around the cocoon, and having short stems that
can readily be tied to the twigs from which they grow. We can-
not but admire the intelligence which they manifest in this proce-
dure. Authors mention the sassafras, cherry, poplar, Azalea,
Cephalanthus, snow-drop {Halesia) and bay, as the trees and
shrubs on which the cocoons occur; but in this district it selects
the lilac in preference to any of these. Few winters pass but
that some of these cocoons may be seen on the lilacs in all oui
yards, and sometimes fifty or more will be observed upon a single
bush. In the city of Albany they are equally as common upon
the lilacs as in the surrounding country. But as the other insects
of this family feed upon several different trees and shrubs, it is not
probable that this is confined to one kind of food. Eeing found,
however, in Eastern New-York, so uniformly if not exclusively
upon the ash, and its cocoons upon the lilac, it is remarkable
that neither of these trees has ever been mentioned by writers, in
connection with this most interesting and beautiful moth.

§1. lo EMPEROR MOTH, Sutumia lo, Fub. (Lepidoptera. Bombjcidae.)

In August, a thick apple green worm, 2.50 long, covered with
clusters of prickles having black tips and stinging like nettles if
touched, and along each side an orange or brick red stripe freckled
with wliite dots and edged on its lower side by a white stripe;
forming a cocoon on the ground under dead leaves; the moth ap-
pearing in June, its hind wings bright yellow, their inner margin
purplish red and on their middle a large black eye-like spot hav-
ing a pale blue centre in which is a white streak; the fore wings
yellow in the male, purplish brown in the female. Width 2.70
to 3.50. I have met with tliis on tlie wild black clierry and on
the thorn. From six. to nine worms often occur upon the same
tree. They commonly eat all the leaves from the end of particular
limbs, leaving only a sliort stuni}) of the leafstalk. See Harris's
Treatise, p. 304.

S2. Misii'pus nLTTKRKi.v, Limcnitus Miaijypus, Yah. (Ixspidoptcra, Nym-
phalidao.)

In June and July, a thick bodied worm 1.75 long, olive green
varied with white, the second ring humped and with two long

380 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

CHERRF. LEAVES.

blackish prickly horns, a row of small white prickly warts aL mg
each side of the back, and the head white and covered witli small
prickles; its pupa hanging with its head downwards, on the
under side of a limb or leaf, in a week or ten days giving out a
butterfly having bright tawny orange wings with black veins and
margins and a narrow black band across the middle of the liiiid
pair, the black border having a single row of white dots. Widiii
2.75 to 3.40. Abbot says the larva feeds on different species of
cherry, but it is much oftener met with on willows, and I have
also found it on poplar.

83. Cltton butterfly, j^patura Clyton, Boisduval. (Lepidoptera. Nym-
phaUdae.)"

A worm nearly 1.05 long and as thick as a goose quill, thickest
in the middle, pale green with four light greenish yellow stripes,
the top of its head having two yellow spines with branching
prickles; its pupa hanging from the under side of a limb with its
head downwards; the butterfly with blackish brown wings, tawny
orange on the basal half of the fore pair, beyond which is two
rows of small olive yellow spots and near the hind edge a narrow
yellowish band broken towards its inner end. Width 2.20. I
have never met with this in the State of New- York. It occurs
through the southern States on the cherry and other trees of the
same family.

§4. American" lappet-moth, Gastropacha Americana, Harris. (Lepidop-
tera. Bombycidae.)

The latter part of summer, a cylindrical worm when feeding
by night, but by day broad and flat, pressed to the limb and resem-
bling a tumor of the bark, 2.50 long, ash-gray varied with whitish
spots and having two transverse velvety red streaks anteriorly;
its pupa in a cocoon also resembling a slight swelling upon the
limb, of the same colors with the bark; the moth appearing m
May, its wings deeply notched along their hind and inner mar-
gins, reddish brown, both pairs crossed by a broad whitish band
which has a wavy dark reddish line upon each side. Width 1.50
to 1.90. See Harris's Treatise, p. 293. [Note. — This is the same
with No. 30. The repetition was not discovered till it was in type,
too far to cancel the error,]

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 381

CHERRY. LEAVES.

§5. Hag moth, Limacodes pithecium. Smith and Abbot. (Lepidoptera. Arc
tiidae.)

In August and Septemoer, a flattened dark brown singular
looking worm of an oblong and nearly square form, the sides of
its body prolonged outwards into eleven tooth -like processes, the
tliree middle ones of which are longer with their ends curved
backward, growing to nearly an inch in length, its pupa state
passed in a small cocoon fastened to a limb; the moth dusky
brown, its fore wings varied with pale yellowish brown, and
crossed by a narrow wavy curved band of this color, edged on its
hind side near the outer margin with dark brown, and having near
the centre a light brown soot. Width 0.95 to 1.25. See Harris's
Treatise, p. 324.

86. Dry leaf measure-worm, Geometral siccifolia, new species. (Lepidop,
tera. Geometridae.)

A measure worm m many respects like the preceding, but more
narrow and flattened and having a marked resemblance to a dry
withered leaf or the brown scraggy fragment of a dead twig, may
frequently be met with some years, in August and September, most
commonly upon choke cherry bushes. It is 0.80 long and a dull
dark umber brown color, sometimes of a paler yellowish shade,
and with a blackish streak along the middle of its back. The
three middle segments are nearly double the width of the others,
their sides being prolonged obliquely forwards and upwards in
tliin flat triangular projections having their tips blunt or slightly
ntjtched, and commonly ending in two little sharp teeth. The
next segment back of these is also slightly prolonged outwards.
On the top of the segment next to the last are two little horns
projecting upward. Adhering to a twig with its four hind feet, it
remains motionless with its body slightly bent and turned upward,
and if knocked to the ground it lies perfectly still. No one from
its appearance, would suspect it to be anything possessed of life.
The latter part of September it draws two or three leaves together
ticing them with silken threads, and spins its cocoon within them;
but I have not yet succeeded in obtaining the moth from these
cocoons.

382 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

CHERRY. LEAVES.

The RosACEAN Tortrix, Xo. 46, is a common worm upon the
cherry

8T. Cherrt-eating Tortrix, LozotcBuia Cerafiivorana^ new species. (Le-
pidoptera. Tortricidae.) Plate ii, fig. 3.

In July, tieing the leaves together with silken threads; when
numerous, living in societies and forming a large nest, drawing all
the twigs and leaves of a particular limb together; oftenest seen
on the choke cherry, but occurring also on the garden cherry; an
ochre yellow worm with the head, neck, hiud end and feet
black, and a few line hairs from smooth shining dots; form-
ing its pupa in the same nest; the moth broad and flat when
at rest, the outer edge of its fore wings being strongly rounded
towards the base and straight from the middle to the tip,
these wings with irregular wavy bands alternately of bright ochre
yellow and pale leaden blue, the yellow bands often varied with
rusty or blackish atoms forming darker spots, the most con-
spicuous one of which is placed on the outer margin near the tip,
and from this spot a broader ochre yellow band extends towards
the hind margin forward of its middle and curves thence to the
inner angle; hind wings and all beneath pale ochre yellow.
"Width 0.75 to 1.10. Like others of this group this moth varies
greatly, the marks on its fore wings being confused and indistinct
or wiiolly obliterated in old rubbed individuals. It may always
be known, however, from the other moths related to it, by its
bright yellow color, in connection with its size and the shape of
its fore wings. None of the described insects of this genus appear
to have hind wings of so pure yellow without any smoky or dusky
shade.

8§. / Fall web worm, Hyphantria textor, Harris. (Lepidoptera. Arctiidae."*

In August and the fore-part of September, forming a large thin
cobweb-like nest on the end of a limb and eating all the leaves
in and around it ; smallish caterpillars living together in a society,
their color pale yellow, with a broad black or blackish stripe
upon the back and another beneath, thinly clothed with whitish
hairs growing from smooth orange yellow and black dots, the
head and feet black; the worms of the same nest varying greatly

'PLATE. 2

CixTrani boxer.

I ._,^'

CfiBTry Tortrxxr.

.'cufC prunec

iiu££alo treelKrpper.

\_V

Hvonx-'biisiL txee JiLOpper .

v.**.J'

spotted PelidsuotA.

. I .* J rT-«i

>5V4

-4 XelUy So.

XittLoS C YaaBgn.thuy59n.AlbaiiylfT

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 383

CHERRY . LEAVES.

in size and colors; growing to about an incli in length and then
dispersing and spinning their cocoons in crevices of the bark and
similar sheltered situations; the moth appearing the fore part of
the following summer, a milk white miller without any spots or
dots on its wings, its fore thighs tawny yellow in front and the
anterior feet alternated with black and Avhite on their fore side.
Width 1.25 to 1.35. This is quite common some years, and
occurs upon the ash, willow, and several other trees. See
Harris's Treatise, p. 276.

A Brazilian moth very similar to that of our Fall web worm, has been sent
me from Bahia, by my friend A. de Lacerda. In this the basal part of the
outer edge of the fore wings and the feet are blackish, and the four anterior
shanks are orange 3'-ellow on their outer side with a blackish spot on their base
and another on their middle. Its expanded wings measure 1.50. Its pupa is
white with the abdomen llesh colored and is beautifully variegated with sym-
metrical black stripes and spots, from which circumstance, as I meet with no
description of this species, I have named it in my collection, Hyphantria picti-
pupa or the Painted puppet.

§9. Yellow-necked ermine moth, Hyphantria collaris, new species.

A moth closely related to the preceding and doubtless possess-
ing the same habits, has been sent me from Mississippi, and pro-
bably occurs througliout the southern states. It is milk white
and glossy, its head, neck, base of the outer edge of the fore
wings and the antericjr hips are pale ochre yellow, and its feet
pale brown. Width 1.35.

90. Dotted erminj^moth, Hyphantria punctata, new species.

A Worm similar to tliat of tlie Fall web worm and possessing
the same habits, producing in June a milk white miller having a
continuous black stripe on the fore side of its anterior iict and
slianks, tlieir thii^hs and hii)S being yellow in front, and llic fore
wings liaviiig a black central dot, and in tlu' males a mw of
small blackisli spots extending from the jniddle <>f i1h' inner
margin to the tip. Widlli l.(>5 to 2.00. This is lie<juenlly met
with in our district, though much less common tliau tlie Fall web
worm.

384 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

CHBRRT. LEAVES.

91. Spotted ekmine moth, Hyphantria cunea, Drury.

Caterpillars similar to those of the Fall web worm, and like it
forming a large cobweb-like nest on the ends of the limbs of the
wild cherry, willow and other trees in autumn. The moth a milk
white miller with its anterior feet black on their fore side and
alternated with black and white on their hind side. Its anterior
shanks are black in front and the thighs and hips orange yellow.
In the male the fore wings have numerous small black spots and
dots which do not appear in the other sex. Width 1.30 to 1.60.
The males vary greatly in the number of their spots, and fre-
quently there is a curved black band upon the middle of their
fore wings cut across only by the white veins. This species,
named in allusion to its fore wings punctatissima or many dotted,
by Smith and Abbot, and cunea or wedge spotted, by Druiy, was
described by the latter from specimens captured in the vicinity of
New-York city, and S. Calverley, Esq., of Brooklyn, to whom I
am indebted for a suite of specimens showing its several varieties,
informs me it is quite a common insect there. But I have no
knowledge of its occurrence anywhere north or west of the High-
lands.

The Apple tree caterpillar. No. 28,
Vaporer moth. No. 32,
Canker worm. No. 38,
Apple Tortrix, No. 40, and

Palmer worm. No. 42, may all be found feeding upon the
leaves of the cherry.

92. Cherry slug worm, Selandria Cerasi, Peck. (Hymenoptera. Ten-
thredinidse.)

In June and July eating the upper surface of the leaves and
leaving the veins and skin of the under side entire; small shining
slimy slug worms of an olive brown and blackish color, dull yel-
low beneath, tapering and swelled anteriorly, resembling young
tadpoles; several often feeding upon one leaf; maturing in four
weeks and then burying themselves under ground through the
winter; changing finally to a small glossy black fly with four

STATE AGHICULTURAL SOCIETY. 385

CHERRY. LEAYES.

transparent wings tinged with smoky which forms a dusky cloud
across the middle of the fore pair, its four anterior legs and the
knees of the hind pair dirty yellow or clay colored, their thighs
blackish. Length 0.22. See Harris's Treatise, p. 419.

93. Cherry Abia, ufbia Cerasi, new species. (Hymenoptera. Tenthre-
dinidse.)

I only know this and the following species from specimens bred
from cocoons found attached to the limbs of the wild black
cherry, which is a sufficient evidence that their larvae subsist upon
the leaves of this tree. Like other larvse of the same genera,
they will be twenty-footed worms, having two pairs of pro-legs
more than the usual number, and they eat the edges of the leaves.
The cocoons of both these insects are cylindrical with rounded
ends, and are of a tough firm texture, resembling coarse brown
paper. Those of the cherry Abia are 0.80 long by 0.38 in
diameter. Two of these cocoons were met with last March, upon
a low bush witliin three feet of the ground. One of them had
been perforated by birds and its inmate destroyed; the other
on being brought into a warm room liatched Avithin a fortnight,
indicating that with the first warm days of spring these flies come
abroad. They cut off one end of the cocoon smoothly, to make
tlieir exit from it, the severed end resembling a little lid, some of
the loose tlireads upon the outer surface of the cocoon forming a
liinge wliereby this lid can be opened and shut. The fly is black
witli the abdomen and thighs blue black and the feet and tips of
the shanks pale yellow. Its thorax is thinly covered with pale
grayish yellow hairs, and its wings are transparent, smoky
yellowish, with black veins, those on the basal third pale yellow.
Leni^th O.GO, to the tip of the wings 0.80; width 1.35.

The species of this genus are very few, and little is known of
their habits. This is the first one, I believe, which has been
found in this country. It resembles a Cimbcx, the antennte being
short, with a round knob at their ends sha]»ed like an egg with
its large end outwards, and in the specimen before me there are
four joints to tliis knob, and li>ur in the stem which precedes it,
this being one joint more than the normal number in this genus.

[At;. Trans.] Y

386 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

CHERRY. LEAVES.

94. Black-calfed SAW-FLY, ^ematus swraf us, new species. (Ilymenoptera.
Tenthredinidae.)

This comes from a cocoon 0.30 in lengtn by 0.14 in diameter.
The Hy eats off the end of its cocoon to make its exit therefrom.
It was met with at the same time with the preceding species, and
was a week later in hatching. The fly is black with four trans-
parent slightly smoky wings, its mouth lurid white as is also a
cloud-like spot on the shoulders, the edges of the abdominal seg-
ments, and the legs, the four anterior thighs being black upon
their under sides and the hind pair wholly black except at their
bases. Length 0.25, to the tip of the wings 0.30.

A surprising degree of intelligence was manifested by this
insect, in the situation which it selected for its cocoon. Upon a
small limb growing perpendicularly upward the moth of an apple
tree caterpillar had placed its belt of eggs, coated over with gum
in the usual manner, and immediately above this a small tender
leaf was growing. The worm spun its cocoon between this belt
©f eggs and the leaf above it. The frosts of autumn subsequently
wilted this leaf and the rains saturating it weighed it downward,
causing it to adhere like a wet cloth to the belt of eggs, the gum
upon which afterwards drying glued the leaf securely in this
position. And thus the stem of the leaf came to form a band or
loop over the cocoon, holding it securely in its place. It is truly
wonderful how the worm which formed this little thimble-like
cocoon could have known that this spot was so well adapted for
its wants. Had it previously crawled over these caterpillar's eggs
when they were wet, and thus discovered that their gummy cover-
ing then became soft and adhesive 1 And had it the intelligence
to foresee that the leaf growing immediately above them would
in a short time wither and lop downwards and become firmly
glued to the surface of this gum ? It would so appear, from the
fact of its placing its cocoon crosswise of the twig, so that it might
become bound to it in this manner, instead of attaching it length-
wise as insects generally place their cocoons, and from the further
fact that it imbedded the lower end of the leaf stalk in the outer
surface of its cocoon, evidently for the purpose of holding the
leaf steadily in such a position that when it wilted it must lop

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 387

CHERRY. LEAVES.

directly downward and not sway off to one side. This curious
specimen may be seen in the Entomological department of the
Museum of the State Agricultural Society.

AFFECTING THE FRUIT.

The Plum weevil or Curculio, No. 70, a small white worm
occasionally found in the interior of cherries, is the only insect
known to us as infesting this fruit.

9. THE GRAPE.— Fi7w vinifera, et al.

AFFECTING THE ROOT.

95. Grape vine borer, Trochilium Polistiformis, Harris. (Lepidoptera
Trochiliidae.)

A worm resembling the Peach tree borer. No. 59, in its size
and habits, producing a moth resembling a wasp, of a dark brown
color marked with orange or tawny yellow, and with a bright
yellow band on the base of the second ring of its abdomen, its
fore wings dusky, hiud ones glassy hyaline with the margins and
veins black. Width 1.00 to 1.50. Found by Dr. Kron, in North
Carolina, where it is exceedingly destructive to both wild and
cultivated grapes. See Patent Office Report, 1854, p. SO.

AFFECTING THE STALK.

96. Vine scale insect, Lecanium Iritis, Linn. (Ilomoptera. Coccidae.)

Appearing on the bark in June, a brown heniis])lierical scale
from under one end of wliich a wliite cotton-like substance ])ro-
trudes, more and more, till about the first of July, it becomes
four times as large as the scale, and from among it minute oval
yellowish-white lice, tlie hundredth of an inch in length, creep
out and distribute themselves over the bark, to which they
fix themselves and become stationary, sucking its juices. This
appears from the short descriptions given by authors, and from

388 AliNUAL BEPORT OF NEW-YORK

I

GRAPR. STALKS.

specimens sent me by Dr. Signoret of Paris, to be the same with
the European scale insect of the vine. See Kollar's Treatise, p.
155.

1)7. Four-spotted SPITTLE INSECT, ^AropAora 4-nofafa, Say. (Homoptera.
Cercopidae.)

A spot of white froth resembling spittle, appearing upon the
bark in June, containing under it a pale wingless insect which
punctures the bark and sucks its juices, as does also the perfect
or winged insect which occurs upon the vines the beginning of
July, and is a flattened tree-hopper of a brown color, its wing
covers having a blackish spot at the tip, another on the middle of
the outer margin and a third at the base, with the spaces between
these spots hyaline white. Length 0.30.

9§. Signoret's spittle insect, Aphrophora Signoretii, new species.

In habits and appearance like the preceding, but without any
black spots or marks, its ground color being tawny brovm with
dull w^hitish clouds, and thickly punctured with black, the wing
covers having a small white spot on their inner margin near the
tip and a larger one opposite this on the outer margin. Length
0.32.

This species has a whitish stripe between two blackish streaks along the
middle of the head, but no distinct raised line either here or upon the front.
Still, that it pertains to this genus, rather than to Ptyelas, is shown by its
ocelli or eyelets, which are placed nearer to each other than to the eyes, and by
the base of its head, which is angularly notched in the middle instead of being
rounded in a regular curve, as we find it to be in both Ptyelus and Lepyronia.
I regard these as the most valid characters by which to discriminate these
closely related genera. Another spittle insect which I discovered common
upon the pitch pines on the sand plains of Saratoga, and described in my Cata-
logue of Homopterous insects in the State Cabinet of Natural History, under
the name of Lepyronia Saratogensis, was the same year described by Mr.
Walker, (List of the British ^luseum, p. 714,) under the name Ptyelus gelidus,
his description having issued from the press a few months subsequent to mine.
Mr. Walker has, accordingly, in the supplement to his list, (page 1153), done
me the justice of giving precedence to my name. I think, however, that both
this species and the parallela of Say must be carried back to the genus jiphro-
phora, since the nearness of their ocelli removes them from Ptyelus, whilst the
length and narrowness of their wing covers separates them from Lepyronia,

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 389

GRAPE. STALKS.

and the angular notch in the base of their heads, and the pale stripe, slightly
elevated, along the middle of the head and thorax, further separates them
from the genera to which they have been referred, and approximates them to
j^phrophora. The foreign species belonging to these genera, with which I have
been most liberally supplied by Dr. Signoret, of Paris, enable me to trace the
affinities of these rather anomalous insects much more accurately than it would
be possible to do without such aid.

The Cercopis quadrangularis Say so closely resembles the European Lepyro-
nia coleoptrata, that I am surprised to see it placed in any other genus.

The Cercopis obtusa^ Say, also placed under Ptyelus by Mr. Walker, belongs
to the genus Clastoptera.

The Cercopis ignipecta of Harris's catalogue, also supposed to be a Ptyclns
by Mr. Walker, pertains to the genus Monecphora. As this name, ignipccta,
was published more than twenty years ago and no description of this
species has ever been given, I may here supply this deficiency. In size and
form this insect has a marked resemblance to the Monecphora bicincta, Say,
but is destitute of bands or spots on its upper surface. It is black, old speci-
mens fading to brown, and on the under side the breast, the edges of the
abdominal segments, the anterior knees and the hind legs are bright blood red
with the tips of the feet black. Length 0.35.

AFFECTING THE LEAVES.

1. Puncturing them and sucking their juices.

99. Large green tree bug, Rhaphigaster Pennsylvanicus, Degeer. (He
miptera. Pentatomidas.)

A large flattened grass green bug edged all round with a lighf
yellow line, interrupted at each joint of the abdomen by a small
black spot, its antennae black beyond the middle of their third
joint, with a pale yellow band on the first half of the two last
joints. Length 0.60 to 0.70. This occurs, chiefly in September,
throughout the Northern States, upon hickory, willow and other
trees, as well as on gra])e vines. Mr. Dallas has recently des-
cribed it as a new species, naming it R. Sarpinus, List of British
Museum, p. 276, and Mr. Say has also named it hilaris.

100. Bound trkk dug, Pentatoma ligata, Say. (Ilemiptera. Pcntato-
midse).

A large grass green bug closely resembling the foregoing, but
more widely edged all round, except upon its head, with pale red,

390 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

QKAPE. LEAVES.

and with a pale red spot upon the middle of its back, occupying
the apex of the scutel, its antennae green, the second joint dusky
at its tip and the three last joints black. Length 0.55, width
0.34. Rare. Though so much like the preceding species this
pertains to a ditferent genus, being destitute of the sharp point at
the base of its abdomen between the hind pair of legs which may
be seen in that insect.

101. Modest tree bug, Jirma modesta, Dallas. (Hemiptera. Pentato-
midse.)

Tawny yellowish gray thickly dotted with brown punctures,
the wing covers commonly red at the apex of their leathery por-
tion, and with a brown spot at the tip of their glassy hyaline
ends, the under side whitish with a row of distant black dots
along the middle of the abdomen and another on each side.
Length 0.40 to 0.46. This is one of our most common tree bugs
and will be met with in autumn upon a number of different trees
and shrubs. It has the spine-like point on the base of the under
iude of the abdomen very short, and the angular projection on
each side of the thorax is not drawn out into a sharp point, by
which characters it is readily distinguished from another species
very similar to it, the spined tree bug. No. 26.

102. SiN'GLE STRIPED TREE HOPPER, 71ieliaunivittata,'E[siTTis. (Homoptera.

Membracidae.)

A tree hopper shaped like a beech nut, with a perpendicular
protuberance on the fore part of its back, more high than wide,
its summit compressed and rounded, the insect of a chestnut
brown color, tawny white in front and with a white stripe along
the back, extending from the protuberance to the tip. Length
0.37, height 0.24. Often seen on grape vines in July and August.

The Buffalo tree hopper. No. 22^ may also be noticed on
grape vines every day during the latter part of summer.

103. Black backed tree hopper, j^cutalis dorsalis, Fitch. (Homoptera.
Membracidae.)

A small triangular shining tree hopper with a smooth rounded
Dack, greenish white with a large black spot on its back, from the
anterior corners of which spot a line runs off towards each eye,

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 391

GRAPE. LEAVES.

the upper margin of the head and the breast being also black and
the wings hyaline. Length of the male 0.15, of the female 0.20.
Numbers of this insect may sometimes be met with on grape
vines, about the last of July, and a few stragglers remain into
October. The anticonigra of M. Faiiunaire, (Ann. Soc. Ent., 2d
series, iv. p. 498,) differs from this species only in having the fore
■wings with coarse black or brown veins. All of the many speci-
mens which I have met with in the state of New- York, have the
wing veins colorless. This insect and the calva of Say, which is
slightly smaller and shining black, with the face, shanks and feet
dark yellowish, the tip of the thorax and abdomen pale greenish,
and the wings hyaline, are the only New- York species of Acutalis
which I have discovered, although several others occur in Penn-
sylvania and farther south, and some of them are quite numerous
upon the kinds of vegetation which they infest.

104. Vine leaf hopper, Erythroneura Vitis, Harris. (Homoptera. Tet-
tigoniidse.)

Pale yellow with two broad blood-red bands and a third dusky
one on the apex, the anterior band occupying the base of the
thorax and of the wing covers and scutel, the middle one ending
in a much narrower nearly square black spot situated on the
middle of the outer side of the wing covers. Length 0.13.
Though so small such swarms of these insects sometimes gather
on the vines in August and bleed the leaves so freely that they
become dry and stiff and of a yellow color, as when fading in
autumn. See Harris's Treatise, p. 198.

There are numerous kinds of little leaf hoppers similar to those of the ?ine.
Hitherto they have all been included in the genus Typhlocyba by authors. In
consequence of their diminutive size they have been less investigated than tho
other insects of the order to which they pertain. The number and arrange-
ment of the veins in their wing covers and wings, present such ditfercnccs as
■would probably have induced authors to separate them into distinct genera,
before this day, had they been of larger size and better known. The species,
moreover, are so numerous, and will be so largely increased no doubt by future
di.scoveries, that as a matter of convenience a separation among them appears
to be required. The characters assigned to the j^vmiii, Typhlocyba, by different
authors, are very confused and contradictory, as they have l)cen drawn from
one or another of the species, some defining it as with, others, without ocelli,
etc. I was, hence, wholly at a loss with respect to the insects which it was

392 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

GllAPE. LEAVES.

proper to include under this genus, several years since, when arranging and
naming the New-York Homoptera in the State Cabinet of Natural History.
The new genera JErythroneura and Empoa thus came to be proposed by me,
for the reception of a portion of these insects. The characters on which these
genera were founded, I since learn, make them the equivalents of some of the
leading sections into which the genus Typhlocyba is divided by Burmeister,
Zetterstedt, and others. These names may, therefore, remain for distinguish-
ing those species in which the veins of the wings are less numerous and fully
developed than they are in Typhlocyba proper. The insects in question will
thus be divided as follows:

Typhlocyba. Wing covers bordered on the hind part of their inner side by
a submarginal vein running parallel with the exterior edge, and commonly
having a closed discoidal cell also.

Erythhoneura. Wing covers not bordered; their outer apical cell four
Bided, or with two right angles at its forward end.

Empoa. Wing covers not bordered; their outer apical cell three sided or
with a single acute angle at its forward end.

Each of these genera or sub-genera admit of further division. About ten
New-York species or prominent varieties, known to me, fall under the first of
these genera, thirty under the second and eighteen under the last. Several of
these are very similar to and are probably identical with European species.

105. Three-banded leaf hopper, Erythroneura tricincta, Fitch

Like the preceding, but the bands narrower, the anterior one
not extended upon the base of the wing covers and the middle
one not widened in its middle. Length 0.13. I originally met
with this in abundance upon raspberry and currant bushes.
Having since found it repeatedly upon grape vines I am inclined
to think it may possibly be a variety of the foregoing species. In
both the color of the bands varies, being sometimes tawny red
and sometimes dusky or black.

106. Vine-destroying leaf hopper, Erythroneura Vitifex, new species.

Yellowish white, the wing covers with oblique confluent blood
red bands and a short oblique black line on the middle of their
outer margin; thorax commonly with three red stripes, the middle
one forked anteriorly and confluent with two red stripes on the
crown of the head. Length 0.12. When the wing covers are
closed they appear red with a cream colored spot shaped like a
heart anteriorly, and on their middle a large diamond-shaped spot*^
with a small red spot in its centre. It resembles an individual of
the comes of Say, having the red spots so enlarged as to all run

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 393

GRAPE. LEAVES.

together, but the marks upon the thorax are totally different from
those of that species. I have sometimes met with this leaf hopper
in such numbers upon the grape vine, in September, that when
the leaves were agitated, the insects taking wing resembled a
shower of snow flakes. I have also reared it . from pupaj found,
upon the leaves sucking their juices. The young begin to appear
a month or two earlier than the perfect insects, and resemble
them, but are smaller and destitute of wings. And their cast
skins, delicate, milk white, retaining the form of the insect that
has left them, may everywhere be noticed adhering to the leaves.

107. "Wounded leap hopper, Erythroneuravulnerata, Fitch.

Tawny yellowish, sometimes tinged with red, the wing covers
with white dots and veins and on the middle of the outer margin
an oblique black streak between two cream white spots, the hind
one smaller and with an oblique blood red line at its endj tips
smoky blackish. Length 0.12. Common in September.

10§. Coquebert's Otiocerus, Otiocerus Chquebertii, Kirby. (Homoptera.
Fulgoridae.)

A slim four-winged fly of a yellowish white color with a bright
carmine red stripe along each side of the body and wings, which
stripe is widely forked at its hind end. Length 0.42. I have
met w4th these delicate pretty flies from the middle of July to the
end of the season, more frequently upon the wild grape vine than
on any other plant or tree, but they are never so numerous as to
do any perceptible injury, and are chiefly interesting tons as per-
taining to a genus peculiar to the United States, and very remark-
able for possessing long slender cylindrical appendages attached
to the base of their antennae, nothing analogous to which are
found in any other insects. These appendages vary in their
length and form in different species. They resemble a slender
tapering worm, irregularly crooked, lying up«»n and rigidly
api)ressed to the cheeks of the insect's face and sometimes passing
over the eye* The use of these curious appendages will form an
interesting subject for the investigation of some future naturalist
(»f this country. Mr. Kirby long ago described eight species of
these singular insects from specimens found in Georgia by Mr.

394 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

GRAPE. LEAVES.

Abbot. To these I have recently added a ninth, and two addi-
tional species are now known to me, the characters of which may
briefly be stated in this place.

109. Otiocerus Signoretii. Pale yellow; wing covers with a broad dusky
cloud-like stripe from the base to the middle of the inner margin, and extend-
ing thence obliquely across to the outer margin at its tip, and sending a very
broad branch to the tip of the inner margin; a large blackish dot anteriorly,
on the inner side of the dusky stripe, situated in the middle of the subaxillary
cell, and four dots on the outer side of the stripe, placed at the angles of an
imaginary square, the outermost one of these dots being in the middle of the
outer or costal cell; veins yellow, posteriorly red; wings whitish hyaline,
their veins red; keels of the upper side of the head minutely toothed, those
of the frontal and lower side edged by a slender coal black line. Length of
the body 0.20; width of the spread wings 0.60. The antennas are short,
scarcely reaching to the eye, and have but one appendage of about the same
length in males. This species is similar to Reaumurii, but the dots on the
wing covers are dijBferently placed. Two specimens from west of Arkansas,
from W. S. Robertson.

110. Otiocerus Amyotii. Light yellow; wing covers pale sulphur yellow,
with a brown stripe from the base to the middle of the inner margin and
thence to the outer tip ; a row of blackish dots on the hind edge alternating
with the ends of the apical veins, and about six dots forward of the innermost
of these, placed on the tips of the subapical and on the bases of the apical
veins; three brown stripes on the thorax; an orange red stripe on each side of
the head, from the eye to the forward edge below the apex. Length 0.25, to
the tip of the closed wings 0.40; width of the spread wings 0.70. I have
hitherto supposed this to be the fVolfii of Kirby, but having recently captured
an individual of that species, the difi'erences between these two insects become
evident to me. The JVolJii possesses each of the characters above assigned to
the j^myotii, but the orange stripe on each side of the head is more faint and
runs obliquely upward to the apex of the head, where it ends in a short coal
black line, exactly as stated by Mr. Kirby; and the wing covers have three
distant blackish dots in a row, outside of the brown stripe, one of these dots
being placed near the base of each of the discoidal cells. In both of these
species the females have two long appendages to the antennae. The insect des-
cribed by Amyot and Serville, and by Spinola, under the name Stollii, certainly
is not the Stollii of Kirby, which is a dark colored species like the Dzgeerii;
but it is in all probability the same species which I have described above. I
have met with this insect in only two instances in this State, and once in New
Jersey. All the specimens were females and were found upon hickory leaves.

111. Anotia Westwoodii. Another genus of insects peculiar to this country
and closely resembling the preceding, except that they are destitute of appen-
dages at the base of the antennae, was brought to light by Mr. Kirby, in con-
nection with the Otioceri. Only a single species of this genus, named jinotia

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 395

GRAPE. LEAVES.

Bonnetii, has hitherto been known. We have in the state of New-York an
insect of this kind which may frequently be met with upon grass and on wil-
lows in lowland meadows, from the beginning of August till the end of the
season. I have hitherto supposed this to be the JBonnetii; but now, when I
come to compare a number of specimens with Mr. Kirby's description, it be-
comes plain to me that this is a distinct species, and I therefore name it in
honor of the distinguished British entomologist who has furnished to the Lin-
naean Transactions a valuable paper upon some of the insects of this group. In
all the species of j^notia several oblique veinlets of a blood red color appear
along the outer sides of the wing covers towards their tips; but our New-York
species differs from the Bonndti, in that the wing covers have no tint of yel-
low, and none of their veinlets are black. The veins and veinlets are pallid,
and for the most part are broadly margined with pale brown, which color also
forms an irregular band before and another behind the middle, leaving large
whitish hyaline spots in the intervals. The rib vein commonly shows three
or four blackish alternations forward of its middle, and there is also a short
black streak upon the middle of the inner margin. The wings are whitish
hyaline with a blue iridescence, and their veins are slender and whitish with
the veinlet at the apex of the outer discoidal cell robust, black, and slightly
margined with brown. The thorax is pale yellow, smooth and shining, with
tnree elevated white longitudinal lines. Length 0.15 to tip of the wings 0.26;
width 0.45.

Two other species of this genus are known to me, the distinctive marks of
which may here be stated. They are the same size with the preceding.

112. Anotia Burnetii is much nearer related to j^. Bonnetii, the three vein-
lets in the disk of its wing covers being blackish, but it is readily known from
the other three species by a black stripe above along the middle of the three
first segments of its abdomen. It is white, its wing covers milky white and
subhyaline, with faint clouds of a more dusky tinge forming about three imper-
fect bands. A single specimen was captured by Albert Gallatin Burnet, upon
ash bushes beside Henderson river in Illinois. The insects of this genus hence
appear to inhabit low humid situations, whilst those of the genus Otiocerus,
according to my observations, all occur upon bushes growing in dry uplands.

113. j^notia Rolertsonii is very similar to the Burnetii, appearing to differ
only in having the tips of its antennae and its feet blackish or dusky and the
back of its abdomen white without any blackish discoloration. Two speci-
mens sent me from west of Arkansas, by \V. S. Robertson.

I here subjoin a short account of two other singular insects pertaining to
this family, as I have for several years been sending specimens of them abroad
with merely the name by which they are ticketed in my private collection
appended to them. They are most nearly related to the Caliscelis Bonelli of
Latreillc, an Italian species very rare in colleotions, for a specimen of which I
am indebted to Dr. Signoretof Paris. This insect is commonly made the type
of a distinct tribe or sub-family by authors, it differs so promineitly from all
its kindred. Twenty years ago an insect possessing similar distinctive char-

396 ANNUAL BEPORT Of NEW- YORK

GRAPB. LEAVES.

acters with the Caliscelis was found at Mount Pleasant in Ohio, by Mr. Foster,
the comrade of Mr. Doubledaj, in his entomological tour in this country. It
has the head prolonged forwards and downwards in a protuberance which
gives it considerable resemblance to a weevil of the genus Bruchus. It was
hence described under the generic name Bruchomorpha by Mr. Newman, the
species being named oculata. Six additional species belonging to this genus
are now known to me. These have all been discovered by Mr. Robertson west
of Arkansas, and some of the same insects I have gathered in Illinois and have
received from correspondents there. They occur in grass and subsist on its
juices. Much the most common species I name:

114. Bruchomorpha dorsata. This is black and shining, with a pale yellow
stripe along the middle of its back from the front to the tip, its legs being also
pale yellow with a dusky stripe on the thighs. Length 0.16. Mr. Robertson
has discovered individuals having the wing covers and wings full}'- developed,
showing that it is a pupa which is described by Mr. Newman. Or it may be as
Mr. Westwood suggests in a letter to me, that these insects, like some of the
NepidcB, and other species belonging to this order, attain to puberty and perish
without acquiring wings, whilst in other individuals of the same species the
wings become fully developed. An individual which I captured in Illinois in
October, I preserved alive in a vial more than a month, supplying it frequently
with fresh grass. During that time its rudimentary wing covers did not
appear to make any advance in size. And at so late a period in the season we
should expect it to be grown to the full dimensions which it is its ordinary
habit to attain. These facts render it highly probable that Mr. Westvvood's
supposition is correct. But be this as it may, those individuals whose wings
are rudimentary will always be the specimens found in cabinets and from
which the species will be chiefly studied, since they are so much more readily
captured and show the same colors and marks which belong to the full winged
individuals. Mr. Robertson informs me these insects are very shy and timid,
and difficult to obtain; they leap with surprising agility, throwing themselves
some eighteen inches at a single bound; and like other insects, when their
wings are fully grown they become still more spry and active. Hence speci-
mens having the wings perfect will always be comparatively rare in collections.

115. Naso Robertsonii. Closely related to ^ruc^OTWorp^a is another insect
in which the protuberance of the head instead of being compressed is cylin-
drical and abruptly enlarged at its apex into a smooth polished black knob of
a spherical form, thus resembling a species of Bruchus with a drop of liquid
pitch adhering in a globule to the end of its beak. I hence name the genus
from the Latin, naso, having a great nose. This insect is of a dull pale yellow
color, with an elevated line along the middle, its whole length, on each side of
which the head and thorax have numerous coarse black punctures symme-
trically arranged in rows, and there are two oblong black spots above, upon
the beak, two round ones between the eyes and two smaller ones upon the
scutel. The segments of the abdomen are occupied with little short black fur-
rows running lengthwise. The wing covers are rudimentary, covering the

STATE AGftlCULTURAL SOCIETY. 397

GRAPE. LEAVES.

basal half of the abdomen, and are black with a net work of irregular coarse
elevated veins of a pale yellow color and an elevated dot of the same color in
the centre of most of the cells. Length 0.18. Several specimens have been
sent me from west of Arkansas by Mr. Robertson, and I also found it in
Illinois.

116. ViXE Aphis, Aphis Vitisl Scopoli. (Homoptera. Aphidae.)

A plant louse is reported as very destructive to the leaves and
young shoots of the grape at the south, which perhaps is the
same insect which infests the vine in the southern parts of Europe,
but as no description of it is given we are unable to judge whether
it possesses any resemblance to the foreign species. See Patent
Office Report, 1854, p. 79.

2. Forming excrescences upon the leaves

117. Grape LEAF LOUSE, Pemphigus Vitifoli<z, Yiic]\. (Homoptera.
Aphidae.)

Early in June, a small globular gall the size of a pea, growing
upon the edges of the leaves, of a red or pale yellow color and
its surface somewhat uneven and woolly, with a cavity inside, in
which is a pale yellow louse of a flattened hemispherical form,
with short blackish feet. Length 0.04. See Transactions, 1854,
page 862.

3. Worms eating the leaves.

11§. Vinedresser, Chcerocamp a Pampinatrix, ^miih. and Abbot. (Lepi-
doptera. Sphingidae.)

Eating the leaves and nipping oft' the fruit stalks, causing the
clusters when but lialf grown to drop to the ground; a thick
cylindrical worm, tapering anteriorly, its tliird and fourth rings
tliicker and slightly humped, a sliort horn at the end of its back,
forward of which is a row of five round rusty yellow or clay
colored spots, surrounded except on their fore side by pale yellow;
gruiuid color pale green freckled with pale yellow dots, when
mature chan<;ing to pale dusky olive witli a dusky strij)e on each
side of the I)ack, below which is a broiid bluish or pink white
stri]K3 sending live branches obliquely downward and forward

398 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

GRAPE. LEAVES.

Length 2.25. The pupa under leaves on the ground, in a slight

cocoon, giving out the moth the following June, which hovers

about flowers at twilight, like a humming bird, (as do all the

other moths of this family,) and may be distinguished by its hind

wings which are rusty orange yellow without any spots or border

of a different color. Width 2.00 to 2.75. See Harris's Treatise,

p. 149.
rarara

119. Satellite Sphinx, Philampelus Sateltitia, Lin. (Lepidoptera.
Sphingidae.)

In August and September a thick smooth worm resting with
its head and neck drawn in, making the anterior end blunt and
thickest: when young pea green with a tail standing upward and
curved forward like that of a dog ; when older with a glassy eye-
like spot in place of the tail, and of a velvety olive brown color
paler on the back, freckled anteriorly with black dots and along
each side five or six large oval bright cream colored spots with
the breathing pore resembling a black dot in each spot. Length
3.00. Buries itself in the ground, the moth appearing the fol-
lowing July, its hind wings with an olive green border having a
large blackish cloud on its anterior edge, forward of which these
wings are pale greenish gray with a large black spot on the
middle of their inner margin. Width 4.00 to 4.75. See Silli-
man's Journal, vol. xxxvi, p. 299.

120. AcHEMON Sphinx, Philampelas j^chemon^ Drury.

A worm like the preceding, but with the edges of the cream
white spots scalloped, producing a moth having the hind wings
pink red with a dusky border in which is a row of small black
spots becoming faint cowards the outer margin. Width 3.00 to
4.00 See Harris's Treatise, p. 248.

121. American Forester, Procris Americana Boisd. (Lepidoptera.
Anthroceridse.)

In August, standing in a row side by side on the under surface
of the leaf, eating its edge and leaving only the coarse veins;
little yellow worms about 0.60 long and slightly hairy with a
transverse row of black spots on each ring; forming thin tough
oblong oval cocoons, in crevices; the moth appearing the follow-

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 399

GRAPE. LEAVES.

iiig July, wholly of a blue black color except the neck, which is
bright orange yellow, its body ending in a broad fan-like notched
tuft. Width 0.90. Much more common at the west and south
than in New- York. See Harris's Treatise, p. 257.

122. Eight-spotted Forester, Alypia S-maculata, Fab. (Lepidoptera.
Anthroceridae.)

The last of June, a white or light blue cylindrical worm band-
ed with black lines and on the middle of each ring a broader
orange yellow band dotted with black, and posteriorly upon each
side a conspicuous white spot; growing to 1.25 in length, leaving
the vines about the middle of July, and inclosing themselves in
slight webs upon the ground. The moth appearing in May, black
with orange shanks, each of the fore wangs with two large light
yellow spots, the hind ones with two white ones. Width 1.00 to
1.50. This is a common insect at the south, and Mr. Calverley
informs me he has frequently captured it around New- York. It
has also been found occasionally in the vicinity of Albany.

123. Beautiful wood nymph, JEudryas grata, Fab. (Lepidoptera. Noto-
dontidae.)

In July and August, a worm in all respects like the preceding
one, except that it has no white spot on each side and is sliglitly
humped above at its hind end; burying itself three or four inches
in the ground, and there passing the winter in its pupa state, the
moth coming out in July. This has the fore wings milk white,
bordered beliind, and also on their outer side from the base to the
middle with rusty brown edged on the inner side with greenish
olive, and with a wavy bluish white line on the hind edge at the
base of the fringe; hind wings nankin yellow with a blackish
brown Ix^rder which does not extend to the outer angle. Width
1.G5 to 1.85. See Harris's Treatise, p. 330.

12 I. Peaiil wood nymph, Eudryas unio, Ilubner.

This is equally as common as the preceding, and the worms are
bO nnicli alike that we as yet know not wliether there are any
marks whereby they can be distinguished from each other. The
motlis too are very similar, but the present species is somewhat
smaller, and has the border of the wings paler and of a tawny

400 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

GRAPE. LEAVES.

red color, with the olive inner edge wavy instead of being straight
as it is in the foregoing species, and on the hind wings this light
red border is extended to the outer angle.

If these pretty zebra-like worms become so numerous upon the
vines that it is desired to exterminate them and the handsome
moths wiiich they produce, this object will probably be most
readily accomplished by picking off each leaf on which a worm
is found and throwing it into the fire or otherwise destroying it.
Mr. T. B. Ash ton, of White Creek, informs me that in 1854 he
found upwards of 150 of these w^orms on his vines, which being
destroyed, only one worm made its appearance the next year.
He also says, w^hen the worms leave the vines, if they can find a
corn cob or a piece of soft decayed wood lying on the ground,
they bore into it rather more than the length of their bodies,
closing the orifice with their chips, and there pass their pupa
state, in preference to burying themselves in the ground. All
such observations as this are of value to us, and are not matters
of mere idle curiosity, as ignorant persons suppose. If the fact
be as above stated, it occurs to me that whenever these worms are
noticed to be common upon the vines, their further multiplication,
may be arrested with the greatest facility by scattering broken
corn cobs upon the ground beneath, where the worms when they
descend from the vines will find and will enter them, and in the
autumn or spring following, raking these cobs together in a heap
and burning them.

125. White miller, Spilosoma Virginica, Fab. (Lepidoptera. Arctiidae.)

A large thick-bodied caterpillar two inches long, densely
covered with soft long hairs of a pale yellow, sometimes foxy red
or brownish color, its skin straw yellow, commonly with a black
stripe along each side, with the joints of its body and its under side
also blackish. This and the caterpillar of the Isabella moth
{Spilosoma Isabella) which has hairs much more stiff and even
shorn at their ends and of a fox red color and black at each end
of its body, are the two common large caterpillars seen everywhere
in the State of New-York, especially in autumn, often crawling
into our dwellings and spinning their cocoons behind chests and .
other furniture. Out of doors they place their cocoons slightly

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 401

GRAPK. LEAVES.

attached to the under side of boards, billets of wood, and in
similar sheltered situations. The cocoon is about 0.85 long, oval
with the ends rounded, of a dirty gray or pale brown color, and
with the hairs of the caterpillar woven into its outer surface. The
moth of this species is most common in May and June, but spe-
cimens occur at all times, coming out even in winter in stove-
warmed rooms in which caterpillars have happened to secrete
themselves. It is snow white with a black dot in the centre of its
wings, and the hind part of its body has a row of black spots
above and another along each side, with a bright ochre-yellow
stripe between, and the forward hips and thighs in front are also
of this last color. Width across the wings 1.50 to 2.00. The
caterpillars are not stationary, but wander about and feed on a
great variety of leaves, eating their edges irregularly; and they
seem to regard the texture rather than the taste of their food, for
I have noticed them in the greatest numbers upon trees and plaul^s
whose leaves are most soft and tender, withering from the slightest
touch of frost, such as the convolvulus, bean, grape, butternut,
&c. See Harris's Treatise, p. 268.

126. Spotted-winged sable, i>esmta maculalis, ^esiwood. (Lcpidoptera.
Pyralidae.)

The side of the leaf rolled into a cylinder and tied with silken
threads, with a slender slightly tapering worm residing therein,0.90
long, leaf green, having a black U-shaped mark upon its neck and
black spots upon the following ring; the pupa formed in the same
place, the moth coming out the last of June and in July, of a black
brown color with two large roundish snow-white spots on the fore
wings and the hind wings with a white band across the middle,
(biu^ken apart in the female,) and with two white bands on the
abdomen. Width 0.75 to 1.15. Tliis miiy frequently be met
with in all parts of the United States. The males are readily
distinguished from all the other insects of the order Lepidoptera
by a most remarkable peculiarity. Their antenna* are elbowed, sim-
ilar to those of the weevils, and ants and bees. They have a little
brush-like tuft of hairs in their middle, jutting out upon one side,
their first joint being long and thickened towards its tip. See
Patent Office Report, 1854, p. 78.

Z

402 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

GRAPE. LEAVES.

127. Gartered plume, Pterophorus periscelidactylas, Fitch. (Lepidoptera.
Alucitidae.")

Consuming the young leaves, in June, and hiding itself in a
hollow ball made of one or more leaves drawn together by silken
threads; a cylindrical pale green worm, nearly half an inch long,
with rows of white elevated dots sending out radiating white
hairs, the pupa suspended by its tail and hanging with its head
downwards, and in about a week giving out the moth, early in
July. The moth tawny yellow, its wings split into long narrow
lobes, the fore pair with three white spots and beyond these two
white bands, the fi-inge white with a blackish spot on the middle
and another on the apex of the inner margin. See Transactions,
1854 p. 843.

4. Insects eating the leaves.

128. Grape-vine flea-beetle, HaUica chalybea, lUiger. (Coleoptera.
Chrysomelidae.)

Early in spring, eating holes in the buds and leaves, a small
oblong oval flea-beetle, 0.16 long, polished and sparkling, of a
deep greenish blue color, some of the individuals often deep
green, purple or violet, their under side dark green and their
antennae and legs dull black. This sometimes invades the plum
also, as mentioned p. 362, and it also infests the elm and the alder.
Its winter retreat Is in crevices of the bark and in the earth
immediately around the root of the tree on which it feeds, and its
colors are then much less bright and sparkling than in summer.
See Harris's Treatise, p. 114.

Chevrolat in Dejean's Catalogue has cut up the Chrysomelidae into a multi-
tude of "-enera. Whether the divisions which he has instituted should be
received as anything more than subgenera appears doubtful. But however
this may be, Linnaeus originall}^ gave the name Alfica to a section or subgenus
of Chrysomela, which has since been currently admitted to the rank of a genus,
with a slight rectification by some authors in the orthography of its name.
The species oleracea being originally placed at the head of this genus, must be
regarded as its type. Therefore, whatever may be the destiny of M. Chevro
lat's other proposed genera, that which he names Graptodera, under which
9leracea and our American chalybea are arranged, can in our view be regarded
only as a synonym. Nothing stable and permanent can ever be reached in this
part of the science, if old generic names are to be cast overboard in this sum-
mary manner.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 403

GRAPE. LEAVES.

The Eumolpus Vitis which often sadly devours the vine leaves
in southern Europe, Kirby states to be common in New- York and
Canada; but I think this is a mistake.

The RosE-BUG, No. 50, is one of the greatest pests to the vine,
in neighborhoods where it abounds.

129. LiGHT-LOYixG Anomala, Anomola lucicola, Fab. (Coleoptera. Melo-
lonthidae.)

The fore part of July beetles resembling in their appearance
the May-beetle, No. 76, but of a much smaller size, being only
about 0.35 long, become common on both wild and cultivated
grape vines, feeding upon the leaves. From their colors and
marks they would appear quite plainly to be of at least four very
distinct species, and Fabricius has named and described three of
them as such. But as they are always found associated together,
and similar insects in Europe vary similarly in their colors, it is
probable they are as authors have supposed, mere varieties of one
species. They may be distinguished as follows :

1. The GLOOMY Anomala {Ji. mcerensj Fab.,) of a pale dull yel-
low color, the thorax sometimes reddish, and with the knob of
the antennae and tne middle of the breast black.

2. The SPOTTED NECK {maculicollis^) like the preceding, but
with a black stripe or large spot on each side of the middle of the
thorax, and often the hind part of the head and the outer side of
the wing covers also black.

3. The LiGHT-LoviNG {lucicola^ Fab.,) pale dull yellow with the
thorax black except on each side and on the middle of its hind
edge, the hind part of the head, the scutel and under side of the
body being also black, with the abdomen brown or sonittimes dull
yellowish.

4. The BLACK {afrata^ Fab.,) black throughout, the abdomen
commonly tinged slightly with pale. See Harris's Treatise, p. 29.

130. Spotted Pelidnota, Pelidnota panctata^ Linn. (Coleoptera. Sca-
rabidae.) [Plate ii, fig, G.]

A large broad oval beetle of a pale brownish yellow color,
with a black dcjt on each side of the thorax and three others along
the outer side of each wing cover, as represented in the figure on

404 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

GBAPE. LEAVES.

plate ii, may almost always be found on grape vines, in July,
August and September, and numbers of them frequently occur
upon the same vine. See Harris's Treatise, p. 22.

131. White flower-cricket, CEcanthus niveus, Degeer. COrthoptera.
Achetidae.)

Mounted among and feeding upon the leaves of the vine, in
August, a slim narrow cricket about 0.70 long, of a clear white
color throughout.

The genus (Ecanthus to which this insect pertains, was founded
by Serville upon a species common in the south of Europe,
named pelluc ens by Scopoli, for specimens of which, with many
other European Orthoptera, I am indebted to M. Brisoutde Barne-
ville. Congeneric with this European insect we have three spe-
cies in the United States, which are but little knowm, although
they were named and described by Degeer nearly a century ago,
and two of them are so common in the State of New- York that
their song is often heard upon the vines and bushes in our yards,
night after night, through the latter part of summer. And as
they are on several accounts an interesting and singular kind of
cricket, I here present the investigations which I have made
relating to them.

The European and our American flower crickets all bear a
striking resemblance to each other, both in their external appear-
ance and their habits, showing this to be one of the most natural
genera in the family to which they pertain. They also differ
very much from all the other crickets. They are mostly of a
clear white color instead of black or dull brown which are the
prevailing colors among the insects of this group. Their form
also is long and narrow, particularly in the females, which have
the wings wrapped more closely around the body than they are
in the males. Their hind legs also are long and slender, resem-
bling those of a grasshopper more than a cricket; and their
hind feet have four joints, all the feet in other crickets having
three joints only. Brulle, who subjected the European species to
a rigid examination, and was the first to detect the number of
joints in its feet, and some other important points in its structure,
states (Hist. Nat. des Ins. vol. ix, p. 174") that the thorax of this

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 405

GRAPE. LEAVES.

genus is of a conic form and narrower towards the head than at
the opposite end, and Serville repeats this, as being one of the
most prominent characters whereby the insects of this genus may
be distinguished. But, as we shall see, the form of the thorax
varies greatly with the species, and approaches a conic form in
only one of our American flower crickets. The other marks,
however, which we have stated above, will suffice for readily dis-
tinguishing the insects of this genus.

In their habits they also differ remarkably from other crickets.
The observation of Latreille, that they dwell upon plants and are
pleased with flowers, applies with considerable exactness to our
American species, which may be met with in autumn quite com-
mon upon the flowers of the golden vod{ Solid a go), and in August
I have noticed them on rose buslies, several individuals beinpc
sometimes seen on one bush. It was from this statement of
Latreille that Serville gave the generic name (Ecanthus to these
insects, this name being formed from two Greek words, implying
" I dwell in flowers." But any situation where the foliage is
dense, furnishing them a cool shady hiding place, appears to be
what they particularly desire, as they occur quite frequently on
grape vines, on young oaks and other bushes, where no flowers
are near them. All other crickets it will be recollected reside
upon the ground, in holes under stones, and similar situations.
And it has been noticed of these insects and tlieir kindred, that
a peculiarity in the structure of their feet appeared to be essen-
tial to adapt them for the situations in which they reside — tlie
catydids and other insects which dwell upon shrubbery havinp;
soft flat cushion-like soles to their feet, to enable them to cliiis: to
the stalks and leaves of plants, whilst in the crickets and other
insects which reside upon the ground no such structure exists,
(Westwood, Introd. i, 441.) The flower crickets, however, appear
to present an exception to this rule. They always reside upon
plants, elevated from the ground, and yet the under sides of their
feet are simple and merely covered densely with bristles, like
those of other crickets. But perhaps this is no just exception to
the rule stated. Tliougli tliey dwell on plants, they do not
travel about upon them, but remain stationary, each one in
his own chosen abode, day after day. So I infer, from having

406 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

GRAPE. LEAVES.

noticed the soDg of one of these insects proceeding from the same.
spot upon a mass of vines or upon a particular limb of a tree,
upon each evening for a number of nights in succession. And it.
is quite probable therefore, that the simple structure of their feet
incapacitates them for clinging and leaping about from one leaf to
another.

Some of our most important information respecting the habits

of the flower cricket we obtain from a Memoir published in
Italy more than a century ago, by M. Louis Salvi, no subsequent
writer appearing to have observed the same facts. From him we
learn that the female with her awl-like ovipositor pierces upon
their under side the green succulent stalks of the vegetation on
which she resides, to the very pith, and crowds commonly only a
pair of eggs into the nest thus formed. A number of these punc-
tures are made near each other, till her whole supply of eggs is
disposed of. The eggs remain till near the middle of the follow-
ing summer, when they give out the young crickets, which
resemble their parents in form, except that they are without
wings.- They secrete themselves in the thickest masses of leaves,
until they get their growth, changing their skin several times.

In the southern part of our State the song of the flower cricket
begins to be heard as early as the first of August, but it is a week
later before it commences in the vicinity of Albany, and later
still in the more northern parts of the State. Perched among
the thick foliage of a grape vine or other shrubbery, some feet up
from the ground, and as already stated, remaining in the same
spot day after day, its song begins soon after sunset and before
the duskiness of twilight arrives. It is distinctly heard at a dis-
tance of several rods, and the songster is always farther off than
is supposed. Though dozens of other crickets and catydids are
shrilling on every side at the same time, the peculiar note of this
cricket is at once distinguished from all the rest, consisting of
repetitions of a single syllable, slowly uttered, in a monotonous
melancholy tone, with a slight pause between. The children
regard this cricket as no votary of the temperance cause; they
understand its song to consist of the words treat — treat — treat — •
treaty which words, slowly uttered, do so closely resemble its notes
that they will at once recall them to the recollection of almost

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 407

GRAPE. LEAVES.

every reader. And this song is thus continued without the slightes-t
variation and without any cessation, I think, the whole night
through. I however have sometimes heard it at the first com-
mencement of its evening serenade uttering three syllables resem-
bling the words treaty treat, two; treat, treat, two — as though the
songster was supplicating a libation for his voiceless female mate
as well as himself — a longer pause following each third note.
This prelude is probably performed in limbering or otherwise
adjusting his organs, preparatory to performing the regular carol,
which is struck into in a few moments.

It merits, in passing, to be remarked, that wliilst the song of
the common cricket of the eastern continent aids in producing
sleep and has been so much valued on account of this property
tliat it has in some countries been made an article of traffic, and
inclosed in cages is placed in the dormitory, the song of our
flower cricket has exactly the opposite effect. Occasionally, from
vines growing in front of the window, one of these little musicians
will find his way into the bed-chamber, when, as Dr. Harris
observes, his incessant and loud shrilling will effectually banish
sleep. Perhaps the lodger out of all patience at last gets up and
makes for the spot from whence the annoyance proceeds; but the
song abruptly ceases with his approach. He however fumbles
around in the dark, beating upon the wall high and low, and
probably encountering an unexpected number of chairs and w^ash-
stands, till he flatters himself he has destroyed his tormenter or
has at least frightened him into silence for the rest of the night.
Then returning to his pillow and adjusting himself again for
sleep, he is able to exult in the sweet stillness that pervades the
apartment, for a moment only, before the same execrable creaking
breaks forth again as shrill and vigorous as before.

Many persons have noticed the catydid when singing, so far as
to see that it is by rubbing its hind legs against the outer sides of
its wing covers that its stridulation is proiluced. In the cricket,
however, the hind legs are much shorter, and here we find that it
is not by them but by raising its wing covers slightly so as to rub
the under surface of one of them against the inner edge of tho
other that its song is caused. As the flower crickets have long
slender hind legs similar to those of the catydids, we might sus-

408 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

GRAPE. LEAVES.

pect their note to be produced in the same manner. We how-
ever find that in this as in so many other points they are related
to the crickets. And when we come to examine their wing
covers, we are able to discover the very curious apparatus by
which their stridulation is produced; and we find a peculiarity in
its structure wliich at once explains why it is that the song of
this insect consists of a single note always followed by a full
pause or total cessation of the sound, instead of being continuous
or nearly so as it is in other crickets.

In the males the wing covers are flat and placed horizontally
upon the back, with their outer third turned perpendicularly
downwards and covering the sides. They are very thin and
transparent, like clear glass, and may be compared to a window,
with the veins like the sash dividing them into a number of panes
or cells of various sizes and shapes. The four largest of these
cells are placed in the disk or middle part of the wing, and are
divided from each other by three straight veins, crossing the wing
obliquely, the two hind ones parallel with each other, the forward
one meeting these at a right angle and forming with them the
likeness of a very full-faced letter V impressed transversely. They
thus resemble stout braces so placed in the wing as to keep the
ribs and other longitudinal veins pressed asunder, hereby put-
ting on the stretch the delicate membrane which forms the panes
between the several veins. Thus each of these panes is like the
head of a little drum or tabor, and when played upon, all vibra-
ting at the same instant produce the one shrill note which this
insect utters. And to augment the sound still more, it may be
observed that the membrane forming each one of these panes is
not a simple smooth surface, but is striated with numerous little
elevated lines.

It now remains for us to describe the curiously constructed
instrument by which all these little tabrets are excited into vibra-
tion. On the inner margin of the wing cover, at the anterior end
of the V-like mark above described, will be seen a small thickened
or callous-like spot from the fore part of which four veins extend
to the base of the wing. The inner or hindmost one of these is
the most thick and stout, and when particularly inspected it is
found to be in several respects different from all the rest of the

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 409

GRAPE. LEAVES.

veins. It first runs straight inwards, almost transversely, and
then abruptly turning extends with a curve to the base of the
wing, this curved portion being more slender. On the upper or
back side of the wing this vein is pressed strongly downwards,
whereby a furrow is formed in the surface above it. On the
under side it stands out from the surface in bold relief, forming
an elevated ridge. Now it is this prominent ridge which is applied
to the inner edge of the opposite wing cover, and as it runs trans-
versely it will at once be seen that when the wing covers are
slightly spread apart and closed again, the motion will draw this
ridge up and down against the edge to which it is applied, pre
cisely like the bow of a violin playing upon the strings. This
vein may therefore appropriately be named the fiddle-bow, M.
Goureau the only one who has particularly described these parts
In the common cricket having given to it the corresponding French
term archet. But if this vein were smooth like the other veins
it obviously could produce no vibration. It would be like a
fiddle-bow when greased. On examining it therefore with a mag-
nifying glass in a strong light, an appearance like that of very fine
transverse lines may be discovered. And on being placed in a
microscope the real structure of this part may plainly be seen.
What at first appeared like fine transverse lines is found to be a
regular row of little flat cogs or teeth, resembling the front teeth
of man, but rather more broad than high and slightly narrowed
into a neck at their bases. They are inserted at short distances
apart, somewhat as the nails of the fingers appear when the end
of one finger is placed upon the top of another in a row. It is
but a short portion of the most projecting part of the vein tliat is
occupied by these teeth — little more than the twentieth of an inch
in length; and in tliat short distance twenty-one teeth are inserted,
with intervals between which are more than double the lengtli of
tlie teeth. The teeth do not stand perpendicular to tlie surface,
but incline towards the inner margin of the wing cover, and that
portion of the vein which is studded with them is about the tenth
of an incli from tlie inner edge. We shall now be able to under-
stand the cause of the several peculiarities in the stridulation of
this insect. It will readily be perceived that its fiddle-bow being
drawn against the edge of the opposite wing cover, and the teeth

410 ANNI7AL REPORT OF NEW-YOITK

GRAPE. LEAVES.

with which it is furnished grating thereon will cause such a jar
in tlie sash or frame work of both wing covers as will impart a
brisk vibration to all the little tabrets or membranous cells which
are placed in this frame work. And the shrillness of the note of
this insect is due to the extreme thinness of the membranes and
tlie violent vibrations into which they are thrown by the sharp
grating w^hich these projecting teeth of the fiddle-bow with the
little intervals between them produce. As the teeth incline
inwards they act only when the wdng covers are shutting together;
when they are opening apart no grating can occur. It hence
results from this peculiar mechanism that as the wing covers
are successively opened and closed, notes and intervals of about
equal length are alternately produced. The row of teeth more-
over being so short, they can cause a vibration of only a moment's
duration, and it is not in the power of the insect to produce a
continuous sound or a prolonged note. The reason of the several
differences between the song of this and of the common cricket,
whose stridulation has been described wdth so much exactness by
M. Goureau (Annals Soc. Ent. vol. vi, p. 34) are all -readily
explained by the differences wiiich we find in the structure of the
wing covers in these tw^o insects. In the common crickets both of
Europe and of this country, the fiddle-bow instead of projecting teeth
is merely furnished wath elevated transverse ridges or ribs,
and these occupy its whole length. Hence its note is more pro-
longed and far less loud and shrill than that of the flower cricket.
M. Goureau was able in the dead insect to so move its wing covers
whilst they were still pliant, as to produce the same sound which
it utters when alive; and by merely scratching with a pin upon
the fiddle-bow he found this sound w^as produced, though more
feeble, as but one wing cover w^as hereby vibrated.

The White flower cricket measures about 0 50 to the tip of its abdomen
and its total length is about 0.70. It is of a milk-white color, sometimes with
a slight tinge of green. The tips of its feelers and of its feet are tawnj yel-
lowish and there is commonly a spot of the same color upon the top of its
head, which is oblong and broader at its hind part, commencing between the
bases of the antennae and extending back to a line with the hind side of the
eyes. The eyes in the living insect are of the same white color with the body,
but after death change to a brownish clay color, though in some specimens
they remain white. Upon the under side of each of the two first joints of the
antennae is a black dot, which is sometimes lengthened into a slender stripe or

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 411

GRAPE. LEAVES.

line, and in rare instances a second dot is present upon the mner side of each
of these joints. The tip of the ovipositor of the females is also black. These
are all the characters which are presented by the color in this insect. Nume-
rous others, however, are derived from the form and sculpture of its several
parts, of which we notice the following.

The HEAD is twice as long as wide and is inclined downwards obliquely and
in the preserved specimens often perpendicularly. It is shaped like an egg,
moderately flattened upon its upper side. In dried specimens it is crossed
between the eyes by a wide shallow groove. The feelers or palpi are long and
thread-like, composed of cylindrical joints, of which the penultimate one is
almost as long as the last one, which is slighty thicker, long oval, and on its
inner side obliquely cut off in a straight slope extending two-thirds of the
length of this joint, the face of which slope is hollowed like the inside of the
bowl of a spoon. They are clothed with fine erect bristles, in addition to
which the last joint is densely coated with much finer prostrate hairs. The
antenncB are double the length of the body, tapering and very slender, composed
of a hundred joints or more, the articulations of which are faint and towards
the apex are scarcely perceptible. The basal joint is thrice as thick as the fol-
lowing one, cylindric and but little longer than wide. The succeeding joints
are very short, and towards the tip gradually increase in length and diminish
in diameter, here sometimes showing tawny brown rings upon the alternate
joints.

The THORAX is as wide as long and of the shape of a half cylinder, being
rounded from above downwards, with its opposite sides parallel and its angles
rounded. On each side low down it forms a thin foliaceous edge which hangs
downward and curves a little outward. Both the anterior and posterior edges
curve slightly upward and the latter is fringed with short pale yellowish hairs.
Upon its surface posteriorly a shallow furrow may be seen along the middle
and on each side of it a curved impressed line.

The ABDOMEN is long, cylindrical, soft and often much distorted in the dried
specimen and discolored from inclosed alimentary matter. It ends in a pair of
long slender tapering appendages which are about equal to the abdomen in their
length and are clothed with fine erect whitish hairs. In addition to these in
the female is the ovipositor, which is of the same length, with the appendages,
reaching to the tip of the wing covers, and is of a hard horn-like substance,
cylindrical and straight or very gently curved upwards.

The WING COVERS of the rna/e have already lx;en partly described. When
folded together they appear perfectly flat and of the shape of an egg with its
small end forward. They are rather more than half an inch long, and tho
breadth of their upper horizontal portion is more than half their length. Their
deflected outer portion or costal area is divided by oblique veinlcts into about
ten cells of a rhombic form. Above these is an elongated elliptic area reaching
three-fourths of tho length of the wing cover,, bounded on each side by two
coarse longitudinal veins which are the proper ribs of the wing. This elliptic
area is subdivided into several small scpiarc cells by veinlets crossing it trans-
versely. The horizontal portion of the wing covers have two veins running
parallel with the hind edge and the hind part of the inner edge. The remain-

412 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

GRAPE. LEAVES.

ing veins have already been described. In the female the iving covers are quite
unlike those of the male, being much narrower, and wrapped more closely
around the body, giving this sex a more slender form. The flattened upper
portion is cut up into many small cells which are mostly square and are formed
by six or seven parallel veins which arise from the base of the wing covers and
from the inner rib-vein and run obliquely backwards and slightly inwards to
the inner margin, and are connected to each other by numerous transvei-se
veinlets. The deflected outer or costal area is similar to that of the males.
The longitudinal rib-veins do not form any elliptic area like that in the
male. The wings are folded together lengthwise under the wing covers,
and are of the same length with them in the male, whilst in the female the}'-
are longer and project beyond their tips the eighth of an inch or more, resem-
bling little conical tails.

The four forward legs are rather slender and of moderate length and clothed
with fine short soft hairs. The thighs are cylindrical and have a shallow groove
along their under side. The shanks are but half as thick as the thighs and
taper slightly towards their tips. The forward ones near their bases are flat-
tened and widened and show on both sides a deeply impressed oval and almost
transparent spot appearing like a scar. The feet have three joints, of which
the first one is long and cylindrical, the middle one is very small and only
about as long as it is wide, and the last one with the claws at its tip does not
difier from the same joints in the hind feet. The hind thighs are very long and
slender, nearly equaling the tip of the wings and of the ovipositor. The}' are
much thickened towards their bases, flattened on their inner side and stronglj-
convex or rounded on their outer side. They have a narrow straight groove
running their whole length, both on the inner and the outer side, and an ele-
vated line along their lower edge. The hind shajiks are also long and \itry
slender and thread-like, equaling the thighs in their length and like them
clothed with very fine short soft hairs, in addition to which they have along
their hind side two rows of small sharp spines or prickles which reach almost
to the knee, with three or four pairs of coarser ones towards their lower end,
and a crown of coarse ones at the tip whereof two are much longer and have
small thorn-like points branching from them. All these spines are white with
their points black. The hind feet are covered with minute spines or thorn-like
points, which are very densely crowded on their under sides. These feet
have four joints, one more than is found in other insects of the cricket kind,
but the articulation to the middle of these joints is so slight in the present
species that it is often wholly imperceptible in the dried specimens. The basal
joint is long and cylindrical and forms three-fourths of the total length of the
foot. The second joint is of the same diameter with the first, but is quite
short, only as long as wide, with the suture at its base slight and often dis-
cerned with difiiculty. It is cylindrical and divided into two parts by a suture
running lengthwise upon each side. The upper half forms two large sto: t
spines, the bases of which are articulated to the apex of the first joiiit, tin ir
lower edge is joined by a suture to the lower half of this second joiut irs
whole length, their tips only being free, jutting onward and overlaying tlie
third joint more than half its length, each spine tapering to a point which is

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 413

GRAPE. LEAVES.

black and curved gently upward. The third joint is of the same length with
the second but much narrower, when viewed laterally appearing twice as long
as wide and of a square form with the apex cut off obliquely. The last joint
is more slender and longer than the preceding two taken together, slightly
arched and thicker towards its tip. At its apex two small stout and almost
straight claws are articulated at right angles with the foot, and at the base of
each claw is a small cylindrical pellet, half as long as the claw and of the same
diameter, with its apex cut ofif obliquely.

The following varieties of this species have fallen under my notice:
a. The black dots on the under side of the two first joints of the antennae

lengthened into short stripes.
6. First joint of the antennae with a black transverse stripe beneath, at its

apex, forming a right angle with a longitudinal stripe.

c. Two first joints of the antennae with a black stripe on their inner and a
black dot on their under sides.

d. Head without any spot or discoloration above.

e. discolor at us. The whole of the head, the first joint of the antennae, the
breast and abdomen of a brownish clay color.

f. fuscipes. One or both of the hind legs more or less tinged with blackish.

g. a/igustipznnis. The male with wing covers a third narrower and somewhat
shorter than usual, with the wings protruding like tails from under their
tips. Having seen but a single specimen, I cannot regard this as any-
thing more than a variety, since in other species of this family we meet with
individuals having the wing covers but partly developed.

With the detailed description of this species which has now
been given, it will only be necessary for us to state the more pro-
minent points in which the two other flower crickets of our
country differ from it.

We suppose these insects do more mischief by perforating the
twigs of different trees to place their eggs in them, causing the
dt'ath of the parts thus wounded, in many instances it is probable,
tlian by eating the leaves. We are not aware that they ever
become so numerous upon vines as to require any exertions for
their destruction. Dr. Harris states that they were noticed in one
instance piercing and placing their eggs in the branches of a peach
tree, and that the tobacco cultivated in Connecticut has sometimes
been injured l)y these crickets eating the leaves. Wherever their
niiiiibers and operations render them pernicious, the only modo
we ai*e able to suggest whereby to abate the nuisance is to pick
tjiem from the leaves by hand and destroy them.

414 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

GKAPE. LEAVES.

132. Striped flower cricket, (Ecanthus fasciatus, Degeer.

A slender white cricket very similar to the preceding, but hav-
ing three blackish stripes upon the thorax, the antennae, abdomen
and legs being also black or dark brown, and the thorax narrowed
anteriorly.

This is almost as common as the foregoing, in the State of New-
York, and the two are often met with associated together upon
the same shrubbery. And it is this insect which Dr. Harris
describes as being the female of the preceding species. He evi-
dently was unacquainted with the work of Degeer and the cha-
racters he assigns to these insects, or he would have been aware of
his error, the marks by which this species is distinguished being
so plain and so explicitly stated by that author. And the number of
specimens which he had for inspection must have been quite limited
or he would have been aware of the fact that females occur which
are of the same white color throughout as the males of iiiveus^ and
that males occur which have the three black stripes on the thorax
and the other marks which he supposes are found in females only.
And though in their size and form these two insects are most
intimately related to each other, when we come to submit them
to a careful inspection differences may be detected which, in addi-
tion to their colors, serve to assure us that they are really distinct
species. Thus, the thorax here is plainly narrowed anteriorly,
instead of having its opposite sides parallel with each other. The
thin foliaceous edge at its lower margin on each side here hangs
perpendicularly downward instead of being curved slightly out-
ward. The furrow along its middle, between the centre and the
hind edge, is here more deeply impressed, as is also the curved
line upon each side of this furrow. In the wing covers of the
male, from the convex side of the curved vein which we have
named the fiddle-bow three veins are given off which are parallel
and equidistant from each other, and end in a vein which runs
lengthwise of the wing, these three veins obviously serving as
braces to hold the fiddle-bow tense and firm for the important
office belonging to it. In the present species these three veins are
straight and run directly into the longitudinal vein at their outer
ends, whilst in niveus they curve backwards and enter the longi-
tudinal vein very obliquely. The feelers also are rather more

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 415

GR^PE. LEAVES.

short and tliick in this species, and the slope on the inner side of
the tip of the last joint is more distinct and mor^ deeply excavated.
Such are the principal differences which the specimens before me
indicate as existing between these species. But as a large portion
of the insects of this order are subject to considerable variations
in the form and sculj^ture as well as the color of their several
parts, it is possible that other specimens may not show all these
details to be as I have rcDresented them.

133. Dotted FLOWER CRICKET, (Ecanthas punctulatas, DegQQi.

A slender white cricket with the head and thorax dull brown-
ish yellow above, the thorax twice as long as wide, and the wing
covers transparent with a dusky dot or small oval spot in their
centre.

This probably occurs upon the same shubbery on which the two
preceding species dwell. I have never met with it in New- York,
though it will very likely be found within our borders, Degeer
having described it from specimens taken in Pennsylvania. Tlie
male is unknown to me, the female only having been sent me from
the Southern States. It is more long and slender than the otlier
species, measuring to the end of its body 0.50, wing covers 0.60,
ovipositor 0.75, and to the end of its wings 0.90. It differs so far
in some important points from each of the other species that some
future writer will no doubt make it the type of a distinct genus, a
step which would be eminently proper should another species be
discovered coinciding with this in those differences.

The thorax is long and narrow, twice as long as wide, and when viewed from
above appears cylindrical with each end a little dilated or curved outwards-
The thin foliaceous margin upon each side is turned outward almost horizon-
tally, its hind part being widened. Upon the posterior part of tlie upper side
is a large round impressed si)ot appearing as though stam[)ed witli u seal, its
outer side forming a riglit angle. The unjig covers in the females are but little
more than half as long as the wings and arc very thin and transparent, with
opake wliite veins, whereof there are two straight longitudinal rib-veins the
inner one of v^hioh is double, and the space between these two veins is divided
into a number of small square cells by transverse veinlets. The deflected outer
area is crossed oblifpiely by parallel veins connected by transverse veinlets
dividing the surface into numerous cells whicli are mostly square, those at the
base l»oing murh tnore <m.nM and irn"j:ular. The flat upper jmrtion is cut im
into numerous irrefriilar cells of various sizes bv a net- work of short vemkts

416 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

GRAPE. CURRANT.

anastamosing in every direction. The central dusky brown spot is placed upon
the inner side of the double rib-vein, and commonly there is a more faint spot
forward of this, which on its inner side is confluent with a slight cloudiness of
ihe same color which extends from the central spots forward along the middle
of the back to the base. Often also a third spot, much smaller, may be dis-
cerned in the second or third cell back of the central spot. The ovipositor is
as long as the abdomen and perfectly straight; its sides are dark brown and its
end black. The two appendages at its base are much shorter than in the other
species, being scarcely half the length of the ovipositor. The feelers are sensi-
bly shorter and thicker than in the other species, their penultimate joint hav-
ing the form of a reversed cone, its length scarcely double its w^idth and less
than half the length of the last joint, which is thicker than those which pre-
cede it, and on its inner side is very plainly cut off in a sloping direction from
the middle to the tip, with the face of this slope deeply excavated and causing
the joint to appear like a hollow tube. The antennce, are blackish on their
upper side towards the base, or have a black ring at the tip of each joint.

10. THE CURRANT.— i?26e5 ruhrum.

We place this shrub and the gooseberry in this connection, as
their woody stalks and the form and texture of their fruit give
them such a close relationship to the grape; though they might
with perhaps equal propriety be classed with the raspberry, straw -
berry and other small fruits of the kitchen garden.

AFFECTING THE STALKS.

134. American currant borer, Psenocerus supernotatusj Say. (Coleop
tera. Cerambycidse.) [Plate ii, fig. 1.]

Feeding upon the pith of the currant and killing the stalks, a
small cylindrical white worm wholly destitute of feet and with a
small chestnut brown head and black jaws; passing its pupa state
in the stalks and the latter part of May changing to a small slen-
der long-horned beetle of a black color edged with chestnut brown,
its wing covers each with two small gray spots forward of their
middle and a white, crescent-shaped one towards their tips.

In all our gardens numbers of the currant stalks perish every
season. To such an extent does this mortality prevail that this
fruit would soon disappear from our country were it not that the
roots of this shrub are so vigorous, sending up a multitude of new

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 417

CURRANT. STALKS.

glioots every year, whereby the places of those that perish are
constantly re-supplied.

After the leaves have fallen in autumn and during the winter
these dead stalks are readily distinguished from the live ones by
being dotted over with a pretty little fungus the size of a pin
head and of a pale bright red color and a corky texture, which I
suppose to be the Sphceria Rihesia of Fries. Another fungus also
appears on the small twigs, very similar to this but having its
surface flattened and of a coal black color.

If one of these currant stalks is split asunder the cause of its
death is plainly evident. Commonly through the wiiole length of
the stalk the pith is found to have been eaten away by a worm,
leaving it hollow or filled in places with a loose woody powder,
like fine sawdust. Each of the branches is also found to be bored
in the same manner. And lying in this cavity, one, two or more
of the worms which have done this mischief are met with, in all
the stalks which have recently been destroyed.

The only insect to which this injury has heretofore been impu-
ted in this country is a kind of moth closely related to the Peach
tree borer, which perforates the currant stalks in Europe in this
same manner and has been brought to this country with tlie cur-
rant. But the past winter, on coming to inspect these worms,
finding they were wholly destitute of feet, I became assured they
were a different insect from that which they have all along been
supposed to be. And on rearing some of them to their perfect
form, I obtained in place of the European currant borer, a beetle,
one of the native insects of this country whose history has hith-
erto been unknown, and which is nearly related to the Apple tree
borer.

This insect is the Clytus supenwtat us of Mr. Say (J<nu'. Acad. Nat.
Sci. ili,425) and of Prof. ITaklcman, (Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. x,42)
and the Psenocerus Pini of Dr. Leconte (Juur. Acad. 2d series, ii,
581) and of the Catalogue uf Coleoptera lately })ublishod by the
Smithsonian Institutiijn. It would be an incongruity much to be
regretted in the scientific names of the insects of our country, if this
species which subsists ui)on the currant had received a name indi-
cating it to belong to the pine. But fortunately this is not the

case. The Caliidium Pini of Olivier, wliieh Dr. Leconte supposes

Aa

418 STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

CURBANT. STALKS.

to be the same insect with the supernotatus of Say is in reality a
very different species pertaining to Dr. Leconte's new genus
Euderces. How they have come to be pronounced the same it is
difficult to understand, since Olivier explicitly states that the
antennae of Pini are longer than the body, whilst Mr. Say informs
us they are shorter than the body in his species. Olivier's figure
a of Pi7ii is a very correct representation of the insect as it appears
to the naked eye. His enlarged figure b is much less accurate,
especially in the coloring and in placing the posterior white band
too far forward. His description of this insect shows this enlarged
figure to be inaccurate, and coincides so perfectly with my speci-
mens as to leave no doubt respecting the species to whicli the
name Pini belongs. The Piniadeus of Fabricius is evidently the
same insect described more briefly and much less accurately.
Both authors doubtless drew their descriptions from the same spe-
cimens, as they both cite the cabinet of Bosc as containing the
insect they describe, which insect was found upon pine trees in
the neighborhood of the city of New- York Olivier states, whilst
Fabricius gives Carolina as its locality. The latter is probably
correct, as I have never met with this insect in New-York, and
know it only from specimens sent me from west of Arkansas by
Mr. Wm. S. Robertson.

The whole length of the dead currant stalks and their branches,
from the buds at their tips down to the surface of the ground is
commonly found to have been mined by these borers. The hol-
low in the branches is usually but not always continued down
Into that in the centre of the main stalk. At least a foot in
length of the pith appears to be required to support one of these
worms and bring it to maturity. They are particularly fond of
the younger and more tender stalks, and these being small have
their w^hole interior ate away almost or quite out to the bark, so
that they resemble hollow straws or sticks that have been con-
sumed by white ants so that merely an outer shell remains. And
not unfrequently a portion of the upper end of the stalk is broken
off, from being so much weakened. Tlie worm hereuj^on essays
to plug up tlie opening thus made, with its sawdust-like chips, to
prevent rain from entering its cell and to exclude spiders and
other enemies. Sometimes a greater number of worms are placed

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 419

CURRANT. STALKS.

in a particular stalk than can be accommodated in the pith. In
this case some of them resort to the soft outermost layers of the
wood immediately beneath the bark, where broad shallow burj-ows
stuffed with the castings of the worm will be met with, occasion-
ally with the worm lying in them. I have in one instance found
twelve worms in the different parts of a single stalk.

When the w^orm has completed its growth and is about to leave
off feeding it gnaws a small orifice out to the bark through the
wooden wall by which it is surrounded, in order that when it has
changed to a beetle it can make its exit from its prison by merely
rupturing the bark. The hole thus made is then stuffed full of
little chips to protect the bark from being prematurely broken.
It then withdraws itself down the stalk slightly below this hole,
and constructs a bed on which to repose during the long period
of inactivity that now^ follows. This bed is formed of short
w^oody fibres wadded together and filling the cavity fur the
length of about half an inch. A similar mass is commonly
placed above the worm also, formed mostly of finer materials like
sawdust intermingled with brown and white grains, the castings
of the worms. The space between these two partitions is about
half an inch in length and forms the chamber in which the worm
reposes until it changes to a beetle. In the Entomological Museum
at the Agricultural Rooms is a currant stalk showing the burrow
of this insect, with one of the worms lying in its cell, having a
slip of transparent mica cemented over it, and also showing
slightly above it the orifice which this worm had cut through the
v.'ood w^hereby to make its exit.

It is about the first of June that the parent insect deposits her
eggs upon the currant stalks, and the worms get their growth by
the close of the sea«>on. They repose in their cells through the
winter, changing to pupse with the warmth of the following
spring, and begin to appear abroad in their perfect state as early
as the middle of May, the sexes pairing immediately after they
come out.

Althougli the larvre of this insect are now found in such abun-
dance in the stalks of the cultivated currant in our gardens, before
this shrub was introduced u[ioii this continent it doubtless sus-
tained itself upon the wild currant. And it probably is not limit-

420 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

CURRANT. STALKS.

ed to this genus oi plants but feeds also upon several other small
shrubs growing in our fields and forests, the stalks of which have
a texture similar to that of the currant. I infer this from the first
pair of these insects w^hich I met with, twenty-five years ago. j
occurring upon the small-tlowered honeysuckle {Lonicera parvi-
fiora) near which no currant bushes w^ere growing.

The LARVA of this insect is nearly or quite 0.30 long and about 0.07 in
diameter, cylindrical and divided into thirteen segments by deep wide trans-
verse constrictions, the last segment being narrower and more or less retracted
into the one which precedes it. The head is scarcely half as broad as the body,
short and wide, flattened, dark chestnut brown with the base whitish and with
short stout triangular black jaws. The second segment or first ring is pale
tawny yellow above on its anterior part, the rest of this ring and all the remain-
ing segments being white, rarely straw yellow, shining, soft and flesh-like. It
is wholl}' destitute of feet. To compensate for this deficiency the worm upon the
back and beneath is furnished with a cluster of small round tubercles or elevated
dots forming an oval spot upon the middle of each segment, whereby it is aided
no doubt in clinging to the walls of its burrow as it moves about therein. The
breathing pores form a row of cinnamon brown dots along each side. The body is
slightly clothed with very fine short hairs, w^hich on the last segment are more
numerous and rather longer.

The BEETLE is 0.18 to 0.23 long, the thorax almost as wide as the wing
covers and nearly as broad as it is long, with its sides convex. The head and
thorax are covered Avith small deep confluent punctures, those upon the wing
covers are much more coarse and are deep and confluent except on the tips
where they become smaller and slightly separated. The wing covers have a
broad round elevated spot or tubercle at their base, and a narrower hump upon
the shoulder. Its color is black with the margins of the wing covers and tho-
rax pale chestnut brown. The wing covers have a large milk-white spot
beyond their middle, which is transverse, crescent-shaped with the convex side
forward, the inner end slightly separated from the suture and the outer end
often reaching to the outer margin; and forward of their middle are two small
spots which are sometimes buff yellow, sometimes ash-gray, the forward spot
being a short oblique line placed nearer to the suture than to the outer margin,
the other spot being a small dot which is often oblong, situated back of the
inner end of the first and nearly as far from it as from the suture. All these
spots are formed by very short hairs or more properly scales, which are
appressed to the surface and in old individuals become rubbed so that the for-
ward spots are more obscure or partially obliterated. The scutel is ash-gray
from similar scales. The antennae are pale chestnut brown, commonly with a
darker brown or blackish band on the thickened apex of each joint, and they
are thickly covered with short fine incumbent ash-gray hairs which in a par-
ticular reflection of the light give a gray color to the basal portion of the long-
est joints. They are shorter than the body, thread-like, their first joint thick-
est, long and tapering to its base, their second joint short, but little longer

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 421

CURRANT. » STALKS.

than broad, and shaped like a reversed cone, the two succeeding joints longest
of all, the fifth one much shorter and all the following ones shorter still, the
last one being pointed at its tip. The under side is black with small punctures
which are close and somewhat confluent, and the surface is thinly covered with
short incumbent gray hairs. The legs have similar hairs and are pale chest-
nut with the thickened part of the thighs black and sometimes the tips of the
shanks also, the forward shanks presenting a slight wide transverse concavity
on their insides.

Variety a. Color chestnut brown throughout.

In the cavity in the interior of diseased currant stalks, I have
met with a small mite, which is described on one of the following
pages, and also with two kind^" of larvae in addition to those of the
currant borer. One of these larvae lies naked among the chips
made by the borer, and is scarcely 0.10 long, white, glassy, with-
out feet, tapering to a point at one end, which point is thrust out
and retracted at the pleasure of the worm and shows two blackish
parallel lines upon one side. I have not yet succeeded in obtaining
these in their perfect state, but they are evidently the maggot of
some small two-winged fly, which is not a parasite upon the borer,
for the remains of no dead worm are seen near them. Their fur-
ther habits and economy still remain to be traced out.

The other worms are parasites, several of which live together
in the body of the borer till they get their growth, by which time
they have consumed all the internal parts of their foster-parent
so that only the outer skin remains. They then crawl from this
skin and spin their cocoons at short distances one above anotlier
in the cell. Their cocoons are 0.20 long and of sufB.cient width
to fill the cavity where they are placed. They are thin and
almost transparent, appearing like a fine membranous substance
through which the worm witliin can plainly be seen. After finish-
ing their cocoons they cast their skins, which form a little black
mass in the upper end of the cocoon. The worms as found in
these cocoons in the winter season are 0.13 long by 0.06 in width,
white, shining, soft and of a llesh-like substance, their form ellip-
tic but curved into the shaj)e of a crescent, the sutures marked
by transverse lines, sliglitly constricted, witli a very fine pale
brown transverse line placed at the moutli. These worms change to
pupae in the spring and give out the perfect insect the fore part of
June. They tlius come abroad about three weeks after the Iwrers
have come out, so that by the time they are ready to deposit their

422 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

CURRANT. STALKS.

eggs the larvae of the borer will be grown to a sufficient size to meet
their wants. For with such forethought and skill has Omniscience
appointed the times and seasons of every creature, that each little
insect comes into existence upon the very day that its food is in
readiness and everything is matured for it to fulfill its allotted
work in the economy of nature.

This parasite of the currant borer is a small four-winged fly
pertaining to the order Hymenoptera the family Ichneumonidce and
the sub-family Braco7ndes. It is 0.10 long, black, the first joints
of its antennae and its feelers and legs deep honey-yellow, its
rnoutli, fure-breast and the two first segments of the abdomen
darker yellow with a black spot on the first of these segments,
and with a yellowish cloud upon the middle of the third segment,
the under side of tlie abdomen being black-brown. Its oviposi-
tor resembles a small bristle and is about a third of the
length of the abdomen. It is probable that as this insect walks
up and down upon a currant stalk with its antennae applied to
the surface and rapidly vibrating, the sense of feeling possessed
by tliese organs is of such exquisite delicacy that it is able to
detect the very spot where a small worm is lying in the centre of ^
the ?ta]k, and that it then insinuates its ovipositor through the
bark and wood and punctures the skin of the worm, inserting
therein as many eggs as the borer will be able to sustain.

I have attached the name Cenoccelius 1 Rihis to this insect in my cabinet.
The prasdiscoidal cell of the fore wings occupies but two-thirds of the length
of the oblique vein which bounds its anterior side, the first submarginal cell
occupying tlie remainder of this vein, thus separating the praBdisccidal cell
widely from the costa. This induces me to refer this insect to the genus Ceno-
ccp/jus of Westwood's Synopsis, though I am by no means certain that it is
congeneric with the undescribed species named as the type of that genus. The
feelers are very slender and elongated, the maxillaries being longer than the
head and about equal in length to the anterior thighs. The head is nearh' as
long as broad and sub-globular. The antenna are slender and almost as long
as the body. The abdomen is obovate or nearly oval, slightly depressed,
equaling the thorax in length and exceeding it in width.

It should be observed before leaving this subject, that I am
uncertain whether this insect is the destroyer of the American
or of tlie European currant borer. Though there were several of
the American borers in the currant stalk in which I met with

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 423

CnRRANT. STALKS.

them, the shrivelled remains of the worm from which these par-
asites came gave indications of its having been a Lepidopterous
rather than a Coleopterous larva. Five of these parasitic worms
had come from it, but of this number three were so weak and
immature that they died without forming their cocoons.

We have only to state in conclusion, that the utter carelessness
with which the currant is treated in most of our gardens, with a
thicket of young shoots annually left unpruned and crowding upon
and smothering each other, gives these borers and other pernicious
insects the utmost facilities for lurking unmolested and pursu-
ing their devastating work without interruption. Were this shrub
suitably trimmed and kept thinned out to only three or four stalks
from each root these stalks growing freely exposed to the light
and air would be little if any infested by these depredating
insects.

As these worms remain in the dead stalks through the winter
their destruction is easily effected. By breaking off all the dead
brittle stalks at the surface of the ground and burning them these
borers may at once be exterminated from the garden. Eut they
will soon find their way back again unless the bushes are well
pruned every year.

135. EcROPKAX CCRRANT BORER, TrochUium Tlpuliforme Linn. (Lepidop-
tera. Trochiliidse.)

Feeding upon the pith of currant stalks causing them to
perish, a small whitish worm with a darker line along the middle
of its back and a brown head and legs; changing to a pupa with-
in the stalks, and the fore part of June giving out tlie perfect
insect, which is a small niotli liaving some resemblance to a wasp,
its wings being clear and glassy, the fore pair opake yellowish at
their tips, with a black margin and band near the middle, and the
abdomen black with three yellow bands situated one upon each
alt<'rnate seejiiicnt. Width 0.65 to 0.85.

This insect, to which the common names of Currant hawk-
moth and Currant clear-wing are given in Kn^iish works will be
more readily known in this country by tlie namt- which we have
appended to it. A short history of it is c^iven in Br. Harris's
Treatise, p. 255, under the name JEgeria Tipulifonnls. The reason

424 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

CURRANT. STALKS.

why the name Trochilhnii is now given to this genus, instead of
^geria, has already been stated in connection with the Peach tree
borer. No. 59. The name Troc/iilium means a little humming-
bird, being a diminutive of Trochilus^ the technical name of that
genus of birds, and its appropriateness will at once be perceived
by every one who has noticed one of these insects or their kindred
of the Sphinx family hovering over flowers, the larger species
having often been mistaken for humming birds.

136. Wild currant borer, TVochilium caudatum, Harris.

A worm similar to the preceding, boring in the stalks of the
wild black currant {Rihes Jloridum) and producing a brown moth
with tawny yellow neck, feet, antennae and tail, which last in the
males is nearly as long as the body. Width 1.00 to 1.25. See
Silliman's Journal, vol. xxxvi, p. 311.

137. Currant mite, Tyroglyphus Ribis, new species. (Aptera. Acaridae.)

On diseased currant stalks, in the cavities which have been
excavated by borers and under the loose bark, a minute mite
scarcely the hundredth of an inch long and less than half as
broad, white, shining, its head about half as broad as the body,
the head and thorax forming a third of its total length.

Being met with sometimes in excessive numbers in those cur-
rant stalks which have been killed by borers, this minute crea-
ture merits a notice in connection with them, though w^e know
not whether it should be ranked as an injurious species. Several
of the insects of this family are known to be pernicious to the
vegetation and the living animals which they infest. But our
knowledge of their habits and economy is still so limited and
imperfect that it is uncertain whether a large part of them are to
be regarded as noxious or innocent. Many of them like the present
species appear to be present in the situations where we find them
in consequence of disease and decay already existing, and not as
the cause of maladies in connection with which they occur. It
is also probable that very many if not most of the species of
mites which we have upon this side of the Atlantic are identical
witli those of Europe. One of the evidences of this is now fresh
in my mind, and possesses sufficient interest to be stated in this

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 425

CURRANT. STALKS.

place. A few years since I made a partial investigation of the
insects which occur in diseased potatos. Among these I met
with excessive numbers of mites, mostly pertaining to two differ-
ent species. Within a few days past having received from M.
Guej'in Meneville his paper upon this same subject, published in
the Bulletins of the Royal and Central Society of Agriculture, ]
observed that two species of mites were here described and figured.
On comparing these figures with the sketches which I had hereto-
fore taken, their coincidence was apparent on a moment's glance,
rendering it evident that these two little creatures which resided
in myriads in my own cellar were identical with those found in
the same situation in the distant city of Paris.

Tlie mite which occurs in diseased currant stalks, appears to
be unlike anything which I find mentioned by authors. It has a
considerable resemblance to the longer mite [Tyrcglyphus longior^
Gervais) which has been discovered in company with the cheese
mite in the rind of old cheese, but the head here is much larger
and tlie thorax longer, so that the abdomen forms but two-thirds
of the length of the insect. A slight but very distinct constric-
tion separates the thorax from the abdomen and a more slight one
divides tlie head from the thorax. The head is shaped like an
egg and from its anterior end two small very short bristles project
forward like little horns. Two longish bristles project backward
from tlie tip of the abdomen, and there are two shorter ones upon
eacli side of these and another standing directly outward upon
each side of the abdomen towards its base. The legs are of equal
lengtli, rather slender and cylindric, each having near the tip a
longish ])ristle standing outward. When walking tlie four hind
legs are wliolly hid as the insect is viewed from above.

Many liundreds of these mites may sometimes be met with in

their winter quarters, heaped together in a mass in the luwer end

of tlic cavity which has been excavated by a borer. On lu-inging

thciii into a warm room they immediately awake to lite, all

moving their legs but showing no disposition to separate and

crawl away.

IIJ?«i. AMPUTATi.Vfi HHOCADK yioTii , J fiidena auiputatrix, ncw species. (Lcpi-
(lo|)tcr:i. Xootuitluj.)

The latter part of May, severing by night the young succulent
stalks of currants, roses, &.C., a cut-worm 1.50 long, of a brownish

426 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

CURRANT. STALKS.

or livid color, shining, with a chestnut-colored head and a horny
spot of the same hue on top of the neck and of the last segment,
and with faint dots symmetrically arranged, each yielding a very
^fine short hair. Burying itself about a month, the moth coming
out in July, its fore wings rusty red clouded with gray and black-
ish, with the usual round and kidney-shaped spots near their
centre large, pale gray or white, and beyond these spots a broad
bluish-gray band parallel with the hind margin and not reaching
the outer edge, this band margined on its hind side by tawny yel-
low followed by a wavy white line extending across the wing and
ending outwardly in a large gray spot which occupies the tip.
Colors and marks sometimes dull and obscui-e, sometimes bright
and distinct. Width 1.80.

This is one of our most common night-flying moths. Having
been found arranged with British species in some old English col-
lections it was supposed to be a native of that country and was
described as such by Mr. Stephens, who conjectured it to be the
species named arnica by Treitscke. Now that it is so evident that
this was an error it is improper to continue using tliis name for
this species, and I therefore propose for it a new one having refe-
rence to the habits of the larva, this being the first characteristic''*
which comes into the mind, commonly, when this insect is thought
of. By this insect in addition to the borers above mentioned
Nature endeavors to lop off all that redundancy of stalks which
the roots of the currant produce and which man neglects to
remove. See Harris's Treatise, p. 350.

Apple bark louse. No. 15. I have occasionally seen the bank
of both the garden and the wild currant crowded with these
minute oyster-shaped scales, the stalks being commonly dead in
consequence of their attack. A currant stalk thus excessively
over-run may be seen in the Entomological Museum of the Society.

139. Circular bark louse, Aspidiotus circularise new species. (Iloraop-
tera. Coccidae.

On the bark of currant stalks in gardens of the city of Albany,
early in the spring, I have observed a minute circular flat scale,
only 0.03 in diameter, similar to a species named Aspidiotus J\'Vrn\
but differently colored, being of the same blackish brown hue
witli the surrounding bark and having in the centre a smooth
round wart-like elevation of a pale yellow color.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 427

CURRANT. LEAVES.

140. Currant bark louse, Lecanium JRihis, new species. (Homopfera.
Coccidae.)

A hemispherical scale of a brownish yellow color, about 0.30
in diameter, adhering to the bark of the garden currant, its mar-
gin finely wrinkled transversely; often perforated with one, two
or three holes, from which have issued minute brilliant green
four-winged flies which in their larva state have fed upon and con-
sumed the minute eggs which originally existed under tliese
scales. This is quite comrao;i in some gardens, and I suspect has
been introduced into this country with the currant, although
European authors have made no mention of a scale insect as
belonging either to this shrub or the gooseberry. It will be most
readily found before the leaves put forth in the spring.

AFFECTING THE LEAVES.

141 American Currant uoth, j^braxasl Ribearia. Titch. (Lepidoptera
Geometridse.)

About the middle of June, eating the leaves of the currant and
gooseberry, in some gardens stripping the buslies entirely naked; a
cylindrical ten-footed measure worm nearly an inch long, bright
yellow varied on each side with white and with numerous black
spots and large round dots regularly arranged, each giving out a
fine black bristle, burying itself slightly and clianging to a pupa
without forming any cocoon; tlie moth coming out therefrom
about tlie first of July, of a pale nankin yellow color, tlie wings
with one or more faint dusky spots behind their middle in tlie
male and in the female with an irregular band crossing both pairs.
Width 1.30 to 1.45.

This is the most remarkable depredating insect wliich we have
upon the currant in this country. It was fully figured and
described in the Transactions of this Society ten years ago (vol.
vii, p. 461), at which time it was much more numeruus within
the sphere of my observation than it has since been, although
scarcely a year has passed but that some gardens might be seen
with their currant bushes nearly or quite defoliated by it. If liae
'been more numerous the present year (1857) than for several
years before, and I learn from Kev. Wm. C. Reichel that in

428 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

CURRANT. LEAVES.

Eastern Pennsylvania this same insect has this year totally con-
sumed tlie currant leaves in several gardens. A letter from
Lorenzo Rouse of Paris Hill, Oneida county, enclosing some of
these worms in a vial of spirits and soliciting information respecting
them, states that thej were first noticed in that vicinity three years
ago, and that they have continued to increase since that time,
stripping the leaves from tlie gooseberries first and then from the cur-
ran cs. Our wild gooseberry {Ribes Cymohati) was probably the
original habitat of this insect, for I have noticed the moth around
that bush, growing in tlie angles of fences, in years when none
were observed in gardens; and perhaps one of these buslies set in
an infested garden would allure most of these insects to it and
render their destruction more ^asy than when they are scattered.
Where these insects once establish themselves they there remain.
The same gardens in my neighborhood which were most severely
ravaged by them ten and twelve years ago are the ones in which
they have been most numerous the present year, notwithstanding
that in some of the intervening years these gardens have appeared
to be nearly or quite free from them.

Mr. Rouse states that he has applied lime, ashes, soot, snuff,
tobacco water and whale oil soap suds to his bushes, but all to no
purpose. Shaking the bushes and picking tlie worms off by hand
and destroying them is probably the only effectual mode of exter-
minating them, as I have heretofore said. Choice varieties of the
gooseberry and currant may be securely protected by wholly enclos-
ing each bush in netting made of the cheap fiibric used for musketo
bars, or some similar material, every worm upon these bushes
being previously dislodged.

142. Progne butterfly, Vanessa (Grapta) Progne, Yah. (Lepidoptera.
Nymphalidae.)

Eating the leaves the latter part of June, a gray w*orm 1.25
long with a white head and branching white prickles, their points
black; the pupa hanging with its head downwards from the under
side of a limb about twelve days and the fore part of July giving
out a butterfly with scalloped wings, the hind pair black shaded
into tawny yellow at their base where is two black dots, their
under sides with a central silvery straight mark bent to an obtuse
ano;le somewhat resembling the letter L. Width about 2.00.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 429

CURRANT. LEAVES.

So long ago as the year 1781 Fabricius (Species Ins. ii, 93)
described one of our American butterflies under the name Prngne^
this, in the fables of heathen mythology, being the name of a sis-
ter of Philomela who was said to have been changed into a swal-
low. The deeply notched wings of this butterfly, having some
resemblance to the forked tail of a swallow, perhaps suggested
this name to Fabricius. Figures and descriptions of this butter-
fly given by different authors since, have made it well known; but
to this day we have remained unacquainted with the vegetation
on which it is reared and the caterpillar from which it comes. In
June last, two worms were sent me from J. M. Stevenson of Cam-
bridge, one of the Vice Presidents of the State Agricultural
Society, found with several otliers of the same kind feeding upon
the leaves of his currant buslies. They proved to be the larvae
of the Progue butterfly, and I am thus able to give the complete
history of this species. I have also met with this butterfly in
thickets bordering on lowland meadows, where it had probably
been reared upon the wild black currant growing plentifully in
these situations. A caterpillar found upon elms is described by
Dr. Harris as being the larva either of this species or of the
Comma butterfly {C'album=^commaj Harris.) It now appears
beyi^nd a doubt that it pertains to this latter species and not to
the Progne butterfly under which it is placed. As the Progne is
so intimately related to the Comma or White-C butterfly, and as
this species feeds upon quite a variety of trees and plants, it is
prubable that further researches will show that the Progne is not
restricted to the currant but subsists upon other kinds of vegeta-
tion also.

In very many of its marks no sensible difference exists between
this butterfly and the White-C, and the collector who has but one
of these species in his hands will be much perplexed to determine
wliich of these names to give to his specimens, with only such
brit'f and imperfect accounts as authors have commonly given
to guide him. An exact description of each particular part of
an insect is a valuable aid to the student in his researches, in every
instance, and is specially required where different species are
closely related. I liave therefore endeavored to draw up such a
description of this butterfly in its different stages as will serve to

430 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

CURRAXT. LEAVES.

distinctly point it out hereafter to every one into whose hands it
may come.

The larva is gray with two or three deep transverse wrinkles at each suture,
the bottoms of which wrinkles are black and their summits whitish. On the
fore part of each of the abdominal segments is a whitish band which on each
side is interrupted by two oblique black spots. Each of these segments also
has a pale tawn}' yellow spot above the breathing pore and a smaller one below
it, with prickles placed in each of these spots. The head is white with black
dots, and is very rough from Lumerous short white spines of different sizes,
and placed upon its summit are two black prickles with numerous branches
which are mostly white with black tips. The two upper prickles upon the
second ring are also black like those upon the head, those upon all the other
segments are white, mostly with black tips, their branches white, towards the
forward end of the body becoming tipped with black more and more. The first
ring or neck is destitute of long branching prickles and has only a belt of short
spines around its middle, similar to those covering the head. A few similar
spines also occur upon the sides of the following segments and on the outer
face of the pro-legs. The legs and pro-legs are dull pale reddish, their outer
sides black. The mouth is dull reddish and the under side of the body white
mottled with brownish dots and short lines.

From this description it will be seen that in its larva as in its
perfect state this species is intimately related to the White-C. The
Progne however has but one brood each year, the butterflies
appearing in the month of July. The two larvae which were
sent me were found on the morning of June 29th to have cast
their skins and assumed their pupa form the preceding night, one
of them suspending itself from the stalk of a leaf, the other
attaching itself to the side of the net in which they were inclosed.
And on the morning of July 11th both were found changed to
butterflies, the pupa state thus lasting but twelve days. Dr.
Harris reports having obtained a Progne butterfly so late as the
eighteenth of August, its pupa state having continued but eleven
days. The few instances in which I have met with this butterfly
have all been in the month of July.

The PUPA is 0.80 long and of a gray color with obscure olive clouds. It has
a deep excavation across the middle of its back in which on each side of the
middle is a burnished silvery-golden spot and outside of these spots is a black-
ish streak at the margin of the wing-sheaths. On the opposite side of the body
and above this excavation is another similar excavation, at the base of the ven_
ter and tips of the antennae-sheaths — these excavations giving to the pupa a
very humped and deformed appearance A broad dusky olive stripe in which

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 431

CURRANT. LEAVES

the breathing pores are placed, extends along each side of the abdomen and is
ealged on its front side with a narrow white stripe, and on its opposite side is
an elevated black point upon each segment. Along the middle of the back is a
whitish stripe which becomes double towards its lower end, and on each side
of this is a dull olive spot on each segment with an obtuse elevated point out-
side of each .spot. The lower end or head is deeply notched so as to form a
somewhat conical point on each side, resembling a pair of horns.

The BL'TTERFLT mcasurcs across the spread wings from 1.90 to 2.30. Its/ore
imngs are of a bright tawny orange color, sometimes paler tawny tovrards tliuir
tips or over their whole surface. Their hind border is black, commouly freckled
witli yellow or gray scales on its outer half. Along the forward edge of this
black border is a row of seven faint crescent-shaped spots of a paler yellow
color than the ground, the second one from the inner margin largest, and
those next to the outermost one oval rather than crescent-shaped and commonly
with a black dot more or less distinct, placed upon their forward ends. For-
ward of these pale crescents is a dark rust-red spot upon the inner and a larger
one upon the outer margin. A large somewhat square black spot is placL'd for-
ward of this last one, upon the apex of the discoidal cell, which spot becomes
dark rust-red towards its outer end and sometimes does not reach the outer edge
of the wing. Upon the disk are live smaller round black spots, the three for-
ward ones in a transver.se row. of which the two outer ones are placed in the
discoi lul cell and nearer to each other and are often smaller and deeper black
than the other three, which form a longitudinal row inside of and parallel with
the middle vein. The outer margin and hind part of the inner margin is black
irregularly alternated with grayish white. At its base the outer margin is
strcn^'ly contracted or obliquely excavated instead of being straight oi^merel}'
rounded inward as in other species. The hind margin is irregularly scalloped
or wavy along its edge, with a more or less deep rounded excavation in the
middle, at the outer end of which is a projecting prominent angle which is com-
monly acute. The fringe is black with whitish alternations between the pro-
jecting teeth. The inner maigin is also strongly excavated or arched, 'ihc hind
wijigs are black gradually shaded into rusty-red across their middle and here
often showing short transverse black lines, the basal portion tawny orange with
f. wide blackish margin and two round black spots, the inner one smaller and
tapering anteriorly to a point. In the black ground forward of the hind margin
is a row of pale yellow dots, those towards the inner margin more faint and
often obliterated. The hind edge Is scalloped and wav}-, with a deep round
excavation between the middle and the inner angle, on each side cS which is a
projection resembling a short tail which is rounded at its apex and of a bluish
gray color. Under Hide dark gray with numerous irregular transverse streaks
of blncU, dusky and brown, giving the surface a pi-culiar curdled appearance
like that of the fabric called '* chene cloth." The fore wings are cros.sed pos-
teri«>rly with a broad j^ak'r gray irregular band, whioli is widened at its outer
end into a large hoary wliitc patch occupying the whole apex of the wing. In
the centre of the hind winps is a silvory-whiti* mark whirh is l)ent at an obtuse
angle in its middle with the two ends straight. This mark is variable, being
sometimes slender through its whole length, sometimes twice as thick at its

432 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

CUERAXT. LEAVES.

lo-wer end as at its upper; its lower part is commonly shorter but is sometimes
of the same length with the upper portion; the angle is sometimes but little
obtuse, the mark then closely resembling the letter L; the concavity sometimes
fiices the hind margin near the outer angle of the wing, and sometimes opens
towards the outer margin forward of this angle, this last variety being-
described as a distinct species under the name of C-argenteum by Mr. Kirby
An irregular wavy interrupted streak of brilliant green-blue scales extends
across the hind wings forward of their hind border and is continued half way
across the fore wings. This streak is irregularly margined with black and fades
to faint gi'cen, and in some individuals can scarcely be discerned, especially upon
the hind wings. The hodij is black with a brilliant green-blue reflection to the
thorax and is clothed with tawny yellow hairs. The antennae are black and
alternated along their sides with white, and wholly white beneath, the knob
being black and its tip straw yellow.

Though this butterfly has been met with from the latitude of
Lake Winnipeg to the southern West India islands, and from the
Atlantic to the Pacific coast, it does not anywhere appear to be
numerous, and will probably seldom if ever occur in our gardens
in such profusion as to do any appreciable injury. Indeed most
persons will desire to cherish and protect these pretty " winged
flowers," and domesticate them as much as possible in the yards
around their dwellings, rather than to destroy and expel them.
Although their larvae covered with prickles have a repulsive^
aspect, they all disappear from the currant buslies before we have
occasion to go near them to gather their fruit. Should these worms
however become so numerous in any instance as to be detrimental,
picking off each leaf on which they are stationed and crushing it
beneath the foot will probably be found the only effectual mode
of destroying them.

143. AVniTE-C BUTTERFLY, Vancssa (Grapto) C-album, Lmn.

Eating the leaves the fore part of August, a prickly worm very
similar to the preceding, but of a brownish red color in front and
white or pale yellow i:>osteriorly, its pupa state continuing about
sixteen days and the butterfly appearing in September, its wings
scalloped, the hind pair tawny yellow shaded to dusky brown on
their hind margin and with a black spot on their centre as well
as two others towards their base, and on their under sides with a
central sivery curved mark like a letter C. Width about 2.00. i

Like the Vanessa Antiopa^ Atalanta and several other butterflies,
this species is common to both sides of the Atlantic. Dr. Harris

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 433

CURRANT. LEAVES.

regarded our American insect as different from the European, and
accordingly named it V. comma. He supposed the wings to be
more deeply scalloped or indented in the European than they are
in the American butterfly and that the specimens of the two con-
tinents could at once be distinguished by this mark. But how
perfectly fallacious this character is will appear from the remark
of Mr. Westwood (Humphrey's British Butterflies, p. 50) who, in
describing the European insect observes, " This species is subject
to an extraordinary variation in the form of its wings. In some
specimens the incision in the outer (posterior) margin of the fore
wings is so deep that it forms nearly a semicircle, whilst in others
it is scarcely more than a sextant; the other indentations being
equally varied." Our American specimens vary in the same
manner, the principal incision in the fore wings being much
deeper than the sixth part of a circle in every instance wliicli I
have before me. And on comparing them on the one hand with
the descriptions which European authors give of C-albuui, espe-
cially that of Mr. Westwood which is most detailed and clearly
expressed, and on the other hand with the description wliich Dr.
Harris gives of comma, every one must admit that, of the two,
the former is plainly the species to which our insect pertains. In
every particular they coincide most perfectly with the characters
assigned to that species. And when in addition to this we recur
to their habits, the larvse subsisting upon the same kinds of vege-
tation and two broods coming out each year, not a peg remains
on which to hang a doubt as to the identity of our American
insect with that of Europe.

In England this has obtained the common name of the Comma
butterfly, and Dr. Harris describes it as having a silvery comma
beneath, upon the middle of the hind wings. But in eacli of the
several examples which have come under my notice this mark
very exactly resembles a letter C and not a comma. A
translation of its technical name will theretbre designate it more
explicitly than the common name which we meet with in English
books. In all its marks except those which we have specified
above, it is nearly or (piite identical with the Progne butterfly.
The under side of its wings, however, are occupied only in places
by transverse black streaks.

[Ag. Trans.J -Bb

434 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

CURRANT. LEAVES.

Tlie larvae have as yet been noticed in this country only upon
the hop and the elm; but in addition to thes'e it in England has
been found feeding upon the nettle, gooseberry, currant, hoiiey-
suckle, hazle and willow, and will probably be found upon t]ii^
same vegetation here. The hop appears to be the plant of whioli
it is most fond.

Two broods of this butterfly come abroad each year, the
one in May, and the other mostly in September. Degeer has
remarked that it probably passes the winter in the perfect state,
as specimens are observed in the first days of spring. I once met
with it on the nineteenth of April, before warm weather liad suf-
ficiently advanced, it would seem, to have disclosed it from
the pupa that season. And as the black Antiopa butterfly is
occasionally met with torpid in its winter quarters, beneath a
board or in the cavity of a decaying log and similar situations,
where, though for months buried deeply under the snow, it will
remain dry and in safety, to come abroad from its solitary cell
upon the first warm days of spring, so it is quite probable some
individuals of this species also, hatching from their pupae late in
autumn may go into winter quarters and reappear upon the wing
early in the following spring. But these can only be regarded as
exceptions to the general rule, for it is not till the beginning of
May that we commonly meet with this butterfly. I have cap-
tured it much oftener than the preceding species, although it is
probably no more common. It falls into the collector's hands
more frequently, as it comes abroad twice in the season and makes
its first appearance when there are but few insects to be gathered.

The Cecropia emperor moth No. 33, in its larva state a very
large pale green worm with blue and yellow prickles, is occasion-
ally found upon the currant eating the leaves.

The White miller No. 125, its larva a large caterpillar
covered with soft pale yellow hairs, feeds upon the currant leaves
also.

144. Pale Hispa, Uraplata pallida^ Say, (Coleoptera. Hispidae.)

Blister-like spots upon the leaves, in which is a small tapering
flattened worm, feeding upon the green pulpy substance of the

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 435

CURRANT. LEAVES.

leaf leaving tlie skin entire, producing a beetle which occurs
upon the bushes in May and June, its wing covers of an oblong
square form with elevated lines and intervening rough grooves,
its color light yellow, black beneath and with the antennae, the
sides and two stripes on the thorax and variable lines on the wing
covers also black. Length 0.15. As I have commonly met with
this beetle upon the wild black currant, I infer with considerable
confidence that its larv^se subsist upon the leaves, mining them as
the Rosy Hispa No. 37 does those of the apple.

145. Currant Aphis, Aphis Rihis^ Linn. (Homoptera. Aphidae.)

Irregular bulges or blister-like elevations of a brownish red
color upon the leaves, opposite which on their under sides are
corresponding hollows occupied by multitudes of plant lice suck-
ing the juices of the leaf and sometimes covering the green suc-
culent young shoots also; many of them without wings and of a
pale yellowish color; others with clear glassy wings, and these
mostly black with the abdomen light green and having a slightly
protruded tail and black horns or honey tubes reaching about half
way to the tip, with a row of deep green or black dots along each
side forward of the horns, the antennae and legs also black with
the shanks and bases of the thighs pale, and with the third
oblique vein of the vv'ings obliterated at its commencement.
Length 0.13 to the tips of the wings. More or less common in
every garden, attended by ants and devoui-ed by lady-birds
{Coccinellce) which are always seen on the same bushes, and wliich
with other destroyers often wholly exterminate these lice so tliat
only the bulged spots on the leaves remain to indicate tlieir
having been there.

146. Oblique-striped LEAF- HOPPER, jETrt/^/ironcura obliqua, Say. (Homop-
tera. Tettigoniidse.)

Puncturing the leaves and sucking their juices, a very small
white leaf-hoi^per 0.12 long, its head and thorax with two bright
blood-red or orange stripes and three short oblique ones on the
wing covers, the outer one placed on the shoulder, the middle one
on the disk and the inner one endhicj on the niieldle of the inner
margin. This is common, particularly upon the bushes of the
wild currant, but occurs on various other shrubs and trees

436 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

GOOSEBERRT. LEAVES.

thi'ougliout the year. Even in winter on turning over an old log
one of these pretty little insects will sometimes leap into view
from among the surrounding dead leaves. It is subject to con-
siderable variations, the stripes being sometimes of a pale yellow
color and one or another of them wanting Commonly three
black or dusky dots may be seen on the Wing covers in an oblique
row forward of the membranous tips.

The Companion leaf-hopper of the raspberry, the Three-banded
LEAF-HOPPER 105, aud scveral other species of this group will also
be met with upon currant bushes.

11. THE GOOSEBERRY.— i??&e5 Grossularia,

Most of the insects which are found upon the currant are
equally common upon the gooseberry, though the stalks of this
shrub are so well defended by prickles that they are rarely if
ever invaded by those borers which are so pernicious to the cur-
rant. In addition to the insects which are named under the cur-
rant, the following have been observed upon the gooseberry only.

147. Gooseberry bark-louse, Lecanium Cynoshati, new species. (Homop-
tera. Coccidse.)

On the stalks of the wild gooseberry {R. Cynoshati) ^ a hemis-
pheric, smooth, shining resin-brown scale, commonly freckled
with dull yellow dots and with a dull yellow stripe along its
middle. Length about 0.15. This is evidently a different species
from that which we have found upon the currant.

148. Mealy Flata, PcEciloptera pruinosa, Say. (Homoptera. Fulgoridae.)

In July and August, puncturing and sucking the juices of the
leaves and the young succulent shoots, a four- winged fly which
is strongly compressed and wedge-shaped, its height almost double
its width, of a dusky bluish color covered with white meal-like
powder, its legs straw-yellow, and its wing-covers showing some
faint white dots and near their base three or four dusky ones:
Length about 0.30.

Ten years ago a gooseberry and pie-rhubarb growing contiguous
to each other in the yard in rear of the old State Hall in Albany

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY, 437

GOOSEBERRY. FRUIT.

were thronged with this insect in the different stages of its growth.
This is the northern-most point where it has yet been discovered.
The preceding year the privet {Ligustrum vulgar e) in gardens in
the city of New- York was overrun with it, and a description of it
was published in the New-York Farmer and Mechanic newspaper,
of July 30, 1846, by Issachar Cozzens, under the name Flata
Ligustrum J he being unaware that it had previously been named
by Mr. Say. Further south it is quite common on various shrulis.

149. GoosEBERRt MOTH. (Lepidoptera. Tineidae ?)

The fruit when about half gro^\Ti perishing, its interior being
ate out by a slender greenish worm about half an inch long with
a dark colored nose, a dark band across the top of its neck, and
the tliree forward pairs of feet of the same color, which forms a
tube of silken threads from the cavity in the berry through a hole
in its side to an adjacent leaf, through which it crawls out and in.

This is too interesting and important a depredator upon the
gooseberry to be passed unnoticed, although I have not yet
obtained it in its perfect state, it having generally completed its
work and left the bushes before its destructive operations were
observed. I have sometimes seen bushes of the wild ccooseberrv
with every berry withered and reduced to a mere dry liollow
shell with a cobweb-like tube protruding from the orifice in one
side. And tlie present summer a letter to the Country Gentle-
man from E. Graves, jr. of Ashfield, Mass., states that for tliree
years past, his " Houghton's seedling " gooseberries have been a
total failure, from this same worm, as I am assured by the account
which he gives of it and the specimens accompanying his letter.

150. Gooseberry midge, Cecidomyia Grossularia, Fitch. (Diptcra.
Tipulidse.)

The berries turning red prematurely and becoming putrid, and
having in tliem small briglit yellow maggots of an oblong u\;il
form and slightly divided into segments by fine impressed trans-
verse lines; changing to pupae in the berries and tlie latter part
of July giving out a small two-wincjcd tly resembling a musketo,
of a beeswax-yellow color, its wings hyaline aiul slightly smoky,
and its antennie blackish and twelve jointed. Length 0.10. See
Transactions, 1854, p. 880.

43S AmWAl. REPORT OF NEW-YORK

HTCKOHT. TRT7NK.

12. THE HICKORY.— Carj/a alba et al

The several species of hickory and walnut are all preyed upon
alike by the same insects with a very few exceptions, and these
trees suffer much more from their attacks than any of our other
wild fruit trees. In the state of New- York are upwards of sixty
insect depredators belonging to these trees. Only a part of these,,
however J are yet known to us in their perfect state so that we are
able to name and describe them.

AFFECTING THE TRUNK AND LIMBS.

151. Tiger Cerambtx, G^oes /ignna, Degeer. (Coleoptera. Cerambycidae.)

Boring large holes lengthwise in the solid wood, a large cream-
yellow grub, slightly tapering, with a faint darker line along the
middle of its back, a black head chestnut-brown at its base, and
the first ring flattened and pale tawny yellowish; changing to a
pupa in the burrow it excavates (as do all other borers of the
beetle kind), and producing a long-horned beetle of a brown
color covered with incumbent short tawny gray pubescence, more
dense on the wing covers, which have a broad dark brown band
beyond their middle and another on their base, the thorax with
an erect blunt spine on each side, and the antennse pale yellowish
with their first joint dark brown. Length about one inch. This
is the common borer in all the hickory and walnut trees in my
neighborhood. Those species of the old genus Monohammusy in
which the feelers are blunt instead of pointed at their ends, have
recently been set off into a distinct genus by Dr. Leconte, to
which the name Goes is given. See Transactions, 1854, p. 850.

The annexed cut handsomely illustrates the principal opera-
tions of this insect; and those of the Apple-tree borer and other
large borers belonging to the family Cerambycidae are closely
analogous to this. On the left hand side of the figure near its
lower end is seen a small cavity which the parent beetle gnaws
through the hard dead outer layers of the bark, and a small perfo-
ration through the soft new inner layers. Does the parent drop her
egg in the bottom of the cavity which she gnaws, and does the
young worm eat its way through the soft inner layers to the

STATE AGRICULTUEAL SOCIETY,

439

HICKORY trunk: .

wood? or does she bore through
these layers with her ovipositor
and place her egg under the
bark and upon the outer sur-
face of the wood? The Apple-
tree borer deposits her egg
upon the outside of the bark,
according to the observations
of Esq. Baldwin, as related in
my first report (Transactions^
1854, pp. 717,718). But ac-
cording to the statements of
my esteemed fellow townsman,
Wm. McKie, Esq., who has
had the misfortune of having
much experience with this in-
sect, the results of which were
communicated by him to the
Horticulturist, published at
Rochester, a few years since, the parent insect pierces through
the bark and places her egg in contact with the wood. It
is probably impossible to decide from an inspection of the per-
foration in the bark, whether it has been made by a minute worm
wliich has gnawed its way through the bark, or has been pierced
by the boring apparatus of the parent insect. It is only by see-
ing the eg^ in place before it is hatched, or by finding the infan-
tile worm on its way through the bark that this point can be
settled. The young worm lives at first upon the soft outer layers
of the sap wood, nihiing a shallow cavity all around the orifice
in the bark, and the bark dies and turns black as far as this bur-
row extends. Its jaws having at length become sufficiently strong,
it gnaws its way into the solid wcx)d from the upper part of its
burrow under the bark, boring obliquely inward and upward, all
the lower part of its burrow being commonly packed with its saw-
dust-like chips. Finally, having completed its growth, it extends
the upper end of its burrow outward again to the bark, as shown
in the cut heretofore given. Transactions, 1854, p. 851, which cut
illustrates, on a diminished scale, the exit of this insect from the

440 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

HICKORY. TRUNK.

tree, as the one herewith presented shows its entrance and the
lower part of its burrow, of the natural size.

152. Belted Cerambtx, Cerasphorus balteatuSj Degeer. (Coleoptera.
Cerambjcidae.) [Plate 1, fig. 8]

A worm similar to the preceding and boring the trunk in the
same manner, producing a more flattened long-horned beetle of a
dusky brown color with a short dull straw-yellow band placed
obliquely forward of the middle of each wing cover, and with a
small sharp spine on each side of the thorax and two slender ones
on the tips of each wing cover. Length 0.60 to 1.10. See Har-
ris's Treatise, p. 86.

All our American authors have entered this species under
Drury's name ductus or the still later name garganicus of Fab-
ricius. Although it was figured and described in Drury's first
volume, the name was not given till the appendix of his second
volume was published. The name given it by Degeer (Memoirs,
vol. V. p. Ill) thus appears to have preceded all others.

It is difficult to decide upon the most suitable common name
for many of our insects. In those instances where the generic
name is long and difficult of pronunciation by persons not clas-
sically educated, and where this name cannot readily be trans-
lated, I have deemed it better to fall back upon the family name,
thus following the example of recent English authorities in the
smaller Lepidoptera and several other groups.

153* DiscoiDAL Saperda, Saperda discoidea, Fab. (Coleoptera. Cerambj-
cidae.)

A similar but much smaller worm than the foregoing, changing
to a cylindrical long-horned beetle of a black or blackish-brown
color, clothed with ash-gray pubescence which is less dense
above and commonly forms three gray stripes upon the thorax and
a band or crescent upon the middle of the wing covers, its legs
being yellow or reddish. Length 0.40 to 0.60.

154. Banded Saperda, Oncideres cingulatus, Say. (Coleoptera. Ceramby-
cidae.)

A worm similar to the preceding and producing a similar beetle
but distinguished chiefly by having its wing covers sprinkled over
with faint tawny yellow dots. Length about 0.60.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 441

HICKORY. TRUNK.

155. Slender footi:d Dysphaga, JDysphaga tenuipes, Haldeman. (Coleop"
tera. Cerambycidae.)

Small grubs in the dead limbs and twigs, producing in May a
small black long -horned beetle with rough wing covers but half
as long as the abdomen and tinged wath paler yellowish at theii
bases, its head having a furrow in the middle and its thorax
cylindrical. Length 0.25.

156. Lurid Buprestis, Dicerca larida, Fab. (Coleoptera. Buprestidae.)

Mining shallow burro w^s in the sickly dying limbs, a long taper-
ing yellowish white grub, its second ring very broad and strongly
flattened, its head small and brownish, producing a blackish brassy
snapping-beetle which may be found upon the trunk and limbs
through the summer, its surface rather rough and with coarse
punctures running into each other, its wing covers with raised
lines on their inner part and two toothed at their tips, the end of
the abdomen having three teeth and its under side being more
brilliant brassy and with punctures opening backward. Length
about 0.70. See Harris's Treatise, p. 43.

157. Walnut ant, Formica CarycB, Fitch. (Hjmenoptera. Formicidae.)

Mining long narrow passages in the interior of the trunk and
limbs and staining the adjacent wood light brown; alongish black
shining ant, its abdomen with equidistant transverse rows of fine
bristles, two rows upon each segment. Length 0.20 to 0.33. See
Transactions, 1854, p. 855.

158. Red-shouldered Apate, Jlpate basillaris, Say. (Coleoptera, Bos-
trichidae.)

Boring small holes straight towards the heart of the tree, small
fleshy white six-footed grubs with backs transversely wrinkk'd;
changing to pupae at the inner ends of their burrows, and pro-
ducing small cylindrical black beetles covered witli ])unctures,
with the fore part of their thorax very rough and their wing
covers with a tawny red or yellow spot on their base, their tips
abruptly cut otf oblii^uely, the margin of tlie declivity showing
two or three little teeth on each side above and an elevated line
below. Length 0.20 to 0.25. See Hai-ris's Treatise, p. 81.

442 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

HICJ5:0RT. BARK.
AFFECTING THE BARK.

159. Four-bristled mite, Oribata quadripilis, new species. (Aptera.

Acaridae.)

Under the loose scales of the bark, a broad oval mite of a
shining resin-brown color and slightly transparent, with four
small bristles projecting forward in front. Length 0.02.

Though our knowledge of the habits of this mite is very limited
and we are not able to say whether it is an injurious species, it
still merits a short notice in connection with the other insects
which occur upon the bark of the hickory. The Hickory ant
which has been mentioned above, in addition to occupying cavi-
ties in the interior of the tree is met with also under the loose
scales of the bark, in which situation numbers of them may be
found crowded together and torpid, in the winter season And
associated with it a small mite will frequently be found, which
appears to be closely related to the Oribata bipilisj described by
Hermann from specimens discovered upon the bark of a tree in
Germany. This mite is oval and about half as broad as long,
somewhat depressed, polished and shining, of a resin-brown color
and slightly transparent like resin. It has in front four project-
ing bristles of nearly equal length, the lower two curving inward,
the other two straight, and a few bristles occur scattered over the
body. The legs are also clothed with hairs of unequal length,
and at the tip of each shank is a long bristle extending outward
over and projecting beyond the feet. The four anterior thighs also
have a shorter bristle at their tips, projecting outward parallel
with those of the shanks. The four anterior legs are of equal
length and somewhat longer than the hind ones, and the articula-
ting part of their base is very narrow and slender. Their thighs
are of an elongated ovate form, being strongly inflated into a
kind of knot at their bases. In the winter season little groups
of these mites are found clustered together in the crevices of the
bark, torpid, but reviving when brought into a warm room and
thereupon crawling about, though very slowly and awkwardly,
the long bristles protruding out beyond the ends of its feet evi-
dently serving to aid it in clinging to the surface over which it
walks but at the same time impeding it from any briskness in its
movements.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 443

HICKORY. BARK.

160. Hickory bark-louse, Lecanium Carya, new species. (Ilomoptera*
Coccidae.)

Fixed to the bark of the small limbs, a large, very convex oval
scale of a black color fading to chestnut-brown, in May dusted
over with a white powder. Length often 0.40 by 0.25 in width.

161. Hickory blight, Eriosoma Caryce, new species. (Homoptera. Aphidae.)

The under sides of the limbs particularly of bushes and young
trees in shaded situations coated over with a white flocculent
down, covering and concealing multitudes of woolly plant-lice
which are crowded together upon the bark, sucking its juices;
the winged individuals of a black color, with the head, scutel and
abdomen co\^ered with a white cotton- like substance, their wings
somewhat hyaline, the forward pair with an oval salt-white spot
or stigma towards the tip of tlieir outer margin, their veins all
very faintly traced or abortive. Length to the tip of the wings
0.12.

I have never noticed this blight in the state of New- York,
though it no doubt occurs here. It was found common upon
walnut bushes growing along Henderson river in Illinois, a few
years since.

162. Hickory Aphis, Lachnus Caryce, Harris. (Homoptera. Aphidae.)

In clusters on the under sides of the limbs in July and August
and probably to the close of the season, puncturing the bark and
extracting its juices, an unusually large plant-louse, 0.25 long
and to the tips of its wings 0.40, its spread wings measiu'ing 0.72,
its body of a black color coated over with a bluish white powder
like the bloom upon a plum, its antennae reaching to the base of
the abdomen, black and evenly bearded with shortish hairs, as are
the legs also, the thighs l)eing clear tawny red; wings hyaline,
smoky at base and along the outer margin, their veins black, the
rib vein and two first oblique veins very thick and margined with
smoky, the third oblique vein and its two f ^rks and the short
fourth vein very slendfT. See Harris's Treatise, p. 208.

Tliis species clearly pertains to the genus Lachnus as now restricted
and admirably elucidated in the invaluable volume of Koch.

444 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

HICKORY. LEAVES.

AFFECTING THE LEAVES.

1. Forming galls and other excrescences.

&.63.. Hickory-stem gall-louse, Pemphigus CarycBcaulis, Fitch. (Ilomop
tera. Aphidae.)

Forming bullet-like galls, hollow, green and of a leathery tex-
ture, upon the leaf stalks and succulent young shoots, with tlie
walls of the cavity inside covered with minute white and yellow
lice; the perfect, winged insect not yet discovered; the gall sub-
sequently turning black, opening and becoming cup-shaped. See
Transactions, 1854, p. 859.

164. Hickory-vein GALL-LOUSE, Pemphigus? CarycevencB, new species.

Forming plaits in the veins of the leaves, which project up
from the surface in an abruptly elevated keel-like ridge upon the
upper side of the leaf and with a mouth opening on the under
side, the lips of which are woolly and closed.

Although the Aphis which produces these plans in the veins of
hickory leaves is unknown to us in its winged state, its work will
suflS.ce to distinguish it from other species. The plaits occur
mostly near the middle of the leaf, upon one side of the mid-vein,
occupying the bases of the lateral veins, two or three of which
are commonly enlarged into these excrescences or galls, which jut
up in keel-like ridges from a quarter to a half inch in length.
These ridges are of a pale yellow color, turning brown and be-
coming dry and dead after a time, and frequently before they
perish the portion of the leaf between them withers and turns
brown, in which case the inhabitants of the gall forsake it, being
no longer able to obtain a due supply of nourishment from its
walls. The lips of the mouth which opens on the under side of
the leaf are covered with white or pale tawny yellow wool. They
are pressed together, but a small orifice is open at their outer end,
through which some of the young lice frequently crawl from the
interior of the gall and station themselves upon the under surface
of the leaf by the side of the mid-vein. The lips are readily
drawn apart, exposing the cavity wdthin, the walls of which are
covered with minute wingless females and their eggs and young.
The females are egg-shaped, broadest anteriorly and tapering
behind to an acute but not an attenuated point. They are 0.03

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 445

HICKORY. LEAVES.

long, 0.02 broadj very pale yellow and at the tip watery white.
Tlie eyes appear like two minute brown dots widely separated,
tlie head being short and broad with the transverse sutures
between it and the other segments of the body very slight and
indistinct. The legs and antennse are short and tinged with dusky.
Tlie antennse are three-jointed, the basal joint thickest and about
as broad as long, the second joint globular and the third elongated
and cylindrical, with a projecting point upon one side at the
tip. When moving about the antenna? appear to be employed as
a fourth pair of legs, their points being pressed to the surface over
whicli it is passing, similarly to the feet. The eggs are small oval
shining grains of a watery yellowish white color. The young
larvae are intermediate in size between the eggs and the females,
and resemble the latter except that they are of an oval form and
their beaks are proportionally longer reaching to or slightly beyond
the tips of their bodies.

These excrescences are common upon hickory leaves through-
out the summer season.

165. Hickory Thrips, Phlceothrips Carya, new species. (Ilomoptera.

Thripididae.)

Slender conical protuberances like the spur of a cock a quarter
of an inch long, standing out perpendicularly from the under
surface of the leaf and closed at their end, with a similar protu-
berance upon the opposite side of the leaf having its end open
and split into several long slender teeth; within these galls a
small slender shining black insect with the middle joints of its
antennse honey-yellow and its long narrow white wings appressed
to its back.

Wliether these singular galls, which resemble a long slender
pod thrust half way through the leaf, are produced by the Tlirips
found in them, or by some other insect which forsakes tliem
})elure tliis takes up its abode there, I am unable to say. In the
instance in wliich I noticed them particularly, tliey occurred upon
a young shag-bark hickory in the month uf September. Quite a
number of tlie leaves had one and several had two or more galls
growing upon them, in each one of which was one or more of these
insects or their larvse. The galls were of a very tough leathery
texture, green where they adjoined the leaf and deep purple at

446 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

HICKORY. LEAVES.

their ends, though most of them at that date had become dry and
faded to a dark brown color. The leaf is often wrinkled around
the gall and has more or less of a fold extending from thence to
its outer edge. The insect within, when disturbed, turns its tail
upward over its back in a menacing manner, the same as the rove
beetles {Staphylinidce) do; and when the point of a needle which
has been pressed upon one of these insects is touched to the tip
of the tongue, unless my imagination greatly deceives me, it will
frequently be found to impart a peculiar acrid biting sensation.
This insect is 0.07 long, of a deep black color and highly polished.
Its head is narrower than the thorax and nearly square. The
third, fourth and fifth joints of the antennae are longer than the
others, yellow and slightly transparent; the last joint is shortest
and but half as thick as those which precede it. The abdomen
is egg-shaped with its tip drawn out into a tube thrice as long as
it is thick, with four long bristles at its end, and the abdomen is
furnished with bristles at each of its sutures. The wings do not
reach the tip of the abdomen. They are white and slightly trans-
parent and fringed with black hairs. In its larva state it has a
more slender linear form with a dull greenish yellow head, a
white thorax with a broad black band anteriorly, a pale red
abdomen with a black band at its tip, and w^hitish legs.

166. Hickory leaf witherer, Phylloxera CarycEfolia, new species. (Ho-
moptera. Aphidae.)

Forming small conical elevations on the upper surface of the
leaf, each having an orifice in its summit; a very small black
plant-louse with a pale abdomen and legs and smoky wings laid
flat upon its back, and having only three veins in addition to the
rib. Length 0.06.

The protuberances formed by this plant-louse are about 0.15
high and 0.20 broad at their bases, of a conical form and a dull
red or lurid brown color surrounded by a light yellow ring which
occupies the substance of the leaf for a short distance around the
base of each cone. The apex of the cone is fimbriated or cleft
into a number of small teeth which turn outwards, and in the
centre between the bases of these teeth is a small orifice leading
into a cavity inside of the cone, the walls of which are scarcely
thicker than paper, but are very tough like leather. Some leaves

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETV 447

HICKOItr. LEAVES.

have only one of these conical galls upon them, others hav^e two,
three or more. As many as a dozen may be found upon some
leaves. And wandering about upon the surface of the leaf tlie
mature winged flies will be found, which liave crawled out from
the gall in which they were nurtured, and in which multitudes
of young lice in all the stages of their growth will be found
crowded together and covering the walls of the cavity, with a few
newly hatched winged individuals similar to those seen outside
of the gall, but smaller and lighter colored, the wiiole of their
body being pale yellow or with only a dusky band between the
bases of their wings. As soon as they leave the gall, however,
and expose themselves to the light and air, they change to a black
color, the abdomen only remaining pale yellow often tinged with
green. Some individuals may be observed in which the change
in their colors is not fully completed, showing a pale yellow band
upon their necks. Their legs are short and pale with black knees
and feet. The antennae are short, thick and thread-like, scarcely
longer than the head, and with but three or four joints, difficult
to discern. The wings are placed horizontally upon the back and
not elevated as in most of the plant lice. They are smoky-trans-
parent with a more dusky spot or stigma on the outer margin
between the tip of the rib-vein and the outer edge, the rib-vein
being perfectly straight and not curved as in other plant lice to
give a greater width to this stigma-spot. In addition to the rib-
vein the fv)re wings have only three oblique veins, all of which
are straight and black. The first of these is placed forward of
the middle of tlie wing and runs from the rib-vein to the inner
margin. The last one runs from the stigma to the tip of the w ing
and is abortive or imperceptible at its base where it starts from
the stigma. The middle vein is parallel with this last and starts
from the first vein ab(>veits middle and reaches the inner margin
equidistant from the tips of the other two, its base bting abortive
for a short distance. The Jiind wings form a very cons]»icuous
angular point on tlu' middle of their outer margin and have a
longitudinal rib-vein but are wholly destitute of any obli(juevein
running from it to the inner mai-gin.

From what has now been stated it will be seen that this small insect
presents some notable peculiarities. We have a second species,

448 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

HICKORT. LEAVES.

belonging to the oak, which is perfectly congeneric with it. None
of the figures in Koch's works correspond w^ith these insects, and
the genus to which they pertain is evidently unknown to him.
But on gathering from different sources the details of the Euro-
pean plant-louse named Quercus, on which the genus Phylloxera
has been founded by Fonscolomb, we find such a full coincidence
as to assure us that our insects are congeneric with that species.
We cannot but deem that the observation of M. Amy ot (Ann. Soc.
Ent. 2d series, v. p. 485), that in that species the three oblique
veins arise directly from the outer margin of the wings, is inexact,
as such a structure would be a perfect anomaly among the species
of this family. Should that character, however, be as stated by
M. Amyot, our insects would constitute a new genus, since in
them the usual longitudinal rib-vein from which the oblique veins
are given off is perfectly distinct.

2. Puncturing the leaves and sucking their juices.

167. Hickory gat -louse, Callipterus Caryellus, Fitch. (Homoptera,

AphidsB.)

Scattered upon the under sides of the leaves, a small pale yel-
low plant-louse with white antennae alternated with black rings,
and pellucid wings laid flat upon its back, its abdomen egg-
shaped, somewhat flattened and with only minute rudimentary
honey tubes. Length 0.12. See Transactions, 1854, p. 869.

This and the four following species of very small delicate
bright-colored plant-lice inhabiting hickory leaves were described
in my First Report, at which time I remarked that they with
other similar insects occurring on oaks and other trees formed a
group so very distinct from the common species of the genus
Aphis that they would probably be regarded as entitled to the
rank of an independent genus. The same year in which that
Report was published the portion of M. Koch's beautifully illus-
trated work (Die Pflanzenlause Aphiden) in which a few European
species similar to these is given, made its appearance. These
insects are therein formed into a new genus, to w^hich the name
Callipterus, 1. e. beautiful winged, is given. And the European
C. Juglandicola of Koch appears closely related to this present
species, though suflSiciently distinguished from it by the black

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 449

HICKORY. LEAVES.

rings upon the antennae, which are always broad in our insect and
are one of the first marks which the eye notices, but are repre-
sented as quite narrow and inconspicuous in the European. This
is common upon hickory leaves; but the insects of this genus do
not crowd themselves together and remain stationary like other
plant lice.

168. DoTTED-wiXGED GAT-LOUSE, CalliptcTUS puuctatellus, Fitch.

A plant-louse like the preceding, but with black feet and a
black dot on the base and another ou the apex of each of the
veins of its fore wings. Length 0.12. See Transactions, 1854,
p. 869.

109. Spotted-winged gay-louse, CalUpterus maculellus, Fitch.

A plant-louse like the preceding, but with the veins of the
fore wings margined in part with smoky and a black band near
the tips of the hind thighs, the black rings upon the antennae nar-
row. Length 0.12. See Transactions, 1854, p. 870.

170. Smoky-winged gay-louse, CalUpterus fumipennellus, FitcQ.

A plant-louse similar to the preceding, of a dull yellow color
with blackish feet and the wings smoky with coarse brown veins.
Length 0.13. See Transactions, 1854, p. 870.

171. Black-margined GAY-LOUSE, CalUpterus marginellus, Fitch.

A plant-louse similar to No. 166 but with a black stripe along
each side of the head and thorax, and on the outer margin of both
pairs of wings. Length 0.15. See Transactions, 1854, p. 870.

172. Freckled LEAF-noppER, TassMS irroraf us, Say. (Ilomoptcra. Tettigo-
niidie.)

A cylindric oblong white leaf-hopper closely inscribed and reti-
culated with slender black lines and small dots which form irre_
gular spots along the margins of the wing covers, its legs white
dotted with black. Length 0.25. Wliilst several of its kindred
draw their nourishment from grass and growing cro])S of grain this
very common si)ecies is usually found upon the leaves of a variety of
bushes, oftener upon those of the walnut and hickory than any
other kind, according to my observations.

[Ag. Trans.] Co

i50 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORE

HICKORY. LEAVES

173. Four-striped leaf-hopper, Tettigonia qimdrivittata, Say. (Homop-
tera. Tettigoniidse.)

A flattened oblong leaf-hopper of a light yellow color, varied
on the thorax with orange, red or dusky, its wing covers olive
green each with two bright red or orange stripes, the tips mar-
gined with black. Length 0.35. This pretty insect, like the
preceding, occurs upon a variety of other bushes in addition to
the walnut.

174. Walnut sword-tail, Uroxiphus CarycR, Fitch. (Homoptera. Membra-
cidae.)

A dull brown tree-hopper with the terminal portion of its
wing covers obscure ash-gray, its abdomen and a ring on its shanks
pale yellowish, and its breast mealy white. Length 0.30, the
female 0.37. This is a somewhat common insect, which I have
found only upon the walnut.

175. OxE-coLORED TREE-HOPPER, T slamoTia unicoloT, Fitch. (Homoptera.
Membracidae.)

A tree-hopper of a uniform dull ochre yellow color and some-
what like a beechnut in shape and size, with a prominent hump
jutting up on the middle of its back, highest anteriorly and de-
scending with a slight curve to its hind angle which is very ob-
tusely rounded and but little prominent, its anterior angle also
rounded and with only a slight concavity below it at the forward
end of the hump, whilst at its posterior base is a strong one, the
whole surface with close coarse punctures and showing a few
elevated longitudinal lines low down on each side and towards
the tip ; the upper edge of the hump black and also the tip of the
abdomen on its under side ; wing covers glassy with a black spot
on their base and tip and their veins margined with slender black
lines. Length 0.45, height 0.25. A variety {irrorata) occurs,
of a paler grayish yellow color freckled with numerous pale green
dots in the dried specimen. This is a rare species which I have
only met with in a few instances, always finding it on walnut
bushes.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 451

HICCORT. LEAVES.

176. Baxded tree-hopper, Telamona fasciata, Fitch.

A tree-liopper resembling the preceding in its form, but smaller
and of a tawny j^ellow color, its head and the anterior margin of
the thorax and the under side paler cream-yellow or straw-colored
with a single small black dot above each eye ; its thorax in front
and at tip blackish and also an oblique band across the hind end
of the dorsal hump and a spot on the tips of the wing covers ;
the dorsal hump more long than high, longer at its base than
above, highest anteriorly, with a stronger concavity at its anterior
-end than at its posterior and at its anterior base compressed and
forming hereby a shallow indentation upon each side. Length
0.38, height 0.20. This is also a rare insect, and as in kindred
species, the black colors are often partially or totally obliterated,
except the black dot above each eye.

The V-MARKED TREE-HOPPER {Smilia vauj Say), an extremely
common and variable species is sometimes met with upon walnut
bushes, but belongs to the oak, on which it is always found in
abundance.

177. SnoRT-noRNEDTREE-noppER, Oresa Jreuicorms, new species. (Ilomop*
tera. Membracidas.)

This is so similar to the common Buffalo tree-hopper No. 22,

that it will scarcely be distinguished from it except by a practiced

eye, although it is undoubtedly a distinct species. It differs from

that in having the horns much more short, and the sides of the

thorax when viewed in front are not gradually curved outwards

but are straight or rectilinear with the horns abruptly projecting

from the corner at the upper end of this line. The acute spine

at the tip of the thorax is also more long and slender. The

thorax between the horns is slightly convex. The dried specimen

is of a pale dull yellow color freckled with foint pale green dots

and with a paler straw-colored stripe, quite distinct, upon the

angular sides of the thorax from each eye upward to the horn and

from thence to the summit of the thorax. Length of the female

0.36. It was met with upon hickory bushes in New-Jersey.

178. Face-banded Cixius, Cixius cinciijrons, new species. (Iloraoptcra,
Fulgoridae.)

A small four-winged fly of a white color varied with blackish
brown and with three elevated lines upon the face and thorax, its

452 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK 1^

HICKORY. LEAVES.

face snow-white crossed by two black bands, tlie outer raised lines
dotted with white in these bands; the thorax black, tawny yellow
on each side beyond the raised lines; neck white with a row of
blackish dots upon each side; wing covers smoky-brown, their
veins dotted with black in places, their basal edge, an oblique
band and a spot on the middle of the outer margin white, their
membranous tips white and somewhat hyaline, with a brown band
across the transverse veinlets and the hind margin blackish inter-
rupted by the snow-white tips of the veins; wings black and
transparent; under side yellowish- white with two blackish bands
on each of the four forward shanks. Length of the male 0.18.
This was taken in company with the preceding, the middle of
September. It may possibly be a variety of the F!ata nava of
Say, much more colored with black than in the specimens from
which his description was drawn.

179. Cloudy-tipped Cixius, Cixius col<Bpeum, new species.

A small four-winged fly of a coal-black color with clear trans-
parent wings having a large smoky-brown cloud on their tips;
wing covers transparent, their veins dotted with black, the dots
on the outer margin larger; an irregular and somewhat broken
band of a smoky brown color extending across forward of the
middle and a broader one beyond the middle, having a black spot
or stigma on the anterior corner of its outer end; between these
bands a smoky brown spot on the inner and a smaller one nearly
opposite it on the outer margin; thorax with three raised lines;
face black with the raised lines brown; legs dull whitish. Length
0.22. This also is a rare species.

Amyot's Otiocerus, No. 110. In each of the few instances in
which I have met with this insect it has occurred UDon walnut
bushes.

The Large green tree bug No. 99, is a common species upon
hickory as well as on several other trees.

3. Eaiing the Leaves.

180. Luna moth, Jdias Luna, Linn. (Lepidoptera. Bombycidae.)

In August, a large thick-bodied worm three inches long or more,
of an apple-green color and its under side of a deeper or leaf-

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 453

HICKORY. LEAVES.

green hue, each segment with six small bright rose-red elevated
dots, and low down along each side a pale yellow line running
lengthwise immediately above the lower row of dots, from which
line at each of the sutures a pale yellow line extends upwards
upon the sides and sometimes is continued across the back, the
head and six forward feet pale bluish green; spinning a whitish
tough oval cocoon with rounded ends, 1.75 long, with leaves
moulded to its outer surface; dropping to the ground in autumn
and lying among the fallen leaves through the winter, giving out
the moth the latter part of May; this of a delicate pea-green
color, its body coated over with soft white wool, with a brick-red
band across its anterior part and continued outward upon the
forward edge of the fore wings nearly to their tips; each of the
wings with a smallish eye-like spot near the centre, and the hind
pair with their inner angles prolonged into tails which are nearly
as long as the wings. Width 4.50 to 5.50.

It is a remarkable feature in the Insect Fauna of this country
that we possess such a number of large showy moths of the group
Attacus of Linnseus. Though the insects of the United States
are generally so very similar to those of Europe and in some of
the families are identical in many of their species, we here observe
a notable difference. Whilst that continent furnishes only the
three kinds of Peacock, the Tau and the rare Ca'cigena, species
of moderate size and but little diversified in their appearance, we
have in the State of New- York alone eight of these elegant moths,
nearly all of them vieing in size and magnificence with the most
superb tropical products of this kind; and of a moiety of these the
two sexes are so very dissimilar that in the cabinet tliey appear to
form twelve distinct species. We have already presented some
account of the Cecropia, No. 33, the Promethean No. 80, and the
lo, No. 81, and we here come to three others the larvae of which
occur upon the walnut.

Many persons on looking at these splendid insects in my collec-
tion have been much surprised on being informed that tht'y were
captured here in the State of New- York and tliat they are not
rare species. They are very seldom seen, as tlu-y lly only by
night and repose during the day time, clinging commonly to tlie
sides of trees in groves and forests. This present species is less

404 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

HICKOJIT. LEAVES.

ornately adorned and diversified in its colors than the others. Its
peculiarly delicate modest appearance causes many to rank it as
" pre-eminent above all our moths in queenly beauty," and renders
the name bestowed upon it by Linnaeus most appropriate and
happy, Luna being the Latin designation of the moon, the " queen
of the night."

I have met with this feeding upon the beech as well as the
walnut, and at the south it is also found upon the persimmon and
the sweet gum. Varieties of the moth occur in which the fringe
of the wings is wholly yellow or pale green, but commonly it is
more or less of a rich purple or brownish red color along the
middle of the hind edge of each wing. Some specimens have the
margin of the hind wings sinuated or wavy from the tails to the
outer angles. And another variety shows a darker streak more
or less distinctly, forward of the hind border and running nearly
parallel with it, at least upon the fore wings.

A Chinese species named Selene by Dr. Leach is almost identical
with our Luna moth. So far as appears from a single specimen
of this, sent me from Ningpo by Rev. M. S. Culbertson, the two
insects can only be distinguished from each other by some of the
minor details in the colors of the eye-like spots in the centre of
their wings; varieties of the Luna occur which seem to coincide
with the Selene in every other point.

The eye-like spots in these insects are situated upon the apex of the discoidal
cell, and the transverse veinlet which bounds the outer end of this cell forms
also the centre of the eye-like spot. In Selene this veinlet has only a slight
narrow hyaline margin, whilst in Luna its margin is widened into an elliptic
glassy spot; the eye thus appearing to be half opened in the latter and closed
in the former. This central pupil is bordered on its forward or upper side by
a rose-red crescent in both insects, the anterior or convex side of which is
margined by an ochre-yellow line in Luna which is wholly wanting in Selene
Finally, in both insects this spot is surmounted by a coal-black crescent accom-
panied by a white or bluish-white line, which is placed upon the concave margin
of the crescent in Selene, but inside of this margin in Luna, so that a black
line here borders it upon its hind or concave side. On the opposite or under
side of the central pupil in Luna is a broader and paler rose-red crescent than
that upon the upper side, sometimes faded to a white color, and this is suc-
ceeded by a still broader sulphur-yellow one, whilst in Selene we see only a
broad white crescent faintly edged exteriorly with yellowish. And outside of
this in Luna is a slender black line prolonged from the horns of the anterior
black crescent and forming with it a circular ring surrounding this eye-like spot

8TATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 455

HICKORY. LEAVES.

whilst in Selene no sucli ring occurs. The spot on the fore wings is much nar-
rower and of an elliptic form, but has all the parts of that upon the hind
wings. In Selene this spot appears to be more distant from the fore margin
of the wing than it is in Luna, and is destitute of the brownish red streak
which we see in Luna extending from the outer corner of this spot obliquely
forward to the border of the wing.

181. Polyphemus moth, Hyahphora Polyphemus^ Fab. (Lepidoptera. Bomby-
cidae.)

In August and the fore part of September, a large thick-bodied
worm closely resembling that of the foregoing species, 3.50 long
and of an apple green color, not darker green beneath but having
a pale yellow stripe along the middle on its under side, and on
each segment six bright orange conical points, three on each side,
with a sulphur yellow stripe from the lower to the middle one of
these points, except on the anterior segments, and the upper
points sometimes silvery on their outer sides; its head and six
anterior feet of a clay-yellow color; crawling along the under
sides of the limbs with its back downwards, its body being too
hea\y to be sustained in an upright posture; when at rest and
contracted each segment strongly humped and forming an angular
transverse ridge; constructing a cocoon in all respects like that
of the Luna moth, which gives out the perfect insect the middle
or latter part of May; this of a dull ochre or brownish yellow
color with a glassy eye-like spot near the middle of each wing,
crossed by a slender line and margined by a yellow succeeded by
a black ring, wliich last is much broader on the hind wings and
on its forward part is widened into a large cap-shaped spot as
long as wide, with its concave end shaded into a bluish-white
crescent; a dusky band faintly margined with white on its hind
bide crosses both wings forward of their liind margin, beyond
which tlie ground color is commonly paler; anterior margin gray,
which color is continued from tlie wings across the thorax in the
form of a ])and. Width 5.00 to 6.50. A specimen in the col-
lection of I. A. Lintner of Schoharie is much the smallest I have
ever s^^w^ measuring only four inches across its spread wings.

I have met with tlie larva of this insect on walnut, butternut,
thorn and linden or basswood, and Dr. Harris (Treatise p. 298)
records its occurrence on oaks and elms also. It sometimes at-
taches its cocoon partly to the side of a limb or sometimes with

456 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

HICKORY. LEAVES.

its silken threads draws two or three twigs together sufficiently
to tie its cocoon between them, in which cases it does not fall to
the earth with the fall of the leaves in autumn, but is very apt,
by remaining exposed in the tree, to be perforated and have its
inmate destroyed by woodpeckers.

It is remarkable that two insects which are so similar in their
preparatory states that their larvse differ only by slight and un-
important marks and their cocoons cannot be distinguished from
each other still come to be so unlike each other in their perfect
state as is the present species and Luna. The fact shows that the
metamorphoses of the insects of this order is not so accurate a
guide to their correct systematic arrangement as many have
assumed it to be. This species having wings without tails and
Tvith glassy spots in their disk will pertain to Duncan's genus
HyGlojj/ioraj but as the type of this genus {Atlas^ has the glassy
spots large and angular, whereas here they are small, round and
eye-like, it should probably form the type of a distinct genus.

The larvae of this species and Luna are naked, except that fine
hairs scarcely perceptible to the eye are scattered over the sur-
face, at least upon the back, and one or two bristles are given out
from each of the elevated dots. But I have met with larvse upon
the hornbeam and the butternut wiiich I supposed to be the Luna,
in which both when young and mature the surface w^as covered
with numerous erect clavate scales, like short bristles gradually
thickened towards their tips. Whether the moths from these
larvse are in any respect different from those which come from
naked larvse I hope to ascertain from specimens which are now
in their pupa state.

182. Regal HICKORY MOTH, Ceratocampa regalis^ Fab. (Lepidoptera. Bom-
bycidse.)

In autumn, a very large apple-green worm, the largest larva in
our country, measuring five or six inches in length and nearly an
inch in thickness, with blue-black spots and rows of prickles and
anteriorly several long orange-yellow horns tipped with black and
studded with numerous black prickles, four of the upper ones
longest, the head and feet also orange-yellow; lying under the
ground in its pupa state through the winter, the moth coming

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY 457

HICKORY. LEAVES.

out the beginning of July, of a bright red color with two yellow
stripes on the thorax, its fore wings olive grayish or lead-colored
with red stripes on the veins and light yellow oval spots mostly
in a row parallel witli the hind margin, the hind wings paler red
with their anterior outer border and a large irregular triangulai
snot on their inner side light yellow. Width 5.00 to 6.00.

The larva of this splendid insect feeds upon the butternut and
sumach as well as on the walnut and hickory, and at the south
it is common upon the persimmon also. Its large size and long
horns with branching priciiles give it a truly formidable aspect,
from whence it has acquired the name of " The horned devil "
among the negroes at the south. It may be handled, however,
without harm, as its prickles do not possess the power of stinging
which belongs to those of the lo larva; and this frightful looking
worm eventually becomes one of the largest, prettiest insects of
our country. It is rarely met with in our State and only in its
southern part. Some of its eggs sent in a letter from Philadelphia
by Mr. George Newman enabled me to rear this insect and observe
its transformations, and from these the specimen of the larva in
the Entomological Museum of the Society was obtained. When
reared in a colder climate than that to which it is native it is
retarded beyond its usual period in completing its transformations,
and thus its young do not have sufficient time to attain their
growth before the season closes. It is therefore impossible to
naturalize this elegant insect in the middle and northern parts of
our State. The eggs sent me hatched mostly upon the 22d of
July, and placed upon the sumach, the thriftiest one of the larva
finished feeding and buried itself the 8th of September, but it was
not till tiie 25th of the following July that the moth made its
appearance. The pupa lies naked in tlie earth, without forming
any cocoon. It is about two inclu'S long and three-fourths of an
inch in diameter, with rather deep transverse furrows at the sutures
and wliolly destitute of any rows of minute teeth. It has a small
round elevation at its tij), like the head of a nail, and from the
centre of tliis elevation two small blunt points })roject. It is of a
bluish bhick color and tlie inside of tlie sliell after the moth has
left it is of a pale blue color and nacre-like, resembling tlie mother
of pearl on the inner surface of a clara shell. When this moth

458 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW -YORK

HICKORY. LEAVES.

first comes out it has a strong odor, exactly like that of opium, or
the flowers of the poppy, and the pupa shell has the same smell
also. It is common for the larger Lepidopterous insects when
newly changed from their pupa state and before they take wing,
to eject a few drops of an opake fluid, which is usually of a red
color. In farmer times, before this fact was known, a whole
brood of a particular species happening to come out on a single
night in summer has so covered the leaves and grass with these
drops over a wide extent of country as to lead to the confident
belief that a shower of blood had fallen — a phenomenon which
superstition would naturally regard as an omen of most alarming
portent. The fluid emitted by the Regal hickory moth is of a
milk-white color and of the consistence of thin paint, and it is
more copious than in any other insect I have reared, a single indi-
vidual ejecting over a table spoonful.

183. Hickory tussock moth, Lophocampa Carya, Harris. (Lepidoptera.
Arctiidae.)

In July and August, eating the tender leaves at the tips of the
limbs, companies of snow-white caterpillars with rows of large
black dots, and along the top of their backs eight black tufts ol
converging hairs and two black pencils of longer hairs towards
each end; growing to an inch and a half in length and in shel-
tered corners and crevices spinning ash-gray oval cocoons with
rounded ends, which give out the moth the following June, this
being a pale ochre-yellow miller, its fore wings with roundish
white spots edged with tawny yellow rings, the hind ones often
united together and forming two or three row^s parallel with the
hind margin. Width 1.70 to 2.10. See Transactions, 1854, p. 863.

This caterpillar has been unusually numerous the present year,
1857. It has been tenfold more abundant than it was two years
ago when my account of it was drawn up. And it proves to be
. a more general feeder than has been hitherto supposed. Though
it evidently prefers the walnut, butternut and sumach, it is com-
mon on the elm and ash also, and I have even met with clusters
of these caterpillars upon the tamerack or larch. As they ap-
proach maturity they separate and stray off to other trees, and
may then be seen on rose bushes, on the apple, oak, locust, &c.,
the same individual often remaining several days in one place.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 459

HICKORY. FRUIT.

It is not till the latter part of September that they finally dis-
appear from the leaves.

The Forest caterpillar, a species resembling the Apple-tree
caterpillar, No. 28, but making its nest against the side of the
trunk instead of in the forks of the limbs, occurs on the hickory,
but is more common on the oak, under which the description ol
it will be given.

The FALL WEB-WORM No. 88, and the V-marked measure
WORM No. 39, are also common upon the hickory. A singular
shaped worm named The Skiff by Dr. Harris (Treatise, p. 323)
and several other species belonging to the genera Limacodesy Ko-
todanta^ Lophocampaj &c., which are not yet known to us in their
perfect state, also inhabit the hickory.

Of insects in their perfect state eating the leaves of the hickory,
the large Goldsmith beetle No. 57, is the only one which has yet
been noticed.

affecting the fruit.

1§1. HicKORT-snucK MOTH, Ephippophora Caryana, new species. (Lepidop-
tera. Tortricidse.)

A slender white sixteen-footed worm about three-eighths of an
inch in length mining the shucks which envelope the fruit,
causing the nuts to be abortive and many of them to fall from
the tree prematurely.

There are few persons who have gathered hickory nuts but have
noticed this worm in some of the shucks and the cells which it
has excavated therein, filled with little grains of a tawny yellow
color. A specimen of the moth which comes from these worms,
and the pupa shell from which it issued, was sent me by Mr.
Lewis Potter of Easton, N. Y., in April last, with a letter stating
til at the insect entered its pupa state about the first of February
and tlie moth came out the last of that month. This doubtless
refers to tlie fruit when stored witliin doors, for larva^ wliicli are
lying on tlie surface of tlie ground, torpid or congealed by the
winter's cold, undergo no changes.

The shell of the chrysalis or j)upa is of a pale dull yellow
color and shows upon each segment of the abdomen two rows of

460 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

HICKORY. FRUIT.

minute teeth with their points curved backward, those of each
anterior row being larger.

The specimen of the motli being somewhat mutilated does not
enable me to be perfectly certain respecting the genus to which
it pertains, though everything indicates it to be an Ephippophora^
of which genus we have several undescribed species in the State
of New- York, some of them quite common. It is of a sooty black
color, its fore wings with reflections of tawny yellow, blue and
purple, their outer margin black with oblique triangular whitish
streaks placed at equal distances apart, these streaks gradually
becoming more faint anteriorly and disappearing for a short space
at the base, and all of them except the last three double or in
pairs separated only by a slender black line. A very oblique
faint silvery blua streak extends inwards from the points of two
of these white streaks, namely, the fourth and sixth ones from the
tip of the wing; and the usual white spot on the inner margin
of the wings in this genus is wanting in the present species. Its
hind wings are silvery whitish on their outer basal half, the scales
of the inner basal portion having a blue and a gray reflection, and
their fringe is bluish white. The face and fore breast is cream-
yellow, the hind breast and base of the abdomen hoary white, the
third and following segments of the abdomen coal-black. Width
of the spread wings, 0.60.

Mr. Potter states that in his own neighborhood this insect had
been common for a few years and became so numerous in 1856
that several of the hickory trees scarcely produced a single nut.
The present year, 1857, all our native fruit trees have yielded an
unusual abundance of fruit, and I have not been able to find one
of these worms whereby to render this account of them more exact.
It is quite probable that, like many of its kindred, this moth will
be numerous at times, and will then suddenly disappear, being
destroyed by parasitic enemies, by unfavorable seasons, or other
causes. Picking up and burning the infested nuts is probably
the only mode whereby we can diminish its numbers.

185. Long-beaked nut weevil, Balaninus nasicus. Say. (Coleoptera.

Curculionidge.)

A weevil with its remarkably long slender beak drilling a hole
in the nut w^hen it is young and soft and placing an egg therein,

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 461

HICKORY. FRUIT.

the worm from which feeds upon the meat and causes the fruit to
fall, the worm finally boring out of the nut and burying itself in
the ground to pass its pupa state, the beetle ai:)pearing in July and
again the latter part of September, of a dark brown color coated
over more or less with rusty whitish scales or short flat hairs,
forming spots on the wing covers, which have punctured furrows,
the thorax being black and densely punctured, the shanks chest-
nut-brown and the beak as long as the body and no thicker than
a coarse bristle, polished and of a chestnut-brown color with a
blackish tip, straight to its middle and from thence curved to its
tip. Length 0.30 to 0.33 exclusive of its beak.

Worms seldom occur in hickory nuts in the State of New-York,
but are common in them at the west. We meet with worms much
more frequently in hazelnuts, chestnuts and acorns. A few
attempts which I have made to rear some of these worms have
been unsuccessful, nor was Dr. Harris any more fortunate in his
efforts. Hence we are not certain as to the species which infest
these respective fruits. Dr. Harris (Treatise, p. 65) states that he
has met with this weevil upon hazelnut bushes. I have found
another species similar to this upon the hazelnut, but have met
with this species only upon the hickory at a distance of more than
a mile from where any hazelnuts were growing. It appears pro-
bable, therefore, that this insect is not limited to one kind of nuts.
The diseased hickory nuts show a small discolored spot upon their
outer sui-face, and with a magnifying glass a round hole can be
seen perforated in the centre of this spot, but closed up slightly
within the nut. The meat inside is more or less eaten and the
cavity thus made is filled with little brown and whitish grains,
among which the worm is lying. It is a soft white gruli, wholly
destitute of feet, like the other larvae of the weevil family.

The Plum weevil No. 70 is said by Mr. Say, on the authority
of Wm. Eartram, to sometimes destroy the fruit of the walnut.

*».>-•

462 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

BLACK TTALNTJT. BUTTERNUT.

13. THE ELACK W ALl^VT. —Juglans nigra.

The Locust-tree borer {Clyfus Robinia) is a common borer in
the trunks and limbs of the black walnut, and the beetles which
are reared in this tree appear to constitute a distinct variety of a
larger size than usual and with their yellow marks changed more
or less to a white color.

186. Black-TValxut Sphinx, Smerinthus Juglandis, Abbot and Smith.
(Lepidoptera. Sphingidse.)

Eating the leaves, a large pale blue-green worm tapering in both
directions from its middle and with a small head, a long horn at
the end of its back and seven oblique white streaks along each
side; when irritated making a creaking noise by rubbing the
anterior joints of its body together; burying itself under ground
through the winter and changing to a chestnut colored pupa with
a rough granulated surface and six small tubercles upon its head;
producing a narrow- winged moth of a drab gray, cinnamon-yellow
or bluish lilac color, its fore wings crossed by four rusty brown
lines, the two forward ones transverse the two hind ones parallel
with the hind margin, and with a large square rusty brown spot
on the middle of the inner margin between the two middle lines.
Width 2.25 to 3.00. See Silliman's Journal xxxvi, p. 292.

14. THE BJJTTERNXJT .—Juglans cinerea.

AFFECTING THE TRUNK AND LIMBS.

187. Spotted Leptostylus, Leptostylas macula, Say. (Coleoptera. Ceram-
bycidse.)

Under the bark of old decaying trees, a grub similar to that of
the Prickly Leptostylus No. 4, changing to a pupa in its cell and
early in July giving out a small thick long-horned beetle of a
})rown or chestnut color with the sides of its thorax and a band
on its wing covers ash-gray, the latter sprinkled over with coarse
punctures and large blackish dots, the thorax on each side of its
disk with a black stripe interrupted in its middle. Length 0.25

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. i63

BUTTERNUT. LlilBS.

to 0.30. The bark of old trees will sometimes be found every-
where tilled with these grubs, which in the month of June may
be seen changed to short thick pale-yellow pupse with a few per-
fect insects that are newly hatched and have not yet left the tree.

188. Butternut bark-louse, Aspidiotus Juglandis, Fitch. (Ilomoptera.
Coccidae.)

Fixed to the bark of the twigs, minute pale brownish scales
resembling those of the Apple bark louse No. 15, but smaller and
not curved. This species was alluded to in my first report,
Transactions of 1854, p. 739. I have not yet had an opportunity
to trace out its history. Although this is so minute that the
naked eye can scarcely discern many of the scales, it is preyed
upon by a parasitic larva still smaller, which resides under the
scale and feeds upon the eggs which the scale covers, changing to
a minute four-winged fly of the family Chalcidida, in the order
Hymenoptera, wliich gnaws a small round hole in the side of the
scale through which to make its escape.

189. Butternut scale insect, Lecanium Juglandifex, new species. (Ilo-
moptera. Coccidae.)

Adhering to the bark on the under side of tae limbs, a hemis-
pheric dull yellowish or black scale about 0.22 long and 0.18
broad, notched at its hind end, frequently showing a paler stripe
along its middle and a paler margin and transverse blackish bands.

Whether this is the same insect with the European Lecanium
Juglandis of Bouche, I am unable to ascertain, as I have at hand
no description of that species. The details which I herewitli pre-
sent of our American insect will probably suffice to enable those
who have an opportunity of observing that species to determine
whether it is the same.

The male pupae of this insect may be seen upon the limbs in
Mhv. They ai)pear the same with the pupfe of other C(»mmon
gl)ecies of this genus, being oblonc: oval, moderately elevated
wliite scales al>out 0.10 long and lialf as ])roa(l, tliin and some-
wliat hyaline, with a slender snow-white line running lengthwise
along each side of the niidflle and uniting at their hind ends, with
a similar line running tr^nsverseiv across the scale half wav be-
tween its middl<'and its hind end. The male insects come out

464 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

BUTTERNUT. LEAVES.

from these pupae the fore part of June. They are long and nar-
row delicate two winged flies, measuring 0.05 to the tip of the
abdomen and a third more to the end of their wings. They are
of a rusty reddish color, the thorax darker and the scutel and
head blackish, this last being separated from the body by a nar-
row pale red neck. The antennae are slender and thread-like,
half as long as the body, eight jointed, the basal joint thickest
and as broad as long, the second joint narrower and scarcely
longer than wide, the remaining joints cylindrical, the fourth
slightly shorter than the others and the last rather longer than
those which precede it. Two slender white bristles as long as
the body are given olf from the tip of the abdomen. The wings
are transparent but not clear and glassy, and their rib-vein is
very distinct and of a reddish color, ending before it reaches the
margin of the wing.

The males of the several other species of the genus Lecanium
which have been briefly alluded to in different parts of this Report
will all be very similar to the one now described, differing only
in their colors, the joints of their antennae, and other minor points.

AFFECTING THE LEAVES.

190. Two-marked tree-hopper, Enchenopa binotata, Say. (Homoptera.
Membracidse.)

Puncturing the leaves and extracting their juices from July till
the end of the season, a small rusty brown or black tree-hopper
with two bright pale yellow spots upon its back, which part is
prolonged forward and upward into a compressed horn rounded
at its tip and giving the insect a resemblance to a little bird with
an outstretched neck, and the four forward shanks broad, thin and
leaf-like. Length 0.25 to 0.30.

This may always be found upon the butternut the latter part
of summer. It occurs also, though less constantly, upon several
other trees.

In my catalogue of Homoptera in the State Cabinet of Natural
History, I referred this insect to the genus Enchophyllum of
Amyot and Serville. Mr. Walker, I see, places it in the next
genuSj-E?icAe7iqpa, of the same authors. It is too similar both in

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 465

BUTTERNUT. LEAVES.

its form and spots to tlie Erazilian Enchophyllum ensatum* to be
generically separated from that species. Indeed the distinction
between the two genera is much too slight and vague, in my view,
to justify their division. In some of the species which authors
place under Enchenopa the thorax appears to be as distinctly
compressed, thin and foliacious as it is in some of those arranged
under Enchophyllum. The cells and veins of the wings are also the
same in all these insects. It is therefore on good grounds that
M. Fairmaire suppresses Dr. Burmeister's section foliaceo-ensatcBj
the equivalent of Enchophyllum and includes all these insects
under the one section, ensatce. At the same time we view this
group as too widely different and conspicuously marked by the
horn-like protuberance of the thorax, to be retained under the
genus Memhracis. We would accordingly drop the name En-
chophyllum^ and include all these insects in the one genus Enche-
nopa^ a term meaning sword-faced or sword-fronted, and which is
therefore appropriate for all the species of this group.

191. Butternut tree-hopper, Ophiderma mera, Say. (Ilomoptera. Mem-
bracidae.)

A greenish gray tree-hopper shaped like a half cone, with its
apex bright chestnut-red and behind its middle a black band
which is sometimes interrupted on the summit of the back, and
with a blackish spot on the tips of the hyaline wing-covers.
Length 0.36.

I have only met with this insect in a few instances, always
upon the butternut. I could find no place for this species among
the genera characterised by Amyot and Serville, and therefore
l>r(»posed a new genus named Caranota in my catalogue of Ilomop-
tera in the State Cabinet of Natural History. Tliis genus aj^pcars
to be the same witli that named Ophidcrma by M. Fairmaire a
few years before. The single species, salamandra^ given as the
type of this genus, is credited to the stiite of Xew-York, and ac-

• Upwards of a dozen indivi(Jtials of th's insect have fallen under my observation, all of
which concurred in fhowing lluit it is the male box which is descrihoil by Fubricius, whilst
the females have been dc cribod by M. Initiiiuirn as a distinct ppccies und'T the name
quiKqucmnculnta . A variety of the female occurs, which I name intermedia, in which
ihe anterior spot upon the hook is merely a fiiint cloud eli^^htly paler Lban the ground^
whiUt the middle fron'al »pot is bright uran;;e, or uFiial in this sex.

[Ag. Trans.] ^^

466 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORS

BUTTERS' UT. LEAVES

cording to the description is marked precisely like the arcuata of
Say, but the dimensions assigned it are a fourth larger than those
of that species.

192. Obtuse Clastoptera, Clastoptera obtusa, Say. (Homoptera. Ccr-
copidae.)

A short thick almost circular leaf-hopper of a gray color with
fine transverse wrinkles and three brown bands anteriorly, its
wing covers clouded with tawny brown with streaks of white and
a coal black spot near their tips. Length 0.2.2.

From the middle of July till the end of the season this insect
may frequently be met with on quite a number of different trees
and shrubs. Although tlie species of this American genus very
much resemble those of the genus Penihimia they certainly per-
tain to the family Cercopidse and not to that of Tettigoniidse in
which they are placed by Mr, Walker.

193. Butternut Tixgis, T\ngis Jugianais, new species. (Ilemiptera.
Tingidae.)

Puncturing the leaves and sucking their juices, a small singular
bug resembling a flake of white froth, its whole upper surface
composed of a net- work of small cells, an inflated egg-shaped pro-
tuberance like a little bladder on the top of the thorax and head,
the sides of the thorax and of the wing covers except at their tips
ciliated with minute spines, the wing covers flat and square with
their corners rounded, a large brown or blackish spot on the
shoulder and a broad band of the same color on their tips with an
irregular whitish hyaline spot on the inner hind corner; the body
beneath small and black, the antennse and legs honey-yellow.
Length 0.14.

This insect becomes common on the leaves of the butternut m
May and continues through the summer and autumn. It may
sometimes be met with also on birch, on willows, and other trees.
It corresponds with the arcuata of Say (Heteropterous Hemiptera,
p. 27) in every respect, except that the outer margin of the wing
covers is rectilinear and not arcuated or concavely excavated, and
their veins are not ciliated with minute erect spines. I have
never met with the arcuata in the state of New- York, but have
gathered it from bushes in the outskirts of the city of Chicago.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 467

BUTTEEXUT. LEAVES.

Both species are very similar to tlie Tingis rhomboptcra described
in Fieber's excellent monograph of this family, and figured, plate
8 fig. 37, but that has a spot on the middle of the outer margin
of tlie wing covers and their tips much less discolored with brown
than in our insects.

191. BuTTERN'CT wooLY-woRM , Selaiidrial Jaglandis, hqw s^QCies. (Hj-
menoptera. Tenthredinidae.)

A worm remarkable for being enveloped and wholly hid in a
thick coatinsj of snow-white flocculent meal which falls off with
the slightest touch, resides in companies on the under sides of the
leaves, feeding upon them, in the month of July. It is of a cy-
lindrical form, a very little tapering from its head to its tip, and
has ten pairs of dull pale yellow feet, its body being of a blackish
color and its head pale yellow and polished, with a large black
dot upon each side. It has numerous transverse impressed lines
and a groove on the middle of its back its whole length. The
individuals I have examined were nearly half an inch in length.
My attempts to rear them have proved unsuccessful. In one in-
stance the leaf on which they were found was pinned to a leaf of
a butternut growing in my yard, without disturbing them, but
they refused to move from their original abode and perished as
the leaf Avithered. They are evidently a species of saw-fly, per-
taining there is scarcely a doubt to the genus Selandria and the
sub-genus Eriocampa, thus named from its larvse being covered
with pruinose woolly matter.

The Hickory TussocK-MOTii No. 183, occurs about as frequently
on the butternut as on the walnut, and two other caterpilhirs be-
longing to the same genus but wliich are not yet known to us in
their perfect state are also common upon this tree. Other cater
pillars and worms which have been observed feeding upon the
loaves of the butternut are the larvae of

The White miller No. 125;

The Fall web- worm No. 88;

The Cecropia emperor moth No. 33;

The Polyphemus moth No. 181; and

The Black-walnut sphlvx No. 186.

468 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

CHESTNUT. TRUNK.

15. THE CHESTNUT.— Ca^/anea vesca,

AFFECTING THE TRUNK AND LIMBS.

We have never noticed any boring insect of a large size in the
wood of this tree. But the durability of its timberj which is so
highly valued, particularly for fence rails and posts, is much im-
paired by small insects which perforate it with holes that are only
of sufficient size to admit the head of a pin, but which are often
excessively numerous, and being pierced directly inward towards
the heart of the tree become filled with wet from every shower.
The decay of the vrood is hereby greatly accelerated. These per-
forations are made by a slender cylindrical six-footed worm, half
an inch long, of a white color and brownish yellow at each end,
its apex cut off abruptly and obliquely and edged with small
black teeth. The beetle that is produced from this worm is not
yet ascertained.

Eails which have been pierced with pin-holes by this insect
should always be placed in the fence with their sap side down-
wards, as it is upon this side that these holes mostly open.

195. Two-toothed Silvanus, Silvanus bidentatus, Fab. (Coleoptera. Myce-
tophagidae.)

Under the bark of logs and decaying trees, probably loosening
the bark from the wood, a minute, narrow, flattened beetle, of a
light chestnut-brown or rust-color, its thorax longer than wide,
slightly narrowed towards its base and with a small tooth pro-
jecting outwards at each of its anterior angles. Length 0.10 to
0.12.

This is a European insect, which, like a kindred species, the
Sui'inam Silvanus, has now become perfectly naturalized and as
common throughout the United States as it is in its native haunts.
On stripping the bark from recently cut logs of chestnut and of
oak, this minute beetle, which is so flattened and thin that it can
creep into the slightest crevices, will be found frequently in con-
siderable numbers. We have several other insects which inhabit
similar situations and are so much like this that a careful exami-
nation is requisite to determine their respective species. By the

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 469

CHESTNUT. TRUXK.

cliaracters whicli are subjoined, in addition to those above stated,
the Two-toothed Silvanus may be recognized.

Its head and thorax are often of a darker shade than its wing covers , espe
cially in the moist living specimen. Its wing covers have rows of close punc
tures with a slightly elevated line between each alternate row. Its thorax
also is densely and confluenti}'' punctured, and commonly shows a very fain'
elevated longitudinal line in its centre. The angles at its base on each side art
obtuse, and from these angles forward to the projecting tooth the lateral edgea
are crenate-dentate, having sixteen little elevated tubercles or minute teeth
jutting out at equal distances along the margin. The point of the large ante-
rior tooth forms a right angle. Upon each side of the head behind the eye is
also a minute tooth of the same size with those along the sides of the thorax.
The surface is slightly clothed with minute inclined bristles.

In every group of these insects individuals will probably be found of the
following varieties: —

a. bisalcatas. The basal part of the thorax with two shallow grooves. The
{qw specimens which I have received from the south are all of this variety and
have the grooves deeper and more distinct than they are in any of my New-
York specimens. Erickson supposes this variety to be the Colydium sulcatum
of Fabricius, but this can scarel}' be, since Fabricius characterizes that species
as having the wing covers smooth and makes no allusion to any projecting
teeth upon its thorax.

b. carinatus. A distinct elevated line upon the middle of the thorax its
whole length.

c. planus. Thorax wholly destitute of a longitudinal line on its middle.

19G. American' white axt, Termes frontalis, Ilaldeman. (Xeuroptera.

Termitidse.)

Myriads of white ants mining in and wholly consuming the
Interior of fence posts and stakes whilst the outer surface remains
entire.

Tills insect has received its scientific name in allusion, I sup-
pose, to the deep notch wliioh occurs in front upon the heads uf
the soldiers, but as many other species are notched in the same
manner, I think tlie common name which I give it will be its
most apin'()})riate designation, since it is common all over our
country, and is the only species of white ant wliicli we liave in
tlie United States. Tlie workers or larva^ whicli furm much the
most numerous portion of each colony of these insects, are 0.18
to 0.20 long, wliite and glossy, with j)ale brownish a])domens
irregularly clouded with white. Winged individuals, su])posed
to be tlie males, make llieir appearance in tlie montli of May.

470 ANNUAL KEPORT OF NEW. YORK ;

CHESTNUT. TRUXK.

Tliey are of the same size with the preceding but are of a glossy
black color, with the mouth, shanks, feet and tip of the abdomen
pale yellow, and with four large wings which are twice as long as
the body, and hyaline but not clear like glass. About the begin-
ning of June, during the dampness of the mornings preceding
pleasant days, these winged white ants leave their retreats and
come abroad, and the air is everywhere filled with countless mil-
lions of them. The soldiers resemble the workers, but are 0.25
long with enormously large heads twice as long as wide and their
opposite sides parallel, with stout jaws half as long as the head
and of a blackish chestnut color.

Decaying stumps and logs lying upon the ground, especially
those of pine and other soft wood, are everywhere occupied by
these insects. The cavities which they excavate become thronged
with myriads of them. Fortunately for us it is only soft damp
wood in which they work; hence the dry timbers and furniture
of our dwellings are exempt from that havoc which some of these
insects occasion in tropical countries. But the posts and stakes
of our fences furnish a congenial resort for them, that portion
which is under ground being always sufficiently damp to answer
their requirements. Posts in particular from which the bark has
not been removed, whereby these creatures can remain hid from
view whilst they consume the soft sap wood immediately under
the bark, are a favorite abode for them. And as the sap wood
becomes destroyed they extend their burrows through the more
solid heart wood. I have seen a fence four years after it was
built, every post of w^hich was reduced to a mere shell by these
insects, though externally there was not the slightest indication
of the mischief that was going on within.

AFFECTING THE LEAVES.

19T. Chestnut tree-hopper, Smilia Castanea, Fitch. (Homoptera.
Membracidse.)

Puncturing the leaves and extracting their juices, a triangular
tree-hopper shaped much like a beechnut, of a blackish color,
tinged with green more or less when alive, its head and the ante-
rior edges of its thorax and all beneath bright yellow, its fore

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 471

CHESTNUT. LEAVES.

wings clear and glassy "vvitli a blackish spot on their tips and
another on the base which is often prolonged along the middle of
the wing and united with the hind spot. Length of the male
0.25, female 0.30. This is a common insect on chestnut leaves
in the month of July, and I have never met with it upon any
other vegetation.

k

198. UxADOENED TREE-noPPER, SmiUa inomatu, Say.

A tree-hopper of the same size and shape with the preceding,
but of a light green color fading to light yellow, with a slender
black line along the upper edge of its back and a very slight
duskiness on the tips of its glassy wings. This is quite common
on the chestnut and on oaks fi*om the beginning of July till the
last of September.

The Unarmed tree-hopper No. 64, is also met with on the
chestnut in May and July, and at first sight appears identical
with the preceding species. It may be distinguished from it by
the hind end of its thorax, which is drawn out into a slender,
sharp point, and its breast, which is black.

199. Chestnut GAT-LOUSE, Callipterus Cas/anecE, new species. (ITomoptera.
Aphidae.)

On the under sides of the leaves, puncturing them and sucking
their juices in August and September, a small sulphur-yellow
plant-louse, with black shanks and feet, its antennae also black
except at their bases and as long as the body, its wings pellucid,
their first and second oblique veins and the tip of the rib-vein
edged with coal-black, and its thiglis straw-yellow. Length 0.09,
to the tip of the wings 0.15.

Tliis insect, in conij^any witli wingless larvse and pupse of the
same color, may frecjuently be met with upon tlie under sides uf
chestnut leaves. The name " gay-louse," which is of the same
import witli tlie generic term Callipterus^ and is the equivalent of
the German name zicrlaus wliicli Kocli ai)plirs to tliese plant lice,
will be tlu* most aj)proj)riate desii^nation which our language fur-
nishes for tliis and the other s])ecies of this genus, several of
which have already been noticed in the jiroceding pages, (No. 20,
167-171.) Their bright, lively colors, and their long, slender

472 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

CHESTXUT. FRUIT.

antemife and legs render them the prettiest objects belonging to
the aphis family.

203. Chestxut leaf-witheeeRj Phylloxera ? CastanetB, Haldeman. (Ho-
moptera. Aphidas.)

In August and September, on both sides of the leaves, punctur-
ing them and extracting their juices and causing them to curl, a
very small louse-like fly of a bright sulphur-yellow color with a
black thorax, breast and eyes, its feet and antennae tinged with
blackish and its wings translucent. The wingless individuals
associated with it are entirely yellow wiith red eyes.

I have never met with this species. The veins or nerves of the
wings are described as follows : " First and third transverse ner-
vures normal; second arising from the middle of the first and
terminating in the normal position; posterior wings without ner-
vures." From this description the veins appear to be essentially
different from those of the genus Chermesj to which Prof. Halde-
man refers this species. And I cannot but think that more exact
observations will detect a rib-vein in the hind wings, and will
show that this insect pertains to the genus Phylloxera.

The larva of the American maple moth {^Jipatela Americana^
Harris), a large thick-bodied caterpillar two inches long and of a
pale yellow color with two black pencils above on the fourth and
sixth rings and a single one near its tip, feeds upon the leaves in
August, but is much more common on the maple, under which
head it will be described.

AFFECTING THE FRUIT.

One would suppose that the fruit of the chestnut, wholly
inclosed as it is in a thick leathery bur, the surface of which is
crowded with prickles with their needle-like tips pointing in
every direction, Avas so effectually protected that no depredator
could possibly reach it, or if attacked, we should think it could
only be by some small insect panoplied like the rhinoceros, its
hard shelly coat enabling it to encounter these prickles without
harm. It is most wonderful, therefore, to discover that a little
insect with a soft tender body, has the artifice of inserting its eggs

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. . 473

HAZELNUT. TRUXK.

at a particular point in the tip of this ball-like bur, where its
young can penetrate inwards and subsist upon the fi-uit.

Dr. Harris (Treatise, p. 65,) speaks of a " weevil grub" as
being very common in the chestnuts of this country. But the
worm whicli I have met with in these nuts is the larva of a moth
and not of a weevil. It grows to more than a half inch in
length, and is cylindrical and thick, of a dirty white color with a
tawny yellow head, and sixteen feet. It eats the meat of the nut
mostly at its tip and on its convex side, the cavity which it makes
being filled with little brown and whitish grains; and a small hole
is perforated upon one side of the nut at its tip, out of which a
portion of these grains are protruded. I have not yet succeeded
in rearing this worm, and am therefore unable to give a descrip-
tion of the moth which is the source of this mischief.

16. THE HAZELNUT— Co?yw5 Americana.

AFFECTING THE STALKS.

201. Hazelnut bark-louse, Lecanium Corylifex, new species. (Flomop-
tera. Coccidse.)

On the under side of the stalks and branches, adhering to the
bark, a smooth sliining hemispheric scale of various colors, from
pale dull yellow and deep tawny red to black, many individuals
showing a paler stripe along the middle and others with trans-
verse black bands, the surface often sprinkled over with project-
ing scales of a white wax-like substance. This is commonly
small in size, being but about 0.14 in length, but some specimens
are larger, measuring 0.20. A similar insect is common u])un
the European hazlenut, but is said to be of an orange-yellow
color with red spots; I therefore infer it to be a different species.

AFFECTING THE LEAVES.

202. IT vzKLNUT TiiKK-iioppKR, Tcldrtuma Coryliy Fitch. (Ilomoptcra. Mcm-
bracidio.)

Puncturing the leaves and sucking their juices the latter part
of June, a triangular tree-hopper of. a pale dull yellow color with

474 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

HAZELNUT. LEAVES.

a hump upon the middle of its back of the same shape as in the
following species, with a rust-colored band occupying the ante-
rior end of this hump and a curved one margined with black
crossing its posterior end, the hind end of the thorax being also
rust-colored, and the tips of the fore wings with oval blackish
spots in the intervals between the ends of the veins. Length
0.32. Rare.

203. Sad tree-hopper, Telamona tristis, Fitch.

Extracting the juices of the leaves and succulent twigs in
August, a tree-hopper of the same shape with the foregoing but
of a much darker dull yellow or blackish color sprinkled over
with pale dots and without any transverse bands; the elevated
hump upon the middle of the back almost as high posteriorly as
at its forward end, its upper edge straight and at the anterior end
abruptly rounded, its hind end forming almost a right angle and its
posterior base deeply excavated and forming the third part of a
regular circle; an elevated polished black line along the middle
of the thorax its whole length, with a few pale alternations, and
widely interrupted with white in the excavation at the posterior
base of the hump; one or two small hyaline spots in the upper
edge of the hump; three black dots above each eye; a black spot
on the tip of the wings; under side pale dull yellow. Length
0.35.

The Obtuse Clastoptera No. 192, and the Bound tree bug
No. 100, also occur on the hazelnut, and its leaves are sometimes
consumed by a large pale green worm, the larva of the Luna
moth No. 180.

204. Elongated forked-claav, jDic^eZonyc^a elongatula, Gyllenhal. (Co-
leoptera. Melolonthidae.)

Eating the leaves the latter part of May and in June, a narrow*
ish cylindrical black beetle margined with chestnut brown, its
wing covers shining yellowish-green margined with pale yellow,
its under side pale yellow covered with short white incumbent
hairs, and its legs pale yellow with the hind shanks except at
their bases and the hind feet blackish. Length 0.33.

This is a common insect, usually found upon hazelnut bushes.
It was first described by Fabricius in the year 1791, under the

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 475

HAZELNUT, LEAVES.

name Melolontha elongata^ but Olivier had previously given this
same name to a much larger South American beetle. It there-
fore became necessary to re-name this species, and we accordingly
in the next record that is made of it (Schonherr's Syn. iii, 210),
find the Fabrician epithet changed to elongatula. Thus the latter
comes to be the legitimate name of this insect. Dr. Le Conte
appears to have overlooked these facts and goes back again to the
Fabrician name. In Dr. F. E. Melsheimer's Catalogue the genus
Dychelonycha is credited to Dr. Harris. Dr. H. originally pro-
posed the name Dichelonyx for this genus, but gave no description
of it; and it is therefore to Mr. Kirby that we are indebted for
this name and genus as it at present stands.

205. Linear forked-claw, Dychelonycha linearis, Gjll.

In company with the preceding, a beetle closely resembling it
but slightly larger and having its thorax covered with short pros-
trate yellow hairs.

206. Back's forked-clatt, Dichelonycha Backii, Kirby.

Occasionally found in company with tlie preceding, a beetle
differing from it by having its antennse and forward thighs
blackish instead of pale yellow.

207. Green'-stuiped forked-claw, Dichelonycha subvittata, Leconte.

Associated with the foregoing, a beetle resembling the elongated
forked-claw, but having a shining deep green spot on the
shoulder and another on the tip of each wing cover, these spots
sometimes connected by a green stripe on the middle of the wing
cover its whole length, and its hind shanks and feet not discolored
with blackish. Dr. Le Conte credits this species to Lake Supe-
rior, but it is common also through Northern New-York and
Vermont.

20§. IIairt Atteladus, Jltlelahua pubcscens, Say. (Coleoptcra. Attcla-
bidiii.)

Fating holes in the leaves in June and July, a short thick-
bodinl (lull red or yellow weevil, its surface covered with short
pale yellow j^rostrate hairs which are of'tm riiltlx'd ulT in placei,
and its breast black. Length aljuut 0.-20.

476 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

HAZELNUT. LEAVES.

Mr. Say described tliis species in the year 1826, and it is pro-
bably since that date that Prof. Bohemann's name Rhois was
published, wliich name moreover is inappropriate, as it indicates
this insect to inhabit the sumach, whereas it is upon the hazelnut
that it is uniformly met with. It is a common species, and sits
upon the leaves in the posture of a dog, with its long fore legs
braced outwards and elevating its head high above its body. Its
larva probably subsists upon this shrub, but its habits are as yet
unknown to us.

AFFECTING THE FRUIT.

209. Straight-beaked nut-weevil, Balaninus rectus, Say. (Coleoptcra.
Curculionidae.)

A small yellowish drab-colored weevil with a long slender beak
not thicker than a bristle and having the jaws placed at its tip
with which it bores a hole into the nut when it is young and soft,
and drops therein an egg which it crowds into the nut with its
beak. A small white footless worm hatches from this egg, which
feeds upon the meat of the nut and gnaws a small hole through
its side, out of which when full grown it escapes and buries itself
in the earth to pass its pupa state.

We are not certain as to the species of weevils which produce
the grubs in our American hazelnuts, walnuts and acorns. As
the Straight-beaked weevil has a long slender beak similar to that
of the species which breeds in the hazelnuts in Europe, and as
I have met with numbers of this insect upon hazelnut bushes the
latter part of June, there can be little doubt but it was there for
the purpose of depositing its eggs in the young fruit. Dr. Harris
records the Long-beaked nut-weevil No. 185, as occurring also upon
hazelnut bushes, and it may be that both these insects infest tliis
fruit. They are much like each other, differing chiefly in their
beaks, which in the present species is but half the length of the
body and usually straight nearly to its tip, where it is curved
downwards, but in some individuals it is slightly curved through
its Avhole length, and is of a pitchy black color tinged in its mid-
dle with chestnut-brown. Its body is clothed with prostrate
drab-yellowish hairs on a blackish rust-colored ground. These

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 477

HAZELNUT. LEAVES.

hairs often form a faint stripe on each side of the thorax, which
also shows an obtuse elevated line on its middle. Its scutel is
oval and ash-gray. Its wing covers have punctured impressed
lines, and the hairs being rubbed oif in places, irregular spots of
a rusty color are produced. The under side is clothed with short
prostrate ash-gray hairs, which are less dense upon the chestnut-
brown legs. It measures 0.30 in length, exclusive of its beak.

-flps

SUPPLEMENT.

As stated in the introduction to the present Report, a few
pages are here devoted to some of those insects which liave come
under my observation, wdiicli do not pertain to tlie noxious class
but are yet too interesting on various accounts to be withheld from
the public. The limits, however, to which I find myself restrict-
ed oblige me to omit several species which I had purposed
noticing.

210. Emasculatixg BOT-FLY, Cutevebra emasculator, new s-pecies. (Diptera.
(Estridas.)

The history of this remarkable insect will be best presented by
extracting from my manuscript notes the successive memoranda
therein entered relating to this subject.

August 13th, 1856. Peter Reid of Lakeville informs me that
his cat yesterday brought into the house a striped squirrel {Sci-
urus striatus.) On taking it into his hands he noticed its scrotum
was enormously s woollen and hard, with an orifice in it about the
size of a wiieat straw, and on pressing it with his fingers he could
distinctly feel the writhings of something alive in this tumor. On
enlarging this orifice with the point of a pen knife he discovered
it was a large grub lying with its tail to the opening. It dis-
charged at intervals three large drops of a fluid resembling gru-
mous blood mixed with purulent matter. On pressing upon it so
as to protrude the tail end of its body slightly out of the open-
ing it exerted itself to crawl out, forcing its fluids into the part
wdiich w^as out of the orifice so that it became swollen and hard,
and then regurgitating them into the body again, wdiereby the
extruded portion became soft and collapsed, thus pressing upon
and dilating the orifice, so that with three or four repetitions of

ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK STATE SOCIETY. 479

SUPPLEMENT.

this motion it worked itself out and dropped upon the floor. It
proved to be a very large soft blackish grub with numerous paler
spots. It was about an inch long and half as broad, oval,
slightly depressed, divided into segments, with its surface covered
with small, shining elevations resembling the granular surface ol
morocco leather. It had no feet or jaws that he could perceive.
On showing him the figure of the larva of (Est r us Bovis in West-
wood's Introduction, vol. ii, page 580, fig. 1, he recognizes a
resemblance to that altogether more than to any of the other
larvie figured in that part of the volume. It seemed from its
motions to be a formidable, ferocious creature. He put some
damp chip dirt into a tin box and placed it thereon, it having
been exposed to the air only about four minutes. It immediately
worked its head down into the dirt and soon buried itself, evi-
dently understanding what it was about. Mr. Reid brings this
box and the squirrel to me. I sink the box in a flower bed in my
yard and invert a glass tumbler over it. On examining the squir-
rel I find the fleshy glandular tissue of tiie testicles wholly con-
sumed, nothing of them remaining but their empty outer skin.
Mr. Reid says the fact is well known to hunters, that of the grey
and other squirrels killed in this vicinity, at least one half of the
males are castrated. It is the current opinion with them that
this deformity is caused by the squirrels' seizing and biting out
the testicles of their comrades, some of them strenuously main-
taining that they have seen these animals engaged in this act.
There are some hunters, however, that say they have found two
grubs in the scrotum of some squirrels, and they conjecture that
it is by these tliat the testicles are destroyed.

August 22, 1S5G. Mr. Ilurst, Taxidermist of the State Cabi-
net of Natural History, informs me that on one occasion he saw a
half dozen red S(piirrels {Sciurus Iludsonius) unite in mastering a
gray one (*S'. Caroliniensis) and castrating him. He liad so fair
and distinct a view that there could be no mistake as to the fact,
his eyes witnessing the very work in which the animals were
enpjaged. Query. May it not be a llrsh-tly wliicli drops its eirg
into tlie woun<l of tlie castrated squirrel, from which grows tlie
grub which Mr. Reid brought nie ?

September 1st, 185G. Mr. Reid l»rings me a striped squirrel

480 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORB"

SUPPLEMENT.

with two grubs in its scrotum, considerably torn and injured by
the coarse shot with which it was killed. These grubs are plainly
the larva of a bot-fly and not of a flesh-fly. They are placed
lengthwise in the scrotum, one forward of the other, producing a
tumor nearly an inch and a half in length. Each worm has a
cavity for itself, separated from the other, with an orifice towards
its hind part, larger than the head of a large pin. Though the
worms are probably immature the testicles appear to be entirely
consumed, but the parts are so torn that I do not attempt to trace
out the exact lesion which they have produced.

Of these two larv^ that which is lea^t injured is 0.65 long and 0.44 broad.
The other is smaller, being only 0.32 broad. They, are oval, moderately
depressed, more flattened beneath than above, rounded at one end and some-
what pointed at the other, of a coal black color and shining, the whole outer
surface being covered with slightly elevated small hard angular granules, like
shagreen, but without any projecting spines or teeth-like processes. The skin
is remarkably thick and tough like leather, and the rough angular points with
which it is covered must produce much irritation in the tumor, especially when
the worm moves. It is divided into ten segments by deeply impressed trans-
verse furrows, each segment forming a prominent ridge which is most elevated
towards its hind edge. Towards the outer side each ridge is cut across by a
conspicuously impressed longitudinal line, giving the worm a three-lobed
appearance similar to that of a trilobite fossil. On the under side is an analo-
gous impressed line, and between these at equal distances along each side are
two others less deeply indented. The mouth does not show anj^ jaws or other
appendages externally but appears like a simple elliptic orifice placed trans-
versely; and the perforation at the opposite end is similar. The specimens,
however, are so mutilated that they do not aflbrd a satisfactory examination.
The worm is much like the figure in Westwood above referred to.

July 29th, 1857. I have repeatedly raised the tumbler to see
if the Avorm buried last August had hatched, and began to des-
pair of obtaining anything from it, when to-day, to my great joy,
I find a large fly lying upon its back, dead, upon the surface oJ
the dirt in the tin box, with the ends of its wings worn off from
flying in its narrow prison, but perfect in every other respect. It
proves to be of the bot-fly family {(Estridce) and of the genus
Cuterehra of Clark, thus named from two Latin words, cutis tere-
hra^ i.e. skin borer or skin piercer, this genus being distinguished
by having the bristle of the antennae feather-like or ciliated with
a row of fine hairs along each side^ and showing a distinct orifice

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 481

SUPPLEMENT.

at the mouth — several of the bot-flies being destitute of any
opening at the mouth and taking no nourishment after they
reach their perfect state. Nine species have been described by
different authoi^ as pertaining to this genus, all of them belong-
ing to America save one which occurs in India. Nothing, how-
ever, appears to be known of the habits of the flies of this genus,
except that the larvae of two of them, w^hich are found in the
state of Georgia, reside under the skin of the rabbit. And this
species appears to be different from any of those heretofore de-
scribed. It is a large thick-bodied fly nearly three-fourths of an
inch long, its head, thorax and abdomen of the same width, with
the abdomen but little longer than wide and its smoky brown
wings of about the same length with the abdomen and held
together flat upon it. Its thorax is covered with whitish hairs
which are more dense upon the sides, where is a large black dot.
Its face is white with a large black dot uj)on each cheek, and the
last segment of its abdomen is clothed with whitish hairs.

The dirt in the box had a depth of about two inches and the
worm had penetrated to its bottom and there changed to a pupa,
its outer skin becoming dry and hard and forming the outer cov-
ering or pupa-case of the insect.

This PCPARIUM is 0.80 long and 0.40 broad, nearly cylindrical, though flat-
tened anteriorly in the region of the breast, and rounded at both ends. It is
of a tough crustaceous substance, as thick and hard as the shell of a chestnut,
and its whole surface is rough like shagreen, being crowded with elevated
black shining points, to which a coating of dirt adheres as though it were
glued thereto. It does not show any elevated transverse ridges, like those
upon the larva, but six impressed lines or sutures are very perceptible, divid-
ing it into seven segments which are mostly of equal length. The anterior one
of these segments breaks olf obliquely at its suture, to enable the fly t» escape,
the piece thus separated being a large roundish or egg-shaped scale, luore broad
than long, Ix'ing 0 30 broad, and this scale shows upon its inner surface two
curved elevated lines, which are sutures dividing it into three segments of
nearly equal length; and at its anterior end is a small fourth segment marked
by a strong depression in the surface. We thus find a total ol ten segments in
the pupa-case, the same niimber which wo saw in the larva, those representing
the head and thorax being murh (•lmnge<l and soldered together into a single
llattish piece instead of the circuhir rings which they formed in the larva.
The small anterior segment has a wide shallow notch on its forward edge, on
each side of which, exteriorly, is a round tuft or button composed of a mass

FAg. Trans.] EE

482 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

SUPPLEMEXT.

of short pale yellow hairs evenly shorn at their tips and projecting out from
the surfoce, and opposite these tufts on the inner surface is a small round spot
of the same yellow color, formed of exceedingly fine lines radiating from the
centre to the outer margin of the spot, which is bounded by an elevated ring
or hoop which is also of a pale yellow color. From this description the ento-
mologist will perceive that the pupa-case of this fly is analogous in almost
every particular with those of many other insects of this order.

The FLY is a female and measures 0.70 in length to the tip of its abdomen
and wings. Its head is black above, with close fine punctures, and is densely
covered with short erect black hairs; its under side is brownish flesh-colored,
closely punctured and clothed with white hairs which incline inward towards
the mouth. Upon each cheek, below the eye and adjacent to the outer edge
of its orbit, is a large shining black dot, in which the punctures are coarser
and more distant from each other, and the space between this and the eye is
darker brown. The antennae are dark liver-brown and have a few whitish
hairs overlying their bases, like eye-lashes. Their bristle is black at its base
and the fine hairs with which it is ciliated are whitish. The cavity in which
the antennae repose has an ash-gray reflection, and on each side between this
cavity and the eye is an elevated smooth shining space which is coarsely
punctured. The thorax is black, finely punctured and clothed with soft hairs
which incline backwards and appear of a tawny brown color when viewed
from above but when seen from the side are white slightly tinged with yellow.
Upon each side these hairs are much more dense, and half way from the wing-
socket to the lower edge of the eye is a dot formed of black hairs. The scutel
is black and clothed with black hairs. Beneath it on each side is a small yel-
lowish-white dot, from which a short white line extends outwards. The
abdomen is black, shining, densely punctured and covered with fine short hairs
which incline backwards, those at the base being longer and those on the last
segment tawny yellowish-white when viewed laterally but appearing black
"when seen from above. The segments are prolonged to the under side of the
body, where their ends are of a glaucous grayish color with a large black dot
upon each. The legs are black and covered with short black hairs, those
towards the tip of the forward thighs on the hind side being yellowish white.
The imngs are smoky brown and imperfectly hyaline. At the base on their
inner side is a large lobe of a square form with its corners rounded and its in-
ner edge slightly concave. The winglets are blackish and opake with a nar
row chestnut-brown margin.

A specimen of this same insect, sent me from west of Arkansas by AVilliam
S. Robertson, varies in having the hairs upon the last segment of the abdomen
much more dense, causing this segment to appear of a yellowish-white color,
and the ends of the other segments are but obscurely tinged with gray without
any black dot.

From what has now been stated I think that every one will
agree with me in the opinion that it is by this fly that the squir-
rels in our country are emasculatedj and that this remarkable

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 483

SUPPLEMENT.

fact in our Natural History which has hitherto been involved so
deeply in doubt is hereby satisfactorily elucidated. But what are
we then to think of the statement of Mr. Hurst, above related,
and much other testimony of the same purport. The act which
these persons aver that they have witnessed is so unnatural and
so much at variance with everything Avhich has been observed
elsewhere in the domain of nature, that no scientific writer, that
I am aware, has given any credit to these statements. Yet the
testimony appears to be too explicit and positive to be wholly
rejected. I am therefore led to believe that these animals do
attack each other in the manner that lias been stated; not, how-
ever, for the purpose of emasculating their comrades, as has been
supi^osed, but for the purpose of coming at and destroying these
bot-grubs, the enemies of their race. We know the terror which
some of these bot-flies give to the animals on which they are para-
sites, and the eftbrts which such animals make to escape from
them. The squirrel also is undoubtedly conscious that this insect
is his greatest foe; he probably has sufficient intelligence to be
aware that from the grub which is this year tormenting one of his
unfortunate comrades, will come a descendant which next year
may afflict him or some of his progeny in the same frightful man-
ner. Hence his avidity to destroy the wretch and thus avert the
impending calamity. Future observations must determine
whether this conjecture is correct. We fervently hope that the
sportsman or other person who next witnesses a squirrel over-
powered by its fellows in the manner stated, will kill that
squirrel and let the world know whether he does or does not find
in it one of these grubs. If a grub is discovered, no doubt can
remain as to the object of the other squirrels in making the attack
which they do.

The fact has repeatedly been noticed of the squirrels in our
country, that they sometimes become excessively numerous
throughout a particular district, doing much injury to the coru
and other cr(>})S of the farmer, both in the field and in the bai'n,
and that they then smUlenly disaj)pear, so that scarcely one of these
animals is anywhere seen. Writers on our Natural History avlver-
ting to this fact, say that their food becoming exhausted in the
section of country where they are thus numerous, they migrate to

484 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

SUPPLEMENT.

other districts. But it now becomes altogether more probable
that this sudden tliinning in the ranks of these creatures is caused,
not by their migration, but by their increase being suddenly
arrested by this insect. Recently the field mice have been very
abundant all over our country, and complaints were everywhere
made of apple and other trees being girdled and destroyed by
them in the winter of 1855-'56. The same causes which pro-
duced such unusual numbers of these vermin appear to have
favored the increase of other small animals also. In my own
vicinity at least, the squirrels, having been quite plenty in the pre-
ceding years, became unusally numerous last year, and from the
readiness with which individuals containing parasites were then
obtained, it is evident that the males were generally infested with
these insects. The present year, sportsmen inform me there is a
remarkable paucity in the numbers of these animals, not a quar-
ter as many being now present in the forests as were found there
a year ago. This diminution it can scarcely be doubted, has been
occasioned by the insect of which vre are treating. And when-
ever the squirrels are becoming multiplied these parasites will
rapidly increase their numbers also. We know what a multitude
of eggs a single bot-fly glues to the hairs of a horse's fore legs.
If this squirrel-fly is similarly prolific what a host of these unfor-
tunate animals will a single female mutilate, since she places only
one or two eggs in each ! By some mysterious instinct she undoubt-
edly knows whether a squirrel is already inoculated, and thus
avoids consigning a single one of her progeny where it will be
forestalled and unable to obtain the amount of nourishment which
it requires. Hence, when the numbers of these insects become
but moderately increased, as each female will be intently on the
alert to dispose of her stock of eggs, it will scarcely be possible
for a male squirrel anywhere to escape them.

Emasculated individuals are met with belonging to each of the
species of squirrel common in our country. It is a fly bred from
the striped squirrel which I have described above. Whether this
same fly attacks our other squirrels also, or whether each kind ol
squirrel has a distinct species of bot-fly peculiar to it, future
observers must determine. As there are two species of these
insects residing under the skin of our American rabbits it is quite

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 485

SUPPLEMENT.

probable there may be more than one species producing this
mutilation in our squirrels.

211. Lixtxer's BUTTERFLY, Vhnessa Lintnerii, new s^Qcies. (Lepidoptera.

Kymphalidae.)

To discover a new species of butterfly of a large size, in the
State of New York, at this day, is quite an achievement, as these
insects are such ornaments to collections that they have been
sought after with the greatest avidity, and next to the beetles, our
larger Lepidoptera have been more fully investigated and are
better known than the insects of any other order. The honor of
such a discovery belongs to I. A. Lintner, Esq., of Schoharie, a
gentleman who takes much interest in the insects of this order,
and has communicated to me several valuable facts relating to
those which inhabit the section of our State where he resides.

This butterfly is closely related to the Antiopa or White-bordered butterfly,
a species which is common upon both sides of the Atlantic. Its wings have
perfectly the same form and are similarly colored to those of the Antiopa, but
their pale border is twice as broad as in that species, occupying a third of the
length of the wings, and it is wholly destitute of the row of blue spots which
occur in Antiopa forward of the border. Its ground color is deep rusty brown,
much more tinged with liver-reddish than in Antiopa. The fore margin of
the anterior wings is black freckled with small transverse white streaks
and lines, but is destitute of the two white spots which are seen in
Antiopa. The broad outer border is of a tarnished pale ochre-yellow hue,
speckled with black the same as in Antiopa, and becomes quite narrow at
the inner angle of the hind pair. The wings beneath are simihir to those of
Antiopa, but are darker and without any sprinkling of ash-gray scales or any
whitish crescent in the middle of the hind pair, and the border is speckled with
gray and whitish in wavy transverse streaks, without forming the distinct band
which is seen in Antiopa. Any further description is unnecessary. A variety
of the Antiopa has sometimes been met with in Europe, in which tlie blue spots
are wholly wanting, and individuals occur in this country in which these spots
are faint and some of them obliterated. But this butterfly differs from the
Antiopa so decidedly in several other characters as to forbid our regarding it
as a variety of that species. Its width across the spread wings is 2.75 It was
captured in a grove of willows according to Mr. Lintncr's recollection.

212. Ikkne butterfly, Aa/Aa/is Irene, new species. (Lepidoptera. Papi
lionida3.)

A small yellow butterfly inhabiting Mexico closely resembles
those belonging to the genus Terias, but difl'ers generically in
having the feelers standing apart from each other, and long and

486 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

SUPPLEMENT.

bristly, as they are in the genus Pieris. It forms the type of a
distinct genus, named jyathalis by Boisduval, this species being
designated lole. A similar butterfly occurs in the valley of the
Mississippi, which, from a specimen received from W. S. Kobert-
son, appears to be a distinct species, differing from that of Mexico
in havii:g the under side of the fore wings destitute of a blackish
central dot, and of the three blackish spots towards their inner
angle the hindmost one is here prolonged into a broad stripe
extending to the base of the wing and slighly separated from its
inner edge; and the base of the wing. instead of its outer margin
is orange yellow. I therefore propose for this insect the above
name. It is but an inch in width across its spread wings.

213. Three-colored LiTHOSiA, j^tolmis tricolor, new species. (Lepidoptera.
Lithosiidse.)

The Vermillion-striped Lithosia, L. mmiata^ Kirby, which is the
same insect with the Gnophria vittata^ Harris, I have met with in
New- York only upon the Highlands of the Hudson. A similar moth,
but much less bright in its colors, is commonly confounded with
that species, from which it differs in having a large lead-colored
spot on the centre of its thorax, the head and also the outer mar-
gin of the fore wings, their apical edge, their inner margin and
the basal half of the stripe on their middle being nankin yellow
instead of bright Vermillion red, and the hind wings are lead-
colored on their outer margin nearly or quite to the base. This
is not rare in Washington county, and has been sent me from
Schoharie by Mr. Lintner, and from Northern Pennsylvania by
Dr. G. F. Horton. Its larva feeds upon the lichens or moss grow-
ing on the trunks of trees, the moth coming out in July.

214. Golden Lithosia, Deiopeia aurea, new species. (Lepidoptera.
Lithosiidae.)

A truly elegant little Lithosia, sent me from Savannah, Georgia,
by Mrs. Wm. G. Dickson, has the fore wings bright marigold-
yellow with four bands of round pale sulphur- yellow spots upon
a brilliant steel-blue ground, the hindmost band almost upon the
apex, its outer half abruptly widened and slightly united with
the third band, which is the broadest, and towards its outer end
is abruptly narrowed and almost interrupted. Its hind wings are

H

H
ft

I
V

1

H

(0

o

o

o

•flC
■H
CD

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 487

SUPPLEMENT.

transparent, with a dusky margin and blackisli veins. Its width

is one inch.

215. Johnson's Cicindela, Cicindela Johnsonii, new species. (Ooleop-

tera. Cicindelidae.)

Several sjDecimens of a beautiful Cicindela met with in the
bufflilo trails upon the prairies west of Arkansas were sent me
several years since by W. S. Robertson. They are 0.50 to 0.58
long, bright green or blue, the wing covers broadly margined
exteriorly with white, from which margin projects inwardly a
medial tooth, the rounded anterior end of an apical lunule, and
the nearlv obsolete posterior end of a humeral lunule; mouth
white; antenna with the four basal joints green, the fifth tawny
yellow and the apical joints brown; beneath bright blue clothed
on each side of the breast and abdomen with dense white hairs;
legs green or purple, the shanks brownish yellow. I dedicate
this species to the Hon. B. P. Jolmson, Secretary of the State
Agricultural Society, and a prominent patron of the examination
of our insects now in progress, whose assistance extended in
various ways has been of much service in facilitating my
researches.

NOTICE OF THE GIGANTIC LOCUSTS OF TROPICAL AMERICA.

The late Lieut. Charles M. Van Rensselaer, first officer of the ill-fated
steamship Central America, "VVilliam X. Ilerndon commander, which vessel
foundered at sea September, 1857, with a loss of four hundred and twenty-
three lives, and bullion to the value of nearly a million and a quarter dollars,
when on the trip next preceding that sad catastrophe, gathered at Panama and
presented to the State Agricultural Society a number of specimens of a gigantic
grasshopper or locust which he had noticed as being common at the isthmus.
From the terms in which Lieut. Van Rensselaer is spoken of by those who
were well acquainted with him in .\lbany, the place of his nativity, I doubt
not it can truly be said that of the many noble, gallant spirits in the naval
service of our country, not one survives, more noble, more gallant than he.
Public attention was strongly directed to the devastations produced by insects
of this kind, the past season, in consequence of the accounts with which our
newspapers abounded, of the swarms of grasshoppers which threatened to lay
waste portions of the territory of Minnesota. And it was probably these ac-
counts wliich prompted Liout. V. R. to obtain these specimens, and thus show
to our citizens that other countries contain creatures of this kind which are
vastly more formidable than anything with which wc have to contend in our
own favored land. As the insects which are thus brought to our notice »rc
the largest of the many sj>ccics belonging to a group which in all ages of the
• world has stood pre-eminent for its destructivencss, it is but meet tliat tbo

488 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

GIGANTIC LOCUSTS.

carefully executed figures of them which are herewith presented, Plates iii and
iv, should have a place in the Transactions of the Society, as a memento of the
lamented donor.

When we look upon these huge creatures, the Goliaths of their race, we are
led to think that the statement of Pliny is not so gross an exaggeration as has
been supposed, when he speaks of grasshoppers which are three feet in length,
with legs so large that the people use them for saws. And recollecting what
voracious cormorants the insects of this group are, the first query which arises
in the mind is. Are these insects common in the countries which they inhabit ?
And when we learn that they are often quite numerous we next ask, How then
is it possible for an}' thing to grow there .'' A dozen of these insects in one of
our gardens would in a few days utterly ruin everything therein. But the
same causes which in hot climates give such vigor to animal life as to produce
insects of this enormous size, operate equally upon the vegetable kingdom,
stimulating it to such a rapidity and exuberance of growth, such a rank luxu-
riance of development, as appears incredible and miraculous to those acquainted
only with the vegetation of temperate and cold latitudes. Hence the havoc
which these insects and hosts of others which are akin to them occasion,
becomes speedily repaired.

The migratory or Asiatic locust, which, like the Asiatic cholera among dis-
eases, stands most prominent for the sudden and sweeping destruction which
it occasions, is one of the largest insects of this kind which inhabit the eastern
continent, measuring two inches in length. But in the tropical countries of
America four different insects of the same group are met with which are nearly
or quite double the size of that noted species. And we are informed that like
it, these insects are migratory, uniting together in swarms at times when they
are numerous, taking wing, and causing the most frightful devastation in the
districts where they alight, often consuming every green thing and leaving the
spot as naked and black as though fire had passed over it. Hence the name
locust is supposed to have come from the Latin words locus ustus, signifying a
burnt place.

Whilst the IT. S. ship Portsmouth was lying in the harbor of Acapulco,
Mexico, in the summer of 1854, Lieut. Thomas Pattison informs me that per
sons visiting the vessel frequently gave accounts of the terrible havoc which
was then going on a few miles back from the coast, from swarms of large
grasshoppers which had alighted there; and some of the officers on their re-
turn from an excursion on shore, among other things related that they had
seen the limbs of trees which were thicker than a man's arm, broken down by
the numbers of these insects which had alighted upon them to feed upon the
leaves. A large grasshopper which Lieut. P. found upon the coast and which
he thought might perhaps be a straggler from these swarms, probably was not
the species concerned in this ruin, as it pertains to the group called caty-dids
or green grasshoppers (Family Gryllida} and not to the family of locusts
(^LocustidaT). These two families are readily distinguished from each other by
their antennae, which are short and of equal thickness, like a thread, in the
latter, and in the former long, slender and perceptibly tapering towards their

J*v.

^■^

.^iC'^'^M

il

m»

iS^'.'i'ii'ift '■' ■ /Ay,'/ "^■^','%;i ''^'-t'l't ^i^'^ tm^i

(•/}

d

H

'. )

*i

H

t!

■■ <3

- -

o

I— ■

^;d

•^

!^

ci>

u

M

rb

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 489

GIGANTIC LOCUSTS.

tips. As the insect presented me by Lieut. P. is remarkable for the length of
its antennae, which surpass those of any species which I find described by
authors, I here give a short account of it.

The LoNG-HORXED CATY-DiD, Acaiithodis macrocerusy has antennae four
times the length of its body and measuring eight inches or more in length. It
is five inches in width and two in length, and is of a pale dull yellow color
The head is smooth and shining, with a projecting tubercle between th
antennae, which is hollowed on its upper side like the concavity of the bowl
of a spoon, and from this hollow a wavy impressed line extends back to the
base of the head. An elevated ridge margining the sockets of the antennae has
an impressed furrow on its outer side, in which on the under side are two black
dots. The antennae are tawny yellow, towards their tips black, their basal
joint thick, cylindric, pale greenish yellow, with an oblique brown stripe on
its under side. The thorax is rough from irregular elevated M-arts and ridges,
and is crossed by two transverse grooves, in which and in the other indenta-
tions are several black dots and irregular spots. The wing covers are pale
olive green, 2.40 long and O.GO broad, widest in the middle .and rounded at
their tips, with a clear glass}^ spot on the inner base of each. The wings are
smoky blackish with pale dull yellow veins and black veinlets and a very
narrow pale hind border, and four rows of cells upon their outer margin are
colorless and transparent but not clear and glassy. The four forward thighs
have three rows of small brown spots towards their tips, the row upon their
fore sides being longest, and on their under sides is a row of five small spines.
The shanks have two rows of similar spines, of which there are about ten in
the forward row and eight in the hind one. The hind thighs have a row of
ten spines on their under side, and their shanks have on their outer sides two
rows of spines, about fourteen in the inner and one less in the outer row, and
on their inner sides two rows, the outer with thirteen and the inner with ten
spines, all these spines being tipped with black. The individual is a male and
was preserved in diluted alcohol.

The gigantic locusts of tropical America, of which as already stated there are
four distinct species, are so similar to each other in size and in several of their
most prominent and peculiar marks, that three of them were for a long time con-
founded together and were supposed to be but one or two species. Now that
we come to possess a number of specimens taken together at one locality and
see how alike these all are in their colors and other characters, it is evident that
these insects are not subject to any material variations, and that the species
into which they have been separated are well founded and are clearly distinct.
They all pertain to the genus to which authors generally have given the name
y/crydium, this genus differing from that to which the Migratory locust and
most of our common grasshoppers in this country pertain-, and to which the
name fjycusta most appropriately belongs, in having a spine or teat-like pro-
fess hanging downwards in the middle of the breast between the haunches of
the anterior pair of legs. These large species form a distinct group or section
of tliat genus, differing from all the other species in having the thorax rough,
with its anterior part elevated in the middle into a sharp-edged keel or crest
which is cut across by tliree deep transverse furrows, dividing this crest into
four lobes, as will be seen by a reference to the figures herewith presented, and
the anterior end of this crest jutting forward in a point which projects over
the base of the head. Their hind thighs also have two rows of white spots on
their outer face, those of the upper row being commonly round and the others
broad oval. In addition to this, three of these species further agree in having

490 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK STATE SOCIETY.

GIGAXTIC LOCUSTS.

the wings spotted with black in a peculiar manner, as shown in the figure on
plate iii, these spots having some resemblance to waves running from the body
outwards and becoming more dense till they pass into a border which is totally
black, upon the hind margin of the wings. The wing covers of these species
also show faint spots forming obscure transverse bands. Agreeing v.ith each
other in these several marks, it is not surprising that these insects should have
been regarded as forming but one or two species, the differences between them
being imputed to a fading of particular specimens. The four species can be
most readily distinguished from each other by the ground color of their wings.
Their names and the colors alluded to are as follows :

The Crested locust, j^crydiam cristatum, Linn. Greenish blue.

The Leader locust, ^. Dux, Drury. Brick red.

Latreille's locust, ^. Latreillei, Perty. Pale yellow.

The Half-red locust, j^. semirubram, Serville. Vermillion red, the outer
half pale green.

The females are usually three and a half inches long in each of these species
except the third, in which they measure from four to nearly four and :i ha'l
inches. Their males are remarkably smaller, being but about half the size of
the females. The Crested locust is the most common of all these gigantic
locusts, occurring in abundance along the river Amazon and other parts of
Brazil and in Cayenne. This has also received the name of White-legged
locust (albipes) from Degeer, Authors usually state this species to be four
inches in length, but my specimens received from M. Lacerda and others, each
measure as above stated. All the insects of this family, however, vary in their
size. The Leader locust inhabits the same countries with the Crested locust,
and according to Drury it occurs at Honduras also. Indeed it is probable that
each of these insects will be found in all the countries between the tropics.
Latreille's Ipcust has heretofore been known as occurring only along the Ama-
zon and in other parts of Brazil, but the specimens gathered by Lieut. Van
Rensselaer show that it is common at Panama also. Its width across the
extended wings is from eight to nine and a half inches, its thorax being 0.60
wide and 0.80 high. Its four anterior legs are an inch and a half long and the
hind pair 3. 05 to 4.10, its antennse 1.60. The specimens were preserved in
diluted alcohol, and are of a pale dull yellow color. The figures herewit
presented show the form of the several parts so distinctly that a detaile
description is scarcely necessary. According to Stoll's figures the male is ba
two and a half inches long with the colors brighter, and the wings of a rose-re>^
tint bordered and spotted with black the same as the female. The Half-red
locust has as yet been captured only in Cayenne. It differs from the other
three species in having the wings destitute of a black border and spots. It
was first made known by StoU, under the name of the Yellow-horned locust
(Jiavicarne) , and this author appears to have regarded it as identical with a
Chinese species, the Rose winged locust (j^. roseiim) of Degeer, subsequently
K\^mQd Jlavicorne in the works of Fabricius, Donovan, Serville and others.
Qence Serville changed the name to that which it now bears.

COUNTY ASSOCIATIONS.

The reports from the County Societies, of which abstracts are
given, show, that the subject of Agriculture is receiving commen-
dable attention in most of the counties of the State. In several
of the counties from which reports have been received, it is to be
regretted that more attention has not been given in securing relia-
ble returns of the products of the county, and the improvements
made in Agriculture.

The Secretary visited several counties, and delivered addresses
to the farmers — and it was gratifying to be assured that agricul-
ture is deemed of sufficient importance to secure the attention of
many of the most intelligent men in our State. The manifest
improvements in every section of the State visited, are indica-
tions of the advantages which have resulted from associated
effort. Farmers are availing themselves of the information which
is spread before them in the Transactions and agricultural jour-
nals of the day, and the superior manner in which farms are
being managed, gives assurance that their opportunities have not
been neglected.

An abstract of the census, so far as Agriculture is concerned,
is given in the preceding pages. The year in which the census
of the crops was taken, 1854, was a most luifortunate one, from
the severe drought which prevailed throughout the State, affecting
very seriously many of the crops. Still it will be seen that the
resources of the State are most ample, and the general progress
of the great agricultural interest is onward.

492 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

ALBANY.

The annual fair of the* Albany County Agricultural Society was
held at Albany on the 23d, 24th, and 25 th days of September
last. The first and second days of the fair were rainy; and the
entries, in consequence thereof, were not so numerous as they
otherwise would have been, nor were the receipts as large.

The display of horses, cattle, sheep, swine and poultry, would
compare favorably with the fair of 1855.

The manufacturers' department, household department, &c.,
WTre well filled, and the display was highly creditable to the
county.

In the horticultural department, there was but little competi-
tion, although some fine specimens of fruit and flowers were pre-
sented.

On the whole, the fair passed off very pleasantly, and closed
with an interesting and able address, from the Hon. Rufus W.
Peckham, of Albany.

The receipts and disbursements are as follows : —

Cash on hand at last report, $1,454 97

Cash from members at annual meeting,. _ 154 00

Interest on money, _ 41 99

Receipts atFair, 3,402 70

From other sources, 110 00

§5,163 66
Disbursements, _ 4,750 14

Officers^ 1857. — Joseph Hilton,President, New Scotland; C. W.
Godard, Vice President, Albany; A. F. Chatfield, Sec'y, Albany;
Luther Tucker, Treas. Albany.

L. G. TEN EYCK, Treasurer k Sec'y.

ALLEGANY. .

The annual cattle show and fair of the Allegany County Agri-
cultural Society was held at Angelica on the 30th day of Septem-
ber and 1st day of October, 1856 — there was a large attendance
and more interest than has ever before been manifested.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 493

The exhibition of cattle and sheep was not as good as usual,
owing to short feed occasioned by the extreme drouth of summer.

The show of horses, matched and single, was large and fine;
much admired by good judges.

The crops in the county (except corn) were generally very light
in consequence of the dry weather. Corn was good. Some fine
specimens of wheat and barley were presented; also of various
kinds of vegetables.

The domestic articles were w^orthy of notice. The ladies, as
usual, made a fine show of articles, which were the center of
attraction under the tent.

Some cabinet furniture was presented, manufactured in Angel-
ica, said to compare with any in the State.

The female horsewomanship on the second day, attracted the
attention of the crowd and was generally applauded, (the utility
of which is questionable.)

The funds of the Society :

Balance in hands of Treasurer, Jan. 1, 1856, §60 71

Received from members, __ 160 00

" for use of tent, „ 82 81

$303 52
Paid premiums and incidental expenses, 298 00

In Treasurer's hands, Jan. 1,1857, _ $5 52

Officers for 1857. — Richard Church, President, Angelica; James
Lockhart, Treasurer, Angelica; E. M. Alba, Corresponding and
Recording Secretary, Angelica — and six Vice-Presidents.

CATTARAUGUS.
This Society is a re-organization of the old Agricultural Society
originally formed on the 11th of November, 1841. Under the old
organization, for a period of about 13 years, the annual fairs met
witli indidt'rent success, and the interest in tlie Society — tlic
interest of those classes for whose benefit it was created — was
decidedly and uniformly cool. Occasionally, funds enough were
received to pay premiums; but, generally, those interesting lega-
cies— un])aid i)reniiums, were transmitted from year to year, legalis
homo.

494 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

Within a few years a better feeling and increasing interest have
manifestly prevailed; instead of the caricatures — furnishing food
for jesters — of former years, our county fairs are becoming fixtures
of decided interest; engaging alike the competing skill of the
husbandman, the mechanic, horticulturists — amateui'S and profes-
sional— and the ever-welcome, endless variety of useful and novel
objects, wrought by the dextrous hands of the fairest contribu-
tors to the fair.

The law passed April 13, 1855, " to facilitate the forming of
Agricultural and Horticultural Societies," under which the county
Societies are generally reorganizing, plainly contemplated the per-
manent location of the Societies and fairs — a necessity to the
success of fairs that has long been apparent to all conversant with
the working of agricultural societies. Full authority to obtain
and hold real and personal proj^erty sufficient for the use of
societies was given in that act. Viewing the subject of a perma-
nent location as vital to the future success of this Society, quite
a spirited contest was had for the location, which resulted in the
selection of Little Valley by a vote of 52, to 13 for Ellicottville
and 7 for Gowanda; and at a subsequent meeting, after correspon-
dence with various sections of the county, the location was fixed
for ten years; a lot of 10 acres leased for that term near the
village for $10, in full for the term. Substantial fences, yards,
ojQfices, &c., have been erected, and a carriage track, 80 rods in
circumference, graded, and used at the last annual fair.

The annual fair was held on the 17th, I8th and 19th of Sep-
tember. It was decidedly successful in every thing but the tent
exhibition. That was blown down twice by the severe gales that
prevailed, with clouds of dust, so that the ladies' part of the fair
was rendered comparatively of little interest, though ample
arrangements had been made for a splendid exhibition on their
part. The horse show in many respects was superior to any for-
mer one; and the cattle department was decidedly superior; some
fine Short-horns were on the grounds, a few Ayr shires and some
very superior Devons : among which were Molton, (351*,) Don
Carlos, (346*,) and other good Devon bulls; fStrawberry, (1061*)

• Registered in Devon Herd Book, vol . 2.

\ Strawberry, (1061,) thorough-bred and highly prized, owned by Messrs. Staunton &
Johnscn of EUicxjttville, was found on the morning of the 2od Oct., 1856, with her left
thigh bone broken. She was advanced to 266 days, (by Don Carlos, 346.) A skilful sur-

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 4 95

and other cows, and some very fine, young full-bloods and grades.

The entries of working oxen, steers, grade cows, heifers and
calves, sheep, swine and poultry, were probably superior to any
previous show in quality and numbers. Owing to the destruc-
tion of the Society's large tent, the mechanical department was
not so well presented as the contributions would warrant. The
exhibition of fruit was light, but that of vegetables exceeded any
former show.

Hon. John P. Hale, U. S. Senator from New^ Hampshire, delivered
the annual address on the last day of the fair, which was listened
to with profound attention by the vast assemblage; and the fre-
quent rounds of applause of the audience was a spontaneous
acknowledgment of the eloquent periods of this distinguished
orator.

The following is a summary of the receipts and expenditures :

601 members,. _ _ $501 00

81ife members, SO 00

37 pedlers, 37 00

4 carriages, _ 1 00

2,460 single admissions, 307 50

State appropriation, _ 86 00

Rent of tent, _ 40 00

Cloth and iron sold,. _ _ 9 66

Loans, 200 00

$1,262 16
Expenditures, 1,233 SI

§28 35

Officers for 1857. — President, Horace Howe, Little Valley;
Vice President, Lorenzo Stratton, Little Valley; Secretary, John
Mauley, Little Valley; Treasurer, Daniel IJuckliu Little Valley;
and six directors.

H. HOWi:, President.

geon and nn ofumlly (In h'lH line) gkilftil butcher were immediately procured; nil arrnnge-
monts made, cliUtrofonn was adniinistcrcd, and Id .'U) si c«>nds, by the Cesarean up<'rntion, a
bull calf was presented to Alc-ars. S. <t J., and nnw (4 month." old,) is a very fine ouiuial,
and destined, douhtle.sg, to become famous undiT lus n.imo of MacDL'FF.

IC7" For article on Domeslicatod Klk, see ante p. 285.

496 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

CAYUGA.

We have during the past year re-organized under the act of
April 13, 1855, and contracted for the purchase of ten acres of
land, adjoining the city on the west, and enclosed the same
with a high substantial fence. Our land will cost us $150 per
acre J is well located, with a stream of water passing through it,
and we have graded a track of half a mile upon the premises.

The receipts of our last Fair was ^2,266.44; and we have thus
far realized from subscriptions, §894.50; and have pledges for
about 1 1,000 or $1,200 more, by way of subscriptions, uncol-
lected.

We have thus far expended for materials for enclosing the

grounds, __ $1,091 16

For work and labor, _ 1,408 97

Premiums paid, _ 808 00

The cost of our Fair, 308 25

Solicit'g and collect'n of subscript'ns and other expen's, 343 98

When we commenced our new organization, we had a balance
in the treasury of $585.15, in addition to which we borrowed
$400.00, which has since been paid; and we feel we shall con-
tinue to prosper.

Officers : — President, T. H. Bentley, Weedsport; Vice-President,
Oliver Wheeler, Auburn; Secretary, Horace S. Cook, do.; Treas-
urer, Henry H. Bostwick, do.

H. H. BOSTWICK, Treasurer.

CHAUTAUQUE.

The last Fair of the Chautauque County Agricultural Society,
was a success without precedent in the twenty years' history of
the Society.

Chautauque is in no Rip Van Winkle sleep, and the records
place her by the side of her sister counties in no unenviable light.

Officers for 1857 : — President, A. S. Moss, Fredonia; Secretary,
Lorenzo Morris, do. ; Treasurer, George Rood, do.

H. J. BLISS, Secretary.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 497

CHEMUNG.

During tlie past year a very large and commodious building
has been erected by the Chemung County Agricultural Society, at
a cost of $300, leaving a considerable debt against the Society.
The building was erected at the village of Horseheads, (where
the fairs were located for five years) previous to holding the
annual fair. Notwithstanding this embarrassment, its action has
been on a larger and more liberal scale than in previous years.
Its annual fair, held on the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd of October, was
attended by a very large concourse, though the weather was unfa-
vorable during the first two days.

The exhibition of horses and cattle was very large, and of an
excellent quality. The show of stallions was very fine and far
excelled that of any previous fair held in this county. There
were also on exhibition, some excellent specimens of one year old
colts, and brood mares, and sucking colts. There was one brood
mare and colt, owned by Hiram Vanduser, of Veteran, which
cannot be beat in the State. Also a very fine show of matched
and single horses. The show of cattle was very large and fine,
and to give you some idea of the number presented for premiums,
I will say, that there were over 150 entries on the first day of the
fair. The show of milch cows far surpassed that of any previous
year since the society had an existence in Chemung county.

The specimens of sheep were not very large, but of a very fine
quality. They consisted of Merino, South-downs, grade and
mixed bloods. The committee took much pride in saying, " tliat
although the numl)er was not large, those offered were of the
very best quality." We can here say that our county is adapted
to the raising of sheep, and we are glad to notice the interest that
is manifested among tlie farmers of Chemung county, in tliat
direction. This county has always sustained the envialile repu-
tation of l)t'ing one of the best butter making counties in the
State, and tlie choice specimens of butter on exhibition at our
annual fair, warrant us in saying, that she has lost none of her
well-deserved fame.

The grain crops have not been very large, owing to its having
been very dry in many localities. There were however some very
fine samples of wheat, barley and oats.

[Ag. Trans.J Ff

498 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

Wheat. — Horace Bennett, of Big Flats exhibited a very fine
sample of winter wheat, said to have harvested 27 i bushels
per acre. William Johnson of Big Flats, 25 bushels per acre;
and John Ross of Horseheads, 23 J per acre.

Barley. — John Carpenter of Horseheads, harvested 48 bushels
2 quarts, from one acre and 22 rods.

Oats. — Matthew Staring of Horseheads, 71 J bushels per acre;
Judah Rowley, of Big Flats 67 1 per acre.

There were also some very fine samples of clover seed; one by
J. McConnel of Horseheads, one-quarter of an acre producing 4
bushels 5 quarts. Also one by William Johnson, of Big Flats,
one-quarter acre producing 3^ bushels.

Plowing Match. — The plowing matcn came off on the forenoon
of the second day, and an unusual interest was manifested. A
very large concourse of people assembled to witness it, and it
has been seldom, that we ever witnessed a better and more suc-
cessful exhibition of the plowman's skill. The ladies' department
displayed much taste.

The annual address was delivered in our new Floral hall, by
the Rev. Dr. Murdock, of Elmira. It was one of the Doctor's
very best, and was listened to by a large and attentive audience,
who seemed to highly appreciate the importance of the subject.

Officers for 1857. — President, John N. Beers, Horseheads;
Treasurer, AdamL. Staring, do.; Secretary, John F. Dean, do.;
Corresponding Sec'y, L. H. Turner, do. — S Vice Presidents, and
9 Directors.

JOHN F. DEAN, Recording Sec^y,

CHENANGO.

The Chenango County Agricultural Society, held its 11 th
annual Fair at Norwich, on the 24th and 25th days of September
last. The attendance was good, and show fully equal to any
previous one.

There were 728 entries made as competitors for premiums.
The show of cattle and horses is not excelled any where, not
even at the State Fairs. The other departments are in a flour-
ishing condition.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 499

The receipts from all sources for the year was, $1,014 83

Balance in treasurer's hands, 452 85

$1,467 68
Paid premiums and expenses, 1856, 1 ,018 90

Balance in treasury, December 31st, 1856, $448 78

The season has been a dry one, and many of the crops were
seriously injured. Hay was fair, crop ^ short; corn was short {;
oats was short J; potatoes, a good crop, free from disease.

The staple products of the county are butter and cheese, which
have been cut short some by the drought; it was nearly an ave-
rage one, and commanded a good price. Butter from 20 to 25 cts.
per lb.; cheese from 8 to 10 cts. per lb.

The farmers of the county are in a prosperous condition, and
will continue so as long as the present price for their products is
maintained.

We had a good address delivered by E. P. Smith, Esq., himself
a good farmer and a practical man, and knows how to hold
the jjIow.

The annual meeting of the Chenango county Agricultural
Society was held at the court house in Norwich, on the 6th of
January, 1857.

Mr. Wells submitted his annual report as treasurer, which
showed tlie finances of the Society as above reported.

Officers ff the Society for 1857:— President, Isaac Foote, Jr.,
Smyrna, and seven vice-presidents; Secretary and Treasurer, Jon-
athan Wells, Norwich.

The conmiittee on grains awarded to Cyrus Hartwell of North
Norwich, for the best acre of winter wheat, a premium of $5; 25
bushels per acre.

To Asa Ilanington, of Sherburne, for the best s])riyg wheat
niised from one acre, (15 rods short), 33 bushels and 20 quarts
of black sea, by measure, §5.

To J. G. Swift, of Sherburne, for the best acre of corn, $5.

To Ira Crain, of Sherburne, for best acre of oats, $4, ami fur
the best half acre of potatoes, $4.

Acconiftanying tin* rej>()rt of the committee, were statements
showing in detail the modes of i»lowing, planting and cultiva-

500 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

ting, practiced by the several gentlemen to whom premiums

were awarded.

J. WELLSj Sec^y and Treasurer.

CLINTON.

The fair was held at the United States Barracks; the weather
proved quite unfavorable, notwithstanding which, however, a very
fair number were in attendance. The show of horses was very
good and it is believed could hardly be surpassed by any county
in the State. The Black Hawks were particularly conspicuous.

Of cattle, the show was good, although it is known that many
choice herds in distant parts of the county were withheld on
account of the unfavorable weather.

Of sheep and swine, the show was quite limited. Poultry, very
few offered. Dairy, the show was limited but good. Fruit, very
superior exhibition, one person showing 110 choice named varie-
ties of apples, and another person 36 varieties of pears, together
with smaller lots — and other varieties of fruits in less quantities.

Of flowers, some fine collections were offered. Of miscellaneous
and domestic manufactures, farming implements, &c., &c., the
show was moderately good.

The annual address was delivered by General Orville Clark,
and was listened to with marked attention.

It is believed that the receipts of our fair would have been
doubled, had we been favored with good weather.
The Treasurer's account shows remaining in his hands

at last report, _ _ $28 31

Received from State Treasurer for 1 855 , 84 00

do do 1856, _ 84 00

do do special appropriation,-. 84 00
do members' cards and gate fees, 350 33

$630 64

Paid premiums, $417 00

do expenses, 189 80 606 80

Balance, $23 84

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 601

The payment of a portion of our prizes in Transactions of the
State Society and American Institute, and Agricultural, Horticul-
tural and Mechanical publications has been found to work well
and gives general satisfaction. There has been, it is true, fault
found occasionally by persons whose only object in joining the
society is to make mone}*, and who take no interest whatever in
its prosperity. The opinion of such persons is of little conse-
quence. It is believed that the intelligent portion of the com-
munity appreciate the propriety of our course in this respect.
In the payment of our prizes we have distributed the following :

Fifteen copies of the Country Gentleman; eighteen do. Rural
New-Yorker; sixteen do. Horticulturist; two do. American Agri-
culturist; six do. Cultivator; jfive do. Genesee Farmer; one do.
Plow, Loom and Anvil; one do. New England Farmer, (weekly) —
sixty-four copies of periodicals for the year 1857. Twenty-five
volumes Transactions.

The tlianks of the society were voted to the Hon. Jefferson
Davis, Secretary of War, and to Quartermaster General Jessup,
for the use of the U. S. Earracks and grounds.

The annual meeting of the Executive Committee was held at
the court house on the ISth December, at which several applica-
tions for premiums on field crops were presented, which were
referred to a committee who reported that the statements were
in every case insufficient to authorize them to award premiums
thereon; this they regretted, as some of the crops were without
doubt, deserving of premiums.

The terms on which the society offers its prizes on crops are,
that the applicants shall furnish an accurate statement showing
the character of the soil, its condition at the commencement of
cultivation for the crop. Tlie previous crop and cultivation and
quantity of manure used thereon, and the kind and quality of
manure and seed used the present season, the time and manner
of putting in — cultivating and harvesting the crop — the amount
of tlie crop, determined by actual weight or measurement and
the expense of cnltivation. To furnish these particulars correctly
the fai'mer should keep an exact account with every crop as it
progresses. — The object of the society is to induce a system of
improved cultivation, and the statements required detailing the

502 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

mode by which extraordinary crops are produced, being published
by the society, the community have the benefit of it.

Officers for 1857 — President, J. H. Sanborn. Plattsburgh; Sec-
retary, John L. Stetson, do.; Treasurer, Edwin Benedict, do.; and
11 Vice Presidents.

JOHN W. BAILEY, President.

Platfshurghj Dec. 24, 1856.

COLUMBIA.

The annual fair and cattle show of the Columbia County Agri-
cultural Society was held at Chatham four corners, on the 24th,
25th and 26th days of September, 1856. The attendance was very
large all through the fair. The exhibition was one of the best
in all respects, ever held in old Columbia. The first day was
devoted to the arrangement of the different kinds of stock and
fancy articles; the show of cattle was on the first day. The sec-
ond day we had a very spirited plowing match in the forenoon ;
and in the afternoon a very fine display of horses, both matched
and single; also, the trial of speed horses. The third day was
devoted to the display of fancy horses and female horsemanship.
The show of farm implements was very fair. The fancy articles
and home manufactures reflected great credit upon the fair con-
tributors; too much praise cannot be awarded them.

That the farmers in the county feel a very great interest in this
pleasant anniversary, was manifest by the large numbers that
attended. The influence of such gatherings must be beneficial.
It stimulates competition in the various modes of husbandry and
production of crops, brings the people of different towns together
to relate their experience, compare their stock, and kindles a gen-
erous enthusiasm and kindly neighborhood feeling among them.
They gather new ideas and encouragements, and in turn impart
them to others. On the whole, I believe and know the operations
of the Society are diffusing a beneficial influence in the county.

The Society has purchased fifteen acres of land, and fenced the
same with a durable fence, for the purpose of holding their
annual fairs. We have built a very durable building upon the
fair ground, one hundred feet long by forty wide, in which we
show our fancy articles and vegetables; and we have a very fine

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 503

half mile track to show our horses; and two rows of pens for the
diiferent kinds of stock, through the middle of our grounds.
Our fair grounds are in the town of Ghent, about one-fourth of a
mile from the village of Chatham four corners, or from the rail-
road depot.

At the annual meeting of the Society, held on the 6th day of
September, the Society re-organized under the statute of 1855,
and the following gentlemen were elected officers of the society :

President, E. W. Bushnell, of Hillsdale, and five vice-presi-
dents; Secretary, J. D. Shufelt, Ghent; Treasurer, L. D. Gifford,
Chatham four corners.

The financial condition of our Society is as follows :

Receipts :

To amount received by subscription, §852 00

To amount received on the days of the fair, of members

and admission at gate, 1,681 57

In hands of treasurer at date of last report, 69 37

$2,602 94
Expenditures :

To cash paid for premiums as per vouchers, $512 00

To cash paid for the first payment of the fair grounds

to Mr. Samuel Eullis, 800 00

To cash paid for building and fencing and preparing

the fair grounds, 1,283 39

$2,595 39
Balance in the hands of treasurer, ^1 55

The annual address was delivered to a large assemblage of
farmers and farmers' sons and daughters, in our large building
upon the fair ground, by M. Sanford, Esq., of Hudson.

ELISHA W. BUSHNELL, President,

Hillsdale^ Dccemher 30, 1856.

504 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

CORTLAND.

The Executive Committee met in April, and made out a pre-
mium list amounting to $700.

The eighteenth annual fair was held upon the grounds of the
Society in Homer, on the 23d, 24th and 25th days of Sept. The
weather w^as pleasant, with the exception of the morning of the
second day, and everything passed off to the satisfaction of all
parties.

The plowing match took place on the morning of the first day,
the number of competitors was large. After the plowing, the
members of the Society, with their wives and daughters, partook
of a substantial dinner, prepared by L. Van Anden, and then
adjourned to the Presbyterian church, and listened to a splendid
poem by Lloyd Glover of Boston, followed by an off-hand, practi-
cal address by S. B. Wool worth, L.L. D.

The second day was wholly occupied by the general exhibition.
The show of stock was considered superior to any previous one in
the county; 210 head of cattle, 192 horses, 101 sheep were entered
for premiums, besides many animals which were brought upon
the ground merely for exhibition. Other departments w^ere
equally well represented.

The ladies' riding match came off on the morning of the third
day. The manner in which the young ladies acquitted them-
selves was worthy of all praise. After the riding was the show
of horses in harness, when, as a close, Mr. Glover repeated his
poem, by special request, and the reports of the various commit-
tees were read.

The annual meeting was held in Cortland village, Dec 3d. For
the premiums offered on field grain crops, no application was
made.

Root Crop. — The Committee report but one application, and
that by Moses Kinney of Truxton, who made the following state-
ment:— The ground was sward; plowed in the fall; manured in
the spring with rotted manure, ten loads on the piece; then cul-
tivated and plowed shallow with a corn plow; then dragged and
sowed about the first of June; hoed twice and harvested the first
of November; three hundred bushels on sixty rods of ground,
equal to eight hundred bushels per acre.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 505

Finances :

Balance in treasury from year 1855, $486 09

Eeceived from annual members and admission tickets

to annual fair, 1856, 1,157 45

Received from Horace White (special premium,) 25 00

Received for rent of stand at fair, _ 25 00

Received for interest on loan, ^.. 22 52

§1,716 06

Amount of premiums and expenses paid for year 1856, 711 09

Balance in treasury, 1 ,004 97

Officers for 1857. — President, A. S. Chamberlain, Homer; Sec-
retary, S. E. Kingsley, Homer; Treasurer, Morgan L. Webb, Cort-
landville; Corresponding Secretary, Chas. P. Beach, Homer; and
four Vice-Presidents.

DELAWARE.

Delaware is one of those unfortunate counties which, though
paying yearly a large sum for internal improvements in the State
has never been benefited to an amount equal to the money paid.
It is true much money was loaned and lost by the State, while
attempting to aid in the construction of the New- York and Erie
raili'oad, designed for the benefit of this as well as other southern
counties, yet the road as now located and completed does not
benefit the inhabitants of the county as much as is generally
believed throughout the State. It runs upon an extreme l)order;
and a large share of our produce still finds its way to Catskill or
Kingston, on the Hudson, in preference to Deposit or Hancock on
the Erie road. The transi)ortation of goods or j)roduce, to or
from New-York, to the central or northern part of the county,
costs more than at Buffalo or Oswego. With all of these incon-
veniences the inliabitants of Delaware have prospered for the
year past. The drouth of June and July seriously injured sonic
of our crops, but as tliere was much more land sown and ])lantcd
in the county than in years past, we shall be less dependent upon the
importation of foreign flour and feed than usual. The season of 1854
tauglit us a lesson not easily forgott<Mi. Instead of relying as at

506 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

that time upon the produce of dairy for the purchase of bread,
almost every farmer has raised his acre or two of wheat and corn,
with rye, oats and buckwheat, as his wants have suggested. It
is almost a universal expression with farmers, " I will try to raise
my own bread as long as I have land to do it."

Dairying and raising stock is the main dependence of the
cctinty. There are some good flocks of sheep, but their numbers
are yearly diminishing.

The amount of butter made the present year is probably some-
what short of the quantity made in 1855, with a slightly dimin-
ished price as compared with that year. Most of the butter has
been sold in New- York, at from 23 to 26 cents per lb.

The Society held its fifteenth annual fair at the village of Wal-
ton, on the 24th and 25th of September. The concourse of people
assembled was probably never equaled in the county. The ground
enclosed for the exhibition contained nearly five acres, was well
furnished with tents, buildings, pens, stalls, &c., and nearly every
department filled with animals or articles for exhibition.

The total number of entries was 576, among which were 64
horses and colts, 207 head of cattle including 50 yoke of oxen
and steers, each class containing superior animals of their kind,
with a good show of the different breeds of sheep and swine; 13
entries in the dairy department; 79 of fruit and vegetables; 21
for sugar and honey of a quality seldom equaled, with the usual
quantity of miscellaneous articles, many of them deserving a
more special notice. The ladies' department was one of the most
attractive in the exhibition. The articles were well arranged
and a credit to those presenting them. There were 66 competi-
tors for premiums, and $120 awarded, each drawing according to
the merit of the articles exhibited, none drawing less than the
amount paid for membership.

The fair closed with an address by the Hon. A. E. Dickinson,
delivered in his usual forcible and impressive manner, containing
much general and practical information and was listened to with
interest by the thousands who were able to get within reach of
his voice. The hearty cheering at the close manifested the spirit
in which it was received. A copy of the address was requested
for publication.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 507

A comparative view of the condition of the Society may be
seen by a statement of the three last and most prosperous years.

1854, premiums paid, §359.00, leaving a debt of, §28 40

1855, " " §464.65, paid for tent §125, surplus 214 97

1856, " " §653.55, leaving now in treasury,. 380 58
The amount paid for premiums has been nearly doubled, and

yet the funds are yearly increasing. The present prosperity of
the Society may be in a great measure attributed to changing the
location of the fair, from year to year. Its officers have ever
been of the opinion that a permanent location of the lair would
be detrimental to this or even the State Society.

Officers^ 1857: — President, D. C. Thomas, Stamford; Treasurer,
Hiram Olmstead, Walton; Secretary, T. B. Meigs, Delhi.

Finances :

Cash on hand, January 3, 1856, §214 97

Cashfrom State,.. 106 00

Cash at fair, 628 60

Cash from citizens, Walton, 380 58

$1,244 10

Paid premium expenses, 1855, _ §11 02

Paid expenses, 1856, 224 10

Paid premiums, 1856, 628 40

Cash in treasury, 380 58

,244 10

Grain and Root crop.
Spring wheat, E. lioe, 17^ bushels per acre; Sprinfi; wheat, L.
Ilaiiford, 16 J do.; Corn, E. St. John, 76 J do.; Buckwlieat, W. B.
llanfcrd, 39^ do.; Potatoes, E. Olmstead, 294 do.; Potatoes, II.
A. Rogers, 276 do.; Kuta baga, H. Olmstead, 382 Jiall'acrc.

DUTCHESS.

This Society was formed in the year 1841. The farmers of
the county were from the first higlily interested in its welfare; for
they thought they saw in it a means of improvement in agricul-
ture. In this I think it may be said with safety, they have not
been disappointed. They have given their money liberally, have

508 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

attended tlie fairs, liave exhibited tlieir stock, their farming
implements, their fruit, their flowers, the produce of their farms,
the handiwork of their wives and daughters, in such profusion,
that every exhibition of the Society, from first to the last, has
been a complete success.

The last annual fair, held at Washington Hollow on the 23d
and 24th of September, 1856, was no exception; on the contrary,
the attendance and receipts were greater than ever before, and the
exhibition itself was, in the whole, fully equal to any former one.
In some respects it excelled, in others it fell short; but all were
agreed that the articles shown at our fairs are improving in qual-
ity from year to year. All the animals of the last exhibition
were evidently far superior to those of the first. The vegetables,
grain, fruit, flowers, produce of dairy, farm implements, domestic
manufactures and needle work, exceeded, in point of excellence
and arrangement, that of any former one.

In the stock department, tlie number of cattle entered was as fol-
lows : Short-horns, 26 ; Bevons, 3 ; Herefords, 1 ; Ayrshires, 7 ; native
and cross-blood cattle, 35; working cattle, 46; fat cattle, 8; horses
for all work, 69; thorough-bred horses, 2; jacks, 1 ; swine, 20; long-
wooled sheep, 29; middle wool, 18; Merino, 16; Saxon, 17; cross
blood and common, 19; fat sheep, 8. The Short-horns were
considered very superior, many of them having been bred from
the best imported animals. The farmers of the county have
become thoroughly aroused to the importance of improvement in
domestic animals, and Short-horn cattle seem to get a full share
of their attention. It can be said with perfect safety that in no
county of the Union has more money been expended for importa-
tion and improvement of Short-horn cattle than in this; not only
men of wealth but many of moderate means are extensively and
successfully engaged in this branch of agriculture. Other kinds
of thorough-bred cattle are also receiving attention. Those
exhibited were superior animals, but judging from the number
entered, they are not so extensively bred as the Short-horns. The
natives and cross breeds were also very good. Many farmers
who have not the means or are not disposed to engage in breeding
full-blooded stock, have, by a judicious system of crossing and
good keeping, succeeded in rearing a race of animals far superior
to those of twenty years since. The fat cattle, although not

%•

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 509

numerous, were good. Of working cattle there was a large number,
all handsome, in fine condition, and some of them remarkably well
trained ; they were mostly native and grade cattle, but a few Devons.
There was a fine displaj of horses, better than ever before, both
as to numbers and quality But few of them were raised in the
county, but there was no lack of pride or interest in the noble
animals, and they arrested tlie gaze and admiration of the thou-
sands in attendance. The swine were also good, but the num-
ber was small. Of sheep there were about the usual number.
For market sheep it would be impossible to say which was the
favorite, the long or the middle- wooled. There was the greatest
number of the former. Much attention has been given to these
two breeds of sheep, and there are now many fine flocks of them
in the county. For fine wools the Merino seem to be now taking
the leaxl. The cross-breeds were also well represented, and many
good animals were found among them.

The Hall was filled to overflowing with the finest of vegetables
and grain, delicious fruits, beautiful boquets of flowers, arranged
with much taste and skill; fancy needle-work, various articles of
domestic manufacture, paintings, drawings, and many other things
impossible to mention here — all showing the varied productions of
the soil and the industiy, skill and enterprise of its people.

The Society have extensive enclosed grounds, and, as it was
thought at the tim3 of erecting them, permanent buildings, of
ample size, to hold all articles that miglit be presented for exhi-
bition; but experience has proved them insulficient, and arrange-
ments are now being made to enlarge them, and for erecting
suitable sheds and stables to shelter all animals tliat may be on
ex]iibiti(m at any future fairs. These additions will undou])tedly
be speedily made, when we may confidently look for still greater
i]nj)rovements in the condition of the Society.

Condition of the treasury :

T(jtal amount received, $1,327 54

Kxi»enditures, _ _ 1 ,243 80

In hands of treasurer, _ $83 74

Officemfor J 857. — President, Duniel B. Haight, Dover Plains;
a Vice President from each town; Treasurer, Richard T. Cornell,
Clinton Corners; Secretary, George Sweet, Wasliington Hollow.

GEO. SWEKT, Secretary.

510 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

ERIE.

Officers for 1857. — Erastus Wallis, President, Willink; George
W. Scott, Treasurer, Bufifalo; James M. Payne, Secretary, East
Aurora.

ESSEX.
Officers for 1857. — E. W. Rogers, President, Wliallonsburgh;
Samuel Hand, Secretary, Elizabetlitown; W. W. Root, Treasurer,
Elizabetlitown.

FRANKLIN.

We are able to report that our prosperity is equal to that of
former years. Premiums were offered by the Board of Managers
amounting to $770.00, of which the Judges awarded $554.00.

The annual fair was held in the village of Malone, Sept. 24th,
25th and 26th, and notwithstanding that two State fairs were held
near us, it was as well attended and as successful as any previous
fair.

The number of entries was upwards of 600. Thirty yoke of
fine oxen seemed to make the strongest impression of anything in
the stock department.

There w^as a good display of horses among w^hich were several
spans well-matched.

The annual address was delivered by the Hon. Henry N. Brush,
and was not unworthy of its author.

The lease of the ground which the society received free from
Wm. Andrus, Esq., having nearly expired, the board deeming it es-
sential to its future prosperity that it should own grounds on which
permanent and convenient buildings could be erected, have pur-
chased 10 acres of land for $1,000. The society will continue to
add improvements in the way of buildings, shade trees, &c., and
we hope to render it worthy of the object for which it was
designed.

The annual meeting was held on the 8th of January, and the
following oflB.cers elected for the ensuing year.

William Andrus, President; Samuel Man, Vice President; J.

R. Seaver, Secretary; R. R. Stevens, Treasurer; Joseph Wilson,

James G. Dickey, Directors.

D. R. SPERRY, Secretary.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 511

FULTON AND HAMILTON.
The Fulton and Hamilton County Agricultural Society held
their annual fair and cattle show in the village of Johnstown, in
the county of Fulton, on the 2d day of Oct., 1856.

The exhibition, under all the circumstances, was very credit-
able to the counties; the usual amount of interest appears to be
manifested therein.

The receipts and disbursements of the Society were as follows :

Received — Cash on hand of last year, $10 19

" raised by subscription, _ 97 00

«' entry fees, 37 72

" of State Treasurer, 60 00

$204 91
Paid — Cash for premiums awarded, $172 25

Expenses, 26 81

$199 06

Balance on hand, _ $5 85

Officers for 1857. — President, Elisha Briggs, Johnstown; Vice-
President, Isaiah Yauncy, Johnstown; Treasurer, Baltus Heagle,
Johnstown; Secretary, Joseph W. Case, Johnstown.

D. CAMERON, Secretary.

GENESEE.

The first exhibition of the Genesee County Agricultural Society,
under its new organization, took place Oct. 8th, 9th, and lOtli.
it attracted by far tlie largest gathering of people ever witnessed
in tliis county on any similar occasion, and was in every respect
higlily successful, and reflected credit upon its ofiicers. Visitors
seemed pleased with tlie display, pleased with themselves and
delighted with their neighbors.

The occasion was imj)roved to compare the products of skill
and labor, to gain valuable information, to excliange civilities, to
form new acquaintances and io revive old friendsliip. The
weather was most j)ro])itious, not a cloud obscuring the sky on
either day, and the temijcraturc of the atmosphere most favorable.

512 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

The grounds of the society are situated on " Eig-tree street,"
about one mile east of the village of Batavia, containing about
twenty-one acres, well laid out, and most of it substantially fenced
seven feet high. Within the enclosure is a fine course, half a
mile in circumference, for the display of horsemanship, and the
exhibition of hoi^es for carriages and for the saddle. Every
convenience which suggested itself to tlie officers in the way of
affording facilities to visitors and exhibitors was placed at their
disposal.

The display of cattle w^as fine, and in quality has certainly
never been surpassed at any previous exhibition in this county.
The display of horses was quite numerous, there being 117
different entries, and some of superior value and excellence.
The show of sheep and swine was good.

The exhibition of agricultural implements was of the highest
order, and creditable to the society and the exhibitors. The best
show of agricultiu'al implements by C. R. Brinkerhoff & Co.
would vie with any exhibition in the State. The improved com-
bined reaper and mower of Ketcham, and the self-holding plow
invented by Mr. Brinkerhoff, always attract attention.

The ladies' fair took place within a mammoth tent, and inclu-
ded within it the exhibition of fruit, flowers, vegetables, the pro-
ducts of the dairy, articles of domestic manufacture, fancy arti-
cles of embroidery and needle work, paintings, drawings, &c. &c.
This was one of the most important and attractive features of the
exhibition. This display was abundant in quantity and superb
in quality.

The show of mechanical arts was good.

The equestrian display by the ladies was a " brilliant and ani-
mating spectacle, and attracted the largest crowd which assembled
during the fair." Seven ladies contested for the prizes, and the
skill displayed was in " the highest degree decorous, and did not
offend the taste or modesty of any person present. It was a beau-
tiful display of horsemanship, showing the skill, intrepidity and
womanly grace ;" two of them were but ten and eleven years old.

The plowing match was quite exciting; there were fourteen
competitors.

The fair closed with an able address by H. T. Brooks, Esq.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 5 13

Since the track has been prepared for the exhibition, and for
training and testing the speed of horses, there never has been
such an exhibition of trotting horses in this county. There were
twenty-five hoi*ses in the several classes, competing for eleven
prizes in the whole; and what was remarkable among so many
drivers, there was no contention cxv unfairness, but all passed off
agreeably, and was highly gratifying and satisfactory to the peo-
ple who witnessed the exhibition of this department, so far as
regards the display.

The aggregate amount received for tickets, at the gates and
donations, was $3,473.20. The whole amount paid out for the
land, for fencing and preparing the fair grounds and premiums
was, §3,482.06. Notes on hand, §210.00.

At our first organization we numbered about 12 or 15 members;
we now number between 700 and 800.

Officers for 1857. — President, C. E. Oriatt, Batavia; Vice Pres-
idents, Nelson Parker, Elba, Leander Douglass, Stafford; Secretary
Thomas Gates, Batavia; Treasurer, H. T. Cross, Batavia.

EDON FOSTER.

Batavia J Feb. 3, 1857.

JEFFERSON.

Tlie annual fan- was held at Water town, September 17 th and
18th, and was a very interesting one, showing the deep interest
which is taken in the advancement of Agriculture, by the dinners
of the county. The entries of animals 514, miscellaneous 446.

REPORT OF THE VIEWING COMMITTEE.

The viewing committee report that they have made the tour of
the county, passing through the towns of Le Ray, Philadelphia,
Wilna, CliaMi])ion, Rutland, Rodman, Worth, Adams, Henderson
and Watertown. Owing to the late day appointed for starting,
and the limited time that could be devoted by your committee to
the object, we have not been able in all cases to examine as
thoroughly as we could have wished; but by dint of five days'
hard riding, we have visited all the aj)}>licants save one. As this
was in tlie extreme south-western part of the county, we could
not reach it consistently with nnr j»rivate engagements. It has
been to us a source of unfeigned i>l<'asure thus to take a bird's-
eye view of a considerable portion of the county; thus hastily to
[Ag. Trans.J Cig

514 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

look in upon some of the best farms and gardens and dairies
among us: and we take this occasion, on belialf of the Society, to
tender our acknowledgments for the uniform kindness and cour-
tesy with wliich we have been received, and the generous, cordial
hospitality with which we have been entertained.

Our county, though suffering to some extent from drought, dur-
ing a part of the summer, yet gives cheering evidence of general
prosperity. Tlie hay crop of the present season has not, as a
whole, been exceeded for many years. It was probably mowed
and seciu'ed in fine order. The butter and cheese dairies prom-
ise an abundant yield. Grain will, we think, prove a full average
crop — all of which are selling at highly remunerative prices.

No long continued scorching drought, or grass-hopper scourge
has passed with blighting influence over our fields, presaging dis-
tress and want and famine. The rain and dew and genial sun-
shine have not been withheld. Tlie labors of the husbandman
have been crowned with blessings, for wliich we ought to be
devoutly grateful to the Great Giver of good.

The fair average crops and extreme prices of the past few
years have added largely to the aggregate w^ealth of our farmers.
Many by long industry have, in a legitimate farming business,
amassed fortunes. Many others still have acquired an abundant
competence, earned by hard labor and saved by strict economy.

Your committee were much pleased to observe in and about
many of our farm houses an air of comfort and refinement — a
paiseworthy ambition in the direction of improvement — an evi-
dently increased attention to matters of taste in buildings, yards
and fences. We passed some streets and neighborhoods tliat pre-
sented an aspect of rural beauty rarely equaled in any purely
Agricultural country. How easily might these scenes of beauty
be multiplied and reproduced at every corner. We think the
farmers of Jefferson county can consistently, with a sound econ-
omy, afford to spend a little more of time and money in beautifying
and embelishing their homes — in supplying their houses with
books and papers — their grounds with trees and flowers and
fruits, and whatever else may tend to make the old home farm a
place of fond memories and beautiful associations — with whatever
may tend to make farm life, not a ceaseless round of drudgery
and toil of twelve to fifteen hours of incessant daily labor, but

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 515

what it ought to be, an occupation not only healthful and enno-
bling, but pleasant and attractive to the young; not without its
days and hours of recreation and leisure — of opportunities for
moral and mental culture. Thus shall your children gather
around you to love and honor the' calling of their fathers.

Your Committee regret that so few farms were entered for pre-
miums. Among those entered there are none which, in our
judgment, are worthy of the first prize. So long as we have within
our bounds numbers of farms every way worthy of the first pre-
mium, we are unwilling to award it to a farm falling in any
respect short of a very high standard of excellence in thrift, cul-
tivation and legitimate improvements.

We are sorry to say that in our travels we found no farmer who,
by a general system of experiments, had developed facts decidedly
new or interesting in agricultural science. We say carefully con-
ducted experiments — experiments such as housing manure and
proving its comparative value over that which goes through tlie
usual leaching process — of saving and applying liquid manures,
&c., — of testing by experiment certain theories in reference to the
manufacture and keeping qualities of butter and cheese.

What agricultural science needs, are facts and experiments in
contradistinction to mere theories.

The farm to which we have awarded the second premium, Wm.
P. Babcock, Champion, is finely situated along the base of the
Cliam])ion hills — lias a tasteful and substantial dwelling house,
fronted by a beautiful grove of 25 acres, containing a sugar
orchard of 500 to 700 trees. The dwelling house is what a farm
house should be, of moderate size, simple and convenient in its
arrangement, finished and painted throughout. Tlie ceHar is espe-
cially worthy of mention. It is divided into two large rooms,
neatly plastered, and with a lloor of solid cement, and seemed
entirely free from those noisome vapors so common in underground
rooms. The farm is largely provided with out-houses, suoli as
cheese house, ashery, ice house, shop and tool house, horse barn,
grain and cattle barns, &c., all in first-rate repair and neatly and
tidily kept. It has a well k<'pt garden and yard, and the grounds
are remarkably Ircu fn^ni the unsightly rubbish which is so apt to
accumulate about a farmer's door. It is fenced with 280 rods post
and rail fence, 680 rods stone wall, and the balance staked and

516 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

capped, and all in good repair. There are 30 acres under the
plow, 35 in meadow, 50 in pasture, and 25 in wood.

The usual crops are raised with a high average yield. From
two to three tons of plaster are annually sown. Manny's mower
and reaper is in use at an estimated saving of 33 per cent.
Farm work is done with oxen and horses, and the farm is now
stocked with young cattle. This farm has a light sandy soil, with
a slight sprinkling of clay and subsoil of clay. It has a general
appearance of thrift and high culture, and with some few improve-
ments would in our judgment be entitled to the first prize.

We were very much pleased in this day of fast young men and
fast horses, to hear the proprietor's son speak decidedly as he did
in favor of oxen as an economical and convenient team for farm
use. We endorse his sentiments most fully.

The farm to which we award the third premium, Hart Massey,
Water town, is situated one mile west of this village. It has a
substantial stone farm house, with out-buildings and fences iu a
very fair state of repair. The soil is gravelly, with a mixture of
clay, and gives evidence of systematic culture. The usual crops
are raised with good yields. The owner has been remarkably
successful in the cultivation of wheat, having raised 30 bushels
winter wheat per acre the present season, and 30 bushels of spring
wheat per acre for the last two years.

Farmers of Jefferson county, you certainly have among you
first class farms and first class farmers — farms of high and clean
culture from front to rear, with buildings and appendages in first
rate order, with improvements worthy of notice and encourage-
ment.

Your Committee have been called upon to visit only three. Can

we not by some means have a little more of that competition
which is the life of business '?

The competition in butter and cheese is quite extensive. The
dairies of butter examined, with one or two exceptions, aie deci-
dedly good, and several are in most respects very superior. The
butter dairymen of this county need not be told that their butter
ranks high among the best judges, and that it is very much sought
for, especially for the Boston trade. It is undoubtedly true that
our butter, as a w^hole, has been very much improved within the
last few years; that is to say, there are many more first class
dairies now than five years ago.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 5 17

Tour Committee would be glad to be able to say that in their
judgment there had been a corresponding advance in the quality
of our first class dairies. These, though excellent in most respects,
are certainly susceptible of improvement. Wliere we now find
here and there a dairy that is entirely sweet, with no bad tubs or
churnings, that as a whole is fit for family use, we ought to be
able to find numbers.

It is entirely practicable in tliis climate, when butter is once
properly manufactured, to keep it perfectly sweet and sound for
an indefinite period. That this can be done is proved by the fact
that we often find single packages thus kept, and sometimes
whole dairies. A dairy thus manufactured and thus kept is just
as good for fancy price as a nice lot of fall made butter. We
suggest to our butter makers the propriety of experimenting in
this direction, and especially that of trying a double set of pack-
ages made considerably larger, for the outside, the space between
being filled with salt or pickle, somewhat after the California
shipping style. These of course could be kept from year to year.

Several of the dairies examined by us, though otherwise excel-
lent, are altogether too salt. The prevalent rule, one oz. to the
lb., when the butter is washed and worked but once, and imme-
diately packed, as is generally the case, makes the butter full
salt enough.

Your committee think three-fourths to seven-eights of an oz.
per lb., of pure rock salt, sufficient at all events. No more salt
should be added than the butter will readily and entirely dissolve.
More than this injures the flavor, and is of no possible benefit.
We are perfectly aware that this is an old story to most of our
dairymen, but your committee's experience convinces them tliat
these remarks are not uncalled for.

The dairy to which we award the 1st premium, D. M. Totld,
East Rodman, contains 1 1 cows — is washed and worked once
only — salted three-fourths oz. Ashton salt per lb., and packed at
once. The salt and butter are uniformly weighed. Tlie cream
is kept at a })roj)er temperature by means of a cooler let down
into the well. This dairy is not only well manufactured but
beautifully kept, and gives evidence of being systematically, care-
fully and tidily managed. Average yield 135 lbs. per cow.

513 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

The dairy to wliicli is awarded the 2d premium, G. C. Parker,
Rodmarij is made very much like No. 1 — is well manufactured,
and is very high flavored — salted seven-eighths of an oz. per lb.,
durius; the hot weather — at other times three-fourths of an oz.
only. Each churning is weighed, as is the salt, each time.
Average yield 170 lbs. per coav. Too much cannot be said in
praise of the system and care with which these two dairies are
managed.

We award the 3d premium to a dairy of 27 cows, Jonathan
Boynton, Rodman, and take pleasure in saying that, for so large
a dairy, it is remarkably uniform and well kept, and gives evi-
dence of the best of care, but it has an overdose of salt. But
for this one defect, your committee would unanimously have
given it the first prize. The yield of this dairy last year was 180
lbs. per cow, and has sometimes reached 200 lbs. per cow.

It may be well here to state that there were on the committee's
list of applications, some who were noted as not having paid the
fee of membership. This of course precludes the parties from the
premium list.

The cheese dairies submitted for examination were generally
good, and gave evidence of more than ordinary care and atten-
tion. Every dairy examined by us contained a large proportion
of excellent cheese 3 yet in several there was an evident lack of
uniformity, at once so difficult of attainment, and yet so desirable
in a dairy of cheese. It seems in practice to be a matter of great
difficulty so to manufacture and take care of a cheese dairy that
it shall contain no poor or indifferent cheese. Some of those
who have succeeded remarkably once, have fallen far short the
next time and the next.

Many of our butter dairies have a reputation for excellence
that has been well sustained for a series of years; and are often
sold on this reputation, and are not often far behind the degree
of excellency anticipated. This can be said of but few of our
dairies of cheese. Hence we concluded that making fine cheese
is an art not easily acquired — a trade that needs to be studied
thoroughly and practiced long and patiently. "We are satisfied
that no set of rules will apply in all cases in the manufacture of
cheese. Rules are no doubt necessary and useful, but need to
be varied to suit variations of temperature, size of cheese and

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 519

other circumstances, as experience and good judgment seem
to dictate.

We notice tliat the rules by which many of our makers profess
to be guided, are imperfectly understood; some claim to salt one
common tea cup of salt to 15 lbs. curd; others, one cup to 20
lbs. curd, and others again, one cup of salt to 15 lbs. pressed
cheese; and yet we found but very few dairymen who frequently
and accurately weighed either salt or cheese, and on trial we
found the common tea cup of salt to vary from five to eight ozs.
While we totally repudiate the idea that a given set of rules
should be adhered to in all cases, we are decidedly of the opin-
ion that the common rules on the subject should be more precisely
understood, and practiced with more discrimination. We think
it would pay our cheese makers to use the Rock, or Syracuse
evaporated salt, instead of the common barrel salt in so gene-
ral use.

The dairy of cheese to which we award the first premium,
Clift Eames, Rutland, contains 27 cows. The milking barn,
dairy house and utensils are at once simple and convenient. It
is scalded with whey, gradually, up to 100^ to 110*^, salted five
ounces of salt to 20 pounds pressed cheese, and is put to press
cold. Very great importance is attached by the maker to cooling
the curd well before pressing, he being decidedly of the opinion
that putting to press warm has a tendency to injure the flavor of
the cheese. It is but just, however, to say that this theory is
repudiated by other makers, perhaps equally good. We find
every cheese in shape, in boxes, firm, but not too hard, and
mild and uniform in flavor. Your committee were not sharp
enough to detect in it the usual complement of indifferent cheese
and were entirely unanimous in awarding it the first prize.

The 2d, G. W. Parker, Watertown; 3d, II. Hopkins and J. J.
Evans, Rutland; 4th, 1). Hamlin and E. Lusee, Jxutland, and
indeed others to whicli nu premiums are awarded, are prime
dairies and each have so many good points that it is diflicult to
discriminate between them. 7'here are some which we sliall be
glad to set down as No. 2, })iit we suj)})ose a sound discretion will
hardly achuit of it, to say nothing (;f tlie rules of the Scx^iety.

Gentlemen, there are some nicx)ted questions in agricultural
science — some jKjints about which well-informed men honestly

620 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

differ — some fine tlieories, that are Id their details too expensive
or too fanciful to admit of their being carried into successful and
profitable practice — some improvements, so called, that are hardly
"worthy of encouragement 3 but in reference to the general utility
and immediate profit of dairying, combined of course with grain
raising, there is but one opinion among intelligent men. For
enriching and fertilizing the farm, it has all the advantages of
g'-owing stock, with the additional advantage of being more
immediately and surely profitable. Neither can there be any
question in reference to the utility and importance of getting up the
best attainable quality. It may be true that buyers do not sufli-
ciently discriminate, in point of price, between good and poor,
and that not unfrequently buyers are found who give an extreme
price for a poor article. But it may be well to remember that
the reputation of the good often sells the poor in the neighbor-
hood and that the competition and extra demand that furnish
buyers of a poor article at good prices tend directly and power-
fully to help the price of the whole, and that a prime dairy will
always sell at fair rates, and at a time when a decidedly poor one
is a drug at any price.

This Society has done much toward improving the quality of
the butter and cheese in this county. We hope it may do more;
and we sincerely hope that we may have succeeded in impressing
upon the minds of our dairymen the fact, which some of them
seem to ignore, that our first class dairies have not yet reached
the best attainable quality — that they may be still further impro-
ved, both in majiufacture and in the care and attention with
which they are kept.

The kitchen garden to which we award the first premium, though
small, we deem worthy of notice. We find it in a high state of
cultivation, well laid out, entirely free from weeds, and contain-
ing within a small space an ample variety of the common fruits
and vegetables of luxuriant growth; some of these were a^are, and
difficult of successful cultivation. It is located on what was once
a barren rock — nearly 1000 loads of dirt and compost having been
carted on to get the requisite depth of soil — every inch of space is
occupied and we venture the assertion that more is realized from this
small plot of ground, than is usually obtained from gardens of
twice or thrice its size. We noticed some attention to flowers,

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 521

and the garden entirely is cultivated by the owner, a man past
the meridian of life.

The nursery to which we give the first premium contains a
large variety of thrifty apple trees from one to five years from
graft, also a variety of pears on native and dwarf stocks, also a
fair variety of cherries, grapes, roots, &c.

The nursery to which is awarded the second prize, is larger and
contains a variety of ornamental and shade, as well as fruit trees.
The proprietor has a nursery in Ellisburgh, which your commit-
tee regret that they wTre not able to visit.

We bespeak for these nurseries a liberal patronage.

Gentlemen of the Society:

Permit me to congratulate 3^ou upon our success as a Society;
that this Society has a strong hold upon the affections of the far-
mers of Jefferson county, is abundantly proved by the fact that
our usual show is held now and here, notwithstanding the imme-
diate proximity of the overshadowing organization of the Empire
State.

This annual gala day, this gathering of all classes and ages
from all parts of the county to do honor to agriculture, this annual
exhibition of fine animals and choice productions of labor and
the soil, wx can hardly afford to lose. We choose to regard the
time and money expended upon Agricultural Societies and fairs
as a tribute to labor, a free offering in honor of Agriculture, in
honor of free labor of freemen, of the free labor of sturdy farmers
and farmers' sons, of thrifty housewives and robust daughters,
cultivating habits of industry and usefulness, of sturdy indepen-
dence, qualifying themselves alike for the highest walks of ease
and wealth, or the more toilsome scenes of poverty and adversity;
of the mechanic and the artizan whose handiwork in ten thousand
forms of beauty, and utility, and convenience, to minister to our
necessities, our comfurt and ha}>piness, and in lionor of the
labor of the pioneers of this county, the stalwart men wlio
hewed down tlie gigantic forest tliat but a few years ago over-
spread the entire county — some of whom have now tlie proud
satisfaction of sccinir the neat farm house, the well cultivated
field, the school house, aud the village spire, where but, to them,
a littk' while ago was the primeval forest, the wigwam and the
council fire; of seeing this forest, its roots aud branches; the

522 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

growtli of centuries, its rough and jagged surface, transformed by
the hand of industry into the smooth and stoneless field and mea-
dow, where the implements of the day, w^here the planter, the
beautiful mower and reaper defraud the farmer of half his toil ;
some of whom, yet hale and vigorous, this day compete for your
Society's premiums. We choose to contemplate these festive occa-
sions as contributing largely to the innocent enjoyment of the
people. We certainly have not too many holidays, we do not
too much unbend from toil, care and business; but rather are we
justly obnoxious to the charge of inordinate devotion to the pur-
suit of business and w^ealth, and to gross material tendencies.

These gala days, these scenes of social pleasure and utility, we
cannot but regard as eminently suggestive of ideas of culture
and refinement, the farmers of Jefferson county will not "willingly
let die." This Society and these fairs have for their object the
encouragement of that most noble and useful of all arts — the art
of tilling the soil.

Annual meeting, January 14, 1857.

Winter crops. — Best winter wheat, 30 bu. per acre. Hart Mas-
sey, Watertown; best spring wheat, 30yVo t>u., Ira Wood worth,
Brownvillej best potatoes, 296i bu. per acre, Joel Woodworth,
Watertown; best carrots, 1,248 bu. per acre, W. W. Greene,
Watertown; best corn, 75f| bu. per acre, Wm. M. Coburn,
Pamelia.

Receipts:
From J. C. Sterling, Esq., late Treasurer, cash, $169 05

" " " plate, 20 62

For memberships previous to fair, ._ 34 00

" and all sources during the fair, 608 08

From S. C. Lashar, per John Winslow, for license, 32 08

For memberships for 1857, received to day, 82 00

Receipts, __ $949 75

Expe7iditures:
Premiums,.. _ $629 00

Expenses of fair, &c., 266 53

$895 53

Balance in treasury, §54 22

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 523

Officers for 1857. — James Brodie, Presidentj Rural Hill; Vice-
Presidents, John C. Cooper, Wm. Eouse; Directors, Daniel Green,
Jolin M. Wilcox, M. B. Hunting, Moses Eames, Erastus S.Kelsey;
A. P. Sigourney, Secretary, Watertown; W. Ives, Treasurer., do.

BENJAMIN MAXON, President.

LEWIS.

The annual fair of the Society was held in the village of Low-
ville, on the 17th and I8th of September, 1856. The morning
of the first day seemed prophetic of an unfavorable time for the
exhibition, but the weather soon proved favorable and vehi-
cles of all descriptions came, laden with freight and the varied
products of an enlightened and productive county.

The Agricultural interest manifested by our citizens on this
occasion perhaps was equal to that on any other similar gath-
ering. The zeal and energy of the leading members showed
forth that their motto was "onward." The show of cattle
and horses, &c., was not as large as on some former exlii-
bitions, but noble specimens of each were out, to remind the
citizen or stranger that Lewis can in these thinge vie with
her sister counties; (considerable attention of late has been paid
by the farmer to improving the blood of horses and cattle, and
success thus far has crowned the effort, in horses particularly,
for at the last State Fair the horses of Lewis countv bore off
many of the first premiums.) In the butter and cheese depart-
ment she too is competing successfully with other counties — for
quality and quantity is not surpassed by any other section of the
State. The samples on exhibition were creditable indeed, and
almost bafiled the skill of good judges to discriminate wliich
were entitled to the first honor. The ladies fair, too, had its
attractions. The articles exhibited were not numerous, but bore
the impress of elaborate skill and workmanship; the useful and
ornamental, each arranged in tasteful order, presented a picture
botli pleasing and instructive to the beholdrr.

The j'lowing match in the forencxai of the iSth, was witnessed
by a numerous throng in afield nearly three-fourths of a mile from
the village. Not only did the spectators manifest great interest
in the progress and event of the strife, but the plowmen and

624 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YOBK

owners of teams seemed doubly animated and sensitive as to the

result.

Immediately after tlie jolowing followed tlie equestriansliip by
the ladies. The large circle upon which the riding and driving
took place was densely surrounded by footmen and carriages
filled to their utmost capacity. There being quite a com-
petition in driving, it made this feature of the fair very
Interesting. The annual address was delivered by A. B.
Sylvester, Esq., of Lowville, and was listened to by a nu-
merous and attentive audience, who seemed well pleased and
repaid for their convening. The speaker having been reared
upon a farm was rightly fitted to give a good practical and
instructive address, calculated to inspire the farmer to make con-
stant effort to render his fields more productive, and elevate his
vocation by scientific and systematic research and application.
The discourse was characterized by practical knowledge, and
sound sense.

The annual winter meeting of the Society was held at the vil-
lage of Houseville, on the 23d day of December, 1856, and the
following officers elected for the ensuing year :

President, Col. Edmund Baldwin, Turin, and six Vice-Presi-
dents; Rec'g Sec'y, Mortimer Smith, Houseville; Cor'g Sec'y,
Cornelius E. Stevens, Lowville; Treasurer, M. M. Smith, do.

MORTIMER SMITH, Secretary.

LIVINGSTON.

The President, Secretary and Treasurer of the Livingston
County Agricultural Society, in obedience to the require-
ments of section nine of an act of the Legislature of the State
of New-York, entitled " An act to facilitate the forming of
Agricultural and Horticultural Societies," passed April 13, 1855,
respectfully report that the following is a statement of the trans-
actions of said Society for the year ending Dec. 31, 1856, viz :

The annual plowing match of said Society was held pursuant
to notice on the 12th day of June, 1856; also, pursuant to notice
the annual cattle show and fair of said Society was held on the
grounds of the Society on the 23d and 24th days of Sept., 1856,
and continued during two days. The amount of the receipts and

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 525

expenditui-es of the Society for the year ending December

31st, 1856, is :

Eeceipts, $1,705 71

Expenditures, _ _ 1,074 38

At the annual election of the of&cers of the Society for the
year 1857, held at the Court House in Geneseo, on the 24th day
of December, 1856, the following oificers were duly elected for
the year commencing January 1st, 1857, and ending December
31st, 1857:

Geo. W. Root, of York, President j H. E. Rochester, of Cale-
donia, Vice-President; Jas. S. Orton, of Geneseo, Secretary, E. R.
Hammatt, of Geneseo, Treasurer; Wm. A. Mills, of Mt. Morris,
and Jasper Barber, of Avon, Directors.

CHAS. JONES, President.

G. J. DAVIS, Secretary.

R. WHITNEY, Treasurer.

MADISON.

The Madison County Agricultural Society held its annual fair
at Morrisville on the 8th, 9th and 10th of September, 1856. Tlie
weather was exceedingly fine, the attendance large, and the exhi-
bition far superior to any previous one held by the Society.

The fair grounds comprise eight acres, substantially enclosed
with a fence eight feet high — " Agricultural Hall," a large and
substantial building, occupying the center. This Hall has two
floors — tlie lower one for the exhibition of the products of the
dairy, tlie garden and the orchard, and for the dis])lay of the lar-
ger articles of mechanism, the upper one for domestic manufac-
tures, needle, shell, wax- work, painting, flowers, &c., &c.

Altliough it was too early in the season for mature vegetables
and fruit, and the prizes otlered for dairy products too small to
insure such a com])t'titi(jn as would do hunor to a county so justly
distinguished for its numerous, large and excellent dairies, yet in
every department the exhibition was creditable, and in the more
important ones, superior.

The competition for the numerous j)rizes offered for superior
fancy luidfarju horses, was unusually spirited. Indeed, the \n-i-
mary source of enjoyment and i)ride of the farmer in the pursuit

626 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

of his calling, seems to be in rearing fine horses. This is evident
from the improved character of horses shown, and the great inte-
rest manifested to witness the performances in the horse ring.

It is in the display of cattle, however, that our county excels,
and the " cattle show " of 1856 far exceeded any previous one of
the Society since its organization in 184 1. Nearly the entire
herds of Short-horns belonging to Messrs. S. P. Chapman and Al-
pheus Morse, comprising some of the best stock in the State, were
on exhil^ition, although but a j)ortion of each herd was offered foi
premiums, having previously taken the first premium in the seve-
ral classes.

This stock, with the very fine Devon herds of Baker & Son
and Jolm K. ChajDman, form alone a very creditable show for a
county Society ; but from these several herds, and from other sources,
the county has become well supplied with choice stock of all
grades, from pure-blooded to all the various crosses. The rearing
of such stock has become a settled source of profit to our farmers,
and the lean, hyena-shaped racers, once so common, will soon
become as rare as the moose in our forests.

Either from the influence exerted by Agricultural Societies,
the increased demand for the products of our farms, or some other
cause, there is a marked improvement in the agricultm-e of the
county, and farms have not only steadily increased in price, but
just as steadily in value and productiveness.

This county is second only to Otsego in the quantity of hops
raised, the production of which, at times, has been exceedingly
profitable, making the producer suddenly rich, yet the price fluc-
tuates so much that those who are dependent upon the current
profits of the farm for support are compelled to abandon their
cultivation for that of crops of a more certain value.

A trial of mowing machines, under the direction of the Society,
was had at Morrisville on the 2d day of July, 1856, which brought
together a great number of the farmers of the county, eager to
learn the relative merits of the various kinds of machines. The
competition was shared in by the Allen, Manny and Ketchum
machines. The Committee were called upon to decide eleven
points — three of which were decided in favor of Allen's, two in
favor of Manny's, two in favor of Ketchum's, two equal between

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 527

Manny's and Allen's, one equal between Manny's and Ketclium's,

and one not tested.

The receipts of the Society for the year 1856, have been as

follows :

Amount received from State appropriation, $120 00

" " C.D.Miller, 5 00

" " annual memberships, 325 00

" " rent of fair ground to pedlars,.. 50 00

" at gate at annual fair for admissions,.- 416 60

Total amount of receipts $916 60

Premiums and expenditures, _ $928 18

mmu —

List of Premiums. — Spring wheat, R. S. Ransom, 25 bu. 2 lbs.
per acre; Corn, E. Richardson, 81f|- bu. per acre; Potatoes, L.
Bl'own, 342 bu. per acre.

Officers for 1857. — President, John R. Chapman, Sullivan;
Treasurer, L. D. Dana, Morrisville; Secretary, Lucius P. Clark,
Morrisville.

MONROE.

Tlie Monroe County Agricultural Society have, during the past
season, secured a permanent location of their fair grounds, and
as our success lias been unexampled in our own history, and fully
equal to our most sanguine expectations, I send you a somewhat
fuller statement of our proceeding than might otherwise be
necessary.

Our Society has pursued the usual course adopted by Agricul-
tural Societies generally, viz. : holding fairs in dillereut locations,
sometimes endeavoring to arouse a spirit of emulation by holding
the fiir where the greatest number of nu'm])ers were ofiVred, and
once by holding two fairs in one year in diifcrent portions of the
county, Sec, &;c. Eut all the means used seemed to fail in one
respect; wc did not ^rvt ahead any — we did manage to keep out of
debt, l)Ul tile interest in the Society among the farmers s*eemed to
l)e rather at a low ebi). At its annual meeting in January, 1855,
the Society a]i]Mjinted a committee to investigate the subject of
permanent location of fair ground, and report at the next annual

528 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

meeting. At the annual meeting in January, 1856, this com
mittee made an elaborate report, reviewing the whole subject, and
showing by the history and progress of those Societies throughout
the State, in every instance where a permanent location had been
made, that good results had followed, and took very decided
ground in favor of adopting the plan in this Society. The views
of the committee were indorsed by the Society, and immediate
measiu'es taken to secure the end proposed. A committee was
appointed to select a suitable site for the grounds, and commit-
tees of finance in each town to raise subscriptions of life-mem-
bershij^s, at §10 each, to furnish the necessary funds.

The idea seemed to infuse a new life into the members — it
struck every one favorably that the Society should liave a
home of its own. It required no peculiar power of reasoning to
convince people that once located near a city like Rochester, of
50,000 inhabitants, it would be a self-sustaining institution — that
thousands would be ready to pay a sliilling to gratify the eye
with seeing what they never would give a dollar to encoui'age as
simply a good institution for progress and reform. A few of the
towns responded handsomely to the call for funds; Brighton sub-
scribing and paying about $1,200, in life-memberships; Henrietta
about $500; Eochester about $2,000, and in all about $5,000
were subscribed. In the greater number of towns, however, no
subscriptions for life-memberships were made, a difference of
opinion about the proposed location in some cases operating
rather injuriously. The funds were mainly contributed by the
city and towns adjoining and nearest to the location finally
bought. Meetings of the Society were held from time to time, to
hear the reports of different committees engaged, and a good
degree of interest was manifested in the result. In March, 1856,
we reorganized under the law of 1855, and in April the Board of
Managers selected the present location, which is near the center
of the county, about two miles south of the city of Rochester,
near to Mount Hope cemetery, and at sufficient elevation to give
a commanding view of the county buildings and the surrounding
country. The grounds contain nearly twenty-five acres, and are
peculiarly well adopted to the purpose. The price paid for the
land was $4,000. The whole has been enclosed with a substantial
tight board fence, eight feet high, picketed upon the top, with a

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 529

business office 50 by 30 feet, of neat and tasteful construction,
near the entrance. The buildings and fence next the road are
painted in a manner to give the whole a pleasant and attractive
appearance. We intend to erect other buildings soon. A track
for horses to exhibit is laid out, one half mile in length, with
suitable guards, &c., the two sides being straight, with a semi-
circle on each end, which form is thought to be better than an
ellipse or a circle. We have water in abundance from two wells,
dug and stoned the present year.

Our expenses we estimate in round numbers as follows :

Cost of land, _ §4,000 00

Cost of fences and improvements, 1 ,800 00

Amount of premiums paid, 1,200 00

Total, §7,000 00

Our premium list this year was increased from the old plan of
$400 or §500 to §1,500. Our liberality was appreciated by the
farmers, and perhaps also the excellent facilities afforded for keep-
ing, watering and feeding stock had some effect in drawing out
competitors, for in this department especially, as well as most
others, the fair surpassed any of its predecessors.

The whole number of entries was 1,163; number of entries
of horses (of which 20 were matched horses, and 14 mares and
colts), 220; of cattle, 151; of sheep, swine and poultry, 97; of
plowing implements and machinery, 112; of fine arts and gene-
ral manufactures, 53; of domestic manufactures, 221; of grain,
dairy produce and vegetables, 202; of fruits and flowers and
miscellaneous, 97.

The show of horses wa§ not only large but embraced many
animals of superior merit, and possessing the different requisites
of speed, strength and symmetry, showing that our best horses
were not as has been heretofore observed, " all smt to market^^
this yrar. It shows also that much has been done in this county
towards inij)ruving our breed of farm horses, although it is
doubtless triui tliat indifferent and even poor horses are still
the most numercnis. The show of horses was j)erha]^s. the
main feature of the exhibition, but was not j)ermitted to
detract from other departments equally important, especially
with respect to those horses wliich are shown for speed and

[Ag. Trans. I Hh

630 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

symmetry. Our object has been to secure just so much of such
performances as will add an attractive feature to the show, by
bringing out this class of animals, without degenerating to the
sports of tlie turf.

A larger number than usual of Durham and Devonshire cattle
were exhibited. The Herefords, Ayrshire and other imported
breeds not being kept very generally, if at all, in this county.
As most of our cattle are natives and grades, the greater part of
those exhibited were of this class, and were for the most part
unusually fine. As the cultivation of wheat is diminishing
among us it is thought that increased attention and skill, directed
to cattle raising, would be beneficial in renovating the soil and
preparing it by a change of crops to produce better wheat, when
the time for raising it shall come again.

Of sheep the show was more than respectable, and consisted
of the different varieties of Spanish and French Merino and
Saxony for fine wool, and a good collection of South Downs.
There were a few of the improved breeds of Cotswolds and Lei-
cestershire, but not so many as their excellence would make
desirable, nor so many as our farmers will find it for their interest
to raise, when they know their good qualities better.

Swine were out in greater numbers than ever before, and
many choice specimens were shown. The Sufiblk appears to be
the favorite breed.

The poultry showed rather a falling off from previous years.
The •' fever " has somewhat abated in this vicinity. Our farm
implements, &c., were on the ground in good order.

Many fine samples of wheat and other grain were exhibited.
This department has been neglected in previous years, no pre-
miums having been offered, which, in a county famous for grain
producing, was a little singular. The samples offered this year
excited a good deal of interest, and this department will doubtless
be still further encouraged.

Butter was good and plenty, but no cheese of any consequence
w^as offered; there is none made for market in this county. The
vegetable world was well represented.

Among the new articles were specimens of "English Fluke"
or " Biscuit Potato," so called by the exhibitor, resembling the
Mexican, but larger and said to produce much better.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

631

In domestic manufactures specimens were abundant and well
wrought; never better at any previous fair in this county.

Fine Arts and General Manufactures. — The liberal premiums
offered brought out a good degree of taste in the several depart-
ments.

Fruits and Flowers. — The American Pomological Convention
being held in this city at the same time with our fair, took off the
attention of our professional and many of our amateur fruit and
flower men, so that this, although quite creditable, was in pro-
portion to what it might and should have been the least commen-
dable of any part of the exhibition.

Female Equestrianship. — The first trial of this display was made
this year, and §75 offered in premiums; the consequence was
that an immense crowd collected to see the performance, adding
materially to our receipts, which we estimate in round numbers
as follows :
Collections for life-mem])erships, in all the past year,

$10 each, say, $3,500 00

Annual memberships, $1.00 each, say, _ 1,200 00

Shilling tickets of admission, 1 ,300 00

§6,000 00
Add to this fur subscriptions not collected, 1 ,000 00

$7,000 00
Total expenses, as above, _ 7,000 00

We expect to collect the $1,000, subscribed and not collected,
previous to the next annual fair. If so, we shall have bought
and paid fur our location and improvements tlie first year, wliicli
is better than farmers generally are in the habit of doing individ-
ually, and quite as well as we could expect, taking the results
attained in other counties as a standard.

The annual address was delivered by Hon. Washington Hunt,
an abstract of which is annexed.

The results that liave followed from permanently locating our
fair grounds, are sHlficicnt to prove to us the wisdom of the meas-
ure, and although it met with opposition, and was not secured
without strenuous exertions on the part of the officers, I do not
believe that a man of ordinary intt'llitjence can be found in the
county who does not a]»i»rove of the })lan; and we can say with

532 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

confidence to all those Societies who are considering the subject :
go forward and the good sense of the community will sustain
you. As one inducement for Agricultural Societies to hold land
for permanent show grounds, the Legislature, at its last session
passed a law, at the instance of the officers of this Society, to
exempt such land from taxation, so long as held for that purpose.

WILLARD HODGES, President.

ADDRESS.

Gov. Hunt apologised to the Society for his inability to pre-
pare a written address. After accepting the invitation of the
President to appear on this occasion, other engagements had occu-
pied his time, and he was compelled to speak without the study
and preparation which he would have desired, and which he con-
sidered due to the importance of the subject he intended to discuss.
He then proceeded to address the Society, and presented a clear
exposition of the value and dignity of the agricultural pursuit,
in its various aspects and relations. In this connection he traced
the moral, intellectual and social condition of the human family,
through its successive graduations, from the hunter state to the
advanced position that has been reached in modern times, through
a wise appropriation, subdivision and cultivation of the soil, upon
principles which secure to man the best gifts of nature, as the
reward for his industry. In this review it was demonstrated that
agriculture is the primary source, not only of the public wealth
and prosperity, but of social progress and civilization; that the
cultivation of the earth is the pursuit most favorable to the har-
monious development of the intellectual faculties; most congenial
to the diffusion and sway of pure moral influences. The inves-
tigation of nature's laws, as unfolded by the physical sciences
and illustrated in the daily experience of the husbandman, imparts
vigor and activity to the mind, while the wonderful bounties of
the Creator, displayed in all the operations of the vegetable and
animal kingdoms, can scarcely fail to warm the heart and inspire
exalted sentiments of religious devotion.

In support of the proposition that agricultural communities
are the chosen abode of the family and domestic virtues, a com-
parison was drawn between the engrossing cares, the artificial
excitements and intense passion for gain, which affects the social
condition of our large cities, and the moderate desires, the calm.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 533

tranquility and rational contentment which lend an attractive
charm to the shades of rural retirement.

Gov. Hunt then proceeded to consider the relations between
agriculture and other departments of human industry. He con-
tended that the various pursuits of labor, instead of being hostile
and antagonistic, are in truth harmonious and mutually beneficial.
Commerce and manufactures wait upon agriculture as servants
and auxiliaries, contributing in a thousand ways to its improve-
ment and productiveness. The mechanical skill which provides
the farmer with more perfect instruments, arms him with new
strength and capacity for his daily conflict. Those who " go down
to sea in ships" invigorate agricultural industry by imparting an
extra value to the productions of the soil. They promote the
comfort and refinement of the rural population, by placing within
its reach the inventions of art, and the diversified fruits of the
earth, from every clime. All other interests are subordinate to
the agricultural; from its prosperity they derive their vitality
and support. Its advancement contributes to their growth and
expansion.

He then dwelt at some length upon the superior importance of
agriculture in its relations to the State. As the principal fjun-
tain of all wealth, public and private, and the only sure basis of
mercantile and manufacturing enterprise, it deserves a prominent
place in the regards of the statesman. The subdivision of the
soil into moderate parcels, and its careful cultivation by intelli-
gent and independent proprietors, are closely related to the
strength and durability of a republic. All history proves that a
virtuous yeomanry, composed of intelligent freeholders, consti-
tute the surest guardians of liberty, and the most faithful sup-
porters of law. An agricultural population tluis constituted
will cherish the s])irit of freedom, and preserve that purity of
])atriotism whicli witlistands the encroachments of power, and the
seductive a])j»roaches of political corruption. Our country may
justly claim to possess a class of farmers, superior to any similar
class in otlier parts of the world, both in point of intelligence and
personal independence. Wliile ownership imparts a spirit of
independence to our rural po])ulation, and our system of educa-
tion fits them for the exercise of political responsibilities, our
republican instituti(»ns will rest on a firm and secure foundation.

534 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

This will always prove the safest reliance for the preservation of
free representative government.

In the next place Gov. Hunt discussed briefly the peculiar
advantages of country life, for an orderly development of the
intellectual powers and moral qualities which, in harmonious
combination, create the noblest character attainable by man,
until his mortal nature shall have " put on immortality."

In conclusion he congratulated the society upon its success in
having permanently secured the beautiful and commodious
grounds upon which the fair was held, and which is now dedica-
ted to its future uses. It was in all respects fit and proper that
the agricultural society of such a county as Monroe should become
the proprietor of land and buildings, suitable for the annual
exhibition of its progress in improvement, convenient for compar-
ing the varied productions of industry, and for displaying the
wonderful bounties of nature, manifested in the golden fruits and
the specimens of animal strength and beauty, which greet the eye
on every side.

The location and the arrangements, so creditable to the society,
excited his warmest admiration. The farmers of Monroe had
presented a noble example to their neighbors, and he expressed
the hope that it might be imitated by his own, and all the coun-
ties in Western New- York.

MONTGOMERY.

The annual fair and exhibition of the Montgomery County Agri-
cultural Society was held at Canajoharie village on the 25th and
26th days of September, 1856.

The fair grounds and other arrangements for the accommoda-
tion of exhibitors and spectators, got up by the officers, with the
aid of the citizens generally, were all in excellent order, anr* the
number in attendance, especially on the first day, which was
devoted to the exhibition of stock, was unusually large.

The exhibition of stock was very respectable in qualitj , ^ut
not as good as should be from a county like Montgomery; anl in
numbers we had more than at any annual fair for several yea-^,
and I regret very much to be compelled to say that a county
that has as many wealthy farmers as ours, and who can produce

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

535

some as good native stock as any other county, should be so
regardless of the improvement of their neighbors' stock, and I
fear in many instances remain at home to leave their stock for the
simple reason that it don't pay to take it to the fair.

One principal reason also, that our exhibitions are not what
they should be, is the feeling manifested by many towns and indi-
viduals because the fair cannot be located every year to suit their
convenience or wishes; thereby compelling the officers and citi-
zens where the fair is located not only to make the arrangements
necessary, but to jiroduce the greater portion of articles for exhi-
bition, in order to make even a respectable show. Such things
are very much to be regretted, but I am sorry to say, that in this
county they cannot be denied.

The exhibition of fruit and vegetables was highly respectable.
The display of manufactured articles — especially the ladies'
department, was excellent, and from the quantity and quality of
their articles, on exhibition, it evidently shows that they have a
greater interest in keeping up a respectable show, than very many
of the other sex.

The afternoon of the second day was devoted principally to the
plowing match, which excited considerable interest; and the
plowing done, evidently showed that the plowmen understood
their work.

Officers for 1857. — Andrew J. Yates of Glen, President; R. H.
Gushing, Mohawk, Secretary; Edward Walter, Palatine, Treasurer.

STATEMENT OF BENJAMIN J. NELLIS.

Onts. — There were four acres in the field from which the acre
hereinafter stated was taken, and was the fifth spring cro}^ for five
successive years. Three first crops were oats, the fourth buck-
wheat. It was fall plowed and plowed in the spring. Two and
one-quarter bushels were sown to the acre. Land has not been
manured for the last twenty y^ars; black sandy soil. The
expense of harvesting and tlirashing $1.87 A per acre.

One acre, strict measurement, pnuluced sixty-three bushels and
twelve quarts, and weiglied 3G pounds per biisliel.

Com. — Tliere were six acres in the field; tlie lot has been used
as a i)asture for the j)ast eight years; no manure or plaster used;
plowed this spring, sod turned over; black sandy soil.

536 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

One acre, strict measurement, produced 163| bushels in the

ear. The cost of harvesting, about $3 per acre.

WILLIAM KNOX, President,
C. S. Brumley. Secretary.

NIAGARA.

Our fair was held in the village of Lockport, on the 9th
and 10th days of October, 1856. The exhibition of neat cattle,
horses, sheep, swine, agricultural products, domestic manufactures,
&c., &c., was very large, surpassing any previous fair.
Finances:

Cash on hand from last year,, _ §98 15

Received at fair, 756 20

854 35
Paid premiums and expenses, 728 21

Onhand,__ §126 14

4

Officers for 1857. — James D. Shuler, President, Lockport; 12
Vice Presidents; R. Sears, Secretary, Lockport; John Van Horn,
Treasurer, Lockport; and 6 directors.

DANIEL MORSE, Secretary.

ONEIDA.

Annual fair, Sept. 23d, to 25th, at Rome, was well attended.
The exhibition in most departments was not inferior to any former
ones. The display of cattle good; of horses, superior to any
previous exhibition. The address by Hon. Horace Greeley, was
well received, and a copy solicited for publication.

Officers for 1857. — Calvin Bishop, President, Verona; S. A.
Bunce, Secretary, Vernon; James Rees, Treasurer, Utica.

4

ONTARIO.

The annual winter meeting of the Ontario County Agricultu-
ral Society, was held at Canandaigua, on the 4th of February, ult.,

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 537

and as that date closed the working year of the society I submit
the following report of operations.

Early in the spring of 1856 strenuous exertions were made to
provide funds for the construction of a covered amphitheater for the
use of the society. By thorough canvass of the county, a sufficient,
number of Life Members were obtained to justify the building
committee in proceeding with the work. Proposals were there-
upon issued for contracts to erect the same, and contracts were
entered into for the work. Ground was broken in the month
of May; the mason work was finished by the middle of June,
when the carpenters commenced their part of the contract,
and early in September they gave the society possession of
the building. The amphitheater is 660 feet in circumference,
and 210 feet in diameter, and 32 feet high. It has an exhi-
bition room on the lower floor 640 feet by 20 feet wide, has
in addition on second floor, 900 feet of tables, three feet wide,
with an open circle in center of the building 150 feet in diameter.

For the information of those who contemplate a like structure,
these iten\s are given, with the assurance that so far as Ontario
county has experimented the thing has been an entire success,
and it is hoped that the enjoyment and pleasure we have derived
may by its example induce others to do likewise.

The exhibition days of last fall were gala days of rare and
unusual enjoyment, and never has there been an occasion when
the county gave itself more entirely up to the pleasure of this
farmer's festival. The three days were of unusual autumnal
beauty, and the throngs on the ground, seemed as much gratified
by the agricultural treat so pleasantly and so systematically
provided.

The show of blooded cattle was brilliant, exceeding any tiling
ever before witnessed at a county exhibition. The dis})Iay of
horses, in all grades and classes was very large, and wurtli many
miles of journey to see. While numerous and well-lillrd j>ensof
sheep and swine, with tables loaded with vegetal^lcs, and pn^lue-
tionsof the garden and orchard, gave some token tliat our l";irnu*rs
liad put their hearts in the work; the women of the county also
by their contributions of needle work, and houseliold products,
added their full share to the attractions of the scene.

538

ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

By arrangement the various prize cattle, horses, &;c. were
exhibited in the center of the amphitheater, as their awards were
announced; while the surrounding benches, rising one above
another, crowded with the well-dressed and orderly families of
the farmer citizen — thus enabled to witness a show of rare excel-
lence and attraction, in a way perfectly safe, and without the
fatigue and exposure usually attendant upon such display, wa?
an ample reward for the exertions of the society.

The third day was mostly devoted to a new feature in oui
county, being a sweepstakes exhibition for premiums of a con-
siderable amount, open for all competitors. The result was most
satisfactory. Early in the day the grounds were filled, and by
noon not less than fifteen thousand people were present. The
amphitheater was crowded to its utmost capacity, and its large
circumference was overloaded; not less than four thousand people
found seats, and half as many more were standing on every spot
offering a foothold. At one hour the circle would contain the
horned cattle drawn from far and near, their sleek and well-
trimmed proportions offering fair points for admiration. Then
the robust bulls, their whole beaiing indicating all that is
so peculiarly characteristic of strength and ferocity, subdued
by the intellect of man, stood awaiting the awards of the
judges; and it required no great stretch of imagination to
carry the mind to stories of Spain and her national pas-
time. And when they gave place to the various classes of
horses, the fierce prancing stud, as well as the gay roadster, the
mind could as readily recall the equestrian traditions of Rome.

To shew that the enterprise of the Society has been productive,
it is only necessary to add, that the receipts for

1855 were, __ $2,355 20

1856, " _. 7,780 47

Increase, _ $5,425 27

At the close of the display of cattle. Professor Mapes of New
Jersey, delivered a short and appropriate address on topics con-
nected with the progress of agriculture, but the crowd was too
large for the mass to hear, and but a few hundred who congre-
gated immediately about the platform could derive any advantage.
Such as were happy to obtain places within reach of the voice

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 539

of the Professor, gave every token that his remarks were good and
well appreciated.

The total number of entries for exhibition were 1,184, of which
800 were stock and the balance the various farm and household
products connected with agriculture.

Receipts:

521 life members, $10, $5,210 00

Donations,.. 200 00

702 annual members, * 701 00

Receipts at gate, (12^c. tickets,) 1,216 40

Entries for sweepstakes, _ 165 00

Stone sold, 10 00

Balance of last year, 186 07

$7,780 47
Liabilities and Expenditures:

Paid Edgecomb k Garfield, extra on amphitheater, §7,063 08

Paid mason work, labor, &c., 1,665 88

" Grading track and grounds, 501 01

" Premiums, Sept., 1856, _ ],052 50

" Premiums, Feb., 1856, _ 98 00

$10,380 47

The business of our winter meeting was confined to the award
of premiums for seed and field crops and farms, and the election
of olhcers for the year. As nothing of novelty or of much impor-
tance was elicited in relation to the cultivation of the products
taking premiums, I close this part of my report witli the following
extracts from statement of Mr. Metcalf, to whom was awarded
the first premium on farms :

" My farm is situated in the town of Gorham, half a mile
south of Reed's Corners. It was originally covered with heavy
tirnU'r of oak, maj)le, elm, basswood, ash and some hickory; the
prin('i])al timber, however, was oak. I purchased said farm Aj>ril
1, 1850; it contained 128 acres, at $50 per acre. Previous to
my coming in possession, it had been rented for five years by E.
Godard, who j)ractice<l tlie skinning system of farming. There
were 80 acres of stubble, and not one foot seeded to clover on tlie
whole farm when I t(X)k possession, (April 1, 1850.) I contrac-

640 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

ted a debt for said farm of §4,000 My personal property
consisted of 1 yoke of oxen, 1 span of horses, 2 cows, 1 two year
old heifer, IS sheep, 1 pig, 2 plows, 1 harrow, 1 wagon, and a
wheel cultivator. I had the admonition from my father (an old
and experienced farmer,) that I never could pay the interest of
said debt olf said farm; but with my management I have been
able to pay the interest and all the principal with the products
of the farm in this year. I have purchased 28 acres adjoining on
the south side'of my farm, at |55 per acre, over one-third of
which I have paid the past year, besides increasing my personal
property three fold.

To the questions of the Society, which are indicated by the
replies, Mr. Metcalf says :

" Soil clay loam, subsoil clay. By sowing Cayuga plaster on
all my land where wheat, barley and oats are sowed, at the rate
of one and a half bushels per acre, and using all the manure
made on the farm, my farm is best improved. I plow from five
to eight inches deep. Deep plowing has produced the best wheat
and barley — shallow, with coarse manure plowed under, the best
corn. Have not used subsoil plow. Have laid 100 rods of blind
drain 3 feet deep, with stone mostly. The increase of barley and
wheat has been nearly doubled by it, but the land drained was the
wettest part of the field.

About 300 loads of manure are manufactured annually from
hay, corn fodder and straw fed in the yard and stables. Horse
and cattle manure is mixed daily with the straw in the yard. I
apply about 20 loads of coarse manure to the acre for corn, if the
land has been much cropped. I prefer clover sod for planting
corn. The remainder is composted for wheat in the fall. After
preparing the land for wheat, I spread the manure on and drag it
in, which I think is the best way it can be applied to the wheat
crop. Have used plaster, guano and unleached ashes for wheat;
sowed 300 lbs. guano broadcast on three acres of wheat 1st. Dec,
'55, and the balance of the field (20 acres) with Cayuga plaster
and unleached ashes. I could see no difference in the guanoed
part from the rest of the field. I believe Cayuga plaster and
ashes increase my crops of grain and clover \ per acre. Have
not used salt or lime. Two bushels of seed wheat are sown per
acre with Foster & Jessup's grain drill, say from the 1st to tho

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 541

9th of Sept. My corn is grown on clover lay of one or two year's
growth; plowed once just before planting, harrowed and marked
out 3 J feet each way; planted between 9th and 17th of May with
8 quarts yellow eight-rowed corn per acre, and 1 quart pumpkin
seed. As soon as the rows can be seen it is passed through with
a corn cultivator, then top dressed with plaster and ashes, mixed
in equal parts at the rate of a handful to three hills; the culti-
vator is then passed through once a week until it commences to
tassel; hoed once. Canada thistles, stink-root and may-weed are
the most troublesome weeds on my farm. Canada thistles have
been killed by repeated plowings. Stink-root and may-weed are
pulled and burned every year. Cost of marketing wheat and
barley, 3 cents per bushel.

No other business appearing before the Society, an election of
officers was called, when the following gentlemen were nominated
and after ballot were declared duly elected :

President, \Vm. Johnson, Esq., Seneca, and 15 Vice-Presidents;
Rec'g Sec'y, John W. Hulberton, Canandaigua; Cor'g Sec'y, Gid-
eon Granger, do.; Treasurer, James S. Cooley, do.

The present year opens upon prospects every way encour-
aging. The Society has well-fenced grounds, containing up-
wards of ten acres; a commodious and well managed building,
with offices for the transaction of their business; a graded riding
track fur the exhibition of horses, — the whole of which has cost
rising ten thousand dollars, and upon which there remains unpaid
only twenty-six hundred dollars. The premium list for the pre-
sent year has been increased to $2,000, being about §800 mure
than the last. This increase has been mostly u])on the various
animals comprising the farm stock, and in hupes that the enhanced
bounty will elevate competitiun, and by its eHects improve the
standard of excellence.

The c;reat object of the Society is tq foster a love for Agricul-
tural lih*, to insj»ire the farmer with a S]»irit of emulation, in
kee])ing with the tone of the age, and at the same time to encuur-
age to a reasonable extent, a few days ui' relaxation from the
cares and solicitude and monotony of toil.

JOHN W. HOLHERTON, Rec'g Sec'y.

542 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

ORANGE.

The sixteenth annual exhibition of the Orange County Agri-
cultural Society was held in the village of Newburgh on the 8th
and 9th days of October, and was very largely attended.

The arrangements were well conceived and executed. The
large tent belonging to the Society was erected on the grounds
attached to "Washington Head-Quarters." The adjoining lots on
the north and south were occupied by cattle, sheep and swine; and
the street (Liberty,) on the west was devoted to the show of
liorses.

On the 8th there was a grand regatta in the bay, in full view
from the show grounds; and a parade of the village firemen.
These, combined with the natural beauty of the place and its his-
torical associations, added pleasure and interest to the occasion.

The exhibition was in many respects superior to any heretofore
held, and, though inferior in some departments to those of former
years, was, on tlie whole, regarded as being very successful.

The Tent. — The tent was thronged with admiring crowds during
both days of the fair. The show of fruit, considering the unfa-
vorable weather, was very good. Of flowers there was a fine
display. The exhibition of domestic manufactures, fancy and
ornamental work, has not been excelled in any previous year.
Evidence of the industry, taste and handiwork of the fair daugh-
ters of Orange met the eye on every side.

The mechanical department was well represented, containing
the usual variety of the results of mechanical ingenuity and skill.

The show of Agricultural products, though not very extensive,
embraced many extraordinary good specimens of roots and vege-
tables, which reflected the highest credit on the successful agri-
culturists who produced them.

Horses. — The horses, as usual, attracted much attention. The
number exhibited was not as large as usual, but among those
shown were some of great merit. A horse exhibition had been
held at Goshen only three weeks previous, which may have con-
tributed to produce a smaller show on this occasion.

For several years past great attention has been paid in this
county to the raising of horses. The most popular and valuable
breeds have been encouraged. Some of the best thorough-bred

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 543

horses in the Union have been introduced, and have been so libe-
rally sustained that their representatives are to be found in great
numbers in all parts of the county. The effect of this introduc-
tion and encouragement of the best breeds has been such that
Orange county now possesses a stock of horses of which she boasts
and of which she may justly be proud, and with which she will
lose nothing by comparison with any of her sister counties in the
State.

Cattle. — The show of cattle was generally regarded as being
fully equal to previous exhibitions. The present and previous
exhibitions, however, do not seem to indicate that there is any-
thing extraordinary, in the way of progress and improvement,
taking place in our breeds of cattle. This is emphatically a
dairy county. Most of the cattle are milch cows, and although
grades of the improved breeds may be found in many dairies, still
the overwhelming conclusion forced upon every observer is, that
the so-called " Natives " are predominant in this county, and that
for dairy purposes they are considered by many dairymen fully
equal to any other breed. For working oxen, the Devon, and for
fattening, the Dui-ham, are generally prefered by farmers and
graziers.

Sheep. — The few sheep exhibited were principally long and
middle wooled, and were of superior excellence. Orange is by
no means a wool producing county. The number of sheep, already
small, is constantly and rapidly diminishing. Most of the sheep
"kept are brought from the west in autumn, sold in small lots to
farmers, fed during the winter, and in the ensuing spring and
autumn sent to market. Little attention is generally paid tu im-
proved breeds. A few select flocks comprise nearly all the good
sheep in the county.

Swwe. — The exhibition of swine was highly creditable — tho
I]erkshire and Suffolk prcdoiuinatiiig. Among the former were
some animals owned by E. C. Thayer, Esq., of lIaiiii)tonburgh,
that Would be hard to beat.

There is considerable pork fattened in the county, most of
which is termed " li^ht pork." Hitherto most of c»ur farmers
have been very indiffrrent in selecting their stock of swine —
everything that had bristles being consiiU-red a i»ig, and among
them no distinction was known — the laud-shark was a pig and

544 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

the Suffolk nothing more. A judicious discrimination, however,
is now being made in favor of improved breeds.

SECOND DAY.

The second day was devoted to the trial of plows, the plowing
match J the award of premiums, and the election of officers for
the ensuing year.

A special premium of $50 had been offered by the President of
the Society, Capt. H. Robinson, for a plow that, with the lightest
draft, would turn a furrow 12 inches wideaiid 18 inches deej)^ com-
pletely inverting the sward. Eleven plows were entered for this
premium. Each one was tested with a dynamometer. The pre-
mium was awarded to the plow of Minor & Horton (Peekskill,)
No. 22.

The Plowing Match. — The plowing match was well contested.
The ground was admirably adapted to the purpose; eight plows
were entered, and the work was performed in a manner that elici-
ted the warmest commendation of the admiring spectators, and
reflected the highest credit on the skill of the plowmen.

The finances of the Society are in a prosperous condition. The
report of the treasurer shows a surplus of over $200 in the
treasury.

Officers for 1857. — President, Seely C. Roe, of Chester; Rec'g
Sec'y, John C. McConnell, of Goshen; Cor'g Sec'y, Hamilton
Morrison, Montgomery; Treasurer, William M. Sayre, Goshen;
and an Executive Committee of five.

HAMILTON MORRISON, Cor'g Sec'y.

ORLEANS.

The annual fair of this Society was held at Albion, Orleans
county, on the 25th and 26th of September, 1856, — was
well attended, and the Society appeared prospering as well as
could be expected without suitable grounds and buildings in
which to convene. The income of the Society for the present
year is as follows :

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 645

From memberships and tickets sold at the fair, $390 00

Amount on hand at time of fair, 113 41

$503 41
By payments for premiums and expenses, 400 70

$102 71

This Society has been merged into a new Society, organized
under tlie act of 13th April, 1855, by filing certificate in the
county clerk's office, and with Secretary of State, on 20th day of
October, 1856.

Officers: — President, Timothy C. Bailey; Secretary, H. S. Gofif;
Treasurer, A. Thomas, and six Directors.

0. M. BARBER, President.

OSWEGO.

The annual fair was held at Mexico, Sept. 17th, 18th and 19th.
The annual address was delivered by Harvey Palmer, President
of the Society. The number of people in attendance was far
more numerous than at any previous exhibition. The show of
horses, cattle, sheep and swine was most creditable to the county,
and in every department the exhibition was such as to do great
credit to the farmers and mechanics of the county.

The Society was re-organized under the act of 1855, and the
fairs located at Mexico, and commodious grounds secured for the
purpose.

The receipts in 1856 from members and admissions was
§1,287.33, larger than at any former fair, and the entries 470 in
excess of those of 1855.

The county of Oswego possesses a soil eminently adapted to
grazing and dairy purposes, and is amply su])plied with pure
water, an important desideratum in this branch of Agriculture.
Butter and clieese will be the great staple of the county, which
under good husbandry cannot fail to enrich, rather than impov-
erish the soil. It is believed that the same amount of capital
invested in dairying in tins county will give more profit than in
the wheat-growing region of Western New- York.

[A^. Trans. J ii ^

546 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

Winter meeting December 21. The treasurer reported

Receipts from all sources,. _ $1,457 57

Disbursements, 1,431 85

$26 22

Officers for 1857: — President, Leonard Ames, Mexico; Vice-
President, A. W. Severance, New Haven; Secretary, D. W. C. ^
Peck, Mexico; Treasurer, L. H. Conklin, Mexico.

HARVEY PALMER, President.

A. W. SEVERANCE, Secretary.

L. H. CONKLLN, Treasurer.

OSWEGO.

The Society originally organized in this county, have submitted
a report of the fair in 1856, which was held in New Haven,
Sept. 17th and 18th. The exhibition was one of the best ever
held by the Society. Horses, cattle, sheep and swine exhibited
the improvement which had been made in the county. The show
of fruit was not large, owing to the dry season, but some choice
specimens of peaches attracted much attention. On the second
day the plowing match and the exhibition of horses upon the
course, were the great features of attraction.

The receipts for the year were, |811 44

Expenditures, 546 00

$265 44

Officers for 1857 : — President, H. Murray, Oswego; Vice-Pres-
ident, J. J. Wolcott, Fulton; Rec'g Sec'y, J. A. Place, do.; Cor'g
Sec'y, V. Douglass, Richlands; Treasurer, S. G. Merriam, New
Haven. J. H. WRIGHT, Secretary pro tern.

(It is to be regretted that two organizations exist in this county.
It is hoped that the farmers and mechanics will unite in one
organization, and thus harmoniously develope the resources of
this excellent farming county.)

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 547

OTSEGO.

The annual show of the Otsego County Agricultural Society
was held at Cooperstown on the 8th and 9th of October. It was
the first time that the Society had occupied its new grounds with
a view to its permanent location in the county town ; and some
anxiety was felt as to the success of the experiment. Hitherto
the northern part of the county had been somewhat unmindful
of its true interests, and backward in keeping up that active
organization and earnest effort without which no agricultural
society can flourish or attain its proper growth and influence. On
this occasion, however, the people shook ofi" their long lethargy
and turned out in such numbers and with such a will, that the
result of the " new plan" was no longer doubtful.

The grounds now occui:)ied by the Society consist of eight acres
surrounded by a substantial high board fence. In the center is
the building for exhibiting dairy products, domestic manufactures,
&c., &c., and two ranges of convenient cattle sheds divided into
stalls with an alley through the middle. There is a suitable
building at the gate for ticket and business offices, and a well-
graded track runs round the whole grounds, in the corners
between which and the fence, are the sheep and swine pens. An
abundant supply of running water is provided inside. The
arrangements for cattle, though deemed ample, were found quite
insufficient, and a greater amount of shedding is to be provided
another year.

The two days of the exhibition were all that could be desired,
as regards weather, and the bright October sun shone ou the
largest concourse of people ever assembled at an agricultural show
in the county. The display of stock was very creditable, tliough
it was regretted that the southern part of the county was not
better represented. Mr. Lee, Mr. Roseboom, and others showed
some good Short-liorns, and Judge Bowne's Devons well repre-
sented tliat esteemed breed; whilst Mr. CLarke's large herd of
grade llerefords, almost made up for tlie absence of thorough-
breds in that class. This latter herd deserves especial notice, as
a proof of what judicious crossing with good thorough-bred bulls
will do in creating a stock of cattle, possessing nearly the uni-
formity and character of thorough-breds; more particularly, as

548 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

this is a method of improving our native cattle within the reach
of every one, only requiring the purchase of good males, and
careful selection of the females, and then systematic, consistent
crossing. It is a too common fault with most who begin in this
way to improve their stock, that they do not retain the females
they breed; but tempted by the butcher's or drover's extra price,
dispose of them, and thus lose the means of taking the second
upward step in the course of breeding, as it is only by breeding
from constantly improving females that the best results are
attained. Any man who will pursue this course, selecting good
native females to begin with, and using thorough-bred bulls of
either of the established races, and then continue crossing on their
progeny for three or four generations, will at the end of a dozen
years have a stock, if not equal to Mr. Clarke's, at least that he
may be proud of. When one man's herd or farm will not war-
rant his buying alone, let him club with three or four of his
neighbors and purchase a bull in common, and I will engage, the
results will bear them out in the first expenditure. There were
a few good Short-horns and Devon grades exhibited, but not
nearly the number we expected to see, knowing the length of
time these two breeds have been in the county. There were also
some milch cows, whose attested performances in the butter line
bordered on the incredible. Neither full-bred nor grade Alder-
neys were exhibited, though some good ones are known to be in
the county, and several dairymen in the southern part are trying
the experiment of crossing them on the natives. These small,
hardy, butter giving Alderneys are so admirably adapted for
" town" cows, if I may use the expression, that is, for the use of
those living in towns and villages, having little land, and keep-
ing a single cow, that I should be glad to see them better known
here and more widely disseminated.

The show of sheep in nearly all the various breeds was very
good; Long-wools, South-Downs and Merinos, were numerously
and well represented, and there were several pens of a breed well
deserving attention, and scarcely to be found in another county
in the State, the " Cheviots," a strong, hardy, well-wooled, prolific
sheep, quite able to " rough it," and so admirably fitted for the
bleakest and coldest portions of our State. The show of swine
w^as neither as large nor as good as it ought to have been. A

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 549

few good Suffolks were exhibited, but no specimens of the Berk-
shire, Essex, or other improved breeds were to be found. In
dairy products too, the display was not equal to the reputation of
Otsego, though what was shown was of excellent quality.

The exhibition of domestic manufactures and miscellaneous
articles filled the building appropriated to them, and from the
crowds they attracted seemed to meet the approval of all.

On the second day the horses were shown, and the lovers of
that noble animal were gratified with a fair show of all the vari-
ous classes, though the " young ones''' were not as numerous as we
hope to see them another year. A stallion belonging to Mr.
North deservedly received full meed of praise and admiration.

The address was delivered by B. P. Johnson, Esq., the popular
and indefatigable Secretary of the State Agricultural Society, and
was listened to with eager and pleased attention, by a large

audience.

FRANCIS M. ROTCH, President.
Officers for 1857.— Francis M. Rotch, President; Alfred Clarke,
Vice President; G. Pomeroy Keese, Secretary; F. A. Lee, Treasu-
rer: and 6 Directors.

PUTNAM.

In consequence of unavoidable delay in arranging the accounts
of our Society, I have been prevented making the usual yearly
statement of the condition and doings of our County Agri-
cultural Society. The annual exhibition was held at Lake
Mahopac, in the township of Carmel, and although the atten-
dance was quite as good as on previous occasions, still I did not
consider the fair as successful as on former occasions. In defence
of this result it is barely justice to the officers of the Society and
the parties interested in making the preparations to state that
tlie difference was mainly attributed to unwillingness of some to
give their encouragement unless the fair was held in their imme-
diate vicinage.

This i)osition the officers of the Society felt constrained to dis-
countenance, and in conformity to such principles determined to
change the location to Mahopac, where the fiiir was held.

550 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

The show of fat cattle was, as usual, very good in this county,
and of swine and sheep fair; but domestic articles, fruit, flowers
and vegetables, neither ornamented the grounds nor reflected
credit on the farmers or farmers' wives of Putnam; but I indulge
the hope we shall be able to make amend at our next gathering.

The following report of the treasurer will show the state of our
funds :

Receipts, _ - |722 38

Expenditures, _ 365 43

Books on hand, — 30 00

Officers^ 1857 : — President, Thos. B. Arden, Phillipstown, and
six Vice-Presidents; Secretary, G. Mortimer Belding, Carmel;
Treasurer, Saxton Smith, Putnam Valley.

THOS. B. ARDEN, President,

QUEENS

The fifteenth annual exhibition of the Queens County Agricul-
tural Society, was held at Hempstead, on Thursday, September
25th, 1856.

The day opened with all the beauty of a clear autumnal sky,
and everything was conducive to the pleasure of the occasion.
At an early hour the people began to assemble on the ground,
and a general bustle and activity were displayed by the exhibi-
tors in arranging the various articles for exhibition.

The variety and quality of fruits and vegetables were never
surpassed by any former exhibition in the county.

The show of horses was unusually large, of thorough bred
stock, better than for many years; grade stock not so many as
last year.

Nor were the ladies without interest in the affair; they not only
graced the scene with their presence, but opened the treasures of
their skill and industry in a great variety of useful, ornamental,
and artistic articles. The number of visitors were estimated at
ten thousand.

The Society is under great obligations to the various committees
for their prompt attention to the duties assigned them, and espe-
cially to Samuel B. Mersereau, Esq., chairman of committee of
arrangements, for his valuable services, (without fee or reward),

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 551

and for settling tlie local accounts, and making a clear and con-
cise report within four days after the fair.

Grain. — The show of grain was highly creditable, especially to
ihe town of Hempstead; winter wheat weighing 62 lbs., oats 34
lbs. per bushel. A hill of corn was exhibited by Wm. L. Lanig,
having 11 good sized ears; Samuel E. Johnson also exhibited a
hill of " Wyandot corn," from one grain, having five stalks, and
nine ears on it, (so 'twas said).

Precisely at noon, the President, Wm. T. McCoun, Esq., intro-
duced the orator of the day, Mr. B. P. Johnson, the well-known
Secretary of the New York State Agricultural Society, who pro-
ceeded to give his crowded audience a lesson full of practical
wisdom and sound sense. He treated particularly of the utility
of such agricultui-al exhibitions as this, enforcing his counsels by
comparisons between American and British agriculture. He held
that agricultural shows are things of infinite importance to the
farmers and producers. Men who will not contribute of their
substance to enrich their agricultui-al gatherings, on the ground
that if they did exhibit they would be beaten, he argued were the
men who were sure to be beaten, because of their lack of enter-
prise and energy. He had learned during his connection with
the State Agricultural Society, that the men who were the most
attentive and the most regular in their attendance upon the exhi-
bitions, were the most successful farmers in the State. Nor is it
essential tliat the farmer should be a learned man to be a good prac-
tical agriculturist; for, although the educated man, all other tilings
being equal will be the most successful, yet the man in this State
who took the 1st premium for improved farms in 1855, was a plain,
honest, country farmer, J. V. Grove, Ovid, Seneca county; and there
are many more like him. Mr. Johnson spoke in this connection of
the Agricultural College which is finally to be established in this
State after seven years of effort. He was proud to say that the
site for that institution had been selected, and he made a point of
inculcating in the ear of his audience the lesson of the necessity
of giving the young farmer such a culture as shall enable him to
advance his own peculiar science to a point far beyond that which
it had reached. Certain principles lie at the foundation of all
good farming. No farmer can be a practical man unless he
manage his concerns with industry, energy and skill. He should

552 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK '

be sure, too, to pay particular attention to the value and peculiar
properties of manures — a point too much neglected, as a general
thing, among American farmers.

In concluding he told sundry interesting anecdotes of his experi-
ence in London during the World's Fair. He was peculiarly racy
in his descriptions of John Bull's amazement at the success of the
American plow and of McCormick's reaper — two affairs the suc-
cess of which reestablished the fame of this country upon a firm
and lasting basis. He described at length the Queen's visit to the
American department, and expressed his pleasure at the Ir^^arest
displayed by her majesty. A few words of good counsol to the
farmer ended an address which was heard with great attention,
and heartily approved by all.

A resolution of thanks was adopted, coupled with a request for
a copy of the address for publication j but from the many and
pressing engagements of Mr. Johnson he has been unable to com-
ply with the request.

Trial of Mowing Machines. — ^A trial of mowing machines under
the auspices of the Society took place on Monday, June 30, 1856.
The field selected was about half a mile from Hempstead Branch,
and covered by a heavy crop of clover on wheat stubble, very
much lodged. Nine machines entered, viz. :

Allen's Patent; Dietz & Dunham's cam-motion; Burrall's Pat-
ent; Whitenack's Jersey mower; Hulett's Know Nothing ; Weeke's
Patent; Manny's combined reaper and mower, improved; Manny's
four wheel reaper and mower; Manny's improved, used three
years.

The following rules were laid down for the direction of the
judges :

" They will take into consideration the cleanness of cutting;
lightness of draft; simplicity of construction; durability, and
least liability to get out of order. The speed of the horses not
to exceed an ordinary plow walk. No trotting allowed."

Nearly six hundred persons w^ere present, who greatly inter-
fered with the trial; each machine seemed to have a drummer to
sound its good qualities and defame its neighbor; and we are sat-
isfied that these mowing trials, with so many persons around, and
who will not keep at a- proper distance, are not productive of
results beneficial to the farming interest. If there could be such

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 553-

a thing as a trial, free from the presence and influence of special
manufacturing interests, it is quite possible that the practical
good sense of the farmers would settle down on some two or
three of the machines now so prominently before the public.
Nine machines were too many to try fairly and honestly, in one
afternoon, and from the crowding of the spectators it was almost
impossible for the judges to give to each machine the attention
necessary to the formation of an accurate judgment of the pecu-
liar qualities of each.

Half an acre was allotted to each machine, and they went to
work about two o'clock, P. M. "Know Nothing" broke down
about the second time round, and was considered out of the con-
test. The others continued on until they had finished their por-
tion of the field. Burrall's machine was evidently under the
charge of a person who knew nothing about driving a mow-
ing machine. Concerning the working, there were as many
opinions among the farmers and judges as there were machines at
work — each had his favorite and all were favorites by turns.
Manny's, Whitenack's and Allen's seemed to be the favorites
among the farmers. Before the work was completed a dynamo-
meter was attached to each in succession, and the power required
to operate them was as follows :

Length of cutting bar. No. Iba. draft.

Burral's, 4 feet 8 inches, 321

Allen's, _ 4 " 6 " ...336

Dietz & Dunham's, _.. 4 " 8 " 348

Manny's Improved, 4" 10 " 392

" " in use 3 years, 4 " 10 " 398

Whitenack's, 4 " 11 " 388

Weeke's, 4 " 8 " 340

Manny's four wheel, 4 " 10 " . _ 438

The judges after mucli deliberation reported tliat "Manny's
Improved" has the preference for cleanliness of cutting, and best
ada])ted to tlie farmers' use, and was entitled to the first premium;
W]iit('na<-k's Jersey Mower, second premium, and Weeke's Patent
the third premium. They reported Allen's as doing good work,
but not as convenient to move about as Manny's.

This was probably one of the f^reatest trials of mowing
macliines ever held, nine having entered, and considering that
the time was fixed in the middle of hay time, when most farmers

554 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

are busy, the attendance was unusually large; but we sbould like
to see a trial with no spectators but the judges and drivers of the
machines. The result to us was far from satisfactory.

The receipts and expenditures during the past year, have been
as follows :

Balance on hand, _ $142 21

Life-memberships, _ 70 00

Annual members and other sources, 932 79

State appropriation, _ 91 00

$1,236 00
Expended for premiums and expenses, $1,010 58

Balance on hand, 225 42

■ $1,236 00

Officers for 1857 : — President, Wm. T McCoun, Oyster Bay,
and six Vice-Presidents; Cor'g Sec'y and Treasurer, John Harold,
Hempstead; Rec'g Sec'y, Robert Willets, Flushing, and six Man-
agers. JOHN HAROLD, Cor^g Secretary.

RENSSELAER.

The fifteenth annual meeting of the Rensselaer County Agri-
cultural Society was held at the Court House, in the city of Troy,
January 20th 1857. Hon. Gideon Reynolds, President, was
absent, and George Vail, Esq., Vice President, was called to
preside.

There were no competitors for field crops.

B. Starbuck, from the committee to examine the Treasurer's
accounts, reported the examination made, and that the accounts
were found correct. The Treasurer then read his annual report
as follows :

The receipts of the treasury, from all sources, since the last
annual meeting, have been as follows, viz :

Balance of last year's account, $283 00

Rec'd from Treasurer of the State of New-Yo7}/j 180 00

Rent of stands for sale of refreshments, „ 50 00

Received from Annual Members, , ,,-. 542 00

" " Life Members,.. . . 100 00

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 555

Received from sale of gate tickets, 1,413 20

« " Donors, 160 00

$2,728 20
The whole amount of disbursements since the last
annual report, is —

For premiums, §1,281 00

Miscellaneous payments, _ 909 23

Cash on hand, 537 97

§2,728 20

Life members in attendance at the fair, 170; whole number in
attendance on the third day of the fair, 10,985.

A small debt only remaining unpaid, and funds nearly sufficient
to wipe it out having been obtained, an estate worth §8,000, and
free of debt, harmony and good feeling existing with all members,
a determination on their part to make the coming annual fairs of
this Society, better and more useful than the past, a desire to cor-
rect existing evils, and regulate all that is wrong in the working
of the macliinery, are circumstances in themselves, of no incon-
siderable consequence to us all, to yourself must be particularly
gratifying. We may expect the future to be much brighter than
the past history of this Society, and those who are to control its
destinies hereafter, have much to encourage them, and I trust
they will be wise in adopting plans for action, and efficient in the
execution of them, and success is almost certain.

Make the fairs of the Rensselaer County Agricultural Society
what they should be, and multitudes will mingle with yuur
j)leasures, and many men will be made sensible of the benefits
resulting from your judicious management, tliroughout the whulo
ramification of the agricultural and mechanical interests of the
county, and it will be the holiday most valued, and sought unto
by the people. And those who are about to retire from active
participation in conducting the affiiirs of this noble enterprise,
will rejoice witli you, in the future growtli, prosperity and useful-
ness of this long cherislied Society.

I consider it an honor to be an officer of this Society, and am
under lastini; oblit^ations to those who have for the last eight suc-
cessive years selected me with so much unanimity for their finan-
cial officer. Of the manner I have discharged the duties of tliat

556 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

responsible position it does not become me to speak, yet I may be
permitted to say that in my poor measure, I liave endeavored to
bring a good degree of fidelity to the office conferred upon me,
and while I am sensible of many wrongs on my part, I can trul}''
say they were errors of judgment and not designed. Our inter-
course has been of such a character, so pleasant and agreeable to
myself, that a contemplation of a separation is extremely painful,
wdiether it takes place now or at some future period.

Whatever may be my relation to this Society in the future, you
may be assured of my cheerful cooperation in all measures and
efforts to promote its welfare, and hope to witness its prosperity,
and onward march to the full accomplishment of all the impor-
tant objects for which it was incorporated, and its Usefulness
known and acknowledged by all the inhabitants of the county.

A. VAN TUYL, Treasurer.

Mr. Isaac Tallmadge, of Schaghticoke, offered the following
resolution : —

Resolved^ That the thanks of the Society are due in an especial
manner to George Yail, Esq., one of its most intelligent founders,
for his ceaseless, liberal and well-directed efforts to sustain its
best interest and extend its usefulness. Adopted.

The committee appointed to nominate officers now reported a
ticket — a ballot was then taken, and the ticket nominated was
elected, and is as follows : — •

President, George Vail of Troy; 5 Vice Presidents; 17 Direc-
tors; Treasurer, Abram Van Tuyl, Troy; Secretary, William
Hagen, Troy.

Mr. Rankin offered the following resolution :

Resolved^ That the thanks of the Society be presented to the
Hon. Gideon Reynolds, the late President, for his attention and
devotion to the duties of that office, through the year just closed.
Adopted. WILLIAM HAGEN", Secretary,

ROCKLAND.

Officers for 1857.— S. W. Canfield, President, Piermont; A. E.
Suffern, Cor'g Sec'y, Haverstraw; N. C. Blauvelt, Rec'g Sec'y?
Spring Valley; Peter Stephens, Treasurer, Nyack Turnpike; and
four Vice Presidents.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 557

ST. LAWRENCE.

The annual fair was held at Canton, ITth, IStli and 19th of Sept.,
and surpassed any previous year. The exhibition of stock, pro-
duce, implements, fruit, &c., was one of the best exhibitions ever
made in this section of the State. The Secretary of the State
Agricultural Society, who was present, remarked that the dairy
products were the best that he had ever seen at any county fair.
In extent and quality it could scarcely be excelled. It was esti-
mated on Friday that there were at least 12,000 people upon the
grounds — the day previous a larger collection. The address was
delivered by Mr. Johnson, Secretary of the State Agricultural
Society, and was as excellent in matter as the delivery w^as in
manner. Many upon the ground during its delivery remarked,
'' We wish we w^ere farmers." The Society have grounds contain-
ing 20 acres, enclosed, with beautiful groves admirably adapted to
the objects of the Society.

Receipts,... §2,959 80

Expenditures, 2,578 36

Officers. — H. G. Foote, President, Ogdensburgh; Henry 0.
Knowles, Secretary, Potsdam ; Ebenezer Miner, Treasurer, Canton.

ST. LAWRENCE INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL

SOCIETY ORGANIZED 1856.

The first annual fair was held at Ogdensburgh on the commo-
dious grounds of the Society, and was a very successful exhibition.
The attendance was large, and the exhibition in the various
departments highly creditable.

Receipts, §5,084 00

Expenditures, _ . 5 ,082 5 6

A. P. Morse, President 3 Chas. Shepard, Secretary; George N.
Seymour, Treasurer.

SARATOGA.

Tlie Saratoga County Agricultural Society has had another
prosperous year — the sixteeiitli annual fair, held on the Society's
grounds at Mechanicville in September last, having been a liighly
successful one indeed. Tlie number of entries was 594, against

558 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

492 in 1855; and the receipts were §708.39, against §573.83 in
1855. The show was good in most of the departments, but tlie
stock, particularly cattle, attracted much attention and com-
mendation.

A new feature, being a sale of stock at auction on the grounds,
the last day of the fair was introduced, but at so late a day that
brief notice was given of it, and it was broken up by a shower of
rain whilst in progress, so that no opinion of its benefit can hardly
be given ; still we think favorably of it, and it will probably be
continued at future fairs.

Besides the premiums awarded at the annual fair a meeting
was held of the Executive Committee Dec. 15, at which Mr. H.
A. Van Wie, having presented properly verified statements, was
awarded premiums for crops of corn and potatoes. He raised 60 J
bushels of shelled corn at an expense of §15 per acre, and I30i
bushels of Peachblow potatoes upon an acre, at an expense of $11,
Mr. Van Wie occupies the farm lately owned by Hon. Samuel
Cheever at Bemus' Heights.

The officers of the Society for the ensuing year are : Nathaniel
Mann, President, Isaac Clements and Joel C. Rouse, Vice Presi-
dents; Reuben S. Burtis, Treasurer; Lewis E. Smith, Correspon-
ding Secretary; E. J. Huling, Recording Secretary.

E. J. HULING, Rec'g Secretary,

SCHUYLER.

The Schuyler County Agricultural Society would respectfully
report that the Society held their annual fair and cattle show in
the village of Watkins, on the Stli and 9th days of October, .1856.
There was an increased attendance over last year. The number
of horses, cattle and other live stock was greater than the previ-
ous year. The show of articles at the hall was larger in all
its departments, except fruit, all kinds of which w^ere deficient.
The officers elected for the ensuing year are as follows :
President, J. M. Jackson, Altay, and six Vice-Presidents;
Treasurer, Thomas Evans, Watkins; Secretary, Orlando Hurd,
Watkins.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 559

Balance on hand from last year, §10 00

The receipts at the fair were, _ .' 227 00

Paid out for premiums, 171 50

Expenses, 46 00

DANIEL TUTTLE, President.
Orlando Hurd, Secretary.

SULLIVAN.

The annual fair and cattle show of the Sullivan County Agri-
cultural Society for 1856, was held in Monticello, on the 9th day
of October. The concourse of people, as usual on such occasions
in this county, w^as immense; but truth compels me to say that,
as usual, the exhibition w^as unworthy the farmers of Sullivan, and
the occasion. Our agriculturists generally, and even members of
the Society, evince a backwardness in adding to the interest of
fairs, which is far, very far from commendable. It is hoped that
a better time is coming.

Officers for the present year :

President, Lewis Moore, Monticello, and 14 Vice-Presidents;
Secretary, James L. Stewart, Monticello; Treasurer, Cornelius
Hatch, Monticello; Cor'g Sec'y, James E. Quinlan, Monticello;
Executive Committee of six.

JAMES E. QUINLAN, Cor'g Secretary.

TIOGA.

This Society was incorporated in 1855, and since has success-
fully sustained itself, and still exists with increasing prospects of
usefulness. The effects and usefulness of this Society in the
county for go(j(l, cannot be (piestioned. The marked ini})rove-
ment in the stock exliibited at the last county fair, from tliat
wliich was exliibited in 1855, tends to encourage the Society to
make greater exertions during tiic present year. Tlie farmers
are becoming more and more alive to tlie importance of improving
their stock. The great superiority in llesh,and in milk and but-
ter, and the liigli j>rices whieli tliorougli-bred stock brings, as
compared with the old or native brcedSj are stimulating all who

560 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

take pride in raising stock, to greater care and exertion in secu-
ring the very best breeds that can anywhere be obtained.

Besides, the fairs have given a stimulus to gentlemen of means
to import specimens of the best breeds, so that at the last fair,
there was a very creditable display of stock animals, either of
pure blood or very high grades.

For some years past the culture of wheat has not been success-
ful in this county, and therefore other kinds of grain have
received the attention of farmers, who are now turning their
attention to the raising of cattle, horses and sheep, and also to the
business of dairying; the last of which employments, owing to
the fine pastures which the valley of the Susquehanna supplies,
and to the facilities which the New- York and Erie Railroad affords,
is yearly becoming more and more remunerative to all engaged
in it.

The number of cattle in this county, in proportion to the num-
ber of its inhabitants, at least equals that of any other in the
State; and at the last fair a large number of fine specimens were
exhibited, of Durhams, Ayrshires, and Devons.

The annual fair was held on grounds procured for the occasion,
in Owego, on the 24th and 25th of September last. The weather
was excellent, and the attendance from all parts of the county
was on both days, especially the last, very large. Owing to the
fact that the grounds were not specially enclosed, and that no
admission fees were charged, the Society was not able to offer as
large a list of premiums as it otherwise might have done. Eut
the Society at its business meeting, on the last day of the fair,
passed the following resolution.

" Resolved, That the officers and members of this Society will
use their best endeavors to secure, by lease or purchase, a sufli-
cient lot of ground for the purpose of holding our annual county
fairs, and for other similar purposes, and that said lot shall be so
fenced, and fitted with proper buildings, that stock and horse
fairs can be held therein whenever convenient."

The following are the officers elected for the ensuing year,
on Sept. the 24th ult. :

President, Louis P. Legg, and three Vice-Presidents; Secretary,
W. Smyth; Treasurer, T. I. Chatfield, two Directors and ten
Assistants.

STATE AGRICTLTURAL SOCIETY. 561

Tlie treasurer presents the following report of receipts and dis-
bursements during the year 1856 :

By cash received for memberships, $213 00

By cash from State,. _ 61 00

Total received, $274 00

Paid in premiums and incidentals, _ 271 62

Balance remaining in treasury, $2 38

LOUIS P. LEGG, President.

THE CROPS OF TIOGA COUNTY AND ESPECIALLY THE TOWN OF

NICHOLS, FOR 1856.

1st. Winter wheat — Of tliis crop more was harvested than in a
number of years, and the crop was less injured by the wheat fly
or midge than before, since its appearance in the vicinity; of the
Soule species there was some fine fields; the Mediterranean and
Blue stem are considerably raised, the average yield I concluded
was between eight and ten bushels per acre; there was more
spring wheat raised than before in a number of years, and of a
better quality and less injured by the insects; the crop appearing
to ripen after the day of the insect; the yield was about fifteen
bushels per acre.

2d. Rye. — Rye crops generally very fine; grain uncommon
plump and heavy, and a large amount raised; years ago there
w^as but little rye raised in this county, but for the last tliree
years a large amount has been raised, in consequence of the
destruction of wheat by the insect; the yield was about twenty
bushels per acre. We begin to conclude that we can raise rye
here as well as in some of the older counties of the State.

3d. Barley. — Of this grain there was but little raised, as far as
I could ascertain; the kind of barley in this vicinity being two and
four rowed mixed together, and does not ripen even; good barley
can be raised here.

4 til. Indian Com. — A large portion of the corn planted in tliis
vicinity did not come up the first time planting, and a num})cr
of fields were planted over tliree times; in consequence of the
corn vegetating so bad a number of rows were not filled out; and
by the middle of July the weathrr was so dry that the leaves or
blades of corn ])egan to roll by nine o'clock, and would continue
[Ag. Trans.J Jj

562 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

rolled until sundowiij and by the middle of August the leaves
would frequently remain rolled all night, especially on gravelly
knolls; in consequence of the corn coming up so poor, and the
great drought many fields were not half a crop. In all probabil-
ity the yield is not more than twenty bushels per acre; a few
fields on the river flats yielded 60 bushels per acre, while others
not more than ten. The principal varieties raised are the large
and small Button, Red glazed eight rowed corn, Evans' eight rowed
yellow, small yellow Canada, Canada white flint, Delaware white,
and two or three other kinds of white corn.

5th. Buckwheat. — A large quantity of this grain was sov;n, but
in consequence of the great drought, a large portion did not come
up, especially on hilly land, where a majority of the Buckwheat
is raised. I saw a number of fields five weeks after being sown,
and they appeared, with the exception of a few spots, as if not
sown; such fields did not yield over five bushels per acre, and
some not that. I prefer to sow from the tenth to the twelfth of
July, for I w^ould rather risk the frost than sow earlier and have
the crop scorched by the sun, and I never fail of a fine crop. My
crop of 1856 was on a diluvial formation, and very stony and
dry, and yielded as much as 31 bushels per acre; the yield for
the county was not over 14 bushels per acre.

6th. Oats. — In consequence of the cold wet May, and the very
dry summer, the oat crop was lighter than before in a number of
years; some fields of four or five acres were drawn in at one
load, and in a number of fields, the straw was so short that it was
difficult binding; in some cases long straw had to be carried for
that purpose. I regret to say that it is the practice of some far-
mers to sow a field two and even three years in succession with
oats; such a course causes the last crop to be light. I con-
clude the average of the county to be not over 18 bushels per
acre; a few early sown fields along streams, yielded 40 to 50
bushels per acre.

7th. Beans and Peas, as far as I can ascertain, are not raised
to much amount, every farmer generally raises a small patch of
both, and they, like all other vegetables, suffered with the drought.

8th. Grass and Hay. — Of the grass crop there w^as plenty till
the middle of July, and from that time until the end of the year
it was of the shortest kind; by the 10th of August the fields

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 563.

appeared of a drab color, and the latter part of the summer, and
all the fall the cows did not give half as much as in the fore part
of summer; a number of wells dried by the first of August, and
all streams, except in a few pools. The Hay crop was quite abun-
dant, and as good as former years, but the latter part ripened
rather fast; the yield must have been one and a fourth tons per
acre; some fields yielded over two tons, while some old mossy
meadows yielded not more than half a ton per acre.

9th. Potatoes. — Singular as it may seem the potatoes were lar-
ger on an average than before in fifteen years, but frequently but
few in a hill. I saw a number of potatoes they said weighed from
2 J to 3 lbs. a piece; the yield was about 70 bushels per acre, and
they hardly rotted at all.

10th. Flax and Hemp. — As far as I could ascertain but very
little raised, a few farmers raising half an acre of flax.

11th. Millett. — Of this grain, as far as I could learn, there was
but a small quantity raised. When raised it is generally a profit-
able crop: grain near equal to corn; the straw quite as good
as hav.

12th. Hops. — A few farmers raise hops, and generally with
quite good success. A few have entered into the business within
a year.

13th. Fruit. — A large amount of apples generally raised here,
and a large variety ot grafted apples; of pears but few are raised,
but there Las been enough tried to show they will do well here,
contrary to former expectation. Plums and cherries, of the former
raising, the trees are about all dead. The apple crop for 1S56
was very light, many orchards not having 50 bushels, while they
were quite full; the crop was not half a one.

14th. The price of grain and produce for 1856 was quite mod-
erate and varied but little, all the latter part. Wheat, $1.37 to
$1.50; Rye, 62 J cts.; Corn, 62 J cts.; Buckwheat 48 to 50 cts.;
Barley, $1; Oats, from 37 J to 40 cts.; Potatoes, from 30 to 37 J
cts.; Butter, from 18 to 23 cts. per lb.; Cheese, from 9 to 10 cts.;
Pork in the hog, from GJ to 8i cts; Beef, per quarter 5 to 6 cts.
These are the prices all along the N. Y. and Erie Kailroad, and
even a few miles back from the road.

15th. 'i'he i>rices of cattle, horses, &c., have ranged quite high;
a common work horse from $130 to $150, and oxen per yoke

564 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

about the same price; cows from $25 to §35, a few as high as
$50; sheep from $2 to $4, according to quality.

ROBERT HOWELL.

TOMPKINS.

The exhibition of this Society, in its various departments was

very creditable to the county. The show of Short-horn cattle

was much the best ever given in the county. That of Devons,

was of very great excellence. The show of sheep and horses

was very creditable. In the implement and miscellaneous

departments were many articles of very great excellence ; and the

whole fair w^as of a character calculated to inspire the farmer

with new zeal for the improvement of the agriculture of the

county.

E. L. B. CURTIS, President.

ULSTER.

The Ulster County Agricultural Society held its annual fair and
cattle show at Kingston, on the 9th and 10th days of October.

The weather was very pleasant and the attendance exceedingly
large. The exhibition of animal stock far exceeded that of any
preceding fair of the Society, both in numbers and quality. Many
very fine horses were exhibited. Working cattle, milch cows and
beef cattle were unusually fine. The show of sheep and swine
w^as more extensive than at former fairs, and of superior quality.
Poultry was not as abundant as on some former occasions, but
some very fine specimens were exhibited. The display of vege-
table productions generally was magnificent; fruit very fine in
quality, though limited. in variety and quantity; manufactured
articles of improved workmanship, and with the various produc-
tions not mentioned or alluded to here, constituting a very credit-
able exhibition.

The annual address before the Society was delivered on the fair
grounds at 2 p. m., on the second day of the exhibition, by Geo.
H. Sharp, Esq. It was an appropriate and able production, and
was well received. The delivery of the address was preceded by
a prayer by Rev. C. Westbrook, D. D.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 565

Immediately after the delivery of the address^ a ladies' riding
match came off, which undoubtedly added to the interest of the
fair. Although the announcement that female equestrians would
be upon the grounds undoubtedly contributed largely to increase
the number present, it is nevertheless very evident that much
more interest is felt by those engaged in agricultural pursuits
than formerly. The exhibitions and the attendance at our county
fairs, alike demonstrate the fact.

The crops of this county have turned out well the past season
generally, and of some descriptions the yield has been exceed-
ingly large. Under this head I may mention corn and buckwheat
particularly.

The first premium on yield of corn was awarded to C. L. Kier-
sted, Esq., of the town of Kingston, the yield being 107 /^ bush,
per acre. The second premium on corn to C. M. Van Leuven,
the present president of the Society — yield 82 /-6- bush, per acre.
Both of the above named gentlemen are excellent farmers, as the
lands they cultivate plainly show.

The first premium on yield of wheat was taken by John P.
Kimble, of Saugerties. His field embraced a number of acres,
and yielded 25^^^ bush, per acre. The quality of the grain was
exceedingly fine, the berry very plump, large and white. A bag
of the wheat was exhibited at the fair, and the premium for best
bushel of that grain awarded therefor.

Peter Crispell, Jr. of Hurley, took the first premium on yield
of potatoes — 416y\% bush, to the acre. They are of the Yam
species; they yield abundantly in strong soil, such as the rich
Hurley flats on which Mr. Crispell grows them.

First premium on oats, C. M. Van Leuven, 85yVu bush, per
acre; second, James Kiersted, 68^ bush, per acre. C. L. Kicr-
sted took two premiums on rye. The yield was 37 J bush, per
acre on his lowland, and 31 J bush, per acre on ui»land. C. L.
Kiersted best acre of hay, producing G800 lbs. There were a
number of vegetable and fruit productions at the fair wortliy of
special notice; among tliem some very fine seedling potatoes raised
by G. N. Roosa of Hurley; several specimens of corn, of different
varieties, of most luxuriant c^rowth, raised by Kussell N. Isaacs
of Saugerties; splendid specimens uf gniix'S, from tlie lot of Jolin
Kussell of this village; ])uniplvins of extraurdinary size and

566 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

quality from the farm of James Kiersted; California potatoes,
raised by Dr. Crispellj and a number of specimens of exceedingly
fine potatoes and other vegetables raised by Col. E. J. McCarthy
of Saugerties.

At a meeting of the Society, pursuant to due notice, at Brown's
Kingston Hotel, on the 27th day of December, 1856, for the pur-
pose of electing officers for the coming year, the following were
chosen.

C. M. Van Leuven, President; 4 Vice Presidents; S. S. Hom-
mel, Recording Secretary; Peter Crispell, Jr., Corresp'g Secretary;
John Chipp, Jr. Treasurer.

S. S. HOMMEL, Secretary,

■WARHEN.

It affords me pleasure to communicate to you the formation of
the Warren County Agricultural Society. Our county has been
very backward in agricultural matters — the greater part of the
population and capital being engaged in the lumber business,
but now that the timber is cut down to so great an extent, they
begin to look for some more permanent source of employment
and wealth. Our soil needs considerable labor and expenditure
to get it under profitable cultivation ; but we have many instances
of patient perseverance being well rewarded.

We anticipate much benefit from the formation of this associa-
tion, by the dissemination of agricultural reports and newspapers,
from the discussions at our weekly meeting, and from the emula-
tion excited by a public fair. Though the idea of our organization
has been but recently suggested, it is received with a good deal of
favor by the farmers and others, and we hope to have upon our
roll the majority of the landowners in the county.

The officers for the present year are : Benjamin C. Butter, Presi-
dent; Charles H. Skillman, Corresponding Secretary; Andrew J.
Cherritree, Recording Secretary; Wm. H. W^ells, Treasurer; and
five Vice-Presidents.

C. H. SKILLMAN, Cor'g Secretary.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

567

WASHINGTON.

I would briefly state that while a general apathy exists on the
part of our farmers in this county, in respect to the interests and
prosperity of our Society, arising in part no doubt from the too
common errors in all Societies of this kind, favoritism on the
part of those who compose the viewing committees, as also in the
arrangement of the premium lists, yet the feir of the present
year, in respect to numbers present, was at once commendable,
there not having been less than from 15,000 to 20,000 people
present, as estimated by good judges.

Tlie fair Avas held at Union village, on the 17th and 18th of
September.

The show of stock, with the exception of horses, was not what
could have been desired. The display of horses evinced a good
degree of interest in that department, and the horses were worthy
of the enterprise and good judgment of the yeomanry of "old"
Washington county. The display in the Agricultural department
proper, as also in the ladies' department, although not without
merit, was not what might have been expected. We trust that
we shall not be considered unwise in our own estimation, when we
attribute much of the failure witnessed in our county fairs, to
tluit very popular department which has recently been added to
the programme of almost all our Agricultural Fairs, to wit. : that
of " Ladies' Equestrianship." Without entering into detail in this
matter, we give it as our decided opinion, that the influence and
tendency of said department materially detracts from the interest
formerly taken in the more appropriate objects of the Society.
Much credit is due the president, Dr. Savage, as well as the inhabi-
tants of Union village, for tlieir generous efforts in belialf of the
Society, at its late fair. To their efforts, in a great measure, was
the success of the fair attributable. Tlie very able and well
directed addressed of James 0. Miller, Jr., of Montgomery,
Orange county, N. Y., and of Dr. Savage, the ju-esident at the
fair, liave been published in i)ami)ldet form, copies of which you
have doubtless seen.

In conchision we would add tluit our Society receives the sup-
port and influence of some of the best men in the county, and
under judicious management may continue to form a valuable

568 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

auxiliary in the prosperity and advancement of the science of
agriculture.

At the annual meeting held January 13, 1857, premiums were
awarded on Indian corn, wheat, timothy seed, barley, oats, buck-,
wheat, turnips and carrots. A special premium was awarded
for vetches raised byB. C. Eishop of Jackson. The fair for 1857
was located at South Hartford, in the 2d Assembly district, $150
having been raised to cover expenses.

Officers for 1857. — President, Hon. Henry W. Beckwith, North
Granville; Recording Secretary, K. K. Crocker, North White
Creek; Assistant do., Wm. L. Mo wry, Greenwich; Corresponding
Secretary, Rev. E. H. Newton, Jackson; Treasurer, S. W. Crosby
North White Creek; five Vice-Presidents and an Executive Com-
mittee of one from each town.

On motion of Dr. A. Fitch, it was voted that, as an event of no
ordinary moment to this Society, the decease of its first president
and constant friend, Henry Holmes, has occui-red since the last
annual meeting, a committee be appointed to prepare suitable
resolutions for insertion in our minutes and for publication, in
commemoration of this bereavement. The chair thereupon ap-
pointed A. Fitch, J. M. Stevenson and John McDonald said
committee.

Pursuant to said vote, the following preamble and resolutions
were presented by said committee and adopted by the Society :

Whereas^ Henry Holmes, of Union Village, one of the origina-
tors of this Society and its first President — one of its most sub-
stantial friends and supporters, to wliose vigorous and elficient
exertions we are indebted for much of the prosperity which has
attended this Society hitherto, and rendered it to such an extent
an honor to our county and a benefit to its citizens, has departed
this life since our last annual meeting,

Resolved^ That we deeply sympathize with the family, the
friends and the section of our county, which, in common with
this Society, has sustained so great a loss in this dispensation of
Divine Providence.

Resolved. That the foregoing preamble and resolution be entered
upon the records of this Society, and published with the proceed-
ings of this meeting, and that a copy of the same be furnished
for insertion in the Country Gentleman.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 569

On motion,

Resolved^ That the thanks of this Society be tendered to Dr.
James Savage, for tlie efficient and highly capable manner in
which he has discharged his duties as President of this Society.

JAMES SAVAGE, President.

R. K. Crocker, Rec^g Secretary.

WAYNE.

The operations of the Wayne County Agricultural Society for
the past year present nothing specially important. The interest
heretofore manifested remains unabated, and has the effect to
stimulate the agricultural and mechanical interests of the county.

A new feature in our operations has been the establishment of
an annual exhibition of Horses; the first of which w^as held on
the Society's grounds the 5th and 6th of June last, with unexam-
pled success. Many of the finest horses in the State were upon
exhibition. The great and increasing demand for good horses,
and the high prices paid for them for several years past, render
this branch of husbandry second to no other in the country, and
seems to warrant a special occasion for its benefit. Horse dealers
are attracted to these exhibitions, and the splendid sales of fine
horses at our show in June last, fully warrant the belief tliat
these exliibitions will prove of great value to producers of good
horses.

The annual fair and cattle show was held in September last,
and although the exhibition was good in every department, it was
materially affected by the weather, which was cold and wet
during the first two days. The show of cattle was however,
better than ever before seen in the county. The show of horses
was also large and fine. The Society is in a ])rosperous condition
and is regarded witli favor by all enterprising farmers andmeciian-
ics in the county.

Tlie annual meeting of the Society was lield in the village of
Lyons, the first Wednesday in January, 1857. Tlie meeting was
large and more tlian usual interest maiiirested in its proceedings.
The following officers were elected for the year 1S57.

'570 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

President, Eron N. Tliomas, Rose; Vice President, William D.
Perrine, Lyons; Secretary, George W. Cramer, Lyons; Treasurer,
William H. Sisson, Lyons.

At tlie annual meeting of tlie Agricultural Society, the follow-
ing resolutions were passed.

Offered by S. B. Gavitt.

Whereas, Dr. D. W. C. Van Slyck, has held the office of Presi-
dent of the county agricultural Society of this county for the past
two years, during which time it was deemed that the old organi-
zation did not meet the wants of the community, and the present
one was duly instituted and perfected; to the consummation of
this organization he has borne an important part, devoting his
time and energies for that purpose; and now that the Society has
gained a new and substantial basis, suitable grounds and buildings,
needing only a wise and systematic continuance of the pojicy
already begun by our worthy President, and his associates in
office; and whereas, he has expressed his determination to retire
from the position of its chief officer, therefore,

Resolved, That the thanks of this Society are due and hereby
cordially tendered to him for his valuable services, and the man-
ner in which he has presided over its affairs; and in retiring he
has our best wishes for his future happiness and prosperity.

DE WITT C. VAN SLYCK, President.

WESTCHESTER.

The 12th annual fair of the Westchester Agricultural and Hor-
ticultural Society was an interesting one, and encouraging to the
members of the Society.

Officers : — President, Henry Wood, Bedford; Treasurer, James
Armstrong, White Plains; Cor'g Sec'y, D. R. Sherwood, Sing Sing;
Rec'g Sec'y, John Cowan, White Plains.

WYOMING.

The Wyoming County Agricultural Society is in a prosperous
condition. Its last annual fair, in October, was attended by at
least ten thousand people. Doubtless there is great room for

. STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 571

improvement in the modes of conducting our fairs, but the sus-
tained and increasing interest manifested in the fair of 1856,
show that they are adapted to the wants of the people. They
supply some great social and industrial necessities. I may be
permitted to allude to misconceptions, as to the object and inten-
tion of fairs : It seems to be supposed that they are for the pur-
pose of displaying monstrosities — a ready method of publishing
the biggest, fattest, and most elaborate — a way to gratify the
spirit of rivalry, and encourage extravagant and profitless exi^en-
ditures.

On the contrary let our State and County Societies spare no
pains to encourage what is really meritorious, and particularly
to encourage inquiry as to the best and cheapest way of accom-
plishing desirable results. It is to be regretted that the premiums
offered by the State Society, for well conducted experiments have
not been responded to as they should have been. A fat hog may
not be entitled to a premium, but a hog fattened by a cheaper
process than had hitherto been divulged would deserve very
marked attention. So of large yields of vegetable products;
when they can be secured with marked diminution of cost they
are not only entitled to premiums, but every particular of their
production should be carefully promulgated. The managers of
Agricultural Societies are beset with difficulties, and are not
always fortunate in having their acts regarded in the light of
christian charity, I would not therefore wish to enlarge their
labors or augment the difficulties of their position; and yet it
strikes me that while our organizations have been powerful stim-
ulants to improvement, they have failed to accomplish all that i3
attainable.

An Agricultural fair should not come by chance, or be a " col-
lection of miscellanies," miscellaneously arranged.

All recent inventions, at any rate all improvements^ sliould be
called out, classified and arranged so tliat visitors can at a glance
compare one with another and decide between tlnMu. lltTc are
fifty dilft'rent models of fence, side hy side; there are a dozen
reapers and mowers; and yonder the cultivators and j)lo\vs are in
formidal)le array — let the public judge between tliem.

A " collection^'' worthv of the name can not be made without
the direct intervention of the officers of the Society — they should

572 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

be in constant correspondence with inventors, &c., and offer such
inducement as will secure the attendance of whatever will add
interest to the show.

As matters now are, many humbugs are ostentatiously dis-
played, while a great deal of value remains at home, unnoticed
and unknown. The world is made up of small things, and there
are a great many little improvements, not patented, that need to
be got before the people.

Let it be our aim to help forward, by every possible means, the
great interests of Agriculture and kindred pursuits.

Receipts, _.. §441 87

Expenditures, 342 02

Zen

Officers: — President, Hugh T. Brooks; Secretary, E. L. Eab-
bit; Treasurer, J. A. McElwain.

HUGH T. BROOKS, President.

YATES.

The sixteenth annual fair of this Society was held at the village
of Penn Yan on the 9tli and 10th of October, 1856, and was atten-
ded by an unprecedented concourse of people from every part of
this and the surrounding counties. It affords us great pleasure
to be enabled to say, that notwithstanding a little hostile feeling
has been manifested in remote parts of the county, and no less
than two very respectable and, as we are no doubt correctly in-
formed, very promising rival Societies — one of several towns from
Steuben and the other from a portion of old Ontario — yet the
Society never gave more cheering signs of promise and the ulti-
mate attainment of the objects sought than it does at this present
time, as will appear from, the sequel. In proof of this, it is
only necessary to add that the amount received during the past
year, as compared with any previous year, show^s a very large
increase, and the amount of premiums paid shows the same result.

Everything throughout the county in an agricultural point,
from year to year, bears evidence of a new impulse^ particularly
in the improving, growing and importing good stock; five years
since there was not a "full blood " in the county. We are proud
to say that we think we are prepared to compete successfully now

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 573

with any other like portion of territory in the State. Mr. Daniel
Suplee of the town of Starkey, who by-the-by is one of our best
and ablest farmers, has to-day in his yard probably one of the
best full-blood Durham bulls in Western New- York; and in fact
we have seen many imported animals of long and high sounding
names and pedigree greatly his inferior.

In fact through the iniluence and the success of our laudable
efibrts to improve, refine and enlighten the people in an agricul-
tural point of view, by keeping up our Society and our annual
fairs, the agricultural newspaper enterprise is greatly indebted.
Greatly to the credit of our citizens, scarcely a farmer can be
found who does not read some work on agriculture — take one or
more agricultural papers, or who has so thrown off ail bigotry, or
sufficient at least as to be greatly influenced by those of his neigh-
bors who do read. We have been credibly informed that there
are taken in this county over 500 copies of Moore's Rural New-
Yorker alone, and in which many valuable suggestions, "facts
and figures," are weekly given, with which the farmer, from time
to time, is wont to compare his judgment and his experience; he
is led to think — to read more — to talk, and to talk intelligibly, if
not scientifically, on agricultural subjects; and thus tlie mind is
improved, his condition in life bettered, his happiness, comfort,
and that of his family increased, and the world benefited by his
having lived in it.

The annual address was delivered by our townsman, the Hon.
D. A. Ogden, late Consul to Honolulu.

The annual winter meeting of the Society convened at Wash-
ington Hall, on Saturday, December 18, and was called to order
by Col. Gilbert Sherer, President.

Tlie report of the Treasurer was read by Wm. S. Judd, which on
motion of Cliarles Wagener, Avas adopted.
Receipts:

Received for memberships, $278 00

" " admissions to fair grounds, 400 63

« from festival, 100 00

" for rent of fair grounds, 20 00

" from treasurer of 1 855 ,._ 8 54

Due from State to Society, 61 00

$868 17

574 ANNUAL REPORT OF N. Y. STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

J)ishursements:

Paid on account of 1855, $139 69

" miscellaneous accounts, 294 80

" exp. fitting up grounds and during fair, 145 97
" premiums, _ 187 82

Cash on hand, _ 99 89

$868 17

William T. Remer offered the following resolution which was
adopted.

Resolved^ That all premiums awarded by the Yates County
Agricultural Society that are not called for, at least ten days
before the second Saturday in December, will be considered
donated to the Society, and it shall be the duty of the treasurer
to so enter them on his books.

The Society then proceeded to the election of officers with the
following result :

President, Gilbert Sherer; Vice President, Samuel V. Miller;
Secretary, Benjamin L. Hoyt; Treasurer, William S. Judd; and
9 directors.

William S. Judd offered the following resolution, which was
adopted :

Resolved^ That the use of the fair ground be tendered to the
Wool Growers' Association of Western New- York, for their next
annual show, provided the association select Penn Yan as the
place of such exhibition.

GILBERT SHERER, President.

Wm. S. Judd, Secretary.

TOWN AND UNION ASSOCIATIONS.

-Reports have been received from several of these associations,
L-cm which brief extracts are given. They have been very suc-
cessful, and have been well sustained, and show the increased
interest which is taken in agriculture, in the State.

Union Agricultural Society, Palmyra. — Organised in June,
1856. Martin Butterfield, President, Palmyra; Stephen Hyde,
Palmyra, W. H. Teller, Manchester, and Russell Stoddard, Far-
rington, Vice Presidents; Carlton H. Rogers, Secretary, Palmyra;
Joseph D. Lovett, Treasurer, Palmyra; and 5 Directors.

Nineteen acres of land, at Palmyra have been enclosed, with
commodious buildings for the purposes of the Society; about
$5,000 have been expended in buildings, enclosing and improving
the grounds.

The fair was held Oct. 21st, to 24th, and was most successful.
The disi)lay of cattle, horses, sheep, swine and poultry was excel-
lent. The whole number of entries of stock, 689. Of fruits and
vegetables the display was one of the best ever exhibited in this
section of the State. A dedicatory address was delivered by Rev.
G. D. Gillespie. [Extract from report of Society.]

Virgil Town Association, Cortland County. — Fair held Sep-
tember 17th and 18th. The general interest in the Society drew
together a large share of the inhabitants of the town, and many
from adjacent towns. There was a fair exhibition of stock and a
g(Kxl show of dairy products. ProS})ects encourai^ing. Nathan
Eouton, President; and Cliarles E. Gleason, Secretary.

Drvdkn, Tum]>kins County. — Fair lield Oct. 8lh and 9th, in an
enclosure of four acres. A large assemblage of people witnessed
an excellent disi»lay of stock. Tlic mechanical and ornamental
departments well sustained, and fur a fust fair it was considered
successful.

576 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

Receipts, |525 63

Expenditures, 475 32

$50 31

Hon, Elias W. Cady, President; 0. E.Wood, Secretary; D. R.
Goodliue, Treasurer.

RusHviLLE Union Agricultural Society, Yates county. — The
second annual fair was held Sept. 22d and 23d, and was very
largely attended. The display of stock was very encouraging;
Mechanical contributions showed a progressive improvement, and
all branches of industry were well represented. An address from
the President, M. H. Lawrence, '•' blending instruction with
delight," was most cordially received.

Receipts, $561 27

Expenditures, 527 91

Balance, $33 36

Geo. W. Stearns, President; John Sayre, Recording Secretary;
A. S. Lindsley, Corresponding Secretary; John Wisewell, Treasu-
rer; and three Vice-Presidents.

Leon Agricultural Club, Cattaraugus County. — The annual
fair was held Oct. 16. An increasing interest was apparent in
the exhibition, and all the departments were respectably repre-
sented.

Everett Stickney, President; N. F. Cooper, Vice-President; Miles
Coe, Secretary; C. Morgan, Treasurer; and five Directors.

Bainbridge Agricultural Society, Chenango County. — This
Society w^as organized January, 1857. Philo Kirby, President;
six Vice-Presidents; Burr C. Campbell, Secretary; Joseph Juliand
2d, Treasurer; and six Directors.

Wis-Koy Agricultural Society, Allegany County. — The annual
fair was held Sept, 16 and 17. A large assortment of stock and
manufactured articles of the best quality was exhibited. An
address by H. C. White, of Buffalo, was delivered, and the results
of the exhibition most cheering to the friends of agricultural
improvement.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 677

0. V. Whitcomb, President, Pike; M. L. Rice, Secretary, Pike;
John Renwick, Treasurer, Pike; three Vice-Presidents and six
Directors.

Lebanon Agricultural and Horticultural Society, Madison
County. — Daniel B. Shapley, President; Alfred Seymour, Rec'g
Sec'y; Edward S. Benedict, Treasurer.

Brookfield Agricultural Society, Madison County.

Receipts, _ $845 63

Expenditui-es, 495 39

$354 44

H. A. Brown, President; John T. G. Bailey, Secretary; C.
Whitford, Treasurer.

Hartland Town Agricultural Society, Niagara County. —
First fair, September 26th and 27th, was largely attended by the
farmers. Quite a respectable number of entries of stock and
manufactured articles were made, and taken as a whole the exhi-
bition excelled the expectation of those engaged in promoting the
interests of Agriculture in the town.

Receipts, §115 36

Expenditures, 75 65

$39 71

Asa P. Aldrich, President; J. C. Deuel, Secretary; Zeno
Hoag, Treasui-er.

Perry and Castile Society, Wyoming County. — Fair held at
Perry, in October, and largely attended. The exliibition of
stock said to be equal to the county fair exhibitions for several
years past. Rufus H. Smith, President; T. S. Gillett, Secretary;
H. W. Barton, Treasurer.

Ellisburgii, Adams and Henderson, Jefferson County. — This is
an old and llourisliing Society, wliose annual exhibitions have been
e(iual to tliose of most county fairs in the State. The exhibition
was hekl at Belleville, in September, and was of decided merit.

[Ag. Trans.[ ^k

578 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

Receipts,- _ $872 64

Expenditures J 529 94

$342 70

T. S. Maxon, President; A. W. Ingraham, Secretary; Jolm
Clark, Treasurer.

CoNEWANGo, Cattaraugus County. — Annual fair at Rutledge,
October 16; 131 entries, and the exhibition a very creditable one,
being tlie first held by the association. Thomas J. Wheeler,
President; Francis Treat, Secretary; Daniel W. Gardner, Treas.

Canaseraga, Allegany County. — This is a very successful so-
ciety, and its fair on the 14tli and 15th of October was a very
encouraging one; and its officers and members are making active
efforts to extend its usefulness. This society has held special
meetings during the year, for familiar conversation on agricultu-
ral and kindred topics, which have added very much to the inte-
rest of the society. Sales of stock at the fair were entirely
successful. The transactions of the Society have been published
in pamphlet form, and will prove very useful. William M. White,
President; W. B. Eattin, Secretary; John N. Lemen, Treasurer. \

Galen, Wayne, County. — This Society has been in successful
operation for several years, and its last fair was one of much
interest. Maynard Dayton, President; Thomas Plum tree, Treas.;
G. W. Cowles, Secretary; Joseph Watson, Librarian.

Farmers' Club, Skaneateles. — This association was formed
several years since, and its exhibitions have been of a very inte-
resting character. W. I. Townsend, President; Chester Moses,
Treasurer; W. M. Beauchamp, Secretary.

Farmers' and Gardeners' Club, Pomfret, Chautauque County. —
This is a very spirited association, and its exhibition very encour-
aging. A. S. Moss, President; D. Risley, Vice President; E.
Baker, Secretary and Treasurer.

CoNSTANTiA, Oswcgo. — Tliis Soclcty is in successful operation,
and is managed so as to contribute to the improvement of the.-,
farmers and mechanics. John W. Lyon, President; George W. *
Taft, Secretary; Levi Belknap, Treasurer.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 579

WoLcoTT Union Agricultural Society, Wayne. — This is a new
association, composed of active and enterprising farmers. E. N.
Plank, President^ Samuel Wells, Secretary; Z. Gould, Treasurer

Farmers' Club, Lewisboro, Westchester. — This is an associa
tion that is taking active measures to improve the agriculture of
Westchester. Edward Lawrence, President; E. Lillie, Recording
Secretary, Henry Keeler, Corresponding Secretary.

Bedford Farmers' Club, Westchester. — This organization bids
fair to do much good to the farmers and others of Bedford and its
vicinity. John A. Howes, President; J. S. Holmes, Corresponding
Secretary; Jared H. Green, Treasurer.

Harpersfield, Delaware. — This is a very spirited Society, and
its exhibition was most creditable to the members, and the stock
would have done credit to any fair. C. J. Merriam, President;
A. S. Gibbs, Secretary; S. H. Stevens, Treasurer.

Vernon Agricultural Association, Oneida. — Has held very
successful fairs, and is composed of some of the most active and
spirited farmers. Fitch Howes, President; L. T. Marshall, Sec-
retary; J. Case, Treasurer.

TONA WANDA VaLLEY AGRICULTURAL SoCIETY AND FaRMERs' AND

Mechanics' Association. — E. Bishop, President; J. Folsom, Sec-
retary; E. Col ton. Treasurer. The fair of this Society was an
excellent one, far exceeding, it is believed, the expectations of the
most sanguine.

Phelps Agricultural Society, Ontario. — This Society has been
in operation several years, and its exhibitions have been very suc-
cessful. E. WlHard Frisbie, President; W. Dillon, Secretary;
H. H. Frazer, Treasurer.

Union Agricultural Society, Dundee, Yates. — Daniel Supplee,
President; J. J. Diefeiidorf, Secretary; J. Ra])alee, Teasurer.

Farmers' CLUB,-Cleveland, Oswego. — Wm. Lyon, President; H.
W. Dickinson, Secretary.

WOOL GROWERS* ASSOCIATION.

The third Annual Fair was held at Penn Yan, in May. The
entries on competition were unusually meritorious in grade and
quality, and creditable to the wool-growers of Western New-York.

The exhibition was attended by gentlemen from all parts of the
State, and elicited unusual interest. The exhibitors comparing
views in relation to grades and breeds of sheep — communicating
their experience in wool-growing, others receiving and imparting
important instruction.

On the third and last day of the exhibition, the reports of com-
mittees were presented.

Fine Wooled Bucks. — Sweepstakes,
1st Premium, J. E. Harwood, Rupert, Vt.
2d do 0. F. Marshall, Wheeler, Steuben.
3d do G. Cutting, Shoreham, Vt.
4th do P. Gardner, Potter, Yates.

Ewes.
1st Premium, A. Y. Baker, Urbana, Steuben.
2d do G. Cutting, Shoreham, Vt.
3d do Julius Stockney, do
4th do D. Z. Gibbs, do

Bucks, 3 years old.
1st Premium, 0. Shepard, Urbana, Steuben.
2d do David Gray, Wlieeler, do
3d do ■ CD. Champlin, Urbana, Steuben

Bucks J 2 years old.
1st Premium, Julius Stickney, Vt.
2d do Wm. T. Renier, Yates.
* 3d do Josliua Kapalee,

Bucks, 1 year old.
1st Premium, G. Cutting, Vt.

582 ANNUAL REPORT OF N. Y. STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

2d Premium, A. G. Baker, Steuben.
3d do J. Stickney, Vt.

Ewes^ 2 years old.
1st Premium, 0. Shepard, Steuben.
2d do G. Cutting, Vt.
3d do D. Z. Gibbs, Vt.

Ewes^ 1 year old.
1st Premium, J. C. Taft, West Broomfield, Ontario.
2d & 3d do C. D. Chaplin and C. N. Ackerman, equally.

Five Ewes with Lamb.
1st Premium, 0. Shepard, Urbana, Steuben.

Long Wooled Bucks.
1st Premium, Geo. Miller, Markham, C. W.
2d do do do do

3d do D. S. Peck, Benton, Yates.

Ewes.
1st Premium, Geo. Miller, C. W.

2d do B. S. Peck, Yates.
3d do J. H. Lapham, Yates,

Buck^ 1 year old.
1st Premium, Geo. Miller, C. W.
Officers^ 1857-8. — President, A. B. Dickinson, Hornby, Steu-
ben, and 14 Vice-Presidents; Rec'g Sec'y, H. T. Brooks.

WM. T. REMER, Treasurer.

AWARD OF PREMIUMS,

AT THE SIXTEENTH AN?rUAL EXHIBITION, HELD AT WATERTOWN, JEFFERSON"
COUNTY, SEPTEMBER 30, AND OCTOBER 1, 2, 3, 1856.

CLASS I.— CATTLE.

No. 1. SHORT-HORNS BULLS.

Thomas Gould, Aui'ora, Cayuga county, best bull, 3 years

old and upwards, " Majesty," bred by Ambrose Stevens,

Batavia, N. Y., (Silver medal to breeder,) _ §25

W. M. Bullock, Bethlehem, Albany county, 2d best do.,

"Prince of Wales," 15

R. G. Coffin, Washington, Dutchess county, 3d best do.,

" Mortimer," __ 5

Enoch Marks, Camillus, Onondaga county, best bull 2 years

old, "Echo of Oxford," 20

Francis M. Rotch, Morris, Otsego county, 2d best do.," Omer

Pasha." _ 10

D. D. Campbell, Schenectady, best bull, 1 year old, 15

Gill & Brothers, Henderson, Jefferson county, 2d best do.,

" Bellmont," 10

Amos F. Wood, Woodville, Jefferson county, best bull calf,

" Belmont," 5

Joseph E. Orvis, Massena, St. Lawrence county, 2d best do.,

" Banlngton," Trans, and 3

No. 6. SHORT-nORNS BILLS, (iMPORTF.O.)

Iluugerford, Brodie & Converse, Adams, JelTerson county,
best bull 3 years old and upwards, " St. Nicholas," $25

John W. Taylor, East Blooinfield, Ontario county, ]>ull
* Nigill," hi^lily commended as a very superior animal.

No. 1 A. SilOHT-HOR.NS COWS.

0. Ilowland, Auburn, Cayup;a county, best cow 3 years old
and upwards, " Blossom 2d," $25

•

584 ANNUAL KEPORT OF NEW-YORK

J. E. OrviSj of Massena, St. Lawrence county, heifer " Beauty,"
3 years old, and a 2 year old heifer, very good animals and wor-
thy a premium, should pedigrees be produced — which were not
submitted to the committee.

No. 6. SHORT-HORNS COWS, ( IMPORT ED.)

Hungerford, Brodie & Converse, Adams. Jefferson county,

best cow 3 years old and upwards, " Lady Newham," |25

Hungerford and Brodie, best heifer 2 years old, 20

HENRY WAGER, Oneida, Chairman.

No. 2. DEVONS BULLS.

Wm. Johnson, Geneva, Ontario county, best bull 3 years
old and upwards, bred by L. H. Colby, Groton, Tompkins

county, (Silver medal to breeder,) ._ _ $25

S. Burtis, Oaks Corners, Ontario county, 2d best do., 15

N. M. Dart, North Harpersfield, Delaware county, 3d best do, 5
Jacob Brown, Varick, Seneca county, best bull 2 years old, 20
Milton G. Norton, Gouverneur, St. Lawrence county, 2d best

do., 10

E. G. Cook, Bellville, Jefferson county, best bull one year

old, "Grand Duke,". _ 15

Jacob Brown, Varick, Seneca county, 2d best do,. _ 10

R. H. Van Rensselaer, Morris, Otsego county, 3d best do,

" Mercury," 5

C. D. Bent, Sterling, Cayuga county, best bull calf, "Candy," 5
R. H. Van Rensselaer, Morris, Otsego county, 2d best do,
" Mammon,".. _ Trans, and 3

No. 7. DEVONS BULLS, (iMPORTED.)

R. H. Van Rensselaer, Morris, Otsego county, best bull 3
years old and upwards, " Megunticook," |25

No 2. A. DEVONS cows.

Enoch Ottley, Phelps, Ontario county, best cow 3 years old

and upwards, " Curley," 25

R. H. Van Rensselaer, Morris, Otsego county, 2d best do.,

"Lilley," $15

R. H. Van Rensselaer, Morris, Otsego county, 3d best do.,

"Fancy,". __ 5

3. Burtis, Oaks Corners, Ontario county, best heifer, 2 years

old, 20

STATE AGRICULTITRAL SOCIETY. 585

E. G. Cook, Bellville, Jefferson county, 2d best do., " Fanny

Forester," _ _ $ 1 0

C. D. Bent, Sterling, Cayuga county, 3d best do., "Victoria," 5
R. H. Van Rensselaer, Morris, best heifer, 1 year old, "Non-
sense,". _ _ •_ 15

C. D. Bent, Sterling, Cayuga county, 2d best do., "Prude,"_ 10

Enoch Ottley, Phelps, 2d best do., __ 5

R. H. Van Rensselaer, Morris, best heifer calf, 5

Enoch Ottley, Phelps, 2d best do.,__ Trans, and 3

No. 7. DEvoNs — cows, (imported.)

R. H. Van Rennselaer, Morris, best cow, 3 years old and
upwards, " Lady Lightfoot," $25

The committee highly commend " Nonpareil," exhibited by R.
H. Van Rensselaer, as a very superb animal, and the premium
awarded to " Lady Lightfoot," by the same exhibitor, as superior
in her handling qualities, only — in other respects " Nonpareil "
was her equal, and a silver medal is recommended.

" Leonora " and " Strawberry," the former exhibited by Mr.
Van Rensselaer, the latter by C. D. Bent, of Sterling, Cayuga Co.,
are very superior animals, and a silver medal to each is recom-
mended.

The committee say that the entries were very numerous and the
animals very superior, and did credit to the exhibitors and to the
Society. Mr. Van Rensselaer's herd was large and of very choice
quality, and also the herds of C. D. Bent, of Cayuga county, J.
W. Collins, of Sodus, Wayne county; J. R. Chapman, of Madison
county; and Enoch Ottley, of Ontario county.

P. BARBER, Cortland Chainnan.
No. 3. iierefords.

A. k H. Bowen, jr.. Oak Grove, Orleans county, best bull, 3
years old and upwards, bred by W. IL Sulham, (Silver
medal to breeder,) §25

M. C. Remington, Sennett, Cayuga county, best bull, 2 years
old, _ _. - 20

M. C. Remington, Sennett, Cayuga county, best bull, 1 year
old,.._ - 15

A. & H. Bowen, jr.. Oak Grove, Orleans county, 2d best do., 10

A. k H. Bowen, jr., Oak Grove, Orleans county, 3d best do., 5

686

ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

A. & H. Bo wen J jr., Oak Grove, Orleans county, best bull
calf, $5

M. C. Remington, Sennett, Cayuga county, 2d best do., bred

by W. H. Sotham, (Silver medal to breeder,) Trans and 3

M. C. Remington, Sennett, Cayuga county, best cow, 3 years

old and upwards, 25

A. k H. Eowen, jr.. Oak Grove, Orleans county, 2d best do., 15
A. & H. Bowen, jr.. Oak Grove, Orleans county, 3d best do., 5
M. C. Remington, Sennett, Cayuga county, best heifer, 2 years

old,_ _ __ 20

M. C. Remington, Sennett, Cayuga county, best heifer, 1 year

old, _ 15

A. & H. Bowen, jr.. Oak Grove, Orleans county, 2d best do., 10

M. C. Remington, Sennett, Cayuga county, 3d best do., 5

M. C. Remington, Sennett, Cayuga county, best heifer calf,. 5
M. C. Remington, Sennett, Cayuga county, 2d best do.,

Trans, and 3

No. 8. HEREFORDS, (iMPORTED.)

Geo. Clarke, East Springfield, Otsego county, best bull, 3
years old and upwards, _ _ $25

The committee desire to bring to notice four Hereford grade cows,
presented for exhibition only, by Geo. Clarke, Esq., East Spring-
field, Otsego county. They are a cross from the native cow and
the Hereford bull, so often repeated on the progeny as to leave
those exhibited within 1-16 of being thorough-bred Herefords.
They are extraordinary fine animals, and have arrived at a won-
derful degree of fatness, although fed, as Mr. Clarke assured the
Judges, on poor pasture. We recommend a discretionary pre-
mium— Silver medal.

A. CAMERON, Kingston, Can. West, Chairman.

No. 4. AYRSHIRES.

E. P. Prentice, Albany, best bull, 3 years old and upwards,

"Dundee 5th," _ - $25

Lyman R. Lyon, Lyon's Falls, Lewis county, 2d best do.,._. 15

H. F. Humphrey, Brownville, Jefferson county, 3d best do., 5

E. P. Prentice, Albany, best bull, 1 year old, " Duke," 15

Hungerford, Brodie k Converse, Adams, Jefferson county,

best bull calf,. - 5

E. P. Prentice, Albany, 2d best do., "Dandy 6th," Trans, and 3

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 587

E. P. Prentice, Albany, best cow, 3 years old and upwards,

''Tibby,". $25

James F. Converse, Belleville, Jeflferson county, 2d best do., 15

Himgerford k Brodie, Adams, best heifer, 2 years old, 20

do do 2d best do., "Flora," 10

E. P. Prentice, Albany, 3d best do., " Maggie," 5

do do best heifer, 1 year old, " Peggy," 15

Hungerford & Brodie, Adams, 2d best do., 10

E. P. Prentice, Albany, best heifer calf, " Dolly," 5

Hungerford & Brodie, Adams, 2d best do., Trans, and 3

No. 10. AYRSHIRES, (iMPORTED.)

Hungerford, Brodie k Converse, Adams, bull, 3 years old and

upwards, " Kilburn," certificate as best bull, having

received, heretofore, 1st premium.
Hungerford k Brodie, Adams, best cow, 3 years old and

upwards, _ $25

Hungerford k Brodie, Adams, best heifer, 2 years old, 20

The committee, in addition to the animals to which premiums
were awarded, desire to call the attention of the Executiv^e Com-
mittee to three imported Ayrshire cows, exhibited and owned by
Messrs. Hungerford k Brodie, as beautiful animals of their kind
— discretionary premium recommended — Silver Medal.

A. CAMERON, Kingston, Can. West, Chairman.

No. 19. ALDERNEYS, (iMPORTED.)

E. P. Prentice, Albany, best bull, 1 year old, $15

do do do cow, 3 do 25

No. 11. GRADE CATTLE.

C. Baker, Batavia, Genesee county, best cow, 3 years old

and upwards, $25

Mason Salisbury, Ellisburgh, Jefferson, 2d best do., 15

J. W. Collins, Sodus, Wayne county, 3d best do., 5

Gill & Bnjthers, Henderson, Jefferson county, best heifer, 2

years old, 20

Gill k Brothers, Henderson, Jefferson county, 2d best do.,.. 10

Amos F. Wood, Wo<xlville, Jefferscjn county, 3d best do., — 5

Gill k Brothers, Henderson, best heifer, 1 year old, 15

Amos F. Wood, Woodville, 2d best do., 10

John Collins, Le Ray, Jefferson county, 3d best do., 5

588 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

Mason Salisbury, Ellisburgh, Jefferson county, best heifer calf, $5
Amos F Wood, Woodville, 2d best do.,._ Trans, and 3

No. 12. NATIVES.

Austin Harris, Watertown, Jefferson county, best cow, 3 years
old and upwards, |25

H. F. Humphrey, Brownville, 2d best do., 15

R. D. Murray, Watertown, 3d best do., 5

A. M. Rogers, Watertown, best heifer, 2 years old, 20

Truman Hungerford, Watertown, best heifer, 1 year old, 15

Truman Hungerford, Watertown, 2d best do., 10

H. F. Humphrey, Brownville, 10 ordinary dairy cow^s,_ Vol. Trans.

No. 13. WORKING OXEN.

Hiram Converse and others, Jefferson county, best 20 yoke
of oxen, '. |50

A. B. Carter and others. Champion, Jefferson county, 2d best
10 yoke of oxen from any town, 20

Abner Fitch, Westmoreland, Oneida county, best single yoke
of oxen, .__ _ 20

Mason Salisbury, Ellisburgh, 2d best do., 15

George Clarke, Springfield, Otsego county, 3d best do., 5

No. 14. STEERS 3 YEARS OLD.

Ottley & Oaks, Phelps, Ontario county, best yoke, $10

George Chamberlain, Ellisburgh, 2d best do., 8

Charles B. Eastman, Woodville, 3d best do., Trans, and 3

Franklin, son of Jeremiah Parker, first premium for training
steers, _ Silver Medal.

No. 15. STEERS 2 YEARS OLD.

Charles B. Eastman, Woodville, best single yoke, §10

.James F. Converse, Belleville, 2d best do., 8

William L. W^ait, Champion, Jefferson county, 3d best do.,

Trans, and 3
Training steers best, William L. Wait, Siver Medal.

ONE YEAR OLD.

Datus Osmer, Rutland, Jefferson county, best single yoke,__ $8
A. k H. Bowen, jr.. Oak Grove, Orleans county., 2d best do., 5
Amasa N. Converse, 12 years old, Pamelia, Jefferson county,
training yoke of steers best, ^ Silver Medal.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 589

Discretionary Premium^
Of §10, and a volume of Transactions, to John W. Taylor, of
East Bloomfield, Ontario county, for two pair of unbroken year-
ling steers, very fine animals.

No. 17. FAT CATTLE.

John W. Taylor, East Bloomfield, best ox, 4 years and under 5
years, §10

Henry Hopkins, Rutland, 2d best cow, 4 years, 6

John W. Taylor, East Bloomfield, best steer, 3 years old,._ 8
John W. Taylor, East Bloomfield, best heifer, 3 years old,.. 8
John W. Taylor, East Bloomfield, 2d best do., 3

Discretionary.

E. Corning, jr., Albany, a prize of §10, and Diploma, for a six
years old Hereford cow, fed on meal one year — the best animal
exhibited, the finest the committee have ever seen entered for
exhibition.

No. 18. FOREIGN CATTLE.

Wm. Davis,- Toronto, C. W., best Short Horn bull, 2 years
and upwards, Diploma and §15

R. Coates, Oakville, C. W., best Devon bull, 2 years and
upwards, Dip. and 15

H. A. Sandusky, Versailles, Ky., best pair of working oxen
out of State, 15

H. A. Sandusky, 2d best do., _ 10

W. Roderick, Coburgh, C. W., Black Galloway bull, .Dip. and 10

CLASS n.— HORSES.

No. 19. FOR ALL WORK STALLIONS.

Truman Cone, Denmark, Lewis county, best stallion, 4 years
and u])wards, §25

R. McNeal, Meridian, Cayuga county, 2d best do.,._ 15

E. G. Wait, Antwerp, Jefferson county, 3d best do., 6

A. & H Bowen, jr.. Oak Grove, Orleans county, 4th best do.,

Youatt.

The comiiiittee beg leave to report that the horses presented

for our examination were a very fine lot t* that in addition to those

to whicli we have awarded premiimis, there were some very fine

" Black Hawk" studs, from the counties of St. Lawrence and Essex.

590 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

We recommend that the Society award premiums to Messrs.
Warner k Healey, Canton, St. Lawrence county, for their
stallion, which was accompanied by 6 or 8 of his colts,. ,

Silver Medal.

To Edwin 0. Phelp, Hopkinton, St. Lawrence county,. S. S. Medal.

Norman Dayton, Canton, St. Lawrence county, Youatt.

E. D. Jackson, Canton, St. Lawrence county, Trans.

They being a fine lot of studs — but your committee think that

they should not be placed in the class of horses of all work, and

recommend that such horses should be placed in a class for light

and pleasure carriages, believing them not suitable for staging or

heavy farm work.

ELA MERRIAM, Chairman,

No. 19. FOR ALL WORK MARES AND FOALS.

A. Blount, Watertown, Jefferson county best brood mare, (with
foal at her feet,) 4 years and upwards, _ §25

Stephen Adsit, Rutland, Jefferson county, 2d best do., 15

Lyman Jacobs, Rutland, Jefferson county, 3d best do., 5

A. B. Carter, Champion, Jefferson county, 4th best do., ..Youatt.
Henry Ainsworth, Quaker Settlement, Jefferson county, Trans.

No. 20. DRAUGHT.

John G. Hermans, Fairville, N. Y., best stallion, 4 years and
upwards, $25

Charles Peck, Van Buren, N. Y., 2d best do., 15

R. McNeal, Meridian, N. Y., 3d best do., _ 5

Anson Hungerford, Watertown, 4th best do., Youatt.

Discretionary,

Anson Hungerford, Watertown, Jefferson county, best pair of

mares for all work, $10

H. L. Monroe, Rutland, 2d best pair of horses, 5

W. D. Carter, Champion, 3d best do., .,-.., Youatt.

No. 21. THOROUGH-BRED,

George W. Parish, Rossie, St. Lawrence county, best stallion,
4 years and upwards, "Colonel," $25

Henry B. Rich, Watertown, Jefferson county, 2d best do.,
"Hamiltonian," ,. 15

John H. Hawthorne & Co., Utica, Oneida county, 3d best do.,
3 years, " Young Kimball Jackson," 10

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 691

No. 22. 3 YEARS OLD.

Gardner A. Cliilds, Malonej Franklin county, best stallion, 3
years old, ._ __ $20

E. Warner, Canton, St. Lawrence county, 2d best do., 10

Thomas Crary, Potsdam, St. Lawrence county, 3d best do., . 3
Pliny Monroe, Rutland, Jefferson county, 4th best do., ..Youatt,
Jesse Stapelin, Rutland, Jefferson county, best mare, 3 years

old, _ _ _ $20

Truman Hungerford, Watertown, Jefferson county, 2d best do. 10
Thurston Barker, Ellisburgh, Jefferson county, 3d best do., . 3
H. L. Pierce, Champion, Jefferson county, 4th best do., ..Youatt.

No. 23. 2 YEARS OLD.

George Benedict, Verona, Oneida county, best stallion, 2 years
old, _ _ § 15

W. Hungerford, Watertown, 2d best do., 10

Charles W^heeler, Canton, St. Lawrence county, 3d best do., Youatt.
A. C. Pierce, Orleans, Jefferson county, best mare, 2 years
old,.._ _ ._ $15

Wm. C. Baker, Watertown, Jefferson county, 2d best do., _ . 10
Leonard Loomis, Le Ray, Jefferson county, 3d best do., ..Youatt.

No. 24. 1 YEAR OLD.

Sylvanus Stroud, Lenox, Madison county, best stallion, 1 year
old, _ _ $10

M. Craine, Westmoreland, Oneida county, 2d best do., 5

F. H. Kent, Hopkinton, St. Lawrence county, 3d best do., Youatt.

Discretionary.

John M. Cooper, Watertown, Jefferson county, 1 pair of bay
matched 2 year old colts, Trans.

No. 25. MATCHED HOUSES FOR ROAD OR CARRIAGE.

J. W. Bostwick, Lowville, best pair of matched horses, 16

hands and over, $15

Harvey Beals, Adams, Jefferson county, 2nd best do., 10

No. 26. MATCHED HORSES FOR ROAD OR CARRIAGE.

Erastus Corning, Jr., Albany, best pair of matched horses, 15
to 16 hands, _ _ $15

E Burrell, Saliisbury, Herkimer county, 2d best do., 10

592 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

No. 27. MATCHED HORSES FOR ROAD OR CARRIAGE.

Edwin Marsh, Henderson, Jefferson county, best pair of

matched horses, 14 to 15 hands, tl5

C. S. Clark, Oswego, 2d best do., 10

No. 29. GELDINGS.

Chauncy Barrett, Henderson, Jefferson county, best gelding, §10
Calvin Scripture, Watertown, Jefferson county, 2d best do.,. 8

No. 30. SINGLE MARES.

Harvey Beals, Adams, Jefferson county, best (gray mare), . . §10
J. Stears, Jr., Watertown, 2d best do., (bay mare),. _ 8

No. 31. SINGLE TROTTING HORSE, MARE OR GELDING IN HARNESS.

Geo. White, Canton, St. Lawrence county, best, (brown horse) $10
J. B. Champion, Watertown, Jefferson county, 2d best do.,

(sorrel horse), 8

C. C. Chadwick, Theresa, Jefferson county, 3d best do., 6

Maj. M. R. Patrick, Sackett's Harbor, Jefferson county, best

trained riding horse, for gentleman or lady, 10

H. S. Bowteel, Leyden, Lewis county, 2d best do, 8

E. H. Cole, Henderson, Jefferson county, 3d best do., 5

No. 32. FROM OTHER STATES AND CANADA.

R. Coates, Oakville, C. W., best blood stallion, 4 years and
upwards, ._ _ _ $15

A. C. Palmer, Charlotte, Chittenden county, Vt., best stallion
horse of all work, 4 years and upwards, 15

Henry Batelle, Grafton, C. W., best brood mare of all work,
4 years and upwards, 15

Peter Arch Deacon, Toronto, C. W., best draught stallion of

all work, 4 years and upwards,. — 15

W. H. Gardner, Morvin, C. W., a good 2 year old colt,. ..Trans.
Jas. P. Lake, Morvin, C. W., a good 3 year old colt, Trans.

CLASS III.— SHEEP, SWINE, POULTRY.

No. 34. FAT SHEEP.

John McDonald, Warren, Herkimer county, best fat sheep,

long wooled, 2 years and upwards, ,- $5

Wood k Eastman, Woodville, Jefferson county., 2d best do., 3
John McDonald, Warren, Herkimer county, best long wooled
under 2 years, 5

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 593

John McDonald, Warren, Herkimer county, best middle
wooled, 2 years and upwards, $5

John McDonald, Warren, Herkimer county, 3d best do.
under 2 years, _ MorrelPs Sliepherd.

Wood & Eastman, Woodville, Jefferson county, 2d best cross-
breed, 2 years and upwards, _.. 3

No. 35. LONG WOOLED.

John McDonald, Warren, Herkimer county, best buck, 2

years and upwards, _ §10

Hungerford & Brodie, Adams, Jefferson county, 2d best do., 8

do do do do 3d do 5
do do do do best buck

under 2 years, 10

do do do do 2d do 8

do do do do 3d do 5
do do do do best pen 5

ewes, 2 years and upwards, 10

do do do do 3d do 8

John McDonald, Warren, Herkimer county, 3d do 5
Hungerford & Brodie, Adams, Jefferson county, best pen, 5

ewes under 2 years, 10

John R. Chapman, Oneida Lake, Madison county, do., 8

Hungerford k Brodie, Adams, Jefferson county, best pen 3

buck lambs, _ 5

John McDonald, Warren, Herkimer county, 2d do.,

Morrell's Shepherd.

do do do best pen 3 ewe lambs, 5

J. F. Converse, Bellville, Jefferson county, 2d do,

Morrell's Shepherd.
Alfred Cham])er]ain, Camden, Oneida county, a ewe and 4

lambs born at one birth, _ Trans, and 3

No. 36. MIDDLE WOOLKD.

Tliomas Betts, New-York city, best buck 2 ye^i-s and ujjwards, §10

G. B. Wright, Henderson, Jeflersou county, 2d do., 8

E. Corning, Jr., Albany, 3d do,. 5

O. Howland, Auburn, best buck under 2 years,. 10

E. G. Cook, Bellville, Jeflersun county, 2d do, 8

do do do do 3d do, _. 5

[Ag. Trans.] LI

594 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

E. G. Cook, Bellvillej Jefferson county, best pen 5 ewes 2

years and upwards, _ |10

E. Corning, Jr., Albany, 2d do, _ 8

G. B. Wright, Henderson, Jefferson county, 3d do, 5

Thomas Betts, New- York city, best pen 5 ewes under 2 years, 10

E. G. Cook, Bellville, Jefferson county, 2d do., 8

G. B. Wright, Henderson, Jefferson County, best pen 3 buck

lambs, _ _ 5

G. B. Wright, Henderson, Jefferson county, best pen 3 ewe

lambs, : 5

«

No. 37. MERINOES.

J. & A. Dike, Depeyster, St. Lawrence county, best buck 2

years and upwards,.. §10

N. M. Dart, North Harpersfield, Del., 2d do., _ _ _ 8

E. G. Cook, Bellville, Jefferson county, 3d do., 5

N. M. Dart, North Harpersfield, Del., best buck under 2

years, _ 10

J. & A. Dike, Depeyster, St. Lawrence county, 2d do., 8

E. G. Cook, Bellville, Jefferson county, 3d do, 5

N. M. Dart, North Harpersfield, Del., best pen 5 ewes 2

years and upwards, — 10

J. & A. Dike, Depeyster, St. Lawrence county, 2d do, 8

E. G. Cook, Bellville, Jefferson county, 3d do, 5

N. M. Dart, North Harpersfield, Del., best pen 5 ewes under

2 years, _ - 10

J. & A. Dike, Depeyster, St. Lawrence county, 2d do, 8

N. M. Dart, North Harpersfield, Del., best pen 3 buck lambs, 6
E. G. Cook, Bellville, Jefferson county, 2d do,...Morrell's Shep.

N. M. Dart, North Harpersfield, Del., best pen 3 ewe lambs, 5

J. & A. Dike, Depeyster, St. Lawrence county, 2d do,

MorrelPs Shepherd.

No. 38. SILESIAN MERINOES.

E. G. Cook, Bellville, Jefferson county, best buck, 2 years
and upwards, $10

No. 39. FRENCH MERINOES.

Green & Maxon, Adams, Jefferson county, best buck, 2 years
and upwards, _ $10

E. G. Cook, Bellville, Jefferson county, 2d do., 8

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 695

Milton G. Norton, Gouverneur, St. Lawrence county, 3d best

buck, 2 years and upwards, __ $5

Green & Maxon, Adams, Jefferson county, best buck under

2 years, _ 10

E. G. Cook, Bellville, 2d do.,-__ 8

E. G. Cook, Bellville, Jeiferson county, best pen 5 ewes, 2

years and upwards, • 10

E. G. Cook, Bellville, Jefferson county, 2d do., 8

do do do best do under 2 y'rs, 10
do do do best pen 3 buck

lambs, 5

E. G. Cook, Bellville, Jefferson county, best pen 3 ewes, do., 5

No. 40. SAXONS.

Green k Maxon, Adams, Jefferson county, 2d best buck, 2

years and upwards, §8

Green & Maxon, Adams, Jefferson county, 3d do., 5

do do do 2d do under 2 y'rs, 8

do do do best pen 5 ewes 2

years and upwards, 10

Green & Maxon, Adams, Jefferson county, 2d do., 8

do do do best pen 5 ewes

under 2 years, 10

Green & Maxon, Adams, Jefferson county, 2d best pen 3 buck

lambs, _ _ Morrell's Shepherd.

Green k Maxon, Adams, Jefferson county, best pen 3 ewe

Iambs, a 5

Green & Maxon, Adams, Jefferson county, 2d do., Morrell's Sliep.

No. 41. CROSS-BREED OF FINE WOOL, SAXON AND MERINOES.

E. G. Cook, Bellville, Jefferson county, best buck 2 years
and upwards, _ $10

G. W. Collins, Watertown, Jefferson county, 2d do., 8

0. ITowland, Auburn, Cayuga county, 3d do., 5

E. G. Cook, Bellville, best buck under 2 years, _ 10

0. Howland, Auburn, Cayuga co.,2d best buck under 2 y'rs, 8
G. W. Collins, Watertown, Jefferson county, best pen 5 ewes

2 years and u])wards, 10

E. G. Cook, Bellville, Jefterson county, best pen 3 buck

lambs, 5

0. llowland, Auburn,, Cayuga county, 2d do., Morrell's Shcp,

596 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

G. W. Collins, Watertown, Jefferson county, best pen 3^ ewe
lambs, _ |5

E. G. Cook, Bellville, Jefferson county, 2d do., Morrell's Shep.

No. 42. CROSS-BREED OF COARSE OR MIDDLE W^OOL.

0. Howland, Auburn, Cayuga county, best buck 2 years and
upwards, _ §10

J. R. Chapman, Oneida lake, Madison county, 2d do., 8

Austin Eastman, Bellville, Jefferson county, best buck under
2 years, 10

John Dack, Ellisburgh, Jefferson county, 2d do, 8

Wood & Eastman, Woodville, Jefferson county, best pen 5 ewes
2 years and upwards, __ _ 10

George Webb, Pamelia, Jefferson county, 2d do 8

Wood & Eastman, Woodville, best pen 5 ewes under 2 years, 10
George Webb, Pamelia, best pen 3 ewe lambs, 5

Wood & Eastman, Woodville, Jefferson county, 2d do., Mor. Shep.

Discretionary.

Jesse Stapelin Rutland, Jefferson county, a ewe with 4
lambs born at one birth, _ _ Dip.

No. 43. FROM OUT OF THE STATE.

C. A. Jordison, Port Hope, C. W., long wooled, best buck,_ . §10
John Spencer, Whitby, C. W., middle do., 10

No. 44. FROM OUT OF THE STATE

Wm. Roderick, Coburg, C. W., a fine Cheviot buck, worthy

of notice, Silver Medal.

John Spencer, Whitby, C. W., fat sheep, Silver Medal.

SWINE.

No. 45. LARGE BREED.

Hungerford & Brodie, Adams, Jefferson county, best boar 2

years old and upwards, _ _ $10

Wm. Richey, Watertown, Jefferson county, 2d best boar 1

year old and upwards, .- 5

Hungerford & Brodie, Adams, Jefferson county, best boar 6

months and under 1 year, 8

Hungerford & Brodie, Adams, Jefferson county, best breeding

sow 1 year old, 10

Truman Hungerford, Adams, Jefferson county, 2d do., 5

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 597

Hungerford & Brodie, Adams, JeiSerson county, best sow, 6

months and under 1 year, _ §8

Albert Horr, Watertown, Jefferson county, best lot of pigs,

not less than 5 months, under 10 months, 8

SMALL BREED.

r

A. P. Sigourney, Watertown, Jefferson county, 2d best boar,

2 years old and upwards, Suffolk, _ 5

A. B. Conger, Haverstraw, Rockland county, do, 1 year old

and upwards, do., 10

E. G. Cook, Bellville, Jefferson county, 2d do., do., 5

Green & Maxon, Adams, Jefferson county, best boar 6

months and under 1 year old, Suffolk, 8

A. B. Conger, Haverstraw, Rockland county, best breeding

sow 1 year old, Suffollv, 10

E. G. Cook, Bellville, Jefferson county, 2d do., _ _ _ 5

Green k Maxon, Adams, Jefferson county, best lot of pigs not

less than 5, under 10 months, Suffolk, 8

OUT OF STATE.

R. Coates, Oakville, C. W., best boar under 1 year old, 8

C. A. Jordison, do do sow do 8

No. 46. POULTRY.

D. S. Heffron, Utica, best gray or speckled dorkings, 3

H. B. Hurlburt, Watertown, Jefferson county, 2d do., 2

D: S. Heffro}*, Utica, best lot black Spanish, 3

James McMin, Pamelia, Jefferson county, do., Leghorn, 3

F. Lansing, Watertown, do 2d do., 2

D. S. Heffron, Utica, best lot game, (Earl Derby,) 3

do do do Sumatra, 3

Charles Brook, Watertown, Jefferson county, 2d do comnioa, * 2
Samuel Herrick, do do best lot of buff

Shanghai, — 3

Charles Brook, Watertown, Jefferson county, 2d do., 2

E. G. Co(>k, Bellville, Jefferson county, best lot large do. ... 3

G. W. Jenks, Watertown, do best Brahmas, 3

F. R. Farwell, Watertown Jcflerson cl)iinty, 2d best spotted, 2

O. llowland, Aul)urii, 2d best lot China, 2

D. S. Heffron, Utica, best lot gold lace bantams, 3

do do do silver do., 3

y

598 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

r. R. Farwellj Watertown, Jefferson county, best lot of any

varietyj $3

Augustus R. Wright, Adams, Jefferson county, 2d do., 2

D. S. Heffi'on, Utica, best lot African, 3

Charles Brook, Watertown, Jefferson county, best lot of Leg-
horn, 3

B. F. Hotchkin & Co., Watertown, Jefferson county, 2d do.,

Spotted China, : 2

H. Converse, Pamelia, Jefferson county, best lot of native or
dunghill fowls, _ _ 3

TURKIES.

Mason Salisbury, Ellisburgh, Jefferson county, best pair tur-
kies, 3

M. B. Scoville, Hounsfield, Jefferson county, 2d do., 2

DUCKS.

0. Howland, Auburn, best pair Muscovy, 3

D. S. Heffron, Utica, best do Mallard, 3

do do best pair Aylesbury, 3

do do do Rouen, 3

G. W. Collins, Watertown, Jefferson county, do top knots, _. 3

Morgan Watkins, Pamelia, do do common, 3

Hiram Converse, do do 2d do do 2

GEESE.

D. S. Heffron, Utica, best pair Bremen, -3

0. Howland, Auburn, 2d do do 2

GUINEA FOWLS.

Hiram Converse, Pamelia, Jefferson county, best lot, 3

G. W. Collins, Watertown, Jefferson county, 2d do, 2

PEA FOWLS.

J. R. Adams, Brown ville, Jefferson county, best lot, 3

PIGEONS.

D. S. Heffron, Utica, best and greatest variety, 3

BEST EXHIBITION OF POULTRY OWNED BY EXHIBITOR.

D. S. Heffron, Utica, best lot, 8

RABBITS.

D. S. Heffron, Utica, best pair long eared, 3

A. M. Woodward, Rutland, best pair common, 3

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 599

Samuel Wilsorij Watertown, 2d best pair common, |2

P. 0. Williams, Watertown, 1 large golden eagle, S. Silver Medal.

CLASS IV.

No. 47. PLOWING MATCH.

George W. Collins, Watertown, Jefferson county, 1st prem.,_ $10
Eobert Cotton, Rutland, do 2d do 8

Amos Phillips, Copenhagen, Lewis county, 3d do

John Pierce, plowman, 6

Robert Newton, South Canton, St. Lawrence county, 4th pre-
mium, -_ _ _ 4

Wm. L. Eddy, Pamelia, Jefferson county, 5th do, 2

Tliomas Graham, Rutland, do 6th do, Trans.

BOYS UNDER EIGHTEEN YEARS OF AGE.

Wm. N. Cole, 13 years old, Bro\\Tiville, Jefferson county, 1st
premium, $10

No. 48. SPADING MATCH.

Stephen Grimes, Watertown, Jefferson county, best spading,- §10

Patrick Farrell, do do 2d do., 8

Nicholas McCaba, do do 3d do., .Silver Medal.

No. 49. FARM IMPLEMENTS, No. 1.

J. E. Morgan, Deerfield, Oneida county, best farm wagon,.. $5

do do do best harrow, 5

Andrew Crosier, Albion, Oswego county, 2d do, 3

J. S. & M. Peckham, Utica, best corn cultivator, 5

do do 2d do, 3

J. A. Krake, Alden, Erie county, best fanning mill, 5

Richard H. Pease, Albany, 2d do,. _ 3

J. C. Rich, Pentield, Monroe county, best corn stalk cutter,. 5

E, Little & Co., Syracuse, Onondaga county, 2d do, 3

J. B. Wright & Co., Westfield, CJiautauque county, best corn

and cob crusher, by horse power, 5

American Mill Company, Troy, 2d do, 3

Finlay Eraser, Trenton, Oneida county, best liorse cart for

farm, 6

lluiigerford & Brudie, Adams, Jellerson county, 2d best liorse

cart and harness for farm, __ 3

W. L. Eddy, Pamelia, Jefferson county, best roller exhibited

for general use, a premium is reconuiirndeil, 1

E. k T. Fairbanks k Co., model horse rake, Trans.

600 * ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK "^

No. 50. FARM IMPLEMENTS, No. 2.

M. H. Lines, Utica, best carriage harness, _ $5

do do 2d do 2

do do best single harness, 5

S. H. Kimball, Clinton, Rensselaer county, 2d do 2

M. H. Lines, Utica, best harness for general purposes, 5

G. S. Sackett, Cape Vincent, best ladies' riding saddle, 5

Henry Holmes, Grafton, Vt. , best churn, 5

Burnham and Hubbard, Cortlandville, Cortland co., 2d do, 2

Charles Taylor, Little Falls, best cheese press, 5

George R. Comstock, Little Falls, 2d do, __ 2

H. Cooper & Co. Watertown, best 12 milk pans, 3

do do best grain cradle, 3

do do 2d do, 2

Adams Manufactui'ing Company, Adams, Jefferson county,

best 6, hay, barley and manure forks, _ 3

T. Y. Washburn, Chenango county, best 6 hoes, (good hoes,)

S. Silver Medal.

D. Duncan, Adams, Jefierson county, best lot grain measures, 3
H.Cooper & Co., Watertown, Jefierson county, best curd

cutter, strainer pail, milk vat, and Thermometer churn.

Silver Medal.

No. 51. FARM IMPLEMENTS, No. 3.

E. D. Halleck, Rochester, 2d best portable saw-mill, (this
machine is well adajDted to farm purposes, combining a
circular, long saw and boring apparatus,) $8

Thomas D. Burr all, Geneva, Ontario county, best corn
sheller, hand power, _ 6

E. P. Pratt, Oakhill, Greene county, 2d do, (Adam's patent,) 4

Daniel W^ait, Pamelia, Jefierson county, best portable grist
mill — (the committee consider this mill most durable, ope-
rated with least power, and least liable to get out of order) 8

Richard H. Pease, Albany, 2d do, (this is a new invention
not yet tested by time, of which the committee think
favorable,) - 6

Cowing & Co., Seneca Falls, best pump for farm use, (recom-
mended, being readily changed from a common to a force
pump,) with hose attached, 5

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 601

E. G. Potter, Scott, Cortland county, best arrangement for
raising water other than pump, a very curious mode of
raising water from an open well, with two self-discharging
buckets, _ _ _ $5

H. Cooper k Co., Watertown, best and most numerous col-
lection agricultural implements, _ 25

Ira Carter, Malone, Franklin county, iron oscillating force
pump, (this the committee did not consider as strictly
under their jurisdiction, as not adapted to farm purposes,
but would recommend it as a powerful force pump, well
adapted to mill and other purposes,) Vol. Trans.

Troy Portable Grain Mill Company, Fellows' portable grist
mill, (this mill the committee consider worthy the attention
of the farmer, capable of making meal for family use or
for feeding, and also adapted to crushing the cob, recom-
mend, ._ __ Vol. Trans.

No. 52. A. STEAM ENGINES.

For a steam engine, (portable) 4 boiler, with cooking appa-
ratus attached, of excellent workmanship and economy of
space, A. N. Wood & Co., Eaton, Madison county, S. Medal.

For 2 stationary engines and boilers, of first class workman-
ship, very compact and of low cost, Goulding, Badgely &
Sewall, Watertown, _ Silv'er Medal.

For a portable steam engine and portable steam saw mill, a
really valuable and new invention for clearing land and
road building, the committee award the highest premium
in their gift, to Fairbanks, Wilmot & Co., New-York-City,
343 Broadway, Silver Medal & Dip.

For a large collection of steam engines and boilers, especially
adapted for the use of farmers and meclianics — tlie large
number of 700 which Messrs. H & Sons have disposed of,
is the best evidence, in the opinion of the committee of
tlieir great practical v^lue — Hoard & Sons, Watertown, S. Medal.

For a very fine working model of an oscillating engine, the
committee award J.W.Forsyth & Son, Cape Vincent,.. Dip.

Hoard & Sons, Watertown, the Ex. Committee award for the ,
splendid display of steam engines and machinery in opera-
ration on the gnmnds, and which added greatly to the
interest of the exhiltitinn The Society's Gold Medal.

602 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

The committee are much gratified at the continued improve-
ment being made in the manufacture of steam engines and boilers,
especially adapted to the use of farmers, and think that the day
is not far distant when the steam engine will be considered as
secondary only to the plow.

CHAS. VAN BENTHUYSEN, Albany, Chairman.

" Rotary Digger or Terracultor," entered by 0. C. Evans, of
Ohio. A special committee, Hon. A. B. Conger, Hon. Geo. Ged-
des, Hon. Geo. Brayton, was appointed to examine the above
machine, and the same was tested in a field adjoining the show
grounds. This is a new implement, designed instead of the
plow, to prepare the ground for the farmer and it is hoped
may be made available for the use of the practical farmer.
The machine was drawn by two yoke of oxen, and operated upon
the ground to the depth of nine inches, and in a belt of about
four feet in width.

No. 52. MACHINERY.

J. & G. Lord & Co., Watertown, best cast steel plow, S. Med.

Wm. Deering, Albany, best hay press, S. Med.

R. H. Pease, Albany, best horse power, S. Med.

A. Meneely's Sons, West Troy, best chime of bells, Dip.

Jones & Hitchcock, Troy, best church bell, Dip.

A. Meneely's Sons, West Troy, best steamboat bell, Dip.

do do best locomotive bell, Dip.

Otis & Yale, Watertown, best hydraulic ram, S. Med.

J. & G. Lord& Co., Watertown, best collection and assort-
ment of plows in use, _ Dip. and S. Med.

Isaac Wait, Pamelia, Jefferson county. Van Valkenburgh's
rotary grain separator,. _ Dip.

D. R. Cook, Brownville, Jefterson county, cast iron roofing, S. S.M.

N. B. Lord, Brownville, Jefferson county. Turbine water
wheel, — - S. S. M.

J. H. Jones, Rockton, HI., corn planting machine, S. S. M.

Amos Philips, Copenhagen, Lewis county, steel plow,__ S. S. M.

Samuel Hurlbut, Ogdensburgh, plow, convex mold board and
spring draft attached, _ Dip.

A. Kendall, Cleveland, Ohio, Kendall's double acting shingle
machine, _ _ — Dip.

A. H. Robbins, Copenhagen, Lewis county, seed planter,. .Trans

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 603

D. W. Seeley, Albany, Scott's patent shingle machine for cut-
ting and jointing shingles, S. S. M.

H. W. Angel, Taberg, Oneida county, shingle machine,. S. S. M.
J. Van Brocklin, Middleport, Niagara county, improved bolt,

rivet and spike machine, __ S. S. M*

A. Barton, Syracuse, reversible plow, Dip.

A. D. Stowell, Fulton, Oswego county, spoke-set and tenoning

machine, _ - Trans.

E. & T. Fairbanks & Co., St. Johnsburg, Vt., assortment of
scales, - Dip.

D. M. Smyth, Albany, patent platform scales,. _ Dip and S. Med.
Chaney k Co., Ogdensburgh, F. Hurlbert's patent convex

plow, Dip.

DeWitt Rogers, Deep River, Lewis county, steel plow, Trans.

Henry Tarbox, Seneca Falls, gang plow, _ Dip.

G. C. Dolph, West Andover, Ashtabula county, Ohio, (model)

Ball's Ohio mower, _ _ Dip.

J. B. Smith, Sandy Creek, Oswego county, leather belting, .Report

Patent Office.

Henry Howard, Watertown, cheese steamer, S. S, M.

J. W. Freiot, Bainbridge, Chenango county, Morgan's herd

grass and clover seed sower, Trans.

R. H. Pease, Albany, cider and wine mill,. _ S. S. M.

F. A. Gleason, Rome, Oneida county, dovetailing machine, S. S. M.
Wheeler, Melick & Co., Albany, by H. Cooper & Co., Water-
town, combined thrasher and winnower, S. Med.

Geo. Westinghouse, Schenectady, thrasher and separator, S. Med.

G. D. Harris, Fitchburg, Mass., stump machine, (model,) S. Med.
R. L. Howard, Buffalo, Ketchum's combined reaper and mower,

Dip.

R. L. Allen, by H. Cooper k Co., 191 Water St., N. Y.,
Allen's combined reaper and mower. S. S. Med.

W. A. Wood, Iloosic Falls, Manny's combined reaper and
mower, with Wood's improvement, S. Med.

James Fowler, Fowlerville, Livingston county, 8 horse thrash-
ing machine, horse power and separator.
This macliine came too late for competition, and after awards

were made.

W. L. VAN DKNBL KGII, ChairmaJi

604 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

SPECIAL COMMITTEE.

Finlay Frazer, Trentarij Oneida county, model barn floor to '
save liquid manure, S. Med.

Finlay Frazer, Trenton, Oneida county, liquid manure dis-
tributor, _ Dip.

Dynamometer — Samuel Hurlbut. — A special committee was
appointed to test any dynamometers entered. The committee
was present until Friday morning, but did not find the dynamo-
meter or exhibitor, and no trial was had. The committee on
machinery supposing, it is presumed, that the dynamometer was
overlooked, reported a Silver Medal; as the award for the best dy-
namometer was on the printed schedule — but the dynamometer was
not entered on the list submitted to them. Tlie Executive Com-
mittee withhold the award until a trial can be had, which will be
given at any time when the instrument is presented for the
purpose.

Byram's Patent Potato Digger. — H. W. Pitkin, Manchester,
Yt. — A strong, useful and durable implement — recommended for
a Diploma.

»

Barton's Reversible Plow. — This is a new plow, with a
moveable beam, entirely different from any one that has been
presented at our fairs. It has had thorough trial the past season,
on the public works on Cayuga lake, under the charge of the
Hon. George Geddes, and has given entire satisfaction, and has
diminished largely the expense of plowing the hard substances tp
be removed. The beam is attached to the share by a strong point
on the under side, and the point of the plow is attached to a
strong coulter attached to the center of the beam, so that which-
ever way the beam is turned the point goes with it, and the beam
is in the right position for work. It may be used as a double
mold board plow, but its great value consists in being a right or
left hand plow as needed.

CLASS v.— GRAIN, SEEDS, VEGETABLES, &c.

No. 53. GRAIN AND SEEDS.

Wm. Ottley, Phelps, Ontario county, best sample white winter

wheat, ^5

E. S. Hay ward, Rochester, 2d best do, 3

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 605

Wm. Ottley, Phelps, Ontario comity, best sample red winter

wheat, §5

O. Howard, Auburn, 2d best do, 3

J. Chamberlain, Canton, St. Lawrence county, best sample

red spring wheat, 5

0. Howard, Auburn, 2d best do, 3

Amos Goulding, Le Ray, Jefferson county, best sample rye,> 5

Wm. Ottley, Phelps, Ontario county, best sample oats, 5

Wm. Richey, Watertown, Jefferson county, 2d best do, 3

J. C. Wright, Denmark, Lewis county, best sample barley,_ .5

Wm. Ottley, Phelps, Ontario county, 2d best do, 3

0. A. Graves, Watertown, Jefferson county, best sample In-
dian corn, 5

0. Howland, Auburn, 2d best do, _ 3

do do best sample buckwheat, 3

Henry Weir, Johnsonville, Rensselaer county, 2d best do, 2

do do do best sample flax seed, 3

L. T. Marshall, Vernon, Oneida county, best sample hops,__ 3

J. H. Dunbar, Hamilton, Madison county, 2d best, 3

E. J. Hayward, Rochester, best sample timothy seed, 3

0. Howland, Auburn, 2d best do, _ 2

Wm. Ottley, Phelps, Ontario county, best sample clover seed, 3
C. A. Ostrander, Hounsfield, Jefferson county, best sample

yellow seed corn, _ 3

P. Mattoon, Vienna, Oneida county, 2d best do, 2

CD. Bent, Sterling, Cayuga county, best white seed corn,, 3

John Winslow, Watertown, Jefferson county, 2d best do, 2

E. S. Hayward, Rochester, Monroe county, best sweet corn,. 3

Discretionary.

Robert McKeane, Governeur, St. Lawrence county, 12 ears
white seed corn, " St. Regis," Trans.

No. 54. VEGETABLES.

Henry N. Kimball, Rutland, Jefferson county, best white table

tui'uips, §3

Edward Maynanl, Brownville, JeH'erson county, best cai-rots, * 3

Hiram Converse, Pamelia, Jefferson county, 2d best,. _ 2

George Parisli, Ogdensl)urgh, St. Lawrence county, best beets, 3

H. Mrrrill, Watertcnvii, Jefferson county, 2d best do, 2

Geo. F. Paddock, Watertown, Jefferson county, best parsneps, 3

606 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

Abner Archer, Rutland, Jefferson county, best onions, §3

W. S. Pallet, Sacketts Hai'bor, Jefferson county, 2d best do, 2

L. D. Olney, Jefferson county, best cabbage, 3

Abner Eall, Jefferson county, 2d best do, '2

C. T. Smith Watertown, Jefferson county, best tomatoes, 3

Geo. r. Paddock, Watertown, Jefferson county, 2d best do,_ 2

do do do best purple egg-plant, 3

B. F. Bliss, Adams Center, best sweet potatoes, 3

G. Vroman, Lowville, Lewis county, 2d do, 2

James Halleck, Utica, Oneida county, best Lima beans, Z

Geo. F. Paddock, Watertown, Jefferson county, 2d best do,. 2
George Parish, Ogdensburgh, St. Lawrence county, best sum-
mer radishes, _ 3

E. S. Hay ward, Rochester, 2d best do, 2

do do best winter radishes, 3

George Parish, Ogdensburgh, St. Lawrence county, best gar-
den squashes J _ _ 3

A. P. Sigourney, Watertown, Jefferson county, 2d best do,__ 2

S. Cone, Gouverneur, St. Lawrence county, best large squashes, 3

James Halleck, Utica, 2d best do, 2

James S. Holbert, Chemung county, best field pumpkin, 3

D. Delano, Watertown, Jefferson county, 2d best do, 2

Truman Barrett, Adams Center, Jefferson county, best table

potatoes, 3

Henry Bunce, Adams Center, Jefferson county, 2d best do,. 2

Discretionary.
Albert Massey, Watertown, Jefferson county, a pyramid of

vegetables, S. Med.

K. Hursby, Sacketts Harbor, Jefferson county, a sample of

wild Mexican potatoes, _ Trans.

C. G. Hager, 10 squashes, weighing 551 lbs., from one vine. Trans.
Morgan Bowhall, Watertown, Jefferson county, a specimen of

potatoes raised from the seed, Trans.

No. 54. FLOUR, &c.

William H. Angel, Watertown, Jefferson county, best barrel
flour, _ S. Medal.

C. M. Joslyn, Brooklyn, C. W., extra family flour, S. S. M.

Mrs. Stephen Gifford, Watertown, Jefferson county, best pre-
served fresh fruits, S. S. M.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 607

B. S. Carpenter, Elmira, Chemung county, sample dried
apples, S. S. M.

E. P. Kimball, Watertown, pearl barley and split peas, Dip.

All of the flour exhibited was of good quality. The award was
given to No. 183, exhibited by W. H. Angel, as having the appear-
ance of most life and best bread-making qualities. Flour from
Brooklyn, C. W., exhibited by G. M. Joslyn, is a very nice article
indeed, and worthy of commendation. The flour exhibited by A.
McXaughton, Newcastle district, Queen's brand, C. W., by Lepper,
Haven k Co., of Watertown, and by Samuel Clark, of Watertown,
were nice samples, but, in the opinion of tlie committee, ground a
little too close. The bread exhibited was not deemed worthy of
a premium.

H. THOMPSON, Toronto, C. W., Chairman,

No. 56. BUTTER.

B. S. Carpenter, Elmira, Chemung county, best lot of butter

made from 5 cows in 30 consecutive days, §25

J. H. Zimmerman, Pamelia, Jefferson county, best 25 lbs. of

butter made in June, 15

D. M. Todd, Rodman, Jefferson county, 2d best do, 10

B. S. Carpenter, Elmira, Chemung county, 3d best do, 5

Mrs. Ward Hubbard, Watertown, Jefferson county, 4th best

do, ___ ..Trans.

Henry M. Kimball, Rutland, Jefferson count}', best 60 lbs.

made at any time, 15

Elijah Kingsley, Harrisburgh, Lewis county, 2d do, 10

James S. Holbert, Chemung, Chemung county, 3d best do,. . 5
Milton G. Norton, Gouverneur, St. Lawrence county, 4tli

best do, Trans.

GIRLS UNDER 21 YEARS OF AGE.

Miss Amelia S. Waters, Watertown, Jefferson county, best

lot of butter, _ Silver Cup.

Miss Emily Brown, Rutland, Jefferson county, 14 years old,

2d best do, Pair butter knives.

Miss E. W. Waters, Lowville, Lewis county, 3d best do.

Set tea spoons.
Miss Julia Davidson, Elmira, Chemung county, 4th best do,

S. S. M.

608 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

The committee would respectfully report that they have per-
formed their difficult and laborious task, and that they have care-
fully examined all the butter offered, which was some 70 i^ack-
ages, being many more than has been presented for many years,
and perhaps the most ever presented at any fair since the forma-
tion of the society. The committee found great difficulty in de-
ciding on the merits of the different packages, but have done so
according to the best of their judgment. They regret that they
were limited to so few premiums, as many of the samples were
first rate ; and only by a very close examination, after bringing
all the packages to a certain standard and reducing the number
to about 12 or 15 as extra No. 1, and then re-examining and
finally awarding the premiums.

We would especially notice a jar of 10 lbs. of butter made by a
Miss A. 0. Bent, 10 years of age, of Sterling, Cayuga county,from
the milk of a yearling heifer, commencing on the 2d day of Aug.
and ending on the 5th day of September. The committee, after
examining the butter and finding it of fair quality, think that she
is deserving of great praise, and further to encourage others here-
after to habits of itidustry, feel at liberty to award her a silver
cup, and by so doing hope to encourage her and others to try
again, and take the Society's first premium.

M. M. SMITH, Lewis county,
H. P. BENTON, Boston, Mass.,

Committee.

^ No. 57. CHEESE.

S. M. Campfield, Champion, Jefferson county, best 100 lbs.
one year old and over, |20

E. r. Carter, Le Ray, Jefferson county, 2d best do, 15

W. P. Babcock, Champion, Jefferson county, 4th best do, 5

Jeremiah Parker, Watertown, Jefferson county, 5th best do. Trans.
Nelson Fry, Gouverneur, St. Lawrence county, best 100 lbs.
less than one year old, $20

P. H. Powers, Sandy Creek, Oswego county, 2d best do, 15

John Winslow, Watertown, Jefferson county, 3d best do, 10

E. P. Carter, Le Ray, Jefferson county, 4th best do, 5

George Parker, Watertown, Jefferson county, 5th best do. Trans.
Nelson Fry, St. Lawrence county, best cheese boxes, 2

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 609

The exliibition of cheese was the largest and best ever seen,
and does great credit to the exhibitors and the Society. The
quality is most excellent, showing the high standard our dairy-
men have reached. The ten cheeses exhibited by Nelson Fry of
Gouverneur, St. Lawrence county, were the most even quality, for
such a quantity, (the cheese weighing from 120 to 180 lbs. each,)
that has ever come under our notice. Mr. Fry's statement is re-
commended for publication.

No. 58. SUGAR AND HONEY.

S. B. & S. F. Woolworth, Copenhagen, Lewis county, best 25
lbs. Maple sugar, $5

Gilbert L. Read, Adams Center, Jefferson county, 2d best do, 3
A. J. & A. Dike, Depeyster, St. Lawrence county, 3d best do. Trans.
0. Bartholomew, Brownville, Jefiferson county, best 20 lbs.

honey, $5

H. N. Millard, Rural Hill, Jefiferson county, 2d best do, 3

E. W. Phelps, Elizabeth, New-Jersey, 3d best do, Trans.

Gilbert L. Reed, Adams Center, Jefferson county, maple mo-
lasses, _ Trans.

S. B. CHAMPION, Del. county, Chairman.

CLASS VI.— DOMESTIC MANUFACTURES, &c.

No. 59. WOOLEN GOODS No. 1.

Mrs. L. G. Snell, Denmark, Lewis county, best pair woolen
blankets, $8

Mrs. S. E. Field, Hounsfield, Jefiferson county, 2d best do,.. 6

Miss E. G. Lathy, Phelps, Ontario county, 3d do, 6

Mrs. Jeremiah Parker, Watertown, Jefiferson county, 4th best

do, _ _ _ Trans.

Mrs. 0. Howland, Auburn, Cayuga county, best woolen cloth, 8
Mrs. Jeremiali Bacon, Le Ray, Jefiferson county, 2d best do,. 6
Mrs. Cyrus W. Reed, Hounsfield, Jefiferson county, 3d best do, 4
Mrs. 0. Wallace, Canton, St. Lawrence county, 4th best do,. Trans.
Mrs. H. Wier, Johnsonville, Rensselaer county, best woolen

flannel, __ __ 8

Mrs. Horace Kimball, Bn.wnville, Jefiferson county, 2d best do, 6
Mrs. James T. Van Naniee, Pittstown, Rensselaer county, 3d

best do, _ 4

Mrs. S. A. Bunce, Vernon, Oneida county, 4th best do Trans.

[Ag Trans.] Mm

610 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

Mrs. J. N. Mitchell, Sandy Creek, Oswego county, best woolen

carpet, _ __ $8

Mrs. H. Wier, Johnson ville, Rensselaer county, 2d best do,. 6

Mrs. C. L. Comins, Watertown, Jefferson county, 3d best do, 4
Mrs. M. L. Hungerford, Watertown, Jefferson county, best

domestic ingrain carpet, ._ 8

Mrs. A. C. Hall, Adams, Jefferson county, 2d best do, 6

Mrs. J. A. Brown, Pamelia, Jefferson county, 3d best do, _ - 4

Mrs. J. Blood, Watertown, best hearth rug, 4

Mrs. J. C. Wood, Copenhagen, Lewis county, 2d best do, 3

Miss M. H. Smith, Gouverneur, St. Lawrence county, 3d

best do, _ _ _ . . Trans.

Mrs. C. Hunt, Adams, Jefferson county, best rag carpet, 6

Mrs. H. Graves, Hounsfield, Jefferson county, 2d best do,._ 4

Mrs. Jerome Ives, Watertown, Jefferson county, 3d best do,. 2

Mrs. G. C. Parker, Vienna, Oneida county, 4th best do, Trans.

Discretionary.

Mrs. Orrin Terry, Marshall, Oneida county, a pair of woolen
horse blankets, which are the work of superior skill and
excellent taste, _ _ S. Med.

Mrs. Rachel Taylor, 6 blankets which she manufactured,
being 73 years of age, without glasses, spinning the wool,
coloring the yarn, and weaving the cloth, S. Med.

Mrs. G. C. Parker, Vienna, Oneida county, pair kersey blan-
kets, - - Trans.

Mrs. N. Staples, Watertown, Jefferson county, a piece of
ingrain carpeting, _ _ Trans.

Mrs. J. Van Dusen, Buel, Montgomery county, superior
stocking yarn, Trans.

No. 60. DOMESTIC MANUFACTURES No. 2.

Mrs. John Greenwood, Auburn, best double carpet coverlid,. §6

Mrs. B. G. Bloss, Rome, Oneida county, 2d best do, 4

Mrs. Jeremiah Parker, Watertown, Jefferson county, 3d best do, 2
Miss P. E. Graves, Hounsfield, Jefferson county, 4th best do. Trans.
Mrs. Henry Wier, Johnson ville, Rensselaer county, best

woolen kersey, 10 yards, _ 6

Mrs. Anson Hungerford, Watertown, Jefferson county, best

pair woolen knit stockings, 2

Mrs. B. F. Hunt, Rodman, Jefferson county, 2d best do, 1

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 611

Miss Reed, Hounsfield, Jefferson county, 6 years old, best
pair of woolen socks, — $2

Miss Nancy Bristol, Hounsfield, Jefferson county, 2d best do, 1
Mrs. C. Richardson, Orleans, Jefferson county, best pair

woolen fringe mittens, _ 2

Mrs. G. C. Parker, Vienna, Oneida county, 2d best do, 1

Miss Emily J. Clark, Pittstown, Rensselaer county, best woolen

stocking yarn,.. 2

Mrs. Wm. Ottley, Phelps, Ontario county, 2d best do, 1

Mrs. Royal Wilcox, Watertown, Jefferson county, best Iniit

bed spread, 4

Mrs. Joseph Goodale, Watertown, Jefferson county, 2d best do, 2
Mrs. J. Stears, Jr., W^atertown, Jefferson county, 3d best do, 1

At the request of the judges on needle work and domestic
manufactures No. 63, and with the approbation of the Executive
Committee, we have examined quite a number of beautiful knit
and tufted bed spreads, which were not on our premium listj and
awarded three premiums (as above) to those which in our judg-
ment were the most deserving. JAMES A. BELL, Chairman.

No. 61. DOMESTIC MANUFACTURES No. 3.

Mrs. Henry Wier, Johnsonville, Rensselaer county, best 10

yards linen, $8

Miss Jane Welling, Johnsonville, Rensselaer county, 2d

best do, - 6

Mrs. Gifford L. Reed, Adams Center, Jefferson county, best

linen diaper, 8

Mrs. Asa Barney, Pamelia, Jefferson county, 2d best do, 6

Mrs. J. T. Van Namee, Pittstown, Rensselaer county, 3d

best do, _ 4

Miss E.J. Clark, Pittstown, Rensselaer county, 4 th best do. Trans.
Mrs. Henry Wier, Johnsonville, RensseJaer county, best tow

cloth, - 5

Mrs. J. T. Van Namee, Pittstown, Rensselaer county, 2d

best do, - — 3

Mrs. B. S. Carpenter, Elmira, Chemung county, best pair

cotton knit stockings, __ 2

Mrs. Henry Wier, Johnsonville, Rensselaer county, 2d best do, 1
Mrs. G. L. Reed, Adams Center, Jefferson county, best pair

linen knit stockings, 2

612 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

Mrs. B. F. Hunt, Rodman, Jefferson county, 2d best pair

linen knit stockings, $1

Mrs. G. L. Reed, Adams Center, Jefferson county, best linen

sewing thread, _ 2

Miss Lucy Kimball, Watertown, Jefferson county, 2d best do, 1
Mrs. Henry Wier, Johnsonville, Rensselaer county, best

water rotted flax, __ S. Med.

Miss Mary E. Banister, Phelps, Ontario county, best linen

for gentlemen,.. 5

Miss Mary Adams, Utica, 2d best do, __ 3

Discretionary.

The following articles, properly belonging to No. 63, were on
the committee's books, and they recommend the following
premiums :

Miss Amanda Treadway, Black River, Jefferson county, a
knit tidy, _ Dip.

Miss V. Adams, Watertown, Jefferson county, a hearth rug, S. Med.

Mrs. Joseph Goodale, Watertown, Jefferson county, knit bed
spread, _ _ |1

A silk embroidered dress and cape, by a girl 13 years old, in
the family of Samuel Hurlbut, Ogdensburgh, S. S. M.

Miss E. P. Trowbridge, Camden, Oneida county, two netted
shawls and knit tidy,. _ _ Dip. & S. S. M.

Mrs. Thomas Butler, Brownville, Jefferson co., table linen. Trans

Mrs. H. Hayward, Lewiston, Niagara county, knit bed
spread, _ Trans.

Mrs. G. Hardy, Watertown, Jefferson county, bed quilt, Dip.

Mrs. R. Rogers, Watertown, Jefferson county, bed quilt Dip.

do do crib quilt,. S. S. M.

Mrs. J. A. Brown, Pamelia, Jefferson county, Ipair linen pil-
low cases, Trans.

No 62. MANUFACTURES OTHER THAN DOMESTIC.

Utica Woolen Mills, best display of broadcloth and cassi-
mers, S. Med. & Dip.

r. W. Andrews, Brownville, Jefferson county, best display
of cotton sheeting, Dip.

W. A. Loomis, Watertown, Jefferson county, best piece un-
bleached sheeting, _ Dip.

M. H. Lines, Utica, best pair horse blankets, Dip.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 613

Clark Wilson, Waterto^vn, Jefferson county, pair woolen
blankets, _ Dip ,

No. 63. NEEDLE WORK.

Miss Emily Wells, Watertown, Jefferson county, best shawl
embroidery, _ - S3

Mrs. James McBride, Watertown, Jefferson county, best cape
embroidery, _ 3

Miss I. B. Page, Antwerp, Jefferson county, 2d best do, 2

Miss Louisa M. Riggs, Turin, Lewis county, 3d best do, 1

Miss Mary L. Burdick, Brookfield, Madison county, best

ladies' scarf embroidery, _ 3

Mrs. Seymour Bailey, Rome, Oneida county, best toilet

cushion embroidery, _ __ 3

Miss P. E. Graves, Hounsfield, Jefferson county, best speci-
men of Tui'kish embroidery, 3

Miss White, Pamelia, Jefferson county, 2d best do, 2

Miss J. A. Beebe, Watertown, Jefferson county, 3d best do,. 1
Mrs. W. Hubbard, Champion, Jefferson county, best French

needle work collar and undersleeves, _ — 3

Miss P. F. Hubbard, Champion, Jefferson county, 2d best do, 2
Mrs. 0. V. Brainard, Watertown, Jefferson county, 3d do, 1
Mrs. A. C. Cady, Watertown, Jefferson county, best specimen

of worsted embroidery, 3

Mrs. S. Bailey, Rome, Oneida county, 2d best do,. _ 2

Miss S. P. Clark, Watertown, Jefferson county, 3d best do... 1
Mrs. F. Emerson, Watertown, Jefferson county, best chair,

(cusliion and back,) _ 3

Miss Caroline Patridge, Watertown, Jefferson county, 2d

best do, 2

Mrs. L. G. Hoyt, Watertown, Jefferson county, 3d best do,.. 1
Miss J. Hill, Albany, Albany county, best ottoman cover,.. 3
Mrs. Doct. A. Trowbridge, Watertown, Jefferson county, 2d

best do, 2

Mrs. 0. Cliilds, Pliiladelphia, Jefferson county, 3d best do,. . 1
Mrs. Joseph Goodale, Watertown, Jefferson county, best spe-
cimen papier mache, _ 3

Mrs. Doct. A. Trowbridge, Watertown, Jefferson county, 2d
best do, 2

614 , ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

Mrs. T. A. Smitlij Gouverneur, St. Lawrence county, 3d best
do, _ • _ $1

Mrs. H. K. Newcomb, Watertown, Jefferson county, best silk

bonnets, domestic, 3

Mrs, M. A. Hughes, Watertown, Jefferson county, 2d best do, 2
Mrs. A. Welch, Watertown, Jefferson county, 3d best do,... 1
Mrs. J. T. Van Namee, Pittstown, Rensselaer county, best

ornamental shell work, 3

Mrs. W. W. Herrick, Watertown, Jefferson county, 2d best do, 2
Mrs. H. Hayward, Lewiston, Niagara county, best specimen

wax flowers,. 3

Mrs. S. L. Helmer, Ilion, Herkimer county, 2d best do, 2

Miss Reed, Hounsfield, Jefferson county, (6 years old,) 3d

best do, _ _ _ 1

Mrs. W. W. Herrick, Watertown, Jefferson county, best spe-
cimen pencil drawings, 3

Mrs. W. Hubbard, Champion, Jefferson county, best specimen

crayon painting,. 3

Mrs. S. M. Robinson, Watertown, Jefferson county, best oil

painting, _ 5

Mrs. J. K. Bates, Watertown, Jefferson county, 2d best do,.. 3

Mrs. Silas Davis, Oswego, 3d best do, 2

Mrs. A. Blackstone, Adams, Jefferson county, best oil paint-
ing, (landscape,) _ 5

Mrs, ' R. Rogers, Watertown, Jefferson couuty, best white

quilt, 3

Mrs. J. T. Van Namee, Pittstown, Rensselaer county, 2d best

do, _ 2

Mrs. Chester Phippin, Watertown, Jefferson county, 3d best

do, - 1

Mrs. G. Hardy, Watertown, Jefferson county, best transfered

quilt, 3

Mrs. George Volance, Oswegatchie, 2d best do, _ 2

Mrs D. R. Talcott, Adams, Jefferson county, 3d best do, 1

Miss Gertrude Ely, W^atertown, Jefferson county, best

patched work calico quilt, by girls under 12 years, 3

Miss Reed, Hounsfield., Jefferson county, (6 years old,) 3d

best do, . 1

Mrs. Gilbert L. Reed, Adams Center, Jefferson county, for
fancy basket, _ Dip.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

615

Miss Frances Hungerford, Watertown, Jefferson county,
leather work, _ _ Dip.

Miss Nancy Bristol, Hounsfield, Jefferson county, worked
spread, _ Dip

Mrs. Jeremiah Parker, Watertown, Jefferson county, quilt,.. Dip.

Mrs.Wasliington Tucker, Watertown, Jefferson county, leather
work, Dip.

Mrs. V. D. Cleveland, Brownville, Jefferson county, needle
work, _ _ Dip.

Miss 0. C. Crandall, Watertown, Jefferson county, leather
work, _ Dip.

Miss Lamphear, Wilna, Jefferson county, bed spread, Dip.

Mrs. H. F. Humphrey, Brownville, Jefferson county, wax
fruit, _ _ Dip

J. L. & A. Randall, Albany, embroidered shoes, S. Med

Miss Mary Massey, WatertoAvn, Jefferson county, wax fruit, Dip.

Miss Mary Sawens, Watertown, Jefferson county, embr'd
dress, _ __ Trans.

Mrs. Louis Kimball, Brownville, Jefferson county, embr'd
skirt, _ Dip.

Miss Amelia L. Fonda, Rutland, Jefferson county, net cur-
tains, Dip

Miss Cornelia A. Fonda, Rutland, Jefferson county, net
gloves, _ Dip.

Mrs. A. Wilson, Carthage, oriental painting, Dip.

Miss J. C. Hall, Adams, Jefferson county, needle work, Dip.

Mrs. J. Sterling, Jr., Sterlingville, Jefferson county, leather
work, Dip.

Mrs. J. Stears, Jr., Watertown, Jefferson county, collar and
sleeves, _ Dip.

Mrs. L. A. Pierce, Watertown, Jefferson county, bed quilt,. . Dip.

Miss E. P. Trowbridge, Camden, Oneida county, embroidery,

Trans. & Dip.

Adam Henry, Tuscarora Indian, bead work, . _ Dip.

Mrs. E. L. Angel, Watertown, Jefferson county, fancy chair, Dip.

Miss S. M. Sherman, Watertown, Jefferson county, embr'd
suspenders, Dip.

Mrs. Doct. A. Trowbridge, Watertown, Jefferson county wor-
sted work, _ Dip.

616 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

Mrs. Doct. S. Bailey, Watertown, Jefferson county, leather
work, . Dip.

Miss P. E. Graves, Hounsfield, Jefferson county, leather work, Dip.

Mrs. M. H. Stanley, Watertown, Jefferson county, chair, — Dip.

Mrs. Wm. Wood, Watertown, Jefferson county, fancy work, S. S. M.

Miss J. A. Beebe, Watertown, Jefferson county, rug, Dip.

Miss Julia R. Goodenough, Watertown, Jefferson county, col-
lars, Dip .

Mrs. Samuel Wilson, Watertown, Jefferson county, tidy, Dip.

Mrs. Israel Adams, Rodman, Jefferson county, lamp mat,. .Trans

Mrs. William McGinnis, Jr., Pamelia, Jefferson county, bead
work bag, Trans.

Mrs. Horace Kimball, Brownville, Jefferson county, embr'd
skirt, _ __., Dip.

Mrs. C. C. Scovil, Watertown, Jefferson county , embroidered
skirt, _ _ Downing's Fruit.

Mrs. S. S. De Long, Watertown, Jefferson county, quilt, — Trans

Mrs. James Eddy, Rutland, Jefferson county, embroi(lered
shoes, _ Dip

Miss Helen Mundy, Watertown, Jefferson county, chair, Dip

Mrs. J. Wakefield, Watertown, Jefferson county, bed spread, Dip

Miss E. B. Lathey, Phelps, Ontario county, rose blankets, .Trans.

Mrs. H. Graves, Hounsfield, Jefferson county, lace veil, Dip.

Mrs. George Volance, Oswegatchie, St. Lawrence county, em-
broidery, :_ Dip. & Trans.

Miss C. M. Lansing, Watertown, Jefferson county, chair, Dip.

Mrs. L. G. Adams, Oswegatchie, St. Lawrence county, basket
and embroidery, Dip. & Trans.

Mrs. M. B. Elagg, Oswegatchie, St. Lawrence county, em-
broidery, _ 1 Dip. k Trans.

Miss Mary E. Banister, Phelps, Ontario county, collar and
cuffs, ._ _ Dip.

Mrs. S. H. Oliver, Martinsburg, Lewis county, bed spread. Trans.

Miss Sarah S. Mansfield, Watertown, Jefferson county, otto-
man cover, Trans.

Mrs. S. A. Beverstock, Oswegatchie, St. Lawrence county,
embroidery,. Dip. & Trans.

Miss M. H. Smith, Gouverneur, St. Lawrence county, blank-
ets, __>_ Dip

/

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 617

Mrs. John Adams, Oswegatchie, St. Lawrence county, embroi-
dery, _ -- Dip- & Trans.

Mrs. A. Ely, Watertown, Jefferson county, embroidery,. S. S. M.

Miss M. Butterfield, Fulton, Oswego county, lamp mats, Dip.

Mrs. A. J. La Grange, Albany, embroidery, Dip. & Trans.

Mrs. Orrin Terry, Marshall, Oneida county, tidy, . . _ Dip.

Miss Mary Peggs, Rome, embroidery, _..Dip. k Trans.

Mrs. A. Mather, Watertown, Jefferson county, velvet cap,

Dip. k Trans.

Mrs. Joseph Goodale, Watertown, Jefferson county, embroi-
dered suspenders, - Trans.

Miss Emily Wells, Watertown, Jefferson county, chair, Dip.

Mrs. D. W. Eames, Turin, Lewis county, bed spread, Dip.

Mrs. Hart Barney, Rutland, Jefferson county, white bed
spread, - Trans.

Mrs. Joel Matteson, Hounsfield, Jefferson county, bed
spread, Trans.

Miss Mary Bush, Pamelia, Jefferson county, leather work,. . Dip.

Mrs. C. E. Fowler, Watertown, Jefferson county, lamp mat. Dip.

Mrs. J. Blood, Watertown, Jefferson county, hearth rug, Trans.

Mrs. J. H. Armstrong, Watertown, Jefferson county, bed
spread, Trans.

Miss M. Adams, Utica, embroidery, Dip. L Trans.

Mrs. C. A. Kibby, Champion, Jefferson county, stamped em-
broidery, ». n — Dip.

Mrs. L. L. Angel, Watertown, Jefferson county, chair, Dip.

Miss H. Goulding, Watertown, Jefferson county, embroidery. Dip.

Mrs. W. P. Spalding, Theresa, Jefferson county, infant's dress. Dip.

Mrs. C. C. Scovil, Watertown, Jefferson county, quilt, Dip.

James Hope, Kingston, C.W., a case of embroidered slioes, S. Med.

Mrs. B. N. HI NTLVGTOX, C/iairmaji.

CLASS VH.

No. 64. PAINTINGS, kc.

Hoffman, Knick<'r])ocker k Co., Albany, best drawing of show
grounds fur Society, Dip.

C. Van Benthuysen, Albany, best specimen typography, hand-
bill of State Fair, very superior work, Dip. k S. Medal.

Bryant k Strattun, Buffalo, ornamental penmanship, Trans.

618

ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

E. P. Redway, Adams, Jefferson county, monochromatic paint-
ing, - Dip.

Jonah Woodruff, Watertown, Jefferson county, lot of oil paint-
ings, _ S. Medal and Dip.

Wm. Cloher, New Hartford, Oneida county, specimens pen-
manship, _ Dip.

S. M. Robinson, Watertown, Jefferson county, do painting. Trans.

Miss E. Trowbridge, Watertown, Jefferson county, ornamen-
tal painting on glass, S. Medal.

Mrs. Doct. A. Trowbridge, Watertown, Jefferson county, Gre-
cian painting, view of suspension bridge, Dip*

Hoffman, Kniciierbocker&Co., Albany, specimen lithography,
wood engravings, &c., _ S. Medal.

S. C. Hart & Co., Watertow^n, Jefferson county, daguerreo-
types, S. Medal & Dip.

Emma E. Beales, Watertown, Jefferson county, 12 years of
age, picture and drawing, _ S. S. Medal.

George S. Dodd, Watertown, Jefferson county, oil painting
very good, _ Trans.

Mrs. A. A. Stephens, Watertown, Jefferson county, crayon
drawing, _ _ Dip.

A. H. Emory, Troy, Rensselaer county, architectural and
topographical drawings, _ Dip.

E. B. Wynn, Watertown, Jefferson county, 2 cases of gold
and silver coins, ancient and modern, very valuable, Dip.

Dr. J. S. Dunlop, Watertown, Jefferson county, oil paintings,

• portrait daguerrean likeness, __ _ Hon. Mention.

N. Stone, Oswego, crayon drawing and oil paintings, Dip.

S. M. Robinson, Watertow^n, pencil drawing " Last Appeal,"

Trans.

G. S. Rugg, Watertown, oriental painting, ambrotypes and
daguerreotypes, _ Hon. Mention.

Hoffman, Knickerbocker & Co., Albany, colored fruit and
drawing of cattle, _. Hon. Mention & Dip.

S. D. Barr, Watertown, Jefferson county, monochromatic
painting, _ Hon. Mention.

Baker & Godwin, New- York, typography of Seneca County
Fair, _ Dip.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 619

R. E. Ellerbeck, Rochester, specimens of drawing and map-
ing, Trans.

No. 65. SILVERWARE AND CUTLERY.

Sigom-ney & Hitchcock, Watertown, Jefferson county, best
silver plated embossed tea set, also silver plated California
plate, S. Medal.

Olmsted k Jones, Syracuse, best case of saddlery hardware,
silver plating, &;c., S. Medal.

H. K. Newcomb, Watertown, Jefferson county, best case jew-
elry, general assortment, best gold watch, S. Medal.

Dr. J. A. Cowles, Rome, set of gutta percha teeth, S. Medal.

No. 60. STOVES, (cooking.)
Ten Eyck & Boardman, Watertown Jefferson county, best

cooking stove for wood, ^' Stewarts," S. Medal.

H. Cooper & Co., Watertown, Jefferson county, 2d do, "Union

stove," _ ._ S.S. Medal.

J. S. & M-. Peckham, Utica, best do for coal, "Artisan," S. Medal.
Francis Hudson, Chicago, 111., 2d do. Van's patent,, _S. S. Medal,
do do best cooking range for families,

yan's patent, _ _ S. Medal .

A. P. Brayton, Watertown, Jefferson county, caloric air fur-
nace, 1st prem., _ S. Medal.

J. S. k M. Peckham, Utica, agricultural furnace,. Dip.

do do portable furnaces, galvanized,.. Dip.

Wm. E. Haynes, Geneva, cooking stove, Hayne's portable tin

and sheet iron, Dip.

The committee award tlie premiums on the articles above men-
tioned, for their cheapness, diu-ability, and economy of fuel.

G. L. MACK, Chairman.
No. 67. STOVES, (parlor.)
Henderson, Kennedy and Kneeland, Al])any, best ornamen-
tal parlor stove, for coal or wood, " Meludion," S. Modal.

J. G. Harbottle, Watertown, 2d do, " Ladies' Toilet," S. S. Medal.
Backus & Smith, Stuyvesant, Columbia county, best luill stove,

S. Medal.
E. Corning & Co., Allvmy, " Littlefield's patent" hall coal

burner, .S. S. Medal.

Henderson, Kennedy k Kneeland, Albany, best fire grates,

S. Medal.

620 ANNUAL RETORT OF NEW-YORK

No. 68. LEATHER, TN'DIA RUBBER GOODS, &C.

M. H. Lines, Utica, best specimens, trunks, Dip.

Edward Carter, Troy, best india rubber goods, _ Dip.

James Hope, Kingston, U. C, best india rubber shoes, Dip.

Bates & Eaker, Watertown, best Spanish sole leather, Dip.

P. k P. Costello, Camden, Oneida co., best slpughter leather, Dia.

S. Pool, Watertown, Jefferson county, best oak calf skins,.. Dip.

do do do best upper leather,. . Dip.

B. F. Hotchkin & Co., Watertown, Jefferson county, for imi-
tation oak calf skins, S. Medal.

W. H. Cross, Rochester, leather belting and fire buckets, Dip.

0. B. Matteson & Co., Morris, Otsego county, lace or string

leather, _, _ Dip.

J. L. & A. Randall, Albany, patent leather boots and shoes, Dip.

do do ladies' heel gaiters, S. Medal.

do do do slippers,.. S. S. Medal.

James Hope, Kingston, U. C, calf and kip boots and shoes,. Dip.

do do satin heel gaiter, S. S. Medal.

Thomas Thompson, Kingston, U. C. superior Scotch boots and
brogans, _ Trans.

No. 69. CABINET WARE

C. & D. Smith, Watertown, Jefferson co., best rosewood chair. Dip.
A. T. Brown, Albany, fancy tool chest, ._ S. Medal.

There were other articles on exhibition, but only of ordinary
workmanship, and not entitled to premiums.

No. 70. CARRIAGES.

Harlow Scovil, Watertown, best double carriage, Dip.

Colwell & Blish, W^atertown, best single top buggy, Dip.

Guardenier & Selkirk, Albany, best double sleigh, Dip.

Harlow Scovil, Watertown, best slide seat carriage, Dip.

C. J. Boynton, New- York, best patent carriage, S. S. Medal.

Wm. S. Chapman, Cincinnati, Ohio, anti-ratling shaft-fastener,

S. Medal.

No. 72. DISCRETIONARY.

Mrs. J. T. Van Namee, Pittstown, Rensselaer county, 2 fancy
show cases, _ Dip.

C. Van Benthuysen, Albany, printing press, Dip.

J. J. Butler, agent, Cincinnati, 0., Butler's book-keepers'
writing fluid, Dip.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 621

Dr. W. R. Trowbridg.e, Watertowrij Jefferson countyj stuffed

birds, __ S. Medal.

Dr. P. 0. Williams, Watertown, Jefferson county, do, S. S. Medal
do do do case minerals,

300 specimens, ._ Dip.

J. F. Downing, A. Savage, agent. Felt's Mills, Jefferson co.,

self-adjusting pat. gate, _ Dip.

Dr. A. Trowbridge, ^V^atertown, Jefferson county, anatomical

preparation, S. Medal.

Butler & Parr, 554 5tli street, Cincinnati, 0., mercantile

writing fluid, Dip. and S. Medal.

S. M. Bassett, Syracuse, specimens penmanship, S. S. Medal.

H. B. Duane, Malone, Franklin county, sample of iron paint. Dip.
H. Hecox, South Rutland, Jefferson county, cast iron sap

spiles, - - Downing.

F. Starr, Rochester, semi-grand piano forte, S. Medal.

do do square do Dip.

Marshall, James & Traver, Albany, 7 octave rosewood, do,. . Dip.

J. A. Smith, Watertown, Jefferson county, Hall & Sons oak
carved piano, _ Dip.

Stephen Keys, Watertown, Jefferson county, window springs. Dip.

Hoffman, Knickerbocker & Co., Albany, Lithographic print-
ing press, in operation,.. S. S. Medal.

Wm. Hall k Son, New-York, musical instruments, S. Medal.

A. B. Carter, Cluimpion, jar pickles,. _ P. 0. Report.

0. P. Button, Watertown, case sea shells, Thomas.

G. R. Comstock, Little Falls, Herkimer county, improved
American propeller, Trans.

American Printing Press Manufacturing company, Syracuse,

jmtent })rintiiig press, __ Dip.

0. K. Rice, Greenwich, Washington county, a machine for

sliaving, coring and slicing apples, S. S. Medal.

0. K. Rice, Wasliington county, whitlletree iron,Hardnian &.

Vorce\s juitent, Trans. Am. Inst.

Kliliu Smith, Albany, American polishing grit, from Albany

county, _ Barry.

D. W. Seeley, Albany, fire-escape ladder, '4ioscoe's patent,"

Patent 0. Rej^rt.

622 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

R. E. Murray k Son, Water town , agents. Wells & Provost, for

Spratt's patent self-sealing cans, ._ Dip.

R. M. Abbee, Tliompsonsville, Conn., patent pig pen, Dip.

Tivoli Hose Company, Albany, liose carriage,. Dip. and S. Medal
E. P. Minier, Cincinnati, 0., Mathematical scale for cutting

ladies' dresses, Dip.

Cowing k Co., Seneca Falls, fire engine, _ S. Medal.

C. S. Nicholson, Buffalo, door plate and bell, Dip. .

George H. Barnard, Watertown, Jefferson co., fire engine, S. Medal.
C. M. Mead, Oswego, Professor Morris' premium baking

powder,. _ Trans.

Edward Carter, Troy, joiner's tools, _ Dip. ^

do do gyrascope, Trans. Am. Inst.

Mrs. H. Hay ward, Lewistown, Niagara county, case of hair

flowers, _ S. S. Medal.

Moses W. Pruyn, Fulton, Oswego county, leather creasing

machine, Dip.

G. D. Mellotte, Watertown, boot trees and lasts, Dip.

J. H. Getman, Columbia, Herkimer county, patent mop, ..Barry.
Mrs. A. N. Cooper, Oswego, specimen brand letter cutting on

copper, _ Dip.

John B. Owens, Utica, American marble mantle piece, S. S. Med.
C. J. Mills, Gloversville, Fulton county, gloves and mittens,

1st premium, Dip.

Sterling k Riddell, Watertown, Jefferson county, blank books. Dip.
Charles Kathern, agent Union Glass Co., Cleveland, Oswego

county, samples window, cylinder, and shade glass, Dip.

H. F. Ferrin, Watertown, Jefferson county, Italian monument,

examined by committee, though not on fair grounds,

Favorable Men.
H. Cooper & Co., Watertown, Jefferson county, crowbars,

picks, roller ends, and tree trimmer, Vol. Trans.

S. S. Mills, Gloversville, Fulton county, buckskin mittens, S. Med.
Elsbury & Kelly, Skaneateles, Onondaga county, horse shoes. Dip.

Bloss k Darling, Rome, saleratus, Dip.

C. B. Morgan, Syracuse, door and gate springs, Dip.

Miss Fidelia Morgan, (a mute,) Syracuse, artificial hair and

hair jewelry, S. Medal.

James D. Wilson, Adams Center, pair elk horns, Trans.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

623

S. M. Robinson, Watertown, currant wine, Thomas.

H. A. Mowry, do horse shoes, , Dip.

R. Peck, Cortlandville, Cortland county, self-acting barn door

fastener, Dip.

Luman Arms, Adams Center, 3 kinds wine, Thomas.

E. W. Phelps, Elizabeth, New Jersey, combination hive and

bees, __ _ Dip.

H. k J. Dickerson, Glovers ville, Fulton county, machine for

cutting gloves and mittens, _ Dip.

J. A. Smith, Watertown, Chickering's carved parlor piano,. . Dip.
S. B. Kinney, Scott, Cortland county, Davies' patent blind

hinge, _ __ Dip.

S. Walrath, Canton, St. Lawrence county, thistle puller,. _S. Med.
Miss Louis Fitch, Troy, Rensselaer county, case hair jewelry, Dip.
James Pearson, Antwerp, Jefferson county, iron drilling ma-

cliine, Dip.

Israel Ward, Morristown, St. Lawrence county, axe helves. Trans.
Seymour, Brothers & Co., "Hecla Works," Oneida county,

window blind butts, and fastenings, __ Dip.

H. F. Ferrin, Watertown, Jefferson county, set grave stones, Dip.
W. W. Herrick, do do do chair over 200

years old, Dip.

C. F. Smith, Watertown, Jefferson county, 2 deer, one male
and one female, Trans.

Moses Fames, Rutland, Jefferson county, 2 bottles Metheglin, ^
40 years old,. _ Norton's Prize Essay.

D. W. Perkins, Rome, Oneida county, dental chair, S. Medal.

T. T. Dorcy, Watertown, 4 wheeled hose carriage, S. Medal.

V. S. Hubbard, do Isabella grape wine, Norton's Prize Essay.

D. Minthorn, do ladies' corset shoulder brace, Dip.

Jan<'S, Beebe & Co., New-York, beautiful iron fountains, ,S. Med.
Mrs. T. A. Smith, Syracuse, papier maclie and It'atlier work

stand, Dip.

II. \. Miliaid, Rural Hill, Osage orange plants, Trans.

D. Mann, 52 John street, New-York, American lactive or
solidified milk, sample made in June last, and was used at
refreshment room and pronounced e(iual to new milk,.S. Med.

James Durno, Albany, Durno's catarrh snulf, Dip.

C. I). Woodruff, Toledo, Ohio, impending eave troughs, Dip.

t

624 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

A. C. McFarland, Albany, superior chewing gum, Dip.

A. Stone & Co., Philadelphia, preserving fruit jars,.. Vol. Trans.
LORENZO ROUSE, Paris, Oneida Co., Chairman.

CLASS VIL— FLOWERS, PLANTS, DESIGNS AND FRUITS

No. 73. PROFESSIONAL LIST.

Cut Flowers.

Thorp, Smith, Hanchett k Co., Syracuse, for the best display,

S. Cup, val. $10
Dahlias.

John Wilson, Albany, best collection, 6

Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, 2d do, _ 3

Thorp, Smith, Hanchett k Co., Syracuse, best 24 dissimilar

blooms, _ - - 5

John Wilson, Albany, best 12 do, 3

Thorp, Smith, Hanchett k Co., Syracuse, 2d best do, 2

Wm. A. Burgess, Glen Wood, L. I., best American seedling, S. M,

Roses.
Ellwanger k Barry, Rochester, greatest number of newest

and best varieties, _ $8

Thorp, Smith, Hanchett k Co., Syracuse, 2d do, 3

do (Jo do the newest and best ^

24 distinct varieties, 5

Thorp, Smith, Hanchett k Co., Syracuse, the newest and best

12 distinct varieties, . 3

* Phloxes.

* Ellwanger k Barry, Rochester, the greatest number, newest
and best varieties, _ $5

Thorp, Smith, Hanchett k Co., Syracuse, 2d best do, 2

do do do best 12 varieties,., 3

Verbenas.
Thorp, Smith, Hanchett k Co., Syracuse, greatest number of

newest and best varieties, __ $5

Thorp, Smith, Hanchett k Co., Syracuse, newest and best 12

varieties, ._ 3

Thorp, Smith, Hanchett k Co., Syracuse, best American seed-
ling, _ S. M.

German Asters.
John Wilson, Albany, best collection S. M.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 625

Pansies,
John Wilson, Albany, best collection, $3

Thorp, Smith, Hanchett & Co., Syracuse, 2(1 do, 2

No. 74. CUT FLOWERS.

Mrs. J. T. Van Namee, Pittstown, Rensselaer county, best
display, S. M.

Mrs. W. W. Herrick, Watertown, Jefferson county, 2d best
do, - S2

Dahlias.
Mrs. J. T. Van Namee, Pittstown, Rensselaer county, greatest

number of newest and best varieties, _ 5

Mrs. J. T. Van Namee, Pittstown, Rensselaer county, best 12

dissimilar blooms, _ 3

Mrs. J. T. Van Namee, Pittstown, Rensselaer county, best 6

do, 2

Roses.

Mrs. Chatfield, Albany, best 6 varieties,. 2

Verbenas.
Mrs. J. T. Van Namee, Pittstown, Rensselaer county, greatest

number, newest and best varieties, 5

Mrs. J. T. Van Namee, Pittstown, Rensselaer county, best 12

distinct varieties, . _ 3

Mrs. Chatfield, Albany, 2d best do,. ._ 2

Mrs. J. T. Van Namee, Pittstown, Rensselaer county, best 6

varieties, _ _ 2

Mrs. Chatfield, Albany, 2d best do, _ 1

Phloxes.
Mrs. J. T. Van Namee, Pittstown, Rensselaer county, best

seedling, 1

German Jisters.
Mrs. J. T. Van Namee, Pittstown, Rensselaer county, best

collection, 3

Mrs. W. W. Herrick, Watertown, 2d do, 2

Pansies.

Mrs. Chatfield, Albany, ])est collection, 3

Mrs. W. W. Ilcnick, Watertown, 2d do, ___ 2

Ten Week Stock.
Mrs. J. T. Van N'nme«\ Pittstown, Henss(^laer county, best

display, 3

[Ag. Trans.[ ^^^

626 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

No. 75. GENERAL LIST.

Pot Plants
Mrs. J. T. Van Namee, Pittsto^vn, Rensselaer county, best
collection house plants, 20 different specimens^ Cup, value |10

Floral design or Ornament.

Mr. J. C. Sterling, Watertown, best, 5

Mrs. 0. V. Brainard, Watertown, 2d do, 3

Boicqicets.

John Wilson, Albany, best pair hand, 5

EUwanger & Barry, Rochester, 2d do, _ 3

Mrs. J. T. Van Namee, Pittstown, Reus., co., best do, parlor, 9

John Wilson, Albany, 2d best do, 4

No. 76. PROFESSIONAL LIST.

Apples.
EUwanger & Barry, Rochester, best 20 varieties,. Plate, value ^10

Pears.
EUwanger & Barry, Rochester, greatest number of good varie-
ties, 150 varieties, , S. Cup, value 15

H. E. Hooker & Co., Rochester, 2d do, 50 varieties, S. Cup, val. 10

EUwanger & Barry, Rochester, best 20 varieties, S. Plate, value 10

do do best 12 do do 8

do do best 6 do do 5

J. \,ciCiies .

J. S. Odell, Fair Haven, Wayne county, best 6 varieties, 4

do do do best 1 variety, 12

specimens, 2

John C. Hastings, Clinton, Oneida county, metalic label for

trees, _ ._ Dip.

The first article on the list of the committee on professional
competition for premiums on apples, pears and peaches, although
not enumerated in the printed list subject to their award, was per-
haps properly entered on their book, as being a matter of more
interest to nurserymen, orchadists, and those more or less engaged
in the cultivation and sale of fruit trees. We refer to the metalic
labels for trees. Both the materials of which they are com-
posed— iron and tin — and the mode and material for securing an
indelible inscription, will commend the invention to the notice of
the classes above mentioned, as supplying a cheap and durable
label for designating the name of the plant and the date and

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 627

character of the weather when sown or planted. To encourage
the manufacture of the " metalic label," your committee recom-
mend that the Diploma of the Society be awarded to the inventor,
J. C. Hastings, Clinton, Oneida.

Several causes, needless to specify, contributed to limit the com-
petition in apples and peaches ; but your committee are decidedly
of the opinion that had exhibitors been much more numerous,
better specimens of several choice varieties of the peach, viz : the
Morris White, Crawford Late,Malacatoon, and a very large, splen-
did and delicious new variety, designated by the not very eupho-
nious title, " Stumps the World," could hardly have been better,
nor could the premiums have been better deserved.

This collection of seven varieties of the peach was grown by
Mr. Odell, in tlie extreme northern part of Wayne county, N. Y.,
upon or near the shore of Lake Ontario.

But one competitor entered the lists for the premium offered
for apples. This collection of twenty varieties, exhibited by
Messrs. Ellwanger & Barry, of Rochester, was composed of fair
specimens, well arranged and correctly named, so far as your
committee were able to determine.

But it is in pears that the present exhibition, in perfection of
arrangement and specimens and number of good varieties, amount-
ing in one case to one hundred and fifty varieties, and in another
to fifty-nine varieties, is believed to have excelled any ever before
witnessed at an annual fair of your Society, affording an oppor-
tunity to those whose desire to make a selection of choice varie-
ties, for amateur cultivation, which seldom occurs. The first
premium for pears was awarded to Ellwanger & Barry, Roches-
ter, not only because the collection was most numerous, but
because the specimens exhibited were actually more meritorious,
better arranged and labeled, and the rules of the Society more
nearly complied with.

As regards the correct naming of 150 varieties of pears, your
committee would not assume to be able to decide, and the more
especially under tlie present circumstances, when neither time nor
convenience oflers an opportunity to consult authorities on the
subject; but SO far as the knowledge or experience of either of
the judges extended, the varieties were correctly named.

W. D. COOK, Chairman,

628 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

No. 77. PROFESSIONAL LIST.

Plums.

Ellwanger & Earry, Rochesterj greatest number varieties,

Plate V. $5
Grapes.

Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, greatest number varieties,
and b^t specimens foreign grapes grown under glass,

Plate V. $10

John Wilson, Albany, best 1 variety, "Rebecca," 3

do do 2d best, do 3

The committee aw^ard the first premium for the best specimen
of native grave to the "Rebecca," a native white grape, said to
be perfectly hardy at Hudson and other places on that river, with-
out laying down in the winter ; it is good flavor, not foxy, and
should it prove a hardy and good bearer, will be a valuable addi-
tion to our native collection.

E. WARE SYLVESTER, Chairman.

No. 78. AMATEUR LIST.

Apples.

C. B. Burtiss, Phelps, Ontario county, greatest number good

varieties, .^ _ S. cup, v. §15

C. B. Burtiss, Phelps, Ontario county, 2d do, 10

E. S. & E. N. Hayward, Rochester, best 20 varieties,. Plate v. 10
J. M. Wilcox, Three mile bay, Jefferson county, 2d best do, 5
Nathan Talcott, Adams, Jefferson county, best 12 varieties,, 5
Willard Ives, Watertown, Jefferson county, 2d best do, 3

Pears.

Elisha Dorr, Albany, best 6 varieties, Plate v. $5

Peaches.

H. G. Dickinson, Lyons, Wayne county, greatest number va-
rieties, ._ Plate V. §5

James Pierce, Oswego, 2d greatest No. do, 3

H. G. Dickinson, Lyons, Wayne county, best 1 variety, 2

The committee found a collection of fine apples, said to be 33

varieties, but as they were not named they were excluded from

competition.

They also found several small collections and dishes of single

varieties, which they can only bestow their commendation upon.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 629

Several fine dishes of Virgalieu pears were shown, but no pre-
miums were offered for less than 6 varieties. Dishes of the Vir-
galieu, exhibited by H. G. Dickinson and James Pierce, were fine.

SAMUEL DICKSON, M. D., Chairman.

No. 79. AMATEUR LIST.

Plums. '
Elisha Dorr, Albany, greatest number of varieties and -best,

Plate value §5
Elisha Dorr, Albany, best 6 Howard's Favorite, Schuyler's
Gage, Green Gage, Imperial Gage, Bleecker's Gage, and

Coe's Golden Drop, — 3

Elisha Dorr, Albany, best 1 Coe's Golden Drop, 2

Quinces.
P. H. Hastings, Irondequoit, Monroe county, best, (Orange

variety,) - 3

H. G. Dickinson, Lyons, Wayne county, 2d do, 2

Grapes.
Elisha Dorr, Albany, best and greatest number native varle
ties, (for Winne, Isabella, Delaware, and Catawba grapes,)

Plate value 5

E. S. & E. N. Hay^vard, Rochester, 2d best do, 1 3

James Smith, Rodman, best 1 variety, "Isabella," 2

Jason Clark, Plessis, Chasselas grape grown in open air, best

1 variety, foreign grapes, - — 3

Watermelons.

H. H. Harrington, best specimen, — 2

Discretionary.
Dr. J. Binsse, Watertown, for well grown and ripened speci-
mens of the Isabella and Golden Chasselas, Downing.

James Pierce, Oswego, 5 varieties of grapes, Thomas.

J. M. Bosworth, North Adams, Jefferson county, 2 varieties

good grapes, _ Downing.

T. E. Beecher, Watertown, native grape, (chicken grape,). Barry.
The plums exhibited by Elisha Dorr, of Albany, numennis in
variety and fine in quality. No nectarines exhibited, and it is
recommended that tlie premiums be discontinued, as but few are
ever exliibited, and its cultivati(^n very limited. Show of (piinces
was not large, but specimens good. Melons — Show limited.

630 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

Grapes — The show was fair, particularly of native varieties, and
the success of vine-growers in Northern New-York sufficiently en-
couraging to invite and stimulate to further effort.

The Delaware grape, of Ohio, is recommended for general cul-
tivation.

S. MILLER, Rochester, Chairman.

No. 80. FOREIGN FRUIT.

Pears.
CM. Hovey, Eoston, Mass., greatest number of varieties,

(200 varieties,) Silver Cup, value $15

C. M. Hovey^ Eoston, Mass., best 20 varieties, do 10

P. EARRY, Rochester, Chairman.

PREMIUMS AWARDED, FEBRUARY, 1857.

FARMS.

Solomon Walrath, Rensselaer Falls, St. Lawrence county,
plate, value, $30

GRASSES, &C. FOR MUSEUM.

Wm. M. Eeauchamp, Skaneateles, 154 plants, arranged for
Museum, plate, 15

C. Thurston Chase, Chatham, Columbia county. Autumn
leaves, plate, _ 10

SEEDS AND GRAIN ARRANGED FOR MUSEUM.

Wm. P. Ottley, Phelps, Ontario county, 15

Volney Eurgess, Chatham, Columbia county,. 10

BUTTER.

E. S. Carpenter, Elmira, Chemung county, 3 tubs fall butter, 15
R. T. Carpenter, Southport, Chemung county, 3 tubs fall

butter, _ _ 10

Mrs. Elizabeth Lathey, Phelps, 10

S. S. French, Herkimer county,. ^ 4

WINTER BUTTER.

Mrs. Emily Newcomb, Johnsonville, Rensselaer county, one

crock butter, 5

R. S. Carpenter, Elmira, 1 tub butter, _ 3

R. T. Carpenter, Southport, 1 tub butter, S. S. Medal.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

631

S. S. French, Herkimer county, $3

Mrs. Wm. Ottley, Phelps, 2

CHEESE.

E. F. Carter, Le Ray, Jefferson county, 3 cheese, 15

Moses Fames, Rutland, do do 3 do 10

C. W. Fells, Westmoreland, Oneida, 3 cheese, 5

R. Harvey, Lewis county, exhibited two very fine cheese,
and a special premium is recommended.

Mrs. Flizabeth Lathey, Phelps, 10

Mrs. Wm. Ottley, Phelps, 5

CROPS.

WINTER WHEAT.

E. S. Hay ward, Brighton, Monroe, 2 acres 20 rods, 74^
bushels — special premium, $15

RYE.

Amos Goulding, Le Ray, Jefferson county, 3. 95-100 acres,
142 bushels, - 15

BARLEY.

John C. Wright, Copenhagen, Lewis, 3. 82-100 acres, 2
rowed, 198.38-100, _ _ 15

W. P. Ottley, Phelps, Ontario, 2 acres, 6 rowed, 99 bushels, 10

BUCKWHEAT.

G. C. Pool, Clinton, Oneida, 1. 41-100 acres, 49 bushels— 41
bushels, 7 lbs. per acre, 8

BEANS.

Simeon H. Williams, N. Hartford, Oneida, 1 acre, 29 bushels, 8

PEAS.

Ira R. Peck, East Bloomfield, Ontario, 1 acre, 31.36-100
bushels, 8

POTATOES.

Peter dispell, jr., Hurley, Ulster county, 1. 1-10 acres, 480
bushels — yam potatoes, 8

Rev, C. E. Goodrich, Utica, fur a line exhibition of his seed-
ling potatoes, of great value, 20

CLOVER SEED.

Ira R. Peck, East Bloomfield, 4. 15-100 acres, 16. 28-00 bush. 6

632 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK ^l

TIMOTHY SEED.

E. S. Hayward, Brigliton, Monroe, 1 acre, 9 J bushels, $5

CARROTS.

John Brodie, Rural Hill, Jefferson county, 1 acre, 1,610 bush., 8
Elam C. Bliss, Westfield, Chautauque county, | acre, 300
bushels, 5

GRAIN AND SEEDS.

WHEAT.

Charles W. Eells, Clinton, Oneida, 1 barrel tea wheat, $5

David Coonradt, Brunswick, Rensselaer, 1 bbl. winter wheat, 3

Van Vleck Nottingham, Onondaga, one barrel, Trans.

E. S. Hayward, Brighton, Monroe, Soule's wheat. This was
delayed on railroad, but was of extraordinary excellence,

and a premium was awarded, ^

W. P. Ottley, Phelps, (same delay), white and red winter
wheat $5, $3, 8

RYE.

David Coonradt, Brunswick, Rensselaer county, 5

Henry Schoonmaker, Bethlehem, Albany, 3

Henry Wier, Johnsonvir.e, Rensselaer, 2

BARLEY.

Amos Goulding, Le Ray, Jefferson, 2 rowed, 5

Norman Gowdy, Lowville, Lewis, 5

Wm. P. Ottley, Phelps, 2 and 6 rowed, |5, $3, 8

OATS.

David Coonradt, Brunswick, 5

Peter Crispell, jr.. Hurley, 2

Van Vleck Nottingham, Onondaga, Trans.

W. P. Ottley, Phelps, _ 5

WHITE CORN.

W. P. Ottley, Phelps, ..- 5

David Coonradt, Brunswick, 3

YELLOW CORN.

David Coonradt, Brunswick, _ 5

Charles W. Eells, Clinton, 3

Henry Wier, Johnsonville, 2

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 633

E. S. Hayward, Brigliton, detained on railroad, but being

very superior — premiunij §5

W. P. Ottley, Phelps, 3

PEAS.

Norman Gowdy, Lowville, 5

Wm. P. Ottley, Phelps, 5

S. S. French, Herkimer county, 5

BEANS.

David Coonradt, Brunswick, 5

Henry Wier, Johnsonville, 3

CLOVER.

Wm. P. Ottley, Phelps, 3

TIMOTHY SEED.

E. S. Hayward, Brighton, 5

BUCKWHEAT.

Henry Schoonmaker, Bethlehem, 3

NEW-YORK STATE AGKICULTURAL SOCIETY.

B. B. KIRTLAND— Treasurer's Account.

RECEIPTS.

February^ 1856.

To balance in treasury, $2,743 69

Members annual meeting, 323 00

Premium returned (Ottley,) 4 00

Cash from State, 700 00

Receipts at Fair, ._ _ 8,010 00

Rent of grounds,..., .'... 200 00

Horace Greeley, for premiums offered, 100 00

Watertown committee, part pay expenses, 500 00

Note discounted, $2,000 00

discount, 46 00

1,953 97

Note discounted, §1,000 00

discount, 12 08

987 92

Note discounted, $2,500 00

discount, 44 59

2,455 41

$17,977 99

EXPENDITURES.

February^ 1856.

Expenses winter meeting, $80 5 1

Premiums, Fair Elmira, 216 38

do ^Vinter meeting, -- 677 50

Library books and binding, ' — 163 94

Postage account, 194 75

Dr. Fitch, Entomologist, 1,050 00

Incidental expenses Society, 990 33

636 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

Printing and advertising, _ _ $194 07

Salaries, assistant, &c. 5 ' 2,202 70

Superintendent's and gate keepers', fair, 582 25

Miscellaneous expenses, do, _ - 1,213 27

Clerks and assistants at fair, 505 50

Premiums, Fair Watertown, 4,366 09

Paid for completing agricultural rooms, 3,495 77

Cash paid notes bank, 3,000 00

§18,933 06

Treasurer in advance, _ __, $955 07

The am't advanced for completing building, and salary

ofEntomologist,&c., _.. _.. §4,595 77

Which is provided for in bill before the Legislature, and

^ will leave a balance in the treasury of §1,140 70

We certify that we have carefully examined and compared the
preceding account with the vouchers accompanying the same, and
that the same is in all respects just and true.

T. S. FAXTON, President.
B. P. JOHNSON, Secretary.
February 10, 1857.
Expenses winter meeting, voucher,
Library books and binding.

u

Postage account,

Dr. Fitch, Entomologist,

Incidental expenses,

Printing and advertising,

Salaries — Trav'g expenses, &c."

Superint's and gate keepers,
do do

Miscellaneous expenses fair, "

Clerks and assistants, "

Paid for completing Ag. rooms,"

Money paid on notes dis'd,

u

to 13.

$80 51
216 38
163 94

to 7,

to 9,

to 4, 1,050 00

to 26, 990 33

to 11.

194 07

to 30, 2,202 70

'to is;! '^^'^

to 8, 1,213 27

to 22,

505 50

to 8, 3,495 77

to 2, 3,000.00

Premiums — Elmir a .

E. S. Hayward, $7 00

R. Gypson, sheep, 5 00

sta'te agricultural society. 637

L.L. Norton, liorse, |;10 00

E.S. Hayward, . 12 00

A. Saul & Co., fruit, 10 00

B. P. Jolinson, premium expenses, 1 38

Anne Wynkoop, domestic manufacture, 4 00

John E. Gavit, diplomas, _ 78 00

J. C. Burdett, implements, _ 5 00

J. S. Holbert, stock, &c., 28 00

M. C. Baldwin, vegetables, 3 00

James Merriman, bull, 5 00

Robert Lovett, medals, 48 00

$216 38

Expenses winter meeting, vouchers 1 to 13, $80 5 1

Premiums — Winter Meeting, 1856.

No. 35. Frank Atwater,... $4 00

30. Geo. J. J. Barber, _ 25 00

Noble Hill, cranberries, 5 00

13. William M. Holmes, 32 00

12. T.C. Maxwell & Bros., 20 00

W. C. Watson, 100 00

11. David Hess, grain, 10 00

10. L. D. Clift, farm, 20 00

9. Clinton T. Ringe, cheese, 5 00

8. Noah Hitchcock, Jr., butter, 5 00

7. John Gilbert, cheese, 15 00

6. J. W. Briggs, oats, 3 00

5. H. H. Doolittle, beans, 3 00

4. David Coonradt, fruit, 3 00

3. E. F. Carter, cheese, _ 10 00

1. Norman Gowdy, peas, 8 00

32. Thomas Richardson, cattle, 35 00

31. Stephen T. Owen, apples, 5 00

14. Asa Otis, 5 00

15. M. Johnson, ._ 10 00

18. David Coonradt, 23 00

16. John Westfall, fiirm, _ 30 00

17. Elisha M. Bradley, oats, 15 00

638 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

17. Volney Burgess, $13 00

21. R. A. Downs, apples, 1 00

20. A. E. Van Allen 5 00

22. Jas. P. Noxon, flax seed, 3 00

24. Norman Gowdy, peas,._ 3 00

23. 0. Howland, barley, wheat and beans, 14 00

25. John V. Grove, farm,... 50 00

26. J. S. Holbert, butter, 10 00

27. R. F. Carpenter, do,.. _ 15 00

28. E. C. Bliss, irrigation and field crops, 41 00

35 . Israel 0. Scudder, celery, 3 00

2. Sanfbrd Howard, essay, 40 00

21. Essay on meteorology, 75 00

33. George Waterman, eng. spoons, &c., 3 00

38. do do 6 50

34. Mrs. C. Taboui-, kersey, 4 00

|677 50

Premiums. — Fair at Watertown.

A. — Miss Mary Adams, linen, $3 00

Peter Archdeakon, stallion, 15 00

S. Adsit, mare and colt, 15 00

A. Archer, onions, _ 3 00

American Mill Company, corn and cob crusher, _ _ 3 00

D. Avery, mare, (1855), 8 00

B. — Henry S. Bowtell, riding horse, 8 00

C. Baker, cow, _ 25 00

Miss Mary Banister, needle work, 5 00

Henry Battell, foreign horse, 15 00

0. H. Brainard, flowers, 4 00

J. Blood, rug, 4 00

Harvey Beals, horses, 20 00

M. Baily, needle work, 5 00

M. L. Burdick, needle work, 3 00

W. C. Baker, 2 years old colt, 10 00

Charles Brooks, poultry, 7 00

T. D. Burrall, corn sheller, 6 00

B. T. Bliss, sweet potatoes,.. 3 00

T. Barker, 3 years old colt, ." 3 00

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 639

Miss Mary Bristol, domestic manufactures, $1 00

A. & H. Bowen, Jr., Hereford cattle, 80 00

Miss Eliza Blackstone, painting, _ 5 00

J. W. Bostwick, horses, 15 00

A. Blount, horses, 25 00

Chauncey Barrett, geldings, _ 10 00

E. Burrell, horses, _ 10 00

Jacob Brown, bulls, 30 00

C. D. Bent, cattle and corn, 23 00

Thomas Betts, sheep, _ 20 00

B. G. Bliss, carpet coverlet, 4 00

George Benedict, horse, 15 00

C. B. Burtis, fruit, 25 00

Bunts & Barrett, potatoes, 5 00

0. Bartholomew, honey, _ 5 00

Brodie & Converse, cattle, 28 00

Wm. M. Bullock, bull, 15 00

Miss Emily Brown, butter, _ 6 00

Mrs. A. Barney, linen diaper, 6 OQf

Mrs. T. K. Bates, oil painting,., 3 00

Mrs. Seymour Bailey, needle w^ork, 5 00

Lewis Beardsly, seed corn, (1855), 2 00

Miss A. 0. Bear, butter, 6 00

Sylvanus Burtis, cattle, 35 00

Miss J. A. Beebe, embroidery, 1 00

C— J. M. Camfield, cheese, 20 00

R. G. Coffin, bull, _. 5 CO

C. C. Chadwick, horse, 5 00

R. Coates, horse, bull and swine, 46 00

John Chamberlain , wdieat, 5 00

J. B. Champlin, horse, 8 00

Thomas Crary, stallion, 3 00

G. Clarke, bull and oxen, 30 00

George R. Comstock, cheese press, 2 00

John Collins, heifer, 5 00

G. A. Child, horse, 20 00

Truman Coon, horses, 25 00

E. G. Cook, cattle and swine, __ 165 00

E. II. Cole, horse, 5 00

640

ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

Robert Cotton, plowing, $8 00

G.W.Collins, do 10 00

W.N.Cole, do 10 00

G. W. Collins, sheep and poultry, 28 00

A. B. Carter, 10 yoke oxen, 20 00

Mortimer Crane, 1 year old colt, 5 00

Hiram Converse, fowls and vegetables, 10 00

L. P. Clark, embroidery, _ 1 00

Charles L. Comings, carpet, 4 00

A. F. Chatjaeld, flowers, 8 00

G. W. Collins, grade cow, 5 00

B. S. Carpenter, butter, &c., 32 00

E. G. Cook, sheep, 8 00

George Chamberlin, steers, 8 00

A. Chamberlin, sheep, _ 3 00

S. Cone, squashes, 3 00

H. Cooper & Co., agricultural implements, 25 00

I. Clark, grapes, 3 00

Mrs. 0. Childs, needle work, 1 00

Cowing & Co., pumps, 6 00

D.— William Davis, Dui^ham bull, 15 00

N. M. Dart, sheep, and Devon bull, 53 00

John Dack, sheep, 8 00

A. J. & A. Dike, sheep, 34 00

D. A. Delano, pumpkin, 2 00

H. G. Dickinson, peaches, 9 00

Elisha Dorr, fruit, 20 00

E.— Gertrude Ely, quilt, 3 00

Egbert H. Eddy, Jefferson co. team, 50 00

W. L. Eddy, plowing and roller, 7 00

Mrs. F. Emerson, churn, 3 00

C. B. Eastman, sheep, 13 00

F. — Nelson Fry, cheese and boxes, 22 00

Patrick Farrell, spading, 8 00

S. R. Farwell, poultry, 5 00

Finlay Eraser, cart, 5 00

Fairbanks, Wilmot & Co., saw-mill, ' 10 00

Abner Fitch, working oxen, „ 20 00

S. E. Fields, blankets, _ 6 00

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 641

risk & Little, prem. expenses, ., $152 67

G. — John Greenwood, coverlet, 6 00

Thomas Gould, bull, 25 00

Amos Goulding, rye, __ 5 00

Stephen Grimes, spading, 10 00

Gill & Brothers, cattle, _ 55 00

M. Galim, embroidery, 3 00

H. Graves, car2>et, _ 4 00

P, E. Graves, needle work, 3 00

0. A. Graves, corn, 5 00

Green & Maxon, sheep and swine, 100 00

Joseph Goodale, domestic goods, 6 00

H. — C. S. Hubbard, needle work and painting, 6 00

P. F. Hubbard, needle work, 2 00

H. H. Harington, watermelons, 2 00

Hun ger ford & Brodie, cattle, sheep and swine, 218 00

Truman Hungerford, colt and heifer, __ 40 00

Airs. L. G. Hoyt, chair,.. 1 00

Miss Sarah L. Helmer, wax work, 2 00

B. F. Hotchkiss, poultry, 2 00

Austin Hains, cow, 25 00

A. C. Hall, carpet, 6 00

0. Howland, sheep, cattle, &:c., 69 00

J.H.Hawthorne, stallion, 10 00

E. D. Hallock, saw mill, 8 00

John G. Hermans, stallion, 25 00

M. A. Hughes, silk bonnets, 2 00

M. L. Hungerfurd, carpet, &c., 10 00

Samuel Herrick, chickens, 3 00

H. F. Humphrey, cow, 20 00

Albert Horr, swine, 8 00

C. Hunt, rug carpet, _. 6 00

Mrs. W. W. Herrick, shell work, &c., 8 00

E. S. Hay ward, fruit, &c., _.. 30 00

D. S. Hertron, poultry, &c.,._ _ 46 00

\Vm. Hungerfurd, stallion cult, 10 00

Mrs. G. Hardy, quilt, 3 00

Henry Holmes, cheese, 5 00"

James Halleck, vegetables, 6 00

[Ag. Trans.J Oo

642 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

Anson Hungerford, horses, $10 00

Mrs. W. W. Herrick, pencil drawing, 3 00

Mrs. H. Hayward, wax flowers, 3 00

H. B. Hurlbut, poultij, 2 00

Mrs. B. F. Hunt, domestic goods, 2 00.

I. — Jerome Ives, rag carpet, -- 2 00

J.— G. W. Jenks, poultry, 2 00

L. Jacobs, mare and colt, 5 00

C. A. Jordison, ewes and buck, 20 00

W. Johnson, bull, 25 00

K.— Elijah Kingsley, butter, _ 10 00

J. G, Kraker, fanning mill, 5 00

H. M. Kimball, butter and turnips, 18 00

Horace Kimball, flannel and thread, ._ 7 00

L. — Robert Lovett, medals, _ 262 50

M. H. Lines, harness, 17 00

E. Little, straw cutter, 3 00

F. Lansing, jr., fowls, 2 00

Robert Lovett, medals, 13 00

J. R. Lyon, cattle,.. 15 00

M. — Mrs. J. M. Mitchell, woolen carpet, 8 00 ^

Nicholas McCabe, spading, 5 00*

Pliment Mattoon, seed corn, 2 00

Mrs. J. S. McBride, cloak, 3 00

Edwin March, horses, 15 00

J. E. Morgan, wagon, &c.,. 10 00

Edward Maynard, carrots, 3 00

R. D. Murray, native cow, 5 00

E. Marks, cattle, _ 20 00

Levi Marshall, hops, 5 00

H. N. Millard, sugar,. 3 00

John M'Donald, sheep, 35 00

Henry L. Monroe, horse, 5 00

N. — Milton, G. Norton, bull and sheep, 15 00

Robert Newton, plowing,. _ 4 00

Mrs. H. K. Newcomb, silk bonnets,. 3 00

0. — Enoch Ottley, cattle, 5 00

-W. P. Ottley, grain, 21 00

C. A. Ostrander, seed corn, 3 00

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 643

J. E. Orvis, bull calf, $3 00

Datus Osmer, yoke steers, 8 00

L.D. Olney, cabbage, 3 00

Enoch Ottley, cattle, 43 00

P. — Rich. H. Pease, fanning mill, 3 00

E. P. Prentice, stock, 133 00

P. H. Powers, cheese, 15 00

G. C. Parker, fringe mittens, _ 1 00

Rich. H. Pease, portable grist mill, 6 00

Miss E. Patridge, chair, 2 00

A. C. Palmer, horse, 15 00

M. R. Patrick, riding horse, 10 00

Chester Phippin, bed quilt, 1 00

James Pierce, peaches, _ 3 00

E.G. Potter, water elevator, 5 00

A. G. Pierce, colt, 15 00

M.S.Pettit, onions, 2 00

G. F. Paddock, vegetables, _^ _.. 10 00

Franklin Parker, bed quilt, 2 00

George Parish, horse, 25 00

Amos Phillips, plowing, ^^^ 6 00

George Parish, vegetables, ._ 9 00

R. — Miss L. M. Riggs, needle work, 1 00

C. Richardson, fringe mittens, 2 00

Henry D. Rich, horse, _ 15 00

A. M. Rogers, heifer, 2 years old, 29 00

Wm. Rich ey, boar and oats, _ 1 13 00

G. L. Read, maple sugar, &c., 18 00

M. C. Remington, Hereford cattle, 116 00

Miss Sarah Rogers, bed quilt, _ 3 00

William Roddick, bull, 10 00

Cyrus W. Reed, domestic manufacture, 8 00

Mrs. S. M. Robinson, painting,., 5 00

S. — H. A. Sandusky, working oxen, 10 00

M. Salsbury, turkeys, 3 00

do oxen, _ 35 00

H. A. Sandusky, do, 15 00

John Spencer, buck, 10 00

L. G. Snell, blankets, 8 00

644 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

A. G. Sigourney J squash, _ $1 00

Jolin C. Sterling, floral ornaments, 5 00

M. B. Scovill, turkeys, 2 00

A. P. Sigourney, swine, _ _ 5 00

Charles F. Smith, tomatoes, _ 3 00

J. Steers, Jr., horses, &c., 9 00

Jesse Staplin, mare and colt, 20 00

S. Stroud, colt, 10 00

James Smith, grapes, 3 00

C. Scripture, horse, 8 00

T. — Mrs. A. Trowbridge, needle work, 4 00

Charles Taylor, cheese press, _ 5 00

D. R. Talcott, bed quilt, 1 00

Nathan Talcott, apples,- _ 5 00

John W. Taylor, fat cattle, __. 39 00

B. M. Todd, butter, 10 00

Thorp, Smith & Hanchett, flowers and plants, 33 00

V. — Mrs. J. T. Van Namee, domestic goods and flowers, 65 00

R. H. Van Rensselaer, cattle, 98 00

Giles Vroman, sweet potatoes, 2 00

C. Van Benthuysen, premium expenses, 185 92

Mrs. George Volam, quilt, _ 2 00

Aaron Vail, (1854) sheep, 5 00

W.— James B. Wright, corn cob crusher, 5 00

George Webb, sheep, , 8 00

do do _... 5 00

Isaac Wait, grist mill, _ 8 00

W. L. Wait, 2 year old steers, 3 00

A. F. Wood, cattle and sheep, 26 00

E. G. Wait, stallion, 5 00

E. Warner, horse, _ 10 00

G. W. White, stallion, _ 10 00

John Winslow, cheese and corn, 12 00

G. B. Wright, sheep, : 23 00

Augustin R. Wright, chickens, 2 00

J. C. Wood, rug, _ 3 00

Wood & Eastman, sheep, 13 00

S. B. &S. F. Wool worth, sugar,. __ 5 00

Henry Wier, seeds and domestic goods, 39 00

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 645

J. M. Wilcox, apples, ^ §5 00

Miss Emily Wells, needle work, 300

John Wilson, flowers and fruit, 26 00

John C. Wright, barley, 5 00

E. W. Waters, butter, 5 00

Mrs. William Wood, embroidery, 4 00

A. M. Woodward, and Samuel Wilson, rabbits, 5 00

A. J. Wynkoop, colt, (1855) 10 00

Miss Amelia S. Waters, butter, ._ 9 00

Mrs. Royal Wilcox, domestic goods, 4 00

Wood & Eastman, cattle and sheep, _ 20 00

Mrs. Jane Welling, linen, ._ 6 00

Mrs. George W. Wilcox, bouquet, (1855) 2 00

-John H. Zimmerman, butter, __ 15 00

INDEX TO THE TRANSACTIONS OF THE NEW-
YORK STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

VOLUME I. TO XVI.

The Transactions of the State Agricultural Society, having now
reached the sixteenth volume, the whole work presents to the
farmer a mass of facts and observations, which embody every
varied duty of his vocation, and nearly every principle which
governs those duties and facilitates their accomplishment.

Every one having occasion to refer to the work, has found
much difficulty in readily finding the volume to attest the facts
in relation to any one object, and may be likened to the annoy-
ance derived from an imperfect lock and bad key to a well stored
and rich granary.

The period has arrived when " The Transactions " will be con-
sulted by every careful farmer who desires to know the experi-
ence and practice of others — farmers and intelligent men in our
own as well as other countries — in regard to modes of cultivation,
as well as the light which science has thrown upon agriculture.
But it will prove an impediment to many, that no direct means
exist for concentrating the knowledge contained in these volumes
upon any given subject.

To facilitate a reference to the work, wliich has often been
called for, an index has been compiled ; and when the farmer or
man in pursuit of science connected with agriculture may desire
to ascertain how far tlie Society can aid liini in researcli, a few
minutes devoted to the index will point out all it possesses in
print, and the pages to be consulted.

Every contributing author will find his name in the index, and
the title of his work. The action of the Society is indicated

648 ANTfUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

under the various heads, and all important proceedings will be
found noticed.

It is hoped that this index will accomplish what is designed,
and facilitate an examination of the valuable articles contained
in the Transactions.

B. P. JOHNSON, Secretary.

INDEX TO THE TRANSACTIONS OF THE NEAV-YORK STATE AGRICULTURAL

SOCIETY VOL. I. TO XVI.

A.

Ackerlj, D., agriculture Richmond co., vol. ii, 188, vol. iii, 454
Act appropriating funds for agriculture, and encouragement

of, _ _ vol. i, 12

Act incorporating society, _ vol. i, 8

Adams, Myron, manufacture corn stalk sugar, vol. iii, 123

Addresses : —

M. Sterling, vol. i, 32

L. r. Allen, vol. i, 38, vol. vii, 98, vol. viii, 153

H. Baldwin, vol. i, 42

J. B. Nott, _ vol. i, 78..

W. P. Van Rensselaer, vol. iii, 368

W. H. Seward, vol. ii, 7, vol. iii, 75

J. P. Beekman,. _ vol. iii, 64, vol. iv, 34

James S. Wadsworth, vol. i, 76

M. Van Buren, _ vol. iii, 72

Francis Granger, _ vol. iii, 73

Daniel Webster, •. _ vol. iii, 73

J. W. Knevels, ...vol. iii, 102

George Bancroft, vol. iv, 12

Josiah Quincy, jr., vol. v, 14

B. P. Johnson, vol. v, 31, vol. xiv, 583

J. M. Sherwood, vol. vi, 27

Silas Wright, vol vii, 13

John A. King,, .vol. vii, 31, vol, viii, 175, vol. ix, 149

D. S. Dickinson, vol. iii, 355

J. P. Norton, .vol. vii, 62, vol. viii, 55, vol. x, 270, .

volxi, 161
Caleb Lyon, vol. Xj 253, vol. xiv, 589

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. ^^'9.

Addresses : —

George Vail, vol. vii, 85

A. H. Stevens, ._ vol. vii, 518

John C. Spencer, 1 vol. viii, 33

E. Emmons, vol. viii, 138

Amos Dean,- -.__ vol. x, 14

A. J. Downing, vol. x, 119

E. P. Prentice, vol. x, 128

J. Delafield, vol. x, 131, vol. xi, 142, vol. xiii,535, 556

address at show grounds, vol. xi, 22

address at annual meeting, vol. xi, 183

S. A. Douglass, vol. xi, 20

Horatio Seymour,... vol. xii, 23

Henry Wager, _ vol. xii, 188

John A. Dix, vol. vii, 13, vol. xi, 597

Alonzo L. Fish, to judges Herkimer co.,.. vol. xii, 414

T. B. Arden, vol. xii, 514

J. Battey, vol. xii, 380

r. S. Martin, vol ix, 459

A. Byington, vol. xii, 487

0. Bowne, vol. xii, 541

H. Murray, vol. x, 279

W. R. Coppock, vol. xii, 401

G. Geddes,... vol. xii, 470, vol. xiv, 509

Charles King, vol. xii, 531

S. Knowlton, vol. xii, 558

Samuel Cheever, vol. xv, 17-97, vol. xiv, 86

Rev. Dr. Lintner, _ vol. xii, 572

J. N. Holmes, vol. xiv, 557

W. C. Rives, _ vol. xiii, 19

L. G. Morris,. _ vol. xiii, 210

Rev. Edward Lord, ._ vol. xiv, 566

William Kelly,.. ..vol xiii, 219, vol. xiv, 69

Gen. Vielie, vol. xiv, 603

D. Skinner, vol. xiii, 441

C. R. Bond, vol. xiii, 472

11. T. Brooks, ...vol. xiv, 671

J. H. Bennett, ._ vol. xiii, 498

William Tracy, vol. xiii, 507

^0

ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

Addresses : —

J. J. Mapes, vol. xiii, 588

A. B. Dickinson, vol. xiii, 645, vol. xiv, 417, 420

Grov. J. A. Wright, vol. xv, 21

Agreements, proprietors and laborers, vol. viii, 433

Agricultural college, vol. vi, 1, vol. x, 133, vol. xi, 197

Agricultural education, report on, _ vol. iv, 372

resolution on, vol. vii, 99, vol. viii, 5

remarks on, vol. viii, 513, vol. ix, 584

W. Buckland, _ - .vol. ix, 70

discussion on, vol ix, 584, vol. x, 7, vol. xi, 12

Jason Clark, remarks on, vol. x, 250

Amos Dean, do vol. x, 15

H. Murray, do vol. xii, 496

Agricultural discussion on, plowing, vol. vi, 449

agricultural schools, . ..vol. vi, 465, vol. viii, 596, 600

agriculture of Belgium, vol. vi, 482

manures, vol. vi, 496, vol. vii, 510, vol. viii, 673

fruits, vol. vi, 512, vol. vii, 553

food of plants, vol. vii, 518

sub-soiling and deep plowing, vol. vii, 534

sheep and sheep husbandry, vol. vii, 537

fruits and fruit culture, vol. vii, 557, vol. ix, 594

dairy, _ vol. vii, 570

Russia, a producer for Europe, vol. viii, 638

culture of wheat, vol. viii, 645, vol. ix, 597

corn or grain weevil of Europe, by J. E. Gavit,

vol. viii, 656

draining, vol. viii, 662

fattening of cattle, vol. viii, 667

agricultural education, _ vol. ix, 584

drouth, vol. xiv, 181

dairy interests, vol. xiv, 202

cattle for fattening, vol. xiv, 224

Agricultural interests, promotion of, vol. v, 416

early condition of, vol. x, 481

Indian, condition of, vol. x, 386

Agricultural meetings, vol. iv. 133, 243^ vol. viii, 596, vol. ix, 584

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 65 1

Agricultural dynamics, (the implements of agric'lture,) J. J.

Thomas, vol. x, 617

rooms, Albany, vol. iii, 657, vol. x, 115,

Schools, vol. ii, 149, vol. vi, 12, 38, 465, 661, vol.

vii, 99, 477, vol. viii, 5, 600, 631, vol. ix, 62, 525

Europe, do vol. xi, 200, 547

Agricultural Societies, influence of, vol. vii, 470

advantages of, vol. viii, 380

Royal, vol. xi, 8

fairs, benefit of, vol. x, 559

forms of association under act of 1855, vol. xv, 671

science, vol. x, 237

Agricultural State board, vol. i, 78

Agricultural statistics, vol. v, 380, vol. vii, 641, vol. viii,
13, vol. ix, 415, vol. ix, 440, (see statistics),

vol. xi, 432

productions, i vol. xi, 434

decrease and increase, vol. xi, 457

Agricultural surveys, _ ..vol. vii, 35

Washington county, vol. vii, 35, vol. viii, 875, vol.ix, 753

letter from Dr. Fitch, vol. vii, 38

Seneca county, vol. ix, 10, vol. x, 350

Madison county, vol. xi, 658

Essex county, vol. xii, 6, vol. xiii, 704

Agrllus ruficollis, raspberry bug, vol. vi. 374

Agricultural prize essay, by W. P. Prentice, vol. xiv, 165

Agriculture of Putnam county, vol. i, 151

England, vol. i, 183

Queens county, vol. i, 158, vol. ii, 186, vol. xi, 602

Herkimer county, vol. i, 125

Pennsylvania,. vol. i, 165

South Carolina, vol. i, 164, vol. iv, 337

Ontario county, vol. i, 150

Virginia, vol. i, 171

Washington county, vol. i, 161, vol. ii, 216

Cortland county, vol. i, 131, vol. ii, 151

Dutchess county,.. _ vol. i, 133

Saratoga county, vol. i, 159

Onondaga county, vol. ii, 174

652 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK '

Agriculture of Genesee county, vol. ii, 162, vol. xi, 511

Chautauque county, ._ vol. ii, 142

Westchester county,. _ vol. ii, 217

Cayuga county, vol. i, 126-9,vol. ii, 139, vol.

xi, 462, vol. xii, 364

Chemung county, _ vol. ii, 143

Indiana, vol. ii, 221, vol. iv, 358

Oneida county, vol. ii, 167, 173, vol. iv, 367

Richmond county, vol. ii, 188, vol. iii, 454

Seneca county, vol ii, 214, vol. ix, 550

Maryland, vol. ii, 223

Erie county, _ vol. iii, 437

Wayne county, vol. iii, 448

Tompkins county, vol. iii, 443

Connecticut, vol. iv, 364

Illinois, _- vol. iv, 360

Addison county, Yt., vol. iv, 362

Mississippi, _ _ .vol. iv, 349

Hartford and Windsor counties, Conn. vol. iv, 264

Winnebago, vol. iv, 360

Belgium,-. vol. vi, 482

Wyoming county, _. ...vol. vii, 777

Vermont, vol. vii,. 387, vol. viii, 380

Russia,.. vol, viii, 638

Schoharie county, vol. ix, 433

Tioga county, vol. ix, 435, 439

Yates county, vol. ix, 440

California, vol. xi, 423

Jefferson county, vol. ix, 499, vol. xiii, 467

Rensselaer county, vol. xiv, 605

essay on European agriculture, vol. ix, 24

early friends of, ^ vol. xi, 188

Agriculture, essay on, vol. ii, 289

an ennobling science, vol. iii, 380

its defects and destinies, vol. iii, 368

' condition of in 1843, vol. iii, 437

importance and influence of, vol. iii, 355

Legislative beneficence to, vol. iii, 403*

policy of the interests of, ..vol. iii, 391

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 653

Agriculture, report on, _ vol. iii, 1 -

promotion of in Massachusetts, vol. iv, 392

report on, by Dr. Lee, vol. iv, 47

report on, 1846, vol. v, 64

report on, 1847, . vol. vi, 23

report on, by Beckwith, vol. vii, 1

principles of,. ._ vol. vii, 392

report of the commissioners, vol. viii, 631

science, Hon. E. Graves, _. vol. x, 237

source of happiness, . _ vol. i, 414, vol. x, 414

Allen, A. B., on the plow, vol. vi, 229

agriculturist, __ vol. x, 541

Allen, Lewis F., Vice President, vol. v, 29

President, _ vol. vii, 59

address,. ._ vol. viii, 153

copy for Legislature, vol. viii, 182

resolution for college, , vol. ix, 70

for funds, vol. xi, 204

premium barn, vol. xiii, 221-248

Alum, native mineral, Lodi,._ vol. x, 465

analysis of, _ vol. x, 610

America, producer of food for Europe, vol. viii, 641

American farmers' rights and duties, vol. iii, 411

trees, vol. vi, 390, vol. vii, 102

Agricultural association, ._ vol. viii, 592

fruits, vol. viii, 136

Linen company, vol. xii, 92

Analysis of French green sand, , vol. i, 278

English sand and Mass. sand, vol. i, 278

New Jersey sand,_^ vol. i, 278

English wheat soil, _._ vol. i, 290

alluvial of the Nile, _ vol. i, 291

soils, vol. iv, 61

rice and rice crops, ._ vol . i v, 343

wheat, vol. iv, 151

average crops, vol iv, 154

muck and soils, vol. v, 508

wheat and wlieat straw, _ vol. vii, 70

beans, turni])s, potatoes vol. vii, 70

654 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

Analysis of blood, vol, vii, 77

of Onondaga salt, vol. vii, 277

of Indian corn, vol. viii, 677

tomato, egg plant and okra, vol. viii, 370

apple and rhubarb, vol. ix, 737

cherries and gooseberries, _ vol. ix, 743

marl in Herkimer, vol. ix, 499

peach and pear,. _ vol. ix, 743

tobacco, .vol. ix, 230

plants and grasses, see Norton's Elements, vol. ix, 65 1, 721

apples, vol. ix, 37

organic substances in crops, vol. ix, 691

peas, beans and wheat, vol. ix, 651

sea weeds, vol. ix, 663

soil, plant and animal, vol. ix, 664

guano, ^ _ vol. ix, 670

marl, vol. ix, 674

wood and coal ashes, vol. ix, 680

saline manures, vol. ix, 680

milk and butter, Ayrshire, Jersey and common milk,

vol.x, 326

Jerusalem artichoke, vol.x, 339

parsnips, vol. x, 347

grain and grass seeds, vol. x, 616

limestones, vol. x, 610

marls, vol. x, 611

soils of farms, vol. x, 613

springs, vol. x, 473

water lime, vol.x, 610

Dr. Salisbury, rocks, soils, &c., vol. x, 710

vegetable oyster, carrot, beet, vol. xii, 323-8

endive, vol. xii, 331

celery, melon, cucumber, vol. xii, 333-7

soils and crops, vol. xiii, 496, 502

Andrews, W., on the Island of Malta, vol. iv, 325

Angola grass, vol. vi, 239

Annual meetings, 1832, vol. i, 5

Albany, 1841, vol. i, 8

Syracuse, 1841, vol. i, 29

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 655

Annual meetings, Albany, 1842, vol. i, 63

Albany, 1842, vol. ii, 20

Albany, 1843.......... vol. ii, 5

Rochester, 1843, vol. iii, 19

Albany, 1844, vol. iii, 12

Poughkeepsie, 1844, vol. iv, 6

Albany, 1845, vol. iv, 31

Utica, 1845, vol. v, 4

Albany, 1846, vol. v, 27

Auburn, 1846,..._... vol. vi, 3, 50

Albany, 1847........ vol. vi, 11

Saratoga, 1847, vol. vii, 6

Albany, 1848, _ voL vii, 55

Buffalo, 1848, vol. viii, 24

Albany, 1849, , vol. viii, 135

Syracuse, 1849, vol. ix, 12

Albany, 1850, _ ..vol. ix, 143

Albany, 1850, ...vol. x, 8

Albany, 1851, vol. x, 111

Albany, 1852,..' vol. xi, 139

time of holding, changed, 1852, vol. xi, 204

Saratoga, 1853, vol, xiii. 8

Albany, 1854, vol. xiii, 193j 1855, vol. xiv, 59;

1856, vol. XV, 63

Annual reports, 1841, vol. i, 6; 1842, vol. ii, 1; 1843, vol.
iii, 5; 1844, vol. iv, 3; 1845, vol. v, 3; 1846,
vol. vi, 1; 1847, vol. vii, 3; 1848, vol. viii, 3;
1849, vol. ix, 3; 1850, vol. x, 3; 1851, vol. xi,
3; 1852, vol. xii, 3; 1853, vol. xiii, 3; 1854, vol.

xiv, 3; 1855, vol. xv, 3

Apple, its uses and culture, vol. iv, 294

committee appointed to report a list of, for culture,

vul. V, 29, vol. vi, 184

approved varieties, vol. viii, 277, vol. ix, 350, vol. x, 161

winter meeting, 1854, vol. xiii, 315

list of, - vol. xiii, 54

Miller's seedling, vol. xiv, 56

Apple tree pests, essay by Dr. Asa Fitch, vol. xiii, 178

Arum, a new esculent, vol. v, 517

Gt)b

ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

Artichokej analysis of, __. vol. x

AsheSj experiment with, _ vol. xiv

Atkins' self-raker and reaper, vol. xii, 112, vol. xiii

Atmospheric phenomenon, 1854, __ vol. xiv

Ayrault A., twin steers, vol. vii

Ayrshire cattle, _ vol. ii

report on, _ vol. v

history of, vol. ix, 301, vol. x

cow's milk, analysis, vol. x, 326, vol. xi

reporton, _ ...vol. xii

points of excellence, vol. xiii

B.

Baker, G. J., on the agriculture of Washington county, vol. ii

Barberry, vol iii

Bacon, Joel W., stock and farm, ^ vol. x

Barber, P., cheese dairy buildings, vol. xi

Barker, David, manure, vol. xi

Baldwin, H., remarks, vol. xi

Bacon, W. , fruits of Berkshire, _ vol. xiv

Badger's horse power, vol. xv

Barley culture, vol. ii, 59,358, 397, vol. iii

and cost, ..vol. iv, 185, vol. v, 303, vol. vi

in Tompkins county,. . vol. vi

in Madison county,. vol. vii

report on, vol. viii, 317, vol. ix, 324, vol. x

statement of E. M. Bradley, vol. x

crops, Seneca county, vol. x

cost production, vol. x

R. W. Hess, vol. xiii

Monroe, vol. xiii

Oneida, vol. xiii

Onondaga, vol. xiii

culture, _ vol. xiv

cost to raise, vol. xiv

premium crops. J. W. Tunicliff, Otsego, vol. i

N. S. Wright, Oneida, . _ vol. ii

B. Bradley, Ontario, ._ vol. iii

G. Geddes, Onondaga, vol. iii

J. B. Dudley, Ontario, vol. iv

339

105

92

189

490

263

77

34

407

145

84

216
213

533

267

416

203

140

102

88

148

641

291

148

149

418

551

285

489

506

849

*91

122

70

57

88

83

32

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 65?

•

Barley, premium crops, H. Mills, Lewis county,... ._ vol. v, 203

C. Pomeroy, Ontario, vol. vi, 25

B. Enos, Madison, vol. vii, 83

M. Adams, Lewis, vol. viii, 178

E. M, Bradley, Ontario, vol. ix, 324, vol.

X, 149

W. Baker, Livingston, vol. x, 148

E. R. Dix, Oneida, vol. x, 148

B. Enos, Madison, vol. xi, 276

E. R. Dix, Oneida, vol. xi, 277

W. Davidson, Otsego, vol. xi, 277

Seneca,. _ vol. x, 418

Barns and sheds, Seneca county, vol. x, 516

Barn, L. F. Allen, premium, _ vol. xiii, 221-248

F. R. Elliot, plan of, vol. xiii, 256

Barry, P., on the horticulture of Western New- York, vol. iii, 467

Barstow, G. H., on the agriculture of Tioga co., vol. ix, 439

farming, _ vol. x, 302

Barton, tools,.. vol. xi, 126

Bateham, M. B., on the culture of madder, vol. iii, 186

on thorn hedges, vol. iv, 316

Bates, S., on the cranberry, vol. iv, 315

Beans, analysis of, _ vol. vii, 70

Bean culture, vol. iv, 189, vol. vi, 595, vol. vi, 637, vol. vii,

296, vol. viii, 317

in Herkimer, vol. viii, 471

Delaware, vol. x, 148

E. S. Salisbury, Jefferson, vol. xi, 280

D. Coonradt, _ vol. xiii, 293

Monroe, vol. xiii, 490

Onondaga, _ vol. xiii, 550

Rensselaer, vol. xiii, 595

Beckwith's report on Agriculture, vol. vii, 1

Beef and pork, curing of, vol.- xii, 257, 95

packing, Tlionias F. Devoo, vol. xii, 282

Tliomas Grant, _ vol. xii, 287

B. P. Julmson,..: vol. xii, 295

Beekman, J. P., president, _ vol. iii, 1

on improving clay lands, vol. iii, 418

[Ag. Traus.J J'p

/

658 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

Beekmaiij J. P. on manures, vol. iv, 127

on wheat, vol. iv, 857

report on farms, vol. v, 163

resolution of thanks, vol. x, 127

report on Seneca county survey, vol. x, 350

resolutions of, (see addresses), vol. xi, 203

Bees, raising and management of, vol. ii, 225

Bee moth, _ vol. iii, 173

hives, _ vol. vi, 94, vol. x, 79

Beet culture, vol. ii, 63

and expense, vol. iii, 508, vol. iv, 192, vol. v, 329.

vol. vi, 177
root for sugar, its cultivation, &c., by Professor

^' Wilson, vol. xiii, 116, 131

analysis of, vol. xii, 8, 323

Belgium, the agriculture of, vol. vi, 482

Bell, Thomas, medal. World's Fair, vol. xi, 146

Bement, Caleb N., Vice President, vol. i, 10

on poultry, vol. i, 362

sub-soiling, and plow, vol. ii, 238

butter making, vol. iii, 641

on Osier willow, vol. xii, 315

Vice President, vol. vi, 19

Bennet, R., on hay-making, vol. xiii, 625

Betts, F. J., remarks of, vol. iii, 380

Bitumen, Seneca county, vol. x, 464

Bliss, E. C, account of his farm, vol. viii, 202

irrigation, vol. xv, 259

Blood, analysis of, vol. vii, 77

Bloomfield, Joseph E., on the agriculture of Oswego, vol. ix, 424

Bones as a manure, _ vol. vii, 369

dust as a manure,_. _ vol. x, 396

Borer, the, vol. i, 239

Bradish, Luther, ex. com., vol. vi, 18

American agricultural association, vol. viii, 592

Bradley, E. M., statement barley culture, vol. x, 149

Bread unfermented, how made, vol. xiii, 582

Breeding domestic animals, vol. iv, 243

S. Howard, article on, vol. xii, 297

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 659

Brick making, - vol. iv, 457

Broom corn, _ vol. v, 34.0, vol. vii, 660, vol. viii, 476

cultivation, i vol. xiv, 137

Brown, D. J., on the choice of trees and shrubs, vol. vi, 376

Buckland, W., on agricultural education, vol. ix, 70

Buckwheat culture, _ vol. ii, 393, vol. ix, 328

expense, vol. iii, 509

blue, vol. viii, 571

Seneca, vol. x, 418

cost production, vol. x, 552

C. W. Ells, vol. xiii, 287

Oneida, vol. xiii, 506

Buel, Jesse, corresponding secretary, vol, i, 5

his circular, vol. i, 6

Buel, William, premium farm,. vol. v, 170

account of, vol. v, 187

Vice-President, vol. vi, 18, vol, x, 113

Buffalo fair, 1848, vol. vii, 100

gas work, vol. viii, 124

Buildings, farm, Thomas, vol. ii, 121

Mitchell, vol. ii, 125-130

Downing, vol. v, 234

Niven, vol. ii, 130, vol. vi, 122, vol. vii, 226, 227

EUicott, _ . . vol. viii, 252

Burgess, Volney, potato experiments, vol. xiii, 302

Burnet, J. B., Vice President, vol. ix, 1

Ex. Committee, vol. x, 113

Burrall's reaping machine, vol. xii, 112

Burrows, Jabez, on the agriculture of Chautauque co., vol. ii, 142

Burroughs, Silas M., Vice President, _.vol. x, 113

Bush, Andrew, on the rot of potatoes, vol. v, 342

Butter, making, by C. N. Bement, ..vol. iii, 641

premiums offered, vol. i, 64

report on, 1842, ..vol. ii, 39

making, vol. ii, 349 379

in Cayuga county, vol. iii, 569, 571

making in winter, _ vol. iii, 640

making in various counties, vol. iv, 216

making, ..vol. v, 110, vol. vi, 73

660

ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

Butter, dairies, : vol. vi, 144

of Queens county, vol. vi, 609, vol. vii, 732, vol.

xiii

Rensselaer county, vol. vi

Wyoming county, _ - vol. vi

navy, for foreign stations, vol. vii

making in 1847, vol. vii

dairies, vol. vii

of Goshen, _ vol. vii

fraud in, vol. vii

Irish method of making, &c., vol. vii

report on, vol. viii

form for statements of, vol. viii

in Ontario, large yield, vol. viii

report by B. P. Johnson, vol. ix

dairies, report on, vol. ix

causes of bad, vol. ix

report by committee, vol. ix

statement by Horace Clapp, vol. ix

analysis of, vol. x

report, vol. x

report of H. Wager, vol. x

from milk of Alderney, vol. x

each town Seneca county, vol. x

demand and supply, vol. x

winter make, vol. xi

manner making, I. Denio, vol. xi

N. Hitchcock, vol. xi

Goshen, how made, vol. xi

Ballard & W^orden, vol. xii

method of manufacture, R. Bennet, vol. xiii

yield per cow, vol. xiii

A. B. Dickinson as to manufacture, vol. xiii

making, A. A. Hall, vol. xiii

butter land, vol. xiii

J. Ballard 2d, vol. xiii

dairies, JeJBferson, vol. xiii

statements of making, vol. xiv, 38-42

Welsh method, vol. xiv

580
613
653

43
148
273
572
572

46

10
434
506
298
310
312
102
311
326

76
135
327
418
544
268
269
270
532
213
626
626
645
609
647
270
462
217
217

. STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 661

Butter, Orange co, vol. xiv, 218, 543

product from 5 cows, vol. xiv. 114

dairies, _ vol. xiv, 443

statistics of, Delaware county, vol. xv, 578

and cheese, Steuben co., vol. xv, 636

C.

Callanan James, account of his farm, vol. vi. 111

California, agriculture of, vol. xi, 423

Campbell, T. B., on the agriculture of Chautauque co., vol.

ii, 141

Canada thistle, essay on, by A. Stevens, vol. vi, 405, 429

Seneca, vol. x, 5 12

how killed, vol. xiii, 625, vol. xiv, 93, 112, 683

essay on, __ _ vol. xiv, 681, 683

Capital, application of, Vol. ii, 284

nature and value of labor and wages, vol. x, 555

and products of trade, Madison co., vol. xi, 752

Car wheels for railroads, vol. xi, 127

Carl, Albert G., on the agriculture of Queens co., vol. i, 158,

vol. ii, 186

Carl, Abraham, description of farm, vol. xiii, 674

grass seeds, wheat, and sod plowing, vol. xiii, 674

plows 8 to 10 inches deep, corn, vol. xiii, 676

Carrot cultui-e, vol. ii, 64, 93, vol. iv, 191, vol. v, 321,

vol. vi, 173, vol. vii, 309, vol. viii, 327

N. &E. S. Hayward, _ vol. xiii, 294

Onondaga, __ vol. xiii, 549

analysis of, _ vol. xii, 323, vol. xiii, 294

wild, how destroj^ed, vol. xiv, 113

Cashmere Goats, Dr. Davis, vol. xiv, 20

Catalogue of the library, _ vol. ix, 23

additions to, . _ vol. x, 29

Cattle, essay on, vol. i, 249

best breeds of,. _ _ _ vol. i, 268

breeds of, _ vol. i, 27 1

points of well-bred, _ vol. i, 268

crossing breeds, vol. ii, 257

Ayrshire, vol. ii, 263, vol. iv, 251, vol. v, 77, vol. ix, 301

vol. xi, 407

662 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

Cattle, milch cows, -. vol. ii

native and cross breeds, vol. ii

report on, 1842, vol. ii

Scottish, vol. iii

improved breeds, vol. iii

breeds in England, vol. iv

fodder, vol. iv

soiling, vol. iv, 236, vol. vi, 293

breeds for New- York, vol. v

consumed in New- York, vol. v

native, report on, ._ .vol. v, 79, vol. vi

Galloway, S. Howard, vol. vi

B. P. Johnson, vol. vi

foreign stock, vol. vi

grade, report on, vol. v, 78, vol. vi

fattening and feeding, vol. vii

report on various breeds, vol. vii, 104, vol. x

fattening, vol. viii

importation of, vol. viii, 378, vol. xiv

imported, vol. ix

Hungarian, vol. x

Jersey or Alderney, by Col. Le Couteur of Jersey

vol. X

Jersey cow, John A. Taintor, vol. x

Jersey milk and butter, vol. x

Seneca co., _ .__vol. x

cows, dairy, Cortland, J vol. x

Clinton co., _ vol. xi

317
327
327
530
223
488

premium on, vol. xi, 52-61

Devon, cows, vol. xii, 42

Hereford, vol. xii, 141

points of excellence,. _ vol. xiii, 73

feeding, vol. xiii, 317

breeds of, in Jefferson, Monroe, Montgomery, and

Ontario counties, vol. xiii, 469

foot rot how cured, vol. xiv, 430

cheapest food for, vol. xiv, 1 13

different breeds, management and diseases of, by W.
C. Watson, vol. xv, 265-295

397
265

19
195
192
249
210
693
409
510

54
283
292
104

53
115

32
667
224
460

41

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 663

Cattle department at fair, __ _ vol. xiv

Cayuga county, the agriculture of, vol. i, 126, 129, vol. ii

vol. xi, 462, vol! xii

products, _ _ vol. xiv

Cayuga bridge and lake, vol. x, 409

Celery, analysis of, _ vol. xii, 33c

Chamberlain , 0 . C . , vice-president, vol . vi

Champlain Valley Horticultural Society, vol. xiv

description of fruit, vol. xiv

Charcoal, essay on, ._ vol. i

Chapin^ Heman, on the best breeds of cattle, vol. i

Chapman, U., on sheep, vol. ii, 277, vol. iv

Chemung, agriculture of,._ vol. ii

Chautauque county, the agriculture of, vol. ii, 141

Chemistry, its relations to the soil, vol. ix

Cheever, Hon. Samuel, vice-president, vol. vi

education, vol. ix

President, vol. xv

remarks, Elmira, vol. xv

address, vol. xv

Chess, the tares of scripture, vol. x, 513, vol. xv

Cheseboro, Elijah, farm,__ vol. xv

Cherries, best varieties, vol. vii

analysis of, vol. ix

varieties of, vol. ix, 366, vol. x

Chinese sugar cane, _ vol. xv

China grass cloth, _ vol. ix

Cheese premiums offered, _ vol. i

report of committee on, __ vol. ii

making, vol. ii

making, Cayuga county, vol. iii

in Chautaujpie county, vol. iii

dairy and expenses, _ vol. iv

making, vol. v, 118, vi

dairies, vol. vi

dairy premiums, _ vol. vi

mak i ng, vol . vi i

dairies, vol. vii

dairies in Fulton county, vol. vii

18

139

364

396

11

-337

18

407

408

298

268

251

143

142

210

18

63

63

11

97

245

569

345

743

162

248

384

68

42

342

567

605

220

76

128

25

loo

247

636

664 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

Cheese in Herkimer county, vol. vii, 651

in Oneida county, vol. vii, 682

report on,. _ vol. viii, 92

dairy, forms for statements, vol. viii, 434

composition of, vol. ix, 711

report on, vol. ix, 312, 105

report and method making English cheese,. vol. x, 77

Seneca county, vol. x, 418

Adam's report, exports, &c., vol. xi, 87

house and dairy buildings, M. Eames, and P. Bar-
ber, vol. xi, 263-267

A. G. Ford, vol. xi, 241

Moses Eames and report on, vol. xii, 101, 214

manufacture, vol. xiii, 427

by W. C. Young, vol. xiii, 430

report, vol. xiii, 434

dairies, D. Spencer, vol. xiii, 608 to 623

press, vol. xiii, 99

making in England, vol. xiii, 271

John Winslow, vol. xiii, 278

dairies in Jefferson, vol. xiii, 464

in St. Lawrence, vol. xiii, 623

reports,, .vol. xiv, 42 to 48, 270, 377, 487, vol. xv, 43

dairy, Hon. G. Denniston, vol. xv, 44

Chidham wheat,. ._ vol. xiii, 174

Chopped food for cattle,.. vol. xiv, 114

Churn, improvement on, by J. Battey,. vol. iv, 234

Circular to county societies, vol. vi, 660

as to crops, vol. xiv, 367, 8

Clapp, Horace, statement on butter dairies, vol. ix, 311

Clark, Jason, on agricultural education, vol. x, 250

Clarke, C. E., on seedling potatoes, vol. ix, 605

Clay soils, improved, vol. iii, 418

Clift, Leonard, on the Agriculture of Putnam county,. vol. i, 151

premium farm, vol. xv, 129

Climate of New- York, by F. B. Hough, vol. xv, 189

Long Island,... ..vol. xv, 623

Climatic, — temperature of Steuben, vol. xv, 638

Clover as a fertilizer, vol. iv, 206

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 665

Clover, analysis of, vol. x, 616

T. N. Tobey, statistics, vol. xii, 219

Clover seed cultui-e and cost, vol. iv, 206, vol. vi, 157, vol. iv, 452

Coal anthracite, vol. xi, 127

Cobble stone walls, vol. ii, 372

Coe, John D., on Devon cattle, vol. x, 531

Coffin, G. W., statement of farm, vol. xiv, 104

Collins, F. W., report on poultry, vol. xi, 76

Colman, H., his death, vol. ix, 12

tribute to, vol. ix, 160

Crops, vol. xiv, 414

Comstock, E., on the farms of Oneida, vol. iv, 101

report on permanent location of.fair, vol. xiii, 201

Commissioners' report on agriculture, _ vol. viii, 631

Constitution of the Society, vol. i, 9

amendments proposed, vol. i, 78

amendments, vol. iii, 102

amendment noticed, vol. v, 30

published with Transactions, vol. viii, 152

new, vol. viii, 1

new, vol. xi, 24

new proposed, vol. xii, 176, vol. xv, 7

Coppock, W. R., on Chidham wheat, vol. xiii, 174

Corn, 1st premium crops, W. Ingalls, Oswego, vol. 1, 71

S. Phelps, Cayuga, vol. ii, 57

George Vail, Rensselaer, vol. v, 297, vol. vii, 285

E. W. Ells, Oneida, vol. vi, 24

E. R. Dix, Oneida, vol. ix, 320

P. Crispel, Jr., Ulster, vol. viii, 309, vol. x, 142

Seneca product,. vol. x, 418

E. M. Bradley, Ontario, vol. xi, 267

cost, production and analysis,.. vol. xi, 553, 616

H. 13. Crapsey, Uiclimoiid,.. vol. xii, 541

Corn stalk fodder, _ vol. iv, 204

sugar, vol. iii, 232, vol. v, 130

Egyptian, vol. xv, 248

Cortland, the agriculture of, _ vol. i, 131, vol. ii, 151

dairies, farms, &;c., vol. xiii, 401

Connecticut, agriculture of, vol. iv, 364

666 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

Conger, A. B., report on musical instruments, vol. xi, 134

Corresponding secretary, duties, vol. ix, 18

Jesse Buel, 1841, vol. i, 5

H. S. Randel, 1841, vol. i, 11

report, 1841, vol. i, 121; 1842, vol. ii, 136; 1843,

vol. iii, 95

B. P. Johnson, 1844, vol. iii, 100

report, 1844, vol. iv, 43

Daniel Lee, 1845, vol. iv, 33

report, 1845, vol. v, 46

JoelB. Nott, 1846, vol. v, 29

report, 1846, vol. vi, 10

E.Emmons, 1848, vol. vii, 59

B. P. Johnson, 1848, vol. viii, 3

report, 1849, vol. ix, 3; 1850, vol. x, 3; 1851, vol.
xi, 3; 1852, vol. xii, 3; 1853, vol. xiii, 3; 1854,

vol. xiv, 3; 1855, vol. xv, 3; 1856, vol xvi, 3

Cost, Col. E., on light soils for wheat, vol. vi, 251

Cotton and flax, report on, vol. xi, 104

County Societies, vol. i, 6

appropriations for, vol. i, 12

organization of, vol. i, 14

importance of, vol. iii, 473, vol. ix, 454

County Presidents ex-officio members of the State Society,

vol. i, 9

Cow house, vol. viii, 261

Cox, Gardner, on disease of potatoes, vol. x, 329

Cranberry culture, vol. iv, 315, vol. v, 501

Crispel, Peter, Jr., on Indian corn v vol. viii, 313

his farm management, vol. vii, 212

Cropping, and special manuring, vol. ix, 654

Crops, Seneca, cost, &c., vol. x, 493, 560

Cross-breed sheep, report &c., vol. xiii, 90

Crocker, 0. C. Vice President, vol. iv, 33

Crystal Palace, London, remarks on, vol. xi, 10

Cucumbers, analysis of, vol. xii, 333-337

Curculio, vol. i, 233

Currant moth,._ ._ vol. vii, 461

Currants, best varieties, vol. ix, 373

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 667

Cultivators, trial of, vol. xii, 132

Culver A., potato department, vol. xiii, 305

Curtis, Daniel S., on cattle, sheep and root culture, vol. i, 271

on fine wool sheep, vol. viii, 236

Curing hay, vol. xv, 181

Cut worm, .- vol. iii, 132

D

Diana grape, vol. xiv, 25

Dairy, committee, vol. v, 28

farm account of, vol. iv, 222

management, vol. iv, 214, vol. v, 100

(see also butter and cheese.)

report of, vol. vii, 256

discussion on, vol. vii, 570

house, description of, vol. viii, 264

building, I : vol. xi, 263-267

report on butter and cheese, vol. xii, 157, 61

buildings, vol. xii, 201

report, Onondaga, vol. xiii, 404

report, Jefferson vol. xiii, 464

report, St. Lawrence, vol. xiii, 623

interests, vol. xiv, 202

Dairies of Herkimer county, report on, .vol. ix, 497, vol. xi, 515

vol. xii, 412, vol. xiii, 432

B. P. Johnson, vol. vii, 247, 570, vol. ix, 298

Madison county, vol. xi, 728

stock, Wm. Stewart's, Herkimer,. _ vol. xi, 728

Seneca, vol. x, 543

Horace Clapp, vol. xii, 202

dairy management in England, vol. xiii, 271

Jefferson, _ vol. xiii, 462

St. Lawrence, cheese, vol. xiii, 623

in Cortland county, _._ vol. xiii, 401

census, vol. xiv, 202-3

Daisy, food for sheep, . _ vol. xiv, 1 1 3

Danfurd & Co., reaping machine, vol. xii, 113

Davis, Dr., on cashmere goats, vol. 14, 20

Davics, Thos. L., Vice Presidnit, _..vol. iii, 1, vol.iv, 33

Dean, Amos, on ngricultjiral education, vol. x, 15

66^ ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

Deer skins and mittens, vol. xiv, 57

Delafield, Jolm, Vice President, vol. viii, 137

draining, vol. viii, 223

Seneca county, vol. viii, 550

Agriculture of Seneca, vol. ix, 550

report on draining, vol. ix, 273

essay on Indian corn, vol. ix, 280

Norton's Elements, •. vol. ix, 294

Adams' wheat experiments, vol. ix, 313

description of liis farm, vol. vii, 200

report, Seneca county, vol. x, 350

statement farm labor and cost, vol. xi, 402

Agricultural statistics. No. 7, 7tli census,, .vol. xi, 432

death of,._ vol. xiii, 634

Delavan, H. W., Executive committee, 1832, vol. i, 5

Delavan, Edward C, Vice President, vol. i, 10, vol. ii, 5

Denniston, Robert, Vice President, vol. i, 10, vol. i, 76, vol. ii, 5

Denio, I., butter making, vol. xi, 269

Densmore's reaping machine,. _ vol. xii, 114

Devon cattle, value of in England, 1841, vol. i, 198

report on, vol. vi, 50, vol. v, 77, vol. ix, 85

Seneca county, vol. x, 530

John D. Coe, vol. x, 531

awards, _ vol. x, 34

points of excellence, vol. xiii, 77

bulls, report, &c., _ vol. xiii, 87

Designs for farm buildings, vol. ii, 121, 125, 130, vol. v, 234,

vol. vi, 122, vol. vii, 226, vol. viii, 252

Diseases and insects injurious to the wheat crop, vol. iii, 201

to Indian corn,. _ vol. viii, 842

of potatoes, vol. v, 342, vol. vi, 667, vol. vii, 425,

vol. viii, 403

and management of horses, vol. xv, 317, 332

Dodge, L. P. and W. F., pump, _ vol. xiii, 95

Domestic animals, insects injurious to,, .vol. iii, 165, vol.iv, 243
Domestic manufactures, vol. ii, 38, 388, vol. vi, 81, vol. vii,

164, 766, vol. viii, 500, vol. x, 81

Doolittle, H. W., Vice President, vol. iv, 33

DoiJbleday, U. F., on the agriculture of Cayuga co., . .vol. i, 126

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 669

Douglass, hydraulic ram, vol. xiii, 101

Downing, A. J., on the construction of farm houses,, .vol. v, 234

Drake, George, on breeds of cattle, vol. iv, 249

Draining, vol. i, 297

benefits, vol. ii, 285, vol. v, 54

J. P.Beekman, vol. vii, 230

by A. D. Spoor, vol. vii, 235

E. J. Wooley,. vol. vii, 244

reports on, vol. viii, 223

recommended, vol. viii, 433

discussion on, vol. viii, 662

tile machine, vol. viii, 666

implements for, vol. viii, 235

report on, _ vol. ix, 273

remarks on, vol. ix, 278

in Chautauque county, vol. ix, 472

tile, sizes and forms, _vol. ix, 129

tiles and pipes,. vol. x, 521

in 'Richmond county,. vol. x, 292

tile machine, vol. x, 292

report on, by John Johnston, vol. xi, 250, vol. xv,

257, 626

on Hethelwood farm, England, vol. xi, 246

importance of, vol. xi, 1 1

Madison county, vol. xi, 658

report on, vol. xii, 203

Monroe county, vol. xiii, 49 0

H. G. Foote, St. Lawrence county, experiments,
vol. xiii 616, vol. xiv, 6, 80, 95, 100, 127, 180,
395, 397, 404, 445, 458, 486, 531 , 547, 553, 586,

627, 637, 652, 681

an essay, vol. xiv, 127, 180, vol. xv, 132, 139, 151

T. C. Maxwell, _.vol. xv, 253

by Wm. Johnson, vol. xv, 254

Drawings and })aintings, _ vol. vii, 177

Dioscorea from Japan, vol. xiv, 27

Drift deposits, Seneca,... vol. x, 475

Drill, ...vol. vii, 141, vol. xii, 117

Ijurrows & Emery, _ vol. xiii. 99

670 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

Drill, Woodward's, .__ vol. xiii, 99

Eickfbrd & Huffman, vol. xiii, 100

Foster, Jessup &Co., vol. xiii, 100

Seymour k Co vol. xiii, 100

Drought, vol. xiv,4, 400, 407, 415, 442, 448, 463, 491, 495,

500, 545, 553, 581, 588, 614, 622, 640, 648, 652, 655

deep plowing favorable, vol. xiv, 100

discussion on, vol. xiv, 181

Dutchess county, agriculture of, vol. i, 133

institute, vol.vii, 631

Indian corn in, (5 acres,) vol. x, 21 1

l^roducts of, vol. xii, 395

Durham cattle, report on, vol. v, 7, vol. vi, 50, vol. vii, 103 *

value of in England, 1841, vol. i, 197

report, vol. x, 33

Seneca, vol. x, 532

Dyer's madder culture, vol. iii, 186

Dynamics, prize essay, by J. J. Thomas, vol. x, 617

E.

Eastman, H. H., potato experiments, vol. xiii, 298

experiments' with manures, vol. xv, 6

Eames, Moses, on the agriculture of Jefferson co., vol. ix, 499

cheese dairy, vol. xi, 263

Edgecomb, Jonathan, report on implements, vol. xi, 80, vol.

xii, 353

Education, agriculture, _ _ . vol. ii, 289

by John Greig, vol. iv, 372, vol. ix, 455, vol. ix, 70, 584

discussion, vol. ix, 62

see also. Agricultural education and schools, its

condition and progress, vol. x, 604

Agricultural, vol. xi, 12

intelligence, advantages, vol. xiii, 563

Effects of Legislative beneficence, vol. iii, 403

Early friends of Agriculture, vol. xi, 188

Eddy, Dyer & Co., horse power, vol. xiii, 102

Egg plant, account of, vol. viii, 370

Eggs, consumption of, vol. x, 547

Egyptian corn, vol. xv, 248

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 671

Eldridge, Aliira, on the Agricultui*e of Wasliington county,

vol. i, 161

Elements of scientific Agriculture, Prof. Norton, vol. ix, 602

of crops, vol. V, 48

Elgin, Lord, Governor Canada, vol. xi, 18

Elliot's designs for farm houses, .vol. viii, 252

Elliot, oil the fruits of Ohio, vol- viii, 358, vol. ix, 405

plan of barn, vol. xiii, 256

Ellis' design for farm houses, ._ vol. vi, 122

Ellwanger & Barry, 35 new varieties pears, vol. xiii, 107

Emery &'Co., drill, vol. xiii, 99

horse power, vol. xiii, 102

Emmons, E., analysis of milk, _ vol. x, 326

Encrinal limestone, Seneca, vol. x, 455

Endive, analysis of,._ _ vol. xii, 331

English Agriculture, ._ _ vol. 1, 183

Enos, Benjamin, Vice President, vol. iv, 33

farm book, _ vol. viii, 218

Entomology, Prof. Goadly, vol. xii, 252

Erie county, Agriculture of, vol. iii, 437

products of, vol. xii, 400

Essay, premiums offered for, vol. i, 76

on cattle, _ vol. i, 249

on cattle and sheep, vol. i, 271

charcoal, _ vol. i, 298

on Agriculture, vol. ii, 289

on Agricultural schools, vol. ii, 149

resolutions in relation to, _ vol. iii, 98

cattle from Scotland, vol. iii, 195

on cattle of improved breeds, vol. iii, 192

on apple culture and uses, vol. iv, 294

Canada thistle, vol. vi, 405, 429, vol. xiv, 681

on Jersey and Alderney cattle, vol. x, 317

on Agricultural dynamics, vol. x, 617

on Agriculture, by W. P. Prentice, vol. xiv, 165

cetonidie,.. _ vol. ix, 736

Essay on diseases and insects injurious to wlu'jjt, vol. iii, 201

farm building, vol. ii, 121, voT. ii, 125, vol. ii, 130,

vol. v, 230, vol. vi, 122, vol. viii, 252

672 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

Essay on farm management, vol. ii, 97, vol. 4, 76

fences, vol. i, 357

fruit garden, vol. i, 221

fruit, vol. vi, 535

geology, vol. i, 273

grape culture, vol. 1, 388

grasses, by Sandford Howard, vol. xv, 237

hemp culture, vol. i, 358

Horses in wdnter, vol. i, 301

their best breeds, _ vol. i, 303

insects, vol. iii, 128, 201

introduction of new products, vol. iii, 175

irrigation, _ vol. v, 223

Italian wheat, vol. i, 360

madder culture, vol. iii, 186

manufacturing and wool growdng interests,. _ vol. i, 393

manures, vol. ii, 65

mulberry culture, , vol. i, 246

phosphate of lime, vol. xi, 306

pigeon weed, vol. vi, 435

plow, vol. iii, 626

potato rot, vol. v, 342, 349, vol. x, 329

poultry, vol. i, 362

rain, &c., by George Geddes, vol. xiv, 150

rotation of crops, vol. iv, 105, 118

rural life, vol. x, 578

science and agriculture, vol. v. 207, vol. ix, 602

sheep and their best breeds, vol. i, 304, 320, 328

Pa ular merino, vol. i, 339

management,, vol. i, 341

swine, breeds and raising, vol. i, 384

tillage, vol. i, 211, vol. viii, 342

wheat fly, vol. v, 255

wire fences, vol. x, 328

Essex county survey, vol. xii, 644

supplement to survey, vol. xiii, 699

European agriculture, state of,- vol. ix, 24

Executive committee, the duties of, vol. i, 9, 14, vol ix, 19

Expenses of farming, vol. x, 547

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 673

Expenses of various crops, vol. x, 550

Experimental crops, vol. vi. 2, vol. vii, 298, vol. viii, 297

encouraged, .._ _ vol. x, 563

Extermination of weeds, vol. ii, 284, vol. xiii, 617

Fairs, permanent location, report, vol. xiii, 201, vol. xiv, 12

Fairbanks & Co., scales, vol. xiii, 98

Fallows, - vol. iv, 118

Farm accounts, vol. viii, 191, 218, vol. xv, 160

Farmer's Club, Richmond^. _ _ vol. x, 290

Farm animals, _ vol. vi, 577

buildings, vol. ii, 121, 125, 130, vol. v, 234, vol. vi,

122, vol. vii, 226, vol. viii, 252, vol. xi, 733

crops, form for statement of, vol, viii, 436

statement, vol. xiii, 280

management, vol. ii, 97, 289, vol. iii, 552, 545, vol.

iv, 76, 438
statement of, vol. v, 166, vol. vi, 106, vol. vii, 193,

212, 219, vol. viii, 187

report and questions, vol. x, 167, 517

report, vol. xi, 209

requirements for premiums, ._ vol. xi, 211

report of committee,.. vol. xiii, 221

statement by G. W. Cof&n, vol. xiv, 102

statement by Wm. Johnson, vol. xiv, 121

management, _ vol. xiv, 88

Farms reported by counties, Jetferson county, vol. iv, 94, vol. •

viii, 473, vol. x, 240, vol. xiii, 459

Monroe, _ vol. iv, 96

Oneida, __ _ vol. iv, 101

Seneca, vol. vi, 627, vol. viii, 546

Wayne, vol. vi, 647, vol. ix, 571

Yates, vol. vi, 655

Chenango, _ vol. ix, 475

Erie, vol. ix, 488

lliclunond, vol. x, 289

Herkimer,. _ vol. xiii, 435

Onondaga, _ vol. xiii, 523

Farm, size of, . . vol. ii, 284

rules and regulations, vol. viii, 434

[Ag. Trans.J ^'[

674 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

Farm, visit to G. Geddes, vol. i, 47

F. Woodward, vol. i, 46

Gen. Johnson, _ __ vol. iv, 428

Farms, State premiums, George Geddes,. _ vol. v, 170, 179

Wm. Buel,..._ _ vol. v, 170, 187

Wm.Garbut, __ vol. v, 170, 193

James Callanan, vol. vi, 111

James Van Sicklen, vol. vi, 118

J. Delafield, _ __ vol. vii, 83

statements, vol. vii, 200

Peter Crispel, vol. vii, 83

statement, __ _ vol. vii, 212

James Pendell, vol. vii, 83

statement, vol. vii, 219

H. T. E. Foster, vol. viii, 177

statement, ._ vol. viii, 192

E.G. Bliss, _ vol. viii, 177

statement, _ vol. viii, 202

E. S. Salisbury, vol. ix, 332

statement, _ vol. ix, 333

Helim Sutton, vol. ix, 332

statement, _ ._ vol. ix, 343

Roswell Harmon,... vol. x, 169

D. D. T. Moore, vol. x, 178, vol. xi, 4

E. M. Bradley, _ vol. x, 190

A. G. Ford, _. vol. xi, 237

N. & E. S. Hayward, vol. xi, 215

McCullocli & Kirtland, vol. viii, 210, vol. xi, 230

Leonard Clift, vol. xv, 129

James McLallen's, _ vol. xv, 135

Farms, county premiums, Jona. Battey, Clinton, vol. ii, 314

Lewis Sherrill, Greene, vol. ii, 341

Peter Roggen, Greene, vol. ii, 341, vol. iii, 514

E. Marks, Onondaga, vol. ii, 369

E. D. Cobb, Onondaga, vol. ii, 369

H. Avery, Onondaga, vol. ii, 369

S. Severance, Oswego, _ vol. ii, 375

I. W. Lyons, Oswego, vol. ii, 377

1. Akins, Rensselaer, vol. ii, 387

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 675

Farms, county prem's, I. D. Vanderlieyden, Rensselaer, vol. ii, 387

Daniel Fish, Rensselaer, vol. ii, 387

I. T. Everests, Clinton, vol. iii, 483

W. P. Capron, Wayne, vol. iii, 501

Thomas Barnes, Wayne,. vol. iii, 501

E. L.Chad wick, Wayne, vol. iii, 501

E. T. Aldrich, Wayne,.. vol. iii, 501

S. E. Hudson, Wayne, ...vol. iii, 501

C. S. Button, Wayne, ...vol. iii, 501

D. & G. W. Kenyon, Wayne, vol. iii, 501

I I.Cobb, vol. iii, 501

A. Van Bergen, Greene, vol. iii, 514

H. P. Strunk, Rensselaer, vol. iii, 522

I. Tallmadge,... _ vol. iii, 522

Lewis Baffet, Rensselaer, vol. iii, 522

Peter Stover, Rensselaer,. _ vol. iii, 522

Nathan Brownell, Rensselaer, _ vol. iii, 522

J. Y. Kipp, Rensselaer,... _1 vol. iii, 522

I. W. Craner, Rensselaer, .vol. iii, 524

Lewis Cole, Rensselaer, _ vol. iii, 524

John L. Cole, vol. iii, 524

H. T. Avery, Onondaga, .vol. iii, 544

S. Cheseborough, Onondaga, _ vol. iii, 544

E. D. Cobb, Onondaga, vol. iii, 544

C. H. Kingsley, Onondaga,.. ...vol. iii, 544

W. G. Van Vechten, Onondaga, vol. iii, 544

Levi Colvin, Cayuga, _ vol. iii, 565

Roswell Curtis, Cayuga, vol. iii, 564

J. F. Osborne, Cayuga, vol. iii, 563

J. E. Miles, Jefferson,... vol. iii, 392

George Webb, Jetferson, vol. iii. 592

Wni. Scott, Jetferson, vol. iii, 592

A.Coolige, Jelferson, __ .vol. iii, 592

John Loriiij;, Washington, _ vol. iii, 609

Thompson Lincoln, Washington, vol. iii, 610

I. Reed, Washington, _ vol. iii, 610

Wm. Ames, Oswego, vol. iii, 638

John Sandford, Oswego, .vol. iii, 638

John Tiffany, Oswego, vol. iii, 638

676 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

Farms, county premiums, S. N. Brown, Onondaga,.. vol. vi, 583

Wm. Plumb, Onondaga, vol. vi, 583

H. Avery, Onondaga, ._ vol. vi, 581

J. Y. Kipp, Rensselaer, vol. vi, 612

W. Warner, Rensselaer, vol. vi, 612

James Grant, Rensselaer, vol. vi, 612

J. Hastings, Rensselaer, vol. vi, 613

L.D.Eddy, Rensselaer, __vol. vi, 613

J. Delafield, Seneca, vol. vi, 624

J.T.Hubbard, Seneca, vol. vi, 624

John Mallory, Yates, vol. vii, 785

Charles Wilcox, Jefferson, vol. viii, 475

Mrs. S. Stevens, Jefferson, vol. viii, 475

E. W. Whiteford, Jeflerson, vol. viii, 475

H. T. E. Foster, Seneca, vol. viii, 551

J. Wykoff, Seneca, vol. viii, 551

Helim Sutton, Seneca, _ vol. viii, 55 1

A. Baldwin, Yates, _ vol. viii, 591

George Juliand, Chenango, vol. ix, 475

Joseph Watson, Wayne, vol. ix, 572

O. Bartholomew, Jefferson, vol. x, 244

O. Cooley, Jefferson, vol. x, 244

Farm husbandry, prize essay, vol. xv, 263

report, _ vol. xv, 121

Farms, dairy, A. L. Fish, _ vol. iv, 222

James Van Sicklen, statement, vol. vi, 118

H. G. Foote, _ vol. xiii, 616-622, 223

account of by James Callanan, vol. vi, 118

Abraham Carl, vol. xiii, 674

Streeter's, _ vol. xiii, 676

Joseph Watson, vol. xiii, 680

Job Travis, vol. xiii, 677

of Cortland county, vol. xiii, 400

Royal A. Andrews, vol. xv, 61

Charles Jones, vol. xv, 126

E. M. Bradley, vol. xv, 609

Wm. Johnson, vol. xv, 611

Elijah Cheeseboroj vol. xv, 569

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 677

Farms, dairy, report of committee, with statements of E.

S. Salisbury and Helim Sutton, vol. ix, 332, 350

Farmers' conferences, _ vol. vi, 583, vol. vii, 690

rights and duties, vol. iii, 411

home,_ .-.vol. xiii, 457

Farming, by G. H. Barstow, vol. x, 302

cheap farming condemned, vol. x, 499

expenses, vol. x, 547

remarks on, vol. xiii, 418

theory and practice, vol. xiii, 457

in Great Britain, _ vol. xiv, 71, 74

Fat cattle and fattening, vol. vii, 115, vol. viii, 127, 667

W. Wilcox, __ -vol. ix, 476, vol. x, 37

Faxton, T. S., remarks, vol. xv, 119

Fences, - voL i, 357

cost of, _ _..vol. XV, 159

of wire, vol. x, 328

Fish manures, vol. ix, 671

Fish, Alonzo L., report dairies, Herkimer county,. . .vol. xi, 515
experiment in manufacturing cheese and cheese

dairies,-. vol. vii, 262

remarks on farming __ — vol. xiii, 418

Fish, catalogue of, in New- York harbor, vol. iii, 454

Fitch, Dr. Asa, on survey, vol. vii, 38

on the wheat fly, vol. v, 255

Hessian fly, vol. vi, 316

report on insects,, .vol. xiv, 691-880, vol. xv, 409-555

on agricultural college, _ vol. xii, 621

apple tree pests, (essay,) vol. xiii, 178

Flax, culture and expense, vol. v, 338,498, vol. vi, 160, 619,

vol. vii, 296, vol. viii, 323, vol. ix, 391

and cotton, report on, _ vol. xi, 104

substitute fur cotton, vol. xi, 208

cultivation, _ vol. xi, 284

lecture on, by Prof. Wilson, its cultivation, uses, &;c.,

vol. xiii, 39-63

culture, ._ vol. xiii, 311

machinery for preparing, vol. xiii, 313

manures fur, vol. xiii, 312

678 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

Flax, winter, Falkersaborf, Russia, vol. xiii, 176

Flint, Charles L., essay on Indian corn, vol. ix, 281

Flour, machine to prepare grain for, vol. vii, 190

yield of, from bushel wiieat, vol. ix, 561

Fly or bots, vol. iii, 165

Foster, Jessup & Co., grain drill, vol. xiii, 100

Foreign stock, (see cattle,) _ vol. vi, 104

Form of agreement with laborers, vol. viii, 433

Foddering stock, _ vol. xiv, 119

Foster, H. T. E., his farm described,, .vol. viii, 187, vol. x, 517

Food for stock, by E. N. Horsford, _ . . vol. iv, 210

Food of plants, vol. vii, 518

Foot, H. G., farm statement and draining, vol. xiii, 616

Foot rot in sheep and cattle, how cured, vol. xiv, 430

Fountain, T., on the Agriculture of Westchester co.,. .vol. ii, 217
Frost, E. C, on the Agriculture of Chemung county, vol. ii, 143

Vice President, vol. vi, 18, vol. Ix, 1

report, Chemung, vol. x, 211

French Merino sheep, vol. xi, 404

Fruit, apples^... vol. iv, 294

trees,.. vol. iv, 312

committee to examine, vol. v, 29

report, ...vol. vi, 19

approved varieties, vol. viii, 277

and fruit culture,... vol. ix, 594, vol. ix, 350

analysis of,.. vol. ix, 737

winter meeting,.. vol. xiii, 315

list of, _ vol. xiii, 54

Miller's seedling, ...vol. xiv, 56

committee's report, vol. ii, 45, vol. vi, 81, 19, 179,
vol. vii, 58, 100, 170, 315, vol. viii, 275, vol.

ix, 116, 350

culture in Ohio, vol. viii, 358, vol. ix, 405, 594

description of, vol. ii, 269, vol. xiv, 408

discussions on, vol. vi, 512, vol. vii, 553, 561

essay on, vol. vi, 535

garden, essay on,. vol. i, 221

in Chemung county, vol. vii, 594^

Clinton county, vol. vii, 599

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 679

Fruit, Jefferson county, vol. vii, 661

Oneida county, _ _ vol. vii, 412

Pomological convention, vol. viii, 15

prepared specimens. Glover's, vol. xi, 177

Fruit trees, insects injurious to, _ vol. iii, 152

management, vol. iv, 312, vol. vi, 81, vol. xiv, 116

Fruit, report of committee, _ vol. xiv, 139

report by Dr. H. Wendell,, .vol. viii, 275, vol. ix, 350

Fruit trees and fruits of America, > vol. vii, 102

fruit and fruit growing, Herkimer, . vol. xii, 417

Fruit orchards and gardens, ._ vol. xv, 587

Fruit, varieties recommended, vol. viii, 20, vol. ix, 350

reports, vol. xii, 76, 80, 222

Fruits of America, (Hovey), ..vol. viii, 136

Berkshire, by W. Bacon, vol. xiv, 140

Fruit, reported by counties, Herkimer, vol. xiii, 436

Jefferson, _ vol. xiii, 469

Oneida,.. _ vol. xiii, 506

Franklin county, report on farms, vol. xiv, 452

crops, vol. xiv, 461

Fuller, Wm., Vice President, vol. viii, 137

report on Agriculture, vol. i, 1

G.

Garbut, Wm., his farm, vol. v, 170, 193

Garden, insects, injurious to, ._ vol. iii, 132

Gardner, D. P., on special manures, vol. vi, 209

Howell, on the agriculture of Saratoga county, vol. i, 159

Garnett, James M., on the agriculture of Virginia, vol. i, 171

Gay, A. W., & Co., on pumps,.. vol. xiii, 95

Gas works of Buffalo, report on, vol. viii, 124

Gavit, J. E., on the corn or grain weevil, vol. viii, 656

Gaylord, W., Vice President, vol. i, 10

geology,. vol . i, 273

tillage, .-vol. i, 211

on the agriculture of Onondaga, vol. ii, 174

farm management, vol. ii, 97

manures, vul. ii, 65

insects, vol. iii, 127

analysis of soils, vol. iv, 61

680 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

Gaylord, W., rotation of crops, vol. iv

his death and tribute, _ vol. iv

Geddes, George, visit to farm, _ vol. i

farm described, _ vol. iii

harrow improved, vol. iii

experiments with Indian corn, vol. iv

premium farm, vol. v

statement of farm, vol. v

experiments with corn, .vol. v

on plank roads, vol. vi

essay on rain, &c., vol. xiv

Genesee, agriculture of, _ vol. ii, 162, vol. xi

Geological survey of the State, vol. iii

Geology, advantages to agricultui-e, vol. viii, 362, vol. ix, 176

mom of New-York, _ vol. iii

and mineralogy, _ vol. ix

Glover, Townend, prepared fruits, vol. xi

Goat, by W. C. Watson, __ vol. xv, 390

Goady, Prof., on entomology, vol. xii

Goodrich, C, on the Agriculture of Vermont, vol. viii

Goodrich, C. E., on the potato disease, vol. vii, 425, vol

viii, 403, vol. x

on potato, vol. xi, 365 to 400

Gould, J. Stanton, report Rhode Island fair, vol. xii

Gooseberry, analysis of, _ _ vol. ix

varieties of, _ vol. ix

Goshen butter, how made, vol. xi

Grade cattle, vol. v, 79, vol. vi

Grain, analysis of, _ _ vol. x

time of maturing,. _ vol. xiv

mill iron, _ vol. vii

seeds, vol. xi, 98

statements of, _ vol. xii, 215

drill, Bickford & Huffman,. _ vol. xiii

Foster, Jessup &.Co., vol. xiii

Seymour k Co., vol. xiii

Grapes, culture of, vol. i, 388, vol. v, 502, vol. vi

approved varieties, vol. vii

culture, vol. viii

119
61

47
545
550
168
170
179
297
244
150
511
241
728
241
176
177
393
252
380

719

349
743
369
532

73
616

96
405
287

18
100
100
100
686
352
365

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 681

Grapes, mildew how cured, by A. Marks, vol. ix, 596

how preserved, by James Lennon, vol. ix, 594

culture, vol. xiv, 25, 148

Diana grape, vol. xiv, 2d

Grass cloth of China, vol. ix, 384

Grass seed, by Abram Carl, vol. xiii, 674

Grass lands, _. .vol. xiv, 111

culture of, vol. xv, 180

statistics of, _ vol. vii, 641

Graves, Hon. E,, on Agricultural science, vol. x, 237

Greig, John, on education, vol. iv, 372

Grove, H. D., on sheep, vol. i, 328

Grove, John V., premium farm, vol. xv, 122, 131

Grub worm, _ _ vol. iii, 151

Guano, chemical report on, vol. vi, 312

compared with manure, _ vol. v, 215

Guano, vol. ix, 669

its effects on wheat crop, _ . vol . x, 291

experiments with, vol. xiv, 105

Gypsum, a fertilizer, vol. iv, 205

H.

Haldeman, S. S., on the raspberry insect, vol. vi, 374

Hall, James, geology of New-York, __ vol. iii, 241

geological map, vol. v, 30

Halliday's windmill, ._ vol. xiv, 49

Hannam, I., on the agriculture of England, vol. i, 183

honorary member, ._ *_ vol . i, 22

Harmon, K., on the varieties of wheat, vol. ii, 254

Harmon, liawson, on wheat,. _. vol. iii, 217

Vice President, vol. ill, 1

prize medal, World's Fair, vul. xi, 144

Harris, Dr. Wni.,on insects, _ vol. xiii, 188

Palmer worm, vol. xiii, 190

Harris, Joseph, (prize essay,) superphosphate lime, ..vol. xi, 306

Harrow improvement, by G. Geddes, vol. iii, 550

Hathaway, J., on the culture of Italian wheat, vol. i, 360

Hayward, N. and E. S., on carrot culture, ..vol. xiii, 294

Haymaking, vol. v, 412, vol. viii, 195, 205, vii, 496

Monroe county, ..vol. xiii, 490

682 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

Hay making, H. G. Foote, vol. xiii, 618

R. Bennett, __ vol. xiii, 625

mode of curing, _ vol. xv, 181

press, Bering and Dederick, _ vol. xiii, 97

Emery &. Co., _ vol. xiii, 97

Hedges of thorn, by M. B. Bateham, vol. iv, 416

Herkimer, the agriculture of, vol. i, 135

dairies, &c., >_ vol. xi, 515

Hemp culture,. _ vol. i, 358

Hepburn, I. H., on charcoal, .vol. i, 298

on best breeds of cattle, vol. ii, 257

Hereford cattle, value of in England, 1841, vol. i, 197

report on,._ vol. v, 77, vol. vi, 51, vol. xii, 141

points of excellence, vol. xiii, 81

Hessian fly, account of, vol. vi, 316, vol. xiv, 526

Hess, R. W., statement of barley culture, __ vol. xiii, 285

Hickox, H., Executive committee, 1832, vol. i, 5

Hitchcock, N., Jr., butter,... vol. xi, 270

Hitchcock & McMaster's scales, vol. xi, 121

History and Agriculture of Queens county, vol. viii, 524

Higgins, Prof., on Agricultural education, vol. ix, 92

Hives for bees, _ vol. viii, 95

Hog pen, a plan of, vol. vii, 229

Holkam, on Irrigation, _ vol. ii, 285

Holbert, I., his dairy,.. vol. viii, 269

Holbert, J. S.,his dairy, _ vol. xv, 569

Hollister, A., on the Agriculture of Cayuga county,, .vol. ii, 139

Holmes, W. M., premium farm, vol. xv, 128

Home department, memorial, _ vol. viii, 182

Hopkins, Ira, on the Agriculture of Cayuga county,, .vol. i, 129

Hopkins, H. H.,on farms, breeding, &c., vol. ii, 284

Hops, culture of,. vol. iv, 447, vol. v, 497

statement of crops, vol. xiii, 549

Horses, care of in winter, _ vol. i, 301

bestbreeds, ..vol. i, 303

Fly or bots,.. vol. iii, 165

varieties of, vol. iv, 284

blood, vol. V, 504, vol. vii, 120

account of, vol. vi, 680

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 683

Horses, different breeds, management and diseases of, by W.

C. Watson, vol. xv, 317 to 334

Horse powers,.. vol. xii, 132

Badger's, Westinghouse's, T. Sharp's, Eddy, Dyer
& Go's., (Taplin's), Emery & Go's., vol. xiii, 102, 3

Horticulture, , vol. i, 7

implements of, vol ii, 37

in western New-York, vol. iii, 467

in Onondaga, _ vol. vi, 577

in Ghamplain Valley, _ vol. xiv, 407

Horsford, E. N., on food for stock, vol. iv, 210

Hotclikiss, Wm., premium World's Fair, vol. xi, 146

Hough, F. B., grape culture, 1664, _ vol. xiv, 148

essay on climate, vol. xv, 189

Howard, Sandford, on Highland cattle, vol. iii, 195

Galloway cattle, vol. vi, 284

Ayrshire, ._ _ vol. xi, 407

breeding animals, vol. xii, 297

report on Devons, vol. xiii, 87

essay on grasses, vol. xv, 237

Howard, Mrs. S., design for buildings, vol. vii, 227

Howard, T. A., on the Agriculture of Indiana, vol. iv, 358

Howell, R., on the Agriculture of Tioga county, vol. ix, 435

crops of, vol. XV, 649

Hungerford, 0., Vice President, vol. i, 76

Husbandry, essay on, _ vol. xv, 263

Hussey's reaping machine,. _ vol. xii, 115, vol. ix, 554

Hyatt, J., on lime and marl,_ vol. viii, 386

Hydraulic ram, _ vol. vii, 181

I.

Illinois, the agriculture of, vol. iv, 360

Im])lements of America in England, vol. vii, 707

for draining, : _ _ vol. viii, 235

Implements and machinery, report of committee, 1842, vol. ii,
30; 1843, vol. iii, 42; 1846, vol. vi, 70; 1847, vol. vii,
144; 18^18, vol. viii, 86; 1849, vol. 9, 97; 1850, vol. x, 48

744; 1852, vol. xii, 152

Implements, trial at Geneva, 1852, vol. xii, 95

report of J. Edgecomb, vol. xi, 80, vol. xii, 353

684 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

Importance of organization of State and county Societies,

vol. iii, 473

Imported cattle, „ vol. iii, 192, vol. ix, 460

Improved churn, by Jona. Battey, __ vol. iv, 232

Indiana, the agriculture of, vol. ii, 221, vol. iv, 358

Indian corn, culture, vol. ii, 58, 357, 392

experiments of culture, vol. iii, 506

culture in Cayuga county, vol. iii, 565

Dutchess, vol. iii, 618, vol. x, 221

Onondaga,.. _ vol. iv, 168

Cayuga,. _ vol. iv, 173

Niagara, _ vol. iv, 176

Orange, vol. iv, 177

George Vail, experiments, _ vol. v, 296

report on and cost, ._ _ vol. vi, 161

crops of, _ vol. vi, 673

experiments with, vol. vi, 167

culture in Oswego, vol. vi, 602

its cost, vol. vii, 287, 754

report on, P. Crispel, Jr., _ vol. viii, 313

history and analysis of, by J. H. Salisbury, vol. viii, 677

diseases of, vol. viii, 842

essay on, by C. L. Flint, _ vol. ix, 280

E. R. Dix, vol. ix, 320

P. Crispel, Jr., _ _ vol. ix, 322

E. S. Hay ward, _ .vol. xiii, 288

Ira Apthorp, ._ _ _ vol. xiii, 290

AbramCarl,.. vol. xiii, 676

George Eells, _ vol. xiii, 291

Oneida, vol. xiii, 506

Onondaga, vol. xiii, 544, 52

Queens, vol. xiii, 584

history, by C. N. Bement, vol. xiii, 331-353

method treatment, vol. xiv, 91, 107

Industrial exhibition, London, _ vol . x, 6

Insects, essay on, vol. iii, 128

injurious to swine, ._ vol. iii, 170

to vegetation, .vol. iii, 132, vol. xi, 741

to wheat, vol. iii, 201

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

685

Insects, injurious to sheep, vol. iii

wheat midge, vol. v, 255, vol. xiii

Hessian fly, . _ _ _ . - vol. vi

raspberry bug, vol. vi

grain weevil, vol. viii

cetonidse, _ vol. ix

from Algiers, vol. xiii

description, by Dr. Fitch, vol. xiii

apple tree pests, vol. xiii

report, by Dr. Fitch, ..vol. xiv, 691 to 880, vol. xv

by Dr. Wm. Harris, vol. xiii

Instruments of music, by A. B. Conger, vol. xi

International exchanges, vol. viii

Irrigation, - vol. ii

essay on, vol. v, 223, vol. vii, 366, vol. xiii, 214

vol. xiv, 8, 112, vol. XV, 183
Ives, Jesse, on the Agriculture of Cortland county,. _. vol. i

J.

Jarvis, Wm., on sheep, vol. i

Jefferson county. Agriculture of, vol. xiii

report on farms,, .vol. iv, 94, vol. iii, 592, vol. viii

statistics, vol. viii, 473, vol. xi, 533, vol. x

productions, vol. xii

farms, dairies, &c., vol. xiii

cheese and butter dairies,, .vol. xiv, 473, vol. xv

crops,,-- vol. xiv

Jewett, Sol. W., on Paular merino sheep, vol. i

sheep breeding, _ vol. ii

on the Agriculture of Addison county, Vt., vol. iv
Jones, Hun. Pomeroy, on the Agriculture of Oneida county

vol. iv

Vice President, _ vol. v

Johnson, Wni., farm, _ vol. xiv

draining, _ vol. xv

Johnson, Jertiniali, Vice President, _ vol. i, 10

Johnson, B. P., Vice President, vol. i

on swine, vol. i

on tlie Agriculture of Oneida, vol. ii

Agricultural interests vol. iii

167

r' ^ r^

ooo
316

37
656
736
369
373
178
409
188
134

13
285

259
131

320
467
475
240
423
459
590
484
339
273
362

367

29

121

254

76

10

384

167

391

686 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

Jolinsoiij B. p.. Corresponding Secretary, vol. iii, 95, vol. viii,
137, vol. ix, 1, vol. X, 113, vol. xi, 139, vol. xii,

171, vol. xiii, 193, vol. xiv, 59, vol. xv, 63

on improved breeds of cattle, .vol. iii, 192

his report for 1844, _ vol. iv, 43

President, _ _ vol. iv, 33

address, vol. v, 31

Recording Secretary, vol. vi, 44

on dairies, cheese, &c. , vol. vii, 247

on the dairy, _ vol. vii, 570

report of dairies, _ .vol. viii, 256

on fruit, vol. ix, 594

report on dairies, ._ _ vol. ix, 298

on agricultural education, vol. ix, 584

remarks before National Ag. Society, Paris, vol. xi, 6

on McCormick's reaper, vol. xi, 159

report on World's Fair, London, vol. xii, appendix.

report on Maryland fair, vol. xii, 345

Johnson, S. W., lecture, _ vol. xv, 73

Johnston, J. F. W., his lectures at Albany in 1849, ..vol. ix, 162

address at Syracuse, vol. ix, 24

Johnston, John, draining, Seneca, vol. xi, 250

draining, vol. xv, 257

K.
Ketchum, Wm.,on the manure used on Long Island, vol. iii, 462

Ketchum's mowing machine, vol. xii, 106, vol. xiii, 94

Killam A., statement of raising potatoes from the ball, vol.

ix, 329

King, John A., Vice President, vol. vi, 18

President, •. vol. viii, 137

history and agriculture of Queens county ,vol. viii, 524

report on wine, vol. xi, 131

King, James G. donation of pigs, , , vol. i, 47

Kinne's, report to the Legislature on agriculture, vol. v. 64

Kirtland pear, account of, _ _ vol. ix, 404

Kirtland, B. B., World's Fair, medal, vol. xi, 146

.Kinzer, W. P., on the agriculture of Pennsylvania, vol. i, 165

on'gypsum, vol. iv, 205

Kossuth, Gov. L., vol. xi, 206

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 687

L.
Laboratory, vol. ix, 161

Laborers, agreements with, _ voL viii, 433

Langworthy, L. B., Vice President, voL i, 77, voL ii, 5

on the grape, voL i, 388

on plows and plowing, vol. iii, 626

on farms of Monroe county, vol. iv, 94

on waste of manures, _ vol. iv, 135

Langworthy, W. A., report on implements, vol. xi, 82

Lawren4:e, S., on the wool-growing interests, vol. i, 394

Lawrence, Mr., of Yates, on Agricultural education, vol. ix, 589
on deep plowing, sub-soiling and drilling, .vol. ix, 598

Leather trade, remarks on, vol. vi, 712

in Greene county, _ vol. vi, 554

Le Couteur, Col., culture parsnips, vol. xi, 360

Ledyard, Jona D . , Vice President, .i vol . ii , 5

Lennon, James, on grapes, vol. ix, 594

Le Roy, Hon. D. C, death of, vol. xi, 101

Lee, Daniel, report on Agriculture, vol. iii, 1, vol. iv, 47

on science and Agriculture, vol. iii, 425

Recording Secretary, vol. iv, 33

on wheat and its culture, _ vol. iv, 151

on wool growing, vol. iv, 255

report as Secretary, _ vol. v, 46

on the philosopliy of tillage, vol. viii , 342

on Agricultural schools, vol. ix, 81

on miscellaneous articles and payenizing timber,

vol. xi, 128
Lee, Charles, on the Agriculture of Yates county,. ..vol. ix, 440

essay, _ vol. xiv, 683

Leland, Z. A., Vice President, vol. ii; 5

Lenox, James, Vice President, ..vol. ii, 5, vol. iii, 1, vol. iv, 33

Le Ray De Chauniont, President, 1832, vol. i, 5

Library, agricultural, vol. iii, 518

ap})r<)priation, vol. vii, 100

notice, -Vol. viii, 14

additions to, vol. viii, 1, vol. ix, 21

cataloguoof, 1850, . vol. ix, 23

approTtriations, _ vol. ix, 144

688 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

Lime, its uses, _ vol. vi, 697

agricultural uses, vol. viii, 386

phosphate, prize essay, ._., _ vol. xi, 306

and salt on wire worms, vol. xiv, 423

stone, analysis of, _ - . - . - vol. x, 610

of Seneca county,_._ vol. x, 455

Linn, A. L., member executive committee, vol. i, 11

Linen, American company,. _ vol. xii, 92

Livingston, E. P., Vice President, 1832, vol. i, 5

Livingston county statistics, _ vol, ix, 416

schools in, _ vol. ix, 475

Long Island, manures used there, vol. iii, 462

Longworth, N., on the culture of the grape and strawberry,

vol. viii, 365

Ludlow, W. B.,on horses, vol. i, 308

Ludlow, R. H., Vice President, vol. v, 29

Lyman, I. H.,on the agriculture of Erie county, vol. iii, 437

Lynch, Lieut., on the importation of cattle, vol. viii, 378

M.

Mack, Hon. E., his death, vol. ix, 11, 20

Macdonald, John, on sub-soil culture, vol. iv, 140 ^

Vice President, vol. xiv, 65

Machinery, report on, vol. vi, 97, vol. ix, 97, vol. x, 23, vol.

xi, 121, vol. xiii, 91

atStatefair, _ vol. xv, 49

for preparing flax, vol. xiii, 312

McCulloch & Kirtland's farm, vol. viii, 210, vol. xi, 230

McCoun, W. T., Vice President, ._ vol. vi, 18

McCormick's prize reaper, at London, vol. xi, 154

McLean, S., on sub-soiling, vol. v, 100

McLallen's premium farm, vol. xv, 125

Mclntyre, J. McD., Ex. committee, _ vol. i, 11

Treasurer, vol. v, 29, vol. vi, 18, vol. viii, 137

Recording Secretary, vol. ix, 1

Madder, culture of, by M. B. Eateham, vol. iii, 186

Madison, Agriculture of, _ vol. i, 144

survey of, _ vol. xi, 658, 753^

historic notice of, vol. xi, 764

crops, &c., vol. xi, 547

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 689

Madison, draining, _ vol.xi, 658

Maine, David, Vice President, _ vol. viii, 137

Malta, products of the island of, vol. iv, 325

Mangel wurtzel, culture, _ .vol. ii, 305, vol. v, 327, vol. viii, 328

Manufactui'ing and wool-growing interests, vol. i, 393

Manures, essay on, _ vol. ii, 65

of Long Island, vol. iii, 462

remarks by Dr. Beekman, vol. iv, 127

essay on, _..vol. iv, 129

used near Albany, vol. iv, 133

waste of, vol. iv, 135

use and application of,._ vol. v, 420

special, vol. vi, 209

discussion on, ..vol. vi, 496, vol. vii, 506, vol. viii, 673

preparation of, vol. vi, 583

bones used as, _ vol. vii, 369

Prof. Johnston's lecture,. _. vol. ix, 244

necessary, vol. ix, 659

compared with guano, vol. v, 215

nature of barn yard, vol. vi, 212

vegetable matter in, _ vol. vi, 213

vegetable, _ vol. ix, 661

of domestic animals vol. ix, 667

their nature, vol. ix, 244

for turnips, vol. xi, 416

offish,... vol. ix, 671

flax, vol.xiii, 313, vol. xiv, 9, 90

special experiments with, vol. xiv, 11

how applied, vol. xiv, 5, 91, 104, vol. xv, 132, 140,

152, 153, 179

for wheat, vol. xv, 154

Maple sugar, report on, vol. ii, 44

making, vol. iv, 292, vol. v, 130, vol. vi, 78, vol.

viii, 95

Marks, TTon. A., on grapes, vol. ix, 596

Marks, Enoch, on farm management, vol. iii, 552

Marl, its uses, vol. v, 512, vol. viii, 386

deposits, _ - vol. ix, 412

in Herkimer county, _ _ vol. ix, 499

[Ag Trans.J Kr

690 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

Marlj analysis of, vol. ix5 499, vol. x, 615, 611

theory of their formation, vol. xi, 762

Martin, Hon. F. S., on agricultm-al education, vol. ix, 588

Marvin, T. J., Vice President, _ vol. v. 29

Maryland, the agriculture of, _ vol. ii, 223

Massachusetts Society for the promotion of agriculture, vol. iv, 392

Maxwell & Bros., draining, vol. xv, 253

Meat, the curing of,_ _ vol. v, 5 13

McCormick's reaper, _ vol. x, 159

Meech, E., on wintering horses,. vol. i, 303

Mellen, Thomas, on the agriculture of Madison county,, vol. i, 144

on winter killing wheat, vol. ii, 279

Melons, analysis of, vol. xii, 333, 7

Memorial to Congress for a Home Department, vol. viii, 182

Merino and Saxon sheep, vol. i, 320, vol. iv, 25 1

Meteorology, vol. viii, 845, vol. ix, 198

Milch cows, vol. vii, 114

in Jefferson county,. vol. ix, 506

Milk, analysis of, vol. x, 326

composition of, > vol. ix, 7Q6, 7

Mildew, the white, vol. i, 237

on grapes, vol. ix, 122

Miller, A. S.^ on the Agriculture of Illinois, vol. iv, 360

Miller, Hon. Samuel, report on peaches and plums, __vol. xi, 113

Miller, James 0., seedling apple, _ vol. xiv, 56

Millet, culture of, vol. ii, 395

Mississippi, the Agriculture of, vol. iv, 349

Mitchell, D. G., on farm buildings,.. _._vol. ii, 125

Monroe, farm report, _ vol. iv, 96

Agriculture, by F. P. Root, .vol. xiii, 489, vol. xiv, 495

Monroe, James, Vice President, vol. viii, 137

Morrell, L. A., Vice President, vol. i, 10

on sheep, vol. i, 341

More, I). D. T., farm prem., vol. x, 178

Morris, Jacob, Vice President, _ vol. i, 5

Miss Margaretta, Hon. member,. > vol. i, 22

essay on Cetonidse, vol. ix, 736

Lewis G., Vice President, vol. ix, 1

report on car wheels, vol. xi, 130

STATE AGRICULTUBAL SOCIETY. 691

Morris, L. G., President, vol. xii, 174

Morse, H. S., on fences, _ vol. i, 357

J. B., potato experiment, vol. xiii, 303

Mount Airy school, _ vol. viii, 382

Mowry, Le Roy, Vice President, vol. viii, 137

Mowing machines, Ketchum's, vol. xii, 106, vol. xiii, 94

trial in Queens, _ vol. xv, 622

Muck and peat, _ vol. v, 426

l^ulberry culture, vol. i, 246, vol. ii, 279

Murray, H., on Agricultural education, vol. xii, 496

Musical instruments, report on, vol. xi, 134

N.

Native cattle, report on, vol. v, 79, vol. vi, 54

National Agricultural Society, Paris, vol. x, 6

Navy butter, report, B. P. Johnson, vol. viii, 10

Neat cattle, _ vol. i, 249

Newcomb, William, experiments on potatoes, vol. ix, 331

New Agricultural products,.. _ vol. iii, 175

rooms, _ vol. xv, 5

New- York city and county, vol. iii, 656

New-York State Agricultural Society, organization and offi-
cers, vol. i, 5

circular issued, _ vol. i, 6

act of incorporation, vol. i, 8

officers for 1841, vol. i, 10

amended constitution, vol. i, 9, vol. iii, 102, vol. vi, 12

notice of amendment, vol. vi, 12, vol. vii, 56

new constitution, vol. viii, 1, vol. ix, 18

constitution amended, vol . x, 115

Niap;ara agricultural products, 1851, vol . xi , 557

crops, vol. xiii, 494, vol. xiv, 499

Niven, T. M., on farm bulklings, _ vol. ii, 130

Norton, John P., on potato rot, vol. v, 349

on soils, _ vol. viii, 55

Elements of scientific agriculture, . _ vol. ix, 602

agricultural schools, __ _ vol. ix, 70

Nott, Joel B., President, _ ..vol. i, 10

Vice Prosidrnt, _ vol. iii, 1

Correspondiug Secretary, vol. v, 29

692 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

Nott, Joel B., Recording Secretary, vol. vi, 18

Nott, Dr. Eliphalet, _ vol. i, 39

Nurseries, Clinton county,. vol. vii, 609

0.

Oats, culture, vol. ii, 61, 310, 359, vol. iii, 91

cost and culture, vol. iii, 487, vol. iv, 187, vol. v, 310,

vol. vi, 154

in Oneida, vol. vii, 293

Onondaga vol. vii, 702, vol. xiii, 549

report on, vol. viii, 317

Poland, ^ vol. xiv, 134

first premium crops, S. W. Weeks, Jefierson, vol. i, 71

! S. Phelps, Cayuga, _ vol. ii, 58

S. Lawton, Dutchess, vol. iv, 32

N. S. Swift, Oneida, vol. vi, 25

E. M.Bradley, ...vol. viii, 178

Ohio Fruits, by F. R. Elliott, vol. viii, 358, vol. ix, 405

Oil of peppermint, Hotchkiss, vol. xi, 119

Okra, account of,_. vol. viii, 370

Oneida, the agriculture of, vol. ii, 167, 173, vol. iv, 367

report on farms, vol. iv, 101

crops in, vol. xi, 562, 3, vol. x, 263, vol. xiii, 506

products, vol. xiii, 519

orchard culture, vol. xiv, 503

Onions, culture of, vol. ii, 394, vol. iv, 453, vol. vi, 620

Onondaga, the Agriculture of, vol. ii, 174

Horticulture of, vol. vi, 577

sheep husbandry, vol. vi, 587, vol. vii, 689

characteristics of Agriculture, vol. x, 268

statistics of, _ vol. ix, 418

crops, vol. xiii, 549

Ontario, the Agriculture of, vol. i, 150, vol. xiii, 571

Agricultural statistics, vol. xiv, 530

Orange, Agricultural institute, vol. vi, 599

crops, vol. xiv, 540

O'Reilley, H. S., Recording Secretary, vol. iii, 1

Orleans, report on farms, vol. xi, 576

Osborn, W. D., experiments on wheat, vol. viii, 297

Osborn, J. F., experiments on Indian corn, vol. iv, 173

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 693

Osborn, A., on Agricultural educatiorij vol. ix, 590

Osier willow, report on, _ vol. vii, 183

C. N. Bement, _ vol. xii, 315

Oswego, farm report, _ vol. iv, 103

Agriculture of,._ vol. vii, 721, vol. ix, 424

Ottlej, W. P., farm statement, vol. xiv, 98

essay on draining,.. vol. xiv, 128

Otsego, products, vol. xi, 585, vol. xiv, 574

Oxen, the use of, _ vol. iv, 264

in Rensselaer county, vol. vi, 614

working, vol. vi, 521

P.

Paintings and drawings, vol. vi, 101, vol. vii, 177

Palmer worm, by Dr. Wm. Harris, vol. xiii, 190

Pardee, R. G., on the farms of Wayne county, vol. ix, 571

Parsnips, culture of. Col. Le Couteur, vol. xi, 360

analysis, vol. x, 347

Pattern form, vol. iii, 102

Patterson, G. W., Vice President, vol. iv, 33

on deep plowing, vol. ix, 599

Payenizing timber, vol. xi, 124, 8

Peach culture, vol. v, 513

varieties approved, vol. vii, 345, vol. viii, 22, 290,

vol. ix, 364

analysis of, vol. ix, 743

report on, vol. x, 90, vol. xiii, 1 1 3

worm,.. vol. i, 235

Pear culture,.. _ vol. v, 500

varieties approved,.. vol. vii, 317, vol. viii, 286, vol. ix, 356

analysis of, vol. ix, 743

the Kirtland, vol. ix, 404

report on, vol. x, 89, vol. xi, 108, 36

new varieties, vol. xiii, 107

Peas, culture of, vol. ii, 62, vol. iii, 90, vol. v, 334, vol. vi,

171, 643

E. S. Salislmry, vol. xi, 279

N. Hitchcock, Jr., _ ...vol. xiii, 292

J. VV. Jolley, vol. xiii, 293

Monroe, vol. xiii, 490

694 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

Pea bug, vol. iii, 138

Peat and muck, origin of, vol. v, 426

swamps, draining, vol. ix, 574

Pellj Robert L., his farm, vol. iv, 438

on soiling cattle, vol. iv, 236, vol. vi, 293

Pendell, James, Genesee, his farm management, vol. vii, 219

Pennsylvania agriculture, vol. i, 165

Peppermint, oil of, vol. xi, 119

Perpetual leases, vol. vi, 43

Peters, T. C, Vice President, vol. i, 10

on the agriculture of Genesee, .vol. ii, 162

rights and duties of farmers, vol. iii, 411

provision trade, vol. iv, 238

butter dairies, vol. vii, 273

Petrie, A., on the agriculture of Herkimer, vol. i, 135

Phelps, Oliver, Vice President, vol. ix, 1

Phillips, M. W., on the agriculture of Mississippi, vol. iv, 349

Phosphate of lime, vol. xi, 8

prize essay, J. Harris, _ vol. xi, 304

Pigeon weed, essay on, voi. vi, 435

how destroyed, vol. xiv, 685

Piggery, plan of, vol. vii, 229

Piatt, J. C, on fruit trees, vol. iv, 312

Plaster, experiment with, vol. xiv, 105

Piatt, Z. C, Vice President, vol. ix, 1

Plank roads, vol. vi, 244

Plans for buildings, vol. ii, 121, 125, 130, vol. v, 234, vol.

vi, 122, vol. vii, 226, vol. viii, 252

Plants, food for, _ vol. vii, 518

Pleasures of science, vol. iii, 425

Plow, a new, 1 vol. i, 40

sub-soil, vol. ii, 238

report on, _. vol. iii, 60

trial of, _ , yol. iii, 61

essay on, _ _ _ .--,vol. iii, 626

trial of at Poughkeepsie, vol. iv, 147

at Utica, .vol. v, 99

report on, vol. vi, 69

improvements, by A. B. Allen, vol. vi, 229

STATE AGRICU\.TUIIAL SOCIETY. 695

Plow, report on, vol. vii

trial of, vol. ix

at Saratoga, vol. xiii

Plowing, - ..vol. iii

and spading, _ vol. iv

sub-soil, vol. V

how to work, _ vol. v

report on, vol. vi

discussion on, vol. vi

in Onondaga, vol. vi, 578, vol. vii, 690, vol. viii

report on, vol. vii

sub-soil, vol. vii

sub-soil and deep, _ vol. vii

deep, advantages of, _ vol. v

in Wyoming, _ vol. ix

in fall, _ _ vol. ix

deep and shallow, vol. ix, 597, vol. xiv, 100, vol. xv

sod plowing, by Abraham Carl,._ vol. xiii

Plums, approv^ed varieties of, vol. vii, 336, vol. viii, 292

vol. ix

report on, vol. ix

Poinsett, J. R., on the Agriculture of South Carolina, vol. i
, 164, vol. iv

Pomological rules, vol. vii

convention, vol. viii

North America,.. vol. viii, 23, vol. ix

Pork, cost to fatten, _ vol. xiv

Portable steam engines for farmers, vol. ix

Potato hooks. Partridge, vol. xiii

Potato culture, vol. ii, 63, 394, vol. iii, 93, 517, vol. iv

197, vol. V

rot or disease, vol. v, 342, vol. x, 329, vol. xiii

in Scotland,.. ...vol. v, 349, vol. vi

disease, vol. vi

report on, vol. vii

culture, vol. vii

analysis of, _ vol. vii

disease investigated, vol. vii

in Clinton, vol. vii

129
556

93
626
426
100
520

70
449
49S
132
416
534

56
582
582
151
674

363
403

337
100
15
397
125
506
102

319

554
620
667
175
304
70
425
606

969 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK ^

Potato culture, in Jefferson^ vol. vii, 659

report on, vol. viii, 325

disease, vol. viii, 403

culture,.. _ vol. viii, 407

seedling, vol. ix, 505

from the ball, vol. ix, 339

at Mount Airy, _ vol. ix, 735

method of cultivating,. _ vol. ix, 518

experiments, vol. ix, 329, 331

report and statements, vol. x, 145

C. E. Goodrich's experiments,... vol. x, 719, vol. xi, 363

experiments in planting,. vol. x, 291

experiments by H. H. Eastman, vol. xii, 221, 342,

vol. xiii, 298

experiments, by J. B. Morse, vol. xiii, 303

Monroe, ._ vol. xiii, 490

Onondaga, _ vol. xiii, 549

the sweet, vol. viii, 426

experiments by Volney Bui-gess, vol. xiii, 302

Poultry, essay on, _ vol. i, 362

report on, __.vol. iii, 501, vol. v, 94, vol. vi, 69

approved breeds, vol. ix, 749

report, by F. W. Collins, vol. xi, 76

Prentice, E. P., treasurer, vol. i, 11, 77, vol. ii, 5

Vice President, vol. iv, 33, vol. v, 29, vol. vi, 18,

vol. viii, 137

President, _ vol. ix, 143

Prentice, W. P., prize essay, vol. xiv, 165

Premium crops, tabular statement, vol. vi, 657, vol. vii, 798

Prize essays, vol. xiv, 140, 150, 165, 233

Presidents — Joel E. Nott, 1841, vol. i, 10

James S. Wadsworth, 1842, vol. ii, 5

James S. Wadsworth, 1843, vol. ii, 76

John P. Beekman, 1844, vol. iii, 100

B. P. Johnson, 1845, vol. iv, 83

J. M. Sherwood, 1846, vol. v, 29

George Vail, 1847,.. vol. vi, 18

LewisF. Allen, 1848, vol. vii, 59

John A. King, 1849, vol. viii, 137

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. gg-J

Presidents — E. P. Prentice, 1850, vol. ix, 143

John Delafield, 1851, _ ...vol. x, 113

Henry Wager, 1852, vol. xi, 139

Lewis G. Morris, 1853, vol. xii, 171

William Kelly, 1854, vol. xiii, 193

Samuel Cheever, 1855, vol. xiv, 59

T. S. Faxton, 1856, vol. xv, 63

A. S. Upliam, 1857, vol. xvi, — •

Provision trade, vol. iv, 238

Products of State, 1845, vol. xi, 189

Public policy as to agricultural interests, vol. iii, 391

Pumpelly, Geo. J., Vice President, vol. i, 76, vol. iii, 100

Putnam, agriculture of, vol. i, 154

Q.

Queens, agriculture of, vol. i, 157, vol. ii, 186,vol. xi, 602

dairy statistics, vol. xiii, 581

butter, vol. xiii, 500

its history and agriculture, vol. viii, 523

Long Island thirty years ago, vol. xiii, 585

R.

Rabbits, by W. C. Watson, vol. xv, 396

Railroad freights, vol. vi, 13

compound rail for, vol. xi, 127

Rain, essay, George Geddes, _ vol. xiv, 150

mean depth,.. ...vol. xv, 208, 210, 213, 215

Randall, H. S., Corresponding Secretary, vol. i, 11, 77, vol. ii, 5

report, vol. i, 121, vol. ii, 137

on neat cattle, vol. i, 249

breeds of sheep, vol. i, 304

agriculture of Cortland, vol. ii, 151

on cattle and crossing, vol. ii, 265

organization of Societies, vol. iii, 473

Vice President, vol. iii, 1, vol. iv, 33

sheep management, vol. iv, 254

agriculture in schools,. vol. iv, 388

Vice President, vol. v, 29, vol. vi, IS

on agricultural education, vol. ix, 585, 589

Randall, Geo., on Ayrshire cattle, vol. ii, 263

Haudall, S. S., State statistics, vol. v, 380

698 "ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

Raudall, J. L., on fine wool sheep, vol. viii, 247

Raspberry, insect, ._ _ vol. vi, 374

varieties recommended, vol. ix, 371

Reaping machines, McCormick's, vol. x, 159, vol. xi, 85

BurralPs, vol. xii, 112

Danfard & Go's, vol. xii, 1 13

J. H. Manny's, vol. xii, 113

Seymour & Morgan's, vol. xii, 113

Bensmore's, vol. xii, 114

Hussey's, vol. xii, 115

at Saratoga, vol. xiii, 92

Atkins', self-raker, vol. xii, 112, vol. xiii, 92

Recording Secretary, duties of,._ vol. i, 9

P. S. Van Rensselaer, 1841, vol. 1, 6

Luther Tucker, 1842, vol. i, 11; 1843, vol. ii, 5;
1845, vol. iv, 33; 1846, vol. v, 29, vol. vi, 18,

44, vol. xiv, 65

H. O'Reilly, 1844,.. vol. iii, 12

B. P. Johnson, 1847, . . .vol. vi, 44; 1848, vol. vii, 59
J. McD. Mclntyre, 1849, vol. viii, 137; 1850, vol. ix,

142; 1851, vol. x, 113
E. Corning, Jr., 1852, vol. xi, 9; 1853, vol. xii,
171; 1854, vol. xiii, 195; 1856, vol. xv, 69; 1857

vol. xvi.

Red root, how destroyed, vol. xir, 685

Regulations for the fairs, see premium lists and annual meet-
ings, for the first fair in 1841, _..vol. i, 27

Rensselaer, agriculture, vol. xiv, 605

Rhubarb, analysis of, _ vol. ix, 744

Rice plant, soil and analysis, . _ vol. iv, 342

expense or cost of, vol. viii, 595

•Richardson, H. D., on poultry, ._ vol. ix, 749

Duane, premium farm, vol. xv, 586

Richmond, agriculture, vol. ii, 188, vol. iii, 454

System of farming, vol. x, 288

Riddle, S. S., on the sweet potato, vol. viii, 426

Rights and duties of farmers, vol. iii, 411

Roberts, Algernon S., on Geology, vol. viii, 362

Robinson, Solon, on the agriculture of Indiana, vol. ii, 221

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 699

Robinson, Solon, remarks, prize medal, vol. xi, 159

Rocks, analysis, by J. H. Salisbury, vol. x, 710

Rogers, H. W., Vice President, _ vol. viii, 137

Roots for stock, culture, vol. xiii, 622

Root culture, vol. i, 271, vol. ii, 277

in CJinton county, vol. iv, 194

its expenses, vol. v, 316, vol. vii, 303, vol. viii,

324, vol. ix, 329,

by G. V. Sackett, vol. xiii, 318

Rose, Robert S., Vice President, vol. 1, 1

Rotation of crops, vol. iv, 105, vol. iv, 118, vol. vii, 395

Russia, the Agriculture of, vol. viii, 638

Rust in wheat, vol. iii, 205

Rust, Philo, his ox, _ vol. ii, 265

Ruta baga, culture, vol. ii, 64, vol. iii, 91, vol. iv, 332, vol.

vi, 607, 618, vol. vii, 307, vol. viii, 327
Rye, culture, vol. ii, 60, 393, vol. iii, 90, vol. v, 309, vol. vi,

618, vol. vii, 716, vol. viii, 317

winter, E. W. Bushnell, _ vol. xiii, 286

John Blauvelt, ."._-,.-.-.-.- vol. xiii, 598

premium crops, J. T. Goodwin, Oneida, vol. ii, 57

Geo. McGeoch, Washington, vol. iii, 90

H. Converse, _ vol. xiv, 133

S.

Sackett, G. v., on root culture, vol. xiii, 318

Saline manure, vol. ix, 678

Salisbury, J. H., analysis, by, vol. viii, 371

Indian corn, vol. viii, 677

apple and rhubarb, vol. ix, 737

cherries, gooseberries, peaches and pears,, .vol. ix, 743

Jerusalem artichoke, vol. x, 339

parsnips, ._ vol. x, 347

vegetable oyster, carrot and beet, vol. x, 323-328

endive, vol. x, 331

celery, melon and cucumber, vol. x, 333-337

soils, rocks, &c., vol. x, 710

Salisbury, E. S., re]>ort on farm, _ vol. ix, 332, 350

Salt, Onondaga, _ vol. vii, 277

analysis of, vol. vii, 279

700 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

Salt, manufacture of, vol. ix, 412, vol. xiii, 137

value of solar salt. Prof. G. W. Cook,._ vol. xii, 257

and lime and wire worms, vol. xiv, 423

Sandy soil for wheat, _ _ vol. vi, 25 1

prize essay, W. C. Watson, vol. xi, 340

Savage, John, Vice President, vol. i, 76, vol. iii, 1

Sawyer, James, on hemp, __ vol. i, 358

Schoharie, agriculture of, _ vol. ix, 433

Schuyler County Society organized, vol. xiv, 626

1855, _ _ vol. XV, 631

Science, its pleasures and profits, _ vol. iii, 425

ennobling results, _ _ vol. iii, 380

Viith agriculture,.- vol. v, 207, vol. viii, 138, vol. ix, 602

its need to the farmer, vol. vii, 62

as applied to agriculture,.^ _ vol. xiii, 539

Scottish cattle, _ _ vol. iii, 195

Seneca county, agriculture of, __ vol . ii, 2 14

survey, by J. Delafield, vol. ix, 10, vol x, 35Q

crops, __ vol. X, 493, 560

Seasons, progress of, _ vol. xv, 200, 205

Saxton, A., on the agriculture of Schoharie co., vol. ix, 433

Seed corn, soaking abandoned, .vol. xv, 158

planter, Wakefield's vol. xiii, 100

Seymour & Co., grain drill, vol. xiii, 100

Seward, W. H., addresses, _ vol. ii, 7, vol. iii, 75

Sheep, Cotswold, _ vol. i, 55

remarks on, vol. i, 271

breeds of, vol. i, 304

Merino and Saxon, __ vol. 1, 320, vol. iv, 251

breeding, _ vol. i, 328, vol. ii, 273

Paular Merino, __ vol. i, 339

management vol. i, 341, vol. iv, 254

long-wooled, vol. ii, 27

profitable varieties, vol. ii, 277

insects injurious to, _ vol. iii, 167

wool growing, _ vol. iv, 255

Merino, care of, _ vol. vi, 280

husbandry in Onondaga, vol. vi, 587, vol. vii, 689

management and report, vol. vi, 684

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 701

Sheep, management, vol. vii

husbandry, vol. vii

report on profits, vol. vii

remarks on, vol. viii

and sheep husbandry, _ vol. ix

French Merino, _ vol. xi

statement of feeding, vol. xiii

cross breed, ._ _ _f vol. xiii

foot rot, how cured, vol. xiv

method of keeping, __ vol. xiv

South Downs,. ._ vol. xiv

Shepard, Charles U., on the rice plant, vol. iv

Sherwood, J. M., Vice President, _ . vol. i, 76, vol. ii

President, vol. v

address, ■ vol. vi

his cattle, vol. ix

Short Horn bulls, report, _ vol. xiv

cattle, points of excellence, vol. xiii, 74, vol. x

Silk, culture, vol. i

report on, _ vol. ii, 37

worms, feeding,. _ vol. iii

culture, reasons for, vol. iii, 528, vol. iv

culture and manufacture, vol. v, 133, vol. vi, 80, 636

vol. vii

convention, vol. iv

Skinner, J. S., on oxen, _ vol. iv

Simmonds, P. L., on Angola grass, _ vol. vi

Slocum, J., on wheat in England, vol. viii

Smith, G. B.,on silk, ...vol. i

Agriculture of Maryland, vol. ii

Smith, Saxton, Vice President,. vol. viii

Smitlisonian institute, proposal for appropriation, vol. vii

Snap dragon, how destroyed,. _ _ vol. xiv

Smut, vol. iii

Sod ])knving, by Abrani Carl, _ vol. xiii.

Soils, management of, vol . ii

clay, improvement of, vol. iii

analysis of, vol. iv, 61, vol. viii

structure and composition,. _ vol. viii

311
537
549
236

53
404
319

90
430
115
116
343
o

29

27
460

31
532
240
279
491
288

407
463
264
239
339
240
223
137

58
112
202
674
243
418
496

55

702 ANNUAL REPOET OF NEW-YORK

Soils, composition of, vol. ix

of farms, _ vol. x

analysis of English wheat soil, vol. i

analysis of, by Dr. Salisbury, vol. x

Soiling cattle, . vol. iv, 236, vol. vi, 293

Soule's wheat, _ vol. xiii

South Carolina, Agriculture, vol. i, 164, vol. iv

Speed, J. R., Vice President, vol. v

death of, __ vol. xiii

Spencer, Ambrose, Vice President, vol. i

Springs, analysis of, _ vol. x

Squash bug, _ vol. iii

Statts H. T., on the agriculture of Dutchess, vol. i

Stark, Charles M., on the pigeon weed,_ _ — vol. vi

State and county societies, their importance, vol. iii

Statistics, agricultural, state, vol. v, 177, 380, vol. ix

of Greene, vol. vii

of Seneca,_ ._ vol. viii, 557, vol. x

of Delaware, vol. viii

Oswego, vol. viii, 519, vol. ix

Wayne, _ vol. viii

Yates, vol. viii, 590, vol. ix

Caledonia, Livingston, vol. ix

Camillus, Onondaga, vol. ix

Stafford, Onondaga, vol. ix

Cicero, Onondaga, - vol. ix

Schoharie, — - vol. ix

dairy, Wyoming, vol. ix

Stebbins on the mulberry,. _ vol. i

St. Lawrence, agriculture of, vol. xiii

farms and dairies, vol. xiii

Stevens, Ambroses, vol. vi

Canada thistle, vol. vi

imported cattle, . ..V. - vol. ix

Vice President, vol. ix

Stock husbandry,- __ vol. i

report on, - vol. ii

food for, _.\....-^.- -------- -. vol. iv

foreign, vol. vi

212
613
290
710
693
677
337

29
664
5
473
133
133
435
473
415
641
550
461
424
584
440
416
418
419
422
433
581
246
600
603

45

405

460

143

6

26
210
104

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 703^

Stout, Z. B., on the agriculture of Ontario, ..vol. i, 150

Strawberry, approved varieties, vol. vii, 35 1

culture of, _ vol. viii, 365

Sub-soil plowing, vol. ii, 238, vol. iv, 140, vol. v, 100, vol.

vii, 416-534

by Mr. Lawrence, ..__ vol. ix, 598

its effects, vol. xiv, 90, 103

plow, * vol. XV, 139, 151

Sugar, from corn stalks, vol. iii, 232, vol. v, 130

from beet root, vol. xiii, 114

manufacture of,. ..vol. xiii, 126

from Chinese sugar cane, vol. xv, 248

Superphosphate of lime, on potatoes, vol. xiii, 584, vol. xiv, 105

Survey of Washington, _ vol. vii, 35

Asa Fitch, on, _ vol. vii, 38

first part historical, vol. viii, 875

second part agricultural, vol. ix, 753

Seneca, vol. x, 350

Madison, -.... vol. xi, 658

Essex, _ vol. xiij 650, vol. xiii, 699

Surgery, veterinary, vol. vi, 59

Sutton, Helim, farm, vol. ix, 322, 350

Swamps reclaimed, ------. ----^ vol. xv, 254

Swamp muck, _ vol. v, 426

Swine, Berkshire,. . ....... .-.---.,--.-- vol. i, 54, vol. ix, 489

breeding and raising^ . _ . . . . _ . . . . . _ _ . _ . vol . i , 384

report on, ..-.__-_..- __._vol. ii, 30, vol. iv, 286

insects injurious to,.... vol. iii, 170

report humorous, vol . v, 90

feeding experiments, vol. vii, 419 '

fattening pigs, vol. xii, 224

different breeds, management and diseases of, by W.
C. Wiatsun, vol. xv, 298 to 315

T.

Temperature of State', _ vol. xv, 145, 202

Taylor Z., President of U. S., .._ ..v<.l. ix, 19

Thnishinfij machines, vol. ii, 30

Tliomas, J. J., farm buildings, _ vol. ii, 121

description of fruit, vol. ii, 269

704

ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

ThomaSj J. J., new agricultural products, vol. iii

diseases and insects df wheat, vol. iii

agriculture of Wayne, vol. iii

farm management, _ _ vol. iv

rotation of crops, ._ vol. iv

apple cultui-e and uses, vol. iv

science and agriculture, vol. v

experiments in cutting wheat at different periods

vol. ix

agricultural dynamics, prize essay, vol. x

Thomas, David, on the fruit garden, vol. i

soils and management, vol. ii

Thorn hedges, vol. iv

Thorough-bred horses, by Wheeler, J. B., vol. xi

Tillage, essay on, _ vol. i, 211, vol. viii

Tile machine, _ vol. viii

and pipe, vol. x

Tioga, the agriculture of, vol. ix

the town of Nichols, vol. ix

crops, vol. xiii, 660, vol. xiv, 642, vol. xv

Tobacco, analysis and manures for, vol. ix

Todd, Sereno E., on the Canada thistle, vol. vi

Tomato, analysis of, vol. viii

Townsend, John, Vice President, vol. i

Tompkins, the agriculture of, vol. iii

crops, vol. xiv

Travis, Job, farm, _ vol. xiii

Trees and shrubs, __.._ vol. vi

American, _ vol. vi

European, _ vol. vi

Treasurer, E. P. Prentice, 1841-42-43; Thomas Hillhouse

1844, 1845; J. McD. Mclntyre, 1846, 1847,1848

Luther Tucker, 1849, 1850-1-2 ; B. B. Kirtland

1853-4-5-6-7.

Trial of plows, 1843, vol. iii, 61; 1844, vol*, iv, 147; 1845

vol. V, 99; 1850, vol. x, 48

Tucker, Luther, Recording Secretary, vol. i, 11, vol. ii, 5

vol. iv, 33, vol. V, 29, vol. vi, 18, 44, vol. xiv
remarks on Fair of 1843, vol. iii

175
201
448
476
105
294
207

318
617
221
244
316
63
342
666
521
439
435
649
230
429
370
5
443
651
677
376
390
382

to 69

65
435

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

705

Tucker, Luther, Treasurer, vol. viii, 137, vol. ix, 143, vol.

X, 113, vol. xi, 140
Turnip, analysis of, _ vol. vii, 70

U.

Ulster, average of crops, __ _ vol. xiii, 667

crops, ._ _ _ vol. xiv, 654

V.
Vail, George, President, _ . vol. vi, 18

Vice President, vol. xii, 174, vol. xvi, —

Van Bergen, Anthony, Vice President, vol. i, 76, vol. ii, 5,

vol. ix, 1

Van Ness, Nelson, Vice President, _ vol. ix, 1

Van Rensselaer, P. S., Vice President, vol. i, 5

Van Sicklen, J., his farm, vol. vi, 118

Vegetable manures, _ _ vol. ix, 661

oyster, analysis of, _ vol. x, 12, 323, 8

Vermont, the agriculture of Addison county, vol. iv, 362

agriculture of, vol. vii, 387

societies and agriculture, _ vol. viii, 380

Veterinary surgery, ._ _ vol. vi, 59

Virginia agriculture,.. _ vol. i, 171

Visits to county societies, vul. vii, 51, 60

W.

Wadsworth, James S., President, ._ vol. i, 76, vul. ii, 5

report from, vol. iii, 7

Wages of labor, _ vol. viii, 564

Walsh, Alexander, Vice President, vol. i, 11

essay on education, vol. ii, 289

his death, vol. ix, 11

Washburn, Calvin, on the agriculture of Oneida, vol. ii, 173

Washington, the agriculture of, vol. i, 161, vol. ii, 216

survey of, _ vol. vii, 35

1st part historical, vol. viii, 875

2d part geoU'gical and agricultural, vol. ix, 753

Wattles, S. L.,farm statement, vol. xiii, 223

Water, its velocity in channels, vol. v, 232

composition of in Aberdeen, vol. vii, 366

effects of clearing u]) land, vol. xv, 231

[Ag. Trans.J Ss

706

ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

Watson, H., on the agriculture of Hartford and Windsor

counties, Connecticut, vol. iv, 364

Watson, Joseph, farm statement, __ vol. ix, 572

Watson, W. C, on Sandy soils for wheat, vol. xi, 340

on survey of Essex co., vol. xii, 650

supplement to survey of Essex county, vol. xiii, 699

essay on farm husbandry, vol. xiv, 233-356, vol.

XV, 263, 396

Wayne, the agriculture of, vol. iii, 448

products, __ vol. xiii, 671

crops, _ vol. xiv, 660, 663

Weeds, extermination of, _ vol. ii, 284

Weekly winter meetings, __ vol. v, 43

Weeks, John M., on bees, vol. ii, 225

Weevil, account of, _ vol. viii, 656

Wendell, Dr. H., on fruits, _ _ . vol. viii, 275

Westchester, the agriculture of, vol. ii, 217

Westfall's premium farm, vol. xv, 124

Wheat, culture of Italian, vol. i, 360

varieties of, _ vol. ii, 254, vol. iv, 159

winter killing, vol. ii, 279

culture, vol. ii, 393, vol. iii, 89, vol. viii, 645, vol.

ix, 313, 597

insects, and diseases of, vol. iii, 140, 201

experiments, vol. iii, 217, vol. viii, 297, vol. ix, 314

cost of culture, vol. iii, 486, vol. v, 239

in Cayuga, vol. iii, 670

in southern tier of counties, vol. iv, 151

average crops, vol. iv, 154

analysis of, vol. iv, 151

observations of Dr. Eeekman, vol. iv, 156

winter seed, _ vol. iv, 161

crops, and cost, _ _ vol. iv, 163

spring, and cost of, _ vol. iv, 165

fly, „ vol. V, 255, vol. X, 522

spring, _ vol. vi, 153, vol. ix, 317

on sandy soil, vol. vi, 251

in Ontario, _._vol. vi, 593, vol. viii, 509

Seneca, vol. vi, 631

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 707

Wheat, Tompkins, vol. vi, 641

Yates, ..„ vol. vii, 793

Oneida, . _ vol. vii, 285, vol. xiii, 506

England, vol. viii, 339

and rye, vol. ix, 315

Black sea, spring, _ vol. ix, 484

drilling in, vol. x, 587

by Abraham Carl, _ vol. xiii, 674

Ellis Morse, yield, vol. xiii, 483

Chidham, account of, vol. xiii, 174

Wayne, vol. xiii, 67 1

and time to cut, _ vol. xiv, 91

cost, _ _ vol. xiv, 123

crop, vol. XV, 661

and wheat straw, analysis of, vol. vii, 70

first premium crops, G. Shaffer, _ vol. i, 70

N. S. Wright, Oneida, ._ vol. iii, 89

M. Watson, Ontario, vol. iv, 32

E. J. Ayres, Tompkins, vol. iv, 43

E. Rivenburg, Oneida, vol. v, 239

T. Judson, Chautauque, vol. viii, 121

A. Miller, Oneida, vol. viii, 308

G. K. Eells, Oneida, vol. ix, 315

winter, J. M. Skinner, _ vol. xiv, 131

midge, its ravages, vol. xiv, 381, 407, 463, 492, 496,

500, 614, 653, 660, 680

fly, essay on,__ 1 _ vol. v, 255

Wild carrots, how destroyed, vol. xiv, 113

Wilkinson, on culture of potatoes, vol. ix, 735

Wilson, Prof. J., on flax, ._ vol. xiii, 39

on beet sugar,.. _ vol. xiii, 114

Winnebago, agriculture of, vol. iv, 360

Winds, direction and force,. vol. xv, 223, 226

Windmill, Ilalliday's, vol. xiv, 49

Wire worm, vol. iii, ]37

lime and salt on, vol. xiv, 423

Wire fence, vol. x, 328

J. Trevcr, vol. ix, 522

708

ANNUAL EEPOKT OF N. Y. STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Winter meetings, 1842, vol. i, 63; 1843, vol. ii, 57; 1844,
vol. iii, 87; 1845, vol. iv, 31; 1846, vol. v, 27; 1847, vol.
vi, 11, vol. vii, 55; 1848, vol. viii, 135; 1849, vol. ix
142; 1850, vol. X, 111; 1851, vol. xi, 139; 1852, vol. xii
171; 1853, vol. xiii, 193; 1854, vol. xiv, 59; 1855, vol. xv

Wine manufacture,. _ _ vol. xiv

Winter flax, vol. xiii

Woodward, F., his farm, vol. i

Wool Growers' Association of Western New- York, vol. xv

Wool growing interests, vol. i, 393, vol. iv

Saxon, vol. v

letters on the trade, . _ _ vol. vi

preparation and sale of, vol. vii

depot, origin of, _ vol. vii

fine, report on, vol. viii

statistics, ._ vol. ix, 754, vol. xv

Woolsey, E. J., on draining, vol. vii

World's Fair at London, vol. ix, 144, vol. xi, appen'x, vol. xii

Wright, Silas, his death, _ vol. vii

correspondence with Mrs. W., vol. vii

biography, _ vol. vii

- address, _ vol. vii

Wright, J. A., address, vol. xv

Wynkoop, A. J., on agricultural schools, vol. ii

Wyoming, agriculture of, vol. vii

Y.

Yates, farm report,. . _ vol. vii, 787, 791

products of,... vol. viii, 590

agriculture of, vol. ix, 440

statistics of, vol. ix, 446

crops, - vol. xiv, 679

Yam potato, _ . . vol. viii, 571

escapes disease, _ vol. ix, 563

Yellows, the, - vol. i, 236

The foregoing index passed through the press at a time w^hen
sickness prevented a careful examination of it — and there are
many deficiencies in it, which are very much to be regretted.
It is hoped however, that defective as it is, it will, in some
measure at least, accomplish the purpose designed in its pre-
paration.

63

148

176

46

675

255

88

284

537

539

236

664

244

179

32

33

354

16

21

149

777

DAIRY MANAGEMENT.

The continuation of the article of Mr. Thomas Horsfall. (ante
p. 223-244,-) from R. A. S. Journal, vol. 18, p. 131, on the
management of the dairy for 1856-57, was not received in time
to be inserted with the other. Its importance, however, requires
its insertion in this volume, so that our dairymen and others in-
terested in the matter will have the benefit of his valuable expe-
riments before them. It will be seen that his cows were attacked
with the pleuro-pneumonia, a disease which has been fatal in
England and in Europe, and has prevailed to some extent in this
country. The treatment by Mr. H., as given in his report, was
successful in restoring the animals, but with more or less damage
to the lungs; and it will be seen that the effect of this disease, even
after the restoration of the animals, was marked in a diminished
yield of milk. Every possible precaution should be observed in
relation to this disease when prevalent, and an entire separation
of the unaffected portion of the stock should immediately be
secured.

The experiments testing the value of materials used as food for
cattle, to convert it into food fitted for the use of man, represents
a value thirteen to fjurteen times greater than it would as ma-
nure, showing how important it is for the farmer to use as much
as possible his produce as food for cattle, with a view of convert-
ing it into food for man: and tlius, in the language of Mr. H.,
" increase rather than enrich his manure heap.^^

Tlie careful experiments made in i'attening animals are worthy
of careful attention, showing the cpiantity of food necessary to
secure a given amr)nnt of beef. The efficacy of sugar and starch
in the production of fat is fully discussed.

Some very carefully conducted experiments are gh^en, showing
that " the quant ity and qualily of butter depend essentially on

710 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

the food and treatment; and that by suitable means you can pro-
duce as much and as I'ich butter in winter as in summer. ^^ This is
a very important consideration, deserving the careful examination
of every dairyman interested in the production of butter.

The treatment of grass lands, the time of cutting and securing
the hay, are fully described; and some very important facts are
developed by the manner in which Mr. H. conducts his operations,
botli on his meadows and his permanent pastures.

Directions are given as to cows liable to the milk fever, a dis-
ease not unfrequent among cows in good condition, and which of-
ten proves fatal.

We consider the whole of the annexed article one deserving the
careful study of all of our farmers interested in the dairy business,
or wlio are fattening cattle for market. It aims to give the actual
cost of all the operations — a matter of vital interest to every one
to know — as upon the side on which the balance is found depends
entirely the failure or success of the business.

While in some respects the treatment of Mr. H. may be more
specially beneficial in Great Britain, still the principles elucidated
and established are of general application, and cannot prove other-
wise than useful, wherever the dairy is an object of interest, as
in this country.

Mr. Horsfall — " Towards the close of July, 1856, and during the
warm weather of August, my cows, whilst in pasture by day and
housed during the night, were attacked by tliat unwelcome visitor
the pleuro-pneumonia, which affected the majority of them, and con-
tinued with little intermission till the close of December. Though
by treatment which I purpose to describe, nearly all have been
restored, yet it is not without more or less damage to the lung —
an organ essential to the due performance of every function of
the animal, and exercising especial influence on the respiratory
process, and the carbonaceous or fatty products.

" In the course of my experience, I have ascertained that cattle,
whose lungs have been damaged by a pre nous attack of pleuro
or other cause, are deficient in their store of loose fat, in com-
parison with what their touch, appearance, and the length of
time they have been feeding, would lead one to expect. To the
same cause I am disposed to attribute the somewhat lessened pro-^
portion of butter to milk and to cream, during the present, com-

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 711

pared witli what I have observed during several other seasons
from simihir treatment.* The proportions have been, from each
quart of cream, 20 oz. of butter; and from 16 quarts of milk,
20 oz. of butter. On testing the quality of the milk by a lacto-
meter, I find the proportion of cream less from those which have
suffered from pleuro than those wliich have remained healthy :
in one or two instances the difference is marked. In the quantity
or yield of milk after recovery, I find little if any difference be-
yond what might have been expected from the lapse of time du-
ring illness.

On the 23d of March, the following results appeared :

Quarts. Ot.

Old milk, 340? ,. c-, .. ^nn

r, ,' J on ^ making of butter, 402

Cream churned, 20) ^ \

Cream used, 3 would have made, 60

462

20 oz. of butter from 1 quart of cream.
20J oz. of butter from 16 quarts of milk.

This test was made purposely when the temperature of the
dairy ranged at 54^ to 56^ from the time the milk was set up,
without the appliance of hot water, described in a farmer Journal.
The consistency of the cream was such, that on filling a cup, a
spoon dipped into it stood erect, the cream being quite sweet.

The most correct way of ascertaining the quantity of thick
cream, is to observe the height it reaches in the jar, and then
measure the water required to fill the jar to the same height.

In May, with a considerable change of cows, the results were :

23| oz, of butter from 1 quart of cream.
22 ,°o oz. of butter from 16 quarts of milk.

During the continuance of the disease, I was prevented from
instituting comparisons on the eflects of different fwd : my weigh-
ings were likewise discontinued, with the exception of one made
on the 8th of October, when the cows were confined wholly to
their stalls.

• The proportion of butter to milk and cream in the winter of 1854-55 was
shown in my last paper to have been —

25 oz. butter from IG quarts of milk.
25 oz. butter from 1 quart of cream.

712 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

Comparison of different Methods of Feeding Dairy Coxes.

Being desirous of comparing the result of my method of feed-
ing dairy cows with the system usually practised in this locality,
it occurred to me, that as my cows had been accustomed to sa-
voury steamed food, a change to ordinary food would be attended
with less favorable results than if they had been previously
treated in the common mode; and that under these circumstances
it would be better to institute comparisons with two near neigh-
bors, Mr. Smith and Mr. Paw son, whose practice and results I
had the opportunity of inspecting.

Mr. Smith's cow was of rather small frame, but noted for her
usefulness as a good milker. At the time of calving her third
calf, about the 12th of November, she was in good condition, and
gave soon after 17 quarts of milk per day. Her owner states that
in the first three weeks (up to the time this comparison was begun)
her condition sensibly diminished — a result which I apprehend
will be invariable with cows giving this quantity of milk when
fed on meadow hay only, with which Mr. Smith's cow vras sup-
plied ad libitum^ and of which she consumed 28 pounds per day.
Mr. Pawson's was a nice heifer, three years old at the time of
calving her first calf, October 6th, in more than ordinary condi-
tion, and gave about 16 quarts per day. Her owner states, that
on the first of January her condition was much diminished; tliis
is corroborated by Mr. Myers, a dealer in the village, who tells
me, that previous to her calving, he was desirous of purchasing
her, and would have given from 17/. 10^. to 18/., and describes
her as being at that time full of beef. Her weight on the first
of January, 7 cwts. 2 qrs,, bespeaks her condition as much
lowered.

During the montn of October, and till late in November, she
was turned out in the daytime to graze on aftermath, and housed
during the night, where she was supplied with turnips. From
the close of November till the first week in February, her food
consisted of —

Meadow hay of inferior quality, 18 lbs. per day.

Swede turnips, 45 " |'

Ground oats, _ _ 9 "

After this the ground oats were discontinued, and meadow hay
of good quality was given ad libitum , with 45 lbs. of turnips.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 713

For comparison, I selected a cow of my own, which calved
about the 8th of October, and gave soon after 18 quarts of milk
per day; she was also of small size. At the time of calving, her
condition was somewhat higher than that of Mr. Smith's. When
the experiment was begun, on the first of January, no perceivable
difference v/as found in the yield of milk of Mr. Smith's cow and
my own, each giving 15 J quarts per day.

The following Table gives the dates of calving of the three
cows, together with their weights and }ield of milk at the com-
-nencement and termination of the experiment : —

January 1. March 5.

Yield at

When Calved. Calving. Weight. Yield.' Weight. Yield.

Quarts4 Cwt. qrs. lbs. Quarts. Cwt. qrs. lbs. Quarts

Mr. Smith's— November 12, 17 8 3 0 15| 8 0 0 9^

Mr. Paw-son's— October 6, 16 7 2 0 12 7 10 6^

My own— Octobers, 18 9 3 0 15^ 10 1 0 12^

Mr. Smitli's cow lost in w^eight in nine weeks 84 lbs., being 9^
lbs. per week, with an average yield of 12 J quarts per day. Mr.
Pawson's lust 28 lbs. : this loss, together with the diminished yield
of milk, occurred almost whollv after tlie oats had been with-
drawn. Her weight on the 6th of February being still 7 cwt. 2
qis., and her yield of milk, 11 quarts per day.

My cow has gained, in the nine weeks, 56 lbs., being 6\ lbs.
per week, with an average yield 'of 14 quarts, the diminution be-
ing regular. January 1st, 15^; Feb. 4th, 14; March 4th, 12 J;
making an average yield of 14 quarts per day. The whole loss
and gain of weight will be in flesh and fat, the cows having kci>t
up their consumption of food and their bulk.

The weekly account of profit and loss will stand as follows:

Mr. Smith's cow, average yield for 9 weeks, 12\ quarts s. d.

per day, at 2d. per quart, 14 7

Deduct loss in flesh, 9 J lbs., at 6J., 4 8

9 11
Cost of 14 stones hay, at 6d. Der stone, 7 0

Profit,... 2 11

714 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

Mr. Pawson's cow, average during the first 5 weeks, 11^ s. d
quarts per day, at 2d. per quart, _ 13 5

Cost of 9 stones inferior hay (at 4d per stone), per

week, 35. Od.

Cost of 63 lbs. ground oats, 45. 8d.; turnips, 1^. 6c^., 6 2 9 2

Profit, 4 3

My cow, average yield for 9 weeks, 14 quarts per day, at $. d.

2d. per quart, _ 16 4

Gain of flesh, 6 J lbs. per week, at 6d., 3 IJ

19 5J

Cost of food :

Hay, 63 lbs., at 6d. per stone; straw and shells s. d.

of oats, l5. 3d; mangel, l5., 4 6 J

Rape-cake, 35 lbs.; bran, 10 J lbs.; mali-combs,

10 1 lbs.; bean-meal, 101 lbs., 4 OJ 8 7

*>^ I I !■■■ ■ ■ <

Profit, 10 101

The richer quality of the manure will probably compensate for
the extra labor, cooking and attention bestowed upon my cow.

With a view of extending the comjiarison I give particulars of '
the whole of my cows, the weights of which were registered on
the 8th of October, and which were still on hand, free from calf,
and in a state admitting of comparison. These were bought at a
neighboring market in but moderate condition : indeed with my
mode of feeding I do not attach the same importance to high con-
dition as a town-side farmer would. A cow in full condition at-
tains her maximum yield in a week or so after calving, whilst
those in lower condition continue, by my treatment, to increase
their quantity up to about a month after calving.

Tlie dates of calving are not precisely those on which the cows
calved, but on which they were purchased as i:iew calven cows.
The prices named are those paid for the cows without their calves,
except in one instance, the cow No. 1 being bought a few days
before calving. They are what may be termed young cows, hav-
ing had two or three calves each. The prices will disclose to
those conversant with the subject, that the animals were not in,-
high condition nor of high breed.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

715

ir-i

•3{a9i\i jsd

J^OOC

•i^ a»« H<t •
r-i C^ ^

;qSi9M ui uiB£)

—

'f -qaj o;

W -f O 00 00 O OC

8 'PO '"}«£)

-<3 OC TT O CI O C^
"^ 1— 1 1— 1

J

— Ui fee

CO -l«

e pe
Lirin

*f O CO Ut) »0 CO cc

^

JTji— 1 r— 1 1— 1 r— 1 r-M 1— 1

1 1

I-H

o o >>

«5 ! I

"aS o t^ -^ u^ uc r^

<f C 1 C^ CO C4 <M <M

OA

^

M

•^ •

-»->

i: GO -^ o -t o --

Cl

•

O*

p— (

OQ

"o

•

::5 o o o o o o

»»

-U9

•

eS

(-^

cr

•

1
1

To

'3

jJ — • 1— 1 O CC O (M

hJ o — • o o ^ o

o

«;

rn

-1^

-i* fe b

z ac "^ »n rt o —

<M

e3

>H ^'5

ij rl 1— 1 1— 1 <— 1 r- 1

1-^

£000000

•

3

-»J

^

^

W2

^

fcp

t. 0 — 1 ,-( 01 0 (M

•

-tj 0 '-^ 0 0 —^ 0

•^ ^ .-. ,-1 r-( r-i
0

ca

CO .

:£ 0 0 0 0 0 0

•

-t^

t- -:2

f/>

1 «>

^ (M 0 <M CI (M r-

cr

•

o »*

^J 0 0 oc 0 0 c:

•

O^

6

00

•.ffp jod

b ci cc 00 CO <c cc

0

ppi,^ ;so:)t;dj{[)

^ r— ( 1— 1 1— i .— 1 1— 1 ^-

>— "

o*

•

c^ Oi "Tf CJ >0 0 C:

> •

<D

"■^ 1— ( r-i

O

oj -f 10 i-i '^ r- »r:

•

Ph

•

T3

(U

#» tfS ^ «k ««

"s •

^

00 »0 QC OOOC IC

.

'rf

C4 C4 OJ C)

.

a

= = 3 ET ST =

0

•

^

>-: < *-i CXi (/:i <

•*

^

•

O

i

^z;

to

0

i-T c-( -^ 0 »- ^

h' j:

1

r-

1 <;

716 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

My COWS, during the period under consideration, were treated
as follows : — During August and September tliey were on open
pasture by day and housed by night; evening and morning they
were supplied with mown grass, and two feeds of steamed mix-
ture. Towards the close of September green rape was substituted
for the mown grass, with the same allowance of steamed mixture;
from the 8th of October, when they were wholly housed, they
were supplied with steamed food ad libitum three times per day.
After each meal 10 to 12 lbs. of green rape-plant were given, and
9 lbs. hay per day till November; from that time steamed food
with cabbages or kohl rabi till the early part of February, when
mangel wurzel was substituted. It will be observed that I give
hay and roots in limited quantities, and the steamed food ad
libifum; I prefer this to apportioning the cake and other concen-
trated food in equal quantities to each; as this steamed mixture
contains more of the elements essential to milk, and each cow is
thus at liberty to satisfy her requirements with it. Nos. 2 and 4,
which have given the greatest quantity of milk, have eaten more
than their share; whilst No. 1, which has given the least milk,
has scarcely eaten more than half tlie quantity of steamed mix-
ture consumed by 2 or 4. The yield of milk and the live weights
on the 4th of February nnd the 4th of March scarcely vary.
During February 34 lbs. of mangel were substituted for kohl rabi;
with this change the cows became more relaxed. My experience
in weighing, extending over several years, has shown me that
when animals, from change of food, become more relaxed or more
costive, their weighings in the former state denote less, whilst in
the latter they denote more than their actual gain in condition.
I have known instances in which a month's weighing, accompa-
nied by some relaxation, has shown no gain, whilst in the follow-
ing month, with restored consistency, the gain has doubled.

The results I have described are wholly over periods com-
mencing from the time of calving, and during the first stages of
milk, the longest extending over thirty-one weeks, when the pro-
duction of milk is at the largest.

No. 4 suffered from pi euro in September, from which time her
yield of milk fell oft' to less than two quarts per day.

Nos. 6 and 7 suffered also, and No. 11 considerably, after their
weighing, Oct. 8th: each of them regained their yield of milk

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 717

after recovery. It will be clear tliat their weights would have
been greater had they continued in health throughout. In stating
their produce of milk and food, I treat them as if they had re-
mained in health.

I now proceed to examine the materials of food, their compo
sition, and the probable changes they undergo in the animal
economy : —

718

ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

.2
e

•5
•Si

o
si

•<s>

CO

o

I-

O

•5

tie

■I

00

o

CO

I:

90

o

6*

«

"rt

•fOf-IOOOCOr-(CX)t^

T— t

u.

Si^r-ccoo-^csi^

lO

o

^ O i—l 1— 1 KO -^ (M

lO

»-•

,^

i^

<M

f^

•

eo^oocoooo-^

Ci

o

• CC Ci <M iCl:^ ^ Ol O

rl<

SI

^Ci-^CO(MrH,— icCiO

•^

^ c^ .-?•»*■

o
I— 1

•

.1— .— 1.— I0'*ii00>— "

kO

^^

KOOr-^UOCSCCr— lOtO

-f

O

^ C<J <0 I— 1 1— 1

1— (

CO

1— r

^

.h-1^1— lOTfrfOut)

rfi

c

K lO t^ O C5 t^ t^ O CI

1 o

^

^ <M r-H t— GO t-^ O O t^

CO

rt

•— ' ^ ^ ^ ^

-*->

Tj^ cq CO CO

»o

xn

1—1

d

.oco-— lo-rfcir^o

^T *j oc

xciOi— i-roooci^

S

U^CiOC^C^JrfGOC^CO

<

rH

>.-p

«*-! 13

O a>

oooooot^-^

t^

c/OliOCCOO-^OO

-^

^■^-TOOiOt^TtiOi

o

'~'C5*Or-i~r-^r-rtO00r-i

lO

^ %

CO

t/3

•oooo<o«ooo

n3

Ci

O

o

•(NCMcOOCOTfCiO

o

-ri

W 1— 1 .—(1—1

o

^ I— 1 I— (

o
1^

^OOOOCOOOO

&" _:

ir«

•OOC50«0 0»010

1^
Q

W3 T-H I— t 1—1 I— 1 I— I

«« c

o o

lO O <M <M (M <M O O

uo

. .-1 '^i <M (M CM c^ O C:

1—1

•*^ -^ fc/J

cct— t-t— Ir^t^OOCl

o

O fcO

J2 ^^^^^^^

». •*

Eh-5'^

^-O^Or— (1— li— iO"jCiC<l

<M

So
^.2

i-l CO

l-

t^

rt

•

•TS

^OOOCsOi-^OCI
;ti lO CO O lO 1—

1 c»

( r—

U

(N

CO

CI-

t>>

! •<

1 « ■

P e« O
o <^ o

^ r

■ S '^ c

3 O

?, ^r:; c3 c3 O) ^ «

I rH

,i^ee.«ri-<ui-«cJc

> =^

^

Hp:

5<

ip:

^p:

;c

5C

>p:

i

o

-t-»
o

w
o

09

•r-l

3

rd

o

aj
O

O

03

— H

U2

03
O

O

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 719

Jinalysis of Milk hy Haidlen.

Water,... ^ 873.

Butter, _ 30.

Casein, 48.2

Milk sugar, 43.9

Phosi3liate of Lime, 2.31

Magnesia, _ .42

Iron, ._ .07

Chloride of Potassium, 1.44

Sodium and Soda, .66

1000.00

Production of milk by 6 cows, average 14 quarts per day each
for 27J weeks = 16,072 quarts, which at 41 ozs. per quart = 41,-

184 lbs.

lbs.
When dry or free from moisture, 5230

Butter in 16,072 quarts at 30 per 1000 ...=1235

Casein " " 48.2 " *...=1977

Sugar of milk =1804

Minerals ^J^osphate of lime, ^?? ^ = 214

Other 11d )

5230

Gain of weight 500 lbs., of which I compute 300 lbs. as fat.

200 lbs. as flesh.

500

Nitrogen, 316 lbs

Phosphate of lime, 99

Phosphoric acid, =45.50

Cost of food per cow per week, 8^. 6A^.

When the yield of milk is less, the cost
of food is reduced to 7*. Sd. per week.

s. d.

Gross return in milk, 16 4

" weight, 1 6

" manure, 2 8

20 6

720 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

Analysis of Excrement^ by Professor Way. Per cent.

Moisture, _ 84.85

Phosphoric acid, .39

Potash, ._ .58

Soda, .22

Other substances,.. , 13.96

100.

Nitrogen, _ .41

Ammonia, _ _ 49

Manure 88 lbs. per cow per day.

For 6 cows per day 528 lbs. = 3696 lbs. per week.
" for 27|- weeks 101,028 lbs., containing

of Nitrogen, __. 414 lbs.

Phosphoric acid, 393

Potash, ...._._ 585

Nitrogen incorporated in food, 888 lbs

Casein, __ 316,

Fibrin, _ 7.35

Manure, 414.

Balance consumed in perspiration, 150.65

888.00
The materials of food are shown to have cost — £10.0s. 9d.

£. s. d.
Gross value 16,072 quarts of milk, at 2d. per quart, 133 18 8

Gain of weight 500 lbs., at 6c^. per lb., 12 10 0

£i. s. d.
Nitrogen in manure 414 lbs. = Ammonia

494 lbs. at 6c^.,.. 12 7 0

Phosphoric acid 393 lbs. at l^d. per lb.,._ 2 9 1

Potash 585 lbs. at 3t^. per lb.,.. 7 6 3

22 2 4

iil68 11 0

Manure per cow per day 88 lbs., per week 616 lbs. s. d.

Containing ammonia 3 lbs., 1 6

Phosphoric acid 2.40 lbs.,.. 0 3i

Potash 3.57 lbs., 0 lOi

Value of a cow's excrement, per week, 2 8

STATE AGRICULTURAL S0CIET5f. 721

The analyses of the chief ingredients of my own produce, or

•

such extra materials as I usually purchase, have been made by
Professor Way; for other materials I have had recoiu'se to a very
useful compilation by Mr. Hemming (vol. xiii., p. 449, of the So-
ciety's Journal), and to Morton's ' Cyclopaedia of Agriculture.'
The analysis of straw is that of oat-straw; that of green food is
derived from the analysis of rape-plant, cabbages, and kohl rabi.
During February and March I have been using wheat and barley-
straw with mangel, and as these materials contain less oil, I give
in the steamed food three ounces of linseed oil per day to each
animal. For the composition of milk I adopt that by Haidlen,
whose method of analysis is reputed to be the most accurate, the
proportion of butter in my milk being this season very similar to
that given by him.

It will be observed that this is the gross return for 27 J weeks
from the time of calving, from which will have to be deducted
expense of attendance, &c.

£i, s. d.
The materials used as food are found to have cost, 70 0 9

The value of these materials as manure consists of 888

lbs. nitrogen = 1061 lbs. ammonia at 6c?., 26 10 6

Phosj>horic acid and })otash, _ 9 15 4

Value of food if employed as manure, X36 5 10

The 16,072 quarts of milk, at 2d. per quart for new
milk, at which price it enters largely into consump-
tion as food for man, amount to _ XI 33 18 8

X. s. d.
The nitrogen in the milk 316 lbs. = ammonia

378 lbs., at 6rf. per lb., 9 9 0

Pliosphoric acid in ditto 453, lbs. at 1 },d. per lb. 0 5 8

X9 14 8

From these statements it will be seen that materials used as
food for cattle represent double the value they would do if used
J'«>r manure, whilst that i>()rtion converted into food fitted for the
use of man represents a value thirteen to fourteen times greater
than it would as manure.

[Ag. Trans. J T T

722 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

It then appears clear that it is for the feeder's profit to use his
produce as much as possible as food for cattle, with the view to
convert it with the utmost economy into food for man, and thus
increase rather than enrich his manure-heap.

The calculation of casein in milk is based upon the supposition
that my milk is equal in its proportion of that element to that
analysed by Haidlen. Several analyses by other chemists show
a less percentage, 4 to 4.50. As my cows are adequately supplied
with albuminous matter, I have a right to presume on their milk
being rich in casein.

The loss of nitrogen by perspiration, 150.65 lbs., is nearly 17
per cent. Boussingault found a loss of 13.50 of nitrogen in a
cow giving milk.

£i s. d.

The abstraction of nitrogen in the milk is computed at '

316 lbs., value, _. 9 9 0

The abstraction of phosphoric acid in the milk is com-
puted as 48 J lbs., 0 5 8

Either the rape-cake or bran alone suffices for the restoration
of the phosphoric acid.

The amount of phosphoric acid in the manure is 393 lbs., be-
ing about 16 per cent of the whole ash or mineral matter. The
ash of meadow-hay contains about 14 percent; that of rape-cake,
30 per cent; bran 50 per cent; malt combs, 25 per cent;
tui'nips, &c., 10 per cent of phosphoric acid.

The amount of potash in the excrement is 616 lbs., being about
25 per cent of the whole ash or mineral matter. The ash of
meadow- hay contains about 20 per cent; rape-cake, 21 per cent;
malt combs 37 per cent; turnips, (various,) 44 per cent; from
which it may be inferred that the sample of excrement sent to
Professor Way for analysis, did not contain more than a fair pro-
portion of these ingredients.

To ascertain the quantity of excrement, the contents of the
tanks into which the cows had dropped their solid and liquid ex-
crement during five weeks, were weighed, and found to be 500
cwt., 2 qrs., 0 lbs., from 18 cows, being 88 lbs. per cow per day.
The sample for analysis was taken from that which the cows had
deposited within the preceding 24 hours. This was collected in
the mud cart, well blended, and sent off quite fresh.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 723

It is sufficiently proved by the experience of this district, that
20 lbs. of meadow-hay suffice for the maintenance of a cow of
fair size in store condition : a like result is stated to be obtained
from 120 lbs. of turnips per day. The six cows will have then
recjuired during the 27 J weeks for their maintenance only —

Total Albuminous Starch,

Per day. Weeks. Weight. matter. Oil. «tc.

lbs. lbs.

120 of hay, or for 27^ 22,960 containing of 2127 616 9130

720 of turnips, or for 27i 137,760 " 2295 306 9100

They will further have required adequate food —

Albuminous Starch

Matter, Fibrin, Oil and and

and Caaein. butter, sug.ofm'k.

For the production of . _ 2,116 1,235 1,894

Add for maintenance by turnips,. 2,295 306 9,100

4,411 1,541 10,994

The food supplied is computed to

have contained 5,459 1,345 15,664

I omit the minerals which are observed to be in excess of the
requirements.

For the maintenance of a fair sized cow for one day in a nor-
mal state, the following elements seem adequate :

jMineral
ingredients.
Albumen. Oil. Starch, <kc. Lime. Pbo'phorio

acid.

In 20 lbs. of hay, 1.85 .536 7.95 .90 1.11

120 '' turnips,. 1.98 .26 7.82 .97 1.9

When cows are in milk, there occurs a much greater activity
of the functions; they eat and drink more, evacuate more excre-
ment, and, in all probability, spend considerably more food in
respiration. Whilst the 17.60 lbs. per day dry matter in 20 lbs.
of hay are fjuiid adeijuate fur the maintenance of a cow in a
store state, the six cows in milk have eaten on the average 21.37
lbs. solid matter per day during the 27 J weeks. When I have
fattened cattle together with a number of milk cows of similar
size, which gave on an average eight quarts of milk per day, the
whole being fed with moist steamed food, and receiving tlie same
allowance of green foml, I have found the lattening cattle refuse
water, whilst tlie milk rows on the average drank upwards of 40
lbs. per day of water given sejtaralely : the eight quarts ui milk

724 ANNUAL REPORT OF KEW-YORK

contain only about 17.5S lbs. of water; still, in several analyses
of excrement I have noticed little difference in the percentage of
moisture in that from the fattening animals as compared with
that ti'om cows sivins: milk.

These facts would seem to show that upwards of 20 lbs. more
water were given off from the lungs and pores of the skin of a
milking than of a fattening animal.

The excrement of the six milk cows. 88 lbs. per day on the
average, is found to contain of nitrogen .36, equal to that in
2.2b lbs. of albumen; whilst 1.85 of albumen in the 20 lbs. of
hay is found adequate for maintenance.

On comparing the supply of the food to the six milk cows with
tlieir requirements and production, there seems an excess in the
albuminous matter, a deficiency in the oil for the fat and butter,
an excess in the starch, &c. Taking, however, the increased ac-
tivity of the animal functions and consequent consumption of
food by the milk cow, I am not encouraged to lower my standard
of food. That it has sufficed, is abundantly proved, as each of
the six cows under observation has gained in condition during
27 J weeks.

My observations on nutrition tend to the conclusion, that if
you supply animals with starch, sugar, &c., to satisfy their re-
quirements for respiration, you enable them to convert the oil of
their food into butter or fat to such extent as their particular or-
ganism is fitted for effectins: it.

In the treatment of the six cows, it will be seen that the oil in
the food is inadequate for the supply of the butter and of the fat,
some portion of Avhich will have been derived from the starch,
sugar, &c. Of the efficacy and adaj)tation of these for the pro-
duction of fat, I propose to explain my views by drawing a com-
parison as to the production of food adapted for the use of man
in the form of beef and of milk, on which I find in recent and
deservedly popular Avorks what appear vague and extravagant
statements.*

* Professor Johnston, in his " Agricultural Chemistry," (p. 406,) quotes,
(though %vith hesitation,) Sir John Sinclair and M. Riedesel, the former of
\Thom states that the same weight of herbage which will produce less than 30
lbs. of dr}^ human food in the form of beef, will 3'ield 500 lbs. in the form of
milk; and the latter sa3'S that the same quantity of hay will produce either 100
lbs. of beef or 1000 pounds of milk.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 725

On entering upon this comparison, it is necessary that I should
explain my conclusions on a subject to which, as far as my read-
ing and information extend, little inquiry or attention has been
given, viz., the whole gain of weiglit and the proportions of useful
material and offal made by cattle whilst fattening.

Weight of meat gained by fatteiwig cattle. — Not being a breeder
of horned stock, I pui'chase my milk cows and cattle for fatten-
ing in the markets of the neighborhood. I prefer, for fattening,
full-grown cows, which have had one, or, at the most, two calves,
at from three to five years old. The breeds of this district are
mixed Short-horns, the bulls used having a large admixture of
Short-horn blood. The live weight of the cattle I buy for fatten-
ing, is from 7 cwt. to 9 cwt. each. Their capability of carrying ad-
ditional weight maybe taken at 3 cwt., so that when prime fat, they
will weigh from 10 to 12 cwt. Tlieir dead or carcase weight,
if killed in a lean state, will be less than one-half their live
weight, varying probably from 43 to 46 per cent. In Mor-
ton's " Cyclopcedia," article on meat, the comparison of carcase
and live weight is stated as 50 per cent, when half fat, of cattle
of like quality. This tends to confirm my estimate of the propor-
tion of live to dead weight of lean stock.

I will consider, for example, a lean animal weighing 8 cwt.,

and capable of weighing when prime fat, 11 cwt. live weight;

when fairly started, and with proper feeding, I should look for

an average gain of 14 lbs. per week live weight. At this rate it

would require 24 weeks to bring it to a state of prime fatness,

and the comparison of live and dead W'eight when lean and fat

would stand as follows :

J ( Live weight -= 8 cwt.

' I Dead weight, at 45 per cent, = 28 J stone,

P^ j Live weight =11 cwt.

' I Dead weight, at 60 per cent, = 52 J ''

Gain in dead weight in 24 weeks, 24 "

or 14 lbs. per week, being precisely the average gain in live
weight.

In the course of feeding there is a gradual increase of interior
fat of two desrri]»ti()ns — tat in the loins, whicli is weighed with
the carcase, and loose fat or tallow which counts as oniil. Even
though this loose fat counts as oilal, it is well known that cattlo

726 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

well stored with this weigh heavier in proportion when killed
than those with less, and which are in lower condition. A con-
sideration of this has led me to infer, that with the increase of
this interior fat there occurs a displacement of material in process
of digestion; and on inquiry of butchers of experience, I learn
that one characteristic of a beast which kills well, is to have a
little stomach. On looking over the items of offal of full-grown
animals, they appear capable of little variation in the same
animal, except the loose fat and the stomach, in each of which
there occurs a difference of 100 lbs., or upwards.

The writer of the article on Meat, in Morton's " Cyclopcedia,"
attributes this greater carcase weight of fatted beasts to greater
solidity : to hollows being filled up and protuberances being
formed. It seems, however, clear that this would equally affect
the live weight, and does not therefore satisfactorily explain the
matter just mentioned.

- If these views be correct, it appears that besides a gain of car-
case weight, which is shown to be 14 lbs. per week, on animals
which gain this in live weight, there is likewise a gain of loose
fat, which, from observation, I am led to estimate at 3 lbs. per
week, or 72 lbs. for the 24 weeks. An animal in a lean or store
state, will contain about 30 to 35 lbs. of loose fat. After 24
weeks' feeding, I should expect 104 to 112 lbs. of loose fat.
The gain in carcase weight I estimate as 14 lbs. per week.
" in loose fat, 3

Whole gain per week, 17 lbs.

I may here remark, that if the feeder expect a weekly return
equal to the price of the whole of the gain in live weight, he is
likely to be mistaken. Though favorably situated for the purchase
of stock, I am seldom able to purchase lean stock, which, if killed
at the time of purchase, would not, in accordance with the com-
putation stated, cost more per lb. than the price of fat stock at
the same time. The difference in my case will be from 30^. to
405. per beast, which will be a deduction of Is. 6d. to 2s. per
week from the earnings reckoned on the gain of live weight.

In addition to the interior fat, tallow, and suet, there is an in-
crease in the fat of the beef, and of that mixed with the flesh.
That this increases in a greater proportion than the flesh, seems
clear as fat beef is a term used to signify beef having a greater

• STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 727

proportion of fat to flesh. I am therefore disposed to estimate the

gain per week as composed of

lbs.

Loose fat or tallow, per week, 3

Fat with beef and suet in the loin, 8

Fibrine or flesh, 6

Total gain per week, 17

As flesh contains 77 per cent, moisture, the weekly gain for each
in dry material will be —

lbs.
Fat, _ 11

Dry fibrine, 1.38

12.38

Extending this over 21^ weeks, six cows would have gained in

fattening —

lbs.

Fat, 1802

Dry flesh, _ _._ 226

2028

The gain by milk cows has been, during 27J weeks —

lbs. lbs.

In butter, _ 1235

"sugar,.. 1894

" fat, _ 300

Gain in respiratory elements,.. 3429

In casein, 2100

"fibrine, 46

2146

Salts or mineral matters, 240

5815
The whole computed gain in solid food by milk-cows is nearly
three-fold, whilst that of casein is nearly ten-fold the amount of
dry fibrine gained in fattening.

There is besides a consideration affecting the two processes : by
that of milking tliere is a continuous drain on the albumen of the
food l)y tlie producti<m of casein, wliilst by fattening tlie tendency
is to repletion of the fibrine. When this has acquired its full de-
velopment, the requirements of albumen in the food will be limited
to wluit is necessary for the maintenance of the flesh.

7-25 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

Excrements of Fattenwg Cattle. — Witli the object of informing
myself, and for the better understanding of my practice, I had
recourse to the following experiments during the years 1852 and
1853. Eight fair-sized fattening cattle were supplied daily with
18 lbs. oat straw, shells of oats, and bean-straw.
4 " rape-cake and bean-meal.

22

with which they drank about 70 lbs. of water each. The yield
from this in solid and liquid excrement was found to be, for every
100 lbs. fodder and water, 72i lbs. excrement, being about 10 tons
per animal during the year. I give the analysis of the excrement

by Professor Way : —

lbs.

Moisture,.. 81.77

Organic matter, sand, and silica, 15.51

Phosphate of lime, ._ _ .65

Other substances, 2.7

100.00
Nitrogen .45 = ammonia .54 per cent
The next cattle under experiment were eight heifers which had
scarcely attained their full growth. After allowing a short time
for change of food, they gained evenly and steadily throughout
16 weeks, during which their weight increased from 7| to 9| cwt.
each (on the average), being 14 lbs. per week. They were sup-
plied with turnips or other green food at the rate of 60 lbs. per
day — with chopped straw, together with 4 lbs. rape-cake and 2
lbs. of bean-meal each per day for ten weeks; from this time,
during six weeks, to the conclusion of the experiment 3 lbs. each
per day of rape-cake in addition, making 7 lbs. rape-cake and 2
lbs. bean-meal per day for each. I supply the amount and de-
scription of food for 21 days, during which the 7 lbs. of rape and
2 lbs. of bean-meal per day to each were given : —

"Weight of

Food.

lbs.

Rape cake, 1176.

Bean meal, 336.

Shells of oats, 1260.

Swede Turnips, 10080.

Ilay of inferior quality, 1176.

Water, 846.

RAL SOCIETY.

729

Con-

ipositioii of Food.

Water.

Organic.

Mineral,

99.84

1042.

34.10

48.50

278.75

8.75

dried

1162.

98.

8907.

1100.

73.

165.25

949.50

61.25

846.

• • • •

• • • 0

14874.
Excrement, 9600.

10066.59
8152.

4532.25
1163.50

275.10

284.25

Deficiency,*.

5274.

1914.59

3368.75 plus 9.15

Nitrogen in Rape cake, 59.04

Beans, _ 16.75

Shells of oats,

8.

Turnips, 28.

Hay, 12.

123.79
lbs.

In 9600 lbs. excrement Nitrogen 75.84

In 169 lbs. flesh dry fibrine, 38.87 === Nitrogen 6.24

82. 8

Nitrogen spent in perspiration, 41.71

123.79
The gain in weight during these 21 days was 338 lbs., or 14 lbs.
each per week. The proportion of flesh is assumed to be 169 lbs.,
or one-half the gain of weight, and seems ample, though the cattje
were still growing.

The analysis of the excrement by Professor Way gives, of

Moisture, _ 84.92

Organic matter, with salts of ammonia, 12.12

Sand, 93

Phosphate of lime, .72

Alkalies, suljduites, &,c., 1.31

100.00

Nitrogen .79=-^amm()nia .96.

•Chiefly con.sunied in respiration and perspiration, the remainder being
converted into fle.sh, fat, &c,

730 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-VORK

Barral states the proportion of the nitrogen which escapes by
perspiration as one- third or one-foui'th of that in the food. Bous-
singault found that in a cow giving milk there was an escape of
13.50 per cent, of the nitrogen, whilst a turtle dove parts with
35.04 per cent, of this element. This loss of nitrogen seems
hitherto to have been little noticed by practical feeders. It
seems possible that this loss may be increased by too liberal a
supply of albuminous matter in the food.

The next experiment was on eight cattle, and commenced
March, 1855; the first six weeks after they were tied up, their
food consisted of chopped straw, shells of oats, and bean-straw, in
about equal proportions; 4 lbs. of rape-cake, 1 lb. bean-meal, J-
Ib. linseed, and J lb. wheat ground together, and 30 lbs. swedes
per day. The straw, &c., were cooked by steaming. On this food
two of the heifers had gained 9 lbs. each in the month's weighing,
the others 16 lbs. and 18 lbs. each per week; the average being
somewhat more than 14 lbs. per week. A sample of the excre-
ment was sent on the 26th of March to Professor Way for analysis,
which gives —

lbs.

Moisture, __. 83.81

Organic matter, 13.44

Sand, &c., 93

Phosphate of lime, 64

Common salt,.. 18

Sulphate of soda and potash, 95

99.95
Nitrogen .51== ammonia .62.

The yield of excrement is at the rate of about 9-^ tons per year;
value 85. 6d. per ton; or Is. Id. per w^ek for each.

My store of turnips being exhausted with March, an additional
proportion of bean-straw, with the above-mentioned alloAvance
of rape-cake, bean-meal, linseed, and wheat ground together, was
supplied till the 24th of May, when a portion of meadow-grass
w^as mixed with the straw, and by degrees the straw was discon-
tinued; when mown grass, together with the same allowance of
extra food, was given till the close of June, when the lot were
of prime quality, and sold for the top market price. Up to the

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 731

close of May their gain averaged over 14 lbs. per weekj during
June they gained something less than 14 lbs. per week. On the
29th of June a sample of excrement was sent to Professor Way,
who reported its contents : —

lbs.
Moisture, 84. 90

Organic matter, 11.94

Sand, _ 86

Phosphate of lime, 1.33

Common salt, ._ .24

Sulphate of soda and potash •. _ .76

100.00

Nitrogen .94, = to 1.14 ammonia.

The yield of excrement was at the rate of 9^ tons per year, and
its value in ammonia and phospate of lime may be computed
at Ids. per ton, being at the rate of 2s. lO^d. per week for
each, to which the sulphate of potash will be an appreciable
addition.

It will be observed that the bulk of food supplied when this
sample of excrement was sent for analysis was meadow-grass, at
the time of year when it is rich in nitrogen, and this would mate-
rially affect the proportion of nitrogen in the excrement. It
would have afforded a more correct test of my views as to the
disposition of animals to assimilate more of nitrogen in the early,
and of fat in the later stages of feeding, if the same food had been
continued throughout. Still, when I find in the advanced stage ol
feeding the excrement doubly rich in nitrogen, with scarcely an
equal gain in weight, tliis tends to confirm such an inference.

It seems probable that the supply of extra food, diu-ing June,
as far as regards the nitrogenous principle, was superfluous.
The cost of this extra food is 3^. 2ld. per week; the increase in
the value of tlie excrement will be al>out 1^. 7(/., as the excre
nient witliout tlie extra food would probably have been wortli
Is. 6d. per week.

On each occasion the sample of excrement sent for analysis,
was taken from the quantity of solid and li<iuid evacuated during
the preceding 24 hours, well bleiidfd and sent otT quite fresli.

Tliese exjteriments were Cijnrludcd in June, 1855, since when
my triatiiient has undergone some modifications.

732

ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

Efficacy of sugar aJid starch in the production of fat. — I now call
attention to a subject which has been long a matter of contro-
versy amongst the teachers of agricultural chemistry, and which
may be considered as barely settled — the efficacy of sugar and
starch in the production of fat. In the Highland Agricultural
Society's Journal, I find well authenticated and reliable state-
ments by Mr. Hope, of Fenton Barns, and others, to the effect
that cattle supplied with turnips — 170 lbs. to 180 lbs. per day,
with 5 lbs. of straw per day — had gained throughout a course of
feeding 14 lbs. j^er week — a gain I have scarcely found exceeded,
taking the average of a lot for a lengthened course. From vari-
ous analyses of these materials, and selecting those of good ave-
rage quality, I deduce the following proportions in lbs. for 24
weeks :

Per

• day.

In 24 weeks.

6

c3
03

5

S3

lbs.
175

5

180
120

•

•

Composition.

Albu-
minous
matter.

Oil.

Starch,
&c.

Turnir)^. • •

lbs.
19.25
4.40

lbs.

3,234

1,056

lbs.
485.10

31.50

lbs.
64.68

lbs.
1 940

Straw

4'^0

As requisite for maintenance
only, without gain,

23.05
13.20

4,290
2,217

516.60
332.55

71.68

2,360
1.440.80

The remainder for increase

184. 5

71.68

919. "^0

Iba.

I assume* the oil or fat of 120 lbs. of turnips per day,
(or for 24 weeks, 44.34 lbs.) to be required for main-
tenance, and compute it as equal to starch, in propor-
tion of 2 lbs. of oil to 5 lbs of starch and sugar, or
44.34 lbs „... ==110.88

Starch and sugar in 120 lbs. of turnips per day for 24

weeks, '. _ 1330.12

1441.

* Vide Lehmann, Cavendish Society's Ed., vol. iii.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 733

It will be observed that the 184.5 of albuminous matter is
greatly in excess of what is required for assimilation or increase
of tlesh. This supply of albumen represents 7.66 lbs. of dry
fibriiic per week, wliich, with the usual proportion of moisture,
77 per cent, is equal to a gain per week of 33.30 lbs. of flesh,
whilst my computation of gain per week in flesh is only 6 lbs.
It then follows, tliat the manure or excrement from cattle, whilst
fattening on turnips only, will be richer in nitrogen than when
supplied only with the quantity required for their maintenance.

Professor Way, in the Royal Agricultural Society's Journal,
vol. iv., p. 181, gives the analyses of twenty-two kinds (^f grasses
in the dry state, comprising most of those which prevail on our
feeding pastures, from which he derives an average of

Albuminous matter. Oil and fat. Starch, sugar, &c,

10.98 3.08 45.57

Tliese analyses were made on grasses chiefly when in flower.
Every grazier of experience will agree in saying that grass in a
younger state will fatten more satisfactorily. This younger grass
will difler chiefly in its less i^roportion of woody fibre, which, in
the grasses analysed by Professor Way, averaged 35 per cent.
A portion of this will, in the younger grasses be represented by
sugar, starch, &:c.; their percentage of moisture is also greater.

There are no grounds wliatever for assigning to the younger
grasses a greater percentage of albuminous matter or flesh-forming
principle.

The proportion of woody fibre is doubtless considerably influ-
enced by the quickness of growth also, to which I have called
attention in a former number of this Journal, the plants of
quicker growth having a less proportion of woody fibre, and more
of starcli, sugar, kc. And t<j tliis I am dis])0sed in a great de-
gree to attriJAite the fattening properties of fertile pastures iu
comparison with those on poorer soils — in corr(jboratioii uf which
I may state that I have, by dressing with bones and other ma-
nures, inducing quickness of growtli, converted old store pastures
on clay, .on wliicli cattle would graze for a season whli but little
increase, into fattening pastures. Mr. Garnett also, of Wliarfe-
side, near Olley, lias found a like ellect from top-dressing jiasture
witli guano, at the rate of 1 cwt., and 1 rwt. common salt i)er
acre for three seasons iu succession; this pasture on alluvial loam

734 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

carries in consequence 50 per cent, more cattle, and fattens them
much more quickly than before. Mr. Garnett attributes this not
solely to t le increased produce, but also to the improved quality
of the grass, which in my estimation will in a great measure be
owing to the greater percentage of sugar, starch, &c.

Assuming that cattle whilst on pasture require an equal quan-
tity of solid matter as when supplied with 175 lbs. turnips and 5
lbs. of straw per day, they would consume 23.65 lbs., or 4,290
lbs. in 24 weeks, and taking into account that pastures have
some admixture of perennial clovers, which are richer in albu-
minous matter than tlie natural grasses, we may compute the
percentage of abumen as increased to 12 per cent. Thus the
4,290 lbs. consumed in 24 weeks will contain of albuminous
matter 516 lbs.; that in the turnips with straw is computed at
516.60.

These enquiries tend to show that the increase of oilcake and
other substances, rich in albuminous matter, in the more ad-
vanced stages of feeding, has no other effect, so far as the nitroge-
nous matter is concerned^ than to enrich the manure; they tend
likewise to show that the gain of weight in fattening is much
more due than has hitherto been supposed, to the oil and other
respiratory or fat-forming ingredients of the food.

I compute the gain of fat per week as consisting of —

Lbs.

Loose fat, or tallow, 3

Suet, or fat in the loin, 1

Fat mixed with meat and sold as beef, _ 7-

11

Nor do I think this an over-estimate, as it will be admitted that
the gain of carcase fat, independent of the loose fat or tallow, is
greater than that of flesh. The whole of the exterior of the car-
case immediately under the skin is covered with a layer of fat,
which, when the beast is lean scarcely exceeds I to \ inch in
thickness, whilst in fattening it increases frequently to*l|, i. e.
sixfold or upwards. The fatty portions throughout increase also,
and the flesh becomes intermixed with fat, and assumes what is
termed the mottled appearance, which is the characteristic of
beef of prime quality.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 735

The 24 weeks will then show an increase of 264 lbs. of fat.
As the oil in the turnips and straw is computed to be only 71.65
lbs., there does not remain a doubt on my mind that the greater
proportion of fat stored up in tliis course of feeding is derived
from the starch, sugar, &c.

In computing the proportion of fat derived from starch, a dif-
ferent relation obtains from what is observed in its efficacy for
respiration, owing to the greater percentage of ox3'gen in starch
and sugar as compared with that in oil, oxygen being required in
much larger quantity than carbon or hydrogen in the respiratory
process.

Oxygen. Carbon. Hydrogen.

Starch and sugar contain on an average, 51. 3G 42.23 G.41

Fat or oil, 10.13 78.13 11.74

The proportion of carbon to hydrogen in each is very similar,
being somewhat less than 7 of carbon to 1 of hydrogen, from
Trhich it appears that nearly 2 lbs. of starch are requisite to make
1 lb. of solid fat, or about 90 of starch for 50 of fat.

Pliysiologlsts attribute to fat, besides the maintenance of haat,
the property of facilitating digestion. Lehmann describes f^t as
one of tlie most active agents in effecting the metamorph £i*: of
food, and confirms tliis by his own experiments, and ot].. ,-rs by
Elsasser.

It seems probable that the English feeder in fattening hl^ cattle,
and tlie foreign cook who saturates the lean-fed beef of his coun-
try with olive oil, are alike unconsciously pursuing the sam©
object — tliat (jf rendering their material more easy of digestion,
and Consequently more palatable.

In my treatment of dairy cows I find it advantageous to sup])ly,
in addition U) ordinary food, materials particularly rich in albu-
minous matter, and to p;ive more in proportion to those cows
which f^ive tlie largest yield of milk.

My conclusions in regard U) fafteniticr m-o^ that l)y ordinary food
you can afiord an acUMpiate sup])ly of albumen for the maintenance
and likewise for the increase in assimilation of fihrine, and that
tlie gain by fattening is in a great measure due to the starch,
sugar, and other fat-forming principles, in whicli I include oil:

736 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

without a clue proportion of oil I should not expect success in
fattening.

Value for feeding purposes of various articles of food. — I now
propose to examine tlie composition of materials chiefly used for
feeding, and their eflicacy for the production of fat. I give the
percentage of starch, sugar, &c., and reduce them to fat, taking
the proportion as 90 of starch, sugar, &c., to 50 of fat. I supply
likewise the percentage and value of their fertilizing constituents,
which are of importance to the farmer and feeder. The compu-
tations were made on the materials in their usual state of dry-
ness, except in the case of turnips, which are taken as free from
moisture, and therefore valued at 4/. IO5. ]3er ton, = IO5. per ton
in the natural state.

From the following tabular statement, it will be found that
in wdieat straw, for which I pay 35^. per ton, I obtain for \s.
2\d.^ .50 oil and 32 lbs. starch, or, (the starch reduced as oil,)
ISJ lbs., available for the production of fat or for respiration. I
know no otlier material from which I can derive by purchase an
equal amount of this element of food at so low a price. The
value of straw calculated as manure is 9^. 7c?. per ton.

Swedish turnips, at IO5. per ton, give of oil and starch reduced
as oil, 35 lbs. for 2^. 2\d. In comparative nutritive value, 10^.
per ton is much too low an estimate.

Oil-cake.^ beansj Indian mcalj and locust beaiis, have been taken at
the same price, viz., Id. per lb., or 9/. 65. Sd. per ton; any vari-
ation in their relative market value will alter the figures here
given in the same proportion. Of the four, oil-cake is found to
be the cheapest at the same price, being much preferable to beans
for fattening. The locust, or carob bean, at the same price, is
7nuch the dearest.

In these computations, the albuminous matter is calculated
only on its value as manure. When assimilated in flesh or
fibrine, it has a higher value in proportion to its weight than fat,
and it is on the due apportionment of materials, rich in albumi-
nous matter that our success in feeding cattle with profit in great
measure depends. For the purpose of acquiring more precise in-
formation, I availed myself of the assistance of Professor Way,
who selected for analysis a piece of beef, particularly lean, and
reported it to consist of—

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. ' 737

Water, 53.81

Fat,... 3.10

Albuminous matterj. _ 24.06

Other substances, 19.3

100.00

[Ag. Trans.] Uu

;38

ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

I

. "•*

»r)< (:•*

•*r

•Qjnutjtn

r-! 'M »o cr. .-1 O .-1

\o

joj 9n|BA :jo^

oc I— 1 O <— 1 CO CM f— 1

o

uoi:^^atdsj9d joj
uaSoj^m pnpaQ

CI

. "7 -)« -kM -irf -K^ -kr
r^ -H CO t^ O CO

•qsi

\i}od pu'B

• ^YH .-hj.-le«-l«

piDT? OT.I

oiidsoud

■^ rfi O I— ! OC O UO

uoSoj;iiijo9n{t?^\^

M rl O (M CO f-O rH

tn Q

•

O O O iO CO — ^

3

• »0 — 1 t^ C-^ CO o

^— <

' O ••••••

•

>

■rti C-1 O ut) CO

ei

•

-t^

•

r-

O

-♦J

'ui

• a

Pm

. O to uO uo -^ t^

tA

to

to

M O O <M t--- ^-- "— 1

^*— (

J2

^ r-i CI i-H rH

O
CO

"^

•

V

'TS

O

UO ^ O 1^ O 00

'ci

^

• P-4

e3

3

Is

. CO Ol Ol CO CI CI
T3

e3

«

I— 1 T—l CO 1— 1

«)

O

O

CO

;3

o

"^

CO

^

-4.^

<u

1 1 1

r^

• O -* O vO O O

fl

CO
o

.to

5^ O i-( QC CI CX) r-(

CO

►C3

a

o

'5

^ CI

^

CO

o

•

bo

.

o

CI CO o

i-O

tc

^

• O CI CI

t-

jO

•

•^

•

o

c

c3

O CO t^ c:: CI CC

CO

o
o
I— 1

o

to

o

,— ( 1— i CO CO I—

-J>

• l-H

^

. 00 CI O ut uO

-t"

J2i

_fcp

LC rfi Tt< -* ^ CI
^ I— 1 CI O Tt C^

o

•

1

^

»

t5'«

.§-2-:

CO O <^

o
o

rt o e3

[/ O »0 CO

^--fGCUOCOUOO ^

T 1

C^ r-l CO CO CI ^ CO

o

•oq?

'juSns

x- o CI o a; CI c

I •

CO

O

'qojB:[S

^^ CO CO c:d CO -^ CO o

o

, oo o

«o

•

o • • • • •

t •

u

o

^ CI CI CI CI t- o

•^

^^

g

w

e

t-a

^ 1>- 1:^ O '^ "^ '^ '^

•**

C

<£§

M CO r-l Tt oo 00 QO oo

o

•

o

r— (

d

r^ O O o oc oo 00 oo

Q

o

r^OiOOOOO o

u

"■' I— ! 1— 1

4>

Qj^^^r^CiCiO Ci

I •

c

•

c3

O

„

, ^

W

a,

' -tJ

' • l-H

m

- g

rt « s

«

i o

" s- ^ •

t

I— t

£

O

O t^ -^ -^ « !=

o

c
<

1$

1 ^

■a2C

1 1—

^ M

rC "i^ lO

1— 1

O C

I— 1

•

t- e3

uo

«3 ^

M OC O

r-

CO

O^

a .

• «»!<<

-t-!"

■w -"^t r- 1

CI

•

1

M 00 I— 1

t—

?

P3

•

'C ^ o

o

CO

eS

1 rH

O

uo

«

CO oo CI

lO

CI

•

t>

C*J.

-►4"

"15

'^ -^ nH

CI

V.

o

cr:

<«

• i-H

a CO CO

o

CO

"3

O

CO

^ .

.£1

'k ^

• R^

r-hr

CO

'rS -^

'O o Ci

CI

•

be

CO TjH ,-1

CI

CO

^^

^

br

-4J

x; jf^ o

CI

o

•S ■

CO 1—1 O

I— (

oo

r— 1

o

^

^

^>;

CO

■KJ

1 •

r2.

M CO 1—

cq

CI

-o

*

'•"a

o

o

^

o

•fc.

"^

<a

»

•<s»

J-

<u

^3

HO

<£.

"fe>

.J2

SiO

03

a

-

•

• <1

** ♦

O

to
c3

a

-

r-

3

, *-

-4^

C

» c

3 ^

£

1 r"

' O

o
o

• r

) C

0S

> c^

i o

o

c

• t-4

=^

! -

J o

i r5

«— 1 1^

O

t^

O -t^

> ^i

c3

o ^

&I

-<.:>

r^^i ::

^

act

C_i ,t;

o

TS

O C

c;

C=

•4J —

.4^

rt

00 T!
O CI

00

O

O

fi

o

o'

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. . 739

This material, though of its kind particularly rich in nitrogen,
is not worth more as manure than 2s. Q\d. per 100 lbs., or less
than one-twentieth of its value as food.

Tliese investigations, which have more or less occupied my at-
tention for several years, have changed considerably my mode of
treatment for fattening. I am satisfied that the inost economical
use of food rich in albuminous matter, is together with straw or
other materials which are deficient in this element. I now use
for fattening, bean and oat-straw and shells of oats in equal propor-
tions, with a limited supply of turnips^ never exceeding 60 lbs
per day to each, and the following extra food :

3 lbs. of rape cake,_. ")

I lb. malt combs, J- steamed together with the straw.

3

lb. bran, J

If my turnips fail in spring, by supplying 2 to 2 J lbs. of rape-
cake in addition, I find the result equally favorable. On this fare
my cattle thrive satisfactorily, and make usually at the rate of 14
lbs. per week each. I sometimes substitute ^ lb. per day of lin-
seed oil for the 2 lbs. of rape-cake without turnips, the gain by
which I find satisfactory. One of a lot of 14 fed in this mode
gained at the rate of 24 lbs. per Aveek from March up to July,
1856. being the greatest gain I have observed in the course of my
experience as a feeder.

Having received numerous applications from vendors to become
a purchaser, and inquiries as to what I thought of the properties
of carob or locust beans, I may call attention to its comparative
composition with Indian meal, which it most nearly resembles,
and in comparison with which its value is decidedly inferior.
Th6re is little difference in the feeding effects of sugar and starch;
the former contains somewhat more of oxygen, which in some
slight degree facilitates its consumption in the respiratory process;
but in the same ratio it is deficient in carbon, and lias consequent-
ly less of the property of producing fat.

The respective quantities of oxygen from the air required foi
the consumption of

100 parts of starch are, _.. 118.52

" sugar, 106.67

" fat, 292.14

740

ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

These numbers seem to denote tlie comparative labor or exercise
of the organs of respiration requisite for the consumption of these
elements of food respectively, or, in other words, for the supjport
of vitality. Their relative composition is —

Hydrogen.
. 11.74 _.
. 6.17 ..
. 6.66 ._

Oxygen.
. 10.13^

. 49.38 \ per cent.
_ -53.34 J

Carbon.

Fat, _ 78.13 _.

J Starch, ... 44.45 ..
Sugar, 40.

Whilst these analyses have been in the course of preparation,
with the view of being inserted in the Society's Journal, another
month has elapsed, during which I have proceeded with my ob-
servations on dairy produce. On the 12th of March I purchased
Mr. Smith's cow (see p. 712) for 12/. 10^., being more than her
market value, for the purpose of trying her on my food; her yield
of milk had then diminished to 8 quarts per day. On the 31st
of March, four weeks from the former weighing, and nineteen
days after being treated with my food, her yield of milk had in-
creased to 9 J quarts per day, and her weight to 8 cwt. 1 qr., being
28 lbs. increase.

Mr. Pawson^s cow, which was continued on the same food, viz.,
meadow-hay ad libit umj and a more limited supply of turnips,
reduced her yield of milk to less than 5 quarts per day, without
alteration in her weight.

My cow first placed on trial with those of Mr. Smith and Mr.
Pawson, gave a yield of milk of 12 quarts per day, and gained
28 lbs. in the four weeks, her weight on the 31st of March being
10 cwt. 2 qrs.

The weight and the yield of milk of the six, on the 31st of
March, were^—

Weight of No 1,
2,
4,
6,
7,
11,

Yield of

^larch 4.

milk

per day.

quarts.

cwt qrs lbs

10 0 26

8

11 1 0

14

10 0 0

14^

10 3 0

14

11 0 0

10

9 2 0

11

March 31.

cwt qrs lbs

10
11
10
11
11
10

3

3
1
2
3
1

0

0
0
0
0
0

Yield of

milk
per day.

quarts.
8.9
14.9
13
12
10
12

Gain in
4 weeks.

lbs.
58
56
28

S4
84
84

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 741

On referring to the previous weighing, there was. little or no
gain from Feb. 4th to March 4th , the cows being at that time in
a somewhat more relaxed state. During March they wholly re-
gained their consistency. Tlie gain shown in the weighing. March
31, by the six cows, appears therefore unusually great. It should
however be computed as made during the eight weeks, from Feb.
4th to March 31st, being with an average yield of nearly 12 quarts
(11.66) per day each, at the rate of 8| lbs. each per week on the
average.

No. 11, it will be observed, is stated as givins; more milk on the
31st than on the 4th of March. It occasionally happens that cows
drop their yield of milk for a day or two, and then regain it, es-
pecially when in use. The whole of these six cows were kept
free from calf till February, when Nos. 2 and 4 were sent to bull.
I had some hesitation in regard to No. 4, from her having suffered
from pleuro. Her milk, tested by a lactometer, denoted a less
than average proportion of cream; still in quantity, and keeping
up its yield for a length of time, being of more than ordinary
capability, I decided to retain iier.

Nos. } and 7, which are giving respectively 8 and 10 quarts per
day, are in a state of fatness; they will probably be sold in June
as prime fat, when their yield of milk will probably be 6 and 8
quarts per day each. They may be expected to fetch 20/. to 23/.
No. 6 is also in a state of forwardness. No. 11, which suffered
considerably from pleuro, is in comparatively lower condition.

During the season, from the close of October to the close of
January, I avoid purchasing riear-calving cows, which an-e then
unusually dear, my replenishments being made with cows giving
a low range of milk and intended for fattening: I find them more
profitable than those which are quite dry. The present season I
had additional grounds for abstaining from buying higli-priced
cows from the recent presence of pleuro.

On the 2nd of March 1 had occasion to purchase a calving cow,
which v.'as reported to have calved on the 2Sth of February. Her
weight on the 4th of March was 9 cwt. 1 (p*. I supplied her with
35 lbs. of m-mgel, and hay (id libitum^ ()^ wliich she ate 22 lbs.
per day. The greatest yield she attained was somewhat more
than 13 (piarts per day. On the 31st of March her weight was
9 cwt.. ])eing a loss of 28 ll^s. in four weeks. Her yield of milk

742 ANNUAL KEPORT OF NEW-YORK

had diminished to 11 J quarts per day : a week after this her milk,
during six days, was kept apart, and averaged 10 quarts per day;
being at first rather more, at the close rather less, than this. The
cream produced from these 60 quarts was 9 pints, the butter 63
oz. The butter from each quart of cream was 14 oz. The pro-
portion of butter to milk was 63 oz. from 60 quarts — rather more
than 1 oz. per quart.

An equal quantity of milk from a cow (calved Ocr. 8th) treated
with steamed food, and set apart for comparison, gave less than 7
pints of cream, which produced 79 oz. of butter.

In quality and agreeableness the butter from steamed food and
cake was decidedly superior to that from hay and mangel.

Mr. Stansfeld, of Chertsey, has supplied me with the following

interesting particulars of two Alderney cows which were treated

as follows : —

Rape-cake. Bean-meal. Bran. Malt-

combs,
lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs.

From Dec. 1st to Jan. loth with

swedes and meadow-hay.
From Jan. 15th to Feb. 17th, pulped

and fermented swedes, meadow-
hay, and 3 2 2 2

From Feb. 17th to May 1st, 5 . . 2 ^

Results : —

December 1st to January 15th, yield of butter from each quart
of cream 10| ozs.

January 15th to February 17th, yield of butter from each quart
of cream 14 ozs.

February 17th to May 1st, yield of butter from each quart of
cream 18| ozs.

The yield of butter in proportion to milk, Dec. 1st to Jan. 15th,
is described as unsatisfactory.

The yield of butter in proportion to milk, Feb. 17th to May as
2 ozs. per quart, which is their maximum proportion.

Soon after calving the two cows gave 18 quarts of milk per day;
on the 15 til of May 15 quarts per day.

Mr. Stansfeld has completely satisfied himself that by the pro-
cess of fermentation tlie turnip loses its disagreeable taste, and
that his butter is of excellent quality.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

743

If I take the supply of turnips, 120 lbs. per day, as requisite
for the maintenance only of the cow, the nutritive elements will
be—

Albumen. Oil. Starch and Sugar
1.98 .264 7.92

Reckoning the oil as used for respiration, and com-
puting it in proportion of 5 to 2 as compared
with starch = _ _. .66

The food supplied to the cow consists of-

8.58

Hay,

Stored mangel, . .

Lbs. 1

*

u
o

•

ft

Albumen.

•

o
.59

Starch and
sugar.

Fibre.

^Minerals.

Phosphoric
acid.

22

2^

19.361 2.03

8.74

0.05

1.95

.30

35

28.0

7. 1 1.05

• • • •

4.20

1.05

.70

.05

26.30 3.08

.59

12.94

7.10

2.65

.35

Oz.

The 13 quarts of milk yielded of butter, 13.60

Deduct for moisture, &c., __ 2.28

Butter in the skimmed milk estimated as

11.32
.68

12 ounces of piu'e oil in the butter are | lb. =

lb.

The oil in the food, 59

The starch and sugar, 12.94

Used for animal respirati<ji], 8.58

4.36

oz. 12.00
.75

There appears, then, in this suj^ply of food .59 lb. oil and 4.36
lbs. starch for the production of .75 in the butter from 13 quarts
per day, the cow's greatest yield. At the time the milk was
tested, aftermath hay was substituted f«)r first-cro}> hay, in equal
quantity. This, it will l)e observed, is decidedly rielier in oil.
Her i»roduee liad lessened to 10 quarts per day; her production
of butter was 10.50 oz. per day, or of pure oil about 9 oz.; for
tlie siii»ply of oil the alterniath liay aluiie would be much more
ban adequate.

744 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

On examining the adequacy of the food for the supply of albu-
men for the casein, ibs.

I find this to be, 3.08

I assume that in 120 lbs. of turnips, as required
for maintenance, in a normal state, 1.98

1.10

Which, according to Haidlen's analysis, will be adequate to the
supply of 8.60 quarts per day. The supply of mineral substances
is in excess.

The cow, under this treatment, gave —

Soon after calving, fully 13 quarts per aay.

Five weeks after calving, 11| "

In less than 8 weeks after calving,. 9 "

and with this there occurred also a loss of weight.

We find this cow, supplied with food amply rich in every ele-
ment suited to her wants and purj30ses, with the exception of the
nitrogenous principle only, lowering her condition, and likewise
her yield of milk till it approaches a quantity for which her food
enables her to supply a due proportion of casein.

About the 20th of April, the cow's yield being reduced to 9
quarts per day, her food was changed to steamed mixture; soon
after this, her yield increased to 11 quarts per day. Her weight,
April 28th, 9 cwt.; May 16th, 9 cwt. 14 lbs.; yield of milk, 11 qts.

I now introduce the dairy statistics of Mr. Alcock, of Aireville,
Skipton, who has for some time been practising my method of
treatment, with such modifications as are suited to his circum-
stances.

During the winter season, Mr. Alcock's food consisted of man-
gel, of which he gave 20 lbs. per day to each, uncooked, together
with steamed food ad libitum^ consisting of wheat and bean straw,
and shells of oats.

lbs. per day.

Carob bean and Indian meal, for each, 3

Bran and malt combs, ..^ 1|

Bean meal, _ 34

Rape cake,* , 3

Of extra food, llj

* The rape cake used by Mr. Alcock was of , foreign manuf^icture, evidently
rich in oil, but containing mustard, and ou this account supplied in less pro-
portion.

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 745

From March 19, when his store of mangel was exhausted, he
increased his supply of Indian meal to 4 lbs. per day, and
omitted the carob bean.

During the month of January, Mr. Alcock obtained from 759
quarts of milk, 1323 oz. of butter, being from each 16 quarts
26g oz. During February and March, from 7368 quarts of milk
12,453 oz. of butter, or from each 16 quarts fully 27 oz.; so that
rather less than 9 J quarts of milk have produced 16 oz. of butter.
The average produce from each quart of cream was 20 J oz.-

Mr. Alcock fattens his cows whilst giving milk, and sells them
whilst giving 4 to 6 quarts per day. He quite agrees with me,
that it is far more profitable to buy far milked cows for fattening ;
and obtains, from a change to his food, 2 to 3 quarts per day
more than the cow had given previously.

Though Mr. Alcock's cream is not so rich as what I have de-
scribed in a former Journal, it is more than ordinarily so. His
mode of separating his milk from his cream differs from my own,
his milk being set up in leaden vessels, from which, on the cream
being formed, the old milk is drawn, by taking a plug from a
hollow tube with perforated holes in the centre of the vessel. To
this difference, I am disposed in some degree to attribute the less
richness of Mr. Alcock's cream. On examining the cream with
a spoon, after the dairy-keeper had drawn off the milk, I ob-
served some portion of milk, which would have escaped through
my perforated skimmer.

Mr. Alcock's proportion of butter from milk, which is the
matter of practical importance, is greater than what I have shown
in my former article, being from each 16 quarts of milk 27 oz.
of butter.

Quality of butter. — In January, 1857, samples of about 56 oz.
each of butter of my own, and also of Mr. Alcock's, were sent to
the laboratory of Messrs. Price & Go's candle works at Belmont :

My butter was found to consist of, (taking the pure fat only)-

Hard fat, mostly margarine, fusible at 95^, 45.9

Liquid or olein, _ 54.1

100.0

746 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK 1

I

Mr. Alcock's —

Hard fat, mostly margarinej fusible at 100^, 36.0

Liquid or olein, _ 64.0

100.0

For these analyses of butter^ tlie agricultural public are in-
debted to the good offices of Mr. George Wilson, director of Messrs.
Price & Go's manufactory. It will be observed that Mr. Alcock's
milk is richer in butter, and that his butter is also richer in pro-
portion of olein to margarine than my own.

Professor Thompson (" Elements of Agricultural Chemistry,"
6th edition, p. 317) states that winter butter consists more of
solid, and summer more of liquid, or olein fat.

An analysis of butter made in Vosges, gives —

Summer. "Winter.

Solid or margarine fat, - 40 65

Liquid (or olein) fat, 60 35

100 100

In Lehmann's " Physiological Chemistry," (Leipsic edition,
Vol. ii. p. 329) an analysis of butter by Bromus, gives —

Margarine, _ 68

Olein,. _ _ 30

Special butter oil,. .. 2

100

It will be observed that my butter may be classed as summer
butter, and that Mr. Alcock's is the richest in proportion of olein,
Both Yvere produced in the month of January.

These results are important, and completely establish the con-
clusion I had previously formed, that the quantity and quality of
butter depend essentially on the food and treatment; and that by
suitable means you can produce as much and as rich huttcr in win-
ter as in summer.

From information derived from various sources in the district
in which the same breed of cows is kept, the average quantity of
butter from milk is somewhat more than an ounce to each quart,

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 747

or from 16 quarts of milk 17 to 18 oz. of butter. This is during
summer, and whilst the cows are at grass.

During the winter season the supply of butter from the dairy-
keepers in this vicinity falls off to one-foui'th of what they pro-
duce in summer.

I am led to infer that there is some misapprehension as to what
forms the excellence of butter. On inquiring of a Jermyn-street
factor, I learnt that rich oily butter is preferred in winter, and
hard butter in summer. This preference to hard butter in sum-
mer will doubtless be owing to its withstanding better the effects
of heat, and consequently being more palatable.

It seems probable that the higher price of butter, in compari-
son with that of suet or other solid fat, is due not only to its
agreeable flavor but also to its proportion of olein, which is known
to be more easy of digestion, and more available for respiration
than solid or margarine fat. We find it preferred for pastry and
other culinary preparations, in which its peculiar flavor disap-
pears; the essential oil in which this resides being very volatile
and easily removed by cooking or exposure to frost.

Olive oil, which amongst the vegetable oils has the greatest
proportion of olein (72 to 28 margarine), is much used in culi-
nary preparations, especially on the continent. Any one who has
partaken of a beef-steak nicely prepared with refined olive oil in
the cuisine of a first-rate foreign hotel^ will scarcely detect the
substitution of this oil for butter.

The price of refined olive-oil to consumers is about equal to
that of butter; whilst tliat uf linseed oil, rape, &c., ranges at from
4d. to 5d. per lb.

Use of Rape-cake. — Having had considerable experience in the
use of rape-cake as food for cattle, I ofier some suggestions to
those who have been less accustomed t<j it, my consumj)ti«)n uf
tliis material fur dairy cuws and fur fattening being u]>wards of
twenty tons per year.

Wlicn T first gave an order to the manufacturer witli Avliom I
chiefly deal, al)uut six years ago, on explaining to him the j)ur-
pose fur which I re(|uired it he requested time fur its ju-eparatiuii,
and rec(»mni<'n(h'd that I wuuM givr him, at the time the fresh
seeds arriv<(l, an order U) tin,' extent uf my requirements fur the
year. As the quantity T ordered frll sh<>rt, I srnt f ^r a further
sui»jily without notice; i)\\ its arrival I was nut satisfietl with its

748 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

api^earance or effects. On making a complaint, I was reminded
by the manufacturer of his request that I would give him pre-
vious notice. He then explained that his object was to select
seed free from mustard or other impurity. Since then I have had
no occasion to find fault with the cake from this manufacturer.
A sample of this was found by Professor Way to contain, of

Moisture, _ 8.49

Woody fibre, . _ 8.61

Starch, gum, sugar, &c., _ 37.93

Albuminous matter 31.42

Oil and fatty matter, 10.65

Ash, _ 2.90

100.00

I have occasionally bought German or Danish rape-cake; it is
made up in thick square pieces of a rich green color, and not so
hard pressed. An analysis of this by Professor Way gave, of
albuminous matter 30 and of oil 13.16 per cent. Until this sea-
son I had no grounds to find fiiult with this foreign cake, but was
satisfied to pay for it a higher price, owing to its superior rich-
ness in oil. In this season's importation I was led to suspect
some admixture of mustard-seed. On macerating a sample in
tepid water, I perceived an admixture of yellow husks, and like-
wise the smell peculiar to mustard. More completely to satisfy
myself, I sent a sample to Professor Way, w^ho reported it to con-
tain mustard.

As dealers now charge a higher price for this material, for
food, in comparison with what they charge for it as manure, they
are clearly responsible for its being of a quality suitable for food.

To prevent the cake becoming mouldy, I cover it over with
shells of oats which have been kiln-dried; chopped straw, if dry,
would equally serve the purpose; by this means its flavor is also
preserved^ — indeed, by keeping for a time, I find it becomes milder
in taste, and more easy to masticate.

Management of Grass-land. — In describing the crops or pro-
duce adapted for dairy purposes, I think it proper to notice my
treatment of permanent grass, meadow and pasture. I reside on
the borders of a district in Yorkshire, over which you may travel
60 or 60 miles without seeing, except here and there, an isolated

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 749

patch in tillage, and I am enabled to state, from observation, that
in this extensive tract of permanent-grass the occupiers depend
almost wholly on the excrement of their cattle for maintaining
the fertility of their land. Whilst in some of the corn-growing
districts the farmers purchase guano or other extra manure, at the
rate of 20s. per acre over the wiiole of their holdings, by far the
majority of those in the district I am speaking of (from which a
continued deportation of cattle and also of dairy produce takes
place), depend wholly for manure on the excrement from their
stock, and do not replenish with extra materials.

As my own treatment of permanent grass differs materially
from this, I proceed to describe it and its results.

My meadows, from their high condition, preserve their verdure
through winter; during the month of March, and up to the first
week in May, they afford excellent pasturage for ewes with their
lambs, of which they carry at the rate of four per acre till the
first week of May. Some portion is left untouched by sheep for
early soiling, which I usually commence about the 26th of May.

From the 20th to the 30th of June my mowing for the main
crop of hay usually takes place. The aftermath is again cut
either for soiling or for aftermath hay, so that each meadow is
mown twice during the season. After the second mowing a nice
aftermath grows, which serves for the next year's ewes, which
are bought early in October, and turned on the meadows
together with tlieir ram. Soon after the groimd is clear, the
weather being suitable (I prefer it cluudy or wet), the fresh
excrement from the tanks under the tails of the animals is carted
on and dressed in. The whole of my meadow land get? a dress-
ing of this once a year. The excrement is quite free from straw.
I formerly procured peat soil to mix with it to neutralize the
smell; but am at present using for that purpose scrapings which
are carted on, free of charge, by the conservators of tlie roads.
IJoth for soiling and as aftermath the grass thus dressed is eaten
with relish.

I find little difficulty in getting manure of this kind into the
ground. During warm, moist weather, when the absorbent pow-
ers of the S(jil are in full activity, the whole dressing soon disap-
pears. I have known the cockslbot-grass, the property of which

750 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

for quick growth as aftermath is well known, attain a height of
three feet in five or six weeks after mowing.

In addition to this yearly dressing with excrement, I apply
guano at the rate of 2 cwt. to each acre. I do this usually in
the spring. I have, however, thought that I derived equal, if
not greater, benefit from its application in very wet weather in
November. The growth during March was sensibly greater than
on adjacent land on which the guano was not applied till April;
and the main crop of hay was certainly not less than on that
dressed in April.

Mode of Haymaking. — As the process of hay-making differs so
much, and is in some districts so inefficiently performed, I ven-
ture to describe the method I am using, and to which I give my
personal attention. No farm operation requires greater care than
securing the hay crop.

Till lately I deferred mowing the grass till it was in flower.
In tlie year 1S56 I cut it before the flowering time. Though this
early cut grass shrinks more in the stack, yet I find it weigh pro-
portionately heavier. It is not unusual for a square yard cut
from the solid part of one of my stacks to weigh 30 stone impe-
rial; I have known it exceed .this. The solid part of a small
stack of aftermath hay from seven acres of this season's growth
weighed 26 stones imperial. I find it of advantage to employ a
full complement of haymakers. In traveling through the coun-
trj'' I have seen but one haymaker employed .where I should have
half a dozen. I find six haymakers, if fully employed, earn their
12s. or 14s. for one day far better than a single man would earn
the same sum in six days.

The haymaking or tedding machine has in my practice super-
ceded the expensive operation of spreading by hand. When the
grass has been spread a sufficient time, the haymakers turn it
with their hand-rakes from the sun or wind. At the close of the
day the grass or hay is raked together in rows; the space between
each row is left quite bare. In this state it remains over night,
to prevent the bleaching effects of the falling dew and the moist-
ure from the ground. Early in the morning, as soon as the bare
ground between the rows is dry, the haymakers turn over the
rows, the under side of which, and the ground on which they
have laid, are completely wet from checked evaporation. This

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 751

operation of turning is easily performed, and well repays the
labor. When the ground is dry the tedding-machine is set to
work, and the turning and drying are repeated. When the
weather is at all doubtful we resort to the lap or shake cock, in
making which the haymaker gathers up im armful, say 8 to 10
lbs. of partly dried grass, and lets it fall lightly on a heap. He
then thrusts his hands under the heap, lifts and folds it without
pressing, and sets the heap quite lightly on the ground with the
end towards the wind : in appearance it is not unlike a lady's
muff of large size. It is a common saying, that well made lap-
cocks will stand a fortnight's rain free from damage. Without
subscribing to this, I have no hesitation in stating, that in no form
does partly-dried grass keep so well as in lap-cock. The rain
falling on a lap-cock is thrown off in a somewhat similar manner
as from an umbrella. I never recollect finding a well-made
lap-cock thoroughly wetted.

By the mode I have described I accelerate the process of hay-
making, and it is by no jneans uncommon for me to secure my
crop in less than half the time required by my neighbors. On
the hay becoming sufficiently dry, it is formed into wind-rows,
and then drawn together ,by a sweep into large pikes of about
three loads each, with conical tops which are. slightly thatched
with straw.* When the pikes have undergone a partial sweat-
ing, they are carted away and well intermixed in stacking. This
pikeing before stacking, I find quite necessary with my rich
quick-grown grass to prevent over-heating. Early in the morn-
ings, and at other intervals, when not occupied with hay-making,
the men hoe and clean turnips, kc. Though this district is high,
and the climate rather wet, yet from 1847 up to the present time,
I have succeeded in carrying the whule of each crop in good
condition.

In stating the produce per acre, I give the ascertained weight
of a great portion of the first crop, and the whole of the second
crop, as weiglied out of tiie pikes. The price of Gd. per stone, or
4/. \>er ton, is lower than the average value for a series of yeai'S

in tliis district : .

. . . I « «.

• Thatching the pikes is unnecessary except in a dis'.rict where more than
an average fall of rain occurs. — Kd.

752 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK ^

Average weight of first crop, gathered in June, 1856 ... .25 tons.
Second, or aftermath, gathered first week in Sept., 1856, .I2 "

4 tons, = £l(j 0 0
Pasturage from March to April, and in October and November, 15 0

Gross produce of one acre of grass land, £17 5 0

Estimating 1 ton of hay as equal to 6 tons of Swedish turnips,
this produce of natural grass does not compare unfavorably with
a root crop. One ton of well-gotten hay is, however, superior to
6 tons of Swedes, on account of its greater quantity of oil, which
is, without doubt, one of the most valuable elements of food.

The meadows on which this produce is grown, are on strong
clay, which, before draining, yielded but a scanty herbage, inter-
spersed with rushes, and but a light crop of hay late in July.

The following is my treatment of my permanent pastures,
which are heavily stocked during the summer season. The home
pasture, of barely 15 acres, carries my 20 milk cows during the
day. They are housed during the night. This clearing the
pastures by night, has in some degree the effect of a change of
pasture, and prevents their lying so much on the grass they eat.
In addition to the 20 milk cows, 20 ewes, with their lambs, graze
and fatten on this home pasture of 15 acres. These ewes are
supplied with J lb. of rape cake each per day. It will be ob-
served, that the dung from the cows is likewise enriched by the
extra food given to the cows in stall. Several times during the
season, a laborer is sent round the pasture to spread about the
dung : for this operation I prefer wet weather. My other
pastures are also rich feeding pastures, and carry a beast, and an
ewe, with her lambs, per acre. During July and August, the
coarse tufts of grass in the pastures are mown and carried home
for fodder for my horses. I prefer this pasture grass lor horses
to that from aftermath, which is too relaxing. These pasture
mowings more than suffice for the bulky food for four or five
horses during July and August. The surplus is partly eaten by
the cattle, the remainder being converted into hay, and mixed
with cut straw for steaming. After this mowing of the tufts, the
pastures assume the appearance of aftermath, and the animals
graze with appetite over the whole. Late in autumn and early
in spring, the ewes are continued on these pastures, which they

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 753

graze quite ciose. They are housed during severe weather and
at night on boarded floors, and turned on the pastures during the
day through winter in fine weather.

To tliese frequent cuttings of my meadows, and close grazing
of my pastures, I am in some degree indebted for the excellent
quality of their produce.

My successful use of rape-cake as food, has caused my atten-
tion to be given to the cultivation of the green rape plant for
fodder, of which I produce two crops during the year. The
sowing for one is made towards the close of June or early in
July, after early potatoes, or on other vacant ground, enriched
with the fresh excrement from my cattle. The produce from
this sowing is cut towards the close of September, in October,
and early in November. To ascertain the quantity, I measured
out 400 square yards, which was cut in dry weather; the produce
was upwards of IJ ton, being more than 16 tons per acre. This
cutting was made before the crop had attained its full growth.
The average over the whole would be more.

Towards the close of July or early in August I sow rape in a
seed-bed, for which I use the headlands of crops which are horse-
hoed. These plants are taken from the seed-bed and planted after
lifting the potatoes in September or October, and produce a crop
during the early part of May. Though the operation of planting
out is somewhat tedious, yet the produce being available at a time
when green food is scarce, I find its cultivation remunerative.
My produce this season is equal to about 7 to 8 tons per acre.
This spring crop is cut in time to be followed by cabbage and
kohl-rabi.

The properties of green rape as food for sheep are well known.
In Morton's Cyclopsedia I find a complete analysis, showing it to
be rich in tlesh and fat forming constituents. Dr. Voelcker cha-
racterises it as richer in fatty matter than any other green crop
used for food. During the month of October and early in Novem-
ber I give it both to my milk and fattening cows : they devour it
with relish. I have as yet found no green crop equal to green
rape at that season of the year.

In cultivating the cabl^age and kohl-rabi,I find it advantageous
to plant them in rows of 4 ft. to 4 ft. 6 in. aj)art, with ]>otatoes

[Ac. Thans.J Vv

754 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW-YORK

Between each row. As the potato forms its tubers and expands
its foliage J whilst that of cabbage and kohl-rabi are comparatively
small, I obtain an abundant crop of each. On the potatoes being
lifted, the cabbages nearly cover the whole ground.

The produce of the cabbages exceeds that of any other vegeta-
ble I cultivate : vet on account of its flavor I limit its use to a less
quantity than that of any other green food. The kohl-rabi, though
not equally productive with the cabbage, is in flavor somewhat
more agreeable.

Rotation of Crops. — The extent of land in tillage in my occu-
pation being limited, my rotation is short, and consists of —

1st. Mangel or turnips, which are amply manured with fresh
excrement from my cattle. I prefer plowing this into the ground
in all its freshness; but as this is not always practicable in the
autumn, when used in spring I mix with it guano, at the rate of
2 to 3 cwt. per acre, for the purpose of accelerating its decompo-
sition. With the view of satisfying myself of the effect of this, I
mixed a small quantity of guano in a garden-pot filled with fresh
excrement; the effect was soon perceivable from a strong effluvium
and an appearance of gaseous bubbles, and a change to yellowness
of color, whilst a pot of excrement without guano in juxtaposition
remained comparatively unchanged. This experiment was re-
peated in my vinery, at a temperature of 56^, with a like result.
Before I resorted to this 1 observed a comparative slowness of
growth of the root crop after the application of the fresh excre-
ment, which I do not now perceive.

My mangel and turnip crops average, from actual weighings,
about 25 tons to the acre, that of mangel being somewhat the
heavier.

The estimate of the value of either of these crops is usually
made on what it leaves for profit, and reckoned at 8^. to \0s. per
ton. This is a very unsafe rule : if taken on its quantum of nu-
tritive matter, it assumes a different value; as dry material, you
cannot obtain any concentrated food equally nutritive at less than
7/. to 8/. per ton, which would give I65. to 20s. per ton as the
value in the natural state.

The great proportion of water contained in these roots would,
however, prove a serious drawback to their extended cultivation
for sale at a distance. You can convey in hay six times, and in

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 755

oil-cake or beans twelve times, the quantity of nutritive matter
contained in turnips. A consideration of this has often reminded
me of the great additional labor incurred by those who give
turnips w'lolly as food to the amount of 170 lbs. to 180 lbs. per
day. A feeder who maintains 100 head of cattle will be convey-
ing at the rate of 23 to 25 tons w*eekly of superfluous water from
his field, of which the effect will be to increase the bulk of his
manure without adding to its value. Some small advantage is
derived from the watery property of the turnip, particularly when
stored, in consequence of its supplying beverage in a less chilling
state than by cold water alone, from drinking freely of which in
severe weather I have seen cattle seriously chilled.

My crop in succession to mangel or turnips is that of beans,
which I prize highly for my purpose, affording as it does a large
amount of the nitrogenous element. I have hitherto cultivated
the common kinds of field-beans. On the recommendation of an
acquaintance, who stated that I might reckon on a much larger
produce from the long-pod or garden-bean, in 1856 I set out
amongst a crop of field-beans an interval of 1070 yards for trial
of the sword variety of long-pod beans. The produce was care-
fully weighed and found to be of —

Field beans, white blossom, 52 bus., of 63 lbs., at 55.,__ Xl3 0 0
Straw, fully 2 tons per acre, ._ 4 0 (T

X17 0 0

Long pods, on 1670 yards 1435 lbs. = 66 bus. of 63

lbs. per acre, c£l6 10 0

Straw, 1 \ tons per acre, ._ 3 10 0

£20 0 0

The garden or long-pod beans having ripened a fortnight be-
fore the field-beans, and having been left standing till the same
time, had lost almost all their leaves. Their appearance, however,
denoted a less weight of straw even if cut sooner than the field-
bean. The price of bean straw, 2/. per ton, is low in proportion
to its value in the analysis given in Vol. XVII., p. 263, of R
Ag. Society's Journal.

756 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

A sample of long pod beans gave the following composition on
analysis by Professor Way :

Moisture, _ 12.50

Woody fibre, _ 4.35

Albuminous matter, _ 28.25

Oil and fatty matter, 4.05

Starch, gum, sugar, 46 95

Ash, 3.90

100.00
On referring to the various analyses to which I have access, I
find the comparison favorable to the long pod, which has less of
woody fibre in proportion of 4.35 to 10.20, with more of starch
in proportion of 46.95 to 42, and more of oil in proportion of
4.05 to 2 per cent, than the common or field bean. The cultiva-
tion of the long pod is precisely similar to that of the common
kinds. The seed is strewed in drills or otherwise dibbled in rows
two feet apart. The horse-hoe is applied several times between
the rows, and every weed pulled up.

With the view of comparison I give the proceeds of my wheat
crop of 1856. This is the third in my rotation, after which I
again cultivate turnips or other green crops :
Average, 5 qrs. (63 lbs. per bushel) of wheat of good

quality, at 62s., _ _.. X15 10 0

Inferior wheat, _ 0 12 6

i:i6 2 6
Straw, 38 cwt. per acre, 35s. per ton, 1 13 9

£11 16 3

I state the price I pay for straw for fodder; every cwt. contains
about 40 lbs. of starchy matter available for respiration, which I
obtain, together with a small percentage of albumen, for Is. 9d.
per cwt. or 355. per ton.

Treatment of Milk Fever. — Those of my milk cows w^hich I
retain for some time on hand are invariably in high condition,
and on this account more liable to milk-fever. I think it perti-
nent to explain the method I use to prevent this malady. It is
now six or seven years since I lost a cow from milk-fever. On
conversing on the subject with a gentleman who had been on a

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 757

visit to Mr. Fenton, who kept a considerable number of dairy
cows near Rochdale, he described to me the means used by that
gentleman, which, with probably some modifications of my own,
I have since continued to apply. No ditference is observed in the
cow's treatment or food till the symptoms of calving appear. Her
supply of water is then limited to about one-half of what she
would drink. When she has calved, and for two days afterwards,
she is plentifully supplied with a quantity of oatmeal gruel twice
per day, with about two pounds of treacle each time in the gruel.
No water is given separately; she is allowed her ordinary food.
After calving she is milked every three to four hours for two days
or upwards. The attendant is enjoined not to strip her milk
clean, but leave a little in her udder, in the manner he would use
in drying a cow of her milk. When two or three days are over,
she is supplied with water and food ad libitum^ and the ordinary
process of milking clean twice per day resorted to.

The only instance of milk-fever since I adopted these precau-
tionarv means occurred in 1855, under the followins; circum-
Stances. I bought a cow in July to calve in September; her
appearance denoted good milking properties. She dropped her
calf whilst out on pasture, and without giving the previous notice
by filling the udder, or showing symptoms of giving much milk.
I then told her attendant he need not use the precaution, but
supply her with food and drink to promote her secretion of milk.
Within two days of her having calved, the feeder came to me
with the intelligence that she had dropped. On arriving at her
stall, I found her case a decided and severe one. Having collected
a sufficient number of assistants, together with our village drug-
gist, Mr. llolden, who on occasions of emergency was called in
to assist and on this occasion was the chief adviser, we resorted
to the appliance of bags filled with the hot steamed food, of
which there was a plentiful supply in readiness. These were
}»laced along her spine and sides, and on cooling r('}>laced with
others; this operation was continued from noun until evening.
During the same time men were continually engaged (relieving
each other) in S(|ueezing from her teats what little milk they
could. The Ikj^s of hot steamed food had the ctlect of inducing
a pr<»fuse persj)iration. A dose or two of sulphate of magnesia
were given, then linseed oil, but without effect; after this treacle

758 ANNUAL BEPORT OF NEW-YORK

with brandy in half-pint doseSj to the extent of 10 to 12 pounds.
She was several times pierced with the trocar to relieve her from
gas by which she was distended. Aperient medicine was also
given. The symp corns of the malady began to abate in the
evening. Early next morning she was still lying, her pulse quite
feeble, and other appearances of languor. On being supplied
with a wine-glass full of brandy in some warm gruel, she raised
herself on her feet, and recovered.

Pleuro-pneumG7iia. — During the 3'ear 1856^ pleuro-pneumonia
prevailed to some extent in the neighborhood, more especially
amongst the dairy cows about Leeds. Its first appearance in my
immediate vicinity was in the herd of my next neighbor, who
lost several, and sent others off immediately for slaughter — in all
16 to 18. Towards the close of July, and during the hot weather
of August, my own herd of cattle, more especially my milk cows,
vvere also attacked. I sent some few off which were in a forward
state of fatness; the return for these being small in proportion to
their value for milking, together with the unpleasant idea of
cending off animals at all ailing for slaughter, influenced me to
use every means for their restoration, and to give their treatment
my best attention. At first my treatment underwent various mo-
difications, and I lost two cows. Without describing the change,
1 proceed to supply particulars of the treatment I afterwards
adopted, and which I have since continued with little alteration.

My feeders are strictly enjoined without loss of time to report
to me any appearance of ailment, a practice I strenuously recom-
mend to any one who concerns himself about the treatment of his
cattle when sick, more particularly as regards the disease of
which I am speaking, the chance of success in which depends es-
sentially on early application.

The first appearance which arrests the feeder's attention, is loss
or partial loss of appetite. If, on examination, I detect any of
the symptoms which characterize pleuro, viz., cough, quickness
or deepness of respiration, loss of cud, and acceleration of pulse,
intermittent w^armth and chill ness of horns and feet, I proceed at
once to bleed till the pulse is sensibly affected : this requires
usually 5 or 6 quarts to be taken. I then give —

^

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 759

Epsom salts, , _ Soz.

Sweet spirits of nitre, 1 oz.

Tarter emetic, _ J drachm.

Digitalis, __ ^ drachm.

Flour of sulphur, 4 to 6 oz.

Treacle, _ 16 oz.

Cocoa olein, _ _ 6oz.

These ingredients are mixed and given in plenty of warm
gruel, for Avhich I use my pig food, boiled Indian meal, with
about one-fourtli proportion of pea-meal. On a renewal of the
difficulty of breathing or acceleration of pulse, I repeat the bleed-
ing to a less degree, say 3 quarts, and give likewise the tartar-
emetic and digitalis in the gruel.

I continue to give, morning and evening, in gruel —

Sweet spirits of nitre, Joz. to 1 oz.

Flour of sulphur, 4oz.

Treacle or sugar, 8oz.

Cocoa olein, 4 to 6 oz.

At noon I give gruel, with addition of a little sugar only. The
doses of treacle and sulphur are modified so as to keep the bowela
moderately open. It will be observed that I give Epsom-salts as
the first dose, on account of their quick action, but afterwards I
prefer treacle with sulphur. The patient requires watching with
the greatest care. The sick room ought to be well ventilated at
the top, but kept warm day and night; a depression of tempera-
ture or a draught has been observed to disturb the breathing.
When the feverish sym])toms have abated, I give oatmeal instead
of Indian-meal in the gruel. I continue the cocoa olein in the
gruel throughout, with doses of J oz. to 1 oz. sweet nitre, and 3
to 4 oz. of ficjur of sulphur. In several cases, when the pulse
has become feeble, and below 60 beats per minute, accompanied
by weakness and languor, I have given a wine-glass full of brandy
in the morning's and evening's gruel with apparent advantage.
The attendant is in»<trurted to offer the animal change of food —
brewer's grains, bran-mash, a little hay, grass, green rape plant,
or other j)allatable material. It is encouraging to find the animal
begin to eat and make its selection of f«)od.

Since I used the precise treatment I have descri])eil, upwards
of twenty in succession have recovered. In this number I include

760 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

those belonging to my neighbors who have used the same means
under my advice and direction.

The time the cattle have been unwell, has ordinarily varied
from 14 to 21 days; some have exceeded this. The healthy ac-
tion of the skin is stimulated ; the animals continue to lick them-
selves with little intermission throughout; they likewise retain,
or otherwise resume their cud, under conditions I should not
have expected; frequently, when supplied only with the gruel
and its ingredients, with not more than a pound or two of hay
per day, I have observed them cudding.

They have lost in live weight IJ cwt. to 1| cwt. A conside-
rable portion of this will doubtless be in bulk from the use of the
purgative medicines. The milk cows, whilst suffering, have re-
duced their yield of milk from 2 to 4 quarts per day; but on
recovery, have almost wholly regained their former quantity. In
no instance have I found a greater diminution than what might
have been expected from the loss of condition and of time.

The cocoa olein is prepared in Messrs. Price & Go's candle
manufactory expressly for cattle, being lower in price than what
is used by medical practitioners.

In a conversation with Mr. Garnett, of Clitheroe, I learnt that
some time ago he purchased eight or ten polled Galloways from a
lot of 50 which were exposed in a market for sale. Nine weeki
after this they became affected with pleuro- pneumonia, froru
which he lost the greater part of them. He afterwards learnt
from the dealer from whom he bought them, that the remainder of
the herd of 50, which were sold to six or eight parties who resided
at a distance from each other, were also affected with the disease
in the same week and with the like result.

From this, to which numerous instances similar in character
may be added, we may infer that the origin of the disease is some-
what remote. The 50 Galloways being nearly the same age would
have been purchased from various breeders, and sent together
from Galloway to Clitheroe, a distance of 150 miles. It seems
not improbable that from exposure to a sudden change of temper-
ature to which they were subjected after they had been collected
together by the dealer, the process of respiration has been im-,
peded, by which some impurity of the blood is engendered, which

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 761

slowly and imperceptibly increases until the symptoms I have
described attract attention.

Cattle from Ireland are more subject to this complaint than
othei'S; they are brought on board vessels, crowded together in
the hulls or on the decks, and on reaching land travel usually on
foot considerable distances to markets for sale.

My milcli cows are housed during winter in stalls of more than
ordinary warmtli, and are turned out to grass in the month of
May, which in the season of 1856 was unusually wet and change-
able; the pleuro has prevailed among them since July. At the
commencement of this illness, the feeder states that up to the
meal before the cow has eaten up her food, given her usual yield
of milk, and shown every s3'mptom of healtli; thus, tliough the
disease has hitlierto been imperceptible and of slow progress, it
arrives at a stage to cause a sudden interruption of the functions,
the cow's appetite is gone, and her yield of milk diminished to
one-half of what she gave 12 hours before.

On applying the ear to tlie side of the animal you distinctly
hear the air rushing past, but at the very early stage, as far as the
ear can detect, with little or no impediment; the inhalations be-
come frequent and labored. Ou opening the vein, if you place
your finger in the stream of blood, a hut sensation is imparted :
if you again place your finger in the stream towards the close of
bleeding, the heat is sensibly diminished; the color of the blood
also undergoes a perceptible change from a dark to a redder or
brighter color.

A considerati(jn of these symptoms seems to denote a greater
consumption of carbon, for the combustion or oxidation of which
it seems probable that the animal is prompted to exert her organs
of respirati(m for the supply of the necessary air, whilst the blood
at the same time is in an impure state. At this stage immediate
relief seems requisite to ])revent or arrest damage from over-exer-
tion; with this object I resort to bleeding as the speediest means
of subduing the fever and lowering the circulati«jn, Tartar emetic
and dii^italis are known also to have the eflert of retarding the
cireulati<»n and loweiiiii^ the j>ulse. It will be observed tliat I
apj»ly these necessarily in the very early stages; spirits of nitre
and Hour of sul]>luir, which are c<^ntinued nuieh longer, stimulate
the secretions, and thus tend to 2)urify the blood and the system.

762 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

My observations lead me to think that the organs of respiration
are on the first appearances, comparatively speaking, but slightly
injured. It is not until after a lapse of time that with the ear we
can perceive that dullness of sound which betokens injury. In
tlie two which died we could distinctly trace the increase of this,
until the flow of air on the one side seemed entirely to have
ceased, whilst on the other we could plainly hear the air passing
to and fro. On a post mortem examination we found the lung on
one side completely damaged, whilst on the other it was but little
affected. Whilst tlie greater heat of blood and the more frequent
respiration denote an excessive demand on the carbon, yet at the
same time the animal is devoid of appetite; tlie necessary conse-
quence is a consumption of the components of the system. The
fats Avill first be laid hold of, then, though probably not altogether
singly and separately, the carbonaceous components of the fibrine,
but as these materials are in succession less easily available, their
consumption seems necessarily to imply a greater exertion of the
organs of respiration.

These considerations have led me to resort to a supply of food
rich in elements of heat, carbon, and hydrogen, in a form easily
available for respiration. Indian meal is particularly rich ia
starch; by the process of boiling it approximates more nearly to
sugar; together with this I give sugar and treacle in appreciable
quantities, and also oleine oil. These ingredients are mixed and
given in warm water. Starch, sugar, gum, dextrin, &c., are ac-
counted the main supportersof the heat of animals Avhen in health;
they contain with carbon and hydrogen a considerable proportion
of oxygen. On this account they require less of the oxygen of
the air to effect their combustion. Their components are :

Carbon.

Starch, 44.45

Sugar, 40.00

The composition of oils differs very considerably from that of
starch and sugar, oils being much richer in carbon and hydrogen
with less of oxygen. They contain on an average of analysis .

Carbon. Hydrogen. Oxygen.

Oil or fat, 78.13 11.74 10.13

Hydrogen.

Oxygen.

6.17

49.38

6.66

53.54

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 763

The following are ultimate analyses by Dr. Dugald Campbell,
given in Dr. Thompson's lectures (p. 34) :

Carbon. Hydrogen. Oxygen. Nitrogen

Cod liver oil, 8U.18 13.';2 5.854 .246

, Olive oil, 69.38 13.47 17.092 .058

A proximate analysis by M. Braconnot of olive oil, one of the

vegetable oils richest in olein, gives —

OfOlein Margarine.

72 28

Vegetable oils or fats are observed to be much longer in under-
going digestion, and in their passage through the system, than the
other elements of food. They contain in the same space the
greatest proportion of elements necessary for the support of
vitality, according to Lehmann, whose work I have recently been
able to obtain, the first and second volumes in German, the third
in English. I find in vol. iii., page 358, the following computa-
tion : — " If in a given time the organism absorbs 100 grammes*
of oxygen, the following quantities would be necessary, in union
with 100 grammes of oxygen, to satisfy the requirements of
vitality; — Of fat. 34.23 grammes; starch, 84.37 grammes; sugar;
93.75. From which it will be seen that a pound of fat or oil in
) combination with tlie oxygen supplied by the air is equal to
nearly 3 lbs. of starch or sugar."

Lehmann, vol. iii., pp. 336 to 339, gives a series of interesting
experiments by Vierordt, who fuiind the mean or his average
respirations whilst in a state of rest to be 12 per minute, by
whicli he exfjired 366 cubic inches of air containing 13.5 cubic
inches of carbonic acid; by increasing liis res])irations to 96 per
minute he expired 2,928 cubic inches, containing 79 cubic inches
of carbonic acid. From this we learn that the organs of respira-
tion are endcnved with a capability far beyond tlie normal re-
quirements, the volume of air being increased eiglit-f >ld, that of
carbonic acid nearly six-fold. Had Vicruidt been able to con-
tinue these labored resj)irati(>ns without damage to his organs, he
must necessarily have consumed more food for the increase of
carbonic acid, or otherwise have expended his own substance.

At l)age 381, vol. iii., Lehmaiui recites ex]H'rinients carefully
conducted ])y Han(jver on i)atiei)ts sutVering frimi judmonary
disease, whicli show that the absolute amount of carbonic acid

*28 f^nmmrs and a fraction make an ounce.

764 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

increases with the number of respirations, whilst the relative
amount (that which is contained in a given volume of air)
diminishes. These experiments tend to confirm in a remarkable
manner my suspicions as to a greater consumption of carbon
during this disease; they show also that the organs of respiration,
though weakened, inhale a greater quantity of air, and exhale
also an increased quantity, though less in proportion, of carbonic
acid. From the diminished proportion of the carbonic acid to the
volume of air in the increased respirations, it is clear that the
system could not afford an adequate supply of carbon.

When in London I sought an interview with Dr. Theophilus
Thompson, F.R.S., with the object of learning his views on the
efficacy of oil as medicine, of which he has had great experience,
and which I am informed, he first introduced into the London
hospitals. In the course of conversation he drew my attention to
several cases, in which his patients had gained more by the use
of cod liver oil than the weight of the oil supplied. I ventured to
suggest that this might possibly be attributed to the food being
deficient in elements which are found concentrated in oil; in
support of which I explained that in my treatment of dairy cows
I have completely satisfied myself that by adding to ordinary food
beans or other materials peculiarly rich in albumen but com-
paratively deficient in oil, I enrich the milk not only in curd but
also in butter, to a far greater extent than is containetl in the oil
of such additional food.

Lehmann (Leipsic), second edition, page 271, states: "On
theoretic grounds I have long been satisfied that fats belong to
the most active agents in the metamorphosis of animal materials
(of digestion,) and that by numerous experiments and observations

I have completely assured myself of this (that what had been matter
of subjective^ had by experiment becojne matter of objective cer-
tainty)?"^

These experiments he explains, and cites others by Elsasser,
which show that the digestion is materially assisted by an admix-
ture of fat. I learnt from Dr. Thompson that cod liver oil is
composed almost wholly of carbon and hydrogen, with a smaller
percentage of oxygen than other fats. I did not ascertain from
him, nor do I find in his lecture to the Medical Society, a copy
of which he kindly presented to me, the relative proportion of

i

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 765

oleine and margarine fats. In Royle's " Materia Medica" there
is a proximate analysis of this oil by Dr. de Jongh, which gives —

Of oleic acid, 74.

Margaric acid, _ 11 .75

Glycerine, 10.17

Butyric and acetic acid, _ .11

Other substances, _ 3.97

100.00

This analysis shows a far greater percentage of oleine compared
with margarine than any other fat I have seen noticed.

That the nutritive effects of materials for food depend much
on their proximate elements, I need only adduce the composition
of the grain and straw of wheat, which are very similar in their
proportion of ultimate elements, whilst the predominating proxi-
mate principle of the grain is starch (73 per cent,) that of straw
woody fibre, of which it contains 61 per cent with only 36 of
starch. That oleine is more easy of consumption (more available
for respiration,) I refer to Lehmann, vol. i., p. 121, where he
states that the lat of animals being found to contain a greater pro-
portion in comparison with the fat of plants, may probably be
attributable to the oleine being more easy of consumption.

My attention was drawn to some experiments of Dr. Leared,
publislied in the " Medical Times," from which it appeared that
the oleine of cod-liver oil agreed better with several of his patients
than the oil in its natural state, from which he drew the inference
that the effect of margarine was excrementitious; this can only
apply to patients whose organs are weakened. My observations
on feeding, tend to the conclusion that if you affurd animals an
adequate supply of sugar, starch, and ulein fats fur their respi-
ratory and other functions, the margarine of the fotul will be
converted into and stored up in animal fat to the extent which
the system is capa])le of absorbing. I am, however, clearly of
opinion, that on a deficiency of food, or incajtacity of the organs
from disease or otlier causes, to sui)])ly the wants of respiration,
the stores of solid or margarine fat are laid hold of and consumed.
In the s]»ring of 1853, I sold S(jme fatted cattle to Mr. Freeman,
of Otley, witli wlioni T had fre(iuently dealt; he reported tliat
they did not contain the quantity of loose fat wliich he had been

766 ANNUAL REPORT OF NEW- YORK

led to expect from their touch and his experience of my feeding.
Having told him that they had recently suffered from soreness of
mouth, by which, with evident symptoms of appetite, they were
hindered from eating the necessary quantity, Mr. Freeman re-
marked that he well knew from experience that cattle which had
recently suffered from this, (known here as the mouth and foot
sore complaint,) were deficient in loose fat. I may also here
state, as a matter of some physiological interest, that cattle which
have been partially damaged in the lung from previous attack of
pleuro, or other causes, are invariably found deficient in their
store of loose fat.

It will be observed, that cod-liver oil contains in the same
space the greatest proportion of elements which, in combination
with the oxygen of the air, are necessary for the support of
vitality, and with this by far the greatest proportion of olein in
comparison with other oils in their natural state; and it seems
worthy of remark, that this oil is held in the greatest esteem for
pulmonary complaints; next to this, and almost in equal repute,
is pure olein.

From what has been premised, it will be found that from con-
sideration of the symptoms of pleui-o-pneumonia, I was led to
suppose an abnormal consumption of the elements which support
respiration, I have sought to meet this by a supply of food par-
ticularly rich in such elements, and in a form most available for
their purpose. My observations on the effects tend to confirm
my opinion that by this means I supply in food what would oth-
erwise be abstracted from the system with greater labor to the
organ, and with impoverishment, thereby weakening the ability
to resist disease. I am therefore encouraged to offer it for the
consideration of those who give their attention to pathological
chemistry.

If any owners of cattle should adopt my treatment, I urge the
most scrupulous attention to the treatment here prescribed for
the sick animal. I am clearly of opinion that one of the animals
which died might, by a greater observance of this, have beer
restored.

In the course of the foregoing observations, I have made fre-

' quent allusion to Lehmann's "Physiological Chemistry." About

a year since I obtained this work on loan for a short time from a

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 767

member of the Pharmaceutical Society. A perusal of such por-
tions as seemed likely to afford me the particular information ]
was then in quest of, disclosed to me the pen of an author, maste:i
of his subject, and of great research and acquirements. Witl"
some difficulty, and through the kind assistance of others, I hav6
recently obtained the whole work, three volumes, the first and
second in German, the third in English. I learn that in both
languages it is out of print. I cannot but hope that ere long
another addition of a Avork, every page of which is replete with-
information of peculiar interest, will be published."

New York Botanical Garden Library

3 51

85 00257 5999

m^Mmi^:^':

.'r ?i:>'

I

3